0 files changed, 0 insertions, 0 deletions
diff --git a/.document b/.document
index 2345776518..82ca602bfb 100644
--- a/.document
+++ b/.document
@@ -22,6 +22,7 @@ marshal.rb
 numeric.rb
 nilclass.rb
 pack.rb
+pathname_builtin.rb
 ractor.rb
 string.rb
 symbol.rb
diff --git a/.gdbinit b/.gdbinit
index a19a9bfc87..bda544c641 100644
--- a/.gdbinit
+++ b/.gdbinit
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ define rp
     printf "%sT_OBJECT%s: ", $color_type, $color_end
     print ((struct RObject *)($arg0))->basic
     if ($flags & ROBJECT_EMBED)
-      print/x *((VALUE*)((struct RObject*)($arg0))->as.ary) @ (rb_shape_get_shape($arg0)->capacity)
+      print/x *((VALUE*)((struct RObject*)($arg0))->as.ary) @ (RSHAPE_CAPACITY(rb_obj_shape_id($arg0)))
     else
       print (((struct RObject *)($arg0))->as.heap)
       if (((struct RObject*)($arg0))->as.heap.numiv) > 0
@@ -185,12 +185,19 @@ define rp
     print (struct RBasic *)($arg0)
   else
   if ($flags & RUBY_T_MASK) == RUBY_T_DATA
-    if ((struct RTypedData *)($arg0))->typed_flag == 1
-      printf "%sT_DATA%s(%s): ", $color_type, $color_end, ((struct RTypedData *)($arg0))->type->wrap_struct_name
-      print (struct RTypedData *)($arg0)
+    if ($flags & RUBY_TYPED_FL_IS_TYPED_DATA)
+      set $data = (struct RTypedData *)($arg0)
+      set $type = (const rb_data_type_t *)($data->type & ~1)
+      printf "%sT_DATA%s(%s): ", $color_type, $color_end, $type->wrap_struct_name
+      print *$type
+      if ($data->type & 1)
+        print (void *)&$data->data
+      else
+        print $data
+      end
     else
       printf "%sT_DATA%s: ", $color_type, $color_end
-      print (struct RData *)($arg0)
+      print *(struct RData *)($arg0)
     end
   else
   if ($flags & RUBY_T_MASK) == RUBY_T_MATCH
diff --git a/.git-blame-ignore-revs b/.git-blame-ignore-revs
index de62eb432a..d98646febf 100644
--- a/.git-blame-ignore-revs
+++ b/.git-blame-ignore-revs
@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@ e63a2115f64433b21cb5dd67c5bf8b30f87ef293
 712ac99e4d0384a941c80a9f48f62943ba7d97c0
 d1474affa8e105bece209cc9d594bb0a989859e1
 2da92388b948821269b18d6b178a680f17e41750
+5062c0c621d887367af8a054e5e5d83d7ec57dd3
 
 # Enable Style/StringLiterals cop for RubyGems/Bundler
 d7ffd3fea402239b16833cc434404a7af82d44f3
@@ -34,3 +35,7 @@ d2c5867357ed88eccc28c2b3bd4a46e206e7ff85
 # Miss-and-revived commits
 a0f7de814ae5c299d6ce99bed5fb308a05d50ba0
 d4e24021d39e1f80f0055b55d91f8d5f22e15084
+7a56c316418980b8a41fcbdc94067b2bda2ad112
+e90282be7ba1bc8e3119f6e1a2c80356ceb3f80a
+26a9e0b4e31f7b5a9cbd755e0a15823a8fa51bae
+2f53985da9ee593fe524d408256835667938c7d7
diff --git a/.github/actions/capiext/action.yml b/.github/actions/capiext/action.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..49562725f4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.github/actions/capiext/action.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,86 @@
+name: rubyspec C-API extensions
+
+inputs:
+  builddir:
+    required: false
+    default: '.'
+  make:
+    required: false
+    default: 'make -s'
+
+outputs:
+  key:
+    value: >-
+      ${{
+      !steps.restore.outputs.cache-hit &&
+      github.ref == 'refs/heads/master' &&
+      steps.config.outputs.key
+      }}
+
+runs:
+  using: composite
+
+  steps:
+    - id: config
+      shell: bash
+      run: |
+        eval $(grep -e '^arch *=' -e '^ruby_version *=' -e '^DLEXT *=' Makefile |
+            sed 's/ *= */=/')
+        case "${ruby_version}" in
+        *+*) key=capiexts-${arch}-${ruby_version}-${{ hashFiles('src/spec/ruby/optional/capi/ext/*.[ch]') }};;
+        *)   key=;;
+        esac
+        echo version=$ruby_version >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT
+        echo key="$key" >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT
+        echo DLEXT=$DLEXT >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT
+      working-directory: ${{ inputs.builddir }}
+
+    - name: Restore previous CAPI extensions
+      uses: actions/cache/restore@0400d5f644dc74513175e3cd8d07132dd4860809 # v4.2.4
+      id: cache
+      with:
+        path: ${{ inputs.builddir }}/spec/ruby/optional/capi/ext/
+        key: ${{ steps.config.outputs.key }}
+      if: ${{ steps.config.outputs.key }}
+
+    - name: Run test-spec with previous CAPI extension binaries
+      id: check
+      shell: bash
+      run: |
+        touch spec/ruby/optional/capi/ext/*.$DLEXT
+        [ ! -f spec/ruby/optional/capi/ext/\*.$DLEXT ]
+        ${{ inputs.make }} SPECOPTS=optional/capi test-spec
+      env:
+        DLEXT: ${{ steps.config.outputs.DLEXT }}
+      working-directory: ${{ inputs.builddir }}
+      if: ${{ steps.cache.outputs.cache-hit }}
+
+    - name: Strip CAPI extensions
+      id: strip
+      shell: bash
+      run: |
+        rm -f spec/ruby/optional/capi/ext/*.c
+        [ "$DLEXT" = bundle ] || # separated to .dSYM directories
+        strip spec/ruby/optional/capi/ext/*.$DLEXT
+      env:
+        DLEXT: ${{ steps.config.outputs.DLEXT }}
+      working-directory: ${{ inputs.builddir }}
+      if: >-
+        ${{true
+        && ! steps.cache.outputs.cache-hit
+        && github.ref_name == 'master'
+        }}
+
+    - name: Save CAPI extensions
+      uses: actions/cache/save@0400d5f644dc74513175e3cd8d07132dd4860809 # v4.2.4
+      with:
+        path: ${{ inputs.builddir }}/spec/ruby/optional/capi/ext/
+        key: ${{ steps.config.outputs.key }}
+      if: ${{ steps.strip.outcome == 'success' }}
+
+    - shell: bash
+      run: |
+        echo "::error::Change from ${prev} detected; bump up ABI version"
+      env:
+        prev: ${{ steps.config.outputs.version }}
+      if: ${{ always() && steps.check.outcome == 'failure' }}
diff --git a/.github/actions/compilers/action.yml b/.github/actions/compilers/action.yml
index 30ccd25a12..ab5b56a889 100644
--- a/.github/actions/compilers/action.yml
+++ b/.github/actions/compilers/action.yml
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ description: >-
 inputs:
   tag:
     required: false
-    default: clang-18
+    default: clang-20
     description: >-
       container image tag to use in this run.
 
@@ -60,11 +60,17 @@ inputs:
     description: >-
       Whether to run `make check`
 
-  mspecopt:
+  test_all:
     required: false
     default: ''
     description: >-
-      Additional options for mspec.
+      Whether to run `make test-all` with options for test-all.
+
+  test_spec:
+    required: false
+    default: ''
+    description: >-
+      Whether to run `make test-spec` with options for mspec.
 
   static_exts:
     required: false
@@ -105,7 +111,8 @@ runs:
         --env INPUT_CPPFLAGS='${{ inputs.cppflags }}'
         --env INPUT_APPEND_CONFIGURE='${{ inputs.append_configure }}'
         --env INPUT_CHECK='${{ inputs.check }}'
-        --env INPUT_MSPECOPT='${{ inputs.mspecopt }}'
+        --env INPUT_TEST_ALL='${{ inputs.test_all }}'
+        --env INPUT_TEST_SPEC='${{ inputs.test_spec }}'
         --env INPUT_ENABLE_SHARED='${{ inputs.enable_shared }}'
         --env INPUT_STATIC_EXTS='${{ inputs.static_exts }}'
         --env LAUNCHABLE_ORGANIZATION='${{ github.repository_owner }}'
diff --git a/.github/actions/compilers/entrypoint.sh b/.github/actions/compilers/entrypoint.sh
index be10ed9c61..b554151091 100755
--- a/.github/actions/compilers/entrypoint.sh
+++ b/.github/actions/compilers/entrypoint.sh
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ export CONFIGURE_TTY='never'
 export RUBY_DEBUG='ci rgengc'
 export RUBY_TESTOPTS='-q --color=always --tty=no'
 export RUBY_DEBUG_COUNTER_DISABLE='1'
-export GNUMAKEFLAGS="-j$((1 + $(nproc --all)))"
+export GNUMAKEFLAGS="-j$((1 + $(nproc)))"
 
 case "x${INPUT_ENABLE_SHARED}" in
 x | xno | xfalse )
@@ -47,6 +47,7 @@ grouped ${srcdir}/configure        \
     --enable-debug-env             \
     --disable-install-doc          \
     --with-ext=-test-/cxxanyargs,+ \
+    --without-git                  \
     ${enable_shared}               \
     ${INPUT_APPEND_CONFIGURE}      \
     CFLAGS="${INPUT_CFLAGS}"       \
@@ -70,100 +71,20 @@ if [[ -n "${INPUT_STATIC_EXTS}" ]]; then
     echo "::endgroup::"
 fi
 
-btests=''
-tests=''
-spec_opts=''
-
-# Launchable
-setup_launchable() {
-    pushd ${srcdir}
-    # To prevent a slowdown in CI, disable request retries when the Launchable server is unstable.
-    export LAUNCHABLE_SKIP_TIMEOUT_RETRY=1
-    # Launchable creates .launchable file in the current directory, but cannot a file to ${srcdir} directory.
-    # As a workaround, we set LAUNCHABLE_SESSION_DIR to ${builddir}.
-    export LAUNCHABLE_SESSION_DIR=${builddir}
-    local github_ref="${GITHUB_REF//\//_}"
-    local build_name="${github_ref}"_"${GITHUB_PR_HEAD_SHA}"
-    btest_report_path='launchable_bootstraptest.json'
-    test_report_path='launchable_test_all.json'
-    test_spec_report_path='launchable_test_spec_report'
-    test_all_session_file='launchable_test_all_session.txt'
-    btest_session_file='launchable_btest_session.txt'
-    test_spec_session_file='launchable_test_spec_session.txt'
-    btests+=--launchable-test-reports="${btest_report_path}"
-    echo "::group::Setup Launchable"
-    launchable record build --name "${build_name}" || true
-    launchable record session \
-        --build "${build_name}" \
-        --flavor test_task=test \
-        --flavor workflow=Compilations \
-        --flavor with-gcc="${INPUT_WITH_GCC}" \
-        --flavor CFLAGS="${INPUT_CFLAGS}" \
-        --flavor CXXFLAGS="${INPUT_CXXFLAGS}" \
-        --flavor optflags="${INPUT_OPTFLAGS}" \
-        --flavor cppflags="${INPUT_CPPFLAGS}" \
-        --test-suite btest \
-        > "${builddir}"/${btest_session_file} \
-        || true
-    if [ "$INPUT_CHECK" = "true" ]; then
-        tests+=--launchable-test-reports="${test_report_path}"
-        launchable record session \
-            --build "${build_name}" \
-            --flavor test_task=test-all \
-            --flavor workflow=Compilations \
-            --flavor with-gcc="${INPUT_WITH_GCC}" \
-            --flavor CFLAGS="${INPUT_CFLAGS}" \
-            --flavor CXXFLAGS="${INPUT_CXXFLAGS}" \
-            --flavor optflags="${INPUT_OPTFLAGS}" \
-            --flavor cppflags="${INPUT_CPPFLAGS}" \
-            --test-suite test-all \
-            > "${builddir}"/${test_all_session_file} \
-            || true
-        mkdir "${builddir}"/"${test_spec_report_path}"
-        spec_opts+=--launchable-test-reports="${test_spec_report_path}"
-        launchable record session \
-            --build "${build_name}" \
-            --flavor test_task=test-spec \
-            --flavor workflow=Compilations \
-            --flavor with-gcc="${INPUT_WITH_GCC}" \
-            --flavor CFLAGS="${INPUT_CFLAGS}" \
-            --flavor CXXFLAGS="${INPUT_CXXFLAGS}" \
-            --flavor optflags="${INPUT_OPTFLAGS}" \
-            --flavor cppflags="${INPUT_CPPFLAGS}" \
-            --test-suite test-spec \
-            > "${builddir}"/${test_spec_session_file} \
-            || true
-    fi
-    echo "::endgroup::"
-    trap launchable_record_test EXIT
-}
-launchable_record_test() {
-    pushd "${builddir}"
-    grouped launchable record tests --session "$(cat "${btest_session_file}")" raw "${btest_report_path}" || true
-    if [ "$INPUT_CHECK" = "true" ]; then
-        grouped launchable record tests --session "$(cat "${test_all_session_file}")" raw "${test_report_path}" || true
-        grouped launchable record tests --session "$(cat "${test_spec_session_file}")" raw "${test_spec_report_path}"/* || true
-    fi
-}
-if [ "$LAUNCHABLE_ENABLED" = "true" ]; then
-    setup_launchable
+if [ -n "$INPUT_TEST_ALL" ]; then
+  tests=" -- $INPUT_TEST_ALL"
+else
+  tests=" -- ruby -ext-"
 fi
 
 pushd ${builddir}
 
 grouped make showflags
 grouped make all
-grouped make test BTESTS="${btests}"
-
-[[ -z "${INPUT_CHECK}" ]] && exit 0
-
-if [ "$INPUT_CHECK" = "true" ]; then
-  tests+=" -- ruby -ext-"
-else
-  tests+=" -- $INPUT_CHECK"
-fi
-
 # grouped make install
-grouped make test-tool
-grouped make test-all TESTS="$tests"
-grouped env CHECK_LEAKS=true make test-spec MSPECOPT="$INPUT_MSPECOPT" SPECOPTS="${spec_opts}"
+
+# Run only `make test` by default. Run other tests if specified.
+grouped make test
+if [[ -n "$INPUT_CHECK" ]]; then grouped make test-tool; fi
+if [[ -n "$INPUT_CHECK" || -n "$INPUT_TEST_ALL" ]]; then grouped make test-all TESTS="$tests"; fi
+if [[ -n "$INPUT_CHECK" || -n "$INPUT_TEST_SPEC" ]]; then grouped env CHECK_LEAKS=true make test-spec MSPECOPT="$INPUT_TEST_SPEC"; fi
diff --git a/.github/actions/launchable/setup/action.yml b/.github/actions/launchable/setup/action.yml
index 8ea8f61414..16af8fc3fd 100644
--- a/.github/actions/launchable/setup/action.yml
+++ b/.github/actions/launchable/setup/action.yml
@@ -55,6 +55,17 @@ inputs:
     description: >-
       Whether this workflow is executed on YJIT.
 
+outputs:
+  stdout_report_path:
+    value: ${{ steps.global.outputs.stdout_report_path }}
+    description: >-
+      Report file path for standard output.
+
+  stderr_report_path:
+    value: ${{ steps.global.outputs.stderr_report_path }}
+    description: >-
+      Report file path for standard error.
+
 runs:
   using: composite
 
@@ -81,14 +92,38 @@ runs:
       uses: actions/setup-python@871daa956ca9ea99f3c3e30acb424b7960676734 # v5.0.0
       with:
         python-version: "3.x"
-      if: steps.enable-launchable.outputs.enable-launchable
+      if: >-
+        ${{ steps.enable-launchable.outputs.enable-launchable
+        && !endsWith(inputs.os, 'ppc64le') && !endsWith(inputs.os, 's390x') }}
 
     - name: Set up Java
       uses: actions/setup-java@7a445ee88d4e23b52c33fdc7601e40278616c7f8 # v4.0.0
       with:
         distribution: 'temurin'
         java-version: '17'
-      if: steps.enable-launchable.outputs.enable-launchable
+      if: >-
+        ${{ steps.enable-launchable.outputs.enable-launchable
+        && !endsWith(inputs.os, 'ppc64le') && !endsWith(inputs.os, 's390x') }}
+
+    - name: Set up Java ppc64le
+      uses: actions/setup-java@7a445ee88d4e23b52c33fdc7601e40278616c7f8 # v4.0.0
+      with:
+        distribution: 'semeru'
+        architecture: 'ppc64le'
+        java-version: '17'
+      if: >-
+        ${{ steps.enable-launchable.outputs.enable-launchable
+        && endsWith(inputs.os, 'ppc64le') }}
+
+    - name: Set up Java s390x
+      uses: actions/setup-java@7a445ee88d4e23b52c33fdc7601e40278616c7f8 # v4.0.0
+      with:
+        distribution: 'semeru'
+        architecture: 's390x'
+        java-version: '17'
+      if: >-
+        ${{ steps.enable-launchable.outputs.enable-launchable
+        && endsWith(inputs.os, 's390x') }}
 
     - name: Set global vars
       id: global
@@ -100,12 +135,11 @@ runs:
         echo test_all_enabled="${test_all_enabled}" >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT
         echo btest_enabled="${btest_enabled}" >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT
         echo test_spec_enabled="${test_spec_enabled}" >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT
-        echo test_all_session_file='launchable_test_all_session.txt' >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT
-        echo btest_session_file='launchable_btest_session.txt' >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT
-        echo test_spec_session_file='launchable_test_spec_session.txt' >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT
         echo test_all_report_file='launchable_test_all_report.json' >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT
         echo btest_report_file='launchable_btest_report.json' >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT
         echo test_spec_report_dir='launchable_test_spec_report' >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT
+        echo stdout_report_path="launchable_stdout.log" >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT
+        echo stderr_report_path="launchable_stderr.log" >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT
       if: steps.enable-launchable.outputs.enable-launchable
 
     - name: Set environment variables for Launchable
@@ -123,6 +157,7 @@ runs:
         echo "LAUNCHABLE_TOKEN=${{ inputs.launchable-token }}" >> $GITHUB_ENV
         : # To prevent a slowdown in CI, disable request retries when the Launchable server is unstable.
         echo "LAUNCHABLE_SKIP_TIMEOUT_RETRY=1" >> $GITHUB_ENV
+        echo "LAUNCHABLE_COMMIT_TIMEOUT=1" >> $GITHUB_ENV
       if: steps.enable-launchable.outputs.enable-launchable
 
     - name: Set up path
@@ -131,9 +166,16 @@ runs:
       # Since updated PATH variable will be available in only subsequent actions, we need to add the path beforehand.
       # https://docs.github.com/en/actions/using-workflows/workflow-commands-for-github-actions#adding-a-system-path
       run: echo "$(python -msite --user-base)/bin" >> $GITHUB_PATH
-      if: steps.enable-launchable.outputs.enable-launchable && startsWith(inputs.os, 'macos')
+      if: >-
+        ${{
+        steps.enable-launchable.outputs.enable-launchable
+        && (startsWith(inputs.os, 'macos')
+          || endsWith(inputs.os, 'ppc64le')
+          || endsWith(inputs.os, 's390x'))
+        }}
 
     - name: Set up Launchable
+      id: setup-launchable
       shell: bash
       working-directory: ${{ inputs.srcdir }}
       run: |
@@ -156,110 +198,66 @@ runs:
           btest_test_suite="yjit-${btest_test_suite}"
           test_spec_test_suite="yjit-${test_spec_test_suite}"
         fi
-        launchable record build --name "${build_name}"
-        if [ "${test_all_enabled}" = "true" ]; then
-          launchable record session \
+        # launchable_setup target var -- refers ${target} prefixed variables
+        launchable_setup() {
+          local target=$1 session
+          eval [ "\${${target}_enabled}" = "true" ] || return
+          eval local suite=\${${target}_test_suite}
+          session=$(launchable record session \
             --build "${build_name}" \
             --observation \
             --flavor os="${{ inputs.os }}" \
             --flavor test_task="${{ inputs.test-task }}" \
             --flavor test_opts="${test_opts}" \
             --flavor workflow="${{ github.workflow }}" \
-            --test-suite ${test_all_test_suite} \
-            > "${test_all_session_file}"
-          launchable subset \
-            --get-tests-from-previous-sessions \
-            --non-blocking \
-            --target 90% \
-            --session "$(cat "${test_all_session_file}")" \
-            raw > /dev/null
-          echo "TESTS=${TESTS} --launchable-test-reports=${test_all_report_file}" >> $GITHUB_ENV
+            --test-suite ${suite} \
+            )
+          echo "${target}_session=${session}" >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT
+        }
+
+        launchable record build --name "${build_name}"
+        if launchable_setup test_all; then
+          echo "TESTS=${TESTS:+$TESTS }--launchable-test-reports=${test_all_report_file}" >> $GITHUB_ENV
         fi
-        if [ "${btest_enabled}" = "true" ]; then
-          launchable record session \
-            --build "${build_name}" \
-            --observation \
-            --flavor os="${{ inputs.os }}" \
-            --flavor test_task="${{ inputs.test-task }}" \
-            --flavor test_opts="${test_opts}" \
-            --flavor workflow="${{ github.workflow }}" \
-            --test-suite ${btest_test_suite} \
-            > "${btest_session_file}"
-          launchable subset \
-            --get-tests-from-previous-sessions \
-            --non-blocking \
-            --target 90% \
-            --session "$(cat "${btest_session_file}")" \
-            raw > /dev/null
-          echo "BTESTS=${BTESTS} --launchable-test-reports=${btest_report_file}" >> $GITHUB_ENV
+        if launchable_setup btest; then
+          echo "BTESTS=${BTESTS:+$BTESTS }--launchable-test-reports=${btest_report_file}" >> $GITHUB_ENV
         fi
-        if [ "${test_spec_enabled}" = "true" ]; then
-          launchable record session \
-            --build "${build_name}" \
-            --observation \
-            --flavor os="${{ inputs.os }}" \
-            --flavor test_task="${{ inputs.test-task }}" \
-            --flavor test_opts="${test_opts}" \
-            --flavor workflow="${{ github.workflow }}" \
-            --test-suite ${test_spec_test_suite} \
-            > "${test_spec_session_file}"
-          launchable subset \
-            --get-tests-from-previous-sessions \
-            --non-blocking \
-            --target 90% \
-            --session "$(cat "${test_spec_session_file}")" \
-            raw > /dev/null
-          echo "SPECOPTS=${SPECOPTS} --launchable-test-reports=${test_spec_report_dir}" >> $GITHUB_ENV
+        if launchable_setup test_spec; then
+          echo "SPECOPTS=${SPECOPTS:$SPECOPTS }--launchable-test-reports=${test_spec_report_dir}" >> $GITHUB_ENV
+          echo test_spec_enabled=true >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT
         fi
+
+        echo launchable_setup_dir=$(pwd) >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT
       if: steps.enable-launchable.outputs.enable-launchable
       env:
         test_all_enabled: ${{ steps.global.outputs.test_all_enabled }}
         btest_enabled: ${{ steps.global.outputs.btest_enabled }}
         test_spec_enabled: ${{ steps.global.outputs.test_spec_enabled }}
-        test_all_session_file: ${{ steps.global.outputs.test_all_session_file }}
-        btest_session_file: ${{ steps.global.outputs.btest_session_file }}
-        test_spec_session_file: ${{ steps.global.outputs.test_spec_session_file }}
         test_all_report_file: ${{ steps.global.outputs.test_all_report_file }}
         btest_report_file: ${{ steps.global.outputs.btest_report_file }}
         test_spec_report_dir: ${{ steps.global.outputs.test_spec_report_dir }}
 
-    - name: Variables to report Launchable
-      id: variables
+    - name: make test-spec report directory in build directory
       shell: bash
-      working-directory: ${{ inputs.srcdir }}
-      run: |
-        set -x
-        : # report-path from srcdir
-        if [ "${srcdir}" = "${{ github.workspace }}" ]; then
-          dir=
-        else
-          # srcdir must be equal to or under workspace
-          dir=$(echo ${srcdir:+${srcdir}/} | sed 's:[^/][^/]*/:../:g')
-        fi
-        if [ "${test_all_enabled}" = "true" ]; then
-          test_report_path="${dir}${builddir:+${builddir}/}${test_all_report_file}"
-          echo test_report_path="${test_report_path}" >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT
-        fi
-        if [ "${btest_enabled}" = "true" ]; then
-          btest_report_path="${dir}${builddir:+${builddir}/}${btest_report_file}"
-          echo btest_report_path="${btest_report_path}" >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT
-        fi
-        if [ "${test_spec_enabled}" = "true" ]; then
-          test_spec_report_path="${dir}${builddir:+${builddir}/}${test_spec_report_dir}"
-          mkdir "${test_spec_report_path}"
-          echo test_spec_report_path="${test_spec_report_path}" >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT
-        fi
-        stdout_report_path="${dir}${builddir:+${builddir}/}launchable_stdout.log"
-        stderr_report_path="${dir}${builddir:+${builddir}/}launchable_stderr.log"
-        echo stdout_report_path="${stdout_report_path}" >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT
-        echo stderr_report_path="${stderr_report_path}" >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT
-      if: steps.enable-launchable.outputs.enable-launchable
+      working-directory: ${{ inputs.builddir }}
+      run: mkdir "${test_spec_report_dir}"
+      if: ${{ steps.setup-launchable.outputs.test_spec_enabled == 'true' }}
+      env:
+        test_spec_report_dir: ${{ steps.global.outputs.test_spec_report_dir }}
+
+    - name: Clean up test results in Launchable
+      uses: gacts/run-and-post-run@674528335da98a7afc80915ff2b4b860a0b3553a # v1.4.0
+      with:
+        shell: bash
+        working-directory: ${{ inputs.builddir }}
+        post: |
+          rm -f "${test_all_report_file}"
+          rm -f "${btest_report_file}"
+          rm -fr "${test_spec_report_dir}"
+          rm -f launchable_stdout.log
+          rm -f launchable_stderr.log
+      if: always() && steps.setup-launchable.outcome == 'success'
       env:
-        srcdir: ${{ inputs.srcdir }}
-        builddir: ${{ inputs.builddir }}
-        test_all_enabled: ${{ steps.global.outputs.test_all_enabled }}
-        btest_enabled: ${{ steps.global.outputs.btest_enabled }}
-        test_spec_enabled: ${{ steps.global.outputs.test_spec_enabled }}
         test_all_report_file: ${{ steps.global.outputs.test_all_report_file }}
         btest_report_file: ${{ steps.global.outputs.btest_report_file }}
         test_spec_report_dir: ${{ steps.global.outputs.test_spec_report_dir }}
@@ -268,56 +266,48 @@ runs:
       uses: gacts/run-and-post-run@674528335da98a7afc80915ff2b4b860a0b3553a # v1.4.0
       with:
         shell: bash
-        working-directory: ${{ inputs.srcdir }}
+        working-directory: ${{ inputs.builddir }}
         post: |
           if [[ "${test_all_enabled}" = "true" ]]; then \
             launchable record attachment \
-              --session "$(cat "${test_all_session_file}")" \
+              --session "${test_all_session}" \
               "${stdout_report_path}" \
               "${stderr_report_path}"; \
             launchable record tests \
-              --session "$(cat "${test_all_session_file}")" \
-              raw "${test_report_path}" || true; \
+              --session "${test_all_session}" \
+              raw "${test_all_report_file}" || true; \
           fi
 
           if [[ "${btest_enabled}" = "true" ]]; then \
             launchable record attachment \
-              --session "$(cat "${btest_session_file}")" \
+              --session "${btest_session}" \
               "${stdout_report_path}" \
               "${stderr_report_path}"; \
             launchable record tests \
-              --session "$(cat "${btest_session_file}")" \
-              raw "${btest_report_path}" || true; \
+              --session "${btest_session}" \
+              raw "${btest_report_file}" || true; \
           fi
 
           if [[ "${test_spec_enabled}" = "true" ]]; then \
             launchable record attachment \
-              --session "$(cat "${test_spec_session_file}")" \
+              --session "${test_spec_session}" \
               "${stdout_report_path}" \
               "${stderr_report_path}"; \
             launchable record tests \
-              --session "$(cat "${test_spec_session_file}")" \
-              raw ${test_spec_report_path}/* || true; \
+              --session "${test_spec_session}" \
+              raw ${test_spec_report_dir}/* || true; \
           fi
-
-          rm -f "${test_all_session_file}"
-          rm -f "${btest_session_file}"
-          rm -f "${test_spec_session_file}"
-          rm -f "${test_report_path}"
-          rm -f "${btest_report_path}"
-          rm -fr "${test_spec_report_path}"
-          rm -f "${stdout_report_path}"
-          rm -f "${stderr_report_path}"
-      if: ${{ always() && steps.enable-launchable.outputs.enable-launchable }}
+      if: ${{ always() && steps.setup-launchable.outcome == 'success' }}
       env:
-        test_report_path: ${{ steps.variables.outputs.test_report_path }}
-        btest_report_path: ${{ steps.variables.outputs.btest_report_path }}
-        test_spec_report_path: ${{ steps.variables.outputs.test_spec_report_path }}
+        test_all_report_file: ${{ steps.global.outputs.test_all_report_file }}
+        btest_report_file: ${{ steps.global.outputs.btest_report_file }}
+        test_spec_report_dir: ${{ steps.global.outputs.test_spec_report_dir }}
         test_all_enabled: ${{ steps.global.outputs.test_all_enabled }}
         btest_enabled: ${{ steps.global.outputs.btest_enabled }}
         test_spec_enabled: ${{ steps.global.outputs.test_spec_enabled }}
-        test_all_session_file: ${{ steps.global.outputs.test_all_session_file }}
-        btest_session_file: ${{ steps.global.outputs.btest_session_file }}
-        test_spec_session_file: ${{ steps.global.outputs.test_spec_session_file }}
-        stdout_report_path: ${{ steps.variables.outputs.stdout_report_path }}
-        stderr_report_path: ${{ steps.variables.outputs.stderr_report_path }}
+        test_all_session: ${{ steps.setup-launchable.outputs.test_all_session }}
+        btest_session: ${{ steps.setup-launchable.outputs.btest_session }}
+        test_spec_session: ${{ steps.setup-launchable.outputs.test_spec_session }}
+        stdout_report_path: ${{ steps.global.outputs.stdout_report_path }}
+        stderr_report_path: ${{ steps.global.outputs.stderr_report_path }}
+        LAUNCHABLE_SETUP_DIR: ${{ steps.setup-launchable.outputs.launchable_setup_dir }}
diff --git a/.github/actions/setup/directories/action.yml b/.github/actions/setup/directories/action.yml
index 48e2c64a96..0e8ffd59ef 100644
--- a/.github/actions/setup/directories/action.yml
+++ b/.github/actions/setup/directories/action.yml
@@ -19,6 +19,13 @@ inputs:
       Where binaries and other generated contents go.  This will be
       created if absent.
 
+  make-command:
+    required: false
+    type: string
+    default: 'make'
+    description: >-
+      The command of `make`.
+
   makeup:
     required: false
     type: boolean
@@ -76,7 +83,7 @@ runs:
       shell: bash
       run: |
         echo "git=`command -v git`" >> "$GITHUB_OUTPUT"
-        echo "sudo=`command -v sudo`" >> "$GITHUB_OUTPUT"
+        echo "sudo=`sudo true && command -v sudo`" >> "$GITHUB_OUTPUT"
         echo "autoreconf=`command -v autoreconf`" >> "$GITHUB_OUTPUT"
 
     - if: steps.which.outputs.git
@@ -88,15 +95,15 @@ runs:
         git config --global init.defaultBranch garbage
 
     - if: inputs.checkout
-      uses: actions/checkout@11bd71901bbe5b1630ceea73d27597364c9af683 # v4.2.2
+      uses: actions/checkout@8e8c483db84b4bee98b60c0593521ed34d9990e8 # v6.0.1
       with:
         path: ${{ inputs.srcdir }}
         fetch-depth: ${{ inputs.fetch-depth }}
 
-    - uses: actions/cache@5a3ec84eff668545956fd18022155c47e93e2684 # v4.2.3
+    - uses: actions/cache@8b402f58fbc84540c8b491a91e594a4576fec3d7 # v5.0.2
       with:
         path: ${{ inputs.srcdir }}/.downloaded-cache
-        key: downloaded-cache
+        key: ${{ runner.os }}-${{ runner.arch }}-downloaded-cache
 
     - if: steps.which.outputs.autoreconf
       shell: bash
@@ -110,7 +117,7 @@ runs:
 
     - if: runner.os == 'Linux'
       shell: bash
-      run: echo "GNUMAKEFLAGS=-sj$((1 + $(nproc --all)))" >> "$GITHUB_ENV"
+      run: echo "GNUMAKEFLAGS=-sj$((1 + $(nproc)))" >> "$GITHUB_ENV"
 
     # macOS' GNU make is so old that they doesn't understand `GNUMAKEFLAGS`.
     - if: runner.os == 'macOS'
@@ -169,13 +176,13 @@ runs:
       shell: bash
       id: clean
       run: |
-        echo distclean='make -C ${{ inputs.builddir }} distclean' >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT
+        echo distclean='cd ${{ inputs.builddir }} && ${{ inputs.make-command }} distclean' >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT
         echo remained-files='find ${{ inputs.builddir }} -ls' >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT
         [ "${{ inputs.builddir }}" = "${{ inputs.srcdir }}" ] ||
         echo final='rmdir ${{ inputs.builddir }}' >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT
 
     - name: clean
-      uses: gacts/run-and-post-run@d803f6920adc9a47eeac4cb6c93dbc2e2890c684 # v1.4.2
+      uses: gacts/run-and-post-run@81b6ce503cde93862cec047c54652e45c5dca991 # v1.4.3
       with:
         working-directory:
         post: |
@@ -183,3 +190,5 @@ runs:
           ${{ steps.clean.outputs.distclean }}
           ${{ steps.clean.outputs.remained-files }}
           ${{ steps.clean.outputs.final }}
+      # rmdir randomly fails due to launchable files
+      continue-on-error: true
diff --git a/.github/actions/setup/macos/action.yml b/.github/actions/setup/macos/action.yml
index 5da7c6d44c..d0072ff828 100644
--- a/.github/actions/setup/macos/action.yml
+++ b/.github/actions/setup/macos/action.yml
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ runs:
         dir_config() {
           local args=() lib var="$1"; shift
           for lib in "$@"; do
-            args+="--with-${lib%@*}-dir=$(brew --prefix $lib)"
+            args+=("--with-${lib%@*}-dir=$(brew --prefix $lib)")
           done
           echo "$var=${args[*]}" >> $GITHUB_ENV
         }
diff --git a/.github/actions/slack/action.yml b/.github/actions/slack/action.yml
index 98171efc5e..4a398da1d1 100644
--- a/.github/actions/slack/action.yml
+++ b/.github/actions/slack/action.yml
@@ -18,6 +18,17 @@ inputs:
       Human-readable description of the run, something like "DEBUG=1".
       This need not be unique among runs.
 
+  event_name:
+    required: false
+    default: 'push'
+    description: >-
+      Target event to trigger notification. Notify only push by default.
+
+  extra_channel_id:
+    required: false
+    description: >-
+      Slack channel ID to notify besides #alerts and #alerts-emoji.
+
 outputs: {} # Nothing?
 
 runs:
@@ -33,7 +44,8 @@ runs:
             "url": "https://github.com/${{ github.repository }}/actions/runs/${{ github.run_id }}",
             "commit": "${{ github.sha }}",
             "branch": "${{ github.ref_name }}"
+            ${{ inputs.extra_channel_id && format(', "extra_channel_id": "{0}"', inputs.extra_channel_id) }}
           }
       env:
         SLACK_WEBHOOK_URL: ${{ inputs.SLACK_WEBHOOK_URL }}
-      if: ${{github.event_name == 'push' && startsWith(github.repository, 'ruby/')}}
+      if: ${{ github.event_name == inputs.event_name && startsWith(github.repository, 'ruby/') }}
diff --git a/.github/auto_request_review.yml b/.github/auto_request_review.yml
index c4c94681f0..38496d5ceb 100644
--- a/.github/auto_request_review.yml
+++ b/.github/auto_request_review.yml
@@ -2,15 +2,16 @@ files:
   'yjit*': [team:jit]
   'yjit/**/*': [team:jit]
   'yjit/src/cruby_bindings.inc.rs': []
-  'doc/yjit/*': [team:jit]
   'bootstraptest/test_yjit*': [team:jit]
   'test/ruby/test_yjit*': [team:jit]
   'zjit*': [team:jit]
   'zjit/**/*': [team:jit]
   'zjit/src/cruby_bindings.inc.rs': []
-  'doc/zjit*': [team:jit]
   'test/ruby/test_zjit*': [team:jit]
   'defs/jit.mk': [team:jit]
+  'tool/zjit_bisect.rb': [team:jit]
+  'doc/jit/*': [team:jit]
+  # Skip github workflow files because the team don't necessarily need to review dependabot updates for GitHub Actions. It's noisy in notifications, and they're auto-merged anyway.
 options:
   ignore_draft: true
   # This currently doesn't work as intended. We want to skip reviews when only
diff --git a/.github/dependabot.yml b/.github/dependabot.yml
index 426893be2a..2c2982d1d4 100644
--- a/.github/dependabot.yml
+++ b/.github/dependabot.yml
@@ -16,3 +16,7 @@ updates:
     directory: '/yjit'
     schedule:
       interval: 'daily'
+  - package-ecosystem: 'vcpkg'
+    directory: '/'
+    schedule:
+      interval: 'daily'
diff --git a/.github/workflows/annocheck.yml b/.github/workflows/annocheck.yml
index dcff2d699a..899d601aef 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/annocheck.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/annocheck.yml
@@ -39,9 +39,7 @@ jobs:
     if: >-
       ${{!(false
       || contains(github.event.head_commit.message, '[DOC]')
-      || contains(github.event.head_commit.message, 'Document')
       || contains(github.event.pull_request.title, '[DOC]')
-      || contains(github.event.pull_request.title, 'Document')
       || contains(github.event.pull_request.labels.*.name, 'Documentation')
       || (github.event_name == 'push' && github.event.pull_request.user.login == 'dependabot[bot]')
       )}}
@@ -63,7 +61,7 @@ jobs:
       - run: id
         working-directory:
 
-      - uses: actions/checkout@11bd71901bbe5b1630ceea73d27597364c9af683 # v4.2.2
+      - uses: actions/checkout@8e8c483db84b4bee98b60c0593521ed34d9990e8 # v6.0.1
         with:
           sparse-checkout-cone-mode: false
           sparse-checkout: /.github
@@ -74,7 +72,7 @@ jobs:
           builddir: build
           makeup: true
 
-      - uses: ruby/setup-ruby@d8d83c3960843afb664e821fed6be52f37da5267 # v1.231.0
+      - uses: ruby/setup-ruby@b90be12699fdfcbee4440c2bba85f6f460446bb0 # v1.279.0
         with:
           ruby-version: '3.1'
           bundler: none
diff --git a/.github/workflows/auto_request_review.yml b/.github/workflows/auto_request_review.yml
index a6c81c78cd..207315a084 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/auto_request_review.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/auto_request_review.yml
@@ -17,4 +17,4 @@ jobs:
         uses: necojackarc/auto-request-review@e89da1a8cd7c8c16d9de9c6e763290b6b0e3d424 # v0.13.0
         with:
           # scope: public_repo
-          token: ${{ secrets.MATZBOT_GITHUB_TOKEN }}
+          token: ${{ secrets.MATZBOT_AUTO_REQUEST_REVIEW_TOKEN }}
diff --git a/.github/workflows/auto_review_pr.yml b/.github/workflows/auto_review_pr.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..ad0e63ba12
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.github/workflows/auto_review_pr.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+name: Auto Review PR
+on:
+  pull_request_target:
+    types: [opened, ready_for_review, reopened]
+    branches: [master]
+
+permissions:
+  contents: read
+
+jobs:
+  auto-review-pr:
+    name: Auto Review PR
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    if: ${{ github.repository == 'ruby/ruby' && github.base_ref == 'master' }}
+
+    permissions:
+      pull-requests: write
+      contents: read
+
+    steps:
+      - name: Checkout repository
+        uses: actions/checkout@v6.0.1
+
+      - uses: ruby/setup-ruby@b90be12699fdfcbee4440c2bba85f6f460446bb0 # v1.279.0
+        with:
+          ruby-version: '3.4'
+          bundler: none
+
+      - name: Auto Review PR
+        run: ruby tool/auto_review_pr.rb "$GITHUB_PR_NUMBER"
+        env:
+          GITHUB_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
+          GITHUB_PR_NUMBER: ${{ github.event.pull_request.number }}
diff --git a/.github/workflows/baseruby.yml b/.github/workflows/baseruby.yml
index 6b3974bc5b..d3e734f885 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/baseruby.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/baseruby.yml
@@ -35,9 +35,7 @@ jobs:
     if: >-
       ${{!(false
       || contains(github.event.head_commit.message, '[DOC]')
-      || contains(github.event.head_commit.message, 'Document')
       || contains(github.event.pull_request.title, '[DOC]')
-      || contains(github.event.pull_request.title, 'Document')
       || contains(github.event.pull_request.labels.*.name, 'Documentation')
       || (github.event_name == 'push' && github.event.pull_request.user.login == 'dependabot[bot]')
       )}}
@@ -50,12 +48,12 @@ jobs:
           - ruby-3.3
 
     steps:
-      - uses: ruby/setup-ruby@d8d83c3960843afb664e821fed6be52f37da5267 # v1.231.0
+      - uses: ruby/setup-ruby@b90be12699fdfcbee4440c2bba85f6f460446bb0 # v1.279.0
         with:
           ruby-version: ${{ matrix.ruby }}
           bundler: none
 
-      - uses: actions/checkout@11bd71901bbe5b1630ceea73d27597364c9af683 # v4.2.2
+      - uses: actions/checkout@8e8c483db84b4bee98b60c0593521ed34d9990e8 # v6.0.1
 
       - uses: ./.github/actions/setup/ubuntu
 
diff --git a/.github/workflows/bundled_gems.yml b/.github/workflows/bundled_gems.yml
index 233f624453..59f64e8312 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/bundled_gems.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/bundled_gems.yml
@@ -1,5 +1,8 @@
 name: bundled_gems
 
+env:
+  UPDATE_ENABLED: true
+
 on:
   push:
     branches: ['master']
@@ -31,13 +34,13 @@ jobs:
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
 
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@11bd71901bbe5b1630ceea73d27597364c9af683 # v4.2.2
+      - uses: actions/checkout@8e8c483db84b4bee98b60c0593521ed34d9990e8 # v6.0.1
         with:
-          token: ${{ (github.repository == 'ruby/ruby' && !startsWith(github.event_name, 'pull')) && secrets.MATZBOT_GITHUB_TOKEN || secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
+          token: ${{ (github.repository == 'ruby/ruby' && !startsWith(github.event_name, 'pull')) && secrets.MATZBOT_AUTO_UPDATE_TOKEN || secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
 
       - uses: ./.github/actions/setup/directories
         with:
-          # Skip overwriting MATZBOT_GITHUB_TOKEN
+          # Skip overwriting MATZBOT_AUTO_UPDATE_TOKEN
           checkout: '' # false (ref: https://github.com/actions/runner/issues/2238)
 
       - name: Set ENV
@@ -56,6 +59,7 @@ jobs:
         id: bundled_gems
         run: |
           ruby -i~ tool/update-bundled_gems.rb gems/bundled_gems >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT
+        if: ${{ env.UPDATE_ENABLED == 'true' }}
 
       - name: Update spec/bundler/support/builders.rb
         run: |
@@ -63,10 +67,12 @@ jobs:
           rake_version = File.read("gems/bundled_gems")[/^rake\s+(\S+)/, 1]
           print ARGF.read.sub(/^ *def rake_version\s*\K".*?"/) {rake_version.dump}
         shell: ruby -i~ {0} spec/bundler/support/builders.rb
+        if: ${{ env.UPDATE_ENABLED == 'true' }}
 
       - name: Maintain updated gems list in NEWS
         run: |
           ruby tool/update-NEWS-gemlist.rb bundled
+        if: ${{ env.UPDATE_ENABLED == 'true' }}
 
       - name: Check diffs
         id: diff
@@ -82,6 +88,67 @@ jobs:
           echo gems=$gems >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT
           echo update=${news:-$gems} >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT
 
+      - name: Commit
+        id: commit
+        run: |
+          git pull --ff-only origin ${GITHUB_REF#refs/heads/}
+          message="Update bundled gems list"
+          if [ -z "${gems}" ]; then
+            git commit --message="[DOC] ${message} at ${GITHUB_SHA:0:30}"
+          else
+            git commit --message="${message} as of ${TODAY}"
+          fi
+        env:
+          TODAY: ${{ steps.bundled_gems.outputs.latest_date || env.TODAY }}
+          EMAIL: svn-admin@ruby-lang.org
+          GIT_AUTHOR_NAME: git
+          GIT_COMMITTER_NAME: git
+          gems: ${{ steps.diff.outputs.gems }}
+        if: ${{ steps.diff.outputs.update }}
+
+      - name: Development revision of bundled gems
+        run: |
+          #!ruby
+          file = "gems/bundled_gems"
+
+          SECONDS_IN_DAY = 86400
+          today = Time.new("#{ENV['TODAY']}Z")
+          if !(december = today.month == 12)
+            days = 30
+          elsif (days = 26 - today.day).positive?
+            days += 4
+          else
+            puts "::info:: just after released"
+            exit
+          end
+
+          since = "#{today.year-1}-12-26"
+          ref = ENV['GITHUB_REF']
+          puts "::group::\e[94mfetching \e[1m#{file}\e[22m since \e[1m#{since}\e[22m from \e[1m#{ref}\e[m"
+          system(*%W[git fetch --shallow-since=#{since} --no-tags origin #{ref}], exception: true)
+          puts "::endgroup::"
+
+          puts "\e[94mchecking development version bundled gems older than \e[1m#{days}\e[22m days\e[m"
+          limit = today.to_i - days * SECONDS_IN_DAY
+          old = 0
+          IO.popen(%W"git blame --line-porcelain -- #{file}") do |blame|
+            while head = blame.gets("\n\t") and s = blame.gets
+              next unless (gem = s.split(/\s+|#.*/)).size > 3
+              time = head[/^committer-time \K\d+/].to_i
+              next if (d = limit - time) <= 0
+              d /= SECONDS_IN_DAY
+              line = head[/\A\h+ \d+ \K\d+/].to_i
+              level = if d < days; 'warning'; else old += 1; 'error'; end
+              d += days
+              puts "::#{level} file=#{file},line=#{line},title=Older than #{d} days::#{gem[0]} #{gem[3]}"
+            end
+          end
+          abort "::error title=Too long-standing gems::The release comes soon." if december and old.nonzero?
+        shell: ruby {0}
+        env:
+          file: ${{ steps.logs.outputs.file }}
+          days: ${{ steps.logs.outputs.days }}
+
       - name: Install libraries
         uses: ./.github/actions/setup/ubuntu
         if: ${{ steps.diff.outputs.gems }}
@@ -104,30 +171,17 @@ jobs:
         timeout-minutes: 30
         env:
           RUBY_TESTOPTS: '-q --tty=no'
-          TEST_BUNDLED_GEMS_ALLOW_FAILURES: 'typeprof,rbs,repl_type_completor'
+          TEST_BUNDLED_GEMS_ALLOW_FAILURES: ''
         if: ${{ steps.diff.outputs.gems }}
 
-      - name: Commit
+      - name: Push
         run: |
-          git pull --ff-only origin ${GITHUB_REF#refs/heads/}
-          message="Update bundled gems list"
-          if [ -z "${gems}" ]; then
-            git commit --message="${message} at ${GITHUB_SHA:0:30} [ci skip]"
-          else
-            git commit --message="${message} as of ${TODAY}"
-          fi
           git push origin ${GITHUB_REF#refs/heads/}
-        env:
-          TODAY: ${{ steps.bundled_gems.outputs.latest_date || env.TODAY }}
-          EMAIL: svn-admin@ruby-lang.org
-          GIT_AUTHOR_NAME: git
-          GIT_COMMITTER_NAME: git
-          gems: ${{ steps.diff.outputs.gems }}
         if: >-
           ${{
           github.repository == 'ruby/ruby' &&
           !startsWith(github.event_name, 'pull') &&
-          steps.diff.outputs.update
+          steps.commit.outcome == 'success'
           }}
 
       - uses: ./.github/actions/slack
diff --git a/.github/workflows/check_dependencies.yml b/.github/workflows/check_dependencies.yml
index aa3882c165..c5dec65e48 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/check_dependencies.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/check_dependencies.yml
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ jobs:
     runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}
 
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@11bd71901bbe5b1630ceea73d27597364c9af683 # v4.2.2
+      - uses: actions/checkout@8e8c483db84b4bee98b60c0593521ed34d9990e8 # v6.0.1
 
       - uses: ./.github/actions/setup/ubuntu
         if: ${{ contains(matrix.os, 'ubuntu') }}
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ jobs:
 
       - uses: ./.github/actions/setup/directories
 
-      - uses: ruby/setup-ruby@d8d83c3960843afb664e821fed6be52f37da5267 # v1.231.0
+      - uses: ruby/setup-ruby@b90be12699fdfcbee4440c2bba85f6f460446bb0 # v1.279.0
         with:
           ruby-version: '3.1'
           bundler: none
@@ -48,11 +48,7 @@ jobs:
       - name: Run configure
         run: ./configure -C --disable-install-doc --disable-rubygems --with-gcc 'optflags=-O0' 'debugflags=-save-temps=obj -g'
 
-      - run: make all golf
-
-      - run: ./goruby -veh
-
-      - run: ruby tool/update-deps --fix
+      - run: make fix-depends
 
       - run: git diff --no-ext-diff --ignore-submodules --exit-code
 
diff --git a/.github/workflows/check_misc.yml b/.github/workflows/check_misc.yml
index 543c54a3c9..2a2bd1df53 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/check_misc.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/check_misc.yml
@@ -18,33 +18,25 @@ jobs:
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
 
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@11bd71901bbe5b1630ceea73d27597364c9af683 # v4.2.2
+      - uses: actions/checkout@8e8c483db84b4bee98b60c0593521ed34d9990e8 # v6.0.1
         with:
-          token: ${{ (github.repository == 'ruby/ruby' && !startsWith(github.event_name, 'pull')) && secrets.MATZBOT_GITHUB_TOKEN || secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
+          token: ${{ (github.repository == 'ruby/ruby' && !startsWith(github.event_name, 'pull')) && secrets.MATZBOT_AUTO_UPDATE_TOKEN || secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
 
       - uses: ./.github/actions/setup/directories
         with:
           makeup: true
-          # Skip overwriting MATZBOT_GITHUB_TOKEN
+          # Skip overwriting MATZBOT_AUTO_UPDATE_TOKEN
           checkout: '' # false (ref: https://github.com/actions/runner/issues/2238)
 
-      # Run this step first to make sure auto-style commits are pushed
-      - name: ${{ github.ref == 'refs/heads/master' && 'Auto-correct' || 'Check for' }} code styles
+      - name: Check for code styles
         run: |
           set -x
-          ruby tool/auto-style.rb "$GITHUB_OLD_SHA" "$GITHUB_NEW_SHA" "$PUSH_REF"
+          ruby tool/auto-style.rb "$GITHUB_OLD_SHA" "$GITHUB_NEW_SHA"
         env:
-          EMAIL: svn-admin@ruby-lang.org
-          GIT_AUTHOR_NAME: git
-          GIT_COMMITTER_NAME: git
-          GITHUB_OLD_SHA: ${{ startsWith(github.event_name, 'pull') && github.event.pull_request.base.sha || github.event.before }}
-          GITHUB_NEW_SHA: ${{ startsWith(github.event_name, 'pull') && github.event.pull_request.merge_commit_sha || github.event.after }}
-          PUSH_REF: ${{ github.ref == 'refs/heads/master' && github.ref || '' }}
-        if: ${{ github.repository == 'ruby/ruby' }}
-
-      - name: Check if C-sources are US-ASCII
-        run: |
-          grep -r -n --include='*.[chyS]' --include='*.asm' $'[^\t-~]' -- . && exit 1 || :
+          GITHUB_OLD_SHA: ${{ github.event.pull_request.base.sha }}
+          GITHUB_NEW_SHA: ${{ github.event.pull_request.merge_commit_sha }}
+        # Skip 'push' events because post_push.yml fixes them on push
+        if: ${{ github.repository == 'ruby/ruby' && startsWith(github.event_name, 'pull') }}
 
       - name: Check for bash specific substitution in configure.ac
         run: |
@@ -61,24 +53,69 @@ jobs:
           exit $fail
         working-directory: include
 
+      - id: now
+        run: |
+          date +"mon=%-m"%n"day=%-d" >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT
+        env:
+          TZ: Tokyo/Asia
+
+      - id: deprecation
+        run: |
+          eval $(sed -n 's/^#define RUBY_API_VERSION_\(MAJOR\|MINOR\) /\1=/p' include/ruby/version.h)
+          if git --no-pager grep --color -o 'rb_warn_deprecated_to_remove_at('$MAJOR'\.'$MINOR',.*' -- '*.c' >&2; then
+              false
+          else
+              true
+          fi
+        continue-on-error: ${{ steps.now.outputs.mon < 12 }}
+
+      - name: Check if to generate documents
+        id: rdoc
+        run: |
+          set -- $(sed 's/#.*//;/^rdoc /!d' gems/bundled_gems)
+          { echo version=$2; echo ref=$4; } >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT
+          echo RDOC='ruby -W0 --disable-gems tool/rdoc-srcdir -q' >> $GITHUB_ENV
+
+      - name: Checkout rdoc
+        uses: actions/checkout@8e8c483db84b4bee98b60c0593521ed34d9990e8 # v6.0.1
+        with:
+          repository: ruby/rdoc
+          ref: ${{ steps.rdoc.outputs.ref }}
+          path: .bundle/gems/rdoc-${{ steps.rdoc.outputs.version }}
+        if: ${{ steps.rdoc.outputs.ref != '' }}
+
+      - name: Generate rdoc
+        run: |
+          set -x
+          gempath=$(ruby -e 'print Gem.user_dir, "/bin"')
+          PATH=$gempath:$PATH
+          gem install --user bundler
+          bundle config --local path vendor/bundle
+          bundle install --jobs 4
+          bundle exec rake generate
+        working-directory: .bundle/gems/rdoc-${{ steps.rdoc.outputs.version }}
+        if: ${{ steps.rdoc.outputs.ref != '' }}
+
+      - name: Core docs coverage
+        run: |
+          $RDOC -C -x ^ext -x ^lib .
+
       - name: Generate docs
         id: docs
         run: |
-          ruby -W0 --disable-gems -I./lib tool/rdoc-srcdir -q --op html .
+          $RDOC --op html .
           echo htmlout=ruby-html-${GITHUB_SHA:0:10} >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT
         # Generate only when document commit/PR
         if: >-
           ${{false
           || contains(github.event.head_commit.message, '[ruby/rdoc]')
           || contains(github.event.head_commit.message, '[DOC]')
-          || contains(github.event.head_commit.message, 'Document')
           || contains(github.event.pull_request.title, '[DOC]')
-          || contains(github.event.pull_request.title, 'Document')
           || contains(github.event.pull_request.labels.*.name, 'Documentation')
           }}
 
       - name: Upload docs
-        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
+        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v6.0.0
         with:
           path: html
           name: ${{ steps.docs.outputs.htmlout }}
diff --git a/.github/workflows/codeql-analysis.yml b/.github/workflows/codeql-analysis.yml
index 0dfae7f045..a92c93b476 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/codeql-analysis.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/codeql-analysis.yml
@@ -41,9 +41,7 @@ jobs:
     if: >-
       ${{!(false
       || contains(github.event.head_commit.message, '[DOC]')
-      || contains(github.event.head_commit.message, 'Document')
       || contains(github.event.pull_request.title, '[DOC]')
-      || contains(github.event.pull_request.title, 'Document')
       || contains(github.event.pull_request.labels.*.name, 'Documentation')
       || (github.event_name == 'push' && github.event.pull_request.user.login == 'dependabot[bot]')
       )}}
@@ -60,7 +58,7 @@ jobs:
 
     steps:
       - name: Checkout repository
-        uses: actions/checkout@11bd71901bbe5b1630ceea73d27597364c9af683 # v4.2.2
+        uses: actions/checkout@8e8c483db84b4bee98b60c0593521ed34d9990e8 # v6.0.1
 
       - name: Install libraries
         if: ${{ contains(matrix.os, 'macos') }}
@@ -77,17 +75,17 @@ jobs:
         run: sudo rm /usr/lib/ruby/vendor_ruby/rubygems/defaults/operating_system.rb
 
       - name: Initialize CodeQL
-        uses: github/codeql-action/init@df409f7d9260372bd5f19e5b04e83cb3c43714ae # v3.27.9
+        uses: github/codeql-action/init@e296a935590eb16afc0c0108289f68c87e2a89a5 # v4.30.7
         with:
           languages: ${{ matrix.language }}
           trap-caching: false
           debug: true
 
       - name: Autobuild
-        uses: github/codeql-action/autobuild@df409f7d9260372bd5f19e5b04e83cb3c43714ae # v3.27.9
+        uses: github/codeql-action/autobuild@e296a935590eb16afc0c0108289f68c87e2a89a5 # v4.30.7
 
       - name: Perform CodeQL Analysis
-        uses: github/codeql-action/analyze@df409f7d9260372bd5f19e5b04e83cb3c43714ae # v3.27.9
+        uses: github/codeql-action/analyze@e296a935590eb16afc0c0108289f68c87e2a89a5 # v4.30.7
         with:
           category: '/language:${{ matrix.language }}'
           upload: False
@@ -117,7 +115,7 @@ jobs:
         continue-on-error: true
 
       - name: Upload SARIF
-        uses: github/codeql-action/upload-sarif@df409f7d9260372bd5f19e5b04e83cb3c43714ae # v3.27.9
+        uses: github/codeql-action/upload-sarif@e296a935590eb16afc0c0108289f68c87e2a89a5 # v4.30.7
         with:
           sarif_file: sarif-results/${{ matrix.language }}.sarif
         continue-on-error: true
diff --git a/.github/workflows/compilers.yml b/.github/workflows/compilers.yml
index 4dd1fdd2e7..8c0ca54e0b 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/compilers.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/compilers.yml
@@ -35,9 +35,7 @@ jobs:
     if: >-
       ${{!(false
       || contains(github.event.head_commit.message, '[DOC]')
-      || contains(github.event.head_commit.message, 'Document')
       || contains(github.event.pull_request.title, '[DOC]')
-      || contains(github.event.pull_request.title, 'Document')
       || contains(github.event.pull_request.labels.*.name, 'Documentation')
       || (github.event_name == 'push' && github.event.pull_request.user.login == 'dependabot[bot]')
       )}}
@@ -53,7 +51,7 @@ jobs:
     timeout-minutes: 60
     services: { docuum: { image: 'stephanmisc/docuum', options: '--init', volumes: [ '/root', '/var/run/docker.sock:/var/run/docker.sock' ] } }
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@11bd71901bbe5b1630ceea73d27597364c9af683 # v4.2.2
+      - uses: actions/checkout@8e8c483db84b4bee98b60c0593521ed34d9990e8 # v6.0.1
         with: { sparse-checkout-cone-mode: false, sparse-checkout: /.github }
       # Set fetch-depth: 10 so that Launchable can receive commits information.
       - { uses: './.github/actions/setup/directories', with: { srcdir: 'src', builddir: 'build', makeup: true, fetch-depth: 10 } }
@@ -64,7 +62,8 @@ jobs:
           with_gcc: 'clang-18 -flto=auto'
           optflags: '-O2'
           enable_shared: false
-      - { uses: './.github/actions/compilers', name: '-O0', with: { optflags: '-O0 -march=x86-64 -mtune=generic' } }
+        timeout-minutes: 30
+      - { uses: './.github/actions/compilers', name: '-O0', with: { optflags: '-O0 -march=x86-64 -mtune=generic' }, timeout-minutes: 5 }
       # - { uses: './.github/actions/compilers', name: '-O3', with: { optflags: '-O3 -march=x86-64 -mtune=generic', check: true } }
 
   compile2:
@@ -75,26 +74,27 @@ jobs:
     timeout-minutes: 60
     services: { docuum: { image: 'stephanmisc/docuum', options: '--init', volumes: [ '/root', '/var/run/docker.sock:/var/run/docker.sock' ] } }
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@11bd71901bbe5b1630ceea73d27597364c9af683 # v4.2.2
+      - uses: actions/checkout@8e8c483db84b4bee98b60c0593521ed34d9990e8 # v6.0.1
         with: { sparse-checkout-cone-mode: false, sparse-checkout: /.github }
       - { uses: './.github/actions/setup/directories', with: { srcdir: 'src', builddir: 'build', makeup: true, fetch-depth: 10 } }
-      - name: 'GCC 13 LTO'
+      - name: 'GCC 15 LTO'
         uses: './.github/actions/compilers'
         with:
-          tag: gcc-13
-          with_gcc: 'gcc-13 -flto=auto -ffat-lto-objects -Werror=lto-type-mismatch'
+          tag: gcc-15
+          with_gcc: 'gcc-15 -flto=auto -ffat-lto-objects -Werror=lto-type-mismatch'
           optflags: '-O2'
           enable_shared: false
-      - { uses: './.github/actions/compilers', name: 'ext/Setup', with: { static_exts: 'etc json/* */escape' } }
-      - { uses: './.github/actions/compilers', name: 'GCC 15', with: { tag: 'gcc-15' } }
-      - { uses: './.github/actions/compilers', name: 'GCC 14', with: { tag: 'gcc-14' } }
-      - { uses: './.github/actions/compilers', name: 'GCC 13', with: { tag: 'gcc-13' } }
-      - { uses: './.github/actions/compilers', name: 'GCC 12', with: { tag: 'gcc-12' } }
-      - { uses: './.github/actions/compilers', name: 'GCC 11', with: { tag: 'gcc-11' } }
-      - { uses: './.github/actions/compilers', name: 'GCC 10', with: { tag: 'gcc-10' } }
-      - { uses: './.github/actions/compilers', name: 'GCC 9',  with: { tag: 'gcc-9'  } }
-      - { uses: './.github/actions/compilers', name: 'GCC 8',  with: { tag: 'gcc-8'  } }
-      - { uses: './.github/actions/compilers', name: 'GCC 7',  with: { tag: 'gcc-7'  } }
+        timeout-minutes: 10
+      - { uses: './.github/actions/compilers', name: 'ext/Setup', with: { static_exts: 'etc json/* */escape' }, timeout-minutes: 5 }
+      - { uses: './.github/actions/compilers', name: 'GCC 15', with: { tag: 'gcc-15' }, timeout-minutes: 5 }
+      - { uses: './.github/actions/compilers', name: 'GCC 14', with: { tag: 'gcc-14' }, timeout-minutes: 5 }
+      - { uses: './.github/actions/compilers', name: 'GCC 13', with: { tag: 'gcc-13' }, timeout-minutes: 5 }
+      - { uses: './.github/actions/compilers', name: 'GCC 12', with: { tag: 'gcc-12' }, timeout-minutes: 5 }
+      - { uses: './.github/actions/compilers', name: 'GCC 11', with: { tag: 'gcc-11' }, timeout-minutes: 5 }
+      - { uses: './.github/actions/compilers', name: 'GCC 10', with: { tag: 'gcc-10' }, timeout-minutes: 5 }
+      - { uses: './.github/actions/compilers', name: 'GCC 9',  with: { tag: 'gcc-9'  }, timeout-minutes: 5 }
+      - { uses: './.github/actions/compilers', name: 'GCC 8',  with: { tag: 'gcc-8'  }, timeout-minutes: 5 }
+      - { uses: './.github/actions/compilers', name: 'GCC 7',  with: { tag: 'gcc-7'  }, timeout-minutes: 5 }
 
   compile3:
     name: 'omnibus compilations, #3'
@@ -104,17 +104,18 @@ jobs:
     timeout-minutes: 60
     services: { docuum: { image: 'stephanmisc/docuum', options: '--init', volumes: [ '/root', '/var/run/docker.sock:/var/run/docker.sock' ] } }
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@11bd71901bbe5b1630ceea73d27597364c9af683 # v4.2.2
+      - uses: actions/checkout@8e8c483db84b4bee98b60c0593521ed34d9990e8 # v6.0.1
         with: { sparse-checkout-cone-mode: false, sparse-checkout: /.github }
       - { uses: './.github/actions/setup/directories', with: { srcdir: 'src', builddir: 'build', makeup: true, fetch-depth: 10 } }
-      - { uses: './.github/actions/compilers', name: 'clang 21', with: { tag: 'clang-21' } }
-      - { uses: './.github/actions/compilers', name: 'clang 20', with: { tag: 'clang-20' } }
-      - { uses: './.github/actions/compilers', name: 'clang 19', with: { tag: 'clang-19' } }
-      - { uses: './.github/actions/compilers', name: 'clang 18', with: { tag: 'clang-18' } }
-      - { uses: './.github/actions/compilers', name: 'clang 17', with: { tag: 'clang-17' } }
-      - { uses: './.github/actions/compilers', name: 'clang 16', with: { tag: 'clang-16' } }
-      - { uses: './.github/actions/compilers', name: 'clang 15', with: { tag: 'clang-15' } }
-      - { uses: './.github/actions/compilers', name: 'clang 14', with: { tag: 'clang-14' } }
+      - { uses: './.github/actions/compilers', name: 'clang 22', with: { tag: 'clang-22' }, timeout-minutes: 5 }
+      - { uses: './.github/actions/compilers', name: 'clang 21', with: { tag: 'clang-21' }, timeout-minutes: 5 }
+      - { uses: './.github/actions/compilers', name: 'clang 20', with: { tag: 'clang-20' }, timeout-minutes: 5 }
+      - { uses: './.github/actions/compilers', name: 'clang 19', with: { tag: 'clang-19' }, timeout-minutes: 5 }
+      - { uses: './.github/actions/compilers', name: 'clang 18', with: { tag: 'clang-18' }, timeout-minutes: 5 }
+      - { uses: './.github/actions/compilers', name: 'clang 17', with: { tag: 'clang-17' }, timeout-minutes: 5 }
+      - { uses: './.github/actions/compilers', name: 'clang 16', with: { tag: 'clang-16' }, timeout-minutes: 5 }
+      - { uses: './.github/actions/compilers', name: 'clang 15', with: { tag: 'clang-15' }, timeout-minutes: 5 }
+      - { uses: './.github/actions/compilers', name: 'clang 14', with: { tag: 'clang-14' }, timeout-minutes: 5 }
 
   compile4:
     name: 'omnibus compilations, #4'
@@ -124,18 +125,18 @@ jobs:
     timeout-minutes: 60
     services: { docuum: { image: 'stephanmisc/docuum', options: '--init', volumes: [ '/root', '/var/run/docker.sock:/var/run/docker.sock' ] } }
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@11bd71901bbe5b1630ceea73d27597364c9af683 # v4.2.2
+      - uses: actions/checkout@8e8c483db84b4bee98b60c0593521ed34d9990e8 # v6.0.1
         with: { sparse-checkout-cone-mode: false, sparse-checkout: /.github }
       - { uses: './.github/actions/setup/directories', with: { srcdir: 'src', builddir: 'build', makeup: true, fetch-depth: 10 } }
-      - { uses: './.github/actions/compilers', name: 'clang 13', with: { tag: 'clang-13' } }
-      - { uses: './.github/actions/compilers', name: 'clang 12', with: { tag: 'clang-12' } }
-      - { uses: './.github/actions/compilers', name: 'clang 11', with: { tag: 'clang-11' } }
-      - { uses: './.github/actions/compilers', name: 'clang 10', with: { tag: 'clang-10' } }
-        # llvm-objcopy<=9 doesn't have --wildcard. It compiles, but leaves Rust symbols in libyjit.o.
-      - { uses: './.github/actions/compilers', name: 'clang 9',  with: { tag: 'clang-9',   append_configure: '--disable-yjit' } }
-      - { uses: './.github/actions/compilers', name: 'clang 8',  with: { tag: 'clang-8',   append_configure: '--disable-yjit' } }
-      - { uses: './.github/actions/compilers', name: 'clang 7',  with: { tag: 'clang-7',   append_configure: '--disable-yjit' } }
-      - { uses: './.github/actions/compilers', name: 'clang 6',  with: { tag: 'clang-6.0', append_configure: '--disable-yjit' } }
+      - { uses: './.github/actions/compilers', name: 'clang 13', with: { tag: 'clang-13' }, timeout-minutes: 5 }
+      - { uses: './.github/actions/compilers', name: 'clang 12', with: { tag: 'clang-12' }, timeout-minutes: 5 }
+      - { uses: './.github/actions/compilers', name: 'clang 11', with: { tag: 'clang-11' }, timeout-minutes: 5 }
+      - { uses: './.github/actions/compilers', name: 'clang 10', with: { tag: 'clang-10' }, timeout-minutes: 5 }
+        # llvm-objcopy<=9 doesn't have --wildcard. It compiles, but leaves Rust symbols in libyjit.o and fail `make test-leaked-globals`.
+      - { uses: './.github/actions/compilers', name: 'clang 9',  with: { tag: 'clang-9',   append_configure: '--disable-yjit --disable-zjit' }, timeout-minutes: 5 }
+      - { uses: './.github/actions/compilers', name: 'clang 8',  with: { tag: 'clang-8',   append_configure: '--disable-yjit --disable-zjit' }, timeout-minutes: 5 }
+      - { uses: './.github/actions/compilers', name: 'clang 7',  with: { tag: 'clang-7',   append_configure: '--disable-yjit --disable-zjit' }, timeout-minutes: 5 }
+      - { uses: './.github/actions/compilers', name: 'clang 6',  with: { tag: 'clang-6.0', append_configure: '--disable-yjit --disable-zjit' }, timeout-minutes: 5 }
 
   compile5:
     name: 'omnibus compilations, #5'
@@ -145,7 +146,7 @@ jobs:
     timeout-minutes: 60
     services: { docuum: { image: 'stephanmisc/docuum', options: '--init', volumes: [ '/root', '/var/run/docker.sock:/var/run/docker.sock' ] } }
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@11bd71901bbe5b1630ceea73d27597364c9af683 # v4.2.2
+      - uses: actions/checkout@8e8c483db84b4bee98b60c0593521ed34d9990e8 # v6.0.1
         with: { sparse-checkout-cone-mode: false, sparse-checkout: /.github }
       - { uses: './.github/actions/setup/directories', with: { srcdir: 'src', builddir: 'build', makeup: true, fetch-depth: 10 } }
       # -Wno-strict-prototypes is necessary with current clang-15 since
@@ -154,14 +155,14 @@ jobs:
       # warning generates a lot of noise from use of ANYARGS in
       # rb_define_method() and friends.
       # See: https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project/commit/11da1b53d8cd3507959022cd790d5a7ad4573d94
-      - { uses: './.github/actions/compilers', name: 'C99',      with: { CFLAGS: '-std=c99 -Werror=pedantic -pedantic-errors -Wno-strict-prototypes' } }
-      - { uses: './.github/actions/compilers', name: 'C11',   with: { CFLAGS:   '-std=c11   -Werror=pedantic -pedantic-errors -Wno-strict-prototypes' } }
-      - { uses: './.github/actions/compilers', name: 'C17',   with: { CFLAGS:   '-std=c17   -Werror=pedantic -pedantic-errors -Wno-strict-prototypes' } }
-      - { uses: './.github/actions/compilers', name: 'C23',   with: { CFLAGS:   '-std=c2x   -Werror=pedantic -pedantic-errors -Wno-strict-prototypes' } }
-      - { uses: './.github/actions/compilers', name: 'C++98', with: { CXXFLAGS: '-std=c++98 -Werror=pedantic -pedantic-errors -Wno-c++11-long-long' } }
-      - { uses: './.github/actions/compilers', name: 'C++11', with: { CXXFLAGS: '-std=c++11 -Werror=pedantic -pedantic-errors -Wno-c++11-long-long' } }
-      - { uses: './.github/actions/compilers', name: 'C++14', with: { CXXFLAGS: '-std=c++14 -Werror=pedantic -pedantic-errors -Wno-c++11-long-long' } }
-      - { uses: './.github/actions/compilers', name: 'C++17', with: { CXXFLAGS: '-std=c++17 -Werror=pedantic -pedantic-errors -Wno-c++11-long-long' } }
+      - { uses: './.github/actions/compilers', name: 'C99',      with: { CFLAGS: '-std=c99 -Werror=pedantic -pedantic-errors -Wno-strict-prototypes' }, timeout-minutes: 5 }
+      - { uses: './.github/actions/compilers', name: 'C11',   with: { CFLAGS:   '-std=c11   -Werror=pedantic -pedantic-errors -Wno-strict-prototypes' }, timeout-minutes: 5 }
+      - { uses: './.github/actions/compilers', name: 'C17',   with: { CFLAGS:   '-std=c17   -Werror=pedantic -pedantic-errors -Wno-strict-prototypes' }, timeout-minutes: 5 }
+      - { uses: './.github/actions/compilers', name: 'C23',   with: { CFLAGS:   '-std=c2x   -Werror=pedantic -pedantic-errors -Wno-strict-prototypes' }, timeout-minutes: 5 }
+      - { uses: './.github/actions/compilers', name: 'C++98', with: { CXXFLAGS: '-std=c++98 -Werror=pedantic -pedantic-errors -Wno-c++11-long-long' }, timeout-minutes: 5 }
+      - { uses: './.github/actions/compilers', name: 'C++11', with: { CXXFLAGS: '-std=c++11 -Werror=pedantic -pedantic-errors -Wno-c++11-long-long' }, timeout-minutes: 5 }
+      - { uses: './.github/actions/compilers', name: 'C++14', with: { CXXFLAGS: '-std=c++14 -Werror=pedantic -pedantic-errors -Wno-c++11-long-long' }, timeout-minutes: 5 }
+      - { uses: './.github/actions/compilers', name: 'C++17', with: { CXXFLAGS: '-std=c++17 -Werror=pedantic -pedantic-errors -Wno-c++11-long-long' }, timeout-minutes: 5 }
 
   compile6:
     name: 'omnibus compilations, #6'
@@ -171,17 +172,17 @@ jobs:
     timeout-minutes: 60
     services: { docuum: { image: 'stephanmisc/docuum', options: '--init', volumes: [ '/root', '/var/run/docker.sock:/var/run/docker.sock' ] } }
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@11bd71901bbe5b1630ceea73d27597364c9af683 # v4.2.2
+      - uses: actions/checkout@8e8c483db84b4bee98b60c0593521ed34d9990e8 # v6.0.1
         with: { sparse-checkout-cone-mode: false, sparse-checkout: /.github }
       - { uses: './.github/actions/setup/directories', with: { srcdir: 'src', builddir: 'build', makeup: true, fetch-depth: 10 } }
-      - { uses: './.github/actions/compilers', name: 'C++20', with: { CXXFLAGS: '-std=c++20 -Werror=pedantic -pedantic-errors -Wno-c++11-long-long' } }
-      - { uses: './.github/actions/compilers', name: 'C++23', with: { CXXFLAGS: '-std=c++23 -Werror=pedantic -pedantic-errors -Wno-c++11-long-long' } }
-      - { uses: './.github/actions/compilers', name: 'C++26', with: { CXXFLAGS: '-std=c++26 -Werror=pedantic -pedantic-errors -Wno-c++11-long-long' } }
-      - { uses: './.github/actions/compilers', name: 'gmp',                 with: { append_configure: '--with-gmp', check: 'ruby/test_bignum.rb', mspecopt: "/github/workspace/src/spec/ruby/core/integer" } }
-      - { uses: './.github/actions/compilers', name: 'jemalloc',            with: { append_configure: '--with-jemalloc' } }
-      - { uses: './.github/actions/compilers', name: 'valgrind',            with: { append_configure: '--with-valgrind' } }
-      - { uses: './.github/actions/compilers', name: 'coroutine=ucontext',  with: { append_configure: '--with-coroutine=ucontext' } }
-      - { uses: './.github/actions/compilers', name: 'coroutine=pthread',   with: { append_configure: '--with-coroutine=pthread' } }
+      - { uses: './.github/actions/compilers', name: 'C++20', with: { CXXFLAGS: '-std=c++20 -Werror=pedantic -pedantic-errors -Wno-c++11-long-long' }, timeout-minutes: 5 }
+      - { uses: './.github/actions/compilers', name: 'C++23', with: { CXXFLAGS: '-std=c++23 -Werror=pedantic -pedantic-errors -Wno-c++11-long-long' }, timeout-minutes: 5 }
+      - { uses: './.github/actions/compilers', name: 'C++26', with: { CXXFLAGS: '-std=c++26 -Werror=pedantic -pedantic-errors -Wno-c++11-long-long' }, timeout-minutes: 5 }
+      - { uses: './.github/actions/compilers', name: 'gmp',                 with: { append_configure: '--with-gmp', test_all: 'ruby/test_bignum.rb', test_spec: "/github/workspace/src/spec/ruby/core/integer" }, timeout-minutes: 5 }
+      - { uses: './.github/actions/compilers', name: 'jemalloc',            with: { append_configure: '--with-jemalloc' }, timeout-minutes: 5 }
+      - { uses: './.github/actions/compilers', name: 'valgrind',            with: { append_configure: '--with-valgrind' }, timeout-minutes: 5 }
+      - { uses: './.github/actions/compilers', name: 'coroutine=ucontext',  with: { append_configure: '--with-coroutine=ucontext' }, timeout-minutes: 5 }
+      - { uses: './.github/actions/compilers', name: 'coroutine=pthread',   with: { append_configure: '--with-coroutine=pthread' }, timeout-minutes: 5 }
 
   compile7:
     name: 'omnibus compilations, #7'
@@ -191,19 +192,19 @@ jobs:
     timeout-minutes: 60
     services: { docuum: { image: 'stephanmisc/docuum', options: '--init', volumes: [ '/root', '/var/run/docker.sock:/var/run/docker.sock' ] } }
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@11bd71901bbe5b1630ceea73d27597364c9af683 # v4.2.2
+      - uses: actions/checkout@8e8c483db84b4bee98b60c0593521ed34d9990e8 # v6.0.1
         with: { sparse-checkout-cone-mode: false, sparse-checkout: /.github }
       - { uses: './.github/actions/setup/directories', with: { srcdir: 'src', builddir: 'build', makeup: true, fetch-depth: 10 } }
-      - { uses: './.github/actions/compilers', name: 'disable-jit',         with: { append_configure: '--disable-yjit --disable-zjit' } }
-      - { uses: './.github/actions/compilers', name: 'disable-yjit',        with: { append_configure: '--disable-yjit' } }
-      - { uses: './.github/actions/compilers', name: 'disable-zjit',        with: { append_configure: '--disable-zjit' } }
-      - { uses: './.github/actions/compilers', name: 'disable-dln',         with: { append_configure: '--disable-dln' } }
-      - { uses: './.github/actions/compilers', name: 'enable-mkmf-verbose', with: { append_configure: '--enable-mkmf-verbose' } }
-      - { uses: './.github/actions/compilers', name: 'disable-rubygems',    with: { append_configure: '--disable-rubygems' } }
-      - { uses: './.github/actions/compilers', name: 'RUBY_DEVEL',          with: { append_configure: '--enable-devel' } }
-      - { uses: './.github/actions/compilers', name: 'OPT_THREADED_CODE=0',            with: { cppflags: '-DOPT_THREADED_CODE=0' } }
-      - { uses: './.github/actions/compilers', name: 'OPT_THREADED_CODE=1',            with: { cppflags: '-DOPT_THREADED_CODE=1' } }
-      - { uses: './.github/actions/compilers', name: 'OPT_THREADED_CODE=2',            with: { cppflags: '-DOPT_THREADED_CODE=2' } }
+      - { uses: './.github/actions/compilers', name: 'disable-jit',         with: { append_configure: '--disable-yjit --disable-zjit' }, timeout-minutes: 5 }
+      - { uses: './.github/actions/compilers', name: 'disable-yjit',        with: { append_configure: '--disable-yjit' }, timeout-minutes: 5 }
+      - { uses: './.github/actions/compilers', name: 'disable-zjit',        with: { append_configure: '--disable-zjit' }, timeout-minutes: 5 }
+      - { uses: './.github/actions/compilers', name: 'disable-dln',         with: { append_configure: '--disable-dln' }, timeout-minutes: 5 }
+      - { uses: './.github/actions/compilers', name: 'enable-mkmf-verbose', with: { append_configure: '--enable-mkmf-verbose' }, timeout-minutes: 5 }
+      - { uses: './.github/actions/compilers', name: 'disable-rubygems',    with: { append_configure: '--disable-rubygems' }, timeout-minutes: 5 }
+      - { uses: './.github/actions/compilers', name: 'RUBY_DEVEL',          with: { append_configure: '--enable-devel' }, timeout-minutes: 5 }
+      - { uses: './.github/actions/compilers', name: 'OPT_THREADED_CODE=0',            with: { cppflags: '-DOPT_THREADED_CODE=0' }, timeout-minutes: 5 }
+      - { uses: './.github/actions/compilers', name: 'OPT_THREADED_CODE=1',            with: { cppflags: '-DOPT_THREADED_CODE=1' }, timeout-minutes: 5 }
+      - { uses: './.github/actions/compilers', name: 'OPT_THREADED_CODE=2',            with: { cppflags: '-DOPT_THREADED_CODE=2' }, timeout-minutes: 5 }
 
   compile8:
     name: 'omnibus compilations, #8'
@@ -213,17 +214,17 @@ jobs:
     timeout-minutes: 60
     services: { docuum: { image: 'stephanmisc/docuum', options: '--init', volumes: [ '/root', '/var/run/docker.sock:/var/run/docker.sock' ] } }
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@11bd71901bbe5b1630ceea73d27597364c9af683 # v4.2.2
+      - uses: actions/checkout@8e8c483db84b4bee98b60c0593521ed34d9990e8 # v6.0.1
         with: { sparse-checkout-cone-mode: false, sparse-checkout: /.github }
       - { uses: './.github/actions/setup/directories', with: { srcdir: 'src', builddir: 'build', makeup: true, fetch-depth: 10 } }
-      - { uses: './.github/actions/compilers', name: 'NDEBUG',                         with: { cppflags: '-DNDEBUG' } }
-      - { uses: './.github/actions/compilers', name: 'RUBY_DEBUG',                     with: { cppflags: '-DRUBY_DEBUG' } }
-      - { uses: './.github/actions/compilers', name: 'ARRAY_DEBUG',                    with: { cppflags: '-DARRAY_DEBUG' } }
-      - { uses: './.github/actions/compilers', name: 'BIGNUM_DEBUG',                   with: { cppflags: '-DBIGNUM_DEBUG' } }
-      - { uses: './.github/actions/compilers', name: 'CCAN_LIST_DEBUG',                with: { cppflags: '-DCCAN_LIST_DEBUG' } }
-      - { uses: './.github/actions/compilers', name: 'CPDEBUG=-1',                     with: { cppflags: '-DCPDEBUG=-1' } }
-      - { uses: './.github/actions/compilers', name: 'ENC_DEBUG',                      with: { cppflags: '-DENC_DEBUG' } }
-      - { uses: './.github/actions/compilers', name: 'GC_DEBUG',                       with: { cppflags: '-DGC_DEBUG' } }
+      - { uses: './.github/actions/compilers', name: 'NDEBUG',                         with: { cppflags: '-DNDEBUG' }, timeout-minutes: 5 }
+      - { uses: './.github/actions/compilers', name: 'RUBY_DEBUG',                     with: { cppflags: '-DRUBY_DEBUG' }, timeout-minutes: 5 }
+      - { uses: './.github/actions/compilers', name: 'ARRAY_DEBUG',                    with: { cppflags: '-DARRAY_DEBUG' }, timeout-minutes: 5 }
+      - { uses: './.github/actions/compilers', name: 'BIGNUM_DEBUG',                   with: { cppflags: '-DBIGNUM_DEBUG' }, timeout-minutes: 5 }
+      - { uses: './.github/actions/compilers', name: 'CCAN_LIST_DEBUG',                with: { cppflags: '-DCCAN_LIST_DEBUG' }, timeout-minutes: 5 }
+      - { uses: './.github/actions/compilers', name: 'CPDEBUG=-1',                     with: { cppflags: '-DCPDEBUG=-1' }, timeout-minutes: 5 }
+      - { uses: './.github/actions/compilers', name: 'ENC_DEBUG',                      with: { cppflags: '-DENC_DEBUG' }, timeout-minutes: 5 }
+      - { uses: './.github/actions/compilers', name: 'GC_DEBUG',                       with: { cppflags: '-DGC_DEBUG' }, timeout-minutes: 5 }
 
   compile9:
     name: 'omnibus compilations, #9'
@@ -233,17 +234,17 @@ jobs:
     timeout-minutes: 60
     services: { docuum: { image: 'stephanmisc/docuum', options: '--init', volumes: [ '/root', '/var/run/docker.sock:/var/run/docker.sock' ] } }
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@11bd71901bbe5b1630ceea73d27597364c9af683 # v4.2.2
+      - uses: actions/checkout@8e8c483db84b4bee98b60c0593521ed34d9990e8 # v6.0.1
         with: { sparse-checkout-cone-mode: false, sparse-checkout: /.github }
       - { uses: './.github/actions/setup/directories', with: { srcdir: 'src', builddir: 'build', makeup: true, fetch-depth: 10 } }
-      - { uses: './.github/actions/compilers', name: 'HASH_DEBUG',                     with: { cppflags: '-DHASH_DEBUG' } }
-      - { uses: './.github/actions/compilers', name: 'ID_TABLE_DEBUG',                 with: { cppflags: '-DID_TABLE_DEBUG' } }
-      - { uses: './.github/actions/compilers', name: 'RGENGC_DEBUG=-1',                with: { cppflags: '-DRGENGC_DEBUG=-1' } }
-      - { uses: './.github/actions/compilers', name: 'SYMBOL_DEBUG',                   with: { cppflags: '-DSYMBOL_DEBUG' } }
-      - { uses: './.github/actions/compilers', name: 'RGENGC_CHECK_MODE',              with: { cppflags: '-DRGENGC_CHECK_MODE' } }
-      - { uses: './.github/actions/compilers', name: 'VM_CHECK_MODE',                  with: { cppflags: '-DVM_CHECK_MODE' } }
-      - { uses: './.github/actions/compilers', name: 'USE_EMBED_CI=0',                 with: { cppflags: '-DUSE_EMBED_CI=0' } }
-      - { uses: './.github/actions/compilers', name: 'USE_FLONUM=0',                   with: { cppflags: '-DUSE_FLONUM=0', append_configure: '--disable-yjit' } }
+      - { uses: './.github/actions/compilers', name: 'HASH_DEBUG',                     with: { cppflags: '-DHASH_DEBUG' }, timeout-minutes: 5 }
+      - { uses: './.github/actions/compilers', name: 'ID_TABLE_DEBUG',                 with: { cppflags: '-DID_TABLE_DEBUG' }, timeout-minutes: 5 }
+      - { uses: './.github/actions/compilers', name: 'RGENGC_DEBUG=-1',                with: { cppflags: '-DRGENGC_DEBUG=-1' }, timeout-minutes: 5 }
+      - { uses: './.github/actions/compilers', name: 'SYMBOL_DEBUG',                   with: { cppflags: '-DSYMBOL_DEBUG' }, timeout-minutes: 5 }
+      - { uses: './.github/actions/compilers', name: 'RGENGC_CHECK_MODE',              with: { cppflags: '-DRGENGC_CHECK_MODE' }, timeout-minutes: 5 }
+      - { uses: './.github/actions/compilers', name: 'VM_CHECK_MODE',                  with: { cppflags: '-DVM_CHECK_MODE' }, timeout-minutes: 5 }
+      - { uses: './.github/actions/compilers', name: 'USE_EMBED_CI=0',                 with: { cppflags: '-DUSE_EMBED_CI=0' }, timeout-minutes: 5 }
+      - { uses: './.github/actions/compilers', name: 'USE_FLONUM=0',                   with: { cppflags: '-DUSE_FLONUM=0', append_configure: '--disable-yjit --disable-zjit' }, timeout-minutes: 5 }
 
   compileX:
     name: 'omnibus compilations, #10'
@@ -253,17 +254,17 @@ jobs:
     timeout-minutes: 60
     services: { docuum: { image: 'stephanmisc/docuum', options: '--init', volumes: [ '/root', '/var/run/docker.sock:/var/run/docker.sock' ] } }
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@11bd71901bbe5b1630ceea73d27597364c9af683 # v4.2.2
+      - uses: actions/checkout@8e8c483db84b4bee98b60c0593521ed34d9990e8 # v6.0.1
         with: { sparse-checkout-cone-mode: false, sparse-checkout: /.github }
       - { uses: './.github/actions/setup/directories', with: { srcdir: 'src', builddir: 'build', makeup: true, fetch-depth: 10 } }
-      - { uses: './.github/actions/compilers', name: 'USE_LAZY_LOAD',                  with: { cppflags: '-DUSE_LAZY_LOAD' } }
-      - { uses: './.github/actions/compilers', name: 'USE_SYMBOL_GC=0',                with: { cppflags: '-DUSE_SYMBOL_GC=0' } }
-      - { uses: './.github/actions/compilers', name: 'USE_THREAD_CACHE=0',             with: { cppflags: '-DUSE_THREAD_CACHE=0' } }
-      - { uses: './.github/actions/compilers', name: 'USE_RUBY_DEBUG_LOG=1',           with: { cppflags: '-DUSE_RUBY_DEBUG_LOG=1' } }
-      - { uses: './.github/actions/compilers', name: 'USE_DEBUG_COUNTER',              with: { cppflags: '-DUSE_DEBUG_COUNTER=1' } }
-      - { uses: './.github/actions/compilers', name: 'SHARABLE_MIDDLE_SUBSTRING',      with: { cppflags: '-DSHARABLE_MIDDLE_SUBSTRING=1' } }
-      - { uses: './.github/actions/compilers', name: 'DEBUG_FIND_TIME_NUMGUESS',       with: { cppflags: '-DDEBUG_FIND_TIME_NUMGUESS' } }
-      - { uses: './.github/actions/compilers', name: 'DEBUG_INTEGER_PACK',             with: { cppflags: '-DDEBUG_INTEGER_PACK' } }
+      - { uses: './.github/actions/compilers', name: 'USE_LAZY_LOAD',                  with: { cppflags: '-DUSE_LAZY_LOAD' }, timeout-minutes: 5 }
+      - { uses: './.github/actions/compilers', name: 'USE_SYMBOL_GC=0',                with: { cppflags: '-DUSE_SYMBOL_GC=0' }, timeout-minutes: 5 }
+      - { uses: './.github/actions/compilers', name: 'USE_THREAD_CACHE=0',             with: { cppflags: '-DUSE_THREAD_CACHE=0' }, timeout-minutes: 5 }
+      - { uses: './.github/actions/compilers', name: 'USE_RUBY_DEBUG_LOG=1',           with: { cppflags: '-DUSE_RUBY_DEBUG_LOG=1' }, timeout-minutes: 5 }
+      - { uses: './.github/actions/compilers', name: 'USE_DEBUG_COUNTER',              with: { cppflags: '-DUSE_DEBUG_COUNTER=1' }, timeout-minutes: 5 }
+      - { uses: './.github/actions/compilers', name: 'SHARABLE_MIDDLE_SUBSTRING',      with: { cppflags: '-DSHARABLE_MIDDLE_SUBSTRING=1' }, timeout-minutes: 5 }
+      - { uses: './.github/actions/compilers', name: 'DEBUG_FIND_TIME_NUMGUESS',       with: { cppflags: '-DDEBUG_FIND_TIME_NUMGUESS' }, timeout-minutes: 5 }
+      - { uses: './.github/actions/compilers', name: 'DEBUG_INTEGER_PACK',             with: { cppflags: '-DDEBUG_INTEGER_PACK' }, timeout-minutes: 5 }
 
   compileB:
     name: 'omnibus compilations, #11'
@@ -273,17 +274,16 @@ jobs:
     timeout-minutes: 60
     services: { docuum: { image: 'stephanmisc/docuum', options: '--init', volumes: [ '/root', '/var/run/docker.sock:/var/run/docker.sock' ] } }
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@11bd71901bbe5b1630ceea73d27597364c9af683 # v4.2.2
+      - uses: actions/checkout@8e8c483db84b4bee98b60c0593521ed34d9990e8 # v6.0.1
         with: { sparse-checkout-cone-mode: false, sparse-checkout: /.github }
       - { uses: './.github/actions/setup/directories', with: { srcdir: 'src', builddir: 'build', makeup: true, fetch-depth: 10 } }
-      - { uses: './.github/actions/compilers', name: 'GC_DEBUG_STRESS_TO_CLASS',       with: { cppflags: '-DGC_DEBUG_STRESS_TO_CLASS' } }
-      - { uses: './.github/actions/compilers', name: 'GC_ENABLE_LAZY_SWEEP=0',         with: { cppflags: '-DGC_ENABLE_LAZY_SWEEP=0' } }
-      - { uses: './.github/actions/compilers', name: 'GC_PROFILE_DETAIL_MEMORY',       with: { cppflags: '-DGC_PROFILE_DETAIL_MEMORY' } }
-      - { uses: './.github/actions/compilers', name: 'GC_PROFILE_MORE_DETAIL',         with: { cppflags: '-DGC_PROFILE_MORE_DETAIL' } }
-      - { uses: './.github/actions/compilers', name: 'MALLOC_ALLOCATED_SIZE_CHECK',    with: { cppflags: '-DMALLOC_ALLOCATED_SIZE_CHECK' } }
-      - { uses: './.github/actions/compilers', name: 'RGENGC_ESTIMATE_OLDMALLOC',      with: { cppflags: '-DRGENGC_ESTIMATE_OLDMALLOC' } }
-      - { uses: './.github/actions/compilers', name: 'RGENGC_OBJ_INFO',                with: { cppflags: '-DRGENGC_OBJ_INFO' } }
-      - { uses: './.github/actions/compilers', name: 'RGENGC_PROFILE',                 with: { cppflags: '-DRGENGC_PROFILE' } }
+      - { uses: './.github/actions/compilers', name: 'GC_DEBUG_STRESS_TO_CLASS',       with: { cppflags: '-DGC_DEBUG_STRESS_TO_CLASS' }, timeout-minutes: 5 }
+      - { uses: './.github/actions/compilers', name: 'GC_ENABLE_LAZY_SWEEP=0',         with: { cppflags: '-DGC_ENABLE_LAZY_SWEEP=0' }, timeout-minutes: 5 }
+      - { uses: './.github/actions/compilers', name: 'GC_PROFILE_DETAIL_MEMORY',       with: { cppflags: '-DGC_PROFILE_DETAIL_MEMORY' }, timeout-minutes: 5 }
+      - { uses: './.github/actions/compilers', name: 'GC_PROFILE_MORE_DETAIL',         with: { cppflags: '-DGC_PROFILE_MORE_DETAIL' }, timeout-minutes: 5 }
+      - { uses: './.github/actions/compilers', name: 'MALLOC_ALLOCATED_SIZE_CHECK',    with: { cppflags: '-DMALLOC_ALLOCATED_SIZE_CHECK' }, timeout-minutes: 5 }
+      - { uses: './.github/actions/compilers', name: 'RGENGC_ESTIMATE_OLDMALLOC',      with: { cppflags: '-DRGENGC_ESTIMATE_OLDMALLOC' }, timeout-minutes: 5 }
+      - { uses: './.github/actions/compilers', name: 'RGENGC_PROFILE',                 with: { cppflags: '-DRGENGC_PROFILE' }, timeout-minutes: 5 }
 
   compileC:
     name: 'omnibus compilations, #12'
@@ -293,16 +293,13 @@ jobs:
     timeout-minutes: 60
     services: { docuum: { image: 'stephanmisc/docuum', options: '--init', volumes: [ '/root', '/var/run/docker.sock:/var/run/docker.sock' ] } }
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@11bd71901bbe5b1630ceea73d27597364c9af683 # v4.2.2
+      - uses: actions/checkout@8e8c483db84b4bee98b60c0593521ed34d9990e8 # v6.0.1
         with: { sparse-checkout-cone-mode: false, sparse-checkout: /.github }
       - { uses: './.github/actions/setup/directories', with: { srcdir: 'src', builddir: 'build', makeup: true, fetch-depth: 10 } }
-      - { uses: './.github/actions/compilers', name: 'VM_DEBUG_BP_CHECK',              with: { cppflags: '-DVM_DEBUG_BP_CHECK' } }
-      - { uses: './.github/actions/compilers', name: 'VM_DEBUG_VERIFY_METHOD_CACHE',   with: { cppflags: '-DVM_DEBUG_VERIFY_METHOD_CACHE' } }
-      - { uses: './.github/actions/compilers', name: 'enable-yjit',                    with: { append_configure: '--enable-yjit' } }
-      - { uses: './.github/actions/compilers', name: 'enable-{y,z}jit',                with: { append_configure: '--enable-yjit --enable-zjit' } }
-      - { uses: './.github/actions/compilers', name: 'enable-{y,z}jit=dev',            with: { append_configure: '--enable-yjit=dev --enable-zjit' } }
-      - { uses: './.github/actions/compilers', name: 'YJIT_FORCE_ENABLE',              with: { cppflags: '-DYJIT_FORCE_ENABLE' } }
-      - { uses: './.github/actions/compilers', name: 'UNIVERSAL_PARSER',               with: { cppflags: '-DUNIVERSAL_PARSER' } }
+      - { uses: './.github/actions/compilers', name: 'VM_DEBUG_BP_CHECK',              with: { cppflags: '-DVM_DEBUG_BP_CHECK' }, timeout-minutes: 5 }
+      - { uses: './.github/actions/compilers', name: 'VM_DEBUG_VERIFY_METHOD_CACHE',   with: { cppflags: '-DVM_DEBUG_VERIFY_METHOD_CACHE' }, timeout-minutes: 5 }
+      - { uses: './.github/actions/compilers', name: 'YJIT_FORCE_ENABLE',              with: { cppflags: '-DYJIT_FORCE_ENABLE' }, timeout-minutes: 5 }
+      - { uses: './.github/actions/compilers', name: 'UNIVERSAL_PARSER',               with: { cppflags: '-DUNIVERSAL_PARSER' }, timeout-minutes: 5 }
 
   compilemax:
     name: 'omnibus compilations, result'
@@ -322,7 +319,7 @@ jobs:
       - 'compileB'
       - 'compileC'
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@11bd71901bbe5b1630ceea73d27597364c9af683 # v4.2.2
+      - uses: actions/checkout@8e8c483db84b4bee98b60c0593521ed34d9990e8 # v6.0.1
         with: { sparse-checkout-cone-mode: false, sparse-checkout: /.github }
       - uses: ./.github/actions/slack
         with:
diff --git a/.github/workflows/cygwin.yml b/.github/workflows/cygwin.yml
index d822a2e9e2..ac73991fe8 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/cygwin.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/cygwin.yml
@@ -32,9 +32,7 @@ jobs:
     if: >-
       ${{!(false
       || contains(github.event.head_commit.message, '[DOC]')
-      || contains(github.event.head_commit.message, 'Document')
       || contains(github.event.pull_request.title, '[DOC]')
-      || contains(github.event.pull_request.title, 'Document')
       || contains(github.event.pull_request.labels.*.name, 'Documentation')
       || (github.event_name == 'push' && github.event.pull_request.user.login == 'dependabot[bot]')
       )}}
@@ -42,12 +40,12 @@ jobs:
     steps:
       - run: git config --global core.autocrlf input
 
-      - uses: actions/checkout@11bd71901bbe5b1630ceea73d27597364c9af683 # v4.2.2
+      - uses: actions/checkout@8e8c483db84b4bee98b60c0593521ed34d9990e8 # v6.0.1
 
       - name: Setup Cygwin
         uses: cygwin/cygwin-install-action@master
         with:
-          packages: ruby gcc-core make autoconf libtool libssl-devel libyaml-devel libffi-devel zlib-devel
+          packages: ruby gcc-core make autoconf libtool libssl-devel libyaml-devel libffi-devel zlib-devel rubygems
 
       - name: configure
         run: |
@@ -65,3 +63,9 @@ jobs:
         timeout-minutes: 30
         run: make -j4 V=1
         shell: C:\cygwin\bin\bash.EXE --noprofile --norc -e -o igncr -o pipefail {0}
+
+      - uses: ./.github/actions/slack
+        with:
+          label: Cygwin
+          SLACK_WEBHOOK_URL: ${{ secrets.SIMPLER_ALERTS_URL }} # ruby-lang slack: ruby/simpler-alerts-bot
+        if: ${{ failure() }}
diff --git a/.github/workflows/default_gems.yml b/.github/workflows/default_gems_list.yml
index 89a4c7dd3a..1c7e2195c8 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/default_gems.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/default_gems_list.yml
@@ -1,6 +1,9 @@
 name: Update default gems list
 on: [push, pull_request, merge_group]
 
+env:
+  UPDATE_NEWS_ENABLED: true
+
 concurrency:
   group: ${{ github.workflow }} / ${{ startsWith(github.event_name, 'pull') && github.ref_name || github.sha }}
   cancel-in-progress: ${{ startsWith(github.event_name, 'pull') }}
@@ -9,7 +12,7 @@ permissions:
   contents: read
 
 jobs:
-  update_default_gems:
+  update_default_gems_list:
     name: Update default gems list
 
     permissions:
@@ -20,9 +23,9 @@ jobs:
     if: ${{ github.repository == 'ruby/ruby' }}
 
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@11bd71901bbe5b1630ceea73d27597364c9af683 # v4.2.2
+      - uses: actions/checkout@8e8c483db84b4bee98b60c0593521ed34d9990e8 # v6.0.1
         with:
-          token: ${{ (github.repository == 'ruby/ruby' && !startsWith(github.event_name, 'pull')) && secrets.MATZBOT_GITHUB_TOKEN || secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
+          token: ${{ (github.repository == 'ruby/ruby' && !startsWith(github.event_name, 'pull')) && secrets.MATZBOT_AUTO_UPDATE_TOKEN || secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
 
       - id: gems
         run: true
@@ -31,7 +34,7 @@ jobs:
       - uses: ./.github/actions/setup/directories
         with:
           makeup: true
-          # Skip overwriting MATZBOT_GITHUB_TOKEN
+          # Skip overwriting MATZBOT_AUTO_UPDATE_TOKEN
           checkout: '' # false (ref: https://github.com/actions/runner/issues/2238)
         if: ${{ steps.gems.outcome == 'success' }}
 
@@ -65,7 +68,7 @@ jobs:
       - name: Maintain updated gems list in NEWS
         run: |
           ruby tool/update-NEWS-gemlist.rb default
-        if: ${{ steps.gems.outcome == 'success' }}
+        if: ${{ steps.gems.outcome == 'success' && env.UPDATE_NEWS_ENABLED == 'true' }}
 
       - name: Check diffs
         id: diff
diff --git a/.github/workflows/dependabot_automerge.yml b/.github/workflows/dependabot_automerge.yml
index b1293deb62..a95c7005c4 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/dependabot_automerge.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/dependabot_automerge.yml
@@ -13,13 +13,13 @@ jobs:
     if: github.event.pull_request.user.login == 'dependabot[bot]' && github.repository == 'ruby/ruby'
     steps:
       - name: Dependabot metadata
-        uses: dependabot/fetch-metadata@d7267f607e9d3fb96fc2fbe83e0af444713e90b7 # v2.3.0
+        uses: dependabot/fetch-metadata@21025c705c08248db411dc16f3619e6b5f9ea21a # v2.5.0
         id: metadata
 
       - name: Wait for status checks
-        uses: lewagon/wait-on-check-action@ccfb013c15c8afb7bf2b7c028fb74dc5a068cccc # v1.3.4
+        uses: lewagon/wait-on-check-action@3603e826ee561ea102b58accb5ea55a1a7482343 # v1.4.1
         with:
-          repo-token: ${{ secrets.MATZBOT_GITHUB_TOKEN }}
+          repo-token: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
           ref: ${{ github.event.pull_request.head.sha || github.sha }}
           check-regexp: 'make \(check, .*\)'
           wait-interval: 30
@@ -29,4 +29,4 @@ jobs:
         run: gh pr merge --auto --rebase "$PR_URL"
         env:
           PR_URL: ${{ github.event.pull_request.html_url }}
-          GITHUB_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.MATZBOT_GITHUB_TOKEN }}
+          GITHUB_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.MATZBOT_DEPENDABOT_MERGE_TOKEN }}
diff --git a/.github/workflows/labeler.yml b/.github/workflows/labeler.yml
index e57cd86e2b..16dbac1afa 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/labeler.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/labeler.yml
@@ -9,4 +9,4 @@ jobs:
       pull-requests: write
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     steps:
-    - uses: actions/labeler@v5
+    - uses: actions/labeler@v6
diff --git a/.github/workflows/macos.yml b/.github/workflows/macos.yml
index 2bfb7e037e..29adcab39a 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/macos.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/macos.yml
@@ -45,8 +45,6 @@ jobs:
             os: macos-14
           - test_task: check
             os: macos-15
-          - test_task: check
-            os: macos-13
       fail-fast: false
 
     env:
@@ -57,15 +55,13 @@ jobs:
     if: >-
       ${{!(false
       || contains(github.event.head_commit.message, '[DOC]')
-      || contains(github.event.head_commit.message, 'Document')
       || contains(github.event.pull_request.title, '[DOC]')
-      || contains(github.event.pull_request.title, 'Document')
       || contains(github.event.pull_request.labels.*.name, 'Documentation')
       || (github.event_name == 'push' && github.event.pull_request.user.login == 'dependabot[bot]')
       )}}
 
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@11bd71901bbe5b1630ceea73d27597364c9af683 # v4.2.2
+      - uses: actions/checkout@8e8c483db84b4bee98b60c0593521ed34d9990e8 # v6.0.1
         with:
           sparse-checkout-cone-mode: false
           sparse-checkout: /.github
@@ -107,6 +103,10 @@ jobs:
 
       - run: make hello
 
+      - name: runirb
+        run: |
+          echo IRB::VERSION | make runirb RUNOPT="-- -f"
+
       - name: Set test options for skipped tests
         run: |
           set -x
@@ -115,6 +115,7 @@ jobs:
         if: ${{ matrix.test_task == 'check' && matrix.skipped_tests }}
 
       - name: Set up Launchable
+        id: launchable
         uses: ./.github/actions/launchable/setup
         with:
           os: ${{ matrix.os }}
@@ -123,6 +124,7 @@ jobs:
           builddir: build
           srcdir: src
         continue-on-error: true
+        timeout-minutes: 3
 
       - name: Set extra test options
         run: |
@@ -132,19 +134,18 @@ jobs:
 
       - name: make ${{ matrix.test_task }}
         run: |
-          if [ -n "${LAUNCHABLE_ORGANIZATION}" ]; then
-            exec \
-            > >(tee launchable_stdout.log) \
-            2> >(tee launchable_stderr.log)
-          fi
+          test -n "${LAUNCHABLE_STDOUT}" && exec 1> >(tee "${LAUNCHABLE_STDOUT}")
+          test -n "${LAUNCHABLE_STDERR}" && exec 2> >(tee "${LAUNCHABLE_STDERR}")
 
           ulimit -c unlimited
           make -s ${{ matrix.test_task }} ${TESTS:+TESTS="$TESTS"}
-        timeout-minutes: 60
+        timeout-minutes: 90
         env:
           RUBY_TESTOPTS: '-q --tty=no'
-          TEST_BUNDLED_GEMS_ALLOW_FAILURES: 'typeprof,rbs,repl_type_completor'
+          TEST_BUNDLED_GEMS_ALLOW_FAILURES: ''
           PRECHECK_BUNDLED_GEMS: 'no'
+          LAUNCHABLE_STDOUT: ${{ steps.launchable.outputs.stdout_report_path }}
+          LAUNCHABLE_STDERR: ${{ steps.launchable.outputs.stderr_report_path }}
 
       - name: make skipped tests
         run: |
@@ -156,6 +157,14 @@ jobs:
         if: ${{ matrix.test_task == 'check' && matrix.skipped_tests }}
         continue-on-error: ${{ matrix.continue-on-skipped_tests || false }}
 
+      - name: CAPI extensions
+        uses: ./.github/actions/capiext
+        with:
+          builddir: build
+        env:
+          RUBY_TESTOPTS: '-v --tty=no'
+        if: ${{ contains(matrix.extra_checks, 'capi') }}
+
       - uses: ./.github/actions/slack
         with:
           label: ${{ matrix.os }} / ${{ matrix.test_task }}
diff --git a/.github/workflows/mingw.yml b/.github/workflows/mingw.yml
index 49cdd8e879..5c639ad48b 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/mingw.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/mingw.yml
@@ -30,16 +30,30 @@ permissions:
 #
 jobs:
   make:
-    runs-on: windows-2022
+    runs-on: windows-${{ matrix.os }}
 
     name: ${{ github.workflow }} (${{ matrix.msystem }})
 
     env:
       MSYSTEM: ${{ matrix.msystem }}
-      MSYS2_ARCH: x86_64
-      CHOST: 'x86_64-w64-mingw32'
-      CFLAGS: '-march=x86-64 -mtune=generic -O3 -pipe'
-      CXXFLAGS: '-march=x86-64 -mtune=generic -O3 -pipe'
+      MSYS2_ARCH: >-
+        ${{
+        contains(matrix.msystem, 'arm64') && 'aarch64' ||
+        contains(matrix.msystem, '64') && 'x86_64' || 'i686'
+        }}
+      MINGW_PACKAGE_PREFIX: >-
+        mingw-w${{
+        endsWith(matrix.msystem, '64') && '64' || '32'
+        }}-${{
+        startsWith(matrix.msystem, 'clang') && 'clang' ||
+        startsWith(matrix.msystem, 'ucrt') && 'ucrt' ||
+        'mingw'
+        }}-${{
+        contains(matrix.msystem, 'arm64') && 'aarch64' ||
+        endsWith(matrix.msystem, '64') && 'x86_64' || 'i686'
+        }}
+      CFLAGS: '-mtune=generic -O3 -pipe'
+      CXXFLAGS: '-mtune=generic -O3 -pipe'
       CPPFLAGS: '-D_FORTIFY_SOURCE=2 -D__USE_MINGW_ANSI_STDIO=1 -DFD_SETSIZE=2048'
       LDFLAGS: '-pipe'
       GITPULLOPTIONS: --no-tags origin ${{ github.ref }}
@@ -50,50 +64,109 @@ jobs:
           # To mitigate flakiness of MinGW CI, we test only one runtime that newer MSYS2 uses.
           # Ruby 3.2 is the first Windows Ruby to use OpenSSL 3.x
           - msystem: 'UCRT64'
+            os: 2022
             test_task: 'check'
             test-all-opts: '--name=!/TestObjSpace#test_reachable_objects_during_iteration/'
+          - msystem: 'CLANGARM64'
+            os: 11-arm
+            test_task: 'check'
       fail-fast: false
 
     if: >-
       ${{!(false
       || contains(github.event.head_commit.message, '[DOC]')
-      || contains(github.event.head_commit.message, 'Document')
       || contains(github.event.pull_request.title, '[DOC]')
-      || contains(github.event.pull_request.title, 'Document')
       || contains(github.event.pull_request.labels.*.name, 'Documentation')
       || (github.event_name == 'push' && github.event.pull_request.user.login == 'dependabot[bot]')
       )}}
 
     steps:
-      - name: Set up Ruby & MSYS2
-        uses: ruby/setup-ruby@d8d83c3960843afb664e821fed6be52f37da5267 # v1.231.0
+      - uses: msys2/setup-msys2@4f806de0a5a7294ffabaff804b38a9b435a73bda # v2.30.0
+        id: msys2
         with:
-          ruby-version: '3.2'
+          msystem: ${{ matrix.msystem }}
+          update: true
+          install: >-
+            git
+            make
+            ruby
+            autoconf
+            ${{ env.MINGW_PACKAGE_PREFIX }}-gcc
+            ${{ env.MINGW_PACKAGE_PREFIX }}-ragel
+            ${{ env.MINGW_PACKAGE_PREFIX }}-openssl
+            ${{ env.MINGW_PACKAGE_PREFIX }}-libyaml
+            ${{ env.MINGW_PACKAGE_PREFIX }}-libffi
+
+      - name: Set up env
+        id: setup-env
+        working-directory:
+        run: |
+          $msys2 = ${env:MSYS2_LOCATION}
+          $msystem = ${env:MSYSTEM}.ToLower()
+          echo $msys2\usr\bin $msys2\$msystem\bin |
+            Tee-Object ${env:GITHUB_PATH} -Append -Encoding utf-8
+
+          # Use the fast device for the temporary directory.
+          # %TEMP% is inconsistent with %TMP% and test-all expects they are consistent.
+          # https://github.com/actions/virtual-environments/issues/712#issuecomment-613004302
+          $tmp = ${env:RUNNER_TEMP}
+          echo HOME=$home TMP=$tmp TEMP=$tmp TMPDIR=$tmp |
+            Tee-Object ${env:GITHUB_ENV} -Append -Encoding utf-8
+        shell: pwsh             # cmd.exe does not strip spaces before `|`.
+        env:
+          MSYS2_LOCATION: ${{ steps.msys2.outputs.msys2-location }}
+          MSYSTEM: ${{ matrix.msystem }}
+
+      - name: Remove Strawberry Perl pkg-config
+        working-directory:
+        # `pkg-config.bat` included in Strawberry Perl is written in
+        # Perl and doesn't work when another msys2 `perl` precede its
+        # own `perl`.
+        #
+        # ```
+        # Can't find C:\Strawberry\perl\bin\pkg-config.bat on PATH, '.' not in PATH.
+        # ```
+        run: |
+          Get-Command pkg-config.bat | % { ren $_.path ($_.path + "~") }
+        shell: pwsh
 
       - name: Misc system & package info
         working-directory:
         run: |
-          # show where
-          result=true
-          for e in gcc.exe ragel.exe make.exe libcrypto-3-x64.dll libssl-3-x64.dll; do
-            echo ::group::$'\033[93m'$e$'\033[m'
-            where $e || result=false
-            echo ::endgroup::
-          done
-          # show version
-          for e in gcc ragel make "openssl version"; do
-            case "$e" in *" "*) ;; *) e="$e --version";; esac
-            echo ::group::$'\033[93m'$e$'\033[m'
-            $e || result=false
-            echo ::endgroup::
-          done
-          # show packages
-          echo ::group::$'\033[93m'Packages$'\033[m'
-          pacman -Qs mingw-w64-ucrt-x86_64-* | sed -n "s,local/mingw-w64-ucrt-x86_64-,,p"
-          echo ::endgroup::
-          $result
-
-      - uses: actions/checkout@11bd71901bbe5b1630ceea73d27597364c9af683 # v4.2.2
+          group() { echo ::group::$'\e[94;1m'"$*"$'\e[m'; }
+          endgroup() { echo ::endgroup::; }
+
+          group Path
+          cygpath -wa / . $(type -p cygpath bash sh)
+          endgroup
+
+          I() {
+              group $1
+              run Where type -pa $1 && { [ $# -eq 1 ] || run Version "$@"; } ||
+                  failed+=($1)
+              endgroup
+          }
+          run() { local w m=$1; shift; w="$("$@")" && show "$m" && indent "$w"; }
+          indent() { [ -z "$1" ] || echo "$1" | /bin/sed '/^$/!s/^/  /'; }
+          show() { echo $'\e[96m'"$*"$'\e[m'; }
+
+          failed=()
+
+          I gcc.exe --version
+          I ragel.exe --version
+          I make.exe --version
+          I openssl.exe version
+          I libcrypto-3-x64.dll
+          I libssl-3-x64.dll
+
+          group Packages
+          pacman -Qs $MINGW_PACKAGE_PREFIX-* | /bin/sed -n "s,local/$MINGW_PACKAGE_PREFIX-,,p"
+          endgroup
+
+          [ ${#failed[@]} -eq 0 ]
+        shell: sh
+
+      - uses: actions/checkout@8e8c483db84b4bee98b60c0593521ed34d9990e8 # v6.0.1
         with:
           sparse-checkout-cone-mode: false
           sparse-checkout: /.github
@@ -110,6 +183,9 @@ jobs:
         run: >
           ../src/configure --disable-install-doc --prefix=/.
           --build=$CHOST --host=$CHOST --target=$CHOST
+        shell: sh
+        env:
+          CHOST: ${{ env.MSYS2_ARCH }}-w64-mingw32
 
       - name: make all
         timeout-minutes: 30
@@ -127,11 +203,11 @@ jobs:
           srcdir: src
           test-tasks: '["test", "test-all", "test-spec"]'
         continue-on-error: true
+        timeout-minutes: 3
 
       - name: test
         timeout-minutes: 30
-        run: make test
-        shell: cmd
+        run: make test test-tool
         env:
           GNUMAKEFLAGS: ''
           RUBY_TESTOPTS: '-v --tty=no'
@@ -139,7 +215,6 @@ jobs:
 
       - name: test-all
         timeout-minutes: 45
-        shell: cmd
         run: |
           make ${{ StartsWith(matrix.test_task, 'test/') && matrix.test_task || 'test-all' }}
         env:
@@ -154,7 +229,6 @@ jobs:
         timeout-minutes: 10
         run: |
           make ${{ StartsWith(matrix.test_task, 'spec/') && matrix.test_task || 'test-spec' }}
-        shell: cmd
         if: ${{ matrix.test_task == 'check' || matrix.test_task == 'test-spec' || StartsWith(matrix.test_task, 'spec/') }}
 
       - uses: ./src/.github/actions/slack
@@ -166,4 +240,4 @@ jobs:
 defaults:
   run:
     working-directory: build
-    shell: sh
+    shell: cmd
diff --git a/.github/workflows/modgc.yml b/.github/workflows/modgc.yml
index 1e64fd5109..1d14934df8 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/modgc.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/modgc.yml
@@ -42,15 +42,13 @@ jobs:
     if: >-
       ${{!(false
       || contains(github.event.head_commit.message, '[DOC]')
-      || contains(github.event.head_commit.message, 'Document')
       || contains(github.event.pull_request.title, '[DOC]')
-      || contains(github.event.pull_request.title, 'Document')
       || contains(github.event.pull_request.labels.*.name, 'Documentation')
       || (github.event_name == 'push' && github.event.pull_request.user.login == 'dependabot[bot]')
       )}}
 
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@11bd71901bbe5b1630ceea73d27597364c9af683 # v4.2.2
+      - uses: actions/checkout@8e8c483db84b4bee98b60c0593521ed34d9990e8 # v6.0.1
         with:
           sparse-checkout-cone-mode: false
           sparse-checkout: /.github
@@ -63,7 +61,7 @@ jobs:
         uses: ./.github/actions/setup/ubuntu
         if: ${{ contains(matrix.os, 'ubuntu') }}
 
-      - uses: ruby/setup-ruby@d8d83c3960843afb664e821fed6be52f37da5267 # v1.231.0
+      - uses: ruby/setup-ruby@b90be12699fdfcbee4440c2bba85f6f460446bb0 # v1.279.0
         with:
           ruby-version: '3.1'
           bundler: none
@@ -131,6 +129,7 @@ jobs:
         if: ${{ matrix.test_task == 'check' && matrix.skipped_tests }}
 
       - name: Set up Launchable
+        id: launchable
         uses: ./.github/actions/launchable/setup
         with:
           os: ${{ matrix.os || 'ubuntu-22.04' }}
@@ -139,14 +138,12 @@ jobs:
           builddir: build
           srcdir: src
         continue-on-error: true
+        timeout-minutes: 3
 
       - name: make ${{ matrix.test_task }}
         run: |
-          if [ -n "${LAUNCHABLE_ORGANIZATION}" ]; then
-            exec \
-            > >(tee launchable_stdout.log) \
-            2> >(tee launchable_stderr.log)
-          fi
+          test -n "${LAUNCHABLE_STDOUT}" && exec 1> >(tee "${LAUNCHABLE_STDOUT}")
+          test -n "${LAUNCHABLE_STDERR}" && exec 2> >(tee "${LAUNCHABLE_STDERR}")
 
           $SETARCH make -s ${{ matrix.test_task }} \
             ${TESTS:+TESTS="$TESTS"} \
@@ -154,8 +151,10 @@ jobs:
         timeout-minutes: ${{ matrix.gc.timeout || 40 }}
         env:
           RUBY_TESTOPTS: '-q --tty=no'
-          TEST_BUNDLED_GEMS_ALLOW_FAILURES: 'typeprof,rbs,repl_type_completor'
+          TEST_BUNDLED_GEMS_ALLOW_FAILURES: ''
           PRECHECK_BUNDLED_GEMS: 'no'
+          LAUNCHABLE_STDOUT: ${{ steps.launchable.outputs.stdout_report_path }}
+          LAUNCHABLE_STDERR: ${{ steps.launchable.outputs.stderr_report_path }}
 
       - name: make skipped tests
         run: |
diff --git a/.github/workflows/parse_y.yml b/.github/workflows/parse_y.yml
index 824dea5d32..87facc8a55 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/parse_y.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/parse_y.yml
@@ -45,22 +45,20 @@ jobs:
     if: >-
       ${{!(false
       || contains(github.event.head_commit.message, '[DOC]')
-      || contains(github.event.head_commit.message, 'Document')
       || contains(github.event.pull_request.title, '[DOC]')
-      || contains(github.event.pull_request.title, 'Document')
       || contains(github.event.pull_request.labels.*.name, 'Documentation')
       || (github.event_name == 'push' && github.event.pull_request.user.login == 'dependabot[bot]')
       )}}
 
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@11bd71901bbe5b1630ceea73d27597364c9af683 # v4.2.2
+      - uses: actions/checkout@8e8c483db84b4bee98b60c0593521ed34d9990e8 # v6.0.1
         with:
           sparse-checkout-cone-mode: false
           sparse-checkout: /.github
 
       - uses: ./.github/actions/setup/ubuntu
 
-      - uses: ruby/setup-ruby@d8d83c3960843afb664e821fed6be52f37da5267 # v1.231.0
+      - uses: ruby/setup-ruby@b90be12699fdfcbee4440c2bba85f6f460446bb0 # v1.279.0
         with:
           ruby-version: '3.1'
           bundler: none
@@ -78,7 +76,9 @@ jobs:
 
       - run: make
 
-      - run: make TESTRUN_SCRIPT='-e "exit !RUBY_DESCRIPTION.include?(%[+PRISM])"' run
+      - run: make TESTRUN_SCRIPT='-renvutil -v -e "exit EnvUtil.current_parser == %[parse.y]"' run
+        env:
+          RUNOPT0: -I$(tooldir)/lib
 
       - name: make ${{ matrix.test_task }}
         run: make -s ${{ matrix.test_task }} RUN_OPTS="$RUN_OPTS" SPECOPTS="$SPECOPTS"
@@ -87,7 +87,7 @@ jobs:
           EXCLUDES: '../src/test/.excludes-parsey'
           RUN_OPTS: ${{ matrix.run_opts || '--parser=parse.y' }}
           SPECOPTS: ${{ matrix.specopts || '-T --parser=parse.y' }}
-          TEST_BUNDLED_GEMS_ALLOW_FAILURES: 'typeprof,rbs,repl_type_completor'
+          TEST_BUNDLED_GEMS_ALLOW_FAILURES: ''
 
       - uses: ./.github/actions/slack
         with:
diff --git a/.github/workflows/post_push.yml b/.github/workflows/post_push.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..318444c0a2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.github/workflows/post_push.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,85 @@
+name: Post-push
+on:
+  push:
+    branches:
+      - master
+      - 'ruby_*_*'
+jobs:
+  hooks:
+    name: Post-push hooks
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    if: ${{ github.repository == 'ruby/ruby' }}
+    steps:
+      - name: Sync git.ruby-lang.org
+        run: |
+          mkdir -p ~/.ssh
+          (umask 066; printenv RUBY_GIT_SYNC_PRIVATE_KEY > ~/.ssh/id_ed25519)
+          ssh-keyscan -t ed25519 git.ruby-lang.org >> ~/.ssh/known_hosts
+          ssh -i ~/.ssh/id_ed25519 git-sync@git.ruby-lang.org "sudo -u git /home/git/git.ruby-lang.org/bin/update-ruby.sh $GITHUB_REF"
+        env:
+          GITHUB_REF: ${{ github.ref }}
+          RUBY_GIT_SYNC_PRIVATE_KEY: ${{ secrets.RUBY_GIT_SYNC_PRIVATE_KEY }}
+        if: ${{ github.ref == 'refs/heads/master' || startsWith(github.ref, 'refs/heads/ruby_') }}
+
+      - name: Fetch changesets on bugs.ruby-lang.org
+        run: |
+          curl "https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/sys/fetch_changesets?key=${REDMINE_SYS_API_KEY}" -s --fail-with-body -w '* status: %{http_code}\n'
+        env:
+          REDMINE_SYS_API_KEY: ${{ secrets.REDMINE_SYS_API_KEY }}
+        if: ${{ github.ref == 'refs/heads/master' || startsWith(github.ref, 'refs/heads/ruby_') }}
+
+      - uses: actions/checkout@8e8c483db84b4bee98b60c0593521ed34d9990e8 # v6.0.1
+        with:
+          fetch-depth: 500 # for notify-slack-commits
+          token: ${{ secrets.MATZBOT_AUTO_UPDATE_TOKEN }}
+
+      - name: Notify commit to Slack
+        run: ruby tool/notify-slack-commits.rb "$GITHUB_OLD_SHA" "$GITHUB_NEW_SHA" refs/heads/master
+        env:
+          GITHUB_OLD_SHA: ${{ github.event.before }}
+          GITHUB_NEW_SHA: ${{ github.event.after }}
+          SLACK_WEBHOOK_URL_ALERTS: ${{ secrets.SLACK_WEBHOOK_URL_ALERTS }}
+          SLACK_WEBHOOK_URL_COMMITS: ${{ secrets.SLACK_WEBHOOK_URL_COMMITS }}
+          SLACK_WEBHOOK_URL_RUBY_JP: ${{ secrets.SLACK_WEBHOOK_URL_RUBY_JP }}
+        if: ${{ github.ref == 'refs/heads/master' }}
+
+      - name: Notify commit to ruby-cvs
+        run: |
+          SENDMAIL="ssh -i ${HOME}/.ssh/id_ed25519 git-sync@git.ruby-lang.org /usr/sbin/sendmail" \
+            ruby tool/commit-email.rb . ruby-cvs@g.ruby-lang.org \
+            "$GITHUB_OLD_SHA" "$GITHUB_NEW_SHA" "$GITHUB_REF" \
+            --viewer-uri "https://github.com/ruby/ruby/commit/" \
+            --error-to cvs-admin@ruby-lang.org
+        env:
+          GITHUB_OLD_SHA: ${{ github.event.before }}
+          GITHUB_NEW_SHA: ${{ github.event.after }}
+          GITHUB_REF: ${{ github.ref }}
+        if: ${{ github.ref == 'refs/heads/master' || startsWith(github.ref, 'refs/heads/ruby_') }}
+
+      - name: Auto-correct code styles
+        run: |
+          set -x
+          ruby tool/auto-style.rb "$GITHUB_OLD_SHA" "$GITHUB_NEW_SHA" refs/heads/master
+        env:
+          GITHUB_OLD_SHA: ${{ github.event.before }}
+          GITHUB_NEW_SHA: ${{ github.event.after }}
+          GIT_AUTHOR_NAME: git
+          GIT_COMMITTER_NAME: git
+          EMAIL: svn-admin@ruby-lang.org
+        if: ${{ github.ref == 'refs/heads/master' }}
+
+      - name: Push PR notes to GitHub
+        run: ruby tool/notes-github-pr.rb "$(pwd)/.git" "$GITHUB_OLD_SHA" "$GITHUB_NEW_SHA" refs/heads/master
+        env:
+          GITHUB_OLD_SHA: ${{ github.event.before }}
+          GITHUB_NEW_SHA: ${{ github.event.after }}
+          GITHUB_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
+          GIT_AUTHOR_NAME: git
+          GIT_COMMITTER_NAME: git
+          EMAIL: svn-admin@ruby-lang.org
+        if: ${{ github.ref == 'refs/heads/master' }}
+
+      - uses: ./.github/actions/slack
+        with:
+          SLACK_WEBHOOK_URL: ${{ secrets.SIMPLER_ALERTS_URL }} # ruby-lang slack: ruby/simpler-alerts-bot
+        if: ${{ failure() }}
diff --git a/.github/workflows/pr-playground.yml b/.github/workflows/pr-playground.yml
index cc06006142..f3c0556429 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/pr-playground.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/pr-playground.yml
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ jobs:
         && github.event.workflow_run.event == 'pull_request')
       }}
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/github-script@60a0d83039c74a4aee543508d2ffcb1c3799cdea # v7.0.1
+      - uses: actions/github-script@ed597411d8f924073f98dfc5c65a23a2325f34cd # v8.0.0
         with:
           github-token: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
           script: |
diff --git a/.github/workflows/publish.yml b/.github/workflows/publish.yml
index 5d4474d978..3caeee9a3b 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/publish.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/publish.yml
@@ -1,18 +1,107 @@
-name: Start release workflow
+name: Publish Ruby packages
+
 on:
-  push:
-    tags:
-      - '*'
+  repository_dispatch:
+    types:
+      - release
+  workflow_dispatch:
+    inputs:
+      version:
+        description: 'Version of the Ruby package to release'
+        required: true
+        default: '3.3.4'
 
 jobs:
-  notify:
+  release:
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     steps:
-      - name: Build release package
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v6.0.1
+
+      - uses: ruby/setup-ruby@v1
+        with:
+          ruby-version: 3.3.4
+
+      - name: Store Ruby version
+        run: |
+          echo "RUBY_VERSION=${{ github.event.client_payload.version || github.event.inputs.version }}" >> $GITHUB_ENV
+
+      - name: Store ABI version
+        run: echo "ABI_VERSION=$(echo ${{ env.RUBY_VERSION }} | cut -d '.' -f 1-2)" >> $GITHUB_ENV
+
+      - name: Copy draft package `/tmp` to `/pub` directory
+        run: tool/release.sh ${{ env.RUBY_VERSION }}
+        env:
+          AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID: ${{ secrets.FTP_R_L_O_AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID }}
+          AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY: ${{ secrets.FTP_R_L_O_AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY }}
+          AWS_DEFAULT_REGION: us-west-2
+
+      - name: Purge URLs of release package
+        run: |
+          curl -X POST \
+            -H "Fastly-Key: ${{ secrets.FASTLY_PURGE_TOKEN }}" \
+            https://api.fastly.com/purge/cache.ruby-lang.org/pub/ruby/${{ env.ABI_VERSION }}/ruby-${{ env.RUBY_VERSION }}.tar.gz
+          curl -X POST \
+            -H "Fastly-Key: ${{ secrets.FASTLY_PURGE_TOKEN }}" \
+            https://api.fastly.com/purge/cache.ruby-lang.org/pub/ruby/${{ env.ABI_VERSION }}/ruby-${{ env.RUBY_VERSION }}.tar.xz
+          curl -X POST \
+            -H "Fastly-Key: ${{ secrets.FASTLY_PURGE_TOKEN }}" \
+            https://api.fastly.com/purge/cache.ruby-lang.org/pub/ruby/${{ env.ABI_VERSION }}/ruby-${{ env.RUBY_VERSION }}.zip
+
+      - name: Create a release on GitHub
+        run: |
+          RELEASE_TAG=$(ruby tool/ruby-version.rb tag "${{ env.RUBY_VERSION }}")
+          echo $RELEASE_TAG
+          PREVIOUS_RELEASE_TAG=$(ruby tool/ruby-version.rb previous-tag "${{ env.RUBY_VERSION }}")
+          echo $PREVIOUS_RELEASE_TAG
+          tool/gen-github-release.rb $PREVIOUS_RELEASE_TAG $RELEASE_TAG --no-dry-run
+        env:
+          GITHUB_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.MATZBOT_AUTO_UPDATE_TOKEN }}
+
+      - name: Update versions index
         run: |
           curl -L -X POST \
             -H "Authorization: Bearer ${{ secrets.MATZBOT_GITHUB_WORKFLOW_TOKEN }}" \
             -H "Accept: application/vnd.github+json" \
             -H "X-GitHub-Api-Version: 2022-11-28" \
             https://api.github.com/repos/ruby/actions/dispatches \
-            -d '{"event_type": "${{ github.ref }}"}'
+            -d '{"event_type": "update_index"}'
+
+      - name: Build and push Docker images
+        run: |
+          curl -L -X POST \
+            -H "Authorization: Bearer ${{ secrets.MATZBOT_GITHUB_WORKFLOW_TOKEN }}" \
+            -H "Accept: application/vnd.github+json" \
+            -H "X-GitHub-Api-Version: 2022-11-28" \
+            https://api.github.com/repos/ruby/docker-images/actions/workflows/build.yml/dispatches \
+            -d '{"ref": "master", "inputs": {"ruby_version": "${{ env.RUBY_VERSION }}"}}'
+
+      - name: Build snapcraft packages
+        run: |
+          curl -L -X POST \
+            -H "Authorization: Bearer ${{ secrets.MATZBOT_GITHUB_WORKFLOW_TOKEN }}" \
+            -H "Accept: application/vnd.github+json" \
+            -H "X-GitHub-Api-Version: 2022-11-28" \
+            https://api.github.com/repos/ruby/snap.ruby/dispatches \
+            -d '{"event_type": "build", "client_payload": {"ruby_version": "${{ env.RUBY_VERSION }}"}}'
+
+      - name: Store the latest LTS version of OpenSSL
+        run: |
+          echo "OPENSSL_VERSION=`curl -s https://api.github.com/repos/openssl/openssl/releases | jq -r '.[].tag_name | select(startswith("openssl-3.0"))' | sort -Vr | head -n1 | cut -d'-' -f2`" >> $GITHUB_ENV
+
+      - name: Update ruby-build definition
+        run: |
+          curl -L -X POST \
+            -H "Authorization: Bearer ${{ secrets.RUBY_BUILD_WORKFLOW_TOKEN }}" \
+            -H "Accept: application/vnd.github+json" \
+            -H "X-GitHub-Api-Version: 2022-11-28" \
+            https://api.github.com/repos/rbenv/ruby-build/dispatches \
+            -d '{"event_type": "update-ruby", "client_payload": {"ruby_version": "${{ env.RUBY_VERSION }}", "openssl_version": "${{ env.OPENSSL_VERSION }}"}}'
+
+      - name: Update all-ruby definition
+        run: |
+          curl -L -X POST \
+            -H "Authorization: Bearer ${{ secrets.MATZBOT_GITHUB_WORKFLOW_TOKEN }}" \
+            -H "Accept: application/vnd.github+json" \
+            -H "X-GitHub-Api-Version: 2022-11-28" \
+            https://api.github.com/repos/ruby/all-ruby/dispatches \
+            -d '{"event_type": "update"}'
diff --git a/.github/workflows/release.yml b/.github/workflows/release.yml
index 25916066d6..5d4474d978 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/release.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/release.yml
@@ -1,107 +1,18 @@
-name: Publish Ruby packages
-
+name: Start release workflow
 on:
-  repository_dispatch:
-    types:
-      - release
-  workflow_dispatch:
-    inputs:
-      version:
-        description: 'Version of the Ruby package to release'
-        required: true
-        default: '3.3.4'
+  push:
+    tags:
+      - '*'
 
 jobs:
-  release:
+  notify:
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
-
-      - uses: ruby/setup-ruby@v1
-        with:
-          ruby-version: 3.3.4
-
-      - name: Store Ruby version
-        run: |
-          echo "RUBY_VERSION=${{ github.event.client_payload.version || github.event.inputs.version }}" >> $GITHUB_ENV
-
-      - name: Store ABI version
-        run: echo "ABI_VERSION=$(echo ${{ env.RUBY_VERSION }} | cut -d '.' -f 1-2)" >> $GITHUB_ENV
-
-      - name: Copy draft package `/tmp` to `/pub` directory
-        run: tool/release.sh ${{ env.RUBY_VERSION }}
-        env:
-          AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID: ${{ secrets.FTP_R_L_O_AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID }}
-          AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY: ${{ secrets.FTP_R_L_O_AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY }}
-          AWS_DEFAULT_REGION: us-west-2
-
-      - name: Purge URLs of release package
-        run: |
-          curl -X POST \
-            -H "Fastly-Key: ${{ secrets.FASTLY_PURGE_TOKEN }}" \
-            https://api.fastly.com/purge/cache.ruby-lang.org/pub/ruby/${{ env.ABI_VERSION }}/ruby-${{ env.RUBY_VERSION }}.tar.gz
-          curl -X POST \
-            -H "Fastly-Key: ${{ secrets.FASTLY_PURGE_TOKEN }}" \
-            https://api.fastly.com/purge/cache.ruby-lang.org/pub/ruby/${{ env.ABI_VERSION }}/ruby-${{ env.RUBY_VERSION }}.tar.xz
-          curl -X POST \
-            -H "Fastly-Key: ${{ secrets.FASTLY_PURGE_TOKEN }}" \
-            https://api.fastly.com/purge/cache.ruby-lang.org/pub/ruby/${{ env.ABI_VERSION }}/ruby-${{ env.RUBY_VERSION }}.zip
-
-      - name: Create a release on GitHub
-        run: |
-          RELEASE_TAG=$(echo v${{ env.RUBY_VERSION }} | sed 's/\./_/g')
-          echo $RELEASE_TAG
-          PREVIOUS_RELEASE_TAG=$(echo $RELEASE_TAG | awk 'BEGIN {FS="_"; OFS="_"}{ $NF=$NF-1; print }')
-          echo $PREVIOUS_RELEASE_TAG
-          tool/gen-github-release.rb $PREVIOUS_RELEASE_TAG $RELEASE_TAG --no-dry-run
-        env:
-          GITHUB_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.MATZBOT_GITHUB_WORKFLOW_TOKEN }}
-
-      - name: Update versions index
+      - name: Build release package
         run: |
           curl -L -X POST \
             -H "Authorization: Bearer ${{ secrets.MATZBOT_GITHUB_WORKFLOW_TOKEN }}" \
             -H "Accept: application/vnd.github+json" \
             -H "X-GitHub-Api-Version: 2022-11-28" \
             https://api.github.com/repos/ruby/actions/dispatches \
-            -d '{"event_type": "update_index"}'
-
-      - name: Build and push Docker images
-        run: |
-          curl -L -X POST \
-            -H "Authorization: Bearer ${{ secrets.MATZBOT_GITHUB_WORKFLOW_TOKEN }}" \
-            -H "Accept: application/vnd.github+json" \
-            -H "X-GitHub-Api-Version: 2022-11-28" \
-            https://api.github.com/repos/ruby/docker-images/dispatches \
-            -d '{"event_type": "build", "client_payload": {"ruby_version": "${{ env.RUBY_VERSION }}"}}'
-
-      - name: Build snapcraft packages
-        run: |
-          curl -L -X POST \
-            -H "Authorization: Bearer ${{ secrets.MATZBOT_GITHUB_WORKFLOW_TOKEN }}" \
-            -H "Accept: application/vnd.github+json" \
-            -H "X-GitHub-Api-Version: 2022-11-28" \
-            https://api.github.com/repos/ruby/snap.ruby/dispatches \
-            -d '{"event_type": "build", "client_payload": {"ruby_version": "${{ env.RUBY_VERSION }}"}}'
-
-      - name: Store the latest LTS version of OpenSSL
-        run: |
-          echo "OPENSSL_VERSION=`curl -s https://api.github.com/repos/openssl/openssl/releases | jq -r '.[].tag_name | select(startswith("openssl-3.0"))' | sort -Vr | head -n1 | cut -d'-' -f2`" >> $GITHUB_ENV
-
-      - name: Update ruby-build definition
-        run: |
-          curl -L -X POST \
-            -H "Authorization: Bearer ${{ secrets.RUBY_BUILD_WORKFLOW_TOKEN }}" \
-            -H "Accept: application/vnd.github+json" \
-            -H "X-GitHub-Api-Version: 2022-11-28" \
-            https://api.github.com/repos/rbenv/ruby-build/dispatches \
-            -d '{"event_type": "update-ruby", "client_payload": {"ruby_version": "${{ env.RUBY_VERSION }}", "openssl_version": "${{ env.OPENSSL_VERSION }}"}}'
-
-      - name: Update all-ruby definition
-        run: |
-          curl -L -X POST \
-            -H "Authorization: Bearer ${{ secrets.MATZBOT_GITHUB_WORKFLOW_TOKEN }}" \
-            -H "Accept: application/vnd.github+json" \
-            -H "X-GitHub-Api-Version: 2022-11-28" \
-            https://api.github.com/repos/ruby/all-ruby/dispatches \
-            -d '{"event_type": "update"}'
+            -d '{"event_type": "${{ github.ref }}"}'
diff --git a/.github/workflows/rust-warnings.yml b/.github/workflows/rust-warnings.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a2e3208e52
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.github/workflows/rust-warnings.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,60 @@
+# Surface Rust warnings on PRs that touch any Rust code.
+# Not a required check so we never block people over new warnings
+# that might come from a new Rust version being released.
+name: Rust warnings
+on:
+  pull_request:
+    types:
+      - opened
+      - synchronize
+      - reopened
+    paths:
+      - '**.rs'
+      - '!**.inc.rs'
+  merge_group:
+
+concurrency:
+  group: ${{ github.workflow }} / ${{ startsWith(github.event_name, 'pull') && github.ref_name || github.sha }}
+  cancel-in-progress: ${{ startsWith(github.event_name, 'pull') }}
+
+permissions:
+  contents: read
+
+jobs:
+  rust-warnings:
+    env:
+      GITPULLOPTIONS: --no-tags origin ${{ github.ref }}
+
+    runs-on: ubuntu-24.04
+
+    if: >-
+      ${{!(false
+      || contains(github.event.head_commit.message, '[DOC]')
+      || contains(github.event.pull_request.title, '[DOC]')
+      || contains(github.event.pull_request.labels.*.name, 'Documentation')
+      || (github.event_name == 'push' && github.event.pull_request.user.login == 'dependabot[bot]')
+      )}}
+
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@8e8c483db84b4bee98b60c0593521ed34d9990e8 # v6.0.1
+
+      - name: Install Rust
+        run: rustup default beta
+
+      - name: Rust warnings
+        shell: bash
+        run: |
+          set -eu
+          cargo check --quiet --all-features --message-format=json \
+            | jq -r 'select(.message.level | IN("warning", "error")) | .message.rendered' \
+            | tee messages.txt
+          (exit "${PIPESTATUS[0]}") && ! grep --quiet '[^[:space:]]' messages.txt
+
+      - name: "📜 `rustdoc` warnings"
+        shell: bash
+        run: |
+          set -eu
+          cargo doc --document-private-items --all --no-deps --message-format=json \
+            | jq -r 'select(.message.level | IN("warning", "error")) | .message.rendered' \
+            | tee messages.txt
+          (exit "${PIPESTATUS[0]}") && ! grep --quiet '[^[:space:]]' messages.txt
diff --git a/.github/workflows/scorecards.yml b/.github/workflows/scorecards.yml
index ef36e55c16..c607098997 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/scorecards.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/scorecards.yml
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 # by a third-party and are governed by separate terms of service, privacy
 # policy, and support documentation.
 
-name: Scorecards supply-chain security
+name: Scorecard supply-chain security
 on:
   # For Branch-Protection check. Only the default branch is supported. See
   # https://github.com/ossf/scorecard/blob/main/docs/checks.md#branch-protection
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ on:
   # To guarantee Maintained check is occasionally updated. See
   # https://github.com/ossf/scorecard/blob/main/docs/checks.md#maintained
   schedule:
-    - cron: '22 4 * * 2'
+    - cron: '39 3 * * 5'
   # push:
   #   branches: [ "master" ]
 
@@ -19,8 +19,10 @@ permissions: read-all
 
 jobs:
   analysis:
-    name: Scorecards analysis
+    name: Scorecard analysis
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    # `publish_results: true` only works when run from the default branch. conditional can be removed if disabled.
+    if: github.event.repository.default_branch == github.ref_name || github.event_name == 'pull_request'
     permissions:
       # Needed to upload the results to code-scanning dashboard.
       security-events: write
@@ -31,21 +33,21 @@ jobs:
       # actions: read
 
     steps:
-      - name: 'Checkout code'
-        uses: actions/checkout@11bd71901bbe5b1630ceea73d27597364c9af683 # v4.2.2
+      - name: "Checkout code"
+        uses: actions/checkout@8e8c483db84b4bee98b60c0593521ed34d9990e8 # v6.0.1
         with:
           persist-credentials: false
 
-      - name: 'Run analysis'
-        uses: ossf/scorecard-action@62b2cac7ed8198b15735ed49ab1e5cf35480ba46 # v2.4.0
+      - name: "Run analysis"
+        uses: ossf/scorecard-action@4eaacf0543bb3f2c246792bd56e8cdeffafb205a # v2.4.3
         with:
           results_file: results.sarif
           results_format: sarif
-          # (Optional) Read-only PAT token. Uncomment the `repo_token` line below if:
+          # (Optional) "write" PAT token. Uncomment the `repo_token` line below if:
           # - you want to enable the Branch-Protection check on a *public* repository, or
-          # - you are installing Scorecards on a *private* repository
-          # To create the PAT, follow the steps in https://github.com/ossf/scorecard-action#authentication-with-pat.
-          repo_token: ${{ secrets.SCORECARD_READ_TOKEN }}
+          # - you are installing Scorecard on a *private* repository
+          # To create the PAT, follow the steps in https://github.com/ossf/scorecard-action?tab=readme-ov-file#authentication-with-fine-grained-pat-optional.
+          # repo_token: ${{ secrets.SCORECARD_TOKEN }}
 
           # Public repositories:
           #   - Publish results to OpenSSF REST API for easy access by consumers
@@ -56,17 +58,21 @@ jobs:
           #     of the value entered here.
           publish_results: true
 
+          # (Optional) Uncomment file_mode if you have a .gitattributes with files marked export-ignore
+          # file_mode: git
+
       # Upload the results as artifacts (optional). Commenting out will disable uploads of run results in SARIF
       # format to the repository Actions tab.
-      # - name: "Upload artifact"
-      #   uses: actions/upload-artifact@0b7f8abb1508181956e8e162db84b466c27e18ce # v3.1.2
-      #   with:
-      #     name: SARIF file
-      #     path: results.sarif
-      #     retention-days: 5
+      - name: "Upload artifact"
+        uses: actions/upload-artifact@b7c566a772e6b6bfb58ed0dc250532a479d7789f # v6.0.0
+        with:
+          name: SARIF file
+          path: results.sarif
+          retention-days: 5
 
-      # Upload the results to GitHub's code scanning dashboard.
-      - name: 'Upload to code-scanning'
-        uses: github/codeql-action/upload-sarif@df409f7d9260372bd5f19e5b04e83cb3c43714ae # v3.27.9
+      # Upload the results to GitHub's code scanning dashboard (optional).
+      # Commenting out will disable upload of results to your repo's Code Scanning dashboard
+      - name: "Upload to code-scanning"
+        uses: github/codeql-action/upload-sarif@v4
         with:
           sarif_file: results.sarif
diff --git a/.github/workflows/spec_guards.yml b/.github/workflows/spec_guards.yml
index ef67e1a505..cf4661555c 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/spec_guards.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/spec_guards.yml
@@ -29,9 +29,7 @@ jobs:
     if: >-
       ${{!(false
       || contains(github.event.head_commit.message, '[DOC]')
-      || contains(github.event.head_commit.message, 'Document')
       || contains(github.event.pull_request.title, '[DOC]')
-      || contains(github.event.pull_request.title, 'Document')
       || contains(github.event.pull_request.labels.*.name, 'Documentation')
       || (github.event_name == 'push' && github.event.pull_request.user.login == 'dependabot[bot]')
       )}}
@@ -44,11 +42,13 @@ jobs:
           - ruby-3.2
           - ruby-3.3
           - ruby-3.4
+          - ruby-4.0
+      fail-fast: false
 
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@11bd71901bbe5b1630ceea73d27597364c9af683 # v4.2.2
+      - uses: actions/checkout@8e8c483db84b4bee98b60c0593521ed34d9990e8 # v6.0.1
 
-      - uses: ruby/setup-ruby@d8d83c3960843afb664e821fed6be52f37da5267 # v1.231.0
+      - uses: ruby/setup-ruby@b90be12699fdfcbee4440c2bba85f6f460446bb0 # v1.279.0
         with:
           ruby-version: ${{ matrix.ruby }}
           bundler: none
diff --git a/.github/workflows/sync_default_gems.yml b/.github/workflows/sync_default_gems.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..9ff97d5a4e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.github/workflows/sync_default_gems.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,77 @@
+name: Sync default gems
+
+env:
+  DEFAULT_GEM_SYNC_ENABLED: true
+
+on:
+  workflow_dispatch:
+    inputs:
+      gem:
+        required: true
+        description: 'Name of the gem to be synchronized'
+        type: string
+      before:
+        required: true
+        description: 'Gem commit SHA before sync'
+        type: string
+      after:
+        required: true
+        description: 'Gem commit SHA after sync'
+        type: string
+
+jobs:
+  sync_default_gems:
+    name: Sync default gem ${{ github.event.inputs.gem }}
+
+    permissions:
+      contents: write # for Git to git push
+
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+
+    if: ${{ github.repository == 'ruby/ruby' }}
+
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@8e8c483db84b4bee98b60c0593521ed34d9990e8 # v6.0.1
+        name: Check out ruby/ruby
+        with:
+          token: ${{ github.repository == 'ruby/ruby' && secrets.MATZBOT_AUTO_UPDATE_TOKEN || secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
+
+      - uses: ruby/setup-ruby@b90be12699fdfcbee4440c2bba85f6f460446bb0 # v1.279.0
+        with:
+          ruby-version: '3.4'
+          bundler: none
+
+      - name: Run tool/sync_default_gems.rb
+        id: sync
+        run: |
+          ruby_before=$(git rev-parse HEAD)
+          set -x
+          ruby tool/sync_default_gems.rb "${gem_name}" "${gem_before}..${gem_after}"
+          if [[ "$(git rev-parse HEAD)" != "$ruby_before" ]]; then
+            echo update=true >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT
+          fi
+        env:
+          gem_name: ${{ github.event.inputs.gem }}
+          gem_before: ${{ github.event.inputs.before }}
+          gem_after: ${{ github.event.inputs.after }}
+          EMAIL: svn-admin@ruby-lang.org
+          GIT_AUTHOR_NAME: git
+          GIT_COMMITTER_NAME: git
+
+      - name: Push
+        run: |
+          git pull --rebase origin ${GITHUB_REF#refs/heads/}
+          git push origin ${GITHUB_REF#refs/heads/}
+        if: ${{ steps.sync.outputs.update && env.DEFAULT_GEM_SYNC_ENABLED == 'true' }}
+        env:
+          EMAIL: svn-admin@ruby-lang.org
+          GIT_AUTHOR_NAME: git
+          GIT_COMMITTER_NAME: git
+
+      - uses: ./.github/actions/slack
+        with:
+          SLACK_WEBHOOK_URL: ${{ secrets.SIMPLER_ALERTS_URL }} # ruby-lang slack: ruby/simpler-alerts-bot
+          label: "${{ github.event.inputs.gem }} (<https://github.com/${{ github.event.inputs.gem == 'rubygems' && 'rubygems' || 'ruby' }}/${{ github.event.inputs.gem }}/compare/${{ github.event.inputs.before }}...${{ github.event.inputs.after }}|diff>)"
+          event_name: workflow_dispatch
+          extra_channel_id: C05FPKAU743 # alerts-sync
+        if: ${{ failure() }}
diff --git a/.github/workflows/ubuntu.yml b/.github/workflows/ubuntu.yml
index 018b7a86f0..88c19b6fe6 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/ubuntu.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/ubuntu.yml
@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@ jobs:
   make:
     strategy:
       matrix:
+        # We enumerate every job in matrix.include to save build time
         include:
           - test_task: check
             configure: 'cppflags=-DVM_CHECK_MODE'
@@ -38,11 +39,13 @@ jobs:
           - test_task: test-bundled-gems
           - test_task: check
             os: ubuntu-24.04
-          - test_task: check
-            os: ubuntu-24.04-arm
+            extra_checks: [capi]
+          # ubuntu-24.04-arm jobs don't start on ruby/ruby as of 2025-10-29
+          #- test_task: check
+          #  os: ubuntu-24.04-arm
       fail-fast: false
 
-    env:
+    env: &make-env
       GITPULLOPTIONS: --no-tags origin ${{ github.ref }}
       RUBY_DEBUG: ci
 
@@ -51,15 +54,13 @@ jobs:
     if: >-
       ${{!(false
       || contains(github.event.head_commit.message, '[DOC]')
-      || contains(github.event.head_commit.message, 'Document')
       || contains(github.event.pull_request.title, '[DOC]')
-      || contains(github.event.pull_request.title, 'Document')
       || contains(github.event.pull_request.labels.*.name, 'Documentation')
       || (github.event_name == 'push' && github.event.pull_request.user.login == 'dependabot[bot]')
       )}}
 
-    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@11bd71901bbe5b1630ceea73d27597364c9af683 # v4.2.2
+    steps: &make-steps
+      - uses: actions/checkout@8e8c483db84b4bee98b60c0593521ed34d9990e8 # v6.0.1
         with:
           sparse-checkout-cone-mode: false
           sparse-checkout: /.github
@@ -68,11 +69,13 @@ jobs:
         with:
           arch: ${{ matrix.arch }}
 
-      - uses: ruby/setup-ruby@d8d83c3960843afb664e821fed6be52f37da5267 # v1.231.0
+      - uses: ruby/setup-ruby@b90be12699fdfcbee4440c2bba85f6f460446bb0 # v1.279.0
         with:
           ruby-version: '3.1'
           bundler: none
-        if: ${{ !endsWith(matrix.os, 'arm') }}
+        if: >-
+          ${{ !endsWith(matrix.os, 'arm')
+          && !endsWith(matrix.os, 'ppc64le') && !endsWith(matrix.os, 's390x') }}
 
       - uses: ./.github/actions/setup/directories
         with:
@@ -99,6 +102,10 @@ jobs:
 
       - run: $SETARCH make hello
 
+      - name: runirb
+        run: |
+          echo IRB::VERSION | $SETARCH make runirb RUNOPT="-- -f"
+
       - name: Set test options for skipped tests
         run: |
           set -x
@@ -107,6 +114,7 @@ jobs:
         if: ${{ matrix.test_task == 'check' && matrix.skipped_tests }}
 
       - name: Set up Launchable
+        id: launchable
         uses: ./.github/actions/launchable/setup
         with:
           os: ${{ matrix.os || 'ubuntu-22.04' }}
@@ -115,14 +123,19 @@ jobs:
           builddir: build
           srcdir: src
         continue-on-error: true
+        timeout-minutes: 3
+
+      # Avoid possible test failures with the zlib applying the following patch
+      # on s390x CPU architecture.
+      # https://github.com/madler/zlib/pull/410
+      - name: Disable DFLTCC
+        run: echo "DFLTCC=0" >> $GITHUB_ENV
+        if: ${{ endsWith(matrix.os, 's390x') }}
 
       - name: make ${{ matrix.test_task }}
         run: |
-          if [ -n "${LAUNCHABLE_ORGANIZATION}" ]; then
-            exec \
-            > >(tee launchable_stdout.log) \
-            2> >(tee launchable_stderr.log)
-          fi
+          test -n "${LAUNCHABLE_STDOUT}" && exec 1> >(tee "${LAUNCHABLE_STDOUT}")
+          test -n "${LAUNCHABLE_STDERR}" && exec 2> >(tee "${LAUNCHABLE_STDERR}")
 
           $SETARCH make -s ${{ matrix.test_task }} \
           ${TESTS:+TESTS="$TESTS"} \
@@ -130,8 +143,10 @@ jobs:
         timeout-minutes: ${{ matrix.timeout || 40 }}
         env:
           RUBY_TESTOPTS: '-q --tty=no'
-          TEST_BUNDLED_GEMS_ALLOW_FAILURES: 'typeprof,rbs,repl_type_completor'
+          TEST_BUNDLED_GEMS_ALLOW_FAILURES: ''
           PRECHECK_BUNDLED_GEMS: 'no'
+          LAUNCHABLE_STDOUT: ${{ steps.launchable.outputs.stdout_report_path }}
+          LAUNCHABLE_STDERR: ${{ steps.launchable.outputs.stderr_report_path }}
 
       - name: make skipped tests
         run: |
@@ -142,9 +157,100 @@ jobs:
         if: ${{ matrix.test_task == 'check' && matrix.skipped_tests }}
         continue-on-error: ${{ matrix.continue-on-skipped_tests || false }}
 
+      - name: test-pc
+        run: |
+          DESTDIR=${RUNNER_TEMP-${TMPDIR-/tmp}}/installed
+          $SETARCH make test-pc "DESTDIR=$DESTDIR"
+
+      - name: CAPI extensions
+        uses: ./.github/actions/capiext
+        with:
+          builddir: build
+          make: '$SETARCH make'
+        env:
+          RUBY_TESTOPTS: '-v --tty=no'
+        if: ${{ contains(matrix.extra_checks, 'capi') }}
+
+      - uses: ./.github/actions/slack
+        with:
+          label: ${{ matrix.test_task }} ${{ matrix.configure }}${{ matrix.arch }}${{ matrix.os }}
+          SLACK_WEBHOOK_URL: ${{ secrets.SIMPLER_ALERTS_URL }} # ruby-lang slack: ruby/simpler-alerts-bot
+        if: ${{ failure() }}
+
+  make-ibm:
+    strategy:
+      matrix:
+        include:
+          - test_task: check
+            os: ubuntu-24.04-ppc64le
+          - test_task: check
+            os: ubuntu-24.04-s390x
+      fail-fast: false
+
+    env: *make-env
+
+    runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}
+
+    if: >-
+      ${{github.repository == 'ruby/ruby'
+      && !(false
+      || contains(github.event.head_commit.message, '[DOC]')
+      || contains(github.event.pull_request.title, '[DOC]')
+      || contains(github.event.pull_request.labels.*.name, 'Documentation')
+      || (github.event_name == 'push' && github.event.pull_request.user.login == 'dependabot[bot]')
+      )}}
+
+    steps: *make-steps
+
+  # Separated from `make` job to avoid making it a required status check
+  ruby-bench:
+    strategy:
+      matrix:
+        include:
+          # Using the same setup as ZJIT jobs
+          - bench_opts: '--warmup=1 --bench=1 --excludes=lobsters'
+
+    runs-on: ubuntu-24.04
+
+    if: >-
+      ${{!(false
+      || contains(github.event.head_commit.message, '[DOC]')
+      || contains(github.event.pull_request.title, '[DOC]')
+      || contains(github.event.pull_request.labels.*.name, 'Documentation')
+      || (github.event_name == 'push' && github.event.pull_request.user.login == 'dependabot[bot]')
+      )}}
+
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@8e8c483db84b4bee98b60c0593521ed34d9990e8 # v6.0.1
+
+      - uses: ./.github/actions/setup/ubuntu
+
+      - uses: ./.github/actions/setup/directories
+        with:
+          srcdir: src
+          builddir: build
+          makeup: true
+
+      - name: Run configure
+        run: ../src/configure -C --disable-install-doc --prefix="$(pwd)/install"
+
+      - run: make install
+
+      - name: Checkout ruby-bench
+        uses: actions/checkout@8e8c483db84b4bee98b60c0593521ed34d9990e8 # v6.0.1
+        with:
+          repository: ruby/ruby-bench
+          path: ruby-bench
+
+      # If you want to skip failing benchmark, consider using `--excludes`.
+      # e.g. `bench_opts: '--warmup=1 --bench=1 --excludes=railsbench,lobsters'`
+      - name: Run ruby-bench
+        run: ruby run_benchmarks.rb -e "ruby::../build/install/bin/ruby" ${{ matrix.bench_opts }}
+        working-directory: ruby-bench
+
       - uses: ./.github/actions/slack
         with:
-          label: ${{ matrix.test_task }} ${{ matrix.configure }}${{ matrix.arch }}
+          label: ruby-bench ${{ matrix.bench_opts }} ${{ matrix.ruby_opts }}
           SLACK_WEBHOOK_URL: ${{ secrets.SIMPLER_ALERTS_URL }} # ruby-lang slack: ruby/simpler-alerts-bot
         if: ${{ failure() }}
 
diff --git a/.github/workflows/wasm.yml b/.github/workflows/wasm.yml
index 047288cb8d..0d2a6f0545 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/wasm.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/wasm.yml
@@ -53,15 +53,13 @@ jobs:
     if: >-
       ${{!(false
       || contains(github.event.head_commit.message, '[DOC]')
-      || contains(github.event.head_commit.message, 'Document')
       || contains(github.event.pull_request.title, '[DOC]')
-      || contains(github.event.pull_request.title, 'Document')
       || contains(github.event.pull_request.labels.*.name, 'Documentation')
       || (github.event_name == 'push' && github.event.pull_request.user.login == 'dependabot[bot]')
       )}}
 
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@11bd71901bbe5b1630ceea73d27597364c9af683 # v4.2.2
+      - uses: actions/checkout@8e8c483db84b4bee98b60c0593521ed34d9990e8 # v6.0.1
         with:
           sparse-checkout-cone-mode: false
           sparse-checkout: /.github
@@ -100,7 +98,7 @@ jobs:
         run: |
           echo "WASI_SDK_PATH=/opt/wasi-sdk" >> $GITHUB_ENV
 
-      - uses: ruby/setup-ruby@d8d83c3960843afb664e821fed6be52f37da5267 # v1.231.0
+      - uses: ruby/setup-ruby@b90be12699fdfcbee4440c2bba85f6f460446bb0 # v1.279.0
         with:
           ruby-version: '3.1'
           bundler: none
@@ -142,7 +140,7 @@ jobs:
       - run: tar cfz ../install.tar.gz -C ../install .
 
       - name: Upload artifacts
-        uses: actions/upload-artifact@604373da6381bf24206979c74d06a550515601b9 # v4.4.1
+        uses: actions/upload-artifact@b7c566a772e6b6bfb58ed0dc250532a479d7789f # v6.0.0
         with:
           name: ruby-wasm-install
           path: ${{ github.workspace }}/install.tar.gz
@@ -170,7 +168,7 @@ jobs:
       - name: Save Pull Request number
         if: ${{ github.event_name == 'pull_request' }}
         run: echo "${{ github.event.pull_request.number }}" >> ${{ github.workspace }}/github-pr-info.txt
-      - uses: actions/upload-artifact@604373da6381bf24206979c74d06a550515601b9 # v4.4.1
+      - uses: actions/upload-artifact@b7c566a772e6b6bfb58ed0dc250532a479d7789f # v6.0.0
         if: ${{ github.event_name == 'pull_request' }}
         with:
           name: github-pr-info
diff --git a/.github/workflows/windows.yml b/.github/workflows/windows.yml
index 294f3529f7..1d44a5482c 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/windows.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/windows.yml
@@ -26,30 +26,25 @@ jobs:
       matrix:
         include:
           - os: 2022
-            vc: 2019
-            vcvars: '-vcvars_ver=14.2' # VS 2022 17.13.x is broken at windows-2022
+            vc: 2022
             test_task: check
           - os: 2025
-            vc: 2019
-            vcvars: '-vcvars_ver=14.2'
+            vc: 2022
             test_task: check
           - os: 11-arm
             test_task: 'btest test-basic test-tool' # check and test-spec are broken yet.
             target: arm64
-          - os: 2022
-            vc: 2019
-            vcvars: '-vcvars_ver=14.2'
+          - os: 2025
+            vc: 2022
             test_task: test-bundled-gems
       fail-fast: false
 
-    runs-on: windows-${{ matrix.os < 2022 && '2019' || matrix.os }}
+    runs-on: windows-${{ matrix.os }}
 
     if: >-
       ${{!(false
       || contains(github.event.head_commit.message, '[DOC]')
-      || contains(github.event.head_commit.message, 'Document')
       || contains(github.event.pull_request.title, '[DOC]')
-      || contains(github.event.pull_request.title, 'Document')
       || contains(github.event.pull_request.labels.*.name, 'Documentation')
       || (github.event_name == 'push' && github.event.pull_request.user.login == 'dependabot[bot]')
       )}}
@@ -64,30 +59,52 @@ jobs:
       - run: md build
         working-directory:
 
-      - uses: ruby/setup-ruby@e34163cd15f4bb403dcd72d98e295997e6a55798 # v1.238.0
+      - uses: ruby/setup-ruby@b90be12699fdfcbee4440c2bba85f6f460446bb0 # v1.279.0
         with:
           # windows-11-arm has only 3.4.1, 3.4.2, 3.4.3, head
           ruby-version: ${{ !endsWith(matrix.os, 'arm') && '3.1' || '3.4' }}
           bundler: none
           windows-toolchain: none
 
-      - name: Install libraries with scoop
+      - uses: actions/checkout@8e8c483db84b4bee98b60c0593521ed34d9990e8 # v6.0.1
+        with:
+          sparse-checkout-cone-mode: false
+          sparse-checkout: /.github
+
+      - uses: ./.github/actions/setup/directories
+        with:
+          srcdir: src
+          builddir: build
+          make-command: nmake
+          clean: true
+
+      - name: Install tools with scoop
         run: |
           Set-ExecutionPolicy -ExecutionPolicy RemoteSigned -Scope CurrentUser
           iwr -useb get.scoop.sh | iex
           Join-Path (Resolve-Path ~).Path "scoop\shims" >> $Env:GITHUB_PATH
-          scoop install vcpkg uutils-coreutils cmake@3.31.6
+          scoop install vcpkg uutils-coreutils
         shell: pwsh
 
-      - uses: actions/checkout@11bd71901bbe5b1630ceea73d27597364c9af683 # v4.2.2
+      - name: Restore vcpkg artifact
+        id: restore-vcpkg
+        uses: actions/cache/restore@8b402f58fbc84540c8b491a91e594a4576fec3d7 # v5.0.2
         with:
-          sparse-checkout-cone-mode: false
-          sparse-checkout: /.github
+          path: src\vcpkg_installed
+          key: windows-${{ matrix.os }}-vcpkg-${{ hashFiles('src/vcpkg.json') }}
 
-      - uses: ./.github/actions/setup/directories
+      - name: Install libraries with vcpkg
+        run: |
+          vcpkg install --vcpkg-root=%USERPROFILE%\scoop\apps\vcpkg\current
+        working-directory: src
+        if: ${{ ! steps.restore-vcpkg.outputs.cache-hit }}
+
+      - name: Save vcpkg artifact
+        uses: actions/cache/save@8b402f58fbc84540c8b491a91e594a4576fec3d7 # v5.0.2
         with:
-          srcdir: src
-          builddir: build
+          path: src\vcpkg_installed
+          key: windows-${{ matrix.os }}-vcpkg-${{ hashFiles('src/vcpkg.json') }}
+        if: ${{ ! steps.restore-vcpkg.outputs.cache-hit && (github.ref_name == 'master' || startsWith(github.ref_name, 'ruby_')) }}
 
       - name: setup env
         # Available Ruby versions: https://github.com/actions/runner-images/blob/main/images/windows/Windows2019-Readme.md#ruby
@@ -95,16 +112,18 @@ jobs:
         # https://github.com/actions/virtual-environments/issues/712#issuecomment-613004302
         run: |
           ::- Set up VC ${{ matrix.vc }}
-          set | uutils sort > old.env
-          call ..\src\win32\vssetup.cmd -arch=${{ matrix.target || 'amd64' }} ${{ matrix.vcvars || '' }}
+          set | sort > old.env
+          call ..\src\win32\vssetup.cmd ^
+            -arch=${{ matrix.target || 'amd64' }} ^
+            ${{ matrix.vcvars && '-vcvars_ver=' || '' }}${{ matrix.vcvars }}
           nmake -f nul
-          set TMP=%USERPROFILE%\AppData\Local\Temp
-          set TEMP=%USERPROFILE%\AppData\Local\Temp
+          set TMP=%RUNNER_TEMP%
+          set TEMP=%RUNNER_TEMP%
           set MAKEFLAGS=l
           set /a TEST_JOBS=(15 * %NUMBER_OF_PROCESSORS% / 10) > nul
           set RUBY_OPT_DIR=%GITHUB_WORKSPACE:\=/%/src/vcpkg_installed/%VCPKG_DEFAULT_TRIPLET%
-          set | uutils sort > new.env
-          uutils comm -13 old.env new.env >> %GITHUB_ENV%
+          set | sort > new.env
+          comm -13 old.env new.env >> %GITHUB_ENV%
           del *.env
 
       - name: baseruby version
@@ -117,18 +136,6 @@ jobs:
         run: Get-Volume
         shell: pwsh
 
-        # vcpkg built-in cache is not working now
-      - name: Restore vcpkg artifact
-        uses: actions/cache@5a3ec84eff668545956fd18022155c47e93e2684 # v4.2.3
-        with:
-          path: C:\Users\runneradmin\AppData\Local\vcpkg\archives
-          key: windows-${{ matrix.os }}-vcpkg-${{ hashFiles('src/vcpkg.json') }}
-
-      - name: Install libraries with vcpkg
-        run: |
-          vcpkg install --vcpkg-root=C:\Users\runneradmin\scoop\apps\vcpkg\current
-        working-directory: src
-
       # TODO: We should use `../src` instead of `D:/a/ruby/ruby/src`
       - name: Configure
         run: >-
@@ -149,43 +156,23 @@ jobs:
       # windows-11-arm runner cannot run `ruby tool/file2lastrev.rb --revision.h --output=revision.h`
       - name: make revision.h
         run: |
-          if not exist revision.h (
-            for /f "tokens=1-3" %%I in ('git log -1 "--date=format-local:%%F %%T" "--format=%%H %%cd" @') do (
-              set rev=%%I
-              set dt=%%J
-              set tm=%%K
-            )
-            call set yy=%%dt:~0,4%%
-            call set /a mm=100%%dt:~5,2%% %%%% 100
-            call set /a dd=100%%dt:~8,2%% %%%% 100
-            call set branch=%%GITHUB_REF:refs/heads/=%%
-            (
-              call echo #define RUBY_REVISION "%%rev:~,10%%"
-              call echo #define RUBY_FULL_REVISION "%%rev%%"
-              call echo #define RUBY_BRANCH_NAME "%%branch%%"
-              call echo #define RUBY_RELEASE_DATETIME "%%dt%%T%%tm%%"
-              call echo #define RUBY_RELEASE_YEAR %%yy%%
-              call echo #define RUBY_RELEASE_MONTH %%mm%%
-              call echo #define RUBY_RELEASE_DAY %%dd%%
-            ) > revision.h
-            copy /y NUL .revision.time
-          )
+          win32\lastrev.bat | win32\ifchange.bat --timestamp=.revision.time revision.h -
           type revision.h
-        env:
-          TZ: UTC
+        working-directory: src
 
       - run: nmake
 
       - name: Set up Launchable
         uses: ./.github/actions/launchable/setup
         with:
-          os: windows-${{ matrix.os < 2022 && '2019' || matrix.os }}
+          os: windows-${{ matrix.os }}
           launchable-token: ${{ secrets.LAUNCHABLE_TOKEN }}
           builddir: build
           srcdir: src
           test-task: ${{ matrix.test_task || 'check' }}
         continue-on-error: true
         if: ${{ matrix.test_task != 'test-bundled-gems' }}
+        timeout-minutes: 3
 
       - run: nmake ${{ matrix.test_task || 'check' }}
         env:
diff --git a/.github/workflows/wsl.yml b/.github/workflows/wsl.yml
index e6b4133b76..640f18ce42 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/wsl.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/wsl.yml
@@ -16,22 +16,17 @@ on:
 
 jobs:
   wsl:
-    runs-on: windows-latest
+    runs-on: windows-2025
 
     if: >-
       ${{!(false
       || contains(github.event.head_commit.message, '[DOC]')
-      || contains(github.event.head_commit.message, 'Document')
       || contains(github.event.pull_request.title, '[DOC]')
-      || contains(github.event.pull_request.title, 'Document')
       || contains(github.event.pull_request.labels.*.name, 'Documentation')
       || (github.event_name == 'push' && github.event.pull_request.user.login == 'dependabot[bot]')
       )}}
 
     steps:
-      - name: Install winget
-        uses: Cyberboss/install-winget@v1
-
       - name: Install or update WSL
         uses: Ubuntu/WSL/.github/actions/wsl-install@main
         with:
diff --git a/.github/workflows/yjit-macos.yml b/.github/workflows/yjit-macos.yml
index 054e06229c..a59b4d6508 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/yjit-macos.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/yjit-macos.yml
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-name: YJIT macOS Arm64
+name: YJIT macOS
 on:
   push:
     branches:
@@ -35,15 +35,13 @@ jobs:
     if: >-
       ${{!(false
       || contains(github.event.head_commit.message, '[DOC]')
-      || contains(github.event.head_commit.message, 'Document')
       || contains(github.event.pull_request.title, '[DOC]')
-      || contains(github.event.pull_request.title, 'Document')
       || contains(github.event.pull_request.labels.*.name, 'Documentation')
       || (github.event_name == 'push' && github.event.pull_request.user.login == 'dependabot[bot]')
       )}}
 
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@11bd71901bbe5b1630ceea73d27597364c9af683 # v4.2.2
+      - uses: actions/checkout@8e8c483db84b4bee98b60c0593521ed34d9990e8 # v6.0.1
 
       - run: RUST_BACKTRACE=1 cargo test
         working-directory: yjit
@@ -79,15 +77,13 @@ jobs:
     if: >-
       ${{!(false
       || contains(github.event.head_commit.message, '[DOC]')
-      || contains(github.event.head_commit.message, 'Document')
       || contains(github.event.pull_request.title, '[DOC]')
-      || contains(github.event.pull_request.title, 'Document')
       || contains(github.event.pull_request.labels.*.name, 'Documentation')
       || (github.event_name == 'push' && github.event.pull_request.user.login == 'dependabot[bot]')
       )}}
 
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@11bd71901bbe5b1630ceea73d27597364c9af683 # v4.2.2
+      - uses: actions/checkout@8e8c483db84b4bee98b60c0593521ed34d9990e8 # v6.0.1
         with:
           sparse-checkout-cone-mode: false
           sparse-checkout: /.github
@@ -119,8 +115,10 @@ jobs:
           ruby -ne 'raise "Disassembly seems broken in dev build (output has too few lines)" unless $_.to_i > 10'
         if: ${{ contains(matrix.configure, 'jit=dev') }}
 
-      - name: Enable YJIT through ENV
-        run: echo "RUBY_YJIT_ENABLE=1" >> $GITHUB_ENV
+      - name: Set ENV for YJIT
+        run: |
+          echo "RUBY_YJIT_ENABLE=1" >> $GITHUB_ENV
+          echo "RUBY_CRASH_REPORT=$(pwd)/rb_crash_%p.txt" >> $GITHUB_ENV
 
       - name: Set test options for skipped tests
         run: |
@@ -130,6 +128,7 @@ jobs:
         if: ${{ matrix.test_task == 'check' && matrix.skipped_tests }}
 
       - name: Set up Launchable
+        id: launchable
         uses: ./.github/actions/launchable/setup
         with:
           os: macos-14
@@ -139,24 +138,25 @@ jobs:
           srcdir: src
           is-yjit: true
         continue-on-error: true
+        timeout-minutes: 3
 
       - name: make ${{ matrix.test_task }}
         run: |
-          if [ -n "${LAUNCHABLE_ORGANIZATION}" ]; then
-            exec \
-            > >(tee launchable_stdout.log) \
-            2> >(tee launchable_stderr.log)
-          fi
+          test -n "${LAUNCHABLE_STDOUT}" && exec 1> >(tee "${LAUNCHABLE_STDOUT}")
+          test -n "${LAUNCHABLE_STDERR}" && exec 2> >(tee "${LAUNCHABLE_STDERR}")
 
+          set -x
           make -s ${{ matrix.test_task }} ${TESTS:+TESTS="$TESTS"} \
             RUN_OPTS="$RUN_OPTS" \
             SPECOPTS="$SPECOPTS"
         timeout-minutes: 60
         env:
           RUBY_TESTOPTS: '-q --tty=no'
-          TEST_BUNDLED_GEMS_ALLOW_FAILURES: 'typeprof,rbs,repl_type_completor'
+          TEST_BUNDLED_GEMS_ALLOW_FAILURES: ''
           SYNTAX_SUGGEST_TIMEOUT: '5'
           PRECHECK_BUNDLED_GEMS: 'no'
+          LAUNCHABLE_STDOUT: ${{ steps.launchable.outputs.stdout_report_path }}
+          LAUNCHABLE_STDERR: ${{ steps.launchable.outputs.stderr_report_path }}
         continue-on-error: ${{ matrix.continue-on-test_task || false }}
 
       - name: make skipped tests
@@ -169,6 +169,13 @@ jobs:
         if: ${{ matrix.test_task == 'check' && matrix.skipped_tests }}
         continue-on-error: ${{ matrix.continue-on-skipped_tests || false }}
 
+      - name: Dump crash logs
+        if: ${{ failure() }}
+        continue-on-error: true
+        run: |
+          tail --verbose --lines=+1 rb_crash_*.txt
+          exit 1
+
       - uses: ./.github/actions/slack
         with:
           label: ${{ matrix.test_task }} ${{ matrix.configure }} ${{ matrix.yjit_opts }}
diff --git a/.github/workflows/yjit-ubuntu.yml b/.github/workflows/yjit-ubuntu.yml
index 497b20dd88..150f0b3275 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/yjit-ubuntu.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/yjit-ubuntu.yml
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ jobs:
       )}}
 
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@11bd71901bbe5b1630ceea73d27597364c9af683 # v4.2.2
+      - uses: actions/checkout@8e8c483db84b4bee98b60c0593521ed34d9990e8 # v6.0.1
 
       # For now we can't run cargo test --offline because it complains about the
       # capstone dependency, even though the dependency is optional
@@ -68,7 +68,7 @@ jobs:
       )}}
 
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@11bd71901bbe5b1630ceea73d27597364c9af683 # v4.2.2
+      - uses: actions/checkout@8e8c483db84b4bee98b60c0593521ed34d9990e8 # v6.0.1
 
       # Check that we don't have linting errors in release mode, too
       - run: cargo clippy --all-targets --all-features
@@ -81,7 +81,8 @@ jobs:
         include:
           - test_task: 'yjit-bindgen'
             hint: 'To fix: use patch in logs'
-            configure: '--with-gcc=clang-14 --enable-yjit=dev'
+            # Build with YJIT+ZJIT for output that works in the most number of configurations
+            configure: '--with-gcc=clang-14 --enable-yjit=dev --enable-zjit'
             libclang_path: '/usr/lib/llvm-14/lib/libclang.so.1'
 
           - test_task: 'check'
@@ -101,18 +102,12 @@ jobs:
           - test_task: 'test-bundled-gems'
             configure: '--enable-yjit=dev'
 
-          - test_task: 'yjit-bench'
-            configure: '--enable-yjit=dev'
-            yjit_bench_opts: '--yjit-stats'
-            continue-on-test_task: true
-
     env:
       GITPULLOPTIONS: --no-tags origin ${{ github.ref }}
       RUN_OPTS: ${{ matrix.yjit_opts }}
       YJIT_BENCH_OPTS: ${{ matrix.yjit_bench_opts }}
       SPECOPTS: ${{ matrix.specopts }}
       RUBY_DEBUG: ci
-      BUNDLE_JOBS: 8 # for yjit-bench
       RUST_BACKTRACE: 1
 
     runs-on: ubuntu-22.04
@@ -120,22 +115,20 @@ jobs:
     if: >-
       ${{!(false
       || contains(github.event.head_commit.message, '[DOC]')
-      || contains(github.event.head_commit.message, 'Document')
       || contains(github.event.pull_request.title, '[DOC]')
-      || contains(github.event.pull_request.title, 'Document')
       || contains(github.event.pull_request.labels.*.name, 'Documentation')
       || (github.event_name == 'push' && github.event.pull_request.user.login == 'dependabot[bot]')
       )}}
 
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@11bd71901bbe5b1630ceea73d27597364c9af683 # v4.2.2
+      - uses: actions/checkout@8e8c483db84b4bee98b60c0593521ed34d9990e8 # v6.0.1
         with:
           sparse-checkout-cone-mode: false
           sparse-checkout: /.github
 
       - uses: ./.github/actions/setup/ubuntu
 
-      - uses: ruby/setup-ruby@d8d83c3960843afb664e821fed6be52f37da5267 # v1.231.0
+      - uses: ruby/setup-ruby@b90be12699fdfcbee4440c2bba85f6f460446bb0 # v1.279.0
         with:
           ruby-version: '3.1'
           bundler: none
@@ -153,6 +146,12 @@ jobs:
         if: ${{ matrix.rust_version }}
         run: rustup install ${{ matrix.rust_version }} --profile minimal
 
+      - name: Remove cargo
+        # Since this tests a `rustc` build for release, remove `cargo` to ensure
+        # that only `rustc` is used.
+        if: ${{ contains(matrix.configure, 'rustc') }}
+        run: sudo rm $(which -a cargo | uniq)
+
       - name: Run configure
         run: ../src/configure -C --disable-install-doc --prefix=$(pwd)/install ${{ matrix.configure }}
 
@@ -170,14 +169,17 @@ jobs:
           ruby -ne 'raise "Disassembly seems broken in dev build (output has too few lines)" unless $_.to_i > 10'
         if: ${{ contains(matrix.configure, 'jit=dev') }}
 
-      - name: Enable YJIT through ENV
-        run: echo "RUBY_YJIT_ENABLE=1" >> $GITHUB_ENV
+      - name: Set ENV for YJIT
+        run: |
+          echo "RUBY_YJIT_ENABLE=1" >> $GITHUB_ENV
+          echo "RUBY_CRASH_REPORT=$(pwd)/rb_crash_%p.txt" >> $GITHUB_ENV
 
       # Check that the binary was built with YJIT
       - name: Check YJIT enabled
         run: ./miniruby --yjit -v | grep "+YJIT"
 
       - name: Set up Launchable
+        id: launchable
         uses: ./.github/actions/launchable/setup
         with:
           os: ubuntu-22.04
@@ -187,34 +189,35 @@ jobs:
           srcdir: src
           is-yjit: true
         continue-on-error: true
+        timeout-minutes: 3
 
       - name: make ${{ matrix.test_task }}
         run: |
-          if [ -n "${LAUNCHABLE_ORGANIZATION}" ]; then
-            exec \
-            > >(tee launchable_stdout.log) \
-            2> >(tee launchable_stderr.log)
-          fi
+          test -n "${LAUNCHABLE_STDOUT}" && exec 1> >(tee "${LAUNCHABLE_STDOUT}")
+          test -n "${LAUNCHABLE_STDERR}" && exec 2> >(tee "${LAUNCHABLE_STDERR}")
 
+          set -x
           make -s ${{ matrix.test_task }} ${TESTS:+TESTS="$TESTS"} \
             RUN_OPTS="$RUN_OPTS" MSPECOPT=--debug SPECOPTS="$SPECOPTS" \
             YJIT_BENCH_OPTS="$YJIT_BENCH_OPTS" YJIT_BINDGEN_DIFF_OPTS="$YJIT_BINDGEN_DIFF_OPTS"
         timeout-minutes: 90
         env:
           RUBY_TESTOPTS: '-q --tty=no'
-          TEST_BUNDLED_GEMS_ALLOW_FAILURES: 'typeprof,rbs,repl_type_completor'
+          TEST_BUNDLED_GEMS_ALLOW_FAILURES: ''
           PRECHECK_BUNDLED_GEMS: 'no'
           SYNTAX_SUGGEST_TIMEOUT: '5'
           YJIT_BINDGEN_DIFF_OPTS: '--exit-code'
           LIBCLANG_PATH: ${{ matrix.libclang_path }}
+          LAUNCHABLE_STDOUT: ${{ steps.launchable.outputs.stdout_report_path }}
+          LAUNCHABLE_STDERR: ${{ steps.launchable.outputs.stderr_report_path }}
         continue-on-error: ${{ matrix.continue-on-test_task || false }}
 
-      - name: Show ${{ github.event.pull_request.base.ref }} GitHub URL for yjit-bench comparison
-        run: echo "https://github.com/${BASE_REPO}/commit/${BASE_SHA}"
-        env:
-          BASE_REPO: ${{ github.event.pull_request.base.repo.full_name }}
-          BASE_SHA: ${{ github.event.pull_request.base.sha }}
-        if: ${{ matrix.test_task == 'yjit-bench' && startsWith(github.event_name, 'pull') }}
+      - name: Dump crash logs
+        if: ${{ failure() }}
+        continue-on-error: true
+        run: |
+          tail --verbose --lines=+1 rb_crash_*.txt
+          exit 1
 
       - uses: ./.github/actions/slack
         with:
diff --git a/.github/workflows/zjit-macos.yml b/.github/workflows/zjit-macos.yml
index eb7dacd4e2..a638907811 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/zjit-macos.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/zjit-macos.yml
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-name: ZJIT macOS Arm64
+name: ZJIT macOS
 on:
   push:
     branches:
@@ -32,35 +32,43 @@ jobs:
       fail-fast: false
       matrix:
         include:
-          - test_task: 'zjit-test'
+          - test_task: 'check'
+            run_opts: '--zjit-call-threshold=1'
+            specopts: '-T --zjit-call-threshold=1'
+            configure: '--enable-zjit=dev'
+
+          - test_task: 'check'
+            run_opts: '--zjit-disable-hir-opt --zjit-call-threshold=1'
+            specopts: '-T --zjit-disable-hir-opt -T --zjit-call-threshold=1'
+            configure: '--enable-zjit=dev'
+
+          - test_task: 'zjit-check' # zjit-test + quick feedback of test_zjit.rb
             configure: '--enable-yjit=dev --enable-zjit'
+            rust_version: "1.85.0"
 
-          - test_task: 'ruby' # build test for combo build
+          - test_task: 'ruby'
+            hint: 'combo build test'
             configure: '--enable-yjit --enable-zjit'
 
-          - test_task: 'test-all'
-            configure: '--enable-zjit=dev'
-            tests: '../src/test/ruby/test_zjit.rb'
-
     env:
       GITPULLOPTIONS: --no-tags origin ${{ github.ref }}
-      RUN_OPTS: ${{ matrix.zjit_opts }}
+      RUN_OPTS: ${{ matrix.run_opts }}
       SPECOPTS: ${{ matrix.specopts }}
+      TESTOPTS: ${{ matrix.testopts }}
+      ZJIT_RB_BUG: 1
 
     runs-on: macos-14
 
     if: >-
       ${{!(false
       || contains(github.event.head_commit.message, '[DOC]')
-      || contains(github.event.head_commit.message, 'Document')
       || contains(github.event.pull_request.title, '[DOC]')
-      || contains(github.event.pull_request.title, 'Document')
       || contains(github.event.pull_request.labels.*.name, 'Documentation')
       || (github.event_name == 'push' && github.event.pull_request.user.login == 'dependabot[bot]')
       )}}
 
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@d632683dd7b4114ad314bca15554477dd762a938 # v4.2.0
+      - uses: actions/checkout@8e8c483db84b4bee98b60c0593521ed34d9990e8 # v6.0.1
         with:
           sparse-checkout-cone-mode: false
           sparse-checkout: /.github
@@ -77,20 +85,20 @@ jobs:
           # Set fetch-depth: 10 so that Launchable can receive commits information.
           fetch-depth: 10
 
+      - name: Install Rust
+        if: ${{ matrix.rust_version }}
+        run: |
+          rustup install ${{ matrix.rust_version }} --profile minimal
+          rustup default ${{ matrix.rust_version }}
+
       - uses: taiki-e/install-action@v2
         with:
           tool: nextest@0.9
-        if: ${{ matrix.test_task == 'zjit-test' }}
-
-      - name: Install Rust # TODO(alan): remove when GitHub images catch up past 1.85.0
-        run: rustup default 1.85.0
+        if: ${{ matrix.test_task == 'zjit-check' }}
 
       - name: Run configure
         run: ../src/configure -C --disable-install-doc ${{ matrix.configure }}
 
-      - run: make prepare-gems
-        if: ${{ matrix.test_task == 'test-bundled-gems' }}
-
       - run: make
 
       - name: Verify that --zjit-dump-disasm works
@@ -100,20 +108,39 @@ jobs:
           ruby -ne 'raise "Disassembly seems broken in dev build (output has too few lines)" unless $_.to_i > 10'
         if: ${{ contains(matrix.configure, 'jit=dev') }}
 
+      - name: Set ENV for ZJIT
+        run: |
+          echo "RUBY_CRASH_REPORT=$(pwd)/rb_crash_%p.txt" >> $GITHUB_ENV
+
       - name: make ${{ matrix.test_task }}
-        run: >-
-          make -s ${{ matrix.test_task }} ${TESTS:+TESTS="$TESTS"}
-          RUN_OPTS="$RUN_OPTS"
-          SPECOPTS="$SPECOPTS"
+        run: |
+          set -x
+          make -s ${{ matrix.test_task }} ${TESTS:+TESTS="$TESTS"} \
+            RUN_OPTS="$RUN_OPTS" \
+            SPECOPTS="$SPECOPTS" \
+            TESTOPTS="$TESTOPTS"
         timeout-minutes: 60
         env:
           RUBY_TESTOPTS: '-q --tty=no'
-          TEST_BUNDLED_GEMS_ALLOW_FAILURES: 'typeprof'
+          EXCLUDES: '../src/test/.excludes-zjit'
+          TEST_BUNDLED_GEMS_ALLOW_FAILURES: ''
           SYNTAX_SUGGEST_TIMEOUT: '5'
           PRECHECK_BUNDLED_GEMS: 'no'
-          TESTS: ${{ matrix.tests }}
         continue-on-error: ${{ matrix.continue-on-test_task || false }}
 
+      - name: Dump crash logs
+        if: ${{ failure() }}
+        continue-on-error: true
+        run: |
+          tail --verbose --lines=+1 rb_crash_*.txt
+          exit 1
+
+      - uses: ./.github/actions/slack
+        with:
+          label: ${{ matrix.test_task }} ${{ matrix.configure }}
+          SLACK_WEBHOOK_URL: ${{ secrets.SIMPLER_ALERTS_URL }} # ruby-lang slack: ruby/simpler-alerts-bot
+        if: ${{ failure() }}
+
   result:
     if: ${{ always() }}
     name: ${{ github.workflow }} result
@@ -124,6 +151,64 @@ jobs:
         working-directory:
         if: ${{ contains(needs.*.result, 'failure') || contains(needs.*.result, 'cancelled') }}
 
+  # Separated from `make` job to avoid making it a required status check for now
+  ruby-bench:
+    strategy:
+      matrix:
+        include:
+          # Test --call-threshold=2 with 2 iterations in total
+          - ruby_opts: '--zjit-call-threshold=2'
+            bench_opts: '--warmup=1 --bench=1 --excludes=lobsters'
+            configure: '--enable-zjit=dev_nodebug' # --enable-zjit=dev is too slow
+
+    runs-on: macos-14
+
+    if: >-
+      ${{!(false
+      || contains(github.event.head_commit.message, '[DOC]')
+      || contains(github.event.pull_request.title, '[DOC]')
+      || contains(github.event.pull_request.labels.*.name, 'Documentation')
+      || (github.event_name == 'push' && github.event.pull_request.user.login == 'dependabot[bot]')
+      )}}
+
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@8e8c483db84b4bee98b60c0593521ed34d9990e8 # v6.0.1
+
+      - uses: ./.github/actions/setup/macos
+
+      - uses: ./.github/actions/setup/directories
+        with:
+          srcdir: src
+          builddir: build
+          makeup: true
+
+      - name: Run configure
+        run: ../src/configure -C --disable-install-doc --prefix="$(pwd)/install" ${{ matrix.configure }}
+
+      - run: make install
+
+      # setup/directories set MAKEFLAGS=-j4 for macOS, which randomly fails sqlite3.gem builds
+      - name: Unset MAKEFLAGS
+        run: echo "MAKEFLAGS=" >> "$GITHUB_ENV"
+
+      - name: Checkout ruby-bench
+        uses: actions/checkout@8e8c483db84b4bee98b60c0593521ed34d9990e8 # v6.0.1
+        with:
+          repository: ruby/ruby-bench
+          path: ruby-bench
+
+      # If you want to skip failing benchmark, consider using `--excludes`.
+      # e.g. `bench_opts: '--warmup=1 --bench=1 --excludes=railsbench,lobsters'`
+      - name: Run ruby-bench
+        run: ruby run_benchmarks.rb -e "zjit::../build/install/bin/ruby ${{ matrix.ruby_opts }}" ${{ matrix.bench_opts }}
+        working-directory: ruby-bench
+
+      - uses: ./.github/actions/slack
+        with:
+          label: ruby-bench ${{ matrix.bench_opts }} ${{ matrix.ruby_opts }}
+          SLACK_WEBHOOK_URL: ${{ secrets.SIMPLER_ALERTS_URL }} # ruby-lang slack: ruby/simpler-alerts-bot
+        if: ${{ failure() }}
+
 defaults:
   run:
     working-directory: build
diff --git a/.github/workflows/zjit-ubuntu.yml b/.github/workflows/zjit-ubuntu.yml
index d5b6c71f31..28bfec963e 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/zjit-ubuntu.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/zjit-ubuntu.yml
@@ -27,53 +27,91 @@ permissions:
   contents: read
 
 jobs:
+  lint:
+    name: cargo clippy
+
+    runs-on: ubuntu-22.04
+
+    if: >-
+      ${{!(false
+      || contains(github.event.head_commit.message, '[DOC]')
+      || contains(github.event.pull_request.title, '[DOC]')
+      || contains(github.event.pull_request.labels.*.name, 'Documentation')
+      || (github.event_name == 'push' && github.event.pull_request.user.login == 'dependabot[bot]')
+      )}}
+
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@8e8c483db84b4bee98b60c0593521ed34d9990e8 # v6.0.1
+
+      - run: cargo clippy --all-targets --all-features
+        working-directory: zjit
+
   make:
     strategy:
       fail-fast: false
       matrix:
         include:
-          - test_task: 'zjit-bindgen'
-            hint: 'To fix: use patch in logs'
-            configure: '--enable-zjit=dev --with-gcc=clang-14'
-            libclang_path: '/usr/lib/llvm-14/lib/libclang.so.1'
+          - test_task: 'check'
+            run_opts: '--zjit-call-threshold=1'
+            specopts: '-T --zjit-call-threshold=1'
+            configure: '--enable-zjit=dev'
 
-          - test_task: 'zjit-test'
+          - test_task: 'check'
+            run_opts: '--zjit-disable-hir-opt --zjit-call-threshold=1'
+            specopts: '-T --zjit-disable-hir-opt -T --zjit-call-threshold=1'
+            configure: '--enable-zjit=dev'
+
+            # The optimizer benefits from at least 1 iteration of profiling. Also, many
+            # regression tests in bootstraptest/test_yjit.rb assume call-threshold=2.
+          - test_task: 'btest'
+            run_opts: '--zjit-call-threshold=2'
+            configure: '--enable-zjit=dev'
+
+          - test_task: 'zjit-check' # zjit-test + quick feedback of test_zjit.rb
             configure: '--enable-yjit --enable-zjit=dev'
+            rust_version: '1.85.0'
 
-          - test_task: 'test-all'
+          - test_task: 'zjit-bindgen'
+            hint: 'To fix: use patch in logs'
+            # Build with YJIT+ZJIT for output that works in the most number of configurations
+            configure: '--enable-zjit=dev --enable-yjit --with-gcc=clang-16'
+            clang_path: '/usr/bin/clang-16'
+            runs-on: 'ubuntu-24.04' # for clang-16
+
+          - test_task: 'test-bundled-gems'
             configure: '--enable-zjit=dev'
-            tests: '../src/test/ruby/test_zjit.rb'
+            run_opts: '--zjit-call-threshold=1'
 
     env:
       GITPULLOPTIONS: --no-tags origin ${{ github.ref }}
-      RUN_OPTS: ${{ matrix.zjit_opts }}
+      RUN_OPTS: ${{ matrix.run_opts }}
       YJIT_BENCH_OPTS: ${{ matrix.yjit_bench_opts }}
       SPECOPTS: ${{ matrix.specopts }}
+      TESTOPTS: ${{ matrix.testopts }}
       RUBY_DEBUG: ci
       BUNDLE_JOBS: 8 # for yjit-bench
       RUST_BACKTRACE: 1
+      ZJIT_RB_BUG: 1
 
-    runs-on: ubuntu-22.04
+    runs-on: ${{ matrix.runs-on || 'ubuntu-22.04' }}
 
     if: >-
       ${{!(false
       || contains(github.event.head_commit.message, '[DOC]')
-      || contains(github.event.head_commit.message, 'Document')
       || contains(github.event.pull_request.title, '[DOC]')
-      || contains(github.event.pull_request.title, 'Document')
       || contains(github.event.pull_request.labels.*.name, 'Documentation')
       || (github.event_name == 'push' && github.event.pull_request.user.login == 'dependabot[bot]')
       )}}
 
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@d632683dd7b4114ad314bca15554477dd762a938 # v4.2.0
+      - uses: actions/checkout@8e8c483db84b4bee98b60c0593521ed34d9990e8 # v6.0.1
         with:
           sparse-checkout-cone-mode: false
           sparse-checkout: /.github
 
       - uses: ./.github/actions/setup/ubuntu
 
-      - uses: ruby/setup-ruby@a6e6f86333f0a2523ece813039b8b4be04560854 # v1.190.0
+      - uses: ruby/setup-ruby@b90be12699fdfcbee4440c2bba85f6f460446bb0 # v1.279.0
         with:
           ruby-version: '3.1'
           bundler: none
@@ -81,8 +119,7 @@ jobs:
       - uses: taiki-e/install-action@v2
         with:
           tool: nextest@0.9
-        if: ${{ matrix.test_task == 'zjit-test' }}
-
+        if: ${{ matrix.test_task == 'zjit-check' }}
 
       - uses: ./.github/actions/setup/directories
         with:
@@ -94,7 +131,10 @@ jobs:
           fetch-depth: 10
 
       - name: Install Rust
-        run: rustup default 1.85.0
+        if: ${{ matrix.rust_version }}
+        run: |
+          rustup install ${{ matrix.rust_version }} --profile minimal
+          rustup default ${{ matrix.rust_version }}
 
       - name: Install rustfmt
         if: ${{ matrix.test_task == 'zjit-bindgen' }}
@@ -122,22 +162,41 @@ jobs:
         run: ./miniruby --zjit -v | grep "+ZJIT"
         if: ${{ matrix.configure != '--disable-zjit' }}
 
+      - name: Set ENV for ZJIT
+        run: |
+          echo "RUBY_CRASH_REPORT=$(pwd)/rb_crash_%p.txt" >> $GITHUB_ENV
+
       - name: make ${{ matrix.test_task }}
-        run: >-
-          make -s ${{ matrix.test_task }} ${TESTS:+TESTS="$TESTS"}
-          RUN_OPTS="$RUN_OPTS" MSPECOPT=--debug SPECOPTS="$SPECOPTS"
-          ZJIT_BINDGEN_DIFF_OPTS="$ZJIT_BINDGEN_DIFF_OPTS"
+        run: |
+          set -x
+          make -s ${{ matrix.test_task }} ${TESTS:+TESTS="$TESTS"} \
+            RUN_OPTS="$RUN_OPTS" MSPECOPT=--debug SPECOPTS="$SPECOPTS" \
+            TESTOPTS="$TESTOPTS" \
+            ZJIT_BINDGEN_DIFF_OPTS="$ZJIT_BINDGEN_DIFF_OPTS"
         timeout-minutes: 90
         env:
           RUBY_TESTOPTS: '-q --tty=no'
-          TEST_BUNDLED_GEMS_ALLOW_FAILURES: 'typeprof'
+          EXCLUDES: '../src/test/.excludes-zjit'
+          TEST_BUNDLED_GEMS_ALLOW_FAILURES: ''
           PRECHECK_BUNDLED_GEMS: 'no'
           SYNTAX_SUGGEST_TIMEOUT: '5'
           ZJIT_BINDGEN_DIFF_OPTS: '--exit-code'
-          LIBCLANG_PATH: ${{ matrix.libclang_path }}
-          TESTS: ${{ matrix.tests }}
+          CLANG_PATH: ${{ matrix.clang_path }}
         continue-on-error: ${{ matrix.continue-on-test_task || false }}
 
+      - name: Dump crash logs
+        if: ${{ failure() }}
+        continue-on-error: true
+        run: |
+          tail --verbose --lines=+1 rb_crash_*.txt
+          exit 1
+
+      - uses: ./.github/actions/slack
+        with:
+          label: ${{ matrix.test_task }} ${{ matrix.configure }}
+          SLACK_WEBHOOK_URL: ${{ secrets.SIMPLER_ALERTS_URL }} # ruby-lang slack: ruby/simpler-alerts-bot
+        if: ${{ failure() }}
+
   result:
     if: ${{ always() }}
     name: ${{ github.workflow }} result
@@ -149,6 +208,60 @@ jobs:
         working-directory:
         if: ${{ contains(needs.*.result, 'failure') || contains(needs.*.result, 'cancelled') }}
 
+  # Separated from `make` job to avoid making it a required status check for now
+  ruby-bench:
+    strategy:
+      matrix:
+        include:
+          # Test --call-threshold=2 with 2 iterations in total
+          - ruby_opts: '--zjit-call-threshold=2'
+            bench_opts: '--warmup=1 --bench=1 --excludes=lobsters'
+            configure: '--enable-zjit=dev_nodebug' # --enable-zjit=dev is too slow
+
+    runs-on: ubuntu-24.04
+
+    if: >-
+      ${{!(false
+      || contains(github.event.head_commit.message, '[DOC]')
+      || contains(github.event.pull_request.title, '[DOC]')
+      || contains(github.event.pull_request.labels.*.name, 'Documentation')
+      || (github.event_name == 'push' && github.event.pull_request.user.login == 'dependabot[bot]')
+      )}}
+
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@8e8c483db84b4bee98b60c0593521ed34d9990e8 # v6.0.1
+
+      - uses: ./.github/actions/setup/ubuntu
+
+      - uses: ./.github/actions/setup/directories
+        with:
+          srcdir: src
+          builddir: build
+          makeup: true
+
+      - name: Run configure
+        run: ../src/configure -C --disable-install-doc --prefix="$(pwd)/install" ${{ matrix.configure }}
+
+      - run: make install
+
+      - name: Checkout ruby-bench
+        uses: actions/checkout@8e8c483db84b4bee98b60c0593521ed34d9990e8 # v6.0.1
+        with:
+          repository: ruby/ruby-bench
+          path: ruby-bench
+
+      # If you want to skip failing benchmark, consider using `--excludes`.
+      # e.g. `bench_opts: '--warmup=1 --bench=1 --excludes=railsbench,lobsters'`
+      - name: Run ruby-bench
+        run: ruby run_benchmarks.rb -e "zjit::../build/install/bin/ruby ${{ matrix.ruby_opts }}" ${{ matrix.bench_opts }}
+        working-directory: ruby-bench
+
+      - uses: ./.github/actions/slack
+        with:
+          label: ruby-bench ${{ matrix.bench_opts }} ${{ matrix.ruby_opts }}
+          SLACK_WEBHOOK_URL: ${{ secrets.SIMPLER_ALERTS_URL }} # ruby-lang slack: ruby/simpler-alerts-bot
+        if: ${{ failure() }}
+
 defaults:
   run:
     working-directory: build
diff --git a/.gitignore b/.gitignore
index 3e8d3310f5..6cf5fb5f32 100644
--- a/.gitignore
+++ b/.gitignore
@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@
 *.pch
 *.pdb
 *.rbinc
+*.rbbin
 *.rej
 *.s
 *.sav
@@ -271,6 +272,7 @@ lcov*.info
 /prism/prettyprint.c
 /prism/serialize.c
 /prism/token_type.c
+/prism/srcs.mk
 
 # tool/update-NEWS-gemlist.rb
 /bundled_gems.json
diff --git a/.rdoc_options b/.rdoc_options
index 27d35e2f58..89265cafd4 100644
--- a/.rdoc_options
+++ b/.rdoc_options
@@ -9,10 +9,11 @@ rdoc_include:
 - doc
 
 exclude:
-- \Alib/irb
 - \.gemspec\z
+- lib/set/subclass_compatible.rb
 
 autolink_excluded_words:
+- Box
 - Class
 - Method
 - Module
@@ -20,5 +21,19 @@ autolink_excluded_words:
 - RDoc
 - Ruby
 - Set
+- ZJIT
+- YJIT
 
 canonical_root: https://docs.ruby-lang.org/en/master
+
+footer_content:
+  Ruby:
+    Documentation: index.html
+    Official Website: https://www.ruby-lang.org/
+    Playground: https://ruby.github.io/play-ruby/
+  Resources:
+    GitHub: https://github.com/ruby/ruby
+    Issue Tracker: https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/projects/ruby-master/issues
+    RubyGems: https://rubygems.org/
+  Community:
+    X: https://x.com/rubylangorg
diff --git a/.travis.yml b/.travis.yml
deleted file mode 100644
index ca68ed20ab..0000000000
--- a/.travis.yml
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,111 +0,0 @@
-# -*- YAML -*-
-# Copyright (C) 2011 Urabe, Shyouhei.  All rights reserved.
-#
-# This file is  a part of the programming language  Ruby.  Permission is hereby
-# granted,  to either  redistribute  or  modify this  file,  provided that  the
-# conditions  mentioned in  the file  COPYING are  met.  Consult  the  file for
-# details.
-
-# When you see Travis CI issues, or you are interested in understanding how to
-# manage, please check the link below.
-# https://github.com/ruby/ruby/wiki/CI-Servers#travis-ci
-
-# We enable Travis on the specific branches or forked repositories here.
-# https://docs.travis-ci.com/user/conditions-v1
-if: >-
-  (fork OR branch = master OR branch =~ /^ruby_\d_\d$/)
-  AND (commit_message !~ /(\[DOC\]|Document)/)
-  AND NOT (type = 'push' AND sender =~ /\[bot\]/)
-
-language: c
-
-os: linux
-
-dist: jammy
-
-git:
-  quiet: true
-
-env:
-  global:
-    - NPROC="$(nproc)"
-    - JOBS="-j${NPROC}"
-    # https://github.com/travis-ci/travis-build/blob/e411371dda21430a60f61b8f3f57943d2fe4d344/lib/travis/build/bash/travis_apt_get_options.bash#L7
-    - travis_apt_get_options='--allow-downgrades --allow-remove-essential --allow-change-held-packages'
-    - travis_apt_get_options="-yq --no-install-suggests --no-install-recommends $travis_apt_get_options"
-    # -g0 disables backtraces when SEGV. Do not set that.
-    - debugflags=-ggdb3
-    - RUBY_TESTOPTS="$JOBS -q --tty=no"
-
-.org.ruby-lang.ci.matrix-definitions:
-  - &gcc-11
-    compiler: gcc-11
-    before_install:
-      - tool/travis_retry.sh sudo bash -c "rm -rf '${TRAVIS_ROOT}/var/lib/apt/lists/'* && exec apt-get update -yq"
-      - >-
-        tool/travis_retry.sh sudo -E apt-get $travis_apt_get_options install
-        gcc-11
-        g++-11
-        libffi-dev
-        libncurses-dev
-        libncursesw5-dev
-        libreadline-dev
-        libssl-dev
-        libyaml-dev
-        openssl
-        zlib1g-dev
-      - gcc-11 --version
-  - &ppc64le-linux
-    name: ppc64le-linux
-    arch: ppc64le
-    <<: *gcc-11
-  - &s390x-linux
-    name: s390x-linux
-    arch: s390x
-    <<: *gcc-11
-    env:
-      # Avoid possible test failures with the zlib applying the following patch
-      # on s390x CPU architecture.
-      # https://github.com/madler/zlib/pull/410
-      - DFLTCC=0
-
-matrix:
-  include:
-    - <<: *ppc64le-linux
-    - <<: *s390x-linux
-  allow_failures:
-    - name: ppc64le-linux
-    - name: s390x-linux
-  fast_finish: true
-
-before_script:
-  - lscpu
-  - ./autogen.sh
-  - mkdir build
-  - cd build
-  - ../configure -C --disable-install-doc --prefix=$(pwd)/install
-  - make -s $JOBS
-  - make -s $JOBS install
-  # Useful info to report issues to the Ruby.
-  - $(pwd)/install/bin/ruby -v
-  # Useful info To report issues to the RubyGems.
-  - $(pwd)/install/bin/gem env
-
-script:
-  - make -s test
-  - ../tool/travis_wait.sh make -s test-all RUBYOPT="-w"
-  - ../tool/travis_wait.sh make -s test-spec
-
-# We want to be notified when something happens.
-notifications:
-  webhooks:
-    urls:
-      # ruby-lang slack: ruby/simpler-alerts-bot (travis)
-      - secure: mRsoS/UbqDkKkW5p3AEqM27d4SZnV6Gsylo3bm8T/deltQzTsGzZwrm7OIBXZv0UFZdE68XmPlyHfZFLSP2V9QZ7apXMf9/vw0GtcSe1gchtnjpAPF6lYBn7nMCbVPPx9cS0dwL927fjdRM1vj7IKZ2bk4F0lAJ25R25S6teqdk=
-    on_success: never
-    on_failure: always
-  email:
-    recipients:
-      - jun.aruga@gmail.com
-    on_success: never
-    on_failure: always
diff --git a/COPYING b/COPYING
index 48e5a96de7..428ce03ed7 100644
--- a/COPYING
+++ b/COPYING
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+{日本語}[rdoc-ref:COPYING.ja]
+
 Ruby is copyrighted free software by Yukihiro Matsumoto <matz@netlab.jp>.
 You can redistribute it and/or modify it under either the terms of the
 2-clause BSDL (see the file BSDL), or the conditions below:
diff --git a/COPYING.ja b/COPYING.ja
index 230376bc60..5de2dbcc8f 100644
--- a/COPYING.ja
+++ b/COPYING.ja
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+{English}[rdoc-ref:COPYING]
+
 本プログラムはフリーソフトウェアです．2-clause BSDL
 または以下に示す条件で本プログラムを再配布できます
 2-clause BSDLについてはBSDLファイルを参照して下さい．
diff --git a/Cargo.lock b/Cargo.lock
index 65131406d3..9a4b2ebbba 100644
--- a/Cargo.lock
+++ b/Cargo.lock
@@ -32,28 +32,43 @@ dependencies = [
 ]
 
 [[package]]
-name = "dissimilar"
-version = "1.0.10"
+name = "console"
+version = "0.15.8"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "8975ffdaa0ef3661bfe02dbdcc06c9f829dfafe6a3c474de366a8d5e44276921"
+checksum = "0e1f83fc076bd6dd27517eacdf25fef6c4dfe5f1d7448bafaaf3a26f13b5e4eb"
+dependencies = [
+ "encode_unicode",
+ "lazy_static",
+ "libc",
+ "windows-sys",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "encode_unicode"
+version = "0.3.6"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "a357d28ed41a50f9c765dbfe56cbc04a64e53e5fc58ba79fbc34c10ef3df831f"
 
 [[package]]
-name = "expect-test"
-version = "1.5.1"
+name = "insta"
+version = "1.43.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "63af43ff4431e848fb47472a920f14fa71c24de13255a5692e93d4e90302acb0"
+checksum = "154934ea70c58054b556dd430b99a98c2a7ff5309ac9891597e339b5c28f4371"
 dependencies = [
- "dissimilar",
+ "console",
  "once_cell",
+ "similar",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "jit"
-version = "0.0.0"
-dependencies = [
- "yjit",
- "zjit",
-]
+version = "0.1.0"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "lazy_static"
+version = "1.5.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "bbd2bcb4c963f2ddae06a2efc7e9f3591312473c50c6685e1f298068316e66fe"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "libc"
@@ -68,16 +83,104 @@ source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "42f5e15c9953c5e4ccceeb2e7382a716482c34515315f7b03532b8b4e8393d2d"
 
 [[package]]
+name = "ruby"
+version = "0.0.0"
+dependencies = [
+ "yjit",
+ "zjit",
+]
+
+[[package]]
 name = "shlex"
 version = "1.3.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "0fda2ff0d084019ba4d7c6f371c95d8fd75ce3524c3cb8fb653a3023f6323e64"
 
 [[package]]
+name = "similar"
+version = "2.4.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "32fea41aca09ee824cc9724996433064c89f7777e60762749a4170a14abbfa21"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "windows-sys"
+version = "0.52.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "282be5f36a8ce781fad8c8ae18fa3f9beff57ec1b52cb3de0789201425d9a33d"
+dependencies = [
+ "windows-targets",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "windows-targets"
+version = "0.52.6"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "9b724f72796e036ab90c1021d4780d4d3d648aca59e491e6b98e725b84e99973"
+dependencies = [
+ "windows_aarch64_gnullvm",
+ "windows_aarch64_msvc",
+ "windows_i686_gnu",
+ "windows_i686_gnullvm",
+ "windows_i686_msvc",
+ "windows_x86_64_gnu",
+ "windows_x86_64_gnullvm",
+ "windows_x86_64_msvc",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "windows_aarch64_gnullvm"
+version = "0.52.6"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "32a4622180e7a0ec044bb555404c800bc9fd9ec262ec147edd5989ccd0c02cd3"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "windows_aarch64_msvc"
+version = "0.52.6"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "09ec2a7bb152e2252b53fa7803150007879548bc709c039df7627cabbd05d469"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "windows_i686_gnu"
+version = "0.52.6"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "8e9b5ad5ab802e97eb8e295ac6720e509ee4c243f69d781394014ebfe8bbfa0b"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "windows_i686_gnullvm"
+version = "0.52.6"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "0eee52d38c090b3caa76c563b86c3a4bd71ef1a819287c19d586d7334ae8ed66"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "windows_i686_msvc"
+version = "0.52.6"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "240948bc05c5e7c6dabba28bf89d89ffce3e303022809e73deaefe4f6ec56c66"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "windows_x86_64_gnu"
+version = "0.52.6"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "147a5c80aabfbf0c7d901cb5895d1de30ef2907eb21fbbab29ca94c5b08b1a78"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "windows_x86_64_gnullvm"
+version = "0.52.6"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "24d5b23dc417412679681396f2b49f3de8c1473deb516bd34410872eff51ed0d"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "windows_x86_64_msvc"
+version = "0.52.6"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "589f6da84c646204747d1270a2a5661ea66ed1cced2631d546fdfb155959f9ec"
+
+[[package]]
 name = "yjit"
 version = "0.1.0"
 dependencies = [
  "capstone",
+ "jit",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -85,5 +188,6 @@ name = "zjit"
 version = "0.0.1"
 dependencies = [
  "capstone",
- "expect-test",
+ "insta",
+ "jit",
 ]
diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index 6ab7e3a45f..521129d92d 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,12 +1,21 @@
-# Using Cargo's workspace feature to build all the Rust code in
-# into a single package.
-# TODO(alan) notes about rust version requirements. Undecided yet.
+# This is the root Cargo [workspace](https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/reference/workspaces.html)
+# and the root package for all the rust code that are statically linked into ruby. Rust tooling
+# limitations means all Rust code need to share a single archive library (staticlib) at the
+# integration point with non-rust code. (See rustlang/rust#44322 and #104707 for a taste of
+# the linking challenges.)
+#
+# Do not add required dependencies. This is a policy that helps downstream consumers and give
+# us tight control over what we ship. All of the optional dependencies are used exclusively
+# during development.
+#
+# Release builds avoid Cargo entirely because offline builds can fail even when none of the
+# optional dependencies are built (rust-lang/cargo#10352).
 
 [workspace]
-members = ["zjit", "yjit"]
+members = ["zjit", "yjit", "jit"]
 
 [package]
-name = "jit"
+name = "ruby"
 version = "0.0.0"
 edition = "2024"
 rust-version = "1.85.0"
@@ -18,11 +27,11 @@ zjit = { path = "zjit", optional = true }
 
 [lib]
 crate-type = ["staticlib"]
-path = "jit.rs"
+path = "ruby.rs"
 
 [features]
 disasm = ["yjit?/disasm", "zjit?/disasm"]
-runtime_checks = []
+runtime_checks = ["yjit?/runtime_checks", "zjit?/runtime_checks"]
 yjit = [ "dep:yjit" ]
 zjit = [ "dep:zjit" ]
 
diff --git a/LEGAL b/LEGAL
index a05cd6eaa3..2777aa2c14 100644
--- a/LEGAL
+++ b/LEGAL
@@ -704,32 +704,7 @@ mentioned below.
 
 [ext/json/vendor/fpconv.c]
 
-  This file is under the Boost Software License.
-
-  >>>
-    Boost Software License - Version 1.0 - August 17th, 2003
-    
-    Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person or organization
-    obtaining a copy of the software and accompanying documentation covered by
-    this license (the "Software") to use, reproduce, display, distribute,
-    execute, and transmit the Software, and to prepare derivative works of the
-    Software, and to permit third-parties to whom the Software is furnished to
-    do so, all subject to the following:
-    
-    The copyright notices in the Software and this entire statement, including
-    the above license grant, this restriction and the following disclaimer,
-    must be included in all copies of the Software, in whole or in part, and
-    all derivative works of the Software, unless such copies or derivative
-    works are solely in the form of machine-executable object code generated by
-    a source language processor.
-    
-    THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
-    IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
-    FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE, TITLE AND NON-INFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT
-    SHALL THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS OR ANYONE DISTRIBUTING THE SOFTWARE BE LIABLE
-    FOR ANY DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE,
-    ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER
-    DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+  This file is under the {Boost Software License}[rdoc-ref:@Boost+Software+License+1.0].
 
 [ext/json/vendor/jeaiii-ltoa.h]
 
@@ -738,7 +713,11 @@ mentioned below.
     Copyright (c) 2022 James Edward Anhalt III - https://github.com/jeaiii/itoa
 
     {MIT License}[rdoc-ref:@MIT+License]
-  
+
+[ext/json/vendor/ryu.h]
+  This file is adapted from the Ryu algorithm by Ulf Adams https://github.com/ulfjack/ryu.
+  It is dual-licensed under {Apache License 2.0}[rdoc-ref:@Apache+License+2.0] OR
+  {Boost Software License 1.0}[rdoc-ref:@Boost+Software+License+1.0].
 
 [ext/psych]
 [test/psych]
@@ -1086,3 +1065,236 @@ mentioned below.
 
       From ftp://ftp.cs.berkeley.edu/pub/4bsd/README.Impt.License.Change
       paragraph 3 above is now null and void.
+
+== Boost Software License 1.0
+
+>>>
+      Boost Software License - Version 1.0 - August 17th, 2003
+
+      Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person or organization
+      obtaining a copy of the software and accompanying documentation covered by
+      this license (the "Software") to use, reproduce, display, distribute,
+      execute, and transmit the Software, and to prepare derivative works of the
+      Software, and to permit third-parties to whom the Software is furnished to
+      do so, all subject to the following:
+
+      The copyright notices in the Software and this entire statement, including
+      the above license grant, this restriction and the following disclaimer,
+      must be included in all copies of the Software, in whole or in part, and
+      all derivative works of the Software, unless such copies or derivative
+      works are solely in the form of machine-executable object code generated by
+      a source language processor.
+
+      THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+      IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+      FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE, TITLE AND NON-INFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT
+      SHALL THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS OR ANYONE DISTRIBUTING THE SOFTWARE BE LIABLE
+      FOR ANY DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE,
+      ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER
+      DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+
+== Apache License 2.0
+
+>>>
+      Apache License
+      Version 2.0, January 2004
+      http://www.apache.org/licenses/
+
+      TERMS AND CONDITIONS FOR USE, REPRODUCTION, AND DISTRIBUTION
+
+      1. Definitions.
+
+         "License" shall mean the terms and conditions for use, reproduction,
+         and distribution as defined by Sections 1 through 9 of this document.
+
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+
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+         outstanding shares, or (iii) beneficial ownership of such entity.
+
+         "You" (or "Your") shall mean an individual or Legal Entity
+         exercising permissions granted by this License.
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+
+         "Work" shall mean the work of authorship, whether in Source or
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+         "Derivative Works" shall mean any work, whether in Source or Object
+         form, that is based on (or derived from) the Work and for which the
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+
+         a.  You must give any other recipients of the Work or
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+
+         b.  You must cause any modified files to carry prominent notices
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+
+         c.  You must retain, in the Source form of any Derivative Works
+             that You distribute, all copyright, patent, trademark, and
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+             the Derivative Works; and
+
+         d.  If the Work includes a "NOTICE" text file as part of its
+             distribution, then any Derivative Works that You distribute must
+             include a readable copy of the attribution notices contained
+             within such NOTICE file, excluding those notices that do not
+             pertain to any part of the Derivative Works, in at least one
+             of the following places: within a NOTICE text file distributed
+             as part of the Derivative Works; within the Source form or
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+             of the NOTICE file are for informational purposes only and
+             do not modify the License. You may add Your own attribution
+             notices within Derivative Works that You distribute, alongside
+             or as an addendum to the NOTICE text from the Work, provided
+             that such additional attribution notices cannot be construed
+             as modifying the License.
+
+         You may add Your own copyright statement to Your modifications and
+         may provide additional or different license terms and conditions
+         for use, reproduction, or distribution of Your modifications, or
+         for any such Derivative Works as a whole, provided Your use,
+         reproduction, and distribution of the Work otherwise complies with
+         the conditions stated in this License.
+
+      5. Submission of Contributions. Unless You explicitly state otherwise,
+         any Contribution intentionally submitted for inclusion in the Work
+         by You to the Licensor shall be under the terms and conditions of
+         this License, without any additional terms or conditions.
+         Notwithstanding the above, nothing herein shall supersede or modify
+         the terms of any separate license agreement you may have executed
+         with Licensor regarding such Contributions.
+
+      6. Trademarks. This License does not grant permission to use the trade
+         names, trademarks, service marks, or product names of the Licensor,
+         except as required for reasonable and customary use in describing the
+         origin of the Work and reproducing the content of the NOTICE file.
+
+      7. Disclaimer of Warranty. Unless required by applicable law or
+         agreed to in writing, Licensor provides the Work (and each
+         Contributor provides its Contributions) on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+         WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or
+         implied, including, without limitation, any warranties or conditions
+         of TITLE, NON-INFRINGEMENT, MERCHANTABILITY, or FITNESS FOR A
+         PARTICULAR PURPOSE. You are solely responsible for determining the
+         appropriateness of using or redistributing the Work and assume any
+         risks associated with Your exercise of permissions under this License.
+
+      8. Limitation of Liability. In no event and under no legal theory,
+         whether in tort (including negligence), contract, or otherwise,
+         unless required by applicable law (such as deliberate and grossly
+         negligent acts) or agreed to in writing, shall any Contributor be
+         liable to You for damages, including any direct, indirect, special,
+         incidental, or consequential damages of any character arising as a
+         result of this License or out of the use or inability to use the
+         Work (including but not limited to damages for loss of goodwill,
+         work stoppage, computer failure or malfunction, or any and all
+         other commercial damages or losses), even if such Contributor
+         has been advised of the possibility of such damages.
+
+      9. Accepting Warranty or Additional Liability. While redistributing
+         the Work or Derivative Works thereof, You may choose to offer,
+         and charge a fee for, acceptance of support, warranty, indemnity,
+         or other liability obligations and/or rights consistent with this
+         License. However, in accepting such obligations, You may act only
+         on Your own behalf and on Your sole responsibility, not on behalf
+         of any other Contributor, and only if You agree to indemnify,
+         defend, and hold each Contributor harmless for any liability
+         incurred by, or claims asserted against, such Contributor by reason
+         of your accepting any such warranty or additional liability.
+
+      END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS
+
+      APPENDIX: How to apply the Apache License to your work.
+
+      >>>
+         To apply the Apache License to your work, attach the following
+         boilerplate notice, with the fields enclosed by brackets "[]"
+         replaced with your own identifying information. (Don't include
+         the brackets!)  The text should be enclosed in the appropriate
+         comment syntax for the file format. We also recommend that a
+         file or class name and description of purpose be included on the
+         same "printed page" as the copyright notice for easier
+         identification within third-party archives.
+
+      Copyright [yyyy] [name of copyright owner]
+
+      Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+      you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+      You may obtain a copy of the License at
+
+          http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+
+      Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+      distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+      WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+      See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+      limitations under the License.
diff --git a/NEWS.md b/NEWS.md
index b2b573d39e..2b021e7cdd 100644
--- a/NEWS.md
+++ b/NEWS.md
@@ -1,201 +1,87 @@
-# NEWS for Ruby 3.5.0
+# NEWS for Ruby 4.1.0
 
 This document is a list of user-visible feature changes
-since the **3.4.0** release, except for bug fixes.
+since the **4.0.0** release, except for bug fixes.
 
 Note that each entry is kept to a minimum, see links for details.
 
 ## Language changes
 
-* `*nil` no longer calls `nil.to_a`, similar to how `**nil` does
-  not call `nil.to_hash`.  [[Feature #21047]]
-
 ## Core classes updates
 
 Note: We're only listing outstanding class updates.
 
-* Binding
-
-    * `Binding#local_variables` does no longer include numbered parameters.
-      Also, `Binding#local_variable_get` and `Binding#local_variable_set` reject
-      to handle numbered parameters.  [[Bug #21049]]
-
-* IO
-
-    * `IO.select` accepts +Float::INFINITY+ as a timeout argument.
-      [[Feature #20610]]
-
-* Ractor
-
-    * `Ractor::Port` class was added for a new synchronization mechanism
-      to communicate between Ractors. [[Feature #21262]]
-
-        ```ruby
-        port1 = Ractor::Port.new
-        port2 = Ractor::Port.new
-        Ractor.new port1, port2 do |port1, port2|
-          port1 << 1
-          port2 << 11
-          port1 << 2
-          port2 << 12
-        end
-        2.times{ p port1.receive } #=> 1, 2
-        2.times{ p port2.receive } #=> 11, 12
-        ```
-
-        `Ractor::Port` provides the following methods:
-
-        * `Ractor::Port#receive`
-        * `Ractor::Port#send` (or `Ractor::Port#<<`)
-        * `Ractor::Port#close`
-        * `Ractor::Port#closed?`
-
-        As result, `Ractor.yield` and `Ractor#take` were removed.
-
-    * `Ractor#join` and `Ractor#value` were added to wait for the
-      termination of a Ractor. These are similar to `Thread#join`
-      and `Thread#value`.
-
-    * `Ractor#monitor` and `Ractor#unmonitor` were added as low-level
-      interfaces used internally to implement `Ractor#join`.
-
-    * `Ractor.select` now only accepts Ractors and Ports. If Ractors are given,
-      it returns when a Ractor terminates.
-
-    * `Ractor#default_port` was added. Each `Ractor` has a default port,
-      which is used by `Ractor.send`, `Ractor.receive`.
+* Method
 
-    * `Ractor#close_incoming` and `Ractor#close_outgoing` were removed.
+    * `Method#source_location`, `Proc#source_location`, and
+      `UnboundMethod#source_location` now return extended location
+      information with 5 elements: `[path, start_line, start_column,
+      end_line, end_column]`. The previous 2-element format `[path,
+      line]` can still be obtained by calling `.take(2)` on the result.
+      [[Feature #6012]]
 
 * Set
 
-    * Set is now a core class, instead of an autoloaded stdlib class.
-      [[Feature #21216]]
-
-* String
-
-    * Update Unicode to Version 16.0.0 and Emoji Version 16.0.
-      [[Feature #19908]][[Feature #20724]] (also applies to Regexp)
-
-* Fiber::Scheduler
-
-    * Introduce `Fiber::Scheduler#fiber_interrupt` to interrupt a fiber with a
-      given exception. The initial use case is to interrupt a fiber that is
-      waiting on a blocking IO operation when the IO operation is closed.
-      [[Feature #21166]]
+    * A deprecated behavior, `Set#to_set`, `Range#to_set`, and
+      `Enumerable#to_set` accepting arguments, was removed.  [[Feature #21390]]
 
 ## Stdlib updates
 
-The following bundled gems are promoted from default gems.
+### The following bundled gems are added.
 
-* ostruct 0.6.1
-* pstore 0.2.0
-* benchmark 0.4.1
-* logger 1.7.0
-* rdoc 6.14.0
-* win32ole 1.9.2
-* irb 1.15.2
-* reline 0.6.1
-* readline 0.0.4
-* fiddle 1.1.8
 
 We only list stdlib changes that are notable feature changes.
 
 Other changes are listed in the following sections. We also listed release
-history from the previous bundled version that is Ruby 3.3.0 if it has GitHub
+history from the previous bundled version that is Ruby 3.4.0 if it has GitHub
 releases.
 
-The following default gem is added.
+### The following bundled gem is promoted from default gems.
 
-* win32-registry 0.1.0
+* tsort 0.2.0
 
-The following default gems are updated.
+### The following default gem is added.
 
-* RubyGems 3.7.0.dev
-* bundler 2.7.0.dev
-* erb 5.0.1
-* json 2.12.2
-* optparse 0.7.0.dev.2
-* prism 1.4.0
-* psych 5.2.6
-* stringio 3.1.8.dev
-* strscan 3.1.5.dev
-* uri 1.0.3
+### The following default gems are updated.
 
-The following bundled gems are added.
+* RubyGems 4.1.0.dev
+* bundler 4.1.0.dev
+* prism 1.8.0
+* stringio 3.2.1.dev
+* strscan 3.1.7.dev
 
+### The following bundled gems are updated.
 
-The following bundled gems are updated.
+* minitest 6.0.1
+* test-unit 3.7.7
+* rss 0.3.2
+* net-imap 0.6.2
+* rbs 3.10.2
+* typeprof 0.31.1
+* debug 1.11.1
+* mutex_m 0.3.0
+* resolv-replace 0.2.0
+* rdoc 7.1.0
 
-* minitest 5.25.5
-* rake 13.3.0
-* test-unit 3.6.8
-* rexml 3.4.1
-* net-imap 0.5.8
-* net-smtp 0.5.1
-* rbs 3.9.4
-* base64 0.3.0
-* bigdecimal 3.2.1
-* drb 2.2.3
-* syslog 0.3.0
-* csv 3.3.5
-* repl_type_completor 0.1.11
+### RubyGems and Bundler
+
+Ruby 4.0 bundled RubyGems and Bundler version 4. see the following links for details.
 
 ## Supported platforms
 
 ## Compatibility issues
 
-* The following methdos were removed from Ractor due because of `Ractor::Port`:
-
-    * `Ractor.yield`
-    * `Ractor#take`
-    * `Ractor#close_incoming`
-    * `Ractor#close_outgoging`
-
-    [[Feature #21262]]
-
 ## Stdlib compatibility issues
 
-* CGI library is removed from the default gems. Now we only provide `cgi/escape` for
-  the following methods:
-
-    * `CGI.escape` and `CGI.unescape`
-    * `CGI.escapeHTML` and `CGI.unescapeHTML`
-    * `CGI.escapeURIComponent` and `CGI.unescapeURIComponent`
-    * `CGI.escapeElement` and `CGI.unescapeElement`
-
-    [[Feature #21258]]
-
-* With the move of `Set` from stdlib to core class, `set/sorted_set.rb` has
-  been removed, and `SortedSet` is no longer an autoloaded constant. Please
-  install the `sorted_set` gem and `require 'sorted_set'` to use `SortedSet`.
-  [[Feature #21287]]
-
 ## C API updates
 
-* IO
+## Implementation improvements
 
-    * `rb_thread_fd_close` is deprecated and now a no-op. If you need to expose
-      file descriptors from C extensions to Ruby code, create an `IO` instance
-      using `RUBY_IO_MODE_EXTERNAL` and use `rb_io_close(io)` to close it (this
-      also interrupts and waits for all pending operations on the `IO`
-      instance). Directly closing file descriptors does not interrupt pending
-      operations, and may lead to undefined behaviour. In other words, if two
-      `IO` objects share the same file descriptor, closing one does not affect
-      the other. [[Feature #18455]]
+### Ractor
 
-## Implementation improvements
+A lot of work has gone into making Ractors more stable, performant, and usable. These improvements bring Ractor implementation closer to leaving experimental status.
 
 ## JIT
 
-[Feature #18455]: https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/18455
-[Feature #19908]: https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/19908
-[Feature #20610]: https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/20610
-[Feature #20724]: https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/20724
-[Feature #21047]: https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/21047
-[Bug #21049]:     https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/21049
-[Feature #21166]: https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/21166
-[Feature #21216]: https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/21216
-[Feature #21258]: https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/21258
-[Feature #21262]: https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/21262
-[Feature #21287]: https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/21287
+[Feature #6012]: https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/6012
+[Feature #21390]: https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/21390
diff --git a/README.ja.md b/README.ja.md
index 278285dc83..9bbc3a83a5 100644
--- a/README.ja.md
+++ b/README.ja.md
@@ -4,6 +4,8 @@
 [![AppVeyor status](https://ci.appveyor.com/api/projects/status/0sy8rrxut4o0k960/branch/master?svg=true)](https://ci.appveyor.com/project/ruby/ruby/branch/master)
 [![Travis Status](https://app.travis-ci.com/ruby/ruby.svg?branch=master)](https://app.travis-ci.com/ruby/ruby)
 
+[English](rdoc-ref:README.md)
+
 # Rubyとは
 
 Rubyはシンプルかつ強力なオブジェクト指向スクリプト言語です． Rubyは純粋なオブジェクト指向言語として設計されているので，
diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index 5ed312cca8..02435b419e 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -3,6 +3,8 @@
 [![Actions Status: Windows](https://github.com/ruby/ruby/workflows/Windows/badge.svg)](https://github.com/ruby/ruby/actions?query=workflow%3A"Windows")
 [![Travis Status](https://app.travis-ci.com/ruby/ruby.svg?branch=master)](https://app.travis-ci.com/ruby/ruby)
 
+[日本語](rdoc-ref:README.ja.md)
+
 # What is Ruby?
 
 Ruby is an interpreted object-oriented programming language often
diff --git a/addr2line.c b/addr2line.c
index 745364cc0f..19a6a425c1 100644
--- a/addr2line.c
+++ b/addr2line.c
@@ -637,12 +637,13 @@ follow_debuglink_build_id(const char *build_id, size_t build_id_size, int num_tr
                           obj_info_t **objp, line_info_t *lines, int offset, FILE *errout)
 {
     static const char global_debug_dir[] = "/usr/lib/debug/.build-id/";
+    static const char debug_suffix[] = ".debug";
     const size_t global_debug_dir_len = sizeof(global_debug_dir) - 1;
     char *p;
     obj_info_t *o1 = *objp, *o2;
     size_t i;
 
-    if (PATH_MAX < global_debug_dir_len + 1 + build_id_size * 2 + 6) return;
+    if (PATH_MAX < global_debug_dir_len + build_id_size * 2 + sizeof(debug_suffix)) return;
 
     memcpy(binary_filename, global_debug_dir, global_debug_dir_len);
     p = binary_filename + global_debug_dir_len;
@@ -653,7 +654,7 @@ follow_debuglink_build_id(const char *build_id, size_t build_id_size, int num_tr
         *p++ = tbl[n % 16];
         if (i == 0) *p++ = '/';
     }
-    strcpy(p, ".debug");
+    memcpy(p, debug_suffix, sizeof(debug_suffix));
 
     append_obj(objp);
     o2 = *objp;
diff --git a/array.c b/array.c
index 89a958568d..b471823876 100644
--- a/array.c
+++ b/array.c
@@ -29,6 +29,7 @@
 #include "ruby/st.h"
 #include "ruby/thread.h"
 #include "ruby/util.h"
+#include "ruby/ractor.h"
 #include "vm_core.h"
 #include "builtin.h"
 
@@ -107,10 +108,12 @@ should_be_T_ARRAY(VALUE ary)
 } while (0)
 #define FL_UNSET_SHARED(ary) FL_UNSET((ary), RARRAY_SHARED_FLAG)
 
+#define ARY_SET_PTR_FORCE(ary, p) \
+    (RARRAY(ary)->as.heap.ptr = (p))
 #define ARY_SET_PTR(ary, p) do { \
     RUBY_ASSERT(!ARY_EMBED_P(ary)); \
     RUBY_ASSERT(!OBJ_FROZEN(ary)); \
-    RARRAY(ary)->as.heap.ptr = (p); \
+    ARY_SET_PTR_FORCE(ary, p); \
 } while (0)
 #define ARY_SET_EMBED_LEN(ary, n) do { \
     long tmp_n = (n); \
@@ -148,11 +151,13 @@ should_be_T_ARRAY(VALUE ary)
 
 #define ARY_CAPA(ary) (ARY_EMBED_P(ary) ? ary_embed_capa(ary) : \
                        ARY_SHARED_ROOT_P(ary) ? RARRAY_LEN(ary) : ARY_HEAP_CAPA(ary))
+#define ARY_SET_CAPA_FORCE(ary, n) \
+    RARRAY(ary)->as.heap.aux.capa = (n);
 #define ARY_SET_CAPA(ary, n) do { \
     RUBY_ASSERT(!ARY_EMBED_P(ary)); \
     RUBY_ASSERT(!ARY_SHARED_P(ary)); \
     RUBY_ASSERT(!OBJ_FROZEN(ary)); \
-    RARRAY(ary)->as.heap.aux.capa = (n); \
+    ARY_SET_CAPA_FORCE(ary, n); \
 } while (0)
 
 #define ARY_SHARED_ROOT_OCCUPIED(ary) (!OBJ_FROZEN(ary) && ARY_SHARED_ROOT_REFCNT(ary) == 1)
@@ -189,7 +194,9 @@ ary_embed_capa(VALUE ary)
 static size_t
 ary_embed_size(long capa)
 {
-    return offsetof(struct RArray, as.ary) + (sizeof(VALUE) * capa);
+    size_t size = offsetof(struct RArray, as.ary) + (sizeof(VALUE) * capa);
+    if (size < sizeof(struct RArray)) size = sizeof(struct RArray);
+    return size;
 }
 
 static bool
@@ -560,8 +567,8 @@ rb_ary_cancel_sharing(VALUE ary)
             VALUE *ptr = ary_heap_alloc_buffer(len);
             MEMCPY(ptr, ARY_HEAP_PTR(ary), VALUE, len);
             rb_ary_unshare(ary);
-            ARY_SET_CAPA(ary, len);
-            ARY_SET_PTR(ary, ptr);
+            ARY_SET_CAPA_FORCE(ary, len);
+            ARY_SET_PTR_FORCE(ary, ptr);
         }
 
         rb_gc_writebarrier_remember(ary);
@@ -695,6 +702,11 @@ ary_alloc_heap(VALUE klass)
     NEWOBJ_OF(ary, struct RArray, klass,
                      T_ARRAY | (RGENGC_WB_PROTECTED_ARRAY ? FL_WB_PROTECTED : 0),
                      sizeof(struct RArray), 0);
+
+    ary->as.heap.len = 0;
+    ary->as.heap.aux.capa = 0;
+    ary->as.heap.ptr = NULL;
+
     return (VALUE)ary;
 }
 
@@ -808,6 +820,11 @@ ec_ary_alloc_heap(rb_execution_context_t *ec, VALUE klass)
     NEWOBJ_OF(ary, struct RArray, klass,
             T_ARRAY | (RGENGC_WB_PROTECTED_ARRAY ? FL_WB_PROTECTED : 0),
             sizeof(struct RArray), ec);
+
+    ary->as.heap.len = 0;
+    ary->as.heap.aux.capa = 0;
+    ary->as.heap.ptr = NULL;
+
     return (VALUE)ary;
 }
 
@@ -1439,10 +1456,12 @@ rb_ary_pop(VALUE ary)
     {
         ary_resize_capa(ary, n * 2);
     }
-    --n;
-    ARY_SET_LEN(ary, n);
+
+    VALUE obj = RARRAY_AREF(ary, n - 1);
+
+    ARY_SET_LEN(ary, n - 1);
     ary_verify(ary);
-    return RARRAY_AREF(ary, n);
+    return obj;
 }
 
 /*
@@ -1770,14 +1789,10 @@ static VALUE rb_ary_aref2(VALUE ary, VALUE b, VALUE e);
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *    self[index] -> object or nil
- *    self[start, length] -> object or nil
+ *    self[offset] -> object or nil
+ *    self[offset, size] -> object or nil
  *    self[range] -> object or nil
  *    self[aseq] -> object or nil
- *    slice(index) -> object or nil
- *    slice(start, length) -> object or nil
- *    slice(range) -> object or nil
- *    slice(aseq) -> object or nil
  *
  *  Returns elements from +self+; does not modify +self+.
  *
@@ -1785,27 +1800,27 @@ static VALUE rb_ary_aref2(VALUE ary, VALUE b, VALUE e);
  *
  *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
  *
- *    # Single argument index: returns one element.
+ *    # Single argument offset: returns one element.
  *    a[0]     # => :foo          # Zero-based index.
  *    a[-1]    # => 2             # Negative index counts backwards from end.
  *
- *    # Arguments start and length: returns an array.
+ *    # Arguments offset and size: returns an array.
  *    a[1, 2]  # => ["bar", 2]
- *    a[-2, 2] # => ["bar", 2]    # Negative start counts backwards from end.
+ *    a[-2, 2] # => ["bar", 2]    # Negative offset counts backwards from end.
  *
  *    # Single argument range: returns an array.
  *    a[0..1]  # => [:foo, "bar"]
  *    a[0..-2] # => [:foo, "bar"] # Negative range-begin counts backwards from end.
  *    a[-2..2] # => ["bar", 2]    # Negative range-end counts backwards from end.
  *
- *  When a single integer argument +index+ is given, returns the element at offset +index+:
+ *  When a single integer argument +offset+ is given, returns the element at offset +offset+:
  *
  *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
  *    a[0] # => :foo
  *    a[2] # => 2
  *    a # => [:foo, "bar", 2]
  *
- *  If +index+ is negative, counts backwards from the end of +self+:
+ *  If +offset+ is negative, counts backwards from the end of +self+:
  *
  *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
  *    a[-1] # => 2
@@ -1813,29 +1828,29 @@ static VALUE rb_ary_aref2(VALUE ary, VALUE b, VALUE e);
  *
  *  If +index+ is out of range, returns +nil+.
  *
- *  When two Integer arguments +start+ and +length+ are given,
- *  returns a new array of size +length+ containing successive elements beginning at offset +start+:
+ *  When two Integer arguments +offset+ and +size+ are given,
+ *  returns a new array of size +size+ containing successive elements beginning at offset +offset+:
  *
  *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
  *    a[0, 2] # => [:foo, "bar"]
  *    a[1, 2] # => ["bar", 2]
  *
- *  If <tt>start + length</tt> is greater than <tt>self.length</tt>,
- *  returns all elements from offset +start+ to the end:
+ *  If <tt>offset + size</tt> is greater than <tt>self.size</tt>,
+ *  returns all elements from offset +offset+ to the end:
  *
  *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
  *    a[0, 4] # => [:foo, "bar", 2]
  *    a[1, 3] # => ["bar", 2]
  *    a[2, 2] # => [2]
  *
- *  If <tt>start == self.size</tt> and <tt>length >= 0</tt>,
+ *  If <tt>offset == self.size</tt> and <tt>size >= 0</tt>,
  *  returns a new empty array.
  *
- *  If +length+ is negative, returns +nil+.
+ *  If +size+ is negative, returns +nil+.
  *
  *  When a single Range argument +range+ is given,
- *  treats <tt>range.min</tt> as +start+ above
- *  and <tt>range.size</tt> as +length+ above:
+ *  treats <tt>range.min</tt> as +offset+ above
+ *  and <tt>range.size</tt> as +size+ above:
  *
  *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
  *    a[0..1] # => [:foo, "bar"]
@@ -2070,6 +2085,95 @@ rb_ary_fetch(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE ary)
 }
 
 /*
+ * call-seq:
+ *   find(if_none_proc = nil) {|element| ... } -> object or nil
+ *   find(if_none_proc = nil) -> enumerator
+ *
+ * Returns the first element for which the block returns a truthy value.
+ *
+ * With a block given, calls the block with successive elements of the array;
+ * returns the first element for which the block returns a truthy value:
+ *
+ *   [1, 3, 5].find {|element| element > 2}                # => 3
+ *
+ * If no such element is found, calls +if_none_proc+ and returns its return value.
+ *
+ *   [1, 3, 5].find(proc {-1}) {|element| element > 12} # => -1
+ *
+ * With no block given, returns an Enumerator.
+ *
+ */
+
+static VALUE
+rb_ary_find(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE ary)
+{
+    VALUE if_none;
+    long idx;
+
+    RETURN_ENUMERATOR(ary, argc, argv);
+    if_none = rb_check_arity(argc, 0, 1) ? argv[0] : Qnil;
+
+    for (idx = 0; idx < RARRAY_LEN(ary); idx++) {
+        VALUE elem = RARRAY_AREF(ary, idx);
+        if (RTEST(rb_yield(elem))) {
+            return elem;
+        }
+    }
+
+    if (!NIL_P(if_none)) {
+        return rb_funcallv(if_none, idCall, 0, 0);
+    }
+    return Qnil;
+}
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *   rfind(if_none_proc = nil) {|element| ... } -> object or nil
+ *   rfind(if_none_proc = nil) -> enumerator
+ *
+ * Returns the last element for which the block returns a truthy value.
+ *
+ * With a block given, calls the block with successive elements of the array in
+ * reverse order; returns the first element for which the block returns a truthy
+ * value:
+ *
+ *   [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6].rfind {|element| element < 5}       # => 4
+ *
+ * If no such element is found, calls +if_none_proc+ and returns its return value.
+ *
+ *   [1, 2, 3, 4].rfind(proc {0}) {|element| element < -2}  # => 0
+ *
+ * With no block given, returns an Enumerator.
+ *
+ */
+
+static VALUE
+rb_ary_rfind(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE ary)
+{
+    VALUE if_none;
+    long len, idx;
+
+    RETURN_ENUMERATOR(ary, argc, argv);
+    if_none = rb_check_arity(argc, 0, 1) ? argv[0] : Qnil;
+
+    idx = RARRAY_LEN(ary);
+    while (idx--) {
+        VALUE elem = RARRAY_AREF(ary, idx);
+        if (RTEST(rb_yield(elem))) {
+            return elem;
+        }
+
+        len = RARRAY_LEN(ary);
+        idx = (idx >= len) ? len : idx;
+    }
+
+    if (!NIL_P(if_none)) {
+        return rb_funcallv(if_none, idCall, 0, 0);
+    }
+    return Qnil;
+}
+
+/*
  *  call-seq:
  *    find_index(object) -> integer or nil
  *    find_index {|element| ... } -> integer or nil
@@ -2898,23 +3002,28 @@ rb_ary_join(VALUE ary, VALUE sep)
         StringValue(sep);
         len += RSTRING_LEN(sep) * (RARRAY_LEN(ary) - 1);
     }
-    for (i=0; i<RARRAY_LEN(ary); i++) {
+    long len_memo = RARRAY_LEN(ary);
+    for (i=0; i < len_memo; i++) {
         val = RARRAY_AREF(ary, i);
-        tmp = rb_check_string_type(val);
-
-        if (NIL_P(tmp) || tmp != val) {
-            int first;
-            long n = RARRAY_LEN(ary);
-            if (i > n) i = n;
-            result = rb_str_buf_new(len + (n-i)*10);
-            rb_enc_associate(result, rb_usascii_encoding());
-            i = ary_join_0(ary, sep, i, result);
-            first = i == 0;
-            ary_join_1(ary, ary, sep, i, result, &first);
-            return result;
+        if (RB_UNLIKELY(!RB_TYPE_P(val, T_STRING))) {
+            tmp = rb_check_string_type(val);
+            if (NIL_P(tmp) || tmp != val) {
+                int first;
+                long n = RARRAY_LEN(ary);
+                if (i > n) i = n;
+                result = rb_str_buf_new(len + (n-i)*10);
+                rb_enc_associate(result, rb_usascii_encoding());
+                i = ary_join_0(ary, sep, i, result);
+                first = i == 0;
+                ary_join_1(ary, ary, sep, i, result, &first);
+                return result;
+            }
+            len += RSTRING_LEN(tmp);
+            len_memo = RARRAY_LEN(ary);
+        }
+        else {
+            len += RSTRING_LEN(val);
         }
-
-        len += RSTRING_LEN(tmp);
     }
 
     result = rb_str_new(0, len);
@@ -3439,10 +3548,9 @@ rb_ary_sort_bang(VALUE ary)
                 ARY_SET_CAPA(ary, ARY_HEAP_LEN(tmp));
             }
             /* tmp was lost ownership for the ptr */
-            FL_UNSET(tmp, FL_FREEZE);
             FL_SET_EMBED(tmp);
             ARY_SET_EMBED_LEN(tmp, 0);
-            FL_SET(tmp, FL_FREEZE);
+            OBJ_FREEZE(tmp);
         }
         /* tmp will be GC'ed. */
         RBASIC_SET_CLASS_RAW(tmp, rb_cArray); /* rb_cArray must be marked */
@@ -3503,7 +3611,7 @@ static VALUE rb_ary_bsearch_index(VALUE ary);
  *  Returns the element from +self+ found by a binary search,
  *  or +nil+ if the search found no suitable element.
  *
- *  See {Binary Searching}[rdoc-ref:bsearch.rdoc].
+ *  See {Binary Searching}[rdoc-ref:language/bsearch.rdoc].
  *
  *  Related: see {Methods for Fetching}[rdoc-ref:Array@Methods+for+Fetching].
  */
@@ -3527,7 +3635,7 @@ rb_ary_bsearch(VALUE ary)
  *  Returns the integer index of the element from +self+ found by a binary search,
  *  or +nil+ if the search found no suitable element.
  *
- *  See {Binary Searching}[rdoc-ref:bsearch.rdoc].
+ *  See {Binary Searching}[rdoc-ref:language/bsearch.rdoc].
  *
  *  Related: see {Methods for Fetching}[rdoc-ref:Array@Methods+for+Fetching].
  */
@@ -3660,9 +3768,9 @@ rb_ary_collect(VALUE ary)
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *    collect! {|element| ... } -> new_array
+ *    collect! {|element| ... } -> self
  *    collect! -> new_enumerator
- *    map! {|element| ... } -> new_array
+ *    map! {|element| ... } -> self
  *    map! -> new_enumerator
  *
  *  With a block given, calls the block with each element of +self+
@@ -4558,7 +4666,7 @@ take_items(VALUE obj, long n)
  *     [:c3, :b3, :a3]]
  *
  *  For an *object* in *other_arrays* that is not actually an array,
- *  forms the the "other array" as <tt>object.to_ary</tt>, if defined,
+ *  forms the "other array" as <tt>object.to_ary</tt>, if defined,
  *  or as <tt>object.each.to_a</tt> otherwise.
  *
  *  Related: see {Methods for Converting}[rdoc-ref:Array@Methods+for+Converting].
@@ -4718,6 +4826,8 @@ rb_ary_replace(VALUE copy, VALUE orig)
         ARY_SET_PTR(copy, ARY_HEAP_PTR(orig));
         ARY_SET_LEN(copy, ARY_HEAP_LEN(orig));
         rb_ary_set_shared(copy, shared_root);
+
+        RUBY_ASSERT(RB_OBJ_SHAREABLE_P(copy) ? RB_OBJ_SHAREABLE_P(shared_root) : 1);
     }
     ary_verify(copy);
     return copy;
@@ -4756,10 +4866,10 @@ rb_ary_clear(VALUE ary)
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *    fill(object, start = nil, count = nil) -> new_array
- *    fill(object, range) -> new_array
- *    fill(start = nil, count = nil) {|element| ... } -> new_array
- *    fill(range) {|element| ... } -> new_array
+ *    fill(object, start = nil, count = nil) -> self
+ *    fill(object, range) -> self
+ *    fill(start = nil, count = nil) {|element| ... } -> self
+ *    fill(range) {|element| ... } -> self
  *
  *  Replaces selected elements in +self+;
  *  may add elements to +self+;
@@ -8791,6 +8901,9 @@ Init_Array(void)
     rb_define_method(rb_cArray, "length", rb_ary_length, 0);
     rb_define_method(rb_cArray, "size", rb_ary_length, 0);
     rb_define_method(rb_cArray, "empty?", rb_ary_empty_p, 0);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cArray, "find", rb_ary_find, -1);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cArray, "detect", rb_ary_find, -1);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cArray, "rfind", rb_ary_rfind, -1);
     rb_define_method(rb_cArray, "find_index", rb_ary_index, -1);
     rb_define_method(rb_cArray, "index", rb_ary_index, -1);
     rb_define_method(rb_cArray, "rindex", rb_ary_rindex, -1);
@@ -8872,7 +8985,7 @@ Init_Array(void)
 
     rb_define_method(rb_cArray, "deconstruct", rb_ary_deconstruct, 0);
 
-    rb_cArray_empty_frozen = rb_ary_freeze(rb_ary_new());
+    rb_cArray_empty_frozen = RB_OBJ_SET_SHAREABLE(rb_ary_freeze(rb_ary_new()));
     rb_vm_register_global_object(rb_cArray_empty_frozen);
 }
 
diff --git a/array.rb b/array.rb
index 5f31693cab..81beff0b1c 100644
--- a/array.rb
+++ b/array.rb
@@ -212,7 +212,7 @@ class Array
     indexes
   end
 
-  with_yjit do
+  with_jit do
     if Primitive.rb_builtin_basic_definition_p(:each)
       undef :each
 
@@ -245,7 +245,8 @@ class Array
         value = nil
         result = Primitive.ary_sized_alloc
         while Primitive.cexpr!(%q{ ary_fetch_next(self, LOCAL_PTR(_i), LOCAL_PTR(value)) })
-          result << yield(value)
+          value = yield(value)
+          Primitive.cexpr!(%q{ rb_ary_push(result, value) })
         end
         result
       end
@@ -270,7 +271,9 @@ class Array
         value = nil
         result = Primitive.ary_sized_alloc
         while Primitive.cexpr!(%q{ ary_fetch_next(self, LOCAL_PTR(_i), LOCAL_PTR(value)) })
-          result << value if yield value
+          if yield value
+            Primitive.cexpr!(%q{ rb_ary_push(result, value) })
+          end
         end
         result
       end
diff --git a/ast.c b/ast.c
index b98fba6fab..5357aa38a5 100644
--- a/ast.c
+++ b/ast.c
@@ -32,9 +32,13 @@ static size_t
 node_memsize(const void *ptr)
 {
     struct ASTNodeData *data = (struct ASTNodeData *)ptr;
-    rb_ast_t *ast = rb_ruby_ast_data_get(data->ast_value);
+    size_t size = sizeof(struct ASTNodeData);
+    if (data->ast_value) {
+        rb_ast_t *ast = rb_ruby_ast_data_get(data->ast_value);
+        size += rb_ast_memsize(ast);
+    }
 
-    return sizeof(struct ASTNodeData) + rb_ast_memsize(ast);
+    return size;
 }
 
 static const rb_data_type_t rb_node_type = {
@@ -812,6 +816,20 @@ node_locations(VALUE ast_value, const NODE *node)
                                     location_new(&RNODE_CLASS(node)->class_keyword_loc),
                                     location_new(&RNODE_CLASS(node)->inheritance_operator_loc),
                                     location_new(&RNODE_CLASS(node)->end_keyword_loc));
+      case NODE_COLON2:
+        return rb_ary_new_from_args(3,
+                                    location_new(nd_code_loc(node)),
+                                    location_new(&RNODE_COLON2(node)->delimiter_loc),
+                                    location_new(&RNODE_COLON2(node)->name_loc));
+      case NODE_COLON3:
+        return rb_ary_new_from_args(3,
+                                    location_new(nd_code_loc(node)),
+                                    location_new(&RNODE_COLON3(node)->delimiter_loc),
+                                    location_new(&RNODE_COLON3(node)->name_loc));
+      case NODE_DEFINED:
+        return rb_ary_new_from_args(2,
+                                    location_new(nd_code_loc(node)),
+                                    location_new(&RNODE_DEFINED(node)->keyword_loc));
       case NODE_DOT2:
         return rb_ary_new_from_args(2,
                                     location_new(nd_code_loc(node)),
@@ -852,6 +870,17 @@ node_locations(VALUE ast_value, const NODE *node)
                                     location_new(&RNODE_IF(node)->if_keyword_loc),
                                     location_new(&RNODE_IF(node)->then_keyword_loc),
                                     location_new(&RNODE_IF(node)->end_keyword_loc));
+      case NODE_IN:
+        return rb_ary_new_from_args(4,
+                                    location_new(nd_code_loc(node)),
+                                    location_new(&RNODE_IN(node)->in_keyword_loc),
+                                    location_new(&RNODE_IN(node)->then_keyword_loc),
+                                    location_new(&RNODE_IN(node)->operator_loc));
+      case NODE_MODULE:
+        return rb_ary_new_from_args(3,
+                                    location_new(nd_code_loc(node)),
+                                    location_new(&RNODE_MODULE(node)->module_keyword_loc),
+                                    location_new(&RNODE_MODULE(node)->end_keyword_loc));
       case NODE_NEXT:
         return rb_ary_new_from_args(2,
                                     location_new(nd_code_loc(node)),
@@ -893,6 +922,14 @@ node_locations(VALUE ast_value, const NODE *node)
         return rb_ary_new_from_args(2,
                                     location_new(nd_code_loc(node)),
                                     location_new(&RNODE_RETURN(node)->keyword_loc));
+
+      case NODE_SCLASS:
+        return rb_ary_new_from_args(4,
+                                    location_new(nd_code_loc(node)),
+                                    location_new(&RNODE_SCLASS(node)->class_keyword_loc),
+                                    location_new(&RNODE_SCLASS(node)->operator_loc),
+                                    location_new(&RNODE_SCLASS(node)->end_keyword_loc));
+
       case NODE_SPLAT:
         return rb_ary_new_from_args(2,
                                     location_new(nd_code_loc(node)),
diff --git a/autogen.sh b/autogen.sh
index f8cdf3c0c1..6cbc5dddab 100755
--- a/autogen.sh
+++ b/autogen.sh
@@ -1,17 +1,22 @@
 #!/bin/sh
 
+# Clear PWD to force commands to recompute working directory
 PWD=
+
+# Figure out the source directory for this script
+# configure.ac should be in the same place
 case "$0" in
-*/*) srcdir=`dirname $0`;;
-*) srcdir="";;
+    */* )  srcdir=`dirname "$0"` ;; # Called with path
+    *   )  srcdir="";; # Otherwise
 esac
 
-symlink='--install --symlink'
+# If install-only is explicitly requested, disable symlink flags
 case " $* " in
-    *" -i "*|*" --install "*)
-        # reset to copy missing standard auxiliary files, instead of symlinks
-        symlink=
-        ;;
+    *" -i "* | *" --install"* ) symlink_flags="" ;;
+    *                         ) symlink_flags="--install --symlink" ;;
 esac
 
-exec ${AUTORECONF:-autoreconf} ${symlink} "$@" ${srcdir:+"$srcdir"}
+exec ${AUTORECONF:-autoreconf} \
+     $symlink_flags \
+     "$@" \
+     $srcdir
diff --git a/benchmark/README.md b/benchmark/README.md
index c5c29d0daf..9f9192685e 100644
--- a/benchmark/README.md
+++ b/benchmark/README.md
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ Usage: benchmark-driver [options] RUBY|YAML...
         --filter REGEXP              Filter out benchmarks with given regexp
         --run-duration SECONDS       Warmup estimates loop_count to run for this duration (default: 3)
         --timeout SECONDS            Timeout ruby command execution with timeout(1)
-    -v, --verbose                    Verbose mode. Multiple -v options increase visilibity (max: 2)
+    -v, --verbose                    Verbose mode. Multiple -v options increase visibility (max: 2)
 ```
 
 ## make benchmark
diff --git a/benchmark/file_join.yml b/benchmark/file_join.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..845257cf1e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/file_join.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+prelude: |
+  # frozen_string_literal: true
+benchmark:
+  two_strings: File.join(__FILE__, "path")
+  many_strings: File.join(__FILE__, "path", "a", "b", "c", "d")
+  array: File.join([__FILE__, "path", "a", "b", "c", "d"])
+  mixed: File.join(__FILE__, "path", "a", "b", ["c", "d"])
diff --git a/benchmark/lib/benchmark_driver/runner/ractor.rb b/benchmark/lib/benchmark_driver/runner/ractor.rb
index c730b8e4a5..fd9c2dd4db 100644
--- a/benchmark/lib/benchmark_driver/runner/ractor.rb
+++ b/benchmark/lib/benchmark_driver/runner/ractor.rb
@@ -87,7 +87,7 @@ __bmdv_ractors << Ractor.new(__bmdv_loop_after - __bmdv_loop_before) { |__bmdv_l
 <% end %>
 
 # Wait for all Ractors before executing code to write results
-__bmdv_ractors.map!(&:take)
+__bmdv_ractors.map!(&:value)
 
 <% results.each do |result| %>
 File.write(<%= result.dump %>, __bmdv_ractors.shift)
diff --git a/benchmark/nilclass.yml b/benchmark/nilclass.yml
index da66e71068..66234c4cdf 100644
--- a/benchmark/nilclass.yml
+++ b/benchmark/nilclass.yml
@@ -1,10 +1,16 @@
 prelude: |
   def a = nil
 benchmark:
+  rationalize:
+    nil.rationalize
+  to_c: |
+    nil.to_c
   to_i: |
     nil.to_i
   to_f: |
     nil.to_f
+  to_r: |
+    nil.to_r
   splat: |
     a(*nil)
 loop_count: 100000
diff --git a/benchmark/object_class.yml b/benchmark/object_class.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..1e5409d1e2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/object_class.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+prelude: |
+  def get_class(obj)
+    i = 10_000
+    while i > 0
+      i -= 1
+      # 100 times per loop
+      obj.class; obj.class; obj.class; obj.class; obj.class; obj.class; obj.class; obj.class; obj.class; obj.class;
+      obj.class; obj.class; obj.class; obj.class; obj.class; obj.class; obj.class; obj.class; obj.class; obj.class;
+      obj.class; obj.class; obj.class; obj.class; obj.class; obj.class; obj.class; obj.class; obj.class; obj.class;
+      obj.class; obj.class; obj.class; obj.class; obj.class; obj.class; obj.class; obj.class; obj.class; obj.class;
+      obj.class; obj.class; obj.class; obj.class; obj.class; obj.class; obj.class; obj.class; obj.class; obj.class;
+      obj.class; obj.class; obj.class; obj.class; obj.class; obj.class; obj.class; obj.class; obj.class; obj.class;
+      obj.class; obj.class; obj.class; obj.class; obj.class; obj.class; obj.class; obj.class; obj.class; obj.class;
+      obj.class; obj.class; obj.class; obj.class; obj.class; obj.class; obj.class; obj.class; obj.class; obj.class;
+      obj.class; obj.class; obj.class; obj.class; obj.class; obj.class; obj.class; obj.class; obj.class; obj.class;
+      obj.class; obj.class; obj.class; obj.class; obj.class; obj.class; obj.class; obj.class; obj.class; obj.class;
+      obj.class; obj.class; obj.class; obj.class; obj.class; obj.class; obj.class; obj.class; obj.class; obj.class;
+    end
+  end
+
+  class Obj
+  end
+  obj = Obj.new
+
+  singleton = Obj.new
+  def singleton.bar
+  end
+
+  extended = Obj.new
+  2.times do
+    extended.extend Module.new
+  end
+
+  immediate = 1.4
+benchmark:
+  obj: get_class(obj)
+  extended: get_class(extended)
+  singleton: get_class(singleton)
+  immediate: get_class(immediate)
+loop_count: 1000
diff --git a/benchmark/set.yml b/benchmark/set.yml
index 43217036e2..061509cb1f 100644
--- a/benchmark/set.yml
+++ b/benchmark/set.yml
@@ -259,7 +259,3 @@ benchmark:
   to_set_10: s1.to_set
   to_set_100: s2.to_set
   to_set_1000: s3.to_set
-  to_set_arg_0: s0.to_set set_subclass
-  to_set_arg_10: s1.to_set set_subclass
-  to_set_arg_100: s2.to_set set_subclass
-  to_set_arg_1000: s3.to_set set_subclass
diff --git a/benchmark/string_casecmp.yml b/benchmark/string_casecmp.yml
index 2354040a04..88a3555c8a 100644
--- a/benchmark/string_casecmp.yml
+++ b/benchmark/string_casecmp.yml
@@ -20,7 +20,9 @@ benchmark:
   casecmp-10: lstr10.casecmp(ustr10)
   casecmp-100: lstr100.casecmp(ustr100)
   casecmp-1000: lstr1000.casecmp(ustr1000)
+  casecmp-1000vs10: lstr1000.casecmp(ustr10)
   casecmp-nonascii1: lnonascii1.casecmp(unonascii1)
   casecmp-nonascii10: lnonascii10.casecmp(unonascii10)
   casecmp-nonascii100: lnonascii100.casecmp(unonascii100)
   casecmp-nonascii1000: lnonascii1000.casecmp(unonascii1000)
+  casecmp-nonascii1000vs10: lnonascii1000.casecmp(unonascii10)
diff --git a/benchmark/struct_accessor.yml b/benchmark/struct_accessor.yml
index 61176cfdd4..d95240e2dd 100644
--- a/benchmark/struct_accessor.yml
+++ b/benchmark/struct_accessor.yml
@@ -1,5 +1,12 @@
 prelude: |
   C = Struct.new(:x) do
+    def initialize(...)
+      super
+      @ivar = 42
+    end
+
+    attr_accessor :ivar
+
     class_eval <<-END
       def r
         #{'x;'*256}
@@ -15,11 +22,16 @@ prelude: |
         m = method(:x=)
         #{'m.call(nil);'*256}
       end
+      def r_ivar
+        #{'ivar;'*256}
+      end
     END
   end
+  C.new(nil) # ensure common shape is known
   obj = C.new(nil)
 benchmark:
   member_reader: "obj.r"
   member_writer: "obj.w"
   member_reader_method: "obj.rm"
   member_writer_method: "obj.wm"
+  ivar_reader: "obj.r_ivar"
diff --git a/benchmark/time_now.yml b/benchmark/time_now.yml
index f6d6a31489..9336877cd4 100644
--- a/benchmark/time_now.yml
+++ b/benchmark/time_now.yml
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
 benchmark:
   - 'Time.now'
   - 'Time.now(in: "+09:00")'
+  - 'Time.now.year'
diff --git a/benchmark/vm_ivar_get.yml b/benchmark/vm_ivar_get.yml
index 9174af6965..1e0dad665f 100644
--- a/benchmark/vm_ivar_get.yml
+++ b/benchmark/vm_ivar_get.yml
@@ -1,17 +1,75 @@
 prelude: |
   class Example
     def initialize
+      @levar = 1
       @v0 = 1
       @v1 = 2
       @v3 = 3
+    end
+
+    def get_value_loop
+      sum = 0
+
+      i = 0
+      while i < 100_000
+        # 10 times to de-emphasize loop overhead
+        sum += @levar
+        sum += @levar
+        sum += @levar
+        sum += @levar
+        sum += @levar
+        sum += @levar
+        sum += @levar
+        sum += @levar
+        sum += @levar
+        sum += @levar
+        i += 1
+      end
+
+      return sum
+    end
+
+    @levar = 1
+    @v0 = 1
+    @v1 = 2
+    @v3 = 3
+
+    def self.get_value_loop
+      sum = 0
+
+      i = 0
+      while i < 100_000
+        # 10 times to de-emphasize loop overhead
+        sum += @levar
+        sum += @levar
+        sum += @levar
+        sum += @levar
+        sum += @levar
+        sum += @levar
+        sum += @levar
+        sum += @levar
+        sum += @levar
+        sum += @levar
+        i += 1
+      end
+
+      return sum
+    end
+  end
+
+  class GenExample < Time
+    def initialize
       @levar = 1
+      @v0 = 1
+      @v1 = 2
+      @v3 = 3
     end
 
     def get_value_loop
       sum = 0
 
       i = 0
-      while i < 1000000
+      while i < 100_000
         # 10 times to de-emphasize loop overhead
         sum += @levar
         sum += @levar
@@ -31,7 +89,12 @@ prelude: |
   end
 
   obj = Example.new
+  gen = GenExample.new
 benchmark:
-  vm_ivar_get: |
+  vm_ivar_get_on_obj: |
     obj.get_value_loop
+  vm_ivar_get_on_class: |
+    Example.get_value_loop
+  vm_ivar_get_on_generic: |
+    gen.get_value_loop
 loop_count: 100
diff --git a/benchmark/vm_ivar_set_on_instance.yml b/benchmark/vm_ivar_set_on_instance.yml
index 91857b7742..6ce53a86ec 100644
--- a/benchmark/vm_ivar_set_on_instance.yml
+++ b/benchmark/vm_ivar_set_on_instance.yml
@@ -1,16 +1,44 @@
 prelude: |
   class TheClass
     def initialize
+      @levar = 1
       @v0 = 1
       @v1 = 2
       @v3 = 3
+    end
+
+    def set_value_loop
+      # 100k
+      i = 0
+      while i < 100_000
+        # 10 times to de-emphasize loop overhead
+        @levar = i
+        @levar = i
+        @levar = i
+        @levar = i
+        @levar = i
+        @levar = i
+        @levar = i
+        @levar = i
+        @levar = i
+        @levar = i
+        i += 1
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  class Generic < Time
+    def initialize
       @levar = 1
+      @v0 = 1
+      @v1 = 2
+      @v3 = 3
     end
 
     def set_value_loop
-      # 1M
+      # 100k
       i = 0
-      while i < 1000000
+      while i < 100_000
         # 10 times to de-emphasize loop overhead
         @levar = i
         @levar = i
@@ -28,8 +56,39 @@ prelude: |
   end
 
   obj = TheClass.new
+  gen_obj = Generic.new
+
+  class SomeClass
+    @levar = 1
+    @v0 = 1
+    @v1 = 2
+    @v3 = 3
+
+    def self.set_value_loop
+      # 100k
+      i = 0
+      while i < 100_000
+        # 10 times to de-emphasize loop overhead
+        @levar = i
+        @levar = i
+        @levar = i
+        @levar = i
+        @levar = i
+        @levar = i
+        @levar = i
+        @levar = i
+        @levar = i
+        @levar = i
+        i += 1
+      end
+    end
+  end
 
 benchmark:
   vm_ivar_set_on_instance: |
     obj.set_value_loop
+  vm_ivar_set_on_generic: |
+    gen_obj.set_value_loop
+  vm_ivar_set_on_class: |
+    SomeClass.set_value_loop
 loop_count: 100
diff --git a/bignum.c b/bignum.c
index fb4714307e..ee2fa1ed30 100644
--- a/bignum.c
+++ b/bignum.c
@@ -79,7 +79,6 @@ STATIC_ASSERT(sizeof_bdigit_and_dbl, SIZEOF_BDIGIT*2 <= SIZEOF_BDIGIT_DBL);
 STATIC_ASSERT(bdigit_signedness, 0 < (BDIGIT)-1);
 STATIC_ASSERT(bdigit_dbl_signedness, 0 < (BDIGIT_DBL)-1);
 STATIC_ASSERT(bdigit_dbl_signed_signedness, 0 > (BDIGIT_DBL_SIGNED)-1);
-STATIC_ASSERT(rbignum_embed_len_max, BIGNUM_EMBED_LEN_MAX <= (BIGNUM_EMBED_LEN_MASK >> BIGNUM_EMBED_LEN_SHIFT));
 
 #if SIZEOF_BDIGIT < SIZEOF_LONG
 STATIC_ASSERT(sizeof_long_and_sizeof_bdigit, SIZEOF_LONG % SIZEOF_BDIGIT == 0);
@@ -2990,25 +2989,56 @@ rb_cmpint(VALUE val, VALUE a, VALUE b)
             ((l) << BIGNUM_EMBED_LEN_SHIFT)) : \
      (void)(RBIGNUM(b)->as.heap.len = (l)))
 
+static size_t
+big_embed_capa(VALUE big)
+{
+    size_t size = rb_gc_obj_slot_size(big) - offsetof(struct RBignum, as.ary);
+    RUBY_ASSERT(size % sizeof(BDIGIT) == 0);
+    size_t capa = size / sizeof(BDIGIT);
+    RUBY_ASSERT(capa <= BIGNUM_EMBED_LEN_MAX);
+    return capa;
+}
+
+static size_t
+big_embed_size(size_t capa)
+{
+    size_t size = offsetof(struct RBignum, as.ary) + (sizeof(BDIGIT) * capa);
+    if (size < sizeof(struct RBignum)) {
+        size = sizeof(struct RBignum);
+    }
+    return size;
+}
+
+static bool
+big_embeddable_p(size_t capa)
+{
+    if (capa > BIGNUM_EMBED_LEN_MAX) {
+        return false;
+    }
+    return rb_gc_size_allocatable_p(big_embed_size(capa));
+}
+
 static void
 rb_big_realloc(VALUE big, size_t len)
 {
     BDIGIT *ds;
+    size_t embed_capa = big_embed_capa(big);
+
     if (BIGNUM_EMBED_P(big)) {
-        if (BIGNUM_EMBED_LEN_MAX < len) {
+        if (embed_capa < len) {
             ds = ALLOC_N(BDIGIT, len);
-            MEMCPY(ds, RBIGNUM(big)->as.ary, BDIGIT, BIGNUM_EMBED_LEN_MAX);
+            MEMCPY(ds, RBIGNUM(big)->as.ary, BDIGIT, embed_capa);
             RBIGNUM(big)->as.heap.len = BIGNUM_LEN(big);
             RBIGNUM(big)->as.heap.digits = ds;
             FL_UNSET_RAW(big, BIGNUM_EMBED_FLAG);
         }
     }
     else {
-        if (len <= BIGNUM_EMBED_LEN_MAX) {
+        if (len <= embed_capa) {
             ds = RBIGNUM(big)->as.heap.digits;
             FL_SET_RAW(big, BIGNUM_EMBED_FLAG);
             BIGNUM_SET_LEN(big, len);
-            (void)VALGRIND_MAKE_MEM_UNDEFINED((void*)RBIGNUM(big)->as.ary, sizeof(RBIGNUM(big)->as.ary));
+            (void)VALGRIND_MAKE_MEM_UNDEFINED((void*)RBIGNUM(big)->as.ary, embed_capa * sizeof(BDIGIT));
             if (ds) {
                 MEMCPY(RBIGNUM(big)->as.ary, ds, BDIGIT, len);
                 xfree(ds);
@@ -3018,7 +3048,7 @@ rb_big_realloc(VALUE big, size_t len)
             if (BIGNUM_LEN(big) == 0) {
                 RBIGNUM(big)->as.heap.digits = ALLOC_N(BDIGIT, len);
             }
-            else {
+            else if (BIGNUM_LEN(big) < len) {
                 REALLOC_N(RBIGNUM(big)->as.heap.digits, BDIGIT, len);
             }
         }
@@ -3035,16 +3065,24 @@ rb_big_resize(VALUE big, size_t len)
 static VALUE
 bignew_1(VALUE klass, size_t len, int sign)
 {
-    NEWOBJ_OF(big, struct RBignum, klass,
-            T_BIGNUM | (RGENGC_WB_PROTECTED_BIGNUM ? FL_WB_PROTECTED : 0), sizeof(struct RBignum), 0);
-    VALUE bigv = (VALUE)big;
-    BIGNUM_SET_SIGN(bigv, sign);
-    if (len <= BIGNUM_EMBED_LEN_MAX) {
-        FL_SET_RAW(bigv, BIGNUM_EMBED_FLAG);
+    VALUE bigv;
+
+    if (big_embeddable_p(len)) {
+        size_t size = big_embed_size(len);
+        RUBY_ASSERT(rb_gc_size_allocatable_p(size));
+        NEWOBJ_OF(big, struct RBignum, klass,
+                T_BIGNUM | BIGNUM_EMBED_FLAG | (RGENGC_WB_PROTECTED_BIGNUM ? FL_WB_PROTECTED : 0),
+                size, 0);
+        bigv = (VALUE)big;
+        BIGNUM_SET_SIGN(bigv, sign);
         BIGNUM_SET_LEN(bigv, len);
-        (void)VALGRIND_MAKE_MEM_UNDEFINED((void*)big->as.ary, sizeof(big->as.ary));
+        (void)VALGRIND_MAKE_MEM_UNDEFINED((void*)big->as.ary, len * sizeof(BDIGIT));
     }
     else {
+        NEWOBJ_OF(big, struct RBignum, klass,
+                T_BIGNUM | (RGENGC_WB_PROTECTED_BIGNUM ? FL_WB_PROTECTED : 0), sizeof(struct RBignum), 0);
+        bigv = (VALUE)big;
+        BIGNUM_SET_SIGN(bigv, sign);
         big->as.heap.digits = ALLOC_N(BDIGIT, len);
         big->as.heap.len = len;
     }
@@ -3055,7 +3093,9 @@ bignew_1(VALUE klass, size_t len, int sign)
 VALUE
 rb_big_new(size_t len, int sign)
 {
-    return bignew(len, sign != 0);
+    VALUE obj = bignew(len, sign != 0);
+    memset(BIGNUM_DIGITS(obj), 0, len * sizeof(BDIGIT));
+    return obj;
 }
 
 VALUE
@@ -4475,7 +4515,7 @@ rb_str2big_gmp(VALUE arg, int base, int badcheck)
 
 #if HAVE_LONG_LONG
 
-static VALUE
+VALUE
 rb_ull2big(unsigned LONG_LONG n)
 {
     long i;
@@ -4497,7 +4537,7 @@ rb_ull2big(unsigned LONG_LONG n)
     return big;
 }
 
-static VALUE
+VALUE
 rb_ll2big(LONG_LONG n)
 {
     long neg = 0;
@@ -4535,7 +4575,7 @@ rb_ll2inum(LONG_LONG n)
 #endif  /* HAVE_LONG_LONG */
 
 #ifdef HAVE_INT128_T
-static VALUE
+VALUE
 rb_uint128t2big(uint128_t n)
 {
     long i;
@@ -6346,7 +6386,7 @@ bigand_int(VALUE x, long xn, BDIGIT hibitsx, long y)
     BDIGIT hibitsy;
 
     if (y == 0) return INT2FIX(0);
-    if (xn == 0) return hibitsx ? LONG2NUM(y) : 0;
+    if (xn == 0) return hibitsx ? LONG2NUM(y) : INT2FIX(0);
     hibitsy = 0 <= y ? 0 : BDIGMAX;
     xds = BDIGITS(x);
 #if SIZEOF_BDIGIT >= SIZEOF_LONG
@@ -6758,6 +6798,73 @@ rb_big_aref(VALUE x, VALUE y)
 }
 
 VALUE
+rb_big_aref2(VALUE x, VALUE beg, VALUE len)
+{
+    BDIGIT *xds, *vds;
+    VALUE v;
+    size_t copy_begin, xn, shift;
+    ssize_t begin, length, end;
+    bool negative_add_one;
+
+    beg = rb_to_int(beg);
+    len = rb_to_int(len);
+    length = NUM2SSIZET(len);
+    begin = NUM2SSIZET(beg);
+    end = NUM2SSIZET(rb_int_plus(beg, len));
+    shift = begin < 0 ? -begin : 0;
+    xn = BIGNUM_LEN(x);
+    xds = BDIGITS(x);
+
+    if (length < 0) return rb_big_rshift(x, beg);
+    if (length == 0 || end <= 0) return INT2FIX(0);
+    if (begin < 0) begin = 0;
+
+    if ((size_t)(end - 1) / BITSPERDIG >= xn) {
+        /* end > xn * BITSPERDIG */
+        end = xn * BITSPERDIG;
+    }
+
+    if ((size_t)begin / BITSPERDIG < xn) {
+        /* begin < xn * BITSPERDIG */
+        size_t shift_bits, copy_end;
+        copy_begin = begin / BITSPERDIG;
+        shift_bits = begin % BITSPERDIG;
+        copy_end = (end - 1) / BITSPERDIG + 1;
+        v = bignew(copy_end - copy_begin, 1);
+        vds = BDIGITS(v);
+        MEMCPY(vds, xds + copy_begin, BDIGIT, copy_end - copy_begin);
+        negative_add_one = (vds[0] & ((1 << shift_bits) - 1)) == 0;
+        v = bignorm(v);
+        if (shift_bits) v = rb_int_rshift(v, SIZET2NUM(shift_bits));
+    }
+    else {
+        /* Out of range */
+        v = INT2FIX(0);
+        negative_add_one = false;
+        copy_begin = begin = end = 0;
+    }
+
+    if (BIGNUM_NEGATIVE_P(x)) {
+        size_t mask_size = length - shift;
+        VALUE mask = rb_int_minus(rb_int_lshift(INT2FIX(1), SIZET2NUM(mask_size)), INT2FIX(1));
+        v = rb_int_xor(v, mask);
+        for (size_t i = 0; negative_add_one && i < copy_begin; i++) {
+            if (xds[i]) negative_add_one = false;
+        }
+        if (negative_add_one) v = rb_int_plus(v, INT2FIX(1));
+        v = rb_int_and(v, mask);
+    }
+    else {
+        size_t mask_size = (size_t)end - begin;
+        VALUE mask = rb_int_minus(rb_int_lshift(INT2FIX(1), SIZET2NUM(mask_size)), INT2FIX(1));
+        v = rb_int_and(v, mask);
+    }
+    RB_GC_GUARD(x);
+    if (shift) v = rb_int_lshift(v, SSIZET2NUM(shift));
+    return v;
+}
+
+VALUE
 rb_big_hash(VALUE x)
 {
     st_index_t hash;
@@ -6963,7 +7070,7 @@ int_pow_tmp3(VALUE x, VALUE y, VALUE m, int nega_flg)
     zn = mn;
     z = bignew(zn, 1);
     bary_powm_gmp(BDIGITS(z), zn, BDIGITS(x), xn, BDIGITS(y), yn, BDIGITS(m), mn);
-    if (nega_flg & BIGNUM_POSITIVE_P(z)) {
+    if (nega_flg && BIGNUM_POSITIVE_P(z) && !BIGZEROP(z)) {
         z = rb_big_minus(z, m);
     }
     RB_GC_GUARD(x);
@@ -6991,7 +7098,7 @@ int_pow_tmp3(VALUE x, VALUE y, VALUE m, int nega_flg)
         x = rb_int_modulo(x, m);
     }
 
-    if (nega_flg && rb_int_positive_p(tmp)) {
+    if (nega_flg && rb_int_positive_p(tmp) && !rb_int_zero_p(tmp)) {
         tmp = rb_int_minus(tmp, m);
     }
     return tmp;
@@ -7103,6 +7210,11 @@ rb_int_powm(int const argc, VALUE * const argv, VALUE const num)
             rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "Integer#pow() 2nd argument not allowed unless all arguments are integers");
         }
 
+        if (rb_int_zero_p(a) && !rb_int_zero_p(b)) {
+            /* shortcut; 0**x => 0 except for x == 0 */
+            return INT2FIX(0);
+        }
+
         if (rb_int_negative_p(m)) {
             m = rb_int_uminus(m);
             nega_flg = 1;
diff --git a/bootstraptest/runner.rb b/bootstraptest/runner.rb
index 16bfdd9ea2..04de0c93b9 100755
--- a/bootstraptest/runner.rb
+++ b/bootstraptest/runner.rb
@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@ rescue LoadError
   $:.unshift File.join(File.dirname(__FILE__), '../lib')
   retry
 end
+require_relative '../tool/lib/test/jobserver'
 
 if !Dir.respond_to?(:mktmpdir)
   # copied from lib/tmpdir.rb
@@ -110,35 +111,7 @@ BT = Class.new(bt) do
 
   def wn=(wn)
     unless wn == 1
-      if /(?:\A|\s)--jobserver-(?:auth|fds)=(?:(\d+),(\d+)|fifo:((?:\\.|\S)+))/ =~ ENV.delete("MAKEFLAGS")
-        begin
-          if fifo = $3
-            fifo.gsub!(/\\(?=.)/, '')
-            r = File.open(fifo, IO::RDONLY|IO::NONBLOCK|IO::BINARY)
-            w = File.open(fifo, IO::WRONLY|IO::NONBLOCK|IO::BINARY)
-          else
-            r = IO.for_fd($1.to_i(10), "rb", autoclose: false)
-            w = IO.for_fd($2.to_i(10), "wb", autoclose: false)
-          end
-        rescue
-          r.close if r
-        else
-          r.close_on_exec = true
-          w.close_on_exec = true
-          tokens = r.read_nonblock(wn > 0 ? wn : 1024, exception: false)
-          r.close
-          if String === tokens
-            tokens.freeze
-            auth = w
-            w = nil
-            at_exit {auth << tokens; auth.close}
-            wn = tokens.size + 1
-          else
-            w.close
-            wn = 1
-          end
-        end
-      end
+      wn = Test::JobServer.max_jobs(wn > 0 ? wn : 1024, ENV.delete("MAKEFLAGS")) || wn
       if wn <= 0
         require 'etc'
         wn = [Etc.nprocessors / 2, 1].max
@@ -298,7 +271,7 @@ End
     if defined?(RUBY_DESCRIPTION)
       puts "Driver is #{RUBY_DESCRIPTION}"
     elsif defined?(RUBY_PATCHLEVEL)
-      puts "Driver is ruby #{RUBY_VERSION} (#{RUBY_RELEASE_DATE}#{RUBY_PLATFORM}) [#{RUBY_PLATFORM}]"
+      puts "Driver is ruby #{RUBY_VERSION} (#{RUBY_RELEASE_DATE}#{RUBY_PATCHLEVEL}) [#{RUBY_PLATFORM}]"
     else
       puts "Driver is ruby #{RUBY_VERSION} (#{RUBY_RELEASE_DATE}) [#{RUBY_PLATFORM}]"
     end
@@ -625,6 +598,8 @@ class Assertion < Struct.new(:src, :path, :lineno, :proc)
     end
   end
 
+  class Timeout < StandardError; end
+
   def get_result_string(opt = '', timeout: BT.timeout, **argh)
     if BT.ruby
       timeout = BT.apply_timeout_scale(timeout)
@@ -634,7 +609,11 @@ class Assertion < Struct.new(:src, :path, :lineno, :proc)
         out = IO.popen("#{BT.ruby} -W0 #{opt} #{filename}", **kw)
         pid = out.pid
         th = Thread.new {out.read.tap {Process.waitpid(pid); out.close}}
-        th.value if th.join(timeout)
+        if th.join(timeout)
+          th.value
+        else
+          Timeout.new("timed out after #{timeout} seconds")
+        end
       ensure
         raise Interrupt if $? and $?.signaled? && $?.termsig == Signal.list["INT"]
 
@@ -891,4 +870,8 @@ def yjit_enabled?
   ENV.key?('RUBY_YJIT_ENABLE') || ENV.fetch('RUN_OPTS', '').include?('yjit') || BT.ruby.include?('yjit')
 end
 
+def zjit_enabled?
+  ENV.key?('RUBY_ZJIT_ENABLE') || ENV.fetch('RUN_OPTS', '').include?('zjit') || BT.ruby.include?('zjit')
+end
+
 exit main
diff --git a/bootstraptest/test_fiber.rb b/bootstraptest/test_fiber.rb
index 2614dd13bf..ae809a5936 100644
--- a/bootstraptest/test_fiber.rb
+++ b/bootstraptest/test_fiber.rb
@@ -37,3 +37,8 @@ assert_normal_exit %q{
 assert_normal_exit %q{
   Fiber.new(&Object.method(:class_eval)).resume("foo")
 }, '[ruby-dev:34128]'
+
+# [Bug #21400]
+assert_normal_exit %q{
+  Thread.new { Fiber.current.kill }.join
+}
diff --git a/bootstraptest/test_insns.rb b/bootstraptest/test_insns.rb
index 8a6efae089..9e2c4a52a7 100644
--- a/bootstraptest/test_insns.rb
+++ b/bootstraptest/test_insns.rb
@@ -426,11 +426,6 @@ tests = [
     x&.x[true] ||= true         # here
   },
 
-  [ 'opt_aref_with', %q{ { 'true' => true }['true'] }, ],
-  [ 'opt_aref_with', %q{ Struct.new(:nil).new['nil'].nil? }, ],
-  [ 'opt_aset_with', %q{ {}['true'] = true }, ],
-  [ 'opt_aset_with', %q{ Struct.new(:true).new['true'] = true }, ],
-
   [ 'opt_length',  %q{   'true'       .length == 4 }, ],
   [ 'opt_length',  %q{   :true        .length == 4 }, ],
   [ 'opt_length',  %q{ [ 'true' ]     .length == 1 }, ],
diff --git a/bootstraptest/test_io.rb b/bootstraptest/test_io.rb
index 4e5d6d59c9..4081769a8c 100644
--- a/bootstraptest/test_io.rb
+++ b/bootstraptest/test_io.rb
@@ -85,7 +85,7 @@ assert_normal_exit %q{
   ARGF.set_encoding "foo"
 }
 
-/freebsd/ =~ RUBY_PLATFORM or
+/(freebsd|mswin)/ =~ RUBY_PLATFORM or
 10.times do
   assert_normal_exit %q{
     at_exit { p :foo }
diff --git a/bootstraptest/test_method.rb b/bootstraptest/test_method.rb
index 997675200e..78aab73485 100644
--- a/bootstraptest/test_method.rb
+++ b/bootstraptest/test_method.rb
@@ -1427,3 +1427,10 @@ assert_equal 'ok', <<~RUBY
 
   test
 RUBY
+
+assert_equal '[1, 2, 3]', %q{
+  def target(*args) = args
+  def x = [1]
+  def forwarder(...) = target(*x, 2, ...)
+  forwarder(3).inspect
+}, '[Bug #21832] post-splat args before forwarding'
diff --git a/bootstraptest/test_ractor.rb b/bootstraptest/test_ractor.rb
index 3d289a1d36..e2a3e8dd5b 100644
--- a/bootstraptest/test_ractor.rb
+++ b/bootstraptest/test_ractor.rb
@@ -145,28 +145,107 @@ assert_equal '[:ok, :ok, :ok]', %q{
   }.map(&:value)
 }
 
-# Ractor.make_shareable issue for locals in proc [Bug #18023]
+assert_equal "42", %q{
+  a = 42
+  Ractor.shareable_lambda{ a }.call
+}
+
+# Ractor.shareable_proc issue for locals in proc [Bug #18023]
 assert_equal '[:a, :b, :c, :d, :e]', %q{
   v1, v2, v3, v4, v5 = :a, :b, :c, :d, :e
-  closure = Ractor.current.instance_eval{ Proc.new { [v1, v2, v3, v4, v5] } }
+  closure = Proc.new { [v1, v2, v3, v4, v5] }
+  Ractor.shareable_proc(&closure).call
+}
+
+# Ractor.shareable_proc makes a copy of given Proc
+assert_equal '[true, true]', %q{
+  pr1 = Proc.new do
+    self
+  end
+  pr2 = Ractor.shareable_proc(&pr1)
+
+  [pr1.call == self, pr2.call == nil]
+}
+
+# Ractor.shareable_proc keeps the original Proc intact
+assert_equal '[SyntaxError, [Object, 43, 43], Binding]', %q{
+  a = 42
+  pr1 = Proc.new do
+    [self.class, eval("a"), binding.local_variable_get(:a)]
+  end
+  a += 1
+  pr2 = Ractor.shareable_proc(&pr1)
 
-  Ractor.make_shareable(closure).call
+  r = []
+  begin
+    pr2.call
+  rescue SyntaxError
+    r << SyntaxError
+  end
+
+  r << pr1.call << pr1.binding.class
 }
 
-# Ractor.make_shareable issue for locals in proc [Bug #18023]
-assert_equal '[:a, :b, :c, :d, :e, :f, :g]', %q{
-  a = :a
-  closure = Ractor.current.instance_eval do
-    -> {
-      b, c, d = :b, :c, :d
-      -> {
-        e, f, g = :e, :f, :g
-        -> { [a, b, c, d, e, f, g] }
-      }.call
-    }.call
+# Ractor.make_shareable mutates the original Proc
+# This is the current behavior, it's currently considered safe enough
+# because in most cases it would raise anyway due to not-shared self or not-shared captured variable value
+assert_equal '[[42, 42], Binding, true, SyntaxError, "Can\'t create Binding from isolated Proc"]', %q{
+  a = 42
+  pr1 = nil.instance_exec do
+    Proc.new do
+      [eval("a"), binding.local_variable_get(:a)]
+    end
+  end
+
+  r = [pr1.call, pr1.binding.class]
+
+  pr2 = Ractor.make_shareable(pr1)
+  r << pr1.equal?(pr2)
+
+  begin
+    pr1.call
+  rescue SyntaxError
+    r << SyntaxError
+  end
+
+  begin
+    r << pr1.binding
+  rescue ArgumentError
+    r << $!.message
+  end
+
+  r
+}
+
+# Ractor::IsolationError cases
+assert_equal '3', %q{
+  ok = 0
+
+  begin
+    a = 1
+    Ractor.shareable_proc{a}
+    a = 2
+  rescue Ractor::IsolationError => e
+    ok += 1
+  end
+
+  begin
+    cond = false
+    b = 1
+    b = 2 if cond
+    Ractor.shareable_proc{b}
+  rescue Ractor::IsolationError => e
+    ok += 1
   end
 
-  Ractor.make_shareable(closure).call
+  begin
+    1.times{|i|
+      i = 2
+      Ractor.shareable_proc{i}
+    }
+  rescue Ractor::IsolationError => e
+    ok += 1
+  end
 }
 
 ###
@@ -237,7 +316,7 @@ assert_equal 30.times.map { 'ok' }.to_s, %q{
 } unless (ENV.key?('TRAVIS') && ENV['TRAVIS_CPU_ARCH'] == 'arm64') # https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/17878
 
 # Exception for empty select
-assert_match /specify at least one ractor/, %q{
+assert_match /specify at least one Ractor::Port or Ractor/, %q{
   begin
     Ractor.select
   rescue ArgumentError => e
@@ -358,6 +437,32 @@ assert_equal 'ok', %q{
   r.value
 }
 
+# SystemExit from a Ractor is re-raised
+# [Bug #21505]
+assert_equal '[SystemExit, "exit", true]', %q{
+  r = Ractor.new { exit }
+  begin
+    r.value
+  rescue Ractor::RemoteError => e
+    [e.cause.class,   #=> RuntimeError
+     e.cause.message, #=> 'ok'
+     e.ractor == r]   #=> true
+  end
+}
+
+# SystemExit from a Thread inside a Ractor is re-raised
+# [Bug #21505]
+assert_equal '[SystemExit, "exit", true]', %q{
+  r = Ractor.new { Thread.new { exit }.join }
+  begin
+    r.value
+  rescue Ractor::RemoteError => e
+    [e.cause.class,   #=> RuntimeError
+     e.cause.message, #=> 'ok'
+     e.ractor == r]   #=> true
+  end
+}
+
 # threads in a ractor will killed
 assert_equal '{ok: 3}', %q{
   Ractor.new Ractor.current do |main|
@@ -389,7 +494,7 @@ assert_equal '{ok: 3}', %q{
   end
 
   3.times.map{Ractor.receive}.tally
-} unless yjit_enabled? # `[BUG] Bus Error at 0x000000010b7002d0` in jit_exec()
+} unless yjit_enabled? # YJIT: `[BUG] Bus Error at 0x000000010b7002d0` in jit_exec()
 
 # unshareable object are copied
 assert_equal 'false', %q{
@@ -562,8 +667,8 @@ assert_equal 'true', %q{
   r.value[:frozen]
 }
 
-# Access to global-variables are prohibited
-assert_equal 'can not access global variables $gv from non-main Ractors', %q{
+# Access to global-variables are prohibited (read)
+assert_equal 'can not access global variable $gv from non-main Ractor', %q{
   $gv = 1
   r = Ractor.new do
     $gv
@@ -576,8 +681,8 @@ assert_equal 'can not access global variables $gv from non-main Ractors', %q{
   end
 }
 
-# Access to global-variables are prohibited
-assert_equal 'can not access global variables $gv from non-main Ractors', %q{
+# Access to global-variables are prohibited (write)
+assert_equal 'can not access global variable $gv from non-main Ractor', %q{
   r = Ractor.new do
     $gv = 1
   end
@@ -709,8 +814,39 @@ assert_equal 'ArgumentError', %q{
   end
 }
 
+# eval with outer locals in a Ractor raises SyntaxError
+# [Bug #21522]
+assert_equal 'SyntaxError', %q{
+  outer = 42
+  r = Ractor.new do
+    eval("outer")
+  end
+  begin
+    r.value
+  rescue Ractor::RemoteError => e
+    e.cause.class
+  end
+}
+
+# eval of an undefined name in a Ractor raises NameError
+assert_equal 'NameError', %q{
+  r = Ractor.new do
+    eval("totally_undefined_name")
+  end
+  begin
+    r.value
+  rescue Ractor::RemoteError => e
+    e.cause.class
+  end
+}
+
+# eval of a local defined inside the Ractor works
+assert_equal '99', %q{
+  Ractor.new { inner = 99; eval("inner").to_s }.value
+}
+
 # ivar in shareable-objects are not allowed to access from non-main Ractor
-assert_equal "can not get unshareable values from instance variables of classes/modules from non-main Ractors", <<~'RUBY', frozen_string_literal: false
+assert_equal "can not get unshareable values from instance variables of classes/modules from non-main Ractors (@iv from C)", <<~'RUBY', frozen_string_literal: false
   class C
     @iv = 'str'
   end
@@ -886,7 +1022,7 @@ assert_equal '1234', %q{
 }
 
 # cvar in shareable-objects are not allowed to access from non-main Ractor
-assert_equal 'can not access class variables from non-main Ractors', %q{
+assert_equal 'can not access class variables from non-main Ractors (@@cv from C)', %q{
   class C
     @@cv = 'str'
   end
@@ -905,7 +1041,7 @@ assert_equal 'can not access class variables from non-main Ractors', %q{
 }
 
 # also cached cvar in shareable-objects are not allowed to access from non-main Ractor
-assert_equal 'can not access class variables from non-main Ractors', %q{
+assert_equal 'can not access class variables from non-main Ractors (@@cv from C)', %q{
   class C
     @@cv = 'str'
     def self.cv
@@ -941,7 +1077,7 @@ assert_equal 'can not access non-shareable objects in constant C::CONST by non-m
   end
   RUBY
 
-# Constant cache should care about non-sharable constants
+# Constant cache should care about non-shareable constants
 assert_equal "can not access non-shareable objects in constant Object::STR by non-main Ractor.", <<~'RUBY', frozen_string_literal: false
   STR = "hello"
   def str; STR; end
@@ -953,6 +1089,20 @@ assert_equal "can not access non-shareable objects in constant Object::STR by no
   end
 RUBY
 
+# The correct constant path shall be reported
+assert_equal "can not access non-shareable objects in constant Object::STR by non-main Ractor.", <<~'RUBY', frozen_string_literal: false
+  STR = "hello"
+  module M
+    def self.str; STR; end
+  end
+
+  begin
+    Ractor.new{ M.str }.join
+  rescue Ractor::RemoteError => e
+    e.cause.message
+  end
+RUBY
+
 # Setting non-shareable objects into constants by other Ractors is not allowed
 assert_equal 'can not set constants with non-shareable objects by non-main Ractors', <<~'RUBY', frozen_string_literal: false
   class C
@@ -1030,6 +1180,24 @@ assert_equal 'ok', <<~'RUBY', frozen_string_literal: false
   end.value
 RUBY
 
+# Inserting into the id2ref table should be Ractor-safe
+assert_equal 'ok', <<~'RUBY'
+  # Force all calls to Kernel#object_id to insert into the id2ref table
+  obj = Object.new
+  ObjectSpace._id2ref(obj.object_id) rescue nil
+
+  10.times.map do
+    Ractor.new do
+      10_000.times do
+        a = Object.new
+        a.object_id
+      end
+    end
+  end.map(&:value)
+
+  :ok
+RUBY
+
 # Ractor.make_shareable(obj)
 assert_equal 'true', <<~'RUBY', frozen_string_literal: false
   class C
@@ -1111,41 +1279,42 @@ assert_equal 'true', %q{
   [a.frozen?, a[0].frozen?] == [true, false]
 }
 
-# Ractor.make_shareable(a_proc) makes a proc shareable.
-assert_equal 'true', %q{
-  a = [1, [2, 3], {a: "4"}]
+# Ractor.make_shareable(a_proc) requires a shareable receiver
+assert_equal '[:ok, "Proc\'s self is not shareable:"]', %q{
+  pr1 = nil.instance_exec { Proc.new{} }
+  pr2 = Proc.new{}
 
-  pr = Ractor.current.instance_eval do
-    Proc.new do
-      a
+  [pr1, pr2].map do |pr|
+    begin
+      Ractor.make_shareable(pr)
+    rescue Ractor::Error => e
+      e.message[/^.+?:/]
+    else
+      :ok
     end
   end
-
-  Ractor.make_shareable(a) # referred value should be shareable
-  Ractor.make_shareable(pr)
-  Ractor.shareable?(pr)
 }
 
-# Ractor.make_shareable(a_proc) makes inner structure shareable and freezes it
-assert_equal 'true,true,true,true', %q{
-  class Proc
-    attr_reader :obj
-    def initialize
-      @obj = Object.new
-    end
+# Ractor.make_shareable(Method/UnboundMethod)
+assert_equal 'true', %q{
+  # raise because receiver is unshareable
+  begin
+    _m0 = Ractor.make_shareable(self.method(:__id__))
+  rescue => e
+    raise e unless e.message =~ /can not make shareable object/
+  else
+    raise "no error"
   end
 
-  pr = Ractor.current.instance_eval do
-    Proc.new {}
-  end
+  # Method with shareable receiver
+  M1 = Ractor.make_shareable(Object.method(:__id__))
 
-  results = []
-  Ractor.make_shareable(pr)
-  results << Ractor.shareable?(pr)
-  results << pr.frozen?
-  results << Ractor.shareable?(pr.obj)
-  results << pr.obj.frozen?
-  results.map(&:to_s).join(',')
+  # UnboundMethod
+  M2 = Ractor.make_shareable(Object.instance_method(:__id__))
+
+  Ractor.new do
+    Object.__id__ == M1.call && M1.call == M2.bind_call(Object)
+  end.value
 }
 
 # Ractor.shareable?(recursive_objects)
@@ -1176,50 +1345,16 @@ assert_equal '[C, M]', %q{
   Ractor.make_shareable(ary = [C, M])
 }
 
-# Ractor.make_shareable with curried proc checks isolation of original proc
-assert_equal 'isolation error', %q{
-  a = Object.new
-  orig = proc { a }
-  curried = orig.curry
-
-  begin
-    Ractor.make_shareable(curried)
-  rescue Ractor::IsolationError
-    'isolation error'
-  else
-    'no error'
-  end
-}
-
 # define_method() can invoke different Ractor's proc if the proc is shareable.
 assert_equal '1', %q{
   class C
     a = 1
-    define_method "foo", Ractor.make_shareable(Proc.new{ a })
-    a = 2
+    define_method "foo", Ractor.shareable_proc{ a }
   end
 
   Ractor.new{ C.new.foo }.value
 }
 
-# Ractor.make_shareable(a_proc) makes a proc shareable.
-assert_equal 'can not make a Proc shareable because it accesses outer variables (a).', %q{
-  a = b = nil
-  pr = Ractor.current.instance_eval do
-    Proc.new do
-      c = b # assign to a is okay because c is block local variable
-      # reading b is okay
-      a = b # assign to a is not allowed #=> Ractor::Error
-    end
-  end
-
-  begin
-    Ractor.make_shareable(pr)
-  rescue => e
-    e.message
-  end
-}
-
 # Ractor.make_shareable(obj, copy: true) makes copied shareable object.
 assert_equal '[false, false, true, true]', %q{
   r = []
@@ -1276,7 +1411,7 @@ assert_equal '[:ok, :ok]', %q{
       s = 'str'
       trap(:INT){p s}
     }.join
-  rescue => Ractor::RemoteError
+  rescue Ractor::RemoteError
     a << :ok
   end
 }
@@ -1374,6 +1509,9 @@ assert_equal "ok", %Q{
     unless a[i].equal?(b[i])
       raise [a[i], b[i]].inspect
     end
+    unless a[i] == i.to_s
+      raise [i, a[i], b[i]].inspect
+    end
   end
   :ok
 }
@@ -1394,18 +1532,17 @@ assert_equal "#{n}#{n}", %Q{
   }.map{|r| r.value}.join
 }
 
-# NameError
-assert_equal "ok", %q{
+# Now NoMethodError is copyable
+assert_equal "NoMethodError", %q{
   obj = "".freeze # NameError refers the receiver indirectly
   begin
     obj.bar
   rescue => err
   end
-  begin
-    Ractor.new{} << err
-  rescue TypeError
-    'ok'
-  end
+
+  r = Ractor.new{ Ractor.receive }
+  r << err
+  r.value.class
 }
 
 assert_equal "ok", %q{
@@ -1429,50 +1566,22 @@ assert_equal "ok", %q{
       loop do
         10_000.times.map { Object.new }
         port << Time.now
+        Ractor.receive
       end
     end
   end
 
-  1_000.times { port.receive }
+  100.times {
+    workers.each do
+      port.receive
+    end
+    workers.each do |w|
+      w.send(nil)
+    end
+  }
   "ok"
 } if !yjit_enabled? && ENV['GITHUB_WORKFLOW'] != 'ModGC' # flaky
 
-assert_equal "ok", %q{
-  def foo(*); ->{ super }; end
-  begin
-    Ractor.make_shareable(foo)
-  rescue Ractor::IsolationError
-    "ok"
-  end
-}
-
-assert_equal "ok", %q{
-  def foo(**); ->{ super }; end
-  begin
-    Ractor.make_shareable(foo)
-  rescue Ractor::IsolationError
-    "ok"
-  end
-}
-
-assert_equal "ok", %q{
-  def foo(...); ->{ super }; end
-  begin
-    Ractor.make_shareable(foo)
-  rescue Ractor::IsolationError
-    "ok"
-  end
-}
-
-assert_equal "ok", %q{
-  def foo((x), (y)); ->{ super }; end
-  begin
-    Ractor.make_shareable(foo([], []))
-  rescue Ractor::IsolationError
-    "ok"
-  end
-}
-
 # check method cache invalidation
 assert_equal "ok", %q{
   module M
@@ -1539,8 +1648,35 @@ assert_equal 'true', %q{
   rs.map{|r| r.value} == Array.new(RN){n}
 }
 
+# check method cache invalidation
+assert_equal 'true', %q{
+  class Foo
+    def hello = nil
+  end
+
+  r1 = Ractor.new do
+    1000.times do
+      class Foo
+        def hello = nil
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  r2 = Ractor.new do
+    1000.times do
+      o = Foo.new
+      o.hello
+    end
+  end
+
+  r1.value
+  r2.value
+
+  true
+}
+
 # check experimental warning
-assert_match /\Atest_ractor\.rb:1:\s+warning:\s+Ractor is experimental/, %q{
+assert_match /\Atest_ractor\.rb:1:\s+warning:\s+Ractor API is experimental/, %q{
   Warning[:experimental] = $VERBOSE = true
   STDERR.reopen(STDOUT)
   eval("Ractor.new{}.value", nil, "test_ractor.rb", 1)
@@ -1923,6 +2059,73 @@ assert_equal 'ok', %q{
   roundtripped_obj.instance_variable_get(:@array) == [1] ? :ok : roundtripped_obj
 }
 
+# move object with many generic ivars
+assert_equal 'ok', %q{
+  ractor = Ractor.new { Ractor.receive }
+  obj = Array.new(10, 42)
+  0.upto(300) do |i|
+    obj.instance_variable_set(:"@array#{i}", [i])
+  end
+
+  ractor.send(obj, move: true)
+  roundtripped_obj = ractor.value
+  roundtripped_obj.instance_variable_get(:@array1) == [1] ? :ok : roundtripped_obj
+}
+
+# move object with complex generic ivars
+assert_equal 'ok', %q{
+  # Make Array too_complex
+  30.times { |i| [].instance_variable_set(:"@complex#{i}", 1) }
+
+  ractor = Ractor.new { Ractor.receive }
+  obj = Array.new(10, 42)
+  obj.instance_variable_set(:@array1, [1])
+
+  ractor.send(obj, move: true)
+  roundtripped_obj = ractor.value
+  roundtripped_obj.instance_variable_get(:@array1) == [1] ? :ok : roundtripped_obj
+}
+
+# move object with generic ivars and existing id2ref table
+# [Bug #21664]
+assert_equal 'ok', %q{
+  obj = [1]
+  obj.instance_variable_set("@field", :ok)
+  ObjectSpace._id2ref(obj.object_id) # build id2ref table
+
+  ractor = Ractor.new { Ractor.receive }
+  ractor.send(obj, move: true)
+  obj = ractor.value
+  obj.instance_variable_get("@field")
+}
+
+# copy object with complex generic ivars
+assert_equal 'ok', %q{
+  # Make Array too_complex
+  30.times { |i| [].instance_variable_set(:"@complex#{i}", 1) }
+
+  ractor = Ractor.new { Ractor.receive }
+  obj = Array.new(10, 42)
+  obj.instance_variable_set(:@array1, [1])
+
+  ractor.send(obj)
+  roundtripped_obj = ractor.value
+  roundtripped_obj.instance_variable_get(:@array1) == [1] ? :ok : roundtripped_obj
+}
+
+# copy object with many generic ivars
+assert_equal 'ok', %q{
+  ractor = Ractor.new { Ractor.receive }
+  obj = Array.new(10, 42)
+  0.upto(300) do |i|
+    obj.instance_variable_set(:"@array#{i}", [i])
+  end
+
+  ractor.send(obj)
+  roundtripped_obj = ractor.value
+  roundtripped_obj.instance_variable_get(:@array1) == [1] ? :ok : roundtripped_obj
+}
+
 # moved composite types move their non-shareable parts properly
 assert_equal 'ok', %q{
   k, v = String.new("key"), String.new("value")
@@ -2211,3 +2414,143 @@ assert_equal '[["Only the successor ractor can take a value", 9], ["ok", 2]]', %
     Ractor.receive
   }.tally.sort
 }
+
+# Cause lots of inline CC misses.
+assert_equal 'ok', <<~'RUBY'
+  class A; def test; 1 + 1; end; end
+  class B; def test; 1 + 1; end; end
+  class C; def test; 1 + 1; end; end
+  class D; def test; 1 + 1; end; end
+  class E; def test; 1 + 1; end; end
+  class F; def test; 1 + 1; end; end
+  class G; def test; 1 + 1; end; end
+
+  objs = [A.new, B.new, C.new, D.new, E.new, F.new, G.new].freeze
+
+  def call_test(obj)
+    obj.test
+  end
+
+  ractors = 7.times.map do
+    Ractor.new(objs) do |objs|
+      objs = objs.shuffle
+      100_000.times do
+        objs.each do |o|
+          call_test(o)
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+  ractors.each(&:join)
+  :ok
+RUBY
+
+# This test checks that we do not trigger a GC when we have malloc with Ractor
+# locks. We cannot trigger a GC with Ractor locks because GC requires VM lock
+# and Ractor barrier. If another Ractor is waiting on this Ractor lock, then it
+# will deadlock because the other Ractor will never join the barrier.
+#
+# Creating Ractor::Port requires locking the Ractor and inserting into an
+# st_table, which can call malloc.
+assert_equal 'ok', <<~'RUBY'
+  r = Ractor.new do
+    loop do
+      Ractor::Port.new
+    end
+  end
+
+  10.times do
+    10_000.times do
+      r.send(nil)
+    end
+    sleep(0.01)
+  end
+  :ok
+RUBY
+
+assert_equal 'ok', <<~'RUBY'
+  begin
+    100.times do |i|
+      Ractor.new(i) do |j|
+        1000.times do |i|
+          "#{j}-#{i}"
+        end
+        Ractor.receive
+      end
+      pid = fork { }
+      _, status = Process.waitpid2 pid
+      raise unless status.success?
+    end
+
+    :ok
+  rescue NotImplementedError
+    :ok
+  end
+RUBY
+
+assert_equal 'ok', <<~'RUBY'
+  begin
+    100.times do |i|
+      Ractor.new(i) do |j|
+        1000.times do |i|
+          "#{j}-#{i}"
+        end
+      end
+      pid = fork do
+        GC.verify_internal_consistency
+      end
+      _, status = Process.waitpid2 pid
+      raise unless status.success?
+    end
+
+    :ok
+  rescue NotImplementedError
+    :ok
+  end
+RUBY
+
+# When creating bmethods in Ractors, they should only be usable from their
+# defining ractor, even if it is GC'd
+assert_equal 'ok', <<~'RUBY'
+
+begin
+  CLASSES = 1000.times.map { Class.new }.freeze
+
+  # This would be better to run in parallel, but there's a bug with lambda
+  # creation and YJIT causing crashes in dev mode
+  ractors = CLASSES.map do |klass|
+    Ractor.new(klass) do |klass|
+      Ractor.receive
+      klass.define_method(:foo) {}
+    end
+  end
+
+  ractors.each do |ractor|
+    ractor << nil
+    ractor.join
+  end
+
+  ractors.clear
+  GC.start
+
+  any = 1000.times.map do
+    Ractor.new do
+      CLASSES.any? do |klass|
+        begin
+          klass.new.foo
+          true
+        rescue RuntimeError
+          false
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end.map(&:value).none? && :ok
+rescue ThreadError => e
+  # ignore limited memory machine
+  if /can\'t create Thread/ =~ e.message
+    :ok
+  else
+    raise
+  end
+end
+RUBY
diff --git a/bootstraptest/test_yjit.rb b/bootstraptest/test_yjit.rb
index 8d02998254..be66395190 100644
--- a/bootstraptest/test_yjit.rb
+++ b/bootstraptest/test_yjit.rb
@@ -220,7 +220,7 @@ assert_equal 'Sub', %q{
   call(Sub.new('o')).class
 }
 
-# String#dup with FL_EXIVAR
+# String#dup with generic ivars
 assert_equal '["str", "ivar"]', %q{
   def str_dup(str) = str.dup
   str = "str"
@@ -468,91 +468,6 @@ assert_normal_exit %q{
   end
 }
 
-assert_equal '0', %q{
-  # This is a regression test for incomplete invalidation from
-  # opt_setinlinecache. This test might be brittle, so
-  # feel free to remove it in the future if it's too annoying.
-  # This test assumes --yjit-call-threshold=2.
-  module M
-    Foo = 1
-    def foo
-      Foo
-    end
-
-    def pin_self_type_then_foo
-      _ = @foo
-      foo
-    end
-
-    def only_ints
-      1 + self
-      foo
-    end
-  end
-
-  class Integer
-    include M
-  end
-
-  class Sub
-    include M
-  end
-
-  foo_method = M.instance_method(:foo)
-
-  dbg = ->(message) do
-    return # comment this out to get printouts
-
-    $stderr.puts RubyVM::YJIT.disasm(foo_method)
-    $stderr.puts message
-  end
-
-  2.times { 42.only_ints }
-
-  dbg["There should be two versions of getinlineache"]
-
-  module M
-    remove_const(:Foo)
-  end
-
-  dbg["There should be no getinlinecaches"]
-
-  2.times do
-    42.only_ints
-  rescue NameError => err
-    _ = "caught name error #{err}"
-  end
-
-  dbg["There should be one version of getinlineache"]
-
-  2.times do
-    Sub.new.pin_self_type_then_foo
-  rescue NameError
-    _ = 'second specialization'
-  end
-
-  dbg["There should be two versions of getinlineache"]
-
-  module M
-    Foo = 1
-  end
-
-  dbg["There should still be two versions of getinlineache"]
-
-  42.only_ints
-
-  dbg["There should be no getinlinecaches"]
-
-  # Find name of the first VM instruction in M#foo.
-  insns = RubyVM::InstructionSequence.of(foo_method).to_a
-  if defined?(RubyVM::YJIT.blocks_for) && (insns.last.find { Array === _1 }&.first == :opt_getinlinecache)
-    RubyVM::YJIT.blocks_for(RubyVM::InstructionSequence.of(foo_method))
-      .filter { _1.iseq_start_index == 0 }.count
-  else
-    0 # skip the test
-  end
-}
-
 # Check that frozen objects are respected
 assert_equal 'great', %q{
   class Foo
@@ -1415,7 +1330,7 @@ assert_equal '[42, :default]', %q{
   ]
 }
 
-# Test default value block for Hash with opt_aref_with
+# Test default value block for Hash
 assert_equal "false", <<~RUBY, frozen_string_literal: false
   def index_with_string(h)
     h["foo"]
@@ -2765,6 +2680,22 @@ assert_equal '[1, 2]', %q{
   expandarray_redefined_nilclass
 }
 
+assert_equal 'not_array', %q{
+  def expandarray_not_array(obj)
+    a, = obj
+    a
+  end
+
+  obj = Object.new
+  def obj.method_missing(m, *args, &block)
+    return [:not_array] if m == :to_ary
+    super
+  end
+
+  expandarray_not_array(obj)
+  expandarray_not_array(obj)
+}
+
 assert_equal '[1, 2, nil]', %q{
   def expandarray_rhs_too_small
     a, b, c = [1, 2]
@@ -4166,6 +4097,26 @@ assert_equal '1', %q{
   bar { }
 }
 
+# unshareable bmethod call through Method#to_proc#call
+assert_equal '1000', %q{
+  define_method(:bmethod) do
+    self
+  end
+
+  Ractor.new do
+    errors = 0
+    1000.times do
+      p = method(:bmethod).to_proc
+      begin
+        p.call
+      rescue RuntimeError
+        errors += 1
+      end
+    end
+    errors
+  end.value
+}
+
 # test for return stub lifetime issue
 assert_equal '1', %q{
   def foo(n)
@@ -4938,6 +4889,16 @@ assert_equal '[:ok, :ok, :ok, :ok, :ok]', %q{
   tests
 }
 
+# regression test for splat with &proc{} when the target has rest (Bug #21266)
+assert_equal '[]', %q{
+  def foo(args) = bar(*args, &proc { _1 })
+  def bar(_, _, _, _, *rest) = yield rest
+
+  GC.stress = true
+  foo([1,2,3,4])
+  foo([1,2,3,4])
+}
+
 # regression test for invalidating an empty block
 assert_equal '0', %q{
   def foo = (* = 1).pred
@@ -5427,3 +5388,75 @@ assert_equal 'nil', %{
 
   test_local_fill_in_forwardable.inspect
 }
+
+# Test defined?(yield) and block_given? in non-method context.
+# It's good that the body of this runs at true top level and isn't wrapped in a block.
+assert_equal 'false', %{
+  RESULT = []
+  RESULT << defined?(yield)
+  RESULT << block_given?
+
+  1.times do
+    RESULT << defined?(yield)
+    RESULT << block_given?
+  end
+
+  module ModuleContext
+    1.times do
+      RESULT << defined?(yield)
+      RESULT << block_given?
+    end
+  end
+
+  class << self
+    RESULT << defined?(yield)
+    RESULT << block_given?
+  end
+
+  RESULT.any?
+}
+
+# throw and String#dup with GC stress
+assert_equal 'foo', %{
+  GC.stress = true
+
+  def foo
+    1.times { return "foo".dup }
+  end
+
+  10.times.map { foo.dup }.last
+}
+
+# regression test for [Bug #21772]
+# local variable type tracking desync
+assert_normal_exit %q{
+  def some_method = 0
+
+  def test_body(key)
+    some_method
+    key = key.to_s # setting of local relevant
+
+    key == "symbol"
+  end
+
+  def jit_caller = test_body("session_id")
+
+  jit_caller # first iteration, non-escaped environment
+  alias some_method binding # induce environment escape
+  test_body(:symbol)
+}
+
+# regression test for missing check in identity method inlining
+assert_normal_exit %q{
+  # Use dead code (if false) to create a local
+  # without initialization instructions.
+  def foo(a)
+    if false
+      x = nil
+    end
+    x
+  end
+  def test = foo(1)
+  test
+  test
+}
diff --git a/box.c b/box.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..830172cdd5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/box.c
@@ -0,0 +1,1220 @@
+/* indent-tabs-mode: nil */
+
+#include "eval_intern.h"
+#include "internal.h"
+#include "internal/box.h"
+#include "internal/class.h"
+#include "internal/eval.h"
+#include "internal/error.h"
+#include "internal/file.h"
+#include "internal/gc.h"
+#include "internal/hash.h"
+#include "internal/io.h"
+#include "internal/load.h"
+#include "internal/st.h"
+#include "internal/variable.h"
+#include "iseq.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/globals.h"
+#include "ruby/util.h"
+#include "vm_core.h"
+#include "darray.h"
+
+#include <stdio.h>
+
+#ifdef HAVE_SYS_SENDFILE_H
+# include <sys/sendfile.h>
+#endif
+#ifdef HAVE_COPYFILE_H
+#include <copyfile.h>
+#endif
+
+VALUE rb_cBox = 0;
+VALUE rb_cBoxEntry = 0;
+VALUE rb_mBoxLoader = 0;
+
+static rb_box_t root_box[1]; /* Initialize in initialize_root_box() */
+static rb_box_t *main_box;
+static char *tmp_dir;
+static bool tmp_dir_has_dirsep;
+
+#define BOX_TMP_PREFIX "_ruby_box_"
+
+#ifndef MAXPATHLEN
+# define MAXPATHLEN 1024
+#endif
+
+#if defined(_WIN32)
+# define DIRSEP "\\"
+#else
+# define DIRSEP "/"
+#endif
+
+bool ruby_box_enabled = false; // extern
+bool ruby_box_init_done = false; // extern
+bool ruby_box_crashed = false; // extern, changed only in vm.c
+
+VALUE rb_resolve_feature_path(VALUE klass, VALUE fname);
+static VALUE rb_box_inspect(VALUE obj);
+static void cleanup_all_local_extensions(VALUE libmap);
+
+void
+rb_box_init_done(void)
+{
+    ruby_box_init_done = true;
+}
+
+const rb_box_t *
+rb_root_box(void)
+{
+    return root_box;
+}
+
+const rb_box_t *
+rb_main_box(void)
+{
+    return main_box;
+}
+
+const rb_box_t *
+rb_current_box(void)
+{
+    /*
+     * If RUBY_BOX is not set, the root box is the only available one.
+     *
+     * Until the main_box is not initialized, the root box is
+     * the only valid box.
+     * This early return is to avoid accessing EC before its setup.
+     */
+    if (!main_box)
+        return root_box;
+
+    return rb_vm_current_box(GET_EC());
+}
+
+const rb_box_t *
+rb_loading_box(void)
+{
+    if (!main_box)
+        return root_box;
+
+    return rb_vm_loading_box(GET_EC());
+}
+
+const rb_box_t *
+rb_current_box_in_crash_report(void)
+{
+    if (ruby_box_crashed)
+        return NULL;
+    return rb_current_box();
+}
+
+static long box_id_counter = 0;
+
+static long
+box_generate_id(void)
+{
+    long id;
+    RB_VM_LOCKING() {
+        id = ++box_id_counter;
+    }
+    return id;
+}
+
+static VALUE
+box_main_to_s(VALUE obj)
+{
+    return rb_str_new2("main");
+}
+
+static void
+box_entry_initialize(rb_box_t *box)
+{
+    const rb_box_t *root = rb_root_box();
+
+    // These will be updated immediately
+    box->box_object = 0;
+    box->box_id = 0;
+
+    box->top_self = rb_obj_alloc(rb_cObject);
+    rb_define_singleton_method(box->top_self, "to_s", box_main_to_s, 0);
+    rb_define_alias(rb_singleton_class(box->top_self), "inspect", "to_s");
+    box->load_path = rb_ary_dup(root->load_path);
+    box->expanded_load_path = rb_ary_dup(root->expanded_load_path);
+    box->load_path_snapshot = rb_ary_new();
+    box->load_path_check_cache = 0;
+    box->loaded_features = rb_ary_dup(root->loaded_features);
+    box->loaded_features_snapshot = rb_ary_new();
+    box->loaded_features_index = st_init_numtable();
+    box->loaded_features_realpaths = rb_hash_dup(root->loaded_features_realpaths);
+    box->loaded_features_realpath_map = rb_hash_dup(root->loaded_features_realpath_map);
+    box->loading_table = st_init_strtable();
+    box->ruby_dln_libmap = rb_hash_new_with_size(0);
+    box->gvar_tbl = rb_hash_new_with_size(0);
+    box->classext_cow_classes = st_init_numtable();
+
+    box->is_user = true;
+    box->is_optional = true;
+}
+
+void
+rb_box_gc_update_references(void *ptr)
+{
+    rb_box_t *box = (rb_box_t *)ptr;
+    if (!box) return;
+
+    if (box->box_object)
+        box->box_object = rb_gc_location(box->box_object);
+    if (box->top_self)
+        box->top_self = rb_gc_location(box->top_self);
+    box->load_path = rb_gc_location(box->load_path);
+    box->expanded_load_path = rb_gc_location(box->expanded_load_path);
+    box->load_path_snapshot = rb_gc_location(box->load_path_snapshot);
+    if (box->load_path_check_cache) {
+        box->load_path_check_cache = rb_gc_location(box->load_path_check_cache);
+    }
+    box->loaded_features = rb_gc_location(box->loaded_features);
+    box->loaded_features_snapshot = rb_gc_location(box->loaded_features_snapshot);
+    box->loaded_features_realpaths = rb_gc_location(box->loaded_features_realpaths);
+    box->loaded_features_realpath_map = rb_gc_location(box->loaded_features_realpath_map);
+    box->ruby_dln_libmap = rb_gc_location(box->ruby_dln_libmap);
+    box->gvar_tbl = rb_gc_location(box->gvar_tbl);
+}
+
+void
+rb_box_entry_mark(void *ptr)
+{
+    const rb_box_t *box = (rb_box_t *)ptr;
+    if (!box) return;
+
+    rb_gc_mark(box->box_object);
+    rb_gc_mark(box->top_self);
+    rb_gc_mark(box->load_path);
+    rb_gc_mark(box->expanded_load_path);
+    rb_gc_mark(box->load_path_snapshot);
+    rb_gc_mark(box->load_path_check_cache);
+    rb_gc_mark(box->loaded_features);
+    rb_gc_mark(box->loaded_features_snapshot);
+    rb_gc_mark(box->loaded_features_realpaths);
+    rb_gc_mark(box->loaded_features_realpath_map);
+    if (box->loading_table) {
+        rb_mark_tbl(box->loading_table);
+    }
+    rb_gc_mark(box->ruby_dln_libmap);
+    rb_gc_mark(box->gvar_tbl);
+    if (box->classext_cow_classes) {
+        rb_mark_tbl(box->classext_cow_classes);
+    }
+}
+
+static int
+free_loading_table_entry(st_data_t key, st_data_t value, st_data_t arg)
+{
+    xfree((char *)key);
+    return ST_DELETE;
+}
+
+static int
+free_loaded_feature_index_i(st_data_t key, st_data_t value, st_data_t arg)
+{
+    if (!FIXNUM_P(value)) {
+        rb_darray_free((void *)value);
+    }
+    return ST_CONTINUE;
+}
+
+static void
+box_root_free(void *ptr)
+{
+    rb_box_t *box = (rb_box_t *)ptr;
+    if (box->loading_table) {
+        st_foreach(box->loading_table, free_loading_table_entry, 0);
+        st_free_table(box->loading_table);
+        box->loading_table = 0;
+    }
+
+    if (box->loaded_features_index) {
+        st_foreach(box->loaded_features_index, free_loaded_feature_index_i, 0);
+        st_free_table(box->loaded_features_index);
+    }
+}
+
+static int
+free_classext_for_box(st_data_t _key, st_data_t obj_value, st_data_t box_arg)
+{
+    rb_classext_t *ext;
+    VALUE obj = (VALUE)obj_value;
+    const rb_box_t *box = (const rb_box_t *)box_arg;
+
+    if (RB_TYPE_P(obj, T_CLASS) || RB_TYPE_P(obj, T_MODULE)) {
+        ext = rb_class_unlink_classext(obj, box);
+        rb_class_classext_free(obj, ext, false);
+    }
+    else if (RB_TYPE_P(obj, T_ICLASS)) {
+        ext = rb_class_unlink_classext(obj, box);
+        rb_iclass_classext_free(obj, ext, false);
+    }
+    else {
+        rb_bug("Invalid type of object in classext_cow_classes: %s", rb_type_str(BUILTIN_TYPE(obj)));
+    }
+    return ST_CONTINUE;
+}
+
+static void
+box_entry_free(void *ptr)
+{
+    const rb_box_t *box = (const rb_box_t *)ptr;
+
+    if (box->classext_cow_classes) {
+        st_foreach(box->classext_cow_classes, free_classext_for_box, (st_data_t)box);
+    }
+
+    cleanup_all_local_extensions(box->ruby_dln_libmap);
+
+    box_root_free(ptr);
+    xfree(ptr);
+}
+
+static size_t
+box_entry_memsize(const void *ptr)
+{
+    size_t size = sizeof(rb_box_t);
+    const rb_box_t *box = (const rb_box_t *)ptr;
+    if (box->loaded_features_index) {
+        size += rb_st_memsize(box->loaded_features_index);
+    }
+    if (box->loading_table) {
+        size += rb_st_memsize(box->loading_table);
+    }
+    return size;
+}
+
+static const rb_data_type_t rb_box_data_type = {
+    "Ruby::Box::Entry",
+    {
+        rb_box_entry_mark,
+        box_entry_free,
+        box_entry_memsize,
+        rb_box_gc_update_references,
+    },
+    0, 0, RUBY_TYPED_FREE_IMMEDIATELY // TODO: enable RUBY_TYPED_WB_PROTECTED when inserting write barriers
+};
+
+static const rb_data_type_t rb_root_box_data_type = {
+    "Ruby::Box::Root",
+    {
+        rb_box_entry_mark,
+        box_root_free,
+        box_entry_memsize,
+        rb_box_gc_update_references,
+    },
+    &rb_box_data_type, 0, RUBY_TYPED_FREE_IMMEDIATELY // TODO: enable RUBY_TYPED_WB_PROTECTED when inserting write barriers
+};
+
+VALUE
+rb_box_entry_alloc(VALUE klass)
+{
+    rb_box_t *entry;
+    VALUE obj = TypedData_Make_Struct(klass, rb_box_t, &rb_box_data_type, entry);
+    box_entry_initialize(entry);
+    return obj;
+}
+
+static rb_box_t *
+get_box_struct_internal(VALUE entry)
+{
+    rb_box_t *sval;
+    TypedData_Get_Struct(entry, rb_box_t, &rb_box_data_type, sval);
+    return sval;
+}
+
+rb_box_t *
+rb_get_box_t(VALUE box)
+{
+    VALUE entry;
+    ID id_box_entry;
+
+    VM_ASSERT(box);
+
+    if (NIL_P(box))
+        return root_box;
+
+    VM_ASSERT(BOX_OBJ_P(box));
+
+    CONST_ID(id_box_entry, "__box_entry__");
+    entry = rb_attr_get(box, id_box_entry);
+    return get_box_struct_internal(entry);
+}
+
+VALUE
+rb_get_box_object(rb_box_t *box)
+{
+    VM_ASSERT(box && box->box_object);
+    return box->box_object;
+}
+
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *    Ruby::Box.new -> new_box
+ *
+ *  Returns a new Ruby::Box object.
+ */
+static VALUE
+box_initialize(VALUE box_value)
+{
+    rb_box_t *box;
+    rb_classext_t *object_classext;
+    VALUE entry;
+    ID id_box_entry;
+    CONST_ID(id_box_entry, "__box_entry__");
+
+    if (!rb_box_available()) {
+        rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "Ruby Box is disabled. Set RUBY_BOX=1 environment variable to use Ruby::Box.");
+    }
+
+    entry = rb_class_new_instance_pass_kw(0, NULL, rb_cBoxEntry);
+    box = get_box_struct_internal(entry);
+
+    box->box_object = box_value;
+    box->box_id = box_generate_id();
+    rb_define_singleton_method(box->load_path, "resolve_feature_path", rb_resolve_feature_path, 1);
+
+    // Set the Ruby::Box object unique/consistent from any boxes to have just single
+    // constant table from any view of every (including main) box.
+    // If a code in the box adds a constant, the constant will be visible even from root/main.
+    RCLASS_SET_PRIME_CLASSEXT_WRITABLE(box_value, true);
+
+    // Get a clean constant table of Object even by writable one
+    // because ns was just created, so it has not touched any constants yet.
+    object_classext = RCLASS_EXT_WRITABLE_IN_BOX(rb_cObject, box);
+    RCLASS_SET_CONST_TBL(box_value, RCLASSEXT_CONST_TBL(object_classext), true);
+
+    rb_ivar_set(box_value, id_box_entry, entry);
+
+    return box_value;
+}
+
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *    Ruby::Box.enabled? -> true or false
+ *
+ *  Returns +true+ if Ruby::Box is enabled.
+ */
+static VALUE
+rb_box_s_getenabled(VALUE recv)
+{
+    return RBOOL(rb_box_available());
+}
+
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *    Ruby::Box.current -> box, nil or false
+ *
+ *  Returns the current box.
+ *  Returns +nil+ if Ruby Box is not enabled.
+ */
+static VALUE
+rb_box_s_current(VALUE recv)
+{
+    const rb_box_t *box;
+
+    if (!rb_box_available())
+        return Qnil;
+
+    box = rb_vm_current_box(GET_EC());
+    VM_ASSERT(box && box->box_object);
+    return box->box_object;
+}
+
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *    load_path -> array
+ *
+ *  Returns box local load path.
+ */
+static VALUE
+rb_box_load_path(VALUE box)
+{
+    VM_ASSERT(BOX_OBJ_P(box));
+    return rb_get_box_t(box)->load_path;
+}
+
+#ifdef _WIN32
+UINT rb_w32_system_tmpdir(WCHAR *path, UINT len);
+#endif
+
+/* Copied from mjit.c Ruby 3.0.3 */
+static char *
+system_default_tmpdir(void)
+{
+    // c.f. ext/etc/etc.c:etc_systmpdir()
+#ifdef _WIN32
+    WCHAR tmppath[_MAX_PATH];
+    UINT len = rb_w32_system_tmpdir(tmppath, numberof(tmppath));
+    if (len) {
+        int blen = WideCharToMultiByte(CP_UTF8, 0, tmppath, len, NULL, 0, NULL, NULL);
+        char *tmpdir = xmalloc(blen + 1);
+        WideCharToMultiByte(CP_UTF8, 0, tmppath, len, tmpdir, blen, NULL, NULL);
+        tmpdir[blen] = '\0';
+        return tmpdir;
+    }
+#elif defined _CS_DARWIN_USER_TEMP_DIR
+    char path[MAXPATHLEN];
+    size_t len = confstr(_CS_DARWIN_USER_TEMP_DIR, path, sizeof(path));
+    if (len > 0) {
+        char *tmpdir = xmalloc(len);
+        if (len > sizeof(path)) {
+            confstr(_CS_DARWIN_USER_TEMP_DIR, tmpdir, len);
+        }
+        else {
+            memcpy(tmpdir, path, len);
+        }
+        return tmpdir;
+    }
+#endif
+    return 0;
+}
+
+static int
+check_tmpdir(const char *dir)
+{
+    struct stat st;
+
+    if (!dir) return FALSE;
+    if (stat(dir, &st)) return FALSE;
+#ifndef S_ISDIR
+#   define S_ISDIR(m) (((m) & S_IFMT) == S_IFDIR)
+#endif
+    if (!S_ISDIR(st.st_mode)) return FALSE;
+#ifndef _WIN32
+# ifndef S_IWOTH
+#   define S_IWOTH 002
+# endif
+    if (st.st_mode & S_IWOTH) {
+# ifdef S_ISVTX
+        if (!(st.st_mode & S_ISVTX)) return FALSE;
+# else
+        return FALSE;
+# endif
+    }
+    if (access(dir, W_OK)) return FALSE;
+#endif
+    return TRUE;
+}
+
+static char *
+system_tmpdir(void)
+{
+    char *tmpdir;
+# define RETURN_ENV(name) \
+    if (check_tmpdir(tmpdir = getenv(name))) return ruby_strdup(tmpdir)
+    RETURN_ENV("TMPDIR");
+    RETURN_ENV("TMP");
+    tmpdir = system_default_tmpdir();
+    if (check_tmpdir(tmpdir)) return tmpdir;
+    return ruby_strdup("/tmp");
+# undef RETURN_ENV
+}
+
+/* end of copy */
+
+static int
+sprint_ext_filename(char *str, size_t size, long box_id, const char *prefix, const char *basename)
+{
+    if (tmp_dir_has_dirsep) {
+        return snprintf(str, size, "%s%sp%"PRI_PIDT_PREFIX"u_%ld_%s", tmp_dir, prefix, getpid(), box_id, basename);
+    }
+    return snprintf(str, size, "%s%s%sp%"PRI_PIDT_PREFIX"u_%ld_%s", tmp_dir, DIRSEP, prefix, getpid(), box_id, basename);
+}
+
+enum copy_error_type {
+    COPY_ERROR_NONE,
+    COPY_ERROR_SRC_OPEN,
+    COPY_ERROR_DST_OPEN,
+    COPY_ERROR_SRC_READ,
+    COPY_ERROR_DST_WRITE,
+    COPY_ERROR_SRC_STAT,
+    COPY_ERROR_DST_CHMOD,
+    COPY_ERROR_SYSERR
+};
+
+static const char *
+copy_ext_file_error(char *message, size_t size, int copy_retvalue)
+{
+#ifdef _WIN32
+    int error = GetLastError();
+    char *p = message;
+    size_t len = snprintf(message, size, "%d: ", error);
+
+#define format_message(sublang) FormatMessage(\
+        FORMAT_MESSAGE_FROM_SYSTEM | FORMAT_MESSAGE_IGNORE_INSERTS,	\
+        NULL, error, MAKELANGID(LANG_NEUTRAL, (sublang)),		\
+        message + len, size - len, NULL)
+    if (format_message(SUBLANG_ENGLISH_US) == 0)
+        format_message(SUBLANG_DEFAULT);
+    for (p = message + len; *p; p++) {
+        if (*p == '\n' || *p == '\r')
+            *p = ' ';
+    }
+#else
+    switch (copy_retvalue) {
+      case COPY_ERROR_SRC_OPEN:
+        strlcpy(message, "can't open the extension path", size);
+        break;
+      case COPY_ERROR_DST_OPEN:
+        strlcpy(message, "can't open the file to write", size);
+        break;
+      case COPY_ERROR_SRC_READ:
+        strlcpy(message, "failed to read the extension path", size);
+        break;
+      case COPY_ERROR_DST_WRITE:
+        strlcpy(message, "failed to write the extension path", size);
+        break;
+      case COPY_ERROR_SRC_STAT:
+        strlcpy(message, "failed to stat the extension path to copy permissions", size);
+        break;
+      case COPY_ERROR_DST_CHMOD:
+        strlcpy(message, "failed to set permissions to the copied extension path", size);
+        break;
+      case COPY_ERROR_SYSERR:
+        strlcpy(message, strerror(errno), size);
+        break;
+      case COPY_ERROR_NONE: /* shouldn't be called */
+      default:
+        rb_bug("unknown return value of copy_ext_file: %d", copy_retvalue);
+    }
+#endif
+    return message;
+}
+
+#ifndef _WIN32
+static enum copy_error_type
+copy_stream(int src_fd, int dst_fd)
+{
+    char buffer[1024];
+    ssize_t rsize;
+
+    while ((rsize = read(src_fd, buffer, sizeof(buffer))) != 0) {
+        if (rsize < 0) return COPY_ERROR_SRC_READ;
+        for (size_t written = 0; written < (size_t)rsize;) {
+            ssize_t wsize = write(dst_fd, buffer+written, rsize-written);
+            if (wsize < 0) return COPY_ERROR_DST_WRITE;
+            written += (size_t)wsize;
+        }
+    }
+    return COPY_ERROR_NONE;
+}
+#endif
+
+static enum copy_error_type
+copy_ext_file(const char *src_path, const char *dst_path)
+{
+#if defined(_WIN32)
+    WCHAR *w_src = rb_w32_mbstr_to_wstr(CP_UTF8, src_path, -1, NULL);
+    WCHAR *w_dst = rb_w32_mbstr_to_wstr(CP_UTF8, dst_path, -1, NULL);
+    if (!w_src || !w_dst) {
+        free(w_src);
+        free(w_dst);
+        rb_memerror();
+    }
+
+    enum copy_error_type rvalue = CopyFileW(w_src, w_dst, TRUE) ?
+        COPY_ERROR_NONE : COPY_ERROR_SYSERR;
+    free(w_src);
+    free(w_dst);
+    return rvalue;
+#else
+# ifdef O_BINARY
+    const int bin = O_BINARY;
+# else
+    const int bin = 0;
+# endif
+# ifdef O_CLOEXEC
+    const int cloexec = O_CLOEXEC;
+# else
+    const int cloexec = 0;
+# endif
+    const int src_fd = open(src_path, O_RDONLY|cloexec|bin);
+    if (src_fd < 0) return COPY_ERROR_SRC_OPEN;
+    if (!cloexec) rb_maygvl_fd_fix_cloexec(src_fd);
+
+    struct stat src_st;
+    if (fstat(src_fd, &src_st)) {
+        close(src_fd);
+        return COPY_ERROR_SRC_STAT;
+    }
+
+    const int dst_fd = open(dst_path, O_WRONLY|O_CREAT|O_EXCL|cloexec|bin, S_IRWXU);
+    if (dst_fd < 0) {
+        close(src_fd);
+        return COPY_ERROR_DST_OPEN;
+    }
+    if (!cloexec) rb_maygvl_fd_fix_cloexec(dst_fd);
+
+    enum copy_error_type ret = COPY_ERROR_NONE;
+
+    if (fchmod(dst_fd, src_st.st_mode & 0777)) {
+        ret = COPY_ERROR_DST_CHMOD;
+        goto done;
+    }
+
+    const size_t count_max = (SIZE_MAX >> 1) + 1;
+    (void)count_max;
+
+# ifdef HAVE_COPY_FILE_RANGE
+    for (;;) {
+        ssize_t written = copy_file_range(src_fd, NULL, dst_fd, NULL, count_max, 0);
+        if (written == 0) goto done;
+        if (written < 0) break;
+    }
+# endif
+# ifdef HAVE_FCOPYFILE
+    if (fcopyfile(src_fd, dst_fd, NULL, COPYFILE_DATA) == 0) {
+        goto done;
+    }
+# endif
+# ifdef USE_SENDFILE
+    for (;;) {
+        ssize_t written = sendfile(src_fd, dst_fd, NULL count_max);
+        if (written == 0) goto done;
+        if (written < 0) break;
+    }
+# endif
+    ret = copy_stream(src_fd, dst_fd);
+
+  done:
+    close(src_fd);
+    if (dst_fd >= 0) close(dst_fd);
+    if (ret != COPY_ERROR_NONE) unlink(dst_path);
+    return ret;
+#endif
+}
+
+#if defined __CYGWIN__ || defined DOSISH
+#define isdirsep(x) ((x) == '/' || (x) == '\\')
+#else
+#define isdirsep(x) ((x) == '/')
+#endif
+
+#define IS_SOEXT(e) (strcmp((e), ".so") == 0 || strcmp((e), ".o") == 0)
+#define IS_DLEXT(e) (strcmp((e), DLEXT) == 0)
+
+static void
+fname_without_suffix(const char *fname, char *rvalue, size_t rsize)
+{
+    size_t len = strlen(fname);
+    const char *pos;
+    for (pos = fname + len; pos > fname; pos--) {
+        if (IS_SOEXT(pos) || IS_DLEXT(pos)) {
+            len = pos - fname;
+            break;
+        }
+        if (fname + len - pos > DLEXT_MAXLEN) break;
+    }
+    if (len > rsize - 1) len = rsize - 1;
+    memcpy(rvalue, fname, len);
+    rvalue[len] = '\0';
+}
+
+static void
+escaped_basename(const char *path, const char *fname, char *rvalue, size_t rsize)
+{
+    char *pos;
+    const char *leaf = path, *found;
+    // `leaf + 1` looks uncomfortable (when leaf == path), but fname must not be the top-dir itself
+    while ((found = strstr(leaf + 1, fname)) != NULL) {
+        leaf = found; // find the last occurrence for the path like /etc/my-crazy-lib-dir/etc.so
+    }
+    strlcpy(rvalue, leaf, rsize);
+    for (pos = rvalue; *pos; pos++) {
+        if (isdirsep(*pos)) {
+            *pos = '+';
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+static void
+box_ext_cleanup_mark(void *p)
+{
+    rb_gc_mark((VALUE)p);
+}
+
+static void
+box_ext_cleanup_free(void *p)
+{
+    VALUE path = (VALUE)p;
+    unlink(RSTRING_PTR(path));
+}
+
+static const rb_data_type_t box_ext_cleanup_type = {
+    "box_ext_cleanup",
+    {box_ext_cleanup_mark, box_ext_cleanup_free},
+    .flags = RUBY_TYPED_FREE_IMMEDIATELY,
+};
+
+void
+rb_box_cleanup_local_extension(VALUE cleanup)
+{
+    void *p = DATA_PTR(cleanup);
+    DATA_PTR(cleanup) = NULL;
+#ifndef _WIN32
+    if (p) box_ext_cleanup_free(p);
+#endif
+    (void)p;
+}
+
+static int
+cleanup_local_extension_i(VALUE key, VALUE value, VALUE arg)
+{
+#if defined(_WIN32)
+    HMODULE h = (HMODULE)NUM2PTR(value);
+    WCHAR module_path[MAXPATHLEN];
+    DWORD len = GetModuleFileNameW(h, module_path, numberof(module_path));
+
+    FreeLibrary(h);
+    if (len > 0 && len < numberof(module_path)) DeleteFileW(module_path);
+#endif
+    return ST_DELETE;
+}
+
+static void
+cleanup_all_local_extensions(VALUE libmap)
+{
+    rb_hash_foreach(libmap, cleanup_local_extension_i, 0);
+}
+
+VALUE
+rb_box_local_extension(VALUE box_value, VALUE fname, VALUE path, VALUE *cleanup)
+{
+    char ext_path[MAXPATHLEN], fname2[MAXPATHLEN], basename[MAXPATHLEN];
+    int wrote;
+    const char *src_path = RSTRING_PTR(path), *fname_ptr = RSTRING_PTR(fname);
+    rb_box_t *box = rb_get_box_t(box_value);
+
+    fname_without_suffix(fname_ptr, fname2, sizeof(fname2));
+    escaped_basename(src_path, fname2, basename, sizeof(basename));
+
+    wrote = sprint_ext_filename(ext_path, sizeof(ext_path), box->box_id, BOX_TMP_PREFIX, basename);
+    if (wrote >= (int)sizeof(ext_path)) {
+        rb_bug("Extension file path in the box was too long");
+    }
+    VALUE new_path = rb_str_new_cstr(ext_path);
+    *cleanup = TypedData_Wrap_Struct(0, &box_ext_cleanup_type, NULL);
+    enum copy_error_type copy_error = copy_ext_file(src_path, ext_path);
+    if (copy_error) {
+        char message[1024];
+        copy_ext_file_error(message, sizeof(message), copy_error);
+        rb_raise(rb_eLoadError, "can't prepare the extension file for Ruby Box (%s from %"PRIsVALUE"): %s", ext_path, path, message);
+    }
+    DATA_PTR(*cleanup) = (void *)new_path;
+    return new_path;
+}
+
+static VALUE
+rb_box_load(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE box)
+{
+    VALUE fname, wrap;
+    rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "11", &fname, &wrap);
+
+    rb_vm_frame_flag_set_box_require(GET_EC());
+
+    VALUE args = rb_ary_new_from_args(2, fname, wrap);
+    return rb_load_entrypoint(args);
+}
+
+static VALUE
+rb_box_require(VALUE box, VALUE fname)
+{
+    rb_vm_frame_flag_set_box_require(GET_EC());
+
+    return rb_require_string(fname);
+}
+
+static VALUE
+rb_box_require_relative(VALUE box, VALUE fname)
+{
+    rb_vm_frame_flag_set_box_require(GET_EC());
+
+    return rb_require_relative_entrypoint(fname);
+}
+
+static void
+initialize_root_box(void)
+{
+    rb_vm_t *vm = GET_VM();
+    rb_box_t *root = (rb_box_t *)rb_root_box();
+
+    root->load_path = rb_ary_new();
+    root->expanded_load_path = rb_ary_hidden_new(0);
+    root->load_path_snapshot = rb_ary_hidden_new(0);
+    root->load_path_check_cache = 0;
+    rb_define_singleton_method(root->load_path, "resolve_feature_path", rb_resolve_feature_path, 1);
+
+    root->loaded_features = rb_ary_new();
+    root->loaded_features_snapshot = rb_ary_hidden_new(0);
+    root->loaded_features_index = st_init_numtable();
+    root->loaded_features_realpaths = rb_hash_new();
+    rb_obj_hide(root->loaded_features_realpaths);
+    root->loaded_features_realpath_map = rb_hash_new();
+    rb_obj_hide(root->loaded_features_realpath_map);
+
+    root->ruby_dln_libmap = rb_hash_new_with_size(0);
+    root->gvar_tbl = rb_hash_new_with_size(0);
+    root->classext_cow_classes = NULL; // classext CoW never happen on the root box
+
+    vm->root_box = root;
+
+    if (rb_box_available()) {
+        VALUE root_box, entry;
+        ID id_box_entry;
+        CONST_ID(id_box_entry, "__box_entry__");
+
+        root_box = rb_obj_alloc(rb_cBox);
+        RCLASS_SET_PRIME_CLASSEXT_WRITABLE(root_box, true);
+        RCLASS_SET_CONST_TBL(root_box, RCLASSEXT_CONST_TBL(RCLASS_EXT_PRIME(rb_cObject)), true);
+
+        root->box_id = box_generate_id();
+        root->box_object = root_box;
+
+        entry = TypedData_Wrap_Struct(rb_cBoxEntry, &rb_root_box_data_type, root);
+        rb_ivar_set(root_box, id_box_entry, entry);
+    }
+    else {
+        root->box_id = 1;
+        root->box_object = Qnil;
+    }
+}
+
+static VALUE
+rb_box_eval(VALUE box_value, VALUE str)
+{
+    const rb_iseq_t *iseq;
+    const rb_box_t *box;
+
+    StringValue(str);
+
+    iseq = rb_iseq_compile_iseq(str, rb_str_new_cstr("eval"));
+    VM_ASSERT(iseq);
+
+    box = (const rb_box_t *)rb_get_box_t(box_value);
+
+    return rb_iseq_eval(iseq, box);
+}
+
+static int box_experimental_warned = 0;
+
+RUBY_EXTERN const char ruby_api_version_name[];
+
+void
+rb_initialize_main_box(void)
+{
+    rb_box_t *box;
+    VALUE main_box_value;
+    rb_vm_t *vm = GET_VM();
+
+    VM_ASSERT(rb_box_available());
+
+    if (!box_experimental_warned) {
+        rb_category_warn(RB_WARN_CATEGORY_EXPERIMENTAL,
+                         "Ruby::Box is experimental, and the behavior may change in the future!\n"
+                         "See https://docs.ruby-lang.org/en/%s/Ruby/Box.html for known issues, etc.",
+                         ruby_api_version_name);
+        box_experimental_warned = 1;
+    }
+
+    main_box_value = rb_class_new_instance(0, NULL, rb_cBox);
+    VM_ASSERT(BOX_OBJ_P(main_box_value));
+    box = rb_get_box_t(main_box_value);
+    box->box_object = main_box_value;
+    box->is_user = true;
+    box->is_optional = false;
+
+    rb_const_set(rb_cBox, rb_intern("MAIN"), main_box_value);
+
+    vm->main_box = main_box = box;
+
+    // create the writable classext of ::Object explicitly to finalize the set of visible top-level constants
+    RCLASS_EXT_WRITABLE_IN_BOX(rb_cObject, box);
+}
+
+static VALUE
+rb_box_inspect(VALUE obj)
+{
+    rb_box_t *box;
+    VALUE r;
+    if (obj == Qfalse) {
+        r = rb_str_new_cstr("#<Ruby::Box:root>");
+        return r;
+    }
+    box = rb_get_box_t(obj);
+    r = rb_str_new_cstr("#<Ruby::Box:");
+    rb_str_concat(r, rb_funcall(LONG2NUM(box->box_id), rb_intern("to_s"), 0));
+    if (BOX_ROOT_P(box)) {
+        rb_str_cat_cstr(r, ",root");
+    }
+    if (BOX_USER_P(box)) {
+        rb_str_cat_cstr(r, ",user");
+    }
+    if (BOX_MAIN_P(box)) {
+        rb_str_cat_cstr(r, ",main");
+    }
+    else if (BOX_OPTIONAL_P(box)) {
+        rb_str_cat_cstr(r, ",optional");
+    }
+    rb_str_cat_cstr(r, ">");
+    return r;
+}
+
+static VALUE
+rb_box_loading_func(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE _self)
+{
+    rb_vm_frame_flag_set_box_require(GET_EC());
+    return rb_call_super(argc, argv);
+}
+
+static void
+box_define_loader_method(const char *name)
+{
+    rb_define_private_method(rb_mBoxLoader, name, rb_box_loading_func, -1);
+    rb_define_singleton_method(rb_mBoxLoader, name, rb_box_loading_func, -1);
+}
+
+void
+Init_root_box(void)
+{
+    root_box->loading_table = st_init_strtable();
+}
+
+void
+Init_enable_box(void)
+{
+    const char *env = getenv("RUBY_BOX");
+    if (env && strlen(env) == 1 && env[0] == '1') {
+        ruby_box_enabled = true;
+    }
+    else {
+        ruby_box_init_done = true;
+    }
+}
+
+/* :nodoc: */
+static VALUE
+rb_box_s_root(VALUE recv)
+{
+    return root_box->box_object;
+}
+
+/* :nodoc: */
+static VALUE
+rb_box_s_main(VALUE recv)
+{
+    return main_box->box_object;
+}
+
+/* :nodoc: */
+static VALUE
+rb_box_root_p(VALUE box_value)
+{
+    const rb_box_t *box = (const rb_box_t *)rb_get_box_t(box_value);
+    return RBOOL(BOX_ROOT_P(box));
+}
+
+/* :nodoc: */
+static VALUE
+rb_box_main_p(VALUE box_value)
+{
+    const rb_box_t *box = (const rb_box_t *)rb_get_box_t(box_value);
+    return RBOOL(BOX_MAIN_P(box));
+}
+
+#if RUBY_DEBUG
+
+static const char *
+classname(VALUE klass)
+{
+    VALUE p;
+    if (!klass) {
+        return "Qfalse";
+    }
+    p = RCLASSEXT_CLASSPATH(RCLASS_EXT_PRIME(klass));
+    if (RTEST(p))
+        return RSTRING_PTR(p);
+    if (RB_TYPE_P(klass, T_CLASS) || RB_TYPE_P(klass, T_MODULE) || RB_TYPE_P(klass, T_ICLASS))
+        return "AnyClassValue";
+    return "NonClassValue";
+}
+
+static enum rb_id_table_iterator_result
+dump_classext_methods_i(ID mid, VALUE _val, void *data)
+{
+    VALUE ary = (VALUE)data;
+    rb_ary_push(ary, rb_id2str(mid));
+    return ID_TABLE_CONTINUE;
+}
+
+static enum rb_id_table_iterator_result
+dump_classext_constants_i(ID mid, VALUE _val, void *data)
+{
+    VALUE ary = (VALUE)data;
+    rb_ary_push(ary, rb_id2str(mid));
+    return ID_TABLE_CONTINUE;
+}
+
+static void
+dump_classext_i(rb_classext_t *ext, bool is_prime, VALUE _recv, void *data)
+{
+    char buf[4096];
+    struct rb_id_table *tbl;
+    VALUE ary, res = (VALUE)data;
+
+    snprintf(buf, 4096, "Ruby::Box %ld:%s classext %p\n",
+             RCLASSEXT_BOX(ext)->box_id, is_prime ? " prime" : "", (void *)ext);
+    rb_str_cat_cstr(res, buf);
+
+    snprintf(buf, 2048, "  Super: %s\n", classname(RCLASSEXT_SUPER(ext)));
+    rb_str_cat_cstr(res, buf);
+
+    tbl = RCLASSEXT_M_TBL(ext);
+    if (tbl) {
+        ary = rb_ary_new_capa((long)rb_id_table_size(tbl));
+        rb_id_table_foreach(RCLASSEXT_M_TBL(ext), dump_classext_methods_i, (void *)ary);
+        rb_ary_sort_bang(ary);
+        snprintf(buf, 4096, "  Methods(%ld): ", RARRAY_LEN(ary));
+        rb_str_cat_cstr(res, buf);
+        rb_str_concat(res, rb_ary_join(ary, rb_str_new_cstr(",")));
+        rb_str_cat_cstr(res, "\n");
+    }
+    else {
+        rb_str_cat_cstr(res, "  Methods(0): .\n");
+    }
+
+    tbl = RCLASSEXT_CONST_TBL(ext);
+    if (tbl) {
+        ary = rb_ary_new_capa((long)rb_id_table_size(tbl));
+        rb_id_table_foreach(tbl, dump_classext_constants_i, (void *)ary);
+        rb_ary_sort_bang(ary);
+        snprintf(buf, 4096, "  Constants(%ld): ", RARRAY_LEN(ary));
+        rb_str_cat_cstr(res, buf);
+        rb_str_concat(res, rb_ary_join(ary, rb_str_new_cstr(",")));
+        rb_str_cat_cstr(res, "\n");
+    }
+    else {
+        rb_str_cat_cstr(res, "  Constants(0): .\n");
+    }
+}
+
+/* :nodoc: */
+static VALUE
+rb_f_dump_classext(VALUE recv, VALUE klass)
+{
+    /*
+     * The desired output String value is:
+     * Class: 0x88800932 (String) [singleton]
+     * Prime classext box(2,main), readable(t), writable(f)
+     * Non-prime classexts: 3
+     * Box 2: prime classext 0x88800933
+     *   Super: Object
+     *   Methods(43): aaaaa, bbbb, cccc, dddd, eeeee, ffff, gggg, hhhhh, ...
+     *   Constants(12): FOO, Bar, ...
+     * Box 5: classext 0x88800934
+     *   Super: Object
+     *   Methods(43): aaaaa, bbbb, cccc, dddd, eeeee, ffff, gggg, hhhhh, ...
+     *   Constants(12): FOO, Bar, ...
+     */
+    char buf[2048];
+    VALUE res;
+    const rb_classext_t *ext;
+    const rb_box_t *box;
+    st_table *classext_tbl;
+
+    if (!(RB_TYPE_P(klass, T_CLASS) || RB_TYPE_P(klass, T_MODULE))) {
+        snprintf(buf, 2048, "Non-class/module value: %p (%s)\n", (void *)klass, rb_type_str(BUILTIN_TYPE(klass)));
+        return rb_str_new_cstr(buf);
+    }
+
+    if (RB_TYPE_P(klass, T_CLASS)) {
+        snprintf(buf, 2048, "Class: %p (%s)%s\n",
+                 (void *)klass, classname(klass), RCLASS_SINGLETON_P(klass) ? " [singleton]" : "");
+    }
+    else {
+        snprintf(buf, 2048, "Module: %p (%s)\n", (void *)klass, classname(klass));
+    }
+    res = rb_str_new_cstr(buf);
+
+    ext = RCLASS_EXT_PRIME(klass);
+    box = RCLASSEXT_BOX(ext);
+    snprintf(buf, 2048, "Prime classext box(%ld,%s), readable(%s), writable(%s)\n",
+             box->box_id,
+             BOX_ROOT_P(box) ? "root" : (BOX_MAIN_P(box) ? "main" : "optional"),
+             RCLASS_PRIME_CLASSEXT_READABLE_P(klass) ? "t" : "f",
+             RCLASS_PRIME_CLASSEXT_WRITABLE_P(klass) ? "t" : "f");
+    rb_str_cat_cstr(res, buf);
+
+    classext_tbl = RCLASS_CLASSEXT_TBL(klass);
+    if (!classext_tbl) {
+        rb_str_cat_cstr(res, "Non-prime classexts: 0\n");
+    }
+    else {
+        snprintf(buf, 2048, "Non-prime classexts: %zu\n", st_table_size(classext_tbl));
+        rb_str_cat_cstr(res, buf);
+    }
+
+    rb_class_classext_foreach(klass, dump_classext_i, (void *)res);
+
+    return res;
+}
+
+#endif /* RUBY_DEBUG */
+
+/*
+ *  Document-class: Ruby::Box
+ *
+ *  :markup: markdown
+ *  :include: doc/language/box.md
+ */
+void
+Init_Box(void)
+{
+    tmp_dir = system_tmpdir();
+    tmp_dir_has_dirsep = (strcmp(tmp_dir + (strlen(tmp_dir) - strlen(DIRSEP)), DIRSEP) == 0);
+
+    VALUE mRuby = rb_define_module("Ruby");
+
+    rb_cBox = rb_define_class_under(mRuby, "Box", rb_cModule);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cBox, "initialize", box_initialize, 0);
+
+    /* :nodoc: */
+    rb_cBoxEntry = rb_define_class_under(rb_cBox, "Entry", rb_cObject);
+    rb_define_alloc_func(rb_cBoxEntry, rb_box_entry_alloc);
+
+    initialize_root_box();
+
+    /* :nodoc: */
+    rb_mBoxLoader = rb_define_module_under(rb_cBox, "Loader");
+    box_define_loader_method("require");
+    box_define_loader_method("require_relative");
+    box_define_loader_method("load");
+
+    if (rb_box_available()) {
+        rb_include_module(rb_cObject, rb_mBoxLoader);
+
+        rb_define_singleton_method(rb_cBox, "root", rb_box_s_root, 0);
+        rb_define_singleton_method(rb_cBox, "main", rb_box_s_main, 0);
+        rb_define_method(rb_cBox, "root?", rb_box_root_p, 0);
+        rb_define_method(rb_cBox, "main?", rb_box_main_p, 0);
+
+#if RUBY_DEBUG
+        rb_define_global_function("dump_classext", rb_f_dump_classext, 1);
+#endif
+    }
+
+    rb_define_singleton_method(rb_cBox, "enabled?", rb_box_s_getenabled, 0);
+    rb_define_singleton_method(rb_cBox, "current", rb_box_s_current, 0);
+
+    rb_define_method(rb_cBox, "load_path", rb_box_load_path, 0);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cBox, "load", rb_box_load, -1);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cBox, "require", rb_box_require, 1);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cBox, "require_relative", rb_box_require_relative, 1);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cBox, "eval", rb_box_eval, 1);
+
+    rb_define_method(rb_cBox, "inspect", rb_box_inspect, 0);
+}
diff --git a/builtin.c b/builtin.c
index 3207704b28..6cc9790466 100644
--- a/builtin.c
+++ b/builtin.c
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 #include "iseq.h"
 #include "builtin.h"
 
-#include "builtin_binary.inc"
+#include "builtin_binary.rbbin"
 
 #ifndef BUILTIN_BINARY_SIZE
 
@@ -50,17 +50,8 @@ load_with_builtin_functions(const char *feature_name, const struct rb_builtin_fu
     ASSUME(iseq); // otherwise an exception should have raised
     vm->builtin_function_table = NULL;
 
-    rb_namespace_enable_builtin();
-
     // exec
-    if (rb_namespace_available() && rb_mNamespaceRefiner) {
-        rb_iseq_eval_with_refinement(rb_iseq_check(iseq), rb_mNamespaceRefiner);
-    }
-    else {
-        rb_iseq_eval(rb_iseq_check(iseq));
-    }
-
-    rb_namespace_disable_builtin();
+    rb_iseq_eval(rb_iseq_check(iseq), rb_root_box()); // builtin functions are loaded in the root box
 }
 
 void
@@ -86,5 +77,11 @@ Init_builtin(void)
 void
 Init_builtin_features(void)
 {
+
+#ifdef BUILTIN_BINARY_SIZE
+
     load_with_builtin_functions("gem_prelude", NULL);
+
+#endif
+
 }
diff --git a/class.c b/class.c
index fd3276990a..9c1bd86dc3 100644
--- a/class.c
+++ b/class.c
@@ -21,16 +21,18 @@
 #include "debug_counter.h"
 #include "id_table.h"
 #include "internal.h"
+#include "internal/box.h"
 #include "internal/class.h"
 #include "internal/eval.h"
 #include "internal/hash.h"
-#include "internal/namespace.h"
 #include "internal/object.h"
 #include "internal/string.h"
 #include "internal/variable.h"
 #include "ruby/st.h"
 #include "vm_core.h"
+#include "ruby/ractor.h"
 #include "yjit.h"
+#include "zjit.h"
 
 /* Flags of T_CLASS
  *
@@ -40,17 +42,21 @@
  * 1:    RUBY_FL_SINGLETON
  *           This class is a singleton class.
  * 2:    RCLASS_PRIME_CLASSEXT_PRIME_WRITABLE
- *           This class's prime classext is the only classext and writable from any namespaces.
- *           If unset, the prime classext is writable only from the root namespace.
+ *           This class's prime classext is the only classext and writable from any boxes.
+ *           If unset, the prime classext is writable only from the root box.
  * 3:    RCLASS_IS_INITIALIZED
  *           Class has been initialized.
+ * 4:    RCLASS_BOXABLE
+ *           Is a builtin class that may be boxed. It larger than a normal class.
  */
 
 /* Flags of T_ICLASS
  *
  * 2:    RCLASS_PRIME_CLASSEXT_PRIME_WRITABLE
- *           This module's prime classext is the only classext and writable from any namespaces.
- *           If unset, the prime classext is writable only from the root namespace.
+ *           This module's prime classext is the only classext and writable from any boxes.
+ *           If unset, the prime classext is writable only from the root box.
+ * 4:    RCLASS_BOXABLE
+ *           Is a builtin class that may be boxed. It larger than a normal class.
  */
 
 /* Flags of T_MODULE
@@ -58,18 +64,148 @@
  * 0:    RCLASS_IS_ROOT
  *           The class has been added to the VM roots. Will always be marked and pinned.
  *           This is done for classes defined from C to allow storing them in global variables.
- * 1:    RMODULE_IS_REFINEMENT
- *           Module is used for refinements.
+ * 1:    <reserved>
+ *          Ensures that RUBY_FL_SINGLETON is never set on a T_MODULE. See `rb_class_real`.
  * 2:    RCLASS_PRIME_CLASSEXT_PRIME_WRITABLE
- *           This module's prime classext is the only classext and writable from any namespaces.
- *           If unset, the prime classext is writable only from the root namespace.
+ *           This module's prime classext is the only classext and writable from any boxes.
+ *           If unset, the prime classext is writable only from the root box.
  * 3:    RCLASS_IS_INITIALIZED
  *           Module has been initialized.
+ * 4:    RCLASS_BOXABLE
+ *           Is a builtin class that may be boxed. It larger than a normal class.
+ * 5:    RMODULE_IS_REFINEMENT
+ *           Module is used for refinements.
  */
 
 #define METACLASS_OF(k) RBASIC(k)->klass
 #define SET_METACLASS_OF(k, cls) RBASIC_SET_CLASS(k, cls)
 
+static enum rb_id_table_iterator_result
+cvar_table_free_i(VALUE value, void *ctx)
+{
+    xfree((void *)value);
+    return ID_TABLE_CONTINUE;
+}
+
+rb_classext_t *
+rb_class_unlink_classext(VALUE klass, const rb_box_t *box)
+{
+    st_data_t ext;
+    st_data_t key = (st_data_t)box->box_object;
+    VALUE obj_id = rb_obj_id(klass);
+    st_delete(box->classext_cow_classes, &obj_id, 0);
+    st_delete(RCLASS_CLASSEXT_TBL(klass), &key, &ext);
+    return (rb_classext_t *)ext;
+}
+
+void
+rb_class_classext_free(VALUE klass, rb_classext_t *ext, bool is_prime)
+{
+    struct rb_id_table *tbl;
+
+    rb_id_table_free(RCLASSEXT_M_TBL(ext));
+
+    if (!RCLASSEXT_SHARED_CONST_TBL(ext) && (tbl = RCLASSEXT_CONST_TBL(ext)) != NULL) {
+        rb_free_const_table(tbl);
+    }
+
+    if ((tbl = RCLASSEXT_CVC_TBL(ext)) != NULL) {
+        rb_id_table_foreach_values(tbl, cvar_table_free_i, NULL);
+        rb_id_table_free(tbl);
+    }
+
+    rb_class_classext_free_subclasses(ext, klass, false);
+
+    if (RCLASSEXT_SUPERCLASSES_WITH_SELF(ext)) {
+        RUBY_ASSERT(is_prime); // superclasses should only be used on prime
+        xfree(RCLASSEXT_SUPERCLASSES(ext));
+    }
+
+    if (!is_prime) { // the prime classext will be freed with RClass
+        xfree(ext);
+    }
+}
+
+void
+rb_iclass_classext_free(VALUE klass, rb_classext_t *ext, bool is_prime)
+{
+    if (RCLASSEXT_ICLASS_IS_ORIGIN(ext) && !RCLASSEXT_ICLASS_ORIGIN_SHARED_MTBL(ext)) {
+        /* Method table is not shared for origin iclasses of classes */
+        rb_id_table_free(RCLASSEXT_M_TBL(ext));
+    }
+
+    if (RCLASSEXT_CALLABLE_M_TBL(ext) != NULL) {
+        rb_id_table_free(RCLASSEXT_CALLABLE_M_TBL(ext));
+    }
+
+    rb_class_classext_free_subclasses(ext, klass, false);
+
+    if (!is_prime) { // the prime classext will be freed with RClass
+        xfree(ext);
+    }
+}
+
+static void
+iclass_free_orphan_classext(VALUE klass, rb_classext_t *ext)
+{
+    if (RCLASSEXT_ICLASS_IS_ORIGIN(ext) && !RCLASSEXT_ICLASS_ORIGIN_SHARED_MTBL(ext)) {
+        /* Method table is not shared for origin iclasses of classes */
+        rb_id_table_free(RCLASSEXT_M_TBL(ext));
+    }
+
+    if (RCLASSEXT_CALLABLE_M_TBL(ext) != NULL) {
+        rb_id_table_free(RCLASSEXT_CALLABLE_M_TBL(ext));
+    }
+
+    rb_class_classext_free_subclasses(ext, klass, true); // replacing this classext with a newer one
+
+    xfree(ext);
+}
+
+struct rb_class_set_box_classext_args {
+    VALUE obj;
+    rb_classext_t *ext;
+};
+
+static int
+set_box_classext_update(st_data_t *key_ptr, st_data_t *val_ptr, st_data_t a, int existing)
+{
+    struct rb_class_set_box_classext_args *args = (struct rb_class_set_box_classext_args *)a;
+
+    if (existing) {
+        if (LIKELY(BUILTIN_TYPE(args->obj) == T_ICLASS)) {
+            iclass_free_orphan_classext(args->obj, (rb_classext_t *)*val_ptr);
+        }
+        else {
+            rb_bug("Updating existing classext for non-iclass never happen");
+        }
+    }
+
+    *val_ptr = (st_data_t)args->ext;
+
+    return ST_CONTINUE;
+}
+
+void
+rb_class_set_box_classext(VALUE obj, const rb_box_t *box, rb_classext_t *ext)
+{
+    struct rb_class_set_box_classext_args args = {
+        .obj = obj,
+        .ext = ext,
+    };
+
+    VM_ASSERT(BOX_USER_P(box));
+
+    st_update(RCLASS_CLASSEXT_TBL(obj), (st_data_t)box->box_object, set_box_classext_update, (st_data_t)&args);
+    st_insert(box->classext_cow_classes, (st_data_t)rb_obj_id(obj), obj);
+
+    // FIXME: This is done here because this is the first time the objects in
+    // the classext are exposed via this class. It's likely that if GC
+    // compaction occurred between the VALUEs being copied in and this
+    // writebarrier trigger the values will be stale.
+    rb_gc_writebarrier_remember(obj);
+}
+
 RUBY_EXTERN rb_serial_t ruby_vm_global_cvar_state;
 
 struct duplicate_id_tbl_data {
@@ -174,12 +310,12 @@ duplicate_classext_const_tbl(struct rb_id_table *src, VALUE klass)
 }
 
 static VALUE
-namespace_subclasses_tbl_key(const rb_namespace_t *ns)
+box_subclasses_tbl_key(const rb_box_t *box)
 {
-    if (!ns){
+    if (!box){
         return 0;
     }
-    return (VALUE)ns->ns_id;
+    return (VALUE)box->box_id;
 }
 
 static void
@@ -187,16 +323,16 @@ duplicate_classext_subclasses(rb_classext_t *orig, rb_classext_t *copy)
 {
     rb_subclass_anchor_t *anchor, *orig_anchor;
     rb_subclass_entry_t *head, *cur, *cdr, *entry, *first = NULL;
-    rb_ns_subclasses_t *ns_subclasses;
+    rb_box_subclasses_t *box_subclasses;
     struct st_table *tbl;
 
     if (RCLASSEXT_SUBCLASSES(orig)) {
         orig_anchor = RCLASSEXT_SUBCLASSES(orig);
-        ns_subclasses = orig_anchor->ns_subclasses;
-        tbl = ((rb_ns_subclasses_t *)ns_subclasses)->tbl;
+        box_subclasses = orig_anchor->box_subclasses;
+        tbl = ((rb_box_subclasses_t *)box_subclasses)->tbl;
 
         anchor = ZALLOC(rb_subclass_anchor_t);
-        anchor->ns_subclasses = rb_ns_subclasses_ref_inc(ns_subclasses);
+        anchor->box_subclasses = rb_box_subclasses_ref_inc(box_subclasses);
 
         head = ZALLOC(rb_subclass_entry_t);
         anchor->head = head;
@@ -218,28 +354,28 @@ duplicate_classext_subclasses(rb_classext_t *orig, rb_classext_t *copy)
             cdr->prev = cur;
             cur->next = cdr;
             if (!first) {
-                VALUE ns_id = namespace_subclasses_tbl_key(RCLASSEXT_NS(copy));
+                VALUE box_id = box_subclasses_tbl_key(RCLASSEXT_BOX(copy));
                 first = cdr;
-                st_insert(tbl, ns_id, (st_data_t)first);
+                st_insert(tbl, box_id, (st_data_t)first);
             }
             cur = cdr;
             entry = entry->next;
         }
     }
 
-    if (RCLASSEXT_NS_SUPER_SUBCLASSES(orig))
-        RCLASSEXT_NS_SUPER_SUBCLASSES(copy) = rb_ns_subclasses_ref_inc(RCLASSEXT_NS_SUPER_SUBCLASSES(orig));
-    if (RCLASSEXT_NS_MODULE_SUBCLASSES(orig))
-        RCLASSEXT_NS_MODULE_SUBCLASSES(copy) = rb_ns_subclasses_ref_inc(RCLASSEXT_NS_MODULE_SUBCLASSES(orig));
+    if (RCLASSEXT_BOX_SUPER_SUBCLASSES(orig))
+        RCLASSEXT_BOX_SUPER_SUBCLASSES(copy) = rb_box_subclasses_ref_inc(RCLASSEXT_BOX_SUPER_SUBCLASSES(orig));
+    if (RCLASSEXT_BOX_MODULE_SUBCLASSES(orig))
+        RCLASSEXT_BOX_MODULE_SUBCLASSES(copy) = rb_box_subclasses_ref_inc(RCLASSEXT_BOX_MODULE_SUBCLASSES(orig));
 }
 
 static void
-class_duplicate_iclass_classext(VALUE iclass, rb_classext_t *mod_ext, const rb_namespace_t *ns)
+class_duplicate_iclass_classext(VALUE iclass, rb_classext_t *mod_ext, const rb_box_t *box)
 {
     RUBY_ASSERT(RB_TYPE_P(iclass, T_ICLASS));
 
     rb_classext_t *src = RCLASS_EXT_PRIME(iclass);
-    rb_classext_t *ext = RCLASS_EXT_TABLE_LOOKUP_INTERNAL(iclass, ns);
+    rb_classext_t *ext = RCLASS_EXT_TABLE_LOOKUP_INTERNAL(iclass, box);
     int first_set = 0;
 
     if (ext) {
@@ -249,7 +385,7 @@ class_duplicate_iclass_classext(VALUE iclass, rb_classext_t *mod_ext, const rb_n
 
     ext = ZALLOC(rb_classext_t);
 
-    RCLASSEXT_NS(ext) = ns;
+    RCLASSEXT_BOX(ext) = box;
 
     RCLASSEXT_SUPER(ext) = RCLASSEXT_SUPER(src);
 
@@ -268,7 +404,7 @@ class_duplicate_iclass_classext(VALUE iclass, rb_classext_t *mod_ext, const rb_n
     // RCLASSEXT_CALLABLE_M_TBL(ext) = NULL;
     // RCLASSEXT_CC_TBL(ext) = NULL;
 
-    // subclasses, namespace_super_subclasses_tbl, namespace_module_subclasses_tbl
+    // subclasses, box_super_subclasses_tbl, box_module_subclasses_tbl
     duplicate_classext_subclasses(src, ext);
 
     RCLASSEXT_SET_ORIGIN(ext, iclass, RCLASSEXT_ORIGIN(src));
@@ -277,36 +413,32 @@ class_duplicate_iclass_classext(VALUE iclass, rb_classext_t *mod_ext, const rb_n
 
     RCLASSEXT_SET_INCLUDER(ext, iclass, RCLASSEXT_INCLUDER(src));
 
-    first_set = RCLASS_SET_NAMESPACE_CLASSEXT(iclass, ns, ext);
+    VM_ASSERT(FL_TEST_RAW(iclass, RCLASS_BOXABLE));
+
+    first_set = RCLASS_SET_BOX_CLASSEXT(iclass, box, ext);
     if (first_set) {
         RCLASS_SET_PRIME_CLASSEXT_WRITABLE(iclass, false);
     }
 }
 
 rb_classext_t *
-rb_class_duplicate_classext(rb_classext_t *orig, VALUE klass, const rb_namespace_t *ns)
+rb_class_duplicate_classext(rb_classext_t *orig, VALUE klass, const rb_box_t *box)
 {
     VM_ASSERT(RB_TYPE_P(klass, T_CLASS) || RB_TYPE_P(klass, T_MODULE) || RB_TYPE_P(klass, T_ICLASS));
 
     rb_classext_t *ext = ZALLOC(rb_classext_t);
     bool dup_iclass = RB_TYPE_P(klass, T_MODULE) ? true : false;
 
-    RCLASSEXT_NS(ext) = ns;
+    RCLASSEXT_BOX(ext) = box;
 
     RCLASSEXT_SUPER(ext) = RCLASSEXT_SUPER(orig);
 
     RCLASSEXT_M_TBL(ext) = duplicate_classext_m_tbl(RCLASSEXT_M_TBL(orig), klass, dup_iclass);
+    RCLASSEXT_ICLASS_IS_ORIGIN(ext) = true;
+    RCLASSEXT_ICLASS_ORIGIN_SHARED_MTBL(ext) = false;
 
-    // TODO: consider shapes for performance
-    if (RCLASSEXT_FIELDS(orig)) {
-        RUBY_ASSERT(!RB_TYPE_P(klass, T_ICLASS));
-        RCLASSEXT_FIELDS(ext) = (VALUE *)st_copy((st_table *)RCLASSEXT_FIELDS(orig));
-        rb_autoload_copy_table_for_namespace((st_table *)RCLASSEXT_FIELDS(ext), ns);
-    }
-    else {
-        if (!RB_TYPE_P(klass, T_ICLASS)) {
-            RCLASSEXT_FIELDS(ext) = (VALUE *)st_init_numtable();
-        }
+    if (orig->fields_obj) {
+        RB_OBJ_WRITE(klass, &ext->fields_obj, rb_imemo_fields_clone(orig->fields_obj));
     }
 
     if (RCLASSEXT_SHARED_CONST_TBL(orig)) {
@@ -322,7 +454,7 @@ rb_class_duplicate_classext(rb_classext_t *orig, VALUE klass, const rb_namespace
      * so initially, it can be NULL and let it be created lazily.
      * RCLASSEXT_CALLABLE_M_TBL(ext) = NULL;
      *
-     * cc_tbl is for method inline cache, and method calls from different namespaces never occur on
+     * cc_tbl is for method inline cache, and method calls from different boxes never occur on
      * the same code, so the copied classext should have a different cc_tbl from the prime one.
      * RCLASSEXT_CC_TBL(copy) = NULL
      */
@@ -334,7 +466,7 @@ rb_class_duplicate_classext(rb_classext_t *orig, VALUE klass, const rb_namespace
 
     RCLASSEXT_SET_ORIGIN(ext, klass, RCLASSEXT_ORIGIN(orig));
     /*
-     * Members not copied to namespace classext values
+     * Members not copied to box's classext values
      * * refined_class
      * * as.class.allocator / as.singleton_class.attached_object
      * * includer
@@ -352,17 +484,19 @@ rb_class_duplicate_classext(rb_classext_t *orig, VALUE klass, const rb_namespace
         /*
          * ICLASS has the same m_tbl/const_tbl/cvc_tbl with the included module.
          * So the module's classext is copied, its tables should be also referred
-         * by the ICLASS's classext for the namespace.
+         * by the ICLASS's classext for the box.
          */
         rb_subclass_anchor_t *anchor = RCLASSEXT_SUBCLASSES(ext);
         rb_subclass_entry_t *subclass_entry = anchor->head;
         while (subclass_entry) {
             if (subclass_entry->klass && RB_TYPE_P(subclass_entry->klass, T_ICLASS)) {
                 iclass = subclass_entry->klass;
+                VM_ASSERT(RB_TYPE_P(iclass, T_ICLASS));
                 if (RBASIC_CLASS(iclass) == klass) {
                     // Is the subclass an ICLASS including this module into another class
-                    // If so we need to re-associate it under our namespace with the new ext
-                    class_duplicate_iclass_classext(iclass, ext, ns);
+                    // If so we need to re-associate it under our box with the new ext
+                    VM_ASSERT(FL_TEST_RAW(iclass, RCLASS_BOXABLE));
+                    class_duplicate_iclass_classext(iclass, ext, box);
                 }
             }
             subclass_entry = subclass_entry->next;
@@ -396,7 +530,7 @@ class_classext_foreach_i(st_data_t key, st_data_t value, st_data_t arg)
 void
 rb_class_classext_foreach(VALUE klass, rb_class_classext_foreach_callback_func *func, void *arg)
 {
-    st_table *tbl = RCLASS(klass)->ns_classext_tbl;
+    st_table *tbl = RCLASS_CLASSEXT_TBL(klass);
     struct class_classext_foreach_arg foreach_arg;
     if (tbl) {
         foreach_arg.func = func;
@@ -429,9 +563,9 @@ push_subclass_entry_to_list(VALUE super, VALUE klass, bool is_module)
 {
     rb_subclass_entry_t *entry, *head;
     rb_subclass_anchor_t *anchor;
-    rb_ns_subclasses_t *ns_subclasses;
+    rb_box_subclasses_t *box_subclasses;
     struct st_table *tbl;
-    const rb_namespace_t *ns = rb_current_namespace();
+    const rb_box_t *box = rb_current_box();
 
     entry = ZALLOC(rb_subclass_entry_t);
     entry->klass = klass;
@@ -439,9 +573,9 @@ push_subclass_entry_to_list(VALUE super, VALUE klass, bool is_module)
     RB_VM_LOCKING() {
         anchor = RCLASS_WRITABLE_SUBCLASSES(super);
         VM_ASSERT(anchor);
-        ns_subclasses = (rb_ns_subclasses_t *)anchor->ns_subclasses;
-        VM_ASSERT(ns_subclasses);
-        tbl = ns_subclasses->tbl;
+        box_subclasses = (rb_box_subclasses_t *)anchor->box_subclasses;
+        VM_ASSERT(box_subclasses);
+        tbl = box_subclasses->tbl;
         VM_ASSERT(tbl);
 
         head = anchor->head;
@@ -451,14 +585,14 @@ push_subclass_entry_to_list(VALUE super, VALUE klass, bool is_module)
         }
         head->next = entry;
         entry->prev = head;
-        st_insert(tbl, namespace_subclasses_tbl_key(ns), (st_data_t)entry);
+        st_insert(tbl, box_subclasses_tbl_key(box), (st_data_t)entry);
     }
 
     if (is_module) {
-        RCLASS_WRITE_NS_MODULE_SUBCLASSES(klass, anchor->ns_subclasses);
+        RCLASS_WRITE_BOX_MODULE_SUBCLASSES(klass, anchor->box_subclasses);
     }
     else {
-        RCLASS_WRITE_NS_SUPER_SUBCLASSES(klass, anchor->ns_subclasses);
+        RCLASS_WRITE_BOX_SUPER_SUBCLASSES(klass, anchor->box_subclasses);
     }
 }
 
@@ -478,27 +612,27 @@ rb_module_add_to_subclasses_list(VALUE module, VALUE iclass)
     }
 }
 
-void
-rb_class_remove_subclass_head(VALUE klass) // TODO: check this is still used and required
-{
-    rb_classext_t *ext = RCLASS_EXT_WRITABLE(klass);
-    rb_class_classext_free_subclasses(ext, klass);
-}
-
 static struct rb_subclass_entry *
-class_get_subclasses_for_ns(struct st_table *tbl, VALUE ns_id)
+class_get_subclasses_for_ns(struct st_table *tbl, VALUE box_id)
 {
     st_data_t value;
-    if (st_lookup(tbl, (st_data_t)ns_id, &value)) {
+    if (st_lookup(tbl, (st_data_t)box_id, &value)) {
         return (struct rb_subclass_entry *)value;
     }
     return NULL;
 }
 
+static int
+remove_class_from_subclasses_replace_first_entry(st_data_t *key, st_data_t *value, st_data_t arg, int existing)
+{
+    *value = arg;
+    return ST_CONTINUE;
+}
+
 static void
-remove_class_from_subclasses(struct st_table *tbl, VALUE ns_id, VALUE klass)
+remove_class_from_subclasses(struct st_table *tbl, VALUE box_id, VALUE klass)
 {
-    rb_subclass_entry_t *entry = class_get_subclasses_for_ns(tbl, ns_id);
+    rb_subclass_entry_t *entry = class_get_subclasses_for_ns(tbl, box_id);
     bool first_entry = true;
     while (entry) {
         if (entry->klass == klass) {
@@ -511,17 +645,18 @@ remove_class_from_subclasses(struct st_table *tbl, VALUE ns_id, VALUE klass)
                 next->prev = prev;
             }
 
-            xfree(entry);
-
             if (first_entry) {
                 if (next) {
-                    st_insert(tbl, ns_id, (st_data_t)next);
+                    st_update(tbl, box_id, remove_class_from_subclasses_replace_first_entry, (st_data_t)next);
                 }
                 else {
-                    // no subclass entries in this ns
-                    st_delete(tbl, &ns_id, NULL);
+                    // no subclass entries in this ns after the deletion
+                    st_delete(tbl, &box_id, NULL);
                 }
             }
+
+            xfree(entry);
+
             break;
         }
         else if (first_entry) {
@@ -535,32 +670,20 @@ void
 rb_class_remove_from_super_subclasses(VALUE klass)
 {
     rb_classext_t *ext = RCLASS_EXT_WRITABLE(klass);
-    rb_ns_subclasses_t *ns_subclasses = RCLASSEXT_NS_SUPER_SUBCLASSES(ext);
+    rb_box_subclasses_t *box_subclasses = RCLASSEXT_BOX_SUPER_SUBCLASSES(ext);
 
-    if (!ns_subclasses) return;
-    remove_class_from_subclasses(ns_subclasses->tbl, namespace_subclasses_tbl_key(RCLASSEXT_NS(ext)), klass);
-    rb_ns_subclasses_ref_dec(ns_subclasses);
-    RCLASSEXT_NS_SUPER_SUBCLASSES(ext) = 0;
+    if (!box_subclasses) return;
+    remove_class_from_subclasses(box_subclasses->tbl, box_subclasses_tbl_key(RCLASSEXT_BOX(ext)), klass);
+    rb_box_subclasses_ref_dec(box_subclasses);
+    RCLASSEXT_BOX_SUPER_SUBCLASSES(ext) = 0;
 }
 
 void
-rb_class_remove_from_module_subclasses(VALUE klass)
-{
-    rb_classext_t *ext = RCLASS_EXT_WRITABLE(klass);
-    rb_ns_subclasses_t *ns_subclasses = RCLASSEXT_NS_MODULE_SUBCLASSES(ext);
-
-    if (!ns_subclasses) return;
-    remove_class_from_subclasses(ns_subclasses->tbl, namespace_subclasses_tbl_key(RCLASSEXT_NS(ext)), klass);
-    rb_ns_subclasses_ref_dec(ns_subclasses);
-    RCLASSEXT_NS_MODULE_SUBCLASSES(ext) = 0;
-}
-
-void
-rb_class_classext_free_subclasses(rb_classext_t *ext, VALUE klass)
+rb_class_classext_free_subclasses(rb_classext_t *ext, VALUE klass, bool replacing)
 {
     rb_subclass_anchor_t *anchor = RCLASSEXT_SUBCLASSES(ext);
-    struct st_table *tbl = anchor->ns_subclasses->tbl;
-    VALUE ns_id = namespace_subclasses_tbl_key(RCLASSEXT_NS(ext));
+    struct st_table *tbl = anchor->box_subclasses->tbl;
+    VALUE box_id = box_subclasses_tbl_key(RCLASSEXT_BOX(ext));
     rb_subclass_entry_t *next, *entry = anchor->head;
 
     while (entry) {
@@ -569,21 +692,21 @@ rb_class_classext_free_subclasses(rb_classext_t *ext, VALUE klass)
         entry = next;
     }
     VM_ASSERT(
-        rb_ns_subclasses_ref_count(anchor->ns_subclasses) > 0,
-        "ns_subclasses refcount (%p) %ld", anchor->ns_subclasses, rb_ns_subclasses_ref_count(anchor->ns_subclasses));
-    st_delete(tbl, &ns_id, NULL);
-    rb_ns_subclasses_ref_dec(anchor->ns_subclasses);
+        rb_box_subclasses_ref_count(anchor->box_subclasses) > 0,
+        "box_subclasses refcount (%p) %ld", anchor->box_subclasses, rb_box_subclasses_ref_count(anchor->box_subclasses));
+    st_delete(tbl, &box_id, NULL);
+    rb_box_subclasses_ref_dec(anchor->box_subclasses);
     xfree(anchor);
 
-    if (RCLASSEXT_NS_SUPER_SUBCLASSES(ext)) {
-        rb_ns_subclasses_t *ns_sub = RCLASSEXT_NS_SUPER_SUBCLASSES(ext);
-        remove_class_from_subclasses(ns_sub->tbl, ns_id, klass);
-        rb_ns_subclasses_ref_dec(ns_sub);
+    if (RCLASSEXT_BOX_SUPER_SUBCLASSES(ext)) {
+        rb_box_subclasses_t *box_sub = RCLASSEXT_BOX_SUPER_SUBCLASSES(ext);
+        if (!replacing) remove_class_from_subclasses(box_sub->tbl, box_id, klass);
+        rb_box_subclasses_ref_dec(box_sub);
     }
-    if (RCLASSEXT_NS_MODULE_SUBCLASSES(ext)) {
-        rb_ns_subclasses_t *ns_sub = RCLASSEXT_NS_MODULE_SUBCLASSES(ext);
-        remove_class_from_subclasses(ns_sub->tbl, ns_id, klass);
-        rb_ns_subclasses_ref_dec(ns_sub);
+    if (RCLASSEXT_BOX_MODULE_SUBCLASSES(ext)) {
+        rb_box_subclasses_t *box_sub = RCLASSEXT_BOX_MODULE_SUBCLASSES(ext);
+        if (!replacing) remove_class_from_subclasses(box_sub->tbl, box_id, klass);
+        rb_box_subclasses_ref_dec(box_sub);
     }
 }
 
@@ -610,29 +733,13 @@ class_detach_subclasses(VALUE klass, VALUE arg)
     rb_class_remove_from_super_subclasses(klass);
 }
 
-void
-rb_class_detach_subclasses(VALUE klass)
-{
-    rb_class_foreach_subclass(klass, class_detach_subclasses, Qnil);
-}
-
-static void
-class_detach_module_subclasses(VALUE klass, VALUE arg)
-{
-    rb_class_remove_from_module_subclasses(klass);
-}
-
-void
-rb_class_detach_module_subclasses(VALUE klass)
-{
-    rb_class_foreach_subclass(klass, class_detach_module_subclasses, Qnil);
-}
-
 static void
 class_switch_superclass(VALUE super, VALUE klass)
 {
-    class_detach_subclasses(klass, Qnil);
-    rb_class_subclass_add(super, klass);
+    RB_VM_LOCKING() {
+        class_detach_subclasses(klass, Qnil);
+        rb_class_subclass_add(super, klass);
+    }
 }
 
 /**
@@ -646,12 +753,20 @@ class_switch_superclass(VALUE super, VALUE klass)
  * @note this function is not Class#allocate.
  */
 static VALUE
-class_alloc(enum ruby_value_type type, VALUE klass)
+class_alloc0(enum ruby_value_type type, VALUE klass, bool boxable)
 {
-    rb_ns_subclasses_t *ns_subclasses;
+    rb_box_subclasses_t *box_subclasses;
     rb_subclass_anchor_t *anchor;
-    const rb_namespace_t *ns = rb_definition_namespace();
-    size_t alloc_size = sizeof(struct RClass) + sizeof(rb_classext_t);
+    const rb_box_t *box = rb_current_box();
+
+    if (!ruby_box_init_done) {
+        boxable = true;
+    }
+
+    size_t alloc_size = sizeof(struct RClass_and_rb_classext_t);
+    if (boxable) {
+        alloc_size = sizeof(struct RClass_boxable);
+    }
 
     // class_alloc is supposed to return a new object that is not promoted yet.
     // So, we need to avoid GC after NEWOBJ_OF.
@@ -659,19 +774,23 @@ class_alloc(enum ruby_value_type type, VALUE klass)
     //
     // TODO: Note that this could cause memory leak.
     // If NEWOBJ_OF fails with out of memory, these buffers will leak.
-    ns_subclasses = ZALLOC(rb_ns_subclasses_t);
-    ns_subclasses->refcount = 1;
-    ns_subclasses->tbl = st_init_numtable();
+    box_subclasses = ZALLOC(rb_box_subclasses_t);
+    box_subclasses->refcount = 1;
+    box_subclasses->tbl = st_init_numtable();
     anchor = ZALLOC(rb_subclass_anchor_t);
-    anchor->ns_subclasses = ns_subclasses;
+    anchor->box_subclasses = box_subclasses;
     anchor->head = ZALLOC(rb_subclass_entry_t);
 
     RUBY_ASSERT(type == T_CLASS || type == T_ICLASS || type == T_MODULE);
 
-    VALUE flags = type;
+    VALUE flags = type | FL_SHAREABLE;
     if (RGENGC_WB_PROTECTED_CLASS) flags |= FL_WB_PROTECTED;
+    if (boxable) flags |= RCLASS_BOXABLE;
+
     NEWOBJ_OF(obj, struct RClass, klass, flags, alloc_size, 0);
 
+    obj->object_id = 0;
+
     memset(RCLASS_EXT_PRIME(obj), 0, sizeof(rb_classext_t));
 
     /* ZALLOC
@@ -681,10 +800,14 @@ class_alloc(enum ruby_value_type type, VALUE klass)
       RCLASS_SET_SUPER((VALUE)obj, 0);
      */
 
-    RCLASS_PRIME_NS((VALUE)obj) = ns;
-    // Classes/Modules defined in user namespaces are
-    // writable directly because it exists only in a namespace.
-    RCLASS_SET_PRIME_CLASSEXT_WRITABLE((VALUE)obj, !rb_namespace_available() || NAMESPACE_USER_P(ns) ? true : false);
+    if (boxable) {
+        ((struct RClass_boxable *)obj)->box_classext_tbl = NULL;
+    }
+
+    RCLASS_PRIME_BOX((VALUE)obj) = box;
+    // Classes/Modules defined in user boxes are
+    // writable directly because it exists only in a box.
+    RCLASS_SET_PRIME_CLASSEXT_WRITABLE((VALUE)obj, !boxable || BOX_USER_P(box));
 
     RCLASS_SET_ORIGIN((VALUE)obj, (VALUE)obj);
     RCLASS_SET_REFINED_CLASS((VALUE)obj, Qnil);
@@ -695,6 +818,13 @@ class_alloc(enum ruby_value_type type, VALUE klass)
 }
 
 static VALUE
+class_alloc(enum ruby_value_type type, VALUE klass)
+{
+    bool boxable = rb_box_available() && BOX_ROOT_P(rb_current_box());
+    return class_alloc0(type, klass, boxable);
+}
+
+static VALUE
 class_associate_super(VALUE klass, VALUE super, bool init)
 {
     if (super && !UNDEF_P(super)) {
@@ -720,28 +850,19 @@ static void
 class_initialize_method_table(VALUE c)
 {
     // initialize the prime classext m_tbl
-    RCLASS_SET_M_TBL_EVEN_WHEN_PROMOTED(c, rb_id_table_create(0));
+    RCLASS_SET_M_TBL(c, rb_id_table_create(0));
 }
 
 static void
 class_clear_method_table(VALUE c)
 {
-    RCLASS_WRITE_M_TBL_EVEN_WHEN_PROMOTED(c, rb_id_table_create(0));
+    RCLASS_WRITE_M_TBL(c, rb_id_table_create(0));
 }
 
-/**
- * A utility function that wraps class_alloc.
- *
- * allocates a class and initializes safely.
- * @param super     a class from which the new class derives.
- * @return          a class object.
- * @pre  `super` must be a class.
- * @post the metaclass of the new class is Class.
- */
-VALUE
-rb_class_boot(VALUE super)
+static VALUE
+class_boot_boxable(VALUE super, bool boxable)
 {
-    VALUE klass = class_alloc(T_CLASS, rb_cClass);
+    VALUE klass = class_alloc0(T_CLASS, rb_cClass, boxable);
 
     // initialize method table prior to class_associate_super()
     // because class_associate_super() may cause GC and promote klass
@@ -755,6 +876,21 @@ rb_class_boot(VALUE super)
     return (VALUE)klass;
 }
 
+/**
+ * A utility function that wraps class_alloc.
+ *
+ * allocates a class and initializes safely.
+ * @param super     a class from which the new class derives.
+ * @return          a class object.
+ * @pre  `super` must be a class.
+ * @post the metaclass of the new class is Class.
+ */
+VALUE
+rb_class_boot(VALUE super)
+{
+    return class_boot_boxable(super, false);
+}
+
 static VALUE *
 class_superclasses_including_self(VALUE klass)
 {
@@ -842,7 +978,7 @@ rb_class_new(VALUE super)
         RCLASS_SET_MAX_IV_COUNT(klass, RCLASS_MAX_IV_COUNT(super));
     }
 
-    RUBY_ASSERT(getenv("RUBY_NAMESPACE") || RCLASS_PRIME_CLASSEXT_WRITABLE_P(klass));
+    RUBY_ASSERT(getenv("RUBY_BOX") || RCLASS_PRIME_CLASSEXT_WRITABLE_P(klass));
 
     return klass;
 }
@@ -857,8 +993,7 @@ static void
 clone_method(VALUE old_klass, VALUE new_klass, ID mid, const rb_method_entry_t *me)
 {
     if (me->def->type == VM_METHOD_TYPE_ISEQ) {
-        rb_cref_t *new_cref;
-        rb_vm_rewrite_cref(me->def->body.iseq.cref, old_klass, new_klass, &new_cref);
+        rb_cref_t *new_cref = rb_vm_rewrite_cref(me->def->body.iseq.cref, old_klass, new_klass);
         rb_add_method_iseq(new_klass, mid, me->def->body.iseq.iseqptr, new_cref, METHOD_ENTRY_VISI(me));
     }
     else {
@@ -959,22 +1094,17 @@ copy_tables(VALUE clone, VALUE orig)
         RCLASS_WRITE_CVC_TBL(clone, rb_cvc_tbl_dup);
     }
     rb_id_table_free(RCLASS_M_TBL(clone));
-    RCLASS_WRITE_M_TBL_EVEN_WHEN_PROMOTED(clone, 0);
+    RCLASS_WRITE_M_TBL(clone, 0);
     if (!RB_TYPE_P(clone, T_ICLASS)) {
-        st_data_t id;
-
         rb_fields_tbl_copy(clone, orig);
-        CONST_ID(id, "__tmp_classpath__");
-        rb_attr_delete(clone, id);
-        CONST_ID(id, "__classpath__");
-        rb_attr_delete(clone, id);
     }
     if (RCLASS_CONST_TBL(orig)) {
         struct clone_const_arg arg;
         struct rb_id_table *const_tbl;
-        arg.tbl = const_tbl = rb_id_table_create(0);
+        struct rb_id_table *orig_tbl = RCLASS_CONST_TBL(orig);
+        arg.tbl = const_tbl = rb_id_table_create(rb_id_table_size(orig_tbl));
         arg.klass = clone;
-        rb_id_table_foreach(RCLASS_CONST_TBL(orig), clone_const_i, &arg);
+        rb_id_table_foreach(orig_tbl, clone_const_i, &arg);
         RCLASS_WRITE_CONST_TBL(clone, const_tbl, false);
     }
 }
@@ -1039,9 +1169,7 @@ rb_mod_init_copy(VALUE clone, VALUE orig)
         struct clone_method_arg arg;
         arg.old_klass = orig;
         arg.new_klass = clone;
-        // TODO: use class_initialize_method_table() instead of RCLASS_SET_M_TBL_*
-        //       after RCLASS_SET_M_TBL is protected by write barrier
-        RCLASS_SET_M_TBL_EVEN_WHEN_PROMOTED(clone, rb_id_table_create(0));
+        class_initialize_method_table(clone);
         rb_id_table_foreach(RCLASS_M_TBL(orig), clone_method_i, &arg);
     }
 
@@ -1067,9 +1195,6 @@ rb_mod_init_copy(VALUE clone, VALUE orig)
                 rb_bug("non iclass between module/class and origin");
             }
             clone_p = class_alloc(T_ICLASS, METACLASS_OF(p));
-            /* We should set the m_tbl right after allocation before anything
-             * that can trigger GC to avoid clone_p from becoming old and
-             * needing to fire write barriers. */
             RCLASS_SET_M_TBL(clone_p, RCLASS_M_TBL(p));
             rb_class_set_super(prev_clone_p, clone_p);
             prev_clone_p = clone_p;
@@ -1166,7 +1291,7 @@ rb_singleton_class_clone_and_attach(VALUE obj, VALUE attach)
         if (RCLASS_CONST_TBL(klass)) {
             struct clone_const_arg arg;
             struct rb_id_table *table;
-            arg.tbl = table = rb_id_table_create(0);
+            arg.tbl = table = rb_id_table_create(rb_id_table_size(RCLASS_CONST_TBL(klass)));
             arg.klass = clone;
             rb_id_table_foreach(RCLASS_CONST_TBL(klass), clone_const_i, &arg);
             RCLASS_SET_CONST_TBL(clone, table, false);
@@ -1250,7 +1375,7 @@ static inline VALUE
 make_metaclass(VALUE klass)
 {
     VALUE super;
-    VALUE metaclass = rb_class_boot(Qundef);
+    VALUE metaclass = class_boot_boxable(Qundef, FL_TEST_RAW(klass, RCLASS_BOXABLE));
 
     FL_SET(metaclass, FL_SINGLETON);
     rb_singleton_class_attached(metaclass, klass);
@@ -1286,12 +1411,13 @@ static inline VALUE
 make_singleton_class(VALUE obj)
 {
     VALUE orig_class = METACLASS_OF(obj);
-    VALUE klass = rb_class_boot(orig_class);
+    VALUE klass = class_boot_boxable(orig_class, FL_TEST_RAW(orig_class, RCLASS_BOXABLE));
 
     FL_SET(klass, FL_SINGLETON);
     RBASIC_SET_CLASS(obj, klass);
     rb_singleton_class_attached(klass, obj);
     rb_yjit_invalidate_no_singleton_class(orig_class);
+    rb_zjit_invalidate_no_singleton_class(orig_class);
 
     SET_METACLASS_OF(klass, METACLASS_OF(rb_class_real(orig_class)));
     return klass;
@@ -1467,13 +1593,8 @@ VALUE
 rb_define_class(const char *name, VALUE super)
 {
     VALUE klass;
-    ID id;
-    const rb_namespace_t *ns = rb_current_namespace();
+    ID id = rb_intern(name);
 
-    id = rb_intern(name);
-    if (NAMESPACE_OPTIONAL_P(ns)) {
-        return rb_define_class_id_under(ns->ns_object, id, super);
-    }
     if (rb_const_defined(rb_cObject, id)) {
         klass = rb_const_get(rb_cObject, id);
         if (!RB_TYPE_P(klass, T_CLASS)) {
@@ -1585,13 +1706,8 @@ VALUE
 rb_define_module(const char *name)
 {
     VALUE module;
-    ID id;
-    const rb_namespace_t *ns = rb_current_namespace();
+    ID id = rb_intern(name);
 
-    id = rb_intern(name);
-    if (NAMESPACE_OPTIONAL_P(ns)) {
-        return rb_define_module_id_under(ns->ns_object, id);
-    }
     if (rb_const_defined(rb_cObject, id)) {
         module = rb_const_get(rb_cObject, id);
         if (!RB_TYPE_P(module, T_MODULE)) {
@@ -1917,6 +2033,11 @@ ensure_origin(VALUE klass)
         rb_class_set_super(origin, RCLASS_SUPER(klass));
         rb_class_set_super(klass, origin); // writes origin into RCLASS_SUPER(klass)
         RCLASS_WRITE_ORIGIN(klass, origin);
+
+        // RCLASS_WRITE_ORIGIN marks origin as an origin, so this is the first
+        // point that it sees M_TBL and may mark it
+        rb_gc_writebarrier_remember(origin);
+
         class_clear_method_table(klass);
         rb_id_table_foreach(RCLASS_M_TBL(origin), cache_clear_refined_method, (void *)klass);
         rb_id_table_foreach(RCLASS_M_TBL(origin), move_refined_method, (void *)klass);
@@ -1954,7 +2075,7 @@ rb_prepend_module(VALUE klass, VALUE module)
                 if (klass_had_no_origin && klass_origin_m_tbl == RCLASS_M_TBL(subclass)) {
                     // backfill an origin iclass to handle refinements and future prepends
                     rb_id_table_foreach(RCLASS_M_TBL(subclass), clear_module_cache_i, (void *)subclass);
-                    RCLASS_WRITE_M_TBL_EVEN_WHEN_PROMOTED(subclass, klass_m_tbl);
+                    RCLASS_WRITE_M_TBL(subclass, klass_m_tbl);
                     VALUE origin = rb_include_class_new(klass_origin, RCLASS_SUPER(subclass));
                     rb_class_set_super(subclass, origin);
                     RCLASS_SET_INCLUDER(origin, RCLASS_INCLUDER(subclass));
@@ -2705,7 +2826,7 @@ rb_special_singleton_class(VALUE obj)
  *       consistency of the metaclass hierarchy.
  */
 static VALUE
-singleton_class_of(VALUE obj)
+singleton_class_of(VALUE obj, bool ensure_eigenclass)
 {
     VALUE klass;
 
@@ -2733,13 +2854,26 @@ singleton_class_of(VALUE obj)
         }
     }
 
-    klass = METACLASS_OF(obj);
-    if (!(RCLASS_SINGLETON_P(klass) &&
-          RCLASS_ATTACHED_OBJECT(klass) == obj)) {
-        klass = rb_make_metaclass(obj, klass);
+    bool needs_lock = rb_multi_ractor_p() && rb_ractor_shareable_p(obj);
+    unsigned int lev;
+    if (needs_lock) {
+        RB_VM_LOCK_ENTER_LEV(&lev);
+    }
+    {
+        klass = METACLASS_OF(obj);
+        if (!(RCLASS_SINGLETON_P(klass) &&
+            RCLASS_ATTACHED_OBJECT(klass) == obj)) {
+            klass = rb_make_metaclass(obj, klass);
+        }
+        RB_FL_SET_RAW(klass, RB_OBJ_FROZEN_RAW(obj));
+        if (ensure_eigenclass && RB_TYPE_P(obj, T_CLASS)) {
+            /* ensures an exposed class belongs to its own eigenclass */
+            (void)ENSURE_EIGENCLASS(klass);
+        }
+    }
+    if (needs_lock) {
+        RB_VM_LOCK_LEAVE_LEV(&lev);
     }
-
-    RB_FL_SET_RAW(klass, RB_OBJ_FROZEN_RAW(obj));
 
     return klass;
 }
@@ -2751,7 +2885,8 @@ rb_freeze_singleton_class(VALUE x)
     if (!RCLASS_SINGLETON_P(x)) {
         VALUE klass = RBASIC_CLASS(x);
         if (klass && // no class when hidden from ObjectSpace
-            FL_TEST(klass, (FL_SINGLETON|FL_FREEZE)) == FL_SINGLETON) {
+            FL_TEST_RAW(klass, FL_SINGLETON) &&
+            !OBJ_FROZEN_RAW(klass)) {
             OBJ_FREEZE(klass);
         }
     }
@@ -2781,12 +2916,7 @@ rb_singleton_class_get(VALUE obj)
 VALUE
 rb_singleton_class(VALUE obj)
 {
-    VALUE klass = singleton_class_of(obj);
-
-    /* ensures an exposed class belongs to its own eigenclass */
-    if (RB_TYPE_P(obj, T_CLASS)) (void)ENSURE_EIGENCLASS(klass);
-
-    return klass;
+    return singleton_class_of(obj, true);
 }
 
 /*!
@@ -2804,7 +2934,7 @@ rb_singleton_class(VALUE obj)
 void
 rb_define_singleton_method(VALUE obj, const char *name, VALUE (*func)(ANYARGS), int argc)
 {
-    rb_define_method(singleton_class_of(obj), name, func, argc);
+    rb_define_method(singleton_class_of(obj, false), name, func, argc);
 }
 
 #ifdef rb_define_module_function
diff --git a/common.mk b/common.mk
index ad5ebac281..8891b65ed9 100644
--- a/common.mk
+++ b/common.mk
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ gnumake_recursive =
 sequential = $(gnumake:yes=-sequential)
 enable_shared = $(ENABLE_SHARED:no=)
 
-UNICODE_VERSION = 16.0.0
+UNICODE_VERSION = 17.0.0
 UNICODE_EMOJI_VERSION_0 = $(UNICODE_VERSION)///
 UNICODE_EMOJI_VERSION_1 = $(UNICODE_EMOJI_VERSION_0:.0///=)
 UNICODE_EMOJI_VERSION = $(UNICODE_EMOJI_VERSION_1:///=)
@@ -44,6 +44,10 @@ RUBYLIB       = $(PATH_SEPARATOR)
 RUBYOPT       = -
 RUN_OPTS      = --disable-gems
 
+GIT_IN_SRC    = $(GIT) -C $(srcdir)
+GIT_LOG       = $(GIT_IN_SRC) log --no-show-signature
+GIT_LOG_FORMAT = $(GIT_LOG) "--pretty=format:"
+
 # GITPULLOPTIONS = --no-tags
 
 PRISM_SRCDIR = $(srcdir)/prism
@@ -111,13 +115,16 @@ PRISM_FILES = prism/api_node.$(OBJEXT) \
 		prism/prism.$(OBJEXT) \
 		prism_init.$(OBJEXT)
 
-COMMONOBJS    = array.$(OBJEXT) \
+COMMONOBJS    = \
+		array.$(OBJEXT) \
 		ast.$(OBJEXT) \
 		bignum.$(OBJEXT) \
+		box.$(OBJEXT) \
 		class.$(OBJEXT) \
 		compar.$(OBJEXT) \
 		compile.$(OBJEXT) \
 		complex.$(OBJEXT) \
+		concurrent_set.$(OBJEXT) \
 		cont.$(OBJEXT) \
 		debug.$(OBJEXT) \
 		debug_counter.$(OBJEXT) \
@@ -131,8 +138,8 @@ COMMONOBJS    = array.$(OBJEXT) \
 		file.$(OBJEXT) \
 		gc.$(OBJEXT) \
 		hash.$(OBJEXT) \
-		inits.$(OBJEXT) \
 		imemo.$(OBJEXT) \
+		inits.$(OBJEXT) \
 		io.$(OBJEXT) \
 		io_buffer.$(OBJEXT) \
 		iseq.$(OBJEXT) \
@@ -140,12 +147,12 @@ COMMONOBJS    = array.$(OBJEXT) \
 		marshal.$(OBJEXT) \
 		math.$(OBJEXT) \
 		memory_view.$(OBJEXT) \
-		namespace.$(OBJEXT) \
 		node.$(OBJEXT) \
 		node_dump.$(OBJEXT) \
 		numeric.$(OBJEXT) \
 		object.$(OBJEXT) \
 		pack.$(OBJEXT) \
+		pathname.$(OBJEXT) \
 		parse.$(OBJEXT) \
 		parser_st.$(OBJEXT) \
 		proc.$(OBJEXT) \
@@ -164,11 +171,11 @@ COMMONOBJS    = array.$(OBJEXT) \
 		ruby.$(OBJEXT) \
 		ruby_parser.$(OBJEXT) \
 		scheduler.$(OBJEXT) \
+		set.$(OBJEXT) \
 		shape.$(OBJEXT) \
 		signal.$(OBJEXT) \
 		sprintf.$(OBJEXT) \
 		st.$(OBJEXT) \
-		set.$(OBJEXT) \
 		strftime.$(OBJEXT) \
 		string.$(OBJEXT) \
 		struct.$(OBJEXT) \
@@ -202,83 +209,6 @@ $(PRISM_BUILD_DIR)/.time $(PRISM_BUILD_DIR)/util/.time:
 	$(Q) $(MAKEDIRS) $(@D)
 	@$(NULLCMD) > $@
 
-main: $(srcdir)/lib/prism/compiler.rb
-srcs: $(srcdir)/lib/prism/compiler.rb
-$(srcdir)/lib/prism/compiler.rb: $(PRISM_SRCDIR)/config.yml $(PRISM_SRCDIR)/templates/template.rb $(PRISM_SRCDIR)/templates/lib/prism/compiler.rb.erb
-	$(Q) $(BASERUBY) $(PRISM_SRCDIR)/templates/template.rb lib/prism/compiler.rb $(srcdir)/lib/prism/compiler.rb
-
-main: $(srcdir)/lib/prism/dispatcher.rb
-srcs: $(srcdir)/lib/prism/dispatcher.rb
-$(srcdir)/lib/prism/dispatcher.rb: $(PRISM_SRCDIR)/config.yml $(PRISM_SRCDIR)/templates/template.rb $(PRISM_SRCDIR)/templates/lib/prism/dispatcher.rb.erb
-	$(Q) $(BASERUBY) $(PRISM_SRCDIR)/templates/template.rb lib/prism/dispatcher.rb $(srcdir)/lib/prism/dispatcher.rb
-
-main: $(srcdir)/lib/prism/dsl.rb
-srcs: $(srcdir)/lib/prism/dsl.rb
-$(srcdir)/lib/prism/dsl.rb: $(PRISM_SRCDIR)/config.yml $(PRISM_SRCDIR)/templates/template.rb $(PRISM_SRCDIR)/templates/lib/prism/dsl.rb.erb
-	$(Q) $(BASERUBY) $(PRISM_SRCDIR)/templates/template.rb lib/prism/dsl.rb $(srcdir)/lib/prism/dsl.rb
-
-main: $(srcdir)/lib/prism/inspect_visitor.rb
-srcs: $(srcdir)/lib/prism/inspect_visitor.rb
-$(srcdir)/lib/prism/inspect_visitor.rb: $(PRISM_SRCDIR)/config.yml $(PRISM_SRCDIR)/templates/template.rb $(PRISM_SRCDIR)/templates/lib/prism/inspect_visitor.rb.erb
-	$(Q) $(BASERUBY) $(PRISM_SRCDIR)/templates/template.rb lib/prism/inspect_visitor.rb $(srcdir)/lib/prism/inspect_visitor.rb
-
-main: $(srcdir)/lib/prism/mutation_compiler.rb
-srcs: $(srcdir)/lib/prism/mutation_compiler.rb
-$(srcdir)/lib/prism/mutation_compiler.rb: $(PRISM_SRCDIR)/config.yml $(PRISM_SRCDIR)/templates/template.rb $(PRISM_SRCDIR)/templates/lib/prism/mutation_compiler.rb.erb
-	$(Q) $(BASERUBY) $(PRISM_SRCDIR)/templates/template.rb lib/prism/mutation_compiler.rb $(srcdir)/lib/prism/mutation_compiler.rb
-
-main: $(srcdir)/lib/prism/node.rb
-srcs: $(srcdir)/lib/prism/node.rb
-$(srcdir)/lib/prism/node.rb: $(PRISM_SRCDIR)/config.yml $(PRISM_SRCDIR)/templates/template.rb $(PRISM_SRCDIR)/templates/lib/prism/node.rb.erb
-	$(Q) $(BASERUBY) $(PRISM_SRCDIR)/templates/template.rb lib/prism/node.rb $(srcdir)/lib/prism/node.rb
-
-main: $(srcdir)/lib/prism/reflection.rb
-srcs: $(srcdir)/lib/prism/reflection.rb
-$(srcdir)/lib/prism/reflection.rb: $(PRISM_SRCDIR)/config.yml $(PRISM_SRCDIR)/templates/template.rb $(PRISM_SRCDIR)/templates/lib/prism/reflection.rb.erb
-	$(Q) $(BASERUBY) $(PRISM_SRCDIR)/templates/template.rb lib/prism/reflection.rb $(srcdir)/lib/prism/reflection.rb
-
-main: $(srcdir)/lib/prism/serialize.rb
-srcs: $(srcdir)/lib/prism/serialize.rb
-$(srcdir)/lib/prism/serialize.rb: $(PRISM_SRCDIR)/config.yml $(PRISM_SRCDIR)/templates/template.rb $(PRISM_SRCDIR)/templates/lib/prism/serialize.rb.erb
-	$(Q) $(BASERUBY) $(PRISM_SRCDIR)/templates/template.rb lib/prism/serialize.rb $(srcdir)/lib/prism/serialize.rb
-
-main: $(srcdir)/lib/prism/visitor.rb
-srcs: $(srcdir)/lib/prism/visitor.rb
-$(srcdir)/lib/prism/visitor.rb: $(PRISM_SRCDIR)/config.yml $(PRISM_SRCDIR)/templates/template.rb $(PRISM_SRCDIR)/templates/lib/prism/visitor.rb.erb
-	$(Q) $(BASERUBY) $(PRISM_SRCDIR)/templates/template.rb lib/prism/visitor.rb $(srcdir)/lib/prism/visitor.rb
-
-srcs: prism/api_node.c
-prism/api_node.c: $(PRISM_SRCDIR)/config.yml $(PRISM_SRCDIR)/templates/template.rb $(PRISM_SRCDIR)/templates/ext/prism/api_node.c.erb
-	$(Q) $(BASERUBY) $(PRISM_SRCDIR)/templates/template.rb ext/prism/api_node.c $@
-
-srcs: prism/ast.h
-prism/ast.h: $(PRISM_SRCDIR)/config.yml $(PRISM_SRCDIR)/templates/template.rb $(PRISM_SRCDIR)/templates/include/prism/ast.h.erb
-	$(Q) $(BASERUBY) $(PRISM_SRCDIR)/templates/template.rb include/prism/ast.h $@
-
-srcs: prism/diagnostic.c
-prism/diagnostic.c: $(PRISM_SRCDIR)/config.yml $(PRISM_SRCDIR)/templates/template.rb $(PRISM_SRCDIR)/templates/src/diagnostic.c.erb
-	$(Q) $(BASERUBY) $(PRISM_SRCDIR)/templates/template.rb src/diagnostic.c $@
-
-srcs: prism/diagnostic.h
-prism/diagnostic.h: $(PRISM_SRCDIR)/config.yml $(PRISM_SRCDIR)/templates/template.rb $(PRISM_SRCDIR)/templates/include/prism/diagnostic.h.erb
-	$(Q) $(BASERUBY) $(PRISM_SRCDIR)/templates/template.rb include/prism/diagnostic.h $@
-
-srcs: prism/node.c
-prism/node.c: $(PRISM_SRCDIR)/config.yml $(PRISM_SRCDIR)/templates/template.rb $(PRISM_SRCDIR)/templates/src/node.c.erb
-	$(Q) $(BASERUBY) $(PRISM_SRCDIR)/templates/template.rb src/node.c $@
-
-srcs: prism/prettyprint.c
-prism/prettyprint.c: $(PRISM_SRCDIR)/config.yml $(PRISM_SRCDIR)/templates/template.rb $(PRISM_SRCDIR)/templates/src/prettyprint.c.erb
-	$(Q) $(BASERUBY) $(PRISM_SRCDIR)/templates/template.rb src/prettyprint.c $@
-
-srcs: prism/serialize.c
-prism/serialize.c: $(PRISM_SRCDIR)/config.yml $(PRISM_SRCDIR)/templates/template.rb $(PRISM_SRCDIR)/templates/src/serialize.c.erb
-	$(Q) $(BASERUBY) $(PRISM_SRCDIR)/templates/template.rb src/serialize.c $@
-
-srcs: prism/token_type.c
-prism/token_type.c: $(PRISM_SRCDIR)/config.yml $(PRISM_SRCDIR)/templates/template.rb $(PRISM_SRCDIR)/templates/src/token_type.c.erb
-	$(Q) $(BASERUBY) $(PRISM_SRCDIR)/templates/template.rb src/token_type.c $@
-
 EXPORTOBJS    = $(DLNOBJ) \
 		localeinit.$(OBJEXT) \
 		loadpath.$(OBJEXT) \
@@ -338,22 +268,16 @@ MAKE_LINK = $(MINIRUBY) -rfileutils -e "include FileUtils::Verbose" \
 
 # For release builds
 YJIT_RUSTC_ARGS = --crate-name=yjit \
-	--crate-type=staticlib \
+	$(JIT_RUST_FLAGS) \
+	$(RUSTC_FLAGS) \
 	--edition=2021 \
-	-g \
-	-C lto=thin \
-	-C opt-level=3 \
-	-C overflow-checks=on \
 	'--out-dir=$(CARGO_TARGET_DIR)/release/' \
 	'$(top_srcdir)/yjit/src/lib.rs'
 
 ZJIT_RUSTC_ARGS = --crate-name=zjit \
-	--crate-type=staticlib \
+	$(JIT_RUST_FLAGS) \
+	$(RUSTC_FLAGS) \
 	--edition=2024 \
-	-g \
-	-C lto=thin \
-	-C opt-level=3 \
-	-C overflow-checks=on \
 	'--out-dir=$(CARGO_TARGET_DIR)/release/' \
 	'$(top_srcdir)/zjit/src/lib.rs'
 
@@ -490,17 +414,19 @@ docs: srcs-doc $(DOCTARGETS)
 pkgconfig-data: $(ruby_pc)
 $(ruby_pc): $(srcdir)/template/ruby.pc.in config.status
 
+INSTALL_ALL = all
+
 install-all: pre-install-all do-install-all post-install-all
 pre-install-all:: all pre-install-local pre-install-ext pre-install-gem pre-install-doc
 do-install-all: pre-install-all $(DOT_WAIT) docs
-	$(INSTRUBY) --make="$(MAKE)" $(INSTRUBY_ARGS) --install=all $(INSTALL_DOC_OPTS)
+	$(INSTRUBY) --make="$(MAKE)" $(INSTRUBY_ARGS) --install=$(INSTALL_ALL) $(INSTALL_DOC_OPTS)
 post-install-all:: post-install-local post-install-ext post-install-gem post-install-doc
 	@$(NULLCMD)
 
 install-nodoc: pre-install-nodoc do-install-nodoc post-install-nodoc
 pre-install-nodoc:: pre-install-local pre-install-ext pre-install-gem
 do-install-nodoc: main pre-install-nodoc
-	$(INSTRUBY) --make="$(MAKE)" $(INSTRUBY_ARGS) --install=all --exclude=doc
+	$(INSTRUBY) --make="$(MAKE)" $(INSTRUBY_ARGS) --install=$(INSTALL_ALL) --exclude=doc
 post-install-nodoc:: post-install-local post-install-ext post-install-gem
 
 install-local: pre-install-local do-install-local post-install-local
@@ -575,7 +501,7 @@ what-where-all: no-install-all
 no-install-all: pre-no-install-all dont-install-all post-no-install-all
 pre-no-install-all:: pre-no-install-local pre-no-install-ext pre-no-install-doc
 dont-install-all: $(PROGRAM)
-	$(INSTRUBY) -n --make="$(MAKE)" $(INSTRUBY_ARGS) --install=all $(INSTALL_DOC_OPTS)
+	$(INSTRUBY) -n --make="$(MAKE)" $(INSTRUBY_ARGS) --install=$(INSTALL_ALL) $(INSTALL_DOC_OPTS)
 post-no-install-all:: post-no-install-local post-no-install-ext post-no-install-doc
 	@$(NULLCMD)
 
@@ -690,15 +616,20 @@ html: PHONY main srcs-doc
 	@echo Generating RDoc HTML files
 	$(Q) $(RDOC) --op "$(HTMLOUT)" $(RDOC_GEN_OPTS) $(RDOCFLAGS) .
 
+RDOC_COVERAGE_EXCLUDES = -x ^ext/json -x ^ext/openssl -x ^ext/psych \
+	-x ^lib/bundler -x ^lib/rubygems \
+	-x ^lib/did_you_mean -x ^lib/error_highlight -x ^lib/syntax_suggest
+
 rdoc-coverage: PHONY main srcs-doc
 	@echo Generating RDoc coverage report
-	$(Q) $(RDOC) --quiet -C $(RDOCFLAGS) "$(srcdir)"
+	$(Q) $(RDOC) --quiet -C $(RDOCFLAGS) $(RDOC_COVERAGE_EXCLUDES) .
 
 undocumented: PHONY main srcs-doc
-	$(Q) $(RDOC) --quiet -C $(RDOCFLAGS) "$(srcdir)" | \
+	$(Q) $(RDOC) --quiet -C $(RDOCFLAGS) $(RDOC_COVERAGE_EXCLUDES) . | \
 	sed -n \
 	-e '/^ *# in file /{' -e 's///;N;s/\n/: /p' -e '}' \
-	-e 's/^ *\(.*[^ ]\) *# in file \(.*\)/\2: \1/p' | sort
+	-e 's/^ *\(.*[^ ]\) *# in file \(.*\)/\2: \1/p' | \
+	sort -t: -k1,1 -k2n,2
 
 RDOCBENCHOUT=/tmp/rdocbench
 
@@ -733,7 +664,7 @@ clean-local:: clean-runnable
 	$(Q)$(RM) $(PROGRAM) $(WPROGRAM) miniruby$(EXEEXT) dmyext.$(OBJEXT) dmyenc.$(OBJEXT) $(ARCHFILE) .*.time
 	$(Q)$(RM) y.tab.c y.output encdb.h transdb.h config.log rbconfig.rb $(ruby_pc) $(COROUTINE_H:/Context.h=/.time)
 	$(Q)$(RM) probes.h probes.$(OBJEXT) probes.stamp ruby-glommed.$(OBJEXT) ruby.imp ChangeLog $(STATIC_RUBY)$(EXEEXT)
-	$(Q)$(RM) GNUmakefile.old Makefile.old $(arch)-fake.rb bisect.sh $(ENC_TRANS_D) builtin_binary.inc
+	$(Q)$(RM) GNUmakefile.old Makefile.old $(arch)-fake.rb bisect.sh $(ENC_TRANS_D) builtin_binary.rbbin
 	$(Q)$(RM) $(PRISM_BUILD_DIR)/.time $(PRISM_BUILD_DIR)/*/.time yjit_exit_locations.dump
 	-$(Q)$(RMALL) target
 	-$(Q) $(RMDIR) enc/jis enc/trans enc $(COROUTINE_H:/Context.h=) coroutine target \
@@ -767,7 +698,8 @@ distclean-local:: clean-local
 	$(Q)$(RM) config.cache config.status config.status.lineno
 	$(Q)$(RM) *~ *.bak *.stackdump core *.core gmon.out $(PREP)
 	-$(Q)$(RMALL) $(srcdir)/autom4te.cache
-distclean-ext:: PHONY
+distclean-local:: distclean-srcs-local
+distclean-ext:: distclean-srcs-ext
 distclean-golf: clean-golf
 distclean-rdoc: clean-rdoc
 distclean-html: clean-html
@@ -782,6 +714,7 @@ realclean:: realclean-ext realclean-local realclean-enc realclean-golf realclean
 realclean-local:: distclean-local realclean-srcs-local
 
 clean-srcs:: clean-srcs-local clean-srcs-ext
+distclean-srcs:: distclean-srcs-local distclean-srcs-ext
 realclean-srcs:: realclean-srcs-local realclean-srcs-ext
 
 clean-srcs-local::
@@ -789,14 +722,18 @@ clean-srcs-local::
 	$(Q)$(RM) id.c id.h probes.dmyh probes.h
 	$(Q)$(RM) encdb.h transdb.h verconf.h ruby-runner.h
 
-realclean-srcs-local:: clean-srcs-local
+distclean-srcs-local:: clean-srcs-local
+
+realclean-srcs-local:: distclean-srcs-local
 	$(Q)$(CHDIR) $(srcdir) && $(RM) \
 	  parse.c parse.h lex.c enc/trans/newline.c $(PRELUDES) revision.h \
-	  id.c id.h probes.dmyh configure aclocal.m4 tool/config.guess tool/config.sub gems/*.gem \
+	  id.c id.h probes.dmyh configure aclocal.m4 tool/config.guess tool/config.sub \
+	  $(PRISM_SRCDIR)/srcs.mk gems/*.gem \
 	|| $(NULLCMD)
 
 clean-srcs-ext::
-realclean-srcs-ext:: clean-srcs-ext
+distclean-srcs-ext:: clean-srcs-ext
+realclean-srcs-ext:: distclean-srcs-ext
 
 realclean-ext:: PHONY
 realclean-golf: distclean-golf
@@ -856,11 +793,12 @@ clean-capi distclean-capi realclean-capi:
 
 clean-platform distclean-platform realclean-platform:
 	$(Q) $(RM) $(PLATFORM_D)
-	-$(Q) $(RMDIR) $(PLATFORM_DIR) 2> $(NULL) || $(NULLCMD)
+	-$(Q) $(RMDIR) $(PLATFORM_DIR) $(TIMESTAMPDIR) 2> $(NULL) || $(NULLCMD)
 
 RUBYSPEC_CAPIEXT = spec/ruby/optional/capi/ext
 RUBYSPEC_CAPIEXT_SRCDIR = $(srcdir)/$(RUBYSPEC_CAPIEXT)
-RUBYSPEC_CAPIEXT_DEPS = $(RUBYSPEC_CAPIEXT_SRCDIR)/rubyspec.h $(RUBY_H_INCLUDES) $(LIBRUBY)
+RUBYSPEC_CAPIEXT_DEPS = $(RUBYSPEC_CAPIEXT_SRCDIR)/rubyspec.h $(RUBY_H_INCLUDES) {$(VPATH)}internal/abi.h $(LIBRUBY)
+RUBYSPEC_CAPIEXT_BUILD = $(enable_shared:yes=rubyspec-capiext)
 
 rubyspec-capiext: build-ext $(DOT_WAIT)
 # make-dependent rules should be included after this and built after build-ext.
@@ -952,7 +890,7 @@ no-test-testframework: PHONY
 test-tool: $(TEST_RUNNABLE)-test-tool
 yes-test-tool: prog PHONY
 	$(ACTIONS_GROUP)
-	$(gnumake_recursive)$(Q)$(exec) $(RUNRUBY) "$(TOOL_TESTSDIR)/runner.rb" --ruby="$(RUNRUBY)" $(TESTOPTS)
+	$(gnumake_recursive)$(Q)$(exec) $(RUNRUBY) "$(TOOL_TESTSDIR)/runner.rb" --ruby="$(RUNRUBY)" $(TESTOPTS) $(TESTS)
 	$(ACTIONS_ENDGROUP)
 no-test-tool: PHONY
 
@@ -962,7 +900,7 @@ test: test-short
 
 # Separate to skip updating encs and exts by `make -o test-precheck`
 # for GNU make.
-test-precheck: $(ENCSTATIC:static=lib)encs exts PHONY $(DOT_WAIT)
+test-precheck: $(ENCSTATIC:static=lib)encs $(RUBYSPEC_CAPIEXT_BUILD) exts PHONY $(DOT_WAIT)
 yes-test-all-precheck: programs $(DOT_WAIT) test-precheck
 
 PRECHECK_TEST_ALL = yes-test-all-precheck
@@ -1067,8 +1005,11 @@ $(ENC_MK): $(srcdir)/enc/make_encmake.rb $(srcdir)/enc/Makefile.in $(srcdir)/enc
 .PHONY: test install install-nodoc install-doc dist
 .PHONY: loadpath golf capi rdoc install-prereq clear-installed-list
 .PHONY: clean clean-ext clean-local clean-enc clean-golf clean-rdoc clean-html clean-extout
+.PHONY: clean-srcs clean-srcs-local clean-srcs-ext
 .PHONY: distclean distclean-ext distclean-local distclean-enc distclean-golf distclean-extout
+.PHONY: distclean-srcs distclean-srcs-local distclean-srcs-ext
 .PHONY: realclean realclean-ext realclean-local realclean-enc realclean-golf realclean-extout
+.PHONY: realclean-srcs realclean-srcs-local realclean-srcs-ext
 .PHONY: exam check test test-short test-all btest btest-ruby test-basic test-knownbug
 .PHONY: run runruby parse benchmark gdb gdb-ruby
 .PHONY: update-mspec update-rubyspec test-rubyspec test-spec
@@ -1204,7 +1145,7 @@ $(srcs_vpath)insns_info.inc: $(tooldir)/ruby_vm/views/insns_info.inc.erb $(inc_c
   $(tooldir)/ruby_vm/views/_insn_type_chars.erb $(tooldir)/ruby_vm/views/_insn_name_info.erb \
   $(tooldir)/ruby_vm/views/_insn_len_info.erb $(tooldir)/ruby_vm/views/_insn_operand_info.erb \
   $(tooldir)/ruby_vm/views/_attributes.erb $(tooldir)/ruby_vm/views/_comptime_insn_stack_increase.erb \
-  $(tooldir)/ruby_vm/views/_zjit_helpers.erb
+  $(tooldir)/ruby_vm/views/_zjit_helpers.erb $(tooldir)/ruby_vm/views/_insn_leaf_info.erb
 $(srcs_vpath)vmtc.inc: $(tooldir)/ruby_vm/views/vmtc.inc.erb $(inc_common_headers)
 $(srcs_vpath)vm.inc: $(tooldir)/ruby_vm/views/vm.inc.erb $(inc_common_headers) \
   $(tooldir)/ruby_vm/views/_insn_entry.erb $(tooldir)/ruby_vm/views/_trace_instruction.erb \
@@ -1223,6 +1164,7 @@ BUILTIN_RB_SRCS = \
 		$(srcdir)/array.rb \
 		$(srcdir)/hash.rb \
 		$(srcdir)/kernel.rb \
+		$(srcdir)/pathname_builtin.rb \
 		$(srcdir)/ractor.rb \
 		$(srcdir)/symbol.rb \
 		$(srcdir)/timev.rb \
@@ -1230,8 +1172,9 @@ BUILTIN_RB_SRCS = \
 		$(srcdir)/nilclass.rb \
 		$(srcdir)/prelude.rb \
 		$(srcdir)/gem_prelude.rb \
+		$(srcdir)/jit_hook.rb \
+		$(srcdir)/jit_undef.rb \
 		$(srcdir)/yjit.rb \
-		$(srcdir)/yjit_hook.rb \
 		$(srcdir)/zjit.rb \
 		$(empty)
 BUILTIN_RB_INCS = $(BUILTIN_RB_SRCS:.rb=.rbinc)
@@ -1283,7 +1226,6 @@ incs: $(INSNS) {$(VPATH)}node_name.inc {$(VPATH)}known_errors.inc \
       {$(VPATH)}vm_call_iseq_optimized.inc $(srcdir)/revision.h \
       $(REVISION_H) \
       $(UNICODE_DATA_HEADERS) $(ENC_HEADERS) \
-      $(srcs_vpath)prism/ast.h $(srcs_vpath)prism/diagnostic.h \
       {$(VPATH)}id.h {$(VPATH)}probes.dmyh
 
 insns: $(INSNS)
@@ -1346,18 +1288,18 @@ preludes: {$(VPATH)}miniprelude.c
 
 {$(srcdir)}.rb.rbbin:
 	$(ECHO) making $@
-	$(Q) $(MINIRUBY) $(tooldir)/mk_rbbin.rb $< > $@
+	$(Q) $(MINIRUBY) $(tooldir)/mk_rbbin.rb $(SRC_FILE) > $(OS_DEST_FILE)
 
 {$(srcdir)}.rb.rbinc:
 	$(ECHO) making $@
-	$(Q) $(BASERUBY) $(tooldir)/mk_builtin_loader.rb $<
+	$(Q) $(BASERUBY) $(tooldir)/mk_builtin_loader.rb $(SRC_FILE)
 
-$(BUILTIN_BINARY:yes=built)in_binary.inc: $(PREP) $(BUILTIN_RB_SRCS) $(srcdir)/template/builtin_binary.inc.tmpl
+$(BUILTIN_BINARY:yes=built)in_binary.rbbin: $(PREP) $(BUILTIN_RB_SRCS) $(srcdir)/template/builtin_binary.rbbin.tmpl
 	$(Q) $(MINIRUBY) $(tooldir)/generic_erb.rb -o $@ \
-		$(srcdir)/template/builtin_binary.inc.tmpl
+		$(srcdir)/template/builtin_binary.rbbin.tmpl
 	-$(Q) sha256sum $@ 2> $(NULL) || $(NULLCMD)
 
-$(BUILTIN_BINARY:no=builtin)_binary.inc:
+$(BUILTIN_BINARY:no=builtin)_binary.rbbin:
 	$(Q) echo> $@ // empty $(@F)
 
 $(BUILTIN_RB_INCS): $(top_srcdir)/tool/mk_builtin_loader.rb
@@ -1372,9 +1314,15 @@ $(REVISION_H)$(yes_baseruby:yes=~disabled~):
 # uncommon.mk: $(REVISION_H)
 # $(MKFILES): $(REVISION_H)
 
+# $(common_mk_includes) is set by config.status or GNUmakefile
+common_mk__$(gnumake:yes=artifact)_ = uncommon.mk
+common_mk_$(gnumake)_artifact_ = $(MKFILES)
+$(common_mk__artifact_): $(srcdir)/common.mk $(common_mk_includes)
+
 ripper_srcs: $(RIPPER_SRCS)
 
 $(RIPPER_SRCS): $(srcdir)/parse.y $(srcdir)/defs/id.def
+$(RIPPER_SRCS): $(srcdir)/ext/ripper/depend $(srcdir)/ext/ripper/extconf.rb
 $(RIPPER_SRCS): $(srcdir)/ext/ripper/tools/preproc.rb $(srcdir)/ext/ripper/tools/dsl.rb
 $(RIPPER_SRCS): $(srcdir)/ext/ripper/ripper_init.c.tmpl $(srcdir)/ext/ripper/eventids2.c
 	$(ECHO) generating $@
@@ -1425,8 +1373,8 @@ run: yes-fake miniruby$(EXEEXT) PHONY
 runruby: $(PROGRAM) PHONY
 	RUBY_ON_BUG='gdb -x $(srcdir)/.gdbinit -p' $(RUNRUBY) $(RUNOPT0) $(TESTRUN_SCRIPT) $(RUNOPT)
 
-runirb: $(PROGRAM) PHONY
-	RUBY_ON_BUG='gdb -x $(srcdir)/.gdbinit -p' $(RUNRUBY) $(RUNOPT0) -r irb -e 'IRB.start("make runirb")' $(RUNOPT)
+runirb: $(PROGRAM) update-default-gemspecs
+	RUBY_ON_BUG='gdb -x $(srcdir)/.gdbinit -p' $(RUNRUBY) $(RUNOPT0) -rrubygems -r irb -e 'IRB.start("make runirb")' $(RUNOPT)
 
 parse: yes-fake miniruby$(EXEEXT) PHONY
 	$(BTESTRUBY) --dump=parsetree_with_comment,insns $(TESTRUN_SCRIPT)
@@ -1525,15 +1473,21 @@ update-coverage: main PHONY
 		--install-dir .bundle --conservative "simplecov"
 
 refresh-gems: update-bundled_gems prepare-gems
+# can't recall exactly, but `make` somewhere (not GNU or nmake)
+# couldn't handle spaces in replacement strings; i.e.,
+# `$(HAVE_BASERUBY:yes=word word ...)` didn't work.
 prepare-gems: $(HAVE_BASERUBY:yes=update-gems) $(HAVE_BASERUBY:yes=extract-gems)
-extract-gems: $(HAVE_BASERUBY:yes=update-gems)
+extract-gems: $(HAVE_BASERUBY:yes=update-gems) $(HAVE_BASERUBY:yes=outdate-bundled-gems)
+update-gems: $(HAVE_BASERUBY:yes=outdate-bundled-gems)
+
+split_option = -F"\s+|$(HASH_SIGN).*"
 
 update-gems$(sequential): PHONY
 	$(ECHO) Downloading bundled gem files...
 	$(Q) $(BASERUBY) -C "$(srcdir)" \
-	    -I./tool -rdownloader -answ \
+	    -I./tool -rdownloader $(split_option) -answ \
 	    -e 'gem, ver = *$$F' \
-	    -e 'next if !ver or /^#/=~gem' \
+	    -e 'next if !ver' \
 	    -e 'old = Dir.glob("gems/#{gem}-*.gem")' \
 	    -e 'gem = "#{gem}-#{ver}.gem"' \
 	    -e 'Downloader::RubyGems.download(gem, "gems", nil) and' \
@@ -1545,10 +1499,10 @@ update-gems$(sequential): PHONY
 extract-gems$(sequential): PHONY
 	$(ECHO) Extracting bundled gem files...
 	$(Q) $(BASERUBY) -C "$(srcdir)" \
-	    -Itool/lib -rfileutils -rbundled_gem -answ \
+	    -Itool/lib -rfileutils -rbundled_gem $(split_option) -answ \
 	    -e 'BEGIN {d = ".bundle/gems"}' \
 	    -e 'gem, ver, _, rev = *$$F' \
-	    -e 'next if !ver or /^#/=~gem' \
+	    -e 'next if !ver' \
 	    -e 'g = "#{gem}-#{ver}"' \
 	    -e 'unless File.directory?("#{d}/#{g}")' \
 	    -e   'if rev and File.exist?(gs = "gems/src/#{gem}/#{gem}.gemspec")' \
@@ -1560,18 +1514,7 @@ extract-gems$(sequential): PHONY
 
 extract-gems$(sequential): $(HAVE_GIT:yes=clone-bundled-gems-src)
 
-clone-bundled-gems-src: PHONY
-	$(Q) $(BASERUBY) -C "$(srcdir)" \
-	    -Itool/lib -rbundled_gem -answ \
-	    -e 'BEGIN {git = $$git}' \
-	    -e 'gem, _, repo, rev = *$$F' \
-	    -e 'next if !rev or /^#/=~gem' \
-	    -e 'gemdir = "gems/src/#{gem}"' \
-	    -e 'BundledGem.checkout(gemdir, repo, rev, git: git)' \
-	    -e 'BundledGem.dummy_gemspec("#{gemdir}/#{gem}.gemspec")' \
-	    -- -git="$(GIT)" \
-	    gems/bundled_gems
-
+flush-gems: outdate-bundled-gems
 outdate-bundled-gems: PHONY
 	$(Q) $(BASERUBY) $(tooldir)/$@.rb --make="$(MAKE)" --mflags="$(MFLAGS)" \
 	--ruby-platform=$(arch) --ruby-version=$(ruby_version) \
@@ -1582,8 +1525,8 @@ update-bundled_gems: PHONY
 	     $(tooldir)/update-bundled_gems.rb \
 	     "$(srcdir)/gems/bundled_gems" | \
 	$(IFCHANGE) "$(srcdir)/gems/bundled_gems" -
-	$(GIT) -C "$(srcdir)" diff --no-ext-diff --ignore-submodules --exit-code || \
-	$(GIT) -C "$(srcdir)" commit -m "Update bundled_gems" gems/bundled_gems
+	$(GIT_IN_SRC) diff --no-ext-diff --ignore-submodules --exit-code || \
+	$(GIT_IN_SRC) commit -m "Update bundled_gems" gems/bundled_gems
 
 PRECHECK_BUNDLED_GEMS = yes
 test-bundled-gems-precheck: $(TEST_RUNNABLE)-test-bundled-gems-precheck
@@ -1618,11 +1561,12 @@ yes-install-for-test-bundled-gems: yes-update-default-gemspecs
 	$(XRUBY) -C "$(srcdir)" -r./tool/lib/gem_env.rb bin/gem \
 		install --no-document --conservative \
 		"hoe" "json-schema:5.1.0" "test-unit-rr" "simplecov" "simplecov-html" "simplecov-json" "rspec" "zeitwerk" \
-		"sinatra" "rack" "tilt" "mustermann" "base64" "compact_index" "rack-test" "logger" "kpeg" "tracer"
+		"sinatra" "rack" "tilt" "mustermann" "base64" "compact_index" "rack-test" "logger" "kpeg" "tracer" "minitest-mock"
 
 test-bundled-gems-fetch: yes-test-bundled-gems-fetch
-yes-test-bundled-gems-fetch:
-	$(Q) $(BASERUBY) -C $(srcdir)/gems ../tool/fetch-bundled_gems.rb BUNDLED_GEMS="$(BUNDLED_GEMS)" src bundled_gems
+yes-test-bundled-gems-fetch: clone-bundled-gems-src
+clone-bundled-gems-src: PHONY
+	$(Q) $(BASERUBY) -C $(srcdir) tool/fetch-bundled_gems.rb BUNDLED_GEMS="$(BUNDLED_GEMS)" gems/src gems/bundled_gems
 no-test-bundled-gems-fetch:
 
 test-bundled-gems-prepare: $(TEST_RUNNABLE)-test-bundled-gems-prepare
@@ -1670,6 +1614,11 @@ test-syntax-suggest:
 
 check: $(DOT_WAIT) $(PREPARE_SYNTAX_SUGGEST) test-syntax-suggest
 
+RAKER = $(XRUBY) -I$(srcdir)/gems/lib$(PATH_SEPARATOR)$(srcdir)/.bundle/lib \
+	-rrubygems $(srcdir)/.bundle/bin/rake
+rake:
+	$(RAKER) $(RAKE_OPTS) $(RAKE)
+
 test-bundler-precheck: $(TEST_RUNNABLE)-test-bundler-precheck
 no-test-bundler-precheck:
 yes-test-bundler-precheck: main $(arch)-fake.rb
@@ -1679,12 +1628,8 @@ test-bundler-prepare: $(TEST_RUNNABLE)-test-bundler-prepare
 no-test-bundler-prepare: no-test-bundler-precheck
 yes-test-bundler-prepare: yes-test-bundler-precheck
 	$(ACTIONS_GROUP)
-	$(XRUBY) -C $(srcdir) -Ilib \
-		-e 'ENV["GEM_HOME"] = File.expand_path(".bundle")' \
-		-e 'ENV["BUNDLE_APP_CONFIG"] = File.expand_path(".bundle")' \
-		-e 'ENV["BUNDLE_PATH__SYSTEM"] = "true"' \
-		-e 'ENV["BUNDLE_WITHOUT"] = "lint doc"' \
-		-e 'load "spec/bundler/support/bundle.rb"' -- install --quiet --gemfile=tool/bundler/dev_gems.rb
+	$(XRUBY) -C $(srcdir) -Ilib -r./tool/lib/bundle_env.rb \
+		spec/bin/bundle install --quiet --gemfile=tool/bundler/dev_gems.rb
 	$(ACTIONS_ENDGROUP)
 
 RSPECOPTS = -r formatter_overrides
@@ -1694,8 +1639,7 @@ test-bundler: $(TEST_RUNNABLE)-test-bundler
 yes-test-bundler: $(PREPARE_BUNDLER)
 	$(gnumake_recursive)$(XRUBY) \
 		-r./$(arch)-fake \
-		-e "exec(*ARGV)" -- \
-		$(XRUBY) -C $(srcdir) -Ispec/bundler -Ispec/lib .bundle/bin/rspec \
+		-C $(srcdir) -Ispec/bundler -Ispec/lib spec/bin/rspec \
 		-r spec_helper $(RSPECOPTS) spec/bundler/$(BUNDLER_SPECS)
 no-test-bundler:
 
@@ -1782,7 +1726,7 @@ UNICODE_UCD_EMOJI_DOWNLOAD = \
 UNICODE_EMOJI_DOWNLOAD = \
 	$(UNICODE_DOWNLOADER) \
 	    -d $(UNICODE_SRC_EMOJI_DATA_DIR) \
-	    -p emoji/$(UNICODE_EMOJI_VERSION)
+	    -p $(UNICODE_VERSION)/emoji
 
 update-unicode-files:
 	$(ECHO) Downloading Unicode $(UNICODE_VERSION) data and property files...
@@ -1824,8 +1768,8 @@ $(UNICODE_EMOJI_FILES):
 	$(Q) $(MAKEDIRS) "$(UNICODE_SRC_EMOJI_DATA_DIR)"
 	$(Q) $(UNICODE_EMOJI_DOWNLOAD) $@
 
-$(srcdir)/lib/unicode_normalize/tables.rb: \
-	$(UNICODE_SRC_DATA_DIR)/$(HAVE_BASERUBY:yes=.unicode-tables.time)
+$(srcdir)/lib/unicode_normalize/$(HAVE_BASERUBY:yes=tables.rb): \
+	$(UNICODE_SRC_DATA_DIR)/.unicode-tables.time
 
 $(UNICODE_SRC_DATA_DIR)/$(ALWAYS_UPDATE_UNICODE:yes=.unicode-tables.time): \
 	$(UNICODE_FILES) $(UNICODE_PROPERTY_FILES) \
@@ -1876,11 +1820,11 @@ $(UNICODE_HDR_DIR)/name2ctype.h:
 		$(UNICODE_SRC_DATA_DIR) $(UNICODE_SRC_EMOJI_DATA_DIR) > $@.new
 	$(MV) $@.new $@
 
-srcs-doc: $(srcdir)/doc/regexp/unicode_properties.rdoc
-$(srcdir)/doc/regexp/$(ALWAYS_UPDATE_UNICODE:yes=unicode_properties.rdoc): \
+srcs-doc: $(srcdir)/doc/language/regexp/unicode_properties.rdoc
+$(srcdir)/doc/language/regexp/$(ALWAYS_UPDATE_UNICODE:yes=unicode_properties.rdoc): \
 	$(UNICODE_HDR_DIR)/name2ctype.h $(UNICODE_PROPERTY_FILES)
 
-$(srcdir)/doc/regexp/unicode_properties.rdoc:
+$(srcdir)/doc/language/regexp/unicode_properties.rdoc:
 	$(Q) $(BOOTSTRAPRUBY) $(tooldir)/generic_erb.rb -c -o $@ \
 		$(srcdir)/template/unicode_properties.rdoc.tmpl \
 		$(UNICODE_SRC_DATA_DIR) $(UNICODE_HDR_DIR)/name2ctype.h || \
@@ -1917,6 +1861,9 @@ clean-gems:
 
 CLEAN_CACHE = clean-extlibs
 
+prepare-package: prereq after-update
+clean-cache: $(CLEAN_CACHE)
+
 info: info-program info-libruby_a info-libruby_so info-arch
 info-program: PHONY
 	@echo PROGRAM=$(PROGRAM)
@@ -1968,8 +1915,8 @@ nightly: yesterday $(DOT_WAIT) install
 yesterday: rewindable
 
 rewindable:
-	$(GIT) -C $(srcdir) status --porcelain
-	$(GIT) -C $(srcdir) diff --quiet
+	$(GIT_IN_SRC) status --porcelain
+	$(GIT_IN_SRC) diff --quiet
 
 HELP_EXTRA_TASKS = ""
 
@@ -2049,19946 +1996,5 @@ help: PHONY
 $(CROSS_COMPILING:yes=)builtin.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}mini_builtin.c
 $(CROSS_COMPILING:yes=)builtin.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}miniprelude.c
 
-# AUTOGENERATED DEPENDENCIES START
-addr2line.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}addr2line.c
-addr2line.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}addr2line.h
-addr2line.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}assert.h
-addr2line.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/assume.h
-addr2line.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/attributes.h
-addr2line.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/bool.h
-addr2line.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/long_long.h
-addr2line.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/stdalign.h
-addr2line.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/stdarg.h
-addr2line.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}config.h
-addr2line.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}defines.h
-addr2line.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/assume.h
-addr2line.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/attr/alloc_size.h
-addr2line.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/attr/cold.h
-addr2line.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/attr/const.h
-addr2line.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/attr/deprecated.h
-addr2line.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/attr/error.h
-addr2line.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/attr/forceinline.h
-addr2line.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/attr/format.h
-addr2line.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/attr/maybe_unused.h
-addr2line.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/attr/nodiscard.h
-addr2line.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/attr/noexcept.h
-addr2line.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/attr/noinline.h
-addr2line.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/attr/nonnull.h
-addr2line.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/attr/noreturn.h
-addr2line.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/attr/packed_struct.h
-addr2line.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/attr/pure.h
-addr2line.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/attr/restrict.h
-addr2line.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/attr/returns_nonnull.h
-addr2line.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/attr/warning.h
-addr2line.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/cast.h
-addr2line.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/compiler_is.h
-addr2line.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/compiler_is/apple.h
-addr2line.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/compiler_is/clang.h
-addr2line.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/compiler_is/gcc.h
-addr2line.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/compiler_is/intel.h
-addr2line.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/compiler_is/msvc.h
-addr2line.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/compiler_is/sunpro.h
-addr2line.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/compiler_since.h
-addr2line.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/config.h
-addr2line.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/dllexport.h
-addr2line.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/dosish.h
-addr2line.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/has/attribute.h
-addr2line.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/has/builtin.h
-addr2line.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/has/c_attribute.h
-addr2line.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/has/cpp_attribute.h
-addr2line.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/has/declspec_attribute.h
-addr2line.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/has/extension.h
-addr2line.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/has/feature.h
-addr2line.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/has/warning.h
-addr2line.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/stdalign.h
-addr2line.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/stdbool.h
-addr2line.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/warning_push.h
-addr2line.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/xmalloc.h
-addr2line.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}missing.h
-array.$(OBJEXT): $(CCAN_DIR)/check_type/check_type.h
-array.$(OBJEXT): $(CCAN_DIR)/container_of/container_of.h
-array.$(OBJEXT): $(CCAN_DIR)/list/list.h
-array.$(OBJEXT): $(CCAN_DIR)/str/str.h
-array.$(OBJEXT): $(hdrdir)/ruby/ruby.h
-array.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/array.h
-array.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/basic_operators.h
-array.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/bignum.h
-array.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/bits.h
-array.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/class.h
-array.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/compar.h
-array.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/compilers.h
-array.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/enum.h
-array.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/fixnum.h
-array.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/gc.h
-array.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/hash.h
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-zjit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/attr/weakref.h
-zjit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/cast.h
-zjit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/compiler_is.h
-zjit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/compiler_is/apple.h
-zjit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/compiler_is/clang.h
-zjit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/compiler_is/gcc.h
-zjit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/compiler_is/intel.h
-zjit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/compiler_is/msvc.h
-zjit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/compiler_is/sunpro.h
-zjit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/compiler_since.h
-zjit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/config.h
-zjit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/constant_p.h
-zjit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/core.h
-zjit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/core/rarray.h
-zjit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/core/rbasic.h
-zjit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/core/rbignum.h
-zjit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/core/rclass.h
-zjit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/core/rdata.h
-zjit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/core/rfile.h
-zjit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/core/rhash.h
-zjit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/core/robject.h
-zjit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/core/rregexp.h
-zjit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/core/rstring.h
-zjit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/core/rstruct.h
-zjit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/core/rtypeddata.h
-zjit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/ctype.h
-zjit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/dllexport.h
-zjit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/dosish.h
-zjit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/encoding/coderange.h
-zjit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/encoding/ctype.h
-zjit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/encoding/encoding.h
-zjit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/encoding/pathname.h
-zjit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/encoding/re.h
-zjit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/encoding/sprintf.h
-zjit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/encoding/string.h
-zjit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/encoding/symbol.h
-zjit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/encoding/transcode.h
-zjit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/error.h
-zjit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/eval.h
-zjit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/event.h
-zjit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/fl_type.h
-zjit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/gc.h
-zjit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/glob.h
-zjit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/globals.h
-zjit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/has/attribute.h
-zjit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/has/builtin.h
-zjit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/has/c_attribute.h
-zjit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/has/cpp_attribute.h
-zjit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/has/declspec_attribute.h
-zjit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/has/extension.h
-zjit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/has/feature.h
-zjit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/has/warning.h
-zjit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/intern/array.h
-zjit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/intern/bignum.h
-zjit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/intern/class.h
-zjit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/intern/compar.h
-zjit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/intern/complex.h
-zjit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/intern/cont.h
-zjit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/intern/dir.h
-zjit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/intern/enum.h
-zjit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/intern/enumerator.h
-zjit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/intern/error.h
-zjit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/intern/eval.h
-zjit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/intern/file.h
-zjit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/intern/hash.h
-zjit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/intern/io.h
-zjit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/intern/load.h
-zjit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/intern/marshal.h
-zjit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/intern/numeric.h
-zjit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/intern/object.h
-zjit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/intern/parse.h
-zjit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/intern/proc.h
-zjit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/intern/process.h
-zjit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/intern/random.h
-zjit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/intern/range.h
-zjit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/intern/rational.h
-zjit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/intern/re.h
-zjit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/intern/ruby.h
-zjit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/intern/select.h
-zjit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/intern/select/largesize.h
-zjit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/intern/signal.h
-zjit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/intern/sprintf.h
-zjit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/intern/string.h
-zjit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/intern/struct.h
-zjit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/intern/thread.h
-zjit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/intern/time.h
-zjit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/intern/variable.h
-zjit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/intern/vm.h
-zjit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/interpreter.h
-zjit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/iterator.h
-zjit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/memory.h
-zjit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/method.h
-zjit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/module.h
-zjit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/newobj.h
-zjit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/numeric.h
-zjit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/scan_args.h
-zjit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/special_consts.h
-zjit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/static_assert.h
-zjit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/stdalign.h
-zjit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/stdbool.h
-zjit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/stdckdint.h
-zjit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/symbol.h
-zjit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/value.h
-zjit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/value_type.h
-zjit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/variable.h
-zjit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/warning_push.h
-zjit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/xmalloc.h
-zjit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}iseq.h
-zjit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}method.h
-zjit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}missing.h
-zjit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}node.h
-zjit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}onigmo.h
-zjit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}oniguruma.h
-zjit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}prism/ast.h
-zjit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}prism/diagnostic.h
-zjit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}prism/version.h
-zjit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}prism_compile.h
-zjit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}probes.dmyh
-zjit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}probes.h
-zjit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}probes_helper.h
-zjit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}ruby_assert.h
-zjit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}ruby_atomic.h
-zjit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}rubyparser.h
-zjit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}shape.h
-zjit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}st.h
-zjit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}subst.h
-zjit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}thread_$(THREAD_MODEL).h
-zjit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}thread_native.h
-zjit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}vm_callinfo.h
-zjit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}vm_core.h
-zjit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}vm_debug.h
-zjit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}vm_insnhelper.h
-zjit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}vm_opts.h
-zjit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}vm_sync.h
-zjit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}zjit.c
-zjit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}zjit.h
-zjit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}zjit.rbinc
-# AUTOGENERATED DEPENDENCIES END
+!include $(srcdir)/prism/srcs.mk
+!include $(srcdir)/depend
diff --git a/compar.c b/compar.c
index f5da6178cf..142cb12a0c 100644
--- a/compar.c
+++ b/compar.c
@@ -95,10 +95,13 @@ cmpint(VALUE x, VALUE y)
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *     obj > other    -> true or false
+ *    self > other -> true or false
  *
- *  Compares two objects based on the receiver's <code><=></code>
- *  method, returning true if it returns a value greater than 0.
+ *  Returns whether +self+ is "greater than" +other+;
+ *  equivalent to <tt>(self <=> other) > 0</tt>:
+ *
+ *    'foo' > 'foo'  # => false
+ *    'food' > 'foo' # => true
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -109,10 +112,15 @@ cmp_gt(VALUE x, VALUE y)
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *     obj >= other    -> true or false
+ *    self >= other -> true or false
+ *
+ *  Returns whether +self+ is "greater than or equal to" +other+;
+ *  equivalent to <tt>(self <=> other) >= 0</tt>:
+ *
+ *    'food' >= 'foo'  # => true
+ *    'foo'  >= 'foo'  # => true
+ *    'foo'  >= 'food' # => false
  *
- *  Compares two objects based on the receiver's <code><=></code>
- *  method, returning true if it returns a value greater than or equal to 0.
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -123,10 +131,14 @@ cmp_ge(VALUE x, VALUE y)
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *     obj < other    -> true or false
+ *    self < other -> true or false
+ *
+ *  Returns whether +self+ is "less than" +other+;
+ *  equivalent to <tt>(self <=> other) < 0</tt>:
+ *
+ *    'foo' < 'foo'  # => false
+ *    'foo' < 'food' # => true
  *
- *  Compares two objects based on the receiver's <code><=></code>
- *  method, returning true if it returns a value less than 0.
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -137,10 +149,15 @@ cmp_lt(VALUE x, VALUE y)
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *     obj <= other    -> true or false
+ *    self <= other -> true or false
+ *
+ *  Returns whether +self+ is "less than or equal to" +other+;
+ *  equivalent to <tt>(self <=> other) <= 0</tt>:
+ *
+ *    'foo' <= 'foo'  # => true
+ *    'foo' <= 'food' # => true
+ *    'food' <= 'foo' # => false
  *
- *  Compares two objects based on the receiver's <code><=></code>
- *  method, returning true if it returns a value less than or equal to 0.
  */
 
 static VALUE
diff --git a/compile.c b/compile.c
index 3ab4aa81c6..b7d6b07090 100644
--- a/compile.c
+++ b/compile.c
@@ -494,6 +494,7 @@ static int iseq_set_arguments(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const anchor, const
 static int iseq_set_sequence(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const anchor);
 static int iseq_set_exception_table(rb_iseq_t *iseq);
 static int iseq_set_optargs_table(rb_iseq_t *iseq);
+static int iseq_set_parameters_lvar_state(const rb_iseq_t *iseq);
 
 static int compile_defined_expr(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, const NODE *const node, VALUE needstr, bool ignore);
 static int compile_hash(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, const NODE *node, int method_call_keywords, int popped);
@@ -609,8 +610,6 @@ branch_coverage_valid_p(rb_iseq_t *iseq, int first_line)
     return 1;
 }
 
-#define PTR2NUM(x) (rb_int2inum((intptr_t)(void *)(x)))
-
 static VALUE
 setup_branch(const rb_code_location_t *loc, const char *type, VALUE structure, VALUE key)
 {
@@ -837,9 +836,9 @@ get_string_value(const NODE *node)
 {
     switch (nd_type(node)) {
       case NODE_STR:
-        return rb_node_str_string_val(node);
+        return RB_OBJ_SET_SHAREABLE(rb_node_str_string_val(node));
       case NODE_FILE:
-        return rb_node_file_path_val(node);
+        return RB_OBJ_SET_SHAREABLE(rb_node_file_path_val(node));
       default:
         rb_bug("unexpected node: %s", ruby_node_name(nd_type(node)));
     }
@@ -876,6 +875,7 @@ rb_iseq_compile_node(rb_iseq_t *iseq, const NODE *node)
         /* iseq type of top, method, class, block */
         iseq_set_local_table(iseq, RNODE_SCOPE(node)->nd_tbl, (NODE *)RNODE_SCOPE(node)->nd_args);
         iseq_set_arguments(iseq, ret, (NODE *)RNODE_SCOPE(node)->nd_args);
+        iseq_set_parameters_lvar_state(iseq);
 
         switch (ISEQ_BODY(iseq)->type) {
           case ISEQ_TYPE_BLOCK:
@@ -1398,6 +1398,9 @@ static void
 iseq_insn_each_object_write_barrier(VALUE * obj, VALUE iseq)
 {
     RB_OBJ_WRITTEN(iseq, Qundef, *obj);
+    RUBY_ASSERT(SPECIAL_CONST_P(*obj) ||
+                RBASIC_CLASS(*obj) == 0 || // hidden
+                RB_OBJ_SHAREABLE_P(*obj));
 }
 
 static INSN *
@@ -1440,6 +1443,30 @@ new_insn_body(rb_iseq_t *iseq, int line_no, int node_id, enum ruby_vminsn_type i
     return new_insn_core(iseq, line_no, node_id, insn_id, argc, operands);
 }
 
+static INSN *
+insn_replace_with_operands(rb_iseq_t *iseq, INSN *iobj, enum ruby_vminsn_type insn_id, int argc, ...)
+{
+    VALUE *operands = 0;
+    va_list argv;
+    if (argc > 0) {
+        int i;
+        va_start(argv, argc);
+        operands = compile_data_alloc2(iseq, sizeof(VALUE), argc);
+        for (i = 0; i < argc; i++) {
+            VALUE v = va_arg(argv, VALUE);
+            operands[i] = v;
+        }
+        va_end(argv);
+    }
+
+    iobj->insn_id = insn_id;
+    iobj->operand_size = argc;
+    iobj->operands = operands;
+    iseq_insn_each_markable_object(iobj, iseq_insn_each_object_write_barrier, (VALUE)iseq);
+
+    return iobj;
+}
+
 static const struct rb_callinfo *
 new_callinfo(rb_iseq_t *iseq, ID mid, int argc, unsigned int flag, struct rb_callinfo_kwarg *kw_arg, int has_blockiseq)
 {
@@ -1691,6 +1718,7 @@ iseq_set_exception_local_table(rb_iseq_t *iseq)
 {
     ISEQ_BODY(iseq)->local_table_size = numberof(rb_iseq_shared_exc_local_tbl);
     ISEQ_BODY(iseq)->local_table = rb_iseq_shared_exc_local_tbl;
+    ISEQ_BODY(iseq)->lvar_states = NULL; // $! is read-only, so don't need lvar_states
     return COMPILE_OK;
 }
 
@@ -1838,6 +1866,46 @@ iseq_lvar_id(const rb_iseq_t *iseq, int idx, int level)
 }
 
 static void
+update_lvar_state(const rb_iseq_t *iseq, int level, int idx)
+{
+    for (int i=0; i<level; i++) {
+        iseq = ISEQ_BODY(iseq)->parent_iseq;
+    }
+
+    enum lvar_state *states = ISEQ_BODY(iseq)->lvar_states;
+    int table_idx = ISEQ_BODY(iseq)->local_table_size - idx;
+    switch (states[table_idx]) {
+      case lvar_uninitialized:
+        states[table_idx] = lvar_initialized;
+        break;
+      case lvar_initialized:
+        states[table_idx] = lvar_reassigned;
+        break;
+      case lvar_reassigned:
+        /* nothing */
+        break;
+      default:
+        rb_bug("unreachable");
+    }
+}
+
+static int
+iseq_set_parameters_lvar_state(const rb_iseq_t *iseq)
+{
+    for (unsigned int i=0; i<ISEQ_BODY(iseq)->param.size; i++) {
+        ISEQ_BODY(iseq)->lvar_states[i] = lvar_initialized;
+    }
+
+    int lead_num = ISEQ_BODY(iseq)->param.lead_num;
+    int opt_num = ISEQ_BODY(iseq)->param.opt_num;
+    for (int i=0; i<opt_num; i++) {
+        ISEQ_BODY(iseq)->lvar_states[lead_num + i] = lvar_uninitialized;
+    }
+
+    return COMPILE_OK;
+}
+
+static void
 iseq_add_getlocal(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const seq, const NODE *const line_node, int idx, int level)
 {
     if (iseq_local_block_param_p(iseq, idx, level)) {
@@ -1858,6 +1926,7 @@ iseq_add_setlocal(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const seq, const NODE *const lin
     else {
         ADD_INSN2(seq, line_node, setlocal, INT2FIX((idx) + VM_ENV_DATA_SIZE - 1), INT2FIX(level));
     }
+    update_lvar_state(iseq, level, idx);
     if (level > 0) access_outer_variables(iseq, level, iseq_lvar_id(iseq, idx, level), Qtrue);
 }
 
@@ -1995,6 +2064,7 @@ iseq_set_arguments_keywords(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const optargs,
         for (i = 0; i < RARRAY_LEN(default_values); i++) {
             VALUE dv = RARRAY_AREF(default_values, i);
             if (dv == complex_mark) dv = Qundef;
+            if (!SPECIAL_CONST_P(dv)) rb_ractor_make_shareable(dv);
             RB_OBJ_WRITE(iseq, &dvs[i], dv);
         }
 
@@ -2034,7 +2104,6 @@ iseq_set_arguments(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const optargs, const NODE *cons
 
         EXPECT_NODE("iseq_set_arguments", node_args, NODE_ARGS, COMPILE_NG);
 
-        body->param.flags.ruby2_keywords = args->ruby2_keywords;
         body->param.lead_num = arg_size = (int)args->pre_args_num;
         if (body->param.lead_num > 0) body->param.flags.has_lead = TRUE;
         debugs("  - argc: %d\n", body->param.lead_num);
@@ -2178,15 +2247,24 @@ iseq_set_local_table(rb_iseq_t *iseq, const rb_ast_id_table_t *tbl, const NODE *
         // then its local table should only be `...`
         // FIXME: I think this should be fixed in the AST rather than special case here.
         if (args->forwarding && args->pre_args_num == 0 && !args->opt_args) {
+            CHECK(size >= 3);
             size -= 3;
             offset += 3;
         }
     }
 
     if (size > 0) {
-        ID *ids = (ID *)ALLOC_N(ID, size);
+        ID *ids = ALLOC_N(ID, size);
         MEMCPY(ids, tbl->ids + offset, ID, size);
         ISEQ_BODY(iseq)->local_table = ids;
+
+        enum lvar_state *states = ALLOC_N(enum lvar_state, size);
+        // fprintf(stderr, "iseq:%p states:%p size:%d\n", iseq, states, (int)size);
+        for (unsigned int i=0; i<size; i++) {
+            states[i] = lvar_uninitialized;
+            // fprintf(stderr, "id:%s\n", rb_id2name(ISEQ_BODY(iseq)->local_table[i]));
+        }
+        ISEQ_BODY(iseq)->lvar_states = states;
     }
     ISEQ_BODY(iseq)->local_table_size = size;
 
@@ -2481,7 +2559,7 @@ array_to_idlist(VALUE arr)
     RUBY_ASSERT(RB_TYPE_P(arr, T_ARRAY));
     long size = RARRAY_LEN(arr);
     ID *ids = (ID *)ALLOC_N(ID, size + 1);
-    for (int i = 0; i < size; i++) {
+    for (long i = 0; i < size; i++) {
         VALUE sym = RARRAY_AREF(arr, i);
         ids[i] = SYM2ID(sym);
     }
@@ -2672,6 +2750,7 @@ iseq_set_sequence(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const anchor)
 
                             rb_hash_rehash(map);
                             freeze_hide_obj(map);
+                            rb_ractor_make_shareable(map);
                             generated_iseq[code_index + 1 + j] = map;
                             ISEQ_MBITS_SET(mark_offset_bits, code_index + 1 + j);
                             RB_OBJ_WRITTEN(iseq, Qundef, map);
@@ -3146,6 +3225,25 @@ is_frozen_putstring(INSN *insn, VALUE *op)
 }
 
 static int
+insn_has_label_before(LINK_ELEMENT *elem)
+{
+    LINK_ELEMENT *prev = elem->prev;
+    while (prev) {
+        if (prev->type == ISEQ_ELEMENT_LABEL) {
+            LABEL *label = (LABEL *)prev;
+            if (label->refcnt > 0) {
+                return 1;
+            }
+        }
+        else if (prev->type == ISEQ_ELEMENT_INSN) {
+            break;
+        }
+        prev = prev->prev;
+    }
+    return 0;
+}
+
+static int
 optimize_checktype(rb_iseq_t *iseq, INSN *iobj)
 {
     /*
@@ -3390,9 +3488,10 @@ iseq_peephole_optimize(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ELEMENT *list, const int do_tailcal
         if ((end = (INSN *)get_prev_insn(range)) != 0 &&
                 is_frozen_putstring(end, &str_end) &&
                 (beg = (INSN *)get_prev_insn(end)) != 0 &&
-                is_frozen_putstring(beg, &str_beg)) {
+                is_frozen_putstring(beg, &str_beg) &&
+                !(insn_has_label_before(&beg->link) || insn_has_label_before(&end->link))) {
             int excl = FIX2INT(OPERAND_AT(range, 0));
-            VALUE lit_range = rb_range_new(str_beg, str_end, excl);
+            VALUE lit_range = RB_OBJ_SET_SHAREABLE(rb_range_new(str_beg, str_end, excl));
 
             ELEM_REMOVE(&beg->link);
             ELEM_REMOVE(&end->link);
@@ -3438,11 +3537,7 @@ iseq_peephole_optimize(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ELEMENT *list, const int do_tailcal
                 VALUE ary = iobj->operands[0];
                 rb_obj_reveal(ary, rb_cArray);
 
-                iobj->insn_id = BIN(opt_ary_freeze);
-                iobj->operand_size = 2;
-                iobj->operands = compile_data_calloc2(iseq, iobj->operand_size, sizeof(VALUE));
-                iobj->operands[0] = ary;
-                iobj->operands[1] = (VALUE)ci;
+                insn_replace_with_operands(iseq, iobj, BIN(opt_ary_freeze), 2, ary, (VALUE)ci);
                 ELEM_REMOVE(next);
             }
         }
@@ -3463,12 +3558,9 @@ iseq_peephole_optimize(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ELEMENT *list, const int do_tailcal
             if (vm_ci_simple(ci) && vm_ci_argc(ci) == 0 && blockiseq == NULL && vm_ci_mid(ci) == idFreeze) {
                 VALUE hash = iobj->operands[0];
                 rb_obj_reveal(hash, rb_cHash);
+                RB_OBJ_SET_SHAREABLE(hash);
 
-                iobj->insn_id = BIN(opt_hash_freeze);
-                iobj->operand_size = 2;
-                iobj->operands = compile_data_calloc2(iseq, iobj->operand_size, sizeof(VALUE));
-                iobj->operands[0] = hash;
-                iobj->operands[1] = (VALUE)ci;
+                insn_replace_with_operands(iseq, iobj, BIN(opt_hash_freeze), 2, hash, (VALUE)ci);
                 ELEM_REMOVE(next);
             }
         }
@@ -3487,11 +3579,7 @@ iseq_peephole_optimize(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ELEMENT *list, const int do_tailcal
             const rb_iseq_t *blockiseq = (rb_iseq_t *)OPERAND_AT(next, 1);
 
             if (vm_ci_simple(ci) && vm_ci_argc(ci) == 0 && blockiseq == NULL && vm_ci_mid(ci) == idFreeze) {
-                iobj->insn_id = BIN(opt_ary_freeze);
-                iobj->operand_size = 2;
-                iobj->operands = compile_data_calloc2(iseq, iobj->operand_size, sizeof(VALUE));
-                iobj->operands[0] = rb_cArray_empty_frozen;
-                iobj->operands[1] = (VALUE)ci;
+                insn_replace_with_operands(iseq, iobj, BIN(opt_ary_freeze), 2, rb_cArray_empty_frozen, (VALUE)ci);
                 ELEM_REMOVE(next);
             }
         }
@@ -3510,11 +3598,7 @@ iseq_peephole_optimize(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ELEMENT *list, const int do_tailcal
             const rb_iseq_t *blockiseq = (rb_iseq_t *)OPERAND_AT(next, 1);
 
             if (vm_ci_simple(ci) && vm_ci_argc(ci) == 0 && blockiseq == NULL && vm_ci_mid(ci) == idFreeze) {
-                iobj->insn_id = BIN(opt_hash_freeze);
-                iobj->operand_size = 2;
-                iobj->operands = compile_data_calloc2(iseq, iobj->operand_size, sizeof(VALUE));
-                iobj->operands[0] = rb_cHash_empty_frozen;
-                iobj->operands[1] = (VALUE)ci;
+                insn_replace_with_operands(iseq, iobj, BIN(opt_hash_freeze), 2, rb_cHash_empty_frozen, (VALUE)ci);
                 ELEM_REMOVE(next);
             }
         }
@@ -3848,6 +3932,9 @@ iseq_peephole_optimize(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ELEMENT *list, const int do_tailcal
                     rb_set_errinfo(errinfo);
                     COMPILE_ERROR(iseq, line, "%" PRIsVALUE, message);
                 }
+                else {
+                    RB_OBJ_SET_SHAREABLE(re);
+                }
                 RB_OBJ_WRITE(iseq, &OPERAND_AT(iobj, 0), re);
                 ELEM_REMOVE(iobj->link.next);
             }
@@ -3889,8 +3976,6 @@ iseq_peephole_optimize(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ELEMENT *list, const int do_tailcal
 
     if (do_tailcallopt &&
         (IS_INSN_ID(iobj, send) ||
-         IS_INSN_ID(iobj, opt_aref_with) ||
-         IS_INSN_ID(iobj, opt_aset_with) ||
          IS_INSN_ID(iobj, invokesuper))) {
         /*
          *  send ...
@@ -4091,7 +4176,7 @@ iseq_peephole_optimize(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ELEMENT *list, const int do_tailcal
                 unsigned int flags = vm_ci_flag(ci);
                 if ((flags & set_flags) == set_flags && !(flags & unset_flags)) {
                     ((INSN*)niobj)->insn_id = BIN(putobject);
-                    OPERAND_AT(niobj, 0) = rb_hash_freeze(rb_hash_resurrect(OPERAND_AT(niobj, 0)));
+                    RB_OBJ_WRITE(iseq, &OPERAND_AT(niobj, 0), RB_OBJ_SET_SHAREABLE(rb_hash_freeze(rb_hash_resurrect(OPERAND_AT(niobj, 0)))));
 
                     const struct rb_callinfo *nci = vm_ci_new(vm_ci_mid(ci),
                         flags & ~VM_CALL_KW_SPLAT_MUT, vm_ci_argc(ci), vm_ci_kwarg(ci));
@@ -4108,17 +4193,16 @@ iseq_peephole_optimize(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ELEMENT *list, const int do_tailcal
 static int
 insn_set_specialized_instruction(rb_iseq_t *iseq, INSN *iobj, int insn_id)
 {
-    iobj->insn_id = insn_id;
-    iobj->operand_size = insn_len(insn_id) - 1;
-    iobj->insn_info.events |= RUBY_EVENT_C_CALL | RUBY_EVENT_C_RETURN;
-
     if (insn_id == BIN(opt_neq)) {
         VALUE original_ci = iobj->operands[0];
-        iobj->operand_size = 2;
-        iobj->operands = compile_data_calloc2(iseq, iobj->operand_size, sizeof(VALUE));
-        iobj->operands[0] = (VALUE)new_callinfo(iseq, idEq, 1, 0, NULL, FALSE);
-        iobj->operands[1] = original_ci;
+        VALUE new_ci = (VALUE)new_callinfo(iseq, idEq, 1, 0, NULL, FALSE);
+        insn_replace_with_operands(iseq, iobj, insn_id, 2, new_ci, original_ci);
+    }
+    else {
+        iobj->insn_id = insn_id;
+        iobj->operand_size = insn_len(insn_id) - 1;
     }
+    iobj->insn_info.events |= RUBY_EVENT_C_CALL | RUBY_EVENT_C_RETURN;
 
     return COMPILE_OK;
 }
@@ -4150,12 +4234,7 @@ iseq_specialized_instruction(rb_iseq_t *iseq, INSN *iobj)
 
                 if (method != INT2FIX(0)) {
                     VALUE num = iobj->operands[0];
-                    int operand_len = insn_len(BIN(opt_newarray_send)) - 1;
-                    iobj->insn_id = BIN(opt_newarray_send);
-                    iobj->operands = compile_data_calloc2(iseq, operand_len, sizeof(VALUE));
-                    iobj->operands[0] = num;
-                    iobj->operands[1] = method;
-                    iobj->operand_size = operand_len;
+                    insn_replace_with_operands(iseq, iobj, BIN(opt_newarray_send), 2, num, method);
                     ELEM_REMOVE(&niobj->link);
                     return COMPILE_OK;
                 }
@@ -4167,12 +4246,7 @@ iseq_specialized_instruction(rb_iseq_t *iseq, INSN *iobj)
             const struct rb_callinfo *ci = (struct rb_callinfo *)OPERAND_AT((INSN *)niobj->link.next, 0);
             if (vm_ci_simple(ci) && vm_ci_argc(ci) == 1 && vm_ci_mid(ci) == idPack) {
                 VALUE num = iobj->operands[0];
-                int operand_len = insn_len(BIN(opt_newarray_send)) - 1;
-                iobj->insn_id = BIN(opt_newarray_send);
-                iobj->operands = compile_data_calloc2(iseq, operand_len, sizeof(VALUE));
-                iobj->operands[0] = FIXNUM_INC(num, 1);
-                iobj->operands[1] = INT2FIX(VM_OPT_NEWARRAY_SEND_PACK);
-                iobj->operand_size = operand_len;
+                insn_replace_with_operands(iseq, iobj, BIN(opt_newarray_send), 2, FIXNUM_INC(num, 1), INT2FIX(VM_OPT_NEWARRAY_SEND_PACK));
                 ELEM_REMOVE(&iobj->link);
                 ELEM_REMOVE(niobj->link.next);
                 ELEM_INSERT_NEXT(&niobj->link, &iobj->link);
@@ -4190,12 +4264,7 @@ iseq_specialized_instruction(rb_iseq_t *iseq, INSN *iobj)
             if (vm_ci_mid(ci) == idPack && vm_ci_argc(ci) == 2 &&
                     (kwarg && kwarg->keyword_len == 1 && kwarg->keywords[0] == rb_id2sym(idBuffer))) {
                 VALUE num = iobj->operands[0];
-                int operand_len = insn_len(BIN(opt_newarray_send)) - 1;
-                iobj->insn_id = BIN(opt_newarray_send);
-                iobj->operands = compile_data_calloc2(iseq, operand_len, sizeof(VALUE));
-                iobj->operands[0] = FIXNUM_INC(num, 2);
-                iobj->operands[1] = INT2FIX(VM_OPT_NEWARRAY_SEND_PACK_BUFFER);
-                iobj->operand_size = operand_len;
+                insn_replace_with_operands(iseq, iobj, BIN(opt_newarray_send), 2, FIXNUM_INC(num, 2), INT2FIX(VM_OPT_NEWARRAY_SEND_PACK_BUFFER));
                 // Remove the "send" insn.
                 ELEM_REMOVE((niobj->link.next)->next);
                 // Remove the modified insn from its original "newarray" position...
@@ -4229,11 +4298,7 @@ iseq_specialized_instruction(rb_iseq_t *iseq, INSN *iobj)
             if (vm_ci_simple(ci) && vm_ci_argc(ci) == 1 && vm_ci_mid(ci) == idIncludeP) {
                 VALUE num = iobj->operands[0];
                 INSN *sendins = (INSN *)sendobj;
-                sendins->insn_id = BIN(opt_newarray_send);
-                sendins->operand_size = insn_len(sendins->insn_id) - 1;
-                sendins->operands = compile_data_calloc2(iseq, sendins->operand_size, sizeof(VALUE));
-                sendins->operands[0] = FIXNUM_INC(num, 1);
-                sendins->operands[1] = INT2FIX(VM_OPT_NEWARRAY_SEND_INCLUDE_P);
+                insn_replace_with_operands(iseq, sendins, BIN(opt_newarray_send), 2, FIXNUM_INC(num, 1), INT2FIX(VM_OPT_NEWARRAY_SEND_INCLUDE_P));
                 // Remove the original "newarray" insn.
                 ELEM_REMOVE(&iobj->link);
                 return COMPILE_OK;
@@ -4271,12 +4336,7 @@ iseq_specialized_instruction(rb_iseq_t *iseq, INSN *iobj)
                 rb_obj_reveal(ary, rb_cArray);
 
                 INSN *sendins = (INSN *)sendobj;
-                sendins->insn_id = BIN(opt_duparray_send);
-                sendins->operand_size = insn_len(sendins->insn_id) - 1;;
-                sendins->operands = compile_data_calloc2(iseq, sendins->operand_size, sizeof(VALUE));
-                sendins->operands[0] = ary;
-                sendins->operands[1] = rb_id2sym(idIncludeP);
-                sendins->operands[2] = INT2FIX(1);
+                insn_replace_with_operands(iseq, sendins, BIN(opt_duparray_send), 3, ary, rb_id2sym(idIncludeP), INT2FIX(1));
 
                 // Remove the duparray insn.
                 ELEM_REMOVE(&iobj->link);
@@ -4671,6 +4731,7 @@ compile_dstr(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, const NODE *const node)
     if (!RNODE_DSTR(node)->nd_next) {
         VALUE lit = rb_node_dstr_string_val(node);
         ADD_INSN1(ret, node, putstring, lit);
+        RB_OBJ_SET_SHAREABLE(lit);
         RB_OBJ_WRITTEN(iseq, Qundef, lit);
     }
     else {
@@ -4690,6 +4751,7 @@ compile_dregx(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, const NODE *const node, i
         if (!popped) {
             VALUE src = rb_node_dregx_string_val(node);
             VALUE match = rb_reg_compile(src, cflag, NULL, 0);
+            RB_OBJ_SET_SHAREABLE(match);
             ADD_INSN1(ret, node, putobject, match);
             RB_OBJ_WRITTEN(iseq, Qundef, match);
         }
@@ -5034,13 +5096,21 @@ static_literal_value(const NODE *node, rb_iseq_t *iseq)
 {
     switch (nd_type(node)) {
       case NODE_INTEGER:
-        return rb_node_integer_literal_val(node);
+        {
+            VALUE lit = rb_node_integer_literal_val(node);
+            if (!SPECIAL_CONST_P(lit)) RB_OBJ_SET_SHAREABLE(lit);
+            return lit;
+        }
       case NODE_FLOAT:
-        return rb_node_float_literal_val(node);
+        {
+            VALUE lit = rb_node_float_literal_val(node);
+            if (!SPECIAL_CONST_P(lit)) RB_OBJ_SET_SHAREABLE(lit);
+            return lit;
+        }
       case NODE_RATIONAL:
-        return rb_node_rational_literal_val(node);
+        return rb_ractor_make_shareable(rb_node_rational_literal_val(node));
       case NODE_IMAGINARY:
-        return rb_node_imaginary_literal_val(node);
+        return rb_ractor_make_shareable(rb_node_imaginary_literal_val(node));
       case NODE_NIL:
         return Qnil;
       case NODE_TRUE:
@@ -5050,7 +5120,7 @@ static_literal_value(const NODE *node, rb_iseq_t *iseq)
       case NODE_SYM:
         return rb_node_sym_string_val(node);
       case NODE_REGX:
-        return rb_node_regx_string_val(node);
+        return RB_OBJ_SET_SHAREABLE(rb_node_regx_string_val(node));
       case NODE_LINE:
         return rb_node_line_lineno_val(node);
       case NODE_ENCODING:
@@ -5059,7 +5129,9 @@ static_literal_value(const NODE *node, rb_iseq_t *iseq)
       case NODE_STR:
         if (ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->option->debug_frozen_string_literal || RTEST(ruby_debug)) {
             VALUE lit = get_string_value(node);
-            return rb_str_with_debug_created_info(lit, rb_iseq_path(iseq), (int)nd_line(node));
+            VALUE str = rb_str_with_debug_created_info(lit, rb_iseq_path(iseq), (int)nd_line(node));
+            RB_OBJ_SET_SHAREABLE(str);
+            return str;
         }
         else {
             return get_string_value(node);
@@ -5157,7 +5229,7 @@ compile_array(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, const NODE *node, int pop
                 /* Create a hidden array */
                 for (; count; count--, node = RNODE_LIST(node)->nd_next)
                     rb_ary_push(ary, static_literal_value(RNODE_LIST(node)->nd_head, iseq));
-                OBJ_FREEZE(ary);
+                RB_OBJ_SET_FROZEN_SHAREABLE(ary);
 
                 /* Emit optimized code */
                 FLUSH_CHUNK;
@@ -5169,6 +5241,7 @@ compile_array(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, const NODE *node, int pop
                     ADD_INSN1(ret, line_node, putobject, ary);
                     ADD_INSN(ret, line_node, concattoarray);
                 }
+                RB_OBJ_SET_SHAREABLE(ary);
                 RB_OBJ_WRITTEN(iseq, Qundef, ary);
             }
         }
@@ -5295,13 +5368,14 @@ compile_hash(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, const NODE *node, int meth
                 for (; count; count--, node = RNODE_LIST(RNODE_LIST(node)->nd_next)->nd_next) {
                     VALUE elem[2];
                     elem[0] = static_literal_value(RNODE_LIST(node)->nd_head, iseq);
+                    if (!RB_SPECIAL_CONST_P(elem[0])) RB_OBJ_SET_FROZEN_SHAREABLE(elem[0]);
                     elem[1] = static_literal_value(RNODE_LIST(RNODE_LIST(node)->nd_next)->nd_head, iseq);
+                    if (!RB_SPECIAL_CONST_P(elem[1])) RB_OBJ_SET_FROZEN_SHAREABLE(elem[1]);
                     rb_ary_cat(ary, elem, 2);
                 }
                 VALUE hash = rb_hash_new_with_size(RARRAY_LEN(ary) / 2);
                 rb_hash_bulk_insert(RARRAY_LEN(ary), RARRAY_CONST_PTR(ary), hash);
-                hash = rb_obj_hide(hash);
-                OBJ_FREEZE(hash);
+                hash = RB_OBJ_SET_FROZEN_SHAREABLE(rb_obj_hide(hash));
 
                 /* Emit optimized code */
                 FLUSH_CHUNK();
@@ -5968,10 +6042,12 @@ collect_const_segments(rb_iseq_t *iseq, const NODE *node)
         switch (nd_type(node)) {
           case NODE_CONST:
             rb_ary_unshift(arr, ID2SYM(RNODE_CONST(node)->nd_vid));
+            RB_OBJ_SET_SHAREABLE(arr);
             return arr;
           case NODE_COLON3:
             rb_ary_unshift(arr, ID2SYM(RNODE_COLON3(node)->nd_mid));
             rb_ary_unshift(arr, ID2SYM(idNULL));
+            RB_OBJ_SET_SHAREABLE(arr);
             return arr;
           case NODE_COLON2:
             rb_ary_unshift(arr, ID2SYM(RNODE_COLON2(node)->nd_mid));
@@ -6640,6 +6716,14 @@ setup_args_dup_rest_p(const NODE *argn)
         return false;
       case NODE_COLON2:
         return setup_args_dup_rest_p(RNODE_COLON2(argn)->nd_head);
+      case NODE_LIST:
+        while (argn) {
+            if (setup_args_dup_rest_p(RNODE_LIST(argn)->nd_head)) {
+                return true;
+            }
+            argn = RNODE_LIST(argn)->nd_next;
+        }
+        return false;
       default:
         return true;
     }
@@ -7060,6 +7144,7 @@ compile_case(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, const NODE *const orig_nod
 
     if (only_special_literals && ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->option->specialized_instruction) {
         ADD_INSN(ret, orig_node, dup);
+        rb_obj_hide(literals);
         ADD_INSN2(ret, orig_node, opt_case_dispatch, literals, elselabel);
         RB_OBJ_WRITTEN(iseq, Qundef, literals);
         LABEL_REF(elselabel);
@@ -7595,6 +7680,7 @@ iseq_compile_pattern_each(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, const NODE *c
             ADD_INSN(ret, line_node, putnil);
         }
         else {
+            RB_OBJ_SET_FROZEN_SHAREABLE(keys);
             ADD_INSN1(ret, line_node, duparray, keys);
             RB_OBJ_WRITTEN(iseq, Qundef, rb_obj_hide(keys));
         }
@@ -7632,7 +7718,8 @@ iseq_compile_pattern_each(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, const NODE *c
                         ADD_INSN(ret, line_node, dup);
                         ADD_INSNL(ret, line_node, branchif, match_succeeded);
 
-                        ADD_INSN1(ret, line_node, putobject, rb_str_freeze(rb_sprintf("key not found: %+"PRIsVALUE, key))); // (4)
+                        VALUE str = rb_str_freeze(rb_sprintf("key not found: %+"PRIsVALUE, key));
+                        ADD_INSN1(ret, line_node, putobject, RB_OBJ_SET_SHAREABLE(str)); // (4)
                         ADD_INSN1(ret, line_node, setn, INT2FIX(base_index + CASE3_BI_OFFSET_ERROR_STRING + 2 /* (3), (4) */));
                         ADD_INSN1(ret, line_node, putobject, Qtrue); // (5)
                         ADD_INSN1(ret, line_node, setn, INT2FIX(base_index + CASE3_BI_OFFSET_KEY_ERROR_P + 3 /* (3), (4), (5) */));
@@ -8973,25 +9060,6 @@ compile_call_precheck_freeze(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, const NODE
         }
         return TRUE;
     }
-    /* optimization shortcut
-     *   obj["literal"] -> opt_aref_with(obj, "literal")
-     */
-    if (get_node_call_nd_mid(node) == idAREF && !private_recv_p(node) && get_nd_args(node) &&
-        nd_type_p(get_nd_args(node), NODE_LIST) && RNODE_LIST(get_nd_args(node))->as.nd_alen == 1 &&
-        (nd_type_p(RNODE_LIST(get_nd_args(node))->nd_head, NODE_STR) || nd_type_p(RNODE_LIST(get_nd_args(node))->nd_head, NODE_FILE)) &&
-        ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->current_block == NULL &&
-        !frozen_string_literal_p(iseq) &&
-        ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->option->specialized_instruction) {
-        VALUE str = get_string_value(RNODE_LIST(get_nd_args(node))->nd_head);
-        CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "recv", get_nd_recv(node)));
-        ADD_INSN2(ret, line_node, opt_aref_with, str,
-                  new_callinfo(iseq, idAREF, 1, 0, NULL, FALSE));
-        RB_OBJ_WRITTEN(iseq, Qundef, str);
-        if (popped) {
-            ADD_INSN(ret, line_node, pop);
-        }
-        return TRUE;
-    }
     return FALSE;
 }
 
@@ -9250,16 +9318,18 @@ compile_builtin_mandatory_only_method(rb_iseq_t *iseq, const NODE *node, const N
     rb_node_init(RNODE(&scope_node), NODE_SCOPE);
     scope_node.nd_tbl = tbl;
     scope_node.nd_body = mandatory_node(iseq, node);
+    scope_node.nd_parent = NULL;
     scope_node.nd_args = &args_node;
 
     VALUE ast_value = rb_ruby_ast_new(RNODE(&scope_node));
 
-    ISEQ_BODY(iseq)->mandatory_only_iseq =
+    const rb_iseq_t *mandatory_only_iseq =
       rb_iseq_new_with_opt(ast_value, rb_iseq_base_label(iseq),
                            rb_iseq_path(iseq), rb_iseq_realpath(iseq),
                            nd_line(line_node), NULL, 0,
                            ISEQ_TYPE_METHOD, ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->option,
                            ISEQ_BODY(iseq)->variable.script_lines);
+    RB_OBJ_WRITE(iseq, &ISEQ_BODY(iseq)->mandatory_only_iseq, (VALUE)mandatory_only_iseq);
 
     ALLOCV_END(idtmp);
     return COMPILE_OK;
@@ -10118,9 +10188,13 @@ compile_match(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, const NODE *const node, i
     INIT_ANCHOR(val);
     switch ((int)type) {
       case NODE_MATCH:
-        ADD_INSN1(recv, node, putobject, rb_node_regx_string_val(node));
-        ADD_INSN2(val, node, getspecial, INT2FIX(0),
-                  INT2FIX(0));
+        {
+            VALUE re = rb_node_regx_string_val(node);
+            RB_OBJ_SET_FROZEN_SHAREABLE(re);
+            ADD_INSN1(recv, node, putobject, re);
+            ADD_INSN2(val, node, getspecial, INT2FIX(0),
+                      INT2FIX(0));
+        }
         break;
       case NODE_MATCH2:
         CHECK(COMPILE(recv, "receiver", RNODE_MATCH2(node)->nd_recv));
@@ -10197,6 +10271,7 @@ compile_colon3(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, const NODE *const node,
     if (ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->option->inline_const_cache) {
         ISEQ_BODY(iseq)->ic_size++;
         VALUE segments = rb_ary_new_from_args(2, ID2SYM(idNULL), ID2SYM(RNODE_COLON3(node)->nd_mid));
+        RB_OBJ_SET_FROZEN_SHAREABLE(segments);
         ADD_INSN1(ret, node, opt_getconstant_path, segments);
         RB_OBJ_WRITTEN(iseq, Qundef, segments);
     }
@@ -10224,6 +10299,7 @@ compile_dots(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, const NODE *const node, in
             VALUE bv = optimized_range_item(b);
             VALUE ev = optimized_range_item(e);
             VALUE val = rb_range_new(bv, ev, excl);
+            rb_ractor_make_shareable(rb_obj_freeze(val));
             ADD_INSN1(ret, node, putobject, val);
             RB_OBJ_WRITTEN(iseq, Qundef, val);
         }
@@ -10318,31 +10394,6 @@ compile_attrasgn(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, const NODE *const node
     LABEL *else_label = NULL;
     VALUE branches = Qfalse;
 
-    /* optimization shortcut
-     *   obj["literal"] = value -> opt_aset_with(obj, "literal", value)
-     */
-    if (!ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->in_masgn &&
-        mid == idASET && !private_recv_p(node) && RNODE_ATTRASGN(node)->nd_args &&
-        nd_type_p(RNODE_ATTRASGN(node)->nd_args, NODE_LIST) && RNODE_LIST(RNODE_ATTRASGN(node)->nd_args)->as.nd_alen == 2 &&
-        (nd_type_p(RNODE_LIST(RNODE_ATTRASGN(node)->nd_args)->nd_head, NODE_STR) || nd_type_p(RNODE_LIST(RNODE_ATTRASGN(node)->nd_args)->nd_head, NODE_FILE)) &&
-        ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->current_block == NULL &&
-        !frozen_string_literal_p(iseq) &&
-        ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->option->specialized_instruction)
-    {
-        VALUE str = get_string_value(RNODE_LIST(RNODE_ATTRASGN(node)->nd_args)->nd_head);
-        CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "recv", RNODE_ATTRASGN(node)->nd_recv));
-        CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "value", RNODE_LIST(RNODE_LIST(RNODE_ATTRASGN(node)->nd_args)->nd_next)->nd_head));
-        if (!popped) {
-            ADD_INSN(ret, node, swap);
-            ADD_INSN1(ret, node, topn, INT2FIX(1));
-        }
-        ADD_INSN2(ret, node, opt_aset_with, str,
-                  new_callinfo(iseq, idASET, 2, 0, NULL, FALSE));
-        RB_OBJ_WRITTEN(iseq, Qundef, str);
-        ADD_INSN(ret, node, pop);
-        return COMPILE_OK;
-    }
-
     INIT_ANCHOR(recv);
     INIT_ANCHOR(args);
     argc = setup_args(iseq, args, RNODE_ATTRASGN(node)->nd_args, &flag, NULL);
@@ -10875,10 +10926,7 @@ iseq_compile_each0(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, const NODE *const no
       }
 
       case NODE_MASGN:{
-        bool prev_in_masgn = ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->in_masgn;
-        ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->in_masgn = true;
         compile_massign(iseq, ret, node, popped);
-        ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->in_masgn = prev_in_masgn;
         break;
       }
 
@@ -11060,6 +11108,7 @@ iseq_compile_each0(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, const NODE *const no
         if (ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->option->inline_const_cache) {
             body->ic_size++;
             VALUE segments = rb_ary_new_from_args(1, ID2SYM(RNODE_CONST(node)->nd_vid));
+            RB_OBJ_SET_FROZEN_SHAREABLE(segments);
             ADD_INSN1(ret, node, opt_getconstant_path, segments);
             RB_OBJ_WRITTEN(iseq, Qundef, segments);
         }
@@ -11125,6 +11174,7 @@ iseq_compile_each0(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, const NODE *const no
       }
       case NODE_INTEGER:{
         VALUE lit = rb_node_integer_literal_val(node);
+        if (!SPECIAL_CONST_P(lit)) RB_OBJ_SET_SHAREABLE(lit);
         debugp_param("integer", lit);
         if (!popped) {
             ADD_INSN1(ret, node, putobject, lit);
@@ -11134,6 +11184,7 @@ iseq_compile_each0(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, const NODE *const no
       }
       case NODE_FLOAT:{
         VALUE lit = rb_node_float_literal_val(node);
+        if (!SPECIAL_CONST_P(lit)) RB_OBJ_SET_SHAREABLE(lit);
         debugp_param("float", lit);
         if (!popped) {
             ADD_INSN1(ret, node, putobject, lit);
@@ -11143,6 +11194,7 @@ iseq_compile_each0(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, const NODE *const no
       }
       case NODE_RATIONAL:{
         VALUE lit = rb_node_rational_literal_val(node);
+        rb_ractor_make_shareable(lit);
         debugp_param("rational", lit);
         if (!popped) {
             ADD_INSN1(ret, node, putobject, lit);
@@ -11152,6 +11204,7 @@ iseq_compile_each0(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, const NODE *const no
       }
       case NODE_IMAGINARY:{
         VALUE lit = rb_node_imaginary_literal_val(node);
+        rb_ractor_make_shareable(lit);
         debugp_param("imaginary", lit);
         if (!popped) {
             ADD_INSN1(ret, node, putobject, lit);
@@ -11168,6 +11221,7 @@ iseq_compile_each0(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, const NODE *const no
             if ((option->debug_frozen_string_literal || RTEST(ruby_debug)) &&
                 option->frozen_string_literal != ISEQ_FROZEN_STRING_LITERAL_DISABLED) {
                 lit = rb_str_with_debug_created_info(lit, rb_iseq_path(iseq), line);
+                RB_OBJ_SET_SHAREABLE(lit);
             }
             switch (option->frozen_string_literal) {
               case ISEQ_FROZEN_STRING_LITERAL_UNSET:
@@ -11222,6 +11276,7 @@ iseq_compile_each0(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, const NODE *const no
       case NODE_REGX:{
         if (!popped) {
             VALUE lit = rb_node_regx_string_val(node);
+            RB_OBJ_SET_SHAREABLE(lit);
             ADD_INSN1(ret, node, putobject, lit);
             RB_OBJ_WRITTEN(iseq, Qundef, lit);
         }
@@ -12085,6 +12140,7 @@ iseq_build_from_ary_body(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const anchor,
                                 rb_hash_aset(map, key, (VALUE)label | 1);
                             }
                             RB_GC_GUARD(op);
+                            RB_OBJ_SET_SHAREABLE(rb_obj_hide(map)); // allow mutation while compiling
                             argv[j] = map;
                             RB_OBJ_WRITTEN(iseq, Qundef, map);
                         }
@@ -12431,7 +12487,7 @@ typedef uint32_t ibf_offset_t;
 
 #define IBF_MAJOR_VERSION ISEQ_MAJOR_VERSION
 #ifdef RUBY_DEVEL
-#define IBF_DEVEL_VERSION 4
+#define IBF_DEVEL_VERSION 5
 #define IBF_MINOR_VERSION (ISEQ_MINOR_VERSION * 10000 + IBF_DEVEL_VERSION)
 #else
 #define IBF_MINOR_VERSION ISEQ_MINOR_VERSION
@@ -12590,8 +12646,13 @@ static ibf_offset_t
 ibf_dump_write(struct ibf_dump *dump, const void *buff, unsigned long size)
 {
     ibf_offset_t pos = ibf_dump_pos(dump);
+#if SIZEOF_LONG > SIZEOF_INT
+    /* ensure the resulting dump does not exceed UINT_MAX */
+    if (size >= UINT_MAX || pos + size >= UINT_MAX) {
+        rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "dump size exceeds");
+    }
+#endif
     rb_str_cat(dump->current_buffer->str, (const char *)buff, size);
-    /* TODO: overflow check */
     return pos;
 }
 
@@ -12921,6 +12982,9 @@ ibf_load_code(const struct ibf_load *load, rb_iseq_t *iseq, ibf_offset_t bytecod
     struct rb_call_data *cd_entries = load_body->call_data;
     int ic_index = 0;
 
+    load_body->iseq_encoded = code;
+    load_body->iseq_size = 0;
+
     iseq_bits_t * mark_offset_bits;
 
     iseq_bits_t tmp[1] = {0};
@@ -12964,7 +13028,7 @@ ibf_load_code(const struct ibf_load *load, rb_iseq_t *iseq, ibf_offset_t bytecod
                     v = rb_hash_dup(v); // hash dumped as frozen
                     RHASH_TBL_RAW(v)->type = &cdhash_type;
                     rb_hash_rehash(v); // hash function changed
-                    freeze_hide_obj(v);
+                    RB_OBJ_SET_SHAREABLE(freeze_hide_obj(v));
 
                     // Overwrite the existing hash in the object list.  This
                     // is to keep the object alive during load time.
@@ -13052,7 +13116,6 @@ ibf_load_code(const struct ibf_load *load, rb_iseq_t *iseq, ibf_offset_t bytecod
         }
     }
 
-    load_body->iseq_encoded = code;
     load_body->iseq_size = code_index;
 
     if (ISEQ_MBITS_BUFLEN(load_body->iseq_size) == 1) {
@@ -13237,7 +13300,7 @@ ibf_dump_local_table(struct ibf_dump *dump, const rb_iseq_t *iseq)
     return ibf_dump_write(dump, table, sizeof(ID) * size);
 }
 
-static ID *
+static const ID *
 ibf_load_local_table(const struct ibf_load *load, ibf_offset_t local_table_offset, int size)
 {
     if (size > 0) {
@@ -13247,7 +13310,14 @@ ibf_load_local_table(const struct ibf_load *load, ibf_offset_t local_table_offse
         for (i=0; i<size; i++) {
             table[i] = ibf_load_id(load, table[i]);
         }
-        return table;
+
+        if (size == 1 && table[0] == idERROR_INFO) {
+            xfree(table);
+            return rb_iseq_shared_exc_local_tbl;
+        }
+        else {
+            return table;
+        }
     }
     else {
         return NULL;
@@ -13255,6 +13325,28 @@ ibf_load_local_table(const struct ibf_load *load, ibf_offset_t local_table_offse
 }
 
 static ibf_offset_t
+ibf_dump_lvar_states(struct ibf_dump *dump, const rb_iseq_t *iseq)
+{
+    const struct rb_iseq_constant_body *const body = ISEQ_BODY(iseq);
+    const int size = body->local_table_size;
+    IBF_W_ALIGN(enum lvar_state);
+    return ibf_dump_write(dump, body->lvar_states, sizeof(enum lvar_state) * (body->lvar_states ? size : 0));
+}
+
+static enum lvar_state *
+ibf_load_lvar_states(const struct ibf_load *load, ibf_offset_t lvar_states_offset, int size, const ID *local_table)
+{
+    if (local_table == rb_iseq_shared_exc_local_tbl ||
+        size <= 0) {
+        return NULL;
+    }
+    else {
+        enum lvar_state *states = IBF_R(lvar_states_offset, enum lvar_state, size);
+        return states;
+    }
+}
+
+static ibf_offset_t
 ibf_dump_catch_table(struct ibf_dump *dump, const rb_iseq_t *iseq)
 {
     const struct iseq_catch_table *table = ISEQ_BODY(iseq)->catch_table;
@@ -13284,12 +13376,13 @@ ibf_dump_catch_table(struct ibf_dump *dump, const rb_iseq_t *iseq)
     }
 }
 
-static struct iseq_catch_table *
-ibf_load_catch_table(const struct ibf_load *load, ibf_offset_t catch_table_offset, unsigned int size)
+static void
+ibf_load_catch_table(const struct ibf_load *load, ibf_offset_t catch_table_offset, unsigned int size, const rb_iseq_t *parent_iseq)
 {
     if (size) {
-        struct iseq_catch_table *table = ruby_xmalloc(iseq_catch_table_bytes(size));
+        struct iseq_catch_table *table = ruby_xcalloc(1, iseq_catch_table_bytes(size));
         table->size = size;
+        ISEQ_BODY(parent_iseq)->catch_table = table;
 
         ibf_offset_t reading_pos = catch_table_offset;
 
@@ -13302,12 +13395,12 @@ ibf_load_catch_table(const struct ibf_load *load, ibf_offset_t catch_table_offse
             table->entries[i].cont = (unsigned int)ibf_load_small_value(load, &reading_pos);
             table->entries[i].sp = (unsigned int)ibf_load_small_value(load, &reading_pos);
 
-            table->entries[i].iseq = ibf_load_iseq(load, (const rb_iseq_t *)(VALUE)iseq_index);
+            rb_iseq_t *catch_iseq = (rb_iseq_t *)ibf_load_iseq(load, (const rb_iseq_t *)(VALUE)iseq_index);
+            RB_OBJ_WRITE(parent_iseq, UNALIGNED_MEMBER_PTR(&table->entries[i], iseq), catch_iseq);
         }
-        return table;
     }
     else {
-        return NULL;
+        ISEQ_BODY(parent_iseq)->catch_table = NULL;
     }
 }
 
@@ -13381,7 +13474,8 @@ outer_variable_cmp(const void *a, const void *b, void *arg)
 
     if (!ap->name) {
         return -1;
-    } else if (!bp->name) {
+    }
+    else if (!bp->name) {
         return 1;
     }
 
@@ -13525,6 +13619,7 @@ ibf_dump_iseq_each(struct ibf_dump *dump, const rb_iseq_t *iseq)
     ruby_xfree(positions);
 
     const ibf_offset_t local_table_offset = ibf_dump_local_table(dump, iseq);
+    const ibf_offset_t lvar_states_offset = ibf_dump_lvar_states(dump, iseq);
     const unsigned int catch_table_size =   body->catch_table ? body->catch_table->size : 0;
     const ibf_offset_t catch_table_offset = ibf_dump_catch_table(dump, iseq);
     const int parent_iseq_index =           ibf_dump_iseq(dump, ISEQ_BODY(iseq)->parent_iseq);
@@ -13592,6 +13687,7 @@ ibf_dump_iseq_each(struct ibf_dump *dump, const rb_iseq_t *iseq)
     ibf_dump_write_small_value(dump, IBF_BODY_OFFSET(insns_info_positions_offset));
     ibf_dump_write_small_value(dump, body->insns_info.size);
     ibf_dump_write_small_value(dump, IBF_BODY_OFFSET(local_table_offset));
+    ibf_dump_write_small_value(dump, IBF_BODY_OFFSET(lvar_states_offset));
     ibf_dump_write_small_value(dump, catch_table_size);
     ibf_dump_write_small_value(dump, IBF_BODY_OFFSET(catch_table_offset));
     ibf_dump_write_small_value(dump, parent_iseq_index);
@@ -13703,6 +13799,7 @@ ibf_load_iseq_each(struct ibf_load *load, rb_iseq_t *iseq, ibf_offset_t offset)
     const ibf_offset_t insns_info_positions_offset = (ibf_offset_t)IBF_BODY_OFFSET(ibf_load_small_value(load, &reading_pos));
     const unsigned int insns_info_size = (unsigned int)ibf_load_small_value(load, &reading_pos);
     const ibf_offset_t local_table_offset = (ibf_offset_t)IBF_BODY_OFFSET(ibf_load_small_value(load, &reading_pos));
+    const ibf_offset_t lvar_states_offset = (ibf_offset_t)IBF_BODY_OFFSET(ibf_load_small_value(load, &reading_pos));
     const unsigned int catch_table_size = (unsigned int)ibf_load_small_value(load, &reading_pos);
     const ibf_offset_t catch_table_offset = (ibf_offset_t)IBF_BODY_OFFSET(ibf_load_small_value(load, &reading_pos));
     const int parent_iseq_index = (int)ibf_load_small_value(load, &reading_pos);
@@ -13819,10 +13916,16 @@ ibf_load_iseq_each(struct ibf_load *load, rb_iseq_t *iseq, ibf_offset_t offset)
     load_body->insns_info.body      = ibf_load_insns_info_body(load, insns_info_body_offset, insns_info_size);
     load_body->insns_info.positions = ibf_load_insns_info_positions(load, insns_info_positions_offset, insns_info_size);
     load_body->local_table          = ibf_load_local_table(load, local_table_offset, local_table_size);
-    load_body->catch_table          = ibf_load_catch_table(load, catch_table_offset, catch_table_size);
-    load_body->parent_iseq          = ibf_load_iseq(load, (const rb_iseq_t *)(VALUE)parent_iseq_index);
-    load_body->local_iseq           = ibf_load_iseq(load, (const rb_iseq_t *)(VALUE)local_iseq_index);
-    load_body->mandatory_only_iseq  = ibf_load_iseq(load, (const rb_iseq_t *)(VALUE)mandatory_only_iseq_index);
+    load_body->lvar_states          = ibf_load_lvar_states(load, lvar_states_offset, local_table_size, load_body->local_table);
+    ibf_load_catch_table(load, catch_table_offset, catch_table_size, iseq);
+
+    const rb_iseq_t *parent_iseq = ibf_load_iseq(load, (const rb_iseq_t *)(VALUE)parent_iseq_index);
+    const rb_iseq_t *local_iseq = ibf_load_iseq(load, (const rb_iseq_t *)(VALUE)local_iseq_index);
+    const rb_iseq_t *mandatory_only_iseq = ibf_load_iseq(load, (const rb_iseq_t *)(VALUE)mandatory_only_iseq_index);
+
+    RB_OBJ_WRITE(iseq, &load_body->parent_iseq, parent_iseq);
+    RB_OBJ_WRITE(iseq, &load_body->local_iseq, local_iseq);
+    RB_OBJ_WRITE(iseq, &load_body->mandatory_only_iseq, mandatory_only_iseq);
 
     // This must be done after the local table is loaded.
     if (load_body->param.keyword != NULL) {
@@ -13896,8 +13999,6 @@ ibf_dump_iseq_list(struct ibf_dump *dump, struct ibf_header *header)
     header->iseq_list_size = (unsigned int)size;
 }
 
-#define IBF_OBJECT_INTERNAL FL_PROMOTED0
-
 /*
  * Binary format
  * - ibf_object_header
@@ -13957,7 +14058,11 @@ struct ibf_object_symbol {
 
 #define IBF_ALIGNED_OFFSET(align, offset) /* offset > 0 */ \
     ((((offset) - 1) / (align) + 1) * (align))
-#define IBF_OBJBODY(type, offset) (const type *)\
+/* No cast, since it's UB to create an unaligned pointer.
+ * Leave as void* for use with memcpy in those cases.
+ * We align the offset, but the buffer pointer is only VALUE aligned,
+ * so the returned pointer may be unaligned for `type` .*/
+#define IBF_OBJBODY(type, offset) \
     ibf_load_check_offset(load, IBF_ALIGNED_OFFSET(RUBY_ALIGNOF(type), offset))
 
 static const void *
@@ -14052,8 +14157,12 @@ ibf_dump_object_float(struct ibf_dump *dump, VALUE obj)
 static VALUE
 ibf_load_object_float(const struct ibf_load *load, const struct ibf_object_header *header, ibf_offset_t offset)
 {
-    const double *dblp = IBF_OBJBODY(double, offset);
-    return DBL2NUM(*dblp);
+    double d;
+    /* Avoid unaligned VFP load on ARMv7; IBF payload may be unaligned (C99 6.3.2.3 p7). */
+    memcpy(&d, IBF_OBJBODY(double, offset), sizeof(d));
+    VALUE f = DBL2NUM(d);
+    if (!FLONUM_P(f)) RB_OBJ_SET_SHAREABLE(f);
+    return f;
 }
 
 static void
@@ -14124,7 +14233,7 @@ ibf_load_object_regexp(const struct ibf_load *load, const struct ibf_object_head
     VALUE reg = rb_reg_compile(srcstr, (int)regexp.option, NULL, 0);
 
     if (header->internal) rb_obj_hide(reg);
-    if (header->frozen)   rb_obj_freeze(reg);
+    if (header->frozen) RB_OBJ_SET_SHAREABLE(rb_obj_freeze(reg));
 
     return reg;
 }
@@ -14155,7 +14264,10 @@ ibf_load_object_array(const struct ibf_load *load, const struct ibf_object_heade
         rb_ary_push(ary, ibf_load_object(load, index));
     }
 
-    if (header->frozen) rb_ary_freeze(ary);
+    if (header->frozen) {
+        rb_ary_freeze(ary);
+        rb_ractor_make_shareable(ary); // TODO: check elements
+    }
 
     return ary;
 }
@@ -14200,7 +14312,9 @@ ibf_load_object_hash(const struct ibf_load *load, const struct ibf_object_header
     rb_hash_rehash(obj);
 
     if (header->internal) rb_obj_hide(obj);
-    if (header->frozen)   rb_obj_freeze(obj);
+    if (header->frozen) {
+        RB_OBJ_SET_FROZEN_SHAREABLE(obj);
+    }
 
     return obj;
 }
@@ -14236,7 +14350,7 @@ ibf_load_object_struct(const struct ibf_load *load, const struct ibf_object_head
     VALUE end = ibf_load_object(load, range->end);
     VALUE obj = rb_range_new(beg, end, range->excl);
     if (header->internal) rb_obj_hide(obj);
-    if (header->frozen)   rb_obj_freeze(obj);
+    if (header->frozen)   RB_OBJ_SET_FROZEN_SHAREABLE(obj);
     return obj;
 }
 
@@ -14264,7 +14378,7 @@ ibf_load_object_bignum(const struct ibf_load *load, const struct ibf_object_head
                                   big_unpack_flags |
                                   (sign == 0 ? INTEGER_PACK_NEGATIVE : 0));
     if (header->internal) rb_obj_hide(obj);
-    if (header->frozen)   rb_obj_freeze(obj);
+    if (header->frozen)   RB_OBJ_SET_FROZEN_SHAREABLE(obj);
     return obj;
 }
 
@@ -14325,7 +14439,7 @@ ibf_load_object_complex_rational(const struct ibf_load *load, const struct ibf_o
       rb_complex_new(a, b) : rb_rational_new(a, b);
 
     if (header->internal) rb_obj_hide(obj);
-    if (header->frozen)   rb_obj_freeze(obj);
+    if (header->frozen) rb_ractor_make_shareable(rb_obj_freeze(obj));
     return obj;
 }
 
@@ -14438,7 +14552,7 @@ ibf_dump_object_object(struct ibf_dump *dump, VALUE obj)
     else {
         obj_header.internal = SPECIAL_CONST_P(obj) ? FALSE : (RBASIC_CLASS(obj) == 0) ? TRUE : FALSE;
         obj_header.special_const = FALSE;
-        obj_header.frozen = FL_TEST(obj, FL_FREEZE) ? TRUE : FALSE;
+        obj_header.frozen = OBJ_FROZEN(obj) ? TRUE : FALSE;
         ibf_dump_object_object_header(dump, obj_header);
         (*dump_object_functions[obj_header.type])(dump, obj);
     }
diff --git a/complex.c b/complex.c
index 05c991f35b..85d724f273 100644
--- a/complex.c
+++ b/complex.c
@@ -799,9 +799,9 @@ rb_complex_imag(VALUE self)
 
 /*
  * call-seq:
- *   -complex -> new_complex
+ *   -self -> complex
  *
- * Returns the negation of +self+, which is the negation of each of its parts:
+ * Returns +self+, negated, which is the negation of each of its parts:
  *
  *   -Complex.rect(1, 2)   # => (-1-2i)
  *   -Complex.rect(-1, -2) # => (1+2i)
@@ -816,17 +816,26 @@ rb_complex_uminus(VALUE self)
 }
 
 /*
- * call-seq:
- *   complex + numeric -> new_complex
+ *  call-seq:
+ *    self + other -> numeric
+ *
+ *  Returns the sum of +self+ and +other+:
+ *
+ *    Complex(1, 2) + 0  # => (1+2i)
+ *    Complex(1, 2) + 1  # => (2+2i)
+ *    Complex(1, 2) + -1 # => (0+2i)
+ *
+ *    Complex(1, 2) + 1.0  # => (2.0+2i)
  *
- * Returns the sum of +self+ and +numeric+:
+ *    Complex(1, 2) + Complex(2, 1)     # => (3+3i)
+ *    Complex(1, 2) + Complex(2.0, 1.0) # => (3.0+3.0i)
  *
- *   Complex.rect(2, 3)  + Complex.rect(2, 3)  # => (4+6i)
- *   Complex.rect(900)   + Complex.rect(1)     # => (901+0i)
- *   Complex.rect(-2, 9) + Complex.rect(-9, 2) # => (-11+11i)
- *   Complex.rect(9, 8)  + 4                   # => (13+8i)
- *   Complex.rect(20, 9) + 9.8                 # => (29.8+9i)
+ *    Complex(1, 2) + Rational(1, 1) # => ((2/1)+2i)
+ *    Complex(1, 2) + Rational(1, 2) # => ((3/2)+2i)
  *
+ *  For a computation involving Floats, the result may be inexact (see Float#+):
+ *
+ *    Complex(1, 2) + 3.14 # => (4.140000000000001+2i)
  */
 VALUE
 rb_complex_plus(VALUE self, VALUE other)
@@ -852,9 +861,9 @@ rb_complex_plus(VALUE self, VALUE other)
 
 /*
  * call-seq:
- *   complex - numeric -> new_complex
+ *   self - other -> complex
  *
- * Returns the difference of +self+ and +numeric+:
+ * Returns the difference of +self+ and +other+:
  *
  *   Complex.rect(2, 3)  - Complex.rect(2, 3)  # => (0+0i)
  *   Complex.rect(900)   - Complex.rect(1)     # => (899+0i)
@@ -913,15 +922,16 @@ comp_mul(VALUE areal, VALUE aimag, VALUE breal, VALUE bimag, VALUE *real, VALUE
 
 /*
  * call-seq:
- *   complex * numeric -> new_complex
+ *   self * other -> numeric
  *
- * Returns the product of +self+ and +numeric+:
+ * Returns the numeric product of +self+ and +other+:
  *
+ *   Complex.rect(9, 8)  * 4                   # => (36+32i)
+ *   Complex.rect(20, 9) * 9.8                 # => (196.0+88.2i)
  *   Complex.rect(2, 3)  * Complex.rect(2, 3)  # => (-5+12i)
  *   Complex.rect(900)   * Complex.rect(1)     # => (900+0i)
  *   Complex.rect(-2, 9) * Complex.rect(-9, 2) # => (0-85i)
- *   Complex.rect(9, 8)  * 4                   # => (36+32i)
- *   Complex.rect(20, 9) * 9.8                 # => (196.0+88.2i)
+ *   Complex.rect(9, 8)  * Rational(2, 3)      # => ((6/1)+(16/3)*i)
  *
  */
 VALUE
@@ -989,9 +999,9 @@ f_divide(VALUE self, VALUE other,
 
 /*
  * call-seq:
- *   complex / numeric -> new_complex
+ *   self / other -> complex
  *
- * Returns the quotient of +self+ and +numeric+:
+ * Returns the quotient of +self+ and +other+:
  *
  *   Complex.rect(2, 3)  / Complex.rect(2, 3)  # => (1+0i)
  *   Complex.rect(900)   / Complex.rect(1)     # => (900+0i)
@@ -1112,9 +1122,9 @@ complex_pow_for_special_angle(VALUE self, VALUE other)
 
 /*
  * call-seq:
- *   complex ** numeric -> new_complex
+ *   self ** exponent -> complex
  *
- * Returns +self+ raised to power +numeric+:
+ * Returns +self+ raised to the power +exponent+:
  *
  *   Complex.rect(0, 1) ** 2            # => (-1+0i)
  *   Complex.rect(-8) ** Rational(1, 3) # => (1.0000000000000002+1.7320508075688772i)
@@ -1216,10 +1226,10 @@ rb_complex_pow(VALUE self, VALUE other)
 
 /*
  * call-seq:
- *   complex == object -> true or false
+ *   self == other -> true or false
  *
- * Returns +true+ if <tt>self.real == object.real</tt>
- * and <tt>self.imag == object.imag</tt>:
+ * Returns whether both <tt>self.real == other.real</tt>
+ * and <tt>self.imag == other.imag</tt>:
  *
  *   Complex.rect(2, 3)  == Complex.rect(2.0, 3.0) # => true
  *
@@ -1250,14 +1260,16 @@ nucomp_real_p(VALUE self)
 
 /*
  * call-seq:
- *   complex <=> object -> -1, 0, 1, or nil
+ *   self <=> other -> -1, 0, 1, or nil
+ *
+ * Compares +self+ and +other+.
  *
  * Returns:
  *
- * - <tt>self.real <=> object.real</tt> if both of the following are true:
+ * - <tt>self.real <=> other.real</tt> if both of the following are true:
  *
  *   - <tt>self.imag == 0</tt>.
- *   - <tt>object.imag == 0</tt>. # Always true if object is numeric but not complex.
+ *   - <tt>other.imag == 0</tt> (always true if +other+ is numeric but not complex).
  *
  * - +nil+ otherwise.
  *
@@ -1270,6 +1282,8 @@ nucomp_real_p(VALUE self)
  *   Complex.rect(1) <=> Complex.rect(1, 1) # => nil # object.imag not zero.
  *   Complex.rect(1) <=> 'Foo'              # => nil # object.imag not defined.
  *
+ * \Class \Complex includes module Comparable,
+ * each of whose methods uses Complex#<=> for comparison.
  */
 static VALUE
 nucomp_cmp(VALUE self, VALUE other)
@@ -1765,12 +1779,6 @@ rb_complex_new_polar(VALUE x, VALUE y)
 }
 
 VALUE
-rb_complex_polar(VALUE x, VALUE y)
-{
-    return rb_complex_new_polar(x, y);
-}
-
-VALUE
 rb_Complex(VALUE x, VALUE y)
 {
     VALUE a[2];
@@ -1795,7 +1803,7 @@ rb_dbl_complex_new(double real, double imag)
  *   Complex.rect(1, Rational(0, 1)).to_i # => 1
  *
  * Raises RangeError if <tt>self.imag</tt> is not exactly zero
- * (either <tt>Integer(0)</tt> or <tt>Rational(0, _n_)</tt>).
+ * (either <tt>Integer(0)</tt> or <tt>Rational(0, n)</tt>).
  */
 static VALUE
 nucomp_to_i(VALUE self)
@@ -1819,7 +1827,7 @@ nucomp_to_i(VALUE self)
  *   Complex.rect(1, Rational(0, 1)).to_f # => 1.0
  *
  * Raises RangeError if <tt>self.imag</tt> is not exactly zero
- * (either <tt>Integer(0)</tt> or <tt>Rational(0, _n_)</tt>).
+ * (either <tt>Integer(0)</tt> or <tt>Rational(0, n)</tt>).
  */
 static VALUE
 nucomp_to_f(VALUE self)
@@ -1844,7 +1852,7 @@ nucomp_to_f(VALUE self)
  *   Complex.rect(1, 0.0).to_r            # => (1/1)
  *
  * Raises RangeError if <tt>self.imag</tt> is not exactly zero
- * (either <tt>Integer(0)</tt> or <tt>Rational(0, _n_)</tt>)
+ * (either <tt>Integer(0)</tt> or <tt>Rational(0, n)</tt>)
  * and <tt>self.imag.to_r</tt> is not exactly zero.
  *
  * Related: Complex#rationalize.
@@ -1927,21 +1935,6 @@ nucomp_to_c(VALUE self)
 
 /*
  * call-seq:
- *   to_c -> (0+0i)
- *
- * Returns zero as a Complex:
- *
- *   nil.to_c # => (0+0i)
- *
- */
-static VALUE
-nilclass_to_c(VALUE self)
-{
-    return rb_complex_new1(INT2FIX(0));
-}
-
-/*
- * call-seq:
  *   to_c -> complex
  *
  * Returns +self+ as a Complex object.
@@ -2244,28 +2237,156 @@ string_to_c_strict(VALUE self, int raise)
  * call-seq:
  *   to_c -> complex
  *
- * Returns +self+ interpreted as a Complex object;
- * leading whitespace and trailing garbage are ignored:
- *
- *   '9'.to_c                 # => (9+0i)
- *   '2.5'.to_c               # => (2.5+0i)
- *   '2.5/1'.to_c             # => ((5/2)+0i)
- *   '-3/2'.to_c              # => ((-3/2)+0i)
- *   '-i'.to_c                # => (0-1i)
- *   '45i'.to_c               # => (0+45i)
- *   '3-4i'.to_c              # => (3-4i)
- *   '-4e2-4e-2i'.to_c        # => (-400.0-0.04i)
- *   '-0.0-0.0i'.to_c         # => (-0.0-0.0i)
- *   '1/2+3/4i'.to_c          # => ((1/2)+(3/4)*i)
- *   '1.0@0'.to_c             # => (1+0.0i)
+ * Returns a Complex object:
+ * parses the leading substring of +self+
+ * to extract two numeric values that become the coordinates of the complex object.
+ *
+ * The substring is interpreted as containing
+ * either rectangular coordinates (real and imaginary parts)
+ * or polar coordinates (magnitude and angle parts),
+ * depending on an included or implied "separator" character:
+ *
+ * - <tt>'+'</tt>, <tt>'-'</tt>, or no separator: rectangular coordinates.
+ * - <tt>'@'</tt>: polar coordinates.
+ *
+ * <b>In Brief</b>
+ *
+ * In these examples, we use method Complex#rect to display rectangular coordinates,
+ * and method Complex#polar to display polar coordinates.
+ *
+ *   # Rectangular coordinates.
+ *
+ *   # Real-only: no separator; imaginary part is zero.
+ *   '9'.to_c.rect         # => [9, 0]         # Integer.
+ *   '-9'.to_c.rect        # => [-9, 0]        # Integer (negative).
+ *   '2.5'.to_c.rect       # => [2.5, 0]       # Float.
+ *   '1.23e-14'.to_c.rect  # => [1.23e-14, 0]  # Float with exponent.
+ *   '2.5/1'.to_c.rect     # => [(5/2), 0]     # Rational.
+ *
+ *   # Some things are ignored.
+ *   'foo1'.to_c.rect      # => [0, 0]         # Unparsed entire substring.
+ *   '1foo'.to_c.rect      # => [1, 0]         # Unparsed trailing substring.
+ *   ' 1 '.to_c.rect       # => [1, 0]         # Leading and trailing whitespace.
+ *   *
+ *   # Imaginary only: trailing 'i' required; real part is zero.
+ *   '9i'.to_c.rect        # => [0, 9]
+ *   '-9i'.to_c.rect       # => [0, -9]
+ *   '2.5i'.to_c.rect      # => [0, 2.5]
+ *   '1.23e-14i'.to_c.rect # => [0, 1.23e-14]
+ *   '2.5/1i'.to_c.rect    # => [0, (5/2)]
+ *
+ *   # Real and imaginary; '+' or '-' separator; trailing 'i' required.
+ *   '2+3i'.to_c.rect      # => [2, 3]
+ *   '-2-3i'.to_c.rect     # => [-2, -3]
+ *   '2.5+3i'.to_c.rect    # => [2.5, 3]
+ *   '2.5+3/2i'.to_c.rect  # => [2.5, (3/2)]
+ *
+ *   # Polar coordinates; '@' separator; magnitude required.
+ *   '1.0@0'.to_c.polar             # => [1.0, 0.0]
+ *   '1.0@'.to_c.polar              # => [1.0, 0.0]
+ *   "1.0@#{Math::PI}".to_c.polar   # => [1.0, 3.141592653589793]
+ *   "1.0@#{Math::PI/2}".to_c.polar # => [1.0, 1.5707963267948966]
+ *
+ * <b>Parsed Values</b>
+ *
+ * The parsing may be thought of as searching for numeric literals
+ * embedded in the substring.
+ *
+ * This section shows how the method parses numeric values from leading substrings.
+ * The examples show real-only or imaginary-only parsing;
+ * the parsing is the same for each part.
+ *
+ *   '1foo'.to_c # => (1+0i)      # Ignores trailing unparsed characters.
+ *   ' 1 '.to_c  # => (1+0i)      # Ignores leading and trailing whitespace.
+ *   'x1'.to_c   # => (0+0i)      # Finds no leading numeric.
+ *
+ *   # Integer literal embedded in the substring.
+ *   '1'.to_c       # => (1+0i)
+ *   '-1'.to_c      # => (-1+0i)
+ *   '1i'.to_c      # => (0+1i)
+ *
+ *   # Integer literals that don't work.
+ *   '0b100'.to_c   # => (0+0i)   # Not parsed as binary.
+ *   '0o100'.to_c   # => (0+0i)   # Not parsed as octal.
+ *   '0d100'.to_c   # => (0+0i)   # Not parsed as decimal.
+ *   '0x100'.to_c   # => (0+0i)   # Not parsed as hexadecimal.
+ *   '010'.to_c     # => (10+0i)  # Not parsed as octal.
+ *
+ *   # Float literals:
+ *   '3.14'.to_c    # => (3.14+0i)
+ *   '3.14i'.to_c   # => (0+3.14i)
+ *   '1.23e4'.to_c  # => (12300.0+0i)
+ *   '1.23e+4'.to_c # => (12300.0+0i)
+ *   '1.23e-4'.to_c # => (0.000123+0i)
+ *
+ *   # Rational literals:
+ *   '1/2'.to_c     # => ((1/2)+0i)
+ *   '-1/2'.to_c    # => ((-1/2)+0i)
+ *   '1/2r'.to_c    # => ((1/2)+0i)
+ *   '-1/2r'.to_c   # => ((-1/2)+0i)
+ *
+ * <b>Rectangular Coordinates</b>
+ *
+ * With separator <tt>'+'</tt> or <tt>'-'</tt>,
+ * or with no separator,
+ * interprets the values as rectangular coordinates: real and imaginary.
+ *
+ * With no separator, assigns a single value to either the real or the imaginary part:
+ *
+ *   ''.to_c  # => (0+0i)  # Defaults to zero.
+ *  '1'.to_c  # => (1+0i)  # Real (no trailing 'i').
+ *  '1i'.to_c # => (0+1i)  # Imaginary (trailing 'i').
+ *  'i'.to_c  # => (0+1i)  # Special case (imaginary 1).
+ *
+ * With separator <tt>'+'</tt>, both parts positive (or zero):
+ *
+ *   # Without trailing 'i'.
+ *   '+'.to_c    # => (0+0i)  # No values: defaults to zero.
+ *   '+1'.to_c   # => (1+0i)  # Value after '+': real only.
+ *   '1+'.to_c   # => (1+0i)  # Value before '+': real only.
+ *   '2+1'.to_c  # => (2+0i)  # Values before and after '+': real and imaginary.
+ *   # With trailing 'i'.
+ *   '+1i'.to_c  # => (0+1i)  # Value after '+': imaginary only.
+ *   '2+i'.to_c  # => (2+1i)  # Value before '+': real and imaginary 1.
+ *   '2+1i'.to_c # => (2+1i)  # Values before and after '+': real and imaginary.
+ *
+ * With separator <tt>'-'</tt>, negative imaginary part:
+ *
+ *   # Without trailing 'i'.
+ *   '-'.to_c    # => (0+0i)   # No values: defaults to zero.
+ *   '-1'.to_c   # => (-1+0i)  # Value after '-': negative real, zero imaginary.
+ *   '1-'.to_c   # => (1+0i)   # Value before '-': positive real, zero imaginary.
+ *   '2-1'.to_c  # => (2+0i)   # Values before and after '-': positive real, zero imaginary.
+ *   # With trailing 'i'.
+ *   '-1i'.to_c  # => (0-1i)   # Value after '-': negative real, zero imaginary.
+ *   '2-i'.to_c  # => (2-1i)   # Value before '-': positive real, negative imaginary.
+ *   '2-1i'.to_c # => (2-1i)   # Values before and after '-': positive real, negative imaginary.
+ *
+ * Note that the suffixed character <tt>'i'</tt>
+ * may instead be one of <tt>'I'</tt>, <tt>'j'</tt>, or <tt>'J'</tt>,
+ * with the same effect.
+ *
+ * <b>Polar Coordinates</b>
+ *
+ * With separator <tt>'@'</tt>)
+ * interprets the values as polar coordinates: magnitude and angle.
+ *
+ *   '2@'.to_c.polar  # => [2, 0.0]    # Value before '@': magnitude only.
+ *    # Values before and after '@': magnitude and angle.
+ *   '2@1'.to_c.polar # => [2.0, 1.0]
  *   "1.0@#{Math::PI/2}".to_c # => (0.0+1i)
  *   "1.0@#{Math::PI}".to_c   # => (-1+0.0i)
+ *   # Magnitude not given: defaults to zero.
+ *   '@'.to_c.polar   # => [0, 0.0]
+ *   '@1'.to_c.polar  # => [0, 0.0]
  *
- * Returns \Complex zero if the string cannot be converted:
+ *   '1.0@0'.to_c             # => (1+0.0i)
  *
- *   'ruby'.to_c        # => (0+0i)
+ * Note that in all cases, the suffixed character <tt>'i'</tt>
+ * may instead be one of <tt>'I'</tt>, <tt>'j'</tt>, <tt>'J'</tt>,
+ * with the same effect.
  *
- * See Kernel#Complex.
+ * See {Converting to Non-String}[rdoc-ref:String@Converting+to+Non--5CString].
  */
 static VALUE
 string_to_c(VALUE self)
@@ -2693,7 +2814,6 @@ Init_Complex(void)
     rb_define_method(rb_cComplex, "to_r", nucomp_to_r, 0);
     rb_define_method(rb_cComplex, "rationalize", nucomp_rationalize, -1);
     rb_define_method(rb_cComplex, "to_c", nucomp_to_c, 0);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cNilClass, "to_c", nilclass_to_c, 0);
     rb_define_method(rb_cNumeric, "to_c", numeric_to_c, 0);
 
     rb_define_method(rb_cString, "to_c", string_to_c, 0);
diff --git a/concurrent_set.c b/concurrent_set.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..234b6408b6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/concurrent_set.c
@@ -0,0 +1,513 @@
+#include "internal.h"
+#include "internal/gc.h"
+#include "internal/concurrent_set.h"
+#include "ruby/atomic.h"
+#include "vm_sync.h"
+
+#define CONCURRENT_SET_CONTINUATION_BIT ((VALUE)1 << (sizeof(VALUE) * CHAR_BIT - 1))
+#define CONCURRENT_SET_HASH_MASK (~CONCURRENT_SET_CONTINUATION_BIT)
+
+enum concurrent_set_special_values {
+    CONCURRENT_SET_EMPTY,
+    CONCURRENT_SET_DELETED,
+    CONCURRENT_SET_MOVED,
+    CONCURRENT_SET_SPECIAL_VALUE_COUNT
+};
+
+struct concurrent_set_entry {
+    VALUE hash;
+    VALUE key;
+};
+
+struct concurrent_set {
+    rb_atomic_t size;
+    unsigned int capacity;
+    unsigned int deleted_entries;
+    const struct rb_concurrent_set_funcs *funcs;
+    struct concurrent_set_entry *entries;
+};
+
+static void
+concurrent_set_mark_continuation(struct concurrent_set_entry *entry, VALUE curr_hash_and_flags)
+{
+    if (curr_hash_and_flags & CONCURRENT_SET_CONTINUATION_BIT) return;
+
+    RUBY_ASSERT((curr_hash_and_flags & CONCURRENT_SET_HASH_MASK) != 0);
+
+    VALUE new_hash = curr_hash_and_flags | CONCURRENT_SET_CONTINUATION_BIT;
+    VALUE prev_hash = rbimpl_atomic_value_cas(&entry->hash, curr_hash_and_flags, new_hash, RBIMPL_ATOMIC_RELEASE, RBIMPL_ATOMIC_RELAXED);
+
+    // At the moment we only expect to be racing concurrently against another
+    // thread also setting the continuation bit.
+    // In the future if deletion is concurrent this will need adjusting
+    RUBY_ASSERT(prev_hash == curr_hash_and_flags || prev_hash == new_hash);
+    (void)prev_hash;
+}
+
+static VALUE
+concurrent_set_hash(const struct concurrent_set *set, VALUE key)
+{
+    VALUE hash = set->funcs->hash(key);
+    hash &= CONCURRENT_SET_HASH_MASK;
+    if (hash == 0) {
+        hash ^= CONCURRENT_SET_HASH_MASK;
+    }
+    RUBY_ASSERT(hash != 0);
+    RUBY_ASSERT(!(hash & CONCURRENT_SET_CONTINUATION_BIT));
+    return hash;
+}
+
+static void
+concurrent_set_free(void *ptr)
+{
+    struct concurrent_set *set = ptr;
+    xfree(set->entries);
+}
+
+static size_t
+concurrent_set_size(const void *ptr)
+{
+    const struct concurrent_set *set = ptr;
+    return sizeof(struct concurrent_set) +
+        (set->capacity * sizeof(struct concurrent_set_entry));
+}
+
+/* Hack: Though it would be trivial, we're intentionally avoiding WB-protecting
+ * this object. This prevents the object from aging and ensures it can always be
+ * collected in a minor GC.
+ * Longer term this deserves a better way to reclaim memory promptly.
+ */
+static void
+concurrent_set_mark(void *ptr)
+{
+    (void)ptr;
+}
+
+static const rb_data_type_t concurrent_set_type = {
+    .wrap_struct_name = "VM/concurrent_set",
+    .function = {
+        .dmark = concurrent_set_mark,
+        .dfree = concurrent_set_free,
+        .dsize = concurrent_set_size,
+    },
+    /* Hack: NOT WB_PROTECTED on purpose (see above) */
+    .flags = RUBY_TYPED_FREE_IMMEDIATELY | RUBY_TYPED_EMBEDDABLE
+};
+
+VALUE
+rb_concurrent_set_new(const struct rb_concurrent_set_funcs *funcs, int capacity)
+{
+    struct concurrent_set *set;
+    VALUE obj = TypedData_Make_Struct(0, struct concurrent_set, &concurrent_set_type, set);
+    set->funcs = funcs;
+    set->entries = ZALLOC_N(struct concurrent_set_entry, capacity);
+    set->capacity = capacity;
+    return obj;
+}
+
+rb_atomic_t
+rb_concurrent_set_size(VALUE set_obj)
+{
+    struct concurrent_set *set = RTYPEDDATA_GET_DATA(set_obj);
+
+    return RUBY_ATOMIC_LOAD(set->size);
+}
+
+struct concurrent_set_probe {
+    int idx;
+    int d;
+    int mask;
+};
+
+static int
+concurrent_set_probe_start(struct concurrent_set_probe *probe, struct concurrent_set *set, VALUE hash)
+{
+    RUBY_ASSERT((set->capacity & (set->capacity - 1)) == 0);
+    probe->d = 0;
+    probe->mask = set->capacity - 1;
+    probe->idx = hash & probe->mask;
+    return probe->idx;
+}
+
+static int
+concurrent_set_probe_next(struct concurrent_set_probe *probe)
+{
+    probe->d++;
+    probe->idx = (probe->idx + probe->d) & probe->mask;
+    return probe->idx;
+}
+
+static void
+concurrent_set_try_resize_without_locking(VALUE old_set_obj, VALUE *set_obj_ptr)
+{
+    // Check if another thread has already resized.
+    if (rbimpl_atomic_value_load(set_obj_ptr, RBIMPL_ATOMIC_ACQUIRE) != old_set_obj) {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    struct concurrent_set *old_set = RTYPEDDATA_GET_DATA(old_set_obj);
+
+    // This may overcount by up to the number of threads concurrently attempting to insert
+    // GC may also happen between now and the set being rebuilt
+    int expected_size = rbimpl_atomic_load(&old_set->size, RBIMPL_ATOMIC_RELAXED) - old_set->deleted_entries;
+
+    // NOTE: new capacity must make sense with load factor, don't change one without checking the other.
+    struct concurrent_set_entry *old_entries = old_set->entries;
+    int old_capacity = old_set->capacity;
+    int new_capacity = old_capacity * 2;
+    if (new_capacity > expected_size * 8) {
+        new_capacity = old_capacity / 2;
+    }
+    else if (new_capacity > expected_size * 4) {
+        new_capacity = old_capacity;
+    }
+
+    // May cause GC and therefore deletes, so must happen first.
+    VALUE new_set_obj = rb_concurrent_set_new(old_set->funcs, new_capacity);
+    struct concurrent_set *new_set = RTYPEDDATA_GET_DATA(new_set_obj);
+
+    for (int i = 0; i < old_capacity; i++) {
+        struct concurrent_set_entry *old_entry = &old_entries[i];
+        VALUE key = rbimpl_atomic_value_exchange(&old_entry->key, CONCURRENT_SET_MOVED, RBIMPL_ATOMIC_ACQUIRE);
+        RUBY_ASSERT(key != CONCURRENT_SET_MOVED);
+
+        if (key < CONCURRENT_SET_SPECIAL_VALUE_COUNT) continue;
+        if (!RB_SPECIAL_CONST_P(key) && rb_objspace_garbage_object_p(key)) continue;
+
+        VALUE hash = rbimpl_atomic_value_load(&old_entry->hash, RBIMPL_ATOMIC_RELAXED) & CONCURRENT_SET_HASH_MASK;
+        RUBY_ASSERT(hash != 0);
+        RUBY_ASSERT(hash == concurrent_set_hash(old_set, key));
+
+        // Insert key into new_set.
+        struct concurrent_set_probe probe;
+        int idx = concurrent_set_probe_start(&probe, new_set, hash);
+
+        while (true) {
+            struct concurrent_set_entry *entry = &new_set->entries[idx];
+
+            if (entry->hash == CONCURRENT_SET_EMPTY) {
+                RUBY_ASSERT(entry->key == CONCURRENT_SET_EMPTY);
+
+                new_set->size++;
+                RUBY_ASSERT(new_set->size <= new_set->capacity / 2);
+
+                entry->key = key;
+                entry->hash = hash;
+                break;
+            }
+
+            RUBY_ASSERT(entry->key >= CONCURRENT_SET_SPECIAL_VALUE_COUNT);
+            entry->hash |= CONCURRENT_SET_CONTINUATION_BIT;
+            idx = concurrent_set_probe_next(&probe);
+        }
+    }
+
+    rbimpl_atomic_value_store(set_obj_ptr, new_set_obj, RBIMPL_ATOMIC_RELEASE);
+
+    RB_GC_GUARD(old_set_obj);
+}
+
+static void
+concurrent_set_try_resize(VALUE old_set_obj, VALUE *set_obj_ptr)
+{
+    RB_VM_LOCKING() {
+        concurrent_set_try_resize_without_locking(old_set_obj, set_obj_ptr);
+    }
+}
+
+VALUE
+rb_concurrent_set_find(VALUE *set_obj_ptr, VALUE key)
+{
+    RUBY_ASSERT(key >= CONCURRENT_SET_SPECIAL_VALUE_COUNT);
+
+    VALUE set_obj;
+    VALUE hash = 0;
+    struct concurrent_set *set;
+    struct concurrent_set_probe probe;
+    int idx;
+
+  retry:
+    set_obj = rbimpl_atomic_value_load(set_obj_ptr, RBIMPL_ATOMIC_ACQUIRE);
+    RUBY_ASSERT(set_obj);
+    set = RTYPEDDATA_GET_DATA(set_obj);
+
+    if (hash == 0) {
+        // We don't need to recompute the hash on every retry because it should
+        // never change.
+        hash = concurrent_set_hash(set, key);
+    }
+    RUBY_ASSERT(hash == concurrent_set_hash(set, key));
+
+    idx = concurrent_set_probe_start(&probe, set, hash);
+
+    while (true) {
+        struct concurrent_set_entry *entry = &set->entries[idx];
+        VALUE curr_hash_and_flags = rbimpl_atomic_value_load(&entry->hash, RBIMPL_ATOMIC_ACQUIRE);
+        VALUE curr_hash = curr_hash_and_flags & CONCURRENT_SET_HASH_MASK;
+        bool continuation = curr_hash_and_flags & CONCURRENT_SET_CONTINUATION_BIT;
+
+        if (curr_hash_and_flags == CONCURRENT_SET_EMPTY) {
+            return 0;
+        }
+
+        if (curr_hash != hash) {
+            if (!continuation) {
+                return 0;
+            }
+            idx = concurrent_set_probe_next(&probe);
+            continue;
+        }
+
+        VALUE curr_key = rbimpl_atomic_value_load(&entry->key, RBIMPL_ATOMIC_ACQUIRE);
+
+        switch (curr_key) {
+          case CONCURRENT_SET_EMPTY:
+            // In-progress insert: hash written but key not yet
+            break;
+          case CONCURRENT_SET_DELETED:
+            break;
+          case CONCURRENT_SET_MOVED:
+            // Wait
+            RB_VM_LOCKING();
+
+            goto retry;
+          default: {
+            if (UNLIKELY(!RB_SPECIAL_CONST_P(curr_key) && rb_objspace_garbage_object_p(curr_key))) {
+                // This is a weakref set, so after marking but before sweeping is complete we may find a matching garbage object.
+                // Skip it and let the GC pass clean it up
+                break;
+            }
+
+            if (set->funcs->cmp(key, curr_key)) {
+                // We've found a match.
+                RB_GC_GUARD(set_obj);
+                return curr_key;
+            }
+
+            if (!continuation) {
+                return 0;
+            }
+
+            break;
+          }
+        }
+
+        idx = concurrent_set_probe_next(&probe);
+    }
+}
+
+VALUE
+rb_concurrent_set_find_or_insert(VALUE *set_obj_ptr, VALUE key, void *data)
+{
+    RUBY_ASSERT(key >= CONCURRENT_SET_SPECIAL_VALUE_COUNT);
+
+    // First attempt to find
+    {
+        VALUE result = rb_concurrent_set_find(set_obj_ptr, key);
+        if (result) return result;
+    }
+
+    // First time we need to call create, and store the hash
+    VALUE set_obj = rbimpl_atomic_value_load(set_obj_ptr, RBIMPL_ATOMIC_ACQUIRE);
+    RUBY_ASSERT(set_obj);
+
+    struct concurrent_set *set = RTYPEDDATA_GET_DATA(set_obj);
+    key = set->funcs->create(key, data);
+    VALUE hash = concurrent_set_hash(set, key);
+
+    struct concurrent_set_probe probe;
+    int idx;
+
+    goto start_search;
+
+retry:
+    // On retries we only need to load the hash object
+    set_obj = rbimpl_atomic_value_load(set_obj_ptr, RBIMPL_ATOMIC_ACQUIRE);
+    RUBY_ASSERT(set_obj);
+    set = RTYPEDDATA_GET_DATA(set_obj);
+
+    RUBY_ASSERT(hash == concurrent_set_hash(set, key));
+
+start_search:
+    idx = concurrent_set_probe_start(&probe, set, hash);
+
+    while (true) {
+        struct concurrent_set_entry *entry = &set->entries[idx];
+        VALUE curr_hash_and_flags = rbimpl_atomic_value_load(&entry->hash, RBIMPL_ATOMIC_ACQUIRE);
+        VALUE curr_hash = curr_hash_and_flags & CONCURRENT_SET_HASH_MASK;
+        bool continuation = curr_hash_and_flags & CONCURRENT_SET_CONTINUATION_BIT;
+
+        if (curr_hash_and_flags == CONCURRENT_SET_EMPTY) {
+            // Reserve this slot for our hash value
+            curr_hash_and_flags = rbimpl_atomic_value_cas(&entry->hash, CONCURRENT_SET_EMPTY, hash, RBIMPL_ATOMIC_RELEASE, RBIMPL_ATOMIC_RELAXED);
+            if (curr_hash_and_flags != CONCURRENT_SET_EMPTY) {
+                // Lost race, retry same slot to check winner's hash
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            // CAS succeeded, so these are the values stored
+            curr_hash_and_flags = hash;
+            curr_hash = hash;
+
+            // Fall through to try to claim key
+        }
+
+        if (curr_hash != hash) {
+            goto probe_next;
+        }
+
+        VALUE curr_key = rbimpl_atomic_value_load(&entry->key, RBIMPL_ATOMIC_ACQUIRE);
+
+        switch (curr_key) {
+          case CONCURRENT_SET_EMPTY: {
+            rb_atomic_t prev_size = rbimpl_atomic_fetch_add(&set->size, 1, RBIMPL_ATOMIC_RELAXED);
+
+            // Load_factor reached at 75% full. ex: prev_size: 32, capacity: 64, load_factor: 50%.
+            bool load_factor_reached = (uint64_t)(prev_size * 4) >= (uint64_t)(set->capacity * 3);
+
+            if (UNLIKELY(load_factor_reached)) {
+                concurrent_set_try_resize(set_obj, set_obj_ptr);
+                goto retry;
+            }
+
+            VALUE prev_key = rbimpl_atomic_value_cas(&entry->key, CONCURRENT_SET_EMPTY, key, RBIMPL_ATOMIC_RELEASE, RBIMPL_ATOMIC_RELAXED);
+            if (prev_key == CONCURRENT_SET_EMPTY) {
+                RUBY_ASSERT(rb_concurrent_set_find(set_obj_ptr, key) == key);
+                RB_GC_GUARD(set_obj);
+                return key;
+            }
+            else {
+                // Entry was not inserted.
+                rbimpl_atomic_sub(&set->size, 1, RBIMPL_ATOMIC_RELAXED);
+
+                // Another thread won the race, try again at the same location.
+                continue;
+            }
+          }
+          case CONCURRENT_SET_DELETED:
+            break;
+          case CONCURRENT_SET_MOVED:
+            // Wait
+            RB_VM_LOCKING();
+            goto retry;
+          default:
+            // We're never GC during our search
+            // If the continuation bit wasn't set at the start of our search,
+            // any concurrent find with the same hash value would also look at
+            // this location and try to swap curr_key
+            if (UNLIKELY(!RB_SPECIAL_CONST_P(curr_key) && rb_objspace_garbage_object_p(curr_key))) {
+                if (continuation) {
+                    goto probe_next;
+                }
+                rbimpl_atomic_value_cas(&entry->key, curr_key, CONCURRENT_SET_EMPTY, RBIMPL_ATOMIC_RELEASE, RBIMPL_ATOMIC_RELAXED);
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            if (set->funcs->cmp(key, curr_key)) {
+                // We've found a live match.
+                RB_GC_GUARD(set_obj);
+
+                // We created key using set->funcs->create, but we didn't end
+                // up inserting it into the set. Free it here to prevent memory
+                // leaks.
+                if (set->funcs->free) set->funcs->free(key);
+
+                return curr_key;
+            }
+            break;
+        }
+
+      probe_next:
+        RUBY_ASSERT(curr_hash_and_flags != CONCURRENT_SET_EMPTY);
+        concurrent_set_mark_continuation(entry, curr_hash_and_flags);
+        idx = concurrent_set_probe_next(&probe);
+    }
+}
+
+static void
+concurrent_set_delete_entry_locked(struct concurrent_set *set, struct concurrent_set_entry *entry)
+{
+    ASSERT_vm_locking_with_barrier();
+
+    if (entry->hash & CONCURRENT_SET_CONTINUATION_BIT) {
+        entry->hash = CONCURRENT_SET_CONTINUATION_BIT;
+        entry->key = CONCURRENT_SET_DELETED;
+        set->deleted_entries++;
+    }
+    else {
+        entry->hash = CONCURRENT_SET_EMPTY;
+        entry->key = CONCURRENT_SET_EMPTY;
+        set->size--;
+    }
+}
+
+VALUE
+rb_concurrent_set_delete_by_identity(VALUE set_obj, VALUE key)
+{
+    ASSERT_vm_locking_with_barrier();
+
+    struct concurrent_set *set = RTYPEDDATA_GET_DATA(set_obj);
+
+    VALUE hash = concurrent_set_hash(set, key);
+
+    struct concurrent_set_probe probe;
+    int idx = concurrent_set_probe_start(&probe, set, hash);
+
+    while (true) {
+        struct concurrent_set_entry *entry = &set->entries[idx];
+        VALUE curr_key = entry->key;
+
+        switch (curr_key) {
+          case CONCURRENT_SET_EMPTY:
+            // We didn't find our entry to delete.
+            return 0;
+          case CONCURRENT_SET_DELETED:
+            break;
+          case CONCURRENT_SET_MOVED:
+            rb_bug("rb_concurrent_set_delete_by_identity: moved entry");
+            break;
+          default:
+            if (key == curr_key) {
+                RUBY_ASSERT((entry->hash & CONCURRENT_SET_HASH_MASK) == hash);
+                concurrent_set_delete_entry_locked(set, entry);
+                return curr_key;
+            }
+            break;
+        }
+
+        idx = concurrent_set_probe_next(&probe);
+    }
+}
+
+void
+rb_concurrent_set_foreach_with_replace(VALUE set_obj, int (*callback)(VALUE *key, void *data), void *data)
+{
+    ASSERT_vm_locking_with_barrier();
+
+    struct concurrent_set *set = RTYPEDDATA_GET_DATA(set_obj);
+
+    for (unsigned int i = 0; i < set->capacity; i++) {
+        struct concurrent_set_entry *entry = &set->entries[i];
+        VALUE key = entry->key;
+
+        switch (key) {
+          case CONCURRENT_SET_EMPTY:
+          case CONCURRENT_SET_DELETED:
+            continue;
+          case CONCURRENT_SET_MOVED:
+            rb_bug("rb_concurrent_set_foreach_with_replace: moved entry");
+            break;
+          default: {
+            int ret = callback(&entry->key, data);
+            switch (ret) {
+              case ST_STOP:
+                return;
+              case ST_DELETE:
+                concurrent_set_delete_entry_locked(set, entry);
+                break;
+            }
+            break;
+          }
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/configure.ac b/configure.ac
index 938754b01f..4e7367804d 100644
--- a/configure.ac
+++ b/configure.ac
@@ -69,6 +69,7 @@ dnl 93(bright yellow) is copied from .github/workflows/mingw.yml
 AC_ARG_VAR([cflags], [additional CFLAGS (ignored when CFLAGS is given)])dnl
 AC_ARG_VAR([cppflags], [additional CPPFLAGS (ignored when CPPFLAGS is given)])dnl
 AC_ARG_VAR([cxxflags], [additional CXXFLAGS (ignored when CXXFLAGS is given)])dnl
+AC_ARG_VAR([rustc_flags], [additional RUSTC_FLAGS])dnl
 
 [begin]_group "environment section" && {
 HAVE_BASERUBY=yes
@@ -82,9 +83,17 @@ AC_ARG_WITH(baseruby,
 	],
 	[
 		AC_PATH_PROG([BASERUBY], [ruby], [false])
+		HAVE_BASERUBY=
 	])
-AS_IF([test "$HAVE_BASERUBY" != no], [
-    RUBYOPT=- $BASERUBY --disable=gems -rerb -rfileutils -rtempfile "${tooldir}/missing-baseruby.bat" || HAVE_BASERUBY=no
+AS_IF([test "$HAVE_BASERUBY" = no], [
+    # --without-baseruby
+], [error=`RUBYOPT=- $BASERUBY --disable=gems "${tooldir}/missing-baseruby.bat" --verbose 2>&1`], [
+    HAVE_BASERUBY=yes
+], [test "$HAVE_BASERUBY" = ""], [ # no --with-baseruby option
+    AC_MSG_WARN($error)            # just warn and continue
+    HAVE_BASERUBY=no
+], [                               # the ruby given by --with-baseruby is too old
+    AC_MSG_ERROR($error)           # bail out
 ])
 AS_IF([test "${HAVE_BASERUBY:=no}" != no], [
     AS_CASE(["$build_os"], [mingw*], [
@@ -107,10 +116,18 @@ HAVE_GIT=yes
 AC_ARG_WITH(git,
 	AS_HELP_STRING([--without-git], [never use git]),
 	[AS_CASE([$withval],
-	    [no],  [GIT=never-use HAVE_GIT=no],
+	    [no],  [HAVE_GIT=no],
 	    [yes], [],
 	    [GIT=$withval])])
-AS_IF([test x"$HAVE_GIT" = xyes], [command -v "$GIT" > /dev/null || HAVE_GIT=no])
+{
+    test x"$HAVE_GIT" = xyes &&
+    command -v "$GIT" > /dev/null &&
+    # `git -C`: 1.8.5
+    # `git log --no-show-signature`: 2.10.0
+    AS_CASE([`$GIT -C . --version 2> /dev/null | sed 's/.* //'`],
+    [0.*|1.*|2.@<:@0-9@:>@.*], [false],
+    [true])
+} || HAVE_GIT=no GIT=never-use
 AC_SUBST(GIT)
 AC_SUBST(HAVE_GIT)
 
@@ -264,6 +281,8 @@ AS_CASE(["${build_os}"],
 ])
 AS_CASE(["${target_os}"],
 [cygwin*|msys*|mingw*|darwin*], [
+    ac_ct_OBJCOPY=":"
+    ac_cv_prog_OBJCOPY=":"
     ac_cv_prog_ac_ct_OBJCOPY=":"
 ])
 
@@ -286,6 +305,8 @@ AC_CHECK_TOOLS([OBJCOPY], [gobjcopy objcopy], [:])
 AC_CHECK_TOOLS([OBJDUMP], [gobjdump objdump])
 AC_CHECK_TOOLS([STRIP],   [gstrip strip], [:])
 
+FIRSTMAKEFILE=""
+
 # nm errors with Rust's LLVM bitcode when Rust uses a newer LLVM version than nm.
 # In case we're working with llvm-nm, tell it to not worry about the bitcode.
 AS_IF([${NM} --help 2>&1 | grep -q 'llvm-bc'], [NM="$NM --no-llvm-bc"])
@@ -460,6 +481,8 @@ AS_CASE(["$target_os"],
     # so wrap clang to insert our fake wasm-opt, which does nothing, in PATH.
     CC_WRAPPER=`cd -P "${tooldir}" && pwd`/wasm-clangw
     CC="$CC_WRAPPER $CC"
+
+    FIRSTMAKEFILE=GNUmakefile:wasm/GNUmakefile.in
   ])
 
 cc_version=
@@ -501,6 +524,8 @@ AS_CASE(["$target_os"],
     target_cpu=`echo $target_cpu | sed s/i.86/i386/`
     AS_CASE(["$target"], [-*], [ target="$target_cpu${target}"])
     AS_CASE(["$target_alias"], [-*], [ target_alias="$target_cpu${target_alias}"])
+    # cygwin/GNUmakefile.in is not exclusively for cygwin.
+    FIRSTMAKEFILE=GNUmakefile:cygwin/GNUmakefile.in
     AS_CASE(["$target_os"],
     [mingw*], [
 	test "$rb_cv_msvcrt" = "" && unset rb_cv_msvcrt
@@ -521,7 +546,6 @@ AS_CASE(["$target_os"],
     ])
     rb_cv_binary_elf=no
     : ${enable_shared=yes}
-    AS_IF([$WINDRES --version | grep LLVM > /dev/null], [USE_LLVM_WINDRES=yes], [USE_LLVM_WINDRES=no])
     ],
 [hiuxmpp*], [AC_DEFINE(__HIUX_MPP__)])    # by TOYODA Eizi <toyoda@npd.kishou.go.jp>
 
@@ -603,6 +627,22 @@ AS_IF([test -f conf$$.dir/src/cdcmd], [
 rm -fr conf$$.dir
 AC_MSG_RESULT([$CHDIR])
 AC_SUBST(CHDIR)
+
+AS_CASE(["$FIRSTMAKEFILE"], [*GNUmakefile:*], [gnumake=yes], [
+    AC_MSG_CHECKING([if ${MAKE-make} is GNU make])
+    mkdir conftest.dir
+    echo "all:; @echo yes" > conftest.dir/GNUmakefile
+    echo "all:; @echo no" > conftest.dir/Makefile
+    gnumake=`(cd conftest.dir; ${MAKE-make})`
+    rm -fr conftest.dir
+    AS_CASE(["$gnumake"],
+    [*yes*], [
+	FIRSTMAKEFILE=GNUmakefile:template/GNUmakefile.in
+	gnumake=yes],
+    [
+	gnumake=no])
+    AC_MSG_RESULT($gnumake)
+])
 }
 
 [begin]_group "compiler section" && {
@@ -1228,6 +1268,11 @@ main()
 		ac_cv_header_sys_time_h=no
 		ac_cv_header_sys_times_h=no
 		ac_cv_header_sys_socket_h=no
+		ac_cv_func_chown=yes
+		ac_cv_func_getegid=yes
+		ac_cv_func_geteuid=yes
+		ac_cv_func_getgid=yes
+		ac_cv_func_getuid=yes
 		ac_cv_func_execv=yes
 		ac_cv_func_lstat=yes
 		ac_cv_func_times=yes
@@ -1240,6 +1285,8 @@ main()
 		ac_cv_func_readlink=yes
 		ac_cv_func_shutdown=yes
 		ac_cv_func_symlink=yes
+		ac_cv_func_clock_getres=yes
+		ac_cv_func_clock_gettime=yes
 		ac_cv_lib_crypt_crypt=no
 		ac_cv_func_getpgrp_void=no
 		ac_cv_func_memcmp_working=yes
@@ -1256,8 +1303,8 @@ main()
 		AS_IF([test "$target_cpu" = x64], [
 		    ac_cv_func___builtin_setjmp=yes
 		    ac_cv_func_round=no
+		    ac_cv_func_tgamma=no
 		])
-		ac_cv_func_tgamma=no
 		AC_CHECK_TYPE([NET_LUID], [], [],
 			      [@%:@include <winsock2.h>
 			       @%:@include <windows.h>
@@ -1372,6 +1419,7 @@ AC_CHECK_HEADERS(process.h)
 AC_CHECK_HEADERS(pwd.h)
 AC_CHECK_HEADERS(sanitizer/asan_interface.h)
 AC_CHECK_HEADERS(sanitizer/msan_interface.h)
+AC_CHECK_HEADERS(sanitizer/tsan_interface.h)
 AC_CHECK_HEADERS(setjmpex.h)
 AC_CHECK_HEADERS(stdalign.h)
 AC_CHECK_HEADERS(stdio.h)
@@ -1679,21 +1727,6 @@ AS_IF([test "$rb_cv_func_weak" != x], [
    AC_DEFINE(HAVE_FUNC_WEAK)
 ])
 
-AC_CACHE_CHECK([for __attribute__((__deprecated__(msg))) in C++],
-  rb_cv_CentOS6_CXX_workaround,
-  RUBY_WERROR_FLAG([
-    AC_LANG_PUSH([C++])
-    AC_COMPILE_IFELSE(
-      [AC_LANG_PROGRAM(
-        [],
-        [__attribute__((__deprecated__("message"))) int conftest(...);])],
-      [rb_cv_CentOS6_CXX_workaround=yes],
-      [rb_cv_CentOS6_CXX_workaround=no])
-    AC_LANG_POP()]))
-AS_IF([test "$rb_cv_CentOS6_CXX_workaround" != no],[
-  AC_DEFINE([RUBY_CXX_DEPRECATED(msg)],
-    [__attribute__((__deprecated__(msg)))])])
-
 AC_CACHE_CHECK([for std::nullptr_t], rb_cv_CXX_nullptr, [
   AC_LANG_PUSH([C++])
   AC_COMPILE_IFELSE(
@@ -1743,6 +1776,26 @@ AS_IF([test "$GCC" = yes], [
 		    [rb_cv_gcc_atomic_builtins=no])])
     AS_IF([test "$rb_cv_gcc_atomic_builtins" = yes], [
 	AC_DEFINE(HAVE_GCC_ATOMIC_BUILTINS)
+	for lib in "" atomic; do
+	    AS_IF([test "$lib" != ""], [
+		AC_CHECK_LIB([atomic], [__atomic_fetch_add_8])
+		unset rb_cv_gcc_atomic_builtins_64
+	    ])
+	    AC_CACHE_CHECK([for 64bit __atomic builtins${lib:+ with -l$lib}],
+		[rb_cv_gcc_atomic_builtins_64], [
+		AC_LINK_IFELSE([AC_LANG_PROGRAM([[@%:@include <stdint.h>
+			    uint64_t atomic_var;]],
+			    [[
+				__atomic_load_n(&atomic_var, __ATOMIC_RELAXED);
+				__atomic_store_n(&atomic_var, 0, __ATOMIC_RELAXED);
+			    ]])],
+			    [rb_cv_gcc_atomic_builtins_64=yes],
+			    [rb_cv_gcc_atomic_builtins_64=no])])
+	    AS_IF([test "$rb_cv_gcc_atomic_builtins_64" = yes], [
+		AC_DEFINE(HAVE_GCC_ATOMIC_BUILTINS_64)
+		break
+	    ])
+	done
     ])
 
     AC_CACHE_CHECK([for __sync builtins], [rb_cv_gcc_sync_builtins], [
@@ -1806,10 +1859,6 @@ RUBY_DECL_ATTRIBUTE([__nonnull__(n)], [RUBY_FUNC_NONNULL(n,x)], [rb_cv_func_nonn
 
 RUBY_APPEND_OPTION(XCFLAGS, -DRUBY_EXPORT)
 
-AC_ARG_ENABLE(mathn,
-    AS_HELP_STRING([--enable-mathn], [enable canonicalization for mathn]),
-    [AC_MSG_ERROR([mathn support has been dropped])])
-
 AC_CACHE_CHECK(for function name string predefined identifier,
     rb_cv_function_name_string,
     [AS_CASE(["$target_os"],[openbsd*],[
@@ -3493,7 +3542,6 @@ AC_SUBST(RUNRUBY)
 AC_SUBST(XRUBY)
 AC_SUBST(EXTOUT, [${EXTOUT=.ext}])
 
-FIRSTMAKEFILE=""
 LIBRUBY_A='lib$(RUBY_SO_NAME)-static.a'
 LIBRUBY='$(LIBRUBY_A)'
 LIBRUBYARG_STATIC='-l$(RUBY_SO_NAME)-static'
@@ -3660,6 +3708,7 @@ AS_CASE("$enable_shared", [yes], [
 	LIBRUBY_DLDFLAGS="$LIBRUBY_DLDFLAGS "'-current_version $(RUBY_PROGRAM_VERSION)'
 	AS_IF([test "$visibility_option" = ld], [
 	    LIBRUBY_DLDFLAGS="$LIBRUBY_DLDFLAGS "'-Wl,-unexported_symbol,_Init_*'
+	    LIBRUBY_DLDFLAGS="$LIBRUBY_DLDFLAGS "'-Wl,-unexported_symbol,_InitVM_*'
 	    LIBRUBY_DLDFLAGS="$LIBRUBY_DLDFLAGS "'-Wl,-unexported_symbol,_ruby_static_id_*'
 	    LIBRUBY_DLDFLAGS="$LIBRUBY_DLDFLAGS "'-Wl,-unexported_symbol,*_threadptr_*'
 	])
@@ -3857,11 +3906,11 @@ AC_SUBST(INSTALL_STATIC_LIBRARY)
 [begin]_group "JIT section" && {
 AC_CHECK_PROG(RUSTC, [rustc], [rustc], [no]) dnl no ac_tool_prefix
 
-dnl check if rustc is recent enough to build YJIT/ZJIT (rustc >= 1.58.0)
+dnl check if rustc is recent enough to build YJIT (rustc >= 1.58.0)
 JIT_RUSTC_OK=no
+JIT_TARGET_ARCH=
 AS_IF([test "$RUSTC" != "no"],
-    AC_MSG_CHECKING([whether ${RUSTC} works for YJIT/ZJIT])
-    JIT_TARGET_ARCH=
+    AC_MSG_CHECKING([whether ${RUSTC} works for YJIT])
     AS_CASE(["$target_cpu"],
         [arm64|aarch64], [JIT_TARGET_ARCH=aarch64],
         [x86_64], [JIT_TARGET_ARCH=x86_64],
@@ -3895,33 +3944,43 @@ AS_IF([test "$cross_compiling" = no],
     )
 )
 
-dnl build ZJIT in release mode if rustc >= 1.58.0 is present and we are on a supported platform
-AC_ARG_ENABLE(zjit,
-    AS_HELP_STRING([--enable-zjit],
-    [enable in-process JIT compiler that requires Rust build tools. enabled by default on supported platforms if rustc 1.58.0+ is available]),
-    [ZJIT_SUPPORT=$enableval],
-    [AS_CASE(["$JIT_TARGET_OK:$JIT_RUSTC_OK:$YJIT_SUPPORT"],
-        [yes:yes:no], [
-            ZJIT_SUPPORT=yes
-        ],
-        [ZJIT_SUPPORT=no]
-    )]
-)
-
 dnl build YJIT in release mode if rustc >= 1.58.0 is present and we are on a supported platform
 AC_ARG_ENABLE(yjit,
     AS_HELP_STRING([--enable-yjit],
     [enable in-process JIT compiler that requires Rust build tools. enabled by default on supported platforms if rustc 1.58.0+ is available]),
     [YJIT_SUPPORT=$enableval],
-    [AS_CASE(["$JIT_TARGET_OK:$JIT_RUSTC_OK:$ZJIT_SUPPORT"],
-        [yes:yes:no], [
+    [AS_CASE(["$JIT_TARGET_OK:$JIT_RUSTC_OK"],
+        [yes:yes], [
             YJIT_SUPPORT=yes
         ],
         [YJIT_SUPPORT=no]
     )]
 )
 
-CARGO=
+dnl build ZJIT in release mode if rustc >= 1.85.0 is present and we are on a supported platform
+ZJIT_SUPPORT=no
+AC_ARG_ENABLE(zjit,
+    AS_HELP_STRING([--enable-zjit],
+    [enable experimental JIT compiler that requires Rust build tools. enabled by default on supported platforms if rustc 1.85.0+ is available]),
+    [ZJIT_SUPPORT=$enableval],
+    [AS_CASE(["$JIT_TARGET_OK"],
+        [yes], [
+            rb_zjit_build_possible=no
+            AC_MSG_CHECKING([prerequisites for ZJIT])dnl only checked when --enable-zjit is not specified
+            # Fails in case rustc target doesn't match ruby target. Can happen on Rosetta, for example.
+            # 1.85.0 is the first stable version that supports the 2024 edition.
+            AS_IF([test "$RUSTC" != "no" && echo "#[cfg(target_arch = \"$JIT_TARGET_ARCH\")] fn main() {}" |
+                    $RUSTC - --edition=2024 --emit asm=/dev/null 2>/dev/null],
+                AS_IF([test "$gnumake" = "yes"], [
+                    rb_zjit_build_possible=yes
+                ])
+            )
+            AC_MSG_RESULT($rb_zjit_build_possible)
+            ZJIT_SUPPORT=$rb_zjit_build_possible
+        ]
+    )]
+)
+
 CARGO_BUILD_ARGS=
 YJIT_LIBS=
 JIT_CARGO_SUPPORT=no
@@ -3963,7 +4022,7 @@ AS_CASE(["${YJIT_SUPPORT}"],
 
 ZJIT_LIBS=
 AS_CASE(["${ZJIT_SUPPORT}"],
-[yes|dev|dev_nodebug], [
+[yes|dev|dev_nodebug|stats], [
     AS_IF([test x"$RUSTC" = "xno"],
         AC_MSG_ERROR([rustc is required. Installation instructions available at https://www.rust-lang.org/tools/install])
     )
@@ -3972,13 +4031,18 @@ AS_CASE(["${ZJIT_SUPPORT}"],
     [yes], [
     ],
     [dev], [
-        rb_cargo_features="$rb_cargo_features,disasm"
+        rb_cargo_features="$rb_cargo_features,disasm,runtime_checks"
         JIT_CARGO_SUPPORT=dev
-	AC_DEFINE(RUBY_DEBUG, 1)
+        AC_DEFINE(RUBY_DEBUG, 1)
     ],
     [dev_nodebug], [
         rb_cargo_features="$rb_cargo_features,disasm"
         JIT_CARGO_SUPPORT=dev_nodebug
+        AC_DEFINE(ZJIT_STATS, 1)
+    ],
+    [stats], [
+        JIT_CARGO_SUPPORT=stats
+        AC_DEFINE(ZJIT_STATS, 1)
     ])
 
     ZJIT_LIBS="target/release/libzjit.a"
@@ -3993,19 +4057,40 @@ AS_CASE(["${ZJIT_SUPPORT}"],
     AC_DEFINE(USE_ZJIT, 0)
 ])
 
-# if YJIT+ZJIT release build, or any build that requires Cargo
-AS_IF([test x"$JIT_CARGO_SUPPORT" != "xno" -o \( x"$YJIT_SUPPORT" != "xno" -a x"$ZJIT_SUPPORT" != "xno" \)], [
+RUSTC_FLAGS='-g -C lto=thin -C opt-level=3 -C overflow-checks=on'
+AS_IF([test -n "${rustc_flags}"], [
+    RUSTC_FLAGS="${RUSTC_FLAGS} ${rustc_flags}"
+])
+
+JIT_RUST_FLAGS='--crate-type=staticlib --cfg feature=\"stats_allocator\"'
+RLIB_DIR=
+AS_CASE(["$JIT_CARGO_SUPPORT:$YJIT_SUPPORT:$ZJIT_SUPPORT"],
+[no:yes:yes], [ # release build of YJIT+ZJIT
+    YJIT_LIBS=
+    ZJIT_LIBS=
+    JIT_RUST_FLAGS="--crate-type=rlib"
+    RLIB_DIR="target/release"
+    RUST_LIB="target/release/libruby.a"
+],
+[no:*], [],
+[ # JIT_CARGO_SUPPORT not "no" -- cargo required.
     AC_CHECK_TOOL(CARGO, [cargo], [no])
     AS_IF([test x"$CARGO" = "xno"],
-        AC_MSG_ERROR([cargo is required. Installation instructions available at https://www.rust-lang.org/tools/install]))
+        AC_MSG_ERROR([this build configuration requires cargo. Installation instructions available at https://www.rust-lang.org/tools/install]))
 
     YJIT_LIBS=
     ZJIT_LIBS=
 
+    # There's more processing below to get the feature set for the
+    # top-level crate, so capture at this point for feature set of
+    # just the zjit crate.
+    ZJIT_TEST_FEATURES="${rb_cargo_features}"
+
     AS_IF([test x"${YJIT_SUPPORT}" != x"no"], [
         rb_cargo_features="$rb_cargo_features,yjit"
     ])
     AS_IF([test x"${ZJIT_SUPPORT}" != x"no"], [
+        AC_SUBST(ZJIT_TEST_FEATURES)
         rb_cargo_features="$rb_cargo_features,zjit"
     ])
     # if YJIT and ZJIT release mode
@@ -4014,9 +4099,9 @@ AS_IF([test x"$JIT_CARGO_SUPPORT" != "xno" -o \( x"$YJIT_SUPPORT" != "xno" -a x"
     ])
     CARGO_BUILD_ARGS="--profile ${JIT_CARGO_SUPPORT} --features ${rb_cargo_features}"
     AS_IF([test "${JIT_CARGO_SUPPORT}" = "dev"], [
-        RUST_LIB="target/debug/libjit.a"
+        RUST_LIB="target/debug/libruby.a"
     ], [
-        RUST_LIB="target/${JIT_CARGO_SUPPORT}/libjit.a"
+        RUST_LIB="target/${JIT_CARGO_SUPPORT}/libruby.a"
     ])
 ])
 
@@ -4033,6 +4118,8 @@ AS_IF([test -n "$RUST_LIB"], [
 
 dnl These variables end up in ::RbConfig::CONFIG
 AC_SUBST(RUSTC)dnl Rust compiler command
+AC_SUBST(JIT_RUST_FLAGS)dnl the common rustc flags for JIT crates such as zjit
+AC_SUBST(RUSTC_FLAGS)dnl user-configurable rustc compiler flags
 AC_SUBST(CARGO)dnl Cargo command for Rust builds
 AC_SUBST(CARGO_BUILD_ARGS)dnl for selecting Rust build profiles
 AC_SUBST(YJIT_SUPPORT)dnl what flavor of YJIT the Ruby build includes
@@ -4043,6 +4130,7 @@ AC_SUBST(ZJIT_LIBS)dnl path to the .a library of ZJIT
 AC_SUBST(ZJIT_OBJ)dnl for optionally building the C parts of ZJIT
 AC_SUBST(JIT_OBJ)dnl for optionally building C glue code for Rust FFI
 AC_SUBST(RUST_LIB)dnl path to the rust .a library that contains either or both JITs
+AC_SUBST(RLIB_DIR)dnl subpath of build directory for .rlib files
 AC_SUBST(JIT_CARGO_SUPPORT)dnl "no" or the cargo profile of the rust code
 }
 
@@ -4157,7 +4245,6 @@ enum {
 	    PLATFORM_DIR=win32
 	    ])
 	LIBRUBY_ALIASES=''
-	FIRSTMAKEFILE=GNUmakefile:cygwin/GNUmakefile.in
 	AS_IF([test x"$enable_shared" = xyes], [
 	    LIBRUBY='lib$(RUBY_SO_NAME).dll.a'
 	], [
@@ -4167,7 +4254,6 @@ enum {
 	])
 	],
     [wasi*], [
-        FIRSTMAKEFILE=GNUmakefile:wasm/GNUmakefile.in
         AC_LIBOBJ([wasm/missing])
         AC_LIBOBJ([wasm/runtime])
         AC_LIBOBJ([wasm/fiber])
@@ -4184,21 +4270,6 @@ AC_ARG_ENABLE(debug-env,
        AS_HELP_STRING([--enable-debug-env], [enable RUBY_DEBUG environment variable]),
        [AC_SUBST(ENABLE_DEBUG_ENV, yes)])
 
-AS_CASE(["$FIRSTMAKEFILE"], [*GNUmakefile:*], [gnumake=yes], [
-    AC_MSG_CHECKING([if ${MAKE-make} is GNU make])
-    mkdir conftest.dir
-    echo "all:; @echo yes" > conftest.dir/GNUmakefile
-    echo "all:; @echo no" > conftest.dir/Makefile
-    gnumake=`(cd conftest.dir; ${MAKE-make})`
-    rm -fr conftest.dir
-    AS_CASE(["$gnumake"],
-    [*yes*], [
-	FIRSTMAKEFILE=GNUmakefile:template/GNUmakefile.in
-	gnumake=yes],
-    [
-	gnumake=no])
-    AC_MSG_RESULT($gnumake)
-])
 AS_IF([test "$gnumake" = yes], [ NULLCMD=: ], [
     AC_MSG_CHECKING([for safe null command for ${MAKE-make}])
     mkdir conftest.dir
@@ -4282,6 +4353,24 @@ AS_IF([test "${ARCH_FLAG}"], [
     CXXFLAGS=`echo "$CXXFLAGS" | sed "s| *$archflagpat"'||'`
     LDFLAGS=`echo "$LDFLAGS" | sed "s| *$archflagpat"'||'`
 ])
+AS_CASE([" $rb_cv_warnflags "], [*" -Wshorten-64-to-32 "*|*" -Werror=shorten-64-to-32 "*], [
+    voidp_ll=
+    AS_CASE([$ac_cv_sizeof_voidp],
+    [SIZEOF_LONG_LONG], [voidp_ll=true],
+    [@<:@0-9@:>@*], [
+        AS_IF([test $ac_cv_sizeof_voidp -gt $ac_cv_sizeof_long], [voidp_ll=true])
+    ])
+    AS_IF([test "$voidp_ll"], [
+        # Disable the shorten-64-to-32 warning for now, because it currently
+        # generates a lot of warnings on platforms where `sizeof(void*)` is
+        # larger than `sizeof(long)`.
+        #
+        # TODO: Replace `long` with `ptrdiff_t` or something in the all sources.
+        rb_cv_warnflags=`echo "$rb_cv_warnflags" |
+           sed -e 's/ -W\(shorten-64-to-32 \)/ -Wno-\1/' \
+               -e 's/ -Werror=\(shorten-64-to-32 \)/ -Wno-\1/'`
+    ])
+])
 rb_cv_warnflags=`echo "$rb_cv_warnflags" | sed 's/^ *//;s/ *$//'`
 warnflags="$rb_cv_warnflags"
 AC_SUBST(cppflags)dnl
@@ -4324,7 +4413,6 @@ AC_SUBST(MINIOBJS)
 AC_SUBST(THREAD_MODEL)
 AC_SUBST(COROUTINE_TYPE, ${coroutine_type})
 AC_SUBST(PLATFORM_DIR)
-AC_SUBST(USE_LLVM_WINDRES)
 
 firstmf=`echo $FIRSTMAKEFILE | sed 's/:.*//'`
 firsttmpl=`echo $FIRSTMAKEFILE | sed 's/.*://'`
@@ -4674,8 +4762,12 @@ AC_CONFIG_FILES(Makefile:template/Makefile.in, [
 	sed '/^MISSING/s/\$U\././g;/^VCS *=/s#@VCS@#'"$VCS"'#;/^VCSUP *=/s#@VCSUP@#'"$VCSUP"'#' Makefile
 	echo; test x"$EXEEXT" = x || echo 'miniruby: miniruby$(EXEEXT)'
 	AS_IF([test "$gnumake" != yes], [
-	    echo ['$(MKFILES): $(srcdir)/common.mk']
-	    sed ['s/{\$([^(){}]*)[^{}]*}//g'] ${srcdir}/common.mk
+	    # extract NMake-style include list
+	    set = `sed -n 's/^!include  *//p' ${srcdir}/common.mk`
+	    echo common_mk_includes "@S|@*" # generate the macro assignment
+	    shift
+	    common_mk_includes="`echo \"@S|@*\" | sed 's|\$(srcdir)|.|g'`"
+	    (PWD= cd ${srcdir} && sed -f tool/prereq.status common.mk ${common_mk_includes})
             AS_IF([test "$YJIT_SUPPORT" = yes], [
                 cat ${srcdir}/yjit/not_gmake.mk
                 echo ['$(MKFILES): ${srcdir}/yjit/not_gmake.mk']
@@ -4686,20 +4778,7 @@ AC_CONFIG_FILES(Makefile:template/Makefile.in, [
 
 	echo; echo '$(srcdir)/$(CONFIGURE):RUBY_M4_INCLUDED \
 	$(empty)'
-    } > $tmpmk && AS_IF([! grep '^ruby:' $tmpmk > /dev/null], [
-	AS_IF([test "${gnumake}" = yes], [
-	    tmpgmk=confgmk$$.tmp
-	    {
-		echo "include $tmpmk"
-		echo "-include uncommon.mk"
-	    } > $tmpgmk
-	], [
-	    tmpgmk=$tmpmk
-	]) &&
-	test -z "`${MAKE-make} -f $tmpgmk info-program | grep '^PROGRAM=ruby$'`" &&
-	echo 'ruby: $(PROGRAM);' >> $tmpmk
-	test "$tmpmk" = "$tmpgmk" || rm -f "$tmpgmk"
-    ]) && mv -f $tmpmk Makefile],
+    } > $tmpmk && mv -f $tmpmk Makefile],
 [EXEEXT='$EXEEXT' MAKE='${MAKE-make}' gnumake='$gnumake' GIT='$GIT' YJIT_SUPPORT='$YJIT_SUPPORT'])
 
 AC_ARG_WITH([ruby-pc],
@@ -4714,6 +4793,11 @@ AC_ARG_WITH(destdir,
 	    [DESTDIR="$withval"])
 AC_SUBST(DESTDIR)
 
+AS_IF([test "x$load_relative:$DESTDIR" = xyes:], [
+    AS_IF([test "x$prefix" = xNONE], [DESTDIR="$ac_default_prefix"], [DESTDIR="$prefix"])
+    prefix=/.
+])
+
 AC_OUTPUT
 }
 
@@ -4767,6 +4851,7 @@ config_summary "strip command"       "$STRIP"
 config_summary "install doc"         "$DOCTARGETS"
 config_summary "YJIT support"        "$YJIT_SUPPORT"
 config_summary "ZJIT support"        "$ZJIT_SUPPORT"
+config_summary "RUSTC_FLAGS"         "$RUSTC_FLAGS"
 config_summary "man page type"       "$MANTYPE"
 config_summary "search path"         "$search_path"
 config_summary "static-linked-ext"   ${EXTSTATIC:+"yes"}
diff --git a/cont.c b/cont.c
index c40ed6715c..8af093a316 100644
--- a/cont.c
+++ b/cont.c
@@ -30,6 +30,7 @@ extern int madvise(caddr_t, size_t, int);
 #include "internal/cont.h"
 #include "internal/thread.h"
 #include "internal/error.h"
+#include "internal/eval.h"
 #include "internal/gc.h"
 #include "internal/proc.h"
 #include "internal/sanitizers.h"
@@ -47,7 +48,8 @@ static const int DEBUG = 0;
 #define RB_PAGE_MASK (~(RB_PAGE_SIZE - 1))
 static long pagesize;
 
-static const rb_data_type_t cont_data_type, fiber_data_type;
+static const rb_data_type_t rb_cont_data_type;
+static const rb_data_type_t rb_fiber_data_type;
 static VALUE rb_cContinuation;
 static VALUE rb_cFiber;
 static VALUE rb_eFiberError;
@@ -773,44 +775,40 @@ static void
 fiber_pool_stack_release(struct fiber_pool_stack * stack)
 {
     struct fiber_pool * pool = stack->pool;
-    RB_VM_LOCK_ENTER();
-    {
-        struct fiber_pool_vacancy * vacancy = fiber_pool_vacancy_pointer(stack->base, stack->size);
+    struct fiber_pool_vacancy * vacancy = fiber_pool_vacancy_pointer(stack->base, stack->size);
 
-        if (DEBUG) fprintf(stderr, "fiber_pool_stack_release: %p used=%"PRIuSIZE"\n", stack->base, stack->pool->used);
+    if (DEBUG) fprintf(stderr, "fiber_pool_stack_release: %p used=%"PRIuSIZE"\n", stack->base, stack->pool->used);
 
-        // Copy the stack details into the vacancy area:
-        vacancy->stack = *stack;
-        // After this point, be careful about updating/using state in stack, since it's copied to the vacancy area.
+    // Copy the stack details into the vacancy area:
+    vacancy->stack = *stack;
+    // After this point, be careful about updating/using state in stack, since it's copied to the vacancy area.
 
-        // Reset the stack pointers and reserve space for the vacancy data:
-        fiber_pool_vacancy_reset(vacancy);
+    // Reset the stack pointers and reserve space for the vacancy data:
+    fiber_pool_vacancy_reset(vacancy);
 
-        // Push the vacancy into the vancancies list:
-        pool->vacancies = fiber_pool_vacancy_push(vacancy, pool->vacancies);
-        pool->used -= 1;
+    // Push the vacancy into the vancancies list:
+    pool->vacancies = fiber_pool_vacancy_push(vacancy, pool->vacancies);
+    pool->used -= 1;
 
 #ifdef FIBER_POOL_ALLOCATION_FREE
-        struct fiber_pool_allocation * allocation = stack->allocation;
+    struct fiber_pool_allocation * allocation = stack->allocation;
 
-        allocation->used -= 1;
+    allocation->used -= 1;
 
-        // Release address space and/or dirty memory:
-        if (allocation->used == 0) {
-            fiber_pool_allocation_free(allocation);
-        }
-        else if (stack->pool->free_stacks) {
-            fiber_pool_stack_free(&vacancy->stack);
-        }
+    // Release address space and/or dirty memory:
+    if (allocation->used == 0) {
+        fiber_pool_allocation_free(allocation);
+    }
+    else if (stack->pool->free_stacks) {
+        fiber_pool_stack_free(&vacancy->stack);
+    }
 #else
-        // This is entirely optional, but clears the dirty flag from the stack
-        // memory, so it won't get swapped to disk when there is memory pressure:
-        if (stack->pool->free_stacks) {
-            fiber_pool_stack_free(&vacancy->stack);
-        }
-#endif
+    // This is entirely optional, but clears the dirty flag from the stack
+    // memory, so it won't get swapped to disk when there is memory pressure:
+    if (stack->pool->free_stacks) {
+        fiber_pool_stack_free(&vacancy->stack);
     }
-    RB_VM_LOCK_LEAVE();
+#endif
 }
 
 static inline void
@@ -923,6 +921,17 @@ fiber_stack_release(rb_fiber_t * fiber)
     rb_ec_clear_vm_stack(ec);
 }
 
+static void
+fiber_stack_release_locked(rb_fiber_t *fiber)
+{
+    if (!ruby_vm_during_cleanup) {
+        // We can't try to acquire the VM lock here because MMTK calls free in its own native thread which has no ec.
+        // This assertion will fail on MMTK but we currently don't have CI for debug releases of MMTK, so we can assert for now.
+        ASSERT_vm_locking_with_barrier();
+    }
+    fiber_stack_release(fiber);
+}
+
 static const char *
 fiber_status_name(enum fiber_status s)
 {
@@ -944,7 +953,9 @@ fiber_verify(const rb_fiber_t *fiber)
 
     switch (fiber->status) {
       case FIBER_RESUMED:
-        VM_ASSERT(fiber->cont.saved_ec.vm_stack != NULL);
+        if (fiber->cont.saved_ec.thread_ptr->self == 0) {
+            VM_ASSERT(fiber->cont.saved_ec.vm_stack != NULL);
+        }
         break;
       case FIBER_SUSPENDED:
         VM_ASSERT(fiber->cont.saved_ec.vm_stack != NULL);
@@ -974,7 +985,7 @@ cont_ptr(VALUE obj)
 {
     rb_context_t *cont;
 
-    TypedData_Get_Struct(obj, rb_context_t, &cont_data_type, cont);
+    TypedData_Get_Struct(obj, rb_context_t, &rb_cont_data_type, cont);
 
     return cont;
 }
@@ -984,7 +995,7 @@ fiber_ptr(VALUE obj)
 {
     rb_fiber_t *fiber;
 
-    TypedData_Get_Struct(obj, rb_fiber_t, &fiber_data_type, fiber);
+    TypedData_Get_Struct(obj, rb_fiber_t, &rb_fiber_data_type, fiber);
     if (!fiber) rb_raise(rb_eFiberError, "uninitialized fiber");
 
     return fiber;
@@ -1083,7 +1094,7 @@ cont_free(void *ptr)
     else {
         rb_fiber_t *fiber = (rb_fiber_t*)cont;
         coroutine_destroy(&fiber->context);
-        fiber_stack_release(fiber);
+        fiber_stack_release_locked(fiber);
     }
 
     RUBY_FREE_UNLESS_NULL(cont->saved_vm_stack.ptr);
@@ -1132,12 +1143,7 @@ rb_fiber_update_self(rb_fiber_t *fiber)
 void
 rb_fiber_mark_self(const rb_fiber_t *fiber)
 {
-    if (fiber->cont.self) {
-        rb_gc_mark_movable(fiber->cont.self);
-    }
-    else {
-        rb_execution_context_mark(&fiber->cont.saved_ec);
-    }
+    rb_gc_mark_movable(fiber->cont.self);
 }
 
 static void
@@ -1203,7 +1209,7 @@ fiber_memsize(const void *ptr)
 VALUE
 rb_obj_is_fiber(VALUE obj)
 {
-    return RBOOL(rb_typeddata_is_kind_of(obj, &fiber_data_type));
+    return RBOOL(rb_typeddata_is_kind_of(obj, &rb_fiber_data_type));
 }
 
 static void
@@ -1234,9 +1240,23 @@ cont_save_machine_stack(rb_thread_t *th, rb_context_t *cont)
     MEMCPY(cont->machine.stack, cont->machine.stack_src, VALUE, size);
 }
 
-static const rb_data_type_t cont_data_type = {
+static void
+cont_handle_weak_references(void *ptr)
+{
+    rb_context_t *cont = ptr;
+
+    if (!cont) return;
+
+    if (!rb_gc_handle_weak_references_alive_p(cont->saved_ec.gen_fields_cache.obj) ||
+            !rb_gc_handle_weak_references_alive_p(cont->saved_ec.gen_fields_cache.fields_obj)) {
+        cont->saved_ec.gen_fields_cache.obj = Qundef;
+        cont->saved_ec.gen_fields_cache.fields_obj = Qundef;
+    }
+}
+
+static const rb_data_type_t rb_cont_data_type = {
     "continuation",
-    {cont_mark, cont_free, cont_memsize, cont_compact},
+    {cont_mark, cont_free, cont_memsize, cont_compact, cont_handle_weak_references},
     0, 0, RUBY_TYPED_FREE_IMMEDIATELY
 };
 
@@ -1396,7 +1416,8 @@ cont_new(VALUE klass)
     rb_thread_t *th = GET_THREAD();
 
     THREAD_MUST_BE_RUNNING(th);
-    contval = TypedData_Make_Struct(klass, rb_context_t, &cont_data_type, cont);
+    contval = TypedData_Make_Struct(klass, rb_context_t, &rb_cont_data_type, cont);
+    rb_gc_declare_weak_references(contval);
     cont->self = contval;
     cont_init(cont, th);
     return cont;
@@ -1975,16 +1996,38 @@ rb_cont_call(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE contval)
  *
  */
 
-static const rb_data_type_t fiber_data_type = {
+static void
+fiber_handle_weak_references(void *ptr)
+{
+    rb_fiber_t *fiber = ptr;
+
+    if (!fiber) return;
+
+    if (!rb_gc_handle_weak_references_alive_p(fiber->cont.saved_ec.gen_fields_cache.obj) ||
+            !rb_gc_handle_weak_references_alive_p(fiber->cont.saved_ec.gen_fields_cache.fields_obj)) {
+        fiber->cont.saved_ec.gen_fields_cache.obj = Qundef;
+        fiber->cont.saved_ec.gen_fields_cache.fields_obj = Qundef;
+    }
+}
+
+static const rb_data_type_t rb_fiber_data_type = {
     "fiber",
-    {fiber_mark, fiber_free, fiber_memsize, fiber_compact,},
+    {fiber_mark, fiber_free, fiber_memsize, fiber_compact, fiber_handle_weak_references},
     0, 0, RUBY_TYPED_FREE_IMMEDIATELY
 };
 
 static VALUE
 fiber_alloc(VALUE klass)
 {
-    return TypedData_Wrap_Struct(klass, &fiber_data_type, 0);
+    VALUE obj = TypedData_Wrap_Struct(klass, &rb_fiber_data_type, 0);
+    rb_gc_declare_weak_references(obj);
+    return obj;
+}
+
+static rb_serial_t
+next_ec_serial(rb_ractor_t *cr)
+{
+    return cr->next_ec_serial++;
 }
 
 static rb_fiber_t*
@@ -2006,6 +2049,7 @@ fiber_t_alloc(VALUE fiber_value, unsigned int blocking)
     cont_init(&fiber->cont, th);
 
     fiber->cont.saved_ec.fiber_ptr = fiber;
+    fiber->cont.saved_ec.serial = next_ec_serial(th->ractor);
     rb_ec_clear_vm_stack(&fiber->cont.saved_ec);
 
     fiber->prev = NULL;
@@ -2019,32 +2063,10 @@ fiber_t_alloc(VALUE fiber_value, unsigned int blocking)
     return fiber;
 }
 
-static rb_fiber_t *
-root_fiber_alloc(rb_thread_t *th)
-{
-    VALUE fiber_value = fiber_alloc(rb_cFiber);
-    rb_fiber_t *fiber = th->ec->fiber_ptr;
-
-    VM_ASSERT(DATA_PTR(fiber_value) == NULL);
-    VM_ASSERT(fiber->cont.type == FIBER_CONTEXT);
-    VM_ASSERT(FIBER_RESUMED_P(fiber));
-
-    th->root_fiber = fiber;
-    DATA_PTR(fiber_value) = fiber;
-    fiber->cont.self = fiber_value;
-
-    coroutine_initialize_main(&fiber->context);
-
-    return fiber;
-}
-
 static inline rb_fiber_t*
 fiber_current(void)
 {
     rb_execution_context_t *ec = GET_EC();
-    if (ec->fiber_ptr->cont.self == 0) {
-        root_fiber_alloc(rb_ec_thread_ptr(ec));
-    }
     return ec->fiber_ptr;
 }
 
@@ -2177,7 +2199,7 @@ rb_fiber_storage_set(VALUE self, VALUE value)
  *  Returns the value of the fiber storage variable identified by +key+.
  *
  *  The +key+ must be a symbol, and the value is set by Fiber#[]= or
- *  Fiber#store.
+ *  Fiber#storage.
  *
  *  See also Fiber::[]=.
  */
@@ -2550,17 +2572,32 @@ rb_threadptr_root_fiber_setup(rb_thread_t *th)
     if (!fiber) {
         rb_bug("%s", strerror(errno)); /* ... is it possible to call rb_bug here? */
     }
+
     fiber->cont.type = FIBER_CONTEXT;
     fiber->cont.saved_ec.fiber_ptr = fiber;
+    fiber->cont.saved_ec.serial = next_ec_serial(th->ractor);
     fiber->cont.saved_ec.thread_ptr = th;
     fiber->blocking = 1;
     fiber->killed = 0;
     fiber_status_set(fiber, FIBER_RESUMED); /* skip CREATED */
+
+    coroutine_initialize_main(&fiber->context);
+
     th->ec = &fiber->cont.saved_ec;
+
     cont_init_jit_cont(&fiber->cont);
 }
 
 void
+rb_root_fiber_obj_setup(rb_thread_t *th)
+{
+    rb_fiber_t *fiber = th->ec->fiber_ptr;
+    VALUE fiber_value = fiber_alloc(rb_cFiber);
+    DATA_PTR(fiber_value) = fiber;
+    fiber->cont.self = fiber_value;
+}
+
+void
 rb_threadptr_root_fiber_release(rb_thread_t *th)
 {
     if (th->root_fiber) {
@@ -2630,15 +2667,7 @@ rb_fiber_current(void)
 static inline void
 fiber_store(rb_fiber_t *next_fiber, rb_thread_t *th)
 {
-    rb_fiber_t *fiber;
-
-    if (th->ec->fiber_ptr != NULL) {
-        fiber = th->ec->fiber_ptr;
-    }
-    else {
-        /* create root fiber */
-        fiber = root_fiber_alloc(th);
-    }
+    rb_fiber_t *fiber = th->ec->fiber_ptr;
 
     if (FIBER_CREATED_P(next_fiber)) {
         fiber_prepare_stack(next_fiber);
@@ -2674,7 +2703,9 @@ fiber_switch(rb_fiber_t *fiber, int argc, const VALUE *argv, int kw_splat, rb_fi
     rb_thread_t *th = GET_THREAD();
 
     /* make sure the root_fiber object is available */
-    if (th->root_fiber == NULL) root_fiber_alloc(th);
+    if (th->root_fiber == NULL) {
+        th->root_fiber = th->ec->fiber_ptr;
+    }
 
     if (th->ec->fiber_ptr == fiber) {
         /* ignore fiber context switch
@@ -2740,7 +2771,9 @@ fiber_switch(rb_fiber_t *fiber, int argc, const VALUE *argv, int kw_splat, rb_fi
     // We cannot free the stack until the pthread is joined:
 #ifndef COROUTINE_PTHREAD_CONTEXT
     if (resuming_fiber && FIBER_TERMINATED_P(fiber)) {
-        fiber_stack_release(fiber);
+        RB_VM_LOCKING() {
+            fiber_stack_release(fiber);
+        }
     }
 #endif
 
@@ -2880,6 +2913,7 @@ void
 rb_fiber_close(rb_fiber_t *fiber)
 {
     fiber_status_set(fiber, FIBER_TERMINATED);
+    rb_ec_close(&fiber->cont.saved_ec);
 }
 
 static void
@@ -3218,37 +3252,46 @@ fiber_raise(rb_fiber_t *fiber, VALUE exception)
 }
 
 VALUE
-rb_fiber_raise(VALUE fiber, int argc, const VALUE *argv)
+rb_fiber_raise(VALUE fiber, int argc, VALUE *argv)
 {
-    VALUE exception = rb_make_exception(argc, argv);
+    VALUE exception = rb_exception_setup(argc, argv);
 
     return fiber_raise(fiber_ptr(fiber), exception);
 }
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *     fiber.raise                                 -> obj
- *     fiber.raise(string)                         -> obj
- *     fiber.raise(exception [, string [, array]]) -> obj
+ *    raise(exception, message = exception.to_s, backtrace = nil, cause: $!)
+ *    raise(message = nil, cause: $!)
  *
  *  Raises an exception in the fiber at the point at which the last
- *  +Fiber.yield+ was called. If the fiber has not been started or has
+ *  +Fiber.yield+ was called.
+ *
+ *     f = Fiber.new {
+ *       puts "Before the yield"
+ *       Fiber.yield 1 # -- exception will be raised here
+ *       puts "After the yield"
+ *     }
+ *
+ *     p f.resume
+ *     f.raise "Gotcha"
+ *
+ *  Output
+ *
+ *     Before the first yield
+ *     1
+ *     t.rb:8:in 'Fiber.yield': Gotcha (RuntimeError)
+ *       from t.rb:8:in 'block in <main>'
+ *
+ *  If the fiber has not been started or has
  *  already run to completion, raises +FiberError+. If the fiber is
  *  yielding, it is resumed. If it is transferring, it is transferred into.
  *  But if it is resuming, raises +FiberError+.
  *
- *  With no arguments, raises a +RuntimeError+. With a single +String+
- *  argument, raises a +RuntimeError+ with the string as a message.  Otherwise,
- *  the first parameter should be the name of an +Exception+ class (or an
- *  object that returns an +Exception+ object when sent an +exception+
- *  message). The optional second parameter sets the message associated with
- *  the exception, and the third parameter is an array of callback information.
- *  Exceptions are caught by the +rescue+ clause of <code>begin...end</code>
- *  blocks.
- *
  *  Raises +FiberError+ if called on a Fiber belonging to another +Thread+.
  *
- *  See Kernel#raise for more information.
+ *  See Kernel#raise for more information on arguments.
+ *
  */
 static VALUE
 rb_fiber_m_raise(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
@@ -3343,6 +3386,8 @@ rb_fiber_atfork(rb_thread_t *th)
             th->root_fiber = th->ec->fiber_ptr;
         }
         th->root_fiber->prev = 0;
+        th->root_fiber->blocking = 1;
+        th->blocking = 1;
     }
 }
 #endif
@@ -3495,6 +3540,10 @@ Init_Cont(void)
 
     rb_define_singleton_method(rb_cFiber, "schedule", rb_fiber_s_schedule, -1);
 
+    rb_thread_t *current_thread = rb_current_thread();
+    RUBY_ASSERT(CLASS_OF(current_thread->ec->fiber_ptr->cont.self) == 0);
+    *(VALUE *)&((struct RBasic *)current_thread->ec->fiber_ptr->cont.self)->klass = rb_cFiber;
+
 #ifdef RB_EXPERIMENTAL_FIBER_POOL
     /*
      * Document-class: Fiber::Pool
diff --git a/cygwin/GNUmakefile.in b/cygwin/GNUmakefile.in
index 8e83d73040..109baa747d 100644
--- a/cygwin/GNUmakefile.in
+++ b/cygwin/GNUmakefile.in
@@ -6,14 +6,9 @@ MUNICODE_FLAG := $(if $(filter mingw%,$(target_os)),-municode)
 override EXE_LDFLAGS += $(MUNICODE_FLAG)
 
 DLLWRAP = @DLLWRAP@ --target=$(target_os) --driver-name="$(CC)"
-ifeq (@USE_LLVM_WINDRES@,yes) # USE_LLVM_WINDRES
-	# llvm-windres fails when preprocessor options are added
-	windres-cpp :=
-else
-	windres-cpp := $(CPP) -xc
-	windres-cpp := --preprocessor=$(firstword $(windres-cpp)) \
-		$(addprefix --preprocessor-arg=,$(wordlist 2,$(words $(windres-cpp)),$(windres-cpp)))
-endif
+windres-cpp := $(CPP) -xc
+windres-cpp := --preprocessor=$(firstword $(windres-cpp)) \
+	$(addprefix --preprocessor-arg=,$(wordlist 2,$(words $(windres-cpp)),$(windres-cpp)))
 WINDRES = @WINDRES@ $(windres-cpp) -DRC_INVOKED
 STRIP = @STRIP@
 
diff --git a/darray.h b/darray.h
index c9035b74b6..10fd5e4ccc 100644
--- a/darray.h
+++ b/darray.h
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@
 #include <stdint.h>
 #include <stddef.h>
 #include <stdlib.h>
+#include "ruby/ruby.h"
 
 // Type for a dynamic array. Use to declare a dynamic array.
 // It is a pointer so it fits in st_table nicely. Designed
@@ -72,6 +73,20 @@
     (*(ptr_to_ary))->meta.size++; \
 } while (0)
 
+/* Removes the element at idx and replaces it with the last element.
+ * ptr_to_ary and idx is evaluated multiple times.
+ * Warning: not bounds checked.
+ *
+ * void rb_darray_swap_remove(rb_darray(T) *ptr_to_ary, size_t idx);
+ */
+#define rb_darray_swap_remove(ptr_to_ary, idx) do { \
+    size_t _darray_size = rb_darray_size(*(ptr_to_ary)); \
+    if ((idx) != _darray_size - 1) { \
+        (*(ptr_to_ary))->data[idx] = (*(ptr_to_ary))->data[_darray_size - 1]; \
+    } \
+    (*(ptr_to_ary))->meta.size--; \
+} while (0)
+
 // Iterate over items of the array in a for loop
 //
 #define rb_darray_foreach(ary, idx_name, elem_ptr_var) \
@@ -133,6 +148,9 @@ rb_darray_size(const void *ary)
     return meta ? meta->size : 0;
 }
 
+/* Estimate of the amount of memory used by this darray.
+ * Useful for TypedData objects. */
+#define rb_darray_memsize(ary) (sizeof(*(ary)) + (rb_darray_size(ary) * sizeof((ary)->data[0])))
 
 static inline void
 rb_darray_pop(void *ary, size_t count)
diff --git a/debug.c b/debug.c
index 4717a0bc9c..1a2c27a5be 100644
--- a/debug.c
+++ b/debug.c
@@ -57,6 +57,7 @@ const union {
     enum ruby_rstring_flags     rstring_flags;
     enum ruby_rarray_flags      rarray_flags;
     enum ruby_rarray_consts     rarray_consts;
+    enum rbimpl_typeddata_flags rtypeddata_consts;
     enum {
         RUBY_FMODE_READABLE		= FMODE_READABLE,
         RUBY_FMODE_WRITABLE		= FMODE_WRITABLE,
@@ -168,9 +169,7 @@ ruby_debug_breakpoint(void)
 }
 
 #if defined _WIN32
-# if RUBY_MSVCRT_VERSION >= 80
 extern int ruby_w32_rtc_error;
-# endif
 #endif
 #if defined _WIN32 || defined __CYGWIN__
 #include <windows.h>
@@ -233,9 +232,7 @@ ruby_env_debug_option(const char *str, int len, void *arg)
     SET_WHEN("ci", ruby_on_ci, 1);
     SET_WHEN_UINT("rgengc", &ruby_rgengc_debug, 1, ruby_rgengc_debug = 1);
 #if defined _WIN32
-# if RUBY_MSVCRT_VERSION >= 80
     SET_WHEN("rtc_error", ruby_w32_rtc_error, 1);
-# endif
 #endif
 #if defined _WIN32 || defined __CYGWIN__
     SET_WHEN_UINT("codepage", ruby_w32_codepage, numberof(ruby_w32_codepage),
@@ -712,4 +709,22 @@ ruby_debug_log_dump(const char *fname, unsigned int n)
         fclose(fp);
     }
 }
+
+#else
+
+#undef ruby_debug_log
+void
+ruby_debug_log(const char *file, int line, const char *func_name, const char *fmt, ...)
+{
+    va_list args;
+
+    fprintf(stderr, "[%s:%d] %s: ", file, line, func_name);
+
+    va_start(args, fmt);
+    vfprintf(stderr, fmt, args);
+    va_end(args);
+
+    fprintf(stderr, "\n");
+}
+
 #endif // #if USE_RUBY_DEBUG_LOG
diff --git a/debug_counter.h b/debug_counter.h
index c4ee26534f..c8d8ed8f11 100644
--- a/debug_counter.h
+++ b/debug_counter.h
@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(cc_temp)       //           dummy CC (stack-allocated)
 RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(cc_found_in_ccs)      // count for CC lookup success in CCS
 RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(cc_not_found_in_ccs)  // count for CC lookup success in CCS
 
-RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(cc_ent_invalidate) // count for invalidating cc (cc->klass = 0)
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(cc_ent_invalidate) // count for invalidating cc (cc->klass = Qundef)
 RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(cc_cme_invalidate) // count for invalidating CME
 
 RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(cc_invalidate_leaf)          // count for invalidating klass if klass has no-subclasses
@@ -305,16 +305,15 @@ RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(obj_imemo_ment)
 RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(obj_imemo_iseq)
 RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(obj_imemo_env)
 RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(obj_imemo_tmpbuf)
-RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(obj_imemo_ast)
 RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(obj_imemo_cref)
 RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(obj_imemo_svar)
 RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(obj_imemo_throw_data)
 RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(obj_imemo_ifunc)
 RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(obj_imemo_memo)
-RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(obj_imemo_parser_strterm)
 RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(obj_imemo_callinfo)
 RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(obj_imemo_callcache)
 RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(obj_imemo_constcache)
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(obj_imemo_fields)
 
 RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(opt_new_hit)
 RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(opt_new_miss)
diff --git a/defs/gmake.mk b/defs/gmake.mk
index 87fc8021b2..f4b3d79990 100644
--- a/defs/gmake.mk
+++ b/defs/gmake.mk
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@
 
 reconfig config.status: export MAKE:=$(MAKE)
 export BASERUBY:=$(BASERUBY)
+export GIT
 override gnumake_recursive := $(if $(findstring n,$(firstword $(MFLAGS))),,+)
 override mflags := $(filter-out -j%,$(MFLAGS))
 MSPECOPT += $(if $(filter -j%,$(MFLAGS)),-j)
@@ -161,6 +162,10 @@ endif
 
 config.status: $(wildcard config.cache)
 
+ifneq (ruby,$(PROGRAM))
+ruby: $(PROGRAM);
+endif
+
 STUBPROGRAM = rubystub$(EXEEXT)
 IGNOREDPATTERNS = %~ .% %.orig %.rej \#%\#
 SCRIPTBINDIR := $(if $(EXEEXT),,exec/)
@@ -204,7 +209,7 @@ post-commit: $(if $(DOT_WAIT),,do-commit)
 	+$(Q) \
 	{ \
 	  $(in-srcdir) \
-	  exec sed -f tool/prereq.status defs/gmake.mk template/Makefile.in common.mk; \
+	  exec sed -f tool/prereq.status defs/gmake.mk template/Makefile.in common.mk depend; \
 	} | \
 	$(MAKE) $(mflags) Q=$(Q) ECHO=$(ECHO) \
 		top_srcdir="$(top_srcdir)" srcdir="$(srcdir)" srcs_vpath="" CHDIR="$(CHDIR)" \
@@ -216,8 +221,8 @@ post-commit: $(if $(DOT_WAIT),,do-commit)
 GITHUB_RUBY_URL = https://github.com/ruby/ruby
 PR =
 
-COMMIT_GPG_SIGN = $(shell $(GIT) -C "$(srcdir)" config commit.gpgsign)
-REMOTE_GITHUB_URL = $(shell $(GIT) -C "$(srcdir)" config remote.github.url)
+COMMIT_GPG_SIGN = $(shell $(GIT_IN_SRC) config commit.gpgsign)
+REMOTE_GITHUB_URL = $(shell $(GIT_IN_SRC) config remote.github.url)
 COMMITS_NOTES = commits
 
 .PHONY: fetch-github
@@ -232,19 +237,19 @@ define fetch-github
 	$(eval REMOTE_GITHUB_URL := $(REMOTE_GITHUB_URL))
 	$(if $(REMOTE_GITHUB_URL),,
 	  echo adding $(GITHUB_RUBY_URL) as remote github
-	  $(GIT) -C "$(srcdir)" remote add github $(GITHUB_RUBY_URL)
-	  $(GIT) -C "$(srcdir)" config --add remote.github.fetch +refs/notes/$(COMMITS_NOTES):refs/notes/$(COMMITS_NOTES)
+	  $(GIT_IN_SRC) remote add github $(GITHUB_RUBY_URL)
+	  $(GIT_IN_SRC) config --add remote.github.fetch +refs/notes/$(COMMITS_NOTES):refs/notes/$(COMMITS_NOTES)
 	  $(eval REMOTE_GITHUB_URL := $(GITHUB_RUBY_URL))
 	)
-	$(if $(shell $(GIT) -C "$(srcdir)" rev-parse "github/pull/$(1)/head" -- 2> /dev/null),
-	    $(GIT) -C "$(srcdir)" branch -f "gh-$(1)" "github/pull/$(1)/head",
-	    $(GIT) -C "$(srcdir)" fetch -f github "pull/$(1)/head:gh-$(1)"
+	$(if $(shell $(GIT_IN_SRC) rev-parse "github/pull/$(1)/head" -- 2> /dev/null),
+	    $(GIT_IN_SRC) branch -f "gh-$(1)" "github/pull/$(1)/head",
+	    $(GIT_IN_SRC) fetch -f github "pull/$(1)/head:gh-$(1)"
 	)
 endef
 
 .PHONY: checkout-github
 checkout-github: fetch-github
-	$(GIT) -C "$(srcdir)" checkout "gh-$(PR)"
+	$(GIT_IN_SRC) checkout "gh-$(PR)"
 
 .PHONY: update-github
 update-github: fetch-github
@@ -257,25 +262,25 @@ update-github: fetch-github
 	$(eval PR_BRANCH := $(word 2,$(PULL_REQUEST_FORK_BRANCH)))
 
 	$(eval GITHUB_UPDATE_WORKTREE := $(shell mktemp -d "$(srcdir)/gh-$(PR)-XXXXXX"))
-	$(GIT) -C "$(srcdir)" worktree add $(notdir $(GITHUB_UPDATE_WORKTREE)) "gh-$(PR)"
+	$(GIT_IN_SRC) worktree add $(notdir $(GITHUB_UPDATE_WORKTREE)) "gh-$(PR)"
 	$(GIT) -C "$(GITHUB_UPDATE_WORKTREE)" merge master --no-edit
 	@$(BASERUBY) -e 'print "Are you sure to push this to PR=$(PR)? [Y/n]: "; exit(gets.chomp != "n")'
-	$(GIT) -C "$(srcdir)" remote add fork-$(PR) git@github.com:$(FORK_REPO).git
+	$(GIT_IN_SRC) remote add fork-$(PR) git@github.com:$(FORK_REPO).git
 	$(GIT) -C "$(GITHUB_UPDATE_WORKTREE)" push fork-$(PR) gh-$(PR):$(PR_BRANCH)
-	$(GIT) -C "$(srcdir)" remote rm fork-$(PR)
-	$(GIT) -C "$(srcdir)" worktree remove $(notdir $(GITHUB_UPDATE_WORKTREE))
-	$(GIT) -C "$(srcdir)" branch -D gh-$(PR)
+	$(GIT_IN_SRC) remote rm fork-$(PR)
+	$(GIT_IN_SRC) worktree remove $(notdir $(GITHUB_UPDATE_WORKTREE))
+	$(GIT_IN_SRC) branch -D gh-$(PR)
 
 .PHONY: pull-github
 pull-github: fetch-github
 	$(call pull-github,$(PR))
 
 define pull-github
-	$(eval GITHUB_MERGE_BASE := $(shell $(GIT) -C "$(srcdir)" log -1 --format=format:%H))
-	$(eval GITHUB_MERGE_BRANCH := $(shell $(GIT) -C "$(srcdir)" symbolic-ref --short HEAD))
+	$(eval GITHUB_MERGE_BASE := $(shell $(GIT_LOG_FORMAT)%H -1)
+	$(eval GITHUB_MERGE_BRANCH := $(shell $(GIT_IN_SRC) symbolic-ref --short HEAD))
 	$(eval GITHUB_MERGE_WORKTREE := $(shell mktemp -d "$(srcdir)/gh-$(1)-XXXXXX"))
-	$(GIT) -C "$(srcdir)" worktree prune
-	$(GIT) -C "$(srcdir)" worktree add $(notdir $(GITHUB_MERGE_WORKTREE)) "gh-$(1)"
+	$(GIT_IN_SRC) worktree prune
+	$(GIT_IN_SRC) worktree add $(notdir $(GITHUB_MERGE_WORKTREE)) "gh-$(1)"
 	$(GIT) -C "$(GITHUB_MERGE_WORKTREE)" rebase $(GITHUB_MERGE_BRANCH)
 	$(eval COMMIT_GPG_SIGN := $(COMMIT_GPG_SIGN))
 	$(if $(filter true,$(COMMIT_GPG_SIGN)), \
@@ -290,7 +295,7 @@ fetch-github-%:
 
 .PHONY: checkout-github-%
 checkout-github-%: fetch-github-%
-	$(GIT) -C "$(srcdir)" checkout "gh-$*"
+	$(GIT_IN_SRC) checkout "gh-$*"
 
 .PHONY: pr-% pull-github-%
 pr-% pull-github-%: fetch-github-%
@@ -309,7 +314,7 @@ HELP_EXTRA_TASKS = \
 # 4. "gem x.y.z URL" -> "gem-x.y.z"
 bundled-gems := $(shell sed \
 	-e 's/[ 	][ 	]*/ /g' \
-	-e 's/^ //;/\#/d;s/ *$$//;/^$$/d' \
+	-e 's/^ //;s/\#.*//;s/ *$$//;/^$$/d' \
 	$(if $(filter yes,$(HAVE_GIT)), \
 	-e 's/^\(.*\) \(.*\) \(.*\) \(.*\)/\1|\2|\4|\3/' \
 	) \
@@ -365,7 +370,7 @@ $(srcdir)/.bundle/.timestamp:
 define build-gem
 $(srcdir)/gems/src/$(1)/.git: | $(srcdir)/gems/src
 	$(ECHO) Cloning $(4)
-	$(Q) $(GIT) clone $(4) $$(@D)
+	$(Q) $(GIT) clone --depth=1 --no-tags $(4) $$(@D)
 
 $(bundled-gem-revision): \
 	$(if $(if $(wildcard $$(@)),$(filter $(3),$(shell cat $$(@)))),,PHONY) \
@@ -429,7 +434,7 @@ ifneq ($(DOT_WAIT),)
 endif
 
 ifeq ($(HAVE_GIT),yes)
-REVISION_LATEST := $(shell $(CHDIR) $(srcdir) && $(GIT) log -1 --format=%H 2>/dev/null)
+REVISION_LATEST := $(shell $(GIT_LOG_FORMAT)%H -1 2>/dev/null)
 else
 REVISION_LATEST := update
 endif
@@ -491,7 +496,7 @@ endif
 update-deps:
 	$(eval update_deps := $(shell date +update-deps-%Y%m%d))
 	$(eval deps_dir := $(shell mktemp -d)/$(update_deps))
-	$(eval GIT_DIR := $(shell $(GIT) -C $(srcdir) rev-parse --absolute-git-dir))
+	$(eval GIT_DIR := $(shell $(GIT_IN_SRC) rev-parse --absolute-git-dir))
 	$(GIT) --git-dir=$(GIT_DIR) worktree add $(deps_dir)
 	cp $(tooldir)/config.guess $(tooldir)/config.sub $(deps_dir)/tool
 	[ -f config.status ] && cp config.status $(deps_dir)
@@ -505,11 +510,14 @@ update-deps:
 	$(GIT) --git-dir=$(GIT_DIR) merge --no-edit --ff-only $(update_deps)
 	$(GIT) --git-dir=$(GIT_DIR) branch --delete $(update_deps)
 
+fix-depends check-depends: all hello
+	$(BASERUBY) -C $(srcdir) tool/update-deps $(if $(filter fix-%,$@),--fix)
+
 # order-only-prerequisites doesn't work for $(RUBYSPEC_CAPIEXT)
 # because the same named directory exists in the source tree.
 $(RUBYSPEC_CAPIEXT)/%.$(DLEXT): $(srcdir)/$(RUBYSPEC_CAPIEXT)/%.c $(RUBYSPEC_CAPIEXT_DEPS) \
 	| build-ext
-	$(ECHO) building $@
+	$(no_silence:no=$(ECHO) building $@)
 	$(Q) $(MAKEDIRS) $(@D)
 	$(Q) $(DLDSHARED) -L. $(XDLDFLAGS) $(XLDFLAGS) $(LDFLAGS) $(INCFLAGS) $(CPPFLAGS) $(OUTFLAG)$@ $< $(LIBRUBYARG)
 ifneq ($(POSTLINK),)
@@ -521,39 +529,83 @@ RUBYSPEC_CAPIEXT_SO := $(patsubst %.c,$(RUBYSPEC_CAPIEXT)/%.$(DLEXT),$(notdir $(
 rubyspec-capiext: $(RUBYSPEC_CAPIEXT_SO)
 	@ $(NULLCMD)
 
-ifeq ($(ENABLE_SHARED),yes)
-exts: rubyspec-capiext
-endif
-
-spec/%/ spec/%_spec.rb: programs exts PHONY
+spec/%/ spec/%_spec.rb: programs exts $(RUBYSPEC_CAPIEXT_BUILD) PHONY
 	+$(RUNRUBY) -r./$(arch)-fake $(srcdir)/spec/mspec/bin/mspec-run -B $(srcdir)/spec/default.mspec $(SPECOPTS) $(patsubst %,$(srcdir)/%,$@)
 
 ruby.pc: $(filter-out ruby.pc,$(ruby_pc))
 
+# `make matz`: bump up the MINOR;
+#    Copying NEWS.md to doc/NEWS/, and empty the details in NEWS.md.
+#
+# `make matz NEW=x.y`: bump up to x.y.0;
+#    Just update the version in the title of NEWS.md.
+
 matz: up
-	$(eval OLD := $(MAJOR).$(MINOR).0)
-	$(eval MINOR := $(shell expr $(MINOR) + 1))
-	$(eval NEW := $(MAJOR).$(MINOR).0)
-	$(eval message := Development of $(NEW) started.)
-	$(eval files := include/ruby/version.h include/ruby/internal/abi.h)
-	$(GIT) -C $(srcdir) mv -f NEWS.md doc/NEWS/NEWS-$(OLD).md
-	$(GIT) -C $(srcdir) commit -m "[DOC] Flush NEWS.md"
+matz-commit: OLD := $(MAJOR).$(MINOR).0
+ifdef NEW
+matz-commit: MAJOR := $(word 1,$(subst ., ,$(NEW)))
+matz-commit: MINOR := $(word 2,$(subst ., ,$(NEW)))
+matz-commit: $(DOT_WAIT) bump_news
+bump_news$(DOT_WAIT): up
+bump_headers$(DOT_WAIT): bump_news
+else
+matz-commit: MINOR := $(shell expr $(MINOR) + 1)
+matz-commit: $(DOT_WAIT) reset_news
+flush_news$(DOT_WAIT): up
+bump_headers$(DOT_WAIT): reset_news
+endif
+
+matz: $(DOT_WAIT) matz-commit
+matz-commit: bump_headers
+matz-commit: override NEW := $(MAJOR).$(MINOR).0
+matz-commit: files := include/ruby/version.h include/ruby/internal/abi.h
+matz-commit: message := Development of $(NEW) started.
+
+flush_news:
+	$(GIT_IN_SRC) mv -f NEWS.md doc/NEWS/NEWS-$(OLD).md
+	$(GIT_IN_SRC) commit -m "[DOC] Flush NEWS.md"
+
+.PHONY: flush_news reset_news bump_news bump_headers
+
+bump_headers:
 	sed -i~ \
+	-e "s/^\(#define RUBY_API_VERSION_MAJOR\) .*/\1 $(MAJOR)/" \
 	-e "s/^\(#define RUBY_API_VERSION_MINOR\) .*/\1 $(MINOR)/" \
 	-e "s/^\(#define RUBY_ABI_VERSION\) .*/\1 0/" \
 	 $(files:%=$(srcdir)/%)
-	$(GIT) -C $(srcdir) add $(files)
+
+reset_news: flush_news
 	$(BASERUBY) -C $(srcdir) -p -00 \
-	-e 'BEGIN {old, new = ARGV.shift(2); STDOUT.reopen("NEWS.md")}' \
+	-e 'BEGIN {old, new = ARGV.shift(2); STDOUT.reopen(ARGV.shift)}' \
 	-e 'case $$.' \
 	-e 'when 1; $$_.sub!(/Ruby \K[0-9.]+/, new)' \
 	-e 'when 2; $$_.sub!(/\*\*\K[0-9.]+(?=\*\*)/, old)' \
 	-e 'end' \
 	-e 'next if /^[\[ *]/ =~ $$_' \
 	-e '$$_.sub!(/\n{2,}\z/, "\n\n")' \
-	$(OLD) $(NEW) doc/NEWS/NEWS-$(OLD).md
-	$(GIT) -C $(srcdir) add NEWS.md
-	$(GIT) -C $(srcdir) commit -m "$(message)"
+	$(OLD) $(NEW) NEWS.md doc/NEWS/NEWS-$(OLD).md
+
+bump_news:
+	$(BASERUBY) -C $(srcdir) -p -i \
+	-e 'BEGIN {new = ARGV.shift; print gets("").sub(/Ruby \K[0-9.]+/, new)}' \
+	$(NEW) NEWS.md
+
+matz: matz-commit matz-push
+
+matz-commit:
+	$(GIT_IN_SRC) add NEWS.md $(files)
+	$(GIT_IN_SRC) commit -m "$(message)"
+
+GIT_REMOTE_ORIGIN = origin
+
+matz-push: matz-commit
+	$(eval origin_url := $(shell $(GIT_IN_SRC) remote get-url $(GIT_REMOTE_ORIGIN)))
+	$(if $(origin_url),,@false)
+	$(eval last_commit := $(shell $(GIT_IN_SRC) log -n1 --format=%H --author=matz HEAD~..HEAD))
+	$(if $(last_commit),,$(ECHO) No matz commits 1>&2; false)
+	$(if $(filter 12-25 12-26,$(shell date +%m-%d)),,$(ECHO) Not the release date 1>&2; false)
+	$(ECHO) $$'\e[31m'Pushing to $$'\e[7m'$(GIT_REMOTE_ORIGIN)$$'\e[27m'" ($(origin_url))"$$'\e[m'
+	$(GIT_IN_SRC) push $(GIT_REMOTE_ORIGIN)
 
 tags:
 	$(MAKE) GIT="$(GIT)" -C "$(srcdir)" -f defs/tags.mk
diff --git a/defs/id.def b/defs/id.def
index 0c32b0d1d4..cd3a8480a2 100644
--- a/defs/id.def
+++ b/defs/id.def
@@ -78,6 +78,8 @@ firstline, predefined = __LINE__+1, %[\
   _7  NUMPARAM_7
   _8  NUMPARAM_8
   _9  NUMPARAM_9
+  <it>  ItImplicit
+  it    It
 
   "/*NULL*/"                                            NULL
   empty?
diff --git a/defs/jit.mk b/defs/jit.mk
index 99f21fb513..27b14e7a07 100644
--- a/defs/jit.mk
+++ b/defs/jit.mk
@@ -1,4 +1,16 @@
 # Make recipes that deal with the rust code of YJIT and ZJIT.
+#
+# $(gnumake_recursive) adds the '+' prefix to pass down GNU make's
+# jobserver resources to cargo/rustc as rust-lang.org recommends.
+# Without it, certain make version trigger a warning. It does not
+# add the prefix when `make --dry-run` so dry runs are indeed dry.
+
+ifneq ($(JIT_CARGO_SUPPORT),no)
+
+# Show Cargo progress when doing `make V=1`
+CARGO_VERBOSE_0 = -q
+CARGO_VERBOSE_1 =
+CARGO_VERBOSE = $(CARGO_VERBOSE_$(V))
 
 # Because of Cargo cache, if the actual binary is not changed from the
 # previous build, the mtime is preserved as the cached file.
@@ -6,12 +18,11 @@
 # rebuild at the next build.
 RUST_LIB_TOUCH = touch $@
 
-ifneq ($(JIT_CARGO_SUPPORT),no)
 # NOTE: MACOSX_DEPLOYMENT_TARGET to match `rustc --print deployment-target` to avoid the warning below.
 #    ld: warning: object file (target/debug/libjit.a(<libcapstone object>)) was built for
 #    newer macOS version (15.2) than being linked (15.0)
 # This limits us to an older set of macOS API in the rust code, but we don't use any.
-$(RUST_LIB): $(srcdir)/jit.rs
+$(RUST_LIB): $(srcdir)/ruby.rs
 	$(Q)if [ '$(ZJIT_SUPPORT)' != no -a '$(YJIT_SUPPORT)' != no ]; then \
 	    echo 'building YJIT and ZJIT ($(JIT_CARGO_SUPPORT:yes=release) mode)'; \
 	elif [ '$(ZJIT_SUPPORT)' != no ]; then \
@@ -19,12 +30,39 @@ $(RUST_LIB): $(srcdir)/jit.rs
 	elif [ '$(YJIT_SUPPORT)' != no ]; then \
 	    echo 'building YJIT ($(JIT_CARGO_SUPPORT) mode)'; \
 	fi
-	+$(Q)CARGO_TARGET_DIR='$(CARGO_TARGET_DIR)' \
+	$(gnumake_recursive)$(Q)CARGO_TARGET_DIR='$(CARGO_TARGET_DIR)' \
 	    CARGO_TERM_PROGRESS_WHEN='never' \
 	    MACOSX_DEPLOYMENT_TARGET=11.0 \
 	    $(CARGO) $(CARGO_VERBOSE) build --manifest-path '$(top_srcdir)/Cargo.toml' $(CARGO_BUILD_ARGS)
 	$(RUST_LIB_TOUCH)
-endif
+else ifneq ($(strip $(RLIB_DIR)),) # combo build
+
+$(RUST_LIB): $(srcdir)/ruby.rs
+	$(ECHO) 'building $(@F)'
+	$(gnumake_recursive)$(Q) $(RUSTC) --edition=2024 \
+	    $(RUSTC_FLAGS) \
+	    '-L$(@D)' \
+	    --extern=yjit \
+	    --extern=zjit \
+	    --crate-type=staticlib \
+	    --cfg 'feature="yjit"' \
+	    --cfg 'feature="zjit"' \
+	    '--out-dir=$(@D)' \
+	    '$(top_srcdir)/ruby.rs'
+
+# Absolute path to avoid VPATH ambiguity
+JIT_RLIB = $(TOP_BUILD_DIR)/$(RLIB_DIR)/libjit.rlib
+$(YJIT_RLIB): $(JIT_RLIB)
+$(ZJIT_RLIB): $(JIT_RLIB)
+$(JIT_RLIB):
+	$(ECHO) 'building $(@F)'
+	$(gnumake_recursive)$(Q) $(RUSTC) --crate-name=jit \
+	    --edition=2024 \
+	    $(JIT_RUST_FLAGS) \
+	    $(RUSTC_FLAGS) \
+	    '--out-dir=$(@D)' \
+	    '$(top_srcdir)/jit/src/lib.rs'
+endif # ifneq ($(JIT_CARGO_SUPPORT),no)
 
 RUST_LIB_SYMBOLS = $(RUST_LIB:.a=).symbols
 $(RUST_LIBOBJ): $(RUST_LIB)
diff --git a/depend b/depend
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..7372902666
--- /dev/null
+++ b/depend
@@ -0,0 +1,20573 @@
+# AUTOGENERATED DEPENDENCIES START
+addr2line.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}addr2line.c
+addr2line.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}addr2line.h
+addr2line.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}assert.h
+addr2line.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/assume.h
+addr2line.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/attributes.h
+addr2line.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/bool.h
+addr2line.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/long_long.h
+addr2line.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/stdalign.h
+addr2line.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/stdarg.h
+addr2line.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}config.h
+addr2line.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}defines.h
+addr2line.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/assume.h
+addr2line.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/attr/alloc_size.h
+addr2line.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/attr/cold.h
+addr2line.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/attr/const.h
+addr2line.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/attr/deprecated.h
+addr2line.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/attr/error.h
+addr2line.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/attr/forceinline.h
+addr2line.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/attr/format.h
+addr2line.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/attr/maybe_unused.h
+addr2line.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/attr/nodiscard.h
+addr2line.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/attr/noexcept.h
+addr2line.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/attr/noinline.h
+addr2line.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/attr/nonnull.h
+addr2line.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/attr/noreturn.h
+addr2line.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/attr/packed_struct.h
+addr2line.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/attr/pure.h
+addr2line.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/attr/restrict.h
+addr2line.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/attr/returns_nonnull.h
+addr2line.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/attr/warning.h
+addr2line.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/cast.h
+addr2line.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/compiler_is.h
+addr2line.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/compiler_is/apple.h
+addr2line.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/compiler_is/clang.h
+addr2line.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/compiler_is/gcc.h
+addr2line.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/compiler_is/intel.h
+addr2line.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/compiler_is/msvc.h
+addr2line.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/compiler_is/sunpro.h
+addr2line.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/compiler_since.h
+addr2line.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/config.h
+addr2line.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/dllexport.h
+addr2line.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/dosish.h
+addr2line.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/has/attribute.h
+addr2line.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/has/builtin.h
+addr2line.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/has/c_attribute.h
+addr2line.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/has/cpp_attribute.h
+addr2line.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/has/declspec_attribute.h
+addr2line.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/has/extension.h
+addr2line.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/has/feature.h
+addr2line.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/has/warning.h
+addr2line.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/stdalign.h
+addr2line.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/stdbool.h
+addr2line.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/warning_push.h
+addr2line.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/xmalloc.h
+addr2line.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}missing.h
+array.$(OBJEXT): $(CCAN_DIR)/check_type/check_type.h
+array.$(OBJEXT): $(CCAN_DIR)/container_of/container_of.h
+array.$(OBJEXT): $(CCAN_DIR)/list/list.h
+array.$(OBJEXT): $(CCAN_DIR)/str/str.h
+array.$(OBJEXT): $(hdrdir)/ruby/ruby.h
+array.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/array.h
+array.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/basic_operators.h
+array.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/bignum.h
+array.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/bits.h
+array.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/box.h
+array.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/class.h
+array.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/compar.h
+array.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/compilers.h
+array.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/enum.h
+array.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/fixnum.h
+array.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/gc.h
+array.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/hash.h
+array.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/imemo.h
+array.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/numeric.h
+array.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/object.h
+array.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/proc.h
+array.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/rational.h
+array.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/sanitizers.h
+array.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/serial.h
+array.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/set_table.h
+array.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/static_assert.h
+array.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/variable.h
+array.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/vm.h
+array.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/warnings.h
+array.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}array.c
+array.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}array.rbinc
+array.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}assert.h
+array.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}atomic.h
+array.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/assume.h
+array.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/attributes.h
+array.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/bool.h
+array.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/gcc_version_since.h
+array.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/inttypes.h
+array.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/limits.h
+array.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/long_long.h
+array.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/stdalign.h
+array.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/stdarg.h
+array.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}builtin.h
+array.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}config.h
+array.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}constant.h
+array.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}debug_counter.h
+array.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}defines.h
+array.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}encoding.h
+array.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}id.h
+array.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}id_table.h
+array.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}intern.h
+array.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal.h
+array.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/abi.h
+array.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/anyargs.h
+array.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/arithmetic.h
+array.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/arithmetic/char.h
+array.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/arithmetic/double.h
+array.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/arithmetic/fixnum.h
+array.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/arithmetic/gid_t.h
+array.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/arithmetic/int.h
+array.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/arithmetic/intptr_t.h
+array.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/arithmetic/long.h
+array.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/arithmetic/long_long.h
+array.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/arithmetic/mode_t.h
+array.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/arithmetic/off_t.h
+array.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/arithmetic/pid_t.h
+array.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/arithmetic/short.h
+array.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/arithmetic/size_t.h
+array.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/arithmetic/st_data_t.h
+array.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/arithmetic/uid_t.h
+array.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/assume.h
+array.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/attr/alloc_size.h
+array.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/attr/artificial.h
+array.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/attr/cold.h
+array.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/attr/const.h
+array.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/attr/constexpr.h
+array.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/attr/deprecated.h
+array.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/attr/diagnose_if.h
+array.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/attr/enum_extensibility.h
+array.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/attr/error.h
+array.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/attr/flag_enum.h
+array.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/attr/forceinline.h
+array.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/attr/format.h
+array.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/attr/maybe_unused.h
+array.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/attr/noalias.h
+array.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/attr/nodiscard.h
+array.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/attr/noexcept.h
+array.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/attr/noinline.h
+array.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/attr/nonnull.h
+array.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/attr/noreturn.h
+array.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/attr/packed_struct.h
+array.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/attr/pure.h
+array.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/attr/restrict.h
+array.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/attr/returns_nonnull.h
+array.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/attr/warning.h
+array.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/attr/weakref.h
+array.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/cast.h
+array.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/compiler_is.h
+array.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/compiler_is/apple.h
+array.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/compiler_is/clang.h
+array.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/compiler_is/gcc.h
+array.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/compiler_is/intel.h
+array.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/compiler_is/msvc.h
+array.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/compiler_is/sunpro.h
+array.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/compiler_since.h
+array.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/config.h
+array.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/constant_p.h
+array.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/core.h
+array.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/core/rarray.h
+array.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/core/rbasic.h
+array.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/core/rbignum.h
+array.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/core/rclass.h
+array.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/core/rdata.h
+array.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/core/rfile.h
+array.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/core/rhash.h
+array.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/core/robject.h
+array.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/core/rregexp.h
+array.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/core/rstring.h
+array.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/core/rstruct.h
+array.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/core/rtypeddata.h
+array.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/ctype.h
+array.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/dllexport.h
+array.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/dosish.h
+array.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/encoding/coderange.h
+array.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/encoding/ctype.h
+array.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/encoding/encoding.h
+array.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/encoding/pathname.h
+array.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/encoding/re.h
+array.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/encoding/sprintf.h
+array.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/encoding/string.h
+array.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/encoding/symbol.h
+array.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/encoding/transcode.h
+array.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/error.h
+array.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/eval.h
+array.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/event.h
+array.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/fl_type.h
+array.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/gc.h
+array.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/glob.h
+array.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/globals.h
+array.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/has/attribute.h
+array.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/has/builtin.h
+array.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/has/c_attribute.h
+array.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/has/cpp_attribute.h
+array.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/has/declspec_attribute.h
+array.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/has/extension.h
+array.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/has/feature.h
+array.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/has/warning.h
+array.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/intern/array.h
+array.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/intern/bignum.h
+array.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/intern/class.h
+array.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/intern/compar.h
+array.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/intern/complex.h
+array.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/intern/cont.h
+array.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/intern/dir.h
+array.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/intern/enum.h
+array.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/intern/enumerator.h
+array.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/intern/error.h
+array.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/intern/eval.h
+array.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/intern/file.h
+array.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/intern/hash.h
+array.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/intern/io.h
+array.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/intern/load.h
+array.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/intern/marshal.h
+array.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/intern/numeric.h
+array.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/intern/object.h
+array.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/intern/parse.h
+array.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/intern/proc.h
+array.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/intern/process.h
+array.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/intern/random.h
+array.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/intern/range.h
+array.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/intern/rational.h
+array.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/intern/re.h
+array.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/intern/ruby.h
+array.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/intern/select.h
+array.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+array.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/intern/set.h
+array.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/intern/signal.h
+array.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/intern/sprintf.h
+array.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/intern/string.h
+array.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/intern/struct.h
+array.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/intern/thread.h
+array.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/intern/time.h
+array.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/intern/variable.h
+array.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/intern/vm.h
+array.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/interpreter.h
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+zjit.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/prism/encoding.h
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+zjit.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/prism/prettyprint.h
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+zjit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}defines.h
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+zjit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/arithmetic/gid_t.h
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+zjit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/attr/noreturn.h
+zjit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/attr/packed_struct.h
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+zjit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/intern/variable.h
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+zjit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/iterator.h
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+zjit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/method.h
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+zjit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/newobj.h
+zjit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/numeric.h
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+zjit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/special_consts.h
+zjit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/static_assert.h
+zjit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/stdalign.h
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+zjit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/stdckdint.h
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+zjit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/value.h
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+zjit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/variable.h
+zjit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/warning_push.h
+zjit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/xmalloc.h
+zjit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}iseq.h
+zjit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}method.h
+zjit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}missing.h
+zjit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}node.h
+zjit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}onigmo.h
+zjit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}oniguruma.h
+zjit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}prism_compile.h
+zjit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}probes.dmyh
+zjit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}probes.h
+zjit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}probes_helper.h
+zjit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}ruby_assert.h
+zjit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}ruby_atomic.h
+zjit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}rubyparser.h
+zjit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}shape.h
+zjit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}st.h
+zjit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}subst.h
+zjit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}thread_$(THREAD_MODEL).h
+zjit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}thread_native.h
+zjit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}vm_callinfo.h
+zjit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}vm_core.h
+zjit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}vm_debug.h
+zjit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}vm_insnhelper.h
+zjit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}vm_opts.h
+zjit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}vm_sync.h
+zjit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}yjit.h
+zjit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}zjit.c
+zjit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}zjit.h
+zjit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}zjit.rbinc
+# AUTOGENERATED DEPENDENCIES END
diff --git a/dir.c b/dir.c
index b934f2795c..25ed59c668 100644
--- a/dir.c
+++ b/dir.c
@@ -1480,7 +1480,7 @@ rb_dir_getwd_ospath(void)
     VALUE cwd;
     VALUE path_guard;
 
-    path_guard = rb_imemo_tmpbuf_auto_free_pointer();
+    path_guard = rb_imemo_tmpbuf_new();
     path = ruby_getcwd();
     rb_imemo_tmpbuf_set_ptr(path_guard, path);
 #ifdef __APPLE__
diff --git a/dir.rb b/dir.rb
index a05bd18630..eb1a408ee3 100644
--- a/dir.rb
+++ b/dir.rb
@@ -178,7 +178,7 @@ class Dir
   # if +nil+ (the default), the file system's encoding is used:
   #
   #   Dir.open('.').read.encoding                       # => #<Encoding:UTF-8>
-  #   Dir.open('.', encoding: 'US-ASCII').read.encoding # => #<Encoding:US-ASCII>
+  #   Dir.open('.', encoding: Encoding::US_ASCII).read.encoding # => #<Encoding:US-ASCII>
   #
   def self.open(name, encoding: nil, &block)
     dir = Primitive.dir_s_open(name, encoding)
@@ -206,7 +206,7 @@ class Dir
   # if +nil+ (the default), the file system's encoding is used:
   #
   #   Dir.new('.').read.encoding                       # => #<Encoding:UTF-8>
-  #   Dir.new('.', encoding: 'US-ASCII').read.encoding # => #<Encoding:US-ASCII>
+  #   Dir.new('.', encoding: Encoding::US_ASCI).read.encoding # => #<Encoding:US-ASCII>
   #
   def initialize(name, encoding: nil)
     Primitive.dir_initialize(name, encoding)
@@ -319,14 +319,14 @@ class Dir
   #
   #     Dir.glob('io.?') # => ["io.c"]
   #
-  # - <tt>'[_set_]'</tt>: Matches any one character in the string _set_;
+  # - <tt>'[set]'</tt>: Matches any one character in the string _set_;
   #   behaves like a {Regexp character class}[rdoc-ref:Regexp@Character+Classes],
   #   including set negation (<tt>'[^a-z]'</tt>):
   #
   #     Dir.glob('*.[a-z][a-z]').take(3)
   #     # => ["CONTRIBUTING.md", "COPYING.ja", "KNOWNBUGS.rb"]
   #
-  # - <tt>'{_abc_,_xyz_}'</tt>:
+  # - <tt>'{abc,xyz}'</tt>:
   #   Matches either string _abc_ or string _xyz_;
   #   behaves like {Regexp alternation}[rdoc-ref:Regexp@Alternation]:
   #
@@ -388,10 +388,10 @@ class Dir
   #
   # - File::FNM_EXTGLOB:
   #   enables the pattern extension
-  #   <tt>'{_a_,_b_}'</tt>, which matches pattern _a_ and pattern _b_;
+  #   <tt>'{a,b}'</tt>, which matches pattern _a_ and pattern _b_;
   #   behaves like a
   #   {regexp union}[rdoc-ref:Regexp.union]
-  #   (e.g., <tt>'(?:_a_|_b_)'</tt>):
+  #   (e.g., <tt>'(?:a|b)'</tt>):
   #
   #     pattern = '{LEGAL,BSDL}'
   #     Dir.glob(pattern)      # => ["LEGAL", "BSDL"]
diff --git a/dln.c b/dln.c
index 5f6b1f0564..2549f03183 100644
--- a/dln.c
+++ b/dln.c
@@ -25,8 +25,8 @@ static void dln_loaderror(const char *format, ...);
 #endif
 #include "dln.h"
 #include "internal.h"
+#include "internal/box.h"
 #include "internal/compilers.h"
-#include "internal/namespace.h"
 
 #ifdef HAVE_STDLIB_H
 # include <stdlib.h>
@@ -389,7 +389,7 @@ dln_open(const char *file)
 # endif
 
     /* Load file */
-    int mode = rb_namespace_available() ? RTLD_LAZY|RTLD_LOCAL : RTLD_LAZY|RTLD_GLOBAL;
+    int mode = rb_box_available() ? RTLD_LAZY|RTLD_LOCAL : RTLD_LAZY|RTLD_GLOBAL;
     handle = dlopen(file, mode);
     if (handle == NULL) {
         error = dln_strerror();
diff --git a/doc/.document b/doc/.document
index 6e6caa8333..3a95c9617b 100644
--- a/doc/.document
+++ b/doc/.document
@@ -1,12 +1,13 @@
-*.md
-*.rb
+[^_]*.md
+[^_]*.rb
 [^_]*.rdoc
 contributing
+distribution
 NEWS
 syntax
 optparse
 date
 rdoc
-regexp
-yjit
-ruby
+jit
+security
+language
diff --git a/doc/NEWS/NEWS-3.0.0.md b/doc/NEWS/NEWS-3.0.0.md
index 004fa4bf67..9fbaf504b4 100644
--- a/doc/NEWS/NEWS-3.0.0.md
+++ b/doc/NEWS/NEWS-3.0.0.md
@@ -367,11 +367,11 @@ Outstanding ones only.
     * Fiber.blocking? tells whether the current execution context is
       blocking. [[Feature #16786]]
 
+* Thread
+
     * Thread#join invokes the scheduler hooks `block`/`unblock` in a
       non-blocking execution context. [[Feature #16786]]
 
-* Thread
-
     * Thread.ignore_deadlock accessor has been added for disabling the
       default deadlock detection, allowing the use of signal handlers to
       break deadlock. [[Bug #13768]]
diff --git a/doc/NEWS/NEWS-4.0.0.md b/doc/NEWS/NEWS-4.0.0.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..5d932fbf5d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/doc/NEWS/NEWS-4.0.0.md
@@ -0,0 +1,802 @@
+# NEWS for Ruby 4.0.0
+
+This document is a list of user-visible feature changes
+since the **3.4.0** release, except for bug fixes.
+
+Note that each entry is kept to a minimum, see links for details.
+
+## Language changes
+
+* `*nil` no longer calls `nil.to_a`, similar to how `**nil` does
+  not call `nil.to_hash`.  [[Feature #21047]]
+
+* Logical binary operators (`||`, `&&`, `and` and `or`) at the
+  beginning of a line continue the previous line, like fluent dot.
+  The following code examples are equal:
+
+    ```ruby
+    if condition1
+       && condition2
+      ...
+    end
+    ```
+
+    Previously:
+
+    ```ruby
+    if condition1 && condition2
+      ...
+    end
+    ```
+
+    ```ruby
+    if condition1 &&
+       condition2
+      ...
+    end
+    ```
+
+    [[Feature #20925]]
+
+## Core classes updates
+
+Note: We're only listing outstanding class updates.
+
+* Array
+
+    * `Array#rfind` has been added as a more efficient alternative to `array.reverse_each.find` [[Feature #21678]]
+    * `Array#find` has been added as a more efficient override of `Enumerable#find` [[Feature #21678]]
+* Binding
+
+    * `Binding#local_variables` does no longer include numbered parameters.
+      Also, `Binding#local_variable_get`, `Binding#local_variable_set`, and
+      `Binding#local_variable_defined?` reject to handle numbered parameters.
+      [[Bug #21049]]
+
+    * `Binding#implicit_parameters`, `Binding#implicit_parameter_get`, and
+      `Binding#implicit_parameter_defined?` have been added to access
+      numbered parameters and "it" parameter. [[Bug #21049]]
+
+* Enumerator
+
+    * `Enumerator.produce` now accepts an optional `size` keyword argument
+      to specify the size of the enumerator.  It can be an integer,
+      `Float::INFINITY`, a callable object (such as a lambda), or `nil` to
+      indicate unknown size.  When not specified, the size defaults to
+      `Float::INFINITY`.
+
+        ```ruby
+        # Infinite enumerator
+        enum = Enumerator.produce(1, size: Float::INFINITY, &:succ)
+        enum.size  # => Float::INFINITY
+
+        # Finite enumerator with known/computable size
+        abs_dir = File.expand_path("./baz") # => "/foo/bar/baz"
+        traverser = Enumerator.produce(abs_dir, size: -> { abs_dir.count("/") + 1 }) {
+          raise StopIteration if it == "/"
+          File.dirname(it)
+        }
+        traverser.size  # => 4
+        ```
+
+      [[Feature #21701]]
+
+* ErrorHighlight
+
+    * When an ArgumentError is raised, it now displays code snippets for
+      both the method call (caller) and the method definition (callee).
+      [[Feature #21543]]
+
+      ```
+      test.rb:1:in 'Object#add': wrong number of arguments (given 1, expected 2) (ArgumentError)
+
+          caller: test.rb:3
+          | add(1)
+            ^^^
+          callee: test.rb:1
+          | def add(x, y) = x + y
+                ^^^
+              from test.rb:3:in '<main>'
+      ```
+
+* Fiber
+
+    * Introduce support for `Fiber#raise(cause:)` argument similar to
+      `Kernel#raise`. [[Feature #21360]]
+
+* Fiber::Scheduler
+
+    * Introduce `Fiber::Scheduler#fiber_interrupt` to interrupt a fiber with a
+      given exception. The initial use case is to interrupt a fiber that is
+      waiting on a blocking IO operation when the IO operation is closed.
+      [[Feature #21166]]
+
+    * Introduce `Fiber::Scheduler#yield` to allow the fiber scheduler to
+      continue processing when signal exceptions are disabled.
+      [[Bug #21633]]
+
+    * Reintroduce the `Fiber::Scheduler#io_close` hook for asynchronous `IO#close`.
+
+    * Invoke `Fiber::Scheduler#io_write` when flushing the IO write buffer.
+      [[Bug #21789]]
+
+* File
+
+    * `File::Stat#birthtime` is now available on Linux via the statx
+      system call when supported by the kernel and filesystem.
+      [[Feature #21205]]
+
+* IO
+
+    * `IO.select` accepts `Float::INFINITY` as a timeout argument.
+      [[Feature #20610]]
+
+    * A deprecated behavior, process creation by `IO` class methods
+      with a leading `|`, was removed.  [[Feature #19630]]
+
+* Kernel
+
+    * `Kernel#inspect` now checks for the existence of a `#instance_variables_to_inspect` method,
+      allowing control over which instance variables are displayed in the `#inspect` string:
+
+        ```ruby
+        class DatabaseConfig
+          def initialize(host, user, password)
+            @host = host
+            @user = user
+            @password = password
+          end
+
+          private def instance_variables_to_inspect = [:@host, :@user]
+        end
+
+        conf = DatabaseConfig.new("localhost", "root", "hunter2")
+        conf.inspect #=> #<DatabaseConfig:0x0000000104def350 @host="localhost", @user="root">
+        ```
+
+        [[Feature #21219]]
+
+    * A deprecated behavior, process creation by `Kernel#open` with a
+      leading `|`, was removed.  [[Feature #19630]]
+
+* Math
+
+    * `Math.log1p` and `Math.expm1` are added. [[Feature #21527]]
+
+* Pathname
+
+    * Pathname has been promoted from a default gem to a core class of Ruby.
+      [[Feature #17473]]
+
+* Proc
+
+    * `Proc#parameters` now shows anonymous optional parameters as `[:opt]`
+      instead of `[:opt, nil]`, making the output consistent with when the
+      anonymous parameter is required. [[Bug #20974]]
+
+* Ractor
+
+    * `Ractor::Port` class was added for a new synchronization mechanism
+      to communicate between Ractors. [[Feature #21262]]
+
+        ```ruby
+        port1 = Ractor::Port.new
+        port2 = Ractor::Port.new
+        Ractor.new port1, port2 do |port1, port2|
+          port1 << 1
+          port2 << 11
+          port1 << 2
+          port2 << 12
+        end
+        2.times{ p port1.receive } #=> 1, 2
+        2.times{ p port2.receive } #=> 11, 12
+        ```
+
+        `Ractor::Port` provides the following methods:
+
+        * `Ractor::Port#receive`
+        * `Ractor::Port#send` (or `Ractor::Port#<<`)
+        * `Ractor::Port#close`
+        * `Ractor::Port#closed?`
+
+        As a result, `Ractor.yield` and `Ractor#take` were removed.
+
+    * `Ractor#join` and `Ractor#value` were added to wait for the
+      termination of a Ractor. These are similar to `Thread#join`
+      and `Thread#value`.
+
+    * `Ractor#monitor` and `Ractor#unmonitor` were added as low-level
+      interfaces used internally to implement `Ractor#join`.
+
+    * `Ractor.select` now only accepts Ractors and Ports. If Ractors are given,
+      it returns when a Ractor terminates.
+
+    * `Ractor#default_port` was added. Each `Ractor` has a default port,
+      which is used by `Ractor.send`, `Ractor.receive`.
+
+    * `Ractor#close_incoming` and `Ractor#close_outgoing` were removed.
+
+    * `Ractor.shareable_proc` and `Ractor.shareable_lambda` are introduced
+      to make shareable Proc or lambda.
+      [[Feature #21550]], [[Feature #21557]]
+
+* Range
+
+    * `Range#to_set` now performs size checks to prevent issues with
+      endless ranges. [[Bug #21654]]
+
+    * `Range#overlap?` now correctly handles infinite (unbounded) ranges.
+      [[Bug #21185]]
+
+    * `Range#max` behavior on beginless integer ranges has been fixed.
+      [[Bug #21174]] [[Bug #21175]]
+
+* Ruby
+
+    * A new toplevel module `Ruby` has been defined, which contains
+      Ruby-related constants. This module was reserved in Ruby 3.4
+      and is now officially defined. [[Feature #20884]]
+
+* Ruby::Box
+
+    * A new (experimental) feature to provide separation about definitions.
+      For the detail of "Ruby Box", see [doc/language/box.md](doc/language/box.md).
+      [[Feature #21311]] [[Misc #21385]]
+
+* Set
+
+    * `Set` is now a core class, instead of an autoloaded stdlib class.
+      [[Feature #21216]]
+
+    * `Set#inspect` now uses a simpler display, similar to literal arrays.
+      (e.g., `Set[1, 2, 3]` instead of `#<Set: {1, 2, 3}>`). [[Feature #21389]]
+
+    * Passing arguments to `Set#to_set` and `Enumerable#to_set` is now deprecated.
+      [[Feature #21390]]
+
+* Socket
+
+    * `Socket.tcp` & `TCPSocket.new` accepts an `open_timeout` keyword argument to specify
+      the timeout for the initial connection. [[Feature #21347]]
+    * When a user-specified timeout occurred in `TCPSocket.new`, either `Errno::ETIMEDOUT`
+      or `IO::TimeoutError` could previously be raised depending on the situation.
+      This behavior has been unified so that `IO::TimeoutError` is now consistently raised.
+      (Please note that, in `Socket.tcp`, there are still cases where `Errno::ETIMEDOUT`
+      may be raised in similar situations, and that in both cases `Errno::ETIMEDOUT` may be
+      raised when the timeout occurs at the OS level.)
+
+* String
+
+    * Update Unicode to Version 17.0.0 and Emoji Version 17.0.
+      [[Feature #19908]][[Feature #20724]][[Feature #21275]] (also applies to Regexp)
+
+    * `String#strip`, `strip!`, `lstrip`, `lstrip!`, `rstrip`, and `rstrip!`
+       are extended to accept `*selectors` arguments. [[Feature #21552]]
+
+* Thread
+
+    * Introduce support for `Thread#raise(cause:)` argument similar to
+      `Kernel#raise`. [[Feature #21360]]
+
+## Stdlib updates
+
+We only list stdlib changes that are notable feature changes.
+
+Other changes are listed in the following sections. We also listed release
+history from the previous bundled version that is Ruby 3.4.0 if it has GitHub
+releases.
+
+The following bundled gems are promoted from default gems.
+
+* ostruct 0.6.3
+  * 0.6.1 to [v0.6.2][ostruct-v0.6.2], [v0.6.3][ostruct-v0.6.3]
+* pstore 0.2.0
+  * 0.1.4 to [v0.2.0][pstore-v0.2.0]
+* benchmark 0.5.0
+  * 0.4.0 to [v0.4.1][benchmark-v0.4.1], [v0.5.0][benchmark-v0.5.0]
+* logger 1.7.0
+  * 1.6.4 to [v1.6.5][logger-v1.6.5], [v1.6.6][logger-v1.6.6], [v1.7.0][logger-v1.7.0]
+* rdoc 7.0.3
+  * 6.14.0 to [v6.14.1][rdoc-v6.14.1], [v6.14.2][rdoc-v6.14.2], [v6.15.0][rdoc-v6.15.0], [v6.15.1][rdoc-v6.15.1], [v6.16.0][rdoc-v6.16.0], [v6.16.1][rdoc-v6.16.1], [v6.17.0][rdoc-v6.17.0], [v7.0.0][rdoc-v7.0.0], [v7.0.1][rdoc-v7.0.1], [v7.0.2][rdoc-v7.0.2], [v7.0.3][rdoc-v7.0.3]
+* win32ole 1.9.2
+  * 1.9.1 to [v1.9.2][win32ole-v1.9.2]
+* irb 1.16.0
+  * 1.14.3 to [v1.15.0][irb-v1.15.0], [v1.15.1][irb-v1.15.1], [v1.15.2][irb-v1.15.2], [v1.15.3][irb-v1.15.3], [v1.16.0][irb-v1.16.0]
+* reline 0.6.3
+  * 0.6.0 to [v0.6.1][reline-v0.6.1], [v0.6.2][reline-v0.6.2], [v0.6.3][reline-v0.6.3]
+* readline 0.0.4
+* fiddle 1.1.8
+  * 1.1.6 to [v1.1.7][fiddle-v1.1.7], [v1.1.8][fiddle-v1.1.8]
+
+The following default gem is added.
+
+* win32-registry 0.1.2
+
+The following default gems are updated.
+
+* RubyGems 4.0.3
+* bundler 4.0.3
+* date 3.5.1
+  * 3.4.1 to [v3.5.0][date-v3.5.0], [v3.5.1][date-v3.5.1]
+* delegate 0.6.1
+  * 0.4.0 to [v0.5.0][delegate-v0.5.0], [v0.6.0][delegate-v0.6.0], [v0.6.1][delegate-v0.6.1]
+* digest 3.2.1
+  * 3.2.0 to [v3.2.1][digest-v3.2.1]
+* english 0.8.1
+  * 0.8.0 to [v0.8.1][english-v0.8.1]
+* erb 6.0.1
+  * 4.0.4 to [v5.1.2][erb-v5.1.2], [v5.1.3][erb-v5.1.3], [v6.0.0][erb-v6.0.0], [v6.0.1][erb-v6.0.1]
+* error_highlight 0.7.1
+* etc 1.4.6
+* fcntl 1.3.0
+  * 1.2.0 to [v1.3.0][fcntl-v1.3.0]
+* fileutils 1.8.0
+  * 1.7.3 to [v1.8.0][fileutils-v1.8.0]
+* forwardable 1.4.0
+  * 1.3.3 to [v1.4.0][forwardable-v1.4.0]
+* io-console 0.8.2
+  * 0.8.1 to [v0.8.2][io-console-v0.8.2]
+* io-nonblock 0.3.2
+* io-wait 0.4.0
+  * 0.3.2 to [v0.3.3][io-wait-v0.3.3], [v0.3.5.test1][io-wait-v0.3.5.test1], [v0.3.5][io-wait-v0.3.5], [v0.3.6][io-wait-v0.3.6], [v0.4.0][io-wait-v0.4.0]
+* ipaddr 1.2.8
+* json 2.18.0
+  * 2.9.1 to [v2.10.0][json-v2.10.0], [v2.10.1][json-v2.10.1], [v2.10.2][json-v2.10.2], [v2.11.0][json-v2.11.0], [v2.11.1][json-v2.11.1], [v2.11.2][json-v2.11.2], [v2.11.3][json-v2.11.3], [v2.12.0][json-v2.12.0], [v2.12.1][json-v2.12.1], [v2.12.2][json-v2.12.2], [v2.13.0][json-v2.13.0], [v2.13.1][json-v2.13.1], [v2.13.2][json-v2.13.2], [v2.14.0][json-v2.14.0], [v2.14.1][json-v2.14.1], [v2.15.0][json-v2.15.0], [v2.15.1][json-v2.15.1], [v2.15.2][json-v2.15.2], [v2.16.0][json-v2.16.0], [v2.17.0][json-v2.17.0], [v2.17.1][json-v2.17.1], [v2.18.0][json-v2.18.0]
+* net-http 0.9.1
+  * 0.6.0 to [v0.7.0][net-http-v0.7.0], [v0.8.0][net-http-v0.8.0], [v0.9.0][net-http-v0.9.0], [v0.9.1][net-http-v0.9.1]
+* openssl 4.0.0
+  * 3.3.1 to [v3.3.2][openssl-v3.3.2], [v4.0.0][openssl-v4.0.0]
+* optparse 0.8.1
+  * 0.6.0 to [v0.7.0][optparse-v0.7.0], [v0.8.0][optparse-v0.8.0], [v0.8.1][optparse-v0.8.1]
+* pp 0.6.3
+  * 0.6.2 to [v0.6.3][pp-v0.6.3]
+* prism 1.7.0
+  * 1.5.2 to [v1.6.0][prism-v1.6.0], [v1.7.0][prism-v1.7.0]
+* psych 5.3.1
+  * 5.2.2 to [v5.2.3][psych-v5.2.3], [v5.2.4][psych-v5.2.4], [v5.2.5][psych-v5.2.5], [v5.2.6][psych-v5.2.6], [v5.3.0][psych-v5.3.0], [v5.3.1][psych-v5.3.1]
+* resolv 0.7.0
+  * 0.6.2 to [v0.6.3][resolv-v0.6.3], [v0.7.0][resolv-v0.7.0]
+* stringio 3.2.0
+  * 3.1.2 to [v3.1.3][stringio-v3.1.3], [v3.1.4][stringio-v3.1.4], [v3.1.5][stringio-v3.1.5], [v3.1.6][stringio-v3.1.6], [v3.1.7][stringio-v3.1.7], [v3.1.8][stringio-v3.1.8], [v3.1.9][stringio-v3.1.9], [v3.2.0][stringio-v3.2.0]
+* strscan 3.1.6
+  * 3.1.2 to [v3.1.3][strscan-v3.1.3], [v3.1.4][strscan-v3.1.4], [v3.1.5][strscan-v3.1.5], [v3.1.6][strscan-v3.1.6]
+* time 0.4.2
+  * 0.4.1 to [v0.4.2][time-v0.4.2]
+* timeout 0.6.0
+  * 0.4.3 to [v0.4.4][timeout-v0.4.4], [v0.5.0][timeout-v0.5.0], [v0.6.0][timeout-v0.6.0]
+* uri 1.1.1
+  * 1.0.4 to [v1.1.0][uri-v1.1.0], [v1.1.1][uri-v1.1.1]
+* weakref 0.1.4
+  * 0.1.3 to [v0.1.4][weakref-v0.1.4]
+* zlib 3.2.2
+  * 3.2.1 to [v3.2.2][zlib-v3.2.2]
+
+The following bundled gems are updated.
+
+* minitest 6.0.0
+* power_assert 3.0.1
+  * 2.0.5 to [v3.0.0][power_assert-v3.0.0], [v3.0.1][power_assert-v3.0.1]
+* rake 13.3.1
+  * 13.2.1 to [v13.3.0][rake-v13.3.0], [v13.3.1][rake-v13.3.1]
+* test-unit 3.7.5
+  * 3.6.7 to [3.6.8][test-unit-3.6.8], [3.6.9][test-unit-3.6.9], [3.7.0][test-unit-3.7.0], [3.7.1][test-unit-3.7.1], [3.7.2][test-unit-3.7.2], [3.7.3][test-unit-3.7.3], [3.7.4][test-unit-3.7.4], [3.7.5][test-unit-3.7.5]
+* rexml 3.4.4
+* rss 0.3.2
+  * 0.3.1 to [0.3.2][rss-0.3.2]
+* net-ftp 0.3.9
+  * 0.3.8 to [v0.3.9][net-ftp-v0.3.9]
+* net-imap 0.6.2
+  * 0.5.8 to [v0.5.9][net-imap-v0.5.9], [v0.5.10][net-imap-v0.5.10], [v0.5.11][net-imap-v0.5.11], [v0.5.12][net-imap-v0.5.12], [v0.5.13][net-imap-v0.5.13], [v0.6.0][net-imap-v0.6.0], [v0.6.1][net-imap-v0.6.1], [v0.6.2][net-imap-v0.6.2]
+* net-smtp 0.5.1
+  * 0.5.0 to [v0.5.1][net-smtp-v0.5.1]
+* matrix 0.4.3
+  * 0.4.2 to [v0.4.3][matrix-v0.4.3]
+* prime 0.1.4
+  * 0.1.3 to [v0.1.4][prime-v0.1.4]
+* rbs 3.10.0
+  * 3.8.0 to [v3.8.1][rbs-v3.8.1], [v3.9.0.dev.1][rbs-v3.9.0.dev.1], [v3.9.0.pre.1][rbs-v3.9.0.pre.1], [v3.9.0.pre.2][rbs-v3.9.0.pre.2], [v3.9.0][rbs-v3.9.0], [v3.9.1][rbs-v3.9.1], [v3.9.2][rbs-v3.9.2], [v3.9.3][rbs-v3.9.3], [v3.9.4][rbs-v3.9.4], [v3.9.5][rbs-v3.9.5], [v3.10.0.pre.1][rbs-v3.10.0.pre.1], [v3.10.0.pre.2][rbs-v3.10.0.pre.2], [v3.10.0][rbs-v3.10.0]
+* typeprof 0.31.1
+* debug 1.11.1
+  * 1.11.0 to [v1.11.1][debug-v1.11.1]
+* base64 0.3.0
+  * 0.2.0 to [v0.3.0][base64-v0.3.0]
+* bigdecimal 4.0.1
+  * 3.1.8 to [v3.2.0][bigdecimal-v3.2.0], [v3.2.1][bigdecimal-v3.2.1], [v3.2.2][bigdecimal-v3.2.2], [v3.2.3][bigdecimal-v3.2.3], [v3.3.0][bigdecimal-v3.3.0], [v3.3.1][bigdecimal-v3.3.1], [v4.0.0][bigdecimal-v4.0.0], [v4.0.1][bigdecimal-v4.0.1]
+* drb 2.2.3
+  * 2.2.1 to [v2.2.3][drb-v2.2.3]
+* syslog 0.3.0
+  * 0.2.0 to [v0.3.0][syslog-v0.3.0]
+* csv 3.3.5
+  * 3.3.2 to [v3.3.3][csv-v3.3.3], [v3.3.4][csv-v3.3.4], [v3.3.5][csv-v3.3.5]
+* repl_type_completor 0.1.12
+
+### RubyGems and Bundler
+
+Ruby 4.0 bundled RubyGems and Bundler version 4. see the following links for details.
+
+* [Upgrading to RubyGems/Bundler 4 - RubyGems Blog](https://blog.rubygems.org/2025/12/03/upgrade-to-rubygems-bundler-4.html)
+* [4.0.0 Released - RubyGems Blog](https://blog.rubygems.org/2025/12/03/4.0.0-released.html)
+* [4.0.1 Released - RubyGems Blog](https://blog.rubygems.org/2025/12/09/4.0.1-released.html)
+* [4.0.2 Released - RubyGems Blog](https://blog.rubygems.org/2025/12/17/4.0.2-released.html)
+* [4.0.3 Released - RubyGems Blog](https://blog.rubygems.org/2025/12/23/4.0.3-released.html)
+
+## Supported platforms
+
+* Windows
+
+    * Dropped support for MSVC versions older than 14.0 (_MSC_VER 1900).
+      This means Visual Studio 2015 or later is now required.
+
+## Compatibility issues
+
+* The following methods were removed from Ractor due to the addition of `Ractor::Port`:
+
+    * `Ractor.yield`
+    * `Ractor#take`
+    * `Ractor#close_incoming`
+    * `Ractor#close_outgoing`
+
+    [[Feature #21262]]
+
+* `ObjectSpace._id2ref` is deprecated. [[Feature #15408]]
+
+* `Process::Status#&` and `Process::Status#>>` have been removed.
+  They were deprecated in Ruby 3.3. [[Bug #19868]]
+
+* `rb_path_check` has been removed. This function was used for
+  `$SAFE` path checking which was removed in Ruby 2.7,
+  and was already deprecated.
+  [[Feature #20971]]
+
+* A backtrace for `ArgumentError` of "wrong number of arguments" now
+  include the receiver's class or module name (e.g., in `Foo#bar`
+  instead of in `bar`). [[Bug #21698]]
+
+* Backtraces no longer display `internal` frames.
+  These methods now appear as if it is in the Ruby source file,
+  consistent with other C-implemented methods. [[Bug #20968]]
+
+  Before:
+  ```
+  ruby -e '[1].fetch_values(42)'
+  <internal:array>:211:in 'Array#fetch': index 42 outside of array bounds: -1...1 (IndexError)
+          from <internal:array>:211:in 'block in Array#fetch_values'
+          from <internal:array>:211:in 'Array#map!'
+          from <internal:array>:211:in 'Array#fetch_values'
+          from -e:1:in '<main>'
+  ```
+
+  After:
+  ```
+  $ ruby -e '[1].fetch_values(42)'
+  -e:1:in 'Array#fetch_values': index 42 outside of array bounds: -1...1 (IndexError)
+          from -e:1:in '<main>'
+  ```
+
+## Stdlib compatibility issues
+
+* CGI library is removed from the default gems. Now we only provide `cgi/escape` for
+  the following methods:
+
+    * `CGI.escape` and `CGI.unescape`
+    * `CGI.escapeHTML` and `CGI.unescapeHTML`
+    * `CGI.escapeURIComponent` and `CGI.unescapeURIComponent`
+    * `CGI.escapeElement` and `CGI.unescapeElement`
+
+    [[Feature #21258]]
+
+* With the move of `Set` from stdlib to core class, `set/sorted_set.rb` has
+  been removed, and `SortedSet` is no longer an autoloaded constant. Please
+  install the `sorted_set` gem and `require 'sorted_set'` to use `SortedSet`.
+  [[Feature #21287]]
+
+* Net::HTTP
+
+    * The default behavior of automatically setting the `Content-Type` header
+      to `application/x-www-form-urlencoded` for requests with a body
+      (e.g., `POST`, `PUT`) when the header was not explicitly set has been
+      removed. If your application relied on this automatic default, your
+      requests will now be sent without a Content-Type header, potentially
+      breaking compatibility with certain servers.
+      [[GH-net-http #205]]
+
+## C API updates
+
+* IO
+
+    * `rb_thread_fd_close` is deprecated and now a no-op. If you need to expose
+      file descriptors from C extensions to Ruby code, create an `IO` instance
+      using `RUBY_IO_MODE_EXTERNAL` and use `rb_io_close(io)` to close it (this
+      also interrupts and waits for all pending operations on the `IO`
+      instance). Directly closing file descriptors does not interrupt pending
+      operations, and may lead to undefined behaviour. In other words, if two
+      `IO` objects share the same file descriptor, closing one does not affect
+      the other. [[Feature #18455]]
+
+* GVL
+
+    * `rb_thread_call_with_gvl` now works with or without the GVL.
+      This allows gems to avoid checking `ruby_thread_has_gvl_p`.
+      Please still be diligent about the GVL. [[Feature #20750]]
+
+* Set
+
+    * A C API for `Set` has been added. The following methods are supported:
+      [[Feature #21459]]
+
+        * `rb_set_foreach`
+        * `rb_set_new`
+        * `rb_set_new_capa`
+        * `rb_set_lookup`
+        * `rb_set_add`
+        * `rb_set_clear`
+        * `rb_set_delete`
+        * `rb_set_size`
+
+## Implementation improvements
+
+* `Class#new` (ex. `Object.new`) is faster in all cases, but especially when passing keyword arguments. This has also been integrated into YJIT and ZJIT. [[Feature #21254]]
+* GC heaps of different size pools now grow independently, reducing memory usage when only some pools contain long-lived objects
+* GC sweeping is faster on pages of large objects
+* "Generic ivar" objects (String, Array, `TypedData`, etc.) now use a new internal "fields" object for faster instance variable access
+* The GC avoids maintaining an internal `id2ref` table until it is first used, making `object_id` allocation and GC sweeping faster
+* `object_id` and `hash` are faster on Class and Module objects
+* Larger bignum Integers can remain embedded using variable width allocation
+* `Random`, `Enumerator::Product`, `Enumerator::Chain`, `Addrinfo`,
+  `StringScanner`, and some internal objects are now write-barrier protected,
+  which reduces GC overhead.
+
+### Ractor
+
+A lot of work has gone into making Ractors more stable, performant, and usable. These improvements bring Ractor implementation closer to leaving experimental status.
+
+* Performance improvements
+    * Frozen strings and the symbol table internally use a lock-free hash set [[Feature #21268]]
+    * Method cache lookups avoid locking in most cases
+    * Class (and generic ivar) instance variable access is faster and avoids locking
+    * CPU cache contention is avoided in object allocation by using a per-ractor counter
+    * CPU cache contention is avoided in xmalloc/xfree by using a thread-local counter
+    * `object_id` avoids locking in most cases
+* Bug fixes and stability
+    * Fixed possible deadlocks when combining Ractors and Threads
+    * Fixed issues with require and autoload in a Ractor
+    * Fixed encoding/transcoding issues across Ractors
+    * Fixed race conditions in GC operations and method invalidation
+    * Fixed issues with processes forking after starting a Ractor
+    * GC allocation counts are now accurate under Ractors
+    * Fixed TracePoints not working after GC [[Bug #19112]]
+
+## JIT
+
+* ZJIT
+    * Introduce an [experimental method-based JIT compiler](https://docs.ruby-lang.org/en/master/jit/zjit_md.html).
+      Where available, ZJIT can be enabled at runtime with the `--zjit` option or by calling `RubyVM::ZJIT.enable`.
+      When building Ruby, Rust 1.85.0 or later is required to include ZJIT support.
+    * As of Ruby 4.0.0, ZJIT is faster than the interpreter, but not yet as fast as YJIT.
+      We encourage experimentation with ZJIT, but advise against deploying it in production for now.
+    * Our goal is to make ZJIT faster than YJIT and production-ready in Ruby 4.1.
+* YJIT
+    * `RubyVM::YJIT.runtime_stats`
+        * `ratio_in_yjit` no longer works in the default build.
+          Use `--enable-yjit=stats` on `configure` to enable it on `--yjit-stats`.
+        * Add `invalidate_everything` to default stats, which is
+          incremented when every code is invalidated by TracePoint.
+    * Add `mem_size:` and `call_threshold:` options to `RubyVM::YJIT.enable`.
+* RJIT
+    * `--rjit` is removed. We will move the implementation of the third-party JIT API
+      to the [ruby/rjit](https://github.com/ruby/rjit) repository.
+
+[Feature #15408]: https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/15408
+[Feature #17473]: https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/17473
+[Feature #18455]: https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/18455
+[Bug #19112]:     https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/19112
+[Feature #19630]: https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/19630
+[Bug #19868]:     https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/19868
+[Feature #19908]: https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/19908
+[Feature #20610]: https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/20610
+[Feature #20724]: https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/20724
+[Feature #20750]: https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/20750
+[Feature #20884]: https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/20884
+[Feature #20925]: https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/20925
+[Bug #20968]:     https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/20968
+[Feature #20971]: https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/20971
+[Bug #20974]:     https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/20974
+[Feature #21047]: https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/21047
+[Bug #21049]:     https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/21049
+[Feature #21166]: https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/21166
+[Bug #21174]:     https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/21174
+[Bug #21175]:     https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/21175
+[Bug #21185]:     https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/21185
+[Feature #21205]: https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/21205
+[Feature #21216]: https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/21216
+[Feature #21219]: https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/21219
+[Feature #21254]: https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/21254
+[Feature #21258]: https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/21258
+[Feature #21268]: https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/21268
+[Feature #21262]: https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/21262
+[Feature #21275]: https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/21275
+[Feature #21287]: https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/21287
+[Feature #21311]: https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/21311
+[Feature #21347]: https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/21347
+[Feature #21360]: https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/21360
+[Misc #21385]:    https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/21385
+[Feature #21389]: https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/21389
+[Feature #21390]: https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/21390
+[Feature #21459]: https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/21459
+[Feature #21527]: https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/21527
+[Feature #21543]: https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/21543
+[Feature #21550]: https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/21550
+[Feature #21552]: https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/21552
+[Feature #21557]: https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/21557
+[Bug #21633]:     https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/21633
+[Bug #21654]:     https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/21654
+[Feature #21678]: https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/21678
+[Bug #21698]:     https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/21698
+[Feature #21701]: https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/21701
+[Bug #21789]:     https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/21789
+[GH-net-http #205]: https://github.com/ruby/net-http/issues/205
+[ostruct-v0.6.2]: https://github.com/ruby/ostruct/releases/tag/v0.6.2
+[ostruct-v0.6.3]: https://github.com/ruby/ostruct/releases/tag/v0.6.3
+[pstore-v0.2.0]: https://github.com/ruby/pstore/releases/tag/v0.2.0
+[benchmark-v0.4.1]: https://github.com/ruby/benchmark/releases/tag/v0.4.1
+[benchmark-v0.5.0]: https://github.com/ruby/benchmark/releases/tag/v0.5.0
+[logger-v1.6.5]: https://github.com/ruby/logger/releases/tag/v1.6.5
+[logger-v1.6.6]: https://github.com/ruby/logger/releases/tag/v1.6.6
+[logger-v1.7.0]: https://github.com/ruby/logger/releases/tag/v1.7.0
+[rdoc-v6.14.1]: https://github.com/ruby/rdoc/releases/tag/v6.14.1
+[rdoc-v6.14.2]: https://github.com/ruby/rdoc/releases/tag/v6.14.2
+[rdoc-v6.15.0]: https://github.com/ruby/rdoc/releases/tag/v6.15.0
+[rdoc-v6.15.1]: https://github.com/ruby/rdoc/releases/tag/v6.15.1
+[rdoc-v6.16.0]: https://github.com/ruby/rdoc/releases/tag/v6.16.0
+[rdoc-v6.16.1]: https://github.com/ruby/rdoc/releases/tag/v6.16.1
+[rdoc-v6.17.0]: https://github.com/ruby/rdoc/releases/tag/v6.17.0
+[rdoc-v7.0.0]: https://github.com/ruby/rdoc/releases/tag/v7.0.0
+[rdoc-v7.0.1]: https://github.com/ruby/rdoc/releases/tag/v7.0.1
+[rdoc-v7.0.2]: https://github.com/ruby/rdoc/releases/tag/v7.0.2
+[rdoc-v7.0.3]: https://github.com/ruby/rdoc/releases/tag/v7.0.3
+[win32ole-v1.9.2]: https://github.com/ruby/win32ole/releases/tag/v1.9.2
+[irb-v1.15.0]: https://github.com/ruby/irb/releases/tag/v1.15.0
+[irb-v1.15.1]: https://github.com/ruby/irb/releases/tag/v1.15.1
+[irb-v1.15.2]: https://github.com/ruby/irb/releases/tag/v1.15.2
+[irb-v1.15.3]: https://github.com/ruby/irb/releases/tag/v1.15.3
+[irb-v1.16.0]: https://github.com/ruby/irb/releases/tag/v1.16.0
+[reline-v0.6.1]: https://github.com/ruby/reline/releases/tag/v0.6.1
+[reline-v0.6.2]: https://github.com/ruby/reline/releases/tag/v0.6.2
+[reline-v0.6.3]: https://github.com/ruby/reline/releases/tag/v0.6.3
+[fiddle-v1.1.7]: https://github.com/ruby/fiddle/releases/tag/v1.1.7
+[fiddle-v1.1.8]: https://github.com/ruby/fiddle/releases/tag/v1.1.8
+[date-v3.5.0]: https://github.com/ruby/date/releases/tag/v3.5.0
+[date-v3.5.1]: https://github.com/ruby/date/releases/tag/v3.5.1
+[delegate-v0.5.0]: https://github.com/ruby/delegate/releases/tag/v0.5.0
+[delegate-v0.6.0]: https://github.com/ruby/delegate/releases/tag/v0.6.0
+[delegate-v0.6.1]: https://github.com/ruby/delegate/releases/tag/v0.6.1
+[digest-v3.2.1]: https://github.com/ruby/digest/releases/tag/v3.2.1
+[english-v0.8.1]: https://github.com/ruby/english/releases/tag/v0.8.1
+[erb-v5.1.2]: https://github.com/ruby/erb/releases/tag/v5.1.2
+[erb-v5.1.3]: https://github.com/ruby/erb/releases/tag/v5.1.3
+[erb-v6.0.0]: https://github.com/ruby/erb/releases/tag/v6.0.0
+[erb-v6.0.1]: https://github.com/ruby/erb/releases/tag/v6.0.1
+[fcntl-v1.3.0]: https://github.com/ruby/fcntl/releases/tag/v1.3.0
+[fileutils-v1.8.0]: https://github.com/ruby/fileutils/releases/tag/v1.8.0
+[forwardable-v1.4.0]: https://github.com/ruby/forwardable/releases/tag/v1.4.0
+[io-console-v0.8.2]: https://github.com/ruby/io-console/releases/tag/v0.8.2
+[io-wait-v0.3.3]: https://github.com/ruby/io-wait/releases/tag/v0.3.3
+[io-wait-v0.3.5.test1]: https://github.com/ruby/io-wait/releases/tag/v0.3.5.test1
+[io-wait-v0.3.5]: https://github.com/ruby/io-wait/releases/tag/v0.3.5
+[io-wait-v0.3.6]: https://github.com/ruby/io-wait/releases/tag/v0.3.6
+[io-wait-v0.4.0]: https://github.com/ruby/io-wait/releases/tag/v0.4.0
+[json-v2.10.0]: https://github.com/ruby/json/releases/tag/v2.10.0
+[json-v2.10.1]: https://github.com/ruby/json/releases/tag/v2.10.1
+[json-v2.10.2]: https://github.com/ruby/json/releases/tag/v2.10.2
+[json-v2.11.0]: https://github.com/ruby/json/releases/tag/v2.11.0
+[json-v2.11.1]: https://github.com/ruby/json/releases/tag/v2.11.1
+[json-v2.11.2]: https://github.com/ruby/json/releases/tag/v2.11.2
+[json-v2.11.3]: https://github.com/ruby/json/releases/tag/v2.11.3
+[json-v2.12.0]: https://github.com/ruby/json/releases/tag/v2.12.0
+[json-v2.12.1]: https://github.com/ruby/json/releases/tag/v2.12.1
+[json-v2.12.2]: https://github.com/ruby/json/releases/tag/v2.12.2
+[json-v2.13.0]: https://github.com/ruby/json/releases/tag/v2.13.0
+[json-v2.13.1]: https://github.com/ruby/json/releases/tag/v2.13.1
+[json-v2.13.2]: https://github.com/ruby/json/releases/tag/v2.13.2
+[json-v2.14.0]: https://github.com/ruby/json/releases/tag/v2.14.0
+[json-v2.14.1]: https://github.com/ruby/json/releases/tag/v2.14.1
+[json-v2.15.0]: https://github.com/ruby/json/releases/tag/v2.15.0
+[json-v2.15.1]: https://github.com/ruby/json/releases/tag/v2.15.1
+[json-v2.15.2]: https://github.com/ruby/json/releases/tag/v2.15.2
+[json-v2.16.0]: https://github.com/ruby/json/releases/tag/v2.16.0
+[json-v2.17.0]: https://github.com/ruby/json/releases/tag/v2.17.0
+[json-v2.17.1]: https://github.com/ruby/json/releases/tag/v2.17.1
+[json-v2.18.0]: https://github.com/ruby/json/releases/tag/v2.18.0
+[net-http-v0.7.0]: https://github.com/ruby/net-http/releases/tag/v0.7.0
+[net-http-v0.8.0]: https://github.com/ruby/net-http/releases/tag/v0.8.0
+[net-http-v0.9.0]: https://github.com/ruby/net-http/releases/tag/v0.9.0
+[net-http-v0.9.1]: https://github.com/ruby/net-http/releases/tag/v0.9.1
+[openssl-v3.3.2]: https://github.com/ruby/openssl/releases/tag/v3.3.2
+[openssl-v4.0.0]: https://github.com/ruby/openssl/releases/tag/v4.0.0
+[optparse-v0.7.0]: https://github.com/ruby/optparse/releases/tag/v0.7.0
+[optparse-v0.8.0]: https://github.com/ruby/optparse/releases/tag/v0.8.0
+[optparse-v0.8.1]: https://github.com/ruby/optparse/releases/tag/v0.8.1
+[pp-v0.6.3]: https://github.com/ruby/pp/releases/tag/v0.6.3
+[prism-v1.6.0]: https://github.com/ruby/prism/releases/tag/v1.6.0
+[prism-v1.7.0]: https://github.com/ruby/prism/releases/tag/v1.7.0
+[psych-v5.2.3]: https://github.com/ruby/psych/releases/tag/v5.2.3
+[psych-v5.2.4]: https://github.com/ruby/psych/releases/tag/v5.2.4
+[psych-v5.2.5]: https://github.com/ruby/psych/releases/tag/v5.2.5
+[psych-v5.2.6]: https://github.com/ruby/psych/releases/tag/v5.2.6
+[psych-v5.3.0]: https://github.com/ruby/psych/releases/tag/v5.3.0
+[psych-v5.3.1]: https://github.com/ruby/psych/releases/tag/v5.3.1
+[resolv-v0.6.3]: https://github.com/ruby/resolv/releases/tag/v0.6.3
+[resolv-v0.7.0]: https://github.com/ruby/resolv/releases/tag/v0.7.0
+[stringio-v3.1.3]: https://github.com/ruby/stringio/releases/tag/v3.1.3
+[stringio-v3.1.4]: https://github.com/ruby/stringio/releases/tag/v3.1.4
+[stringio-v3.1.5]: https://github.com/ruby/stringio/releases/tag/v3.1.5
+[stringio-v3.1.6]: https://github.com/ruby/stringio/releases/tag/v3.1.6
+[stringio-v3.1.7]: https://github.com/ruby/stringio/releases/tag/v3.1.7
+[stringio-v3.1.8]: https://github.com/ruby/stringio/releases/tag/v3.1.8
+[stringio-v3.1.9]: https://github.com/ruby/stringio/releases/tag/v3.1.9
+[stringio-v3.2.0]: https://github.com/ruby/stringio/releases/tag/v3.2.0
+[strscan-v3.1.3]: https://github.com/ruby/strscan/releases/tag/v3.1.3
+[strscan-v3.1.4]: https://github.com/ruby/strscan/releases/tag/v3.1.4
+[strscan-v3.1.5]: https://github.com/ruby/strscan/releases/tag/v3.1.5
+[strscan-v3.1.6]: https://github.com/ruby/strscan/releases/tag/v3.1.6
+[time-v0.4.2]: https://github.com/ruby/time/releases/tag/v0.4.2
+[timeout-v0.4.4]: https://github.com/ruby/timeout/releases/tag/v0.4.4
+[timeout-v0.5.0]: https://github.com/ruby/timeout/releases/tag/v0.5.0
+[timeout-v0.6.0]: https://github.com/ruby/timeout/releases/tag/v0.6.0
+[uri-v1.1.0]: https://github.com/ruby/uri/releases/tag/v1.1.0
+[uri-v1.1.1]: https://github.com/ruby/uri/releases/tag/v1.1.1
+[weakref-v0.1.4]: https://github.com/ruby/weakref/releases/tag/v0.1.4
+[zlib-v3.2.2]: https://github.com/ruby/zlib/releases/tag/v3.2.2
+[power_assert-v3.0.0]: https://github.com/ruby/power_assert/releases/tag/v3.0.0
+[power_assert-v3.0.1]: https://github.com/ruby/power_assert/releases/tag/v3.0.1
+[rake-v13.3.0]: https://github.com/ruby/rake/releases/tag/v13.3.0
+[rake-v13.3.1]: https://github.com/ruby/rake/releases/tag/v13.3.1
+[test-unit-3.6.8]: https://github.com/test-unit/test-unit/releases/tag/3.6.8
+[test-unit-3.6.9]: https://github.com/test-unit/test-unit/releases/tag/3.6.9
+[test-unit-3.7.0]: https://github.com/test-unit/test-unit/releases/tag/3.7.0
+[test-unit-3.7.1]: https://github.com/test-unit/test-unit/releases/tag/3.7.1
+[test-unit-3.7.2]: https://github.com/test-unit/test-unit/releases/tag/3.7.2
+[test-unit-3.7.3]: https://github.com/test-unit/test-unit/releases/tag/3.7.3
+[test-unit-3.7.4]: https://github.com/test-unit/test-unit/releases/tag/3.7.4
+[test-unit-3.7.5]: https://github.com/test-unit/test-unit/releases/tag/3.7.5
+[rss-0.3.2]: https://github.com/ruby/rss/releases/tag/0.3.2
+[net-ftp-v0.3.9]: https://github.com/ruby/net-ftp/releases/tag/v0.3.9
+[net-imap-v0.5.9]: https://github.com/ruby/net-imap/releases/tag/v0.5.9
+[net-imap-v0.5.10]: https://github.com/ruby/net-imap/releases/tag/v0.5.10
+[net-imap-v0.5.11]: https://github.com/ruby/net-imap/releases/tag/v0.5.11
+[net-imap-v0.5.12]: https://github.com/ruby/net-imap/releases/tag/v0.5.12
+[net-imap-v0.5.13]: https://github.com/ruby/net-imap/releases/tag/v0.5.13
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+[net-smtp-v0.5.1]: https://github.com/ruby/net-smtp/releases/tag/v0.5.1
+[matrix-v0.4.3]: https://github.com/ruby/matrix/releases/tag/v0.4.3
+[prime-v0.1.4]: https://github.com/ruby/prime/releases/tag/v0.1.4
+[rbs-v3.8.1]: https://github.com/ruby/rbs/releases/tag/v3.8.1
+[rbs-v3.9.0.dev.1]: https://github.com/ruby/rbs/releases/tag/v3.9.0.dev.1
+[rbs-v3.9.0.pre.1]: https://github.com/ruby/rbs/releases/tag/v3.9.0.pre.1
+[rbs-v3.9.0.pre.2]: https://github.com/ruby/rbs/releases/tag/v3.9.0.pre.2
+[rbs-v3.9.0]: https://github.com/ruby/rbs/releases/tag/v3.9.0
+[rbs-v3.9.1]: https://github.com/ruby/rbs/releases/tag/v3.9.1
+[rbs-v3.9.2]: https://github.com/ruby/rbs/releases/tag/v3.9.2
+[rbs-v3.9.3]: https://github.com/ruby/rbs/releases/tag/v3.9.3
+[rbs-v3.9.4]: https://github.com/ruby/rbs/releases/tag/v3.9.4
+[rbs-v3.9.5]: https://github.com/ruby/rbs/releases/tag/v3.9.5
+[rbs-v3.10.0.pre.1]: https://github.com/ruby/rbs/releases/tag/v3.10.0.pre.1
+[rbs-v3.10.0.pre.2]: https://github.com/ruby/rbs/releases/tag/v3.10.0.pre.2
+[rbs-v3.10.0]: https://github.com/ruby/rbs/releases/tag/v3.10.0
+[debug-v1.11.1]: https://github.com/ruby/debug/releases/tag/v1.11.1
+[base64-v0.3.0]: https://github.com/ruby/base64/releases/tag/v0.3.0
+[bigdecimal-v3.2.0]: https://github.com/ruby/bigdecimal/releases/tag/v3.2.0
+[bigdecimal-v3.2.1]: https://github.com/ruby/bigdecimal/releases/tag/v3.2.1
+[bigdecimal-v3.2.2]: https://github.com/ruby/bigdecimal/releases/tag/v3.2.2
+[bigdecimal-v3.2.3]: https://github.com/ruby/bigdecimal/releases/tag/v3.2.3
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+[syslog-v0.3.0]: https://github.com/ruby/syslog/releases/tag/v0.3.0
+[csv-v3.3.3]: https://github.com/ruby/csv/releases/tag/v3.3.3
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diff --git a/doc/_regexp.rdoc b/doc/_regexp.rdoc
index 468827da15..aa55a7eebf 100644
--- a/doc/_regexp.rdoc
+++ b/doc/_regexp.rdoc
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ A regexp may be used:
   most such methods accept an argument that may be either a string
   or the (much more powerful) regexp.
 
-  See {Regexp Methods}[rdoc-ref:regexp/methods.rdoc].
+  See {Regexp Methods}[rdoc-ref:language/regexp/methods.rdoc].
 
 == \Regexp Objects
 
@@ -414,21 +414,21 @@ Each of these anchors matches a boundary:
 
 Lookahead anchors:
 
-- <tt>(?=_pat_)</tt>: Positive lookahead assertion:
+- <tt>(?=pat)</tt>: Positive lookahead assertion:
   ensures that the following characters match _pat_,
   but doesn't include those characters in the matched substring.
 
-- <tt>(?!_pat_)</tt>: Negative lookahead assertion:
+- <tt>(?!pat)</tt>: Negative lookahead assertion:
   ensures that the following characters <i>do not</i> match _pat_,
   but doesn't include those characters in the matched substring.
 
 Lookbehind anchors:
 
-- <tt>(?<=_pat_)</tt>: Positive lookbehind assertion:
+- <tt>(?<=pat)</tt>: Positive lookbehind assertion:
   ensures that the preceding characters match _pat_, but
   doesn't include those characters in the matched substring.
 
-- <tt>(?<!_pat_)</tt>: Negative lookbehind assertion:
+- <tt>(?<!pat)</tt>: Negative lookbehind assertion:
   ensures that the preceding characters do not match
   _pat_, but doesn't include those characters in the matched substring.
 
@@ -439,6 +439,10 @@ without including the tags in the match:
   /(?<=<b>)\w+(?=<\/b>)/.match("Fortune favors the <b>bold</b>.")
   # => #<MatchData "bold">
 
+The pattern in lookbehind must be fixed-width.
+But top-level alternatives can be of various lengths.
+ex. (?<=a|bc) is OK. (?<=aaa(?:b|cd)) is not allowed.
+
 ==== Match-Reset Anchor
 
 - <tt>\K</tt>: Match reset:
@@ -498,7 +502,7 @@ An added _quantifier_ specifies how many matches are required or allowed:
     /\w*/.match('x')
     # => #<MatchData "x">
     /\w*/.match('xyz')
-    # => #<MatchData "yz">
+    # => #<MatchData "xyz">
 
 - <tt>+</tt> - Matches one or more times:
 
@@ -570,7 +574,7 @@ A simple regexp has (at most) one match:
   re.match('1943-02-04').size # => 1
   re.match('foo')             # => nil
 
-Adding one or more pairs of parentheses, <tt>(_subexpression_)</tt>,
+Adding one or more pairs of parentheses, <tt>(subexpression)</tt>,
 defines _groups_, which may result in multiple matched substrings,
 called _captures_:
 
@@ -643,8 +647,8 @@ A regexp may contain any number of groups:
 
 - For a large number of groups:
 
-  - The ordinary <tt>\\_n_</tt> notation applies only for _n_ in range (1..9).
-  - The <tt>MatchData[_n_]</tt> notation applies for any non-negative _n_.
+  - The ordinary <tt>\\n</tt> notation applies only for _n_ in range (1..9).
+  - The <tt>MatchData[n]</tt> notation applies for any non-negative _n_.
 
 - <tt>\0</tt> is a special backreference, referring to the entire matched string;
   it may not be used within the regexp itself,
@@ -657,7 +661,7 @@ A regexp may contain any number of groups:
 
 As seen above, a capture can be referred to by its number.
 A capture can also have a name,
-prefixed as <tt>?<_name_></tt> or <tt>?'_name_'</tt>,
+prefixed as <tt>?<name></tt> or <tt>?'name'</tt>,
 and the name (symbolized) may be used as an index in <tt>MatchData[]</tt>:
 
   md = /\$(?<dollars>\d+)\.(?'cents'\d+)/.match("$3.67")
@@ -672,7 +676,7 @@ When a regexp contains a named capture, there are no unnamed captures:
   /\$(?<dollars>\d+)\.(\d+)/.match("$3.67")
   # => #<MatchData "$3.67" dollars:"3">
 
-A named group may be backreferenced as <tt>\k<_name_></tt>:
+A named group may be backreferenced as <tt>\k<name></tt>:
 
   /(?<vowel>[aeiou]).\k<vowel>.\k<vowel>/.match('ototomy')
   # => #<MatchData "ototo" vowel:"o">
@@ -709,7 +713,7 @@ Analysis:
 
 1. The leading subexpression <tt>"</tt> in the pattern matches the first character
    <tt>"</tt> in the target string.
-2. The next subexpression <tt>.*</tt> matches the next substring <tt>Quote“</tt>
+2. The next subexpression <tt>.*</tt> matches the next substring <tt>Quote"</tt>
    (including the trailing double-quote).
 3. Now there is nothing left in the target string to match
    the trailing subexpression <tt>"</tt> in the pattern;
@@ -728,10 +732,10 @@ see {Atomic Group}[https://www.regular-expressions.info/atomic.html].
 
 ==== Subexpression Calls
 
-As seen above, a backreference number (<tt>\\_n_</tt>) or name (<tt>\k<_name_></tt>)
+As seen above, a backreference number (<tt>\\n</tt>) or name (<tt>\k<name></tt>)
 gives access to a captured _substring_;
 the corresponding regexp _subexpression_ may also be accessed,
-via the number (<tt>\\g<i>n</i></tt>) or name (<tt>\g<_name_></tt>):
+via the number n (<tt>\\gn</tt>) or name (<tt>\g<name></tt>):
 
   /\A(?<paren>\(\g<paren>*\))*\z/.match('(())')
   # ^1
@@ -764,12 +768,12 @@ See {Subexpression calls}[https://learnbyexample.github.io/Ruby_Regexp/groupings
 
 ==== Conditionals
 
-The conditional construct takes the form <tt>(?(_cond_)_yes_|_no_)</tt>, where:
+The conditional construct takes the form <tt>(?(cond)yes|no)</tt>, where:
 
 - _cond_ may be a capture number or name.
 - The match to be applied is _yes_ if _cond_ is captured;
   otherwise the match to be applied is _no_.
-- If not needed, <tt>|_no_</tt> may be omitted.
+- If not needed, <tt>|no</tt> may be omitted.
 
 Examples:
 
@@ -798,7 +802,7 @@ The absence operator is a special group that matches anything which does _not_ m
 
 ==== Unicode Properties
 
-The <tt>/\p{_property_name_}/</tt> construct (with lowercase +p+)
+The <tt>/\p{property_name}/</tt> construct (with lowercase +p+)
 matches characters using a Unicode property name,
 much like a character class;
 property +Alpha+ specifies alphabetic characters:
@@ -817,7 +821,7 @@ Or by using <tt>\P</tt> (uppercase +P+):
   /\P{Alpha}/.match('1') # => #<MatchData "1">
   /\P{Alpha}/.match('a') # => nil
 
-See {Unicode Properties}[rdoc-ref:regexp/unicode_properties.rdoc]
+See {Unicode Properties}[rdoc-ref:language/regexp/unicode_properties.rdoc]
 for regexps based on the numerous properties.
 
 Some commonly-used properties correspond to POSIX bracket expressions:
@@ -1029,23 +1033,23 @@ See also {Extended Mode}[rdoc-ref:Regexp@Extended+Mode].
 
 Each of these modifiers sets a mode for the regexp:
 
-- +i+: <tt>/_pattern_/i</tt> sets
+- +i+: <tt>/pattern/i</tt> sets
   {Case-Insensitive Mode}[rdoc-ref:Regexp@Case-Insensitive+Mode].
-- +m+: <tt>/_pattern_/m</tt> sets
+- +m+: <tt>/pattern/m</tt> sets
   {Multiline Mode}[rdoc-ref:Regexp@Multiline+Mode].
-- +x+: <tt>/_pattern_/x</tt> sets
+- +x+: <tt>/pattern/x</tt> sets
   {Extended Mode}[rdoc-ref:Regexp@Extended+Mode].
-- +o+: <tt>/_pattern_/o</tt> sets
+- +o+: <tt>/pattern/o</tt> sets
   {Interpolation Mode}[rdoc-ref:Regexp@Interpolation+Mode].
 
 Any, all, or none of these may be applied.
 
 Modifiers +i+, +m+, and +x+ may be applied to subexpressions:
 
-- <tt>(?_modifier_)</tt> turns the mode "on" for ensuing subexpressions
-- <tt>(?-_modifier_)</tt> turns the mode "off" for ensuing subexpressions
-- <tt>(?_modifier_:_subexp_)</tt> turns the mode "on" for _subexp_ within the group
-- <tt>(?-_modifier_:_subexp_)</tt> turns the mode "off" for _subexp_ within the group
+- <tt>(?modifier)</tt> turns the mode "on" for ensuing subexpressions
+- <tt>(?-modifier)</tt> turns the mode "off" for ensuing subexpressions
+- <tt>(?modifier:subexp)</tt> turns the mode "on" for _subexp_ within the group
+- <tt>(?-modifier:subexp)</tt> turns the mode "off" for _subexp_ within the group
 
 Example:
 
@@ -1162,22 +1166,22 @@ A regular expression containing non-US-ASCII characters
 is assumed to use the source encoding.
 This can be overridden with one of the following modifiers.
 
-- <tt>/_pat_/n</tt>: US-ASCII if only containing US-ASCII characters,
+- <tt>/pat/n</tt>: US-ASCII if only containing US-ASCII characters,
   otherwise ASCII-8BIT:
 
     /foo/n.encoding     # => #<Encoding:US-ASCII>
     /foo\xff/n.encoding # => #<Encoding:ASCII-8BIT>
     /foo\x7f/n.encoding # => #<Encoding:US-ASCII>
 
-- <tt>/_pat_/u</tt>: UTF-8
+- <tt>/pat/u</tt>: UTF-8
 
     /foo/u.encoding # => #<Encoding:UTF-8>
 
-- <tt>/_pat_/e</tt>: EUC-JP
+- <tt>/pat/e</tt>: EUC-JP
 
     /foo/e.encoding # => #<Encoding:EUC-JP>
 
-- <tt>/_pat_/s</tt>: Windows-31J
+- <tt>/pat/s</tt>: Windows-31J
 
     /foo/s.encoding # => #<Encoding:Windows-31J>
 
@@ -1247,7 +1251,7 @@ the potential vulnerability arising from this is the {regular expression denial-
 
 \Regexp matching can apply an optimization to prevent ReDoS attacks.
 When the optimization is applied, matching time increases linearly (not polynomially or exponentially)
-in relation to the input size, and a ReDoS attach is not possible.
+in relation to the input size, and a ReDoS attack is not possible.
 
 This optimization is applied if the pattern meets these criteria:
 
@@ -1268,13 +1272,13 @@ because the optimization uses memoization (which may invoke large memory consump
 
 == References
 
-Read (online PDF books):
+Read:
 
-- {Mastering Regular Expressions}[https://ia902508.us.archive.org/10/items/allitebooks-02/Mastering%20Regular%20Expressions%2C%203rd%20Edition.pdf]
+- <i>Mastering Regular Expressions</i>
   by Jeffrey E.F. Friedl.
-- {Regular Expressions Cookbook}[https://doc.lagout.org/programmation/Regular%20Expressions/Regular%20Expressions%20Cookbook_%20Detailed%20Solutions%20in%20Eight%20Programming%20Languages%20%282nd%20ed.%29%20%5BGoyvaerts%20%26%20Levithan%202012-09-06%5D.pdf]
+- <i>Regular Expressions Cookbook</i>
   by Jan Goyvaerts & Steven Levithan.
 
-Explore, test (interactive online editor):
+Explore, test:
 
-- {Rubular}[https://rubular.com/].
+- {Rubular}[https://rubular.com/]: interactive online editor.
diff --git a/doc/command_injection.rdoc b/doc/command_injection.rdoc
deleted file mode 100644
index ee33d4a04e..0000000000
--- a/doc/command_injection.rdoc
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,37 +0,0 @@
-= Command Injection
-
-Some Ruby core methods accept string data
-that includes text to be executed as a system command.
-
-They should not be called with unknown or unsanitized commands.
-
-These methods include:
-
-- Kernel.exec
-- Kernel.spawn
-- Kernel.system
-- {\`command` (backtick method)}[rdoc-ref:Kernel#`]
-  (also called by the expression <tt>%x[command]</tt>).
-- IO.popen (when called with other than <tt>"-"</tt>).
-
-Some methods execute a system command only if the given path name starts
-with a <tt>|</tt>:
-
-- Kernel.open(command).
-- IO.read(command).
-- IO.write(command).
-- IO.binread(command).
-- IO.binwrite(command).
-- IO.readlines(command).
-- IO.foreach(command).
-- URI.open(command).
-
-Note that some of these methods do not execute commands when called
-from subclass +File+:
-
-- File.read(path).
-- File.write(path).
-- File.binread(path).
-- File.binwrite(path).
-- File.readlines(path).
-- File.foreach(path).
diff --git a/doc/command_line/environment.md b/doc/command_line/environment.md
deleted file mode 100644
index 8f6d595f6c..0000000000
--- a/doc/command_line/environment.md
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,174 +0,0 @@
-## Environment
-
-Certain command-line options affect the execution environment
-of the invoked Ruby program.
-
-### About the Examples
-
-The examples here use command-line option `-e`,
-which passes the Ruby code to be executed on the command line itself:
-
-```console
-$ ruby -e 'puts "Hello, World."'
-```
-
-### Option `-C`
-
-The argument to option `-C` specifies a working directory
-for the invoked Ruby program;
-does not change the working directory for the current process:
-
-```console
-$ basename `pwd`
-ruby
-$ ruby -C lib -e 'puts File.basename(Dir.pwd)'
-lib
-$ basename `pwd`
-ruby
-```
-
-Whitespace between the option and its argument may be omitted.
-
-### Option `-I`
-
-The argument to option `-I` specifies a directory
-to be added to the array in global variable `$LOAD_PATH`;
-the option may be given more than once:
-
-```console
-$ pushd /tmp
-$ ruby -e 'p $LOAD_PATH.size'
-8
-$ ruby -I my_lib -I some_lib -e 'p $LOAD_PATH.size'
-10
-$ ruby -I my_lib -I some_lib -e 'p $LOAD_PATH.take(2)'
-["/tmp/my_lib", "/tmp/some_lib"]
-$ popd
-```
-
-Whitespace between the option and its argument may be omitted.
-
-### Option `-r`
-
-The argument to option `-r` specifies a library to be required
-before executing the Ruby program;
-the option may be given more than once:
-
-```console
-$ ruby -e 'p defined?(JSON); p defined?(CSV)'
-nil
-nil
-$ ruby -r CSV -r JSON -e 'p defined?(JSON); p defined?(CSV)'
-"constant"
-"constant"
-```
-
-Whitespace between the option and its argument may be omitted.
-
-### Option `-0`
-
-Option `-0` defines the input record separator `$/`
-for the invoked Ruby program.
-
-The optional argument to the option must be octal digits,
-each in the range `0..7`;
-these digits are prefixed with digit `0` to form an octal value:
-
-- If no argument is given, the input record separator is `0x00`.
-- If the argument is `0`, the input record separator is `''`;
-  see {Special Line Separator Values}[rdoc-ref:IO@Special+Line+Separator+Values].
-- If the argument is in range `(1..0377)`,
-  it becomes the character value of the input record separator `$/`.
-- Otherwise, the input record separator is `nil`.
-
-Examples:
-
-```console
-$ ruby -0 -e 'p $/'
-"\x00"
-$ ruby -00 -e 'p $/'
-""
-$ ruby -012 -e 'p $/'
-"\n"
-$ ruby -015 -e 'p $/'
-"\r"
-$ ruby -0377 -e 'p $/'
-"\xFF"
-$ ruby -0400 -e 'p $/'
-nil
-```
-
-The option may not be separated from its argument by whitespace.
-
-### Option `-d`
-
-Some code in (or called by) the Ruby program may include statements or blocks
-conditioned by the global variable `$DEBUG` (e.g., `if $DEBUG`);
-these commonly write to `$stdout` or `$stderr`.
-
-The default value for `$DEBUG` is `false`;
-option `-d` (or `--debug`) sets it to `true`:
-
-```console
-$ ruby -e 'p $DEBUG'
-false
-$ ruby -d -e 'p $DEBUG'
-true
-```
-
-### Option '-w'
-
-Option `-w` (lowercase letter) is equivalent to option `-W1` (uppercase letter).
-
-### Option `-W`
-
-Any Ruby code can create a <i>warning message</i> by calling method Kernel#warn;
-methods in the Ruby core and standard libraries can also create warning messages.
-Such a message may be printed on `$stderr`
-(or not, depending on certain settings).
-
-Option `-W` helps determine whether a particular warning message
-will be written,
-by setting the initial value of global variable `$-W`:
-
-- `-W0`: Sets `$-W` to `0` (silent; no warnings).
-- `-W1`: Sets `$-W` to `1` (moderate verbosity).
-- `-W2`: Sets `$-W` to `2` (high verbosity).
-- `-W`: Same as `-W2` (high verbosity).
-- Option not given: Same as `-W1` (moderate verbosity).
-
-The value of `$-W`, in turn, determines which warning messages (if any)
-are to be printed to `$stdout` (see Kernel#warn):
-
-```console
-$ ruby -W1 -e 'p $foo'
-nil
-$ ruby -W2 -e 'p $foo'
--e:1: warning: global variable '$foo' not initialized
-nil
-```
-
-Ruby code may also define warnings for certain categories;
-these are the default settings for the defined categories:
-
-```ruby
-Warning[:experimental] # => true
-Warning[:deprecated]   # => false
-Warning[:performance]  # => false
-```
-
-They may also be set:
-
-```ruby
-Warning[:experimental] = false
-Warning[:deprecated]   = true
-Warning[:performance]  = true
-```
-
-You can suppress a category by prefixing `no-` to the category name:
-
-```console
-$ ruby -W:no-experimental -e 'p IO::Buffer.new'
-#<IO::Buffer>
-```
-
diff --git a/doc/bug_triaging.rdoc b/doc/contributing/bug_triaging.rdoc
index 83fe88cabe..83fe88cabe 100644
--- a/doc/bug_triaging.rdoc
+++ b/doc/contributing/bug_triaging.rdoc
diff --git a/doc/contributing/building_ruby.md b/doc/contributing/building_ruby.md
index c0eafe182f..286bd1f116 100644
--- a/doc/contributing/building_ruby.md
+++ b/doc/contributing/building_ruby.md
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@
     * [autoconf] - 2.67 or later
     * [gperf] - 3.1 or later
         * Usually unneeded; only if you edit some source files using gperf
-    * ruby - 3.0 or later
+    * ruby - 3.1 or later
         * We can upgrade this version to system ruby version of the latest
           Ubuntu LTS.
     * git - 2.32 or later
@@ -184,7 +184,7 @@ cause build failures.
 ## Building on Windows
 
 The documentation for building on Windows can be found in [the separated
-file](../windows.md).
+file](../distribution/windows.md).
 
 ## More details
 
@@ -260,11 +260,25 @@ This will add launch configurations for debugging Ruby itself by running `test.r
 
 ### Compiling for Debugging
 
-You should configure Ruby without optimization and other flags that may
-interfere with debugging:
+You can compile Ruby with the `RUBY_DEBUG` macro to enable debugging on some
+features. One example is debugging object shapes in Ruby with
+`RubyVM::Shape.of(object)`.
+
+Additionally Ruby can be compiled to support the `RUBY_DEBUG` environment
+variable to enable debugging on some features. An example is using
+`RUBY_DEBUG=gc_stress` to debug GC-related issues.
+
+There is also support for the `RUBY_DEBUG_LOG` environment variable to log a
+lot of information about what the VM is doing, via the `USE_RUBY_DEBUG_LOG`
+macro.
+
+You should also configure Ruby without optimization and other flags that may
+interfere with debugging by changing the optimization flags.
+
+Bringing it all together:
 
 ```sh
-./configure --enable-debug-env optflags="-O0 -fno-omit-frame-pointer"
+./configure cppflags="-DRUBY_DEBUG=1 -DUSE_RUBY_DEBUG_LOG=1" --enable-debug-env optflags="-O0 -fno-omit-frame-pointer"
 ```
 
 ### Building with Address Sanitizer
@@ -293,9 +307,6 @@ RUBY_TEST_TIMEOUT_SCALE=5 SYNTAX_SUGGEST_TIMEOUT=600 make check
 
 Please note, however, the following caveats!
 
-* ASAN will not work properly on any currently released version of Ruby; the
-  necessary support is currently only present on Ruby's master branch (and the
-  whole test suite passes only as of commit [Revision 9d0a5148]).
 * Due to [Bug #20243], Clang generates code for threadlocal variables which
   doesn't work with M:N threading. Thus, it's necessary to disable M:N
   threading support at build time for now (with the `-DUSE_MN_THREADS=0`
diff --git a/doc/contributing/concurrency_guide.md b/doc/contributing/concurrency_guide.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..1fb58f7203
--- /dev/null
+++ b/doc/contributing/concurrency_guide.md
@@ -0,0 +1,154 @@
+# Concurrency Guide
+
+This is a guide to thinking about concurrency in the cruby source code, whether that's contributing to Ruby
+by writing C or by contributing to one of the JITs. This does not touch on native extensions, only the core
+language. It will go over:
+
+* What needs synchronizing?
+* How to use the VM lock, and what you can and can't do when you've acquired this lock.
+* What you can and can't do when you've acquired other native locks.
+* The difference between the VM lock and the GVL.
+* What a VM barrier is and when to use it.
+* The lock ordering of some important locks.
+* How ruby interrupt handling works.
+* The timer thread and what it's responsible for.
+
+## What needs synchronizing?
+
+Before ractors, only one ruby thread could run at once. That didn't mean you could forget about concurrency issues, though. The timer thread
+is a native thread that interacts with other ruby threads and changes some VM internals, so if these changes can be done in parallel by both the timer
+thread and a ruby thread, they need to be synchronized.
+
+When you add ractors to the mix, it gets more complicated. However, ractors allow you to forget about synchronization for non-shareable objects because
+they aren't used across ractors. Only one ruby thread can touch the object at once. For shareable objects, they are deeply frozen so there isn't any
+mutation on the objects themselves. However, something like reading/writing constants across ractors does need to be synchronized. In this case, ruby threads need to
+see a consistent view of the VM. If publishing the update takes 2 steps or even two separate instructions, like in this case, synchronization is required.
+
+Most synchronization is to protect VM internals. These internals include structures for the thread scheduler on each ractor, the global ractor scheduler, the
+coordination between ruby threads and ractors, global tables (for `fstrings`, encodings, symbols and global vars), etc. Anything that can be mutated by a ractor
+that can also be read or mutated by another ractor at the same time requires proper synchronization.
+
+## The VM Lock
+
+There's only one VM lock and it is for critical sections that can only be entered by one ractor at a time.
+Without ractors, the VM lock is useless. It does not stop all ractors from running, as ractors can run
+without trying to acquire this lock. If you're updating global (shared) data between ractors and aren't using
+atomics, you need to use a lock and this is a convenient one to use. Unlike other locks, you can allocate ruby-managed
+memory with it held. When you take the VM lock, there are things you can and can't do during your critical section:
+
+You can (as long as no other locks are also held before the VM lock):
+
+* Create ruby objects, call `ruby_xmalloc`, etc.
+
+You can't:
+
+* Context switch to another ruby thread or ractor. This is important, as many things can cause ruby-level context switches including:
+
+    * Calling any ruby method through, for example, `rb_funcall`. If you execute ruby code, a context switch could happen.
+    This also applies to ruby methods defined in C, as they can be redefined in Ruby. Things that call ruby methods such as
+    `rb_obj_respond_to` are also disallowed.
+
+    * Calling `rb_raise`. This will call `initialize` on the new exception object. With the VM lock
+      held, nothing you call should be able to raise an exception. `NoMemoryError` is allowed, however.
+
+    * Calling `rb_nogvl` or a ruby-level mechanism that can context switch like `rb_mutex_lock`.
+
+    * Enter any blocking operation managed by ruby. This will context switch to another ruby thread using `rb_nogvl` or
+    something equivalent. A blocking operation is one that blocks the thread's progress, such as `sleep` or `IO#read`.
+
+Internally, the VM lock is the `vm->ractor.sync.lock`.
+
+You need to be on a ruby thread to take the VM lock. You also can't take it inside any functions that could be called during sweeping, as MMTK sweeps
+on another thread and you need a valid `ec` to grab the lock. For this same reason (among others), you can't take it from the timer thread either.
+
+## Other Locks
+
+All native locks that aren't the VM lock share a more strict set of rules for what's allowed during the critical section. By native locks, we mean
+anything that uses `rb_native_mutex_lock`. Some important locks include the `interrupt_lock`, the ractor scheduling lock (protects global scheduling data structures),
+the thread scheduling lock (local to each ractor, protects per-ractor scheduling data structures) and the ractor lock (local to each ractor, protects ractor data structures).
+
+When you acquire one of these locks,
+
+You can:
+
+* Allocate memory though non-ruby allocation such as raw `malloc` or the standard library. But be careful, some functions like `strdup` use
+ruby allocation through the use of macros!
+
+* Use `ccan` lists, as they don't allocate.
+
+* Do the usual things like set variables or struct fields, manipulate linked lists, signal condition variables etc.
+
+You can't:
+
+* Allocate ruby-managed memory. This includes creating ruby objects or using `ruby_xmalloc` or `st_insert`. The reason this
+is disallowed is if that allocation causes a GC, then all other ruby threads must join a VM barrier as soon as possible
+(when they next check interrupts or acquire the VM lock). This is so that no other ractors are running during GC. If a ruby thread
+is waiting (blocked) on this same native lock, it can't join the barrier and a deadlock occurs because the barrier will never finish.
+
+* Raise exceptions. You also can't use `EC_JUMP_TAG` if it jumps out of the critical section.
+
+* Context switch. See the `VM Lock` section for more info.
+
+## Difference Between VM Lock and GVL
+
+The VM Lock is a particular lock in the source code. There is only one VM Lock. The GVL, on the other hand, is more of a combination of locks.
+It is "acquired" when a ruby thread is about to run or is running. Since many ruby threads can run at the same time if they're in different ractors,
+there are many GVLs (1 per `SNT` + 1 for the main ractor). It can no longer be thought of as a "Global VM Lock" like it once was before ractors.
+
+## VM Barriers
+
+Sometimes, taking the VM Lock isn't enough and you need a guarantee that all ractors have stopped. This happens when running `GC`, for instance.
+To get a barrier, you take the VM Lock and call `rb_vm_barrier()`. For the duration that the VM lock is held, no other ractors will be running. It's not used
+often as taking a barrier slows ractor performance down considerably, but it's useful to know about and is sometimes the only solution.
+
+## Lock Orderings
+
+It's a good idea to not hold more than 2 locks at once on the same thread. Locking multiple locks can introduce deadlocks, so do it with care. When locking
+multiple locks at once, follow an ordering that is consistent across the program, otherwise you can introduce deadlocks. Here are the orderings of some important locks:
+
+* VM lock before ractor_sched_lock
+* thread_sched_lock before ractor_sched_lock
+* interrupt_lock before timer_th.waiting_lock
+* timer_th.waiting_lock before ractor_sched_lock
+
+These orderings are subject to change, so check the source if you're not sure. On top of this:
+
+* During each `ubf` (unblock) function, the VM lock can be taken around it in some circumstances. This happens during VM shutdown, for example.
+See the "Interrupt Handling" section for more details.
+
+## Ruby Interrupt Handling
+
+When the VM runs ruby code, ruby's threads intermittently check ruby-level interrupts. These software interrupts
+are for various things in ruby and they can be set by other ruby threads or the timer thread.
+
+* Ruby threads check when they should give up their timeslice. The native thread switches to another ruby thread when their time is up.
+* The timer thread sends a "trap" interrupt to the main thread if any ruby-level signal handlers are pending.
+* Ruby threads can have other ruby threads run tasks for them by sending them an interrupt. For instance, ractors send
+the main thread an interrupt when they need to `require` a file so that it's done on the main thread. They wait for the
+main thread's result.
+* During VM shutdown, a "terminate" interrupt is sent to all ractor main threads top stop them asap.
+* When calling `Thread#raise`, the caller sends an interrupt to that thread telling it which exception to raise.
+* Unlocking a mutex sends the next waiter (if any) an interrupt telling it to grab the lock.
+* Signalling or broadcasting on a condition variable tells the waiter(s) to wake up.
+
+This isn't a complete list.
+
+When sending an interrupt to a ruby thread, the ruby thread can be blocked. For example, it could be in the middle of a `TCPSocket#read` call. If so,
+the receiving thread's `ubf` (unblock function) gets called from the thread (ruby thread or timer thread) that sent the interrupt.
+Each ruby thread has a `ubf` that is set when it enters a blocking operation and is unset after returning from it. By default, this `ubf` function sends a
+`SIGVTALRM` to the receiving thread to try to unblock it from the kernel so it can check its interrupts. There are other `ubfs` that
+aren't associated with a syscall, such as when calling `Ractor#join` or `sleep`. All `ubfs` are called with the `interrupt_lock` held,
+so take that into account when using locks inside `ubfs`.
+
+Remember, `ubfs` can be called from the timer thread so you cannot assume an `ec` inside them. The `ec` (execution context) is only set on ruby threads.
+
+## The Timer Thread
+
+The timer thread has a few functions. They are:
+
+* Send interrupts to ruby threads that have run for their whole timeslice.
+* Wake up M:N ruby threads (threads in non-main ractors) blocked on IO or after a specified timeout. This
+uses `kqueue` or `epoll`, depending on the OS, to receive IO events on behalf of the threads.
+* Continue calling  the `SIGVTARLM` signal if a thread is still blocked on a syscall after the first `ubf` call.
+* Signal native threads (`SNT`) waiting on a ractor if there are ractors waiting in the global run queue.
+* Create more `SNT`s if some are blocked, like on IO or on `Ractor#join`.
diff --git a/doc/contributing/documentation_guide.md b/doc/contributing/documentation_guide.md
index deb17a793a..4b1e2ac9ad 100644
--- a/doc/contributing/documentation_guide.md
+++ b/doc/contributing/documentation_guide.md
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ in the Ruby core and in the Ruby standard library.
 ## Generating documentation
 
 Most Ruby documentation lives in the source files and is written in
-[RDoc format](rdoc-ref:RDoc::MarkupReference).
+[RDoc format](https://ruby.github.io/rdoc/RDoc/MarkupReference.html).
 
 Some pages live under the `doc` folder and can be written in either
 `.rdoc` or `.md` format, determined by the file extension.
@@ -44,14 +44,13 @@ Use your judgment about what the user needs to know.
 - Group sentences into (ideally short) paragraphs,
   each covering a single topic.
 - Organize material with
-  [headings](rdoc-ref:RDoc::MarkupReference@Headings).
+  [headings].
 - Refer to authoritative and relevant sources using
-  [links](rdoc-ref:RDoc::MarkupReference@Links).
+  [links](https://ruby.github.io/rdoc/RDoc/MarkupReference.html#class-RDoc::MarkupReference-label-Links).
 - Use simple verb tenses: simple present, simple past, simple future.
 - Use simple sentence structure, not compound or complex structure.
 - Avoid:
-    - Excessive comma-separated phrases;
-      consider a [list](rdoc-ref:RDoc::MarkupReference@Lists).
+    - Excessive comma-separated phrases; consider a [list].
     - Idioms and culture-specific references.
     - Overuse of headings.
     - Using US-ASCII-incompatible characters in C source files;
@@ -62,7 +61,7 @@ Use your judgment about what the user needs to know.
 Use only US-ASCII-compatible characters in a C source file.
 (If you use other characters, the Ruby CI will gently let you know.)
 
-If want to put ASCII-incompatible characters into the documentation
+If you want to put ASCII-incompatible characters into the documentation
 for a C-coded class, module, or method, there are workarounds
 involving new files `doc/*.rdoc`:
 
@@ -75,7 +74,7 @@ involving new files `doc/*.rdoc`:
     class Foo; end
     ```
 
-- Similarly, for module `Bar` (defined in file `bar.c`,
+- Similarly, for module `Bar` (defined in file `bar.c`),
   create file `doc/bar.rdoc`, declare `module Bar; end`,
   and place the module documentation above that declaration:
 
@@ -110,7 +109,7 @@ involving new files `doc/*.rdoc`:
 
 Ruby is documented using RDoc.
 For information on \RDoc syntax and features, see the
-[RDoc Markup Reference](rdoc-ref:RDoc::MarkupReference).
+[RDoc Markup Reference](https://ruby.github.io/rdoc/RDoc/MarkupReference.html).
 
 ### Output from `irb`
 
@@ -129,22 +128,21 @@ a             #=> [2, 3, 1]
 
 ### Headings
 
-Organize a long discussion for a class or module with [headings](rdoc-ref:RDoc::MarkupReference@Headings).
+Organize a long discussion for a class or module with [headings].
 
 Do not use formal headings in the documentation for a method or constant.
 
 In the rare case where heading-like structures are needed
 within the documentation for a method or constant, use
-[bold text](rdoc-ref:RDoc::MarkupReference@Bold)
+[bold text](https://ruby.github.io/rdoc/RDoc/MarkupReference.html#class-RDoc::MarkupReference-label-Bold)
 as pseudo-headings.
 
 ### Blank Lines
 
 A blank line begins a new paragraph.
 
-A [code block](rdoc-ref:RDoc::MarkupReference@Code+Blocks)
-or [list](rdoc-ref:RDoc::MarkupReference@Lists)
-should be preceded by and followed by a blank line.
+A [code block](https://ruby.github.io/rdoc/RDoc/MarkupReference.html#class-RDoc::MarkupReference-label-Code+Blocks)
+or [list] should be preceded by and followed by a blank line.
 This is unnecessary for the HTML output, but helps in the `ri` output.
 
 ### \Method Names
@@ -164,7 +162,7 @@ For a method name in text:
 
 Code or commands embedded in running text (i.e., not in a code block)
 should marked up as
-[monofont](rdoc-ref:RDoc::MarkupReference@Monofont).
+[monofont].
 
 Code that is a simple string should include the quote marks.
 
@@ -214,7 +212,7 @@ refers to the current document
 (e.g., _Float_ in the documentation for class Float).
 
 In this case you may consider forcing the name to
-[monofont](rdoc-ref:RDoc::MarkupReference@Monofont),
+[monofont],
 which suppresses auto-linking, and also emphasizes that the word is a class name:
 
 ```rdoc
@@ -267,16 +265,16 @@ and _never_ when referring to the class itself.
 
 When writing an explicit link, follow these guidelines.
 
-#### +rdoc-ref+ Scheme
+#### `rdoc-ref` Scheme
 
-Use the +rdoc-ref+ scheme for:
+Use the `rdoc-ref` scheme for:
 
 - A link in core documentation to other core documentation.
 - A link in core documentation to documentation in a standard library package.
 - A link in a standard library package to other documentation in that same
   standard library package.
 
-See section "+rdoc-ref+ Scheme" in {Links}[rdoc-ref:RDoc::MarkupReference@Links].
+See section "`rdoc-ref` Scheme" in [links].
 
 #### URL-Based Link
 
@@ -286,7 +284,7 @@ Use a full URL-based link for:
 - A link in standard library documentation to documentation in a different
   standard library package.
 
-Doing so ensures that the link will valid even when the package documentation
+Doing so ensures that the link will be valid even when the package documentation
 is built independently (separately from the core documentation).
 
 The link should lead to a target in https://docs.ruby-lang.org/en/master/.
@@ -296,10 +294,10 @@ Also use a full URL-based link for a link to an off-site document.
 ### Variable Names
 
 The name of a variable (as specified in its call-seq) should be marked up as
-[monofont](rdoc-ref:RDoc::MarkupReference@Monofont).
+[monofont].
 
 Also, use monofont text for the name of a transient variable
-(i.e., one defined and used only in the discussion, such as +n+).
+(i.e., one defined and used only in the discussion, such as `n`).
 
 ### HTML Tags
 
@@ -314,9 +312,9 @@ In particular, avoid building tables with HTML tags
 
 Alternatives:
 
-- A {verbatim text block}[rdoc-ref:RDoc::MarkupReference@Verbatim+Text+Blocks],
+- A {verbatim text block}[https://ruby.github.io/rdoc/RDoc/MarkupReference.html#class-RDoc::MarkupReference-label-Verbatim+Text+Blocks],
   using spaces and punctuation to format the text;
-  note that {text markup}[rdoc-ref:RDoc::MarkupReference@Text+Markup]
+  note that {text markup}[https://ruby.github.io/rdoc/RDoc/MarkupReference.html#class-RDoc::MarkupReference-label-Text+Markup]
   will not be honored:
 
     - Example {source}[https://github.com/ruby/ruby/blob/34d802f32f00df1ac0220b62f72605827c16bad8/file.c#L6570-L6596].
@@ -328,6 +326,16 @@ Alternatives:
     - Example {source}[https://github.com/ruby/ruby/blob/34d802f32f00df1ac0220b62f72605827c16bad8/doc/contributing/glossary.md?plain=1].
     - Corresponding {output}[https://docs.ruby-lang.org/en/master/contributing/glossary_md.html].
 
+### Languages in Examples
+
+For symbols and strings in documentation examples:
+
+- Prefer \English in \English documentation:  <tt>'Hello'</tt>.
+- Prefer Japanese in Japanese documentation:  <tt>'こんにちは'</tt>.
+- If a second language is needed (as, for example, characters with different byte-sizes),
+  prefer Japanese in \English documentation and \English in Japanese documentation.
+- Use other languages examples only as necessary:  see String#capitalize.
+
 ## Documenting Classes and Modules
 
 The general structure of the class or module documentation should be:
@@ -356,8 +364,7 @@ Guidelines:
 
 - The section title is `What's Here`.
 - Consider listing the parent class and any included modules; consider
-  [links](rdoc-ref:RDoc::MarkupReference@Links)
-  to their "What's Here" sections if those exist.
+  [links] to their "What's Here" sections if those exist.
 - All methods mentioned in the left-pane table of contents
   should be listed (including any methods extended from another class).
 - Attributes (which are not included in the TOC) may also be listed.
@@ -369,7 +376,7 @@ Guidelines:
       (and do not list the aliases separately).
     - Check the rendered documentation to determine whether \RDoc has recognized
       the method and linked to it;  if not, manually insert a
-      [link](rdoc-ref:RDoc::MarkupReference@Links).
+      [link](https://ruby.github.io/rdoc/RDoc/MarkupReference.html#class-RDoc::MarkupReference-label-Links).
 
 - If there are numerous entries, consider grouping them into subsections with headings.
 - If there are more than a few such subsections,
@@ -395,7 +402,7 @@ For methods written in Ruby, \RDoc documents the calling sequence automatically.
 
 For methods written in C, \RDoc cannot determine what arguments
 the method accepts, so those need to be documented using \RDoc directive
-[`call-seq:`](rdoc-ref:RDoc::MarkupReference@Directives+for+Method+Documentation).
+[`call-seq:`](https://ruby.github.io/rdoc/RDoc/MarkupReference.html#class-RDoc::MarkupReference-label-Directives+for+Method+Documentation).
 
 For a singleton method, use the form:
 
@@ -484,10 +491,10 @@ Return types:
 
 - If the method can return multiple different types,
   separate the types with "or" and, if necessary, commas.
-- If the method can return multiple types, use +object+.
-- If the method returns the receiver, use +self+.
+- If the method can return multiple types, use `object`.
+- If the method returns the receiver, use `self`.
 - If the method returns an object of the same class,
-  prefix `new_` if an only if the object is not  +self+;
+  prefix `new_` if and only if the object is not `self`;
   example: `new_array`.
 
 Aliases:
@@ -570,7 +577,7 @@ argument passed if it is not obvious, not explicitly mentioned in the
 details, and not implicitly shown in the examples.
 
 If there is more than one argument or block argument, use a
-[labeled list](rdoc-ref:RDoc::MarkupReference@Labeled+Lists).
+[labeled list](https://ruby.github.io/rdoc/RDoc/MarkupReference.html#class-RDoc::MarkupReference-label-Labeled+Lists).
 
 ### Corner Cases and Exceptions
 
@@ -591,7 +598,7 @@ mention `Hash#fetch` as a related method, and `Hash#merge` might mention
 `Hash#merge!` as a related method.
 
 - Consider which methods may be related
-  to the current method, and if you think the reader would benefit it,
+  to the current method, and if you think the reader would benefit from it,
   at the end of the method documentation, add a line starting with
   "Related: " (e.g. "Related: #fetch.").
 - Don't list more than three related methods.
@@ -600,7 +607,7 @@ mention `Hash#fetch` as a related method, and `Hash#merge` might mention
 - Consider adding:
 
     - A phrase suggesting how the related method is similar to,
-      or different from,the current method.
+      or different from, the current method.
       See an example at Time#getutc.
     - Example code that illustrates the similarities and differences.
       See examples at Time#ctime, Time#inspect, Time#to_s.
@@ -610,3 +617,7 @@ mention `Hash#fetch` as a related method, and `Hash#merge` might mention
 For methods that accept multiple argument types, in some cases it can
 be useful to document the different argument types separately.  It's
 best to use a separate paragraph for each case you are discussing.
+
+[headings]: https://ruby.github.io/rdoc/RDoc/MarkupReference.html#class-RDoc::MarkupReference-label-Headings
+[list]: https://ruby.github.io/rdoc/RDoc/MarkupReference.html#class-RDoc::MarkupReference-label-Lists
+[monofont]: https://ruby.github.io/rdoc/RDoc/MarkupReference.html#class-RDoc::MarkupReference-label-Monofont
diff --git a/doc/dtrace_probes.rdoc b/doc/contributing/dtrace_probes.rdoc
index 1b20597ab4..1b20597ab4 100644
--- a/doc/dtrace_probes.rdoc
+++ b/doc/contributing/dtrace_probes.rdoc
diff --git a/doc/contributing/glossary.md b/doc/contributing/glossary.md
index 86c6671fbd..3ec9796147 100644
--- a/doc/contributing/glossary.md
+++ b/doc/contributing/glossary.md
@@ -4,14 +4,17 @@ Just a list of acronyms I've run across in the Ruby source code and their meanin
 
 | Term | Definition |
 | ---  | -----------|
+| `bmethod` | Method defined by `define_method() {}` (a Block that runs as a Method). |
 | `BIN` | Basic Instruction Name. Used as a macro to reference the YARV instruction. Converts pop into YARVINSN_pop. |
 | `bop` | Basic Operator. Relates to methods like `Integer` plus and minus which can be optimized as long as they haven't been redefined. |
 | `cc` | Call Cache.  An inline cache structure for the call site. Stored in the `cd` |
 | `cd` | Call Data. A data structure that points at the `ci` and the `cc`.  `iseq` objects points at the `cd`, and access call information and call caches via this structure |
+| CFG | Control Flow Graph. Representation of the program where all control-flow and data dependencies have been made explicit by unrolling the stack and local variables. |
 | `cfp`| Control Frame Pointer. Represents a Ruby stack frame.  Calling a method pushes a new frame (cfp), returning pops a frame. Points at  the `pc`, `sp`, `ep`, and the corresponding `iseq`|
-| `ci` | Call Information.  Refers to an `rb_callinfo` struct. Contains call information about the call site, including number of parameters to be passed, whether it they are keyword arguments or not, etc. Used in conjunction with the `cc` and `cd`. |
+| `ci` | Call Information.  Refers to an `rb_callinfo` struct. Contains call information about the call site, including number of parameters to be passed, whether they are keyword arguments or not, etc. Used in conjunction with the `cc` and `cd`. |
+| `cme` | Callable Method Entry. Refers to the `rb_callable_method_entry_t` struct, the internal representation of a Ruby method that has `defined_class` and `owner` set and is ready for dispatch. |
 | `cref` | Class reference. A structure pointing to the class reference where `klass_or_self`, visibility scope, and refinements are stored. It also stores a pointer to the next class in the hierarchy referenced by `rb_cref_struct * next`. The Class reference is lexically scoped. |
-| CRuby | Implementation of Ruby written in C |
+| CRuby | Reference implementation of Ruby written in C |
 | `cvar` | Class Variable. Refers to a Ruby class variable like `@@foo` |
 | `dvar` | Dynamic Variable. Used by the parser to refer to local variables that are defined outside of the current lexical scope. For example `def foo; bar = 1; -> { p bar }; end` the "bar" inside the block is a `dvar` |
 | `ec` | Execution Context. The top level VM context, points at the current `cfp` |
@@ -25,16 +28,20 @@ Just a list of acronyms I've run across in the Ruby source code and their meanin
 | `insns` | Instructions. Usually an array of YARV instructions. |
 | `ivar` | Instance Variable. Refers to a Ruby instance variable like `@foo` |
 | `imemo` | Internal Memo.  A tagged struct whose memory is managed by Ruby's GC, but contains internal information and isn't meant to be exposed to Ruby programs. Contains various information depending on the type.  See the `imemo_type` enum for different types. |
+| `IVC` | Instance Variable Cache. Cache specifically for instance variable access |
 | JIT | Just In Time compiler |
 | `lep` | Local Environment Pointer. An `ep` which is tagged `VM_ENV_FLAG_LOCAL`. Usually this is the `ep` of a method (rather than a block, whose `ep` isn't "local") |
 | `local` | Local. Refers to a local variable. |
-| `me` | Method Entry. Refers to an `rb_method_entry_t` struct, the internal representation of a Ruby method.
+| `me` | Method Entry. Refers to an `rb_method_entry_t` struct, the internal representation of a Ruby method. |
 | MRI | Matz's Ruby Implementation |
 | `pc` | Program Counter. Usually the instruction that will be executed _next_ by the VM. Pointed to by the `cfp` and incremented by the VM |
+| `snt` | Shared Native Thread. OS thread on which many ruby threads can run. Ruby threads from different ractors can even run on the same SNT. Ruby threads can switch SNTs when they context switch. SNTs are used in the M:N threading model. By default, non-main ractors use this model.
+| `dnt` | Dedicated Native Thread. OS thread on which only one ruby thread can run. The ruby thread always runs on that same OS thread. DNTs are used in the 1:1 threading model. By default, the main ractor uses this model.
 | `sp` | Stack Pointer. The top of the stack. The VM executes instructions in the `iseq` and instructions will push and pop values on the stack. The VM updates the `sp` on the `cfp` to point at the top of the stack|
+| ST table | ST table is the main C implementation of a hash (smaller Ruby hashes may be backed by AR tables). |
 | `svar` | Special Variable. Refers to special local variables like `$~` and `$_`. See the `getspecial` instruction in `insns.def` |
 | `VALUE` | VALUE is a pointer to a ruby object from the Ruby C code. |
-| VM   | Virtual Machine. In MRI's case YARV (Yet Another Ruby VM)
+| VM | Virtual Machine. In MRI's case YARV (Yet Another Ruby VM)
 | WB | Write Barrier.  To do with GC write barriers |
 | WC | Wild Card. As seen in instructions like `getlocal_WC_0`.  It means this instruction takes a "wild card" for the parameter (in this case an index for a local) |
 | YARV | Yet Another Ruby VM.  The virtual machine that CRuby uses |
diff --git a/doc/contributing/making_changes_to_stdlibs.md b/doc/contributing/making_changes_to_stdlibs.md
index 721ba84289..2ceb2e6075 100644
--- a/doc/contributing/making_changes_to_stdlibs.md
+++ b/doc/contributing/making_changes_to_stdlibs.md
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ Everything in the [lib](https://github.com/ruby/ruby/tree/master/lib) directory
 If you'd like to make contributions to standard libraries, do so in the standalone repositories, and the
 changes will be automatically mirrored into the Ruby repository.
 
-For example, CSV lives in [a separate repository](https://github.com/ruby/csv) and is mirrored into [Ruby](https://github.com/ruby/ruby/tree/master/lib/csv).
+For example, ERB lives in [a separate repository](https://github.com/ruby/erb) and is mirrored into [Ruby](https://github.com/ruby/ruby/tree/master/lib/erb).
 
 ## Maintainers
 
@@ -45,5 +45,5 @@ bundle exec rake test TEST="test/test_foo.rb"
 To run a single test case:
 
 ```shell
-bundle exec rake test TEST="test/test_foo.rb" TESTOPS="--name=/test_mytest/"
+bundle exec rake test TEST="test/test_foo.rb" TESTOPTS="--name=/test_mytest/"
 ```
diff --git a/doc/memory_view.md b/doc/contributing/memory_view.md
index 0b1369163d..0b1369163d 100644
--- a/doc/memory_view.md
+++ b/doc/contributing/memory_view.md
diff --git a/doc/contributing/vm_stack_and_frames.md b/doc/contributing/vm_stack_and_frames.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..c7dc59db16
--- /dev/null
+++ b/doc/contributing/vm_stack_and_frames.md
@@ -0,0 +1,163 @@
+# Ruby VM Stack and Frame Layout
+
+This document explains the Ruby VM stack architecture, including how the value
+stack (SP) and control frames (CFP) share a single contiguous memory region,
+and how individual frames are structured.
+
+## VM Stack Architecture
+
+The Ruby VM uses a single contiguous stack (`ec->vm_stack`) with two different
+regions growing toward each other. Understanding this requires distinguishing
+the overall architecture (how CFPs and values share one stack) from individual
+frame internals (how values are organized for one single frame).
+
+```text
+High addresses (ec->vm_stack + ec->vm_stack_size)
+    ↓
+    [CFP region starts here] ← RUBY_VM_END_CONTROL_FRAME(ec)
+    [CFP - 1]                  New frame pushed here (grows downward)
+    [CFP - 2]                  Another frame
+    ...
+
+    (Unused space - stack overflow when they meet)
+
+    ...                        Value stack grows UP toward higher addresses
+    [SP + n]                   Values pushed here
+    [ec->cfp->sp]              Current executing frame's stack pointer
+    ↑
+Low addresses (ec->vm_stack)
+```
+
+The "unused space" represents free space available for new frames and values. When this gap closes (CFP meets SP), stack overflow occurs.
+
+### Stack Growth Directions
+
+**Control Frames (CFP):**
+
+- Start at `ec->vm_stack + ec->vm_stack_size` (high addresses)
+- Grow **downward** toward lower addresses as frames are pushed
+- Each new frame is allocated at `cfp - 1` (lower address)
+- The `rb_control_frame_t` structure itself moves downward
+
+**Value Stack (SP):**
+
+- Starts at `ec->vm_stack` (low addresses)
+- Grows **upward** toward higher addresses as values are pushed
+- Each frame's `cfp->sp` points to the top of its value stack
+
+### Stack Overflow
+
+When recursive calls push too many frames, CFP grows downward until it collides
+with SP growing upward. The VM detects this with `CHECK_VM_STACK_OVERFLOW0`,
+which computes `const rb_control_frame_struct *bound = (void *)&sp[margin];`
+and raises if `cfp <= &bound[1]`.
+
+## Understanding Individual Frame Value Stacks
+
+Each frame has its own portion of the overall VM stack, called its "VM value stack"
+or simply "value stack". This space is pre-allocated when the frame is created,
+with size determined by:
+
+- `local_size` - space for local variables
+- `stack_max` - maximum depth for temporary values during execution
+
+The frame's value stack grows upward from its base (where self/arguments/locals
+live) toward `cfp->sp` (the current top of temporary values).
+
+## Visualizing How Frames Fit in the VM Stack
+
+The left side shows the overall VM stack with CFP metadata separated from frame
+values. The right side zooms into one frame's value region, revealing its internal
+structure.
+
+```text
+Overall VM Stack (ec->vm_stack):          Zooming into Frame 2's value stack:
+
+High addr (vm_stack + vm_stack_size)      High addr (cfp->sp)
+    ↓                                   ┌
+    [CFP 1 metadata]                    │ [Temporaries]
+    [CFP 2 metadata] ─────────┐         │ [Env: Flags/Block/CME] ← cfp->ep
+    [CFP 3 metadata]          │         │ [Locals]
+    ────────────────          │       ┌─┤ [Arguments]
+     (unused space)           │       │ │ [self]
+    ────────────────          │       │ └
+    [Frame 3 values]          │       │   Low addr (frame base)
+    [Frame 2 values] <────────┴───────┘
+    [Frame 1 values]
+    ↑
+Low addr (vm_stack)
+```
+
+## Examining a Single Frame's Value Stack
+
+Now let's walk through a concrete Ruby program to see how a single frame's
+value stack is structured internally:
+
+```ruby
+def foo(x, y)
+  z = x.casecmp(y)
+end
+
+foo(:one, :two)
+```
+
+First, after arguments are evaluated and right before the `send` to `foo`:
+
+```text
+                                ┌────────────┐
+  putself                       │    :two    │
+  putobject :one            0x2 ├────────────┤
+  putobject :two                │    :one    │
+► send <:foo, argc:2>       0x1 ├────────────┤
+  leave                         │    self    │
+                            0x0 └────────────┘
+```
+
+The `put*` instructions have pushed 3 items onto the stack. It's now time to
+add a new control frame for `foo`. The following is the shape of the stack
+after one instruction in `foo`:
+
+```text
+                                                cfp->sp=0x8 at this point.
+                           0x8 ┌────────────┐◄──Stack space for temporaries
+                               │    :one    │   live above the environment.
+                           0x7 ├────────────┤
+  getlocal      x@0            │ < flags  > │   foo's rb_control_frame_t
+► getlocal      y@1        0x6 ├────────────┤◄──has cfp->ep=0x6
+  send <:casecmp, argc:1>      │ <no block> │
+  dup                      0x5 ├────────────┤  The flags, block, and CME triple
+  setlocal      z@2            │ <CME: foo> │  (VM_ENV_DATA_SIZE) form an
+  leave                    0x4 ├────────────┤  environment. They can be used to
+                               │   z (nil)  │  figure out what local variables
+                           0x3 ├────────────┤  are below them.
+                               │    :two    │
+                           0x2 ├────────────┤  Notice how the arguments, now
+                               │    :one    │  locals, never moved. This layout
+                           0x1 ├────────────┤  allows for argument transfer
+                               │    self    │  without copying.
+                           0x0 └────────────┘
+```
+
+Given that locals have lower address than `cfp->ep`, it makes sense then that
+`getlocal` in `insns.def` has `val = *(vm_get_ep(GET_EP(), level) - idx);`.
+When accessing variables in the immediate scope, where `level=0`, it's
+essentially `val = cfp->ep[-idx];`.
+
+Note that this EP-relative index has a different basis than the index that comes
+after "@" in disassembly listings. The "@" index is relative to the 0th local
+(`x` in this case).
+
+### Q&A
+
+Q: It seems that the receiver is always at an offset relative to EP,
+   like locals. Couldn't we use EP to access it instead of using `cfp->self`?
+
+A: Not all calls put the `self` in the callee on the stack. Two
+   examples are `Proc#call`, where the receiver is the Proc object, but `self`
+   inside the callee is `Proc#receiver`, and `yield`, where the receiver isn't
+   pushed onto the stack before the arguments.
+
+Q: Why have `cfp->ep` when it seems that everything is below `cfp->sp`?
+
+A: In the example, `cfp->ep` points to the stack, but it can also point to the
+   GC heap. Blocks can capture and evacuate their environment to the heap.
diff --git a/doc/distribution.md b/doc/distribution/distribution.md
index 5a4d51da6f..164e1b7109 100644
--- a/doc/distribution.md
+++ b/doc/distribution/distribution.md
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ This document outlines the expected way to distribute Ruby, with a specific focu
 
 The tarball for official releases is created by the release manager. The release manager uploads the tarball to the [Ruby website](https://www.ruby-lang.org/en/downloads/).
 
-Downstream distributors should use the official release tarballs as part of their build process. This ensures that the tarball is created in a consistent way, and that the tarball is crytographically verified.
+Downstream distributors should use the official release tarballs as part of their build process. This ensures that the tarball is created in a consistent way, and that the tarball is cryptographically verified.
 
 ### Using the nightly tarball for testing
 
diff --git a/doc/windows.md b/doc/distribution/windows.md
index 13c797875e..26a727d7ad 100644
--- a/doc/windows.md
+++ b/doc/distribution/windows.md
@@ -99,16 +99,18 @@ sh ../../ruby/configure -C --disable-install-doc --with-opt-dir=C:\Users\usernam
     To cross build arm64 binary:
 
     ```
-    cmd /k win32\vssetup.cmd -arch arm64
+    cmd /k win32\vssetup.cmd -arch=arm64
     ```
 
     To cross build x64 binary:
 
     ```
-    cmd /k win32\vssetup.cmd -arch x64
+    cmd /k win32\vssetup.cmd -arch=x64
     ```
 
-    See `win32\vssetup.cmd -help` for other command line options.
+    This batch file is a wrapper of `vsdevcmd.bat` and options are
+    passed to it as-is.  `win32\vssetup.cmd -help` for other command
+    line options.
 
     **Note** building ruby requires following commands.
 
@@ -120,7 +122,7 @@ sh ../../ruby/configure -C --disable-install-doc --with-opt-dir=C:\Users\usernam
 
 4.  If you want to build from GIT source, following commands are required.
     * `git`
-    * `ruby` 3.0 or later
+    * `ruby` 3.1 or later
 
     You can use [scoop](https://scoop.sh/) to install them like:
 
@@ -283,6 +285,7 @@ Any icon files(`*.ico`) in the build directory, directories specified with
 _icondirs_ make variable and `win32` directory under the ruby
 source directory will be included in DLL or executable files, according
 to their base names.
+
     $(RUBY_INSTALL_NAME).ico or ruby.ico   --> $(RUBY_INSTALL_NAME).exe
     $(RUBYW_INSTALL_NAME).ico or rubyw.ico --> $(RUBYW_INSTALL_NAME).exe
     the others                             --> $(RUBY_SO_NAME).dll
diff --git a/doc/examples/files.rdoc b/doc/examples/files.rdoc
index f736132770..cb400c81be 100644
--- a/doc/examples/files.rdoc
+++ b/doc/examples/files.rdoc
@@ -7,8 +7,8 @@ text = <<~EOT
   Fifth line
 EOT
 
-# Russian text.
-russian = "\u{442 435 441 442}" # => "тест"
+# Japanese text.
+japanese = 'こんにちは'
 
 # Binary data.
 data = "\u9990\u9991\u9992\u9993\u9994"
@@ -16,8 +16,8 @@ data = "\u9990\u9991\u9992\u9993\u9994"
 # Text file.
 File.write('t.txt', text)
 
-# File with Russian text.
-File.write('t.rus', russian)
+# File with Japanese text.
+File.write('t.ja', japanese)
 
 # File with binary data.
 f = File.new('t.dat', 'wb:UTF-16')
diff --git a/doc/extension.ja.rdoc b/doc/extension.ja.rdoc
index 2f7856f3d4..381b94a230 100644
--- a/doc/extension.ja.rdoc
+++ b/doc/extension.ja.rdoc
@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
 # extension.ja.rdoc -  -*- RDoc -*- created at: Mon Aug  7 16:45:54 JST 1995
 
+{English}[rdoc-ref:extension.rdoc]
+
 = Rubyの拡張ライブラリの作り方
 
 Rubyの拡張ライブラリの作り方を説明します．
diff --git a/doc/extension.rdoc b/doc/extension.rdoc
index ba59d107ab..18dc5817d4 100644
--- a/doc/extension.rdoc
+++ b/doc/extension.rdoc
@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
 # extension.rdoc -  -*- RDoc -*- created at: Mon Aug  7 16:45:54 JST 1995
 
+{日本語}[rdoc-ref:extension.ja.rdoc]
+
 = Creating extension libraries for Ruby
 
 This document explains how to make extension libraries for Ruby.
@@ -2047,7 +2049,7 @@ the <code>*_kw</code> functions introduced in Ruby 2.7.
   #define rb_proc_call_with_block_kw(p, c, v, b, kw) rb_proc_call_with_block(p, c, v, b)
   #define rb_method_call_kw(c, v, m, kw) rb_method_call(c, v, m)
   #define rb_method_call_with_block_kw(c, v, m, b, kw) rb_method_call_with_block(c, v, m, b)
-  #define rb_eval_cmd_kwd(c, a, kw) rb_eval_cmd(c, a, 0)
+  #define rb_eval_cmd_kw(c, a, kw) rb_eval_cmd(c, a, 0)
   #endif
 
 == Appendix C. Functions available for use in extconf.rb
diff --git a/doc/float.rb b/doc/float.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..01668bfc6d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/doc/float.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,128 @@
+# A \Float object stores a real number
+# using the native architecture's double-precision floating-point representation.
+#
+# == \Float Imprecisions
+#
+# Some real numbers can be represented precisely as \Float objects:
+#
+#   37.5    # => 37.5
+#   98.75   # => 98.75
+#   12.3125 # => 12.3125
+#
+# Others cannot; among these are the transcendental numbers, including:
+#
+# - Pi, <i>π</i>: in mathematics, a number of infinite precision:
+#   3.1415926535897932384626433... (to 25 places);
+#   in Ruby, it is of limited precision (in this case, to 16 decimal places):
+#
+#     Math::PI # => 3.141592653589793
+#
+# - Euler's number, <i>e</i>: in mathematics, a number of infinite precision:
+#   2.7182818284590452353602874... (to 25 places);
+#   in Ruby, it is of limited precision (in this case, to 15 decimal places):
+#
+#     Math::E # => 2.718281828459045
+#
+# Some floating-point computations in Ruby give precise results:
+#
+#   1.0/2   # => 0.5
+#   100.0/8 # => 12.5
+#
+# Others do not:
+#
+# - In mathematics, 2/3 as a decimal number is an infinitely-repeating decimal:
+#   0.666... (forever);
+#   in Ruby, +2.0/3+ is of limited precision (in this case, to 16 decimal places):
+#
+#     2.0/3 # => 0.6666666666666666
+#
+# - In mathematics, the square root of 2 is an irrational number of infinite precision:
+#   1.4142135623730950488016887... (to 25 decimal places);
+#   in Ruby, it is of limited precision (in this case, to 16 decimal places):
+#
+#     Math.sqrt(2.0) # => 1.4142135623730951
+#
+# - Even a simple computation can introduce imprecision:
+#
+#     x = 0.1 + 0.2 # => 0.30000000000000004
+#     y = 0.3       # => 0.3
+#     x == y        # => false
+#
+# See:
+#
+# - https://docs.oracle.com/cd/E19957-01/806-3568/ncg_goldberg.html
+# - https://github.com/rdp/ruby_tutorials_core/wiki/Ruby-Talk-FAQ#-why-are-rubys-floats-imprecise
+# - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floating_point#Accuracy_problems
+#
+# Note that precise storage and computation of rational numbers
+# is possible using Rational objects.
+#
+# == Creating a \Float
+#
+# You can create a \Float object explicitly with:
+#
+# - A {floating-point literal}[rdoc-ref:syntax/literals.rdoc@Float+Literals].
+#
+# You can convert certain objects to Floats with:
+#
+# - Method #Float.
+#
+# == What's Here
+#
+# First, what's elsewhere. Class \Float:
+#
+# - Inherits from
+#   {class Numeric}[rdoc-ref:Numeric@What-27s+Here]
+#   and {class Object}[rdoc-ref:Object@What-27s+Here].
+# - Includes {module Comparable}[rdoc-ref:Comparable@What-27s+Here].
+#
+# Here, class \Float provides methods for:
+#
+# - {Querying}[rdoc-ref:Float@Querying]
+# - {Comparing}[rdoc-ref:Float@Comparing]
+# - {Converting}[rdoc-ref:Float@Converting]
+#
+# === Querying
+#
+# - #finite?: Returns whether +self+ is finite.
+# - #hash: Returns the integer hash code for +self+.
+# - #infinite?: Returns whether +self+ is infinite.
+# - #nan?: Returns whether +self+ is a NaN (not-a-number).
+#
+# === Comparing
+#
+# - #<: Returns whether +self+ is less than the given value.
+# - #<=: Returns whether +self+ is less than or equal to the given value.
+# - #<=>: Returns a number indicating whether +self+ is less than, equal
+#   to, or greater than the given value.
+# - #== (aliased as #=== and #eql?): Returns whether +self+ is equal to
+#   the given value.
+# - #>: Returns whether +self+ is greater than the given value.
+# - #>=: Returns whether +self+ is greater than or equal to the given value.
+#
+# === Converting
+#
+# - #% (aliased as #modulo): Returns +self+ modulo the given value.
+# - #*: Returns the product of +self+ and the given value.
+# - #**: Returns the value of +self+ raised to the power of the given value.
+# - #+: Returns the sum of +self+ and the given value.
+# - #-: Returns the difference of +self+ and the given value.
+# - #/: Returns the quotient of +self+ and the given value.
+# - #ceil: Returns the smallest number greater than or equal to +self+.
+# - #coerce: Returns a 2-element array containing the given value converted to a \Float
+#   and +self+
+# - #divmod: Returns a 2-element array containing the quotient and remainder
+#   results of dividing +self+ by the given value.
+# - #fdiv: Returns the \Float result of dividing +self+ by the given value.
+# - #floor: Returns the greatest number smaller than or equal to +self+.
+# - #next_float: Returns the next-larger representable \Float.
+# - #prev_float: Returns the next-smaller representable \Float.
+# - #quo: Returns the quotient from dividing +self+ by the given value.
+# - #round: Returns +self+ rounded to the nearest value, to a given precision.
+# - #to_i (aliased as #to_int): Returns +self+ truncated to an Integer.
+# - #to_s (aliased as #inspect): Returns a string containing the place-value
+#   representation of +self+ in the given radix.
+# - #truncate: Returns +self+ truncated to a given precision.
+#
+
+ class Float; end
diff --git a/doc/globals.rdoc b/doc/globals.rdoc
deleted file mode 100644
index 9d9fc57e6e..0000000000
--- a/doc/globals.rdoc
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,416 +0,0 @@
-= Pre-Defined Global Variables
-
-Some of the pre-defined global variables have synonyms
-that are available via module English.
-For each of those, the \English synonym is given.
-
-To use the module:
-
-  require 'English'
-
-== Exceptions
-
-=== <tt>$!</tt> (\Exception)
-
-Contains the Exception object set by Kernel#raise:
-
-  begin
-    raise RuntimeError.new('Boo!')
-  rescue RuntimeError
-    p $!
-  end
-
-Output:
-
-  #<RuntimeError: Boo!>
-
-English - <tt>$ERROR_INFO</tt>
-
-=== <tt>$@</tt> (Backtrace)
-
-Same as <tt>$!.backtrace</tt>;
-returns an array of backtrace positions:
-
-  begin
-    raise RuntimeError.new('Boo!')
-  rescue RuntimeError
-    pp $@.take(4)
-  end
-
-Output:
-
-  ["(irb):338:in `<top (required)>'",
-   "/snap/ruby/317/lib/ruby/3.2.0/irb/workspace.rb:119:in `eval'",
-   "/snap/ruby/317/lib/ruby/3.2.0/irb/workspace.rb:119:in `evaluate'",
-   "/snap/ruby/317/lib/ruby/3.2.0/irb/context.rb:502:in `evaluate'"]
-
-English - <tt>$ERROR_POSITION</tt>.
-
-== Pattern Matching
-
-These global variables store information about the most recent
-successful match in the current scope.
-
-For details and examples,
-see {Regexp Global Variables}[rdoc-ref:Regexp@Global+Variables].
-
-=== <tt>$~</tt> (\MatchData)
-
-MatchData object created from the match;
-thread-local and frame-local.
-
-English - <tt>$LAST_MATCH_INFO</tt>.
-
-=== <tt>$&</tt> (Matched Substring)
-
-The matched string.
-
-English - <tt>$MATCH</tt>.
-
-=== <tt>$`</tt> (Pre-Match Substring)
-
-The string to the left of the match.
-
-English - <tt>$PREMATCH</tt>.
-
-=== <tt>$'</tt> (Post-Match Substring)
-
-The string to the right of the match.
-
-English - <tt>$POSTMATCH</tt>.
-
-=== <tt>$+</tt> (Last Matched Group)
-
-The last group matched.
-
-English - <tt>$LAST_PAREN_MATCH</tt>.
-
-=== <tt>$1</tt>, <tt>$2</tt>, \Etc. (Matched Group)
-
-For <tt>$_n_</tt> the _nth_ group of the match.
-
-No \English.
-
-== Separators
-
-=== <tt>$/</tt> (Input Record Separator)
-
-An input record separator, initially newline.
-
-English - <tt>$INPUT_RECORD_SEPARATOR</tt>, <tt>$RS</tt>.
-
-Aliased as <tt>$-0</tt>.
-
-=== <tt>$\\</tt> (Output Record Separator)
-
-An output record separator, initially +nil+.
-
-English - <tt>$OUTPUT_RECORD_SEPARATOR</tt>, <tt>$ORS</tt>.
-
-== Streams
-
-=== <tt>$stdin</tt> (Standard Input)
-
-The current standard input stream; initially:
-
-  $stdin # => #<IO:<STDIN>>
-
-=== <tt>$stdout</tt> (Standard Output)
-
-The current standard output stream; initially:
-
-  $stdout # => #<IO:<STDOUT>>
-
-=== <tt>$stderr</tt> (Standard Error)
-
-The current standard error stream; initially:
-
-  $stderr # => #<IO:<STDERR>>
-
-=== <tt>$<</tt> (\ARGF or $stdin)
-
-Points to stream ARGF if not empty, else to stream $stdin; read-only.
-
-English - <tt>$DEFAULT_INPUT</tt>.
-
-=== <tt>$></tt> (Default Standard Output)
-
-An output stream, initially <tt>$stdout</tt>.
-
-English - <tt>$DEFAULT_OUTPUT
-
-=== <tt>$.</tt> (Input Position)
-
-The input position (line number) in the most recently read stream.
-
-English - <tt>$INPUT_LINE_NUMBER</tt>, <tt>$NR</tt>
-
-=== <tt>$_</tt> (Last Read Line)
-
-The line (string) from the most recently read stream.
-
-English - <tt>$LAST_READ_LINE</tt>.
-
-== Processes
-
-=== <tt>$0</tt>
-
-Initially, contains the name of the script being executed;
-may be reassigned.
-
-=== <tt>$*</tt> (\ARGV)
-
-Points to ARGV.
-
-English - <tt>$ARGV</tt>.
-
-=== <tt>$$</tt> (Process ID)
-
-The process ID of the current process. Same as Process.pid.
-
-English - <tt>$PROCESS_ID</tt>, <tt>$PID</tt>.
-
-=== <tt>$?</tt> (Child Status)
-
-Initially +nil+, otherwise the Process::Status object
-created for the most-recently exited child process;
-thread-local.
-
-English - <tt>$CHILD_STATUS</tt>.
-
-=== <tt>$LOAD_PATH</tt> (Load Path)
-
-Contains the array of paths to be searched
-by Kernel#load and Kernel#require.
-
-Singleton method <tt>$LOAD_PATH.resolve_feature_path(feature)</tt>
-returns:
-
-- <tt>[:rb, _path_]</tt>, where +path+ is the path to the Ruby file
-  to be loaded for the given +feature+.
-- <tt>[:so+ _path_]</tt>, where +path+ is the path to the shared object file
-  to be loaded for the given +feature+.
-- +nil+ if there is no such +feature+ and +path+.
-
-Examples:
-
-  $LOAD_PATH.resolve_feature_path('timeout')
-  # => [:rb, "/snap/ruby/317/lib/ruby/3.2.0/timeout.rb"]
-  $LOAD_PATH.resolve_feature_path('date_core')
-  # => [:so, "/snap/ruby/317/lib/ruby/3.2.0/x86_64-linux/date_core.so"]
-  $LOAD_PATH.resolve_feature_path('foo')
-  # => nil
-
-Aliased as <tt>$:</tt> and <tt>$-I</tt>.
-
-=== <tt>$LOADED_FEATURES</tt>
-
-Contains an array of the paths to the loaded files:
-
-  $LOADED_FEATURES.take(10)
-  # =>
-  ["enumerator.so",
-   "thread.rb",
-   "fiber.so",
-   "rational.so",
-   "complex.so",
-   "ruby2_keywords.rb",
-   "/snap/ruby/317/lib/ruby/3.2.0/x86_64-linux/enc/encdb.so",
-   "/snap/ruby/317/lib/ruby/3.2.0/x86_64-linux/enc/trans/transdb.so",
-   "/snap/ruby/317/lib/ruby/3.2.0/x86_64-linux/rbconfig.rb",
-   "/snap/ruby/317/lib/ruby/3.2.0/rubygems/compatibility.rb"]
-
-Aliased as <tt>$"</tt>.
-
-== Debugging
-
-=== <tt>$FILENAME</tt>
-
-The value returned by method ARGF.filename.
-
-=== <tt>$DEBUG</tt>
-
-Initially +true+ if command-line option <tt>-d</tt> or <tt>--debug</tt> is given,
-otherwise initially +false+;
-may be set to either value in the running program.
-
-When +true+, prints each raised exception to <tt>$stderr</tt>.
-
-Aliased as <tt>$-d</tt>.
-
-=== <tt>$VERBOSE</tt>
-
-Initially +true+ if command-line option <tt>-v</tt> or <tt>-w</tt> is given,
-otherwise initially +false+;
-may be set to either value, or to +nil+, in the running program.
-
-When +true+, enables Ruby warnings.
-
-When +nil+, disables warnings, including those from Kernel#warn.
-
-Aliased as <tt>$-v</tt> and <tt>$-w</tt>.
-
-== Other Variables
-
-=== <tt>$-a</tt>
-
-Whether command-line option <tt>-a</tt> was given; read-only.
-
-=== <tt>$-i</tt>
-
-Contains the extension given with command-line option <tt>-i</tt>,
-or +nil+ if none.
-
-An alias of ARGF.inplace_mode.
-
-=== <tt>$-l</tt>
-
-Whether command-line option <tt>-l</tt> was set; read-only.
-
-=== <tt>$-p</tt>
-
-Whether command-line option <tt>-p</tt> was given; read-only.
-
-== Deprecated
-
-=== <tt>$=</tt>
-
-=== <tt>$,</tt>
-
-=== <tt>$;</tt>
-
-= Pre-Defined Global Constants
-
-= Streams
-
-=== <tt>STDIN</tt>
-
-The standard input stream (the default value for <tt>$stdin</tt>):
-
-  STDIN # => #<IO:<STDIN>>
-
-=== <tt>STDOUT</tt>
-
-The standard output stream (the default value for <tt>$stdout</tt>):
-
-  STDOUT # => #<IO:<STDOUT>>
-
-=== <tt>STDERR</tt>
-
-The standard error stream (the default value for <tt>$stderr</tt>):
-
-  STDERR # => #<IO:<STDERR>>
-
-== Environment
-
-=== ENV
-
-A hash of the contains current environment variables names and values:
-
-  ENV.take(5)
-  # =>
-  [["COLORTERM", "truecolor"],
-   ["DBUS_SESSION_BUS_ADDRESS", "unix:path=/run/user/1000/bus"],
-   ["DESKTOP_SESSION", "ubuntu"],
-   ["DISPLAY", ":0"],
-   ["GDMSESSION", "ubuntu"]]
-
-=== ARGF
-
-The virtual concatenation of the files given on the command line, or from
-<tt>$stdin</tt> if no files were given, <tt>"-"</tt> is given, or after
-all files have been read.
-
-=== <tt>ARGV</tt>
-
-An array of the given command-line arguments.
-
-=== <tt>TOPLEVEL_BINDING</tt>
-
-The Binding of the top level scope:
-
-  TOPLEVEL_BINDING # => #<Binding:0x00007f58da0da7c0>
-
-=== <tt>RUBY_VERSION</tt>
-
-The Ruby version:
-
-  RUBY_VERSION # => "3.2.2"
-
-=== <tt>RUBY_RELEASE_DATE</tt>
-
-The release date string:
-
-  RUBY_RELEASE_DATE # => "2023-03-30"
-
-=== <tt>RUBY_PLATFORM</tt>
-
-The platform identifier:
-
-  RUBY_PLATFORM # => "x86_64-linux"
-
-=== <tt>RUBY_PATCHLEVEL</tt>
-
-The integer patch level for this Ruby:
-
-  RUBY_PATCHLEVEL # => 53
-
-For a development build the patch level will be -1.
-
-=== <tt>RUBY_REVISION</tt>
-
-The git commit hash for this Ruby:
-
-  RUBY_REVISION # => "e51014f9c05aa65cbf203442d37fef7c12390015"
-
-=== <tt>RUBY_COPYRIGHT</tt>
-
-The copyright string:
-
-  RUBY_COPYRIGHT
-  # => "ruby - Copyright (C) 1993-2023 Yukihiro Matsumoto"
-
-=== <tt>RUBY_ENGINE</tt>
-
-The name of the Ruby implementation:
-
-  RUBY_ENGINE # => "ruby"
-
-=== <tt>RUBY_ENGINE_VERSION</tt>
-
-The version of the Ruby implementation:
-
-  RUBY_ENGINE_VERSION # => "3.2.2"
-
-=== <tt>RUBY_DESCRIPTION</tt>
-
-The description of the Ruby implementation:
-
-  RUBY_DESCRIPTION
-  # => "ruby 3.2.2 (2023-03-30 revision e51014f9c0) [x86_64-linux]"
-
-== Embedded \Data
-
-=== <tt>DATA</tt>
-
-Defined if and only if the program has this line:
-
-  __END__
-
-When defined, <tt>DATA</tt> is a File object
-containing the lines following the <tt>__END__</tt>,
-positioned at the first of those lines:
-
-  p DATA
-  DATA.each_line { |line| p line }
-  __END__
-  Foo
-  Bar
-  Baz
-
-Output:
-
-  #<File:t.rb>
-  "Foo\n"
-  "Bar\n"
-  "Baz\n"
diff --git a/doc/yjit/yjit.md b/doc/jit/yjit.md
index 0024c780b9..24aa163e60 100644
--- a/doc/yjit/yjit.md
+++ b/doc/jit/yjit.md
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ This project is open source and falls under the same license as CRuby.
 
 <p align="center"><b>
     If you're using YJIT in production, please
-    <a href="mailto:maxime.chevalierboisvert@shopify.com">share your success stories with us!</a>
+    <a href="mailto:ruby@shopify.com">share your success stories with us!</a>
 </b></p>
 
 If you wish to learn more about the approach taken, here are some conference talks and publications:
@@ -388,7 +388,7 @@ There are multiple test suites:
 - `make test-all`
 - `make test-spec`
 - `make check` runs all of the above
-- `make yjit-smoke-test` runs quick checks to see that YJIT is working correctly
+- `make yjit-check` runs quick checks to see that YJIT is working correctly
 
 The tests can be run in parallel like this:
 
diff --git a/doc/jit/zjit.md b/doc/jit/zjit.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..38124cb737
--- /dev/null
+++ b/doc/jit/zjit.md
@@ -0,0 +1,397 @@
+# ZJIT: ADVANCED RUBY JIT PROTOTYPE
+
+ZJIT is a method-based just-in-time (JIT) compiler for Ruby. It uses profile
+information from the interpreter to guide optimization in the compiler.
+
+ZJIT is currently supported for macOS, Linux and BSD on x86-64 and arm64/aarch64 CPUs.
+This project is open source and falls under the same license as CRuby.
+
+## Current Limitations
+
+ZJIT may not be suitable for certain applications. It currently only supports macOS, Linux and BSD on x86-64 and arm64/aarch64 CPUs. ZJIT will use more memory than the Ruby interpreter because the JIT compiler needs to generate machine code in memory and maintain additional state information.
+You can change how much executable memory is allocated using [ZJIT's command-line options](rdoc-ref:@Command-Line+Options).
+
+## Contributing
+
+We welcome open source contributions. Feel free to open new issues to report
+bugs or just to ask questions. Suggestions on how to make this document more
+helpful for new contributors are most welcome.
+
+Bug fixes and bug reports are very valuable to us. If you find a bug in ZJIT,
+it's very possible that nobody has reported it before, or that we don't have
+a good reproduction for it, so please open a ticket on [the official Ruby bug
+tracker][rubybugs] (or, if you don't want to make an account, [on
+Shopify/ruby][shopifyruby]) and provide as much information as you can about
+your configuration and a description of how you encountered the problem. List
+the commands you used to run ZJIT so that we can easily reproduce the issue on
+our end and investigate it. If you are able to produce a small program
+reproducing the error to help us track it down, that is very much appreciated
+as well.
+
+[rubybugs]: https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/projects/ruby-master
+[shopifyruby]: https://github.com/Shopify/ruby/issues
+
+If you would like to contribute a large patch to ZJIT, we suggest [chatting on
+Zulip][zulip] for a casual chat and then opening an issue on the [Shopify/ruby
+repository][shopifyruby] so that we can have a technical discussion. A common
+problem is that sometimes people submit large pull requests to open source
+projects without prior communication, and we have to reject them because the
+work they implemented does not fit within the design of the project. We want to
+save you time and frustration, so please reach out so we can have a productive
+discussion as to how you can contribute patches we will want to merge into
+ZJIT.
+
+[zulip]: https://zjit.zulipchat.com/
+
+## Build Instructions
+
+Refer to [Building Ruby](rdoc-ref:contributing/building_ruby.md) for general build prerequisites.
+Additionally, ZJIT requires Rust 1.85.0 or later. Release builds need only `rustc`. Development
+builds require `cargo` and may download dependencies. GNU Make is required.
+
+### For normal use
+
+To build ZJIT on macOS:
+
+```bash
+./autogen.sh
+
+./configure \
+    --enable-zjit \
+    --prefix="$HOME"/.rubies/ruby-zjit \
+    --disable-install-doc \
+    --with-opt-dir="$(brew --prefix openssl):$(brew --prefix readline):$(brew --prefix libyaml)"
+
+make -j miniruby
+```
+
+To build ZJIT on Linux:
+
+```bash
+./autogen.sh
+
+./configure \
+    --enable-zjit \
+    --prefix="$HOME"/.rubies/ruby-zjit \
+    --disable-install-doc
+
+make -j miniruby
+```
+
+### For development
+
+To build ZJIT on macOS:
+
+```bash
+./autogen.sh
+
+./configure \
+    --enable-zjit=dev \
+    --prefix="$HOME"/.rubies/ruby-zjit \
+    --disable-install-doc \
+    --with-opt-dir="$(brew --prefix openssl):$(brew --prefix readline):$(brew --prefix libyaml)"
+
+make -j miniruby
+```
+
+To build ZJIT on Linux:
+
+```bash
+./autogen.sh
+
+./configure \
+    --enable-zjit=dev \
+    --prefix="$HOME"/.rubies/ruby-zjit \
+    --disable-install-doc
+
+make -j miniruby
+```
+
+Note that `--enable-zjit=dev` does a lot of IR validation, which will help to catch errors early but mean compilation and warmup are significantly slower.
+
+The valid values for `--enable-zjit` are, from fastest to slowest:
+* `--enable-zjit`: enable ZJIT in release mode for maximum performance
+* `--enable-zjit=stats`: enable ZJIT in extended-stats mode
+* `--enable-zjit=dev_nodebug`: enable ZJIT in development mode but without slow runtime checks
+* `--enable-zjit=dev`: enable ZJIT in debug mode for development, also enables `RUBY_DEBUG`
+
+### Regenerate bindings
+
+When modifying `zjit/bindgen/src/main.rs` you need to regenerate bindings in `zjit/src/cruby_bindings.inc.rs` with:
+
+```bash
+make zjit-bindgen
+```
+
+## Documentation
+
+### Command-Line Options
+
+See `ruby --help` for ZJIT-specific command-line options:
+
+```
+$ ruby --help
+...
+ZJIT options:
+  --zjit-mem-size=num
+                  Max amount of memory that ZJIT can use in MiB (default: 128).
+  --zjit-call-threshold=num
+                  Number of calls to trigger JIT (default: 30).
+  --zjit-num-profiles=num
+                  Number of profiled calls before JIT (default: 5).
+  --zjit-stats[=quiet]
+                  Enable collecting ZJIT statistics (=quiet to suppress output).
+  --zjit-disable  Disable ZJIT for lazily enabling it with RubyVM::ZJIT.enable.
+  --zjit-perf     Dump ISEQ symbols into /tmp/perf-{}.map for Linux perf.
+  --zjit-log-compiled-iseqs=path
+                  Log compiled ISEQs to the file. The file will be truncated.
+  --zjit-trace-exits[=counter]
+                  Record source on side-exit. `Counter` picks specific counter.
+  --zjit-trace-exits-sample-rate=num
+                  Frequency at which to record side exits. Must be `usize`.
+$
+```
+
+### Source level documentation
+
+You can generate and open the source level documentation in your browser using:
+
+```bash
+cargo doc --document-private-items -p zjit --open
+```
+
+### Graph of the Type System
+
+You can generate a graph of the ZJIT type hierarchy using:
+
+```bash
+ruby zjit/src/hir_type/gen_hir_type.rb > zjit/src/hir_type/hir_type.inc.rs
+dot -O -Tpdf zjit_types.dot
+open zjit_types.dot.pdf
+```
+
+## Testing
+
+Note that tests link against CRuby, so directly calling `cargo test`, or `cargo nextest` should not build. All tests are instead accessed through `make`.
+
+### Setup
+
+First, ensure you have `cargo` installed. If you do not already have it, you can use [rustup.rs](https://rustup.rs/).
+
+Also install cargo-binstall with:
+
+```bash
+cargo install cargo-binstall
+```
+
+Make sure to add `--enable-zjit=dev` when you run `configure`, then install the following tools:
+
+```bash
+cargo binstall --secure cargo-nextest
+cargo binstall --secure cargo-insta
+```
+
+`cargo-insta` is used for updating snapshots. `cargo-nextest` runs each test in its own process, which is valuable since CRuby only supports booting once per process, and most APIs are not thread safe.
+
+### Running unit tests
+
+For testing functionality within ZJIT, use:
+
+```bash
+make zjit-test
+```
+
+You can also run a single test case by specifying the function name:
+
+```bash
+make zjit-test ZJIT_TESTS=test_putobject
+```
+
+#### Snapshot Testing
+
+ZJIT uses [insta](https://insta.rs/) for snapshot testing within unit tests. When tests fail due to snapshot mismatches, pending snapshots are created. The test command will notify you if there are pending snapshots:
+
+```
+Pending snapshots found. Accept with: make zjit-test-update
+```
+
+To update/accept all the snapshot changes:
+
+```bash
+make zjit-test-update
+```
+
+You can also review snapshot changes interactively one by one:
+
+```bash
+cd zjit && cargo insta review
+```
+
+Test changes will be reviewed alongside code changes.
+
+### Running integration tests
+
+This command runs Ruby execution tests.
+
+```bash
+make test-all TESTS="test/ruby/test_zjit.rb"
+```
+
+You can also run a single test case by matching the method name:
+
+```bash
+make test-all TESTS="test/ruby/test_zjit.rb -n TestZJIT#test_putobject"
+```
+
+### Running all tests
+
+Runs both `make zjit-test` and `test/ruby/test_zjit.rb`:
+
+```bash
+make zjit-check
+```
+
+## Statistics Collection
+
+ZJIT provides detailed statistics about JIT compilation and execution behavior.
+
+### Basic Stats
+
+Run with basic statistics printed on exit:
+
+```bash
+./miniruby --zjit-stats script.rb
+```
+
+Collect stats without printing (access via `RubyVM::ZJIT.stats` in Ruby):
+
+```bash
+./miniruby --zjit-stats=quiet script.rb
+```
+
+### Accessing Stats in Ruby
+
+```ruby
+# Check if stats are enabled
+if RubyVM::ZJIT.stats_enabled?
+  stats = RubyVM::ZJIT.stats
+  puts "Compiled ISEQs: #{stats[:compiled_iseq_count]}"
+  puts "Failed ISEQs: #{stats[:failed_iseq_count]}"
+
+  # You can also reset stats during execution
+  RubyVM::ZJIT.reset_stats!
+end
+```
+
+### Performance Ratio
+
+The `ratio_in_zjit` stat shows the percentage of Ruby instructions executed in JIT code vs interpreter.
+This metric only appears when ZJIT is built with `--enable-zjit=stats` [or more](#build-instructions) (which enables `rb_vm_insn_count` tracking) and represents a key performance indicator for ZJIT effectiveness.
+
+### Tracing side exits
+
+Through [Stackprof](https://github.com/tmm1/stackprof), detailed information about the methods that the JIT side-exits from can be displayed after some execution of a program. Optionally, you can use `--zjit-trace-exits-sample-rate=N` to sample every N-th occurrence. Enabling `--zjit-trace-exits-sample-rate=N` will automatically enable `--zjit-trace-exits`.
+
+```bash
+./miniruby --zjit-trace-exits script.rb
+```
+
+A file called `zjit_exits_{pid}.dump` will be created in the same directory as `script.rb`. Viewing the side exited methods can be done with Stackprof:
+
+```bash
+stackprof path/to/zjit_exits_{pid}.dump
+```
+
+### Viewing HIR in Iongraph
+
+Using `--zjit-dump-hir-iongraph` will dump all compiled functions into a directory named `/tmp/zjit-iongraph-{PROCESS_PID}`. Each file will be named `func_{ZJIT_FUNC_NAME}.json`. In order to use them in the Iongraph viewer, you'll need to use `jq` to collate them to a single file. An example invocation of `jq` is shown below for reference.
+
+`jq --slurp --null-input '.functions=inputs | .version=1' /tmp/zjit-iongraph-{PROCESS_PID}/func*.json > ~/Downloads/ion.json`
+
+From there, you can use https://mozilla-spidermonkey.github.io/iongraph/ to view your trace.
+
+### Printing ZJIT Errors
+
+`--zjit-debug` prints ZJIT compilation errors and other diagnostics:
+
+```bash
+./miniruby --zjit-debug script.rb
+```
+
+As you might guess from the name, this option is intended mostly for ZJIT developers.
+
+## Useful dev commands
+
+To view YARV output for code snippets:
+
+```bash
+./miniruby --dump=insns -e0
+```
+
+To run code snippets with ZJIT:
+
+```bash
+./miniruby --zjit -e0
+```
+
+You can also try https://www.rubyexplorer.xyz/ to view Ruby YARV disasm output with syntax highlighting
+in a way that can be easily shared with other team members.
+
+## Understanding Ruby Stacks
+
+Ruby execution involves three distinct stacks and understanding them will help you understand ZJIT's implementation:
+
+### 1. Native Stack
+
+- **Purpose**: Return addresses and saved registers. ZJIT also uses it for some C functions' argument arrays
+- **Management**: OS-managed, one per native thread
+- **Growth**: Downward from high addresses
+- **Constants**: `NATIVE_STACK_PTR`, `NATIVE_BASE_PTR`
+
+### 2. Ruby VM Stack
+
+The Ruby VM uses a single contiguous memory region (`ec->vm_stack`) containing two sub-stacks that grow toward each other. When they meet, stack overflow occurs.
+
+See [doc/contributing/vm_stack_and_frames.md](rdoc-ref:contributing/vm_stack_and_frames.md) for detailed architecture and frame layout.
+
+**Control Frame Stack:**
+
+- **Stores**: Frame metadata (`rb_control_frame_t` structures)
+- **Growth**: Downward from `vm_stack + size` (high addresses)
+- **Constants**: `CFP`
+
+**Value Stack:**
+
+- **Stores**: YARV bytecode operands (self, arguments, locals, temporaries)
+- **Growth**: Upward from `vm_stack` (low addresses)
+- **Constants**: `SP`
+
+## ZJIT Glossary
+
+This glossary contains terms that are helpful for understanding ZJIT.
+
+Please note that some terms may appear in CRuby internals too but with different meanings.
+
+| Term              | Definition                                                                                                                      |
+| ----------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
+| HIR               | High-level Intermediate Representation. High-level (Ruby semantics) graph representation in static single-assignment (SSA) form |
+| LIR               | Low-level Intermediate Representation. Low-level IR used in the backend for assembly generation                                 |
+| SSA               | Static Single Assignment. A form where each variable is assigned exactly once                                                   |
+| `opnd`            | Operand. An operand to an IR instruction (can be register, memory, immediate, etc.)                                             |
+| `dst`             | Destination. The output operand of an instruction where the result is stored                                                    |
+| VReg              | Virtual Register. A virtual register that gets lowered to physical register or memory                                           |
+| `insn_id`         | Instruction ID. An index of an instruction in a function                                                                        |
+| `block_id`        | The index of a basic block, which effectively acts like a pointer                                                               |
+| `branch`          | Control flow edge between basic blocks in the compiled code                                                                     |
+| `cb`              | Code Block. Memory region for generated machine code                                                                            |
+| `entry`           | The starting address of compiled code for an ISEQ                                                                               |
+| Patch Point       | Location in generated code that can be modified later in case assumptions get invalidated                                       |
+| Frame State       | Captured state of the Ruby stack frame at a specific point for deoptimization                                                   |
+| Guard             | A run-time check that ensures assumptions are still valid                                                                       |
+| `invariant`       | An assumption that JIT code relies on, requiring invalidation if broken                                                         |
+| Deopt             | Deoptimization. Process of falling back from JIT code to interpreter                                                            |
+| Side Exit         | Exit from JIT code back to interpreter                                                                                          |
+| Type Lattice      | Hierarchy of types used for type inference and optimization                                                                     |
+| Constant Folding  | Optimization that evaluates constant expressions at compile time                                                                |
+| RSP               | x86-64 stack pointer register used for native stack operations                                                                  |
+| Register Spilling | Process of moving register values to memory when running out of physical registers                                              |
diff --git a/doc/language/box.md b/doc/language/box.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..8c7fd20b20
--- /dev/null
+++ b/doc/language/box.md
@@ -0,0 +1,361 @@
+# Ruby Box - Ruby's in-process separation of Classes and Modules
+
+Ruby Box is designed to provide separated spaces in a Ruby process, to isolate application code, libraries and monkey patches.
+
+## Known issues
+
+* Experimental warning is shown when ruby starts with `RUBY_BOX=1` (specify `-W:no-experimental` option to hide it)
+* Installing native extensions may fail under `RUBY_BOX=1` because of stack level too deep in extconf.rb
+* `require 'active_support/core_ext'` may fail under `RUBY_BOX=1`
+* Defined methods in a box may not be referred by built-in methods written in Ruby
+
+## TODOs
+
+* Add the loaded box on iseq to check if another box tries running the iseq (add a field only when VM_CHECK_MODE?)
+* Assign its own TOPLEVEL_BINDING in boxes
+* Fix calling `warn` in boxes to refer `$VERBOSE` and `Warning.warn` in the box
+* Make an internal data container class `Ruby::Box::Entry` invisible
+* More test cases about `$LOAD_PATH` and `$LOADED_FEATURES`
+
+## How to use
+
+### Enabling Ruby Box
+
+First, an environment variable should be set at the ruby process bootup: `RUBY_BOX=1`.
+The only valid value is `1` to enable Ruby Box. Other values (or unset `RUBY_BOX`) means disabling Ruby Box. And setting the value after Ruby program starts doesn't work.
+
+### Using Ruby Box
+
+`Ruby::Box` class is the entrypoint of Ruby Box.
+
+```ruby
+box = Ruby::Box.new
+box.require('something') # or require_relative, load
+```
+
+The required file (either .rb or .so/.dll/.bundle) is loaded in the box (`box` here). The required/loaded files from `something` will be loaded in the box recursively.
+
+```ruby
+# something.rb
+
+X = 1
+
+class Something
+  def self.x = X
+  def x = ::X
+end
+```
+
+Classes/modules, those methods and constants defined in the box can be accessed via `box` object.
+
+```ruby
+X = 2
+p X                 # 2
+p ::X               # 2
+p box::Something.x  # 1
+p box::X            # 1
+```
+
+Instance methods defined in the box also run with definitions in the box.
+
+```ruby
+s = box::Something.new
+
+p s.x  # 1
+```
+
+## Specifications
+
+### Ruby Box types
+
+There are two box types:
+
+* Root box
+* User boxes
+
+There is the root box, just a single box in a Ruby process. Ruby bootstrap runs in the root box, and all builtin classes/modules are defined in the root box. (See "Builtin classes and modules".)
+
+User boxes are to run user-written programs and libraries loaded from user programs. The user's main program (specified by the `ruby` command line argument) is executed in the "main" box, which is a user box automatically created at the end of Ruby's bootstrap, copied from the root box.
+
+When `Ruby::Box.new` is called, an "optional" box (a user, non-main box) is created, copied from the root box. All user boxes are flat, copied from the root box.
+
+### Ruby Box class and instances
+
+`Ruby::Box` is a class, as a subclass of `Module`. `Ruby::Box` instances are a kind of `Module`.
+
+### Classes and modules defined in boxes
+
+The classes and modules, newly defined in a box `box`, are accessible via `box`. For example, if a class `A` is defined in `box`, it is accessible as `box::A` from outside of the box.
+
+In the box `box`, `A` can be referred to as `A` (and `::A`).
+
+### Built-in classes and modules reopened in boxes
+
+In boxes, builtin classes/modules are visible and can be reopened. Those classes/modules can be reopened using `class` or `module` clauses, and class/module definitions can be changed.
+
+The changed definitions are visible only in the box. In other boxes, builtin classes/modules and those instances work without changed definitions.
+
+```ruby
+# in foo.rb
+class String
+  BLANK_PATTERN = /\A\s*\z/
+  def blank?
+    self.match?(BLANK_PATTERN)
+  end
+end
+
+module Foo
+  def self.foo = "foo"
+
+  def self.foo_is_blank?
+    foo.blank?
+  end
+end
+
+Foo.foo.blank? #=> false
+"foo".blank?   #=> false
+
+# in main.rb
+box = Ruby::Box.new
+box.require_relative('foo')
+
+box::Foo.foo_is_blank? #=> false   (#blank? called in box)
+
+"foo".blank?          # NoMethodError
+String::BLANK_PATTERN # NameError
+```
+
+The main box and `box` are different boxes, so monkey patches in main are also invisible in `box`.
+
+### Builtin classes and modules
+
+In the box context, "builtin" classes and modules are classes and modules:
+
+* Accessible without any `require` calls in user scripts
+* Defined before any user program start running
+* Including classes/modules loaded by `prelude.rb` (including RubyGems `Gem`, for example)
+
+Hereafter, "builtin classes and modules" will be referred to as just "builtin classes".
+
+### Builtin classes referred via box objects
+
+Builtin classes in a box `box` can be referred from other boxes. For example, `box::String` is a valid reference, and `String` and `box::String` are identical (`String == box::String`, `String.object_id == box::String.object_id`).
+
+`box::String`-like reference returns just a `String` in the current box, so its definition is `String` in the box, not in `box`.
+
+```ruby
+# foo.rb
+class String
+  def self.foo = "foo"
+end
+
+# main.rb
+box = Ruby::Box.new
+box.require_relative('foo')
+
+box::String.foo  # NoMethodError
+```
+
+### Class instance variables, class variables, constants
+
+Builtin classes can have different sets of class instance variables, class variables and constants between boxes.
+
+```ruby
+# foo.rb
+class Array
+  @v = "foo"
+  @@v = "_foo_"
+  V = "FOO"
+end
+
+Array.instance_variable_get(:@v) #=> "foo"
+Array.class_variable_get(:@@v)   #=> "_foo_"
+Array.const_get(:V)              #=> "FOO"
+
+# main.rb
+box = Ruby::Box.new
+box.require_relative('foo')
+
+Array.instance_variable_get(:@v) #=> nil
+Array.class_variable_get(:@@v)   # NameError
+Array.const_get(:V)              # NameError
+```
+
+### Global variables
+
+In boxes, changes on global variables are also isolated in the boxes. Changes on global variables in a box are visible/applied only in the box.
+
+```ruby
+# foo.rb
+$foo = "foo"
+$VERBOSE = nil
+
+puts "This appears: '#{$foo}'"
+
+# main.rb
+p $foo      #=> nil
+p $VERBOSE  #=> false
+
+box = Ruby::Box.new
+box.require_relative('foo')  # "This appears: 'foo'"
+
+p $foo      #=> nil
+p $VERBOSE  #=> false
+```
+
+### Top level constants
+
+Usually, top level constants are defined as constants of `Object`. In boxes, top level constants are constants of `Object` in the box. And the box object `box`'s constants are strictly equal to constants of `Object`.
+
+```ruby
+# foo.rb
+FOO = 100
+
+FOO         #=> 100
+Object::FOO #=> 100
+
+# main.rb
+box = Ruby::Box.new
+box.require_relative('foo')
+
+box::FOO      #=> 100
+
+FOO          # NameError
+Object::FOO  # NameError
+```
+
+### Top level methods
+
+Top level methods are private instance methods of `Object`, in each box.
+
+```ruby
+# foo.rb
+def yay = "foo"
+
+class Foo
+  def self.say = yay
+end
+
+Foo.say #=> "foo"
+yay     #=> "foo"
+
+# main.rb
+box = Ruby::Box.new
+box.require_relative('foo')
+
+box::Foo.say  #=> "foo"
+
+yay  # NoMethodError
+```
+
+There is no way to expose top level methods in boxes to others.
+(See "Expose top level methods as a method of the box object" in "Discussions" section below)
+
+### Ruby Box scopes
+
+Ruby Box works in file scope. One `.rb` file runs in a single box.
+
+Once a file is loaded in a box `box`, all methods/procs defined/created in the file run in `box`.
+
+### Utility methods
+
+Several methods are available for trying/testing Ruby Box.
+
+* `Ruby::Box.current` returns the current box
+* `Ruby::Box.enabled?` returns true/false to represent `RUBY_BOX=1` is specified or not
+* `Ruby::Box.root` returns the root box
+* `Ruby::Box.main` returns the main box
+* `Ruby::Box#eval` evaluates a Ruby code (String) in the receiver box, just like calling `#load` with a file
+
+## Implementation details
+
+#### ISeq inline method/constant cache
+
+As described above in "Ruby Box scopes", an ".rb" file runs in a box. So method/constant resolution will be done in a box consistently.
+
+That means ISeq inline caches work well even with boxes. Otherwise, it's a bug.
+
+#### Method call global cache (gccct)
+
+`rb_funcall()` C function refers to the global cc cache table (gccct), and the cache key is calculated with the current box.
+
+So, `rb_funcall()` calls have a performance penalty when Ruby Box is enabled.
+
+#### Current box and loading box
+
+The current box is the box that the executing code is in. `Ruby::Box.current` returns the current box object.
+
+The loading box is an internally managed box to determine the box to load newly required/loaded files. For example, `box` is the loading box when `box.require("foo")` is called.
+
+## Discussions
+
+#### More builtin methods written in Ruby
+
+If Ruby Box is enabled by default, builtin methods can be written in Ruby because it can't be overridden by users' monkey patches. Builtin Ruby methods can be JIT-ed, and it could bring performance reward.
+
+#### Monkey patching methods called by builtin methods
+
+Builtin methods sometimes call other builtin methods. For example, `Hash#map` calls `Hash#each` to retrieve entries to be mapped. Without Ruby Box, Ruby users can overwrite `Hash#each` and expect the behavior change of `Hash#map` as a result.
+
+But with boxes, `Hash#map` runs in the root box. Ruby users can define `Hash#each` only in user boxes, so users cannot change `Hash#map`'s behavior in this case. To achieve it, users should override both`Hash#map` and `Hash#each` (or only `Hash#map`).
+
+It is a breaking change.
+
+Users can define methods using `Ruby::Box.root.eval(...)`, but it's clearly not ideal API.
+
+#### Assigning values to global variables used by builtin methods
+
+Similar to monkey patching methods, global variables assigned in a box is separated from the root box. Methods defined in the root box referring a global variable can't find the re-assigned one.
+
+#### Context of `$LOAD_PATH` and `$LOADED_FEATURES`
+
+Global variables `$LOAD_PATH` and `$LOADED_FEATURES` control `require` method behaviors. So those variables are determined by the loading box instead of the current box.
+
+This could potentially conflict with the user's expectations. We should find the solution.
+
+#### Expose top level methods as a method of the box object
+
+Currently, top level methods in boxes are not accessible from outside of the box. But there might be a use case to call other box's top level methods.
+
+#### Split root and builtin box
+
+Currently, the single "root" box is the source of classext CoW. And also, the "root" box can load additional files after starting main script evaluation by calling methods which contain lines like `require "openssl"`.
+
+That means, user boxes can have different sets of definitions according to when it is created.
+
+```
+[root]
+ |
+ |----[main]
+ |
+ |(require "openssl" called in root)
+ |
+ |----[box1] having OpenSSL
+ |
+ |(remove_const called for OpenSSL in root)
+ |
+ |----[box2] without OpenSSL
+```
+
+This could cause unexpected behavior differences between user boxes. It should NOT be a problem because user scripts which refer to `OpenSSL` should call `require "openssl"` by themselves.
+But in the worst case, a script (without `require "openssl"`) runs well in `box1`, but doesn't run in `box2`. This situation looks like a "random failure" to users.
+
+An option possible to prevent this situation is to have "root" and "builtin" boxes.
+
+* root
+  * The box for the Ruby process bootstrap, then the source of CoW
+  * After starting the main box, no code runs in this box
+* builtin
+  * The box copied from the root box at the same time with "main"
+  * Methods and procs defined in the "root" box run in this box
+  * Classes and modules required will be loaded in this box
+
+This design realizes a consistent source of box CoW.
+
+#### Separate `cc_tbl` and `callable_m_tbl`, `cvc_tbl` for less classext CoW
+
+The fields of `rb_classext_t` contains several cache(-like) data, `cc_tbl`(callcache table), `callable_m_tbl`(table of resolved complemented methods) and `cvc_tbl`(class variable cache table).
+
+The classext CoW is triggered when the contents of `rb_classext_t` are changed, including `cc_tbl`, `callable_m_tbl`, and `cvc_tbl`. But those three tables are changed by just calling methods or referring class variables. So, currently, classext CoW is triggered much more times than the original expectation.
+
+If we can move those three tables outside of `rb_classext_t`, the number of copied `rb_classext_t` will be much less than the current implementation.
diff --git a/doc/bsearch.rdoc b/doc/language/bsearch.rdoc
index 90705853d7..90705853d7 100644
--- a/doc/bsearch.rdoc
+++ b/doc/language/bsearch.rdoc
diff --git a/doc/date/calendars.rdoc b/doc/language/calendars.rdoc
index 4e6fd8334b..a2540f1c43 100644
--- a/doc/date/calendars.rdoc
+++ b/doc/language/calendars.rdoc
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ See also {a concrete example here}[rdoc-ref:DateTime@When+should+you+use+DateTim
 === Argument +start+
 
 Certain methods in class \Date handle differences in the
-{Julian and Gregorian calendars}[rdoc-ref:date/calendars.rdoc@Julian+and+Gregorian+Calendars]
+{Julian and Gregorian calendars}[rdoc-ref:@Julian+and+Gregorian+Calendars]
 by accepting an optional argument +start+, whose value may be:
 
 - Date::ITALY (the default): the created date is Julian
diff --git a/doc/case_mapping.rdoc b/doc/language/case_mapping.rdoc
index 57c037b9d8..d40155db03 100644
--- a/doc/case_mapping.rdoc
+++ b/doc/language/case_mapping.rdoc
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ Context-dependent case mapping as described in
 {Table 3-17 (Context Specification for Casing) of the Unicode standard}[https://www.unicode.org/versions/latest/ch03.pdf]
 is currently not supported.
 
-In most cases, case conversions of a string have the same number of characters.
+In most cases, the case conversion of a string has the same number of characters as before.
 There are exceptions (see also +:fold+ below):
 
   s = "\u00DF" # => "ß"
@@ -58,25 +58,18 @@ Case changes may not be reversible:
   s.downcase.upcase  # => "HELLO WORLD!" # Different from original s.
 
 Case changing methods may not maintain Unicode normalization.
-See String#unicode_normalize).
+See String#unicode_normalize.
 
-== Options for Case Mapping
+== Case Mappings
 
 Except for +casecmp+ and +casecmp?+,
 each of the case-mapping methods listed above
-accepts optional arguments, <tt>*options</tt>.
+accepts an optional argument, <tt>mapping</tt>.
 
-The arguments may be:
+The argument is one of:
 
-- +:ascii+ only.
-- +:fold+ only.
-- +:turkic+ or +:lithuanian+ or both.
-
-The options:
-
-- +:ascii+:
-  ASCII-only mapping:
-  uppercase letters ('A'..'Z') are mapped to lowercase letters ('a'..'z);
+- +:ascii+: ASCII-only mapping.
+  Uppercase letters ('A'..'Z') are mapped to lowercase letters ('a'..'z);
   other characters are not changed
 
     s = "Foo \u00D8 \u00F8 Bar" # => "Foo Ø ø Bar"
@@ -85,8 +78,8 @@ The options:
     s.upcase(:ascii)            # => "FOO Ø ø BAR"
     s.downcase(:ascii)          # => "foo Ø ø bar"
 
-- +:turkic+:
-  Full Unicode case mapping, adapted for the Turkic languages
+- +:turkic+: Full Unicode case mapping.
+  For the Turkic languages
   that distinguish dotted and dotless I, for example Turkish and Azeri.
 
     s = 'Türkiye'       # => "Türkiye"
@@ -97,11 +90,8 @@ The options:
     s.downcase          # => "türkiye"
     s.downcase(:turkic) # => "türkıye" # No dot above.
 
-- +:lithuanian+:
-  Not yet implemented.
-
 - +:fold+ (available only for String#downcase, String#downcase!,
-  and Symbol#downcase):
+  and Symbol#downcase).
   Unicode case folding,
   which is more far-reaching than Unicode case mapping.
 
diff --git a/doc/character_selectors.rdoc b/doc/language/character_selectors.rdoc
index 47cf242be7..8bfc9b719b 100644
--- a/doc/character_selectors.rdoc
+++ b/doc/language/character_selectors.rdoc
@@ -14,6 +14,8 @@ Each of these instance methods accepts one or more character selectors:
 - String#delete!(*selectors): returns +self+ or +nil+.
 - String#squeeze(*selectors): returns a new string.
 - String#squeeze!(*selectors): returns +self+ or +nil+.
+- String#strip(*selectors): returns a new string.
+- String#strip!(*selectors): returns +self+ or +nil+.
 
 A character selector identifies zero or more characters in +self+
 that are to be operands for the method.
@@ -29,7 +31,6 @@ contained in the selector itself:
   'abracadabra'.delete('abc') # => "rdr"
   '0123456789'.delete('258')  # => "0134679"
   '!@#$%&*()_+'.delete('+&#') # => "!@$%*()_"
-  'тест'.delete('т')          # => "ес"
   'こんにちは'.delete('に')     # => "こんちは"
 
 Note that order and repetitions do not matter:
@@ -79,6 +80,8 @@ These instance methods accept multiple character selectors:
 - String#delete!(*selectors): returns +self+ or +nil+.
 - String#squeeze(*selectors): returns a new string.
 - String#squeeze!(*selectors): returns +self+ or +nil+.
+- String#strip(*selectors): returns a new string.
+- String#strip!(*selectors): returns +self+ or +nil+.
 
 In effect, the given selectors are formed into a single selector
 consisting of only those characters common to _all_ of the given selectors.
diff --git a/doc/dig_methods.rdoc b/doc/language/dig_methods.rdoc
index 366275d451..366275d451 100644
--- a/doc/dig_methods.rdoc
+++ b/doc/language/dig_methods.rdoc
diff --git a/doc/encodings.rdoc b/doc/language/encodings.rdoc
index eaee2efd62..683842d3fb 100644
--- a/doc/encodings.rdoc
+++ b/doc/language/encodings.rdoc
@@ -138,7 +138,7 @@ A Ruby String object has an encoding that is an instance of class \Encoding.
 The encoding may be retrieved by method String#encoding.
 
 The default encoding for a string literal is the script encoding;
-see {Script Encoding}[rdoc-ref:encodings.rdoc@Script+Encoding].
+see {Script Encoding}[rdoc-ref:@Script+Encoding].
 
   's'.encoding # => #<Encoding:UTF-8>
 
@@ -147,7 +147,7 @@ The default encoding for a string created with method String.new is:
 - For no argument, ASCII-8BIT.
 - For a \String object argument, the encoding of that string.
 - For a string literal, the script encoding;
-  see {Script Encoding}[rdoc-ref:encodings.rdoc@Script+Encoding].
+  see {Script Encoding}[rdoc-ref:@Script+Encoding].
 
 In either case, any encoding may be specified:
 
@@ -193,7 +193,7 @@ The default encoding for these, however, is:
 
 - US-ASCII, if all characters are US-ASCII.
 - The script encoding, otherwise;
-  see (Script Encoding)[rdoc-ref:encodings.rdoc@Script+Encoding].
+  see (Script Encoding)[rdoc-ref:@Script+Encoding].
 
 == Filesystem \Encoding
 
@@ -393,7 +393,7 @@ These keyword-value pairs specify encoding options:
 
   - <tt>:replace: nil</tt> (default): Set replacement string to default value:
     <tt>"\uFFFD"</tt> ("�") for a Unicode encoding, <tt>'?'</tt> otherwise.
-  - <tt>:replace: _some_string_</tt>: Set replacement string to the given +some_string+;
+  - <tt>:replace: some_string</tt>: Set replacement string to the given +some_string+;
     overrides +:fallback+.
 
   Examples:
@@ -407,12 +407,12 @@ These keyword-value pairs specify encoding options:
   One of these may be specified:
 
   - <tt>:fallback: nil</tt> (default): No replacement fallback.
-  - <tt>:fallback: _hash_like_object_</tt>: Set replacement fallback to the given
-    +hash_like_object+; the replacement string is <tt>_hash_like_object_[X]</tt>.
-  - <tt>:fallback: _method_</tt>: Set replacement fallback to the given
-    +method+; the replacement string is <tt>_method_(X)</tt>.
-  - <tt>:fallback: _proc_</tt>: Set replacement fallback to the given
-    +proc+; the replacement string is <tt>_proc_[X]</tt>.
+  - <tt>:fallback: hash_like_object</tt>: Set replacement fallback to the given
+    +hash_like_object+; the replacement string is <tt>hash_like_object[X]</tt>.
+  - <tt>:fallback: method</tt>: Set replacement fallback to the given
+    +method+; the replacement string is <tt>method(X)</tt>.
+  - <tt>:fallback: proc</tt>: Set replacement fallback to the given
+    +proc+; the replacement string is <tt>proc[X]</tt>.
 
   Examples:
 
@@ -437,7 +437,7 @@ These keyword-value pairs specify encoding options:
   - <tt>:xml: nil</tt> (default): No handling for XML entities.
   - <tt>:xml: :text</tt>: Treat source text as XML;
     replace each undefined character
-    with its upper-case hexdecimal numeric character reference,
+    with its upper-case hexadecimal numeric character reference,
     except that:
 
     - <tt>&</tt> is replaced with <tt>&amp;</tt>.
@@ -446,7 +446,7 @@ These keyword-value pairs specify encoding options:
 
   - <tt>:xml: :attr</tt>: Treat source text as XML attribute value;
     replace each undefined character
-    with its upper-case hexdecimal numeric character reference,
+    with its upper-case hexadecimal numeric character reference,
     except that:
 
     - The replacement string <tt>r</tt> is double-quoted (<tt>"r"</tt>).
diff --git a/doc/exceptions.md b/doc/language/exceptions.md
index 2c47455911..5f8f0ece69 100644
--- a/doc/exceptions.md
+++ b/doc/language/exceptions.md
@@ -504,18 +504,18 @@ These methods return backtrace information:
 By default, Ruby sets the backtrace of the exception to the location where it
 was raised.
 
-The developer might adjust this by either providing +backtrace+ argument
+The developer might adjust this by either providing `backtrace` argument
 to Kernel#raise, or using Exception#set_backtrace.
 
 Note that:
 
-- by default, both +backtrace+ and +backtrace_locations+ represent the same backtrace;
+- by default, both `backtrace` and `backtrace_locations` represent the same backtrace;
 - if the developer sets the backtrace by one of the above methods to an array of
   Thread::Backtrace::Location, they still represent the same backtrace;
 - if the developer sets the backtrace to a string or an array of strings:
-  - by Kernel#raise: +backtrace_locations+ become +nil+;
-  - by Exception#set_backtrace: +backtrace_locations+ preserve the original
+  - by Kernel#raise: `backtrace_locations` become `nil`;
+  - by Exception#set_backtrace: `backtrace_locations` preserve the original
     value;
-- if the developer sets the backtrace to +nil+ by Exception#set_backtrace,
-  +backtrace_locations+ preserve the original value; but if the exception is then
-  reraised, both +backtrace+ and +backtrace_locations+ become the location of reraise.
+- if the developer sets the backtrace to `nil` by Exception#set_backtrace,
+  `backtrace_locations` preserve the original value; but if the exception is then
+  reraised, both `backtrace` and `backtrace_locations` become the location of reraise.
diff --git a/doc/fiber.md b/doc/language/fiber.md
index d9011cce2f..d9011cce2f 100644
--- a/doc/fiber.md
+++ b/doc/language/fiber.md
diff --git a/doc/format_specifications.rdoc b/doc/language/format_specifications.rdoc
index bdfdc24953..a59f210377 100644
--- a/doc/format_specifications.rdoc
+++ b/doc/language/format_specifications.rdoc
@@ -30,8 +30,9 @@ It consists of:
 
 - A leading percent character.
 - Zero or more _flags_ (each is a character).
-- An optional _width_ _specifier_ (an integer).
-- An optional _precision_ _specifier_ (a period followed by a non-negative integer).
+- An optional _width_ _specifier_ (an integer, or <tt>*</tt>).
+- An optional _precision_ _specifier_ (a period followed by a non-negative
+  integer, or <tt>*</tt>).
 - A _type_ _specifier_ (a character).
 
 Except for the leading percent character,
@@ -45,42 +46,42 @@ The links lead to the details and examples.
 === \Integer Type Specifiers
 
 - +b+ or +B+: Format +argument+ as a binary integer.
-  See {Specifiers b and B}[rdoc-ref:format_specifications.rdoc@Specifiers+b+and+B].
+  See {Specifiers b and B}[rdoc-ref:@Specifiers+b+and+B].
 - +d+, +i+, or +u+ (all are identical):
   Format +argument+ as a decimal integer.
-  See {Specifier d}[rdoc-ref:format_specifications.rdoc@Specifier+d].
+  See {Specifier d}[rdoc-ref:@Specifier+d].
 - +o+: Format +argument+ as an octal integer.
-  See {Specifier o}[rdoc-ref:format_specifications.rdoc@Specifier+o].
+  See {Specifier o}[rdoc-ref:@Specifier+o].
 - +x+ or +X+: Format +argument+ as a hexadecimal integer.
-  See {Specifiers x and X}[rdoc-ref:format_specifications.rdoc@Specifiers+x+and+X].
+  See {Specifiers x and X}[rdoc-ref:@Specifiers+x+and+X].
 
 === Floating-Point Type Specifiers
 
 - +a+ or +A+: Format +argument+ as hexadecimal floating-point number.
-  See {Specifiers a and A}[rdoc-ref:format_specifications.rdoc@Specifiers+a+and+A].
+  See {Specifiers a and A}[rdoc-ref:@Specifiers+a+and+A].
 - +e+ or +E+: Format +argument+ in scientific notation.
-  See {Specifiers e and E}[rdoc-ref:format_specifications.rdoc@Specifiers+e+and+E].
+  See {Specifiers e and E}[rdoc-ref:@Specifiers+e+and+E].
 - +f+: Format +argument+ as a decimal floating-point number.
-  See {Specifier f}[rdoc-ref:format_specifications.rdoc@Specifier+f].
+  See {Specifier f}[rdoc-ref:@Specifier+f].
 - +g+ or +G+: Format +argument+ in a "general" format.
-  See {Specifiers g and G}[rdoc-ref:format_specifications.rdoc@Specifiers+g+and+G].
+  See {Specifiers g and G}[rdoc-ref:@Specifiers+g+and+G].
 
 === Other Type Specifiers
 
 - +c+: Format +argument+ as a character.
-  See {Specifier c}[rdoc-ref:format_specifications.rdoc@Specifier+c].
+  See {Specifier c}[rdoc-ref:@Specifier+c].
 - +p+: Format +argument+ as a string via <tt>argument.inspect</tt>.
-  See {Specifier p}[rdoc-ref:format_specifications.rdoc@Specifier+p].
+  See {Specifier p}[rdoc-ref:@Specifier+p].
 - +s+: Format +argument+ as a string via <tt>argument.to_s</tt>.
-  See {Specifier s}[rdoc-ref:format_specifications.rdoc@Specifier+s].
+  See {Specifier s}[rdoc-ref:@Specifier+s].
 - <tt>%</tt>: Format +argument+ (<tt>'%'</tt>) as a single percent character.
-  See {Specifier %}[rdoc-ref:format_specifications.rdoc@Specifier+-25].
+  See {Specifier %}[rdoc-ref:@Specifier+-25].
 
 == Flags
 
 The effect of a flag may vary greatly among type specifiers.
 These remarks are general in nature.
-See {type-specific details}[rdoc-ref:format_specifications.rdoc@Type+Specifier+Details+and+Examples].
+See {type-specific details}[rdoc-ref:@Type+Specifier+Details+and+Examples].
 
 Multiple flags may be given with single type specifier;
 order does not matter.
@@ -125,13 +126,6 @@ Left-pad with zeros instead of spaces:
   sprintf('%6d', 100)  # => "   100"
   sprintf('%06d', 100) # => "000100"
 
-=== <tt>'*'</tt> Flag
-
-Use the next argument as the field width:
-
-  sprintf('%d', 20, 14)  # => "20"
-  sprintf('%*d', 20, 14) # => "                  14"
-
 === <tt>'n$'</tt> Flag
 
 Format the (1-based) <tt>n</tt>th argument into this field:
@@ -152,6 +146,11 @@ of the formatted field:
   # Ignore if too small.
   sprintf('%1d', 100)   # => "100"
 
+If the width specifier is <tt>'*'</tt> instead of an integer, the actual minimum
+width is taken from the argument list:
+
+  sprintf('%*d', 20, 14) # => "                  14"
+
 == Precision Specifier
 
 A precision specifier is a decimal point followed by zero or more
@@ -194,6 +193,11 @@ the number of characters to write:
   sprintf('%s', Time.now)    # => "2022-05-04 11:59:16 -0400"
   sprintf('%.10s', Time.now) # => "2022-05-04"
 
+If the precision specifier is <tt>'*'</tt> instead of a non-negative integer,
+the actual precision is taken from the argument list:
+
+  sprintf('%.*d', 20, 1)    # => "00000000000000000001"
+
 == Type Specifier Details and Examples
 
 === Specifiers +a+ and +A+
diff --git a/doc/language/globals.md b/doc/language/globals.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..ece950d3d8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/doc/language/globals.md
@@ -0,0 +1,610 @@
+# Pre-Defined Global Variables
+
+Some of the pre-defined global variables have synonyms
+that are available via module English.
+For each of those, the \English synonym is given.
+
+To use the module:
+
+```ruby
+require 'English'
+```
+
+## In Brief
+
+### Exceptions
+
+| Variable |     \English      | Contains                               | Initially | Read-Only | Reset By     |
+|:--------:|:-----------------:|----------------------------------------|:---------:|:---------:|--------------|
+|   `$!`   |   `$ERROR_INFO`   | \Exception object or `nil`             |   `nil`   |    Yes    | Kernel#raise |
+|   `$@`   | `$ERROR_POSITION` | \Array of backtrace positions or `nil` |   `nil`   |    Yes    | Kernel#raise |
+
+### Matched \Data
+
+| Variable  |      \English       | Contains                          | Initially | Read-Only | Reset By        |
+|:---------:|:-------------------:|-----------------------------------|:---------:|:---------:|-----------------|
+|   `$~`    | `$LAST_MATCH_INFO`  | \MatchData object or `nil`        |   `nil`   |    No     | Matcher methods |
+|   `$&`    |      `$MATCH`       | Matched substring or `nil`        |   `nil`   |    No     | Matcher methods |
+| `` $` ``  |    `$PRE_MATCH`     | Substring left of match or `nil`  |   `nil`   |    No     | Matcher methods |
+|   `$'`    |    `$POST_MATCH`    | Substring right of match or `nil` |   `nil`   |    No     | Matcher methods |
+|   `$+`    | `$LAST_PAREN_MATCH` | Last group matched or `nil`       |   `nil`   |    No     | Matcher methods |
+|   `$1`    |                     | First group matched or `nil`      |   `nil`   |   Yes     | Matcher methods |
+|   `$2`    |                     | Second group matched or `nil`     |   `nil`   |   Yes     | Matcher methods |
+|   `$n`    |                     | <i>n</i>th group matched or `nil` |   `nil`   |   Yes     | Matcher methods |
+
+### Separators
+
+|  Variable   |          \English           | Contains                | Initially | Read-Only | Reset By |
+|:-----------:|:---------------------------:|-------------------------|:---------:|:---------:|----------|
+| `$/`, `$-0` | `$INPUT_RECORD_SEPARATOR`   | Input record separator  |  Newline  |    No     |          |
+|  `$\`       | `$OUTPUT_RECORD_SEPARATOR`  | Output record separator |   `nil`   |   No      |          |
+
+### Streams
+
+| Variable  |           \English           | Contains                                    | Initially | Read-Only | Reset By             |
+|:---------:|:----------------------------:|---------------------------------------------|:---------:|:---------:|----------------------|
+| `$stdin`  |                              | Standard input stream                       |  `STDIN`  |    No     |                      |
+| `$stdout` |                              | Standard output stream                      | `STDOUT`  |    No     |                      |
+| `$stderr` |                              | Standard error stream                       | `STDERR`  |    No     |                      |
+|   `$<`    |       `$DEFAULT_INPUT`       | Default standard input                      |  `ARGF`   |    Yes    |                      |
+|   `$>`    |      `$DEFAULT_OUTPUT`       | Default standard output                     | `STDOUT`  |    No     |                      |
+|   `$.`    | `$INPUT_LINE_NUMBER`, `$NR`  | Input position of most recently read stream |     0     |    No     | Certain read methods |
+|   `$_`    |      `$LAST_READ_LINE`       | String from most recently read stream       |   `nil`   |    No     | Certain read methods |
+
+### Processes
+
+|         Variable          |        \English        | Contains                        |   Initially   | Read-Only | Reset By |
+|:-------------------------:|:----------------------:|---------------------------------|:-------------:|:---------:|----------|
+|   `$0`, `$PROGRAM_NAME`   |                        | Program name                    | Program name  |   No      |          |
+|           `$*`            |        `$ARGV`         | \ARGV array                     |    `ARGV`     |   Yes     |          |
+|           `$$`            | `$PROCESS_ID`, `$PID`  | Process id                      | Process PID   |   Yes     |          |
+|           `$?`            |    `$CHILD_STATUS`     | Status of recently exited child |     `nil`     |   Yes     |          |
+| `$LOAD_PATH`, `$:`, `$-I` |                        | \Array of search paths          | Ruby defaults |   Yes     |          |
+| `$LOADED_FEATURES`, `$"`  |                        | \Array of load paths            | Ruby defaults |   Yes     |          |
+
+### Debugging
+
+|  Variable   | \English | Contains                                   |          Initially           | Read-Only | Reset By |
+|:-----------:|:--------:|--------------------------------------------|:----------------------------:|:---------:|----------|
+| `$FILENAME` |          | Value returned by method `ARGF.filename`   | Command-line argument or '-' |    Yes    |          |
+|  `$DEBUG`   |          | Whether option `-d` or `--debug` was given |     Command-line option      |    No     |          |
+| `$VERBOSE`  |          | Whether option `-V` or `-W` was given      |     Command-line option      |    No     |          |
+
+### Other Variables
+
+|  Variable   | \English | Contains                                      | Initially | Read-Only | Reset By |
+|:-----------:|:--------:|-----------------------------------------------|:---------:|:---------:|----------|
+| `$-F`, `$;` |          | Separator given with command-line option `-F` |           |           |          |
+|    `$-a`    |          | Whether option `-a` was given                 |           |   Yes     |          |
+|    `$-i`    |          | Extension given with command-line option `-i` |           |    No     |          |
+|    `$-l`    |          | Whether option `-l` was given                 |           |   Yes     |          |
+|    `$-p`    |          | Whether option `-p` was given                 |           |   Yes     |          |
+|    `$F`     |          | \Array of `$_` split by `$-F`                 |           |           |          |
+
+## Exceptions
+
+### `$!` (\Exception)
+
+Contains the Exception object set by Kernel#raise:
+
+```ruby
+begin
+  raise RuntimeError.new('Boo!')
+rescue RuntimeError
+  p $!
+end
+```
+
+Output:
+
+```
+#<RuntimeError: Boo!>
+```
+
+English - `$ERROR_INFO`
+
+### `$@` (Backtrace)
+
+Same as `$!.backtrace`;
+returns an array of backtrace positions:
+
+```ruby
+begin
+  raise RuntimeError.new('Boo!')
+rescue RuntimeError
+  pp $@.take(4)
+end
+```
+
+Output:
+
+```
+["(irb):338:in `<top (required)>'",
+ "/snap/ruby/317/lib/ruby/3.2.0/irb/workspace.rb:119:in `eval'",
+ "/snap/ruby/317/lib/ruby/3.2.0/irb/workspace.rb:119:in `evaluate'",
+ "/snap/ruby/317/lib/ruby/3.2.0/irb/context.rb:502:in `evaluate'"]
+```
+
+English - `$ERROR_POSITION`.
+
+## Matched \Data
+
+These global variables store information about the most recent
+successful match in the current scope.
+
+For details and examples,
+see {Regexp Global Variables}[rdoc-ref:Regexp@Global+Variables].
+
+### `$~` (\MatchData)
+
+MatchData object created from the match;
+thread-local and frame-local.
+
+English - `$LAST_MATCH_INFO`.
+
+### `$&` (Matched Substring)
+
+The matched string.
+
+English - `$MATCH`.
+
+### `` $` `` (Pre-Match Substring)
+The string to the left of the match.
+
+English - `$PREMATCH`.
+
+### `$'` (Post-Match Substring)
+
+The string to the right of the match.
+
+English - `$POSTMATCH`.
+
+### `$+` (Last Matched Group)
+
+The last group matched.
+
+English - `$LAST_PAREN_MATCH`.
+
+### `$1`, `$2`, \Etc. (Matched Group)
+
+For <tt>$n</tt> the <i>n</i>th group of the match.
+
+No \English.
+
+## Separators
+
+### `$/` (Input Record Separator)
+
+An input record separator, initially newline.
+Set by the [command-line option `-0`].
+
+Setting to non-nil value by other than the command-line option is
+deprecated.
+
+English - `$INPUT_RECORD_SEPARATOR`, `$RS`.
+
+Aliased as `$-0`.
+
+### `$\` (Output Record Separator)
+
+An output record separator, initially `nil`.
+
+Copied from `$/` when the [command-line option `-l`] is
+given.
+
+Setting to non-nil value by other than the command-line option is
+deprecated.
+
+English - `$OUTPUT_RECORD_SEPARATOR`, `$ORS`.
+
+## Streams
+
+### `$stdin` (Standard Input)
+
+The current standard input stream; initially:
+
+```ruby
+$stdin # => #<IO:<STDIN>>
+```
+
+### `$stdout` (Standard Output)
+
+The current standard output stream; initially:
+
+```ruby
+$stdout # => #<IO:<STDOUT>>
+```
+
+### `$stderr` (Standard Error)
+
+The current standard error stream; initially:
+
+```ruby
+$stderr # => #<IO:<STDERR>>
+```
+
+### `$<` (\ARGF or $stdin)
+
+Points to stream ARGF if not empty, else to stream $stdin; read-only.
+
+English - `$DEFAULT_INPUT`.
+
+### `$>` (Default Standard Output)
+
+An output stream, initially `$stdout`.
+
+English - `$DEFAULT_OUTPUT`
+
+### `$.` (Input Position)
+
+The input position (line number) in the most recently read stream.
+
+English - `$INPUT_LINE_NUMBER`, `$NR`
+
+### `$_` (Last Read Line)
+
+The line (string) from the most recently read stream.
+
+English - `$LAST_READ_LINE`.
+
+## Processes
+
+### `$0`
+
+Initially, contains the name of the script being executed;
+may be reassigned.
+
+### `$*` (\ARGV)
+
+Points to ARGV.
+
+English - `$ARGV`.
+
+### `$$` (Process ID)
+
+The process ID of the current process. Same as Process.pid.
+
+English - `$PROCESS_ID`, `$PID`.
+
+### `$?` (Child Status)
+
+Initially `nil`, otherwise the Process::Status object
+created for the most-recently exited child process;
+thread-local.
+
+English - `$CHILD_STATUS`.
+
+### `$LOAD_PATH` (Load Path)
+
+Contains the array of paths to be searched
+by Kernel#load and Kernel#require.
+
+Singleton method `$LOAD_PATH.resolve_feature_path(feature)`
+returns:
+
+- <tt>[:rb, path]</tt>, where `path` is the path to the Ruby file to be
+  loaded for the given `feature`.
+- <tt>[:so, path]</tt>, where `path` is the path to the shared object file
+  to be loaded for the given `feature`.
+- `nil` if there is no such `feature` and `path`.
+
+Examples:
+
+```ruby
+$LOAD_PATH.resolve_feature_path('timeout')
+# => [:rb, "/snap/ruby/317/lib/ruby/3.2.0/timeout.rb"]
+$LOAD_PATH.resolve_feature_path('date_core')
+# => [:so, "/snap/ruby/317/lib/ruby/3.2.0/x86_64-linux/date_core.so"]
+$LOAD_PATH.resolve_feature_path('foo')
+# => nil
+```
+
+Aliased as `$:` and `$-I`.
+
+### `$LOADED_FEATURES`
+
+Contains an array of the paths to the loaded files:
+
+```ruby
+$LOADED_FEATURES.take(10)
+# =>
+["enumerator.so",
+ "thread.rb",
+ "fiber.so",
+ "rational.so",
+ "complex.so",
+ "ruby2_keywords.rb",
+ "/snap/ruby/317/lib/ruby/3.2.0/x86_64-linux/enc/encdb.so",
+ "/snap/ruby/317/lib/ruby/3.2.0/x86_64-linux/enc/trans/transdb.so",
+ "/snap/ruby/317/lib/ruby/3.2.0/x86_64-linux/rbconfig.rb",
+ "/snap/ruby/317/lib/ruby/3.2.0/rubygems/compatibility.rb"]
+```
+
+Aliased as `$"`.
+
+## Debugging
+
+### `$FILENAME`
+
+The value returned by method ARGF.filename.
+
+### `$DEBUG`
+
+Initially `true` if [command-line option `-d`] or
+[`--debug`][command-line option `-d`] is given, otherwise initially `false`;
+may be set to either value in the running program.
+
+When `true`, prints each raised exception to `$stderr`.
+
+Aliased as `$-d`.
+
+### `$VERBOSE`
+
+Initially `true` if [command-line option `-v`] or
+[`-w`][command-line option `-w`] is given, otherwise initially `false`;
+may be set to either value, or to `nil`, in the running program.
+
+When `true`, enables Ruby warnings.
+
+When `nil`, disables warnings, including those from Kernel#warn.
+
+Aliased as `$-v` and `$-w`.
+
+## Other Variables
+
+### `$-F`
+
+The default field separator in String#split; must be a String or a
+Regexp, and can be set with [command-line option `-F`].
+
+Setting to non-nil value by other than the command-line option is
+deprecated.
+
+Aliased as `$;`.
+
+### `$-a`
+
+Whether [command-line option `-a`] was given; read-only.
+
+### `$-i`
+
+Contains the extension given with [command-line option `-i`],
+or `nil` if none.
+
+An alias of ARGF.inplace_mode.
+
+### `$-l`
+
+Whether [command-line option `-l`] was set; read-only.
+
+### `$-p`
+
+Whether [command-line option `-p`] was given; read-only.
+
+### `$F`
+
+If the [command-line option `-a`] is given, the array
+obtained by splitting `$_` by `$-F` is assigned at the start of each
+`-l`/`-p` loop.
+
+## Deprecated
+
+### `$=`
+
+### `$,`
+
+# Pre-Defined Global Constants
+
+## Summary
+
+### Streams
+
+| Constant | Contains                |
+|:--------:|-------------------------|
+| `STDIN`  | Standard input stream.  |
+| `STDOUT` | Standard output stream. |
+| `STDERR` | Standard error stream.  |
+
+### Environment
+
+| Constant              | Contains                                                                      |
+|-----------------------|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
+| `ENV`                 | Hash of current environment variable names and values.                        |
+| `ARGF`                | String concatenation of files given on the command line, or `$stdin` if none. |
+| `ARGV`                | Array of the given command-line arguments.                                    |
+| `TOPLEVEL_BINDING`    | Binding of the top level scope.                                               |
+| `RUBY_VERSION`        | String Ruby version.                                                          |
+| `RUBY_RELEASE_DATE`   | String Ruby release date.                                                     |
+| `RUBY_PLATFORM`       | String Ruby platform.                                                         |
+| `RUBY_PATCH_LEVEL`    | String Ruby patch level.                                                      |
+| `RUBY_REVISION`       | String Ruby revision.                                                         |
+| `RUBY_COPYRIGHT`      | String Ruby copyright.                                                        |
+| `RUBY_ENGINE`         | String Ruby engine.                                                           |
+| `RUBY_ENGINE_VERSION` | String Ruby engine version.                                                   |
+| `RUBY_DESCRIPTION`    | String Ruby description.                                                      |
+
+### Embedded \Data
+
+|      Constant         | Contains                                                                      |
+|:---------------------:|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
+|        `DATA`         | File containing embedded data (lines following `__END__`, if any).            |
+
+## Streams
+
+### `STDIN`
+
+The standard input stream (the default value for `$stdin`):
+
+```ruby
+STDIN # => #<IO:<STDIN>>
+```
+
+### `STDOUT`
+
+The standard output stream (the default value for `$stdout`):
+
+```ruby
+STDOUT # => #<IO:<STDOUT>>
+```
+
+### `STDERR`
+
+The standard error stream (the default value for `$stderr`):
+
+```ruby
+STDERR # => #<IO:<STDERR>>
+```
+
+## Environment
+
+### `ENV`
+
+A hash of the contains current environment variables names and values:
+
+```ruby
+ENV.take(5)
+# =>
+[["COLORTERM", "truecolor"],
+ ["DBUS_SESSION_BUS_ADDRESS", "unix:path=/run/user/1000/bus"],
+ ["DESKTOP_SESSION", "ubuntu"],
+ ["DISPLAY", ":0"],
+ ["GDMSESSION", "ubuntu"]]
+```
+
+### `ARGF`
+
+The virtual concatenation of the files given on the command line, or from
+`$stdin` if no files were given, `"-"` is given, or after
+all files have been read.
+
+### `ARGV`
+
+An array of the given command-line arguments.
+
+### `TOPLEVEL_BINDING`
+
+The Binding of the top level scope:
+
+```ruby
+TOPLEVEL_BINDING # => #<Binding:0x00007f58da0da7c0>
+```
+
+### `RUBY_VERSION`
+
+The Ruby version:
+
+```ruby
+RUBY_VERSION # => "3.2.2"
+```
+
+### `RUBY_RELEASE_DATE`
+
+The release date string:
+
+```ruby
+RUBY_RELEASE_DATE # => "2023-03-30"
+```
+
+### `RUBY_PLATFORM`
+
+The platform identifier:
+
+```ruby
+RUBY_PLATFORM # => "x86_64-linux"
+```
+
+### `RUBY_PATCHLEVEL`
+
+The integer patch level for this Ruby:
+
+```ruby
+RUBY_PATCHLEVEL # => 53
+```
+
+For a development build the patch level will be -1.
+
+### `RUBY_REVISION`
+
+The git commit hash for this Ruby:
+
+```ruby
+RUBY_REVISION # => "e51014f9c05aa65cbf203442d37fef7c12390015"
+```
+
+### `RUBY_COPYRIGHT`
+
+The copyright string:
+
+```ruby
+RUBY_COPYRIGHT
+# => "ruby - Copyright (C) 1993-2023 Yukihiro Matsumoto"
+```
+
+### `RUBY_ENGINE`
+
+The name of the Ruby implementation:
+
+```ruby
+RUBY_ENGINE # => "ruby"
+```
+
+### `RUBY_ENGINE_VERSION`
+
+The version of the Ruby implementation:
+
+```ruby
+RUBY_ENGINE_VERSION # => "3.2.2"
+```
+
+### `RUBY_DESCRIPTION`
+
+The description of the Ruby implementation:
+
+```ruby
+RUBY_DESCRIPTION
+# => "ruby 3.2.2 (2023-03-30 revision e51014f9c0) [x86_64-linux]"
+```
+
+## Embedded \Data
+
+### `DATA`
+
+Defined if and only if the program has this line:
+
+```ruby
+__END__
+```
+
+When defined, `DATA` is a File object
+containing the lines following the `__END__`,
+positioned at the first of those lines:
+
+```ruby
+p DATA
+DATA.each_line { |line| p line }
+__END__
+Foo
+Bar
+Baz
+```
+
+Output:
+
+```
+#<File:t.rb>
+"Foo\n"
+"Bar\n"
+"Baz\n"
+```
+
+
+[command-line option `-0`]: rdoc-ref:language/options.md@0-3A+Set+-24-2F+-28Input+Record+Separator-29
+[command-line option `-F`]: rdoc-ref:language/options.md@F-3A+Set+Input+Field+Separator
+[command-line option `-a`]: rdoc-ref:language/options.md@a-3A+Split+Input+Lines+into+Fields
+[command-line option `-d`]: rdoc-ref:language/options.md@d-3A+Set+-24DEBUG+to+true
+[command-line option `-i`]: rdoc-ref:language/options.md@i-3A+Set+ARGF+In-Place+Mode
+[command-line option `-l`]: rdoc-ref:language/options.md@l-3A+Set+Output+Record+Separator-3B+Chop+Lines
+[command-line option `-p`]: rdoc-ref:language/options.md@p-3A+-n-2C+with+Printing
+[command-line option `-v`]: rdoc-ref:language/options.md@v-3A+Print+Version-3B+Set+-24VERBOSE
+[command-line option `-w`]: rdoc-ref:language/options.md@w-3A+Synonym+for+-W1
+
diff --git a/doc/hash_inclusion.rdoc b/doc/language/hash_inclusion.rdoc
index 05c2b0932a..05c2b0932a 100644
--- a/doc/hash_inclusion.rdoc
+++ b/doc/language/hash_inclusion.rdoc
diff --git a/doc/implicit_conversion.rdoc b/doc/language/implicit_conversion.rdoc
index e244096125..e244096125 100644
--- a/doc/implicit_conversion.rdoc
+++ b/doc/language/implicit_conversion.rdoc
diff --git a/doc/marshal.rdoc b/doc/language/marshal.rdoc
index 740064ade6..740064ade6 100644
--- a/doc/marshal.rdoc
+++ b/doc/language/marshal.rdoc
diff --git a/doc/ruby/option_dump.md b/doc/language/option_dump.md
index a156484bf6..a156484bf6 100644
--- a/doc/ruby/option_dump.md
+++ b/doc/language/option_dump.md
diff --git a/doc/ruby/options.md b/doc/language/options.md
index bfbd2530de..3421d73f55 100644
--- a/doc/ruby/options.md
+++ b/doc/language/options.md
@@ -61,15 +61,15 @@ nil
 
 See also:
 
-- {Option -a}[rdoc-ref:ruby/options.md@a-3A+Split+Input+Lines+into+Fields]:
+- {Option -a}[rdoc-ref:@a-3A+Split+Input+Lines+into+Fields]:
   Split input lines into fields.
-- {Option -F}[rdoc-ref:ruby/options.md@F-3A+Set+Input+Field+Separator]:
+- {Option -F}[rdoc-ref:@F-3A+Set+Input+Field+Separator]:
   Set input field separator.
-- {Option -l}[rdoc-ref:ruby/options.md@l-3A+Set+Output+Record+Separator-3B+Chop+Lines]:
+- {Option -l}[rdoc-ref:@l-3A+Set+Output+Record+Separator-3B+Chop+Lines]:
   Set output record separator; chop lines.
-- {Option -n}[rdoc-ref:ruby/options.md@n-3A+Run+Program+in+gets+Loop]:
+- {Option -n}[rdoc-ref:@n-3A+Run+Program+in+gets+Loop]:
   Run program in `gets` loop.
-- {Option -p}[rdoc-ref:ruby/options.md@p-3A+-n-2C+with+Printing]:
+- {Option -p}[rdoc-ref:@p-3A+-n-2C+with+Printing]:
   `-n`, with printing.
 
 ### `-a`: Split Input Lines into Fields
@@ -91,15 +91,15 @@ and the default field separator  is `$;`.
 
 See also:
 
-- {Option -0}[rdoc-ref:ruby/options.md@0-3A+Set+-24-2F+-28Input+Record+Separator-29]:
+- {Option -0}[rdoc-ref:@0-3A+Set+-24-2F+-28Input+Record+Separator-29]:
   Set `$/` (input record separator).
-- {Option -F}[rdoc-ref:ruby/options.md@F-3A+Set+Input+Field+Separator]:
+- {Option -F}[rdoc-ref:@F-3A+Set+Input+Field+Separator]:
   Set input field separator.
-- {Option -l}[rdoc-ref:ruby/options.md@l-3A+Set+Output+Record+Separator-3B+Chop+Lines]:
+- {Option -l}[rdoc-ref:@l-3A+Set+Output+Record+Separator-3B+Chop+Lines]:
   Set output record separator; chop lines.
-- {Option -n}[rdoc-ref:ruby/options.md@n-3A+Run+Program+in+gets+Loop]:
+- {Option -n}[rdoc-ref:@n-3A+Run+Program+in+gets+Loop]:
   Run program in `gets` loop.
-- {Option -p}[rdoc-ref:ruby/options.md@p-3A+-n-2C+with+Printing]:
+- {Option -p}[rdoc-ref:@p-3A+-n-2C+with+Printing]:
   `-n`, with printing.
 
 ### `-c`: Check Syntax
@@ -221,15 +221,15 @@ The argument must immediately follow the option
 
 See also:
 
-- {Option -0}[rdoc-ref:ruby/options.md@0-3A+Set+-24-2F+-28Input+Record+Separator-29]:
+- {Option -0}[rdoc-ref:@0-3A+Set+-24-2F+-28Input+Record+Separator-29]:
   Set `$/` (input record separator).
-- {Option -a}[rdoc-ref:ruby/options.md@a-3A+Split+Input+Lines+into+Fields]:
+- {Option -a}[rdoc-ref:@a-3A+Split+Input+Lines+into+Fields]:
   Split input lines into fields.
-- {Option -l}[rdoc-ref:ruby/options.md@l-3A+Set+Output+Record+Separator-3B+Chop+Lines]:
+- {Option -l}[rdoc-ref:@l-3A+Set+Output+Record+Separator-3B+Chop+Lines]:
   Set output record separator; chop lines.
-- {Option -n}[rdoc-ref:ruby/options.md@n-3A+Run+Program+in+gets+Loop]:
+- {Option -n}[rdoc-ref:@n-3A+Run+Program+in+gets+Loop]:
   Run program in `gets` loop.
-- {Option -p}[rdoc-ref:ruby/options.md@p-3A+-n-2C+with+Printing]:
+- {Option -p}[rdoc-ref:@p-3A+-n-2C+with+Printing]:
   `-n`, with printing.
 
 ### `-h`: Print Short Help Message
@@ -295,7 +295,7 @@ $ ruby -n -e 'p $_' desiderata.txt
 "be on good terms with all persons.\n"
 ```
 
-With option `-l' (chopped):
+With option `-l` (chopped):
 
 ```console
 $ ruby -ln -e 'p $_' desiderata.txt
@@ -307,15 +307,15 @@ $ ruby -ln -e 'p $_' desiderata.txt
 
 See also:
 
-- {Option -0}[rdoc-ref:ruby/options.md@0-3A+Set+-24-2F+-28Input+Record+Separator-29]:
+- {Option -0}[rdoc-ref:@0-3A+Set+-24-2F+-28Input+Record+Separator-29]:
   Set `$/` (input record separator).
-- {Option -a}[rdoc-ref:ruby/options.md@a-3A+Split+Input+Lines+into+Fields]:
+- {Option -a}[rdoc-ref:@a-3A+Split+Input+Lines+into+Fields]:
   Split input lines into fields.
-- {Option -F}[rdoc-ref:ruby/options.md@F-3A+Set+Input+Field+Separator]:
+- {Option -F}[rdoc-ref:@F-3A+Set+Input+Field+Separator]:
   Set input field separator.
-- {Option -n}[rdoc-ref:ruby/options.md@n-3A+Run+Program+in+gets+Loop]:
+- {Option -n}[rdoc-ref:@n-3A+Run+Program+in+gets+Loop]:
   Run program in `gets` loop.
-- {Option -p}[rdoc-ref:ruby/options.md@p-3A+-n-2C+with+Printing]:
+- {Option -p}[rdoc-ref:@p-3A+-n-2C+with+Printing]:
   `-n`, with printing.
 
 ### `-n`: Run Program in `gets` Loop
@@ -341,15 +341,15 @@ be on good terms with all persons.
 
 See also:
 
-- {Option -0}[rdoc-ref:ruby/options.md@0-3A+Set+-24-2F+-28Input+Record+Separator-29]:
+- {Option -0}[rdoc-ref:@0-3A+Set+-24-2F+-28Input+Record+Separator-29]:
   Set `$/` (input record separator).
-- {Option -a}[rdoc-ref:ruby/options.md@a-3A+Split+Input+Lines+into+Fields]:
+- {Option -a}[rdoc-ref:@a-3A+Split+Input+Lines+into+Fields]:
   Split input lines into fields.
-- {Option -F}[rdoc-ref:ruby/options.md@F-3A+Set+Input+Field+Separator]:
+- {Option -F}[rdoc-ref:@F-3A+Set+Input+Field+Separator]:
   Set input field separator.
-- {Option -l}[rdoc-ref:ruby/options.md@l-3A+Set+Output+Record+Separator-3B+Chop+Lines]:
+- {Option -l}[rdoc-ref:@l-3A+Set+Output+Record+Separator-3B+Chop+Lines]:
   Set output record separator; chop lines.
-- {Option -p}[rdoc-ref:ruby/options.md@p-3A+-n-2C+with+Printing]:
+- {Option -p}[rdoc-ref:@p-3A+-n-2C+with+Printing]:
   `-n`, with printing.
 
 ### `-p`: `-n`, with Printing
@@ -370,15 +370,15 @@ be on good terms with all persons.
 
 See also:
 
-- {Option -0}[rdoc-ref:ruby/options.md@0-3A+Set+-24-2F+-28Input+Record+Separator-29]:
+- {Option -0}[rdoc-ref:@0-3A+Set+-24-2F+-28Input+Record+Separator-29]:
   Set `$/` (input record separator).
-- {Option -a}[rdoc-ref:ruby/options.md@a-3A+Split+Input+Lines+into+Fields]:
+- {Option -a}[rdoc-ref:@a-3A+Split+Input+Lines+into+Fields]:
   Split input lines into fields.
-- {Option -F}[rdoc-ref:ruby/options.md@F-3A+Set+Input+Field+Separator]:
+- {Option -F}[rdoc-ref:@F-3A+Set+Input+Field+Separator]:
   Set input field separator.
-- {Option -l}[rdoc-ref:ruby/options.md@l-3A+Set+Output+Record+Separator-3B+Chop+Lines]:
+- {Option -l}[rdoc-ref:@l-3A+Set+Output+Record+Separator-3B+Chop+Lines]:
   Set output record separator; chop lines.
-- {Option -n}[rdoc-ref:ruby/options.md@n-3A+Run+Program+in+gets+Loop]:
+- {Option -n}[rdoc-ref:@n-3A+Run+Program+in+gets+Loop]:
   Run program in `gets` loop.
 
 ### `-r`: Require Library
@@ -427,7 +427,7 @@ $ ruby -s t.rb -foo=baz -bar=bat
 ```
 
 The option may not be used with
-{option -e}[rdoc-ref:ruby/options.md@e-3A+Execute+Given+Ruby+Code]
+{option -e}[rdoc-ref:@e-3A+Execute+Given+Ruby+Code]
 
 ### `-S`: Search Directories in `ENV['PATH']`
 
@@ -576,7 +576,7 @@ ruby - Copyright (C) 1993-2024 Yukihiro Matsumoto
 ### `--debug`: Alias for `-d`
 
 Option `--debug` is an alias for
-{option -d}[rdoc-ref:ruby/options.md@d-3A+Set+-24DEBUG+to+true].
+{option -d}[rdoc-ref:@d-3A+Set+-24DEBUG+to+true].
 
 ### `--disable`: Disable Features
 
@@ -610,9 +610,9 @@ option was given:
 - `--dump=help`:
   Same as {option \-\-help}[options_md.html#label--help-3A+Print+Help+Message].
 - `--dump=syntax`:
-  Same as {option -c}[rdoc-ref:ruby/options.md@c-3A+Check+Syntax].
+  Same as {option -c}[rdoc-ref:@c-3A+Check+Syntax].
 - `--dump=usage`:
-  Same as {option -h}[rdoc-ref:ruby/options.md@h-3A+Print+Short+Help+Message].
+  Same as {option -h}[rdoc-ref:@h-3A+Print+Short+Help+Message].
 - `--dump=version`:
   Same as {option \-\-version}[options_md.html#label--version-3A+Print+Ruby+Version].
 
@@ -634,13 +634,13 @@ see {option --disable}[options_md.html#label--disable-3A+Disable+Features].
 ### `--encoding`: Alias for `-E`.
 
 Option `--encoding` is an alias for
-{option -E}[rdoc-ref:ruby/options.md@E-3A+Set+Default+Encodings].
+{option -E}[rdoc-ref:@E-3A+Set+Default+Encodings].
 
 ### `--external-encoding`: Set Default External \Encoding
 
 Option `--external-encoding`
 sets the default external encoding for the invoked Ruby program;
-for values of +encoding+,
+for values of `encoding`,
 see {Encoding: Names and Aliases}[rdoc-ref:encodings.rdoc@Names+and+Aliases].
 
 ```console
@@ -662,7 +662,7 @@ For a shorter help message, use option `-h`.
 
 Option `--internal-encoding`
 sets the default internal encoding for the invoked Ruby program;
-for values of +encoding+,
+for values of `encoding`,
 see {Encoding: Names and Aliases}[rdoc-ref:encodings.rdoc@Names+and+Aliases].
 
 ```console
@@ -672,6 +672,11 @@ $ ruby --internal-encoding=cesu-8 -e 'puts Encoding::default_internal'
 CESU-8
 ```
 
+### `--jit`
+
+Option `--jit` is an alias for option `--yjit`, which enables YJIT;
+see additional YJIT options in the [YJIT documentation](rdoc-ref:jit/yjit.md).
+
 ### `--verbose`: Set `$VERBOSE`
 
 Option `--verbose` sets global variable `$VERBOSE` to `true`
@@ -681,44 +686,3 @@ and disables input from `$stdin`.
 
 Option `--version` prints the version of the Ruby interpreter, then exits.
 
-## Experimental Options
-
-These options are experimental in the current Ruby release,
-and may be modified or withdrawn in later releases.
-
-### `--jit`
-
-Option `-jit` enables JIT compilation with the default option.
-
-#### `--jit-debug`
-
-Option `--jit-debug` enables JIT debugging (very slow);
-adds compiler flags if given.
-
-#### `--jit-max-cache=num`
-
-Option `--jit-max-cache=num` sets the maximum number of methods
-to be JIT-ed in a cache; default: 100).
-
-#### `--jit-min-calls=num`
-
-Option `jit-min-calls=num` sets the minimum number of calls to trigger JIT
-(for testing); default: 10000).
-
-#### `--jit-save-temps`
-
-Option `--jit-save-temps` saves JIT temporary files in $TMP or /tmp (for testing).
-
-#### `--jit-verbose`
-
-Option `--jit-verbose` prints JIT logs of level `num` or less
-to `$stderr`; default: 0.
-
-#### `--jit-wait`
-
-Option `--jit-wait` waits until JIT compilation finishes every time (for testing).
-
-#### `--jit-warnings`
-
-Option `--jit-warnings` enables printing of JIT warnings.
-
diff --git a/doc/packed_data.rdoc b/doc/language/packed_data.rdoc
index b33eed58e7..597db5139f 100644
--- a/doc/packed_data.rdoc
+++ b/doc/language/packed_data.rdoc
@@ -151,7 +151,7 @@ Any directive may be followed by either of these modifiers:
     [65, 66].pack('C*') # => "AB"
     'AB'.unpack('C*')   # => [65, 66]
 
-- Integer +count+ - The directive is to be applied +count+ times:
+- \Integer +count+ - The directive is to be applied +count+ times:
 
     [65, 66].pack('C2') # => "AB"
     [65, 66].pack('C3') # Raises ArgumentError.
@@ -159,7 +159,7 @@ Any directive may be followed by either of these modifiers:
     'AB'.unpack('C3')   # => [65, 66, nil]
 
   Note: Directives in <tt>%w[A a Z m]</tt> use +count+ differently;
-  see {String Directives}[rdoc-ref:packed_data.rdoc@String+Directives].
+  see {\String Directives}[rdoc-ref:@String+Directives].
 
 If elements don't fit the provided directive, only least significant bits are encoded:
 
@@ -340,6 +340,22 @@ for one element in the input or output array.
     s.unpack('U*')
     # => [4194304]
 
+- <tt>'r'</tt> - Signed LEB128-encoded integer
+  (see {Signed LEB128}[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LEB128#Signed_LEB128])
+
+    s = [1, 127, -128, 16383, -16384].pack("r*")
+    # => "\x01\xFF\x00\x80\x7F\xFF\xFF\x00\x80\x80\x7F"
+    s.unpack('r*')
+    # => [1, 127, -128, 16383, -16384]
+
+- <tt>'R'</tt> - Unsigned LEB128-encoded integer
+  (see {Unsigned LEB128}[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LEB128#Unsigned_LEB128])
+
+    s = [1, 127, 128, 16383, 16384].pack("R*")
+    # => "\x01\x7F\x80\x01\xFF\x7F\x80\x80\x01"
+    s.unpack('R*')
+    # => [1, 127, 128, 16383, 16384]
+
 - <tt>'w'</tt> - BER-encoded integer
   (see {BER encoding}[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X.690#BER_encoding]):
 
@@ -441,15 +457,15 @@ for one byte in the input or output string.
     "foo ".unpack('A4')      # => ["foo"]
     "foo".unpack('A4')       # => ["foo"]
 
-    russian = "\u{442 435 441 442}" # => "тест"
-    russian.size         # => 4
-    russian.bytesize     # => 8
-    [russian].pack('A')  # => "\xD1"
-    [russian].pack('A*') # => "\xD1\x82\xD0\xB5\xD1\x81\xD1\x82"
-    russian.unpack('A')  # => ["\xD1"]
-    russian.unpack('A2') # => ["\xD1\x82"]
-    russian.unpack('A4') # => ["\xD1\x82\xD0\xB5"]
-    russian.unpack('A*') # => ["\xD1\x82\xD0\xB5\xD1\x81\xD1\x82"]
+    japanese = 'こんにちは'
+    japanese.size         # => 5
+    japanese.bytesize     # => 15
+    [japanese].pack('A')  # => "\xE3"
+    [japanese].pack('A*') # => "\xE3\x81\x93\xE3\x82\x93\xE3\x81\xAB\xE3\x81\xA1\xE3\x81\xAF"
+    japanese.unpack('A')  # => ["\xE3"]
+    japanese.unpack('A2') # => ["\xE3\x81"]
+    japanese.unpack('A4') # => ["\xE3\x81\x93\xE3"]
+    japanese.unpack('A*') # => ["\xE3\x81\x93\xE3\x82\x93\xE3\x81\xAB\xE3\x81\xA1\xE3\x81\xAF"]
 
 - <tt>'a'</tt> - Arbitrary binary string (null padded; count is width):
 
diff --git a/doc/language/ractor.md b/doc/language/ractor.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..72fbde6e5a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/doc/language/ractor.md
@@ -0,0 +1,797 @@
+# Ractor - Ruby's Actor-like concurrency abstraction
+
+Ractors are designed to provide parallel execution of Ruby code without thread-safety concerns.
+
+## Summary
+
+### Multiple Ractors in a ruby process
+
+You can create multiple Ractors which can run ruby code in parallel with each other.
+
+* `Ractor.new{ expr }` creates a new Ractor and `expr` can run in parallel with other ractors on a multi-core computer.
+* Ruby processes start with one ractor (called the *main ractor*).
+* If the main ractor terminates, all other ractors receive termination requests, similar to how threads behave.
+* Each Ractor contains one or more `Thread`s.
+  * Threads within the same ractor share a ractor-wide global lock (GVL in MRI terminology), so they can't run in parallel wich each other (without releasing the GVL explicitly in C extensions). Threads in different ractors can run in parallel.
+  * The overhead of creating a ractor is slightly above the overhead of creating a thread.
+
+### Limited sharing between Ractors
+
+Ractors don't share all objects, unlike threads which can access any object other than objects stored in another thread's thread-locals.
+
+* Most objects are *unshareable objects*. Unshareable objects can only be used by the ractor that instantiated them, so you don't need to worry about thread-safety issues resulting from using the object concurrently across ractors.
+* Some objects are *shareable objects*. Here is an incomplete list to give you an idea:
+  * `i = 123`: All `Integer`s are shareable.
+  * `s = "str".freeze`: Frozen strings are shareable if they have no instance variables that refer to unshareable objects.
+  * `a = [1, [2], 3].freeze`: `a` is not a shareable object because `a` refers to the unshareable object `[2]` (this Array is not frozen).
+  * `h = {c: Object}.freeze`: `h` is shareable because `Symbol`s and `Class`es are shareable, and the Hash is frozen.
+  * Class/Module objects are always shareable, even if they refer to unshareable objects.
+  * Special shareable objects
+    * Ractor objects themselves are shareable.
+    * And more...
+
+### Communication between Ractors with `Ractor::Port`
+
+Ractors communicate with each other and synchronize their execution by exchanging messages. The `Ractor::Port` class provides this communication mechanism.
+
+```ruby
+port = Ractor::Port.new
+
+Ractor.new port do |port|
+  # Other ractors can send to the port
+  port << 42
+end
+
+port.receive # get a message from the port. Only the ractor that created the Port can receive from it.
+#=> 42
+```
+
+All Ractors have a default port, which `Ractor#send`, `Ractor.receive` (etc) will use.
+
+### Copy & Move semantics when sending objects
+
+To send unshareable objects to another ractor, objects are either copied or moved.
+
+* Copy: deep-copies the object to the other ractor. All unshareable objects will be `Kernel#clone`ed.
+* Move: moves membership to another ractor.
+  * The sending ractor can not access the moved object after it moves.
+  * There is a guarantee that only one ractor can access an unshareable object at once.
+
+### Thread-safety
+
+Ractors help to write thread-safe, concurrent programs. They allow sharing of data only through explicit message passing for
+unshareable objects. Shareable objects are guaranteed to work correctly across ractors, even if the ractors are running in parallel.
+This guarantee, however, only applies across ractors. You still need to use `Mutex`es and other thread-safety tools within a ractor if
+you're using multiple ruby `Thread`s.
+
+  * Most objects are unshareable. You can't create data-races across ractors due to the inability to use these objects across ractors.
+  * Shareable objects are protected by locks (or otherwise don't need to be) so they can be used by more than one ractor at once.
+
+## Creation and termination
+
+### `Ractor.new`
+
+* `Ractor.new { expr }` creates a Ractor.
+
+```ruby
+# Ractor.new with a block creates a new Ractor
+r = Ractor.new do
+  # This block can run in parallel with other ractors
+end
+
+# You can name a Ractor with a `name:` argument.
+r = Ractor.new name: 'my-first-ractor' do
+end
+
+r.name #=> 'my-first-ractor'
+```
+
+### Block isolation
+
+The Ractor executes `expr` in the given block.
+The given block will be isolated from its outer scope. To prevent sharing objects between ractors, outer variables, `self` and other information is isolated from the block.
+
+This isolation occurs at Ractor creation time (when `Ractor.new` is called). If the given block is not able to be isolated because of outer variables or `self`, an error will be raised.
+
+```ruby
+begin
+  a = true
+  r = Ractor.new do
+    a #=> ArgumentError because this block accesses outer variable `a`.
+  end
+  r.join # wait for ractor to finish
+rescue ArgumentError
+end
+```
+
+* The `self` of the given block is the `Ractor` object itself.
+
+```ruby
+r = Ractor.new do
+  p self.class #=> Ractor
+  self.object_id
+end
+r.value == self.object_id #=> false
+```
+
+Arguments passed to `Ractor.new()` become block parameters for the given block. However, Ruby does not pass the objects themselves, but sends them as messages (see below for details).
+
+```ruby
+r = Ractor.new 'ok' do |msg|
+  msg #=> 'ok'
+end
+r.value #=> 'ok'
+```
+
+```ruby
+# similar to the last example
+r = Ractor.new do
+  msg = Ractor.receive
+  msg
+end
+r.send 'ok'
+r.value #=> 'ok'
+```
+
+### The execution result of the given block
+
+The return value of the given block becomes an outgoing message (see below for details).
+
+```ruby
+r = Ractor.new do
+  'ok'
+end
+r.value #=> `ok`
+```
+
+An error in the given block will be propagated to the consumer of the outgoing message.
+
+```ruby
+r = Ractor.new do
+  raise 'ok' # exception will be transferred to the consumer
+end
+
+begin
+  r.value
+rescue Ractor::RemoteError => e
+  e.cause.class   #=> RuntimeError
+  e.cause.message #=> 'ok'
+  e.ractor        #=> r
+end
+```
+
+## Communication between Ractors
+
+Communication between ractors is achieved by sending and receiving messages. There are two ways to communicate:
+
+* (1) Sending and receiving messages via `Ractor::Port`
+* (2) Using shareable container objects. For example, the Ractor::TVar gem ([ko1/ractor-tvar](https://github.com/ko1/ractor-tvar))
+
+Users can control program execution timing with (1), but should not control with (2) (only perform critical sections).
+
+For sending and receiving messages, these are the fundamental APIs:
+
+* send/receive via `Ractor::Port`.
+    * `Ractor::Port#send(obj)` (`Ractor::Port#<<(obj)` is an alias) sends a message to the port. Ports are connected to an infinite size incoming queue so sending will never block the caller.
+    * `Ractor::Port#receive` dequeues a message from its own incoming queue. If the incoming queue is empty, `Ractor::Port#receive` will block the execution of the current Thread until a message is sent.
+    * `Ractor#send` and `Ractor.receive` use ports (their default port) internally, so are conceptually similar to the above.
+* You can close a `Ractor::Port` by `Ractor::Port#close`. A port can only be closed by the ractor that created it.
+    * If a port is closed, you can't `send` to it. Doing so raises an exception.
+    * When a ractor is terminated, the ractor's ports are automatically closed.
+* You can wait for a ractor's termination and receive its return value with `Ractor#value`. This is similar to `Thread#value`.
+
+There are 3 ways to send an object as a message:
+
+1) Send a reference: sending a shareable object sends only a reference to the object (fast).
+
+2) Copy an object: sending an unshareable object through copying it deeply (can be slow). Note that you can not send an object this way which does not support deep copy. Some `T_DATA` objects (objects whose class is defined in a C extension, such as `StringIO`) are not supported.
+
+3) Move an object: sending an unshareable object across ractors with a membership change. The sending Ractor can not access the moved object after moving it, otherwise an exception will be raised. Implementation note: `T_DATA` objects are not supported.
+
+You can choose between "Copy" and "Move" by the `move:` keyword, `Ractor#send(obj, move: true/false)`. The default is `false` ("Copy"). However, if the object is shareable it will automatically use `move`.
+
+### Wait for multiple Ractors with `Ractor.select`
+
+You can wait for messages on multiple ports at once.
+The return value of `Ractor.select()` is `[port, msg]` where `port` is a ready port and `msg` is the received message.
+
+To make it convenient, `Ractor.select` can also accept ractors. In this case, it waits for their termination.
+The return value of `Ractor.select()` is `[r, msg]` where `r` is a terminated Ractor and `msg` is the value of the ractor's block.
+
+Wait for a single ractor (same as `Ractor#value`):
+
+```ruby
+r1 = Ractor.new{'r1'}
+
+r, obj = Ractor.select(r1)
+r == r1 and obj == 'r1' #=> true
+```
+
+Wait for two ractors:
+
+```ruby
+r1 = Ractor.new{'r1'}
+r2 = Ractor.new{'r2'}
+rs = [r1, r2]
+values = []
+
+while rs.any?
+  r, obj = Ractor.select(*rs)
+  rs.delete(r)
+  values << obj
+end
+
+values.sort == ['r1', 'r2'] #=> true
+```
+
+NOTE: Using `Ractor.select()` on a very large number of ractors has the same issue as `select(2)` currently.
+
+### Closing ports
+
+* `Ractor::Port#close` closes the port (similar to `Queue#close`).
+  * `port.send(obj)` will raise an exception when the port is closed.
+  * When the queue connected to the port is empty and port is closed, `Ractor::Port#receive` raises an exception. If the queue is not empty, it dequeues an object without exceptions.
+* When a Ractor terminates, the ports are closed automatically.
+
+Example (try to get a result from closed ractor):
+
+```ruby
+r = Ractor.new do
+  'finish'
+end
+r.join # success (wait for the termination)
+r.value # success (will return 'finish')
+
+# The ractor's termination value has already been given to another ractor
+Ractor.new r do |r|
+  r.value #=> Ractor::Error
+end.join
+```
+
+Example (try to send to closed port):
+
+```ruby
+r = Ractor.new do
+end
+
+r.join # wait for termination, closes default port
+
+begin
+  r.send(1)
+rescue Ractor::ClosedError
+  'ok'
+end
+```
+
+### Send a message by copying
+
+`Ractor::Port#send(obj)` copies `obj` deeply if `obj` is an unshareable object.
+
+```ruby
+obj = 'str'.dup
+r = Ractor.new obj do |msg|
+  # return received msg's object_id
+  msg.object_id
+end
+
+obj.object_id == r.value #=> false
+```
+
+Some objects do not support copying, and raise an exception.
+
+```ruby
+obj = Thread.new{}
+begin
+  Ractor.new obj do |msg|
+    msg
+  end
+rescue TypeError => e
+  e.message #=> #<TypeError: allocator undefined for Thread>
+end
+```
+
+### Send a message by moving
+
+`Ractor::Port#send(obj, move: true)` moves `obj` to the destination Ractor.
+If the source ractor uses the moved object (for example, calls a method like `obj.foo()`), it will raise an error.
+
+```ruby
+r = Ractor.new do
+  obj = Ractor.receive
+  obj << ' world'
+end
+
+str = 'hello'.dup
+r.send str, move: true
+# str is now moved, and accessing str from this ractor is prohibited
+modified = r.value #=> 'hello world'
+
+
+begin
+  # Error because it uses moved str.
+  str << ' exception' # raise Ractor::MovedError
+rescue Ractor::MovedError
+  modified #=> 'hello world'
+end
+```
+
+Some objects do not support moving, and an exception will be raised.
+
+```ruby
+r = Ractor.new do
+  Ractor.receive
+end
+
+r.send(Thread.new{}, move: true) #=> allocator undefined for Thread (TypeError)
+```
+
+Once an object has been moved, the source object's class is changed to `Ractor::MovedObject`.
+
+### Shareable objects
+
+The following is an inexhaustive list of shareable objects:
+
+* `Integer`, `Float`, `Complex`, `Rational`
+* `Symbol`, frozen `String` objects that don't refer to unshareables, `true`, `false`, `nil`
+* `Regexp` objects, if they have no instance variables or their instance variables refer only to shareables
+* `Class` and `Module` objects
+* `Ractor` and other special objects which deal with synchronization
+
+To make objects shareable, `Ractor.make_shareable(obj)` is provided. It tries to make the object shareable by freezing `obj` and recursively traversing its references to freeze them all. This method accepts the `copy:` keyword (default value is false). `Ractor.make_shareable(obj, copy: true)` tries to make a deep copy of `obj` and make the copied object shareable. `Ractor.make_shareable(copy: false)` has no effect on an already shareable object. If the object cannot be made shareable, a `Ractor::Error` exception will be raised.
+
+## Language changes to limit sharing between Ractors
+
+To isolate unshareable objects across ractors, we introduced additional language semantics for multi-ractor Ruby programs.
+
+Note that when not using ractors, these additional semantics are not needed (100% compatible with Ruby 2).
+
+### Global variables
+
+Only the main Ractor can access global variables.
+
+```ruby
+$gv = 1
+r = Ractor.new do
+  $gv
+end
+
+begin
+  r.join
+rescue Ractor::RemoteError => e
+  e.cause.message #=> 'can not access global variables from non-main Ractors'
+end
+```
+
+Note that some special global variables, such as `$stdin`, `$stdout` and `$stderr` are local to each ractor. See [[Bug #17268]](https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/17268) for more details.
+
+### Instance variables of shareable objects
+
+Instance variables of classes/modules can be accessed from non-main ractors only if their values are shareable objects.
+
+```ruby
+class C
+  @iv = 1
+end
+
+p Ractor.new do
+  class C
+     @iv
+  end
+end.value #=> 1
+```
+
+Otherwise, only the main Ractor can access instance variables of shareable objects.
+
+```ruby
+class C
+  @iv = [] # unshareable object
+end
+
+Ractor.new do
+  class C
+    begin
+      p @iv
+    rescue Ractor::IsolationError
+      p $!.message
+      #=> "can not get unshareable values from instance variables of classes/modules from non-main Ractors"
+    end
+
+    begin
+      @iv = 42
+    rescue Ractor::IsolationError
+      p $!.message
+      #=> "can not set instance variables of classes/modules by non-main Ractors"
+    end
+  end
+end.join
+```
+
+```ruby
+shared = Ractor.new{}
+shared.instance_variable_set(:@iv, 'str')
+
+r = Ractor.new shared do |shared|
+  p shared.instance_variable_get(:@iv)
+end
+
+begin
+  r.join
+rescue Ractor::RemoteError => e
+  e.cause.message #=> can not access instance variables of shareable objects from non-main Ractors (Ractor::IsolationError)
+end
+```
+
+### Class variables
+
+Only the main Ractor can access class variables.
+
+```ruby
+class C
+  @@cv = 'str'
+end
+
+r = Ractor.new do
+  class C
+    p @@cv
+  end
+end
+
+
+begin
+  r.join
+rescue => e
+  e.class #=> Ractor::IsolationError
+end
+```
+
+### Constants
+
+Only the main Ractor can read constants which refer to an unshareable object.
+
+```ruby
+class C
+  CONST = 'str'.dup
+end
+r = Ractor.new do
+  C::CONST
+end
+begin
+  r.join
+rescue => e
+  e.class #=> Ractor::IsolationError
+end
+```
+
+Only the main Ractor can define constants which refer to an unshareable object.
+
+```ruby
+class C
+end
+r = Ractor.new do
+  C::CONST = 'str'.dup
+end
+begin
+  r.join
+rescue => e
+  e.class #=> Ractor::IsolationError
+end
+```
+
+When creating/updating a library to support ractors, constants should only refer to shareable objects if they are to be used by non-main ractors.
+
+```ruby
+TABLE = {a: 'ko1', b: 'ko2', c: 'ko3'}
+```
+
+In this case, `TABLE` refers to an unshareable Hash object. In order for other ractors to use `TABLE`, we need to make it shareable. We can use `Ractor.make_shareable()` like so:
+
+```ruby
+TABLE = Ractor.make_shareable( {a: 'ko1', b: 'ko2', c: 'ko3'} )
+```
+
+To make it easy, Ruby 3.0 introduced a new `shareable_constant_value` file directive.
+
+```ruby
+# shareable_constant_value: literal
+
+TABLE = {a: 'ko1', b: 'ko2', c: 'ko3'}
+#=> Same as: TABLE = Ractor.make_shareable( {a: 'ko1', b: 'ko2', c: 'ko3'} )
+```
+
+The `shareable_constant_value` directive accepts the following modes (descriptions use the example: `CONST = expr`):
+
+* none: Do nothing. Same as: `CONST = expr`
+* literal:
+  * if `expr` consists of literals, replaced to `CONST = Ractor.make_shareable(expr)`.
+  * otherwise: replaced to `CONST = expr.tap{|o| raise unless Ractor.shareable?(o)}`.
+* experimental_everything: replaced to `CONST = Ractor.make_shareable(expr)`.
+* experimental_copy: replaced to `CONST = Ractor.make_shareable(expr, copy: true)`.
+
+Except for the `none` mode (default), it is guaranteed that these constants refer only to shareable objects.
+
+See [syntax/comments.rdoc](../syntax/comments.rdoc) for more details.
+
+### Shareable procs
+
+Procs and lambdas are unshareable objects, even when they are frozen. To create an unshareable Proc, you must use `Ractor.shareable_proc { expr }`. Much like during Ractor creation, the proc's block is isolated from its outer environment, so it cannot access variables from the outside scope. `self` is also changed within the Proc to be `nil` by default, although a `self:` keyword can be provided if you want to customize the value to a different shareable object.
+
+```ruby
+p = Ractor.shareable_proc { p self }
+p.call #=> nil
+```
+
+```ruby
+begin
+  a = 1
+  pr = Ractor.shareable_proc { p a }
+  pr.call # never gets here
+rescue Ractor::IsolationError
+end
+```
+
+In order to dynamically define a method with `Module#define_method` that can be used from different ractors, you must define it with a shareable proc. Alternatively, you can use `Module#class_eval` or `Module#module_eval` with a String. Even though the shareable proc's `self` is initially bound to `nil`, `define_method` will bind `self` to the correct value in the method.
+
+```ruby
+class A
+  define_method :testing, &Ractor.shareable_proc do
+    p self
+  end
+end
+Ractor.new do
+  a = A.new
+  a.testing #=> #<A:0x0000000101acfe10>
+end.join
+```
+
+This isolation must be done to prevent the method from accessing and assigning captured outer variables across ractors.
+
+### Ractor-local storage
+
+You can store any object (even unshareables) in ractor-local storage.
+
+```ruby
+r = Ractor.new do
+  values = []
+  Ractor[:threads] = []
+  3.times do |i|
+    Ractor[:threads] << Thread.new do
+      values << [Ractor.receive, i+1] # Ractor.receive blocks the current thread in the current ractor until it receives a message
+    end
+  end
+  Ractor[:threads].each(&:join)
+  values
+end
+
+r << 1
+r << 2
+r << 3
+r.value #=> [[1,1],[2,2],[3,3]] (the order can change with each run)
+```
+
+## Examples
+
+### Traditional Ring example in Actor-model
+
+```ruby
+RN = 1_000
+CR = Ractor.current
+
+r = Ractor.new do
+  p Ractor.receive
+  CR << :fin
+end
+
+RN.times{
+  r = Ractor.new r do |next_r|
+    next_r << Ractor.receive
+  end
+}
+
+p :setup_ok
+r << 1
+p Ractor.receive
+```
+
+### Fork-join
+
+```ruby
+def fib n
+  if n < 2
+    1
+  else
+    fib(n-2) + fib(n-1)
+  end
+end
+
+RN = 10
+rs = (1..RN).map do |i|
+  Ractor.new i do |i|
+    [i, fib(i)]
+  end
+end
+
+until rs.empty?
+  r, v = Ractor.select(*rs)
+  rs.delete r
+  p answer: v
+end
+```
+
+### Worker pool
+
+(1) One ractor has a pool
+
+```ruby
+require 'prime'
+
+N = 1000
+RN = 10
+
+# make RN workers
+workers = (1..RN).map do
+  Ractor.new do |; result_port|
+    loop do
+      n, result_port = Ractor.receive
+      result_port << [n, n.prime?, Ractor.current]
+    end
+  end
+end
+
+result_port = Ractor::Port.new
+results = []
+
+(1..N).each do |i|
+  if workers.empty?
+    # receive a result
+    n, result, w = result_port.receive
+    results << [n, result]
+  else
+    w = workers.pop
+  end
+
+  # send a task to the idle worker ractor
+  w << [i, result_port]
+end
+
+# receive a result
+while results.size != N
+  n, result, _w = result_port.receive
+  results << [n, result]
+end
+
+pp results.sort_by{|n, result| n}
+```
+
+### Pipeline
+
+```ruby
+# pipeline with send/receive
+
+r3 = Ractor.new Ractor.current do |cr|
+  cr.send Ractor.receive + 'r3'
+end
+
+r2 = Ractor.new r3 do |r3|
+  r3.send Ractor.receive + 'r2'
+end
+
+r1 = Ractor.new r2 do |r2|
+  r2.send Ractor.receive + 'r1'
+end
+
+r1 << 'r0'
+p Ractor.receive #=> "r0r1r2r3"
+```
+
+### Supervise
+
+```ruby
+# ring example again
+
+r = Ractor.current
+(1..10).map{|i|
+  r = Ractor.new r, i do |r, i|
+    r.send Ractor.receive + "r#{i}"
+  end
+}
+
+r.send "r0"
+p Ractor.receive #=> "r0r10r9r8r7r6r5r4r3r2r1"
+```
+
+```ruby
+# ring example with an error
+
+r = Ractor.current
+rs = (1..10).map{|i|
+  r = Ractor.new r, i do |r, i|
+    loop do
+      msg = Ractor.receive
+      raise if /e/ =~ msg
+      r.send msg + "r#{i}"
+    end
+  end
+}
+
+r.send "r0"
+p Ractor.receive #=> "r0r10r9r8r7r6r5r4r3r2r1"
+r.send "r0"
+p Ractor.select(*rs, Ractor.current) #=> [:receive, "r0r10r9r8r7r6r5r4r3r2r1"]
+r.send "e0"
+p Ractor.select(*rs, Ractor.current)
+#=>
+# <Thread:0x000056262de28bd8 run> terminated with exception (report_on_exception is true):
+# Traceback (most recent call last):
+#         2: from /home/ko1/src/ruby/trunk/test.rb:7:in `block (2 levels) in <main>'
+#         1: from /home/ko1/src/ruby/trunk/test.rb:7:in `loop'
+# /home/ko1/src/ruby/trunk/test.rb:9:in `block (3 levels) in <main>': unhandled exception
+# Traceback (most recent call last):
+#         2: from /home/ko1/src/ruby/trunk/test.rb:7:in `block (2 levels) in <main>'
+#         1: from /home/ko1/src/ruby/trunk/test.rb:7:in `loop'
+# /home/ko1/src/ruby/trunk/test.rb:9:in `block (3 levels) in <main>': unhandled exception
+#         1: from /home/ko1/src/ruby/trunk/test.rb:21:in `<main>'
+# <internal:ractor>:69:in `select': thrown by remote Ractor. (Ractor::RemoteError)
+```
+
+```ruby
+# resend non-error message
+
+r = Ractor.current
+rs = (1..10).map{|i|
+  r = Ractor.new r, i do |r, i|
+    loop do
+      msg = Ractor.receive
+      raise if /e/ =~ msg
+      r.send msg + "r#{i}"
+    end
+  end
+}
+
+r.send "r0"
+p Ractor.receive #=> "r0r10r9r8r7r6r5r4r3r2r1"
+r.send "r0"
+p Ractor.select(*rs, Ractor.current)
+[:receive, "r0r10r9r8r7r6r5r4r3r2r1"]
+msg = 'e0'
+begin
+  r.send msg
+  p Ractor.select(*rs, Ractor.current)
+rescue Ractor::RemoteError
+  msg = 'r0'
+  retry
+end
+
+#=> <internal:ractor>:100:in `send': The incoming-port is already closed (Ractor::ClosedError)
+# because r == r[-1] is terminated.
+```
+
+```ruby
+# ring example with supervisor and re-start
+
+def make_ractor r, i
+  Ractor.new r, i do |r, i|
+    loop do
+      msg = Ractor.receive
+      raise if /e/ =~ msg
+      r.send msg + "r#{i}"
+    end
+  end
+end
+
+r = Ractor.current
+rs = (1..10).map{|i|
+  r = make_ractor(r, i)
+}
+
+msg = 'e0' # error causing message
+begin
+  r.send msg
+  p Ractor.select(*rs, Ractor.current)
+rescue Ractor::RemoteError
+  r = rs[-1] = make_ractor(rs[-2], rs.size-1)
+  msg = 'x0'
+  retry
+end
+
+#=> [:receive, "x0r9r9r8r7r6r5r4r3r2r1"]
+```
diff --git a/doc/regexp/methods.rdoc b/doc/language/regexp/methods.rdoc
index 356156ac9a..356156ac9a 100644
--- a/doc/regexp/methods.rdoc
+++ b/doc/language/regexp/methods.rdoc
diff --git a/doc/regexp/unicode_properties.rdoc b/doc/language/regexp/unicode_properties.rdoc
index f1f1f9d6a9..94080f7199 100644
--- a/doc/regexp/unicode_properties.rdoc
+++ b/doc/language/regexp/unicode_properties.rdoc
@@ -146,6 +146,7 @@ Older versions may not support all of these.
 - <tt>\p{Bassa_Vah}</tt>, <tt>\p{Bass}</tt>
 - <tt>\p{Batak}</tt>, <tt>\p{Batk}</tt>
 - <tt>\p{Bengali}</tt>, <tt>\p{Beng}</tt>
+- <tt>\p{Beria_Erfe}</tt>, <tt>\p{Berf}</tt>
 - <tt>\p{Bhaiksuki}</tt>, <tt>\p{Bhks}</tt>
 - <tt>\p{Bopomofo}</tt>, <tt>\p{Bopo}</tt>
 - <tt>\p{Brahmi}</tt>, <tt>\p{Brah}</tt>
@@ -270,6 +271,7 @@ Older versions may not support all of these.
 - <tt>\p{Sharada}</tt>, <tt>\p{Shrd}</tt>
 - <tt>\p{Shavian}</tt>, <tt>\p{Shaw}</tt>
 - <tt>\p{Siddham}</tt>, <tt>\p{Sidd}</tt>
+- <tt>\p{Sidetic}</tt>, <tt>\p{Sidt}</tt>
 - <tt>\p{SignWriting}</tt>, <tt>\p{Sgnw}</tt>
 - <tt>\p{Sinhala}</tt>, <tt>\p{Sinh}</tt>
 - <tt>\p{Sogdian}</tt>, <tt>\p{Sogd}</tt>
@@ -284,6 +286,7 @@ Older versions may not support all of these.
 - <tt>\p{Tai_Le}</tt>, <tt>\p{Tale}</tt>
 - <tt>\p{Tai_Tham}</tt>, <tt>\p{Lana}</tt>
 - <tt>\p{Tai_Viet}</tt>, <tt>\p{Tavt}</tt>
+- <tt>\p{Tai_Yo}</tt>, <tt>\p{Tayo}</tt>
 - <tt>\p{Takri}</tt>, <tt>\p{Takr}</tt>
 - <tt>\p{Tamil}</tt>, <tt>\p{Taml}</tt>
 - <tt>\p{Tangsa}</tt>, <tt>\p{Tnsa}</tt>
@@ -295,6 +298,7 @@ Older versions may not support all of these.
 - <tt>\p{Tifinagh}</tt>, <tt>\p{Tfng}</tt>
 - <tt>\p{Tirhuta}</tt>, <tt>\p{Tirh}</tt>
 - <tt>\p{Todhri}</tt>, <tt>\p{Todr}</tt>
+- <tt>\p{Tolong_Siki}</tt>, <tt>\p{Tols}</tt>
 - <tt>\p{Toto}</tt>
 - <tt>\p{Tulu_Tigalari}</tt>, <tt>\p{Tutg}</tt>
 - <tt>\p{Ugaritic}</tt>, <tt>\p{Ugar}</tt>
@@ -336,6 +340,7 @@ Older versions may not support all of these.
 - <tt>\p{In_Bassa_Vah}</tt>
 - <tt>\p{In_Batak}</tt>
 - <tt>\p{In_Bengali}</tt>
+- <tt>\p{In_Beria_Erfe}</tt>
 - <tt>\p{In_Bhaiksuki}</tt>
 - <tt>\p{In_Block_Elements}</tt>
 - <tt>\p{In_Bopomofo}</tt>
@@ -363,6 +368,7 @@ Older versions may not support all of these.
 - <tt>\p{In_CJK_Unified_Ideographs_Extension_G}</tt>
 - <tt>\p{In_CJK_Unified_Ideographs_Extension_H}</tt>
 - <tt>\p{In_CJK_Unified_Ideographs_Extension_I}</tt>
+- <tt>\p{In_CJK_Unified_Ideographs_Extension_J}</tt>
 - <tt>\p{In_Carian}</tt>
 - <tt>\p{In_Caucasian_Albanian}</tt>
 - <tt>\p{In_Chakma}</tt>
@@ -516,6 +522,7 @@ Older versions may not support all of these.
 - <tt>\p{In_Miscellaneous_Mathematical_Symbols_A}</tt>
 - <tt>\p{In_Miscellaneous_Mathematical_Symbols_B}</tt>
 - <tt>\p{In_Miscellaneous_Symbols}</tt>
+- <tt>\p{In_Miscellaneous_Symbols_Supplement}</tt>
 - <tt>\p{In_Miscellaneous_Symbols_and_Arrows}</tt>
 - <tt>\p{In_Miscellaneous_Symbols_and_Pictographs}</tt>
 - <tt>\p{In_Miscellaneous_Technical}</tt>
@@ -575,9 +582,11 @@ Older versions may not support all of these.
 - <tt>\p{In_Samaritan}</tt>
 - <tt>\p{In_Saurashtra}</tt>
 - <tt>\p{In_Sharada}</tt>
+- <tt>\p{In_Sharada_Supplement}</tt>
 - <tt>\p{In_Shavian}</tt>
 - <tt>\p{In_Shorthand_Format_Controls}</tt>
 - <tt>\p{In_Siddham}</tt>
+- <tt>\p{In_Sidetic}</tt>
 - <tt>\p{In_Sinhala}</tt>
 - <tt>\p{In_Sinhala_Archaic_Numbers}</tt>
 - <tt>\p{In_Small_Form_Variants}</tt>
@@ -613,12 +622,14 @@ Older versions may not support all of these.
 - <tt>\p{In_Tai_Tham}</tt>
 - <tt>\p{In_Tai_Viet}</tt>
 - <tt>\p{In_Tai_Xuan_Jing_Symbols}</tt>
+- <tt>\p{In_Tai_Yo}</tt>
 - <tt>\p{In_Takri}</tt>
 - <tt>\p{In_Tamil}</tt>
 - <tt>\p{In_Tamil_Supplement}</tt>
 - <tt>\p{In_Tangsa}</tt>
 - <tt>\p{In_Tangut}</tt>
 - <tt>\p{In_Tangut_Components}</tt>
+- <tt>\p{In_Tangut_Components_Supplement}</tt>
 - <tt>\p{In_Tangut_Supplement}</tt>
 - <tt>\p{In_Telugu}</tt>
 - <tt>\p{In_Thaana}</tt>
@@ -627,6 +638,7 @@ Older versions may not support all of these.
 - <tt>\p{In_Tifinagh}</tt>
 - <tt>\p{In_Tirhuta}</tt>
 - <tt>\p{In_Todhri}</tt>
+- <tt>\p{In_Tolong_Siki}</tt>
 - <tt>\p{In_Toto}</tt>
 - <tt>\p{In_Transport_and_Map_Symbols}</tt>
 - <tt>\p{In_Tulu_Tigalari}</tt>
@@ -685,6 +697,7 @@ Older versions may not support all of these.
 - <tt>\p{Age_15_0}</tt>
 - <tt>\p{Age_15_1}</tt>
 - <tt>\p{Age_16_0}</tt>
+- <tt>\p{Age_17_0}</tt>
 - <tt>\p{Age_1_1}</tt>
 - <tt>\p{Age_2_0}</tt>
 - <tt>\p{Age_2_1}</tt>
diff --git a/doc/signals.rdoc b/doc/language/signals.rdoc
index 403eb66549..a82dab81c6 100644
--- a/doc/signals.rdoc
+++ b/doc/language/signals.rdoc
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ for its internal data structures, but it does not know when it is safe
 for data structures in YOUR code.  Ruby implements deferred signal
 handling by registering short C functions with only
 {async-signal-safe functions}[http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man7/signal-safety.7.html] as
-signal handlers.  These short C functions only do enough tell the VM to
+signal handlers.  These short C functions only do enough to tell the VM to
 run callbacks registered via Signal.trap later in the main Ruby Thread.
 
 == Unsafe methods to call in Signal.trap blocks
diff --git a/doc/strftime_formatting.rdoc b/doc/language/strftime_formatting.rdoc
index 5c7b33155d..2bfa6b975e 100644
--- a/doc/strftime_formatting.rdoc
+++ b/doc/language/strftime_formatting.rdoc
@@ -136,7 +136,7 @@ the only required part is the conversion specifier, so we begin with that.
     t = Time.now       # => 2022-06-29 07:10:20.3230914 -0500
     t.strftime('%N')   # => "323091400"                  # Default.
 
-  Use {width specifiers}[rdoc-ref:strftime_formatting.rdoc@Width+Specifiers]
+  Use {width specifiers}[rdoc-ref:@Width+Specifiers]
   to adjust units:
 
       t.strftime('%3N')  # => "323"                      # Milliseconds.
@@ -522,6 +522,4 @@ An ISO 8601 combined date and time representation may be any
 ISO 8601 date and any ISO 8601 time,
 separated by the letter +T+.
 
-For the relevant +strftime+ formats, see
-{Dates}[rdoc-ref:strftime_formatting.rdoc@Dates]
-and {Times}[rdoc-ref:strftime_formatting.rdoc@Times] above.
+For the relevant +strftime+ formats, see {Dates}[rdoc-ref:@Dates] and {Times}[rdoc-ref:@Times] above.
diff --git a/doc/maintainers.md b/doc/maintainers.md
index 7c939a96c8..46840343ca 100644
--- a/doc/maintainers.md
+++ b/doc/maintainers.md
@@ -28,6 +28,10 @@ not have authority to change/add a feature on his/her part. They need
 consensus on ruby-core/ruby-dev before changing/adding. Some of submaintainers
 have commit right, others don't.
 
+No maintainer means that there is no specific maintainer for the part now.
+The member of ruby core team can fix issues at anytime. But major changes need
+consensus on ruby-core/ruby-dev.
+
 ### Language core features including security
 
 * Yukihiro Matsumoto ([matz])
@@ -40,25 +44,22 @@ have commit right, others don't.
 
 * Yukihiro Matsumoto ([matz])
 
-## Standard Library Maintainers
-
-### Libraries
+### Standard Library Maintainers
 
 #### lib/mkmf.rb
 
-* *unmaintained*
+* *No maintainer*
 
 #### lib/rubygems.rb, lib/rubygems/*
 
-* Eric Hodel ([drbrain])
 * Hiroshi SHIBATA ([hsbt])
-* https://github.com/rubygems/rubygems
+* https://github.com/ruby/rubygems
 
 #### lib/unicode_normalize.rb, lib/unicode_normalize/*
 
 * Martin J. Dürst ([duerst])
 
-### Extensions
+### Standard Library(Extensions) Maintainers
 
 #### ext/continuation
 
@@ -78,15 +79,15 @@ have commit right, others don't.
 
 #### ext/objspace
 
-* *unmaintained*
+* *No maintainer*
 
 #### ext/pty
 
-* *unmaintained*
+* *No maintainer*
 
 #### ext/ripper
 
-* *unmaintained*
+* *No maintainer*
 
 #### ext/socket
 
@@ -97,31 +98,27 @@ have commit right, others don't.
 
 * NAKAMURA Usaku ([unak])
 
-## Default gems Maintainers
-
-### Libraries
+### Default gems(Libraries) Maintainers
 
 #### lib/bundler.rb, lib/bundler/*
 
 * Hiroshi SHIBATA ([hsbt])
-* https://github.com/rubygems/rubygems
+* https://github.com/ruby/rubygems
 * https://rubygems.org/gems/bundler
 
-#### lib/cgi.rb, lib/cgi/*
+#### lib/cgi/escape.rb
 
-* *unmaintained*
-* https://github.com/ruby/cgi
-* https://rubygems.org/gems/cgi
+* *No maintainer*
 
 #### lib/English.rb
 
-* *unmaintained*
+* *No maintainer*
 * https://github.com/ruby/English
 * https://rubygems.org/gems/English
 
 #### lib/delegate.rb
 
-* *unmaintained*
+* *No maintainer*
 * https://github.com/ruby/delegate
 * https://rubygems.org/gems/delegate
 
@@ -152,7 +149,7 @@ have commit right, others don't.
 
 #### lib/fileutils.rb
 
-* *unmaintained*
+* *No maintainer*
 * https://github.com/ruby/fileutils
 * https://rubygems.org/gems/fileutils
 
@@ -178,6 +175,7 @@ have commit right, others don't.
 
 * Nobuyuki Nakada ([nobu])
 * https://github.com/ruby/optparse
+* https://rubygems.org/gems/optparse
 
 #### lib/net/http.rb, lib/net/https.rb
 
@@ -187,13 +185,13 @@ have commit right, others don't.
 
 #### lib/net/protocol.rb
 
-* *unmaintained*
+* *No maintainer*
 * https://github.com/ruby/net-protocol
 * https://rubygems.org/gems/net-protocol
 
 #### lib/open3.rb
 
-* *unmaintained*
+* *No maintainer*
 * https://github.com/ruby/open3
 * https://rubygems.org/gems/open3
 
@@ -201,6 +199,7 @@ have commit right, others don't.
 
 * Tanaka Akira ([akr])
 * https://github.com/ruby/open-uri
+* https://rubygems.org/gems/open-uri
 
 #### lib/pp.rb
 
@@ -248,7 +247,7 @@ have commit right, others don't.
 
 #### lib/tempfile.rb
 
-* *unmaintained*
+* *No maintainer*
 * https://github.com/ruby/tempfile
 * https://rubygems.org/gems/tempfile
 
@@ -264,24 +263,12 @@ have commit right, others don't.
 * https://github.com/ruby/timeout
 * https://rubygems.org/gems/timeout
 
-#### lib/thwait.rb
-
-* Keiju ISHITSUKA ([keiju])
-* https://github.com/ruby/thwait
-* https://rubygems.org/gems/thwait
-
 #### lib/tmpdir.rb
 
-* *unmaintained*
+* *No maintainer*
 * https://github.com/ruby/tmpdir
 * https://rubygems.org/gems/tmpdir
 
-#### lib/tsort.rb
-
-* Tanaka Akira ([akr])
-* https://github.com/ruby/tsort
-* https://rubygems.org/gems/tsort
-
 #### lib/un.rb
 
 * WATANABE Hirofumi ([eban])
@@ -303,33 +290,31 @@ have commit right, others don't.
 
 #### lib/weakref.rb
 
-* *unmaintained*
+* *No maintainer*
 * https://github.com/ruby/weakref
 * https://rubygems.org/gems/weakref
 
-### Extensions
+### Default gems(Extensions) Maintainers
 
 #### ext/cgi
 
 * Nobuyoshi Nakada ([nobu])
-* https://github.com/ruby/cgi
-* https://rubygems.org/gems/cgi
 
 #### ext/date
 
-* *unmaintained*
+* *No maintainer*
 * https://github.com/ruby/date
 * https://rubygems.org/gems/date
 
 #### ext/etc
 
-* *unmaintained*
+* *No maintainer*
 * https://github.com/ruby/etc
 * https://rubygems.org/gems/etc
 
 #### ext/fcntl
 
-* *unmaintained*
+* *No maintainer*
 * https://github.com/ruby/fcntl
 * https://rubygems.org/gems/fcntl
 
@@ -396,159 +381,252 @@ have commit right, others don't.
 * https://github.com/ruby/zlib
 * https://rubygems.org/gems/zlib
 
-## Bundled gems upstream repositories
+## Bundled gems upstream repositories and maintainers
+
+The maintanance policy of bundled gems is different from Module Maintainers above.
+Please check the policies for each repository.
+
+The ruby core team tries to maintain the repositories with no maintainers.
+It may needs to make consensus on ruby-core/ruby-dev before making major changes.
 
 ### minitest
 
+* Ryan Davis ([zenspider])
 * https://github.com/minitest/minitest
+* https://rubygems.org/gems/minitest
 
 ### power_assert
 
+* Tsujimoto Kenta ([k-tsj])
 * https://github.com/ruby/power_assert
+* https://rubygems.org/gems/power_assert
 
 ### rake
 
+* Hiroshi SHIBATA ([hsbt])
 * https://github.com/ruby/rake
+* https://rubygems.org/gems/rake
 
 ### test-unit
 
+* Kouhei Sutou ([kou])
 * https://github.com/test-unit/test-unit
+* https://rubygems.org/gems/test-unit
 
 ### rexml
 
+* Kouhei Sutou ([kou])
 * https://github.com/ruby/rexml
+* https://rubygems.org/gems/rexml
 
 ### rss
 
+* Kouhei Sutou ([kou])
 * https://github.com/ruby/rss
+* https://rubygems.org/gems/rss
 
 ### net-ftp
 
+* Shugo Maeda ([shugo])
 * https://github.com/ruby/net-ftp
+* https://rubygems.org/gems/net-ftp
 
 ### net-imap
 
+* Nicholas A. Evans ([nevans])
 * https://github.com/ruby/net-imap
+* https://rubygems.org/gems/net-imap
 
 ### net-pop
 
 * https://github.com/ruby/net-pop
+* https://rubygems.org/gems/net-pop
 
 ### net-smtp
 
+* TOMITA Masahiro ([tmtm])
 * https://github.com/ruby/net-smtp
+* https://rubygems.org/gems/net-smtp
 
 ### matrix
 
+* Marc-André Lafortune ([marcandre])
 * https://github.com/ruby/matrix
+* https://rubygems.org/gems/matrix
 
 ### prime
 
 * https://github.com/ruby/prime
+* https://rubygems.org/gems/prime
 
 ### rbs
 
+* Soutaro Matsumoto ([soutaro])
 * https://github.com/ruby/rbs
+* https://rubygems.org/gems/rbs
 
 ### typeprof
 
+* Yusuke Endoh ([mame])
 * https://github.com/ruby/typeprof
+* https://rubygems.org/gems/typeprof
 
 ### debug
 
+* Koichi Sasada ([ko1])
 * https://github.com/ruby/debug
+* https://rubygems.org/gems/debug
 
 ### racc
 
+* Yuichi Kaneko ([yui-knk])
 * https://github.com/ruby/racc
+* https://rubygems.org/gems/racc
 
 #### mutex_m
 
 * https://github.com/ruby/mutex_m
+* https://rubygems.org/gems/mutex_m
 
 #### getoptlong
 
 * https://github.com/ruby/getoptlong
+* https://rubygems.org/gems/getoptlong
 
 #### base64
 
+* Yusuke Endoh ([mame])
 * https://github.com/ruby/base64
+* https://rubygems.org/gems/base64
 
 #### bigdecimal
 
+* Kenta Murata ([mrkn])
 * https://github.com/ruby/bigdecimal
+* https://rubygems.org/gems/bigdecimal
 
 #### observer
 
 * https://github.com/ruby/observer
+* https://rubygems.org/gems/observer
 
 #### abbrev
 
+* Akinori MUSHA ([knu])
 * https://github.com/ruby/abbrev
+* https://rubygems.org/gems/abbrev
 
 #### resolv-replace
 
+* Akira TANAKA ([akr])
 * https://github.com/ruby/resolv-replace
+* https://rubygems.org/gems/resolv-replace
 
 #### rinda
 
+* Masatoshi SEKI ([seki])
 * https://github.com/ruby/rinda
+* https://rubygems.org/gems/rinda
 
 #### drb
 
+* Masatoshi SEKI ([seki])
 * https://github.com/ruby/drb
+* https://rubygems.org/gems/drb
 
 #### nkf
 
+* Naruse Yusuke ([nurse])
 * https://github.com/ruby/nkf
+* https://rubygems.org/gems/nkf
 
 #### syslog
 
+* Akinori Musha ([knu])
 * https://github.com/ruby/syslog
+* https://rubygems.org/gems/syslog
 
 #### csv
 
+* Kouhei Sutou ([kou])
 * https://github.com/ruby/csv
+* https://rubygems.org/gems/csv
 
 #### ostruct
 
+* Marc-André Lafortune ([marcandre])
 * https://github.com/ruby/ostruct
+* https://rubygems.org/gems/ostruct
 
 #### pstore
 
 * https://github.com/ruby/pstore
+* https://rubygems.org/gems/pstore
 
 #### benchmark
 
 * https://github.com/ruby/benchmark
+* https://rubygems.org/gems/benchmark
 
 #### logger
 
+* Naotoshi Seo ([sonots])
 * https://github.com/ruby/logger
+* https://rubygems.org/gems/logger
 
 #### rdoc
 
+* Stan Lo ([st0012])
+* Nobuyoshi Nakada ([nobu])
 * https://github.com/ruby/rdoc
+* https://rubygems.org/gems/rdoc
 
 #### win32ole
 
+* Masaki Suketa ([suketa])
 * https://github.com/ruby/win32ole
+* https://rubygems.org/gems/win32ole
 
 #### irb
 
+* Tomoya Ishida ([tompng])
+* Stan Lo ([st0012])
+* Mari Imaizumi ([ima1zumi])
+* HASUMI Hitoshi ([hasumikin])
 * https://github.com/ruby/irb
+* https://rubygems.org/gems/irb
 
 #### reline
 
+* Tomoya Ishida ([tompng])
+* Stan Lo ([st0012])
+* Mari Imaizumi ([ima1zumi])
+* HASUMI Hitoshi ([hasumikin])
 * https://github.com/ruby/reline
+* https://rubygems.org/gems/reline
 
 #### readline
 
 * https://github.com/ruby/readline
+* https://rubygems.org/gems/readline
 
 #### fiddle
 
+* Kouhei Sutou ([kou])
 * https://github.com/ruby/fiddle
+* https://rubygems.org/gems/fiddle
+
+#### repl_type_completor
+
+* Tomoya Ishida ([tompng])
+* https://github.com/ruby/repl_type_completor
+* https://rubygems.org/gems/repl_type_completor
+
+#### tsort
+
+* Tanaka Akira ([akr])
+* https://github.com/ruby/tsort
+* https://rubygems.org/gems/tsort
 
 ## Platform Maintainers
 
@@ -586,7 +664,7 @@ have commit right, others don't.
 
 ### cygwin, ...
 
-* none. (Maintainer WANTED)
+* **No maintainer**
 
 ### WebAssembly/WASI
 
@@ -629,3 +707,12 @@ have commit right, others don't.
 [tompng]: https://github.com/tompng
 [unak]: https://github.com/unak
 [yuki24]: https://github.com/yuki24
+[zenspider]: https://github.com/zenspider
+[k-tsj]: https://github.com/k-tsj
+[nevans]: https://github.com/nevans
+[tmtm]: https://github.com/tmtm
+[shugo]: https://github.com/shugo
+[soutaro]: https://github.com/soutaro
+[yui-knk]: https://github.com/yui-knk
+[hasumikin]: https://github.com/hasumikin
+[suketa]: https://github.com/suketa
diff --git a/doc/matchdata/begin.rdoc b/doc/matchdata/begin.rdoc
index 8046dd9d55..6100617e19 100644
--- a/doc/matchdata/begin.rdoc
+++ b/doc/matchdata/begin.rdoc
@@ -10,12 +10,12 @@ returns the offset of the beginning of the <tt>n</tt>th match:
   m[3]       # => "113"
   m.begin(3) # => 3
 
-  m = /(т)(е)(с)/.match('тест')
-  # => #<MatchData "тес" 1:"т" 2:"е" 3:"с">
-  m[0]       # => "тес"
-  m.begin(0) # => 0
-  m[3]       # => "с"
-  m.begin(3) # => 2
+  m = /(ん)(に)(ち)/.match('こんにちは')
+  # => #<MatchData "んにち" 1:"ん" 2:"に" 3:"ち">
+  m[0]       # => "んにち"
+  m.begin(0) # => 1
+  m[3]       # => "ち"
+  m.begin(3) # => 3
 
 When string or symbol argument +name+ is given,
 returns the offset of the beginning for the named match:
diff --git a/doc/matchdata/bytebegin.rdoc b/doc/matchdata/bytebegin.rdoc
index 5b40a7ef73..54e417a7fc 100644
--- a/doc/matchdata/bytebegin.rdoc
+++ b/doc/matchdata/bytebegin.rdoc
@@ -10,12 +10,12 @@ returns the offset of the beginning of the <tt>n</tt>th match:
   m[3]       # => "113"
   m.bytebegin(3) # => 3
 
-  m = /(т)(е)(с)/.match('тест')
-  # => #<MatchData "тес" 1:"т" 2:"е" 3:"с">
-  m[0]       # => "тес"
-  m.bytebegin(0) # => 0
-  m[3]       # => "с"
-  m.bytebegin(3) # => 4
+  m = /(ん)(に)(ち)/.match('こんにちは')
+  # => #<MatchData "んにち" 1:"ん" 2:"に" 3:"ち">
+  m[0]           # => "んにち"
+  m.bytebegin(0) # => 3
+  m[3]           # => "ち"
+  m.bytebegin(3) # => 9
 
 When string or symbol argument +name+ is given,
 returns the offset of the beginning for the named match:
diff --git a/doc/matchdata/byteend.rdoc b/doc/matchdata/byteend.rdoc
index eb57664022..0a03f76208 100644
--- a/doc/matchdata/byteend.rdoc
+++ b/doc/matchdata/byteend.rdoc
@@ -10,12 +10,12 @@ returns the offset of the end of the <tt>n</tt>th match:
   m[3]     # => "113"
   m.byteend(3) # => 6
 
-  m = /(т)(е)(с)/.match('тест')
-  # => #<MatchData "тес" 1:"т" 2:"е" 3:"с">
-  m[0]     # => "тес"
-  m.byteend(0) # => 6
-  m[3]     # => "с"
-  m.byteend(3) # => 6
+  m = /(ん)(に)(ち)/.match('こんにちは')
+  # => #<MatchData "んにち" 1:"ん" 2:"に" 3:"ち">
+  m[0]         # => "んにち"
+  m.byteend(0) # => 12
+  m[3]         # => "ち"
+  m.byteend(3) # => 12
 
 When string or symbol argument +name+ is given,
 returns the offset of the end for the named match:
diff --git a/doc/matchdata/end.rdoc b/doc/matchdata/end.rdoc
index 0209b2d2fc..c43a5428f3 100644
--- a/doc/matchdata/end.rdoc
+++ b/doc/matchdata/end.rdoc
@@ -10,12 +10,12 @@ returns the offset of the end of the <tt>n</tt>th match:
   m[3]     # => "113"
   m.end(3) # => 6
 
-  m = /(т)(е)(с)/.match('тест')
-  # => #<MatchData "тес" 1:"т" 2:"е" 3:"с">
-  m[0]     # => "тес"
-  m.end(0) # => 3
-  m[3]     # => "с"
-  m.end(3) # => 3
+  m = /(ん)(に)(ち)/.match('こんにちは')
+  # => #<MatchData "んにち" 1:"ん" 2:"に" 3:"ち">
+  m[0]     # => "んにち"
+  m.end(0) # => 4
+  m[3]     # => "ち"
+  m.end(3) # => 4
 
 When string or symbol argument +name+ is given,
 returns the offset of the end for the named match:
diff --git a/doc/matchdata/offset.rdoc b/doc/matchdata/offset.rdoc
index 0985316d76..4194ef7ef9 100644
--- a/doc/matchdata/offset.rdoc
+++ b/doc/matchdata/offset.rdoc
@@ -11,12 +11,12 @@ returns the starting and ending offsets of the <tt>n</tt>th match:
   m[3]        # => "113"
   m.offset(3) # => [3, 6]
 
-  m = /(т)(е)(с)/.match('тест')
-  # => #<MatchData "тес" 1:"т" 2:"е" 3:"с">
-  m[0]        # => "тес"
-  m.offset(0) # => [0, 3]
-  m[3]        # => "с"
-  m.offset(3) # => [2, 3]
+  m = /(ん)(に)(ち)/.match('こんにちは')
+  # => #<MatchData "んにち" 1:"ん" 2:"に" 3:"ち">
+  m[0]        # => "んにち"
+  m.offset(0) # => [1, 4]
+  m[3]        # => "ち"
+  m.offset(3) # => [3, 4]
 
 When string or symbol argument +name+ is given,
 returns the starting and ending offsets for the named match:
diff --git a/doc/namespace.md b/doc/namespace.md
deleted file mode 100644
index eee6b94072..0000000000
--- a/doc/namespace.md
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,418 +0,0 @@
-# Namespace - Ruby's in-process separation of Classes and Modules
-
-Namespace is designed to provide separated spaces in a Ruby process, to isolate applications and libraries.
-
-## Known issues
-
-* Experimental warning is shown when ruby starts with `RUBY_NAMESPACE=1` (specify `-W:no-experimental` option to hide it)
-* `bundle install` may fail
-* `require 'active_support'` may fail
-* A wrong current namespace detection happens sometimes in the root namespace
-
-## TODOs
-
-* Identify the CI failure cause and restore temporarily skipped tests (mmtk, test/ruby/test_allocation on i686)
-* Reconstruct current/loading namespace management based on control frames
-* Add the loaded namespace on iseq to check if another namespace tries running the iseq (add a field only when VM_CHECK_MODE?)
-* Delete per-namespace extension files (.so) lazily or process exit
-* Collect rb_classext_t entries for a namespace when the namespace is collected
-* Allocate an rb_namespace_t entry as the root namespace at first, then construct the contents and wrap it as rb_cNamespace instance later (to eliminate root/builtin two namespaces situation)
-* Assign its own TOPLEVEL_BINDING in namespaces
-* Fix `warn` in namespaces to refer `$VERBOSE` in the namespace
-* Make an internal data container `Namespace::Entry` invisible
-* More test cases about `$LOAD_PATH` and `$LOADED_FEATURES`
-* Return classpath and nesting without the namespace prefix in the namespace itself [#21316](https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/21316), [#21318](https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/21318)
-
-## How to use
-
-### Enabling namespace
-
-First, an environment variable should be set at the ruby process bootup: `RUBY_NAMESPACE=1`.
-The only valid value is `1` to enable namespace. Other values (or unset `RUBY_NAMESPACE`) means disabling namespace. And setting the value after Ruby program starts doesn't work.
-
-### Using namespace
-
-`Namespace` class is the entrypoint of namespaces.
-
-```ruby
-ns = Namespace.new
-ns.require('something') # or require_relative, load
-```
-
-The required file (either .rb or .so/.dll/.bundle) is loaded in the namespace (`ns` here). The required/loaded files from `something` will be loaded in the namespace recursively.
-
-```ruby
-# something.rb
-
-X = 1
-
-class Something
-  def self.x = X
-  def x = ::X
-end
-```
-
-Classes/modules, those methods and constants defined in the namespace can be accessed via `ns` object.
-
-```ruby
-p ns::Something.x  # 1
-
-X = 2
-p X                # 2
-p ::X              # 2
-p ns::Something.x  # 1
-p ns::X            # 1
-```
-
-Instance methods defined in the namespace also run with definitions in the namespace.
-
-```ruby
-s = ns::Something.new
-
-p s.x  # 1
-```
-
-## Specifications
-
-### Namespace types
-
-There are two namespace types:
-
-* Root namespace
-* User namespace
-
-There is the root namespace, just a single namespace in a Ruby process. Ruby bootstrap runs in the root namespace, and all builtin classes/modules are defined in the root namespace. (See "Builtin classes and modules".)
-
-User namespaces are to run user-written programs and libraries loaded from user programs. The user's main program (specified by the `ruby` command line argument) is executed in the "main" namespace, which is a user namespace automatically created at the end of Ruby's bootstrap, copied from the root namespace.
-
-When `Namespace.new` is called, an "optional" namespace (a user, non-main namespace) is created, copied from the root namespace. All user namespaces are flat, copied from the root namespace.
-
-### Namespace class and instances
-
-`Namespace` is a top level class, as a subclass of `Module`, and `Namespace` instances are a kind of `Module`.
-
-### Classes and modules defined in namespace
-
-The classes and modules, newly defined in a namespace `ns`, are defined under `ns`. For example, if a class `A` is defined in `ns`, it is actually defined as `ns::A`.
-
-In the namespace `ns`, `ns::A` can be referred to as `A` (and `::A`). From outside of `ns`, it can be referred to as `ns::A`.
-
-The main namespace is exceptional. Top level classes and modules defined in the main namespace are just top level classes and modules.
-
-### Classes and modules reopened in namespace
-
-In namespaces, builtin classes/modules are visible and can be reopened. Those classes/modules can be reopened using `class` or `module` clauses, and class/module definitions can be changed.
-
-The changed definitions are visible only in the namespace. In other namespaces, builtin classes/modules and those instances work without changed definitions.
-
-```ruby
-# in foo.rb
-class String
-  BLANK_PATTERN = /\A\s*\z/
-  def blank?
-    self =~ BLANK_PATTERN
-  end
-end
-
-module Foo
-  def self.foo = "foo"
-
-  def self.foo_is_blank?
-    foo.blank?
-  end
-end
-
-Foo.foo.blank? #=> false
-"foo".blank?   #=> false
-
-# in main.rb
-ns = Namespace.new
-ns.require('foo')
-
-Foo.foo_is_blank? #=> false   (#blank? called in ns)
-
-Foo.foo.blank?    # NoMethodError
-"foo".blank?      # NoMethodError
-String::BLANK_PATTERN # NameError
-```
-
-The main namespace and `ns` are different namespaces, so monkey patches in main are also invisible in `ns`.
-
-### Builtin classes and modules
-
-In the namespace context, "builtin" classes and modules are classes and modules:
-
-* Accessible without any `require` calls in user scripts
-* Defined before any user program start running
-* Including classes/modules loaded by `prelude.rb` (including RubyGems `Gem`, for example)
-
-Hereafter, "builtin classes and modules" will be referred to as just "builtin classes".
-
-### Builtin classes referred via namespace objects
-
-Builtin classes in a namespace `ns` can be referred from other namespace. For example, `ns::String` is a valid reference, and `String` and `ns::String` are identical (`String == ns::String`, `String.object_id == ns::String.object_id`).
-
-`ns::String`-like reference returns just a `String` in the current namespace, so its definition is `String` in the namespace, not in `ns`.
-
-```ruby
-# foo.rb
-class String
-  def self.foo = "foo"
-end
-
-# main.rb
-ns = Namespace.new
-ns.require('foo')
-
-ns::String.foo  # NoMethodError
-```
-
-### Class instance variables, class variables, constants
-
-Builtin classes can have different sets of class instance variables, class variables and constants between namespaces.
-
-```ruby
-# foo.rb
-class Array
-  @v = "foo"
-  @@v = "_foo_"
-  V = "FOO"
-end
-
-Array.instance_variable_get(:@v) #=> "foo"
-Array.class_variable_get(:@@v)   #=> "_foo_"
-Array.const_get(:V)              #=> "FOO"
-
-# main.rb
-ns = Namespace.new
-ns.require('foo')
-
-Array.instance_variable_get(:@v) #=> nil
-Array.class_variable_get(:@@v)   # NameError
-Array.const_get(:V)              # NameError
-```
-
-### Global variables
-
-In namespaces, changes on global variables are also isolated in the namespace. Changes on global variables in a namespace are visible/applied only in the namespace.
-
-```ruby
-# foo.rb
-$foo = "foo"
-$VERBOSE = nil
-
-puts "This appears: '#{$foo}'"
-
-# main.rb
-p $foo      #=> nil
-p $VERBOSE  #=> false
-
-ns = Namespace.new
-ns.require('foo')  # "This appears: 'foo'"
-
-p $foo      #=> nil
-p $VERBOSE  #=> false
-```
-
-### Top level constants
-
-Usually, top level constants are defined as constants of `Object`. In namespaces, top level constants are constants of `Object` in the namespace. And the namespace object `ns`'s constants are strictly equal to constants of `Object`.
-
-```ruby
-# foo.rb
-FOO = 100
-
-FOO         #=> 100
-Object::FOO #=> 100
-
-# main.rb
-ns = Namespace.new
-ns.require('foo')
-
-ns::FOO      #=> 100
-
-FOO          # NameError
-Object::FOO  # NameError
-```
-
-### Top level methods
-
-Top level methods are private instance methods of `Object`, in each namespace.
-
-```ruby
-# foo.rb
-def yay = "foo"
-
-class Foo
-  def self.say = yay
-end
-
-Foo.say #=> "foo"
-yay     #=> "foo"
-
-# main.rb
-ns = Namespace.new
-ns.require('foo')
-
-ns.Foo.say  #=> "foo"
-
-yay  # NoMethodError
-```
-
-There is no way to expose top level methods in namespaces to another namespace.
-(See "Expose top level methods as a method of the namespace object" in "Discussions" section below)
-
-### Namespace scopes
-
-Namespace works in file scope. One `.rb` file runs in a single namespace.
-
-Once a file is loaded in a namespace `ns`, all methods/procs defined/created in the file run in `ns`.
-
-## Implementation details
-
-#### Object Shapes
-
-Once builtin classes are copied and modified in namespaces, its instance variable management fallbacks from Object Shapes to a traditional iv table (st_table) because RClass stores the shape in its `flags`, not in `rb_classext_t`.
-
-#### Size of RClass and rb_classext_t
-
-Namespace requires to move some fields from RClass to `rb_classext_t`, then the size of RClass and `rb_classext_t` is now larger than `4 * RVALUE_SIZE`. It's against the expectation of [Variable Width Allocation](https://rubykaigi.org/2021-takeout/presentations/peterzhu2118.html).
-
-Now the `STATIC_ASSERT` to check the size is commented-out. (See "Minimize the size of RClass and rb_classext_t" in "Discussion" section below)
-
-#### ISeq inline method/constant cache
-
-As described above in "Namespace scopes", an ".rb" file runs in a namespace. So method/constant resolution will be done in a namespace consistently.
-
-That means ISeq inline caches work well even with namespaces. Otherwise, it's a bug.
-
-#### Method call global cache (gccct)
-
-`rb_funcall()` C function refers to the global cc cache table (gccct), and the cache key is calculated with the current namespace.
-
-So, `rb_funcall()` calls have a performance penalty when namespace is enabled.
-
-#### Current namespace and loading namespace
-
-The current namespace is the namespace that the executing code is in. `Namespace.current` returns the current namespace object.
-
-The loading namespace is an internally managed namespace to determine the namespace to load newly required/loaded files. For example, `ns` is the loading namespace when `ns.require("foo")` is called.
-
-## Discussions
-
-#### Namespace#inspect
-
-Currently, `Namespace#inspect` returns values like `"#<Namespace:0x00000001083a5660>"`. This results in the very redundant and poorly visible classpath outside the namespace.
-
-```ruby
-# foo.rb
-class C; end
-
-# main.rb
-ns = Namespace.new
-ns.require('foo')
-
-p ns::C # "#<Namespace:0x00000001083a5660>::C"
-```
-
-And currently, if a namespace is assigned to a constant `NS1`, the classpath output will be `NS1::C`. But the namespace object can be brought to another namespace and the constant `NS1` in the namespace is something different. So the constant-based classpath for namespace is not safe basically.
-
-So we should find a better format to show namespaces. Options are:
-
-* `NS1::C` (only when this namespace is created and assigned to NS1 in the current namespace)
-* `#<Namespace:user:1083a5660>::C` (with namespace type and without preceding 0)
-* or something else
-
-#### Namespace#eval
-
-Testing namespace features needs to create files to be loaded in namespaces. It's not easy nor casual.
-
-If `Namespace` class has an instance method `#eval` to evaluate code in the namespace, it can be helpful.
-
-#### More builtin methods written in Ruby
-
-If namespace is enabled by default, builtin methods can be written in Ruby because it can't be overridden by users' monkey patches. Builtin Ruby methods can be JIT-ed, and it could bring performance reward.
-
-#### Monkey patching methods called by builtin methods
-
-Builtin methods sometimes call other builtin methods. For example, `Hash#map` calls `Hash#each` to retrieve entries to be mapped. Without namespace, Ruby users can overwrite `Hash#each` and expect the behavior change of `Hash#map` as a result.
-
-But with namespaces, `Hash#map` runs in the root namespace. Ruby users can define `Hash#each` only in user namespaces, so users cannot change `Hash#map`'s behavior in this case. To achieve it, users should override both`Hash#map` and `Hash#each` (or only `Hash#map`).
-
-It is a breaking change.
-
-It's an option to change the behavior of methods in the root namespace to refer to definitions in user namespaces. But if we do so, that means we can't proceed with "More builtin methods written in Ruby".
-
-#### Context of \$LOAD\_PATH and \$LOADED\_FEATURES
-
-Global variables `$LOAD_PATH` and `$LOADED_FEATURES` control `require` method behaviors. So those namespaces are determined by the loading namespace instead of the current namespace.
-
-This could potentially conflict with the user's expectations. We should find the solution.
-
-#### Expose top level methods as a method of the namespace object
-
-Currently, top level methods in namespaces are not accessible from outside of the namespace. But there might be a use case to call other namespace's top level methods.
-
-#### Split root and builtin namespace
-
-NOTE: "builtin" namespace is a different one from the "builtin" namespace in the current implementation
-
-Currently, the single "root" namespace is the source of classext CoW. And also, the "root" namespace can load additional files after starting main script evaluation by calling methods which contain lines like `require "openssl"`.
-
-That means, user namespaces can have different sets of definitions according to when it is created.
-
-```
-[root]
- |
- |----[main]
- |
- |(require "openssl" called in root)
- |
- |----[ns1] having OpenSSL
- |
- |(remove_const called for OpenSSL in root)
- |
- |----[ns2] without OpenSSL
-```
-
-This could cause unexpected behavior differences between user namespaces. It should NOT be a problem because user scripts which refer to `OpenSSL` should call `require "openssl"` by themselves.
-But in the worst case, a script (without `require "openssl"`) runs well in `ns1`, but doesn't run in `ns2`. This situation looks like a "random failure" to users.
-
-An option possible to prevent this situation is to have "root" and "builtin" namespaces.
-
-* root
-  * The namespace for the Ruby process bootstrap, then the source of CoW
-  * After starting the main namespace, no code runs in this namespace
-* builtin
-  * The namespace copied from the root namespace at the same time with "main"
-  * Methods and procs defined in the "root" namespace run in this namespace
-  * Classes and modules required will be loaded in this namespace
-
-This design realizes a consistent source of namespace CoW.
-
-#### Separate cc_tbl and callable_m_tbl, cvc_tbl for less classext CoW
-
-The fields of `rb_classext_t` contains several cache(-like) data, `cc_tbl`(callcache table), `callable_m_tbl`(table of resolved complemented methods) and `cvc_tbl`(class variable cache table).
-
-The classext CoW is triggered when the contents of `rb_classext_t` are changed, including `cc_tbl`, `callable_m_tbl`, and `cvc_tbl`. But those three tables are changed by just calling methods or referring class variables. So, currently, classext CoW is triggered much more times than the original expectation.
-
-If we can move those three tables outside of `rb_classext_t`, the number of copied `rb_classext_t` will be much less than the current implementation.
-
-#### Object Shapes per namespace
-
-Now the classext CoW requires RClass and `rb_classext_t` to fallback its instance variable management from Object Shapes to the traditional `st_table`. It may have a performance penalty.
-
-If we can apply Object Shapes on `rb_classext_t` instead of `RClass`, per-namespace classext can have its own shapes, and it may be able to avoid the performance penalty.
-
-#### Minimize the size of RClass and rb_classext_t
-
-As described in "Size of RClass and rb_classext_t" section above, the size of RClass and `rb_classext_t` is currently larger than `4 * RVALUE_SIZE` (`20 * VALUE_SIZE`). Now the size is `23 * VALUE_SIZE + 7 bits`.
-
-The fields possibly removed from `rb_classext_t` are:
-
-* `cc_tbl`, `callable_m_tbl`, `cvc_tbl` (See the section "Separate cc_tbl and callable_m_tbl, cvc_tbl for less classext CoW" above)
-* `ns_super_subclasses`, `module_super_subclasses`
-  * `RCLASSEXT_SUBCLASSES(RCLASS_EXT_PRIME(RCLASSEXT_SUPER(klass)))->ns_subclasses` can replace it
-  * These fields are used only in GC, how's the actual performance benefit?
-
-If we can move or remove those fields, the size satisfies the assertion (`<= 4 * RVALUE_SIZE`).
diff --git a/doc/ractor.md b/doc/ractor.md
deleted file mode 100644
index 6a1cff4e7b..0000000000
--- a/doc/ractor.md
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,951 +0,0 @@
-# Ractor - Ruby's Actor-like concurrent abstraction
-
-Ractor is designed to provide a parallel execution feature of Ruby without thread-safety concerns.
-
-## Summary
-
-### Multiple Ractors in an interpreter process
-
-You can make multiple Ractors and they run in parallel.
-
-* `Ractor.new{ expr }` creates a new Ractor and `expr` is run in parallel on a parallel computer.
-* Interpreter invokes with the first Ractor (called *main Ractor*).
-* If main Ractor terminated, all Ractors receive terminate request like Threads (if main thread (first invoked Thread), Ruby interpreter sends all running threads to terminate execution).
-* Each Ractor has 1 or more Threads.
-  * Threads in a Ractor shares a Ractor-wide global lock like GIL (GVL in MRI terminology), so they can't run in parallel (without releasing GVL explicitly in C-level). Threads in different ractors run in parallel.
-  * The overhead of creating a Ractor is similar to overhead of one Thread creation.
-
-### Limited sharing between multiple ractors
-
-Ractors don't share everything, unlike threads.
-
-* Most objects are *Unshareable objects*, so you don't need to care about thread-safety problems which are caused by sharing.
-* Some objects are *Shareable objects*.
-  * Immutable objects: frozen objects which don't refer to unshareable-objects.
-    * `i = 123`: `i` is an immutable object.
-    * `s = "str".freeze`: `s` is an immutable object.
-    * `a = [1, [2], 3].freeze`: `a` is not an immutable object because `a` refers unshareable-object `[2]` (which is not frozen).
-    * `h = {c: Object}.freeze`: `h` is an immutable object because `h` refers Symbol `:c` and shareable `Object` class object which is not frozen.
-  * Class/Module objects
-  * Special shareable objects
-    * Ractor object itself.
-    * And more...
-
-### Two-types communication between Ractors
-
-Ractors communicate with each other and synchronize the execution by message exchanging between Ractors. There are two message exchange protocols: push type (message passing) and pull type.
-
-* Push type message passing: `Ractor#send(obj)` and `Ractor.receive()` pair.
-  * Sender ractor passes the `obj` to the ractor `r` by `r.send(obj)` and receiver ractor receives the message with `Ractor.receive`.
-  * Sender knows the destination Ractor `r` and the receiver does not know the sender (accept all messages from any ractors).
-  * Receiver has infinite queue and sender enqueues the message. Sender doesn't block to put message into this queue.
-  * This type of message exchanging is employed by many other Actor-based languages.
-  * `Ractor.receive_if{ filter_expr }` is a variant of `Ractor.receive` to select a message.
-* Pull type communication: `Ractor.yield(obj)` and `Ractor#take()` pair.
-  * Sender ractor declare to yield the `obj` by `Ractor.yield(obj)` and receiver Ractor take it with `r.take`.
-  * Sender doesn't know a destination Ractor and receiver knows the sender Ractor `r`.
-  * Sender or receiver will block if there is no other side.
-
-### Copy & Move semantics to send messages
-
-To send unshareable objects as messages, objects are copied or moved.
-
-* Copy: use deep-copy.
-* Move: move membership.
-  * Sender can not access the moved object after moving the object.
-  * Guarantee that at least only 1 Ractor can access the object.
-
-### Thread-safety
-
-Ractor helps to write a thread-safe concurrent program, but we can make thread-unsafe programs with Ractors.
-
-* GOOD: Sharing limitation
-  * Most objects are unshareable, so we can't make data-racy and race-conditional programs.
-  * Shareable objects are protected by an interpreter or locking mechanism.
-* BAD: Class/Module can violate this assumption
-  * To make it compatible with old behavior, classes and modules can introduce data-race and so on.
-  * Ruby programmers should take care if they modify class/module objects on multi Ractor programs.
-* BAD: Ractor can't solve all thread-safety problems
-  * There are several blocking operations (waiting send, waiting yield and waiting take) so you can make a program which has dead-lock and live-lock issues.
-  * Some kind of shareable objects can introduce transactions (STM, for example). However, misusing transactions will generate inconsistent state.
-
-Without Ractor, we need to trace all state-mutations to debug thread-safety issues.
-With Ractor, you can concentrate on suspicious code which are shared with Ractors.
-
-## Creation and termination
-
-### `Ractor.new`
-
-* `Ractor.new{ expr }` generates another Ractor.
-
-```ruby
-# Ractor.new with a block creates new Ractor
-r = Ractor.new do
-  # This block will be run in parallel with other ractors
-end
-
-# You can name a Ractor with `name:` argument.
-r = Ractor.new name: 'test-name' do
-end
-
-# and Ractor#name returns its name.
-r.name #=> 'test-name'
-```
-
-### Given block isolation
-
-The Ractor executes given `expr` in a given block.
-Given block will be isolated from outer scope by the `Proc#isolate` method (not exposed yet for Ruby users). To prevent sharing unshareable objects between ractors, block outer-variables, `self` and other information are isolated.
-
-`Proc#isolate` is called at Ractor creation time (when `Ractor.new` is called). If given Proc object is not able to isolate because of outer variables and so on, an error will be raised.
-
-```ruby
-begin
-  a = true
-  r = Ractor.new do
-    a #=> ArgumentError because this block accesses `a`.
-  end
-  r.take # see later
-rescue ArgumentError
-end
-```
-
-* The `self` of the given block is the `Ractor` object itself.
-
-```ruby
-r = Ractor.new do
-  p self.class #=> Ractor
-  self.object_id
-end
-r.take == self.object_id #=> false
-```
-
-Passed arguments to `Ractor.new()` becomes block parameters for the given block. However, an interpreter does not pass the parameter object references, but send them as messages (see below for details).
-
-```ruby
-r = Ractor.new 'ok' do |msg|
-  msg #=> 'ok'
-end
-r.take #=> 'ok'
-```
-
-```ruby
-# almost similar to the last example
-r = Ractor.new do
-  msg = Ractor.receive
-  msg
-end
-r.send 'ok'
-r.take #=> 'ok'
-```
-
-### An execution result of given block
-
-Return value of the given block becomes an outgoing message (see below for details).
-
-```ruby
-r = Ractor.new do
-  'ok'
-end
-r.take #=> `ok`
-```
-
-```ruby
-# almost similar to the last example
-r = Ractor.new do
-  Ractor.yield 'ok'
-end
-r.take #=> 'ok'
-```
-
-Error in the given block will be propagated to the receiver of an outgoing message.
-
-```ruby
-r = Ractor.new do
-  raise 'ok' # exception will be transferred to the receiver
-end
-
-begin
-  r.take
-rescue Ractor::RemoteError => e
-  e.cause.class   #=> RuntimeError
-  e.cause.message #=> 'ok'
-  e.ractor        #=> r
-end
-```
-
-## Communication between Ractors
-
-Communication between Ractors is achieved by sending and receiving messages. There are two ways to communicate with each other.
-
-* (1) Message sending/receiving
-  * (1-1) push type send/receive (sender knows receiver). Similar to the Actor model.
-  * (1-2) pull type yield/take (receiver knows sender).
-* (2) Using shareable container objects
-  * Ractor::TVar gem ([ko1/ractor-tvar](https://github.com/ko1/ractor-tvar))
-  * more?
-
-Users can control program execution timing with (1), but should not control with (2) (only manage as critical section).
-
-For message sending and receiving, there are two types of APIs: push type and pull type.
-
-* (1-1) send/receive (push type)
-  * `Ractor#send(obj)` (`Ractor#<<(obj)` is an alias) send a message to the Ractor's incoming port. Incoming port is connected to the infinite size incoming queue so `Ractor#send` will never block.
-  * `Ractor.receive` dequeue a message from its own incoming queue. If the incoming queue is empty, `Ractor.receive` calling will block.
-  * `Ractor.receive_if{|msg| filter_expr }` is variant of `Ractor.receive`. `receive_if` only receives a message which `filter_expr` is true (So `Ractor.receive` is the same as `Ractor.receive_if{ true }`.
-* (1-2) yield/take (pull type)
-  * `Ractor.yield(obj)` send an message to a Ractor which are calling `Ractor#take` via outgoing port . If no Ractors are waiting for it, the `Ractor.yield(obj)` will block. If multiple Ractors are waiting for `Ractor.yield(obj)`, only one Ractor can receive the message.
-  * `Ractor#take` receives a message which is waiting by `Ractor.yield(obj)` method from the specified Ractor. If the Ractor does not call `Ractor.yield` yet, the `Ractor#take` call will block.
-* `Ractor.select()` can wait for the success of `take`, `yield` and `receive`.
-* You can close the incoming port or outgoing port.
-  * You can close then with `Ractor#close_incoming` and `Ractor#close_outgoing`.
-  * If the incoming port is closed for a Ractor, you can't `send` to the Ractor. If `Ractor.receive` is blocked for the closed incoming port, then it will raise an exception.
-  * If the outgoing port is closed for a Ractor, you can't call `Ractor#take` and `Ractor.yield` on the Ractor. If ractors are blocking by `Ractor#take` or `Ractor.yield`, closing outgoing port will raise an exception on these blocking ractors.
-  * When a Ractor is terminated, the Ractor's ports are closed.
-* There are 3 ways to send an object as a message
-  * (1) Send a reference: Sending a shareable object, send only a reference to the object (fast)
-  * (2) Copy an object: Sending an unshareable object by copying an object deeply (slow). Note that you can not send an object which does not support deep copy. Some `T_DATA` objects (objects whose class is defined in a C extension, such as `StringIO`) are not supported.
-  * (3) Move an object: Sending an unshareable object reference with a membership. Sender Ractor can not access moved objects anymore (raise an exception) after moving it. Current implementation makes new object as a moved object for receiver Ractor and copies references of sending object to moved object. `T_DATA` objects are not supported.
-  * You can choose "Copy" and "Move" by the `move:` keyword, `Ractor#send(obj, move: true/false)` and `Ractor.yield(obj, move: true/false)` (default is `false` (COPY)).
-
-### Sending/Receiving ports
-
-Each Ractor has _incoming-port_ and _outgoing-port_. Incoming-port is connected to the infinite sized incoming queue.
-
-```
-                  Ractor r
-                 +-------------------------------------------+
-                 | incoming                         outgoing |
-                 | port                                 port |
-   r.send(obj) ->*->[incoming queue]     Ractor.yield(obj) ->*-> r.take
-                 |                |                          |
-                 |                v                          |
-                 |           Ractor.receive                  |
-                 +-------------------------------------------+
-
-
-Connection example: r2.send obj on r1、Ractor.receive on r2
-  +----+     +----+
-  * r1 |---->* r2 *
-  +----+     +----+
-
-
-Connection example: Ractor.yield(obj) on r1, r1.take on r2
-  +----+     +----+
-  * r1 *---->- r2 *
-  +----+     +----+
-
-Connection example: Ractor.yield(obj) on r1 and r2,
-                    and waiting for both simultaneously by Ractor.select(r1, r2)
-
-  +----+
-  * r1 *------+
-  +----+      |
-              +----> Ractor.select(r1, r2)
-  +----+      |
-  * r2 *------|
-  +----+
-```
-
-```ruby
-r = Ractor.new do
-  msg = Ractor.receive # Receive from r's incoming queue
-  msg # send back msg as block return value
-end
-r.send 'ok' # Send 'ok' to r's incoming port -> incoming queue
-r.take      # Receive from r's outgoing port
-```
-
-The last example shows the following ractor network.
-
-```
-  +------+        +---+
-  * main |------> * r *---+
-  +------+        +---+   |
-      ^                   |
-      +-------------------+
-```
-
-And this code can be simplified by using an argument for `Ractor.new`.
-
-```ruby
-# Actual argument 'ok' for `Ractor.new()` will be sent to created Ractor.
-r = Ractor.new 'ok' do |msg|
-  # Values for formal parameters will be received from incoming queue.
-  # Similar to: msg = Ractor.receive
-
-  msg # Return value of the given block will be sent via outgoing port
-end
-
-# receive from the r's outgoing port.
-r.take #=> `ok`
-```
-
-### Return value of a block for `Ractor.new`
-
-As already explained, the return value of `Ractor.new` (an evaluated value of `expr` in `Ractor.new{ expr }`) can be taken by `Ractor#take`.
-
-```ruby
-Ractor.new{ 42 }.take #=> 42
-```
-
-When the block return value is available, the Ractor is dead so that no ractors except taken Ractor can touch the return value, so any values can be sent with this communication path without any modification.
-
-```ruby
-r = Ractor.new do
-  a = "hello"
-  binding
-end
-
-r.take.eval("p a") #=> "hello" (other communication path can not send a Binding object directly)
-```
-
-### Wait for multiple Ractors with `Ractor.select`
-
-You can wait multiple Ractor's `yield` with `Ractor.select(*ractors)`.
-The return value of `Ractor.select()` is `[r, msg]` where `r` is yielding Ractor and `msg` is yielded message.
-
-Wait for a single ractor (same as `Ractor.take`):
-
-```ruby
-r1 = Ractor.new{'r1'}
-
-r, obj = Ractor.select(r1)
-r == r1 and obj == 'r1' #=> true
-```
-
-Wait for two ractors:
-
-```ruby
-r1 = Ractor.new{'r1'}
-r2 = Ractor.new{'r2'}
-rs = [r1, r2]
-as = []
-
-# Wait for r1 or r2's Ractor.yield
-r, obj = Ractor.select(*rs)
-rs.delete(r)
-as << obj
-
-# Second try (rs only contain not-closed ractors)
-r, obj = Ractor.select(*rs)
-rs.delete(r)
-as << obj
-as.sort == ['r1', 'r2'] #=> true
-```
-
-\Complex example:
-
-```ruby
-pipe = Ractor.new do
-  loop do
-    Ractor.yield Ractor.receive
-  end
-end
-
-RN = 10
-rs = RN.times.map{|i|
-  Ractor.new pipe, i do |pipe, i|
-    msg = pipe.take
-    msg # ping-pong
-  end
-}
-RN.times{|i|
-  pipe << i
-}
-RN.times.map{
-  r, n = Ractor.select(*rs)
-  rs.delete r
-  n
-}.sort #=> [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]
-```
-
-Multiple Ractors can send to one Ractor.
-
-```ruby
-# Create 10 ractors and they send objects to pipe ractor.
-# pipe ractor yield received objects
-
-pipe = Ractor.new do
-  loop do
-    Ractor.yield Ractor.receive
-  end
-end
-
-RN = 10
-rs = RN.times.map{|i|
-  Ractor.new pipe, i do |pipe, i|
-    pipe << i
-  end
-}
-
-RN.times.map{
-  pipe.take
-}.sort #=> [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]
-```
-
-TODO: Current `Ractor.select()` has the same issue of `select(2)`, so this interface should be refined.
-
-TODO: `select` syntax of go-language uses round-robin technique to make fair scheduling. Now `Ractor.select()` doesn't use it.
-
-### Closing Ractor's ports
-
-* `Ractor#close_incoming/outgoing` close incoming/outgoing ports (similar to `Queue#close`).
-* `Ractor#close_incoming`
-  * `r.send(obj)` where `r`'s incoming port is closed, will raise an exception.
-  * When the incoming queue is empty and incoming port is closed, `Ractor.receive` raises an exception. If the incoming queue is not empty, it dequeues an object without exceptions.
-* `Ractor#close_outgoing`
-  * `Ractor.yield` on a Ractor which closed the outgoing port, it will raise an exception.
-  * `Ractor#take` for a Ractor which closed the outgoing port, it will raise an exception. If `Ractor#take` is blocking, it will raise an exception.
-* When a Ractor terminates, the ports are closed automatically.
-  * Return value of the Ractor's block will be yielded as `Ractor.yield(ret_val)`, even if the implementation terminates the based native thread.
-
-Example (try to take from closed Ractor):
-
-```ruby
-r = Ractor.new do
-  'finish'
-end
-r.take # success (will return 'finish')
-begin
-  o = r.take # try to take from closed Ractor
-rescue Ractor::ClosedError
-  'ok'
-else
-  "ng: #{o}"
-end
-```
-
-Example (try to send to closed (terminated) Ractor):
-
-```ruby
-r = Ractor.new do
-end
-
-r.take # wait terminate
-
-begin
-  r.send(1)
-rescue Ractor::ClosedError
-  'ok'
-else
-  'ng'
-end
-```
-
-When multiple Ractors are waiting for `Ractor.yield()`, `Ractor#close_outgoing` will cancel all blocking by raising an exception (`ClosedError`).
-
-### Send a message by copying
-
-`Ractor#send(obj)` or `Ractor.yield(obj)` copy `obj` deeply if `obj` is an unshareable object.
-
-```ruby
-obj = 'str'.dup
-r = Ractor.new obj do |msg|
-  # return received msg's object_id
-  msg.object_id
-end
-
-obj.object_id == r.take #=> false
-```
-
-Some objects are not supported to copy the value, and raise an exception.
-
-```ruby
-obj = Thread.new{}
-begin
-  Ractor.new obj do |msg|
-    msg
-  end
-rescue TypeError => e
-  e.message #=> #<TypeError: allocator undefined for Thread>
-else
-  'ng' # unreachable here
-end
-```
-
-### Send a message by moving
-
-`Ractor#send(obj, move: true)` or `Ractor.yield(obj, move: true)` move `obj` to the destination Ractor.
-If the source Ractor touches the moved object (for example, call the method like `obj.foo()`), it will be an error.
-
-```ruby
-# move with Ractor#send
-r = Ractor.new do
-  obj = Ractor.receive
-  obj << ' world'
-end
-
-str = 'hello'
-r.send str, move: true
-modified = r.take #=> 'hello world'
-
-# str is moved, and accessing str from this Ractor is prohibited
-
-begin
-  # Error because it touches moved str.
-  str << ' exception' # raise Ractor::MovedError
-rescue Ractor::MovedError
-  modified #=> 'hello world'
-else
-  raise 'unreachable'
-end
-```
-
-```ruby
-# move with Ractor.yield
-r = Ractor.new do
-  obj = 'hello'
-  Ractor.yield obj, move: true
-  obj << 'world'  # raise Ractor::MovedError
-end
-
-str = r.take
-begin
-  r.take
-rescue Ractor::RemoteError
-  p str #=> "hello"
-end
-```
-
-Some objects are not supported to move, and an exception will be raised.
-
-```ruby
-r = Ractor.new do
-  Ractor.receive
-end
-
-r.send(Thread.new{}, move: true) #=> allocator undefined for Thread (TypeError)
-```
-
-To achieve the access prohibition for moved objects, _class replacement_ technique is used to implement it.
-
-### Shareable objects
-
-The following objects are shareable.
-
-* Immutable objects
-  * Small integers, some symbols, `true`, `false`, `nil` (a.k.a. `SPECIAL_CONST_P()` objects in internal)
-  * Frozen native objects
-    * Numeric objects: `Float`, `Complex`, `Rational`, big integers (`T_BIGNUM` in internal)
-    * All Symbols.
-  * Frozen `String` and `Regexp` objects (their instance variables should refer only shareable objects)
-* Class, Module objects (`T_CLASS`, `T_MODULE` and `T_ICLASS` in internal)
-* `Ractor` and other special objects which care about synchronization.
-
-Implementation: Now shareable objects (`RVALUE`) have `FL_SHAREABLE` flag. This flag can be added lazily.
-
-To make shareable objects, `Ractor.make_shareable(obj)` method is provided. In this case, try to make sharaeble by freezing `obj` and recursively traversable objects. This method accepts `copy:` keyword (default value is false).`Ractor.make_shareable(obj, copy: true)` tries to make a deep copy of `obj` and make the copied object shareable.
-
-## Language changes to isolate unshareable objects between Ractors
-
-To isolate unshareable objects between Ractors, we introduced additional language semantics on multi-Ractor Ruby programs.
-
-Note that without using Ractors, these additional semantics is not needed (100% compatible with Ruby 2).
-
-### Global variables
-
-Only the main Ractor (a Ractor created at starting of interpreter) can access global variables.
-
-```ruby
-$gv = 1
-r = Ractor.new do
-  $gv
-end
-
-begin
-  r.take
-rescue Ractor::RemoteError => e
-  e.cause.message #=> 'can not access global variables from non-main Ractors'
-end
-```
-
-Note that some special global variables are ractor-local, like `$stdin`, `$stdout`, `$stderr`. See [[Bug #17268]](https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/17268) for more details.
-
-### Instance variables of shareable objects
-
-Instance variables of classes/modules can be get from non-main Ractors if the referring values are shareable objects.
-
-```ruby
-class C
-  @iv = 1
-end
-
-p Ractor.new do
-  class C
-     @iv
-  end
-end.take #=> 1
-```
-
-Otherwise, only the main Ractor can access instance variables of shareable objects.
-
-```ruby
-class C
-  @iv = [] # unshareable object
-end
-
-Ractor.new do
-  class C
-    begin
-      p @iv
-    rescue Ractor::IsolationError
-      p $!.message
-      #=> "can not get unshareable values from instance variables of classes/modules from non-main Ractors"
-    end
-
-    begin
-      @iv = 42
-    rescue Ractor::IsolationError
-      p $!.message
-      #=> "can not set instance variables of classes/modules by non-main Ractors"
-    end
-  end
-end.take
-```
-
-
-
-```ruby
-shared = Ractor.new{}
-shared.instance_variable_set(:@iv, 'str')
-
-r = Ractor.new shared do |shared|
-  p shared.instance_variable_get(:@iv)
-end
-
-begin
-  r.take
-rescue Ractor::RemoteError => e
-  e.cause.message #=> can not access instance variables of shareable objects from non-main Ractors (Ractor::IsolationError)
-end
-```
-
-Note that instance variables for class/module objects are also prohibited on Ractors.
-
-### Class variables
-
-Only the main Ractor can access class variables.
-
-```ruby
-class C
-  @@cv = 'str'
-end
-
-r = Ractor.new do
-  class C
-    p @@cv
-  end
-end
-
-
-begin
-  r.take
-rescue => e
-  e.class #=> Ractor::IsolationError
-end
-```
-
-### Constants
-
-Only the main Ractor can read constants which refer to the unshareable object.
-
-```ruby
-class C
-  CONST = 'str'
-end
-r = Ractor.new do
-  C::CONST
-end
-begin
-  r.take
-rescue => e
-  e.class #=> Ractor::IsolationError
-end
-```
-
-Only the main Ractor can define constants which refer to the unshareable object.
-
-```ruby
-class C
-end
-r = Ractor.new do
-  C::CONST = 'str'
-end
-begin
-  r.take
-rescue => e
-  e.class #=> Ractor::IsolationError
-end
-```
-
-To make multi-ractor supported library, the constants should only refer shareable objects.
-
-```ruby
-TABLE = {a: 'ko1', b: 'ko2', c: 'ko3'}
-```
-
-In this case, `TABLE` references an unshareable Hash object. So that other ractors can not refer `TABLE` constant. To make it shareable, we can use `Ractor.make_shareable()` like that.
-
-```ruby
-TABLE = Ractor.make_shareable( {a: 'ko1', b: 'ko2', c: 'ko3'} )
-```
-
-To make it easy, Ruby 3.0 introduced new `shareable_constant_value` Directive.
-
-```ruby
-# shareable_constant_value: literal
-
-TABLE = {a: 'ko1', b: 'ko2', c: 'ko3'}
-#=> Same as: TABLE = Ractor.make_shareable( {a: 'ko1', b: 'ko2', c: 'ko3'} )
-```
-
-`shareable_constant_value` directive accepts the following modes (descriptions use the example: `CONST = expr`):
-
-* none: Do nothing. Same as: `CONST = expr`
-* literal:
-  * if `expr` consists of literals, replaced to `CONST = Ractor.make_shareable(expr)`.
-  * otherwise: replaced to `CONST = expr.tap{|o| raise unless Ractor.shareable?(o)}`.
-* experimental_everything: replaced to `CONST = Ractor.make_shareable(expr)`.
-* experimental_copy: replaced to `CONST = Ractor.make_shareable(expr, copy: true)`.
-
-Except the `none` mode (default), it is guaranteed that the assigned constants refer to only shareable objects.
-
-See [doc/syntax/comments.rdoc](syntax/comments.rdoc) for more details.
-
-## Implementation note
-
-* Each Ractor has its own thread, it means each Ractor has at least 1 native thread.
-* Each Ractor has its own ID (`rb_ractor_t::pub::id`).
-  * On debug mode, all unshareable objects are labeled with current Ractor's id, and it is checked to detect unshareable object leak (access an object from different Ractor) in VM.
-
-## Examples
-
-### Traditional Ring example in Actor-model
-
-```ruby
-RN = 1_000
-CR = Ractor.current
-
-r = Ractor.new do
-  p Ractor.receive
-  CR << :fin
-end
-
-RN.times{
-  r = Ractor.new r do |next_r|
-    next_r << Ractor.receive
-  end
-}
-
-p :setup_ok
-r << 1
-p Ractor.receive
-```
-
-### Fork-join
-
-```ruby
-def fib n
-  if n < 2
-    1
-  else
-    fib(n-2) + fib(n-1)
-  end
-end
-
-RN = 10
-rs = (1..RN).map do |i|
-  Ractor.new i do |i|
-    [i, fib(i)]
-  end
-end
-
-until rs.empty?
-  r, v = Ractor.select(*rs)
-  rs.delete r
-  p answer: v
-end
-```
-
-### Worker pool
-
-```ruby
-require 'prime'
-
-pipe = Ractor.new do
-  loop do
-    Ractor.yield Ractor.receive
-  end
-end
-
-N = 1000
-RN = 10
-workers = (1..RN).map do
-  Ractor.new pipe do |pipe|
-    while n = pipe.take
-      Ractor.yield [n, n.prime?]
-    end
-  end
-end
-
-(1..N).each{|i|
-  pipe << i
-}
-
-pp (1..N).map{
-  _r, (n, b) = Ractor.select(*workers)
-  [n, b]
-}.sort_by{|(n, b)| n}
-```
-
-### Pipeline
-
-```ruby
-# pipeline with yield/take
-r1 = Ractor.new do
-  'r1'
-end
-
-r2 = Ractor.new r1 do |r1|
-  r1.take + 'r2'
-end
-
-r3 = Ractor.new r2 do |r2|
-  r2.take + 'r3'
-end
-
-p r3.take #=> 'r1r2r3'
-```
-
-```ruby
-# pipeline with send/receive
-
-r3 = Ractor.new Ractor.current do |cr|
-  cr.send Ractor.receive + 'r3'
-end
-
-r2 = Ractor.new r3 do |r3|
-  r3.send Ractor.receive + 'r2'
-end
-
-r1 = Ractor.new r2 do |r2|
-  r2.send Ractor.receive + 'r1'
-end
-
-r1 << 'r0'
-p Ractor.receive #=> "r0r1r2r3"
-```
-
-### Supervise
-
-```ruby
-# ring example again
-
-r = Ractor.current
-(1..10).map{|i|
-  r = Ractor.new r, i do |r, i|
-    r.send Ractor.receive + "r#{i}"
-  end
-}
-
-r.send "r0"
-p Ractor.receive #=> "r0r10r9r8r7r6r5r4r3r2r1"
-```
-
-```ruby
-# ring example with an error
-
-r = Ractor.current
-rs = (1..10).map{|i|
-  r = Ractor.new r, i do |r, i|
-    loop do
-      msg = Ractor.receive
-      raise if /e/ =~ msg
-      r.send msg + "r#{i}"
-    end
-  end
-}
-
-r.send "r0"
-p Ractor.receive #=> "r0r10r9r8r7r6r5r4r3r2r1"
-r.send "r0"
-p Ractor.select(*rs, Ractor.current) #=> [:receive, "r0r10r9r8r7r6r5r4r3r2r1"]
-r.send "e0"
-p Ractor.select(*rs, Ractor.current)
-#=>
-# <Thread:0x000056262de28bd8 run> terminated with exception (report_on_exception is true):
-# Traceback (most recent call last):
-#         2: from /home/ko1/src/ruby/trunk/test.rb:7:in `block (2 levels) in <main>'
-#         1: from /home/ko1/src/ruby/trunk/test.rb:7:in `loop'
-# /home/ko1/src/ruby/trunk/test.rb:9:in `block (3 levels) in <main>': unhandled exception
-# Traceback (most recent call last):
-#         2: from /home/ko1/src/ruby/trunk/test.rb:7:in `block (2 levels) in <main>'
-#         1: from /home/ko1/src/ruby/trunk/test.rb:7:in `loop'
-# /home/ko1/src/ruby/trunk/test.rb:9:in `block (3 levels) in <main>': unhandled exception
-#         1: from /home/ko1/src/ruby/trunk/test.rb:21:in `<main>'
-# <internal:ractor>:69:in `select': thrown by remote Ractor. (Ractor::RemoteError)
-```
-
-```ruby
-# resend non-error message
-
-r = Ractor.current
-rs = (1..10).map{|i|
-  r = Ractor.new r, i do |r, i|
-    loop do
-      msg = Ractor.receive
-      raise if /e/ =~ msg
-      r.send msg + "r#{i}"
-    end
-  end
-}
-
-r.send "r0"
-p Ractor.receive #=> "r0r10r9r8r7r6r5r4r3r2r1"
-r.send "r0"
-p Ractor.select(*rs, Ractor.current)
-[:receive, "r0r10r9r8r7r6r5r4r3r2r1"]
-msg = 'e0'
-begin
-  r.send msg
-  p Ractor.select(*rs, Ractor.current)
-rescue Ractor::RemoteError
-  msg = 'r0'
-  retry
-end
-
-#=> <internal:ractor>:100:in `send': The incoming-port is already closed (Ractor::ClosedError)
-# because r == r[-1] is terminated.
-```
-
-```ruby
-# ring example with supervisor and re-start
-
-def make_ractor r, i
-  Ractor.new r, i do |r, i|
-    loop do
-      msg = Ractor.receive
-      raise if /e/ =~ msg
-      r.send msg + "r#{i}"
-    end
-  end
-end
-
-r = Ractor.current
-rs = (1..10).map{|i|
-  r = make_ractor(r, i)
-}
-
-msg = 'e0' # error causing message
-begin
-  r.send msg
-  p Ractor.select(*rs, Ractor.current)
-rescue Ractor::RemoteError
-  r = rs[-1] = make_ractor(rs[-2], rs.size-1)
-  msg = 'x0'
-  retry
-end
-
-#=> [:receive, "x0r9r9r8r7r6r5r4r3r2r1"]
-```
diff --git a/doc/rdoc/markup_reference.rb b/doc/rdoc/markup_reference.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index ee585b2497..0000000000
--- a/doc/rdoc/markup_reference.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,1281 +0,0 @@
-require 'rdoc'
-
-# \Class \RDoc::MarkupReference exists only to provide a suitable home
-# for a reference document for \RDoc markup.
-#
-# All objects defined in this class -- classes, modules, methods, aliases,
-# attributes, and constants -- are solely for illustrating \RDoc markup,
-# and have no other legitimate use.
-#
-# == About the Examples
-#
-# - Examples in this reference are Ruby code and comments;
-#   certain differences from other sources
-#   (such as C code and comments) are noted.
-# - Almost all examples on this page are all RDoc-like;
-#   that is, they have no explicit comment markers like Ruby <tt>#</tt>
-#   or C <tt>/* ... */</tt>.
-# - An example that shows rendered HTML output
-#   displays that output in a blockquote:
-#
-#   >>>
-#     Some stuff
-#
-# == \RDoc Sources
-#
-# The sources of \RDoc documentation vary according to the type of file:
-#
-# - <tt>.rb</tt> (Ruby code file):
-#
-#   - Markup may be found in Ruby comments:
-#     A comment that immediately precedes the definition
-#     of a Ruby class, module, method, alias, constant, or attribute
-#     becomes the documentation for that defined object.
-#   - An \RDoc directive may be found in:
-#
-#     - A trailing comment (on the same line as code);
-#       see <tt>:nodoc:</tt>, <tt>:doc:</tt>, and <tt>:notnew:</tt>.
-#     - A single-line comment;
-#       see other {Directives}[rdoc-ref:RDoc::MarkupReference@Directives].
-#
-#   - Documentation may be derived from the Ruby code itself;
-#     see {Documentation Derived from Ruby Code}[rdoc-ref:RDoc::MarkupReference@Documentation+Derived+from+Ruby+Code].
-#
-# - <tt>.c</tt> (C code file): markup is parsed from C comments.
-#   A comment that immediately precedes
-#   a function that implements a Ruby method,
-#   or otherwise immediately precedes the definition of a Ruby object,
-#   becomes the documentation for that object.
-# - <tt>.rdoc</tt> (\RDoc markup text file) or <tt>.md</tt> (\RDoc markdown text file):
-#   markup is parsed from the entire file.
-#   The text is not associated with any code object,
-#   but may (depending on how the documentation is built)
-#   become a separate page.
-#
-# An <i>RDoc document</i>:
-#
-# - A (possibly multi-line) comment in a Ruby or C file
-#   that generates \RDoc documentation (as above).
-# - The entire markup (<tt>.rdoc</tt>) file or markdown (<tt>.md</tt>) file
-#   (which is usually multi-line).
-#
-# === Blocks
-#
-# It's convenient to think of an \RDoc document as a sequence of _blocks_
-# of various types (details at the links):
-#
-# - {Paragraph}[rdoc-ref:RDoc::MarkupReference@Paragraphs]:
-#   an ordinary paragraph.
-# - {Verbatim text block}[rdoc-ref:RDoc::MarkupReference@Verbatim+Text+Blocks]:
-#   a block of text to be rendered literally.
-# - {Code block}[rdoc-ref:RDoc::MarkupReference@Code+Blocks]:
-#   a verbatim text block containing Ruby code,
-#   to be rendered with code highlighting.
-# - {Block quote}[rdoc-ref:RDoc::MarkupReference@Block+Quotes]:
-#   a longish quoted passage, to be rendered with indentation
-#   instead of quote marks.
-# - {List}[rdoc-ref:RDoc::MarkupReference@Lists]: items for
-#   a bullet list, numbered list, lettered list, or labeled list.
-# - {Heading}[rdoc-ref:RDoc::MarkupReference@Headings]:
-#   a heading.
-# - {Horizontal rule}[rdoc-ref:RDoc::MarkupReference@Horizontal+Rules]:
-#   a line across the rendered page.
-# - {Directive}[rdoc-ref:RDoc::MarkupReference@Directives]:
-#   various special directions for the rendering.
-# - {Text Markup}[rdoc-ref:RDoc:MarkupReference@Text+Markup]:
-#   text to be rendered in a special way.
-#
-# About the blocks:
-#
-# - Except for a paragraph, a block is distinguished by its indentation,
-#   or by unusual initial or embedded characters.
-# - Any block may appear independently
-#   (that is, not nested in another block);
-#   some blocks may be nested, as detailed below.
-# - In a multi-line block,
-#   \RDoc looks for the block's natural left margin,
-#   which becomes the <em>base margin</em> for the block
-#   and is the initial <em>current margin</em> for the block.
-#
-# ==== Paragraphs
-#
-# A paragraph consists of one or more non-empty lines of ordinary text,
-# each beginning at the current margin.
-#
-# Note: Here, <em>ordinary text</em> means text that is <em>not identified</em>
-# by indentation, or by unusual initial or embedded characters.
-# See below.
-#
-# Paragraphs are separated by one or more empty lines.
-#
-# Example input:
-#
-#   \RDoc produces HTML and command-line documentation for Ruby projects.
-#   \RDoc includes the rdoc and ri tools for generating and displaying
-#   documentation from the command-line.
-#
-#   You'll love it.
-#
-# Rendered HTML:
-# >>>
-#   \RDoc produces HTML and command-line documentation for Ruby projects.
-#   \RDoc includes the rdoc and ri tools for generating and displaying
-#   documentation from the command-line.
-#
-#   You'll love it.
-#
-# A paragraph may contain nested blocks, including:
-#
-# - {Verbatim text blocks}[rdoc-ref:RDoc::MarkupReference@Verbatim+Text+Blocks].
-# - {Code blocks}[rdoc-ref:RDoc::MarkupReference@Code+Blocks].
-# - {Block quotes}[rdoc-ref:RDoc::MarkupReference@Block+Quotes].
-# - {Lists}[rdoc-ref:RDoc::MarkupReference@Lists].
-# - {Headings}[rdoc-ref:RDoc::MarkupReference@Headings].
-# - {Horizontal rules}[rdoc-ref:RDoc::MarkupReference@Horizontal+Rules].
-# - {Text Markup}[rdoc-ref:RDoc:MarkupReference@Text+Markup].
-#
-# ==== Verbatim Text Blocks
-#
-# Text indented farther than the current margin becomes a <em>verbatim text block</em>
-# (or a code block, described next).
-# In the rendered HTML, such text:
-#
-# - Is indented.
-# - Has a contrasting background color.
-#
-# The verbatim text block ends at the first line beginning at the current margin.
-#
-# Example input:
-#
-#   This is not verbatim text.
-#
-#     This is verbatim text.
-#       Whitespace is honored.     # See?
-#         Whitespace is honored.     # See?
-#
-#     This is still the same verbatim text block.
-#
-#   This is not verbatim text.
-#
-# Rendered HTML:
-# >>>
-#   This is not verbatim text.
-#
-#     This is verbatim text.
-#       Whitespace is honored.     # See?
-#         Whitespace is honored.     # See?
-#
-#     This is still the same verbatim text block.
-#
-#   This is not verbatim text.
-#
-# A verbatim text block may not contain nested blocks of any kind
-# -- it's verbatim.
-#
-# ==== Code Blocks
-#
-# A special case of verbatim text is the <em>code block</em>,
-# which is merely verbatim text that \RDoc recognizes as Ruby code:
-#
-# In the rendered HTML, the code block:
-#
-# - Is indented.
-# - Has a contrasting background color.
-# - Has syntax highlighting.
-#
-# Example input:
-#
-#   Consider this method:
-#
-#     def foo(name = '', value = 0)
-#       @name = name      # Whitespace is still honored.
-#       @value = value
-#     end
-#
-#
-# Rendered HTML:
-# >>>
-#   Consider this method:
-#
-#     def foo(name = '', value = 0)
-#       @name = name      # Whitespace is still honored.
-#       @value = value
-#     end
-#
-# Pro tip:  If your indented Ruby code does not get highlighted,
-# it may contain a syntax error.
-#
-# A code block may not contain nested blocks of any kind
-# -- it's verbatim.
-#
-# ==== Block Quotes
-#
-# You can use the characters <tt>>>></tt> (unindented),
-# followed by indented text, to treat the text
-# as a {block quote}[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Block_quotation]:
-#
-# Example input:
-#
-#   Here's a block quote:
-#   >>>
-#     Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Integer
-#     commodo quam iaculis massa posuere, dictum fringilla justo pulvinar.
-#     Quisque turpis erat, pharetra eu dui at, sollicitudin accumsan nulla.
-#
-#     Aenean congue ligula eu ligula molestie, eu pellentesque purus
-#     faucibus. In id leo non ligula condimentum lobortis. Duis vestibulum,
-#     diam in pellentesque aliquet, mi tellus placerat sapien, id euismod
-#     purus magna ut tortor.
-#
-# Rendered HTML:
-#
-# >>>
-#   Here's a block quote:
-#   >>>
-#     Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Integer
-#     commodo quam iaculis massa posuere, dictum fringilla justo pulvinar.
-#     Quisque turpis erat, pharetra eu dui at, sollicitudin accumsan nulla.
-#
-#     Aenean congue ligula eu ligula molestie, eu pellentesque purus
-#     faucibus. In id leo non ligula condimentum lobortis. Duis vestibulum,
-#     diam in pellentesque aliquet, mi tellus placerat sapien, id euismod
-#     purus magna ut tortor.
-#
-# Note that, unlike verbatim text, single newlines are not honored,
-# but that a double newline begins a new paragraph in the block quote.
-#
-# A block quote may contain nested blocks, including:
-#
-# - Other block quotes.
-# - {Paragraphs}[rdoc-ref:RDoc::MarkupReference@Paragraphs].
-# - {Verbatim text blocks}[rdoc-ref:RDoc::MarkupReference@Verbatim+Text+Blocks].
-# - {Code blocks}[rdoc-ref:RDoc::MarkupReference@Code+Blocks].
-# - {Lists}[rdoc-ref:RDoc::MarkupReference@Lists].
-# - {Headings}[rdoc-ref:RDoc::MarkupReference@Headings].
-# - {Horizontal rules}[rdoc-ref:RDoc::MarkupReference@Horizontal+Rules].
-# - {Text Markup}[rdoc-ref:RDoc:MarkupReference@Text+Markup].
-#
-# ==== Lists
-#
-# Each type of list item is marked by a special beginning:
-#
-# - Bullet list item: Begins with a hyphen or asterisk.
-# - Numbered list item: Begins with digits and a period.
-# - Lettered list item: Begins with an alphabetic character and a period.
-# - Labeled list item: Begins with one of:
-#   - Square-bracketed text.
-#   - A word followed by two colons.
-#
-# A list begins with a list item and continues, even across blank lines,
-# as long as list items of the same type are found at the same indentation level.
-#
-# A new list resets the current margin inward.
-# Additional lines of text aligned at that margin
-# are part of the continuing list item.
-#
-# A list item may be continued on additional lines that are aligned
-# with the first line.  See examples below.
-#
-# A list item may contain nested blocks, including:
-#
-# - Other lists of any type.
-# - {Paragraphs}[rdoc-ref:RDoc::MarkupReference@Paragraphs].
-# - {Verbatim text blocks}[rdoc-ref:RDoc::MarkupReference@Verbatim+Text+Blocks].
-# - {Code blocks}[rdoc-ref:RDoc::MarkupReference@Code+Blocks].
-# - {Block quotes}[rdoc-ref:RDoc::MarkupReference@Block+Quotes].
-# - {Headings}[rdoc-ref:RDoc::MarkupReference@Headings].
-# - {Horizontal rules}[rdoc-ref:RDoc::MarkupReference@Horizontal+Rules].
-# - {Text Markup}[rdoc-ref:RDoc:MarkupReference@Text+Markup].
-#
-# ===== Bullet Lists
-#
-# A bullet list item begins with a hyphen or asterisk.
-#
-# Example input:
-#
-#   - An item.
-#   - Another.
-#   - An item spanning
-#     multiple lines.
-#
-#   * Yet another.
-#   - Last one.
-#
-# Rendered HTML:
-# >>>
-#   - An item.
-#   - Another.
-#   - An item spanning
-#     multiple lines.
-#
-#   * Yet another.
-#   - Last one.
-#
-# ===== Numbered Lists
-#
-# A numbered list item begins with digits and a period.
-#
-# The items are automatically re-numbered.
-#
-# Example input:
-#
-#   100. An item.
-#   10. Another.
-#   1. An item spanning
-#      multiple lines.
-#
-#   1. Yet another.
-#   1000. Last one.
-#
-# Rendered HTML:
-# >>>
-#   100. An item.
-#   10. Another.
-#   1. An item spanning
-#      multiple lines.
-#
-#   1. Yet another.
-#   1000. Last one.
-#
-# ===== Lettered Lists
-#
-# A lettered list item begins with letters and a period.
-#
-# The items are automatically "re-lettered."
-#
-# Example input:
-#
-#   z. An item.
-#   y. Another.
-#   x. An item spanning
-#      multiple lines.
-#
-#   x. Yet another.
-#   a. Last one.
-#
-# Rendered HTML:
-# >>>
-#   z. An item.
-#   y. Another.
-#
-#   x. Yet another.
-#   a. Last one.
-#
-# ===== Labeled Lists
-#
-# A labeled list item begins with one of:
-#
-# - Square-bracketed text: the label and text are on two lines.
-# - A word followed by two colons: the label and text are on the same line.
-#
-# Example input:
-#
-#   [foo] An item.
-#   bat:: Another.
-#   [bag] An item spanning
-#         multiple lines.
-#
-#   [bar baz] Yet another.
-#   bam:: Last one.
-#
-# Rendered HTML:
-# >>>
-#   [foo] An item.
-#   bat:: Another.
-#   [bag] An item spanning
-#         multiple lines.
-#
-#   [bar baz] Yet another.
-#   bam:: Last one.
-#
-# ==== Headings
-#
-# A heading begins with up to six equal-signs, followed by heading text.
-# Whitespace between those and the heading text is optional.
-#
-# Examples:
-#
-#   = Section 1
-#   == Section 1.1
-#   === Section 1.1.1
-#   === Section 1.1.2
-#   == Section 1.2
-#   = Section 2
-#   = Foo
-#   == Bar
-#   === Baz
-#   ==== Bam
-#   ===== Bat
-#   ====== Bad
-#   ============Still a Heading (Level 6)
-#   \== Not a Heading
-#
-# A heading may contain only one type of nested block:
-#
-# - {Text Markup}[rdoc-ref:RDoc:MarkupReference@Text+Markup].
-#
-# ==== Horizontal Rules
-#
-# A horizontal rule consists of a line with three or more hyphens
-# and nothing more.
-#
-# Example input:
-#
-#   ---
-#   --- Not a horizontal rule.
-#
-#   -- Also not a horizontal rule.
-#   ---
-#
-# Rendered HTML:
-# >>>
-#   ---
-#   --- Not a horizontal rule.
-#
-#   -- Also not a horizontal rule.
-#   ---
-#
-# ==== Directives
-#
-# ===== Directives for Allowing or Suppressing Documentation
-#
-# - <tt># :stopdoc:</tt>:
-#
-#   - Appears on a line by itself.
-#   - Specifies that \RDoc should ignore markup
-#     until next <tt>:startdoc:</tt> directive or end-of-file.
-#
-# - <tt># :startdoc:</tt>:
-#
-#   - Appears on a line by itself.
-#   - Specifies that \RDoc should resume parsing markup.
-#
-# - <tt># :enddoc:</tt>:
-#
-#   - Appears on a line by itself.
-#   - Specifies that \RDoc should ignore markup to end-of-file
-#     regardless of other directives.
-#
-# - <tt># :nodoc:</tt>:
-#
-#   - Appended to a line of code
-#     that defines a class, module, method, alias, constant, or attribute.
-#
-#   - Specifies that the defined object should not be documented.
-#
-#   - For a method definition in C code, it the directive must be in the comment line
-#     immediately preceding the definition:
-#
-#         /* :nodoc: */
-#         static VALUE
-#         some_method(VALUE self)
-#         {
-#             return self;
-#         }
-#
-#     Note that this directive has <em>no effect at all</em>
-#     when placed at the method declaration:
-#
-#         /* :nodoc: */
-#         rb_define_method(cMyClass, "do_something", something_func, 0);
-#
-#     The above comment is just a comment and has nothing to do with \RDoc.
-#     Therefore, +do_something+ method will be reported as "undocumented"
-#     unless that method or function is documented elsewhere.
-#
-#   - For a constant definition in C code, this directive <em>can not work</em>
-#     because there is no "implementation" place for a constant.
-#
-# - <tt># :nodoc: all</tt>:
-#
-#   - Appended to a line of code
-#     that defines a class or module.
-#   - Specifies that the class or module should not be documented.
-#     By default, however, a nested class or module _will_ be documented.
-#
-# - <tt># :doc:</tt>:
-#
-#   - Appended to a line of code
-#     that defines a class, module, method, alias, constant, or attribute.
-#   - Specifies the defined object should be documented, even if it otherwise
-#     would not be documented.
-#
-# - <tt># :notnew:</tt> (aliased as <tt>:not_new:</tt> and <tt>:not-new:</tt>):
-#
-#   - Appended to a line of code
-#     that defines instance method +initialize+.
-#   - Specifies that singleton method +new+ should not be documented.
-#     By default, Ruby fakes a corresponding singleton method +new+,
-#     which \RDoc includes in the documentation.
-#     Note that instance method +initialize+ is private, and so by default
-#     is not documented.
-#
-# For Ruby code, but not for other \RDoc sources,
-# there is a shorthand for <tt>:stopdoc:</tt> and <tt>:startdoc:</tt>:
-#
-#   # Documented.
-#   #--
-#   # Not documented.
-#   #++
-#   # Documented.
-#
-# For C code, any of directives <tt>:startdoc:</tt>, <tt>:stopdoc:</tt>,
-# and <tt>:enddoc:</tt> may appear in a stand-alone comment:
-#
-#   /* :startdoc: */
-#   /* :stopdoc: */
-#   /* :enddoc: */
-#
-# ===== Directive for Specifying \RDoc Source Format
-#
-# - <tt># :markup: _type_</tt>:
-#
-#   - Appears on a line by itself.
-#   - Specifies the format for the \RDoc input;
-#     parameter +type+ is one of: +rdoc+ (the default), +markdown+, +rd+, +tomdoc+.
-#     See {Markup Formats}[rdoc-ref:RDoc::Markup@Markup+Formats].
-#
-# ===== Directives for Method Documentation
-#
-# - <tt># :call-seq:</tt>:
-#
-#   - Appears on a line by itself.
-#   - Specifies the calling sequence to be reported in the HTML,
-#     overriding the actual calling sequence in the code.
-#     See method #call_seq_directive.
-#
-#   Note that \RDoc can build the calling sequence for a Ruby-coded method,
-#   but not for other languages.
-#   You may want to override that by explicitly giving a <tt>:call-seq:</tt>
-#   directive if you want to include:
-#
-#   - A return type, which is not automatically inferred.
-#   - Multiple calling sequences.
-#
-#   For C code, the directive may appear in a stand-alone comment.
-#
-# - <tt># :args: _arg_names_</tt> (aliased as <tt>:arg:</tt>):
-#
-#   - Appears on a line by itself.
-#   - Specifies the arguments to be reported in the HTML,
-#     overriding the actual arguments in the code.
-#     See method #args_directive.
-#
-# - <tt># :yields: _arg_names_</tt> (aliased as <tt>:yield:</tt>):
-#
-#   - Appears on a line by itself.
-#   - Specifies the yield arguments to be reported in the HTML,
-#     overriding the actual yield in the code.
-#     See method #yields_directive.
-#
-# ===== Directives for Organizing Documentation
-#
-# By default, \RDoc groups:
-#
-# - Singleton methods together in alphabetical order.
-# - Instance methods and their aliases together in alphabetical order.
-# - Attributes and their aliases together in alphabetical order.
-#
-# You can use directives to modify those behaviors.
-#
-# - <tt># :section: _section_title_</tt>:
-#
-#   - Appears on a line by itself.
-#   - Specifies that following methods are to be grouped into the section
-#     with the given <em>section_title</em>,
-#     or into the default section if no title is given.
-#     The directive remains in effect until another such directive is given,
-#     but may be temporarily overridden by directive <tt>:category:</tt>.
-#     See below.
-#
-#   The comment block containing this directive:
-#
-#   - Must be separated by a blank line from the documentation for the next item.
-#   - May have one or more lines preceding the directive.
-#     These will be removed, along with any trailing lines that match them.
-#     Such lines may be visually helpful.
-#   - Lines of text that are not so removed become the descriptive text
-#     for the section.
-#
-#   Example:
-#
-#     # ----------------------------------------
-#     # :section: My Section
-#     # This is the section that I wrote.
-#     # See it glisten in the noon-day sun.
-#     # ----------------------------------------
-#
-#     ##
-#     # Comment for some_method
-#     def some_method
-#       # ...
-#     end
-#
-#   You can use directive <tt>:category:</tt> to temporarily
-#   override the current section.
-#
-# - <tt># :category: _section_title_</tt>:
-#
-#   - Appears on a line by itself.
-#   - Specifies that just one following method is to be included
-#     in the given section, or in the default section if no title is given.
-#     Subsequent methods are to be grouped into the current section.
-#
-# ===== Directive for Including a File
-#
-# - <tt># :include: _filepath_</tt>:
-#
-#   - Appears on a line by itself.
-#   - Specifies that the contents of the given file
-#     are to be included at this point.
-#     The file content is shifted to have the same indentation as the colon
-#     at the start of the directive.
-#
-#     The file is searched for in the directory containing the current file,
-#     and then in each of the directories given with the <tt>--include</tt>
-#     command-line option.
-#
-#   For C code, the directive may appear in a stand-alone comment
-#
-# ==== Text Markup
-#
-# Text markup is metatext that affects HTML rendering:
-#
-# - Typeface: italic, bold, monofont.
-# - Character conversions: copyright, trademark, certain punctuation.
-# - Links.
-# - Escapes: marking text as "not markup."
-#
-# ===== Typeface Markup
-#
-# Typeface markup can specify that text is to be rendered
-# as italic, bold, or monofont.
-#
-# Typeface markup may contain only one type of nested block:
-#
-# - More typeface markup:
-#   italic, bold, monofont.
-#
-# ====== Italic
-#
-# Text may be marked as italic via HTML tag <tt><i></tt> or <tt><em></tt>.
-#
-# Example input:
-#
-#   <i>Italicized words</i> in a paragraph.
-#
-#   >>>
-#     <i>Italicized words in a block quote</i>.
-#
-#   - <i>Italicized words</i> in a list item.
-#
-#   ====== <i>Italicized words</i> in a Heading
-#
-#   <i>Italicized passage containing *bold* and +monofont+.</i>
-#
-# Rendered HTML:
-# >>>
-#   <i>Italicized words</i> in a paragraph.
-#
-#   >>>
-#     <i>Italicized words in a block quote</i>.
-#
-#   - <i>Italicized words</i> in a list item.
-#
-#   ====== <i>Italicized words</i> in a Heading
-#
-#   <i>Italicized passage containing *bold* and +monofont+.</i>
-#
-# A single word may be italicized via a shorthand:
-# prefixed and suffixed underscores.
-#
-# Example input:
-#
-#   _Italic_ in a paragraph.
-#
-#   >>>
-#     _Italic_ in a block quote.
-#
-#   - _Italic_ in a list item.
-#
-#   ====== _Italic_ in a Heading
-#
-# Rendered HTML:
-# >>>
-#   _Italic_ in a paragraph.
-#
-#   >>>
-#     _Italic_ in a block quote.
-#
-#   - _Italic_ in a list item.
-#
-#   ====== _Italic_ in a Heading
-#
-# ====== Bold
-#
-# Text may be marked as bold via HTML tag <tt><b></tt>.
-#
-# Example input:
-#
-#   <b>Bold words</b> in a paragraph.
-#
-#   >>>
-#     <b>Bold words</b> in a block quote.
-#
-#   - <b>Bold words</b> in a list item.
-#
-#   ====== <b>Bold words</b> in a Heading
-#
-#   <b>Bold passage containing _italics_ and +monofont+.</b>
-#
-# Rendered HTML:
-#
-# >>>
-#   <b>Bold words</b> in a paragraph.
-#
-#   >>>
-#     <b>Bold words</b> in a block quote.
-#
-#   - <b>Bold words</b> in a list item.
-#
-#   ====== <b>Bold words</b> in a Heading
-#
-#   <b>Bold passage containing _italics_ and +monofont+.</b>
-#
-# A single word may be made bold via a shorthand:
-# prefixed and suffixed asterisks.
-#
-# Example input:
-#
-#   *Bold* in a paragraph.
-#
-#   >>>
-#     *Bold* in a block quote.
-#
-#   - *Bold* in a list item.
-#
-#   ===== *Bold* in a Heading
-#
-# Rendered HTML:
-#
-# >>>
-#   *Bold* in a paragraph.
-#
-#   >>>
-#     *Bold* in a block quote.
-#
-#   - *Bold* in a list item.
-#
-#   ===== *Bold* in a Heading
-#
-# ====== Monofont
-#
-# Text may be marked as monofont
-# -- sometimes called 'typewriter font' --
-# via HTML tag <tt><tt></tt> or <tt><code></tt>.
-#
-# Example input:
-#
-#   <tt>Monofont words</tt> in a paragraph.
-#
-#   >>>
-#     <tt>Monofont words</tt> in a block quote.
-#
-#   - <tt>Monofont words</tt> in a list item.
-#
-#   ====== <tt>Monofont words</tt> in heading
-#
-#   <tt>Monofont passage containing _italics_ and *bold*.</tt>
-#
-# Rendered HTML:
-#
-# >>>
-#   <tt>Monofont words</tt> in a paragraph.
-#
-#   >>>
-#     <tt>Monofont words</tt> in a block quote.
-#
-#   - <tt>Monofont words</tt> in a list item.
-#
-#   ====== <tt>Monofont words</tt> in heading
-#
-#   <tt>Monofont passage containing _italics_ and *bold*.</tt>
-#
-# A single word may be made monofont by a shorthand:
-# prefixed and suffixed plus-signs.
-#
-# Example input:
-#
-#   +Monofont+ in a paragraph.
-#
-#   >>>
-#     +Monofont+ in a block quote.
-#
-#   - +Monofont+ in a list item.
-#
-#   ====== +Monofont+ in a Heading
-#
-# Rendered HTML:
-#
-# >>>
-#   +Monofont+ in a paragraph.
-#
-#   >>>
-#     +Monofont+ in a block quote.
-#
-#   - +Monofont+ in a list item.
-#
-#   ====== +Monofont+ in a Heading
-#
-# ==== Character Conversions
-#
-# Certain combinations of characters may be converted to special characters;
-# whether the conversion occurs depends on whether the special character
-# is available in the current encoding.
-#
-# - <tt>(c)</tt> converts to (c) (copyright character); must be lowercase.
-#
-# - <tt>(r)</tt> converts to (r) (registered trademark character); must be lowercase.
-#
-# - <tt>'foo'</tt> converts to 'foo' (smart single-quotes).
-#
-# - <tt>"foo"</tt> converts to "foo" (smart double-quotes).
-#
-# - <tt>foo ... bar</tt> converts to foo ... bar (1-character ellipsis).
-#
-# - <tt>foo -- bar</tt> converts to foo -- bar (1-character en-dash).
-#
-# - <tt>foo --- bar</tt> converts to foo --- bar (1-character em-dash).
-#
-# ==== Links
-#
-# Certain strings in \RDoc text are converted to links.
-# Any such link may be suppressed by prefixing a backslash.
-# This section shows how to link to various
-# targets.
-#
-# [Class]
-#
-#   - On-page: <tt>DummyClass</tt> links to DummyClass.
-#   - Off-page: <tt>RDoc::Alias</tt> links to RDoc::Alias.
-#
-#   Note: For poeple want to mark up code (such as class, module,
-#   constant, and method) as "<tt>+code+</tt>" (for interoperability
-#   with other MarkDown parsers mainly), such word that refers a known
-#   code object and is marked up entirely and separately as "monofont"
-#   is also converted to a link.
-#
-#   - <tt>+DummyClass+</tt> links to DummyClass
-#   - <tt>+DummyClass-object+</tt> is not a link.
-#
-# [Module]
-#
-#   - On-page: <tt>DummyModule</tt> links to DummyModule.
-#   - Off-page: <tt>RDoc</tt> links to RDoc.
-#
-# [Constant]
-#
-#   - On-page: <tt>DUMMY_CONSTANT</tt> links to DUMMY_CONSTANT.
-#   - Off-page: <tt>RDoc::Text::MARKUP_FORMAT</tt> links to RDoc::Text::MARKUP_FORMAT.
-#
-# [Singleton Method]
-#
-#   - On-page: <tt>::dummy_singleton_method</tt> links to ::dummy_singleton_method.
-#   - Off-page<tt>RDoc::TokenStream::to_html</tt> links to RDoc::TokenStream::to_html.
-#
-#   Note: Occasionally \RDoc is not linked to a method whose name
-#   has only special characters. Check whether the links you were expecting
-#   are actually there.  If not, you'll need to put in an explicit link;
-#   see below.
-#
-#   Pro tip: The link to any method is available in the alphabetical table of contents
-#   at the top left of the page for the class or module.
-#
-# [Instance Method]
-#
-#   - On-page: <tt>#dummy_instance_method</tt> links to #dummy_instance_method.
-#   - Off-page: <tt>RDoc::Alias#html_name</tt> links to RDoc::Alias#html_name.
-#
-#     See the Note and Pro Tip immediately above.
-#
-# [Attribute]
-#
-#   - On-page: <tt>#dummy_attribute</tt> links to #dummy_attribute.
-#   - Off-page: <tt>RDoc::Alias#name</tt> links to RDoc::Alias#name.
-#
-# [Alias]
-#
-#   - On-page: <tt>#dummy_instance_alias</tt> links to #dummy_instance_alias.
-#   - Off-page: <tt>RDoc::Alias#new_name</tt> links to RDoc::Alias#new_name.
-#
-# [Protocol +http+]
-#
-#   - Linked: <tt>http://yahoo.com</tt> links to http://yahoo.com.
-#
-# [Protocol +https+]
-#
-#   - Linked: <tt>https://github.com</tt> links to https://github.com.
-#
-# [Protocol +ftp+]
-#
-#   - Linked: <tt>ftp://nosuch.site</tt> links to ftp://nosuch.site.
-#
-# [Protocol +mailto+]
-#
-#   - Linked:  <tt>mailto:/foo@bar.com</tt> links to mailto://foo@bar.com.
-#
-# [Protocol +irc+]
-#
-#   - link: <tt>irc://irc.freenode.net/ruby</tt> links to irc://irc.freenode.net/ruby.
-#
-# [Image Filename Extensions]
-#
-#   - Link: <tt>https://www.ruby-lang.org/images/header-ruby-logo@2x.png</tt> is
-#     converted to an in-line HTML +img+ tag, which displays the image in the HTML:
-#
-#     https://www.ruby-lang.org/images/header-ruby-logo@2x.png
-#
-#     Also works for +bmp+, +gif+, +jpeg+, and +jpg+ files.
-#
-#     Note: Works only for a fully qualified URL.
-#
-# [Heading]
-#
-#   - Link: <tt>RDoc::RD@LICENSE</tt> links to RDoc::RDoc::RD@LICENSE.
-#
-#   Note that spaces in the actual heading are represented by <tt>+</tt> characters
-#   in the linkable text.
-#
-#   - Link: <tt>RDoc::Options@Saved+Options</tt>
-#     links to RDoc::Options@Saved+Options.
-#
-#   Punctuation and other special characters must be escaped like CGI.escape.
-#
-#   Pro tip: The link to any heading is available in the alphabetical table of contents
-#   at the top left of the page for the class or module.
-#
-# [Section]
-#
-#   See {Directives for Organizing Documentation}[#class-RDoc::MarkupReference-label-Directives+for+Organizing+Documentation].
-#
-#   - Link: <tt>RDoc::Markup::ToHtml@Visitor</tt> links to RDoc::Markup::ToHtml@Visitor.
-#
-#   If a section and a heading share the same name, the link target is the section.
-#
-# [Single-Word Text Link]
-#
-#   Use square brackets to create single-word text link:
-#
-#   - <tt>GitHub[https://github.com]</tt> links to GitHub[https://github.com].
-#
-# [Multi-Word Text Link]
-#
-#   Use square brackets and curly braces to create a multi-word text link.
-#
-#   - <tt>{GitHub home page}[https://github.com]</tt> links to
-#     {GitHub home page}[https://github.com].
-#
-# [<tt>rdoc-ref</tt> Scheme]
-#
-#   A link with the <tt>rdoc-ref:</tt> scheme links to the referenced item,
-#   if that item exists.
-#   The referenced item may be a class, module, method, file, etc.
-#
-#   - Class: <tt>Alias[rdoc-ref:RDoc::Alias]</tt> generates Alias[rdoc-ref:RDoc::Alias].
-#   - Module: <tt>RDoc[rdoc-ref:RDoc]</tt> generates RDoc[rdoc-ref:RDoc].
-#   - Method: <tt>foo[rdoc-ref:RDoc::MarkupReference#dummy_instance_method]</tt>
-#     generates foo[rdoc-ref:RDoc::MarkupReference#dummy_instance_method].
-#   - Constant: <tt>bar[rdoc-ref:RDoc::MarkupReference::DUMMY_CONSTANT]</tt>
-#     generates bar[rdoc-ref:RDoc::MarkupReference::DUMMY_CONSTANT].
-#   - Attribute: <tt>baz[rdoc-ref:RDoc::MarkupReference#dummy_attribute]</tt>
-#     generates baz[rdoc-ref:RDoc::MarkupReference#dummy_attribute].
-#   - Alias: <tt>bad[rdoc-ref:RDoc::MarkupReference#dummy_instance_alias]</tt>
-#     generates bad[rdoc-ref:RDoc::MarkupReference#dummy_instance_alias].
-#
-#   If the referenced item does not exist, no link is generated
-#   and entire <tt>rdoc-ref:</tt> square-bracketed clause is removed
-#   from the resulting text.
-#
-#   - <tt>Nosuch[rdoc-ref:RDoc::Nosuch]</tt> generates Nosuch.
-#
-#
-# [<tt>rdoc-label</tt> Scheme]
-#
-#   [Simple]
-#
-#     You can specify a link target using this form,
-#     where the second part cites the id of an HTML element.
-#
-#     This link refers to the constant +DUMMY_CONSTANT+ on this page:
-#
-#     - <tt>{DUMMY_CONSTANT}[rdoc-label:DUMMY_CONSTANT]</tt>
-#
-#     Thus:
-#
-#     {DUMMY_CONSTANT}[rdoc-label:DUMMY_CONSTANT]
-#
-#   [With Return]
-#
-#     You can specify both a link target and a local label
-#     that can be used as the target for a return link.
-#     These two links refer to each other:
-#
-#     - <tt>{go to addressee}[rdoc-label:addressee:sender]</tt>
-#     - <tt>{return to sender}[rdoc-label:sender:addressee]</tt>
-#
-#     Thus:
-#
-#     {go to addressee}[rdoc-label:addressee:sender]
-#
-#     Some text.
-#
-#     {return to sender}[rdoc-label:sender:addressee]
-#
-# [<tt>link:</tt> Scheme]
-#
-#   - <tt>link:README_rdoc.html</tt> links to link:README_rdoc.html.
-#
-# [<tt>rdoc-image</tt> Scheme]
-#
-#   Use the <tt>rdoc-image</tt> scheme to display an image that is also a link:
-#
-#     # {rdoc-image:path/to/image}[link_target]
-#
-#   - Link: <tt>{rdoc-image:https://www.ruby-lang.org/images/header-ruby-logo@2x.png}[https://www.ruby-lang.org]</tt>
-#     displays image <tt>https://www.ruby-lang.org/images/header-ruby-logo@2x.png</tt>
-#     as a link to <tt>https://www.ruby-lang.org</tt>.
-#
-#     {rdoc-image:https://www.ruby-lang.org/images/header-ruby-logo@2x.png}[https://www.ruby-lang.org]
-#
-#   A relative path as the target also works:
-#
-#   - Link: <tt>{rdoc-image:https://www.ruby-lang.org/images/header-ruby-logo@2x.png}[./Alias.html]</tt> links to <tt>./Alias.html</tt>
-#
-#     {rdoc-image:https://www.ruby-lang.org/images/header-ruby-logo@2x.png}[./Alias.html]
-#
-# === Escaping Text
-#
-# Text that would otherwise be interpreted as markup
-# can be "escaped," so that it is not interpreted as markup;
-# the escape character is the backslash (<tt>'\\'</tt>).
-#
-# In a verbatim text block or a code block,
-# the escape character is always preserved:
-#
-# Example input:
-#
-#   This is not verbatim text.
-#
-#     This is verbatim text, with an escape character \.
-#
-#   This is not a code block.
-#
-#     def foo
-#       'String with an escape character.'
-#     end
-#
-# Rendered HTML:
-#
-# >>>
-#   This is not verbatim text.
-#
-#     This is verbatim text, with an escape character \.
-#
-#   This is not a code block.
-#
-#     def foo
-#       'This is a code block with an escape character \.'
-#     end
-#
-# In typeface markup (italic, bold, or monofont),
-# an escape character is preserved unless it is immediately
-# followed by nested typeface markup.
-#
-# Example input:
-#
-#   This list is about escapes; it contains:
-#
-#   - <tt>Monofont text with unescaped nested _italic_</tt>.
-#   - <tt>Monofont text with escaped nested \_italic_</tt>.
-#   - <tt>Monofont text with an escape character \</tt>.
-#
-# Rendered HTML:
-#
-# >>>
-#   This list is about escapes; it contains:
-#
-#   - <tt>Monofont text with unescaped nested _italic_</tt>.
-#   - <tt>Monofont text with escaped nested \_italic_</tt>.
-#   - <tt>Monofont text with an escape character \ </tt>.
-#
-# In other text-bearing blocks
-# (paragraphs, block quotes, list items, headings):
-#
-# - A single escape character immediately followed by markup
-#   escapes the markup.
-# - A single escape character followed by whitespace is preserved.
-# - A single escape character anywhere else is ignored.
-# - A double escape character is rendered as a single backslash.
-#
-#   Example input:
-#
-#     This list is about escapes; it contains:
-#
-#     - An unescaped class name, RDoc, that will become a link.
-#     - An escaped class name, \RDoc, that will not become a link.
-#     - An escape character followed by whitespace \ .
-#     - An escape character \that is ignored.
-#     - A double escape character \\ that is rendered
-#       as a single backslash.
-#
-#   Rendered HTML:
-#
-#   >>>
-#     This list is about escapes; it contains:
-#
-#     - An unescaped class name, RDoc, that will become a link.
-#     - An escaped class name, \RDoc, that will not become a link.
-#     - An escape character followed by whitespace \ .
-#     - An escape character \that is ignored.
-#     - A double escape character \\ that is rendered
-#       as a single backslash.
-#
-# == Documentation Derived from Ruby Code
-#
-# [Class]
-#
-#   By default, \RDoc documents:
-#
-#   - \Class name.
-#   - Parent class.
-#   - Singleton methods.
-#   - Instance methods.
-#   - Aliases.
-#   - Constants.
-#   - Attributes.
-#
-# [Module]
-#
-#   By default, \RDoc documents:
-#
-#   - \Module name.
-#   - \Singleton methods.
-#   - Instance methods.
-#   - Aliases.
-#   - Constants.
-#   - Attributes.
-#
-# [Method]
-#
-#   By default, \RDoc documents:
-#
-#   - \Method name.
-#   - Arguments.
-#   - Yielded values.
-#
-#   See #method.
-#
-# [Alias]
-#
-#   By default, \RDoc documents:
-#
-#   - Alias name.
-#   - Aliased name.
-#
-#   See #dummy_instance_alias and #dummy_instance_method.
-#
-# [Constant]
-#
-#   By default, \RDoc documents:
-#
-#   - \Constant name.
-#
-#   See DUMMY_CONSTANT.
-#
-# [Attribute]
-#
-#   By default, \RDoc documents:
-#
-#   - Attribute name.
-#   - Attribute type (<tt>[R]</tt>, <tt>[W]</tt>, or <tt>[RW]</tt>)
-#
-#   See #dummy_attribute.
-#
-class RDoc::MarkupReference
-
-  # Example class.
-  class DummyClass; end
-
-  # Example module.
-  module DummyModule; end
-
-  # Example singleton method.
-  def self.dummy_singleton_method(foo, bar); end
-
-  # Example instance method.
-  def dummy_instance_method(foo, bar); end;
-
-  alias dummy_instance_alias dummy_instance_method
-
-  # Example attribute.
-  attr_accessor :dummy_attribute
-
-  alias dummy_attribute_alias dummy_attribute
-
-  # Example constant.
-  DUMMY_CONSTANT = ''
-
-  # :call-seq:
-  #   call_seq_directive(foo, bar)
-  #   Can be anything -> bar
-  #   Also anything more -> baz or bat
-  #
-  # The <tt>:call-seq:</tt> directive overrides the actual calling sequence
-  # found in the Ruby code.
-  #
-  # - It can specify anything at all.
-  # - It can have multiple calling sequences.
-  #
-  # This one includes <tt>Can be anything -> foo</tt>, which is nonsense.
-  #
-  # Note that the "arrow" is two characters, hyphen and right angle-bracket,
-  # which is made into a single character in the HTML.
-  #
-  # Click on the calling sequence to see the code.
-  #
-  # Here is the <tt>:call-seq:</tt> directive given for the method:
-  #
-  #   :call-seq:
-  #     call_seq_directive(foo, bar)
-  #     Can be anything -> bar
-  #     Also anything more -> baz or bat
-  #
-  def call_seq_directive
-    nil
-  end
-
-  # The <tt>:args:</tt> directive overrides the actual arguments found in the Ruby code.
-  #
-  # Click on the calling sequence to see the code.
-  #
-  def args_directive(foo, bar) # :args: baz
-    nil
-  end
-
-  # The <tt>:yields:</tt> directive overrides the actual yield found in the Ruby code.
-  #
-  # Click on the calling sequence to see the code.
-  #
-  def yields_directive(foo, bar) # :yields: 'bat'
-    yield 'baz'
-  end
-
-  # This method is documented only by \RDoc, except for these comments.
-  #
-  # Click on the calling sequence to see the code.
-  #
-  def method(foo, bar)
-    yield 'baz'
-  end
-
-end
diff --git a/doc/reline/face.md b/doc/reline/face.md
deleted file mode 100644
index 1fa916123b..0000000000
--- a/doc/reline/face.md
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,111 +0,0 @@
-# Face
-
-With the `Reline::Face` class, you can modify the text color and text decorations in your terminal emulator.
-This is primarily used to customize the appearance of the method completion dialog in IRB.
-
-## Usage
-
-### ex: Change the background color of the completion dialog cyan to blue
-
-```ruby
-Reline::Face.config(:completion_dialog) do |conf|
-  conf.define :default, foreground: :white, background: :blue
-  #                                                     ^^^^^ `:cyan` by default
-  conf.define :enhanced, foreground: :white, background: :magenta
-  conf.define :scrollbar, foreground: :white, background: :blue
-end
-```
-
-If you provide the above code to an IRB session in some way, you can apply the configuration.
-It's generally done by writing it in `.irbrc`.
-
-Regarding `.irbrc`, please refer to the following link: [https://docs.ruby-lang.org/en/master/IRB.html](https://docs.ruby-lang.org/en/master/IRB.html)
-
-## Available parameters
-
-`Reline::Face` internally creates SGR (Select Graphic Rendition) code according to the block parameter of `Reline::Face.config` method.
-
-| Key         | Value             | SGR Code (numeric part following "\e[")|
-|:------------|:------------------|-----:|
-| :foreground | :black            | 30   |
-|             | :red              | 31   |
-|             | :green            | 32   |
-|             | :yellow           | 33   |
-|             | :blue             | 34   |
-|             | :magenta          | 35   |
-|             | :cyan             | 36   |
-|             | :white            | 37   |
-|             | :bright_black     | 90   |
-|             | :gray             | 90   |
-|             | :bright_red       | 91   |
-|             | :bright_green     | 92   |
-|             | :bright_yellow    | 93   |
-|             | :bright_blue      | 94   |
-|             | :bright_magenta   | 95   |
-|             | :bright_cyan      | 96   |
-|             | :bright_white     | 97   |
-| :background | :black            | 40   |
-|             | :red              | 41   |
-|             | :green            | 42   |
-|             | :yellow           | 43   |
-|             | :blue             | 44   |
-|             | :magenta          | 45   |
-|             | :cyan             | 46   |
-|             | :white            | 47   |
-|             | :bright_black     | 100  |
-|             | :gray             | 100  |
-|             | :bright_red       | 101  |
-|             | :bright_green     | 102  |
-|             | :bright_yellow    | 103  |
-|             | :bright_blue      | 104  |
-|             | :bright_magenta   | 105  |
-|             | :bright_cyan      | 106  |
-|             | :bright_white     | 107  |
-| :style      | :reset            | 0    |
-|             | :bold             | 1    |
-|             | :faint            | 2    |
-|             | :italicized       | 3    |
-|             | :underlined       | 4    |
-|             | :slowly_blinking  | 5    |
-|             | :blinking         | 5    |
-|             | :rapidly_blinking | 6    |
-|             | :negative         | 7    |
-|             | :concealed        | 8    |
-|             | :crossed_out      | 9    |
-
-- The value for `:style` can be both a Symbol and an Array
-    ```ruby
-      # Single symbol
-      conf.define :default, style: :bold
-      # Array
-      conf.define :default, style: [:bold, :negative]
-    ```
-- The availability of specific SGR codes depends on your terminal emulator
-- You can specify a hex color code to `:foreground` and `:background` color like `foreground: "#FF1020"`. Its availability also depends on your terminal emulator
-
-## Debugging
-
-You can see the current Face configuration by `Reline::Face.configs` method
-
-Example:
-
-```ruby
-irb(main):001:0> Reline::Face.configs
-=>
-{:default=>
-  {:default=>{:style=>:reset, :escape_sequence=>"\e[0m"},
-   :enhanced=>{:style=>:reset, :escape_sequence=>"\e[0m"},
-   :scrollbar=>{:style=>:reset, :escape_sequence=>"\e[0m"}},
- :completion_dialog=>
-  {:default=>{:foreground=>:white, :background=>:cyan, :escape_sequence=>"\e[0m\e[37;46m"},
-   :enhanced=>{:foreground=>:white, :background=>:magenta, :escape_sequence=>"\e[0m\e[37;45m"},
-   :scrollbar=>{:foreground=>:white, :background=>:cyan, :escape_sequence=>"\e[0m\e[37;46m"}}}
-```
-
-## 256-Color and TrueColor
-
-Reline will automatically detect if your terminal emulator supports truecolor with `ENV['COLORTERM] in 'truecolor' | '24bit'`. When this env is not set, Reline will fallback to 256-color.
-If your terminal emulator supports truecolor but does not set COLORTERM env, add this line to `.irbrc`.
-```ruby
-Reline::Face.force_truecolor
-```
diff --git a/doc/security/command_injection.rdoc b/doc/security/command_injection.rdoc
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d46e42f7be
--- /dev/null
+++ b/doc/security/command_injection.rdoc
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+= Command Injection
+
+Some Ruby core methods accept string data
+that includes text to be executed as a system command.
+
+They should not be called with unknown or unsanitized commands.
+
+These methods include:
+
+- Kernel.exec
+- Kernel.spawn
+- Kernel.system
+- {\`command` (backtick method)}[rdoc-ref:Kernel#`]
+  (also called by the expression <tt>%x[command]</tt>).
+- IO.popen (when called with other than <tt>"-"</tt>).
diff --git a/doc/security.rdoc b/doc/security/security.rdoc
index e428036cf5..af9970d336 100644
--- a/doc/security.rdoc
+++ b/doc/security/security.rdoc
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ programs for configuration and database persistence of Ruby object trees.
 
 Similar to +Marshal+, it is able to deserialize into arbitrary Ruby classes.
 For example, the following YAML data will create an +ERB+ object when
-deserialized, using the `unsafe_load` method:
+deserialized, using the +unsafe_load+ method:
 
   !ruby/object:ERB
   src: puts `uname`
@@ -53,19 +53,16 @@ method, variable and constant names. The reason for this is that symbols are
 simply integers with names attached to them, so they are faster to look up in
 hashtables.
 
-Starting in version 2.2, most symbols can be garbage collected; these are
-called <i>mortal</i> symbols. Most symbols you create (e.g. by calling
-+to_sym+) are mortal.
+Most symbols can be garbage collected; these are called _mortal_
+symbols. Most symbols you create (e.g. by calling +to_sym+) are mortal.
 
-<i>Immortal</i> symbols on the other hand will never be garbage collected.
+_Immortal_ symbols on the other hand will never be garbage collected.
 They are created when modifying code:
 * defining a method (e.g. with +define_method+),
 * setting an instance variable (e.g. with +instance_variable_set+),
 * creating a variable or constant (e.g. with +const_set+)
-C extensions that have not been updated and are still calling `SYM2ID`
+C extensions that have not been updated and are still calling +SYM2ID+
 will create immortal symbols.
-Bugs in 2.2.0: +send+ and +__send__+ also created immortal symbols,
-and calling methods with keyword arguments could also create some.
 
 Don't create immortal symbols from user inputs. Otherwise, this would
 allow a user to mount a denial of service attack against your application by
@@ -128,12 +125,3 @@ Note that the use of +public_send+ is also dangerous, as +send+ itself is
 public:
 
   1.public_send("send", "eval", "...ruby code to be executed...")
-
-== DRb
-
-As DRb allows remote clients to invoke arbitrary methods, it is not suitable to
-expose to untrusted clients.
-
-When using DRb, try to avoid exposing it over the network if possible. If this
-isn't possible and you need to expose DRb to the world, you *must* configure an
-appropriate security policy with <code>DRb::ACL</code>.
diff --git a/doc/standard_library.md b/doc/standard_library.md
index 594667b4e2..7a477283a9 100644
--- a/doc/standard_library.md
+++ b/doc/standard_library.md
@@ -34,7 +34,6 @@ of each.
 ## Libraries
 
 - Bundler ([GitHub][bundler]): Manage your Ruby application's gem dependencies
-- CGI ([GitHub][cgi]): Support for the Common Gateway Interface protocol
 - Delegator ([GitHub][delegate]): Provides three abilities to delegate method calls to an object
 - DidYouMean ([GitHub][did_you_mean]): "Did you mean?" experience in Ruby
 - English ([GitHub][English]): Provides references to special global variables with less cryptic names
@@ -53,13 +52,12 @@ of each.
 - Prism ([GitHub][prism]): A portable, error-tolerant Ruby parser
 - Resolv ([GitHub][resolv]): Thread-aware DNS resolver library in Ruby
 - SecureRandom ([GitHub][securerandom]): Interface for a secure random number generator
-- [Set](rdoc-ref:Set) ([GitHub][set]): Provides a class to deal with collections of unordered, unique values
 - Shellwords ([GitHub][shellwords]): Manipulates strings with the word parsing rules of the UNIX Bourne shell
 - Singleton ([GitHub][singleton]): Implementation of the Singleton pattern for Ruby
 - Tempfile ([GitHub][tempfile]): A utility class for managing temporary files
 - Time ([GitHub][time]): Extends the Time class with methods for parsing and conversion
 - Timeout ([GitHub][timeout]): Auto-terminate potentially long-running operations in Ruby
-- TSort ([GitHub][tsort]): Topological sorting using Tarjan's algorithm
+- TmpDir ([GitHub][tmpdir]): Extends the Dir class to manage the OS temporary file path
 - UN ([GitHub][un]): Utilities to replace common UNIX commands
 - URI ([GitHub][uri]): A Ruby module providing support for Uniform Resource Identifiers
 - YAML ([GitHub][yaml]): The Ruby client library for the Psych YAML implementation
@@ -72,13 +70,14 @@ of each.
 - Etc ([GitHub][etc]): Provides access to information typically stored in the UNIX /etc directory
 - Fcntl ([GitHub][fcntl]): Loads constants defined in the OS fcntl.h C header file
 - IO.console ([GitHub][io-console]): Extensions for the IO class, including `IO.console`, `IO.winsize`, etc.
+- IO#nonblock ([GitHub][io-nonblock]): Enable non-blocking mode with IO class.
+- IO#wait ([GitHub][io-wait]): Provides the feature for waiting until IO is readable or writable without blocking.
 - JSON ([GitHub][json]): Implements JavaScript Object Notation for Ruby
 - OpenSSL ([GitHub][openssl]): Provides SSL, TLS, and general-purpose cryptography for Ruby
 - Pathname ([GitHub][pathname]): Representation of the name of a file or directory on the filesystem
 - Psych ([GitHub][psych]): A YAML parser and emitter for Ruby
 - StringIO ([GitHub][stringio]): Pseudo-I/O on String objects
 - StringScanner ([GitHub][strscan]): Provides lexical scanning operations on a String
-- TmpDir ([GitHub][tmpdir]): Extends the Dir class to manage the OS temporary file path
 - Zlib ([GitHub][zlib]): Ruby interface for the zlib compression/decompression library
 
 # Bundled gems
@@ -126,6 +125,7 @@ of each.
 - [reline][reline-doc] ([GitHub][reline]): GNU Readline and Editline in a pure Ruby implementation
 - [readline]: Wrapper for the Readline extension and Reline
 - [fiddle]: A libffi wrapper for Ruby
+- [tsort]: Topological sorting using Tarjan's algorithm
 
 ## Tools
 
@@ -137,7 +137,6 @@ of each.
 [benchmark]: https://github.com/ruby/benchmark
 [bigdecimal]: https://github.com/ruby/bigdecimal
 [bundler]: https://github.com/rubygems/rubygems
-[cgi]: https://github.com/ruby/cgi
 [csv]: https://github.com/ruby/csv
 [date]: https://github.com/ruby/date
 [debug]: https://github.com/ruby/debug
@@ -156,6 +155,8 @@ of each.
 [forwardable]: https://github.com/ruby/forwardable
 [getoptlong]: https://github.com/ruby/getoptlong
 [io-console]: https://github.com/ruby/io-console
+[io-nonblock]: https://github.com/ruby/io-nonblock
+[io-wait]: https://github.com/ruby/io-wait
 [ipaddr]: https://github.com/ruby/ipaddr
 [irb]: https://github.com/ruby/irb
 [json]: https://github.com/ruby/json
@@ -195,7 +196,6 @@ of each.
 [rinda]: https://github.com/ruby/rinda
 [rss]: https://github.com/ruby/rss
 [securerandom]: https://github.com/ruby/securerandom
-[set]: https://github.com/ruby/set
 [shellwords]: https://github.com/ruby/shellwords
 [singleton]: https://github.com/ruby/singleton
 [stringio]: https://github.com/ruby/stringio
diff --git a/string.rb b/doc/string.rb
index afa3c46f69..304ab60c29 100644
--- a/string.rb
+++ b/doc/string.rb
@@ -159,145 +159,6 @@
 # - #rstrip, #rstrip!: Strip trailing whitespace.
 # - #strip, #strip!: Strip leading and trailing whitespace.
 #
-# == +String+ Slices
-#
-# A _slice_ of a string is a substring selected by certain criteria.
-#
-# These instance methods utilize slicing:
-#
-# - String#[] (aliased as String#slice): Returns a slice copied from +self+.
-# - String#[]=: Mutates +self+ with the slice replaced.
-# - String#slice!: Mutates +self+ with the slice removed and returns the removed slice.
-#
-# Each of the above methods takes arguments that determine the slice
-# to be copied or replaced.
-#
-# The arguments have several forms.
-# For a string +string+, the forms are:
-#
-# - <tt>string[index]</tt>
-# - <tt>string[start, length]</tt>
-# - <tt>string[range]</tt>
-# - <tt>string[regexp, capture = 0]</tt>
-# - <tt>string[substring]</tt>
-#
-# <b><tt>string[index]</tt></b>
-#
-# When a non-negative integer argument +index+ is given,
-# the slice is the 1-character substring found in +self+ at character offset +index+:
-#
-#   'bar'[0]      # => "b"
-#   'bar'[2]      # => "r"
-#   'bar'[20]     # => nil
-#   'тест'[2]     # => "с"
-#   'こんにちは'[4] # => "は"
-#
-# When a negative integer +index+ is given,
-# the slice begins at the offset given by counting backward from the end of +self+:
-#
-#   'bar'[-3]      # => "b"
-#   'bar'[-1]      # => "r"
-#   'bar'[-20]     # => nil
-#
-# <b><tt>string[start, length]</tt></b>
-#
-# When non-negative integer arguments +start+ and +length+ are given,
-# the slice begins at character offset +start+, if it exists,
-# and continues for +length+ characters, if available:
-#
-#   'foo'[0, 2]      # => "fo"
-#   'тест'[1, 2]     # => "ес"
-#   'こんにちは'[2, 2] # => "にち"
-#   # Zero length.
-#   'foo'[2, 0]      # => ""
-#   # Length not entirely available.
-#   'foo'[1, 200]    # => "oo"
-#   # Start out of range.
-#   'foo'[4, 2]      # => nil
-#
-# Special case: if +start+ equals the length of +self+,
-# the slice is a new empty string:
-#
-#   'foo'[3, 2]    # => ""
-#   'foo'[3, 200]  # => ""
-#
-# When a negative +start+ and non-negative +length+ are given,
-# the slice begins by counting backward from the end of +self+,
-# and continues for +length+ characters, if available:
-#
-#   'foo'[-2, 2]     # => "oo"
-#   'foo'[-2, 200]   # => "oo"
-#   # Start out of range.
-#   'foo'[-4, 2]     # => nil
-#
-# When a negative +length+ is given, there is no slice:
-#
-#   'foo'[1, -1]   # => nil
-#   'foo'[-2, -1]  # => nil
-#
-# <b><tt>string[range]</tt></b>
-#
-# When a Range argument +range+ is given,
-# it creates a substring of +string+ using the indices in +range+.
-# The slice is then determined as above:
-#
-#   'foo'[0..1]     # => "fo"
-#   'foo'[0, 2]     # => "fo"
-#
-#   'foo'[2...2]    # => ""
-#   'foo'[2, 0]     # => ""
-#
-#   'foo'[1..200]   # => "oo"
-#   'foo'[1, 200]   # => "oo"
-#
-#   'foo'[4..5]     # => nil
-#   'foo'[4, 2]     # => nil
-#
-#   'foo'[-4..-3]   # => nil
-#   'foo'[-4, 2]    # => nil
-#
-#   'foo'[3..4]     # => ""
-#   'foo'[3, 2]     # => ""
-#
-#   'foo'[-2..-1]   # => "oo"
-#   'foo'[-2, 2]    # => "oo"
-#
-#   'foo'[-2..197]  # => "oo"
-#   'foo'[-2, 200]  # => "oo"
-#
-# <b><tt>string[regexp, capture = 0]</tt></b>
-#
-# When the Regexp argument +regexp+ is given,
-# and the +capture+ argument is <tt>0</tt>,
-# the slice is the first matching substring found in +self+:
-#
-#   'foo'[/o/]                # => "o"
-#   'foo'[/x/]                # => nil
-#   s = 'hello there'
-#   s[/[aeiou](.)\1/]        # => "ell"
-#   s[/[aeiou](.)\1/, 0]     # => "ell"
-#
-# If the argument +capture+ is provided and not <tt>0</tt>,
-# it should be either a capture group index (integer)
-# or a capture group name (String or Symbol);
-# the slice is the specified capture (see Regexp@Groups and Captures):
-#
-#   s = 'hello there'
-#   s[/[aeiou](.)\1/, 1] # => "l"
-#   s[/(?<vowel>[aeiou])(?<non_vowel>[^aeiou])/, "non_vowel"] # => "l"
-#   s[/(?<vowel>[aeiou])(?<non_vowel>[^aeiou])/, :vowel]      # => "e"
-#
-# If an invalid capture group index is given, there is no slice.
-# If an invalid capture group name is given, +IndexError+ is raised.
-#
-# <b><tt>string[substring]</tt></b>
-#
-# When the single +String+ argument +substring+ is given,
-# it returns the substring from +self+ if found, otherwise +nil+:
-#
-#   'foo'['oo'] # => "oo"
-#   'foo'['xx'] # => nil
-#
 # == What's Here
 #
 # First, what's elsewhere. Class +String+:
@@ -333,16 +194,17 @@
 #
 # _Counts_
 #
-# - #length (aliased as #size): Returns the count of characters (not bytes).
-# - #empty?: Returns +true+ if +self.length+ is zero; +false+ otherwise.
 # - #bytesize: Returns the count of bytes.
 # - #count: Returns the count of substrings matching given strings.
+# - #empty?: Returns whether the length of +self+ is zero.
+# - #length (aliased as #size): Returns the count of characters (not bytes).
 #
 # _Substrings_
 #
 # - #=~: Returns the index of the first substring that matches a given
 #   Regexp or other object; returns +nil+ if no match is found.
 # - #byteindex: Returns the byte index of the first occurrence of a given substring.
+# - #byterindex: Returns the byte index of the last occurrence of a given substring.
 # - #index: Returns the index of the _first_ occurrence of a given substring;
 #   returns +nil+ if none found.
 # - #rindex: Returns the index of the _last_ occurrence of a given substring;
@@ -372,10 +234,9 @@
 # - #eql?: Returns +true+ if the content is the same as the given other string.
 # - #<=>: Returns -1, 0, or 1 as a given other string is smaller than,
 #   equal to, or larger than +self+.
-# - #casecmp: Ignoring case, returns -1, 0, or 1 as a given
-#   other string is smaller than, equal to, or larger than +self+.
-# - #casecmp?: Returns +true+ if the string is equal to a given string after Unicode case folding;
-#   +false+ otherwise.
+# - #casecmp: Ignoring case, returns -1, 0, or 1 as
+#   +self+ is smaller than, equal to, or larger than a given other string.
+# - #casecmp?: Ignoring case, returns whether a given other string is equal to +self+.
 #
 # === Modifying
 #
@@ -387,15 +248,17 @@
 # - #<<: Returns +self+ concatenated with a given string or integer.
 # - #append_as_bytes: Returns +self+ concatenated with strings without performing any
 #   encoding validation or conversion.
+# - #prepend: Prefixes to +self+ the concatenation of given other strings.
 #
 # _Substitution_
 #
+# - #bytesplice: Replaces bytes of +self+ with bytes from a given string; returns +self+.
 # - #sub!: Replaces the first substring that matches a given pattern with a given replacement string;
 #   returns +self+ if any changes, +nil+ otherwise.
 # - #gsub!: Replaces each substring that matches a given pattern with a given replacement string;
 #   returns +self+ if any changes, +nil+ otherwise.
 # - #succ! (aliased as #next!): Returns +self+ modified to become its own successor.
-# - #initialize_copy (aliased as #replace): Returns +self+ with its entire content replaced by a given string.
+# - #replace: Returns +self+ with its entire content replaced by a given string.
 # - #reverse!: Returns +self+ with its characters in reverse order.
 # - #setbyte: Sets the byte at a given integer offset to a given value; returns the argument.
 # - #tr!: Replaces specified characters in +self+ with specified replacement characters;
@@ -426,6 +289,8 @@
 # - #slice!, #[]=: Removes a substring determined by a given index, start/length, range, regexp, or substring.
 # - #squeeze!: Removes contiguous duplicate characters; returns +self+.
 # - #delete!: Removes characters as determined by the intersection of substring arguments.
+# - #delete_prefix!: Removes leading prefix; returns +self+ if any changes, +nil+ otherwise.
+# - #delete_suffix!: Removes trailing suffix; returns +self+ if any changes, +nil+ otherwise.
 # - #lstrip!: Removes leading whitespace; returns +self+ if any changes, +nil+ otherwise.
 # - #rstrip!: Removes trailing whitespace; returns +self+ if any changes, +nil+ otherwise.
 # - #strip!: Removes leading and trailing whitespace; returns +self+ if any changes, +nil+ otherwise.
@@ -442,9 +307,8 @@
 #
 # - #*: Returns the concatenation of multiple copies of +self+.
 # - #+: Returns the concatenation of +self+ and a given other string.
-# - #center: Returns a copy of +self+ centered between pad substrings.
+# - #center: Returns a copy of +self+, centered by specified padding.
 # - #concat: Returns the concatenation of +self+ with given other strings.
-# - #prepend: Returns the concatenation of a given other string with +self+.
 # - #ljust: Returns a copy of +self+ of a given length, right-padded with a given other string.
 # - #rjust: Returns a copy of +self+ of a given length, left-padded with a given other string.
 #
@@ -457,10 +321,8 @@
 #
 # _Substitution_
 #
-# - #dump: Returns a copy of +self+ with all non-printing characters replaced by \xHH notation
-#   and all special characters escaped.
-# - #undump: Returns a copy of +self+ with all <tt>\xNN</tt> notations replaced by <tt>\uNNNN</tt> notations
-#   and all escaped characters unescaped.
+# - #dump: Returns a printable version of +self+, enclosed in double-quotes.
+# - #undump: Inverse of #dump; returns a copy of +self+ with changes of the kinds made by #dump "undone."
 # - #sub: Returns a copy of +self+ with the first substring matching a given pattern
 #   replaced with a given replacement string.
 # - #gsub: Returns a copy of +self+ with each substring that matches a given pattern
@@ -536,8 +398,10 @@
 # - #hex: Returns the integer value of the leading characters, interpreted as hexadecimal digits.
 # - #oct: Returns the integer value of the leading characters, interpreted as octal digits.
 # - #ord: Returns the integer ordinal of the first character in +self+.
+# - #to_c: Returns the complex value of leading characters, interpreted as a complex number.
 # - #to_i: Returns the integer value of leading characters, interpreted as an integer.
 # - #to_f: Returns the floating-point value of leading characters, interpreted as a floating-point number.
+# - #to_r: Returns the rational value of leading characters, interpreted as a rational.
 #
 # <em>Strings and Symbols</em>
 #
diff --git a/doc/string/aref.rdoc b/doc/string/aref.rdoc
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a9ab8857bc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/doc/string/aref.rdoc
@@ -0,0 +1,96 @@
+Returns the substring of +self+ specified by the arguments.
+
+<b>Form <tt>self[offset]</tt></b>
+
+With non-negative integer argument +offset+ given,
+returns the 1-character substring found in self at character offset +offset+:
+
+  'hello'[0]    # => "h"
+  'hello'[4]    # => "o"
+  'hello'[5]    # => nil
+  'こんにちは'[4] # => "は"
+
+With negative integer argument +offset+ given,
+counts backward from the end of +self+:
+
+  'hello'[-1] # => "o"
+  'hello'[-5] # => "h"
+  'hello'[-6] # => nil
+
+<b>Form <tt>self[offset, size]</tt></b>
+
+With integer arguments +offset+ and +size+ given,
+returns a substring of size +size+ characters (as available)
+beginning at character offset specified by +offset+.
+
+If argument +offset+ is non-negative,
+the offset is +offset+:
+
+  'hello'[0, 1]  # => "h"
+  'hello'[0, 5]  # => "hello"
+  'hello'[0, 6]  # => "hello"
+  'hello'[2, 3]  # => "llo"
+  'hello'[2, 0]  # => ""
+  'hello'[2, -1] # => nil
+
+If argument +offset+ is negative,
+counts backward from the end of +self+:
+
+  'hello'[-1, 1] # => "o"
+  'hello'[-5, 5] # => "hello"
+  'hello'[-1, 0] # => ""
+  'hello'[-6, 5] # => nil
+
+Special case: if +offset+ equals the size of +self+,
+returns a new empty string:
+
+  'hello'[5, 3]  # => ""
+
+<b>Form <tt>self[range]</tt></b>
+
+With Range argument +range+ given,
+forms substring <tt>self[range.start, range.size]</tt>:
+
+  'hello'[0..2]  # => "hel"
+  'hello'[0, 3]  # => "hel"
+
+  'hello'[0...2] # => "he"
+  'hello'[0, 2]  # => "he"
+
+  'hello'[0, 0]  # => ""
+  'hello'[0...0] # => ""
+
+<b>Form <tt>self[regexp, capture = 0]</tt></b>
+
+With Regexp argument +regexp+ given and +capture+ as zero,
+searches for a matching substring in +self+;
+updates {Regexp-related global variables}[rdoc-ref:Regexp@Global+Variables]:
+
+  'hello'[/ell/]     # => "ell"
+  'hello'[/l+/]      # => "ll"
+  'hello'[//]        # => ""
+  'hello'[/nosuch/]  # => nil
+
+With +capture+ as a positive integer +n+,
+returns the +n+th matched group:
+
+  'hello'[/(h)(e)(l+)(o)/]    # => "hello"
+  'hello'[/(h)(e)(l+)(o)/, 1] # => "h"
+  $1                          # => "h"
+  'hello'[/(h)(e)(l+)(o)/, 2] # => "e"
+  $2                          # => "e"
+  'hello'[/(h)(e)(l+)(o)/, 3] # => "ll"
+  'hello'[/(h)(e)(l+)(o)/, 4] # => "o"
+  'hello'[/(h)(e)(l+)(o)/, 5] # => nil
+
+<b>Form <tt>self[substring]</tt></b>
+
+With string argument +substring+ given,
+returns the matching substring of +self+, if found:
+
+  'hello'['ell']      # => "ell"
+  'hello'['']         # => ""
+  'hello'['nosuch']   # => nil
+  'こんにちは'['んにち'] # => "んにち"
+
+Related: see {Converting to New String}[rdoc-ref:String@Converting+to+New+String].
diff --git a/doc/string/aset.rdoc b/doc/string/aset.rdoc
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..98c58b59cc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/doc/string/aset.rdoc
@@ -0,0 +1,179 @@
+Returns +self+ with all, a substring, or none of its contents replaced;
+returns the argument +other_string+.
+
+<b>Form <tt>self[index] = other_string</tt></b>
+
+With non-negative integer argument +index+ given,
+searches for the 1-character substring found in self at character offset index:
+
+  s = 'hello'
+  s[0] = 'foo' # => "foo"
+  s            # => "fooello"
+
+  s = 'hello'
+  s[4] = 'foo' # => "foo"
+  s            # => "hellfoo"
+
+  s = 'hello'
+  s[5] = 'foo' # => "foo"
+  s            # => "hellofoo"
+
+  s = 'hello'
+  s[6] = 'foo' # Raises IndexError: index 6 out of string.
+
+With negative integer argument +index+ given,
+counts backward from the end of +self+:
+
+  s = 'hello'
+  s[-1] = 'foo'  # => "foo"
+  s              # => "hellfoo"
+
+  s = 'hello'
+  s[-5] = 'foo'  # => "foo"
+  s              # => "fooello"
+
+  s = 'hello'
+  s[-6] = 'foo'  # Raises IndexError: index -6 out of string.
+
+<b>Form <tt>self[start, length] = other_string</tt></b>
+
+With integer arguments +start+ and +length+ given,
+searches for a substring of size +length+ characters (as available)
+beginning at character offset specified by +start+.
+
+If argument +start+ is non-negative,
+the offset is +start+:
+
+  s = 'hello'
+  s[0, 1] = 'foo'  # => "foo"
+  s                # => "fooello"
+
+  s = 'hello'
+  s[0, 5] = 'foo'  # => "foo"
+  s                # => "foo"
+
+  s = 'hello'
+  s[0, 9] = 'foo'  # => "foo"
+  s                # => "foo"
+
+  s = 'hello'
+  s[2, 0] = 'foo'  # => "foo"
+  s                # => "hefoollo"
+
+  s = 'hello'
+  s[2, -1] = 'foo' # Raises IndexError: negative length -1.
+
+If argument +start+ is negative,
+counts backward from the end of +self+:
+
+  s = 'hello'
+  s[-1, 1] = 'foo' # => "foo"
+  s                # => "hellfoo"
+
+  s = 'hello'
+  s[-1, 9] = 'foo' # => "foo"
+  s                # => "hellfoo"
+
+  s = 'hello'
+  s[-5, 2] = 'foo' # => "foo"
+  s                # => "foollo"
+
+  s = 'hello'
+  s[-3, 0] = 'foo' # => "foo"
+  s                # => "hefoollo"
+
+  s = 'hello'
+  s[-6, 2] = 'foo' # Raises IndexError: index -6 out of string.
+
+Special case: if +start+ equals the length of +self+,
+the argument is appended to +self+:
+
+  s = 'hello'
+  s[5, 3] = 'foo' # => "foo"
+  s               # => "hellofoo"
+
+<b>Form <tt>self[range] = other_string</tt></b>
+
+With Range argument +range+ given,
+equivalent to <tt>self[range.start, range.size] = other_string</tt>:
+
+  s0 = 'hello'
+  s1 = 'hello'
+  s0[0..2] = 'foo' # => "foo"
+  s1[0, 3] = 'foo' # => "foo"
+  s0               # => "foolo"
+  s1               # => "foolo"
+
+  s = 'hello'
+  s[0...2] = 'foo' # => "foo"
+  s                # => "foollo"
+
+  s = 'hello'
+  s[0...0] = 'foo' # => "foo"
+  s                # => "foohello"
+
+  s = 'hello'
+  s[9..10] = 'foo' # Raises RangeError: 9..10 out of range
+
+<b>Form <tt>self[regexp, capture = 0] = other_string</tt></b>
+
+With Regexp argument +regexp+ given and +capture+ as zero,
+searches for a matching substring in +self+;
+updates {Regexp-related global variables}[rdoc-ref:Regexp@Global+Variables]:
+
+  s = 'hello'
+  s[/l/] = 'L'       # => "L"
+  [$`, $&, $']       # => ["he", "l", "lo"]
+  s[/eLlo/] = 'owdy' # => "owdy"
+  [$`, $&, $']       # => ["h", "eLlo", ""]
+  s[/eLlo/] = 'owdy' # Raises IndexError: regexp not matched.
+  [$`, $&, $']       # => [nil, nil, nil]
+
+With +capture+ as a positive integer +n+,
+searches for the +n+th matched group:
+
+  s = 'hello'
+  s[/(h)(e)(l+)(o)/] = 'foo'    # => "foo"
+  [$`, $&, $']                  # => ["", "hello", ""]
+
+  s = 'hello'
+  s[/(h)(e)(l+)(o)/, 1] = 'foo' # => "foo"
+  s                             # => "fooello"
+  [$`, $&, $']                  # => ["", "hello", ""]
+
+  s = 'hello'
+  s[/(h)(e)(l+)(o)/, 2] = 'foo' # => "foo"
+  s                             # => "hfoollo"
+  [$`, $&, $']                  # => ["", "hello", ""]
+
+  s = 'hello'
+  s[/(h)(e)(l+)(o)/, 4] = 'foo' # => "foo"
+  s                             # => "hellfoo"
+  [$`, $&, $']                  # => ["", "hello", ""]
+
+  s = 'hello'
+  # => "hello"
+  s[/(h)(e)(l+)(o)/, 5] = 'foo  # Raises IndexError: index 5 out of regexp.
+
+  s = 'hello'
+  s[/nosuch/] = 'foo'           # Raises IndexError: regexp not matched.
+
+<b>Form <tt>self[substring] = other_string</tt></b>
+
+With string argument +substring+ given:
+
+  s = 'hello'
+  s['l'] = 'foo'  # => "foo"
+  s  # => "hefoolo"
+
+  s = 'hello'
+  s['ll'] = 'foo'  # => "foo"
+  s  # => "hefooo"
+
+  s = 'こんにちは'
+  s['んにち'] = 'foo'  # => "foo"
+  s  # => "こfooは"
+
+  s['nosuch'] = 'foo' # Raises IndexError: string not matched.
+
+Related: see {Modifying}[rdoc-ref:String@Modifying].
diff --git a/doc/string/bytes.rdoc b/doc/string/bytes.rdoc
index a9e89f1cd1..6dde0a745d 100644
--- a/doc/string/bytes.rdoc
+++ b/doc/string/bytes.rdoc
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 Returns an array of the bytes in +self+:
 
-  'hello'.bytes # => [104, 101, 108, 108, 111]
-  'тест'.bytes  # => [209, 130, 208, 181, 209, 129, 209, 130]
+  'hello'.bytes  # => [104, 101, 108, 108, 111]
   'こんにちは'.bytes
   # => [227, 129, 147, 227, 130, 147, 227, 129, 171, 227, 129, 161, 227, 129, 175]
+
+Related: see {Converting to Non-String}[rdoc-ref:String@Converting+to+Non--5CString].
diff --git a/doc/string/bytesize.rdoc b/doc/string/bytesize.rdoc
index b0567ff67b..8d12a0d454 100644
--- a/doc/string/bytesize.rdoc
+++ b/doc/string/bytesize.rdoc
@@ -1,11 +1,12 @@
-Returns the count of bytes (not characters) in +self+:
+Returns the count of bytes in +self+.
 
-  'foo'.bytesize        # => 3
-  'тест'.bytesize       # => 8
-  'こんにちは'.bytesize   # => 15
+Note that the byte count may be different from the character count (returned by #size):
 
-Contrast with String#length:
+  s = 'foo'
+  s.bytesize # => 3
+  s.size     # => 3
+  s = 'こんにちは'
+  s.bytesize # => 15
+  s.size     # => 5
 
-  'foo'.length       # => 3
-  'тест'.length      # => 4
-  'こんにちは'.length  # => 5
+Related: see {Querying}[rdoc-ref:String@Querying].
diff --git a/doc/string/byteslice.rdoc b/doc/string/byteslice.rdoc
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d70441fb2b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/doc/string/byteslice.rdoc
@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+Returns a substring of +self+, or +nil+ if the substring cannot be constructed.
+
+With integer arguments +offset+ and +length+ given,
+returns the substring beginning at the given +offset+
+and of the given +length+ (as available):
+
+  s = '0123456789'   # => "0123456789"
+  s.byteslice(2)     # => "2"
+  s.byteslice(200)   # => nil
+  s.byteslice(4, 3)  # => "456"
+  s.byteslice(4, 30) # => "456789"
+
+Returns +nil+ if +length+ is negative or +offset+ falls outside of +self+:
+
+  s.byteslice(4, -1) # => nil
+  s.byteslice(40, 2) # => nil
+
+Counts backwards from the end of +self+
+if +offset+ is negative:
+
+  s = '0123456789'   # => "0123456789"
+  s.byteslice(-4)    # => "6"
+  s.byteslice(-4, 3) # => "678"
+
+With Range argument +range+ given, returns
+<tt>byteslice(range.begin, range.size)</tt>:
+
+  s = '0123456789'    # => "0123456789"
+  s.byteslice(4..6)   # => "456"
+  s.byteslice(-6..-4) # => "456"
+  s.byteslice(5..2)   # => "" # range.size is zero.
+  s.byteslice(40..42) # => nil
+
+The starting and ending offsets need not be on character boundaries:
+
+  s = 'こんにちは'
+  s.byteslice(0, 3) # => "こ"
+  s.byteslice(1, 3) # => "\x81\x93\xE3"
+
+The encodings of +self+ and the returned substring
+are always the same:
+
+  s.encoding                 # => #<Encoding:UTF-8>
+  s.byteslice(0, 3).encoding # => #<Encoding:UTF-8>
+  s.byteslice(1, 3).encoding # => #<Encoding:UTF-8>
+
+But, depending on the character boundaries,
+the encoding of the returned substring may not be valid:
+
+  s.valid_encoding?                 # => true
+  s.byteslice(0, 3).valid_encoding? # => true
+  s.byteslice(1, 3).valid_encoding? # => false
+
+Related: see {Converting to New String}[rdoc-ref:String@Converting+to+New+String].
diff --git a/doc/string/bytesplice.rdoc b/doc/string/bytesplice.rdoc
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..5689ef4a2b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/doc/string/bytesplice.rdoc
@@ -0,0 +1,66 @@
+Replaces <i>target bytes</i> in +self+ with <i>source bytes</i> from the given string +str+;
+returns +self+.
+
+In the first form, arguments +offset+ and +length+ determine the target bytes,
+and the source bytes are all of the given +str+:
+
+  '0123456789'.bytesplice(0, 3, 'abc')  # => "abc3456789"
+  '0123456789'.bytesplice(3, 3, 'abc')  # => "012abc6789"
+  '0123456789'.bytesplice(0, 50, 'abc') # => "abc"
+  '0123456789'.bytesplice(50, 3, 'abc') # Raises IndexError.
+
+The counts of the target bytes and source source bytes may be different:
+
+  '0123456789'.bytesplice(0, 6, 'abc') # => "abc6789"      # Shorter source.
+  '0123456789'.bytesplice(0, 1, 'abc') # => "abc123456789" # Shorter target.
+
+And either count may be zero (i.e., specifying an empty string):
+
+  '0123456789'.bytesplice(0, 3, '')    # => "3456789"       # Empty source.
+  '0123456789'.bytesplice(0, 0, 'abc') # => "abc0123456789" # Empty target.
+
+In the second form, just as in the first,
+arugments +offset+ and +length+ determine the target bytes;
+argument +str+ _contains_ the source bytes,
+and the additional arguments +str_offset+ and +str_length+
+determine the actual source bytes:
+
+  '0123456789'.bytesplice(0, 3, 'abc', 0, 3) # => "abc3456789"
+  '0123456789'.bytesplice(0, 3, 'abc', 1, 1) # => "b3456789"      # Shorter source.
+  '0123456789'.bytesplice(0, 1, 'abc', 0, 3) # => "abc123456789"  # Shorter target.
+  '0123456789'.bytesplice(0, 3, 'abc', 1, 0) # => "3456789"       # Empty source.
+  '0123456789'.bytesplice(0, 0, 'abc', 0, 3) # => "abc0123456789" # Empty target.
+
+In the third form, argument +range+ determines the target bytes
+and the source bytes are all of the given +str+:
+
+  '0123456789'.bytesplice(0..2, 'abc')  # => "abc3456789"
+  '0123456789'.bytesplice(3..5, 'abc')  # => "012abc6789"
+  '0123456789'.bytesplice(0..5, 'abc')  # => "abc6789"       # Shorter source.
+  '0123456789'.bytesplice(0..0, 'abc')  # => "abc123456789"  # Shorter target.
+  '0123456789'.bytesplice(0..2, '')     # => "3456789"       # Empty source.
+  '0123456789'.bytesplice(0...0, 'abc') # => "abc0123456789" # Empty target.
+
+In the fourth form, just as in the third,
+arugment +range+ determines the target bytes;
+argument +str+ _contains_ the source bytes,
+and the additional argument +str_range+
+determines the actual source bytes:
+
+  '0123456789'.bytesplice(0..2, 'abc', 0..2)  # => "abc3456789"
+  '0123456789'.bytesplice(3..5, 'abc', 0..2)  # => "012abc6789"
+  '0123456789'.bytesplice(0..2, 'abc', 0..1)  # => "ab3456789"     # Shorter source.
+  '0123456789'.bytesplice(0..1, 'abc', 0..2)  # => "abc23456789"   # Shorter target.
+  '0123456789'.bytesplice(0..2, 'abc', 0...0) # => "3456789"       # Empty source.
+  '0123456789'.bytesplice(0...0, 'abc', 0..2) # => "abc0123456789" # Empty target.
+
+In any of the forms, the beginnings and endings of both source and target
+must be on character boundaries.
+
+In these examples, +self+ has five 3-byte characters,
+and so has character boundaries at offsets 0, 3, 6, 9, 12, and 15.
+
+  'こんにちは'.bytesplice(0, 3, 'abc') # => "abcんにちは"
+  'こんにちは'.bytesplice(1, 3, 'abc') # Raises IndexError.
+  'こんにちは'.bytesplice(0, 2, 'abc') # Raises IndexError.
+
diff --git a/doc/string/capitalize.rdoc b/doc/string/capitalize.rdoc
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..3a1a2dcb8b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/doc/string/capitalize.rdoc
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+Returns a string containing the characters in +self+,
+each with possibly changed case:
+
+- The first character made uppercase.
+- All other characters are made lowercase.
+
+Examples:
+
+  'hello'.capitalize  # => "Hello"
+  'HELLO'.capitalize  # => "Hello"
+  'straße'.capitalize # => "Straße"  # Lowercase 'ß' not changed.
+  'STRAẞE'.capitalize # => "Straße"  # Uppercase 'ẞ' downcased to 'ß'.
+
+Some characters (and some character sets) do not have upcase and downcase versions;
+see {Case Mapping}[rdoc-ref:case_mapping.rdoc]:
+
+  s = '1, 2, 3, ...'
+  s.capitalize == s # => true
+  s = 'こんにちは'
+  s.capitalize == s # => true
+
+The casing is affected by the given +mapping+,
+which may be +:ascii+, +:fold+, or +:turkic+;
+see {Case Mappings}[rdoc-ref:case_mapping.rdoc@Case+Mappings].
+
+Related: see {Converting to New String}[rdoc-ref:String@Converting+to+New+String].
diff --git a/doc/string/center.rdoc b/doc/string/center.rdoc
index d53d921ad5..b86c8b5916 100644
--- a/doc/string/center.rdoc
+++ b/doc/string/center.rdoc
@@ -2,15 +2,18 @@ Returns a centered copy of +self+.
 
 If integer argument +size+ is greater than the size (in characters) of +self+,
 returns a new string of length +size+ that is a copy of +self+,
-centered and padded on both ends with +pad_string+:
+centered and padded on one or both ends with +pad_string+:
 
-  'hello'.center(10)       # => "  hello   "
-  '  hello'.center(10)     # => "   hello  "
-  'hello'.center(10, 'ab') # => "abhelloaba"
-  'тест'.center(10)        # => "   тест   "
-  'こんにちは'.center(10)    # => "  こんにちは   "
+  'hello'.center(6)             # => "hello "               # Padded on one end.
+  'hello'.center(10)            # => "  hello   "           # Padded on both ends.
+  'hello'.center(20, '-|')      # => "-|-|-|-hello-|-|-|-|" # Some padding repeated.
+  'hello'.center(10, 'abcdefg') # => "abhelloabc"           # Some padding not used.
+  '  hello  '.center(13)        # => "    hello    "
+  'こんにちは'.center(10)         # => "  こんにちは   "      # Multi-byte characters.
 
-If +size+ is not greater than the size of +self+, returns a copy of +self+:
+If +size+ is less than or equal to the size of +self+, returns an unpadded copy of +self+:
 
-  'hello'.center(5)  # => "hello"
-  'hello'.center(1)  # => "hello"
+  'hello'.center(5)   # => "hello"
+  'hello'.center(-10) # => "hello"
+
+Related: see {Converting to New String}[rdoc-ref:String@Converting+to+New+String].
diff --git a/doc/string/chars.rdoc b/doc/string/chars.rdoc
index d24a1cc3a9..d4d15bf2ad 100644
--- a/doc/string/chars.rdoc
+++ b/doc/string/chars.rdoc
@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
 Returns an array of the characters in +self+:
 
   'hello'.chars     # => ["h", "e", "l", "l", "o"]
-  'тест'.chars      # => ["т", "е", "с", "т"]
   'こんにちは'.chars # => ["こ", "ん", "に", "ち", "は"]
+  ''.chars          # => []
+
+Related: see {Converting to Non-String}[rdoc-ref:String@Converting+to+Non--5CString].
diff --git a/doc/string/chomp.rdoc b/doc/string/chomp.rdoc
index b6fb9ff38c..4efff5c291 100644
--- a/doc/string/chomp.rdoc
+++ b/doc/string/chomp.rdoc
@@ -9,7 +9,6 @@ if they are <tt>"\r"</tt>, <tt>"\n"</tt>, or <tt>"\r\n"</tt>
   "abc\n".chomp         # => "abc"
   "abc\r\n".chomp       # => "abc"
   "abc\n\r".chomp       # => "abc\n"
-  "тест\r\n".chomp      # => "тест"
   "こんにちは\r\n".chomp  # => "こんにちは"
 
 When +line_sep+ is <tt>''</tt> (an empty string),
@@ -25,5 +24,8 @@ removes multiple trailing occurrences of <tt>"\n"</tt> or <tt>"\r\n"</tt>
 When +line_sep+ is neither <tt>"\n"</tt> nor <tt>''</tt>,
 removes a single trailing line separator if there is one:
 
-  'abcd'.chomp('d')  # => "abc"
-  'abcdd'.chomp('d') # => "abcd"
+  'abcd'.chomp('cd')   # => "ab"
+  'abcdcd'.chomp('cd') # => "abcd"
+  'abcd'.chomp('xx')   # => "abcd"
+
+Related: see {Converting to New String}[rdoc-ref:String@Converting+to+New+String].
diff --git a/doc/string/chop.rdoc b/doc/string/chop.rdoc
index 8ef82f8a49..d818ba467a 100644
--- a/doc/string/chop.rdoc
+++ b/doc/string/chop.rdoc
@@ -3,14 +3,15 @@ Returns a new string copied from +self+, with trailing characters possibly remov
 Removes <tt>"\r\n"</tt> if those are the last two characters.
 
   "abc\r\n".chop      # => "abc"
-  "тест\r\n".chop     # => "тест"
   "こんにちは\r\n".chop # => "こんにちは"
 
 Otherwise removes the last character if it exists.
 
   'abcd'.chop     # => "abc"
-  'тест'.chop     # => "тес"
   'こんにちは'.chop # => "こんにち"
   ''.chop         # => ""
 
-If you only need to remove the newline separator at the end of the string, String#chomp is a better alternative.
+If you only need to remove the newline separator at the end of the string,
+String#chomp is a better alternative.
+
+Related: see {Converting to New String}[rdoc-ref:String@Converting+to+New+String].
diff --git a/doc/string/chr.rdoc b/doc/string/chr.rdoc
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..153d5d71c3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/doc/string/chr.rdoc
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+Returns a string containing the first character of +self+:
+
+  'hello'.chr     # => "h"
+  'こんにちは'.chr # => "こ"
+  ''.chr          # => ""
+
+Related: see {Converting to New String}[rdoc-ref:String@Converting+to+New+String].
diff --git a/doc/string/codepoints.rdoc b/doc/string/codepoints.rdoc
index 0c55d3f4b9..22cb22c889 100644
--- a/doc/string/codepoints.rdoc
+++ b/doc/string/codepoints.rdoc
@@ -2,5 +2,7 @@ Returns an array of the codepoints in +self+;
 each codepoint is the integer value for a character:
 
   'hello'.codepoints     # => [104, 101, 108, 108, 111]
-  'тест'.codepoints      # => [1090, 1077, 1089, 1090]
   'こんにちは'.codepoints # => [12371, 12435, 12395, 12385, 12399]
+  ''.codepoints          # => []
+
+Related: see {Converting to Non-String}[rdoc-ref:String@Converting+to+Non--5CString].
diff --git a/doc/string/concat.rdoc b/doc/string/concat.rdoc
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..92ba664b8c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/doc/string/concat.rdoc
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+Concatenates each object in +objects+ to +self+; returns +self+:
+
+  'foo'.concat('bar', 'baz') # => "foobarbaz"
+
+For each given object +object+ that is an integer,
+the value is considered a codepoint and converted to a character before concatenation:
+
+  'foo'.concat(32, 'bar', 32, 'baz') # => "foo bar baz" # Embeds spaces.
+  'こん'.concat(12395, 12385, 12399)  # => "こんにちは"
+
+Related: see {Converting to New String}[rdoc-ref:String@Converting+to+New+String].
diff --git a/doc/string/count.rdoc b/doc/string/count.rdoc
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..7a3b9f1e21
--- /dev/null
+++ b/doc/string/count.rdoc
@@ -0,0 +1,74 @@
+Returns the total number of characters in +self+ that are specified by the given selectors.
+
+For one 1-character selector,
+returns the count of instances of that character:
+
+  s = 'abracadabra'
+  s.count('a') # => 5
+  s.count('b') # => 2
+  s.count('x') # => 0
+  s.count('')  # => 0
+
+  s = 'よろしくお願いします'
+  s.count('よ')  # => 1
+  s.count('し')  # => 2
+
+For one multi-character selector,
+returns the count of instances for all specified characters:
+
+  s = 'abracadabra'
+  s.count('ab')     # => 7
+  s.count('abc')    # => 8
+  s.count('abcd')   # => 9
+  s.count('abcdr')  # => 11
+  s.count('abcdrx') # => 11
+
+Order and repetition do not matter:
+
+  s.count('ba')   == s.count('ab') # => true
+  s.count('baab') == s.count('ab') # => true
+
+For multiple selectors,
+forms a single selector that is the intersection of characters in all selectors
+and returns the count of instances for that selector:
+
+  s = 'abcdefg'
+  s.count('abcde', 'dcbfg') == s.count('bcd') # => true
+  s.count('abc', 'def')     == s.count('')    # => true
+
+In a character selector, three characters get special treatment:
+
+- A caret (<tt>'^'</tt>) functions as a _negation_ operator
+  for the immediately following characters:
+
+    s = 'abracadabra'
+    s.count('^bc') # => 8  # Count of all except 'b' and 'c'.
+
+- A hyphen (<tt>'-'</tt>) between two other characters defines a _range_ of characters:
+
+    s = 'abracadabra'
+    s.count('a-c') # => 8  # Count of all 'a', 'b', and 'c'.
+
+- A backslash (<tt>'\'</tt>) acts as an escape for a caret, a hyphen,
+  or another backslash:
+
+    s = 'abracadabra'
+    s.count('\^bc')           # => 3  # Count of '^', 'b', and 'c'.
+    s.count('a\-c')           # => 6  # Count of 'a', '-', and 'c'.
+    'foo\bar\baz'.count('\\') # => 2  # Count of '\'.
+
+These usages may be mixed:
+
+  s = 'abracadabra'
+  s.count('a-cq-t') # => 10  # Multiple ranges.
+  s.count('ac-d')   # => 7   # Range mixed with plain characters.
+  s.count('^a-c')   # => 3   # Range mixed with negation.
+
+For multiple selectors, all forms may be used, including negations, ranges, and escapes.
+
+  s = 'abracadabra'
+  s.count('^abc', '^def') == s.count('^abcdef') # => true
+  s.count('a-e', 'c-g')   == s.count('cde')     # => true
+  s.count('^abc', 'c-g')  == s.count('defg')    # => true
+
+Related: see {Querying}[rdoc-ref:String@Querying].
diff --git a/doc/string/delete.rdoc b/doc/string/delete.rdoc
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..1827f177e6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/doc/string/delete.rdoc
@@ -0,0 +1,75 @@
+Returns a new string that is a copy of +self+ with certain characters removed;
+the removed characters are all instances of those specified by the given string +selectors+.
+
+For one 1-character selector,
+removes all instances of that character:
+
+  s = 'abracadabra'
+  s.delete('a') # => "brcdbr"
+  s.delete('b') # => "aracadara"
+  s.delete('x') # => "abracadabra"
+  s.delete('')  # => "abracadabra"
+
+  s = 'よろしくお願いします'
+  s.delete('よ') # => "ろしくお願いします"
+  s.delete('し') # => "よろくお願います"
+
+For one multi-character selector,
+removes all instances of the specified characters:
+
+  s = 'abracadabra'
+  s.delete('ab')     # => "rcdr"
+  s.delete('abc')    # => "rdr"
+  s.delete('abcd')   # => "rr"
+  s.delete('abcdr')  # => ""
+  s.delete('abcdrx') # => ""
+
+Order and repetition do not matter:
+
+  s.delete('ba')   == s.delete('ab') # => true
+  s.delete('baab') == s.delete('ab') # => true
+
+For multiple selectors,
+forms a single selector that is the intersection of characters in all selectors
+and removes all instances of characters specified by that selector:
+
+  s = 'abcdefg'
+  s.delete('abcde', 'dcbfg') == s.delete('bcd') # => true
+  s.delete('abc', 'def')     == s.delete('')    # => true
+
+In a character selector, three characters get special treatment:
+
+- A caret (<tt>'^'</tt>) functions as a _negation_ operator
+  for the immediately following characters:
+
+    s = 'abracadabra'
+    s.delete('^bc') # => "bcb"  # Deletes all except 'b' and 'c'.
+
+- A hyphen (<tt>'-'</tt>) between two other characters defines a _range_ of characters:
+
+    s = 'abracadabra'
+    s.delete('a-c') # => "rdr"  # Deletes all 'a', 'b', and 'c'.
+
+- A backslash (<tt>'\'</tt>) acts as an escape for a caret, a hyphen,
+  or another backslash:
+
+    s = 'abracadabra'
+    s.delete('\^bc')           # => "araadara"   # Deletes all '^', 'b', and 'c'.
+    s.delete('a\-c')           # => "brdbr"      # Deletes all 'a', '-', and 'c'.
+    'foo\bar\baz'.delete('\\') # => "foobarbaz"  # Deletes all '\'.
+
+These usages may be mixed:
+
+  s = 'abracadabra'
+  s.delete('a-cq-t') # => "d"         # Multiple ranges.
+  s.delete('ac-d')   # => "brbr"      # Range mixed with plain characters.
+  s.delete('^a-c')   # => "abacaaba"  # Range mixed with negation.
+
+For multiple selectors, all forms may be used, including negations, ranges, and escapes.
+
+  s = 'abracadabra'
+  s.delete('^abc', '^def') == s.delete('^abcdef') # => true
+  s.delete('a-e', 'c-g')   == s.delete('cde')     # => true
+  s.delete('^abc', 'c-g')  == s.delete('defg')    # => true
+
+Related: see {Converting to New String}[rdoc-ref:String@Converting+to+New+String].
diff --git a/doc/string/delete_prefix.rdoc b/doc/string/delete_prefix.rdoc
index fa9d8abd38..6255e300e3 100644
--- a/doc/string/delete_prefix.rdoc
+++ b/doc/string/delete_prefix.rdoc
@@ -1,8 +1,9 @@
-Returns a copy of +self+ with leading substring <tt>prefix</tt> removed:
+Returns a copy of +self+ with leading substring +prefix+ removed:
 
-  'hello'.delete_prefix('hel')      # => "lo"
-  'hello'.delete_prefix('llo')      # => "hello"
-  'тест'.delete_prefix('те')        # => "ст"
+  'oof'.delete_prefix('o')          # => "of"
+  'oof'.delete_prefix('oo')         # => "f"
+  'oof'.delete_prefix('oof')        # => ""
+  'oof'.delete_prefix('x')          # => "oof"
   'こんにちは'.delete_prefix('こん')  # => "にちは"
 
-Related: String#delete_prefix!, String#delete_suffix.
+Related: see {Converting to New String}[rdoc-ref:String@Converting+to+New+String].
diff --git a/doc/string/delete_suffix.rdoc b/doc/string/delete_suffix.rdoc
index 4862b725cf..a4d9a80f85 100644
--- a/doc/string/delete_suffix.rdoc
+++ b/doc/string/delete_suffix.rdoc
@@ -1,8 +1,10 @@
 Returns a copy of +self+ with trailing substring <tt>suffix</tt> removed:
 
-  'hello'.delete_suffix('llo')      # => "he"
-  'hello'.delete_suffix('hel')      # => "hello"
-  'тест'.delete_suffix('ст')        # => "те"
+  'foo'.delete_suffix('o')           # => "fo"
+  'foo'.delete_suffix('oo')          # => "f"
+  'foo'.delete_suffix('foo')         # => ""
+  'foo'.delete_suffix('f')           # => "foo"
+  'foo'.delete_suffix('x')           # => "foo"
   'こんにちは'.delete_suffix('ちは')  # => "こんに"
 
-Related: String#delete_suffix!, String#delete_prefix.
+Related: see {Converting to New String}[rdoc-ref:String@Converting+to+New+String].
diff --git a/doc/string/downcase.rdoc b/doc/string/downcase.rdoc
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d5fffa037b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/doc/string/downcase.rdoc
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+Returns a new string containing the downcased characters in +self+:
+
+  'HELLO'.downcase        # => "hello"
+  'STRAẞE'.downcase       # => "straße"
+  'ПРИВЕТ'.downcase       # => "привет"
+  'RubyGems.org'.downcase # => "rubygems.org"
+
+Some characters (and some character sets) do not have upcase and downcase versions;
+see {Case Mapping}[rdoc-ref:case_mapping.rdoc]:
+
+  s = '1, 2, 3, ...'
+  s.downcase == s # => true
+  s = 'こんにちは'
+  s.downcase == s # => true
+
+The casing is affected by the given +mapping+,
+which may be +:ascii+, +:fold+, or +:turkic+;
+see {Case Mappings}[rdoc-ref:case_mapping.rdoc@Case+Mappings].
+
+Related: see {Converting to New String}[rdoc-ref:String@Converting+to+New+String].
diff --git a/doc/string/dump.rdoc b/doc/string/dump.rdoc
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..add3c35662
--- /dev/null
+++ b/doc/string/dump.rdoc
@@ -0,0 +1,89 @@
+For an ordinary string, this method, +String#dump+,
+returns a printable ASCII-only version of +self+, enclosed in double-quotes.
+
+For a dumped string, method String#undump is the inverse of +String#dump+;
+it returns a "restored" version of +self+,
+where all the dumping changes have been undone.
+
+In the simplest case, the dumped string contains the original string,
+enclosed in double-quotes;
+this example is done in +irb+ (interactive Ruby), which uses method `inspect` to render the results:
+
+  s = 'hello'   # => "hello"
+  s.dump        # => "\"hello\""
+  s.dump.undump # => "hello"
+
+Keep in mind that in the second line above:
+
+- The outer double-quotes are put on by +inspect+,
+  and _are_ _not_ part of the output of #dump.
+- The inner double-quotes _are_ part of the output of +dump+,
+  and are escaped by +inspect+ because they are within the outer double-quotes.
+
+To avoid confusion, we'll use this helper method to omit the outer double-quotes:
+
+  def dump(s)
+    print "String:   ", s, "\n"
+    print "Dumped:   ", s.dump, "\n"
+    print "Undumped: ", s.dump.undump, "\n"
+  end
+
+So that for string <tt>'hello'</tt>, we'll see:
+
+  String:    hello
+  Dumped:    "hello"
+  Undumped:  hello
+
+In a dump, certain special characters are escaped:
+
+  String:    "
+  Dumped:    "\""
+  Undumped:  "
+
+  String:    \
+  Dumped:    "\\"
+  Undumped:  \
+
+In a dump, unprintable characters are replaced by printable ones;
+the unprintable characters are the whitespace characters (other than space itself);
+here we see the ordinals for those characers, together with explanatory text:
+
+  h = {
+     7 => 'Alert (BEL)',
+     8 => 'Backspace (BS)',
+     9 => 'Horizontal tab (HT)',
+    10 => 'Linefeed (LF)',
+    11 => 'Vertical tab (VT)',
+    12 => 'Formfeed (FF)',
+    13 => 'Carriage return (CR)'
+  }
+
+In this example, the dumped output is printed by method #inspect,
+and so contains both outer double-quotes and escaped inner double-quotes:
+
+  s = ''
+  h.keys.each {|i| s << i } # => [7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13]
+  s                         # => "\a\b\t\n\v\f\r"
+  s.dump                    # => "\"\\a\\b\\t\\n\\v\\f\\r\""
+
+If +self+ is encoded in UTF-8 and contains Unicode characters,
+each Unicode character is dumped as a Unicode escape sequence:
+
+  String:    こんにちは
+  Dumped:    "\u3053\u3093\u306B\u3061\u306F"
+  Undumped:  こんにちは
+
+If the encoding of +self+ is not ASCII-compatible
+(i.e., if <tt>self.encoding.ascii_compatible?</tt> returns +false+),
+each ASCII-compatible byte is dumped as an ASCII character,
+and all other bytes are dumped as hexadecimal;
+also appends <tt>.dup.force_encoding(\"encoding\")</tt>,
+where <tt><encoding></tt> is <tt>self.encoding.name</tt>:
+
+  String:    hello
+  Dumped:    "\xFE\xFF\x00h\x00e\x00l\x00l\x00o".dup.force_encoding("UTF-16")
+  Undumped:  hello
+
+  String:    こんにちは
+  Dumped:    "\xFE\xFF0S0\x930k0a0o".dup.force_encoding("UTF-16")
+  Undumped:  こんにちは
diff --git a/doc/string/each_byte.rdoc b/doc/string/each_byte.rdoc
index 643118fea3..642d71e84b 100644
--- a/doc/string/each_byte.rdoc
+++ b/doc/string/each_byte.rdoc
@@ -1,17 +1,15 @@
-Calls the given block with each successive byte from +self+;
+With a block given, calls the block with each successive byte from +self+;
 returns +self+:
 
-  'hello'.each_byte {|byte| print byte, ' ' }
-  print "\n"
-  'тест'.each_byte {|byte| print byte, ' ' }
-  print "\n"
-  'こんにちは'.each_byte {|byte| print byte, ' ' }
-  print "\n"
+  a = []
+  'hello'.each_byte {|byte| a.push(byte) }     # Five 1-byte characters.
+  a # => [104, 101, 108, 108, 111]
+  a = []
+  'こんにちは'.each_byte {|byte| a.push(byte) }  # Five 3-byte characters.
+  a # => [227, 129, 147, 227, 130, 147, 227, 129, 171, 227, 129, 161, 227, 129, 175]
 
-Output:
+With no block given, returns an enumerator.
+
+Related: see {Iterating}[rdoc-ref:String@Iterating].
 
-  104 101 108 108 111
-  209 130 208 181 209 129 209 130
-  227 129 147 227 130 147 227 129 171 227 129 161 227 129 175
 
-Returns an enumerator if no block is given.
diff --git a/doc/string/each_char.rdoc b/doc/string/each_char.rdoc
index e5ae5a1812..2dd56711d3 100644
--- a/doc/string/each_char.rdoc
+++ b/doc/string/each_char.rdoc
@@ -1,17 +1,17 @@
-Calls the given block with each successive character from +self+;
+With a block given, calls the block with each successive character from +self+;
 returns +self+:
 
-  'hello'.each_char {|char| print char, ' ' }
-  print "\n"
-  'тест'.each_char {|char| print char, ' ' }
-  print "\n"
-  'こんにちは'.each_char {|char| print char, ' ' }
-  print "\n"
+  a = []
+  'hello'.each_char do |char|
+    a.push(char)
+  end
+  a # => ["h", "e", "l", "l", "o"]
+  a = []
+  'こんにちは'.each_char do |char|
+    a.push(char)
+  end
+  a # => ["こ", "ん", "に", "ち", "は"]
 
-Output:
+With no block given, returns an enumerator.
 
-  h e l l o
-  т е с т
-  こ ん に ち は
-
-Returns an enumerator if no block is given.
+Related: see {Iterating}[rdoc-ref:String@Iterating].
diff --git a/doc/string/each_codepoint.rdoc b/doc/string/each_codepoint.rdoc
index 88bfcbd1c0..8e4e7545e6 100644
--- a/doc/string/each_codepoint.rdoc
+++ b/doc/string/each_codepoint.rdoc
@@ -1,18 +1,18 @@
-Calls the given block with each successive codepoint from +self+;
-each codepoint is the integer value for a character;
+With a block given, calls the block with each successive codepoint from +self+;
+each {codepoint}[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_point] is the integer value for a character;
 returns +self+:
 
-  'hello'.each_codepoint {|codepoint| print codepoint, ' ' }
-  print "\n"
-  'тест'.each_codepoint {|codepoint| print codepoint, ' ' }
-  print "\n"
-  'こんにちは'.each_codepoint {|codepoint| print codepoint, ' ' }
-  print "\n"
+  a = []
+  'hello'.each_codepoint do |codepoint|
+    a.push(codepoint)
+  end
+  a # => [104, 101, 108, 108, 111]
+  a = []
+  'こんにちは'.each_codepoint do |codepoint|
+    a.push(codepoint)
+  end
+  a # => [12371, 12435, 12395, 12385, 12399]
 
-Output:
+With no block given, returns an enumerator.
 
-  104 101 108 108 111
-  1090 1077 1089 1090
-  12371 12435 12395 12385 12399
-
-Returns an enumerator if no block is given.
+Related: see {Iterating}[rdoc-ref:String@Iterating].
diff --git a/doc/string/each_grapheme_cluster.rdoc b/doc/string/each_grapheme_cluster.rdoc
index 40be95fcac..384cd6967d 100644
--- a/doc/string/each_grapheme_cluster.rdoc
+++ b/doc/string/each_grapheme_cluster.rdoc
@@ -1,12 +1,19 @@
-Calls the given block with each successive grapheme cluster from +self+
+With a block given, calls the given block with each successive grapheme cluster from +self+
 (see {Unicode Grapheme Cluster Boundaries}[https://www.unicode.org/reports/tr29/#Grapheme_Cluster_Boundaries]);
 returns +self+:
 
-  s = "\u0061\u0308-pqr-\u0062\u0308-xyz-\u0063\u0308" # => "ä-pqr-b̈-xyz-c̈"
-  s.each_grapheme_cluster {|gc| print gc, ' ' }
+  a = []
+  'hello'.each_grapheme_cluster do |grapheme_cluster|
+    a.push(grapheme_cluster)
+  end
+  a  # => ["h", "e", "l", "l", "o"]
 
-Output:
+  a = []
+  'こんにちは'.each_grapheme_cluster do |grapheme_cluster|
+    a.push(grapheme_cluster)
+  end
+  a # => ["こ", "ん", "に", "ち", "は"]
 
-  ä - p q r - b̈ - x y z - c̈
+With no block given, returns an enumerator.
 
-Returns an enumerator if no block is given.
+Related: see {Iterating}[rdoc-ref:String@Iterating].
diff --git a/doc/string/each_line.rdoc b/doc/string/each_line.rdoc
index e254c22d40..217c188e35 100644
--- a/doc/string/each_line.rdoc
+++ b/doc/string/each_line.rdoc
@@ -1,9 +1,12 @@
-With a block given, forms the substrings ("lines")
+With a block given, forms the substrings (lines)
 that are the result of splitting +self+
-at each occurrence of the given line separator +line_sep+;
+at each occurrence of the given +record_separator+;
 passes each line to the block;
-returns +self+:
+returns +self+.
 
+With the default +record_separator+:
+
+  $/ # => "\n"
   s = <<~EOT
   This is the first line.
   This is line two.
@@ -11,7 +14,6 @@ returns +self+:
   This is line four.
   This is line five.
   EOT
-
   s.each_line {|line| p line }
 
 Output:
@@ -22,9 +24,10 @@ Output:
   "This is line four.\n"
   "This is line five.\n"
 
-With a different +line_sep+:
+With a different +record_separator+:
 
-  s.each_line(' is ') {|line| p line }
+  record_separator = ' is '
+  s.each_line(record_separator) {|line| p line }
 
 Output:
 
@@ -34,7 +37,7 @@ Output:
   "line four.\nThis is "
   "line five.\n"
 
-With +chomp+ as +true+, removes the trailing +line_sep+ from each line:
+With +chomp+ as +true+, removes the trailing +record_separator+ from each line:
 
   s.each_line(chomp: true) {|line| p line }
 
@@ -46,11 +49,12 @@ Output:
   "This is line four."
   "This is line five."
 
-With an empty string as +line_sep+,
+With an empty string as +record_separator+,
 forms and passes "paragraphs" by splitting at each occurrence
 of two or more newlines:
 
-  s.each_line('') {|line| p line }
+  record_separator = ''
+  s.each_line(record_separator) {|line| p line }
 
 Output:
 
@@ -58,3 +62,5 @@ Output:
   "This is line four.\nThis is line five.\n"
 
 With no block given, returns an enumerator.
+
+Related: see {Iterating}[rdoc-ref:String@Iterating].
diff --git a/doc/string/encode.rdoc b/doc/string/encode.rdoc
index 65872fdfd4..14b959ffff 100644
--- a/doc/string/encode.rdoc
+++ b/doc/string/encode.rdoc
@@ -1,4 +1,6 @@
-Returns a copy of +self+ transcoded as determined by +dst_encoding+.
+Returns a copy of +self+ transcoded as determined by +dst_encoding+;
+see {Encodings}[rdoc-ref:encodings.rdoc].
+
 By default, raises an exception if +self+
 contains an invalid byte or a character not defined in +dst_encoding+;
 that behavior may be modified by encoding options; see below.
@@ -45,3 +47,4 @@ given, conversion from an encoding +enc+ to the same encoding +enc+
 no-op, i.e. the string is simply copied without any changes, and no
 exceptions are raised, even if there are invalid bytes.
 
+Related: see {Converting to New String}[rdoc-ref:String@Converting+to+New+String].
diff --git a/doc/string/end_with_p.rdoc b/doc/string/end_with_p.rdoc
index f959cf7aaa..9a95d74fde 100644
--- a/doc/string/end_with_p.rdoc
+++ b/doc/string/end_with_p.rdoc
@@ -1,11 +1,9 @@
-Returns whether +self+ ends with any of the given +strings+.
+Returns whether +self+ ends with any of the given +strings+:
 
-Returns +true+ if any given string matches the end, +false+ otherwise:
+  'foo'.end_with?('oo')         # => true
+  'foo'.end_with?('bar', 'oo')  # => true
+  'foo'.end_with?('bar', 'baz') # => false
+  'foo'.end_with?('')           # => true
+  'こんにちは'.end_with?('は')   # => true
 
-  'hello'.end_with?('ello')               #=> true
-  'hello'.end_with?('heaven', 'ello')     #=> true
-  'hello'.end_with?('heaven', 'paradise') #=> false
-  'тест'.end_with?('т')                   # => true
-  'こんにちは'.end_with?('は')              # => true
-
-Related: String#start_with?.
+Related: see {Querying}[rdoc-ref:String@Querying].
diff --git a/doc/string/eql_p.rdoc b/doc/string/eql_p.rdoc
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..85409c5ed6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/doc/string/eql_p.rdoc
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+Returns whether +self+ and +object+ have the same length and content:
+
+  s = 'foo'
+  s.eql?('foo')  # => true
+  s.eql?('food') # => false
+  s.eql?('FOO')  # => false
+
+Returns +false+ if the two strings' encodings are not compatible:
+
+  s0 = "äöü"                           # => "äöü"
+  s1 = s0.encode(Encoding::ISO_8859_1) # => "\xE4\xF6\xFC"
+  s0.encoding                          # => #<Encoding:UTF-8>
+  s1.encoding                          # => #<Encoding:ISO-8859-1>
+  s0.eql?(s1)                          # => false
+
+See {Encodings}[rdoc-ref:encodings.rdoc].
+
+Related: see {Querying}[rdoc-ref:String@Querying].
diff --git a/doc/string/force_encoding.rdoc b/doc/string/force_encoding.rdoc
index fd9615caaa..a509e67f80 100644
--- a/doc/string/force_encoding.rdoc
+++ b/doc/string/force_encoding.rdoc
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
-Changes the encoding of +self+ to +encoding+,
+Changes the encoding of +self+ to the given +encoding+,
 which may be a string encoding name or an Encoding object;
+does not change the underlying bytes;
 returns self:
 
   s = 'łał'
@@ -7,14 +8,14 @@ returns self:
   s.encoding                # => #<Encoding:UTF-8>
   s.force_encoding('ascii') # => "\xC5\x82a\xC5\x82"
   s.encoding                # => #<Encoding:US-ASCII>
-
-Does not change the underlying bytes:
-
+  s.valid_encoding?         # => true
   s.bytes                   # => [197, 130, 97, 197, 130]
 
 Makes the change even if the given +encoding+ is invalid
 for +self+ (as is the change above):
 
-  s.valid_encoding?                 # => false
-  s.force_encoding(Encoding::UTF_8) # => "łał"
-  s.valid_encoding?                 # => true
+  s.valid_encoding?         # => false
+
+See {Encodings}[rdoc-ref:encodings.rdoc].
+
+Related: see {Modifying}[rdoc-ref:String@Modifying].
diff --git a/doc/string/getbyte.rdoc b/doc/string/getbyte.rdoc
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..1d0ed2a5a4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/doc/string/getbyte.rdoc
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+Returns the byte at zero-based +index+ as an integer:
+
+  s = 'foo'
+  s.getbyte(0)    # => 102
+  s.getbyte(1)    # => 111
+  s.getbyte(2)    # => 111
+
+Counts backward from the end if +index+ is negative:
+
+  s.getbyte(-3) # => 102
+
+Returns +nil+ if +index+ is out of range:
+
+  s.getbyte(3)  # => nil
+  s.getbyte(-4) # => nil
+
+More examples:
+
+  s = 'こんにちは'
+  s.bytes      # => [227, 129, 147, 227, 130, 147, 227, 129, 171, 227, 129, 161, 227, 129, 175]
+  s.getbyte(2) # => 147
+
+Related: see {Converting to Non-String}[rdoc-ref:String@Converting+to+Non--5CString].
diff --git a/doc/string/grapheme_clusters.rdoc b/doc/string/grapheme_clusters.rdoc
index 8c7f5a7259..07ea1e318b 100644
--- a/doc/string/grapheme_clusters.rdoc
+++ b/doc/string/grapheme_clusters.rdoc
@@ -1,6 +1,19 @@
 Returns an array of the grapheme clusters in +self+
 (see {Unicode Grapheme Cluster Boundaries}[https://www.unicode.org/reports/tr29/#Grapheme_Cluster_Boundaries]):
 
-  s = "\u0061\u0308-pqr-\u0062\u0308-xyz-\u0063\u0308" # => "ä-pqr-b̈-xyz-c̈"
+  s = "ä-pqr-b̈-xyz-c̈"
+  s.size                   # => 16
+  s.bytesize               # => 19
+  s.grapheme_clusters.size # => 13
   s.grapheme_clusters
   # => ["ä", "-", "p", "q", "r", "-", "b̈", "-", "x", "y", "z", "-", "c̈"]
+
+Details:
+
+  s = "ä"
+  s.grapheme_clusters             # => ["ä"]           # One grapheme cluster.
+  s.bytes                         # => [97, 204, 136]  # Three bytes.
+  s.chars                         # => ["a", "̈"]       # Two characters.
+  s.chars.map {|char| char.ord }  # => [97, 776]       # Their values.
+
+Related: see {Converting to Non-String}[rdoc-ref:String@Converting+to+Non--5CString].
diff --git a/doc/string/hash.rdoc b/doc/string/hash.rdoc
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..fe94770ed9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/doc/string/hash.rdoc
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+Returns the integer hash value for +self+.
+
+Two \String objects that have identical content and compatible encodings
+also have the same hash value;
+see Object#hash and {Encodings}[rdoc-ref:encodings.rdoc]:
+
+  s = 'foo'
+  h = s.hash       # => -569050784
+  h == 'foo'.hash  # => true
+  h == 'food'.hash # => false
+  h == 'FOO'.hash  # => false
+
+  s0 = "äöü"
+  s1 = s0.encode(Encoding::ISO_8859_1)
+  s0.encoding        # => #<Encoding:UTF-8>
+  s1.encoding        # => #<Encoding:ISO-8859-1>
+  s0.hash == s1.hash # => false
+
+Related: see {Querying}[rdoc-ref:String@Querying].
diff --git a/doc/string/index.rdoc b/doc/string/index.rdoc
index ce09a37bdf..c3cff24dac 100644
--- a/doc/string/index.rdoc
+++ b/doc/string/index.rdoc
@@ -1,31 +1,31 @@
-Returns the integer index of the first match for the given argument,
-or +nil+ if none found;
-the search of +self+ is forward, and begins at position +offset+ (in characters).
+Returns the integer position of the first substring that matches the given argument +pattern+,
+or +nil+ if none found.
 
-With string argument +substring+,
+When +pattern+ is a string,
 returns the index of the first matching substring in +self+:
 
   'foo'.index('f')         # => 0
   'foo'.index('o')         # => 1
   'foo'.index('oo')        # => 1
   'foo'.index('ooo')       # => nil
-  'тест'.index('с')        # => 2
-  'こんにちは'.index('ち')   # => 3
+  'こんにちは'.index('ち')  # => 3
 
-With Regexp argument +regexp+, returns the index of the first match in +self+:
+When +pattern+ is a Regexp, returns the index of the first match in +self+:
 
   'foo'.index(/o./) # => 1
   'foo'.index(/.o/) # => 0
 
-With positive integer +offset+, begins the search at position +offset+:
+When +offset+ is non-negative, begins the search at position +offset+;
+the returned index is relative to the beginning of +self+:
 
-  'foo'.index('o', 1)        # => 1
-  'foo'.index('o', 2)        # => 2
-  'foo'.index('o', 3)        # => nil
-  'тест'.index('с', 1)       # => 2
-  'こんにちは'.index('ち', 2)  # => 3
+  'bar'.index('r', 0)        # => 2
+  'bar'.index('r', 1)        # => 2
+  'bar'.index('r', 2)        # => 2
+  'bar'.index('r', 3)        # => nil
+  'bar'.index(/[r-z]/, 0)    # => 2
+  'こんにちは'.index('ち', 2) # => 3
 
-With negative integer +offset+, selects the search position by counting backward
+With negative integer argument +offset+, selects the search position by counting backward
 from the end of +self+:
 
   'foo'.index('o', -1)  # => 2
@@ -35,4 +35,4 @@ from the end of +self+:
   'foo'.index(/o./, -2) # => 1
   'foo'.index(/.o/, -2) # => 1
 
-Related: String#rindex.
+Related: see {Querying}[rdoc-ref:String@Querying].
diff --git a/doc/string/insert.rdoc b/doc/string/insert.rdoc
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..73205f2069
--- /dev/null
+++ b/doc/string/insert.rdoc
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+Inserts the given +other_string+ into +self+; returns +self+.
+
+If the given +index+ is non-negative, inserts +other_string+ at offset +index+:
+
+  'foo'.insert(0, 'bar')       # => "barfoo"
+  'foo'.insert(1, 'bar')       # => "fbaroo"
+  'foo'.insert(3, 'bar')       # => "foobar"
+  'こんにちは'.insert(2, 'bar') # => "こんbarにちは"
+
+If the +index+ is negative, counts backward from the end of +self+
+and inserts +other_string+ _after_ the offset:
+
+  'foo'.insert(-2, 'bar') # => "fobaro"
+
+Related: see {Modifying}[rdoc-ref:String@Modifying].
diff --git a/doc/string/inspect.rdoc b/doc/string/inspect.rdoc
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..907828c2af
--- /dev/null
+++ b/doc/string/inspect.rdoc
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+Returns a printable version of +self+, enclosed in double-quotes.
+
+Most printable characters are rendered simply as themselves:
+
+  'abc'.inspect        # => "\"abc\""
+  '012'.inspect        # => "\"012\""
+  ''.inspect           # => "\"\""
+  "\u000012".inspect   # => "\"\\u000012\""
+  'こんにちは'.inspect  # => "\"こんにちは\""
+
+But printable characters double-quote (<tt>'"'</tt>) and backslash and (<tt>'\\'</tt>) are escaped:
+
+  '"'.inspect  # => "\"\\\"\""
+  '\\'.inspect # => "\"\\\\\""
+
+Unprintable characters are the {ASCII characters}[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASCII]
+whose values are in range <tt>0..31</tt>,
+along with the character whose value is +127+.
+
+Most of these characters are rendered thus:
+
+  0.chr.inspect # => "\"\\x00\""
+  1.chr.inspect # => "\"\\x01\""
+  2.chr.inspect # => "\"\\x02\""
+  # ...
+
+A few, however, have special renderings:
+
+  7.chr.inspect  # => "\"\\a\""  # BEL
+  8.chr.inspect  # => "\"\\b\""  # BS
+  9.chr.inspect  # => "\"\\t\""  # TAB
+  10.chr.inspect # => "\"\\n\""  # LF
+  11.chr.inspect # => "\"\\v\""  # VT
+  12.chr.inspect # => "\"\\f\""  # FF
+  13.chr.inspect # => "\"\\r\""  # CR
+  27.chr.inspect # => "\"\\e\""  # ESC
+
+Related: see {Converting to Non-String}[rdoc-ref:String@Converting+to+Non--5CString].
diff --git a/doc/string/intern.rdoc b/doc/string/intern.rdoc
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..eded6ac3d7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/doc/string/intern.rdoc
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+Returns the Symbol object derived from +self+,
+creating it if it did not already exist:
+
+  'foo'.intern       # => :foo
+  'こんにちは'.intern # => :こんにちは
+
+Related: see {Converting to Non-String}[rdoc-ref:String@Converting+to+Non--5CString].
+
diff --git a/doc/string/length.rdoc b/doc/string/length.rdoc
index 544bca269f..eb68edb10c 100644
--- a/doc/string/length.rdoc
+++ b/doc/string/length.rdoc
@@ -1,12 +1,11 @@
 Returns the count of characters (not bytes) in +self+:
 
   'foo'.length        # => 3
-  'тест'.length       # => 4
-  'こんにちは'.length   # => 5
+  'こんにちは'.length  # => 5
 
 Contrast with String#bytesize:
 
   'foo'.bytesize        # => 3
-  'тест'.bytesize       # => 8
-  'こんにちは'.bytesize   # => 15
+  'こんにちは'.bytesize  # => 15
 
+Related: see {Querying}[rdoc-ref:String@Querying].
diff --git a/doc/string/ljust.rdoc b/doc/string/ljust.rdoc
index 8e23c1fc8f..a8ca62ee76 100644
--- a/doc/string/ljust.rdoc
+++ b/doc/string/ljust.rdoc
@@ -1,16 +1,13 @@
-Returns a left-justified copy of +self+.
-
-If integer argument +size+ is greater than the size (in characters) of +self+,
-returns a new string of length +size+ that is a copy of +self+,
-left justified and padded on the right with +pad_string+:
+Returns a copy of +self+, left-justified and, if necessary, right-padded with the +pad_string+:
 
   'hello'.ljust(10)       # => "hello     "
   '  hello'.ljust(10)     # => "  hello   "
   'hello'.ljust(10, 'ab') # => "helloababa"
-  'тест'.ljust(10)        # => "тест      "
-  'こんにちは'.ljust(10)    # => "こんにちは     "
+  'こんにちは'.ljust(10)   # => "こんにちは     "
 
-If +size+ is not greater than the size of +self+, returns a copy of +self+:
+If <tt>width <= self.length</tt>, returns a copy of +self+:
 
   'hello'.ljust(5)  # => "hello"
-  'hello'.ljust(1)  # => "hello"
+  'hello'.ljust(1)  # => "hello"  # Does not truncate to width.
+
+Related: see {Converting to New String}[rdoc-ref:String@Converting+to+New+String].
diff --git a/doc/string/ord.rdoc b/doc/string/ord.rdoc
index d586363d44..87b469db02 100644
--- a/doc/string/ord.rdoc
+++ b/doc/string/ord.rdoc
@@ -2,5 +2,6 @@ Returns the integer ordinal of the first character of +self+:
 
   'h'.ord         # => 104
   'hello'.ord     # => 104
-  'тест'.ord      # => 1090
   'こんにちは'.ord  # => 12371
+
+Related: see {Converting to Non-String}[rdoc-ref:String@Converting+to+Non--5CString].
diff --git a/doc/string/partition.rdoc b/doc/string/partition.rdoc
index ebe575e8eb..614ad029d4 100644
--- a/doc/string/partition.rdoc
+++ b/doc/string/partition.rdoc
@@ -1,24 +1,43 @@
 Returns a 3-element array of substrings of +self+.
 
-Matches a pattern against +self+, scanning from the beginning.
-The pattern is:
+If +pattern+ is matched, returns the array:
 
-- +string_or_regexp+ itself, if it is a Regexp.
-- <tt>Regexp.quote(string_or_regexp)</tt>, if +string_or_regexp+ is a string.
+  [pre_match, first_match, post_match]
 
-If the pattern is matched, returns pre-match, first-match, post-match:
+where:
 
-  'hello'.partition('l')      # => ["he", "l", "lo"]
-  'hello'.partition('ll')     # => ["he", "ll", "o"]
-  'hello'.partition('h')      # => ["", "h", "ello"]
-  'hello'.partition('o')      # => ["hell", "o", ""]
-  'hello'.partition(/l+/)     #=> ["he", "ll", "o"]
-  'hello'.partition('')       # => ["", "", "hello"]
-  'тест'.partition('т')       # => ["", "т", "ест"]
-  'こんにちは'.partition('に')  # => ["こん", "に", "ちは"]
+- +first_match+ is the first-found matching substring.
+- +pre_match+ and +post_match+ are the preceding and following substrings.
 
-If the pattern is not matched, returns a copy of +self+ and two empty strings:
+If +pattern+ is not matched, returns the array:
 
-  'hello'.partition('x') # => ["hello", "", ""]
+  [self.dup, "", ""]
 
-Related: String#rpartition, String#split.
+Note that in the examples below, a returned string <tt>'hello'</tt>
+is a copy of +self+, not +self+.
+
+If +pattern+ is a Regexp, performs the equivalent of <tt>self.match(pattern)</tt>
+(also setting {matched-data variables}[rdoc-ref:language/globals.md@Matched+Data]):
+
+  'hello'.partition(/h/)  # => ["", "h", "ello"]
+  'hello'.partition(/l/)  # => ["he", "l", "lo"]
+  'hello'.partition(/l+/) # => ["he", "ll", "o"]
+  'hello'.partition(/o/)  # => ["hell", "o", ""]
+  'hello'.partition(/^/)  # => ["", "", "hello"]
+  'hello'.partition(//)   # => ["", "", "hello"]
+  'hello'.partition(/$/)  # => ["hello", "", ""]
+  'hello'.partition(/x/)  # => ["hello", "", ""]
+
+If +pattern+ is not a Regexp, converts it to a string (if it is not already one),
+then performs the equivalent of <tt>self.index(pattern)</tt>
+(and does _not_ set {matched-data global variables}[rdoc-ref:language/globals.md@Matched+Data]):
+
+  'hello'.partition('h')     # => ["", "h", "ello"]
+  'hello'.partition('l')     # => ["he", "l", "lo"]
+  'hello'.partition('ll')    # => ["he", "ll", "o"]
+  'hello'.partition('o')     # => ["hell", "o", ""]
+  'hello'.partition('')      # => ["", "", "hello"]
+  'hello'.partition('x')     # => ["hello", "", ""]
+  'こんにちは'.partition('に') # => ["こん", "に", "ちは"]
+
+Related: see {Converting to Non-String}[rdoc-ref:String@Converting+to+Non--5CString].
diff --git a/doc/string/rindex.rdoc b/doc/string/rindex.rdoc
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..2b81c3716d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/doc/string/rindex.rdoc
@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+Returns the integer position of the _last_ substring that matches the given argument +pattern+,
+or +nil+ if none found.
+
+When +pattern+ is a string, returns the index of the last matching substring in self:
+
+  'foo'.rindex('f')       # => 0
+  'foo'.rindex('o')       # => 2
+  'foo'.rindex('oo'       # => 1
+  'foo'.rindex('ooo')     # => nil
+  'こんにちは'.rindex('ち') # => 3
+
+When +pattern+ is a Regexp, returns the index of the last match in self:
+
+  'foo'.rindex(/f/)   # => 0
+  'foo'.rindex(/o/)   # => 2
+  'foo'.rindex(/oo/)  # => 1
+  'foo'.rindex(/ooo/) # => nil
+
+When +offset+ is non-negative, it specifies the maximum starting position in the
+string to end the search:
+
+  'foo'.rindex('o', 0) # => nil
+  'foo'.rindex('o', 1) # => 1
+  'foo'.rindex('o', 2) # => 2
+  'foo'.rindex('o', 3) # => 2
+
+With negative integer argument +offset+,
+selects the search position by counting backward from the end of +self+:
+
+  'foo'.rindex('o', -1) # => 2
+  'foo'.rindex('o', -2) # => 1
+  'foo'.rindex('o', -3) # => nil
+  'foo'.rindex('o', -4) # => nil
+
+The last match means starting at the possible last position, not
+the last of longest matches:
+
+  'foo'.rindex(/o+/) # => 2
+  $~                 # => #<MatchData "o">
+
+To get the last longest match, combine with negative lookbehind:
+
+  'foo'.rindex(/(?<!o)o+/) # => 1
+  $~                       # => #<MatchData "oo">
+
+Or String#index with negative lookforward.
+
+  'foo'.index(/o+(?!.*o)/) # => 1
+  $~                       # => #<MatchData "oo">
+
+Related: see {Querying}[rdoc-ref:String@Querying].
diff --git a/doc/string/rjust.rdoc b/doc/string/rjust.rdoc
index 24e7bf3159..acd3f198d4 100644
--- a/doc/string/rjust.rdoc
+++ b/doc/string/rjust.rdoc
@@ -1,16 +1,17 @@
 Returns a right-justified copy of +self+.
 
-If integer argument +size+ is greater than the size (in characters) of +self+,
-returns a new string of length +size+ that is a copy of +self+,
+If integer argument +width+ is greater than the size (in characters) of +self+,
+returns a new string of length +width+ that is a copy of +self+,
 right justified and padded on the left with +pad_string+:
 
   'hello'.rjust(10)       # => "     hello"
   'hello  '.rjust(10)     # => "   hello  "
   'hello'.rjust(10, 'ab') # => "ababahello"
-  'тест'.rjust(10)        # => "      тест"
   'こんにちは'.rjust(10)    # => "     こんにちは"
 
-If +size+ is not greater than the size of +self+, returns a copy of +self+:
+If <tt>width <= self.size</tt>, returns a copy of +self+:
 
   'hello'.rjust(5, 'ab')  # => "hello"
   'hello'.rjust(1, 'ab')  # => "hello"
+
+Related: see {Converting to New String}[rdoc-ref:String@Converting+to+New+String].
diff --git a/doc/string/rpartition.rdoc b/doc/string/rpartition.rdoc
index d24106fb9f..eed03949a5 100644
--- a/doc/string/rpartition.rdoc
+++ b/doc/string/rpartition.rdoc
@@ -1,24 +1,47 @@
 Returns a 3-element array of substrings of +self+.
 
-Matches a pattern against +self+, scanning backwards from the end.
-The pattern is:
+Searches +self+ for a match of +pattern+, seeking the _last_ match.
 
-- +string_or_regexp+ itself, if it is a Regexp.
-- <tt>Regexp.quote(string_or_regexp)</tt>, if +string_or_regexp+ is a string.
+If +pattern+ is not matched, returns the array:
 
-If the pattern is matched, returns pre-match, last-match, post-match:
+  ["", "", self.dup]
 
-  'hello'.rpartition('l')      # => ["hel", "l", "o"]
-  'hello'.rpartition('ll')     # => ["he", "ll", "o"]
-  'hello'.rpartition('h')      # => ["", "h", "ello"]
-  'hello'.rpartition('o')      # => ["hell", "o", ""]
-  'hello'.rpartition(/l+/)     # => ["hel", "l", "o"]
-  'hello'.rpartition('')       # => ["hello", "", ""]
-  'тест'.rpartition('т')       # => ["тес", "т", ""]
-  'こんにちは'.rpartition('に')  # => ["こん", "に", "ちは"]
+If +pattern+ is matched, returns the array:
 
-If the pattern is not matched, returns two empty strings and a copy of +self+:
+  [pre_match, last_match, post_match]
 
-  'hello'.rpartition('x') # => ["", "", "hello"]
+where:
 
-Related: String#partition, String#split.
+- +last_match+ is the last-found matching substring.
+- +pre_match+ and +post_match+ are the preceding and following substrings.
+
+The pattern used is:
+
+- +pattern+ itself, if it is a Regexp.
+- <tt>Regexp.quote(pattern)</tt>, if +pattern+ is a string.
+
+Note that in the examples below, a returned string <tt>'hello'</tt> is a copy of +self+, not +self+.
+
+If +pattern+ is a Regexp, searches for the last matching substring
+(also setting {matched-data global variables}[rdoc-ref:language/globals.md@Matched+Data]):
+
+  'hello'.rpartition(/l/)     # => ["hel", "l", "o"]
+  'hello'.rpartition(/ll/)    # => ["he", "ll", "o"]
+  'hello'.rpartition(/h/)     # => ["", "h", "ello"]
+  'hello'.rpartition(/o/)     # => ["hell", "o", ""]
+  'hello'.rpartition(//)      # => ["hello", "", ""]
+  'hello'.rpartition(/x/)     # => ["", "", "hello"]
+  'こんにちは'.rpartition(/に/) # => ["こん", "に", "ちは"]
+
+If +pattern+ is not a Regexp, converts it to a string (if it is not already one),
+then searches for the last matching substring
+(and does _not_ set {matched-data global variables}[rdoc-ref:language/globals.md@Matched+Data]):
+
+  'hello'.rpartition('l')     # => ["hel", "l", "o"]
+  'hello'.rpartition('ll')    # => ["he", "ll", "o"]
+  'hello'.rpartition('h')     # => ["", "h", "ello"]
+  'hello'.rpartition('o')     # => ["hell", "o", ""]
+  'hello'.rpartition('')      # => ["hello", "", ""]
+  'こんにちは'.rpartition('に') # => ["こん", "に", "ちは"]
+
+Related: see {Converting to Non-String}[rdoc-ref:String@Converting+to+Non--5CString].
diff --git a/doc/string/scan.rdoc b/doc/string/scan.rdoc
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..04a2b02ff4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/doc/string/scan.rdoc
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+Matches a pattern against +self+:
+
+- If +pattern+ is a Regexp, the pattern used is +pattern+ itself.
+- If +pattern+ is a string, the pattern used is <tt>Regexp.quote(pattern)</tt>.
+
+Generates a collection of matching results
+and updates {regexp-related global variables}[rdoc-ref:Regexp@Global+Variables]:
+
+- If the pattern contains no groups, each result is a matched substring.
+- If the pattern contains groups, each result is an array
+  containing a matched substring for each group.
+
+With no block given, returns an array of the results:
+
+  'cruel world'.scan(/\w+/)      # => ["cruel", "world"]
+  'cruel world'.scan(/.../)      # => ["cru", "el ", "wor"]
+  'cruel world'.scan(/(...)/)    # => [["cru"], ["el "], ["wor"]]
+  'cruel world'.scan(/(..)(..)/) # => [["cr", "ue"], ["l ", "wo"]]
+  'こんにちは'.scan(/../)         # => ["こん", "にち"]
+  'abracadabra'.scan('ab')       # => ["ab", "ab"]
+  'abracadabra'.scan('nosuch')   # => []
+
+With a block given, calls the block with each result; returns +self+:
+
+  'cruel world'.scan(/\w+/) {|w| p w }
+  # => "cruel"
+  # => "world"
+  'cruel world'.scan(/(.)(.)/) {|x, y| p [x, y] }
+  # => ["c", "r"]
+  # => ["u", "e"]
+  # => ["l", " "]
+  # => ["w", "o"]
+  # => ["r", "l"]
+
+Related: see {Converting to Non-String}[rdoc-ref:String@Converting+to+Non--5CString].
diff --git a/doc/string/scrub.rdoc b/doc/string/scrub.rdoc
index 1a5b1c79d0..5ace376cdb 100644
--- a/doc/string/scrub.rdoc
+++ b/doc/string/scrub.rdoc
@@ -1,25 +1,22 @@
 Returns a copy of +self+ with each invalid byte sequence replaced
 by the given +replacement_string+.
 
-With no block given and no argument, replaces each invalid sequence
-with the default replacement string
-(<tt>"�"</tt> for a Unicode encoding, <tt>'?'</tt> otherwise):
+With no block given, replaces each invalid sequence
+with the given +default_replacement_string+
+(by default, <tt>"�"</tt> for a Unicode encoding, <tt>'?'</tt> otherwise):
 
-  s = "foo\x81\x81bar"
-  s.scrub # => "foo��bar"
+  "foo\x81\x81bar"scrub                             # => "foo��bar"
+  "foo\x81\x81bar".force_encoding('US-ASCII').scrub # => "foo??bar"
+  "foo\x81\x81bar".scrub('xyzzy')                   # => "fooxyzzyxyzzybar"
 
-With no block given and argument +replacement_string+ given,
-replaces each invalid sequence with that string:
+With a block given, calls the block with each invalid sequence,
+and replaces that sequence with the return value of the block:
 
-  "foo\x81\x81bar".scrub('xyzzy') # => "fooxyzzyxyzzybar"
+  "foo\x81\x81bar".scrub {|sequence| p sequence; 'XYZZY' } # => "fooXYZZYXYZZYbar"
 
-With a block given, replaces each invalid sequence with the value
-of the block:
-
-  "foo\x81\x81bar".scrub {|bytes| p bytes; 'XYZZY' }
-  # => "fooXYZZYXYZZYbar"
-
-Output:
+Output :
 
   "\x81"
   "\x81"
+
+Related: see {Converting to New String}[rdoc-ref:String@Converting+to+New+String].
diff --git a/doc/string/split.rdoc b/doc/string/split.rdoc
index 131c14b83f..1aee1de0a4 100644
--- a/doc/string/split.rdoc
+++ b/doc/string/split.rdoc
@@ -1,99 +1,101 @@
-Returns an array of substrings of +self+
-that are the result of splitting +self+
+Creates an array of substrings by splitting +self+
 at each occurrence of the given field separator +field_sep+.
 
-When +field_sep+ is <tt>$;</tt>:
+With no arguments given,
+splits using the field separator <tt>$;</tt>,
+whose default value is +nil+.
 
-- If <tt>$;</tt> is +nil+ (its default value),
-  the split occurs just as if +field_sep+ were given as a space character
-  (see below).
+With no block given, returns the array of substrings:
 
-- If <tt>$;</tt> is a string,
-  the split occurs just as if +field_sep+ were given as that string
-  (see below).
+  'abracadabra'.split('a') # => ["", "br", "c", "d", "br"]
 
-When +field_sep+ is <tt>' '</tt> and +limit+ is +0+ (its default value),
-the split occurs at each sequence of whitespace:
+When +field_sep+ is +nil+ or <tt>' '</tt> (a single space),
+splits at each sequence of whitespace:
 
-  'abc def ghi'.split(' ')          # => ["abc", "def", "ghi"]
-  "abc \n\tdef\t\n  ghi".split(' ') # => ["abc", "def", "ghi"]
-  'abc  def   ghi'.split(' ')       # => ["abc", "def", "ghi"]
+  'foo bar baz'.split(nil)          # => ["foo", "bar", "baz"]
+  'foo bar baz'.split(' ')          # => ["foo", "bar", "baz"]
+  "foo \n\tbar\t\n  baz".split(' ') # => ["foo", "bar", "baz"]
+  'foo  bar   baz'.split(' ')       # => ["foo", "bar", "baz"]
   ''.split(' ')                     # => []
 
-When +field_sep+ is a string different from <tt>' '</tt>
-and +limit+ is +0+,
-the split occurs at each occurrence of +field_sep+;
-trailing empty substrings are not returned:
+When +field_sep+ is an empty string,
+splits at every character:
 
-  'abracadabra'.split('ab')   # => ["", "racad", "ra"]
-  'aaabcdaaa'.split('a')      # => ["", "", "", "bcd"]
-  ''.split('a')               # => []
-  '3.14159'.split('1')        # => ["3.", "4", "59"]
-  '!@#$%^$&*($)_+'.split('$') # => ["!@#", "%^", "&*(", ")_+"]
-  'тест'.split('т')           # => ["", "ес"]
-  'こんにちは'.split('に')      # => ["こん", "ちは"]
+  'abracadabra'.split('') # => ["a", "b", "r", "a", "c", "a", "d", "a", "b", "r", "a"]
+  ''.split('')            # => []
+  'こんにちは'.split('')   # => ["こ", "ん", "に", "ち", "は"]
 
-When +field_sep+ is a Regexp and +limit+ is +0+,
-the split occurs at each occurrence of a match;
-trailing empty substrings are not returned:
+When +field_sep+ is a non-empty string and different from <tt>' '</tt> (a single space),
+uses that string as the separator:
+
+  'abracadabra'.split('a')  # => ["", "br", "c", "d", "br"]
+  'abracadabra'.split('ab') # => ["", "racad", "ra"]
+  ''.split('a')             # => []
+  'こんにちは'.split('に')    # => ["こん", "ちは"]
+
+When +field_sep+ is a Regexp,
+splits at each occurrence of a matching substring:
 
   'abracadabra'.split(/ab/) # => ["", "racad", "ra"]
-  'aaabcdaaa'.split(/a/)    # => ["", "", "", "bcd"]
-  'aaabcdaaa'.split(//)     # => ["a", "a", "a", "b", "c", "d", "a", "a", "a"]
   '1 + 1 == 2'.split(/\W+/) # => ["1", "1", "2"]
+  'abracadabra'.split(//)   # => ["a", "b", "r", "a", "c", "a", "d", "a", "b", "r", "a"]
 
-If the \Regexp contains groups, their matches are also included
+If the \Regexp contains groups, their matches are included
 in the returned array:
 
   '1:2:3'.split(/(:)()()/, 2) # => ["1", ":", "", "", "2:3"]
 
-As seen above, if +limit+ is +0+,
-trailing empty substrings are not returned:
+Argument +limit+ sets a limit on the size of the returned array;
+it also determines whether trailing empty strings are included in the returned array.
 
-  'aaabcdaaa'.split('a')    # => ["", "", "", "bcd"]
+When +limit+ is zero,
+there is no limit on the size of the array,
+but trailing empty strings are omitted:
 
-If +limit+ is positive integer +n+, no more than <tt>n - 1-</tt>
-splits occur, so that at most +n+ substrings are returned,
-and trailing empty substrings are included:
+  'abracadabra'.split('', 0)  # => ["a", "b", "r", "a", "c", "a", "d", "a", "b", "r", "a"]
+  'abracadabra'.split('a', 0) # => ["", "br", "c", "d", "br"]  # Empty string after last 'a' omitted.
 
-  'aaabcdaaa'.split('a', 1) # => ["aaabcdaaa"]
-  'aaabcdaaa'.split('a', 2) # => ["", "aabcdaaa"]
-  'aaabcdaaa'.split('a', 5) # => ["", "", "", "bcd", "aa"]
-  'aaabcdaaa'.split('a', 7) # => ["", "", "", "bcd", "", "", ""]
-  'aaabcdaaa'.split('a', 8) # => ["", "", "", "bcd", "", "", ""]
+When +limit+ is a positive integer,
+there is a limit on the size of the array (no more than <tt>n - 1</tt> splits occur),
+and trailing empty strings are included:
 
-Note that if +field_sep+ is a \Regexp containing groups,
-their matches are in the returned array, but do not count toward the limit.
+  'abracadabra'.split('', 3)   # => ["a", "b", "racadabra"]
+  'abracadabra'.split('a', 3)  # => ["", "br", "cadabra"]
+  'abracadabra'.split('', 30)  # => ["a", "b", "r", "a", "c", "a", "d", "a", "b", "r", "a", ""]
+  'abracadabra'.split('a', 30) # => ["", "br", "c", "d", "br", ""]
+  'abracadabra'.split('', 1)   # => ["abracadabra"]
+  'abracadabra'.split('a', 1)  # => ["abracadabra"]
 
-If +limit+ is negative, it behaves the same as if +limit+ was zero,
-meaning that there is no limit,
-and trailing empty substrings are included:
+When +limit+ is negative,
+there is no limit on the size of the array,
+and trailing empty strings are omitted:
 
-  'aaabcdaaa'.split('a', -1) # => ["", "", "", "bcd", "", "", ""]
+  'abracadabra'.split('', -1)  # => ["a", "b", "r", "a", "c", "a", "d", "a", "b", "r", "a", ""]
+  'abracadabra'.split('a', -1) # => ["", "br", "c", "d", "br", ""]
 
 If a block is given, it is called with each substring and returns +self+:
 
-  'abc def ghi'.split(' ') {|substring| p substring }
+  'foo bar baz'.split(' ') {|substring| p substring }
+
+Output :
+
+  "foo"
+  "bar"
+  "baz"
 
-Output:
+Note that the above example is functionally equivalent to:
 
-  "abc"
-  "def"
-  "ghi"
-  => "abc def ghi"
+   'foo bar baz'.split(' ').each {|substring| p substring }
 
-Note that the above example is functionally the same as calling +#each+ after
-+#split+ and giving the same block. However, the above example has better
-performance because it avoids the creation of an intermediate array. Also,
-note the different return values.
+Output :
 
-  'abc def ghi'.split(' ').each {|substring| p substring }
+  "foo"
+  "bar"
+  "baz"
 
-Output:
+But the latter:
 
-  "abc"
-  "def"
-  "ghi"
-  => ["abc", "def", "ghi"]
+- Has poorer performance because it creates an intermediate array.
+- Returns an array (instead of +self+).
 
-Related: String#partition, String#rpartition.
+Related: see {Converting to Non-String}[rdoc-ref:String@Converting+to+Non--5CString].
diff --git a/doc/string/squeeze.rdoc b/doc/string/squeeze.rdoc
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..1a38c08b32
--- /dev/null
+++ b/doc/string/squeeze.rdoc
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+Returns a copy of +self+ with each tuple (doubling, tripling, etc.) of specified characters
+"squeezed" down to a single character.
+
+The tuples to be squeezed are specified by arguments +selectors+,
+each of which is a string;
+see {Character Selectors}[rdoc-ref:character_selectors.rdoc@Character+Selectors].
+
+A single argument may be a single character:
+
+  'Noooooo!'.squeeze('o')      # => "No!"
+  'foo  bar  baz'.squeeze(' ') # => "foo bar baz"
+  'Mississippi'.squeeze('s')   # => "Misisippi"
+  'Mississippi'.squeeze('p')   # => "Mississipi"
+  'Mississippi'.squeeze('x')   # => "Mississippi"  # Unused selector character is ignored.
+  'бессонница'.squeeze('с')    # => "бесонница"
+  'бессонница'.squeeze('н')    # => "бессоница"
+
+A single argument may be a string of characters:
+
+  'Mississippi'.squeeze('sp')       # => "Misisipi"
+  'Mississippi'.squeeze('ps')       # => "Misisipi"   # Order doesn't matter.
+  'Mississippi'.squeeze('nonsense') # => "Misisippi"  # Unused selector characters are ignored.
+
+A single argument may be a range of characters:
+
+  'Mississippi'.squeeze('a-p') # => "Mississipi"
+  'Mississippi'.squeeze('q-z') # => "Misisippi"
+  'Mississippi'.squeeze('a-z') # => "Misisipi"
+
+Multiple arguments are allowed;
+see {Multiple Character Selectors}[rdoc-ref:character_selectors.rdoc@Multiple+Character+Selectors].
+
+Related: see {Converting to New String}[rdoc-ref:String@Converting+to+New+String].
diff --git a/doc/string/start_with_p.rdoc b/doc/string/start_with_p.rdoc
index 5d1f9f9543..f78edc7fa3 100644
--- a/doc/string/start_with_p.rdoc
+++ b/doc/string/start_with_p.rdoc
@@ -1,10 +1,9 @@
-Returns whether +self+ starts with any of the given +string_or_regexp+.
+Returns whether +self+ starts with any of the given +patterns+.
 
-Matches patterns against the beginning of +self+.
-For each given +string_or_regexp+, the pattern is:
+For each argument, the pattern used is:
 
-- +string_or_regexp+ itself, if it is a Regexp.
-- <tt>Regexp.quote(string_or_regexp)</tt>, if +string_or_regexp+ is a string.
+- The pattern itself, if it is a Regexp.
+- <tt>Regexp.quote(pattern)</tt>, if it is a string.
 
 Returns +true+ if any pattern matches the beginning, +false+ otherwise:
 
@@ -12,7 +11,6 @@ Returns +true+ if any pattern matches the beginning, +false+ otherwise:
   'hello'.start_with?(/H/i)                 # => true
   'hello'.start_with?('heaven', 'hell')     # => true
   'hello'.start_with?('heaven', 'paradise') # => false
-  'тест'.start_with?('т')                   # => true
   'こんにちは'.start_with?('こ')              # => true
 
-Related: String#end_with?.
+Related: see {Querying}[rdoc-ref:String@Querying].
diff --git a/doc/string/sub.rdoc b/doc/string/sub.rdoc
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..ff051ea177
--- /dev/null
+++ b/doc/string/sub.rdoc
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+Returns a copy of self, possibly with a substring replaced.
+
+Argument +pattern+ may be a string or a Regexp;
+argument +replacement+ may be a string or a Hash.
+
+Varying types for the argument values makes this method very versatile.
+
+Below are some simple examples; for many more examples,
+see {Substitution Methods}[rdoc-ref:String@Substitution+Methods].
+
+With arguments +pattern+ and string +replacement+ given,
+replaces the first matching substring with the given replacement string:
+
+  s = 'abracadabra'       # => "abracadabra"
+  s.sub('bra', 'xyzzy')   # => "axyzzycadabra"
+  s.sub(/bra/, 'xyzzy')   # => "axyzzycadabra"
+  s.sub('nope', 'xyzzy')  # => "abracadabra"
+
+With arguments +pattern+ and hash +replacement+ given,
+replaces the first matching substring with a value from the given replacement hash, or removes it:
+
+  h = {'a' => 'A', 'b' => 'B', 'c' => 'C'}
+  s.sub('b', h)  # => "aBracadabra"
+  s.sub(/b/, h)  # => "aBracadabra"
+  s.sub(/d/, h)  # => "abracaabra"  # 'd' removed.
+
+With argument +pattern+ and a block given,
+calls the block with each matching substring;
+replaces that substring with the block’s return value:
+
+  s.sub('b') {|match| match.upcase } # => "aBracadabra"
+
+Related: see {Converting to New String}[rdoc-ref:String@Converting+to+New+String].
diff --git a/doc/string/succ.rdoc b/doc/string/succ.rdoc
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..1b4b936a8e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/doc/string/succ.rdoc
@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+Returns the successor to +self+. The successor is calculated by
+incrementing characters.
+
+The first character to be incremented is the rightmost alphanumeric:
+or, if no alphanumerics, the rightmost character:
+
+  'THX1138'.succ   # => "THX1139"
+  '<<koala>>'.succ # => "<<koalb>>"
+  '***'.succ       # => '**+'
+  'こんにちは'.succ  # => "こんにちば"
+
+The successor to a digit is another digit, "carrying" to the next-left
+character for a "rollover" from 9 to 0, and prepending another digit
+if necessary:
+
+  '00'.succ # => "01"
+  '09'.succ # => "10"
+  '99'.succ # => "100"
+
+The successor to a letter is another letter of the same case,
+carrying to the next-left character for a rollover,
+and prepending another same-case letter if necessary:
+
+  'aa'.succ # => "ab"
+  'az'.succ # => "ba"
+  'zz'.succ # => "aaa"
+  'AA'.succ # => "AB"
+  'AZ'.succ # => "BA"
+  'ZZ'.succ # => "AAA"
+
+The successor to a non-alphanumeric character is the next character
+in the underlying character set's collating sequence,
+carrying to the next-left character for a rollover,
+and prepending another character if necessary:
+
+  s = 0.chr * 3   # => "\x00\x00\x00"
+  s.succ        # => "\x00\x00\x01"
+  s = 255.chr * 3 # => "\xFF\xFF\xFF"
+  s.succ        # => "\x01\x00\x00\x00"
+
+Carrying can occur between and among mixtures of alphanumeric characters:
+
+  s = 'zz99zz99' # => "zz99zz99"
+  s.succ         # => "aaa00aa00"
+  s = '99zz99zz' # => "99zz99zz"
+  s.succ         # => "100aa00aa"
+
+The successor to an empty +String+ is a new empty +String+:
+
+  ''.succ # => ""
+
+Related: see {Converting to New String}[rdoc-ref:String@Converting+to+New+String].
diff --git a/doc/string/sum.rdoc b/doc/string/sum.rdoc
index 5de24e6402..22045e5f4d 100644
--- a/doc/string/sum.rdoc
+++ b/doc/string/sum.rdoc
@@ -1,11 +1,12 @@
-Returns a basic +n+-bit checksum of the characters in +self+;
+Returns a basic +n+-bit {checksum}[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Checksum] of the characters in +self+;
 the checksum is the sum of the binary value of each byte in +self+,
 modulo <tt>2**n - 1</tt>:
 
   'hello'.sum     # => 532
   'hello'.sum(4)  # => 4
   'hello'.sum(64) # => 532
-  'тест'.sum      # => 1405
   'こんにちは'.sum  # => 2582
 
 This is not a particularly strong checksum.
+
+Related: see {Querying}[rdoc-ref:String@Querying].
diff --git a/doc/string/swapcase.rdoc b/doc/string/swapcase.rdoc
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..4353c8528a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/doc/string/swapcase.rdoc
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+Returns a string containing the characters in +self+, with cases reversed:
+
+- Each uppercase character is downcased.
+- Each lowercase character is upcased.
+
+Examples:
+
+  'Hello'.swapcase        # => "hELLO"
+  'Straße'.swapcase       # => "sTRASSE"
+  'RubyGems.org'.swapcase # => "rUBYgEMS.ORG"
+
+The sizes of +self+ and the upcased result may differ:
+
+  s = 'Straße'
+  s.size          # => 6
+  s.swapcase      # => "sTRASSE"
+  s.swapcase.size # => 7
+
+Some characters (and some character sets) do not have upcase and downcase versions;
+see {Case Mapping}[rdoc-ref:case_mapping.rdoc]:
+
+  s = '1, 2, 3, ...'
+  s.swapcase == s # => true
+  s = 'こんにちは'
+  s.swapcase == s # => true
+
+The casing is affected by the given +mapping+,
+which may be +:ascii+, +:fold+, or +:turkic+;
+see {Case Mappings}[rdoc-ref:case_mapping.rdoc@Case+Mappings].
+
+Related: see {Converting to New String}[rdoc-ref:String@Converting+to+New+String].
diff --git a/doc/string/unicode_normalize.rdoc b/doc/string/unicode_normalize.rdoc
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..5f733c0fb8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/doc/string/unicode_normalize.rdoc
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+Returns a copy of +self+ with
+{Unicode normalization}[https://unicode.org/reports/tr15] applied.
+
+Argument +form+ must be one of the following symbols
+(see {Unicode normalization forms}[https://unicode.org/reports/tr15/#Norm_Forms]):
+
+- +:nfc+: Canonical decomposition, followed by canonical composition.
+- +:nfd+: Canonical decomposition.
+- +:nfkc+: Compatibility decomposition, followed by canonical composition.
+- +:nfkd+: Compatibility decomposition.
+
+The encoding of +self+ must be one of:
+
+- <tt>Encoding::UTF_8</tt>.
+- <tt>Encoding::UTF_16BE</tt>.
+- <tt>Encoding::UTF_16LE</tt>.
+- <tt>Encoding::UTF_32BE</tt>.
+- <tt>Encoding::UTF_32LE</tt>.
+- <tt>Encoding::GB18030</tt>.
+- <tt>Encoding::UCS_2BE</tt>.
+- <tt>Encoding::UCS_4BE</tt>.
+
+Examples:
+
+  "a\u0300".unicode_normalize       # => "à"  # Lowercase 'a' with grave accens.
+  "a\u0300".unicode_normalize(:nfd) # => "à"  # Same.
+
+Related: see {Converting to New String}[rdoc-ref:String@Converting+to+New+String].
diff --git a/doc/string/upcase.rdoc b/doc/string/upcase.rdoc
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..ad859e8973
--- /dev/null
+++ b/doc/string/upcase.rdoc
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+Returns a new string containing the upcased characters in +self+:
+
+  'hello'.upcase        # => "HELLO"
+  'straße'.upcase       # => "STRASSE"
+  'привет'.upcase       # => "ПРИВЕТ"
+  'RubyGems.org'.upcase # => "RUBYGEMS.ORG"
+
+The sizes of +self+ and the upcased result may differ:
+
+   s = 'Straße'
+   s.size        # => 6
+   s.upcase      # => "STRASSE"
+   s.upcase.size # => 7
+
+Some characters (and some character sets) do not have upcase and downcase versions;
+see {Case Mapping}[rdoc-ref:case_mapping.rdoc]:
+
+   s = '1, 2, 3, ...'
+   s.upcase == s # => true
+   s = 'こんにちは'
+   s.upcase == s # => true
+
+The casing is affected by the given +mapping+,
+which may be +:ascii+, +:fold+, or +:turkic+;
+see {Case Mappings}[rdoc-ref:case_mapping.rdoc@Case+Mappings].
+
+Related: see {Converting to New String}[rdoc-ref:String@Converting+to+New+String].
diff --git a/doc/string/upto.rdoc b/doc/string/upto.rdoc
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..f860fe84fe
--- /dev/null
+++ b/doc/string/upto.rdoc
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+With a block given, calls the block with each +String+ value
+returned by successive calls to String#succ;
+the first value is +self+, the next is <tt>self.succ</tt>, and so on;
+the sequence terminates when value +other_string+ is reached;
+returns +self+:
+
+  a = []
+  'a'.upto('f') {|c| a.push(c) }
+  a # => ["a", "b", "c", "d", "e", "f"]
+
+  a = []
+  'Ж'.upto('П') {|c| a.push(c) }
+  a # => ["Ж", "З", "И", "Й", "К", "Л", "М", "Н", "О", "П"]
+
+  a = []
+  'よ'.upto('ろ') {|c| a.push(c) }
+  a # => ["よ", "ら", "り", "る", "れ", "ろ"]
+
+  a = []
+  'a8'.upto('b6') {|c| a.push(c) }
+  a # => ["a8", "a9", "b0", "b1", "b2", "b3", "b4", "b5", "b6"]
+
+If argument +exclusive+ is given as a truthy object, the last value is omitted:
+
+  a = []
+  'a'.upto('f', true) {|c| a.push(c) }
+  a # => ["a", "b", "c", "d", "e"]
+
+If +other_string+ would not be reached, does not call the block:
+
+  '25'.upto('5') {|s| fail s }
+  'aa'.upto('a') {|s| fail s }
+
+With no block given, returns a new Enumerator:
+
+  'a8'.upto('b6') # => #<Enumerator: "a8":upto("b6")>
+
+Related: see {Iterating}[rdoc-ref:String@Iterating].
diff --git a/doc/string/valid_encoding_p.rdoc b/doc/string/valid_encoding_p.rdoc
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e1db55174a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/doc/string/valid_encoding_p.rdoc
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+Returns whether +self+ is encoded correctly:
+
+  s = 'Straße'
+  s.valid_encoding?                                 # => true
+  s.encoding                                        # => #<Encoding:UTF-8>
+  s.force_encoding(Encoding::ASCII).valid_encoding? # => false
+
+Related: see {Querying}[rdoc-ref:String@Querying].
diff --git a/doc/stringio/each_byte.rdoc b/doc/stringio/each_byte.rdoc
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..65e81c53a7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/doc/stringio/each_byte.rdoc
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+With a block given, calls the block with each remaining byte in the stream;
+positions the stream at end-of-file;
+returns +self+:
+
+  bytes = []
+  strio = StringIO.new('hello')     #  Five 1-byte characters.
+  strio.each_byte {|byte| bytes.push(byte) }
+  strio.eof? # => true
+  bytes # => [104, 101, 108, 108, 111]
+  bytes = []
+  strio = StringIO.new('тест')      # Four 2-byte characters.
+  strio.each_byte {|byte| bytes.push(byte) }
+  bytes # => [209, 130, 208, 181, 209, 129, 209, 130]
+  bytes = []
+  strio = StringIO.new('こんにちは')  # Five 3-byte characters.
+  strio.each_byte {|byte| bytes.push(byte) }
+  bytes # => [227, 129, 147, 227, 130, 147, 227, 129, 171, 227, 129, 161, 227, 129, 175]
+
+The position in the stream matters:
+
+  bytes = []
+  strio = StringIO.new('こんにちは')
+  strio.getc # => "こ"
+  strio.pos  # => 3  # 3-byte character was read.
+  strio.each_byte {|byte| bytes.push(byte) }
+  bytes      # => [227, 130, 147, 227, 129, 171, 227, 129, 161, 227, 129, 175]
+
+If at end-of-file, does not call the block:
+
+  strio.eof? # => true
+  strio.each_byte {|byte| fail 'Boo!' }
+  strio.eof? # => true
+
+With no block given, returns a new {Enumerator}[rdoc-ref:Enumerator].
diff --git a/doc/stringio/each_char.rdoc b/doc/stringio/each_char.rdoc
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d0b5e4082c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/doc/stringio/each_char.rdoc
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+With a block given, calls the block with each remaining character in the stream;
+positions the stream at end-of-file;
+returns +self+:
+
+  chars = []
+  strio = StringIO.new('hello')
+  strio.each_char {|char| chars.push(char) }
+  strio.eof? # => true
+  chars      # => ["h", "e", "l", "l", "o"]
+  chars = []
+  strio = StringIO.new('тест')
+  strio.each_char {|char| chars.push(char) }
+  chars      # => ["т", "е", "с", "т"]
+  chars = []
+  strio = StringIO.new('こんにちは')
+  strio.each_char {|char| chars.push(char) }
+  chars      # => ["こ", "ん", "に", "ち", "は"]
+
+Stream position matters:
+
+ chars = []
+ strio = StringIO.new('こんにちは')
+ strio.getc # => "こ"
+ strio.pos  # => 3  # 3-byte character was read.
+ strio.each_char {|char| chars.push(char) }
+ chars      # => ["ん", "に", "ち", "は"]
+
+When at end-of-stream does not call the block:
+
+  strio.eof? # => true
+  strio.each_char {|char| fail 'Boo!' }
+  strio.eof? # => true
+
+With no block given, returns a new {Enumerator}[rdoc-ref:Enumerator].
diff --git a/doc/stringio/each_codepoint.rdoc b/doc/stringio/each_codepoint.rdoc
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..ede16de599
--- /dev/null
+++ b/doc/stringio/each_codepoint.rdoc
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+With a block given, calls the block with each successive codepoint from self;
+sets the position to end-of-stream;
+returns +self+.
+
+Each codepoint is the integer value for a character; returns self:
+
+  codepoints = []
+  strio = StringIO.new('hello')
+  strio.each_codepoint {|codepoint| codepoints.push(codepoint) }
+  strio.eof? # => true
+  codepoints # => [104, 101, 108, 108, 111]
+  codepoints = []
+  strio = StringIO.new('тест')
+  strio.each_codepoint {|codepoint| codepoints.push(codepoint) }
+  codepoints # => [1090, 1077, 1089, 1090]
+  codepoints = []
+  strio = StringIO.new('こんにちは')
+  strio.each_codepoint {|codepoint| codepoints.push(codepoint) }
+  codepoints # => [12371, 12435, 12395, 12385, 12399]
+
+Position in the stream matters:
+
+  codepoints = []
+  strio = StringIO.new('こんにちは')
+  strio.getc # => "こ"
+  strio.pos  # => 3
+  strio.each_codepoint {|codepoint| codepoints.push(codepoint) }
+  codepoints # => [12435, 12395, 12385, 12399]
+
+When at end-of-stream, the block is not called:
+
+  strio.eof? # => true
+  strio.each_codepoint {|codepoint| fail 'Boo!' }
+  strio.eof? # => true
+
+With no block given, returns a new {Enumerator}[rdoc-ref:Enumerator].
diff --git a/doc/stringio/each_line.md b/doc/stringio/each_line.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e29640a12a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/doc/stringio/each_line.md
@@ -0,0 +1,189 @@
+With a block given calls the block with each remaining line (see "Position" below) in the stream;
+returns `self`.
+
+Leaves stream position at end-of-stream.
+
+**No Arguments**
+
+With no arguments given,
+reads lines using the default record separator
+(global variable `$/`, whose initial value is `"\n"`).
+
+```ruby
+strio = StringIO.new(TEXT)
+strio.each_line {|line| p line }
+strio.eof? # => true
+```
+
+Output:
+
+```
+"First line\n"
+"Second line\n"
+"\n"
+"Fourth line\n"
+"Fifth line\n"
+```
+
+**Argument `sep`**
+
+With only string argument `sep` given,
+reads lines using that string as the record separator:
+
+```ruby
+strio = StringIO.new(TEXT)
+strio.each_line(' ') {|line| p line }
+```
+
+Output:
+
+```
+"First "
+"line\nSecond "
+"line\n\nFourth "
+"line\nFifth "
+"line\n"
+```
+
+**Argument `limit`**
+
+With only integer argument `limit` given,
+reads lines using the default record separator;
+also limits the size (in characters) of each line to the given limit:
+
+```ruby
+strio = StringIO.new(TEXT)
+strio.each_line(10) {|line| p line }
+```
+
+Output:
+
+```
+"First line"
+"\n"
+"Second lin"
+"e\n"
+"\n"
+"Fourth lin"
+"e\n"
+"Fifth line"
+"\n"
+```
+
+**Arguments `sep` and `limit`**
+
+With arguments `sep` and `limit` both given,
+honors both:
+
+```ruby
+strio = StringIO.new(TEXT)
+strio.each_line(' ', 10) {|line| p line }
+```
+
+Output:
+
+```
+"First "
+"line\nSecon"
+"d "
+"line\n\nFour"
+"th "
+"line\nFifth"
+" "
+"line\n"
+```
+
+**Position**
+
+As stated above, method `each` _remaining_ line in the stream.
+
+In the examples above each `strio` object starts with its position at beginning-of-stream;
+but in other cases the position may be anywhere (see StringIO#pos):
+
+```ruby
+strio = StringIO.new(TEXT)
+strio.pos = 30 # Set stream position to character 30.
+strio.each_line {|line| p line }
+```
+
+Output:
+
+```
+" line\n"
+"Fifth line\n"
+```
+
+In all the examples above, the stream position is at the beginning of a character;
+in other cases, that need not be so:
+
+```ruby
+s = 'こんにちは'  # Five 3-byte characters.
+strio = StringIO.new(s)
+strio.pos = 3   # At beginning of second character.
+strio.each_line {|line| p line }
+strio.pos = 4   # At second byte of second character.
+strio.each_line {|line| p line }
+strio.pos = 5   # At third byte of second character.
+strio.each_line {|line| p line }
+```
+
+Output:
+
+```
+"んにちは"
+"\x82\x93にちは"
+"\x93にちは"
+```
+
+**Special Record Separators**
+
+Like some methods in class `IO`, StringIO.each honors two special record separators;
+see {Special Line Separators}[https://docs.ruby-lang.org/en/master/IO.html#class-IO-label-Special+Line+Separator+Values].
+
+```ruby
+strio = StringIO.new(TEXT)
+strio.each_line('') {|line| p line } # Read as paragraphs (separated by blank lines).
+```
+
+Output:
+
+```
+"First line\nSecond line\n\n"
+"Fourth line\nFifth line\n"
+```
+
+```ruby
+strio = StringIO.new(TEXT)
+strio.each_line(nil) {|line| p line } # "Slurp"; read it all.
+```
+
+Output:
+
+```
+"First line\nSecond line\n\nFourth line\nFifth line\n"
+```
+
+**Keyword Argument `chomp`**
+
+With keyword argument `chomp` given as `true` (the default is `false`),
+removes trailing newline (if any) from each line:
+
+```ruby
+strio = StringIO.new(TEXT)
+strio.each_line(chomp: true) {|line| p line }
+```
+
+Output:
+
+```
+"First line"
+"Second line"
+""
+"Fourth line"
+"Fifth line"
+```
+
+With no block given, returns a new {Enumerator}[https://docs.ruby-lang.org/en/master/Enumerator.html].
+
+
+Related: StringIO.each_byte, StringIO.each_char, StringIO.each_codepoint.
diff --git a/doc/stringio/getbyte.rdoc b/doc/stringio/getbyte.rdoc
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..5e524941bc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/doc/stringio/getbyte.rdoc
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+Reads and returns the next integer byte (not character) from the stream:
+
+  s = 'foo'
+  s.bytes       # => [102, 111, 111]
+  strio = StringIO.new(s)
+  strio.getbyte # => 102
+  strio.getbyte # => 111
+  strio.getbyte # => 111
+
+Returns +nil+ if at end-of-stream:
+
+  strio.eof?    # => true
+  strio.getbyte # => nil
+
+Returns a byte, not a character:
+
+  s = 'Привет'
+  s.bytes
+  # => [208, 159, 209, 128, 208, 184, 208, 178, 208, 181, 209, 130]
+  strio = StringIO.new(s)
+  strio.getbyte # => 208
+  strio.getbyte # => 159
+
+  s = 'こんにちは'
+  s.bytes
+  # => [227, 129, 147, 227, 130, 147, 227, 129, 171, 227, 129, 161, 227, 129, 175]
+  strio = StringIO.new(s)
+  strio.getbyte # => 227
+  strio.getbyte # => 129
+
+Related: #each_byte, #ungetbyte, #getc.
diff --git a/doc/stringio/getc.rdoc b/doc/stringio/getc.rdoc
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..b2ab46843c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/doc/stringio/getc.rdoc
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+Reads and returns the next character (or byte; see below) from the stream:
+
+  strio = StringIO.new('foo')
+  strio.getc # => "f"
+  strio.getc # => "o"
+  strio.getc # => "o"
+
+Returns +nil+ if at end-of-stream:
+
+  strio.eof? # => true
+  strio.getc # => nil
+
+Returns characters, not bytes:
+
+  strio = StringIO.new('Привет')
+  strio.getc # => "П"
+  strio.getc # => "р"
+
+  strio = StringIO.new('こんにちは')
+  strio.getc # => "こ"
+  strio.getc # => "ん"
+
+In each of the examples above, the stream is positioned at the beginning of a character;
+in other cases that need not be true:
+
+   strio = StringIO.new('こんにちは')  # Five 3-byte characters.
+   strio.pos = 3 # => 3     # At beginning of second character; returns character.
+   strio.getc    # => "ん"
+   strio.pos = 4 # => 4     # At second byte of second character; returns byte.
+   strio.getc    # => "\x82"
+   strio.pos = 5 # => 5     # At third byte of second character; returns byte.
+   strio.getc    # => "\x93"
+
+Related: #getbyte, #putc, #ungetc.
diff --git a/doc/stringio/gets.rdoc b/doc/stringio/gets.rdoc
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..bbefeb008a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/doc/stringio/gets.rdoc
@@ -0,0 +1,99 @@
+Reads and returns a line from the stream;
+returns +nil+ if at end-of-stream.
+
+Side effects:
+
+- Increments stream position by the number of bytes read.
+- Assigns the return value to global variable <tt>$_</tt>.
+
+With no arguments given, reads a line using the default record separator
+(global variable <tt>$/</tt>,* whose initial value is <tt>"\n"</tt>):
+
+  strio = StringIO.new(TEXT)
+  strio.pos  # => 0
+  strio.gets # => "First line\n"
+  strio.pos  # => 11
+  $_         # => "First line\n"
+  strio.gets # => "Second line\n"
+  strio.read # => "\nFourth line\nFifth line\n"
+  strio.eof? # => true
+  strio.gets # => nil
+
+  strio = StringIO.new('Привет')  # Six 2-byte characters
+  strio.pos  # => 0
+  strio.gets # => "Привет"
+  strio.pos  # => 12
+
+<b>Argument +sep+</b>
+
+With only string argument +sep+ given, reads a line using that string as the record separator:
+
+  strio = StringIO.new(TEXT)
+  strio.gets(' ') # => "First "
+  strio.gets(' ') # => "line\nSecond "
+  strio.gets(' ') # => "line\n\nFourth "
+
+<b>Argument +limit+</b>
+
+With only integer argument +limit+ given,
+reads a line using the default record separator;
+limits the size (in characters) of each line to the given limit:
+
+  strio = StringIO.new(TEXT)
+  strio.gets(10) # => "First line"
+  strio.gets(10) # => "\n"
+  strio.gets(10) # => "Second lin"
+  strio.gets(10) # => "e\n"
+
+<b>Arguments +sep+ and +limit+</b>
+
+With arguments +sep+ and +limit+ both given, honors both:
+
+  strio = StringIO.new(TEXT)
+  strio.gets(' ', 10) # => "First "
+  strio.gets(' ', 10) # => "line\nSecon"
+  strio.gets(' ', 10) # => "d "
+
+<b>Position</b>
+
+As stated above, method +gets+ reads and returns the next line in the stream.
+
+In the examples above each +strio+ object starts with its position at beginning-of-stream;
+but in other cases the position may be anywhere:
+
+  strio = StringIO.new(TEXT)
+  strio.pos = 12
+  strio.gets # => "econd line\n"
+
+The position need not be at a character boundary:
+
+  strio = StringIO.new('Привет') # Six 2-byte characters.
+  strio.pos = 2                  # At beginning of second character.
+  strio.gets # => "ривет"
+  strio.pos = 3                  # In middle of second character.
+  strio.gets # => "\x80ивет"
+
+<b>Special Record Separators</b>
+
+Like some methods in class IO, method +gets+ honors two special record separators;
+see {Special Line Separators}[https://docs.ruby-lang.org/en/master/IO.html#class-IO-label-Special+Line+Separator+Values]:
+
+  strio = StringIO.new(TEXT)
+  strio.gets('')  # Read "paragraph" (up to empty line).
+  # => "First line\nSecond line\n\n"
+
+  strio = StringIO.new(TEXT)
+  strio.gets(nil) # "Slurp": read all.
+  # => "First line\nSecond line\n\nFourth line\nFifth line\n"
+
+<b>Keyword Argument +chomp+</b>
+
+With keyword argument +chomp+ given as +true+ (the default is +false+),
+removes the trailing newline (if any) from the returned line:
+
+  strio = StringIO.new(TEXT)
+  strio.gets              # => "First line\n"
+  strio.gets(chomp: true) # => "Second line"
+
+Related: #each_line, #readlines,
+{Kernel#puts}[rdoc-ref:Kernel#puts].
diff --git a/doc/stringio/pread.rdoc b/doc/stringio/pread.rdoc
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..2dcbc18ad8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/doc/stringio/pread.rdoc
@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
+**Note**: \Method +pread+ is different from other reading methods
+in that it does not modify +self+ in any way;
+thus, multiple threads may read safely from the same stream.
+
+Reads up to +maxlen+ bytes from the stream,
+beginning at 0-based byte offset +offset+;
+returns a string containing the read bytes.
+
+The returned string:
+
+- Contains +maxlen+ bytes from the stream, if available;
+  otherwise contains all available bytes.
+- Has encoding +Encoding::ASCII_8BIT+.
+
+With only arguments +maxlen+ and +offset+ given,
+returns a new string:
+
+  english = 'Hello'  # Five 1-byte characters.
+  strio = StringIO.new(english)
+  strio.pread(3, 0)  # => "Hel"
+  strio.pread(3, 2)  # => "llo"
+  strio.pread(0, 0)  # => ""
+  strio.pread(50, 0) # => "Hello"
+  strio.pread(50, 2) # => "llo"
+  strio.pread(50, 4) # => "o"
+  strio.pread(0, 0).encoding
+  # => #<Encoding:BINARY (ASCII-8BIT)>
+
+  russian = 'Привет' # Six 2-byte characters.
+  strio = StringIO.new(russian)
+  strio.pread(50, 0) # All 12 bytes.
+  # => "\xD0\x9F\xD1\x80\xD0\xB8\xD0\xB2\xD0\xB5\xD1\x82"
+  strio.pread(3, 0)  # => "\xD0\x9F\xD1"
+  strio.pread(3, 3)  # => "\x80\xD0\xB8"
+  strio.pread(0, 0).encoding
+  # => #<Encoding:BINARY (ASCII-8BIT)>
+
+  japanese = 'こんにちは' # Five 3-byte characters.
+  strio = StringIO.new(japanese)
+  strio.pread(50, 0)    # All 15 bytes.
+  # => "\xE3\x81\x93\xE3\x82\x93\xE3\x81\xAB\xE3\x81\xA1\xE3\x81\xAF"
+  strio.pread(6, 0)     # => "\xE3\x81\x93\xE3\x82\x93"
+  strio.pread(1, 2)     # => "\x93"
+  strio.pread(0, 0).encoding
+  # => #<Encoding:BINARY (ASCII-8BIT)>
+
+Raises an exception if +offset+ is out-of-range:
+
+  strio = StringIO.new(english)
+  strio.pread(5, 50) # Raises EOFError: end of file reached
+
+With string argument +out_string+ given:
+
+- Reads as above.
+- Overwrites the content of +out_string+ with the read bytes.
+
+Examples:
+
+  out_string = 'Will be overwritten'
+  out_string.encoding                # => #<Encoding:UTF-8>
+  result = StringIO.new(english).pread(50, 0, out_string)
+  result.__id__ == out_string.__id__ # => true
+  out_string                         # => "Hello"
+  out_string.encoding                # => #<Encoding:BINARY (ASCII-8BIT)>
+
diff --git a/doc/stringio/putc.rdoc b/doc/stringio/putc.rdoc
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..4636ffa0db
--- /dev/null
+++ b/doc/stringio/putc.rdoc
@@ -0,0 +1,82 @@
+Replaces one or more bytes at position +pos+
+with bytes of the given argument;
+advances the position by the count of bytes written;
+returns the argument.
+
+\StringIO object for 1-byte characters.
+
+  strio = StringIO.new('foo')
+  strio.pos # => 0
+
+With 1-byte argument, replaces one byte:
+
+  strio.putc('b')
+  strio.string    # => "boo"
+  strio.pos       # => 1
+  strio.putc('a') # => "a"
+  strio.string    # => "bao"
+  strio.pos       # => 2
+  strio.putc('r') # => "r"
+  strio.string    # => "bar"
+  strio.pos       # => 3
+  strio.putc('n') # => "n"
+  strio.string    # => "barn"
+  strio.pos       # => 4
+
+Fills with null characters if necessary:
+
+  strio.pos = 6
+  strio.putc('x') # => "x"
+  strio.string    # => "barn\u0000\u0000x"
+  strio.pos       # => 7
+
+With integer argument, replaces one byte with the low-order byte of the integer:
+
+  strio = StringIO.new('foo')
+  strio.putc(70)
+  strio.string # => "Foo"
+  strio.putc(79)
+  strio.string # => "FOo"
+  strio.putc(79 + 1024)
+  strio.string # => "FOO"
+
+\StringIO object for Multi-byte characters:
+
+  greek = 'αβγδε' # Five 2-byte characters.
+  strio = StringIO.new(greek)
+  strio.string# => "αβγδε"
+  strio.string.b        # => "\xCE\xB1\xCE\xB2\xCE\xB3\xCE\xB4\xCE\xB5"
+  strio.string.bytesize # => 10
+  strio.string.chars    # => ["α", "β", "γ", "δ", "ε"]
+  strio.string.size     # => 5
+
+With 1-byte argument, replaces one byte of the string:
+
+  strio.putc(' ')       # 1-byte ascii space.
+  strio.pos             # => 1
+  strio.string          # => " \xB1βγδε"
+  strio.string.b        # => " \xB1\xCE\xB2\xCE\xB3\xCE\xB4\xCE\xB5"
+  strio.string.bytesize # => 10
+  strio.string.chars    # => [" ", "\xB1", "β", "γ", "δ", "ε"]
+  strio.string.size     # => 6
+
+  strio.putc(' ')
+  strio.pos             # => 2
+  strio.string          # => "  βγδε"
+  strio.string.b        # => "  \xCE\xB2\xCE\xB3\xCE\xB4\xCE\xB5"
+  strio.string.bytesize # => 10
+  strio.string.chars    # => [" ", " ", "β", "γ", "δ", "ε"]
+  strio.string.size     # => 6
+
+With 2-byte argument, replaces two bytes of the string:
+
+  strio.rewind
+  strio.putc('α')
+  strio.pos             # => 2
+  strio.string          # => "αβγδε"
+  strio.string.b        # => "\xCE\xB1\xCE\xB2\xCE\xB3\xCE\xB4\xCE\xB5"
+  strio.string.bytesize # => 10
+  strio.string.chars    # => ["α", "β", "γ", "δ", "ε"]
+  strio.string.size     # => 5
+
+Related: #getc, #ungetc.
diff --git a/doc/stringio/read.rdoc b/doc/stringio/read.rdoc
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..46b9fa349f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/doc/stringio/read.rdoc
@@ -0,0 +1,83 @@
+Reads and returns a string containing bytes read from the stream,
+beginning at the current position;
+advances the position by the count of bytes read.
+
+With no arguments given,
+reads all remaining bytes in the stream;
+returns a new string containing bytes read:
+
+  strio = StringIO.new('Hello') # Five 1-byte characters.
+  strio.read                    # => "Hello"
+  strio.pos                     # => 5
+  strio.read                    # => ""
+  StringIO.new('').read         # => ""
+
+With non-negative argument +maxlen+ given,
+reads +maxlen+ bytes as available;
+returns a new string containing the bytes read, or +nil+ if none:
+
+  strio.rewind
+  strio.read(3) # => "Hel"
+  strio.read(3) # => "lo"
+  strio.read(3) # => nil
+
+  russian = 'Привет' # Six 2-byte characters.
+  russian.b
+  # => "\xD0\x9F\xD1\x80\xD0\xB8\xD0\xB2\xD0\xB5\xD1\x82"
+  strio = StringIO.new(russian)
+  strio.read(6) # => "\xD0\x9F\xD1\x80\xD0\xB8"
+  strio.read(6) # => "\xD0\xB2\xD0\xB5\xD1\x82"
+  strio.read(6) # => nil
+
+  japanese = 'こんにちは'
+  japanese.b
+  # => "\xE3\x81\x93\xE3\x82\x93\xE3\x81\xAB\xE3\x81\xA1\xE3\x81\xAF"
+  strio = StringIO.new(japanese)
+  strio.read(9) # => "\xE3\x81\x93\xE3\x82\x93\xE3\x81\xAB"
+  strio.read(9) # => "\xE3\x81\xA1\xE3\x81\xAF"
+  strio.read(9) # => nil
+
+With argument +max_len+ as +nil+ and string argument +out_string+ given,
+reads the remaining bytes in the stream;
+clears +out_string+ and writes the bytes into it;
+returns +out_string+:
+
+  out_string = 'Will be overwritten'
+  strio = StringIO.new('Hello')
+  strio.read(nil, out_string) # => "Hello"
+  strio.read(nil, out_string) # => ""
+
+With non-negative argument +maxlen+ and string argument +out_string+ given,
+reads the +maxlen bytes from the stream, as availble;
+clears +out_string+ and writes the bytes into it;
+returns +out_string+ if any bytes were read, or +nil+ if none:
+
+  out_string = 'Will be overwritten'
+  strio = StringIO.new('Hello')
+  strio.read(3, out_string) # => "Hel"
+  strio.read(3, out_string) # => "lo"
+  strio.read(3, out_string) # => nil
+
+  out_string = 'Will be overwritten'
+  strio = StringIO.new(russian)
+  strio.read(6, out_string) # => "При"
+  strio.read(6, out_string) # => "вет"
+  strio.read(6, out_string) # => nil
+  strio.rewind
+  russian.b
+  # => "\xD0\x9F\xD1\x80\xD0\xB8\xD0\xB2\xD0\xB5\xD1\x82"
+  strio.read(3)             # => "\xD0\x9F\xD1"
+  strio.read(3)             # => "\x80\xD0\xB8"
+
+  out_string = 'Will be overwritten'
+  strio = StringIO.new(japanese)
+  strio.read(9, out_string) # => "こんに"
+  strio.read(9, out_string) # => "ちは"
+  strio.read(9, out_string) # => nil
+  strio.rewind
+  japanese.b
+  # => "\xE3\x81\x93\xE3\x82\x93\xE3\x81\xAB\xE3\x81\xA1\xE3\x81\xAF"
+  strio.read(4)             # => "\xE3\x81\x93\xE3"
+  strio.read(4)             # => "\x82\x93\xE3\x81"
+
+Related: #gets, #readlines.
diff --git a/doc/stringio/size.rdoc b/doc/stringio/size.rdoc
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..9323adf8c3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/doc/stringio/size.rdoc
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+Returns the number of bytes in the string in +self+:
+
+  StringIO.new('hello').size     # => 5  # Five 1-byte characters.
+  StringIO.new('тест').size      # => 8  # Four 2-byte characters.
+  StringIO.new('こんにちは').size # => 15 # Five 3-byte characters.
diff --git a/doc/stringio/stringio.md b/doc/stringio/stringio.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..8931d1c30c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/doc/stringio/stringio.md
@@ -0,0 +1,700 @@
+\Class \StringIO supports accessing a string as a stream,
+similar in some ways to [class IO][io class].
+
+You can create a \StringIO instance using:
+
+- StringIO.new: returns a new \StringIO object containing the given string.
+- StringIO.open: passes a new \StringIO object to the given block.
+
+Like an \IO stream, a \StringIO stream has certain properties:
+
+- **Read/write mode**: whether the stream may be read, written, appended to, etc.;
+  see [Read/Write Mode][read/write mode].
+- **Data mode**: text-only or binary;
+  see [Data Mode][data mode].
+- **Encodings**: internal and external encodings;
+  see [Encodings][encodings].
+- **Position**: where in the stream the next read or write is to occur;
+  see [Position][position].
+- **Line number**: a special, line-oriented, "position" (different from the position mentioned above);
+  see [Line Number][line number].
+- **Open/closed**: whether the stream is open or closed, for reading or writing.
+  see [Open/Closed Streams][open/closed streams].
+- **BOM**: byte mark order;
+  see [Byte Order Mark][bom (byte order mark)].
+
+## About the Examples
+
+Examples on this page assume that \StringIO has been required:
+
+```ruby
+require 'stringio'
+```
+
+And that this constant has been defined:
+
+```ruby
+TEXT = <<EOT
+First line
+Second line
+
+Fourth line
+Fifth line
+EOT
+```
+
+## Stream Properties
+
+### Read/Write Mode
+
+#### Summary
+
+|            Mode            | Initial Clear? |   Read   |  Write   |
+|:--------------------------:|:--------------:|:--------:|:--------:|
+|  <tt>'r'</tt>: read-only   |       No       | Anywhere |  Error   |
+|  <tt>'w'</tt>: write-only  |      Yes       |  Error   | Anywhere |
+| <tt>'a'</tt>: append-only  |       No       |  Error   | End only |
+| <tt>'r+'</tt>: read/write  |       No       | Anywhere | Anywhere |
+| <tt>'w+'</tt>: read-write  |      Yes       | Anywhere | Anywhere |
+| <tt>'a+'</tt>: read/append |       No       | Anywhere | End only |
+
+Each section below describes a read/write mode.
+
+Any of the modes may be given as a string or as file constants;
+example:
+
+```ruby
+strio = StringIO.new('foo', 'a')
+strio = StringIO.new('foo', File::WRONLY | File::APPEND)
+```
+
+#### `'r'`: Read-Only
+
+Mode specified as one of:
+
+- String: `'r'`.
+- Constant: `File::RDONLY`.
+
+Initial state:
+
+```ruby
+strio = StringIO.new('foobarbaz', 'r')
+strio.pos    # => 0            # Beginning-of-stream.
+strio.string # => "foobarbaz"  # Not cleared.
+```
+
+May be read anywhere:
+
+```ruby
+strio.gets(3) # => "foo"
+strio.gets(3) # => "bar"
+strio.pos = 9
+strio.gets(3) # => nil
+```
+
+May not be written:
+
+```ruby
+strio.write('foo')  # Raises IOError: not opened for writing
+```
+
+#### `'w'`: Write-Only
+
+Mode specified as one of:
+
+- String: `'w'`.
+- Constant: `File::WRONLY`.
+
+Initial state:
+
+```ruby
+strio = StringIO.new('foo', 'w')
+strio.pos    # => 0   # Beginning of stream.
+strio.string # => ""  # Initially cleared.
+```
+
+May be written anywhere (even past end-of-stream):
+
+```ruby
+strio.write('foobar')
+strio.string # => "foobar"
+strio.rewind
+strio.write('FOO')
+strio.string # => "FOObar"
+strio.pos = 3
+strio.write('BAR')
+strio.string # => "FOOBAR"
+strio.pos = 9
+strio.write('baz')
+strio.string # => "FOOBAR\u0000\u0000\u0000baz"  # Null-padded.
+```
+
+May not be read:
+
+```ruby
+strio.read  # Raises IOError: not opened for reading
+```
+
+#### `'a'`: Append-Only
+
+Mode specified as one of:
+
+- String: `'a'`.
+- Constant: `File::WRONLY | File::APPEND`.
+
+Initial state:
+
+```ruby
+strio = StringIO.new('foo', 'a')
+strio.pos    # => 0      # Beginning-of-stream.
+strio.string # => "foo"  # Not cleared.
+```
+
+May be written only at the end; position does not affect writing:
+
+```ruby
+strio.write('bar')
+strio.string # => "foobar"
+strio.write('baz')
+strio.string # => "foobarbaz"
+strio.pos = 400
+strio.write('bat')
+strio.string # => "foobarbazbat"
+```
+
+May not be read:
+
+```ruby
+strio.gets  # Raises IOError: not opened for reading
+```
+
+#### `'r+'`: Read/Write
+
+Mode specified as one of:
+
+- String: `'r+'`.
+- Constant: `File::RDRW`.
+
+Initial state:
+
+```ruby
+strio = StringIO.new('foobar', 'r+')
+strio.pos    # => 0         # Beginning-of-stream.
+strio.string # => "foobar"  # Not cleared.
+```
+
+May be written anywhere (even past end-of-stream):
+
+```ruby
+strio.write('FOO')
+strio.string # => "FOObar"
+strio.write('BAR')
+strio.string # => "FOOBAR"
+strio.write('BAZ')
+strio.string # => "FOOBARBAZ"
+strio.pos = 12
+strio.write('BAT')
+strio.string # => "FOOBARBAZ\u0000\u0000\u0000BAT"  # Null padded.
+```
+
+May be read anywhere:
+
+```ruby
+strio.pos = 0
+strio.gets(3) # => "FOO"
+strio.pos = 6
+strio.gets(3) # => "BAZ"
+strio.pos = 400
+strio.gets(3) # => nil
+```
+
+#### `'w+'`: Read/Write (Initially Clear)
+
+Mode specified as one of:
+
+- String: `'w+'`.
+- Constant: `File::RDWR | File::TRUNC`.
+
+Initial state:
+
+```ruby
+strio = StringIO.new('foo', 'w+')
+strio.pos    # => 0   # Beginning-of-stream.
+strio.string # => ""  # Truncated.
+```
+
+May be written anywhere (even past end-of-stream):
+
+```ruby
+strio.write('foobar')
+strio.string # => "foobar"
+strio.rewind
+strio.write('FOO')
+strio.string # => "FOObar"
+strio.write('BAR')
+strio.string # => "FOOBAR"
+strio.write('BAZ')
+strio.string # => "FOOBARBAZ"
+strio.pos = 12
+strio.write('BAT')
+strio.string # => "FOOBARBAZ\u0000\u0000\u0000BAT"  # Null-padded.
+```
+
+May be read anywhere:
+
+```ruby
+strio.rewind
+strio.gets(3) # => "FOO"
+strio.gets(3) # => "BAR"
+strio.pos = 12
+strio.gets(3) # => "BAT"
+strio.pos = 400
+strio.gets(3) # => nil
+```
+
+#### `'a+'`: Read/Append
+
+Mode specified as one of:
+
+- String: `'a+'`.
+- Constant: `File::RDWR | File::APPEND`.
+
+Initial state:
+
+```ruby
+strio = StringIO.new('foo', 'a+')
+strio.pos    # => 0      # Beginning-of-stream.
+strio.string # => "foo"  # Not cleared.
+```
+
+May be written only at the end; #rewind; position does not affect writing:
+
+```ruby
+strio.write('bar')
+strio.string # => "foobar"
+strio.write('baz')
+strio.string # => "foobarbaz"
+strio.pos = 400
+strio.write('bat')
+strio.string # => "foobarbazbat"
+```
+
+May be read anywhere:
+
+```ruby
+strio.rewind
+strio.gets(3) # => "foo"
+strio.gets(3) # => "bar"
+strio.pos = 9
+strio.gets(3) # => "bat"
+strio.pos = 400
+strio.gets(3) # => nil
+```
+
+### Data Mode
+
+To specify whether the stream is to be treated as text or as binary data,
+either of the following may be suffixed to any of the string read/write modes above:
+
+- `'t'`: Text;
+  initializes the encoding as Encoding::UTF_8.
+- `'b'`: Binary;
+  initializes the encoding as Encoding::ASCII_8BIT.
+
+If neither is given, the stream defaults to text data.
+
+Examples:
+
+```ruby
+strio = StringIO.new('foo', 'rt')
+strio.external_encoding # => #<Encoding:UTF-8>
+data = "\u9990\u9991\u9992\u9993\u9994"
+strio = StringIO.new(data, 'rb')
+strio.external_encoding # => #<Encoding:BINARY (ASCII-8BIT)>
+```
+
+When the data mode is specified, the read/write mode may not be omitted:
+
+```ruby
+StringIO.new(data, 'b')  # Raises ArgumentError: invalid access mode b
+```
+
+A text stream may be changed to binary by calling instance method #binmode;
+a binary stream may not be changed to text.
+
+### Encodings
+
+A stream has an encoding; see [Encodings][encodings document].
+
+The initial encoding for a new or re-opened stream depends on its [data mode][data mode]:
+
+- Text: `Encoding::UTF_8`.
+- Binary: `Encoding::ASCII_8BIT`.
+
+These instance methods are relevant:
+
+- #external_encoding: returns the current encoding of the stream as an `Encoding` object.
+- #internal_encoding: returns +nil+; a stream does not have an internal encoding.
+- #set_encoding: sets the encoding for the stream.
+- #set_encoding_by_bom: sets the encoding for the stream to the stream's BOM (byte order mark).
+
+Examples:
+
+```ruby
+strio = StringIO.new('foo', 'rt')  # Text mode.
+strio.external_encoding # => #<Encoding:UTF-8>
+data = "\u9990\u9991\u9992\u9993\u9994"
+strio = StringIO.new(data, 'rb') # Binary mode.
+strio.external_encoding # => #<Encoding:BINARY (ASCII-8BIT)>
+strio = StringIO.new('foo')
+strio.external_encoding # => #<Encoding:UTF-8>
+strio.set_encoding('US-ASCII')
+strio.external_encoding # => #<Encoding:US-ASCII>
+```
+
+### Position
+
+A stream has a _position_, and integer offset (in bytes) into the stream.
+The initial position of a stream is zero.
+
+#### Getting and Setting the Position
+
+Each of these methods initializes (to zero) the position of a new or re-opened stream:
+
+- ::new: returns a new stream.
+- ::open: passes a new stream to the block.
+- #reopen: re-initializes the stream.
+
+Each of these methods queries, gets, or sets the position, without otherwise changing the stream:
+
+- #eof?: returns whether the position is at end-of-stream.
+- #pos: returns the position.
+- #pos=: sets the position.
+- #rewind: sets the position to zero.
+- #seek: sets the position.
+
+Examples:
+
+```ruby
+strio = StringIO.new('foobar')
+strio.pos  # => 0
+strio.pos = 3
+strio.pos  # => 3
+strio.eof? # => false
+strio.rewind
+strio.pos  # => 0
+strio.seek(0, IO::SEEK_END)
+strio.pos  # => 6
+strio.eof? # => true
+```
+
+#### Position Before and After Reading
+
+Except for #pread, a stream reading method (see [Basic Reading][basic reading])
+begins reading at the current position.
+
+Except for #pread, a read method advances the position past the read substring.
+
+Examples:
+
+```ruby
+strio = StringIO.new(TEXT)
+strio.string # => "First line\nSecond line\n\nFourth line\nFifth line\n"
+strio.pos    # => 0
+strio.getc   # => "F"
+strio.pos    # => 1
+strio.gets   # => "irst line\n"
+strio.pos    # => 11
+strio.pos = 24
+strio.gets   # => "Fourth line\n"
+strio.pos    # => 36
+
+strio = StringIO.new('тест') # Four 2-byte characters.
+strio.pos = 0 # At first byte of first character.
+strio.read    # => "тест"
+strio.pos = 1 # At second byte of first character.
+strio.read    # => "\x82ест"
+strio.pos = 2 # At first of second character.
+strio.read    # => "ест"
+
+strio = StringIO.new(TEXT)
+strio.pos = 15
+a = []
+strio.each_line {|line| a.push(line) }
+a         # => ["nd line\n", "\n", "Fourth line\n", "Fifth line\n"]
+strio.pos # => 47  ## End-of-stream.
+```
+
+#### Position Before and After Writing
+
+Each of these methods begins writing at the current position,
+and advances the position to the end of the written substring:
+
+- #putc: writes the given character.
+- #write: writes the given objects as strings.
+- [Kernel#puts][kernel#puts]: writes given objects as strings, each followed by newline.
+
+Examples:
+
+```ruby
+strio = StringIO.new('foo')
+strio.pos    # => 0
+strio.putc('b')
+strio.string # => "boo"
+strio.pos    # => 1
+strio.write('r')
+strio.string # => "bro"
+strio.pos    # => 2
+strio.puts('ew')
+strio.string # => "brew\n"
+strio.pos    # => 5
+strio.pos = 8
+strio.write('foo')
+strio.string # => "brew\n\u0000\u0000\u0000foo"
+strio.pos    # => 11
+```
+
+Each of these methods writes _before_ the current position, and decrements the position
+so that the written data is next to be read:
+
+- #ungetbyte: unshifts the given byte.
+- #ungetc: unshifts the given character.
+
+Examples:
+
+```ruby
+strio = StringIO.new('foo')
+strio.pos = 2
+strio.ungetc('x')
+strio.pos    # => 1
+strio.string # => "fxo"
+strio.ungetc('x')
+strio.pos    # => 0
+strio.string # => "xxo"
+```
+
+This method does not affect the position:
+
+- #truncate: truncates the stream's string to the given size.
+
+Examples:
+
+```ruby
+strio = StringIO.new('foobar')
+strio.pos    # => 0
+strio.truncate(3)
+strio.string # => "foo"
+strio.pos    # => 0
+strio.pos = 500
+strio.truncate(0)
+strio.string # => ""
+strio.pos    # => 500
+```
+
+### Line Number
+
+A stream has a line number, which initially is zero:
+
+- Method #lineno returns the line number.
+- Method #lineno= sets the line number.
+
+The line number can be affected by reading (but never by writing);
+in general, the line number is incremented each time the record separator (default: `"\n"`) is read.
+
+Examples:
+
+```ruby
+strio = StringIO.new(TEXT)
+strio.string # => "First line\nSecond line\n\nFourth line\nFifth line\n"
+strio.lineno # => 0
+strio.gets   # => "First line\n"
+strio.lineno # => 1
+strio.getc   # => "S"
+strio.lineno # => 1
+strio.gets   # => "econd line\n"
+strio.lineno # => 2
+strio.gets   # => "\n"
+strio.lineno # => 3
+strio.gets   # => "Fourth line\n"
+strio.lineno # => 4
+```
+
+Setting the position does not affect the line number:
+
+```ruby
+strio.pos = 0
+strio.lineno # => 4
+strio.gets   # => "First line\n"
+strio.pos    # => 11
+strio.lineno # => 5
+```
+
+And setting the line number does not affect the position:
+
+```ruby
+strio.lineno = 10
+strio.pos    # => 11
+strio.gets   # => "Second line\n"
+strio.lineno # => 11
+strio.pos    # => 23
+```
+
+### Open/Closed Streams
+
+A new stream is open for either reading or writing, and may be open for both;
+see [Read/Write Mode][read/write mode].
+
+Each of these methods initializes the read/write mode for a new or re-opened stream:
+
+- ::new: returns a new stream.
+- ::open: passes a new stream to the block.
+- #reopen: re-initializes the stream.
+
+Other relevant methods:
+
+- #close: closes the stream for both reading and writing.
+- #close_read: closes the stream for reading.
+- #close_write: closes the stream for writing.
+- #closed?: returns whether the stream is closed for both reading and writing.
+- #closed_read?: returns whether the stream is closed for reading.
+- #closed_write?: returns whether the stream is closed for writing.
+
+### BOM (Byte Order Mark)
+
+The string provided for ::new, ::open, or #reopen
+may contain an optional [BOM][bom] (byte order mark) at the beginning of the string;
+the BOM can affect the stream's encoding.
+
+The BOM (if provided):
+
+- Is stored as part of the stream's string.
+- Does _not_ immediately affect the encoding.
+- Is _initially_ considered part of the stream.
+
+```ruby
+utf8_bom = "\xEF\xBB\xBF"
+string = utf8_bom + 'foo'
+string.bytes               # => [239, 187, 191, 102, 111, 111]
+strio.string.bytes.take(3) # => [239, 187, 191]                  # The BOM.
+strio = StringIO.new(string, 'rb')
+strio.string.bytes         # => [239, 187, 191, 102, 111, 111]   # BOM is part of the stored string.
+strio.external_encoding    # => #<Encoding:BINARY (ASCII-8BIT)>  # Default for a binary stream.
+strio.gets                 # => "\xEF\xBB\xBFfoo"                # BOM is part of the stream.
+```
+
+You can call instance method #set_encoding_by_bom to "activate" the stored BOM;
+after doing so the BOM:
+
+- Is _still_ stored as part of the stream's string.
+- _Determines_ (and may have changed) the stream's encoding.
+- Is _no longer_ considered part of the stream.
+
+```ruby
+strio.set_encoding_by_bom
+strio.string.bytes      # => [239, 187, 191, 102, 111, 111]  # BOM is still part of the stored string.
+strio.external_encoding # => #<Encoding:UTF-8>               # The new encoding.
+strio.rewind            # => 0
+strio.gets              # => "foo"                           # BOM is not part of the stream.
+```
+
+## Basic Stream \IO
+
+### Basic Reading
+
+You can read from the stream using these instance methods:
+
+- #getbyte: reads and returns the next byte.
+- #getc: reads and returns the next character.
+- #gets: reads and returns all or part of the next line.
+- #read: reads and returns all or part of the remaining data in the stream.
+- #readlines: reads the remaining data the stream and returns an array of its lines.
+- [Kernel#readline][kernel#readline]: like #gets, but raises an exception if at end-of-stream.
+
+You can iterate over the stream using these instance methods:
+
+- #each_byte: reads each remaining byte, passing it to the block.
+- #each_char: reads each remaining character, passing it to the block.
+- #each_codepoint: reads each remaining codepoint, passing it to the block.
+- #each_line: reads all or part of each remaining line, passing the read string to the block
+
+This instance method is useful in a multi-threaded application:
+
+- #pread: reads and returns all or part of the stream.
+ 
+### Basic Writing
+
+You can write to the stream, advancing the position, using these instance methods:
+
+- #putc: writes a given character.
+- #write: writes the given objects as strings.
+- [Kernel#puts][kernel#puts] writes given objects as strings, each followed by newline.
+
+You can "unshift" to the stream using these instance methods;
+each  writes _before_ the current position, and decrements the position
+so that the written data is next to be read.
+
+- #ungetbyte: unshifts the given byte.
+- #ungetc: unshifts the given character.
+
+One more writing method:
+
+- #truncate: truncates the stream's string to the given size.
+
+## Line \IO
+
+Reading:
+
+- #gets: reads and returns the next line.
+- [Kernel#readline][kernel#readline]: like #gets, but raises an exception if at end-of-stream.
+- #readlines: reads the remaining data the stream and returns an array of its lines.
+- #each_line: reads each remaining line, passing it to the block
+
+Writing:
+
+- [Kernel#puts][kernel#puts]: writes given objects, each followed by newline.
+
+## Character \IO
+
+Reading:
+
+- #each_char: reads each remaining character, passing it to the block.
+- #getc: reads and returns the next character.
+
+Writing:
+
+- #putc: writes the given character.
+- #ungetc.: unshifts the given character.
+
+## Byte \IO
+
+Reading:
+
+- #each_byte: reads each remaining byte, passing it to the block.
+- #getbyte: reads and returns the next byte.
+
+Writing:
+
+- #ungetbyte: unshifts the given byte.
+
+## Codepoint \IO
+
+Reading:
+
+- #each_codepoint: reads each remaining codepoint, passing it to the block.
+
+[bom]:                https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byte_order_mark
+[encodings document]: https://docs.ruby-lang.org/en/master/language/encodings_rdoc.html
+[io class]:           https://docs.ruby-lang.org/en/master/IO.html
+[kernel#puts]:        https://docs.ruby-lang.org/en/master/Kernel.html#method-i-puts
+[kernel#readline]:    https://docs.ruby-lang.org/en/master/Kernel.html#method-i-readline
+
+[basic reading]:         rdoc-ref:StringIO@Basic+Reading
+[basic writing]:         rdoc-ref:StringIO@Basic+Writing
+[bom (byte order mark)]: rdoc-ref:StringIO@BOM+-28Byte+Order+Mark-29
+[data mode]:             rdoc-ref:StringIO@Data+Mode
+[encodings]:             rdoc-ref:StringIO@Encodings
+[end-of-stream]:         rdoc-ref:StringIO@End-of-Stream
+[line number]:           rdoc-ref:StringIO@Line+Number
+[open/closed streams]:   rdoc-ref:StringIO@Open-2FClosed+Streams
+[position]:              rdoc-ref:StringIO@Position
+[read/write mode]:       rdoc-ref:StringIO@Read-2FWrite+Mode
diff --git a/doc/strscan/strscan.md b/doc/strscan/strscan.md
index 1211a687c2..385e92f84e 100644
--- a/doc/strscan/strscan.md
+++ b/doc/strscan/strscan.md
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ Some examples here assume that certain helper methods are defined:
 - `match_values_cleared?(scanner)`:
   Returns whether the scanner's [match values][9] are cleared.
 
-See examples [here][ext/strscan/helper_methods_md.html].
+See examples at [helper methods](helper_methods.md).
 
 ## The `StringScanner` \Object
 
@@ -204,7 +204,7 @@ put_situation(scanner)
 
 ## Target Substring
 
-The target substring is the the part of the [stored string][1]
+The target substring is the part of the [stored string][1]
 that extends from the current [byte position][2] to the end of the stored string;
 it is always either:
 
@@ -417,7 +417,7 @@ Each of these methods returns a captured match value:
 | Method          | Return After Match                      | Return After No Match |
 |-----------------|-----------------------------------------|-----------------------|
 | #size           | Count of captured substrings.           | +nil+.                |
-| #[](n)          | <tt>n</tt>th captured substring.        | +nil+.                |
+| #\[\](n)        | <tt>n</tt>th captured substring.        | +nil+.                |
 | #captures       | Array of all captured substrings.       | +nil+.                |
 | #values_at(*n)  | Array of specified captured substrings. | +nil+.                |
 | #named_captures | Hash of named captures.                 | <tt>{}</tt>.          |
diff --git a/doc/syntax.rdoc b/doc/syntax.rdoc
index cb427b6f0f..a48c83ff15 100644
--- a/doc/syntax.rdoc
+++ b/doc/syntax.rdoc
@@ -2,6 +2,9 @@
 
 The Ruby syntax is large and is split up into the following sections:
 
+{Code Layout}[rdoc-ref:syntax/layout.rdoc] ::
+  Breaking code in lines
+
 Literals[rdoc-ref:syntax/literals.rdoc] ::
   Numbers, Strings, Arrays, Hashes, etc.
 
diff --git a/doc/syntax/assignment.rdoc b/doc/syntax/assignment.rdoc
index f45f5bc0ea..3988f82e5f 100644
--- a/doc/syntax/assignment.rdoc
+++ b/doc/syntax/assignment.rdoc
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ Assignment creates a local variable if the variable was not previously
 referenced.
 
 An assignment expression result is always the assigned value, including
-{assignment methods}[rdoc-ref:syntax/assignment.rdoc@Assignment+Methods].
+{assignment methods}[rdoc-ref:@Assignment+Methods].
 
 == Local Variable Names
 
@@ -279,7 +279,7 @@ An uninitialized global variable has a value of +nil+.
 
 Ruby has some special globals that behave differently depending on context
 such as the regular expression match variables or that have a side-effect when
-assigned to.  See the {global variables documentation}[rdoc-ref:globals.rdoc]
+assigned to.  See the {global variables documentation}[rdoc-ref:language/globals.md]
 for details.
 
 == Assignment Methods
diff --git a/doc/syntax/calling_methods.rdoc b/doc/syntax/calling_methods.rdoc
index bf5916e99a..76babcc3dc 100644
--- a/doc/syntax/calling_methods.rdoc
+++ b/doc/syntax/calling_methods.rdoc
@@ -355,9 +355,8 @@ as one argument:
   # Prints the object itself:
   #   #<Name:0x00007f9d07bca650 @name="Jane Doe">
 
-This allows to handle one or many arguments polymorphically. Note also that +nil+
-has NilClass#to_a defined to return an empty array, so conditional unpacking is
-possible:
+This allows to handle one or many arguments polymorphically. Note also that <tt>*nil</tt>
+is unpacked to an empty list of arguments, so conditional unpacking is possible:
 
   my_method(*(some_arguments if some_condition?))
 
diff --git a/doc/syntax/comments.rdoc b/doc/syntax/comments.rdoc
index 00d19d588a..cb6829a984 100644
--- a/doc/syntax/comments.rdoc
+++ b/doc/syntax/comments.rdoc
@@ -170,7 +170,7 @@ In this mode, all values assigned to constants are made shareable.
 
   # shareable_constant_value: experimental_everything
   FOO = Set[1, 2, {foo: []}]
-  # same as FOO = Ractor.make_sharable(...)
+  # same as FOO = Ractor.make_shareable(...)
   # OR same as `FOO = Set[1, 2, {foo: [].freeze}.freeze].freeze`
 
   var = [{foo: []}]
diff --git a/doc/syntax/layout.rdoc b/doc/syntax/layout.rdoc
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..f07447587b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/doc/syntax/layout.rdoc
@@ -0,0 +1,118 @@
+= Code Layout
+
+Expressions in Ruby are separated by line breaks:
+
+    x = 1
+    y = 2
+    z = x + y
+
+Line breaks also used as logical separators of the headers of some of control structures from their bodies:
+
+    if z > 3       # line break ends the condition and starts the body
+      puts "more"
+    end
+
+    while x < 3    # line break ends the condition and starts the body
+      x += 1
+    end
+
+<tt>;</tt> can be used as an expressions separator instead of a line break:
+
+    x = 1; y = 2; z = x + y
+    if z > 3; puts "more"; end
+
+Traditionally, expressions separated by <tt>;</tt> is used only in short scripts and experiments.
+
+In some control structures, there is an optional keyword that can be used instead of a line break to separate their elements:
+
+    # if, elsif, until and case ... when: 'then' is an optional separator:
+
+    if z > 3 then puts "more" end
+
+    case x
+    when Numeric then "number"
+    when String then "string"
+    else "object"
+    end
+
+    # while and until: 'do' is an optional separator
+    while x < 3 do x +=1 end
+
+Also, line breaks can be skipped in some places where it doesn't create any ambiguity. Note in the example above: no line break needed before +end+, just as no line break needed after +else+.
+
+== Breaking expressions in lines
+
+One expression might be split into several lines when each line can be unambiguously identified as "incomplete" without the next one.
+
+These works:
+
+    x =         # incomplete without something after =
+        1 +     # incomplete without something after +
+        2
+
+    File.read "test.txt",         # incomplete without something after ,
+              enconding: "utf-8"
+
+These would not:
+
+    # unintended interpretation:
+    x = 1     # already complete expression
+        + 2   # interpreted as a separate +2
+
+    # syntax error:
+    File.read "test.txt"           # already complete expression
+              , encoding: "utf-8"  # attempt to parse as a new expression, SyntaxError
+
+The exceptions to the rule are lines starting with <tt>.</tt> ("leading dot" style of method calls) or logical operators <tt>&&</tt>/<tt>||</tt> and <tt>and</tt>/<tt>or</tt>:
+
+    # OK, interpreted as a chain of calls
+    File.read('test.txt')
+        .strip("\n")
+        .split("\t")
+        .sort
+
+    # OK, interpreted as a chain of logical operators:
+    File.empty?('test.txt')
+      || File.size('test.txt') < 10
+      || File.read('test.txt').strip.empty?
+
+If the expressions is broken into multiple lines in any of the ways described above, comments between separate lines are allowed:
+
+    sum = base_salary +
+          # see "yearly bonuses section"
+          yearly_bonus(year) +
+          # per-employee coefficient is described
+          # in another module
+          personal_coeff(employee)
+
+    # We want to short-circuit on empty files
+    File.empty?('test.txt')
+      # Or almost empty ones
+      || File.size('test.txt') < 10
+      # Otherwise we check if it is full of spaces
+      || File.read('test.txt').strip.empty?
+
+Finally, the code can explicitly tell Ruby that the expression is continued on the next line with <tt>\\</tt>:
+
+    # Unusual, but works
+    File.read "test.txt" \
+              , encoding: "utf-8"
+
+    # More regular usage (joins the strings on parsing instead
+    # of concatenating them in runtime, as + would do):
+    TEXT = "One pretty long line" \
+           "one more long line" \
+           "one other line of the text"
+
+The <tt>\\</tt> works as a parse time line break escape, so with it, comments can not be inserted between the lines:
+
+    TEXT = "line 1" \
+           # here would be line 2:
+           "line 2"
+
+    # This is interpreted as if there was no line break where \ is,
+    # i.e. the same as
+    TEXT = "line 1" # here would be line 2:
+           "line 2"
+
+    puts TEXT #=> "line 1"
diff --git a/doc/syntax/literals.rdoc b/doc/syntax/literals.rdoc
index 46bb7673f3..87a891bf2d 100644
--- a/doc/syntax/literals.rdoc
+++ b/doc/syntax/literals.rdoc
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 Literals create objects you can use in your program.  Literals include:
 
 * {Boolean and Nil Literals}[#label-Boolean+and+Nil+Literals]
-* {Number Literals}[#label-Number+Literals]
+* {Numeric Literals}[#label-Numeric+Literals]
 
   * {Integer Literals}[#label-Integer+Literals]
   * {Float Literals}[#label-Float+Literals]
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ Literals create objects you can use in your program.  Literals include:
 +true+ is a true value.  All objects except +nil+ and +false+ evaluate to a
 true value in conditional expressions.
 
-== Number Literals
+== \Numeric Literals
 
 === \Integer Literals
 
diff --git a/doc/syntax/methods.rdoc b/doc/syntax/methods.rdoc
index 8dafa6bb0c..14810a188f 100644
--- a/doc/syntax/methods.rdoc
+++ b/doc/syntax/methods.rdoc
@@ -100,6 +100,7 @@ operators.
 <code>/</code>   :: divide
 <code>%</code>   :: modulus division, String#%
 <code>&</code>   :: AND
+<code>|</code>   :: OR
 <code>^</code>   :: XOR (exclusive OR)
 <code>>></code>  :: right-shift
 <code><<</code>  :: left-shift, append
diff --git a/doc/syntax/pattern_matching.rdoc b/doc/syntax/pattern_matching.rdoc
index c43919ba14..06aae26d49 100644
--- a/doc/syntax/pattern_matching.rdoc
+++ b/doc/syntax/pattern_matching.rdoc
@@ -253,11 +253,11 @@ The "rest" part of a pattern also can be bound to a variable:
 
   case {a: 1, b: 2}
   in {a: } | Array
+    # ^ SyntaxError (variable capture in alternative pattern)
     "matched: #{a}"
   else
     "not matched"
   end
-  # SyntaxError (illegal variable in alternative pattern (a))
 
 Variables that start with <code>_</code> are the only exclusions from this rule:
 
diff --git a/doc/syntax/refinements.rdoc b/doc/syntax/refinements.rdoc
index 17d5e67c21..4095977284 100644
--- a/doc/syntax/refinements.rdoc
+++ b/doc/syntax/refinements.rdoc
@@ -212,10 +212,7 @@ all refinements from the same module are active when a refined method
 
 When looking up a method for an instance of class +C+ Ruby checks:
 
-* If refinements are active for +C+, in the reverse order they were activated:
-  * The prepended modules from the refinement for +C+
-  * The refinement for +C+
-  * The included modules from the refinement for +C+
+* The refinements of +C+, in reverse order of activation
 * The prepended modules of +C+
 * +C+
 * The included modules of +C+
diff --git a/doc/yarv_frame_layout.md b/doc/yarv_frame_layout.md
deleted file mode 100644
index ea8ad013cf..0000000000
--- a/doc/yarv_frame_layout.md
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,77 +0,0 @@
-# YARV Frame Layout
-
-This document is an introduction to what happens on the VM stack as the VM
-services calls. The code holds the ultimate truth for this subject, so beware
-that this document can become stale.
-
-We'll walk through the following program, with explanation at selected points
-in execution and abridged disassembly listings:
-
-```ruby
-def foo(x, y)
-  z = x.casecmp(y)
-end
-
-foo(:one, :two)
-```
-
-First, after arguments are evaluated and right before the `send` to `foo`:
-
-```
-                                ┌────────────┐
-  putself                       │    :two    │
-  putobject :one            0x2 ├────────────┤
-  putobject :two                │    :one    │
-► send <:foo, argc:2>       0x1 ├────────────┤
-  leave                         │    self    │
-                            0x0 └────────────┘
-```
-
-The `put*` instructions have pushed 3 items onto the stack. It's now time to
-add a new control frame for `foo`. The following is the shape of the stack
-after one instruction in `foo`:
-
-```
-                                                cfp->sp=0x8 at this point.
-                           0x8 ┌────────────┐◄──Stack space for temporaries
-                               │    :one    │   live above the environment.
-                           0x7 ├────────────┤
-  getlocal      x@0            │ < flags  > │   foo's rb_control_frame_t
-► getlocal      y@1        0x6 ├────────────┤◄──has cfp->ep=0x6
-  send <:casecmp, argc:1>      │ <no block> │
-  dup                      0x5 ├────────────┤  The flags, block, and CME triple
-  setlocal      z@2            │ <CME: foo> │  (VM_ENV_DATA_SIZE) form an
-  leave                    0x4 ├────────────┤  environment. They can be used to
-                               │   z (nil)  │  figure out what local variables
-                           0x3 ├────────────┤  are below them.
-                               │    :two    │
-                           0x2 ├────────────┤  Notice how the arguments, now
-                               │    :one    │  locals, never moved. This layout
-                           0x1 ├────────────┤  allows for argument transfer
-                               │    self    │  without copying.
-                           0x0 └────────────┘
-```
-
-Given that locals have lower address than `cfp->ep`, it makes sense then that
-`getlocal` in `insns.def` has `val = *(vm_get_ep(GET_EP(), level) - idx);`.
-When accessing variables in the immediate scope, where `level=0`, it's
-essentially `val = cfp->ep[-idx];`.
-
-Note that this EP-relative index has a different basis the index that comes
-after "@" in disassembly listings. The "@" index is relative to the 0th local
-(`x` in this case).
-
-## Q&A
-
-Q: It seems that the receiver is always at an offset relative to EP,
-   like locals. Couldn't we use EP to access it instead of using `cfp->self`?
-
-A: Not all calls put the `self` in the callee on the stack. Two
-   examples are `Proc#call`, where the receiver is the Proc object, but `self`
-   inside the callee is `Proc#receiver`, and `yield`, where the receiver isn't
-   pushed onto the stack before the arguments.
-
-Q: Why have `cfp->ep` when it seems that everything is below `cfp->sp`?
-
-A: In the example, `cfp->ep` points to the stack, but it can also point to the
-   GC heap. Blocks can capture and evacuate their environment to the heap.
diff --git a/doc/zjit.md b/doc/zjit.md
deleted file mode 100644
index 4cb8056685..0000000000
--- a/doc/zjit.md
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,93 +0,0 @@
-# ZJIT: ADVANCED RUBY JIT PROTOTYPE
-
-## Build Instructions
-
-To build ZJIT on macOS:
-```
-./autogen.sh
-./configure --enable-zjit=dev --prefix=$HOME/.rubies/ruby-zjit --disable-install-doc --with-opt-dir="$(brew --prefix openssl):$(brew --prefix readline):$(brew --prefix libyaml)"
-make -j miniruby
-```
-
-## Useful dev commands
-
-To view YARV output for code snippets:
-```
-./miniruby --dump=insns -e0
-```
-
-To run code snippets with ZJIT:
-```
-./miniruby --zjit -e0
-```
-
-You can also try https://www.rubyexplorer.xyz/ to view Ruby YARV disasm output with syntax highlighting
-in a way that can be easily shared with other team members.
-
-## Testing
-
-Make sure you have a `--enable-zjit=dev` build, and run `brew install cargo-nextest` first.
-
-### make zjit-test-all
-
-This command runs all ZJIT tests: `make zjit-test` and `test/ruby/test_zjit.rb`.
-
-```
-make zjit-test-all
-```
-
-### make zjit-test
-
-This command runs Rust unit tests.
-
-```
-make zjit-test
-```
-
-You can also run a single test case by specifying the function name:
-
-```
-make zjit-test ZJIT_TESTS=test_putobject
-```
-
-If you expect that your changes cause tests to fail and they do, you can have
-`expect-test` fix the expected value for you by putting `UPDATE_EXPECT=1`
-before your test command, like so:
-
-```
-UPDATE_EXPECT=1 make zjit-test ZJIT_TESTS=test_putobject
-```
-
-Test changes will be reviewed alongside code changes.
-
-<details>
-
-<summary>Setting up zjit-test</summary>
-
-ZJIT uses `cargo-nextest` for Rust unit tests instead of `cargo test`.
-`cargo-nextest` runs each test in its own process, which is valuable since
-CRuby only supports booting once per process, and most APIs are not thread
-safe. Use `brew install cargo-nextest` to install it on macOS, otherwise, refer
-to <https://nexte.st/docs/installation/pre-built-binaries/> for installation
-instructions.
-
-Since it uses Cargo, you'll also need a `configure --enable-zjit=dev ...` build
-for `make zjit-test`. Since the tests need to link against CRuby, directly
-calling `cargo test`, or `cargo nextest` likely won't build. Make sure to
-use `make`.
-
-</details>
-
-### test/ruby/test\_zjit.rb
-
-This command runs Ruby execution tests.
-
-```
-make test-all TESTS="test/ruby/test_zjit.rb"
-```
-
-You can also run a single test case by matching the method name:
-
-```
-make test-all TESTS="test/ruby/test_zjit.rb -n TestZJIT#test_putobject"
-```
diff --git a/enc/Makefile.in b/enc/Makefile.in
index ce93fdd22d..2a3c45169f 100644
--- a/enc/Makefile.in
+++ b/enc/Makefile.in
@@ -24,13 +24,14 @@ OBJEXT = @OBJEXT@
 LIBEXT = @LIBEXT@
 EXEEXT = @EXEEXT@
 TIMESTAMPDIR  = $(EXTOUT)/.timestamp
-ENC_TRANS_D   = $(TIMESTAMPDIR)/.enc-trans.time
-ENC_TRANS_SO_D = $(TIMESTAMPDIR)/.enc-trans.so.time
+ENC_TRANS_D   = $(TIMESTAMPDIR)/enc-trans.time
+ENC_TRANS_SO_D = $(TIMESTAMPDIR)/enc-trans-$(arch).time
 
 BUILTIN_ENCS	= enc/ascii.c enc/us_ascii.c\
 		  enc/unicode.c enc/utf_8.c
 
 BUILTIN_TRANSES	= enc/trans/newline.trans
+BUILTIN_TRANS_CSRCS = $(BUILTIN_TRANSES:.trans=.c)
 
 RUBY_SO_NAME = @RUBY_SO_NAME@
 LIBRUBY = @LIBRUBY@
diff --git a/enc/ascii.c b/enc/ascii.c
index ae7db97f25..4ba93f4feb 100644
--- a/enc/ascii.c
+++ b/enc/ascii.c
@@ -54,7 +54,11 @@ OnigEncodingDefine(ascii, ASCII) = {
   onigenc_not_support_get_ctype_code_range,
   onigenc_single_byte_left_adjust_char_head,
   onigenc_always_true_is_allowed_reverse_match,
+#ifdef USE_CASE_MAP_API
   onigenc_single_byte_ascii_only_case_map,
+#else
+  NULL,
+#endif
   ENCINDEX_ASCII_8BIT,
   ONIGENC_FLAG_NONE,
 };
diff --git a/enc/big5.c b/enc/big5.c
index ab4fb69819..e141ebdbe3 100644
--- a/enc/big5.c
+++ b/enc/big5.c
@@ -300,7 +300,11 @@ OnigEncodingDefine(big5, BIG5) = {
   onigenc_not_support_get_ctype_code_range,
   big5_left_adjust_char_head,
   big5_is_allowed_reverse_match,
+#ifdef USE_CASE_MAP_API
   onigenc_ascii_only_case_map,
+#else
+  NULL,
+#endif
   0,
   ONIGENC_FLAG_NONE,
 };
@@ -335,7 +339,11 @@ OnigEncodingDefine(big5_hkscs, BIG5_HKSCS) = {
   onigenc_not_support_get_ctype_code_range,
   big5_left_adjust_char_head,
   big5_is_allowed_reverse_match,
+#ifdef USE_CASE_MAP_API
   onigenc_ascii_only_case_map,
+#else
+  NULL,
+#endif
   0,
   ONIGENC_FLAG_NONE,
 };
@@ -370,7 +378,11 @@ OnigEncodingDefine(big5_uao, BIG5_UAO) = {
   onigenc_not_support_get_ctype_code_range,
   big5_left_adjust_char_head,
   big5_is_allowed_reverse_match,
+#ifdef USE_CASE_MAP_API
   onigenc_ascii_only_case_map,
+#else
+  NULL,
+#endif
   0,
   ONIGENC_FLAG_NONE,
 };
diff --git a/enc/cp949.c b/enc/cp949.c
index 1600d0cd5b..77e961a7cd 100644
--- a/enc/cp949.c
+++ b/enc/cp949.c
@@ -211,7 +211,11 @@ OnigEncodingDefine(cp949, CP949) = {
   onigenc_not_support_get_ctype_code_range,
   cp949_left_adjust_char_head,
   cp949_is_allowed_reverse_match,
+#ifdef USE_CASE_MAP_API
   onigenc_ascii_only_case_map,
+#else
+  NULL,
+#endif
   0,
   ONIGENC_FLAG_NONE,
 };
diff --git a/enc/depend b/enc/depend
index dcf65a129b..4bf97dc880 100644
--- a/enc/depend
+++ b/enc/depend
@@ -157,15 +157,15 @@ clean:
 % end
 % unless inplace
 	$(Q)$(RM) enc/unicode/*/casefold.h enc/unicode/*/name2ctype.h
-	$(Q)$(RM) enc/jis/props.h
-	-$(Q)$(RMDIR) enc/unicode<%=ignore_error%>
+	$(Q)$(RM) enc/trans/newline.c enc/jis/props.h
+	-$(Q)$(RMDIR) enc/trnas enc/unicode<%=ignore_error%>
 % end
 % workdirs.reverse_each do|d|
 	-$(Q)$(RMDIR) <%=pathrep[d]%><%=ignore_error%>
 % end
 
 clean-srcs:
-	$(Q)$(RM) <%=pathrep['$(TRANSCSRCS)']%>
+	$(Q)$(RM) <%=pathrep['$(TRANSCSRCS)']%> <%=pathrep['$(BUILTIN_TRANS_CSRCS)']%>
 	-$(Q)$(RMDIR) <%=pathrep['enc/trans']%><%=ignore_error%>
 	$(Q)$(RM) enc/unicode/*/casefold.h enc/unicode/*/name2ctype.h
 	$(Q)$(RM) enc/jis/props.h
@@ -317,6 +317,7 @@ enc/ascii.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/re.h
 enc/ascii.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/ruby.h
 enc/ascii.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/select.h
 enc/ascii.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+enc/ascii.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/set.h
 enc/ascii.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/signal.h
 enc/ascii.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/sprintf.h
 enc/ascii.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/string.h
@@ -479,6 +480,7 @@ enc/big5.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/re.h
 enc/big5.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/ruby.h
 enc/big5.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/select.h
 enc/big5.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+enc/big5.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/set.h
 enc/big5.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/signal.h
 enc/big5.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/sprintf.h
 enc/big5.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/string.h
@@ -651,6 +653,7 @@ enc/cesu_8.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/re.h
 enc/cesu_8.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/ruby.h
 enc/cesu_8.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/select.h
 enc/cesu_8.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+enc/cesu_8.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/set.h
 enc/cesu_8.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/signal.h
 enc/cesu_8.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/sprintf.h
 enc/cesu_8.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/string.h
@@ -813,6 +816,7 @@ enc/cp949.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/re.h
 enc/cp949.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/ruby.h
 enc/cp949.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/select.h
 enc/cp949.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+enc/cp949.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/set.h
 enc/cp949.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/signal.h
 enc/cp949.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/sprintf.h
 enc/cp949.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/string.h
@@ -974,6 +978,7 @@ enc/emacs_mule.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/re.h
 enc/emacs_mule.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/ruby.h
 enc/emacs_mule.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/select.h
 enc/emacs_mule.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+enc/emacs_mule.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/set.h
 enc/emacs_mule.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/signal.h
 enc/emacs_mule.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/sprintf.h
 enc/emacs_mule.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/string.h
@@ -1145,6 +1150,7 @@ enc/encdb.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/re.h
 enc/encdb.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/ruby.h
 enc/encdb.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/select.h
 enc/encdb.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+enc/encdb.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/set.h
 enc/encdb.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/signal.h
 enc/encdb.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/sprintf.h
 enc/encdb.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/string.h
@@ -1309,6 +1315,7 @@ enc/euc_jp.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/re.h
 enc/euc_jp.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/ruby.h
 enc/euc_jp.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/select.h
 enc/euc_jp.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+enc/euc_jp.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/set.h
 enc/euc_jp.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/signal.h
 enc/euc_jp.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/sprintf.h
 enc/euc_jp.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/string.h
@@ -1470,6 +1477,7 @@ enc/euc_kr.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/re.h
 enc/euc_kr.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/ruby.h
 enc/euc_kr.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/select.h
 enc/euc_kr.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+enc/euc_kr.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/set.h
 enc/euc_kr.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/signal.h
 enc/euc_kr.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/sprintf.h
 enc/euc_kr.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/string.h
@@ -1631,6 +1639,7 @@ enc/euc_tw.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/re.h
 enc/euc_tw.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/ruby.h
 enc/euc_tw.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/select.h
 enc/euc_tw.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+enc/euc_tw.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/set.h
 enc/euc_tw.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/signal.h
 enc/euc_tw.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/sprintf.h
 enc/euc_tw.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/string.h
@@ -1792,6 +1801,7 @@ enc/gb18030.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/re.h
 enc/gb18030.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/ruby.h
 enc/gb18030.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/select.h
 enc/gb18030.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+enc/gb18030.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/set.h
 enc/gb18030.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/signal.h
 enc/gb18030.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/sprintf.h
 enc/gb18030.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/string.h
@@ -1953,6 +1963,7 @@ enc/gb2312.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/re.h
 enc/gb2312.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/ruby.h
 enc/gb2312.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/select.h
 enc/gb2312.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+enc/gb2312.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/set.h
 enc/gb2312.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/signal.h
 enc/gb2312.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/sprintf.h
 enc/gb2312.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/string.h
@@ -2114,6 +2125,7 @@ enc/gbk.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/re.h
 enc/gbk.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/ruby.h
 enc/gbk.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/select.h
 enc/gbk.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+enc/gbk.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/set.h
 enc/gbk.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/signal.h
 enc/gbk.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/sprintf.h
 enc/gbk.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/string.h
@@ -2276,6 +2288,7 @@ enc/iso_8859_1.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/re.h
 enc/iso_8859_1.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/ruby.h
 enc/iso_8859_1.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/select.h
 enc/iso_8859_1.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+enc/iso_8859_1.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/set.h
 enc/iso_8859_1.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/signal.h
 enc/iso_8859_1.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/sprintf.h
 enc/iso_8859_1.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/string.h
@@ -2438,6 +2451,7 @@ enc/iso_8859_10.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/re.h
 enc/iso_8859_10.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/ruby.h
 enc/iso_8859_10.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/select.h
 enc/iso_8859_10.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+enc/iso_8859_10.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/set.h
 enc/iso_8859_10.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/signal.h
 enc/iso_8859_10.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/sprintf.h
 enc/iso_8859_10.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/string.h
@@ -2599,6 +2613,7 @@ enc/iso_8859_11.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/re.h
 enc/iso_8859_11.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/ruby.h
 enc/iso_8859_11.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/select.h
 enc/iso_8859_11.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+enc/iso_8859_11.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/set.h
 enc/iso_8859_11.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/signal.h
 enc/iso_8859_11.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/sprintf.h
 enc/iso_8859_11.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/string.h
@@ -2761,6 +2776,7 @@ enc/iso_8859_13.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/re.h
 enc/iso_8859_13.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/ruby.h
 enc/iso_8859_13.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/select.h
 enc/iso_8859_13.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+enc/iso_8859_13.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/set.h
 enc/iso_8859_13.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/signal.h
 enc/iso_8859_13.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/sprintf.h
 enc/iso_8859_13.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/string.h
@@ -2923,6 +2939,7 @@ enc/iso_8859_14.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/re.h
 enc/iso_8859_14.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/ruby.h
 enc/iso_8859_14.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/select.h
 enc/iso_8859_14.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+enc/iso_8859_14.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/set.h
 enc/iso_8859_14.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/signal.h
 enc/iso_8859_14.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/sprintf.h
 enc/iso_8859_14.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/string.h
@@ -3085,6 +3102,7 @@ enc/iso_8859_15.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/re.h
 enc/iso_8859_15.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/ruby.h
 enc/iso_8859_15.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/select.h
 enc/iso_8859_15.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+enc/iso_8859_15.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/set.h
 enc/iso_8859_15.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/signal.h
 enc/iso_8859_15.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/sprintf.h
 enc/iso_8859_15.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/string.h
@@ -3247,6 +3265,7 @@ enc/iso_8859_16.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/re.h
 enc/iso_8859_16.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/ruby.h
 enc/iso_8859_16.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/select.h
 enc/iso_8859_16.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+enc/iso_8859_16.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/set.h
 enc/iso_8859_16.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/signal.h
 enc/iso_8859_16.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/sprintf.h
 enc/iso_8859_16.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/string.h
@@ -3409,6 +3428,7 @@ enc/iso_8859_2.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/re.h
 enc/iso_8859_2.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/ruby.h
 enc/iso_8859_2.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/select.h
 enc/iso_8859_2.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+enc/iso_8859_2.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/set.h
 enc/iso_8859_2.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/signal.h
 enc/iso_8859_2.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/sprintf.h
 enc/iso_8859_2.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/string.h
@@ -3571,6 +3591,7 @@ enc/iso_8859_3.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/re.h
 enc/iso_8859_3.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/ruby.h
 enc/iso_8859_3.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/select.h
 enc/iso_8859_3.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+enc/iso_8859_3.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/set.h
 enc/iso_8859_3.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/signal.h
 enc/iso_8859_3.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/sprintf.h
 enc/iso_8859_3.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/string.h
@@ -3733,6 +3754,7 @@ enc/iso_8859_4.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/re.h
 enc/iso_8859_4.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/ruby.h
 enc/iso_8859_4.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/select.h
 enc/iso_8859_4.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+enc/iso_8859_4.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/set.h
 enc/iso_8859_4.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/signal.h
 enc/iso_8859_4.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/sprintf.h
 enc/iso_8859_4.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/string.h
@@ -3894,6 +3916,7 @@ enc/iso_8859_5.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/re.h
 enc/iso_8859_5.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/ruby.h
 enc/iso_8859_5.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/select.h
 enc/iso_8859_5.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+enc/iso_8859_5.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/set.h
 enc/iso_8859_5.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/signal.h
 enc/iso_8859_5.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/sprintf.h
 enc/iso_8859_5.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/string.h
@@ -4055,6 +4078,7 @@ enc/iso_8859_6.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/re.h
 enc/iso_8859_6.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/ruby.h
 enc/iso_8859_6.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/select.h
 enc/iso_8859_6.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+enc/iso_8859_6.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/set.h
 enc/iso_8859_6.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/signal.h
 enc/iso_8859_6.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/sprintf.h
 enc/iso_8859_6.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/string.h
@@ -4216,6 +4240,7 @@ enc/iso_8859_7.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/re.h
 enc/iso_8859_7.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/ruby.h
 enc/iso_8859_7.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/select.h
 enc/iso_8859_7.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+enc/iso_8859_7.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/set.h
 enc/iso_8859_7.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/signal.h
 enc/iso_8859_7.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/sprintf.h
 enc/iso_8859_7.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/string.h
@@ -4377,6 +4402,7 @@ enc/iso_8859_8.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/re.h
 enc/iso_8859_8.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/ruby.h
 enc/iso_8859_8.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/select.h
 enc/iso_8859_8.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+enc/iso_8859_8.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/set.h
 enc/iso_8859_8.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/signal.h
 enc/iso_8859_8.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/sprintf.h
 enc/iso_8859_8.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/string.h
@@ -4539,6 +4565,7 @@ enc/iso_8859_9.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/re.h
 enc/iso_8859_9.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/ruby.h
 enc/iso_8859_9.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/select.h
 enc/iso_8859_9.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+enc/iso_8859_9.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/set.h
 enc/iso_8859_9.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/signal.h
 enc/iso_8859_9.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/sprintf.h
 enc/iso_8859_9.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/string.h
@@ -4700,6 +4727,7 @@ enc/koi8_r.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/re.h
 enc/koi8_r.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/ruby.h
 enc/koi8_r.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/select.h
 enc/koi8_r.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+enc/koi8_r.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/set.h
 enc/koi8_r.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/signal.h
 enc/koi8_r.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/sprintf.h
 enc/koi8_r.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/string.h
@@ -4861,6 +4889,7 @@ enc/koi8_u.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/re.h
 enc/koi8_u.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/ruby.h
 enc/koi8_u.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/select.h
 enc/koi8_u.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+enc/koi8_u.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/set.h
 enc/koi8_u.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/signal.h
 enc/koi8_u.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/sprintf.h
 enc/koi8_u.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/string.h
@@ -5025,6 +5054,7 @@ enc/shift_jis.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/re.h
 enc/shift_jis.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/ruby.h
 enc/shift_jis.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/select.h
 enc/shift_jis.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+enc/shift_jis.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/set.h
 enc/shift_jis.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/signal.h
 enc/shift_jis.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/sprintf.h
 enc/shift_jis.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/string.h
@@ -5185,6 +5215,7 @@ enc/trans/big5.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/re.h
 enc/trans/big5.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/ruby.h
 enc/trans/big5.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/select.h
 enc/trans/big5.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+enc/trans/big5.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/set.h
 enc/trans/big5.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/signal.h
 enc/trans/big5.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/sprintf.h
 enc/trans/big5.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/string.h
@@ -5344,6 +5375,7 @@ enc/trans/cesu_8.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/re.h
 enc/trans/cesu_8.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/ruby.h
 enc/trans/cesu_8.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/select.h
 enc/trans/cesu_8.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+enc/trans/cesu_8.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/set.h
 enc/trans/cesu_8.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/signal.h
 enc/trans/cesu_8.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/sprintf.h
 enc/trans/cesu_8.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/string.h
@@ -5503,6 +5535,7 @@ enc/trans/chinese.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/re.h
 enc/trans/chinese.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/ruby.h
 enc/trans/chinese.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/select.h
 enc/trans/chinese.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+enc/trans/chinese.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/set.h
 enc/trans/chinese.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/signal.h
 enc/trans/chinese.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/sprintf.h
 enc/trans/chinese.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/string.h
@@ -5662,6 +5695,7 @@ enc/trans/ebcdic.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/re.h
 enc/trans/ebcdic.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/ruby.h
 enc/trans/ebcdic.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/select.h
 enc/trans/ebcdic.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+enc/trans/ebcdic.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/set.h
 enc/trans/ebcdic.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/signal.h
 enc/trans/ebcdic.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/sprintf.h
 enc/trans/ebcdic.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/string.h
@@ -5821,6 +5855,7 @@ enc/trans/emoji.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/re.h
 enc/trans/emoji.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/ruby.h
 enc/trans/emoji.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/select.h
 enc/trans/emoji.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+enc/trans/emoji.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/set.h
 enc/trans/emoji.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/signal.h
 enc/trans/emoji.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/sprintf.h
 enc/trans/emoji.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/string.h
@@ -5980,6 +6015,7 @@ enc/trans/emoji_iso2022_kddi.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/re.h
 enc/trans/emoji_iso2022_kddi.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/ruby.h
 enc/trans/emoji_iso2022_kddi.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/select.h
 enc/trans/emoji_iso2022_kddi.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+enc/trans/emoji_iso2022_kddi.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/set.h
 enc/trans/emoji_iso2022_kddi.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/signal.h
 enc/trans/emoji_iso2022_kddi.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/sprintf.h
 enc/trans/emoji_iso2022_kddi.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/string.h
@@ -6139,6 +6175,7 @@ enc/trans/emoji_sjis_docomo.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/re.h
 enc/trans/emoji_sjis_docomo.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/ruby.h
 enc/trans/emoji_sjis_docomo.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/select.h
 enc/trans/emoji_sjis_docomo.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_docomo.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/set.h
 enc/trans/emoji_sjis_docomo.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/signal.h
 enc/trans/emoji_sjis_docomo.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/sprintf.h
 enc/trans/emoji_sjis_docomo.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/string.h
@@ -6298,6 +6335,7 @@ enc/trans/emoji_sjis_kddi.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/re.h
 enc/trans/emoji_sjis_kddi.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/ruby.h
 enc/trans/emoji_sjis_kddi.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/select.h
 enc/trans/emoji_sjis_kddi.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_kddi.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/set.h
 enc/trans/emoji_sjis_kddi.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/signal.h
 enc/trans/emoji_sjis_kddi.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/sprintf.h
 enc/trans/emoji_sjis_kddi.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/string.h
@@ -6457,6 +6495,7 @@ enc/trans/emoji_sjis_softbank.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/re.h
 enc/trans/emoji_sjis_softbank.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/ruby.h
 enc/trans/emoji_sjis_softbank.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/select.h
 enc/trans/emoji_sjis_softbank.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_softbank.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/set.h
 enc/trans/emoji_sjis_softbank.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/signal.h
 enc/trans/emoji_sjis_softbank.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/sprintf.h
 enc/trans/emoji_sjis_softbank.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/string.h
@@ -6616,6 +6655,7 @@ enc/trans/escape.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/re.h
 enc/trans/escape.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/ruby.h
 enc/trans/escape.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/select.h
 enc/trans/escape.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+enc/trans/escape.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/set.h
 enc/trans/escape.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/signal.h
 enc/trans/escape.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/sprintf.h
 enc/trans/escape.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/string.h
@@ -6775,6 +6815,7 @@ enc/trans/gb18030.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/re.h
 enc/trans/gb18030.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/ruby.h
 enc/trans/gb18030.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/select.h
 enc/trans/gb18030.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+enc/trans/gb18030.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/set.h
 enc/trans/gb18030.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/signal.h
 enc/trans/gb18030.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/sprintf.h
 enc/trans/gb18030.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/string.h
@@ -6934,6 +6975,7 @@ enc/trans/gbk.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/re.h
 enc/trans/gbk.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/ruby.h
 enc/trans/gbk.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/select.h
 enc/trans/gbk.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+enc/trans/gbk.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/set.h
 enc/trans/gbk.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/signal.h
 enc/trans/gbk.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/sprintf.h
 enc/trans/gbk.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/string.h
@@ -7094,6 +7136,7 @@ enc/trans/iso2022.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/re.h
 enc/trans/iso2022.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/ruby.h
 enc/trans/iso2022.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/select.h
 enc/trans/iso2022.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+enc/trans/iso2022.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/set.h
 enc/trans/iso2022.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/signal.h
 enc/trans/iso2022.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/sprintf.h
 enc/trans/iso2022.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/string.h
@@ -7253,6 +7296,7 @@ enc/trans/japanese.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/re.h
 enc/trans/japanese.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/ruby.h
 enc/trans/japanese.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/select.h
 enc/trans/japanese.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+enc/trans/japanese.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/set.h
 enc/trans/japanese.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/signal.h
 enc/trans/japanese.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/sprintf.h
 enc/trans/japanese.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/string.h
@@ -7412,6 +7456,7 @@ enc/trans/japanese_euc.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/re.h
 enc/trans/japanese_euc.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/ruby.h
 enc/trans/japanese_euc.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/select.h
 enc/trans/japanese_euc.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+enc/trans/japanese_euc.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/set.h
 enc/trans/japanese_euc.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/signal.h
 enc/trans/japanese_euc.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/sprintf.h
 enc/trans/japanese_euc.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/string.h
@@ -7571,6 +7616,7 @@ enc/trans/japanese_sjis.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/re.h
 enc/trans/japanese_sjis.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/ruby.h
 enc/trans/japanese_sjis.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/select.h
 enc/trans/japanese_sjis.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+enc/trans/japanese_sjis.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/set.h
 enc/trans/japanese_sjis.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/signal.h
 enc/trans/japanese_sjis.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/sprintf.h
 enc/trans/japanese_sjis.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/string.h
@@ -7730,6 +7776,7 @@ enc/trans/korean.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/re.h
 enc/trans/korean.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/ruby.h
 enc/trans/korean.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/select.h
 enc/trans/korean.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+enc/trans/korean.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/set.h
 enc/trans/korean.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/signal.h
 enc/trans/korean.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/sprintf.h
 enc/trans/korean.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/string.h
@@ -7888,6 +7935,7 @@ enc/trans/newline.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/re.h
 enc/trans/newline.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/ruby.h
 enc/trans/newline.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/select.h
 enc/trans/newline.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+enc/trans/newline.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/set.h
 enc/trans/newline.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/signal.h
 enc/trans/newline.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/sprintf.h
 enc/trans/newline.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/string.h
@@ -8047,6 +8095,7 @@ enc/trans/single_byte.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/re.h
 enc/trans/single_byte.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/ruby.h
 enc/trans/single_byte.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/select.h
 enc/trans/single_byte.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+enc/trans/single_byte.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/set.h
 enc/trans/single_byte.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/signal.h
 enc/trans/single_byte.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/sprintf.h
 enc/trans/single_byte.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/string.h
@@ -8206,6 +8255,7 @@ enc/trans/transdb.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/re.h
 enc/trans/transdb.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/ruby.h
 enc/trans/transdb.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/select.h
 enc/trans/transdb.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+enc/trans/transdb.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/set.h
 enc/trans/transdb.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/signal.h
 enc/trans/transdb.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/sprintf.h
 enc/trans/transdb.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/string.h
@@ -8366,6 +8416,7 @@ enc/trans/utf8_mac.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/re.h
 enc/trans/utf8_mac.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/ruby.h
 enc/trans/utf8_mac.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/select.h
 enc/trans/utf8_mac.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+enc/trans/utf8_mac.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/set.h
 enc/trans/utf8_mac.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/signal.h
 enc/trans/utf8_mac.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/sprintf.h
 enc/trans/utf8_mac.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/string.h
@@ -8525,6 +8576,7 @@ enc/trans/utf_16_32.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/re.h
 enc/trans/utf_16_32.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/ruby.h
 enc/trans/utf_16_32.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/select.h
 enc/trans/utf_16_32.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+enc/trans/utf_16_32.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/set.h
 enc/trans/utf_16_32.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/signal.h
 enc/trans/utf_16_32.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/sprintf.h
 enc/trans/utf_16_32.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/string.h
@@ -8687,6 +8739,7 @@ enc/unicode.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/re.h
 enc/unicode.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/ruby.h
 enc/unicode.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/select.h
 enc/unicode.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+enc/unicode.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/set.h
 enc/unicode.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/signal.h
 enc/unicode.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/sprintf.h
 enc/unicode.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/string.h
@@ -8858,6 +8911,7 @@ enc/us_ascii.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/re.h
 enc/us_ascii.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/ruby.h
 enc/us_ascii.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/select.h
 enc/us_ascii.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+enc/us_ascii.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/set.h
 enc/us_ascii.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/signal.h
 enc/us_ascii.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/sprintf.h
 enc/us_ascii.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/string.h
@@ -9021,6 +9075,7 @@ enc/utf_16be.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/re.h
 enc/utf_16be.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/ruby.h
 enc/utf_16be.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/select.h
 enc/utf_16be.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+enc/utf_16be.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/set.h
 enc/utf_16be.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/signal.h
 enc/utf_16be.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/sprintf.h
 enc/utf_16be.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/string.h
@@ -9183,6 +9238,7 @@ enc/utf_16le.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/re.h
 enc/utf_16le.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/ruby.h
 enc/utf_16le.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/select.h
 enc/utf_16le.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+enc/utf_16le.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/set.h
 enc/utf_16le.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/signal.h
 enc/utf_16le.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/sprintf.h
 enc/utf_16le.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/string.h
@@ -9345,6 +9401,7 @@ enc/utf_32be.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/re.h
 enc/utf_32be.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/ruby.h
 enc/utf_32be.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/select.h
 enc/utf_32be.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+enc/utf_32be.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/set.h
 enc/utf_32be.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/signal.h
 enc/utf_32be.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/sprintf.h
 enc/utf_32be.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/string.h
@@ -9507,6 +9564,7 @@ enc/utf_32le.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/re.h
 enc/utf_32le.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/ruby.h
 enc/utf_32le.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/select.h
 enc/utf_32le.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+enc/utf_32le.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/set.h
 enc/utf_32le.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/signal.h
 enc/utf_32le.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/sprintf.h
 enc/utf_32le.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/string.h
@@ -9678,6 +9736,7 @@ enc/utf_8.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/re.h
 enc/utf_8.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/ruby.h
 enc/utf_8.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/select.h
 enc/utf_8.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+enc/utf_8.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/set.h
 enc/utf_8.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/signal.h
 enc/utf_8.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/sprintf.h
 enc/utf_8.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/string.h
@@ -9841,6 +9900,7 @@ enc/windows_1250.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/re.h
 enc/windows_1250.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/ruby.h
 enc/windows_1250.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/select.h
 enc/windows_1250.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+enc/windows_1250.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/set.h
 enc/windows_1250.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/signal.h
 enc/windows_1250.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/sprintf.h
 enc/windows_1250.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/string.h
@@ -10002,6 +10062,7 @@ enc/windows_1251.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/re.h
 enc/windows_1251.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/ruby.h
 enc/windows_1251.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/select.h
 enc/windows_1251.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+enc/windows_1251.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/set.h
 enc/windows_1251.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/signal.h
 enc/windows_1251.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/sprintf.h
 enc/windows_1251.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/string.h
@@ -10164,6 +10225,7 @@ enc/windows_1252.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/re.h
 enc/windows_1252.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/ruby.h
 enc/windows_1252.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/select.h
 enc/windows_1252.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+enc/windows_1252.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/set.h
 enc/windows_1252.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/signal.h
 enc/windows_1252.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/sprintf.h
 enc/windows_1252.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/string.h
@@ -10325,6 +10387,7 @@ enc/windows_1253.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/re.h
 enc/windows_1253.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/ruby.h
 enc/windows_1253.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/select.h
 enc/windows_1253.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+enc/windows_1253.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/set.h
 enc/windows_1253.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/signal.h
 enc/windows_1253.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/sprintf.h
 enc/windows_1253.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/string.h
@@ -10487,6 +10550,7 @@ enc/windows_1254.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/re.h
 enc/windows_1254.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/ruby.h
 enc/windows_1254.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/select.h
 enc/windows_1254.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+enc/windows_1254.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/set.h
 enc/windows_1254.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/signal.h
 enc/windows_1254.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/sprintf.h
 enc/windows_1254.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/string.h
@@ -10649,6 +10713,7 @@ enc/windows_1257.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/re.h
 enc/windows_1257.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/ruby.h
 enc/windows_1257.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/select.h
 enc/windows_1257.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+enc/windows_1257.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/set.h
 enc/windows_1257.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/signal.h
 enc/windows_1257.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/sprintf.h
 enc/windows_1257.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/string.h
@@ -10813,6 +10878,7 @@ enc/windows_31j.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/re.h
 enc/windows_31j.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/ruby.h
 enc/windows_31j.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/select.h
 enc/windows_31j.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+enc/windows_31j.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/set.h
 enc/windows_31j.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/signal.h
 enc/windows_31j.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/sprintf.h
 enc/windows_31j.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/string.h
diff --git a/enc/emacs_mule.c b/enc/emacs_mule.c
index f92eb183cf..abd986a187 100644
--- a/enc/emacs_mule.c
+++ b/enc/emacs_mule.c
@@ -334,7 +334,11 @@ OnigEncodingDefine(emacs_mule, Emacs_Mule) = {
   onigenc_not_support_get_ctype_code_range,
   left_adjust_char_head,
   onigenc_always_true_is_allowed_reverse_match,
+#ifdef USE_CASE_MAP_API
   onigenc_ascii_only_case_map,
+#else
+  NULL,
+#endif
   0,
   ONIGENC_FLAG_NONE,
 };
diff --git a/enc/euc_jp.c b/enc/euc_jp.c
index d283bf4ebb..678d011668 100644
--- a/enc/euc_jp.c
+++ b/enc/euc_jp.c
@@ -576,7 +576,11 @@ OnigEncodingDefine(euc_jp, EUC_JP) = {
   get_ctype_code_range,
   left_adjust_char_head,
   is_allowed_reverse_match,
+#ifdef USE_CASE_MAP_API
   onigenc_ascii_only_case_map,
+#else
+  NULL,
+#endif
   0,
   ONIGENC_FLAG_NONE,
 };
diff --git a/enc/euc_kr.c b/enc/euc_kr.c
index 21d6ab4e1c..4079a0ece0 100644
--- a/enc/euc_kr.c
+++ b/enc/euc_kr.c
@@ -188,7 +188,11 @@ OnigEncodingDefine(euc_kr, EUC_KR) = {
   onigenc_not_support_get_ctype_code_range,
   euckr_left_adjust_char_head,
   euckr_is_allowed_reverse_match,
+#ifdef USE_CASE_MAP_API
   onigenc_ascii_only_case_map,
+#else
+  NULL,
+#endif
   0,
   ONIGENC_FLAG_NONE,
 };
@@ -213,7 +217,11 @@ OnigEncodingDefine(euc_cn, EUC_CN) = {
   onigenc_not_support_get_ctype_code_range,
   euckr_left_adjust_char_head,
   euckr_is_allowed_reverse_match,
+#ifdef USE_CASE_MAP_API
   onigenc_ascii_only_case_map,
+#else
+  NULL,
+#endif
   0,
   ONIGENC_FLAG_NONE,
 };
diff --git a/enc/euc_tw.c b/enc/euc_tw.c
index 1c5659cb1d..722e29a9da 100644
--- a/enc/euc_tw.c
+++ b/enc/euc_tw.c
@@ -221,7 +221,11 @@ OnigEncodingDefine(euc_tw, EUC_TW) = {
   onigenc_not_support_get_ctype_code_range,
   euctw_left_adjust_char_head,
   euctw_is_allowed_reverse_match,
+#ifdef USE_CASE_MAP_API
   onigenc_ascii_only_case_map,
+#else
+  NULL,
+#endif
   0,
   ONIGENC_FLAG_NONE,
 };
diff --git a/enc/gb18030.c b/enc/gb18030.c
index 63d2e633ec..316737db11 100644
--- a/enc/gb18030.c
+++ b/enc/gb18030.c
@@ -597,7 +597,11 @@ OnigEncodingDefine(gb18030, GB18030) = {
   onigenc_not_support_get_ctype_code_range,
   gb18030_left_adjust_char_head,
   gb18030_is_allowed_reverse_match,
+#ifdef USE_CASE_MAP_API
   onigenc_ascii_only_case_map,
+#else
+  NULL,
+#endif
   0,
   ONIGENC_FLAG_NONE,
 };
diff --git a/enc/gbk.c b/enc/gbk.c
index 31032553bf..3df4e4b6d6 100644
--- a/enc/gbk.c
+++ b/enc/gbk.c
@@ -211,7 +211,11 @@ OnigEncodingDefine(gbk, GBK) = {
   onigenc_not_support_get_ctype_code_range,
   gbk_left_adjust_char_head,
   gbk_is_allowed_reverse_match,
+#ifdef USE_CASE_MAP_API
   onigenc_ascii_only_case_map,
+#else
+  NULL,
+#endif
   0,
   ONIGENC_FLAG_NONE,
 };
diff --git a/enc/iso_8859_1.c b/enc/iso_8859_1.c
index 7af0888c3e..78ea1fba60 100644
--- a/enc/iso_8859_1.c
+++ b/enc/iso_8859_1.c
@@ -255,6 +255,7 @@ is_code_ctype(OnigCodePoint code, unsigned int ctype, OnigEncoding enc ARG_UNUSE
     return FALSE;
 }
 
+#ifdef USE_CASE_MAP_API
 static int
 case_map(OnigCaseFoldType* flagP, const OnigUChar** pp,
 	 const OnigUChar* end, OnigUChar* to, OnigUChar* to_end,
@@ -297,6 +298,7 @@ case_map(OnigCaseFoldType* flagP, const OnigUChar** pp,
   *flagP = flags;
   return (int )(to - to_start);
 }
+#endif
 
 OnigEncodingDefine(iso_8859_1, ISO_8859_1) = {
   onigenc_single_byte_mbc_enc_len,
@@ -315,7 +317,11 @@ OnigEncodingDefine(iso_8859_1, ISO_8859_1) = {
   onigenc_not_support_get_ctype_code_range,
   onigenc_single_byte_left_adjust_char_head,
   onigenc_always_true_is_allowed_reverse_match,
+#ifdef USE_CASE_MAP_API
   case_map,
+#else
+  NULL,
+#endif
   0,
   ONIGENC_FLAG_NONE,
 };
diff --git a/enc/iso_8859_10.c b/enc/iso_8859_10.c
index cae4be2db0..bf1c884cb2 100644
--- a/enc/iso_8859_10.c
+++ b/enc/iso_8859_10.c
@@ -224,6 +224,7 @@ get_case_fold_codes_by_str(OnigCaseFoldType flag,
 	     flag, p, end, items);
 }
 
+#ifdef USE_CASE_MAP_API
 static int
 case_map(OnigCaseFoldType* flagP, const OnigUChar** pp,
 	 const OnigUChar* end, OnigUChar* to, OnigUChar* to_end,
@@ -269,6 +270,7 @@ case_map(OnigCaseFoldType* flagP, const OnigUChar** pp,
   *flagP = flags;
   return (int )(to - to_start);
 }
+#endif
 
 OnigEncodingDefine(iso_8859_10, ISO_8859_10) = {
   onigenc_single_byte_mbc_enc_len,
@@ -287,7 +289,11 @@ OnigEncodingDefine(iso_8859_10, ISO_8859_10) = {
   onigenc_not_support_get_ctype_code_range,
   onigenc_single_byte_left_adjust_char_head,
   onigenc_always_true_is_allowed_reverse_match,
+#ifdef USE_CASE_MAP_API
   case_map,
+#else
+  NULL,
+#endif
   0,
   ONIGENC_FLAG_NONE,
 };
diff --git a/enc/iso_8859_11.c b/enc/iso_8859_11.c
index b9c6119fd9..403ae6499e 100644
--- a/enc/iso_8859_11.c
+++ b/enc/iso_8859_11.c
@@ -93,7 +93,11 @@ OnigEncodingDefine(iso_8859_11, ISO_8859_11) = {
   onigenc_not_support_get_ctype_code_range,
   onigenc_single_byte_left_adjust_char_head,
   onigenc_always_true_is_allowed_reverse_match,
+#ifdef USE_CASE_MAP_API
   onigenc_single_byte_ascii_only_case_map,
+#else
+  NULL,
+#endif
   0,
   ONIGENC_FLAG_NONE,
 };
diff --git a/enc/iso_8859_13.c b/enc/iso_8859_13.c
index fe1ddd7065..8c6e758b80 100644
--- a/enc/iso_8859_13.c
+++ b/enc/iso_8859_13.c
@@ -217,6 +217,7 @@ get_case_fold_codes_by_str(OnigCaseFoldType flag,
 	     flag, p, end, items);
 }
 
+#ifdef USE_CASE_MAP_API
 static int
 case_map(OnigCaseFoldType* flagP, const OnigUChar** pp,
 	 const OnigUChar* end, OnigUChar* to, OnigUChar* to_end,
@@ -264,6 +265,7 @@ case_map(OnigCaseFoldType* flagP, const OnigUChar** pp,
   *flagP = flags;
   return (int )(to - to_start);
 }
+#endif
 
 OnigEncodingDefine(iso_8859_13, ISO_8859_13) = {
   onigenc_single_byte_mbc_enc_len,
@@ -282,7 +284,11 @@ OnigEncodingDefine(iso_8859_13, ISO_8859_13) = {
   onigenc_not_support_get_ctype_code_range,
   onigenc_single_byte_left_adjust_char_head,
   onigenc_always_true_is_allowed_reverse_match,
+#ifdef USE_CASE_MAP_API
   case_map,
+#else
+  NULL,
+#endif
   0,
   ONIGENC_FLAG_NONE,
 };
diff --git a/enc/iso_8859_14.c b/enc/iso_8859_14.c
index 647514a016..21dffea76f 100644
--- a/enc/iso_8859_14.c
+++ b/enc/iso_8859_14.c
@@ -226,6 +226,7 @@ get_case_fold_codes_by_str(OnigCaseFoldType flag,
 	     flag, p, end, items);
 }
 
+#ifdef USE_CASE_MAP_API
 static int
 case_map(OnigCaseFoldType* flagP, const OnigUChar** pp,
 	 const OnigUChar* end, OnigUChar* to, OnigUChar* to_end,
@@ -280,6 +281,7 @@ case_map(OnigCaseFoldType* flagP, const OnigUChar** pp,
   *flagP = flags;
   return (int )(to - to_start);
 }
+#endif
 
 OnigEncodingDefine(iso_8859_14, ISO_8859_14) = {
   onigenc_single_byte_mbc_enc_len,
@@ -298,7 +300,11 @@ OnigEncodingDefine(iso_8859_14, ISO_8859_14) = {
   onigenc_not_support_get_ctype_code_range,
   onigenc_single_byte_left_adjust_char_head,
   onigenc_always_true_is_allowed_reverse_match,
+#ifdef USE_CASE_MAP_API
   case_map,
+#else
+  NULL,
+#endif
   0,
   ONIGENC_FLAG_NONE,
 };
diff --git a/enc/iso_8859_15.c b/enc/iso_8859_15.c
index 377a3afc7b..dd6c29a643 100644
--- a/enc/iso_8859_15.c
+++ b/enc/iso_8859_15.c
@@ -220,6 +220,7 @@ get_case_fold_codes_by_str(OnigCaseFoldType flag,
 	     flag, p, end, items);
 }
 
+#ifdef USE_CASE_MAP_API
 static int
 case_map(OnigCaseFoldType* flagP, const OnigUChar** pp,
 	 const OnigUChar* end, OnigUChar* to, OnigUChar* to_end,
@@ -271,6 +272,7 @@ case_map(OnigCaseFoldType* flagP, const OnigUChar** pp,
   *flagP = flags;
   return (int )(to - to_start);
 }
+#endif
 
 OnigEncodingDefine(iso_8859_15, ISO_8859_15) = {
   onigenc_single_byte_mbc_enc_len,
@@ -289,7 +291,11 @@ OnigEncodingDefine(iso_8859_15, ISO_8859_15) = {
   onigenc_not_support_get_ctype_code_range,
   onigenc_single_byte_left_adjust_char_head,
   onigenc_always_true_is_allowed_reverse_match,
+#ifdef USE_CASE_MAP_API
   case_map,
+#else
+  NULL,
+#endif
   0,
   ONIGENC_FLAG_NONE,
 };
diff --git a/enc/iso_8859_16.c b/enc/iso_8859_16.c
index 135630eb73..aa7ce99fba 100644
--- a/enc/iso_8859_16.c
+++ b/enc/iso_8859_16.c
@@ -222,6 +222,7 @@ get_case_fold_codes_by_str(OnigCaseFoldType flag,
 	     flag, p, end, items);
 }
 
+#ifdef USE_CASE_MAP_API
 static int
 case_map(OnigCaseFoldType* flagP, const OnigUChar** pp,
 	 const OnigUChar* end, OnigUChar* to, OnigUChar* to_end,
@@ -275,6 +276,7 @@ case_map(OnigCaseFoldType* flagP, const OnigUChar** pp,
   *flagP = flags;
   return (int )(to - to_start);
 }
+#endif
 
 OnigEncodingDefine(iso_8859_16, ISO_8859_16) = {
   onigenc_single_byte_mbc_enc_len,
@@ -293,7 +295,11 @@ OnigEncodingDefine(iso_8859_16, ISO_8859_16) = {
   onigenc_not_support_get_ctype_code_range,
   onigenc_single_byte_left_adjust_char_head,
   onigenc_always_true_is_allowed_reverse_match,
+#ifdef USE_CASE_MAP_API
   case_map,
+#else
+  NULL,
+#endif
   0,
   ONIGENC_FLAG_NONE,
 };
diff --git a/enc/iso_8859_2.c b/enc/iso_8859_2.c
index 3a05c6320d..859073fd14 100644
--- a/enc/iso_8859_2.c
+++ b/enc/iso_8859_2.c
@@ -220,6 +220,7 @@ is_code_ctype(OnigCodePoint code, unsigned int ctype, OnigEncoding enc ARG_UNUSE
     return FALSE;
 }
 
+#ifdef USE_CASE_MAP_API
 static int
 case_map(OnigCaseFoldType* flagP, const OnigUChar** pp,
 	 const OnigUChar* end, OnigUChar* to, OnigUChar* to_end,
@@ -266,6 +267,7 @@ case_map(OnigCaseFoldType* flagP, const OnigUChar** pp,
   *flagP = flags;
   return (int )(to - to_start);
 }
+#endif
 
 OnigEncodingDefine(iso_8859_2, ISO_8859_2) = {
   onigenc_single_byte_mbc_enc_len,
@@ -284,7 +286,11 @@ OnigEncodingDefine(iso_8859_2, ISO_8859_2) = {
   onigenc_not_support_get_ctype_code_range,
   onigenc_single_byte_left_adjust_char_head,
   onigenc_always_true_is_allowed_reverse_match,
+#ifdef USE_CASE_MAP_API
   case_map,
+#else
+  NULL,
+#endif
   0,
   ONIGENC_FLAG_NONE,
 };
diff --git a/enc/iso_8859_3.c b/enc/iso_8859_3.c
index 2a343eac63..d8199d5125 100644
--- a/enc/iso_8859_3.c
+++ b/enc/iso_8859_3.c
@@ -220,6 +220,7 @@ get_case_fold_codes_by_str(OnigCaseFoldType flag,
 	     flag, p, end, items);
 }
 
+#ifdef USE_CASE_MAP_API
 #define DOTLESS_i        (0xB9)
 #define I_WITH_DOT_ABOVE (0xA9)
 static int
@@ -276,6 +277,7 @@ case_map(OnigCaseFoldType* flagP, const OnigUChar** pp,
   *flagP = flags;
   return (int )(to - to_start);
 }
+#endif
 
 OnigEncodingDefine(iso_8859_3, ISO_8859_3) = {
   onigenc_single_byte_mbc_enc_len,
@@ -294,7 +296,11 @@ OnigEncodingDefine(iso_8859_3, ISO_8859_3) = {
   onigenc_not_support_get_ctype_code_range,
   onigenc_single_byte_left_adjust_char_head,
   onigenc_always_true_is_allowed_reverse_match,
+#ifdef USE_CASE_MAP_API
   case_map,
+#else
+  NULL,
+#endif
   0,
   ONIGENC_FLAG_NONE,
 };
diff --git a/enc/iso_8859_4.c b/enc/iso_8859_4.c
index e2134e8c0b..5f01f01575 100644
--- a/enc/iso_8859_4.c
+++ b/enc/iso_8859_4.c
@@ -223,6 +223,7 @@ get_case_fold_codes_by_str(OnigCaseFoldType flag,
 	     flag, p, end, items);
 }
 
+#ifdef USE_CASE_MAP_API
 static int
 case_map(OnigCaseFoldType* flagP, const OnigUChar** pp,
 	 const OnigUChar* end, OnigUChar* to, OnigUChar* to_end,
@@ -272,6 +273,7 @@ case_map(OnigCaseFoldType* flagP, const OnigUChar** pp,
   *flagP = flags;
   return (int )(to - to_start);
 }
+#endif
 
 OnigEncodingDefine(iso_8859_4, ISO_8859_4) = {
   onigenc_single_byte_mbc_enc_len,
@@ -290,7 +292,11 @@ OnigEncodingDefine(iso_8859_4, ISO_8859_4) = {
   onigenc_not_support_get_ctype_code_range,
   onigenc_single_byte_left_adjust_char_head,
   onigenc_always_true_is_allowed_reverse_match,
+#ifdef USE_CASE_MAP_API
   case_map,
+#else
+  NULL,
+#endif
   0,
   ONIGENC_FLAG_NONE,
 };
diff --git a/enc/iso_8859_5.c b/enc/iso_8859_5.c
index 6fafc35823..8223fc0ec7 100644
--- a/enc/iso_8859_5.c
+++ b/enc/iso_8859_5.c
@@ -209,6 +209,7 @@ get_case_fold_codes_by_str(OnigCaseFoldType flag,
 	     flag, p, end, items);
 }
 
+#ifdef USE_CASE_MAP_API
 static int
 case_map(OnigCaseFoldType* flagP, const OnigUChar** pp,
 	 const OnigUChar* end, OnigUChar* to, OnigUChar* to_end,
@@ -240,6 +241,7 @@ case_map(OnigCaseFoldType* flagP, const OnigUChar** pp,
   *flagP = flags;
   return (int )(to - to_start);
 }
+#endif
 
 OnigEncodingDefine(iso_8859_5, ISO_8859_5) = {
   onigenc_single_byte_mbc_enc_len,
@@ -258,7 +260,11 @@ OnigEncodingDefine(iso_8859_5, ISO_8859_5) = {
   onigenc_not_support_get_ctype_code_range,
   onigenc_single_byte_left_adjust_char_head,
   onigenc_always_true_is_allowed_reverse_match,
+#ifdef USE_CASE_MAP_API
   case_map,
+#else
+  NULL,
+#endif
   0,
   ONIGENC_FLAG_NONE,
 };
diff --git a/enc/iso_8859_6.c b/enc/iso_8859_6.c
index cdb74054d1..78543ea307 100644
--- a/enc/iso_8859_6.c
+++ b/enc/iso_8859_6.c
@@ -93,7 +93,11 @@ OnigEncodingDefine(iso_8859_6, ISO_8859_6) = {
   onigenc_not_support_get_ctype_code_range,
   onigenc_single_byte_left_adjust_char_head,
   onigenc_always_true_is_allowed_reverse_match,
+#ifdef USE_CASE_MAP_API
   onigenc_single_byte_ascii_only_case_map,
+#else
+  NULL,
+#endif
   0,
   ONIGENC_FLAG_NONE,
 };
diff --git a/enc/iso_8859_7.c b/enc/iso_8859_7.c
index ac973f74ba..e84f5c3460 100644
--- a/enc/iso_8859_7.c
+++ b/enc/iso_8859_7.c
@@ -205,6 +205,7 @@ get_case_fold_codes_by_str(OnigCaseFoldType flag,
 	     flag, p, end, items);
 }
 
+#ifdef USE_CASE_MAP_API
 static int
 case_map(OnigCaseFoldType* flagP, const OnigUChar** pp,
 	 const OnigUChar* end, OnigUChar* to, OnigUChar* to_end,
@@ -259,6 +260,7 @@ case_map(OnigCaseFoldType* flagP, const OnigUChar** pp,
   *flagP = flags;
   return (int )(to - to_start);
 }
+#endif
 
 OnigEncodingDefine(iso_8859_7, ISO_8859_7) = {
   onigenc_single_byte_mbc_enc_len,
@@ -277,7 +279,11 @@ OnigEncodingDefine(iso_8859_7, ISO_8859_7) = {
   onigenc_not_support_get_ctype_code_range,
   onigenc_single_byte_left_adjust_char_head,
   onigenc_always_true_is_allowed_reverse_match,
+#ifdef USE_CASE_MAP_API
   case_map,
+#else
+  NULL,
+#endif
   0,
   ONIGENC_FLAG_NONE,
 };
diff --git a/enc/iso_8859_8.c b/enc/iso_8859_8.c
index e256855f21..b757a283de 100644
--- a/enc/iso_8859_8.c
+++ b/enc/iso_8859_8.c
@@ -93,7 +93,11 @@ OnigEncodingDefine(iso_8859_8, ISO_8859_8) = {
   onigenc_not_support_get_ctype_code_range,
   onigenc_single_byte_left_adjust_char_head,
   onigenc_always_true_is_allowed_reverse_match,
+#ifdef USE_CASE_MAP_API
   onigenc_single_byte_ascii_only_case_map,
+#else
+  NULL,
+#endif
   0,
   ONIGENC_FLAG_NONE,
 };
diff --git a/enc/iso_8859_9.c b/enc/iso_8859_9.c
index 004eec310f..f15953963b 100644
--- a/enc/iso_8859_9.c
+++ b/enc/iso_8859_9.c
@@ -213,6 +213,7 @@ get_case_fold_codes_by_str(OnigCaseFoldType flag,
 	     flag, p, end, items);
 }
 
+#ifdef USE_CASE_MAP_API
 #define DOTLESS_i        (0xFD)
 #define I_WITH_DOT_ABOVE (0xDD)
 static int
@@ -265,6 +266,7 @@ case_map(OnigCaseFoldType* flagP, const OnigUChar** pp,
   *flagP = flags;
   return (int )(to - to_start);
 }
+#endif
 
 OnigEncodingDefine(iso_8859_9, ISO_8859_9) = {
   onigenc_single_byte_mbc_enc_len,
@@ -283,7 +285,11 @@ OnigEncodingDefine(iso_8859_9, ISO_8859_9) = {
   onigenc_not_support_get_ctype_code_range,
   onigenc_single_byte_left_adjust_char_head,
   onigenc_always_true_is_allowed_reverse_match,
+#ifdef USE_CASE_MAP_API
   case_map,
+#else
+  NULL,
+#endif
   0,
   ONIGENC_FLAG_NONE,
 };
diff --git a/enc/koi8_r.c b/enc/koi8_r.c
index a520975774..39f2482465 100644
--- a/enc/koi8_r.c
+++ b/enc/koi8_r.c
@@ -214,7 +214,11 @@ OnigEncodingDefine(koi8_r, KOI8_R) = {
   onigenc_not_support_get_ctype_code_range,
   onigenc_single_byte_left_adjust_char_head,
   onigenc_always_true_is_allowed_reverse_match,
+#ifdef USE_CASE_MAP_API
   onigenc_single_byte_ascii_only_case_map,
+#else
+  NULL,
+#endif
   0,
   ONIGENC_FLAG_NONE,
 };
diff --git a/enc/koi8_u.c b/enc/koi8_u.c
index 50bb78bd04..8cd890dd16 100644
--- a/enc/koi8_u.c
+++ b/enc/koi8_u.c
@@ -218,7 +218,11 @@ OnigEncodingDefine(koi8_u, KOI8_U) = {
   onigenc_not_support_get_ctype_code_range,
   onigenc_single_byte_left_adjust_char_head,
   onigenc_always_true_is_allowed_reverse_match,
+#ifdef USE_CASE_MAP_API
   onigenc_single_byte_ascii_only_case_map,
+#else
+  NULL,
+#endif
   0,
   ONIGENC_FLAG_NONE,
 };
diff --git a/enc/shift_jis.c b/enc/shift_jis.c
index f1355d2d95..48f648868a 100644
--- a/enc/shift_jis.c
+++ b/enc/shift_jis.c
@@ -47,7 +47,11 @@ OnigEncodingDefine(shift_jis, Shift_JIS) = {
   get_ctype_code_range,
   left_adjust_char_head,
   is_allowed_reverse_match,
+#ifdef USE_CASE_MAP_API
   onigenc_ascii_only_case_map,
+#else
+  NULL,
+#endif
   0,
   ONIGENC_FLAG_NONE,
 };
diff --git a/enc/unicode.c b/enc/unicode.c
index cbfc6cdf58..5bc806863e 100644
--- a/enc/unicode.c
+++ b/enc/unicode.c
@@ -655,6 +655,7 @@ onigenc_unicode_get_case_fold_codes_by_str(OnigEncoding enc,
   return n;
 }
 
+#ifdef USE_CASE_MAP_API
 /* length in bytes for three characters in UTF-32; e.g. needed for ffi (U+FB03) */
 #define CASE_MAPPING_SLACK 12
 #define MODIFIED (flags |= ONIGENC_CASE_MODIFIED)
@@ -682,15 +683,13 @@ onigenc_unicode_case_map(OnigCaseFoldType* flagP,
     *pp += codepoint_length;
 
     if (code <= 'z') { /* ASCII comes first */
-      if (code >= 'a' && code <= 'z') {
+      if (code >= 'a' /*&& code <= 'z'*/) {
 	if (flags & ONIGENC_CASE_UPCASE) {
 	  MODIFIED;
 	  if (flags & ONIGENC_CASE_FOLD_TURKISH_AZERI && code == 'i')
 	    code = I_WITH_DOT_ABOVE;
-          else {
-            code -= 'a';
-            code += 'A';
-          }
+          else
+            code -= 'a' - 'A';
 	}
       }
       else if (code >= 'A' && code <= 'Z') {
@@ -800,6 +799,7 @@ SpecialsCopy:
   *flagP = flags;
   return (int )(to - to_start);
 }
+#endif
 
 const char onigenc_unicode_version_string[] =
 #ifdef ONIG_UNICODE_VERSION_STRING
diff --git a/enc/unicode/16.0.0/casefold.h b/enc/unicode/17.0.0/casefold.h
index f14c0777d7..82439f35fb 100644
--- a/enc/unicode/16.0.0/casefold.h
+++ b/enc/unicode/17.0.0/casefold.h
@@ -2,19 +2,19 @@
 /* Generated by enc-case-folding.rb */
 
 #if defined ONIG_UNICODE_VERSION_STRING && !( \
-      ONIG_UNICODE_VERSION_MAJOR == 16 && \
+      ONIG_UNICODE_VERSION_MAJOR == 17 && \
       ONIG_UNICODE_VERSION_MINOR == 0 && \
       ONIG_UNICODE_VERSION_TEENY == 0 && \
       1)
 # error ONIG_UNICODE_VERSION_STRING mismatch
 #endif
-#define ONIG_UNICODE_VERSION_STRING "16.0.0"
-#define ONIG_UNICODE_VERSION_MAJOR 16
+#define ONIG_UNICODE_VERSION_STRING "17.0.0"
+#define ONIG_UNICODE_VERSION_MAJOR 17
 #define ONIG_UNICODE_VERSION_MINOR 0
 #define ONIG_UNICODE_VERSION_TEENY 0
 
 static const CaseFold_11_Type CaseFold_11_Table[] = {
-#define CaseFold (*(CaseFold_11_Type (*)[1555])(CaseFold_11_Table+0))
+#define CaseFold (*(CaseFold_11_Type (*)[1583])(CaseFold_11_Table+0))
   {0x0041, {1|F|D, {0x0061}}},
   {0x0042, {1|F|D, {0x0062}}},
   {0x0043, {1|F|D, {0x0063}}},
@@ -1164,7 +1164,10 @@ static const CaseFold_11_Type CaseFold_11_Table[] = {
   {0xa7c9, {1|F|D, {0xa7ca}}},
   {0xa7cb, {1|F|D, {0x0264}}},
   {0xa7cc, {1|F|D, {0xa7cd}}},
+  {0xa7ce, {1|F|D, {0xa7cf}}},
   {0xa7d0, {1|F|D, {0xa7d1}}},
+  {0xa7d2, {1|F|D, {0xa7d3}}},
+  {0xa7d4, {1|F|D, {0xa7d5}}},
   {0xa7d6, {1|F|D, {0xa7d7}}},
   {0xa7d8, {1|F|D, {0xa7d9}}},
   {0xa7da, {1|F|D, {0xa7db}}},
@@ -1536,6 +1539,31 @@ static const CaseFold_11_Type CaseFold_11_Table[] = {
   {0x16e5d, {1|F|D, {0x16e7d}}},
   {0x16e5e, {1|F|D, {0x16e7e}}},
   {0x16e5f, {1|F|D, {0x16e7f}}},
+  {0x16ea0, {1|F|D, {0x16ebb}}},
+  {0x16ea1, {1|F|D, {0x16ebc}}},
+  {0x16ea2, {1|F|D, {0x16ebd}}},
+  {0x16ea3, {1|F|D, {0x16ebe}}},
+  {0x16ea4, {1|F|D, {0x16ebf}}},
+  {0x16ea5, {1|F|D, {0x16ec0}}},
+  {0x16ea6, {1|F|D, {0x16ec1}}},
+  {0x16ea7, {1|F|D, {0x16ec2}}},
+  {0x16ea8, {1|F|D, {0x16ec3}}},
+  {0x16ea9, {1|F|D, {0x16ec4}}},
+  {0x16eaa, {1|F|D, {0x16ec5}}},
+  {0x16eab, {1|F|D, {0x16ec6}}},
+  {0x16eac, {1|F|D, {0x16ec7}}},
+  {0x16ead, {1|F|D, {0x16ec8}}},
+  {0x16eae, {1|F|D, {0x16ec9}}},
+  {0x16eaf, {1|F|D, {0x16eca}}},
+  {0x16eb0, {1|F|D, {0x16ecb}}},
+  {0x16eb1, {1|F|D, {0x16ecc}}},
+  {0x16eb2, {1|F|D, {0x16ecd}}},
+  {0x16eb3, {1|F|D, {0x16ece}}},
+  {0x16eb4, {1|F|D, {0x16ecf}}},
+  {0x16eb5, {1|F|D, {0x16ed0}}},
+  {0x16eb6, {1|F|D, {0x16ed1}}},
+  {0x16eb7, {1|F|D, {0x16ed2}}},
+  {0x16eb8, {1|F|D, {0x16ed3}}},
   {0x1e900, {1|F|D, {0x1e922}}},
   {0x1e901, {1|F|D, {0x1e923}}},
   {0x1e902, {1|F|D, {0x1e924}}},
@@ -1570,7 +1598,7 @@ static const CaseFold_11_Type CaseFold_11_Table[] = {
   {0x1e91f, {1|F|D, {0x1e941}}},
   {0x1e920, {1|F|D, {0x1e942}}},
   {0x1e921, {1|F|D, {0x1e943}}},
-#define CaseFold_Locale (*(CaseFold_11_Type (*)[2])(CaseFold_11_Table+1555))
+#define CaseFold_Locale (*(CaseFold_11_Type (*)[2])(CaseFold_11_Table+1583))
   {0x0049, {1|F|D, {0x0069}}},
   {0x0130, {2|F|D, {0x0069, 0x0307}}},
 };
@@ -1578,7 +1606,7 @@ static const CaseFold_11_Type CaseFold_11_Table[] = {
 /* ANSI-C code produced by gperf version 3.1 */
 /* Command-line: gperf -7 -k1,2,3 -F,-1 -c -j1 -i1 -t -T -E -C -H onigenc_unicode_CaseFold_11_hash -N onigenc_unicode_CaseFold_11_lookup -n  */
 
-/* maximum key range = 3358, duplicates = 0 */
+/* maximum key range = 3756, duplicates = 0 */
 
 #ifdef __GNUC__
 __inline
@@ -1593,27 +1621,27 @@ onigenc_unicode_CaseFold_11_hash(const OnigCodePoint code)
 {
   static const unsigned short asso_values[] =
     {
-         2,  271,    6,   43,    1,    1,   64,   14,    5,  396,
-       239,  791, 3364, 3364, 3364, 3364, 3364, 3364, 3364, 3364,
-      3364, 3364, 3364, 3364, 3364,   45,  553, 3364, 3364, 3364,
-      3364, 3364, 3364,  400, 3364, 3364, 3364, 3364, 3364,   11,
-      3364, 3364, 3364, 3364, 3364, 3364, 3364, 3364, 3364,  500,
-      3364, 3364, 3364, 3364, 3364, 3364, 3364,  163, 3364, 3364,
-       311,  310,  445,    3, 3364, 3364,  129,   15, 3364, 3364,
-      3364, 3364, 3364,  410, 3364, 3364,  400,  863,  428,   38,
-      2012,  226,   42,  182, 2175,   94, 1252,    7,   12,   24,
-      2080,  764, 1166,  684, 1635,  168, 1891,  308, 1977,  153,
-      1790,  108, 1520,  261, 1811,  426, 1766,  484, 1720,  506,
-      2127,  286, 1445,  411, 1715,  366, 1703,  352,   60,  667,
-      1428,  551, 1322,  611, 1650,  597,  631,  614, 1994,  691,
-        82,  876, 1670,  870, 1699,  707, 1301,  542, 1886,  816,
-      1751,  822, 1813, 1101, 1662, 1117,    3, 1003, 1187, 1134,
-      1275,  989, 1600,  933, 1567,  925, 1764, 1197, 1051,  843,
-      1847, 1034,  212, 1071, 1244, 1020,   85, 1143,   30,  942,
-        17, 1478,  308, 1394,  203, 1476,   26, 1347,  178, 1380,
-        24, 1629,  104, 1574,  123, 1553,  520, 1547,  122, 1608,
-         2,  135,   38, 1613,   55, 1826,  206, 1996,  281, 2105,
-       488, 1794,  348, 1917,  368, 1655,  235
+         2,  107,    6,   43,    1,    5,   70,   14,    5,  396,
+       239,  925, 3763, 3763, 3763, 3763, 3763, 3763, 3763, 3763,
+      3763, 3763, 3763, 3763, 3763,   45,  404, 3763, 3763, 3763,
+      3763, 3763, 3763,  400, 3763, 3763, 3763, 3763, 3763,   20,
+      3763, 3763, 3763, 3763, 3763, 3763, 3763, 3763, 3763,  472,
+      3763, 3763, 3763, 3763, 3763, 3763, 3763,  163, 3763, 3763,
+       311,  310,  445,    3, 3763, 3763,  482,   10, 3763, 3763,
+      3763, 3763, 3763,  604, 3763, 3763,  315,  863,  428,   38,
+      2198,  226,   42,  182,  240,   94, 1542,    7,   12,   24,
+      2250,  764,  872,  684, 2182,  168, 1933,  308, 2170,  153,
+      2106,  108, 1653,  261, 1889,  426, 1851,  484,  470,  506,
+      2234,  286, 1417,  411, 1461,  366, 1436,  352,   60,  667,
+      1357,  551, 1110,  611, 1440,  597,  631,  614, 1630,  691,
+      1762,  821, 1950,  747, 1682,  542, 1752,  740, 1949,  855,
+      1912,  845, 1840, 1230, 1928, 1106, 1572, 1003, 1323, 1223,
+       500, 1203, 1783, 1094, 1602,  957, 1472, 1157, 2059, 1188,
+      2140,  947,  937, 1257, 1395, 1168,  196, 1317,  258, 1246,
+       141, 1587,   38, 1563,    3, 1663,   53, 1371,  178, 1480,
+        41, 1745,   57, 1723,  356, 1698,  122, 1609,   77, 1726,
+        76, 1710,   44, 1740,    2, 1815,  568, 2094,  146, 2214,
+       340, 2126,   73,  408,  101, 1980,  149
     };
   return asso_values[bits_of(code, 2)+79] + asso_values[bits_of(code, 1)] + asso_values[bits_of(code, 0)];
 }
@@ -1625,167 +1653,162 @@ onigenc_unicode_CaseFold_11_lookup(const OnigCodePoint code)
     {
       MIN_CODE_VALUE = 0x41,
       MAX_CODE_VALUE = 0x1e921,
-      TOTAL_KEYWORDS = 1557,
+      TOTAL_KEYWORDS = 1585,
       MIN_WORD_LENGTH = 3,
       MAX_WORD_LENGTH = 3,
-      MIN_HASH_VALUE = 6,
-      MAX_HASH_VALUE = 3363
+      MIN_HASH_VALUE = 7,
+      MAX_HASH_VALUE = 3762
     };
 
   static const short wordlist[] =
     {
       -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      /*0x0243*/ 221,
-      /*0x0043*/ 2,
-      /*0x1fc3*/ 828,
       -1,
+      /*0x1ff3*/ 856,
+      -1, -1,
       /*0x0208*/ 194,
-      /*0x0143*/ 89,
+      -1,
       /*0x1f88*/ 776,
-      /*0x10408*/ 1281,
+      /*0x10408*/ 1284,
       /*0x0408*/ 305,
       /*0x0108*/ 61,
-      /*0x2c6f*/ 969,
+      -1,
       /*0x1f89*/ 777,
-      /*0x10409*/ 1282,
+      /*0x10409*/ 1285,
       /*0x0409*/ 306,
-      /*0xab88*/ 1179,
+      /*0xab88*/ 1182,
       /*0x2c08*/ 920,
-      /*0x1fdb*/ 844,
+      -1,
       /*0x0388*/ 235,
       -1,
-      /*0xab89*/ 1180,
+      /*0xab89*/ 1183,
       /*0x2c09*/ 921,
       /*0x020a*/ 195,
       /*0x0389*/ 236,
       /*0x1f8a*/ 778,
-      /*0x1040a*/ 1283,
+      /*0x1040a*/ 1286,
       /*0x040a*/ 307,
       /*0x010a*/ 62,
       /*0x2c88*/ 979,
-      /*0x0059*/ 23,
-      /*0x1fd9*/ 842,
-      -1,
-      /*0xab8a*/ 1181,
+      -1, -1, -1,
+      /*0xab8a*/ 1184,
       /*0x2c0a*/ 922,
       -1,
       /*0x038a*/ 237,
       /*0x0200*/ 190,
       -1,
       /*0x1f80*/ 768,
-      /*0x10400*/ 1273,
+      /*0x10400*/ 1276,
       /*0x0400*/ 297,
       /*0x0100*/ 57,
       /*0x1f83*/ 771,
-      /*0x10403*/ 1276,
+      /*0x10403*/ 1279,
       /*0x0403*/ 300,
       /*0x2c8a*/ 980,
-      /*0xab80*/ 1171,
+      /*0xab80*/ 1174,
       /*0x2c00*/ 912,
-      /*0x10c88*/ 1392,
-      /*0x03f1*/ 288,
-      /*0xab83*/ 1174,
+      /*0x10c88*/ 1395,
+      /*0x2183*/ 885,
+      /*0xab83*/ 1177,
       /*0x2c03*/ 915,
       /*0x0189*/ 126,
-      /*0x10c89*/ 1393,
-      /*0x2183*/ 885,
-      /*0x1ff3*/ 856,
+      /*0x10c89*/ 1396,
       -1,
-      /*0x01db*/ 170,
-      /*0x1e908*/ 1529,
+      /*0x03f1*/ 288,
+      -1,
+      /*0x1fe7*/ 849,
+      /*0x1e908*/ 1557,
       /*0x2c80*/ 975,
       /*0x1fa7*/ 807,
-      /*0x10427*/ 1312,
+      /*0x10427*/ 1315,
       /*0x0427*/ 336,
-      /*0x1e909*/ 1530,
+      /*0x1e909*/ 1558,
       /*0x018a*/ 127,
-      /*0x10c8a*/ 1394,
-      -1, -1,
-      /*0xaba7*/ 1210,
+      /*0x10c8a*/ 1397,
+      /*0x2c67*/ 964,
+      -1,
+      /*0xaba7*/ 1213,
       /*0x2c27*/ 951,
-      /*0x01d9*/ 169,
+      -1,
       /*0x03a7*/ 263,
-      -1, -1, -1,
-      /*0x1e90a*/ 1531,
       -1,
+      /*0x1ffb*/ 863,
+      -1,
+      /*0x1e90a*/ 1559,
+      /*0x017b*/ 118,
       /*0xa780*/ 1107,
+      -1,
+      /*0x10c80*/ 1387,
+      -1, -1, -1,
+      /*0x10c83*/ 1390,
       /*0x01f1*/ 181,
-      /*0x10c80*/ 1384,
+      /*0x2c6f*/ 969,
+      /*0x2c6d*/ 967,
       -1, -1,
-      /*0x1fb3*/ 817,
-      /*0x10c83*/ 1387,
-      /*0x0057*/ 21,
-      /*0x1fd7*/ 840,
-      -1, -1, -1,
-      /*0x1e900*/ 1521,
-      /*0xabb3*/ 1222,
+      /*0x1e900*/ 1549,
+      /*0x13fb*/ 527,
       -1,
       /*0x0206*/ 193,
-      /*0x1e903*/ 1524,
+      /*0x1e903*/ 1552,
       /*0x1f86*/ 774,
-      /*0x10406*/ 1279,
+      /*0x10406*/ 1282,
       /*0x0406*/ 303,
       /*0x0106*/ 60,
-      -1, -1,
+      /*0x2ced*/ 1026,
+      -1,
       /*0x01a7*/ 145,
-      /*0x10ca7*/ 1423,
-      /*0xab86*/ 1177,
+      /*0x10ca7*/ 1426,
+      /*0xab86*/ 1180,
       /*0x2c06*/ 918,
-      /*0x1fe7*/ 849,
+      /*0x017d*/ 119,
       /*0x0386*/ 234,
       /*0x0216*/ 201,
-      -1,
+      /*0x00df*/ 56,
       /*0x1f96*/ 790,
-      /*0x10416*/ 1295,
+      /*0x10416*/ 1298,
       /*0x0416*/ 319,
       /*0x0116*/ 68,
-      -1,
-      /*0x2c67*/ 964,
-      -1,
+      /*0x03fd*/ 294,
+      -1, -1,
       /*0x2c86*/ 978,
-      /*0xab96*/ 1193,
+      /*0xab96*/ 1196,
       /*0x2c16*/ 934,
-      -1,
+      /*0x13fd*/ 529,
       /*0x0396*/ 247,
-      -1,
-      /*0xa7b3*/ 1133,
-      /*0x01b3*/ 152,
-      /*0x1fe9*/ 851,
-      -1,
-      /*0x01d7*/ 168,
       -1, -1,
-      /*0x216f*/ 884,
+      /*0x1feb*/ 853,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
       /*0x2c96*/ 986,
       -1,
-      /*0x2c6d*/ 967,
-      /*0x2c69*/ 965,
+      /*0x2c6b*/ 966,
+      -1,
       /*0xa786*/ 1110,
       /*0x0186*/ 124,
-      /*0x10c86*/ 1390,
-      /*0xfb00*/ 1235,
-      /*0x0470*/ 353,
-      /*0x0170*/ 112,
+      /*0x10c86*/ 1393,
+      /*0xfb00*/ 1238,
+      -1, -1, -1,
+      /*0xfb03*/ 1241,
+      /*0x1fdb*/ 844,
+      /*0x00dd*/ 54,
+      /*0x2ceb*/ 1025,
       -1,
-      /*0xfb03*/ 1238,
-      -1, -1,
-      /*0x2ced*/ 1026,
-      /*0x2c70*/ 970,
-      /*0x1e906*/ 1527,
-      /*0x03f0*/ 287,
+      /*0x1e906*/ 1555,
+      /*0x1ff7*/ 859,
       /*0xa796*/ 1115,
       /*0x0196*/ 135,
-      /*0x10c96*/ 1406,
-      /*0x2165*/ 874,
+      /*0x10c96*/ 1409,
+      -1,
       /*0x0214*/ 200,
-      /*0x2161*/ 870,
+      /*0x017f*/ 120,
       /*0x1f94*/ 788,
-      /*0x10414*/ 1293,
+      /*0x10414*/ 1296,
       /*0x0414*/ 317,
       /*0x0114*/ 67,
-      -1, -1,
-      /*0x1e916*/ 1543,
-      -1,
-      /*0xab94*/ 1191,
+      /*0x03f7*/ 291,
+      /*0x2c7f*/ 974,
+      /*0x1e916*/ 1571,
+      /*0x03ff*/ 296,
+      /*0xab94*/ 1194,
       /*0x2c14*/ 932,
       -1,
       /*0x0394*/ 245,
@@ -1793,199 +1816,196 @@ onigenc_unicode_CaseFold_11_lookup(const OnigCodePoint code)
       /*0x0210*/ 198,
       /*0x1c88*/ 538,
       /*0x1f90*/ 784,
-      /*0x10410*/ 1289,
+      /*0x10410*/ 1292,
       /*0x0410*/ 313,
       /*0x0110*/ 65,
       /*0x1c89*/ 539,
       -1,
       /*0x2c94*/ 985,
-      /*0x01f0*/ 180,
-      /*0xab90*/ 1187,
+      -1,
+      /*0xab90*/ 1190,
       /*0x2c10*/ 928,
       /*0x1fe3*/ 846,
       /*0x0390*/ 241,
       /*0x0204*/ 192,
-      -1,
+      /*0x01db*/ 170,
       /*0x1f84*/ 772,
-      /*0x10404*/ 1277,
+      /*0x10404*/ 1280,
       /*0x0404*/ 301,
       /*0x0104*/ 59,
-      -1,
+      /*0x01f7*/ 185,
       /*0x2c63*/ 962,
       -1,
       /*0x2c90*/ 983,
-      /*0xab84*/ 1175,
+      /*0xab84*/ 1178,
       /*0x2c04*/ 916,
-      /*0xfb06*/ 1241,
+      /*0xfb06*/ 1244,
       /*0x0194*/ 134,
-      /*0x10c94*/ 1404,
-      -1,
-      /*0x0370*/ 230,
+      /*0x10c94*/ 1407,
+      /*0x0057*/ 21,
+      /*0x1fd7*/ 840,
       -1,
       /*0x1c80*/ 530,
       -1, -1, -1,
       /*0x1c83*/ 533,
       /*0x2c84*/ 977,
-      /*0x1e914*/ 1541,
+      /*0x1e914*/ 1569,
       -1,
-      /*0xfb16*/ 1245,
+      /*0xfb16*/ 1248,
       /*0xa790*/ 1113,
       /*0x0190*/ 131,
-      /*0x10c90*/ 1400,
-      -1,
-      /*0x0053*/ 17,
-      /*0x1fd3*/ 838,
+      /*0x10c90*/ 1403,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      /*0x037f*/ 233,
       -1, -1,
-      /*0x2c75*/ 972,
-      -1,
-      /*0x03f5*/ 290,
-      -1,
-      /*0x1e910*/ 1537,
+      /*0x1e910*/ 1565,
       /*0x1ca7*/ 563,
       /*0xa784*/ 1109,
       /*0x0184*/ 123,
-      /*0x10c84*/ 1388,
+      /*0x10c84*/ 1391,
       /*0x0202*/ 191,
       -1,
       /*0x1f82*/ 770,
-      /*0x10402*/ 1275,
+      /*0x10402*/ 1278,
       /*0x0402*/ 299,
       /*0x0102*/ 58,
-      /*0x2167*/ 876,
-      -1, -1,
-      /*0x1e904*/ 1525,
-      /*0xab82*/ 1173,
+      -1, -1, -1,
+      /*0x1e904*/ 1553,
+      /*0xab82*/ 1176,
       /*0x2c02*/ 914,
+      /*0x01d7*/ 168,
+      /*0x10573*/ 1355,
       -1, -1,
-      /*0x017f*/ 120,
-      /*0x0543*/ 463,
-      -1, -1,
-      /*0x1cb3*/ 575,
+      /*0x1f85*/ 773,
+      /*0x10405*/ 1281,
+      /*0x0405*/ 302,
       /*0x0508*/ 425,
-      /*0x2c7f*/ 974,
-      /*0xa7f5*/ 1154,
-      /*0x03ff*/ 296,
-      /*0x2c82*/ 976,
-      /*0x216d*/ 882,
-      /*0x2169*/ 878,
       -1,
-      /*0xfb14*/ 1243,
-      /*0x01d3*/ 166,
+      /*0x00db*/ 52,
+      -1,
+      /*0x2c82*/ 976,
+      /*0xab85*/ 1179,
+      /*0x2c05*/ 917,
       -1,
+      /*0xfb14*/ 1246,
+      -1, -1,
       /*0x1c86*/ 536,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1,
+      /*0x0059*/ 23,
+      /*0x1fd9*/ 842,
       /*0x0218*/ 202,
       /*0x050a*/ 426,
       /*0x1f98*/ 792,
-      /*0x10418*/ 1297,
+      /*0x10418*/ 1300,
       /*0x0418*/ 321,
       /*0x0118*/ 69,
       /*0xa782*/ 1108,
       /*0x0182*/ 122,
-      /*0x10c82*/ 1386,
+      /*0x10c82*/ 1389,
       /*0x1c96*/ 546,
-      /*0xab98*/ 1195,
+      /*0xab98*/ 1198,
       /*0x2c18*/ 936,
-      /*0x00c3*/ 29,
+      -1,
       /*0x0398*/ 249,
-      /*0x10571*/ 1350,
+      -1,
       /*0x0500*/ 421,
       -1, -1,
-      /*0x1e902*/ 1523,
-      -1, -1,
-      /*0xfb04*/ 1239,
-      /*0x1ff7*/ 859,
+      /*0x1e902*/ 1551,
+      -1,
+      /*0x10571*/ 1353,
+      /*0xfb04*/ 1242,
+      /*0x10c85*/ 1392,
       /*0x2c98*/ 987,
       -1,
       /*0x0220*/ 206,
-      /*0x00db*/ 52,
+      -1,
       /*0x1fa0*/ 800,
-      /*0x10420*/ 1305,
+      /*0x10420*/ 1308,
       /*0x0420*/ 329,
       /*0x0120*/ 73,
-      /*0x10573*/ 1352,
-      -1,
-      /*0x03f7*/ 291,
       -1,
-      /*0xaba0*/ 1203,
+      /*0x1e905*/ 1554,
+      -1, -1,
+      /*0xaba0*/ 1206,
       /*0x2c20*/ 944,
-      /*0x037f*/ 233,
+      -1,
       /*0x03a0*/ 257,
-      /*0x00d9*/ 50,
+      /*0x01d9*/ 169,
       -1,
       /*0xa798*/ 1116,
       /*0x0198*/ 137,
-      /*0x10c98*/ 1408,
-      -1,
-      /*0x2163*/ 872,
-      -1,
+      /*0x10c98*/ 1411,
+      -1, -1, -1,
       /*0x0212*/ 199,
       /*0x2ca0*/ 991,
       /*0x1f92*/ 786,
-      /*0x10412*/ 1291,
+      /*0x10412*/ 1294,
       /*0x0412*/ 315,
       /*0x0112*/ 66,
-      /*0x1e918*/ 1545,
+      /*0x1e918*/ 1573,
       /*0x1c94*/ 544,
       /*0x1e88*/ 654,
       /*0x1e08*/ 590,
-      /*0xab92*/ 1189,
+      /*0xab92*/ 1192,
       /*0x2c12*/ 930,
-      /*0x0533*/ 447,
-      /*0x0392*/ 243,
       -1,
-      /*0x01f7*/ 185,
-      -1, -1,
-      /*0xfb02*/ 1237,
+      /*0x0392*/ 243,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      /*0xfb02*/ 1240,
       /*0xa7a0*/ 1120,
       /*0x01a0*/ 141,
-      /*0x10ca0*/ 1416,
+      /*0x10ca0*/ 1419,
       /*0x1c90*/ 540,
       /*0x2c92*/ 984,
       /*0x0506*/ 424,
       /*0x1e8a*/ 655,
       /*0x1e0a*/ 591,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      /*0x1e920*/ 1553,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      /*0x1c84*/ 534,
+      -1, -1, -1,
+      /*0x1057d*/ 1364,
+      /*0x1e920*/ 1581,
+      /*0xfb05*/ 1243,
+      -1,
+      /*0x1ff9*/ 861,
       -1,
+      /*0x1c84*/ 534,
+      /*0x0179*/ 117,
       /*0x0516*/ 432,
       /*0x1e80*/ 650,
       /*0x1e00*/ 586,
       /*0xa792*/ 1114,
-      /*0x1ffb*/ 863,
-      /*0x10c92*/ 1402,
+      -1,
+      /*0x10c92*/ 1405,
       /*0x0226*/ 209,
-      /*0x017b*/ 118,
+      /*0x03f9*/ 292,
       /*0x1fa6*/ 806,
-      /*0x10426*/ 1311,
+      /*0x10426*/ 1314,
       /*0x0426*/ 335,
       /*0x0126*/ 76,
-      /*0x13fb*/ 527,
-      -1, -1,
-      /*0x1e912*/ 1539,
-      /*0xaba6*/ 1209,
-      /*0x2c26*/ 950,
+      /*0x1fe9*/ 851,
+      /*0x13f9*/ 525,
       -1,
+      /*0x1e912*/ 1567,
+      /*0xaba6*/ 1212,
+      /*0x2c26*/ 950,
+      /*0x00d9*/ 50,
       /*0x03a6*/ 262,
       /*0x0224*/ 208,
-      -1,
+      /*0x2c69*/ 965,
       /*0x1fa4*/ 804,
-      /*0x10424*/ 1309,
+      /*0x10424*/ 1312,
       /*0x0424*/ 333,
       /*0x0124*/ 75,
-      /*0x10570*/ 1349,
-      /*0x017d*/ 119,
-      -1,
+      -1, -1, -1,
       /*0x2ca6*/ 994,
-      /*0xaba4*/ 1207,
+      /*0xaba4*/ 1210,
       /*0x2c24*/ 948,
-      /*0x13fd*/ 529,
+      -1,
       /*0x03a4*/ 260,
+      -1, -1, -1,
+      /*0x10577*/ 1359,
+      -1, -1,
+      /*0x1057f*/ 1366,
       -1,
-      /*0x03fd*/ 294,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
       /*0x1c82*/ 532,
       /*0x2ca4*/ 993,
       -1,
@@ -1993,203 +2013,204 @@ onigenc_unicode_CaseFold_11_lookup(const OnigCodePoint code)
       -1,
       /*0xa7a6*/ 1123,
       /*0x01a6*/ 144,
-      /*0x10ca6*/ 1422,
-      -1,
-      /*0x104c3*/ 1332,
-      /*0x04c3*/ 391,
-      -1, -1, -1,
-      /*0x10c3*/ 519,
+      /*0x10ca6*/ 1425,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      /*0x1c85*/ 535,
       /*0x1e86*/ 653,
       /*0x1e06*/ 589,
-      -1,
+      /*0x10d5f*/ 1453,
       /*0x0510*/ 429,
       /*0xa7a4*/ 1122,
       /*0x01a4*/ 143,
-      /*0x10ca4*/ 1420,
-      -1,
+      /*0x10ca4*/ 1423,
+      /*0x1ffc*/ 864,
       /*0x0222*/ 207,
-      /*0x24c3*/ 899,
+      /*0x047c*/ 359,
       /*0x1fa2*/ 802,
-      /*0x10422*/ 1307,
+      /*0x10422*/ 1310,
       /*0x0422*/ 331,
       /*0x0122*/ 74,
       /*0x1e96*/ 661,
       /*0x1e16*/ 597,
       /*0x048a*/ 362,
       /*0x0504*/ 423,
-      /*0xaba2*/ 1205,
+      /*0xaba2*/ 1208,
       /*0x2c22*/ 946,
       /*0x1c98*/ 548,
       -1, -1,
       /*0x021a*/ 203,
-      -1,
+      /*0x13fc*/ 528,
       /*0x1f9a*/ 794,
-      /*0x1041a*/ 1299,
+      /*0x1041a*/ 1302,
       /*0x041a*/ 323,
       /*0x011a*/ 70,
       -1,
       /*0x0480*/ 361,
       /*0x2ca2*/ 992,
       -1,
-      /*0xab9a*/ 1197,
+      /*0xab9a*/ 1200,
       /*0x2c1a*/ 938,
       -1,
       /*0x039a*/ 251,
+      /*0x10d5d*/ 1451,
+      -1, -1,
+      /*0x10d65*/ 1459,
       -1, -1, -1,
-      /*0x10575*/ 1354,
-      /*0x1ef0*/ 708,
-      /*0x1e70*/ 642,
-      /*0x1f6f*/ 767,
-      -1,
+      /*0x1f5f*/ 759,
       /*0x1ca0*/ 556,
       /*0x2c9a*/ 988,
-      /*0x0553*/ 479,
+      /*0x01fc*/ 188,
       /*0x1f08*/ 716,
       /*0xa7a2*/ 1121,
       /*0x01a2*/ 142,
-      /*0x10ca2*/ 1418,
-      -1,
+      /*0x10ca2*/ 1421,
+      /*0x10d61*/ 1455,
       /*0x1f09*/ 717,
       -1, -1,
       /*0x10a7*/ 491,
-      -1,
-      /*0x1f5b*/ 757,
+      -1, -1,
       /*0x1e94*/ 660,
       /*0x1e14*/ 596,
       /*0x0502*/ 422,
       -1, -1,
       /*0xa79a*/ 1117,
       /*0x1f0a*/ 718,
-      /*0x10c9a*/ 1410,
+      /*0x10c9a*/ 1413,
       /*0x1c92*/ 542,
       -1,
-      /*0x1057f*/ 1363,
-      /*0x00df*/ 56,
-      /*0x1f59*/ 756,
-      -1,
-      /*0x104b3*/ 1316,
+      /*0x1f9d*/ 797,
+      /*0x1041d*/ 1305,
+      /*0x041d*/ 326,
+      -1, -1,
       /*0x1e90*/ 658,
       /*0x1e10*/ 594,
-      /*0x1e91a*/ 1547,
-      /*0x2126*/ 865,
-      /*0x10b3*/ 503,
-      /*0x00d3*/ 45,
-      -1,
+      /*0x1e91a*/ 1575,
+      /*0xab9d*/ 1203,
+      /*0x2c1d*/ 941,
+      /*0x1f5d*/ 758,
+      /*0x039d*/ 254,
       /*0x021c*/ 204,
       -1,
       /*0x1f9c*/ 796,
-      /*0x1041c*/ 1301,
+      /*0x1041c*/ 1304,
       /*0x041c*/ 325,
       /*0x011c*/ 71,
-      /*0x1ff9*/ 861,
+      -1,
       /*0x1e84*/ 652,
       /*0x1e04*/ 588,
-      /*0x0179*/ 117,
-      /*0xab9c*/ 1199,
+      -1,
+      /*0xab9c*/ 1202,
       /*0x2c1c*/ 940,
       -1,
       /*0x039c*/ 253,
-      /*0x13f9*/ 525,
-      /*0x0518*/ 433,
       -1,
-      /*0x03f9*/ 292,
+      /*0x0518*/ 433,
       -1,
+      /*0x0047*/ 6,
+      /*0x1fc7*/ 831,
       /*0x0496*/ 368,
-      -1, -1,
+      /*0xa77b*/ 1104,
+      /*0x0147*/ 91,
       /*0x021e*/ 205,
       /*0x2c9c*/ 989,
       /*0x1f9e*/ 798,
-      /*0x1041e*/ 1303,
+      /*0x1041e*/ 1306,
       /*0x041e*/ 327,
       /*0x011e*/ 72,
-      -1, -1,
+      /*0x019d*/ 139,
+      /*0x10c9d*/ 1416,
       /*0x1ca6*/ 562,
       -1,
-      /*0xab9e*/ 1201,
+      /*0xab9e*/ 1204,
       /*0x2c1e*/ 942,
-      /*0x10577*/ 1356,
-      /*0x039e*/ 255,
-      -1, -1,
-      /*0x1feb*/ 853,
       -1,
+      /*0x039e*/ 255,
+      /*0x1f6f*/ 767,
+      /*0x1f6d*/ 765,
+      /*0x2165*/ 874,
+      /*0x1e91d*/ 1578,
       /*0x0520*/ 437,
       /*0xa79c*/ 1118,
       /*0x019c*/ 138,
-      /*0x10c9c*/ 1412,
+      /*0x10c9c*/ 1415,
       /*0x1ca4*/ 560,
       /*0x2c9e*/ 990,
-      /*0x04f0*/ 413,
-      /*0x2c6b*/ 966,
-      -1, -1, -1,
+      /*0x118a7*/ 1467,
+      -1,
+      /*0xa77d*/ 1105,
+      -1,
+      /*0x2161*/ 870,
       /*0x1e82*/ 651,
       /*0x1e02*/ 587,
-      /*0x1e91c*/ 1549,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      /*0x023a*/ 216,
-      /*0x2ceb*/ 1025,
-      /*0x1fba*/ 823,
+      /*0x1e91c*/ 1577,
+      /*0x2167*/ 876,
+      -1, -1,
+      /*0xa7c7*/ 1145,
+      /*0x01c7*/ 159,
+      /*0x10d5b*/ 1449,
+      /*0x1fb8*/ 821,
       -1,
       /*0x0512*/ 430,
       /*0xa79e*/ 1119,
       /*0x0494*/ 367,
-      /*0x10c9e*/ 1414,
+      /*0x10c9e*/ 1417,
       -1,
       /*0x022a*/ 211,
-      /*0xabba*/ 1229,
+      /*0xabb8*/ 1230,
       /*0x1faa*/ 810,
       -1,
       /*0x042a*/ 339,
       /*0x012a*/ 78,
+      /*0x216f*/ 884,
+      /*0x216d*/ 882,
+      /*0x1e91e*/ 1579,
       -1,
-      /*0x118a7*/ 1464,
-      /*0x1e91e*/ 1551,
-      -1,
-      /*0xabaa*/ 1213,
+      /*0xabaa*/ 1216,
       /*0x2c2a*/ 954,
       /*0x0490*/ 365,
       /*0x03aa*/ 266,
-      /*0x2cba*/ 1004,
-      /*0x1f6d*/ 765,
-      /*0x1f69*/ 761,
-      /*0x10d5b*/ 1446,
-      -1,
+      /*0x2cb8*/ 1003,
+      /*0x1f6b*/ 763,
+      -1, -1, -1,
       /*0x1e98*/ 663,
       /*0x1e18*/ 598,
       -1,
       /*0x1ca2*/ 558,
       /*0x2caa*/ 996,
-      /*0x10d65*/ 1456,
-      -1,
-      /*0x10d61*/ 1452,
-      /*0x00dd*/ 54,
+      -1, -1,
+      /*0x10579*/ 1361,
       -1,
-      /*0x118b3*/ 1476,
-      /*0x10d59*/ 1444,
+      /*0x2c75*/ 972,
+      /*0x10d63*/ 1457,
+      /*0x03f5*/ 290,
       -1,
-      /*0xa7ba*/ 1137,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      /*0xa7b8*/ 1136,
+      /*0x01b8*/ 155,
+      /*0x1f5b*/ 757,
+      -1, -1,
       /*0x1c9a*/ 550,
       -1,
       /*0x0526*/ 440,
       -1,
       /*0xa7aa*/ 1125,
       -1,
-      /*0x10caa*/ 1426,
+      /*0x10caa*/ 1429,
       /*0x1ea0*/ 668,
       /*0x1e20*/ 602,
       /*0x022e*/ 213,
-      -1,
+      /*0x10d57*/ 1445,
       /*0x1fae*/ 814,
       -1,
       /*0x042e*/ 343,
       /*0x012e*/ 80,
-      -1,
+      /*0x216b*/ 880,
       /*0x0524*/ 439,
-      /*0x1057d*/ 1361,
-      /*0x104d3*/ 1348,
-      /*0xabae*/ 1217,
+      -1,
+      /*0x00c7*/ 33,
+      /*0xabae*/ 1220,
       /*0x2c2e*/ 958,
-      -1, -1,
+      /*0xa7f5*/ 1157,
+      -1,
       /*0x022c*/ 212,
       -1,
       /*0x1fac*/ 812,
@@ -2198,38 +2219,41 @@ onigenc_unicode_CaseFold_11_lookup(const OnigCodePoint code)
       /*0x012c*/ 79,
       /*0x1e92*/ 659,
       /*0x1e12*/ 595,
-      /*0x0130*/ 1556,
+      /*0x0130*/ 1584,
       /*0x2cae*/ 998,
-      /*0xabac*/ 1215,
+      /*0xabac*/ 1218,
       /*0x2c2c*/ 956,
       -1,
-      /*0xabb0*/ 1219,
+      /*0xabb0*/ 1222,
       -1, -1,
       /*0x03b0*/ 268,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      /*0x1c9d*/ 553,
       /*0x1faf*/ 815,
       /*0x2cac*/ 997,
       /*0x042f*/ 344,
-      /*0x10d57*/ 1442,
+      -1,
       /*0x2cb0*/ 999,
       /*0xa7ae*/ 1129,
       /*0x01ae*/ 148,
-      /*0x10cae*/ 1430,
-      /*0xabaf*/ 1218,
+      /*0x10cae*/ 1433,
+      /*0xabaf*/ 1221,
       /*0x2c2f*/ 959,
-      -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1,
+      /*0x1057c*/ 1363,
       /*0x1c9c*/ 552,
-      /*0x1f5f*/ 759,
-      /*0x216b*/ 880,
+      -1, -1,
       /*0x0522*/ 438,
       -1, -1,
       /*0xa7ac*/ 1127,
       /*0x01ac*/ 147,
-      /*0x10cac*/ 1428,
+      /*0x10cac*/ 1431,
       /*0xa7b0*/ 1130,
       /*0x0498*/ 369,
-      /*0x10cb0*/ 1432,
-      -1, -1, -1,
+      /*0x10cb0*/ 1435,
+      -1,
+      /*0x2163*/ 872,
+      /*0x10d59*/ 1447,
       /*0x1ea6*/ 671,
       /*0x1e26*/ 605,
       -1,
@@ -2242,269 +2266,273 @@ onigenc_unicode_CaseFold_11_lookup(const OnigCodePoint code)
       /*0x0428*/ 337,
       /*0x0128*/ 77,
       /*0x01af*/ 149,
-      /*0x10caf*/ 1431,
+      /*0x10caf*/ 1434,
       /*0x1ea4*/ 670,
       /*0x1e24*/ 604,
-      /*0xaba8*/ 1211,
+      /*0xaba8*/ 1214,
       /*0x2c28*/ 952,
-      /*0x212a*/ 866,
+      -1,
       /*0x03a8*/ 264,
       /*0x04a0*/ 373,
       -1, -1,
       /*0x020e*/ 197,
       /*0x10a0*/ 484,
       /*0x1f8e*/ 782,
-      /*0x1040e*/ 1287,
+      /*0x1040e*/ 1290,
       /*0x040e*/ 311,
       /*0x010e*/ 64,
       /*0x2ca8*/ 995,
       /*0x0232*/ 215,
       -1,
       /*0x1fb2*/ 816,
-      /*0xab8e*/ 1185,
+      /*0xab8e*/ 1188,
       /*0x2c0e*/ 926,
       /*0x0132*/ 81,
       /*0x038e*/ 239,
       -1, -1, -1,
-      /*0xabb2*/ 1221,
-      -1,
+      /*0xabb2*/ 1224,
+      /*0x1f59*/ 756,
       /*0x0492*/ 366,
-      /*0x1cba*/ 582,
+      /*0x1cb8*/ 580,
       /*0x1f18*/ 724,
       -1,
       /*0x2c8e*/ 982,
       /*0xa7a8*/ 1124,
-      /*0x1fb8*/ 821,
-      /*0x10ca8*/ 1424,
+      -1,
+      /*0x10ca8*/ 1427,
       -1, -1,
       /*0x1caa*/ 566,
       /*0x2cb2*/ 1000,
       -1, -1,
-      /*0xabb8*/ 1227,
-      -1, -1,
+      /*0x1efc*/ 714,
+      /*0x1e7c*/ 648,
+      -1,
       /*0x1ea2*/ 669,
       /*0x1e22*/ 603,
       /*0x051c*/ 435,
-      -1, -1,
-      /*0x10579*/ 1358,
+      -1, -1, -1,
       /*0x018e*/ 129,
-      /*0x10c8e*/ 1398,
-      -1,
-      /*0x10d63*/ 1454,
-      /*0x2cb8*/ 1003,
-      /*0xff27*/ 1253,
+      /*0x10c8e*/ 1401,
+      -1, -1, -1,
+      /*0xff27*/ 1256,
       /*0xa7b2*/ 1132,
       /*0x01b2*/ 151,
-      /*0x10cb2*/ 1434,
+      /*0x10cb2*/ 1437,
       /*0x1e9a*/ 665,
       /*0x1e1a*/ 599,
-      /*0x1e90e*/ 1535,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      /*0x1e90e*/ 1563,
+      /*0x0547*/ 467,
+      -1,
+      /*0x023a*/ 216,
+      -1,
+      /*0x1fba*/ 823,
+      -1,
       /*0x051e*/ 436,
-      -1, -1,
+      -1,
+      /*0x16ea7*/ 1531,
       /*0x04a6*/ 376,
-      /*0xa7b8*/ 1136,
-      /*0x01b8*/ 155,
       -1,
+      /*0x1fb6*/ 819,
+      /*0xabba*/ 1232,
       /*0x10a6*/ 490,
-      /*0x1f5d*/ 758,
-      /*0xff33*/ 1265,
-      /*0x10d5f*/ 1450,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      /*0x0136*/ 83,
+      -1, -1, -1,
+      /*0x118a0*/ 1460,
+      /*0xabb6*/ 1228,
+      -1,
       /*0x1cae*/ 570,
       -1,
       /*0x04a4*/ 375,
       -1,
-      /*0x10d53*/ 1438,
+      /*0x2cba*/ 1004,
       /*0x020c*/ 196,
       /*0x10a4*/ 488,
       /*0x1f8c*/ 780,
-      /*0x1040c*/ 1285,
+      /*0x1040c*/ 1288,
       /*0x040c*/ 309,
       /*0x010c*/ 63,
-      -1, -1, -1,
+      /*0x2cb6*/ 1002,
+      /*0xa779*/ 1103,
+      -1,
       /*0x1cac*/ 568,
-      /*0xab8c*/ 1183,
+      /*0xab8c*/ 1186,
       /*0x2c0c*/ 924,
       /*0x1cb0*/ 572,
       /*0x038c*/ 238,
-      -1,
-      /*0xa77b*/ 1104,
-      /*0x053a*/ 454,
       -1, -1,
+      /*0x0538*/ 452,
+      /*0xa7ba*/ 1137,
+      -1,
       /*0xa726*/ 1067,
-      /*0x118a0*/ 1457,
-      -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1,
       /*0x2c8c*/ 981,
-      -1,
+      /*0xa7b6*/ 1135,
       /*0x052a*/ 442,
       -1, -1, -1,
       /*0x1caf*/ 571,
       /*0x1e1c*/ 600,
-      -1,
-      /*0x10588*/ 1372,
+      -1, -1,
       /*0xa724*/ 1066,
+      -1, -1,
+      /*0x1f69*/ 761,
+      -1, -1,
+      /*0x04fc*/ 419,
       -1,
-      /*0xa77d*/ 1105,
-      -1,
-      /*0x10589*/ 1373,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      /*0x10575*/ 1357,
       /*0x04a2*/ 374,
-      /*0x10c8c*/ 1396,
+      /*0x10c8c*/ 1399,
       -1, -1,
       /*0x10a2*/ 486,
-      -1, -1,
-      /*0x1058a*/ 1374,
-      -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1,
       /*0x1e9e*/ 667,
       /*0x1e1e*/ 601,
-      /*0x1e90c*/ 1533,
-      /*0x1fbc*/ 825,
-      /*0x2132*/ 868,
-      -1,
+      /*0x1e90c*/ 1561,
+      -1, -1, -1,
       /*0x049a*/ 370,
-      /*0x023e*/ 219,
-      -1,
-      /*0x1fbe*/ 826,
+      /*0x118a6*/ 1466,
+      /*0x1fb4*/ 818,
+      -1, -1,
+      /*0x0134*/ 82,
+      -1, -1,
+      /*0x1ca8*/ 564,
       -1,
-      /*0xabbc*/ 1231,
-      /*0x10580*/ 1364,
+      /*0xabb4*/ 1226,
       -1,
-      /*0x1ca8*/ 564,
+      /*0x2126*/ 865,
       -1,
-      /*0x10583*/ 1367,
-      /*0xabbe*/ 1233,
-      -1, -1,
       /*0x052e*/ 444,
-      -1, -1, -1,
-      /*0x2cbc*/ 1005,
-      -1, -1,
+      /*0x118a4*/ 1464,
+      /*0x2169*/ 878,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1,
       /*0xa722*/ 1065,
       -1,
-      /*0x0050*/ 14,
-      /*0x2cbe*/ 1006,
-      -1, -1,
-      /*0x0150*/ 96,
+      /*0x2cb4*/ 1001,
+      /*0x023e*/ 219,
+      -1,
+      /*0x1fbe*/ 826,
+      -1,
       /*0x052c*/ 443,
-      /*0x118a6*/ 1463,
-      /*0x1eba*/ 681,
-      /*0x1e3a*/ 615,
+      -1,
+      /*0x1eb8*/ 680,
+      /*0x1e38*/ 614,
       /*0x1cb2*/ 574,
+      -1,
+      /*0xabbe*/ 1236,
+      -1,
+      /*0x1fbc*/ 825,
       -1, -1,
-      /*0x03d0*/ 271,
-      /*0xa7bc*/ 1138,
-      /*0x01bc*/ 156,
-      /*0x10d5d*/ 1448,
       /*0x1eaa*/ 673,
       /*0x1e2a*/ 607,
-      -1,
-      /*0xa7be*/ 1139,
-      /*0x118a4*/ 1461,
-      -1,
-      /*0x2cd0*/ 1015,
+      /*0xa7b4*/ 1134,
       -1, -1,
-      /*0x1cb8*/ 580,
-      /*0x1f1a*/ 726,
-      -1,
-      /*0x1fb6*/ 819,
-      /*0xa688*/ 1055,
+      /*0xabbc*/ 1234,
+      -1, -1,
+      /*0x2cbe*/ 1006,
       -1,
-      /*0x0136*/ 83,
+      /*0x1f1a*/ 726,
       -1, -1,
-      /*0x1fb4*/ 818,
+      /*0xa688*/ 1055,
+      /*0x1f8d*/ 781,
+      /*0x1040d*/ 1289,
+      /*0x040d*/ 310,
+      /*0x16e5f*/ 1523,
+      /*0x2cbc*/ 1005,
       /*0x049c*/ 371,
-      /*0xabb6*/ 1225,
-      /*0x0134*/ 82,
       -1,
-      /*0x10586*/ 1370,
-      /*0xa7d0*/ 1149,
-      -1,
-      /*0xabb4*/ 1223,
+      /*0x118a2*/ 1462,
+      /*0xab8d*/ 1187,
+      /*0x2c0d*/ 925,
+      -1, -1,
+      /*0xa7be*/ 1139,
       -1, -1, -1,
       /*0xa68a*/ 1056,
-      -1, -1,
-      /*0x2cb6*/ 1002,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      /*0x2cb4*/ 1001,
+      -1, -1, -1,
+      /*0x104c7*/ 1339,
+      /*0x04c7*/ 393,
+      /*0xa7bc*/ 1138,
+      /*0x01bc*/ 156,
+      -1,
+      /*0x10c7*/ 522,
       -1,
       /*0x049e*/ 372,
-      -1, -1,
+      /*0x1cba*/ 582,
+      -1,
       /*0xa680*/ 1051,
       /*0x0528*/ 441,
       /*0x1eae*/ 675,
       /*0x1e2e*/ 609,
       -1,
-      /*0x118a2*/ 1459,
-      -1,
-      /*0xa7b6*/ 1135,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      /*0xa7b4*/ 1134,
-      -1,
-      /*0xa779*/ 1103,
+      /*0x1cb6*/ 578,
+      -1, -1,
+      /*0x16e5d*/ 1521,
+      /*0xa78d*/ 1112,
+      /*0x1f1d*/ 729,
+      /*0x10c8d*/ 1400,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1,
       /*0x1eac*/ 674,
       /*0x1e2c*/ 608,
       /*0x050e*/ 428,
       /*0x1eb0*/ 676,
       /*0x1e30*/ 610,
-      /*0x024c*/ 227,
-      /*0x004c*/ 10,
-      /*0x1fcc*/ 836,
+      /*0x1e90d*/ 1562,
+      -1, -1,
       /*0x1f1c*/ 728,
       /*0x0532*/ 446,
-      /*0x014c*/ 94,
-      -1, -1,
-      /*0x024a*/ 226,
-      /*0x004a*/ 8,
-      /*0x1fca*/ 834,
-      /*0x104ba*/ 1323,
-      /*0x04ba*/ 386,
-      /*0x014a*/ 93,
-      -1, -1,
-      /*0x10ba*/ 510,
-      /*0x10594*/ 1382,
-      /*0x005a*/ 24,
-      /*0x1fda*/ 843,
-      /*0x0538*/ 452,
-      /*0x04aa*/ 378,
-      /*0x015a*/ 101,
-      /*0x2ccc*/ 1013,
+      /*0x10588*/ 1375,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      /*0x10589*/ 1376,
+      /*0x104b8*/ 1324,
+      /*0x04b8*/ 385,
+      /*0x0053*/ 17,
+      /*0x1fd3*/ 838,
       -1,
+      /*0x10b8*/ 508,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      /*0x04aa*/ 378,
+      /*0x1058a*/ 1377,
+      /*0x0052*/ 16,
+      /*0x1fd2*/ 837,
       /*0x10aa*/ 494,
-      /*0x24ba*/ 890,
-      -1, -1, -1,
-      /*0x03da*/ 276,
-      /*0x2cca*/ 1012,
-      /*0x10590*/ 1379,
-      -1, -1,
+      -1,
+      /*0x0152*/ 97,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      /*0x024c*/ 227,
+      /*0x004c*/ 10,
+      /*0x1fcc*/ 836,
       /*0xa686*/ 1054,
-      -1, -1, -1,
-      /*0x1f6b*/ 763,
-      /*0x2cda*/ 1020,
-      /*0xa7cc*/ 1148,
+      /*0x10580*/ 1367,
+      /*0x014c*/ 94,
+      -1, -1,
+      /*0x10583*/ 1370,
       -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      /*0x10584*/ 1368,
+      /*0x2cd2*/ 1016,
       -1,
-      /*0xa73a*/ 1076,
+      /*0x16ea0*/ 1524,
+      /*0xa738*/ 1075,
       /*0xa696*/ 1062,
-      /*0x01ca*/ 161,
+      -1,
       /*0x1ea8*/ 672,
       /*0x1e28*/ 606,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      /*0x053a*/ 454,
+      /*0x01d3*/ 166,
+      /*0x2ccc*/ 1013,
+      -1,
       /*0xa72a*/ 1069,
-      /*0xa7da*/ 1152,
-      /*0x1cbe*/ 584,
+      /*0x1cb4*/ 576,
       -1,
-      /*0x1f3a*/ 740,
-      -1, -1,
-      /*0x0248*/ 225,
-      /*0x0048*/ 7,
-      /*0x1fc8*/ 832,
+      /*0x0536*/ 450,
+      /*0x1f38*/ 738,
+      -1,
+      /*0xa7d2*/ 1151,
+      -1, -1, -1,
       /*0x04ae*/ 380,
       /*0x1e8e*/ 657,
       /*0x1e0e*/ 593,
       /*0x1f2a*/ 732,
       /*0x10ae*/ 498,
-      -1, -1, -1,
+      -1,
+      /*0xa7cc*/ 1148,
+      -1,
       /*0x1eb2*/ 677,
       /*0x1e32*/ 611,
       /*0x050c*/ 427,
@@ -2512,1179 +2540,1232 @@ onigenc_unicode_CaseFold_11_lookup(const OnigCodePoint code)
       /*0x0044*/ 3,
       /*0x1fc4*/ 829,
       /*0x04ac*/ 379,
-      -1,
-      /*0x104b0*/ 1313,
+      /*0x1cbe*/ 584,
+      /*0x104b0*/ 1316,
       /*0x04b0*/ 381,
       /*0x10ac*/ 496,
       -1,
-      /*0x2cc8*/ 1011,
+      /*0x118b8*/ 1484,
       /*0x10b0*/ 500,
       -1,
-      /*0x10582*/ 1366,
-      /*0x1eb8*/ 680,
-      /*0x1e38*/ 614,
+      /*0x16e5b*/ 1519,
+      -1,
+      /*0x10586*/ 1373,
       -1,
       /*0xa694*/ 1061,
       -1,
-      /*0x0056*/ 20,
-      /*0x1fd6*/ 839,
-      /*0xff26*/ 1252,
+      /*0x118aa*/ 1470,
       -1,
-      /*0x0156*/ 99,
+      /*0xff26*/ 1255,
+      -1, -1,
       /*0x2cc4*/ 1009,
       -1,
       /*0xa72e*/ 1071,
       -1,
       /*0x10af*/ 499,
-      /*0x01c8*/ 160,
-      /*0x1cb6*/ 578,
-      /*0x03d6*/ 274,
+      -1,
+      /*0x212a*/ 866,
+      -1,
       /*0xa690*/ 1059,
-      /*0x0052*/ 16,
-      /*0x1fd2*/ 837,
-      /*0xff24*/ 1250,
-      /*0x1cb4*/ 576,
-      /*0x0152*/ 97,
-      /*0x118ba*/ 1483,
+      -1, -1,
+      /*0xff24*/ 1253,
+      /*0x16ea6*/ 1530,
+      -1, -1,
       /*0x1f2e*/ 736,
       /*0xa72c*/ 1070,
-      /*0x2cd6*/ 1018,
+      /*0x00d3*/ 45,
       /*0xa7c4*/ 1142,
       /*0x01c4*/ 157,
       -1, -1,
       /*0xa684*/ 1053,
-      /*0x118aa*/ 1467,
-      -1, -1,
-      /*0x004f*/ 13,
+      /*0x1eba*/ 681,
+      /*0x1e3a*/ 615,
+      -1,
+      /*0x16ea4*/ 1528,
+      /*0x00d2*/ 44,
       -1,
-      /*0x053c*/ 456,
       /*0x1f2c*/ 734,
+      /*0x1eb6*/ 679,
+      /*0x1e36*/ 613,
       -1,
-      /*0x2cd2*/ 1016,
+      /*0x0534*/ 448,
       -1, -1,
-      /*0x053e*/ 458,
-      /*0xa7d6*/ 1150,
       /*0x04a8*/ 377,
-      -1,
-      /*0x03cf*/ 270,
-      -1,
+      /*0x00cc*/ 38,
+      -1, -1,
       /*0x10a8*/ 492,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      /*0x0054*/ 18,
+      /*0x118ae*/ 1474,
+      -1, -1,
+      /*0x16e57*/ 1515,
+      -1, -1,
       /*0x1e8c*/ 656,
       /*0x1e0c*/ 592,
       /*0x1f2f*/ 737,
-      /*0x0154*/ 98,
+      /*0x10594*/ 1385,
       -1, -1,
       /*0x048e*/ 364,
       -1,
-      /*0x0550*/ 476,
-      /*0xff22*/ 1248,
-      -1, -1,
-      /*0x104b2*/ 1315,
+      /*0x118ac*/ 1472,
+      /*0xff22*/ 1251,
+      /*0x053e*/ 458,
+      /*0x118b0*/ 1476,
+      /*0x104b2*/ 1318,
       /*0x04b2*/ 382,
       -1, -1, -1,
       /*0x10b2*/ 502,
-      -1,
+      /*0x10590*/ 1382,
       /*0xa682*/ 1052,
-      /*0x01cf*/ 164,
-      /*0x2cd4*/ 1017,
-      /*0x118ae*/ 1471,
-      -1,
-      /*0x10592*/ 1381,
+      /*0x053c*/ 456,
+      /*0x024a*/ 226,
+      /*0x004a*/ 8,
+      /*0x1fca*/ 834,
+      /*0x16ea2*/ 1526,
       /*0xa728*/ 1068,
-      -1, -1,
-      /*0x104b8*/ 1321,
-      /*0x04b8*/ 385,
-      -1, -1, -1,
-      /*0x10b8*/ 508,
+      /*0x014a*/ 93,
       -1,
-      /*0x0536*/ 450,
-      /*0x118ac*/ 1469,
+      /*0x118af*/ 1475,
       -1,
-      /*0x1f28*/ 730,
-      /*0x118b0*/ 1473,
-      /*0x00d0*/ 42,
-      /*0x0534*/ 448,
+      /*0x24c7*/ 903,
       -1,
-      /*0x24b8*/ 888,
+      /*0x10584*/ 1371,
       -1,
       /*0x0042*/ 1,
       /*0x1fc2*/ 827,
+      /*0x00c4*/ 30,
+      -1,
+      /*0x1f28*/ 730,
+      /*0x1fab*/ 811,
+      -1,
+      /*0x042b*/ 340,
       -1, -1,
-      /*0xa732*/ 1072,
+      /*0x2cca*/ 1012,
       -1,
-      /*0x2cc0*/ 1007,
-      /*0x1ebc*/ 682,
-      /*0x1e3c*/ 616,
+      /*0x03c2*/ 269,
+      /*0xabab*/ 1217,
+      /*0x2c2b*/ 955,
+      /*0xa732*/ 1072,
+      /*0x03ab*/ 267,
+      -1, -1, -1,
       /*0xa698*/ 1063,
       /*0x1f0e*/ 722,
-      /*0x118af*/ 1472,
-      /*0x03c2*/ 269,
-      /*0x1ebe*/ 683,
-      /*0x1e3e*/ 617,
-      -1,
-      /*0x0246*/ 224,
-      /*0x0046*/ 5,
-      /*0x1fc6*/ 830,
-      -1,
-      /*0xa738*/ 1075,
-      -1,
       /*0x2cc2*/ 1008,
+      /*0x1eb4*/ 678,
+      /*0x1e34*/ 612,
+      /*0x16e59*/ 1517,
       -1,
-      /*0xa7c0*/ 1140,
+      /*0x104ba*/ 1326,
+      /*0x04ba*/ 386,
+      /*0x01ca*/ 161,
+      /*0x118a8*/ 1468,
       -1,
-      /*0x0058*/ 22,
-      /*0x1fd8*/ 841,
-      -1, -1,
-      /*0x0158*/ 100,
-      -1, -1,
-      /*0x1f38*/ 738,
-      /*0x1ed0*/ 692,
-      /*0x1e50*/ 626,
+      /*0x10ba*/ 510,
+      -1,
+      /*0x104b6*/ 1322,
+      /*0x04b6*/ 384,
       -1, -1,
-      /*0x03d8*/ 275,
-      /*0x2cc6*/ 1010,
+      /*0x24b8*/ 888,
+      /*0x10b6*/ 506,
       /*0xa7c2*/ 1141,
-      /*0x048c*/ 363,
-      -1, -1, -1,
-      /*0x054c*/ 472,
       -1,
-      /*0x118a8*/ 1465,
-      /*0x2cd8*/ 1019,
-      /*0x16e43*/ 1492,
-      /*0x1f8d*/ 781,
-      /*0x1040d*/ 1286,
-      /*0x040d*/ 310,
-      /*0x054a*/ 470,
-      -1, -1,
-      /*0xa692*/ 1060,
-      /*0xa7c6*/ 1144,
-      /*0xab8d*/ 1184,
-      /*0x2c0d*/ 925,
+      /*0x10582*/ 1369,
       -1,
-      /*0x1eb6*/ 679,
-      /*0x1e36*/ 613,
-      /*0x16e5b*/ 1516,
-      -1, -1,
-      /*0xa7d8*/ 1151,
-      /*0x1eb4*/ 678,
-      /*0x1e34*/ 612,
-      /*0x0245*/ 223,
-      /*0x0045*/ 4,
-      /*0x118b2*/ 1475,
-      -1, -1,
-      /*0x0145*/ 90,
+      /*0xa7ab*/ 1126,
       -1,
-      /*0x16e59*/ 1514,
-      /*0x00cc*/ 38,
+      /*0x10cab*/ 1430,
+      /*0x1ebe*/ 683,
+      /*0x1e3e*/ 617,
       -1,
       /*0x024e*/ 228,
       /*0x004e*/ 12,
-      -1, -1, -1,
+      /*0x048c*/ 363,
+      -1,
+      /*0x118b2*/ 1478,
       /*0x014e*/ 95,
-      /*0x00ca*/ 36,
+      /*0x10585*/ 1372,
+      /*0x1ebc*/ 682,
+      /*0x1e3c*/ 616,
+      -1, -1, -1,
+      /*0x0056*/ 20,
+      /*0x1fd6*/ 839,
+      /*0xa73a*/ 1076,
+      /*0x2132*/ 868,
+      /*0x0156*/ 99,
+      /*0xa692*/ 1060,
+      /*0x0553*/ 479,
+      -1, -1,
+      /*0xa736*/ 1074,
       -1,
-      /*0x118b8*/ 1481,
+      /*0x2cce*/ 1014,
+      /*0x03d6*/ 274,
+      -1, -1,
+      /*0x1f3a*/ 740,
+      /*0x0552*/ 478,
+      -1, -1, -1,
+      /*0x0050*/ 14,
       -1,
-      /*0xa78d*/ 1112,
-      /*0x1f0c*/ 720,
-      /*0x10c8d*/ 1397,
-      /*0x104bc*/ 1325,
-      /*0x04bc*/ 387,
-      /*0x00da*/ 51,
-      /*0xff3a*/ 1272,
+      /*0x2cd6*/ 1018,
       -1,
-      /*0x10bc*/ 512,
-      /*0x104be*/ 1327,
-      /*0x04be*/ 388,
+      /*0x0150*/ 96,
       -1,
-      /*0x1e90d*/ 1534,
-      /*0x2cce*/ 1014,
-      /*0x10be*/ 514,
-      /*0xff2a*/ 1256,
+      /*0x054c*/ 472,
       -1, -1,
-      /*0x24bc*/ 892,
+      /*0xa7ce*/ 1149,
       -1,
-      /*0x0548*/ 468,
-      /*0xa7c5*/ 1143,
-      /*0x01c5*/ 158,
+      /*0x00ca*/ 36,
+      /*0x03d0*/ 271,
       -1,
-      /*0x24be*/ 894,
+      /*0x0248*/ 225,
+      /*0x0048*/ 7,
+      /*0x1fc8*/ 832,
       -1, -1,
-      /*0x1ecc*/ 690,
-      /*0x1e4c*/ 624,
+      /*0x1f0c*/ 720,
+      /*0xa7d6*/ 1153,
+      /*0x118ba*/ 1486,
+      /*0x2cd0*/ 1015,
+      /*0x00c2*/ 28,
+      /*0xff38*/ 1273,
       -1,
-      /*0x104d0*/ 1345,
-      /*0x04d0*/ 397,
+      /*0x104b4*/ 1320,
+      /*0x04b4*/ 383,
+      /*0x118b6*/ 1482,
       -1, -1,
-      /*0x0544*/ 464,
-      /*0x1eca*/ 689,
-      /*0x1e4a*/ 623,
-      -1,
-      /*0x0055*/ 19,
-      /*0xa650*/ 1036,
-      /*0xa73c*/ 1077,
+      /*0x10b4*/ 504,
       -1,
-      /*0x16e57*/ 1512,
-      /*0x0345*/ 229,
-      /*0x1eda*/ 697,
-      /*0x1e5a*/ 631,
-      /*0xa73e*/ 1078,
-      /*0x1f87*/ 775,
-      /*0x10407*/ 1280,
-      /*0x0407*/ 304,
-      /*0x03d5*/ 273,
-      /*0x0556*/ 482,
-      /*0x00c8*/ 34,
-      /*0x1f3c*/ 742,
+      /*0xff2a*/ 1259,
+      /*0x0246*/ 224,
+      /*0x0046*/ 5,
+      /*0x1fc6*/ 830,
+      /*0x2cc8*/ 1011,
       -1,
-      /*0xab87*/ 1178,
-      /*0x2c07*/ 919,
-      /*0x104b6*/ 1319,
-      /*0x04b6*/ 384,
-      /*0x1f3e*/ 744,
+      /*0x16eb8*/ 1548,
+      /*0xa7d0*/ 1150,
       -1,
-      /*0xff2e*/ 1260,
-      /*0x10b6*/ 506,
-      /*0x104b4*/ 1317,
-      /*0x04b4*/ 383,
-      /*0x0552*/ 478,
-      /*0x00c4*/ 30,
-      /*0xa750*/ 1087,
-      /*0x10b4*/ 504,
-      /*0x0047*/ 6,
-      /*0x1fc7*/ 831,
+      /*0x10592*/ 1384,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      /*0x16eaa*/ 1534,
       -1,
-      /*0x24b6*/ 886,
-      /*0x0147*/ 91,
+      /*0x104be*/ 1330,
+      /*0x04be*/ 388,
+      /*0x0544*/ 464,
+      -1, -1,
+      /*0x10be*/ 514,
+      /*0x01c8*/ 160,
+      /*0x2cc6*/ 1010,
+      /*0x005a*/ 24,
+      /*0x1fda*/ 843,
+      /*0x104bc*/ 1328,
+      /*0x04bc*/ 387,
+      /*0x015a*/ 101,
+      /*0xa734*/ 1073,
+      /*0x2cc0*/ 1007,
+      /*0x10bc*/ 512,
       -1,
-      /*0xff2c*/ 1258,
+      /*0x1ed2*/ 693,
+      /*0x1e52*/ 627,
+      /*0x0054*/ 18,
+      /*0x03da*/ 276,
       -1, -1,
-      /*0xff30*/ 1262,
-      /*0x01d5*/ 167,
-      /*0x1f50*/ 752,
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+      /*0x16e45*/ 1497,
+      /*0x1e99*/ 664,
       -1,
-      /*0xfb13*/ 1242,
+      /*0x1f81*/ 769,
+      /*0x10401*/ 1277,
+      /*0x0401*/ 298,
       -1,
-      /*0x1f0f*/ 723,
-      -1, -1,
-      /*0x1f8b*/ 779,
-      /*0x1040b*/ 1284,
-      /*0x040b*/ 308,
-      /*0x0551*/ 477,
-      /*0xa77e*/ 1106,
-      -1, -1,
-      /*0x16e4c*/ 1501,
-      /*0xab8b*/ 1182,
-      /*0x2c0b*/ 923,
+      /*0x2168*/ 877,
+      /*0x24cb*/ 907,
+      /*0xfb15*/ 1247,
+      /*0x216e*/ 883,
+      /*0xab81*/ 1175,
+      /*0x2c01*/ 913,
+      /*0x04f4*/ 415,
       -1,
-      /*0x104b7*/ 1320,
-      /*0x1f2d*/ 735,
-      -1, -1,
-      /*0x16e4a*/ 1499,
-      /*0x10b7*/ 507,
-      /*0xff29*/ 1255,
+      /*0x0193*/ 133,
+      /*0x10c93*/ 1406,
       -1, -1,
-      /*0x10a5*/ 489,
-      /*0x1efa*/ 713,
-      /*0x1e7a*/ 647,
-      -1,
-      /*0x16e5a*/ 1515,
       /*0x1ff8*/ 860,
-      /*0x24b7*/ 887,
+      /*0x1057e*/ 1365,
       /*0x0478*/ 357,
       /*0x0178*/ 116,
-      -1,
-      /*0xfb01*/ 1236,
-      -1,
-      /*0x10a3*/ 487,
-      /*0x13f8*/ 524,
-      /*0xff21*/ 1247,
-      /*0x00d1*/ 43,
       -1, -1,
-      /*0x1e99*/ 664,
-      /*0xa78b*/ 1111,
-      /*0x018b*/ 128,
-      /*0x10c8b*/ 1395,
-      /*0x053b*/ 455,
+      /*0x118b9*/ 1485,
+      /*0x1e913*/ 1568,
+      /*0x018f*/ 130,
+      /*0x10c8f*/ 1402,
+      /*0x2166*/ 875,
+      /*0x1f49*/ 747,
       -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      /*0x118b3*/ 1479,
+      /*0x13f8*/ 524,
+      /*0x104bf*/ 1331,
+      /*0x1e90f*/ 1564,
       /*0x1f9f*/ 799,
-      /*0x1041f*/ 1304,
+      /*0x1041f*/ 1307,
       /*0x041f*/ 328,
-      -1,
-      /*0x1e90b*/ 1532,
-      -1,
-      /*0x1ef4*/ 710,
-      /*0x1e74*/ 644,
-      /*0xab9f*/ 1202,
+      /*0x10bf*/ 515,
+      /*0x0181*/ 121,
+      /*0x10c81*/ 1388,
+      -1, -1,
+      /*0xab9f*/ 1205,
       /*0x2c1f*/ 943,
-      /*0x1c93*/ 543,
+      /*0x00d1*/ 43,
       /*0x039f*/ 256,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      /*0x104bd*/ 1326,
+      -1, -1, -1,
+      /*0x1e901*/ 1550,
+      /*0x1f8b*/ 779,
+      /*0x1040b*/ 1287,
+      /*0x040b*/ 308,
       -1,
       /*0x01f8*/ 186,
-      /*0x118ad*/ 1470,
-      -1,
-      /*0x10bd*/ 513,
-      -1, -1,
-      /*0x16e48*/ 1497,
-      /*0x1057c*/ 1360,
-      -1,
-      /*0x1cb1*/ 573,
-      -1,
-      /*0x104cd*/ 1342,
-      /*0x04cd*/ 396,
-      /*0x24bd*/ 893,
-      -1, -1,
-      /*0x10cd*/ 523,
-      /*0x1f1d*/ 729,
-      -1, -1,
-      /*0x16e44*/ 1493,
-      /*0x118b5*/ 1478,
-      /*0x019f*/ 140,
-      /*0x10c9f*/ 1415,
-      -1, -1,
-      /*0x24cd*/ 909,
-      /*0x1c81*/ 531,
-      -1, -1,
-      /*0x1f85*/ 773,
-      /*0x10405*/ 1278,
-      /*0x0405*/ 302,
-      /*0x1e91f*/ 1552,
       -1, -1, -1,
-      /*0x16e56*/ 1511,
-      /*0xab85*/ 1176,
-      /*0x2c05*/ 917,
-      -1, -1,
-      /*0x04fa*/ 418,
+      /*0xab8b*/ 1185,
+      /*0x2c0b*/ 923,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      /*0x1c95*/ 545,
+      /*0x16e55*/ 1513,
+      /*0xfb13*/ 1245,
       -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      /*0x1f3d*/ 743,
+      /*0x019f*/ 140,
+      /*0x10c9f*/ 1418,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      /*0x1f3f*/ 745,
+      /*0x24b7*/ 887,
       -1,
-      /*0x118b7*/ 1480,
-      /*0x16e52*/ 1507,
-      -1, -1,
-      /*0x118a5*/ 1462,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      /*0x104bf*/ 1328,
-      /*0x1f4d*/ 751,
+      /*0x1e91f*/ 1580,
       -1,
-      /*0x1f1b*/ 727,
+      /*0x1efe*/ 715,
+      /*0x1e7e*/ 649,
+      /*0xa78b*/ 1111,
+      /*0x018b*/ 128,
+      /*0x10c8b*/ 1398,
       -1,
-      /*0x10bf*/ 515,
-      /*0x118a3*/ 1460,
+      /*0x1f1b*/ 727,
       -1,
-      /*0x16e4f*/ 1504,
+      /*0x054f*/ 475,
+      /*0xfb01*/ 1239,
       -1, -1,
-      /*0x10c85*/ 1389,
+      /*0xff31*/ 1266,
+      -1,
+      /*0x1e90b*/ 1560,
       -1, -1,
-      /*0x04f4*/ 415,
-      /*0x24bf*/ 895,
-      -1, -1, -1,
-      /*0x1efc*/ 714,
-      /*0x1e7c*/ 648,
-      /*0x1e905*/ 1526,
+      /*0x104bd*/ 1329,
       -1, -1, -1,
-      /*0x0531*/ 445,
-      /*0x10576*/ 1355,
-      -1,
-      /*0x16e54*/ 1509,
+      /*0x118bf*/ 1491,
+      /*0x10bd*/ 513,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      /*0x16eb1*/ 1541,
       -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      /*0x104d1*/ 1346,
+      /*0x104c1*/ 1333,
+      /*0x04c1*/ 390,
+      -1, -1, -1,
+      /*0x10c1*/ 517,
+      -1, -1, -1,
+      /*0x10576*/ 1358,
+      /*0x1c93*/ 543,
+      /*0x1f19*/ 725,
       -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1,
+      /*0x104bb*/ 1327,
+      /*0x104b5*/ 1321,
       -1,
-      /*0x118bd*/ 1486,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      /*0x1f19*/ 725,
+      /*0x16e4d*/ 1505,
       -1,
-      /*0x1f3f*/ 745,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      /*0x10bb*/ 511,
+      /*0x10b5*/ 505,
+      -1, -1, -1,
+      /*0xff37*/ 1272,
       -1,
-      /*0x16e40*/ 1489,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      /*0x24b9*/ 889,
+      /*0x1f3d*/ 743,
       -1, -1, -1,
-      /*0xfb05*/ 1240,
+      /*0x1c81*/ 531,
+      -1, -1,
+      /*0x1057a*/ 1362,
       -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      /*0x104bb*/ 1324,
-      /*0x16e42*/ 1491,
+      /*0x16eb7*/ 1547,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      /*0x04fe*/ 420,
+      -1, -1,
+      /*0x0551*/ 477,
       -1, -1, -1,
-      /*0x10bb*/ 511,
+      /*0x118bd*/ 1489,
       -1, -1, -1,
-      /*0x1c9f*/ 555,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      /*0x24bb*/ 891,
+      /*0x24c9*/ 905,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      /*0x1f3b*/ 741,
       -1, -1,
-      /*0x16e46*/ 1495,
+      /*0x1c9f*/ 555,
       -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
       /*0x1ef6*/ 711,
       /*0x1e76*/ 645,
-      /*0x16e58*/ 1513,
-      -1, -1, -1,
-      /*0x118bf*/ 1488,
-      /*0x04fc*/ 419,
       -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1, -1,
-      /*0xff2d*/ 1259,
+      /*0xa77e*/ 1106,
       -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1,
+      /*0x118bb*/ 1487,
+      /*0x118b5*/ 1481,
       -1, -1,
-      /*0x1f3b*/ 741,
+      /*0xff39*/ 1274,
       -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      /*0x1c85*/ 535,
       -1, -1, -1,
-      /*0xff35*/ 1267,
-      /*0x10578*/ 1357,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      /*0xff33*/ 1268,
+      -1,
+      /*0x1efa*/ 713,
+      /*0x1e7a*/ 647,
+      /*0x16e5e*/ 1522,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      /*0x24bf*/ 895,
+      -1, -1,
+      /*0x16e43*/ 1495,
+      -1,
+      /*0x16eb3*/ 1543,
       -1, -1,
-      /*0x16e45*/ 1494,
+      /*0x10578*/ 1360,
+      -1,
+      /*0x104cf*/ 1347,
       -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1,
+      /*0x16e5c*/ 1520,
       -1, -1, -1,
-      /*0x16e4e*/ 1503,
+      /*0x10587*/ 1374,
+      /*0x0587*/ 483,
       -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1, -1,
-      /*0xff37*/ 1269,
       -1, -1, -1,
-      /*0xff25*/ 1251,
+      /*0x16e4b*/ 1503,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
       -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1, -1, -1,
-      /*0x118bb*/ 1484,
-      -1,
-      /*0xff23*/ 1249,
-      -1,
-      /*0x104b1*/ 1314,
-      -1, -1,
       /*0x04f6*/ 416,
-      -1,
-      /*0x10b1*/ 501,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      /*0x10d51*/ 1436,
       -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1, -1, -1,
-      /*0x16e55*/ 1510,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1,
+      /*0x24bd*/ 893,
       -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      /*0x04fa*/ 418,
+      -1,
       /*0x1ef8*/ 712,
       /*0x1e78*/ 646,
       -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      /*0x24c1*/ 897,
       -1, -1,
-      /*0x1058f*/ 1378,
+      /*0x104d1*/ 1349,
       -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1,
+      /*0x10d51*/ 1439,
       -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1, -1,
-      /*0x16e47*/ 1496,
+      -1, -1, -1,
+      /*0x24bb*/ 891,
       -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
       -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
       -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
@@ -3693,28 +3774,39 @@ onigenc_unicode_CaseFold_11_lookup(const OnigCodePoint code)
       -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
       -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
       -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      /*0x118b1*/ 1474,
       -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1,
+      -1, -1,
       /*0x04f8*/ 417,
       -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      /*0xff35*/ 1270,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      /*0x1f0f*/ 723,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1,
+      /*0x16eb5*/ 1545,
       -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
       -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1,
+      /*0x16e49*/ 1501,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      /*0x24cf*/ 911,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1,
       /*0x1f0b*/ 719,
       -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
       -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
       -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
       -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
       -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1, -1, -1,
-      /*0x16e5e*/ 1519,
       -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
       -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
       -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1, -1,
-      /*0x10595*/ 1383,
       -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
       -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
       -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
@@ -3724,18 +3816,34 @@ onigenc_unicode_CaseFold_11_lookup(const OnigCodePoint code)
       -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
       -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
       -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      /*0x16e41*/ 1493,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      /*0x10591*/ 1383,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
       -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1, -1,
-      /*0x16e5c*/ 1517,
       -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
       -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
       -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
       -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      /*0xff31*/ 1263,
+      /*0x16e4f*/ 1507,
       -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
       -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1, -1,
-      /*0x10591*/ 1380,
       -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
       -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
       -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
@@ -3744,54 +3852,63 @@ onigenc_unicode_CaseFold_11_lookup(const OnigCodePoint code)
       -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
       -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
       -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1, -1,
-      /*0x16e4b*/ 1500,
       -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
       -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
       -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1,
+      /*0x16e51*/ 1509,
       -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
       -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
       -1, -1,
-      /*0x16e49*/ 1498,
+      /*0x10595*/ 1386,
       -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
       -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
       -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
       -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
       -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
       -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      /*0x10581*/ 1365,
       -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
       -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
       -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
       -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      /*0x16e41*/ 1490,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1,
+      /*0x1058f*/ 1381,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1,
+      /*0x10581*/ 1368,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
       -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
       -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
       -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
       -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
       -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
       -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      /*0xab72*/ 1157,
       -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
       -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
       -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
       -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
       -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
       -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      /*0xab7e*/ 1169,
       -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
       -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      /*0x16e4d*/ 1502,
       -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
       -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
       -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
       -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
       -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1,
+      /*0xab70*/ 1158,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
       -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      /*0x10585*/ 1369,
+      /*0xab72*/ 1160,
       -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
       -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
       -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
@@ -3799,23 +3916,25 @@ onigenc_unicode_CaseFold_11_lookup(const OnigCodePoint code)
       -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
       -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
       -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      /*0x16e51*/ 1506,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1,
+      /*0xab74*/ 1162,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
       -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
       -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
       -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
       -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
       -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
       -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1,
-      /*0xab7a*/ 1165,
       -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
       -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
       -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
       -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
       -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1,
-      /*0xab74*/ 1159,
       -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
       -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
       -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
@@ -3831,7 +3950,11 @@ onigenc_unicode_CaseFold_11_lookup(const OnigCodePoint code)
       -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
       -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
       -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      /*0xab7c*/ 1167,
+      -1, -1,
+      /*0xab7e*/ 1172,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
       -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
       -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
       -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
@@ -3845,13 +3968,18 @@ onigenc_unicode_CaseFold_11_lookup(const OnigCodePoint code)
       -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
       -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
       -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      /*0xab76*/ 1161,
       -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
       -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      /*0xab76*/ 1164,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
       -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
       -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
       -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
       -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1,
+      /*0xab7a*/ 1168,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
       -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
       -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
       -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
@@ -3864,7 +3992,9 @@ onigenc_unicode_CaseFold_11_lookup(const OnigCodePoint code)
       -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
       -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
       -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      /*0xab78*/ 1163
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1,
+      /*0xab78*/ 1166
     };
 
   if (code <= MAX_CODE_VALUE && code >= MIN_CODE_VALUE)
@@ -3883,7 +4013,7 @@ onigenc_unicode_CaseFold_11_lookup(const OnigCodePoint code)
 }
 
 static const CaseUnfold_11_Type CaseUnfold_11_Table[] = {
-#define CaseUnfold_11 (*(CaseUnfold_11_Type (*)[1422])(CaseUnfold_11_Table+0))
+#define CaseUnfold_11 (*(CaseUnfold_11_Type (*)[1450])(CaseUnfold_11_Table+0))
   {0x0061, {1|U, {0x0041}}},
   {0x0062, {1|U, {0x0042}}},
   {0x0063, {1|U, {0x0043}}},
@@ -4992,7 +5122,10 @@ static const CaseUnfold_11_Type CaseUnfold_11_Table[] = {
   {0xa7c8, {1|U, {0xa7c7}}},
   {0xa7ca, {1|U, {0xa7c9}}},
   {0xa7cd, {1|U, {0xa7cc}}},
+  {0xa7cf, {1|U, {0xa7ce}}},
   {0xa7d1, {1|U, {0xa7d0}}},
+  {0xa7d3, {1|U, {0xa7d2}}},
+  {0xa7d5, {1|U, {0xa7d4}}},
   {0xa7d7, {1|U, {0xa7d6}}},
   {0xa7d9, {1|U, {0xa7d8}}},
   {0xa7db, {1|U, {0xa7da}}},
@@ -5272,6 +5405,31 @@ static const CaseUnfold_11_Type CaseUnfold_11_Table[] = {
   {0x16e7d, {1|U, {0x16e5d}}},
   {0x16e7e, {1|U, {0x16e5e}}},
   {0x16e7f, {1|U, {0x16e5f}}},
+  {0x16ebb, {1|U, {0x16ea0}}},
+  {0x16ebc, {1|U, {0x16ea1}}},
+  {0x16ebd, {1|U, {0x16ea2}}},
+  {0x16ebe, {1|U, {0x16ea3}}},
+  {0x16ebf, {1|U, {0x16ea4}}},
+  {0x16ec0, {1|U, {0x16ea5}}},
+  {0x16ec1, {1|U, {0x16ea6}}},
+  {0x16ec2, {1|U, {0x16ea7}}},
+  {0x16ec3, {1|U, {0x16ea8}}},
+  {0x16ec4, {1|U, {0x16ea9}}},
+  {0x16ec5, {1|U, {0x16eaa}}},
+  {0x16ec6, {1|U, {0x16eab}}},
+  {0x16ec7, {1|U, {0x16eac}}},
+  {0x16ec8, {1|U, {0x16ead}}},
+  {0x16ec9, {1|U, {0x16eae}}},
+  {0x16eca, {1|U, {0x16eaf}}},
+  {0x16ecb, {1|U, {0x16eb0}}},
+  {0x16ecc, {1|U, {0x16eb1}}},
+  {0x16ecd, {1|U, {0x16eb2}}},
+  {0x16ece, {1|U, {0x16eb3}}},
+  {0x16ecf, {1|U, {0x16eb4}}},
+  {0x16ed0, {1|U, {0x16eb5}}},
+  {0x16ed1, {1|U, {0x16eb6}}},
+  {0x16ed2, {1|U, {0x16eb7}}},
+  {0x16ed3, {1|U, {0x16eb8}}},
   {0x1e922, {1|U, {0x1e900}}},
   {0x1e923, {1|U, {0x1e901}}},
   {0x1e924, {1|U, {0x1e902}}},
@@ -5306,14 +5464,14 @@ static const CaseUnfold_11_Type CaseUnfold_11_Table[] = {
   {0x1e941, {1|U, {0x1e91f}}},
   {0x1e942, {1|U, {0x1e920}}},
   {0x1e943, {1|U, {0x1e921}}},
-#define CaseUnfold_11_Locale (*(CaseUnfold_11_Type (*)[1])(CaseUnfold_11_Table+1422))
+#define CaseUnfold_11_Locale (*(CaseUnfold_11_Type (*)[1])(CaseUnfold_11_Table+1450))
   {0x0069, {1|U, {0x0049}}},
 };
 
 /* ANSI-C code produced by gperf version 3.1 */
 /* Command-line: gperf -7 -k1,2,3 -F,-1 -c -j1 -i1 -t -T -E -C -H onigenc_unicode_CaseUnfold_11_hash -N onigenc_unicode_CaseUnfold_11_lookup -n  */
 
-/* maximum key range = 2713, duplicates = 0 */
+/* maximum key range = 2881, duplicates = 0 */
 
 #ifdef __GNUC__
 __inline
@@ -5328,26 +5486,26 @@ onigenc_unicode_CaseUnfold_11_hash(const OnigCodePoint code)
 {
   static const unsigned short asso_values[] =
     {
-         1, 2716,    2,    1,    4,  640,    9,  260,  231,  142,
-       589,   20,    2,    3,  434,  372, 2716, 2716, 2716, 2716,
-      2716, 2716, 2716, 2716, 2716, 2716, 2716, 2716, 2716,  112,
-       404,  141, 2716, 2716, 2716, 2716, 2716,  120, 2716, 2716,
-      2716, 2716, 2716,    1, 2716, 2716, 2716, 2716, 2716, 2716,
-      2716, 2716, 2716,  395, 2716, 2716, 2716, 2716, 2716, 2716,
-      2716,    3,   11,    6,    7,    8,  244,  723,   34, 1143,
-       365, 1012,   56, 1546,   12, 1709,    9,   15,   14, 1796,
-       241,  917,   87,  227,   47, 1535,  267, 1468,    1, 1612,
-        49, 1184,  361,   10,  557, 1704,   51, 1814,   66, 1385,
-       338,  786,  740,  659,  125,  801,  354, 1134,  249, 1252,
-       327,  756,  193, 1116, 1511,  838, 1898,  703, 1796,  679,
-      1745,  629, 1856,  827, 1832,  995, 1531,  973, 1806,  811,
-       850,  511,  903,  500, 1517,  935, 1483,  876, 1461,  555,
-      1790,  541, 1703,  465, 1274,  531, 1340,  250, 1667,  342,
-      1660,  408, 1652,  194, 1622,   85, 1595,   70, 1578,  129,
-      1492,  100, 1489,    1, 1450,   25, 1432,   35, 1180,   55,
-      1415,   45,  459,  160, 1298,  317,  577,  220, 1224,  594,
-       965,  373, 1322,  670, 1062, 1243,  966, 1045, 1124, 1160,
-      1223, 1094, 1497, 1314
+         1, 2884,    2,   29,    4,  134,    9,  131,   10,  229,
+       121,  246,    2,    3,  540,  359, 2884, 2884, 2884, 2884,
+      2884, 2884, 2884, 2884, 2884, 2884, 2884, 2884, 2884,  103,
+       401,  111, 2884, 2884, 2884, 2884, 2884,  127, 2884, 2884,
+      2884, 2884, 2884,    1, 2884, 2884, 2884, 2884, 2884, 2884,
+      2884, 2884, 2884,  339, 2884, 2884, 2884, 2884, 2884, 2884,
+      2884,   15,    9,    1,    7,    8,  341,  797,   60, 1080,
+       101,  804,   35, 1589,    7, 1841,   17,   16,   58, 1709,
+       216, 1040,   47,  103,   64, 1339,  219, 1539,    4, 1704,
+        52, 1508,  344,   11,  501, 1733,  526,  347,  133, 1161,
+       340,  913,  104,  883,  170,  743,  339, 1103,  398, 1465,
+       376,  829,  138, 1092,  280,  967, 1876,  785, 1694,  774,
+      1640,  721, 1852,  951, 1830,  937, 1573,  925, 1736,  666,
+       897,  502,  693,  475, 1385,  651, 1356,  639, 1184,  532,
+      1532,  520, 1479,  420, 1225,  203, 1248,   82, 1277,  115,
+      1758,  289, 1673,   93, 1686,   71, 1666,   60, 1650,  256,
+      1789,  232, 1552,    1, 1649,   27, 1489,   38, 1247,  144,
+      1445,   49, 1624,  221, 1418,  327, 1769,  312, 1306,  584,
+      1075,  363, 1506,  609, 1405, 1213, 1074, 1065, 1362, 1151,
+      1556,  863,  726, 1429
     };
   return asso_values[bits_of(code, 2)+66] + asso_values[bits_of(code, 1)+4] + asso_values[bits_of(code, 0)];
 }
@@ -5359,11 +5517,11 @@ onigenc_unicode_CaseUnfold_11_lookup(const OnigCodePoint code)
     {
       MIN_CODE_VALUE = 0x61,
       MAX_CODE_VALUE = 0x1e943,
-      TOTAL_KEYWORDS = 1423,
+      TOTAL_KEYWORDS = 1451,
       MIN_WORD_LENGTH = 3,
       MAX_WORD_LENGTH = 3,
       MIN_HASH_VALUE = 3,
-      MAX_HASH_VALUE = 2715
+      MAX_HASH_VALUE = 2883
     };
 
   static const short wordlist[] =
@@ -5374,1949 +5532,1992 @@ onigenc_unicode_CaseUnfold_11_lookup(const OnigCodePoint code)
       /*0x04e1*/ 402,
       /*0x0061*/ 0,
       -1,
-      /*0x104e1*/ 1189,
+      /*0x104e1*/ 1192,
       /*0x1e61*/ 664,
       /*0x1ee1*/ 723,
       /*0x0161*/ 102,
+      /*0x0261*/ 211,
       /*0x2ce1*/ 956,
-      /*0x1c8a*/ 612,
+      -1,
       /*0x049b*/ 367,
       -1, -1,
       /*0x24e1*/ 843,
       /*0x1e1b*/ 629,
       /*0x048b*/ 359,
       /*0x011b*/ 69,
+      /*0x021b*/ 179,
       /*0x2c9b*/ 921,
-      /*0x03e1*/ 282,
       /*0x1e0b*/ 621,
       /*0x1e8b*/ 685,
       /*0x010b*/ 61,
+      /*0x020b*/ 171,
       /*0x2c8b*/ 913,
       /*0x13e3*/ 593,
       /*0x0463*/ 343,
       /*0x04e3*/ 403,
       /*0x0063*/ 2,
-      -1,
-      /*0x104e3*/ 1191,
+      /*0x1c8a*/ 612,
+      /*0x104e3*/ 1194,
       /*0x1e63*/ 665,
       /*0x1ee3*/ 724,
       /*0x0163*/ 103,
+      /*0x0263*/ 212,
       /*0x2ce3*/ 957,
       /*0x13e5*/ 595,
       /*0x0465*/ 344,
       /*0x04e5*/ 404,
       /*0x0065*/ 4,
       /*0x24e3*/ 845,
-      /*0x104e5*/ 1193,
+      /*0x104e5*/ 1196,
       /*0x1e65*/ 666,
       /*0x1ee5*/ 725,
       /*0x0165*/ 104,
-      /*0x03e3*/ 283,
+      /*0x0265*/ 214,
+      /*0xa761*/ 1068,
       /*0x13e9*/ 599,
       /*0x0469*/ 346,
       /*0x04e9*/ 406,
-      /*0x0069*/ 1422,
+      /*0x0069*/ 1450,
       /*0x24e5*/ 847,
-      /*0x104e9*/ 1197,
+      /*0x104e9*/ 1200,
       /*0x1e69*/ 668,
       /*0x1ee9*/ 727,
       /*0x0169*/ 106,
-      /*0x03e5*/ 284,
-      /*0x13e7*/ 597,
-      /*0x0467*/ 345,
-      /*0x04e7*/ 405,
-      /*0x0067*/ 6,
-      /*0x24e9*/ 851,
-      /*0x104e7*/ 1195,
-      /*0x1e67*/ 667,
-      /*0x1ee7*/ 726,
-      /*0x0167*/ 105,
-      /*0x03e9*/ 286,
+      /*0x0269*/ 217,
       -1,
-      /*0x13a0*/ 526,
-      -1, -1,
-      /*0x24e7*/ 849,
       /*0x13db*/ 585,
       /*0x045b*/ 337,
       /*0x04db*/ 399,
       -1,
-      /*0x03e7*/ 285,
-      /*0x104db*/ 1183,
+      /*0x24e9*/ 851,
+      /*0x104db*/ 1186,
       /*0x1e5b*/ 661,
       /*0x1edb*/ 720,
       /*0x015b*/ 99,
+      /*0x025b*/ 208,
       /*0x2cdb*/ 953,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      /*0x24db*/ 837,
       /*0x13d9*/ 583,
       /*0x0459*/ 335,
       /*0x04d9*/ 398,
-      /*0xa761*/ 1068,
-      /*0x03db*/ 279,
-      /*0x104d9*/ 1181,
+      /*0xa763*/ 1069,
+      /*0x24db*/ 837,
+      /*0x104d9*/ 1184,
       /*0x1e59*/ 660,
       /*0x1ed9*/ 719,
       /*0x0159*/ 98,
+      /*0x0259*/ 207,
       /*0x2cd9*/ 952,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      /*0x13d1*/ 575,
+      /*0x0451*/ 327,
+      /*0x04d1*/ 394,
+      /*0xa765*/ 1070,
       /*0x24d9*/ 835,
-      /*0x13df*/ 589,
-      /*0x045f*/ 341,
-      /*0x04df*/ 401,
       -1,
-      /*0x03d9*/ 278,
-      /*0x104df*/ 1187,
-      /*0x1e5f*/ 663,
-      /*0x1edf*/ 722,
-      /*0x015f*/ 101,
-      /*0x2cdf*/ 955,
+      /*0x1e51*/ 656,
+      /*0x1ed1*/ 715,
+      /*0x0151*/ 94,
+      /*0x0251*/ 201,
+      /*0x2cd1*/ 948,
+      /*0x13d7*/ 581,
+      /*0x0457*/ 333,
+      /*0x04d7*/ 397,
+      /*0xa769*/ 1072,
+      /*0x24d1*/ 827,
+      -1,
+      /*0x1e57*/ 659,
+      /*0x1ed7*/ 718,
+      /*0x0157*/ 97,
+      /*0x0257*/ 206,
+      /*0x2cd7*/ 951,
+      /*0x13a4*/ 530,
+      /*0x0491*/ 362,
+      /*0x10ce1*/ 1287,
+      /*0xa75b*/ 1065,
+      /*0x24d7*/ 833,
+      /*0x1e11*/ 624,
+      /*0x1e91*/ 688,
+      /*0x0111*/ 64,
+      /*0x0211*/ 174,
+      /*0x2c91*/ 916,
+      /*0xa79b*/ 1089,
+      /*0x13d3*/ 577,
+      /*0x0453*/ 329,
+      /*0x04d3*/ 395,
+      /*0xa759*/ 1064,
       -1, -1,
-      /*0xa763*/ 1069,
+      /*0x1e53*/ 657,
+      /*0x1ed3*/ 716,
+      /*0x0153*/ 95,
+      /*0x0253*/ 203,
+      /*0x2cd3*/ 949,
       -1,
-      /*0x24df*/ 841,
-      /*0x10ce1*/ 1284,
-      -1, -1, -1,
-      /*0x03df*/ 281,
       /*0x10e1*/ 497,
       -1,
-      /*0xa765*/ 1070,
+      /*0xa751*/ 1060,
+      /*0x24d3*/ 829,
+      /*0x01e1*/ 152,
+      /*0x10ce3*/ 1289,
+      /*0x13a0*/ 526,
+      /*0x00e1*/ 26,
       -1, -1,
+      /*0x0188*/ 120,
+      /*0x13ae*/ 540,
+      -1,
+      /*0xa757*/ 1063,
+      /*0x019b*/ 126,
+      /*0x1042e*/ 1149,
+      /*0x10ce5*/ 1291,
+      /*0x13e7*/ 597,
+      /*0x0467*/ 345,
+      /*0x04e7*/ 405,
+      /*0x0067*/ 6,
+      -1,
+      /*0x104e7*/ 1198,
+      /*0x1e67*/ 667,
+      /*0x1ee7*/ 726,
+      /*0x0167*/ 105,
+      /*0x10e3*/ 499,
+      /*0x10ce9*/ 1295,
+      -1, -1,
+      /*0x01e3*/ 153,
+      -1,
+      /*0x24e7*/ 849,
+      /*0x00e3*/ 28,
+      /*0xa78c*/ 1083,
+      /*0xa753*/ 1061,
+      /*0xa7db*/ 1114,
+      /*0x10e5*/ 501,
+      /*0x10cdb*/ 1281,
+      -1,
+      /*0xab53*/ 1116,
+      /*0x01e5*/ 154,
+      -1,
       /*0x13a6*/ 532,
-      -1, -1, -1,
-      /*0x13dd*/ 587,
-      /*0x045d*/ 339,
-      /*0x04dd*/ 400,
-      /*0xa769*/ 1072,
+      /*0x00e5*/ 30,
       -1,
-      /*0x104dd*/ 1185,
-      /*0x1e5d*/ 662,
-      /*0x1edd*/ 721,
-      /*0x015d*/ 100,
-      /*0x2cdd*/ 954,
-      /*0x10ce3*/ 1286,
+      /*0x10d82*/ 1323,
+      /*0xa7d9*/ 1113,
+      /*0x10e9*/ 505,
+      /*0x10cd9*/ 1279,
+      -1, -1,
+      /*0x01e9*/ 156,
+      -1, -1,
+      /*0x00e9*/ 34,
+      -1, -1,
+      /*0xa7d1*/ 1109,
+      /*0x10db*/ 491,
+      /*0x10cd1*/ 1271,
+      /*0x018c*/ 121,
       -1, -1,
       /*0xa767*/ 1071,
-      /*0x24dd*/ 839,
-      /*0x10e3*/ 499,
-      -1, -1, -1,
-      /*0x03dd*/ 280,
-      /*0x10ce5*/ 1288,
-      /*0x028a*/ 232,
       -1, -1,
-      /*0x0288*/ 230,
-      /*0x10e5*/ 501,
-      /*0x028c*/ 234,
-      /*0x028b*/ 233,
-      /*0xa75b*/ 1065,
+      /*0x0192*/ 122,
+      -1,
+      /*0xa7d7*/ 1112,
+      /*0x10d9*/ 489,
+      /*0x10cd7*/ 1277,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      /*0x13cf*/ 573,
+      /*0x044f*/ 325,
+      /*0x04cf*/ 393,
+      /*0xa791*/ 1084,
+      /*0x1044f*/ 1182,
+      /*0x10d1*/ 481,
+      /*0x1e4f*/ 655,
+      /*0x1ecf*/ 714,
+      /*0x014f*/ 93,
+      /*0x024f*/ 199,
+      /*0x2ccf*/ 947,
+      /*0x10d84*/ 1325,
       -1,
-      /*0x10ce9*/ 1292,
+      /*0x1d8e*/ 615,
+      /*0xa661*/ 1017,
+      /*0xa7d3*/ 1110,
+      /*0x10d7*/ 487,
+      /*0x10cd3*/ 1273,
       /*0x13eb*/ 601,
       /*0x046b*/ 347,
       /*0x04eb*/ 407,
       /*0x006b*/ 9,
-      /*0x10e9*/ 505,
-      /*0x104eb*/ 1199,
+      -1,
+      /*0x104eb*/ 1202,
       /*0x1e6b*/ 669,
       /*0x1eeb*/ 728,
       /*0x016b*/ 107,
-      /*0x10ce7*/ 1290,
+      /*0x026b*/ 219,
+      -1,
+      /*0x13df*/ 589,
+      /*0x045f*/ 341,
+      /*0x04df*/ 401,
+      /*0x0288*/ 230,
+      -1,
+      /*0x104df*/ 1190,
+      /*0x1e5f*/ 663,
+      /*0x1edf*/ 722,
+      /*0x015f*/ 101,
+      /*0x10d3*/ 483,
+      /*0x2cdf*/ 955,
+      /*0xa663*/ 1018,
+      /*0x028b*/ 233,
+      /*0x028a*/ 232,
+      /*0x03e1*/ 282,
+      /*0x24df*/ 841,
+      -1,
+      /*0x10ce7*/ 1293,
+      /*0xa74f*/ 1059,
+      -1, -1, -1,
+      /*0xa665*/ 1019,
+      -1,
+      /*0x13dd*/ 587,
+      /*0x045d*/ 339,
+      /*0x04dd*/ 400,
       -1, -1,
-      /*0xa759*/ 1064,
+      /*0x104dd*/ 1188,
+      /*0x1e5d*/ 662,
+      /*0x1edd*/ 721,
+      /*0x015d*/ 100,
+      /*0xa669*/ 1021,
+      /*0x2cdd*/ 954,
+      -1,
+      /*0xa76b*/ 1073,
       -1,
       /*0x10e7*/ 503,
-      /*0x0282*/ 227,
+      /*0x24dd*/ 839,
+      /*0x03e3*/ 283,
       -1,
-      /*0x10d82*/ 1320,
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+      -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      /*0x03b4*/ 251,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      /*0x0576*/ 463,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      /*0x056c*/ 453,
+      /*0x16ecc*/ 1408,
+      /*0x10d7c*/ 1317,
       -1,
-      /*0x118d8*/ 1348,
-      /*0x2c54*/ 888,
+      /*0x029d*/ 236,
+      -1, -1,
+      /*0x16e70*/ 1375,
+      -1, -1,
+      /*0x2c6a*/ 904,
+      /*0x057f*/ 472,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      /*0x1f36*/ 767,
+      /*0x03be*/ 261,
+      -1,
+      /*0x2c36*/ 858,
+      /*0x0568*/ 449,
       -1, -1, -1,
-      /*0x2d15*/ 982,
+      /*0x1e936*/ 1436,
+      /*0x1f62*/ 781,
       -1,
-      /*0x020d*/ 172,
-      /*0x2c52*/ 886,
+      /*0x118dc*/ 1355,
+      -1,
+      /*0x2c5c*/ 896,
       -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1,
+      /*0x105b6*/ 1248,
       -1, -1,
-      /*0x1e930*/ 1402,
+      /*0x052b*/ 439,
       -1, -1,
-      /*0x1f34*/ 765,
+      /*0x118da*/ 1353,
+      /*0x2d19*/ 986,
+      /*0x2c5a*/ 894,
       -1,
-      /*0xa79f*/ 1091,
+      /*0x16eca*/ 1406,
       -1, -1,
-      /*0x021f*/ 181,
-      /*0x0517*/ 429,
+      /*0x118d6*/ 1349,
+      -1,
+      /*0x2c56*/ 890,
       -1, -1, -1,
-      /*0x118d6*/ 1346,
+      /*0x16e7a*/ 1385,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      /*0x118d8*/ 1351,
+      /*0x0564*/ 445,
+      /*0x2c58*/ 892,
       -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      /*0x00e8*/ 33,
-      /*0x01b4*/ 134,
-      /*0x1e93c*/ 1414,
-      /*0x118d4*/ 1344,
+      /*0x1f34*/ 765,
       -1, -1,
-      /*0xa683*/ 1025,
+      /*0x2c34*/ 856,
+      -1,
+      /*0x2d15*/ 982,
+      -1, -1,
+      /*0x1e934*/ 1434,
       -1,
       /*0x1fd0*/ 803,
-      /*0x2c4c*/ 880,
-      /*0x118d2*/ 1342,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      /*0x00e4*/ 29,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      /*0x1059d*/ 1222,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      /*0x00e2*/ 27,
+      /*0x0574*/ 461,
       -1,
-      /*0x2d13*/ 980,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      /*0x0519*/ 430,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      /*0x16ebc*/ 1392,
       -1, -1,
-      /*0x118cc*/ 1336,
-      /*0xa699*/ 1036,
-      /*0x2d07*/ 968,
-      -1,
-      /*0x16e68*/ 1364,
-      /*0x2c36*/ 858,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      /*0x105b4*/ 1246,
       -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
       -1,
-      /*0x105b6*/ 1245,
+      /*0x16e76*/ 1381,
       -1,
-      /*0x16e64*/ 1360,
+      /*0x10597*/ 1219,
+      -1, -1, -1,
+      /*0x0289*/ 231,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      /*0x03ba*/ 257,
+      /*0x16e6c*/ 1371,
+      -1,
+      /*0x0515*/ 428,
+      /*0x2c3e*/ 866,
+      /*0xa68f*/ 1031,
+      -1, -1, -1,
+      /*0x1e93e*/ 1444,
+      -1, -1,
+      /*0x16e7f*/ 1390,
       -1,
-      /*0xff4e*/ 1127,
+      /*0x2d07*/ 968,
       -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      /*0x00e0*/ 25,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      /*0x1059d*/ 1225,
+      /*0x057c*/ 469,
       -1,
-      /*0x00fe*/ 54,
-      /*0x051d*/ 432,
+      /*0x03b8*/ 255,
       -1,
-      /*0x16e62*/ 1358,
+      /*0x118d4*/ 1347,
       -1,
-      /*0x1f32*/ 763,
-      /*0x0509*/ 422,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      /*0x2c54*/ 888,
       -1,
-      /*0x2c4a*/ 878,
+      /*0x16e68*/ 1367,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      /*0xff48*/ 1124,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
       -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      /*0x2c34*/ 856,
+      /*0xa683*/ 1025,
+      /*0x03b2*/ 249,
       -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1, -1, -1,
-      /*0x2c3e*/ 866,
+      /*0x0507*/ 421,
       -1,
-      /*0x2d17*/ 984,
+      /*0x118de*/ 1357,
       -1,
-      /*0x105b4*/ 1243,
+      /*0x2c5e*/ 898,
       -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1,
-      /*0x16e60*/ 1356,
       -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1,
-      /*0x16e7e*/ 1386,
-      /*0x118ca*/ 1334,
-      /*0x1059f*/ 1224,
-      /*0xff50*/ 1129,
       -1, -1,
-      /*0x2c3a*/ 862,
+      /*0x16e64*/ 1363,
+      -1,
+      /*0xff4e*/ 1130,
       -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
       -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1,
+      /*0x056a*/ 451,
+      /*0x16e74*/ 1379,
       -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      /*0x1fe0*/ 805,
+      -1,
+      /*0xff50*/ 1132,
+      /*0x2c3a*/ 862,
       -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      /*0x1e93a*/ 1440,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1,
+      /*0x0562*/ 443,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
       /*0x2c38*/ 860,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      /*0x1e938*/ 1438,
+      /*0xff52*/ 1134,
+      -1, -1,
+      /*0x2d17*/ 984,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      /*0x2d0d*/ 974,
+      /*0x16e60*/ 1359,
+      -1, -1,
+      /*0x105b8*/ 1250,
+      /*0x16e7c*/ 1387,
+      /*0x16ebe*/ 1394,
+      /*0x1f32*/ 763,
+      -1, -1,
+      /*0x2c32*/ 854,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      /*0x1e932*/ 1432,
       -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1,
+      /*0x2d1d*/ 990,
       -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1,
+      /*0x0517*/ 429,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1,
       /*0x050d*/ 424,
-      /*0x105b8*/ 1247,
-      -1, -1,
-      /*0x1fb0*/ 801,
       -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
       -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      /*0x051d*/ 432,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
       -1,
-      /*0x051f*/ 433,
+      /*0xff46*/ 1122,
+      -1,
+      /*0x16e6a*/ 1369,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      /*0x16e62*/ 1361,
+      /*0x056e*/ 455,
+      /*0xff44*/ 1120,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
       -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      /*0x2c32*/ 854,
       -1,
-      /*0x2d1d*/ 990,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1,
       /*0x2d09*/ 970,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      /*0x1e936*/ 1408,
       -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      /*0x1fe0*/ 805,
       -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
       -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
       -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
       -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
       -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1, -1, -1,
-      /*0xff48*/ 1121,
+      /*0xa693*/ 1033,
+      /*0x0509*/ 422,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
       -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
       -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      /*0x1e934*/ 1406,
+      /*0xff4c*/ 1128,
       -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1, -1, -1,
-      /*0x1e93e*/ 1416,
-      /*0xff46*/ 1119,
       -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
       -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      /*0x16e6e*/ 1373,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
       -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1,
-      /*0x2d0d*/ 974,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      /*0x1e93a*/ 1412,
       -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1, -1,
-      /*0xff44*/ 1117,
-      -1, -1, -1,
-      /*0x2d1f*/ 992,
       -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
       -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      /*0x1e938*/ 1410,
-      -1, -1, -1,
-      /*0xa695*/ 1034,
+      /*0xff4a*/ 1126,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
       -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
       -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
       -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
       -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
       -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
       -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1,
-      /*0x1e932*/ 1404,
       -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
       -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
       -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1, -1,
-      /*0xff5a*/ 1139,
       -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
       -1,
-      /*0xa693*/ 1033,
+      /*0xa699*/ 1036,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      /*0xa695*/ 1034,
       -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
       -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      /*0xa687*/ 1027,
+      /*0xff5a*/ 1142,
       -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1,
-      /*0xff58*/ 1137,
+      /*0xff56*/ 1138,
       -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
       -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      /*0xff58*/ 1140,
       -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
       -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      /*0xff56*/ 1135,
       -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1,
-      /*0xff54*/ 1133,
+      /*0xa687*/ 1027,
       -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      /*0xff52*/ 1131,
       -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
       -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      /*0xa697*/ 1035,
       -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
       -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
       -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      /*0xff4c*/ 1125,
       -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
       -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      /*0xff54*/ 1136,
       -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
       -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
       -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
@@ -7328,10 +7529,11 @@ onigenc_unicode_CaseUnfold_11_lookup(const OnigCodePoint code)
       -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
       -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
       -1,
-      /*0xa689*/ 1028,
+      /*0xa697*/ 1035,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      /*0xa68d*/ 1030,
       -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
       -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      /*0xff4a*/ 1123,
       -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
       -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
       -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
@@ -7344,8 +7546,15 @@ onigenc_unicode_CaseUnfold_11_lookup(const OnigCodePoint code)
       -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
       -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
       -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1,
-      /*0xa68d*/ 1030
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      /*0xa689*/ 1028
     };
 
   if (code <= MAX_CODE_VALUE && code >= MIN_CODE_VALUE)
diff --git a/enc/unicode/16.0.0/name2ctype.h b/enc/unicode/17.0.0/name2ctype.h
index 08022a865d..8c1c0659ac 100644
--- a/enc/unicode/16.0.0/name2ctype.h
+++ b/enc/unicode/17.0.0/name2ctype.h
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_NEWLINE[] = {
 
 /* 'Alpha': [[:Alpha:]] */
 static const OnigCodePoint CR_Alpha[] = {
-	757,
+	761,
 	0x0041, 0x005a,
 	0x0061, 0x007a,
 	0x00aa, 0x00aa,
@@ -97,7 +97,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Alpha[] = {
 	0x0840, 0x0858,
 	0x0860, 0x086a,
 	0x0870, 0x0887,
-	0x0889, 0x088e,
+	0x0889, 0x088f,
 	0x0897, 0x0897,
 	0x08a0, 0x08c9,
 	0x08d4, 0x08df,
@@ -188,7 +188,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Alpha[] = {
 	0x0c4a, 0x0c4c,
 	0x0c55, 0x0c56,
 	0x0c58, 0x0c5a,
-	0x0c5d, 0x0c5d,
+	0x0c5c, 0x0c5d,
 	0x0c60, 0x0c63,
 	0x0c80, 0x0c83,
 	0x0c85, 0x0c8c,
@@ -200,7 +200,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Alpha[] = {
 	0x0cc6, 0x0cc8,
 	0x0cca, 0x0ccc,
 	0x0cd5, 0x0cd6,
-	0x0cdd, 0x0cde,
+	0x0cdc, 0x0cde,
 	0x0ce0, 0x0ce3,
 	0x0cf1, 0x0cf3,
 	0x0d00, 0x0d0c,
@@ -400,11 +400,8 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Alpha[] = {
 	0xa67f, 0xa6ef,
 	0xa717, 0xa71f,
 	0xa722, 0xa788,
-	0xa78b, 0xa7cd,
-	0xa7d0, 0xa7d1,
-	0xa7d3, 0xa7d3,
-	0xa7d5, 0xa7dc,
-	0xa7f2, 0xa805,
+	0xa78b, 0xa7dc,
+	0xa7f1, 0xa805,
 	0xa807, 0xa827,
 	0xa840, 0xa873,
 	0xa880, 0xa8c3,
@@ -513,6 +510,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Alpha[] = {
 	0x108f4, 0x108f5,
 	0x10900, 0x10915,
 	0x10920, 0x10939,
+	0x10940, 0x10959,
 	0x10980, 0x109b7,
 	0x109be, 0x109bf,
 	0x10a00, 0x10a03,
@@ -538,8 +536,8 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Alpha[] = {
 	0x10e80, 0x10ea9,
 	0x10eab, 0x10eac,
 	0x10eb0, 0x10eb1,
-	0x10ec2, 0x10ec4,
-	0x10efc, 0x10efc,
+	0x10ec2, 0x10ec7,
+	0x10efa, 0x10efc,
 	0x10f00, 0x10f1c,
 	0x10f27, 0x10f27,
 	0x10f30, 0x10f45,
@@ -632,6 +630,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Alpha[] = {
 	0x11a50, 0x11a97,
 	0x11a9d, 0x11a9d,
 	0x11ab0, 0x11af8,
+	0x11b60, 0x11b67,
 	0x11bc0, 0x11be0,
 	0x11c00, 0x11c08,
 	0x11c0a, 0x11c36,
@@ -654,6 +653,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Alpha[] = {
 	0x11d90, 0x11d91,
 	0x11d93, 0x11d96,
 	0x11d98, 0x11d98,
+	0x11db0, 0x11ddb,
 	0x11ee0, 0x11ef6,
 	0x11f00, 0x11f10,
 	0x11f12, 0x11f3a,
@@ -678,15 +678,17 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Alpha[] = {
 	0x16b7d, 0x16b8f,
 	0x16d40, 0x16d6c,
 	0x16e40, 0x16e7f,
+	0x16ea0, 0x16eb8,
+	0x16ebb, 0x16ed3,
 	0x16f00, 0x16f4a,
 	0x16f4f, 0x16f87,
 	0x16f8f, 0x16f9f,
 	0x16fe0, 0x16fe1,
 	0x16fe3, 0x16fe3,
-	0x16ff0, 0x16ff1,
-	0x17000, 0x187f7,
-	0x18800, 0x18cd5,
-	0x18cff, 0x18d08,
+	0x16ff0, 0x16ff6,
+	0x17000, 0x18cd5,
+	0x18cff, 0x18d1e,
+	0x18d80, 0x18df2,
 	0x1aff0, 0x1aff3,
 	0x1aff5, 0x1affb,
 	0x1affd, 0x1affe,
@@ -748,6 +750,9 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Alpha[] = {
 	0x1e4d0, 0x1e4eb,
 	0x1e5d0, 0x1e5ed,
 	0x1e5f0, 0x1e5f0,
+	0x1e6c0, 0x1e6de,
+	0x1e6e0, 0x1e6f5,
+	0x1e6fe, 0x1e6ff,
 	0x1e7e0, 0x1e7e6,
 	0x1e7e8, 0x1e7eb,
 	0x1e7ed, 0x1e7ee,
@@ -793,14 +798,13 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Alpha[] = {
 	0x1f150, 0x1f169,
 	0x1f170, 0x1f189,
 	0x20000, 0x2a6df,
-	0x2a700, 0x2b739,
-	0x2b740, 0x2b81d,
-	0x2b820, 0x2cea1,
+	0x2a700, 0x2b81d,
+	0x2b820, 0x2cead,
 	0x2ceb0, 0x2ebe0,
 	0x2ebf0, 0x2ee5d,
 	0x2f800, 0x2fa1d,
 	0x30000, 0x3134a,
-	0x31350, 0x323af,
+	0x31350, 0x33479,
 }; /* CR_Alpha */
 
 /* 'Blank': [[:Blank:]] */
@@ -825,7 +829,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Cntrl[] = {
 
 /* 'Digit': [[:Digit:]] */
 static const OnigCodePoint CR_Digit[] = {
-	71,
+	72,
 	0x0030, 0x0039,
 	0x0660, 0x0669,
 	0x06f0, 0x06f9,
@@ -883,6 +887,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Digit[] = {
 	0x11c50, 0x11c59,
 	0x11d50, 0x11d59,
 	0x11da0, 0x11da9,
+	0x11de0, 0x11de9,
 	0x11f50, 0x11f59,
 	0x16130, 0x16139,
 	0x16a60, 0x16a69,
@@ -901,7 +906,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Digit[] = {
 
 /* 'Graph': [[:Graph:]] */
 static const OnigCodePoint CR_Graph[] = {
-	737,
+	741,
 	0x0021, 0x007e,
 	0x00a1, 0x0377,
 	0x037a, 0x037f,
@@ -924,8 +929,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Graph[] = {
 	0x0840, 0x085b,
 	0x085e, 0x085e,
 	0x0860, 0x086a,
-	0x0870, 0x088e,
-	0x0890, 0x0891,
+	0x0870, 0x0891,
 	0x0897, 0x0983,
 	0x0985, 0x098c,
 	0x098f, 0x0990,
@@ -1009,7 +1013,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Graph[] = {
 	0x0c4a, 0x0c4d,
 	0x0c55, 0x0c56,
 	0x0c58, 0x0c5a,
-	0x0c5d, 0x0c5d,
+	0x0c5c, 0x0c5d,
 	0x0c60, 0x0c63,
 	0x0c66, 0x0c6f,
 	0x0c77, 0x0c8c,
@@ -1021,7 +1025,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Graph[] = {
 	0x0cc6, 0x0cc8,
 	0x0cca, 0x0ccd,
 	0x0cd5, 0x0cd6,
-	0x0cdd, 0x0cde,
+	0x0cdc, 0x0cde,
 	0x0ce0, 0x0ce3,
 	0x0ce6, 0x0cef,
 	0x0cf1, 0x0cf3,
@@ -1117,7 +1121,8 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Graph[] = {
 	0x1a7f, 0x1a89,
 	0x1a90, 0x1a99,
 	0x1aa0, 0x1aad,
-	0x1ab0, 0x1ace,
+	0x1ab0, 0x1add,
+	0x1ae0, 0x1aeb,
 	0x1b00, 0x1b4c,
 	0x1b4e, 0x1bf3,
 	0x1bfc, 0x1c37,
@@ -1149,14 +1154,13 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Graph[] = {
 	0x2066, 0x2071,
 	0x2074, 0x208e,
 	0x2090, 0x209c,
-	0x20a0, 0x20c0,
+	0x20a0, 0x20c1,
 	0x20d0, 0x20f0,
 	0x2100, 0x218b,
 	0x2190, 0x2429,
 	0x2440, 0x244a,
 	0x2460, 0x2b73,
-	0x2b76, 0x2b95,
-	0x2b97, 0x2cf3,
+	0x2b76, 0x2cf3,
 	0x2cf9, 0x2d25,
 	0x2d27, 0x2d27,
 	0x2d2d, 0x2d2d,
@@ -1187,11 +1191,8 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Graph[] = {
 	0xa490, 0xa4c6,
 	0xa4d0, 0xa62b,
 	0xa640, 0xa6f7,
-	0xa700, 0xa7cd,
-	0xa7d0, 0xa7d1,
-	0xa7d3, 0xa7d3,
-	0xa7d5, 0xa7dc,
-	0xa7f2, 0xa82c,
+	0xa700, 0xa7dc,
+	0xa7f1, 0xa82c,
 	0xa830, 0xa839,
 	0xa840, 0xa877,
 	0xa880, 0xa8c5,
@@ -1226,10 +1227,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Graph[] = {
 	0xfb3e, 0xfb3e,
 	0xfb40, 0xfb41,
 	0xfb43, 0xfb44,
-	0xfb46, 0xfbc2,
-	0xfbd3, 0xfd8f,
-	0xfd92, 0xfdc7,
-	0xfdcf, 0xfdcf,
+	0xfb46, 0xfdcf,
 	0xfdf0, 0xfe19,
 	0xfe20, 0xfe52,
 	0xfe54, 0xfe66,
@@ -1300,7 +1298,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Graph[] = {
 	0x108f4, 0x108f5,
 	0x108fb, 0x1091b,
 	0x1091f, 0x10939,
-	0x1093f, 0x1093f,
+	0x1093f, 0x10959,
 	0x10980, 0x109b7,
 	0x109bc, 0x109cf,
 	0x109d2, 0x10a03,
@@ -1332,8 +1330,9 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Graph[] = {
 	0x10e80, 0x10ea9,
 	0x10eab, 0x10ead,
 	0x10eb0, 0x10eb1,
-	0x10ec2, 0x10ec4,
-	0x10efc, 0x10f27,
+	0x10ec2, 0x10ec7,
+	0x10ed0, 0x10ed8,
+	0x10efa, 0x10f27,
 	0x10f30, 0x10f59,
 	0x10f70, 0x10f89,
 	0x10fb0, 0x10fcb,
@@ -1416,6 +1415,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Graph[] = {
 	0x11a50, 0x11aa2,
 	0x11ab0, 0x11af8,
 	0x11b00, 0x11b09,
+	0x11b60, 0x11b67,
 	0x11bc0, 0x11be1,
 	0x11bf0, 0x11bf9,
 	0x11c00, 0x11c08,
@@ -1438,6 +1438,8 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Graph[] = {
 	0x11d90, 0x11d91,
 	0x11d93, 0x11d98,
 	0x11da0, 0x11da9,
+	0x11db0, 0x11ddb,
+	0x11de0, 0x11de9,
 	0x11ee0, 0x11ef8,
 	0x11f00, 0x11f10,
 	0x11f12, 0x11f3a,
@@ -1467,14 +1469,16 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Graph[] = {
 	0x16b7d, 0x16b8f,
 	0x16d40, 0x16d79,
 	0x16e40, 0x16e9a,
+	0x16ea0, 0x16eb8,
+	0x16ebb, 0x16ed3,
 	0x16f00, 0x16f4a,
 	0x16f4f, 0x16f87,
 	0x16f8f, 0x16f9f,
 	0x16fe0, 0x16fe4,
-	0x16ff0, 0x16ff1,
-	0x17000, 0x187f7,
-	0x18800, 0x18cd5,
-	0x18cff, 0x18d08,
+	0x16ff0, 0x16ff6,
+	0x17000, 0x18cd5,
+	0x18cff, 0x18d1e,
+	0x18d80, 0x18df2,
 	0x1aff0, 0x1aff3,
 	0x1aff5, 0x1affb,
 	0x1affd, 0x1affe,
@@ -1489,8 +1493,10 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Graph[] = {
 	0x1bc80, 0x1bc88,
 	0x1bc90, 0x1bc99,
 	0x1bc9c, 0x1bca3,
-	0x1cc00, 0x1ccf9,
+	0x1cc00, 0x1ccfc,
 	0x1cd00, 0x1ceb3,
+	0x1ceba, 0x1ced0,
+	0x1cee0, 0x1cef0,
 	0x1cf00, 0x1cf2d,
 	0x1cf30, 0x1cf46,
 	0x1cf50, 0x1cfc3,
@@ -1544,6 +1550,9 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Graph[] = {
 	0x1e4d0, 0x1e4f9,
 	0x1e5d0, 0x1e5fa,
 	0x1e5ff, 0x1e5ff,
+	0x1e6c0, 0x1e6de,
+	0x1e6e0, 0x1e6f5,
+	0x1e6fe, 0x1e6ff,
 	0x1e7e0, 0x1e7e6,
 	0x1e7e8, 0x1e7eb,
 	0x1e7ed, 0x1e7ee,
@@ -1601,11 +1610,10 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Graph[] = {
 	0x1f240, 0x1f248,
 	0x1f250, 0x1f251,
 	0x1f260, 0x1f265,
-	0x1f300, 0x1f6d7,
+	0x1f300, 0x1f6d8,
 	0x1f6dc, 0x1f6ec,
 	0x1f6f0, 0x1f6fc,
-	0x1f700, 0x1f776,
-	0x1f77b, 0x1f7d9,
+	0x1f700, 0x1f7d9,
 	0x1f7e0, 0x1f7eb,
 	0x1f7f0, 0x1f7f0,
 	0x1f800, 0x1f80b,
@@ -1615,25 +1623,26 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Graph[] = {
 	0x1f890, 0x1f8ad,
 	0x1f8b0, 0x1f8bb,
 	0x1f8c0, 0x1f8c1,
-	0x1f900, 0x1fa53,
+	0x1f8d0, 0x1f8d8,
+	0x1f900, 0x1fa57,
 	0x1fa60, 0x1fa6d,
 	0x1fa70, 0x1fa7c,
-	0x1fa80, 0x1fa89,
-	0x1fa8f, 0x1fac6,
-	0x1face, 0x1fadc,
-	0x1fadf, 0x1fae9,
-	0x1faf0, 0x1faf8,
+	0x1fa80, 0x1fa8a,
+	0x1fa8e, 0x1fac6,
+	0x1fac8, 0x1fac8,
+	0x1facd, 0x1fadc,
+	0x1fadf, 0x1faea,
+	0x1faef, 0x1faf8,
 	0x1fb00, 0x1fb92,
-	0x1fb94, 0x1fbf9,
+	0x1fb94, 0x1fbfa,
 	0x20000, 0x2a6df,
-	0x2a700, 0x2b739,
-	0x2b740, 0x2b81d,
-	0x2b820, 0x2cea1,
+	0x2a700, 0x2b81d,
+	0x2b820, 0x2cead,
 	0x2ceb0, 0x2ebe0,
 	0x2ebf0, 0x2ee5d,
 	0x2f800, 0x2fa1d,
 	0x30000, 0x3134a,
-	0x31350, 0x323af,
+	0x31350, 0x33479,
 	0xe0001, 0xe0001,
 	0xe0020, 0xe007f,
 	0xe0100, 0xe01ef,
@@ -1643,7 +1652,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Graph[] = {
 
 /* 'Lower': [[:Lower:]] */
 static const OnigCodePoint CR_Lower[] = {
-	675,
+	677,
 	0x0061, 0x007a,
 	0x00aa, 0x00aa,
 	0x00b5, 0x00b5,
@@ -1791,7 +1800,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Lower[] = {
 	0x024b, 0x024b,
 	0x024d, 0x024d,
 	0x024f, 0x0293,
-	0x0295, 0x02b8,
+	0x0296, 0x02b8,
 	0x02c0, 0x02c1,
 	0x02e0, 0x02e4,
 	0x0345, 0x0345,
@@ -2257,13 +2266,14 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Lower[] = {
 	0xa7c8, 0xa7c8,
 	0xa7ca, 0xa7ca,
 	0xa7cd, 0xa7cd,
+	0xa7cf, 0xa7cf,
 	0xa7d1, 0xa7d1,
 	0xa7d3, 0xa7d3,
 	0xa7d5, 0xa7d5,
 	0xa7d7, 0xa7d7,
 	0xa7d9, 0xa7d9,
 	0xa7db, 0xa7db,
-	0xa7f2, 0xa7f4,
+	0xa7f1, 0xa7f4,
 	0xa7f6, 0xa7f6,
 	0xa7f8, 0xa7fa,
 	0xab30, 0xab5a,
@@ -2286,6 +2296,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Lower[] = {
 	0x10d70, 0x10d85,
 	0x118c0, 0x118df,
 	0x16e60, 0x16e7f,
+	0x16ebb, 0x16ed3,
 	0x1d41a, 0x1d433,
 	0x1d44e, 0x1d454,
 	0x1d456, 0x1d467,
@@ -2323,7 +2334,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Lower[] = {
 
 /* 'Print': [[:Print:]] */
 static const OnigCodePoint CR_Print[] = {
-	733,
+	737,
 	0x0020, 0x007e,
 	0x00a0, 0x0377,
 	0x037a, 0x037f,
@@ -2346,8 +2357,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Print[] = {
 	0x0840, 0x085b,
 	0x085e, 0x085e,
 	0x0860, 0x086a,
-	0x0870, 0x088e,
-	0x0890, 0x0891,
+	0x0870, 0x0891,
 	0x0897, 0x0983,
 	0x0985, 0x098c,
 	0x098f, 0x0990,
@@ -2431,7 +2441,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Print[] = {
 	0x0c4a, 0x0c4d,
 	0x0c55, 0x0c56,
 	0x0c58, 0x0c5a,
-	0x0c5d, 0x0c5d,
+	0x0c5c, 0x0c5d,
 	0x0c60, 0x0c63,
 	0x0c66, 0x0c6f,
 	0x0c77, 0x0c8c,
@@ -2443,7 +2453,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Print[] = {
 	0x0cc6, 0x0cc8,
 	0x0cca, 0x0ccd,
 	0x0cd5, 0x0cd6,
-	0x0cdd, 0x0cde,
+	0x0cdc, 0x0cde,
 	0x0ce0, 0x0ce3,
 	0x0ce6, 0x0cef,
 	0x0cf1, 0x0cf3,
@@ -2538,7 +2548,8 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Print[] = {
 	0x1a7f, 0x1a89,
 	0x1a90, 0x1a99,
 	0x1aa0, 0x1aad,
-	0x1ab0, 0x1ace,
+	0x1ab0, 0x1add,
+	0x1ae0, 0x1aeb,
 	0x1b00, 0x1b4c,
 	0x1b4e, 0x1bf3,
 	0x1bfc, 0x1c37,
@@ -2568,14 +2579,13 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Print[] = {
 	0x2066, 0x2071,
 	0x2074, 0x208e,
 	0x2090, 0x209c,
-	0x20a0, 0x20c0,
+	0x20a0, 0x20c1,
 	0x20d0, 0x20f0,
 	0x2100, 0x218b,
 	0x2190, 0x2429,
 	0x2440, 0x244a,
 	0x2460, 0x2b73,
-	0x2b76, 0x2b95,
-	0x2b97, 0x2cf3,
+	0x2b76, 0x2cf3,
 	0x2cf9, 0x2d25,
 	0x2d27, 0x2d27,
 	0x2d2d, 0x2d2d,
@@ -2605,11 +2615,8 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Print[] = {
 	0xa490, 0xa4c6,
 	0xa4d0, 0xa62b,
 	0xa640, 0xa6f7,
-	0xa700, 0xa7cd,
-	0xa7d0, 0xa7d1,
-	0xa7d3, 0xa7d3,
-	0xa7d5, 0xa7dc,
-	0xa7f2, 0xa82c,
+	0xa700, 0xa7dc,
+	0xa7f1, 0xa82c,
 	0xa830, 0xa839,
 	0xa840, 0xa877,
 	0xa880, 0xa8c5,
@@ -2644,10 +2651,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Print[] = {
 	0xfb3e, 0xfb3e,
 	0xfb40, 0xfb41,
 	0xfb43, 0xfb44,
-	0xfb46, 0xfbc2,
-	0xfbd3, 0xfd8f,
-	0xfd92, 0xfdc7,
-	0xfdcf, 0xfdcf,
+	0xfb46, 0xfdcf,
 	0xfdf0, 0xfe19,
 	0xfe20, 0xfe52,
 	0xfe54, 0xfe66,
@@ -2718,7 +2722,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Print[] = {
 	0x108f4, 0x108f5,
 	0x108fb, 0x1091b,
 	0x1091f, 0x10939,
-	0x1093f, 0x1093f,
+	0x1093f, 0x10959,
 	0x10980, 0x109b7,
 	0x109bc, 0x109cf,
 	0x109d2, 0x10a03,
@@ -2750,8 +2754,9 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Print[] = {
 	0x10e80, 0x10ea9,
 	0x10eab, 0x10ead,
 	0x10eb0, 0x10eb1,
-	0x10ec2, 0x10ec4,
-	0x10efc, 0x10f27,
+	0x10ec2, 0x10ec7,
+	0x10ed0, 0x10ed8,
+	0x10efa, 0x10f27,
 	0x10f30, 0x10f59,
 	0x10f70, 0x10f89,
 	0x10fb0, 0x10fcb,
@@ -2834,6 +2839,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Print[] = {
 	0x11a50, 0x11aa2,
 	0x11ab0, 0x11af8,
 	0x11b00, 0x11b09,
+	0x11b60, 0x11b67,
 	0x11bc0, 0x11be1,
 	0x11bf0, 0x11bf9,
 	0x11c00, 0x11c08,
@@ -2856,6 +2862,8 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Print[] = {
 	0x11d90, 0x11d91,
 	0x11d93, 0x11d98,
 	0x11da0, 0x11da9,
+	0x11db0, 0x11ddb,
+	0x11de0, 0x11de9,
 	0x11ee0, 0x11ef8,
 	0x11f00, 0x11f10,
 	0x11f12, 0x11f3a,
@@ -2885,14 +2893,16 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Print[] = {
 	0x16b7d, 0x16b8f,
 	0x16d40, 0x16d79,
 	0x16e40, 0x16e9a,
+	0x16ea0, 0x16eb8,
+	0x16ebb, 0x16ed3,
 	0x16f00, 0x16f4a,
 	0x16f4f, 0x16f87,
 	0x16f8f, 0x16f9f,
 	0x16fe0, 0x16fe4,
-	0x16ff0, 0x16ff1,
-	0x17000, 0x187f7,
-	0x18800, 0x18cd5,
-	0x18cff, 0x18d08,
+	0x16ff0, 0x16ff6,
+	0x17000, 0x18cd5,
+	0x18cff, 0x18d1e,
+	0x18d80, 0x18df2,
 	0x1aff0, 0x1aff3,
 	0x1aff5, 0x1affb,
 	0x1affd, 0x1affe,
@@ -2907,8 +2917,10 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Print[] = {
 	0x1bc80, 0x1bc88,
 	0x1bc90, 0x1bc99,
 	0x1bc9c, 0x1bca3,
-	0x1cc00, 0x1ccf9,
+	0x1cc00, 0x1ccfc,
 	0x1cd00, 0x1ceb3,
+	0x1ceba, 0x1ced0,
+	0x1cee0, 0x1cef0,
 	0x1cf00, 0x1cf2d,
 	0x1cf30, 0x1cf46,
 	0x1cf50, 0x1cfc3,
@@ -2962,6 +2974,9 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Print[] = {
 	0x1e4d0, 0x1e4f9,
 	0x1e5d0, 0x1e5fa,
 	0x1e5ff, 0x1e5ff,
+	0x1e6c0, 0x1e6de,
+	0x1e6e0, 0x1e6f5,
+	0x1e6fe, 0x1e6ff,
 	0x1e7e0, 0x1e7e6,
 	0x1e7e8, 0x1e7eb,
 	0x1e7ed, 0x1e7ee,
@@ -3019,11 +3034,10 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Print[] = {
 	0x1f240, 0x1f248,
 	0x1f250, 0x1f251,
 	0x1f260, 0x1f265,
-	0x1f300, 0x1f6d7,
+	0x1f300, 0x1f6d8,
 	0x1f6dc, 0x1f6ec,
 	0x1f6f0, 0x1f6fc,
-	0x1f700, 0x1f776,
-	0x1f77b, 0x1f7d9,
+	0x1f700, 0x1f7d9,
 	0x1f7e0, 0x1f7eb,
 	0x1f7f0, 0x1f7f0,
 	0x1f800, 0x1f80b,
@@ -3033,25 +3047,26 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Print[] = {
 	0x1f890, 0x1f8ad,
 	0x1f8b0, 0x1f8bb,
 	0x1f8c0, 0x1f8c1,
-	0x1f900, 0x1fa53,
+	0x1f8d0, 0x1f8d8,
+	0x1f900, 0x1fa57,
 	0x1fa60, 0x1fa6d,
 	0x1fa70, 0x1fa7c,
-	0x1fa80, 0x1fa89,
-	0x1fa8f, 0x1fac6,
-	0x1face, 0x1fadc,
-	0x1fadf, 0x1fae9,
-	0x1faf0, 0x1faf8,
+	0x1fa80, 0x1fa8a,
+	0x1fa8e, 0x1fac6,
+	0x1fac8, 0x1fac8,
+	0x1facd, 0x1fadc,
+	0x1fadf, 0x1faea,
+	0x1faef, 0x1faf8,
 	0x1fb00, 0x1fb92,
-	0x1fb94, 0x1fbf9,
+	0x1fb94, 0x1fbfa,
 	0x20000, 0x2a6df,
-	0x2a700, 0x2b739,
-	0x2b740, 0x2b81d,
-	0x2b820, 0x2cea1,
+	0x2a700, 0x2b81d,
+	0x2b820, 0x2cead,
 	0x2ceb0, 0x2ebe0,
 	0x2ebf0, 0x2ee5d,
 	0x2f800, 0x2fa1d,
 	0x30000, 0x3134a,
-	0x31350, 0x323af,
+	0x31350, 0x33479,
 	0xe0001, 0xe0001,
 	0xe0020, 0xe007f,
 	0xe0100, 0xe01ef,
@@ -3061,7 +3076,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Print[] = {
 
 /* 'XPosixPunct': [[:Punct:]] */
 static const OnigCodePoint CR_XPosixPunct[] = {
-	193,
+	194,
 	0x0021, 0x002f,
 	0x003a, 0x0040,
 	0x005b, 0x0060,
@@ -3205,6 +3220,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_XPosixPunct[] = {
 	0x10b99, 0x10b9c,
 	0x10d6e, 0x10d6e,
 	0x10ead, 0x10ead,
+	0x10ed0, 0x10ed0,
 	0x10f55, 0x10f59,
 	0x10f86, 0x10f89,
 	0x11047, 0x1104d,
@@ -3274,7 +3290,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Space[] = {
 
 /* 'Upper': [[:Upper:]] */
 static const OnigCodePoint CR_Upper[] = {
-	656,
+	660,
 	0x0041, 0x005a,
 	0x00c0, 0x00d6,
 	0x00d8, 0x00de,
@@ -3879,7 +3895,10 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Upper[] = {
 	0xa7c4, 0xa7c7,
 	0xa7c9, 0xa7c9,
 	0xa7cb, 0xa7cc,
+	0xa7ce, 0xa7ce,
 	0xa7d0, 0xa7d0,
+	0xa7d2, 0xa7d2,
+	0xa7d4, 0xa7d4,
 	0xa7d6, 0xa7d6,
 	0xa7d8, 0xa7d8,
 	0xa7da, 0xa7da,
@@ -3896,6 +3915,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Upper[] = {
 	0x10d50, 0x10d65,
 	0x118a0, 0x118bf,
 	0x16e40, 0x16e5f,
+	0x16ea0, 0x16eb8,
 	0x1d400, 0x1d419,
 	0x1d434, 0x1d44d,
 	0x1d468, 0x1d481,
@@ -3943,7 +3963,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_XDigit[] = {
 
 /* 'Word': [[:Word:]] */
 static const OnigCodePoint CR_Word[] = {
-	795,
+	802,
 	0x0030, 0x0039,
 	0x0041, 0x005a,
 	0x005f, 0x005f,
@@ -3995,7 +4015,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Word[] = {
 	0x0840, 0x085b,
 	0x0860, 0x086a,
 	0x0870, 0x0887,
-	0x0889, 0x088e,
+	0x0889, 0x088f,
 	0x0897, 0x08e1,
 	0x08e3, 0x0963,
 	0x0966, 0x096f,
@@ -4085,7 +4105,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Word[] = {
 	0x0c4a, 0x0c4d,
 	0x0c55, 0x0c56,
 	0x0c58, 0x0c5a,
-	0x0c5d, 0x0c5d,
+	0x0c5c, 0x0c5d,
 	0x0c60, 0x0c63,
 	0x0c66, 0x0c6f,
 	0x0c80, 0x0c83,
@@ -4098,7 +4118,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Word[] = {
 	0x0cc6, 0x0cc8,
 	0x0cca, 0x0ccd,
 	0x0cd5, 0x0cd6,
-	0x0cdd, 0x0cde,
+	0x0cdc, 0x0cde,
 	0x0ce0, 0x0ce3,
 	0x0ce6, 0x0cef,
 	0x0cf1, 0x0cf3,
@@ -4209,7 +4229,8 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Word[] = {
 	0x1a7f, 0x1a89,
 	0x1a90, 0x1a99,
 	0x1aa7, 0x1aa7,
-	0x1ab0, 0x1ace,
+	0x1ab0, 0x1add,
+	0x1ae0, 0x1aeb,
 	0x1b00, 0x1b4c,
 	0x1b50, 0x1b59,
 	0x1b6b, 0x1b73,
@@ -4241,6 +4262,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Word[] = {
 	0x1fe0, 0x1fec,
 	0x1ff2, 0x1ff4,
 	0x1ff6, 0x1ffc,
+	0x200c, 0x200d,
 	0x203f, 0x2040,
 	0x2054, 0x2054,
 	0x2071, 0x2071,
@@ -4303,11 +4325,8 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Word[] = {
 	0xa67f, 0xa6f1,
 	0xa717, 0xa71f,
 	0xa722, 0xa788,
-	0xa78b, 0xa7cd,
-	0xa7d0, 0xa7d1,
-	0xa7d3, 0xa7d3,
-	0xa7d5, 0xa7dc,
-	0xa7f2, 0xa827,
+	0xa78b, 0xa7dc,
+	0xa7f1, 0xa827,
 	0xa82c, 0xa82c,
 	0xa840, 0xa873,
 	0xa880, 0xa8c5,
@@ -4423,6 +4442,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Word[] = {
 	0x108f4, 0x108f5,
 	0x10900, 0x10915,
 	0x10920, 0x10939,
+	0x10940, 0x10959,
 	0x10980, 0x109b7,
 	0x109be, 0x109bf,
 	0x10a00, 0x10a03,
@@ -4451,8 +4471,8 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Word[] = {
 	0x10e80, 0x10ea9,
 	0x10eab, 0x10eac,
 	0x10eb0, 0x10eb1,
-	0x10ec2, 0x10ec4,
-	0x10efc, 0x10f1c,
+	0x10ec2, 0x10ec7,
+	0x10efa, 0x10f1c,
 	0x10f27, 0x10f27,
 	0x10f30, 0x10f50,
 	0x10f70, 0x10f85,
@@ -4546,6 +4566,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Word[] = {
 	0x11a50, 0x11a99,
 	0x11a9d, 0x11a9d,
 	0x11ab0, 0x11af8,
+	0x11b60, 0x11b67,
 	0x11bc0, 0x11be0,
 	0x11bf0, 0x11bf9,
 	0x11c00, 0x11c08,
@@ -4568,6 +4589,8 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Word[] = {
 	0x11d90, 0x11d91,
 	0x11d93, 0x11d98,
 	0x11da0, 0x11da9,
+	0x11db0, 0x11ddb,
+	0x11de0, 0x11de9,
 	0x11ee0, 0x11ef6,
 	0x11f00, 0x11f10,
 	0x11f12, 0x11f3a,
@@ -4598,15 +4621,17 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Word[] = {
 	0x16d40, 0x16d6c,
 	0x16d70, 0x16d79,
 	0x16e40, 0x16e7f,
+	0x16ea0, 0x16eb8,
+	0x16ebb, 0x16ed3,
 	0x16f00, 0x16f4a,
 	0x16f4f, 0x16f87,
 	0x16f8f, 0x16f9f,
 	0x16fe0, 0x16fe1,
 	0x16fe3, 0x16fe4,
-	0x16ff0, 0x16ff1,
-	0x17000, 0x187f7,
-	0x18800, 0x18cd5,
-	0x18cff, 0x18d08,
+	0x16ff0, 0x16ff6,
+	0x17000, 0x18cd5,
+	0x18cff, 0x18d1e,
+	0x18d80, 0x18df2,
 	0x1aff0, 0x1aff3,
 	0x1aff5, 0x1affb,
 	0x1affd, 0x1affe,
@@ -4684,6 +4709,9 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Word[] = {
 	0x1e2c0, 0x1e2f9,
 	0x1e4d0, 0x1e4f9,
 	0x1e5d0, 0x1e5fa,
+	0x1e6c0, 0x1e6de,
+	0x1e6e0, 0x1e6f5,
+	0x1e6fe, 0x1e6ff,
 	0x1e7e0, 0x1e7e6,
 	0x1e7e8, 0x1e7eb,
 	0x1e7ed, 0x1e7ee,
@@ -4730,20 +4758,19 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Word[] = {
 	0x1f170, 0x1f189,
 	0x1fbf0, 0x1fbf9,
 	0x20000, 0x2a6df,
-	0x2a700, 0x2b739,
-	0x2b740, 0x2b81d,
-	0x2b820, 0x2cea1,
+	0x2a700, 0x2b81d,
+	0x2b820, 0x2cead,
 	0x2ceb0, 0x2ebe0,
 	0x2ebf0, 0x2ee5d,
 	0x2f800, 0x2fa1d,
 	0x30000, 0x3134a,
-	0x31350, 0x323af,
+	0x31350, 0x33479,
 	0xe0100, 0xe01ef,
 }; /* CR_Word */
 
 /* 'Alnum': [[:Alnum:]] */
 static const OnigCodePoint CR_Alnum[] = {
-	802,
+	807,
 	0x0030, 0x0039,
 	0x0041, 0x005a,
 	0x0061, 0x007a,
@@ -4797,7 +4824,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Alnum[] = {
 	0x0840, 0x0858,
 	0x0860, 0x086a,
 	0x0870, 0x0887,
-	0x0889, 0x088e,
+	0x0889, 0x088f,
 	0x0897, 0x0897,
 	0x08a0, 0x08c9,
 	0x08d4, 0x08df,
@@ -4892,7 +4919,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Alnum[] = {
 	0x0c4a, 0x0c4c,
 	0x0c55, 0x0c56,
 	0x0c58, 0x0c5a,
-	0x0c5d, 0x0c5d,
+	0x0c5c, 0x0c5d,
 	0x0c60, 0x0c63,
 	0x0c66, 0x0c6f,
 	0x0c80, 0x0c83,
@@ -4905,7 +4932,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Alnum[] = {
 	0x0cc6, 0x0cc8,
 	0x0cca, 0x0ccc,
 	0x0cd5, 0x0cd6,
-	0x0cdd, 0x0cde,
+	0x0cdc, 0x0cde,
 	0x0ce0, 0x0ce3,
 	0x0ce6, 0x0cef,
 	0x0cf1, 0x0cf3,
@@ -5114,11 +5141,8 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Alnum[] = {
 	0xa67f, 0xa6ef,
 	0xa717, 0xa71f,
 	0xa722, 0xa788,
-	0xa78b, 0xa7cd,
-	0xa7d0, 0xa7d1,
-	0xa7d3, 0xa7d3,
-	0xa7d5, 0xa7dc,
-	0xa7f2, 0xa805,
+	0xa78b, 0xa7dc,
+	0xa7f1, 0xa805,
 	0xa807, 0xa827,
 	0xa840, 0xa873,
 	0xa880, 0xa8c3,
@@ -5230,6 +5254,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Alnum[] = {
 	0x108f4, 0x108f5,
 	0x10900, 0x10915,
 	0x10920, 0x10939,
+	0x10940, 0x10959,
 	0x10980, 0x109b7,
 	0x109be, 0x109bf,
 	0x10a00, 0x10a03,
@@ -5256,8 +5281,8 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Alnum[] = {
 	0x10e80, 0x10ea9,
 	0x10eab, 0x10eac,
 	0x10eb0, 0x10eb1,
-	0x10ec2, 0x10ec4,
-	0x10efc, 0x10efc,
+	0x10ec2, 0x10ec7,
+	0x10efa, 0x10efc,
 	0x10f00, 0x10f1c,
 	0x10f27, 0x10f27,
 	0x10f30, 0x10f45,
@@ -5360,6 +5385,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Alnum[] = {
 	0x11a50, 0x11a97,
 	0x11a9d, 0x11a9d,
 	0x11ab0, 0x11af8,
+	0x11b60, 0x11b67,
 	0x11bc0, 0x11be0,
 	0x11bf0, 0x11bf9,
 	0x11c00, 0x11c08,
@@ -5386,6 +5412,8 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Alnum[] = {
 	0x11d93, 0x11d96,
 	0x11d98, 0x11d98,
 	0x11da0, 0x11da9,
+	0x11db0, 0x11ddb,
+	0x11de0, 0x11de9,
 	0x11ee0, 0x11ef6,
 	0x11f00, 0x11f10,
 	0x11f12, 0x11f3a,
@@ -5416,15 +5444,17 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Alnum[] = {
 	0x16d40, 0x16d6c,
 	0x16d70, 0x16d79,
 	0x16e40, 0x16e7f,
+	0x16ea0, 0x16eb8,
+	0x16ebb, 0x16ed3,
 	0x16f00, 0x16f4a,
 	0x16f4f, 0x16f87,
 	0x16f8f, 0x16f9f,
 	0x16fe0, 0x16fe1,
 	0x16fe3, 0x16fe3,
-	0x16ff0, 0x16ff1,
-	0x17000, 0x187f7,
-	0x18800, 0x18cd5,
-	0x18cff, 0x18d08,
+	0x16ff0, 0x16ff6,
+	0x17000, 0x18cd5,
+	0x18cff, 0x18d1e,
+	0x18d80, 0x18df2,
 	0x1aff0, 0x1aff3,
 	0x1aff5, 0x1affb,
 	0x1affd, 0x1affe,
@@ -5491,6 +5521,9 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Alnum[] = {
 	0x1e4f0, 0x1e4f9,
 	0x1e5d0, 0x1e5ed,
 	0x1e5f0, 0x1e5fa,
+	0x1e6c0, 0x1e6de,
+	0x1e6e0, 0x1e6f5,
+	0x1e6fe, 0x1e6ff,
 	0x1e7e0, 0x1e7e6,
 	0x1e7e8, 0x1e7eb,
 	0x1e7ed, 0x1e7ee,
@@ -5538,14 +5571,13 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Alnum[] = {
 	0x1f170, 0x1f189,
 	0x1fbf0, 0x1fbf9,
 	0x20000, 0x2a6df,
-	0x2a700, 0x2b739,
-	0x2b740, 0x2b81d,
-	0x2b820, 0x2cea1,
+	0x2a700, 0x2b81d,
+	0x2b820, 0x2cead,
 	0x2ceb0, 0x2ebe0,
 	0x2ebf0, 0x2ee5d,
 	0x2f800, 0x2fa1d,
 	0x30000, 0x3134a,
-	0x31350, 0x323af,
+	0x31350, 0x33479,
 }; /* CR_Alnum */
 
 /* 'ASCII': [[:ASCII:]] */
@@ -5556,7 +5588,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_ASCII[] = {
 
 /* 'Punct': [[:Punct:]] */
 static const OnigCodePoint CR_Punct[] = {
-	198,
+	199,
 	0x0021, 0x0023,
 	0x0025, 0x002a,
 	0x002c, 0x002f,
@@ -5705,6 +5737,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Punct[] = {
 	0x10b99, 0x10b9c,
 	0x10d6e, 0x10d6e,
 	0x10ead, 0x10ead,
+	0x10ed0, 0x10ed0,
 	0x10f55, 0x10f59,
 	0x10f86, 0x10f89,
 	0x11047, 0x1104d,
@@ -5766,7 +5799,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Any[] = {
 
 /* 'Assigned': - */
 static const OnigCodePoint CR_Assigned[] = {
-	731,
+	735,
 	0x0000, 0x0377,
 	0x037a, 0x037f,
 	0x0384, 0x038a,
@@ -5788,8 +5821,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Assigned[] = {
 	0x0840, 0x085b,
 	0x085e, 0x085e,
 	0x0860, 0x086a,
-	0x0870, 0x088e,
-	0x0890, 0x0891,
+	0x0870, 0x0891,
 	0x0897, 0x0983,
 	0x0985, 0x098c,
 	0x098f, 0x0990,
@@ -5873,7 +5905,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Assigned[] = {
 	0x0c4a, 0x0c4d,
 	0x0c55, 0x0c56,
 	0x0c58, 0x0c5a,
-	0x0c5d, 0x0c5d,
+	0x0c5c, 0x0c5d,
 	0x0c60, 0x0c63,
 	0x0c66, 0x0c6f,
 	0x0c77, 0x0c8c,
@@ -5885,7 +5917,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Assigned[] = {
 	0x0cc6, 0x0cc8,
 	0x0cca, 0x0ccd,
 	0x0cd5, 0x0cd6,
-	0x0cdd, 0x0cde,
+	0x0cdc, 0x0cde,
 	0x0ce0, 0x0ce3,
 	0x0ce6, 0x0cef,
 	0x0cf1, 0x0cf3,
@@ -5980,7 +6012,8 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Assigned[] = {
 	0x1a7f, 0x1a89,
 	0x1a90, 0x1a99,
 	0x1aa0, 0x1aad,
-	0x1ab0, 0x1ace,
+	0x1ab0, 0x1add,
+	0x1ae0, 0x1aeb,
 	0x1b00, 0x1b4c,
 	0x1b4e, 0x1bf3,
 	0x1bfc, 0x1c37,
@@ -6009,14 +6042,13 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Assigned[] = {
 	0x2066, 0x2071,
 	0x2074, 0x208e,
 	0x2090, 0x209c,
-	0x20a0, 0x20c0,
+	0x20a0, 0x20c1,
 	0x20d0, 0x20f0,
 	0x2100, 0x218b,
 	0x2190, 0x2429,
 	0x2440, 0x244a,
 	0x2460, 0x2b73,
-	0x2b76, 0x2b95,
-	0x2b97, 0x2cf3,
+	0x2b76, 0x2cf3,
 	0x2cf9, 0x2d25,
 	0x2d27, 0x2d27,
 	0x2d2d, 0x2d2d,
@@ -6046,11 +6078,8 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Assigned[] = {
 	0xa490, 0xa4c6,
 	0xa4d0, 0xa62b,
 	0xa640, 0xa6f7,
-	0xa700, 0xa7cd,
-	0xa7d0, 0xa7d1,
-	0xa7d3, 0xa7d3,
-	0xa7d5, 0xa7dc,
-	0xa7f2, 0xa82c,
+	0xa700, 0xa7dc,
+	0xa7f1, 0xa82c,
 	0xa830, 0xa839,
 	0xa840, 0xa877,
 	0xa880, 0xa8c5,
@@ -6085,10 +6114,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Assigned[] = {
 	0xfb3e, 0xfb3e,
 	0xfb40, 0xfb41,
 	0xfb43, 0xfb44,
-	0xfb46, 0xfbc2,
-	0xfbd3, 0xfd8f,
-	0xfd92, 0xfdc7,
-	0xfdcf, 0xfdcf,
+	0xfb46, 0xfdcf,
 	0xfdf0, 0xfe19,
 	0xfe20, 0xfe52,
 	0xfe54, 0xfe66,
@@ -6159,7 +6185,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Assigned[] = {
 	0x108f4, 0x108f5,
 	0x108fb, 0x1091b,
 	0x1091f, 0x10939,
-	0x1093f, 0x1093f,
+	0x1093f, 0x10959,
 	0x10980, 0x109b7,
 	0x109bc, 0x109cf,
 	0x109d2, 0x10a03,
@@ -6191,8 +6217,9 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Assigned[] = {
 	0x10e80, 0x10ea9,
 	0x10eab, 0x10ead,
 	0x10eb0, 0x10eb1,
-	0x10ec2, 0x10ec4,
-	0x10efc, 0x10f27,
+	0x10ec2, 0x10ec7,
+	0x10ed0, 0x10ed8,
+	0x10efa, 0x10f27,
 	0x10f30, 0x10f59,
 	0x10f70, 0x10f89,
 	0x10fb0, 0x10fcb,
@@ -6275,6 +6302,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Assigned[] = {
 	0x11a50, 0x11aa2,
 	0x11ab0, 0x11af8,
 	0x11b00, 0x11b09,
+	0x11b60, 0x11b67,
 	0x11bc0, 0x11be1,
 	0x11bf0, 0x11bf9,
 	0x11c00, 0x11c08,
@@ -6297,6 +6325,8 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Assigned[] = {
 	0x11d90, 0x11d91,
 	0x11d93, 0x11d98,
 	0x11da0, 0x11da9,
+	0x11db0, 0x11ddb,
+	0x11de0, 0x11de9,
 	0x11ee0, 0x11ef8,
 	0x11f00, 0x11f10,
 	0x11f12, 0x11f3a,
@@ -6326,14 +6356,16 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Assigned[] = {
 	0x16b7d, 0x16b8f,
 	0x16d40, 0x16d79,
 	0x16e40, 0x16e9a,
+	0x16ea0, 0x16eb8,
+	0x16ebb, 0x16ed3,
 	0x16f00, 0x16f4a,
 	0x16f4f, 0x16f87,
 	0x16f8f, 0x16f9f,
 	0x16fe0, 0x16fe4,
-	0x16ff0, 0x16ff1,
-	0x17000, 0x187f7,
-	0x18800, 0x18cd5,
-	0x18cff, 0x18d08,
+	0x16ff0, 0x16ff6,
+	0x17000, 0x18cd5,
+	0x18cff, 0x18d1e,
+	0x18d80, 0x18df2,
 	0x1aff0, 0x1aff3,
 	0x1aff5, 0x1affb,
 	0x1affd, 0x1affe,
@@ -6348,8 +6380,10 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Assigned[] = {
 	0x1bc80, 0x1bc88,
 	0x1bc90, 0x1bc99,
 	0x1bc9c, 0x1bca3,
-	0x1cc00, 0x1ccf9,
+	0x1cc00, 0x1ccfc,
 	0x1cd00, 0x1ceb3,
+	0x1ceba, 0x1ced0,
+	0x1cee0, 0x1cef0,
 	0x1cf00, 0x1cf2d,
 	0x1cf30, 0x1cf46,
 	0x1cf50, 0x1cfc3,
@@ -6403,6 +6437,9 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Assigned[] = {
 	0x1e4d0, 0x1e4f9,
 	0x1e5d0, 0x1e5fa,
 	0x1e5ff, 0x1e5ff,
+	0x1e6c0, 0x1e6de,
+	0x1e6e0, 0x1e6f5,
+	0x1e6fe, 0x1e6ff,
 	0x1e7e0, 0x1e7e6,
 	0x1e7e8, 0x1e7eb,
 	0x1e7ed, 0x1e7ee,
@@ -6460,11 +6497,10 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Assigned[] = {
 	0x1f240, 0x1f248,
 	0x1f250, 0x1f251,
 	0x1f260, 0x1f265,
-	0x1f300, 0x1f6d7,
+	0x1f300, 0x1f6d8,
 	0x1f6dc, 0x1f6ec,
 	0x1f6f0, 0x1f6fc,
-	0x1f700, 0x1f776,
-	0x1f77b, 0x1f7d9,
+	0x1f700, 0x1f7d9,
 	0x1f7e0, 0x1f7eb,
 	0x1f7f0, 0x1f7f0,
 	0x1f800, 0x1f80b,
@@ -6474,25 +6510,26 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Assigned[] = {
 	0x1f890, 0x1f8ad,
 	0x1f8b0, 0x1f8bb,
 	0x1f8c0, 0x1f8c1,
-	0x1f900, 0x1fa53,
+	0x1f8d0, 0x1f8d8,
+	0x1f900, 0x1fa57,
 	0x1fa60, 0x1fa6d,
 	0x1fa70, 0x1fa7c,
-	0x1fa80, 0x1fa89,
-	0x1fa8f, 0x1fac6,
-	0x1face, 0x1fadc,
-	0x1fadf, 0x1fae9,
-	0x1faf0, 0x1faf8,
+	0x1fa80, 0x1fa8a,
+	0x1fa8e, 0x1fac6,
+	0x1fac8, 0x1fac8,
+	0x1facd, 0x1fadc,
+	0x1fadf, 0x1faea,
+	0x1faef, 0x1faf8,
 	0x1fb00, 0x1fb92,
-	0x1fb94, 0x1fbf9,
+	0x1fb94, 0x1fbfa,
 	0x20000, 0x2a6df,
-	0x2a700, 0x2b739,
-	0x2b740, 0x2b81d,
-	0x2b820, 0x2cea1,
+	0x2a700, 0x2b81d,
+	0x2b820, 0x2cead,
 	0x2ceb0, 0x2ebe0,
 	0x2ebf0, 0x2ee5d,
 	0x2f800, 0x2fa1d,
 	0x30000, 0x3134a,
-	0x31350, 0x323af,
+	0x31350, 0x33479,
 	0xe0001, 0xe0001,
 	0xe0020, 0xe007f,
 	0xe0100, 0xe01ef,
@@ -6502,7 +6539,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Assigned[] = {
 
 /* 'C': Major Category */
 static const OnigCodePoint CR_C[] = {
-	736,
+	741,
 	0x0000, 0x001f,
 	0x007f, 0x009f,
 	0x00ad, 0x00ad,
@@ -6529,7 +6566,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_C[] = {
 	0x085c, 0x085d,
 	0x085f, 0x085f,
 	0x086b, 0x086f,
-	0x088f, 0x0896,
+	0x0890, 0x0896,
 	0x08e2, 0x08e2,
 	0x0984, 0x0984,
 	0x098d, 0x098e,
@@ -6613,7 +6650,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_C[] = {
 	0x0c49, 0x0c49,
 	0x0c4e, 0x0c54,
 	0x0c57, 0x0c57,
-	0x0c5b, 0x0c5c,
+	0x0c5b, 0x0c5b,
 	0x0c5e, 0x0c5f,
 	0x0c64, 0x0c65,
 	0x0c70, 0x0c76,
@@ -6625,7 +6662,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_C[] = {
 	0x0cc5, 0x0cc5,
 	0x0cc9, 0x0cc9,
 	0x0cce, 0x0cd4,
-	0x0cd7, 0x0cdc,
+	0x0cd7, 0x0cdb,
 	0x0cdf, 0x0cdf,
 	0x0ce4, 0x0ce5,
 	0x0cf0, 0x0cf0,
@@ -6722,7 +6759,8 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_C[] = {
 	0x1a8a, 0x1a8f,
 	0x1a9a, 0x1a9f,
 	0x1aae, 0x1aaf,
-	0x1acf, 0x1aff,
+	0x1ade, 0x1adf,
+	0x1aec, 0x1aff,
 	0x1b4d, 0x1b4d,
 	0x1bf4, 0x1bfb,
 	0x1c38, 0x1c3a,
@@ -6753,13 +6791,12 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_C[] = {
 	0x2072, 0x2073,
 	0x208f, 0x208f,
 	0x209d, 0x209f,
-	0x20c1, 0x20cf,
+	0x20c2, 0x20cf,
 	0x20f1, 0x20ff,
 	0x218c, 0x218f,
 	0x242a, 0x243f,
 	0x244b, 0x245f,
 	0x2b74, 0x2b75,
-	0x2b96, 0x2b96,
 	0x2cf4, 0x2cf8,
 	0x2d26, 0x2d26,
 	0x2d28, 0x2d2c,
@@ -6790,10 +6827,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_C[] = {
 	0xa4c7, 0xa4cf,
 	0xa62c, 0xa63f,
 	0xa6f8, 0xa6ff,
-	0xa7ce, 0xa7cf,
-	0xa7d2, 0xa7d2,
-	0xa7d4, 0xa7d4,
-	0xa7dd, 0xa7f1,
+	0xa7dd, 0xa7f0,
 	0xa82d, 0xa82f,
 	0xa83a, 0xa83f,
 	0xa878, 0xa87f,
@@ -6829,9 +6863,6 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_C[] = {
 	0xfb3f, 0xfb3f,
 	0xfb42, 0xfb42,
 	0xfb45, 0xfb45,
-	0xfbc3, 0xfbd2,
-	0xfd90, 0xfd91,
-	0xfdc8, 0xfdce,
 	0xfdd0, 0xfdef,
 	0xfe1a, 0xfe1f,
 	0xfe53, 0xfe53,
@@ -6902,7 +6933,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_C[] = {
 	0x108f6, 0x108fa,
 	0x1091c, 0x1091e,
 	0x1093a, 0x1093e,
-	0x10940, 0x1097f,
+	0x1095a, 0x1097f,
 	0x109b8, 0x109bb,
 	0x109d0, 0x109d1,
 	0x10a04, 0x10a04,
@@ -6934,7 +6965,8 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_C[] = {
 	0x10eaa, 0x10eaa,
 	0x10eae, 0x10eaf,
 	0x10eb2, 0x10ec1,
-	0x10ec5, 0x10efb,
+	0x10ec8, 0x10ecf,
+	0x10ed9, 0x10ef9,
 	0x10f28, 0x10f2f,
 	0x10f5a, 0x10f6f,
 	0x10f8a, 0x10faf,
@@ -7017,7 +7049,8 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_C[] = {
 	0x11a48, 0x11a4f,
 	0x11aa3, 0x11aaf,
 	0x11af9, 0x11aff,
-	0x11b0a, 0x11bbf,
+	0x11b0a, 0x11b5f,
+	0x11b68, 0x11bbf,
 	0x11be2, 0x11bef,
 	0x11bfa, 0x11bff,
 	0x11c09, 0x11c09,
@@ -7039,7 +7072,9 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_C[] = {
 	0x11d8f, 0x11d8f,
 	0x11d92, 0x11d92,
 	0x11d99, 0x11d9f,
-	0x11daa, 0x11edf,
+	0x11daa, 0x11daf,
+	0x11ddc, 0x11ddf,
+	0x11dea, 0x11edf,
 	0x11ef9, 0x11eff,
 	0x11f11, 0x11f11,
 	0x11f3b, 0x11f3d,
@@ -7069,15 +7104,17 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_C[] = {
 	0x16b78, 0x16b7c,
 	0x16b90, 0x16d3f,
 	0x16d7a, 0x16e3f,
-	0x16e9b, 0x16eff,
+	0x16e9b, 0x16e9f,
+	0x16eb9, 0x16eba,
+	0x16ed4, 0x16eff,
 	0x16f4b, 0x16f4e,
 	0x16f88, 0x16f8e,
 	0x16fa0, 0x16fdf,
 	0x16fe5, 0x16fef,
-	0x16ff2, 0x16fff,
-	0x187f8, 0x187ff,
+	0x16ff7, 0x16fff,
 	0x18cd6, 0x18cfe,
-	0x18d09, 0x1afef,
+	0x18d1f, 0x18d7f,
+	0x18df3, 0x1afef,
 	0x1aff4, 0x1aff4,
 	0x1affc, 0x1affc,
 	0x1afff, 0x1afff,
@@ -7092,8 +7129,10 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_C[] = {
 	0x1bc89, 0x1bc8f,
 	0x1bc9a, 0x1bc9b,
 	0x1bca0, 0x1cbff,
-	0x1ccfa, 0x1ccff,
-	0x1ceb4, 0x1ceff,
+	0x1ccfd, 0x1ccff,
+	0x1ceb4, 0x1ceb9,
+	0x1ced1, 0x1cedf,
+	0x1cef1, 0x1ceff,
 	0x1cf2e, 0x1cf2f,
 	0x1cf47, 0x1cf4f,
 	0x1cfc4, 0x1cfff,
@@ -7147,7 +7186,10 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_C[] = {
 	0x1e300, 0x1e4cf,
 	0x1e4fa, 0x1e5cf,
 	0x1e5fb, 0x1e5fe,
-	0x1e600, 0x1e7df,
+	0x1e600, 0x1e6bf,
+	0x1e6df, 0x1e6df,
+	0x1e6f6, 0x1e6fd,
+	0x1e700, 0x1e7df,
 	0x1e7e7, 0x1e7e7,
 	0x1e7ec, 0x1e7ec,
 	0x1e7ef, 0x1e7ef,
@@ -7205,10 +7247,9 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_C[] = {
 	0x1f249, 0x1f24f,
 	0x1f252, 0x1f25f,
 	0x1f266, 0x1f2ff,
-	0x1f6d8, 0x1f6db,
+	0x1f6d9, 0x1f6db,
 	0x1f6ed, 0x1f6ef,
 	0x1f6fd, 0x1f6ff,
-	0x1f777, 0x1f77a,
 	0x1f7da, 0x1f7df,
 	0x1f7ec, 0x1f7ef,
 	0x1f7f1, 0x1f7ff,
@@ -7218,26 +7259,27 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_C[] = {
 	0x1f888, 0x1f88f,
 	0x1f8ae, 0x1f8af,
 	0x1f8bc, 0x1f8bf,
-	0x1f8c2, 0x1f8ff,
-	0x1fa54, 0x1fa5f,
+	0x1f8c2, 0x1f8cf,
+	0x1f8d9, 0x1f8ff,
+	0x1fa58, 0x1fa5f,
 	0x1fa6e, 0x1fa6f,
 	0x1fa7d, 0x1fa7f,
-	0x1fa8a, 0x1fa8e,
-	0x1fac7, 0x1facd,
+	0x1fa8b, 0x1fa8d,
+	0x1fac7, 0x1fac7,
+	0x1fac9, 0x1facc,
 	0x1fadd, 0x1fade,
-	0x1faea, 0x1faef,
+	0x1faeb, 0x1faee,
 	0x1faf9, 0x1faff,
 	0x1fb93, 0x1fb93,
-	0x1fbfa, 0x1ffff,
+	0x1fbfb, 0x1ffff,
 	0x2a6e0, 0x2a6ff,
-	0x2b73a, 0x2b73f,
 	0x2b81e, 0x2b81f,
-	0x2cea2, 0x2ceaf,
+	0x2ceae, 0x2ceaf,
 	0x2ebe1, 0x2ebef,
 	0x2ee5e, 0x2f7ff,
 	0x2fa1e, 0x2ffff,
 	0x3134b, 0x3134f,
-	0x323b0, 0xe00ff,
+	0x3347a, 0xe00ff,
 	0xe01f0, 0x10ffff,
 }; /* CR_C */
 
@@ -7272,7 +7314,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Cf[] = {
 
 /* 'Cn': General Category */
 static const OnigCodePoint CR_Cn[] = {
-	731,
+	735,
 	0x0378, 0x0379,
 	0x0380, 0x0383,
 	0x038b, 0x038b,
@@ -7294,7 +7336,6 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Cn[] = {
 	0x085c, 0x085d,
 	0x085f, 0x085f,
 	0x086b, 0x086f,
-	0x088f, 0x088f,
 	0x0892, 0x0896,
 	0x0984, 0x0984,
 	0x098d, 0x098e,
@@ -7378,7 +7419,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Cn[] = {
 	0x0c49, 0x0c49,
 	0x0c4e, 0x0c54,
 	0x0c57, 0x0c57,
-	0x0c5b, 0x0c5c,
+	0x0c5b, 0x0c5b,
 	0x0c5e, 0x0c5f,
 	0x0c64, 0x0c65,
 	0x0c70, 0x0c76,
@@ -7390,7 +7431,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Cn[] = {
 	0x0cc5, 0x0cc5,
 	0x0cc9, 0x0cc9,
 	0x0cce, 0x0cd4,
-	0x0cd7, 0x0cdc,
+	0x0cd7, 0x0cdb,
 	0x0cdf, 0x0cdf,
 	0x0ce4, 0x0ce5,
 	0x0cf0, 0x0cf0,
@@ -7486,7 +7527,8 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Cn[] = {
 	0x1a8a, 0x1a8f,
 	0x1a9a, 0x1a9f,
 	0x1aae, 0x1aaf,
-	0x1acf, 0x1aff,
+	0x1ade, 0x1adf,
+	0x1aec, 0x1aff,
 	0x1b4d, 0x1b4d,
 	0x1bf4, 0x1bfb,
 	0x1c38, 0x1c3a,
@@ -7515,13 +7557,12 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Cn[] = {
 	0x2072, 0x2073,
 	0x208f, 0x208f,
 	0x209d, 0x209f,
-	0x20c1, 0x20cf,
+	0x20c2, 0x20cf,
 	0x20f1, 0x20ff,
 	0x218c, 0x218f,
 	0x242a, 0x243f,
 	0x244b, 0x245f,
 	0x2b74, 0x2b75,
-	0x2b96, 0x2b96,
 	0x2cf4, 0x2cf8,
 	0x2d26, 0x2d26,
 	0x2d28, 0x2d2c,
@@ -7552,10 +7593,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Cn[] = {
 	0xa4c7, 0xa4cf,
 	0xa62c, 0xa63f,
 	0xa6f8, 0xa6ff,
-	0xa7ce, 0xa7cf,
-	0xa7d2, 0xa7d2,
-	0xa7d4, 0xa7d4,
-	0xa7dd, 0xa7f1,
+	0xa7dd, 0xa7f0,
 	0xa82d, 0xa82f,
 	0xa83a, 0xa83f,
 	0xa878, 0xa87f,
@@ -7591,9 +7629,6 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Cn[] = {
 	0xfb3f, 0xfb3f,
 	0xfb42, 0xfb42,
 	0xfb45, 0xfb45,
-	0xfbc3, 0xfbd2,
-	0xfd90, 0xfd91,
-	0xfdc8, 0xfdce,
 	0xfdd0, 0xfdef,
 	0xfe1a, 0xfe1f,
 	0xfe53, 0xfe53,
@@ -7665,7 +7700,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Cn[] = {
 	0x108f6, 0x108fa,
 	0x1091c, 0x1091e,
 	0x1093a, 0x1093e,
-	0x10940, 0x1097f,
+	0x1095a, 0x1097f,
 	0x109b8, 0x109bb,
 	0x109d0, 0x109d1,
 	0x10a04, 0x10a04,
@@ -7697,7 +7732,8 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Cn[] = {
 	0x10eaa, 0x10eaa,
 	0x10eae, 0x10eaf,
 	0x10eb2, 0x10ec1,
-	0x10ec5, 0x10efb,
+	0x10ec8, 0x10ecf,
+	0x10ed9, 0x10ef9,
 	0x10f28, 0x10f2f,
 	0x10f5a, 0x10f6f,
 	0x10f8a, 0x10faf,
@@ -7780,7 +7816,8 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Cn[] = {
 	0x11a48, 0x11a4f,
 	0x11aa3, 0x11aaf,
 	0x11af9, 0x11aff,
-	0x11b0a, 0x11bbf,
+	0x11b0a, 0x11b5f,
+	0x11b68, 0x11bbf,
 	0x11be2, 0x11bef,
 	0x11bfa, 0x11bff,
 	0x11c09, 0x11c09,
@@ -7802,7 +7839,9 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Cn[] = {
 	0x11d8f, 0x11d8f,
 	0x11d92, 0x11d92,
 	0x11d99, 0x11d9f,
-	0x11daa, 0x11edf,
+	0x11daa, 0x11daf,
+	0x11ddc, 0x11ddf,
+	0x11dea, 0x11edf,
 	0x11ef9, 0x11eff,
 	0x11f11, 0x11f11,
 	0x11f3b, 0x11f3d,
@@ -7831,15 +7870,17 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Cn[] = {
 	0x16b78, 0x16b7c,
 	0x16b90, 0x16d3f,
 	0x16d7a, 0x16e3f,
-	0x16e9b, 0x16eff,
+	0x16e9b, 0x16e9f,
+	0x16eb9, 0x16eba,
+	0x16ed4, 0x16eff,
 	0x16f4b, 0x16f4e,
 	0x16f88, 0x16f8e,
 	0x16fa0, 0x16fdf,
 	0x16fe5, 0x16fef,
-	0x16ff2, 0x16fff,
-	0x187f8, 0x187ff,
+	0x16ff7, 0x16fff,
 	0x18cd6, 0x18cfe,
-	0x18d09, 0x1afef,
+	0x18d1f, 0x18d7f,
+	0x18df3, 0x1afef,
 	0x1aff4, 0x1aff4,
 	0x1affc, 0x1affc,
 	0x1afff, 0x1afff,
@@ -7854,8 +7895,10 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Cn[] = {
 	0x1bc89, 0x1bc8f,
 	0x1bc9a, 0x1bc9b,
 	0x1bca4, 0x1cbff,
-	0x1ccfa, 0x1ccff,
-	0x1ceb4, 0x1ceff,
+	0x1ccfd, 0x1ccff,
+	0x1ceb4, 0x1ceb9,
+	0x1ced1, 0x1cedf,
+	0x1cef1, 0x1ceff,
 	0x1cf2e, 0x1cf2f,
 	0x1cf47, 0x1cf4f,
 	0x1cfc4, 0x1cfff,
@@ -7908,7 +7951,10 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Cn[] = {
 	0x1e300, 0x1e4cf,
 	0x1e4fa, 0x1e5cf,
 	0x1e5fb, 0x1e5fe,
-	0x1e600, 0x1e7df,
+	0x1e600, 0x1e6bf,
+	0x1e6df, 0x1e6df,
+	0x1e6f6, 0x1e6fd,
+	0x1e700, 0x1e7df,
 	0x1e7e7, 0x1e7e7,
 	0x1e7ec, 0x1e7ec,
 	0x1e7ef, 0x1e7ef,
@@ -7966,10 +8012,9 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Cn[] = {
 	0x1f249, 0x1f24f,
 	0x1f252, 0x1f25f,
 	0x1f266, 0x1f2ff,
-	0x1f6d8, 0x1f6db,
+	0x1f6d9, 0x1f6db,
 	0x1f6ed, 0x1f6ef,
 	0x1f6fd, 0x1f6ff,
-	0x1f777, 0x1f77a,
 	0x1f7da, 0x1f7df,
 	0x1f7ec, 0x1f7ef,
 	0x1f7f1, 0x1f7ff,
@@ -7979,26 +8024,27 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Cn[] = {
 	0x1f888, 0x1f88f,
 	0x1f8ae, 0x1f8af,
 	0x1f8bc, 0x1f8bf,
-	0x1f8c2, 0x1f8ff,
-	0x1fa54, 0x1fa5f,
+	0x1f8c2, 0x1f8cf,
+	0x1f8d9, 0x1f8ff,
+	0x1fa58, 0x1fa5f,
 	0x1fa6e, 0x1fa6f,
 	0x1fa7d, 0x1fa7f,
-	0x1fa8a, 0x1fa8e,
-	0x1fac7, 0x1facd,
+	0x1fa8b, 0x1fa8d,
+	0x1fac7, 0x1fac7,
+	0x1fac9, 0x1facc,
 	0x1fadd, 0x1fade,
-	0x1faea, 0x1faef,
+	0x1faeb, 0x1faee,
 	0x1faf9, 0x1faff,
 	0x1fb93, 0x1fb93,
-	0x1fbfa, 0x1ffff,
+	0x1fbfb, 0x1ffff,
 	0x2a6e0, 0x2a6ff,
-	0x2b73a, 0x2b73f,
 	0x2b81e, 0x2b81f,
-	0x2cea2, 0x2ceaf,
+	0x2ceae, 0x2ceaf,
 	0x2ebe1, 0x2ebef,
 	0x2ee5e, 0x2f7ff,
 	0x2fa1e, 0x2ffff,
 	0x3134b, 0x3134f,
-	0x323b0, 0xe0000,
+	0x3347a, 0xe0000,
 	0xe0002, 0xe001f,
 	0xe0080, 0xe00ff,
 	0xe01f0, 0xeffff,
@@ -8022,7 +8068,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Cs[] = {
 
 /* 'L': Major Category */
 static const OnigCodePoint CR_L[] = {
-	677,
+	684,
 	0x0041, 0x005a,
 	0x0061, 0x007a,
 	0x00aa, 0x00aa,
@@ -8073,7 +8119,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_L[] = {
 	0x0840, 0x0858,
 	0x0860, 0x086a,
 	0x0870, 0x0887,
-	0x0889, 0x088e,
+	0x0889, 0x088f,
 	0x08a0, 0x08c9,
 	0x0904, 0x0939,
 	0x093d, 0x093d,
@@ -8139,7 +8185,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_L[] = {
 	0x0c2a, 0x0c39,
 	0x0c3d, 0x0c3d,
 	0x0c58, 0x0c5a,
-	0x0c5d, 0x0c5d,
+	0x0c5c, 0x0c5d,
 	0x0c60, 0x0c61,
 	0x0c80, 0x0c80,
 	0x0c85, 0x0c8c,
@@ -8148,7 +8194,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_L[] = {
 	0x0caa, 0x0cb3,
 	0x0cb5, 0x0cb9,
 	0x0cbd, 0x0cbd,
-	0x0cdd, 0x0cde,
+	0x0cdc, 0x0cde,
 	0x0ce0, 0x0ce1,
 	0x0cf1, 0x0cf2,
 	0x0d04, 0x0d0c,
@@ -8332,11 +8378,8 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_L[] = {
 	0xa6a0, 0xa6e5,
 	0xa717, 0xa71f,
 	0xa722, 0xa788,
-	0xa78b, 0xa7cd,
-	0xa7d0, 0xa7d1,
-	0xa7d3, 0xa7d3,
-	0xa7d5, 0xa7dc,
-	0xa7f2, 0xa801,
+	0xa78b, 0xa7dc,
+	0xa7f1, 0xa801,
 	0xa803, 0xa805,
 	0xa807, 0xa80a,
 	0xa80c, 0xa822,
@@ -8451,6 +8494,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_L[] = {
 	0x108f4, 0x108f5,
 	0x10900, 0x10915,
 	0x10920, 0x10939,
+	0x10940, 0x10959,
 	0x10980, 0x109b7,
 	0x109be, 0x109bf,
 	0x10a00, 0x10a00,
@@ -8473,7 +8517,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_L[] = {
 	0x10d6f, 0x10d85,
 	0x10e80, 0x10ea9,
 	0x10eb0, 0x10eb1,
-	0x10ec2, 0x10ec4,
+	0x10ec2, 0x10ec7,
 	0x10f00, 0x10f1c,
 	0x10f27, 0x10f27,
 	0x10f30, 0x10f45,
@@ -8566,6 +8610,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_L[] = {
 	0x11d67, 0x11d68,
 	0x11d6a, 0x11d89,
 	0x11d98, 0x11d98,
+	0x11db0, 0x11ddb,
 	0x11ee0, 0x11ef2,
 	0x11f02, 0x11f02,
 	0x11f04, 0x11f10,
@@ -8589,14 +8634,17 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_L[] = {
 	0x16b7d, 0x16b8f,
 	0x16d40, 0x16d6c,
 	0x16e40, 0x16e7f,
+	0x16ea0, 0x16eb8,
+	0x16ebb, 0x16ed3,
 	0x16f00, 0x16f4a,
 	0x16f50, 0x16f50,
 	0x16f93, 0x16f9f,
 	0x16fe0, 0x16fe1,
 	0x16fe3, 0x16fe3,
-	0x17000, 0x187f7,
-	0x18800, 0x18cd5,
-	0x18cff, 0x18d08,
+	0x16ff2, 0x16ff3,
+	0x17000, 0x18cd5,
+	0x18cff, 0x18d1e,
+	0x18d80, 0x18df2,
 	0x1aff0, 0x1aff3,
 	0x1aff5, 0x1affb,
 	0x1affd, 0x1affe,
@@ -8651,6 +8699,12 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_L[] = {
 	0x1e4d0, 0x1e4eb,
 	0x1e5d0, 0x1e5ed,
 	0x1e5f0, 0x1e5f0,
+	0x1e6c0, 0x1e6de,
+	0x1e6e0, 0x1e6e2,
+	0x1e6e4, 0x1e6e5,
+	0x1e6e7, 0x1e6ed,
+	0x1e6f0, 0x1e6f4,
+	0x1e6fe, 0x1e6ff,
 	0x1e7e0, 0x1e7e6,
 	0x1e7e8, 0x1e7eb,
 	0x1e7ed, 0x1e7ee,
@@ -8692,19 +8746,18 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_L[] = {
 	0x1eea5, 0x1eea9,
 	0x1eeab, 0x1eebb,
 	0x20000, 0x2a6df,
-	0x2a700, 0x2b739,
-	0x2b740, 0x2b81d,
-	0x2b820, 0x2cea1,
+	0x2a700, 0x2b81d,
+	0x2b820, 0x2cead,
 	0x2ceb0, 0x2ebe0,
 	0x2ebf0, 0x2ee5d,
 	0x2f800, 0x2fa1d,
 	0x30000, 0x3134a,
-	0x31350, 0x323af,
+	0x31350, 0x33479,
 }; /* CR_L */
 
 /* 'LC': General Category */
 static const OnigCodePoint CR_LC[] = {
-	145,
+	144,
 	0x0041, 0x005a,
 	0x0061, 0x007a,
 	0x00b5, 0x00b5,
@@ -8713,7 +8766,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_LC[] = {
 	0x00f8, 0x01ba,
 	0x01bc, 0x01bf,
 	0x01c4, 0x0293,
-	0x0295, 0x02af,
+	0x0296, 0x02af,
 	0x0370, 0x0373,
 	0x0376, 0x0377,
 	0x037b, 0x037d,
@@ -8786,10 +8839,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_LC[] = {
 	0xa722, 0xa76f,
 	0xa771, 0xa787,
 	0xa78b, 0xa78e,
-	0xa790, 0xa7cd,
-	0xa7d0, 0xa7d1,
-	0xa7d3, 0xa7d3,
-	0xa7d5, 0xa7dc,
+	0xa790, 0xa7dc,
 	0xa7f5, 0xa7f6,
 	0xa7fa, 0xa7fa,
 	0xab30, 0xab5a,
@@ -8816,6 +8866,8 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_LC[] = {
 	0x10d70, 0x10d85,
 	0x118a0, 0x118df,
 	0x16e40, 0x16e7f,
+	0x16ea0, 0x16eb8,
+	0x16ebb, 0x16ed3,
 	0x1d400, 0x1d454,
 	0x1d456, 0x1d49c,
 	0x1d49e, 0x1d49f,
@@ -8854,7 +8906,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_LC[] = {
 
 /* 'Ll': General Category */
 static const OnigCodePoint CR_Ll[] = {
-	662,
+	664,
 	0x0061, 0x007a,
 	0x00b5, 0x00b5,
 	0x00df, 0x00f6,
@@ -9000,7 +9052,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Ll[] = {
 	0x024b, 0x024b,
 	0x024d, 0x024d,
 	0x024f, 0x0293,
-	0x0295, 0x02af,
+	0x0296, 0x02af,
 	0x0371, 0x0371,
 	0x0373, 0x0373,
 	0x0377, 0x0377,
@@ -9461,6 +9513,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Ll[] = {
 	0xa7c8, 0xa7c8,
 	0xa7ca, 0xa7ca,
 	0xa7cd, 0xa7cd,
+	0xa7cf, 0xa7cf,
 	0xa7d1, 0xa7d1,
 	0xa7d3, 0xa7d3,
 	0xa7d5, 0xa7d5,
@@ -9485,6 +9538,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Ll[] = {
 	0x10d70, 0x10d85,
 	0x118c0, 0x118df,
 	0x16e60, 0x16e7f,
+	0x16ebb, 0x16ed3,
 	0x1d41a, 0x1d433,
 	0x1d44e, 0x1d454,
 	0x1d456, 0x1d467,
@@ -9521,7 +9575,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Ll[] = {
 
 /* 'Lm': General Category */
 static const OnigCodePoint CR_Lm[] = {
-	75,
+	79,
 	0x02b0, 0x02c1,
 	0x02c6, 0x02d1,
 	0x02e0, 0x02e4,
@@ -9568,7 +9622,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Lm[] = {
 	0xa717, 0xa71f,
 	0xa770, 0xa770,
 	0xa788, 0xa788,
-	0xa7f2, 0xa7f4,
+	0xa7f1, 0xa7f4,
 	0xa7f8, 0xa7f9,
 	0xa9cf, 0xa9cf,
 	0xa9e6, 0xa9e6,
@@ -9584,29 +9638,33 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Lm[] = {
 	0x107b2, 0x107ba,
 	0x10d4e, 0x10d4e,
 	0x10d6f, 0x10d6f,
+	0x10ec5, 0x10ec5,
+	0x11dd9, 0x11dd9,
 	0x16b40, 0x16b43,
 	0x16d40, 0x16d42,
 	0x16d6b, 0x16d6c,
 	0x16f93, 0x16f9f,
 	0x16fe0, 0x16fe1,
 	0x16fe3, 0x16fe3,
+	0x16ff2, 0x16ff3,
 	0x1aff0, 0x1aff3,
 	0x1aff5, 0x1affb,
 	0x1affd, 0x1affe,
 	0x1e030, 0x1e06d,
 	0x1e137, 0x1e13d,
 	0x1e4eb, 0x1e4eb,
+	0x1e6ff, 0x1e6ff,
 	0x1e94b, 0x1e94b,
 }; /* CR_Lm */
 
 /* 'Lo': General Category */
 static const OnigCodePoint CR_Lo[] = {
-	528,
+	537,
 	0x00aa, 0x00aa,
 	0x00ba, 0x00ba,
 	0x01bb, 0x01bb,
 	0x01c0, 0x01c3,
-	0x0294, 0x0294,
+	0x0294, 0x0295,
 	0x05d0, 0x05ea,
 	0x05ef, 0x05f2,
 	0x0620, 0x063f,
@@ -9626,7 +9684,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Lo[] = {
 	0x0840, 0x0858,
 	0x0860, 0x086a,
 	0x0870, 0x0887,
-	0x0889, 0x088e,
+	0x0889, 0x088f,
 	0x08a0, 0x08c8,
 	0x0904, 0x0939,
 	0x093d, 0x093d,
@@ -9692,7 +9750,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Lo[] = {
 	0x0c2a, 0x0c39,
 	0x0c3d, 0x0c3d,
 	0x0c58, 0x0c5a,
-	0x0c5d, 0x0c5d,
+	0x0c5c, 0x0c5d,
 	0x0c60, 0x0c61,
 	0x0c80, 0x0c80,
 	0x0c85, 0x0c8c,
@@ -9701,7 +9759,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Lo[] = {
 	0x0caa, 0x0cb3,
 	0x0cb5, 0x0cb9,
 	0x0cbd, 0x0cbd,
-	0x0cdd, 0x0cde,
+	0x0cdc, 0x0cde,
 	0x0ce0, 0x0ce1,
 	0x0cf1, 0x0cf2,
 	0x0d04, 0x0d0c,
@@ -9927,6 +9985,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Lo[] = {
 	0x108f4, 0x108f5,
 	0x10900, 0x10915,
 	0x10920, 0x10939,
+	0x10940, 0x10959,
 	0x10980, 0x109b7,
 	0x109be, 0x109bf,
 	0x10a00, 0x10a00,
@@ -9948,6 +10007,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Lo[] = {
 	0x10e80, 0x10ea9,
 	0x10eb0, 0x10eb1,
 	0x10ec2, 0x10ec4,
+	0x10ec6, 0x10ec7,
 	0x10f00, 0x10f1c,
 	0x10f27, 0x10f27,
 	0x10f30, 0x10f45,
@@ -10039,6 +10099,8 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Lo[] = {
 	0x11d67, 0x11d68,
 	0x11d6a, 0x11d89,
 	0x11d98, 0x11d98,
+	0x11db0, 0x11dd8,
+	0x11dda, 0x11ddb,
 	0x11ee0, 0x11ef2,
 	0x11f02, 0x11f02,
 	0x11f04, 0x11f10,
@@ -10062,9 +10124,9 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Lo[] = {
 	0x16d43, 0x16d6a,
 	0x16f00, 0x16f4a,
 	0x16f50, 0x16f50,
-	0x17000, 0x187f7,
-	0x18800, 0x18cd5,
-	0x18cff, 0x18d08,
+	0x17000, 0x18cd5,
+	0x18cff, 0x18d1e,
+	0x18d80, 0x18df2,
 	0x1b000, 0x1b122,
 	0x1b132, 0x1b132,
 	0x1b150, 0x1b152,
@@ -10083,6 +10145,12 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Lo[] = {
 	0x1e4d0, 0x1e4ea,
 	0x1e5d0, 0x1e5ed,
 	0x1e5f0, 0x1e5f0,
+	0x1e6c0, 0x1e6de,
+	0x1e6e0, 0x1e6e2,
+	0x1e6e4, 0x1e6e5,
+	0x1e6e7, 0x1e6ed,
+	0x1e6f0, 0x1e6f4,
+	0x1e6fe, 0x1e6fe,
 	0x1e7e0, 0x1e7e6,
 	0x1e7e8, 0x1e7eb,
 	0x1e7ed, 0x1e7ee,
@@ -10122,14 +10190,13 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Lo[] = {
 	0x1eea5, 0x1eea9,
 	0x1eeab, 0x1eebb,
 	0x20000, 0x2a6df,
-	0x2a700, 0x2b739,
-	0x2b740, 0x2b81d,
-	0x2b820, 0x2cea1,
+	0x2a700, 0x2b81d,
+	0x2b820, 0x2cead,
 	0x2ceb0, 0x2ebe0,
 	0x2ebf0, 0x2ee5d,
 	0x2f800, 0x2fa1d,
 	0x30000, 0x3134a,
-	0x31350, 0x323af,
+	0x31350, 0x33479,
 }; /* CR_Lo */
 
 /* 'Lt': General Category */
@@ -10149,7 +10216,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Lt[] = {
 
 /* 'Lu': General Category */
 static const OnigCodePoint CR_Lu[] = {
-	651,
+	655,
 	0x0041, 0x005a,
 	0x00c0, 0x00d6,
 	0x00d8, 0x00de,
@@ -10752,7 +10819,10 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Lu[] = {
 	0xa7c4, 0xa7c7,
 	0xa7c9, 0xa7c9,
 	0xa7cb, 0xa7cc,
+	0xa7ce, 0xa7ce,
 	0xa7d0, 0xa7d0,
+	0xa7d2, 0xa7d2,
+	0xa7d4, 0xa7d4,
 	0xa7d6, 0xa7d6,
 	0xa7d8, 0xa7d8,
 	0xa7da, 0xa7da,
@@ -10769,6 +10839,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Lu[] = {
 	0x10d50, 0x10d65,
 	0x118a0, 0x118bf,
 	0x16e40, 0x16e5f,
+	0x16ea0, 0x16eb8,
 	0x1d400, 0x1d419,
 	0x1d434, 0x1d44d,
 	0x1d468, 0x1d481,
@@ -10805,7 +10876,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Lu[] = {
 
 /* 'M': Major Category */
 static const OnigCodePoint CR_M[] = {
-	321,
+	327,
 	0x0300, 0x036f,
 	0x0483, 0x0489,
 	0x0591, 0x05bd,
@@ -10942,7 +11013,8 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_M[] = {
 	0x1a55, 0x1a5e,
 	0x1a60, 0x1a7c,
 	0x1a7f, 0x1a7f,
-	0x1ab0, 0x1ace,
+	0x1ab0, 0x1add,
+	0x1ae0, 0x1aeb,
 	0x1b00, 0x1b04,
 	0x1b34, 0x1b44,
 	0x1b6b, 0x1b73,
@@ -11008,7 +11080,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_M[] = {
 	0x10d24, 0x10d27,
 	0x10d69, 0x10d6d,
 	0x10eab, 0x10eac,
-	0x10efc, 0x10eff,
+	0x10efa, 0x10eff,
 	0x10f46, 0x10f50,
 	0x10f82, 0x10f85,
 	0x11000, 0x11002,
@@ -11070,6 +11142,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_M[] = {
 	0x11a47, 0x11a47,
 	0x11a51, 0x11a5b,
 	0x11a8a, 0x11a99,
+	0x11b60, 0x11b67,
 	0x11c2f, 0x11c36,
 	0x11c38, 0x11c3f,
 	0x11c92, 0x11ca7,
@@ -11124,6 +11197,10 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_M[] = {
 	0x1e2ec, 0x1e2ef,
 	0x1e4ec, 0x1e4ef,
 	0x1e5ee, 0x1e5ef,
+	0x1e6e3, 0x1e6e3,
+	0x1e6e6, 0x1e6e6,
+	0x1e6ee, 0x1e6ef,
+	0x1e6f5, 0x1e6f5,
 	0x1e8d0, 0x1e8d6,
 	0x1e944, 0x1e94a,
 	0xe0100, 0xe01ef,
@@ -11131,7 +11208,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_M[] = {
 
 /* 'Mc': General Category */
 static const OnigCodePoint CR_Mc[] = {
-	190,
+	193,
 	0x0903, 0x0903,
 	0x093b, 0x093b,
 	0x093e, 0x0940,
@@ -11304,6 +11381,9 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Mc[] = {
 	0x11a39, 0x11a39,
 	0x11a57, 0x11a58,
 	0x11a97, 0x11a97,
+	0x11b61, 0x11b61,
+	0x11b65, 0x11b65,
+	0x11b67, 0x11b67,
 	0x11c2f, 0x11c2f,
 	0x11c3e, 0x11c3e,
 	0x11ca9, 0x11ca9,
@@ -11336,7 +11416,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Me[] = {
 
 /* 'Mn': General Category */
 static const OnigCodePoint CR_Mn[] = {
-	357,
+	365,
 	0x0300, 0x036f,
 	0x0483, 0x0487,
 	0x0591, 0x05bd,
@@ -11479,7 +11559,8 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Mn[] = {
 	0x1a73, 0x1a7c,
 	0x1a7f, 0x1a7f,
 	0x1ab0, 0x1abd,
-	0x1abf, 0x1ace,
+	0x1abf, 0x1add,
+	0x1ae0, 0x1aeb,
 	0x1b00, 0x1b03,
 	0x1b34, 0x1b34,
 	0x1b36, 0x1b3a,
@@ -11561,7 +11642,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Mn[] = {
 	0x10d24, 0x10d27,
 	0x10d69, 0x10d6d,
 	0x10eab, 0x10eac,
-	0x10efc, 0x10eff,
+	0x10efa, 0x10eff,
 	0x10f46, 0x10f50,
 	0x10f82, 0x10f85,
 	0x11001, 0x11001,
@@ -11636,6 +11717,9 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Mn[] = {
 	0x11a59, 0x11a5b,
 	0x11a8a, 0x11a96,
 	0x11a98, 0x11a99,
+	0x11b60, 0x11b60,
+	0x11b62, 0x11b64,
+	0x11b66, 0x11b66,
 	0x11c30, 0x11c36,
 	0x11c38, 0x11c3d,
 	0x11c3f, 0x11c3f,
@@ -11691,6 +11775,10 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Mn[] = {
 	0x1e2ec, 0x1e2ef,
 	0x1e4ec, 0x1e4ef,
 	0x1e5ee, 0x1e5ef,
+	0x1e6e3, 0x1e6e3,
+	0x1e6e6, 0x1e6e6,
+	0x1e6ee, 0x1e6ef,
+	0x1e6f5, 0x1e6f5,
 	0x1e8d0, 0x1e8d6,
 	0x1e944, 0x1e94a,
 	0xe0100, 0xe01ef,
@@ -11698,7 +11786,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Mn[] = {
 
 /* 'N': Major Category */
 static const OnigCodePoint CR_N[] = {
-	144,
+	146,
 	0x0030, 0x0039,
 	0x00b2, 0x00b3,
 	0x00b9, 0x00b9,
@@ -11815,6 +11903,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_N[] = {
 	0x11c50, 0x11c6c,
 	0x11d50, 0x11d59,
 	0x11da0, 0x11da9,
+	0x11de0, 0x11de9,
 	0x11f50, 0x11f59,
 	0x11fc0, 0x11fd4,
 	0x12400, 0x1246e,
@@ -11825,6 +11914,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_N[] = {
 	0x16b5b, 0x16b61,
 	0x16d70, 0x16d79,
 	0x16e80, 0x16e96,
+	0x16ff4, 0x16ff6,
 	0x1ccf0, 0x1ccf9,
 	0x1d2c0, 0x1d2d3,
 	0x1d2e0, 0x1d2f3,
@@ -11850,7 +11940,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_N[] = {
 
 /* 'Nl': General Category */
 static const OnigCodePoint CR_Nl[] = {
-	12,
+	13,
 	0x16ee, 0x16f0,
 	0x2160, 0x2182,
 	0x2185, 0x2188,
@@ -11863,6 +11953,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Nl[] = {
 	0x1034a, 0x1034a,
 	0x103d1, 0x103d5,
 	0x12400, 0x1246e,
+	0x16ff4, 0x16ff6,
 }; /* CR_Nl */
 
 /* 'No': General Category */
@@ -12095,7 +12186,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Pi[] = {
 
 /* 'Po': General Category */
 static const OnigCodePoint CR_Po[] = {
-	193,
+	194,
 	0x0021, 0x0023,
 	0x0025, 0x0027,
 	0x002a, 0x002a,
@@ -12239,6 +12330,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Po[] = {
 	0x10af0, 0x10af6,
 	0x10b39, 0x10b3f,
 	0x10b99, 0x10b9c,
+	0x10ed0, 0x10ed0,
 	0x10f55, 0x10f59,
 	0x10f86, 0x10f89,
 	0x11047, 0x1104d,
@@ -12377,7 +12469,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Ps[] = {
 
 /* 'S': Major Category */
 static const OnigCodePoint CR_S[] = {
-	236,
+	242,
 	0x0024, 0x0024,
 	0x002b, 0x002b,
 	0x003c, 0x003e,
@@ -12450,7 +12542,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_S[] = {
 	0x2052, 0x2052,
 	0x207a, 0x207c,
 	0x208a, 0x208c,
-	0x20a0, 0x20c0,
+	0x20a0, 0x20c1,
 	0x2100, 0x2101,
 	0x2103, 0x2106,
 	0x2108, 0x2109,
@@ -12478,8 +12570,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_S[] = {
 	0x2999, 0x29d7,
 	0x29dc, 0x29fb,
 	0x29fe, 0x2b73,
-	0x2b76, 0x2b95,
-	0x2b97, 0x2bff,
+	0x2b76, 0x2bff,
 	0x2ce5, 0x2cea,
 	0x2e50, 0x2e51,
 	0x2e80, 0x2e99,
@@ -12513,9 +12604,10 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_S[] = {
 	0xab5b, 0xab5b,
 	0xab6a, 0xab6b,
 	0xfb29, 0xfb29,
-	0xfbb2, 0xfbc2,
+	0xfbb2, 0xfbd2,
 	0xfd40, 0xfd4f,
-	0xfdcf, 0xfdcf,
+	0xfd90, 0xfd91,
+	0xfdc8, 0xfdcf,
 	0xfdfc, 0xfdff,
 	0xfe62, 0xfe62,
 	0xfe64, 0xfe66,
@@ -12539,13 +12631,17 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_S[] = {
 	0x10877, 0x10878,
 	0x10ac8, 0x10ac8,
 	0x10d8e, 0x10d8f,
+	0x10ed1, 0x10ed8,
 	0x1173f, 0x1173f,
 	0x11fd5, 0x11ff1,
 	0x16b3c, 0x16b3f,
 	0x16b45, 0x16b45,
 	0x1bc9c, 0x1bc9c,
 	0x1cc00, 0x1ccef,
+	0x1ccfa, 0x1ccfc,
 	0x1cd00, 0x1ceb3,
+	0x1ceba, 0x1ced0,
+	0x1cee0, 0x1cef0,
 	0x1cf50, 0x1cfc3,
 	0x1d000, 0x1d0f5,
 	0x1d100, 0x1d126,
@@ -12590,11 +12686,10 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_S[] = {
 	0x1f240, 0x1f248,
 	0x1f250, 0x1f251,
 	0x1f260, 0x1f265,
-	0x1f300, 0x1f6d7,
+	0x1f300, 0x1f6d8,
 	0x1f6dc, 0x1f6ec,
 	0x1f6f0, 0x1f6fc,
-	0x1f700, 0x1f776,
-	0x1f77b, 0x1f7d9,
+	0x1f700, 0x1f7d9,
 	0x1f7e0, 0x1f7eb,
 	0x1f7f0, 0x1f7f0,
 	0x1f800, 0x1f80b,
@@ -12604,16 +12699,19 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_S[] = {
 	0x1f890, 0x1f8ad,
 	0x1f8b0, 0x1f8bb,
 	0x1f8c0, 0x1f8c1,
-	0x1f900, 0x1fa53,
+	0x1f8d0, 0x1f8d8,
+	0x1f900, 0x1fa57,
 	0x1fa60, 0x1fa6d,
 	0x1fa70, 0x1fa7c,
-	0x1fa80, 0x1fa89,
-	0x1fa8f, 0x1fac6,
-	0x1face, 0x1fadc,
-	0x1fadf, 0x1fae9,
-	0x1faf0, 0x1faf8,
+	0x1fa80, 0x1fa8a,
+	0x1fa8e, 0x1fac6,
+	0x1fac8, 0x1fac8,
+	0x1facd, 0x1fadc,
+	0x1fadf, 0x1faea,
+	0x1faef, 0x1faf8,
 	0x1fb00, 0x1fb92,
 	0x1fb94, 0x1fbef,
+	0x1fbfa, 0x1fbfa,
 }; /* CR_S */
 
 /* 'Sc': General Category */
@@ -12630,7 +12728,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Sc[] = {
 	0x0bf9, 0x0bf9,
 	0x0e3f, 0x0e3f,
 	0x17db, 0x17db,
-	0x20a0, 0x20c0,
+	0x20a0, 0x20c1,
 	0xa838, 0xa838,
 	0xfdfc, 0xfdfc,
 	0xfe69, 0xfe69,
@@ -12680,7 +12778,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Sk[] = {
 
 /* 'Sm': General Category */
 static const OnigCodePoint CR_Sm[] = {
-	65,
+	67,
 	0x002b, 0x002b,
 	0x003c, 0x003e,
 	0x007c, 0x007c,
@@ -12735,6 +12833,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Sm[] = {
 	0xffe2, 0xffe2,
 	0xffe9, 0xffec,
 	0x10d8e, 0x10d8f,
+	0x1cef0, 0x1cef0,
 	0x1d6c1, 0x1d6c1,
 	0x1d6db, 0x1d6db,
 	0x1d6fb, 0x1d6fb,
@@ -12746,11 +12845,12 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Sm[] = {
 	0x1d7a9, 0x1d7a9,
 	0x1d7c3, 0x1d7c3,
 	0x1eef0, 0x1eef1,
+	0x1f8d0, 0x1f8d8,
 }; /* CR_Sm */
 
 /* 'So': General Category */
 static const OnigCodePoint CR_So[] = {
-	187,
+	193,
 	0x00a6, 0x00a6,
 	0x00a9, 0x00a9,
 	0x00ae, 0x00ae,
@@ -12830,8 +12930,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_So[] = {
 	0x2b00, 0x2b2f,
 	0x2b45, 0x2b46,
 	0x2b4d, 0x2b73,
-	0x2b76, 0x2b95,
-	0x2b97, 0x2bff,
+	0x2b76, 0x2bff,
 	0x2ce5, 0x2cea,
 	0x2e50, 0x2e51,
 	0x2e80, 0x2e99,
@@ -12859,8 +12958,10 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_So[] = {
 	0xa836, 0xa837,
 	0xa839, 0xa839,
 	0xaa77, 0xaa79,
+	0xfbc3, 0xfbd2,
 	0xfd40, 0xfd4f,
-	0xfdcf, 0xfdcf,
+	0xfd90, 0xfd91,
+	0xfdc8, 0xfdcf,
 	0xfdfd, 0xfdff,
 	0xffe4, 0xffe4,
 	0xffe8, 0xffe8,
@@ -12874,6 +12975,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_So[] = {
 	0x101d0, 0x101fc,
 	0x10877, 0x10878,
 	0x10ac8, 0x10ac8,
+	0x10ed1, 0x10ed8,
 	0x1173f, 0x1173f,
 	0x11fd5, 0x11fdc,
 	0x11fe1, 0x11ff1,
@@ -12881,7 +12983,10 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_So[] = {
 	0x16b45, 0x16b45,
 	0x1bc9c, 0x1bc9c,
 	0x1cc00, 0x1ccef,
+	0x1ccfa, 0x1ccfc,
 	0x1cd00, 0x1ceb3,
+	0x1ceba, 0x1ced0,
+	0x1cee0, 0x1ceef,
 	0x1cf50, 0x1cfc3,
 	0x1d000, 0x1d0f5,
 	0x1d100, 0x1d126,
@@ -12914,11 +13019,10 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_So[] = {
 	0x1f250, 0x1f251,
 	0x1f260, 0x1f265,
 	0x1f300, 0x1f3fa,
-	0x1f400, 0x1f6d7,
+	0x1f400, 0x1f6d8,
 	0x1f6dc, 0x1f6ec,
 	0x1f6f0, 0x1f6fc,
-	0x1f700, 0x1f776,
-	0x1f77b, 0x1f7d9,
+	0x1f700, 0x1f7d9,
 	0x1f7e0, 0x1f7eb,
 	0x1f7f0, 0x1f7f0,
 	0x1f800, 0x1f80b,
@@ -12928,16 +13032,18 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_So[] = {
 	0x1f890, 0x1f8ad,
 	0x1f8b0, 0x1f8bb,
 	0x1f8c0, 0x1f8c1,
-	0x1f900, 0x1fa53,
+	0x1f900, 0x1fa57,
 	0x1fa60, 0x1fa6d,
 	0x1fa70, 0x1fa7c,
-	0x1fa80, 0x1fa89,
-	0x1fa8f, 0x1fac6,
-	0x1face, 0x1fadc,
-	0x1fadf, 0x1fae9,
-	0x1faf0, 0x1faf8,
+	0x1fa80, 0x1fa8a,
+	0x1fa8e, 0x1fac6,
+	0x1fac8, 0x1fac8,
+	0x1facd, 0x1fadc,
+	0x1fadf, 0x1faea,
+	0x1faef, 0x1faf8,
 	0x1fb00, 0x1fb92,
 	0x1fb94, 0x1fbef,
+	0x1fbfa, 0x1fbfa,
 }; /* CR_So */
 
 /* 'Z': Major Category */
@@ -12979,7 +13085,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Zs[] = {
 
 /* 'Math': Derived Property */
 static const OnigCodePoint CR_Math[] = {
-	139,
+	141,
 	0x002b, 0x002b,
 	0x003c, 0x003e,
 	0x005e, 0x005e,
@@ -13064,6 +13170,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Math[] = {
 	0xffe2, 0xffe2,
 	0xffe9, 0xffec,
 	0x10d8e, 0x10d8f,
+	0x1cef0, 0x1cef0,
 	0x1d400, 0x1d454,
 	0x1d456, 0x1d49c,
 	0x1d49e, 0x1d49f,
@@ -13119,6 +13226,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Math[] = {
 	0x1eea5, 0x1eea9,
 	0x1eeab, 0x1eebb,
 	0x1eef0, 0x1eef1,
+	0x1f8d0, 0x1f8d8,
 }; /* CR_Math */
 
 /* 'Alphabetic': Derived Property */
@@ -13132,7 +13240,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Math[] = {
 
 /* 'Cased': Derived Property */
 static const OnigCodePoint CR_Cased[] = {
-	159,
+	158,
 	0x0041, 0x005a,
 	0x0061, 0x007a,
 	0x00aa, 0x00aa,
@@ -13143,7 +13251,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Cased[] = {
 	0x00f8, 0x01ba,
 	0x01bc, 0x01bf,
 	0x01c4, 0x0293,
-	0x0295, 0x02b8,
+	0x0296, 0x02b8,
 	0x02c0, 0x02c1,
 	0x02e0, 0x02e4,
 	0x0345, 0x0345,
@@ -13220,11 +13328,8 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Cased[] = {
 	0xa680, 0xa69d,
 	0xa722, 0xa787,
 	0xa78b, 0xa78e,
-	0xa790, 0xa7cd,
-	0xa7d0, 0xa7d1,
-	0xa7d3, 0xa7d3,
-	0xa7d5, 0xa7dc,
-	0xa7f2, 0xa7f6,
+	0xa790, 0xa7dc,
+	0xa7f1, 0xa7f6,
 	0xa7f8, 0xa7fa,
 	0xab30, 0xab5a,
 	0xab5c, 0xab69,
@@ -13254,6 +13359,8 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Cased[] = {
 	0x10d70, 0x10d85,
 	0x118a0, 0x118df,
 	0x16e40, 0x16e7f,
+	0x16ea0, 0x16eb8,
+	0x16ebb, 0x16ed3,
 	0x1d400, 0x1d454,
 	0x1d456, 0x1d49c,
 	0x1d49e, 0x1d49f,
@@ -13296,7 +13403,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Cased[] = {
 
 /* 'Case_Ignorable': Derived Property */
 static const OnigCodePoint CR_Case_Ignorable[] = {
-	452,
+	464,
 	0x0027, 0x0027,
 	0x002e, 0x002e,
 	0x003a, 0x003a,
@@ -13462,7 +13569,8 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Case_Ignorable[] = {
 	0x1a73, 0x1a7c,
 	0x1a7f, 0x1a7f,
 	0x1aa7, 0x1aa7,
-	0x1ab0, 0x1ace,
+	0x1ab0, 0x1add,
+	0x1ae0, 0x1aeb,
 	0x1b00, 0x1b03,
 	0x1b34, 0x1b34,
 	0x1b36, 0x1b3a,
@@ -13529,7 +13637,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Case_Ignorable[] = {
 	0xa700, 0xa721,
 	0xa770, 0xa770,
 	0xa788, 0xa78a,
-	0xa7f2, 0xa7f4,
+	0xa7f1, 0xa7f4,
 	0xa7f8, 0xa7f9,
 	0xa802, 0xa802,
 	0xa806, 0xa806,
@@ -13602,7 +13710,8 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Case_Ignorable[] = {
 	0x10d69, 0x10d6d,
 	0x10d6f, 0x10d6f,
 	0x10eab, 0x10eac,
-	0x10efc, 0x10eff,
+	0x10ec5, 0x10ec5,
+	0x10efa, 0x10eff,
 	0x10f46, 0x10f50,
 	0x10f82, 0x10f85,
 	0x11001, 0x11001,
@@ -13679,6 +13788,9 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Case_Ignorable[] = {
 	0x11a59, 0x11a5b,
 	0x11a8a, 0x11a96,
 	0x11a98, 0x11a99,
+	0x11b60, 0x11b60,
+	0x11b62, 0x11b64,
+	0x11b66, 0x11b66,
 	0x11c30, 0x11c36,
 	0x11c38, 0x11c3d,
 	0x11c3f, 0x11c3f,
@@ -13694,6 +13806,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Case_Ignorable[] = {
 	0x11d90, 0x11d91,
 	0x11d95, 0x11d95,
 	0x11d97, 0x11d97,
+	0x11dd9, 0x11dd9,
 	0x11ef3, 0x11ef4,
 	0x11f00, 0x11f01,
 	0x11f36, 0x11f3a,
@@ -13713,6 +13826,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Case_Ignorable[] = {
 	0x16f8f, 0x16f9f,
 	0x16fe0, 0x16fe1,
 	0x16fe3, 0x16fe4,
+	0x16ff2, 0x16ff3,
 	0x1aff0, 0x1aff3,
 	0x1aff5, 0x1affb,
 	0x1affd, 0x1affe,
@@ -13743,6 +13857,11 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Case_Ignorable[] = {
 	0x1e2ec, 0x1e2ef,
 	0x1e4eb, 0x1e4ef,
 	0x1e5ee, 0x1e5ef,
+	0x1e6e3, 0x1e6e3,
+	0x1e6e6, 0x1e6e6,
+	0x1e6ee, 0x1e6ef,
+	0x1e6f5, 0x1e6f5,
+	0x1e6ff, 0x1e6ff,
 	0x1e8d0, 0x1e8d6,
 	0x1e944, 0x1e94b,
 	0x1f3fb, 0x1f3ff,
@@ -13753,7 +13872,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Case_Ignorable[] = {
 
 /* 'Changes_When_Lowercased': Derived Property */
 static const OnigCodePoint CR_Changes_When_Lowercased[] = {
-	614,
+	618,
 	0x0041, 0x005a,
 	0x00c0, 0x00d6,
 	0x00d8, 0x00de,
@@ -14350,7 +14469,10 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Changes_When_Lowercased[] = {
 	0xa7c4, 0xa7c7,
 	0xa7c9, 0xa7c9,
 	0xa7cb, 0xa7cc,
+	0xa7ce, 0xa7ce,
 	0xa7d0, 0xa7d0,
+	0xa7d2, 0xa7d2,
+	0xa7d4, 0xa7d4,
 	0xa7d6, 0xa7d6,
 	0xa7d8, 0xa7d8,
 	0xa7da, 0xa7da,
@@ -14367,12 +14489,13 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Changes_When_Lowercased[] = {
 	0x10d50, 0x10d65,
 	0x118a0, 0x118bf,
 	0x16e40, 0x16e5f,
+	0x16ea0, 0x16eb8,
 	0x1e900, 0x1e921,
 }; /* CR_Changes_When_Lowercased */
 
 /* 'Changes_When_Uppercased': Derived Property */
 static const OnigCodePoint CR_Changes_When_Uppercased[] = {
-	630,
+	634,
 	0x0061, 0x007a,
 	0x00b5, 0x00b5,
 	0x00df, 0x00f6,
@@ -14982,7 +15105,10 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Changes_When_Uppercased[] = {
 	0xa7c8, 0xa7c8,
 	0xa7ca, 0xa7ca,
 	0xa7cd, 0xa7cd,
+	0xa7cf, 0xa7cf,
 	0xa7d1, 0xa7d1,
+	0xa7d3, 0xa7d3,
+	0xa7d5, 0xa7d5,
 	0xa7d7, 0xa7d7,
 	0xa7d9, 0xa7d9,
 	0xa7db, 0xa7db,
@@ -15002,12 +15128,13 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Changes_When_Uppercased[] = {
 	0x10d70, 0x10d85,
 	0x118c0, 0x118df,
 	0x16e60, 0x16e7f,
+	0x16ebb, 0x16ed3,
 	0x1e922, 0x1e943,
 }; /* CR_Changes_When_Uppercased */
 
 /* 'Changes_When_Titlecased': Derived Property */
 static const OnigCodePoint CR_Changes_When_Titlecased[] = {
-	629,
+	633,
 	0x0061, 0x007a,
 	0x00b5, 0x00b5,
 	0x00df, 0x00f6,
@@ -15616,7 +15743,10 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Changes_When_Titlecased[] = {
 	0xa7c8, 0xa7c8,
 	0xa7ca, 0xa7ca,
 	0xa7cd, 0xa7cd,
+	0xa7cf, 0xa7cf,
 	0xa7d1, 0xa7d1,
+	0xa7d3, 0xa7d3,
+	0xa7d5, 0xa7d5,
 	0xa7d7, 0xa7d7,
 	0xa7d9, 0xa7d9,
 	0xa7db, 0xa7db,
@@ -15636,12 +15766,13 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Changes_When_Titlecased[] = {
 	0x10d70, 0x10d85,
 	0x118c0, 0x118df,
 	0x16e60, 0x16e7f,
+	0x16ebb, 0x16ed3,
 	0x1e922, 0x1e943,
 }; /* CR_Changes_When_Titlecased */
 
 /* 'Changes_When_Casefolded': Derived Property */
 static const OnigCodePoint CR_Changes_When_Casefolded[] = {
-	626,
+	630,
 	0x0041, 0x005a,
 	0x00b5, 0x00b5,
 	0x00c0, 0x00d6,
@@ -16247,7 +16378,10 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Changes_When_Casefolded[] = {
 	0xa7c4, 0xa7c7,
 	0xa7c9, 0xa7c9,
 	0xa7cb, 0xa7cc,
+	0xa7ce, 0xa7ce,
 	0xa7d0, 0xa7d0,
+	0xa7d2, 0xa7d2,
+	0xa7d4, 0xa7d4,
 	0xa7d6, 0xa7d6,
 	0xa7d8, 0xa7d8,
 	0xa7da, 0xa7da,
@@ -16267,6 +16401,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Changes_When_Casefolded[] = {
 	0x10d50, 0x10d65,
 	0x118a0, 0x118bf,
 	0x16e40, 0x16e5f,
+	0x16ea0, 0x16eb8,
 	0x1e900, 0x1e921,
 }; /* CR_Changes_When_Casefolded */
 
@@ -16376,9 +16511,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Changes_When_Casemapped[] = {
 	0xa78b, 0xa78d,
 	0xa790, 0xa794,
 	0xa796, 0xa7ae,
-	0xa7b0, 0xa7cd,
-	0xa7d0, 0xa7d1,
-	0xa7d6, 0xa7dc,
+	0xa7b0, 0xa7dc,
 	0xa7f5, 0xa7f6,
 	0xab53, 0xab53,
 	0xab70, 0xabbf,
@@ -16403,12 +16536,14 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Changes_When_Casemapped[] = {
 	0x10d70, 0x10d85,
 	0x118a0, 0x118df,
 	0x16e40, 0x16e7f,
+	0x16ea0, 0x16eb8,
+	0x16ebb, 0x16ed3,
 	0x1e900, 0x1e943,
 }; /* CR_Changes_When_Casemapped */
 
 /* 'ID_Start': Derived Property */
 static const OnigCodePoint CR_ID_Start[] = {
-	677,
+	684,
 	0x0041, 0x005a,
 	0x0061, 0x007a,
 	0x00aa, 0x00aa,
@@ -16459,7 +16594,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_ID_Start[] = {
 	0x0840, 0x0858,
 	0x0860, 0x086a,
 	0x0870, 0x0887,
-	0x0889, 0x088e,
+	0x0889, 0x088f,
 	0x08a0, 0x08c9,
 	0x0904, 0x0939,
 	0x093d, 0x093d,
@@ -16525,7 +16660,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_ID_Start[] = {
 	0x0c2a, 0x0c39,
 	0x0c3d, 0x0c3d,
 	0x0c58, 0x0c5a,
-	0x0c5d, 0x0c5d,
+	0x0c5c, 0x0c5d,
 	0x0c60, 0x0c61,
 	0x0c80, 0x0c80,
 	0x0c85, 0x0c8c,
@@ -16534,7 +16669,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_ID_Start[] = {
 	0x0caa, 0x0cb3,
 	0x0cb5, 0x0cb9,
 	0x0cbd, 0x0cbd,
-	0x0cdd, 0x0cde,
+	0x0cdc, 0x0cde,
 	0x0ce0, 0x0ce1,
 	0x0cf1, 0x0cf2,
 	0x0d04, 0x0d0c,
@@ -16716,11 +16851,8 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_ID_Start[] = {
 	0xa6a0, 0xa6ef,
 	0xa717, 0xa71f,
 	0xa722, 0xa788,
-	0xa78b, 0xa7cd,
-	0xa7d0, 0xa7d1,
-	0xa7d3, 0xa7d3,
-	0xa7d5, 0xa7dc,
-	0xa7f2, 0xa801,
+	0xa78b, 0xa7dc,
+	0xa7f1, 0xa801,
 	0xa803, 0xa805,
 	0xa807, 0xa80a,
 	0xa80c, 0xa822,
@@ -16836,6 +16968,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_ID_Start[] = {
 	0x108f4, 0x108f5,
 	0x10900, 0x10915,
 	0x10920, 0x10939,
+	0x10940, 0x10959,
 	0x10980, 0x109b7,
 	0x109be, 0x109bf,
 	0x10a00, 0x10a00,
@@ -16858,7 +16991,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_ID_Start[] = {
 	0x10d6f, 0x10d85,
 	0x10e80, 0x10ea9,
 	0x10eb0, 0x10eb1,
-	0x10ec2, 0x10ec4,
+	0x10ec2, 0x10ec7,
 	0x10f00, 0x10f1c,
 	0x10f27, 0x10f27,
 	0x10f30, 0x10f45,
@@ -16951,6 +17084,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_ID_Start[] = {
 	0x11d67, 0x11d68,
 	0x11d6a, 0x11d89,
 	0x11d98, 0x11d98,
+	0x11db0, 0x11ddb,
 	0x11ee0, 0x11ef2,
 	0x11f02, 0x11f02,
 	0x11f04, 0x11f10,
@@ -16975,14 +17109,17 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_ID_Start[] = {
 	0x16b7d, 0x16b8f,
 	0x16d40, 0x16d6c,
 	0x16e40, 0x16e7f,
+	0x16ea0, 0x16eb8,
+	0x16ebb, 0x16ed3,
 	0x16f00, 0x16f4a,
 	0x16f50, 0x16f50,
 	0x16f93, 0x16f9f,
 	0x16fe0, 0x16fe1,
 	0x16fe3, 0x16fe3,
-	0x17000, 0x187f7,
-	0x18800, 0x18cd5,
-	0x18cff, 0x18d08,
+	0x16ff2, 0x16ff6,
+	0x17000, 0x18cd5,
+	0x18cff, 0x18d1e,
+	0x18d80, 0x18df2,
 	0x1aff0, 0x1aff3,
 	0x1aff5, 0x1affb,
 	0x1affd, 0x1affe,
@@ -17037,6 +17174,12 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_ID_Start[] = {
 	0x1e4d0, 0x1e4eb,
 	0x1e5d0, 0x1e5ed,
 	0x1e5f0, 0x1e5f0,
+	0x1e6c0, 0x1e6de,
+	0x1e6e0, 0x1e6e2,
+	0x1e6e4, 0x1e6e5,
+	0x1e6e7, 0x1e6ed,
+	0x1e6f0, 0x1e6f4,
+	0x1e6fe, 0x1e6ff,
 	0x1e7e0, 0x1e7e6,
 	0x1e7e8, 0x1e7eb,
 	0x1e7ed, 0x1e7ee,
@@ -17078,19 +17221,18 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_ID_Start[] = {
 	0x1eea5, 0x1eea9,
 	0x1eeab, 0x1eebb,
 	0x20000, 0x2a6df,
-	0x2a700, 0x2b739,
-	0x2b740, 0x2b81d,
-	0x2b820, 0x2cea1,
+	0x2a700, 0x2b81d,
+	0x2b820, 0x2cead,
 	0x2ceb0, 0x2ebe0,
 	0x2ebf0, 0x2ee5d,
 	0x2f800, 0x2fa1d,
 	0x30000, 0x3134a,
-	0x31350, 0x323af,
+	0x31350, 0x33479,
 }; /* CR_ID_Start */
 
 /* 'ID_Continue': Derived Property */
 static const OnigCodePoint CR_ID_Continue[] = {
-	793,
+	799,
 	0x0030, 0x0039,
 	0x0041, 0x005a,
 	0x005f, 0x005f,
@@ -17143,7 +17285,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_ID_Continue[] = {
 	0x0840, 0x085b,
 	0x0860, 0x086a,
 	0x0870, 0x0887,
-	0x0889, 0x088e,
+	0x0889, 0x088f,
 	0x0897, 0x08e1,
 	0x08e3, 0x0963,
 	0x0966, 0x096f,
@@ -17233,7 +17375,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_ID_Continue[] = {
 	0x0c4a, 0x0c4d,
 	0x0c55, 0x0c56,
 	0x0c58, 0x0c5a,
-	0x0c5d, 0x0c5d,
+	0x0c5c, 0x0c5d,
 	0x0c60, 0x0c63,
 	0x0c66, 0x0c6f,
 	0x0c80, 0x0c83,
@@ -17246,7 +17388,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_ID_Continue[] = {
 	0x0cc6, 0x0cc8,
 	0x0cca, 0x0ccd,
 	0x0cd5, 0x0cd6,
-	0x0cdd, 0x0cde,
+	0x0cdc, 0x0cde,
 	0x0ce0, 0x0ce3,
 	0x0ce6, 0x0cef,
 	0x0cf1, 0x0cf3,
@@ -17359,7 +17501,8 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_ID_Continue[] = {
 	0x1a90, 0x1a99,
 	0x1aa7, 0x1aa7,
 	0x1ab0, 0x1abd,
-	0x1abf, 0x1ace,
+	0x1abf, 0x1add,
+	0x1ae0, 0x1aeb,
 	0x1b00, 0x1b4c,
 	0x1b50, 0x1b59,
 	0x1b6b, 0x1b73,
@@ -17451,11 +17594,8 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_ID_Continue[] = {
 	0xa67f, 0xa6f1,
 	0xa717, 0xa71f,
 	0xa722, 0xa788,
-	0xa78b, 0xa7cd,
-	0xa7d0, 0xa7d1,
-	0xa7d3, 0xa7d3,
-	0xa7d5, 0xa7dc,
-	0xa7f2, 0xa827,
+	0xa78b, 0xa7dc,
+	0xa7f1, 0xa827,
 	0xa82c, 0xa82c,
 	0xa840, 0xa873,
 	0xa880, 0xa8c5,
@@ -17571,6 +17711,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_ID_Continue[] = {
 	0x108f4, 0x108f5,
 	0x10900, 0x10915,
 	0x10920, 0x10939,
+	0x10940, 0x10959,
 	0x10980, 0x109b7,
 	0x109be, 0x109bf,
 	0x10a00, 0x10a03,
@@ -17599,8 +17740,8 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_ID_Continue[] = {
 	0x10e80, 0x10ea9,
 	0x10eab, 0x10eac,
 	0x10eb0, 0x10eb1,
-	0x10ec2, 0x10ec4,
-	0x10efc, 0x10f1c,
+	0x10ec2, 0x10ec7,
+	0x10efa, 0x10f1c,
 	0x10f27, 0x10f27,
 	0x10f30, 0x10f50,
 	0x10f70, 0x10f85,
@@ -17694,6 +17835,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_ID_Continue[] = {
 	0x11a50, 0x11a99,
 	0x11a9d, 0x11a9d,
 	0x11ab0, 0x11af8,
+	0x11b60, 0x11b67,
 	0x11bc0, 0x11be0,
 	0x11bf0, 0x11bf9,
 	0x11c00, 0x11c08,
@@ -17716,6 +17858,8 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_ID_Continue[] = {
 	0x11d90, 0x11d91,
 	0x11d93, 0x11d98,
 	0x11da0, 0x11da9,
+	0x11db0, 0x11ddb,
+	0x11de0, 0x11de9,
 	0x11ee0, 0x11ef6,
 	0x11f00, 0x11f10,
 	0x11f12, 0x11f3a,
@@ -17746,15 +17890,17 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_ID_Continue[] = {
 	0x16d40, 0x16d6c,
 	0x16d70, 0x16d79,
 	0x16e40, 0x16e7f,
+	0x16ea0, 0x16eb8,
+	0x16ebb, 0x16ed3,
 	0x16f00, 0x16f4a,
 	0x16f4f, 0x16f87,
 	0x16f8f, 0x16f9f,
 	0x16fe0, 0x16fe1,
 	0x16fe3, 0x16fe4,
-	0x16ff0, 0x16ff1,
-	0x17000, 0x187f7,
-	0x18800, 0x18cd5,
-	0x18cff, 0x18d08,
+	0x16ff0, 0x16ff6,
+	0x17000, 0x18cd5,
+	0x18cff, 0x18d1e,
+	0x18d80, 0x18df2,
 	0x1aff0, 0x1aff3,
 	0x1aff5, 0x1affb,
 	0x1affd, 0x1affe,
@@ -17832,6 +17978,9 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_ID_Continue[] = {
 	0x1e2c0, 0x1e2f9,
 	0x1e4d0, 0x1e4f9,
 	0x1e5d0, 0x1e5fa,
+	0x1e6c0, 0x1e6de,
+	0x1e6e0, 0x1e6f5,
+	0x1e6fe, 0x1e6ff,
 	0x1e7e0, 0x1e7e6,
 	0x1e7e8, 0x1e7eb,
 	0x1e7ed, 0x1e7ee,
@@ -17875,20 +18024,19 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_ID_Continue[] = {
 	0x1eeab, 0x1eebb,
 	0x1fbf0, 0x1fbf9,
 	0x20000, 0x2a6df,
-	0x2a700, 0x2b739,
-	0x2b740, 0x2b81d,
-	0x2b820, 0x2cea1,
+	0x2a700, 0x2b81d,
+	0x2b820, 0x2cead,
 	0x2ceb0, 0x2ebe0,
 	0x2ebf0, 0x2ee5d,
 	0x2f800, 0x2fa1d,
 	0x30000, 0x3134a,
-	0x31350, 0x323af,
+	0x31350, 0x33479,
 	0xe0100, 0xe01ef,
 }; /* CR_ID_Continue */
 
 /* 'XID_Start': Derived Property */
 static const OnigCodePoint CR_XID_Start[] = {
-	684,
+	691,
 	0x0041, 0x005a,
 	0x0061, 0x007a,
 	0x00aa, 0x00aa,
@@ -17939,7 +18087,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_XID_Start[] = {
 	0x0840, 0x0858,
 	0x0860, 0x086a,
 	0x0870, 0x0887,
-	0x0889, 0x088e,
+	0x0889, 0x088f,
 	0x08a0, 0x08c9,
 	0x0904, 0x0939,
 	0x093d, 0x093d,
@@ -18005,7 +18153,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_XID_Start[] = {
 	0x0c2a, 0x0c39,
 	0x0c3d, 0x0c3d,
 	0x0c58, 0x0c5a,
-	0x0c5d, 0x0c5d,
+	0x0c5c, 0x0c5d,
 	0x0c60, 0x0c61,
 	0x0c80, 0x0c80,
 	0x0c85, 0x0c8c,
@@ -18014,7 +18162,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_XID_Start[] = {
 	0x0caa, 0x0cb3,
 	0x0cb5, 0x0cb9,
 	0x0cbd, 0x0cbd,
-	0x0cdd, 0x0cde,
+	0x0cdc, 0x0cde,
 	0x0ce0, 0x0ce1,
 	0x0cf1, 0x0cf2,
 	0x0d04, 0x0d0c,
@@ -18196,11 +18344,8 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_XID_Start[] = {
 	0xa6a0, 0xa6ef,
 	0xa717, 0xa71f,
 	0xa722, 0xa788,
-	0xa78b, 0xa7cd,
-	0xa7d0, 0xa7d1,
-	0xa7d3, 0xa7d3,
-	0xa7d5, 0xa7dc,
-	0xa7f2, 0xa801,
+	0xa78b, 0xa7dc,
+	0xa7f1, 0xa801,
 	0xa803, 0xa805,
 	0xa807, 0xa80a,
 	0xa80c, 0xa822,
@@ -18323,6 +18468,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_XID_Start[] = {
 	0x108f4, 0x108f5,
 	0x10900, 0x10915,
 	0x10920, 0x10939,
+	0x10940, 0x10959,
 	0x10980, 0x109b7,
 	0x109be, 0x109bf,
 	0x10a00, 0x10a00,
@@ -18345,7 +18491,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_XID_Start[] = {
 	0x10d6f, 0x10d85,
 	0x10e80, 0x10ea9,
 	0x10eb0, 0x10eb1,
-	0x10ec2, 0x10ec4,
+	0x10ec2, 0x10ec7,
 	0x10f00, 0x10f1c,
 	0x10f27, 0x10f27,
 	0x10f30, 0x10f45,
@@ -18438,6 +18584,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_XID_Start[] = {
 	0x11d67, 0x11d68,
 	0x11d6a, 0x11d89,
 	0x11d98, 0x11d98,
+	0x11db0, 0x11ddb,
 	0x11ee0, 0x11ef2,
 	0x11f02, 0x11f02,
 	0x11f04, 0x11f10,
@@ -18462,14 +18609,17 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_XID_Start[] = {
 	0x16b7d, 0x16b8f,
 	0x16d40, 0x16d6c,
 	0x16e40, 0x16e7f,
+	0x16ea0, 0x16eb8,
+	0x16ebb, 0x16ed3,
 	0x16f00, 0x16f4a,
 	0x16f50, 0x16f50,
 	0x16f93, 0x16f9f,
 	0x16fe0, 0x16fe1,
 	0x16fe3, 0x16fe3,
-	0x17000, 0x187f7,
-	0x18800, 0x18cd5,
-	0x18cff, 0x18d08,
+	0x16ff2, 0x16ff6,
+	0x17000, 0x18cd5,
+	0x18cff, 0x18d1e,
+	0x18d80, 0x18df2,
 	0x1aff0, 0x1aff3,
 	0x1aff5, 0x1affb,
 	0x1affd, 0x1affe,
@@ -18524,6 +18674,12 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_XID_Start[] = {
 	0x1e4d0, 0x1e4eb,
 	0x1e5d0, 0x1e5ed,
 	0x1e5f0, 0x1e5f0,
+	0x1e6c0, 0x1e6de,
+	0x1e6e0, 0x1e6e2,
+	0x1e6e4, 0x1e6e5,
+	0x1e6e7, 0x1e6ed,
+	0x1e6f0, 0x1e6f4,
+	0x1e6fe, 0x1e6ff,
 	0x1e7e0, 0x1e7e6,
 	0x1e7e8, 0x1e7eb,
 	0x1e7ed, 0x1e7ee,
@@ -18565,19 +18721,18 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_XID_Start[] = {
 	0x1eea5, 0x1eea9,
 	0x1eeab, 0x1eebb,
 	0x20000, 0x2a6df,
-	0x2a700, 0x2b739,
-	0x2b740, 0x2b81d,
-	0x2b820, 0x2cea1,
+	0x2a700, 0x2b81d,
+	0x2b820, 0x2cead,
 	0x2ceb0, 0x2ebe0,
 	0x2ebf0, 0x2ee5d,
 	0x2f800, 0x2fa1d,
 	0x30000, 0x3134a,
-	0x31350, 0x323af,
+	0x31350, 0x33479,
 }; /* CR_XID_Start */
 
 /* 'XID_Continue': Derived Property */
 static const OnigCodePoint CR_XID_Continue[] = {
-	800,
+	806,
 	0x0030, 0x0039,
 	0x0041, 0x005a,
 	0x005f, 0x005f,
@@ -18630,7 +18785,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_XID_Continue[] = {
 	0x0840, 0x085b,
 	0x0860, 0x086a,
 	0x0870, 0x0887,
-	0x0889, 0x088e,
+	0x0889, 0x088f,
 	0x0897, 0x08e1,
 	0x08e3, 0x0963,
 	0x0966, 0x096f,
@@ -18720,7 +18875,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_XID_Continue[] = {
 	0x0c4a, 0x0c4d,
 	0x0c55, 0x0c56,
 	0x0c58, 0x0c5a,
-	0x0c5d, 0x0c5d,
+	0x0c5c, 0x0c5d,
 	0x0c60, 0x0c63,
 	0x0c66, 0x0c6f,
 	0x0c80, 0x0c83,
@@ -18733,7 +18888,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_XID_Continue[] = {
 	0x0cc6, 0x0cc8,
 	0x0cca, 0x0ccd,
 	0x0cd5, 0x0cd6,
-	0x0cdd, 0x0cde,
+	0x0cdc, 0x0cde,
 	0x0ce0, 0x0ce3,
 	0x0ce6, 0x0cef,
 	0x0cf1, 0x0cf3,
@@ -18846,7 +19001,8 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_XID_Continue[] = {
 	0x1a90, 0x1a99,
 	0x1aa7, 0x1aa7,
 	0x1ab0, 0x1abd,
-	0x1abf, 0x1ace,
+	0x1abf, 0x1add,
+	0x1ae0, 0x1aeb,
 	0x1b00, 0x1b4c,
 	0x1b50, 0x1b59,
 	0x1b6b, 0x1b73,
@@ -18939,11 +19095,8 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_XID_Continue[] = {
 	0xa67f, 0xa6f1,
 	0xa717, 0xa71f,
 	0xa722, 0xa788,
-	0xa78b, 0xa7cd,
-	0xa7d0, 0xa7d1,
-	0xa7d3, 0xa7d3,
-	0xa7d5, 0xa7dc,
-	0xa7f2, 0xa827,
+	0xa78b, 0xa7dc,
+	0xa7f1, 0xa827,
 	0xa82c, 0xa82c,
 	0xa840, 0xa873,
 	0xa880, 0xa8c5,
@@ -19065,6 +19218,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_XID_Continue[] = {
 	0x108f4, 0x108f5,
 	0x10900, 0x10915,
 	0x10920, 0x10939,
+	0x10940, 0x10959,
 	0x10980, 0x109b7,
 	0x109be, 0x109bf,
 	0x10a00, 0x10a03,
@@ -19093,8 +19247,8 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_XID_Continue[] = {
 	0x10e80, 0x10ea9,
 	0x10eab, 0x10eac,
 	0x10eb0, 0x10eb1,
-	0x10ec2, 0x10ec4,
-	0x10efc, 0x10f1c,
+	0x10ec2, 0x10ec7,
+	0x10efa, 0x10f1c,
 	0x10f27, 0x10f27,
 	0x10f30, 0x10f50,
 	0x10f70, 0x10f85,
@@ -19188,6 +19342,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_XID_Continue[] = {
 	0x11a50, 0x11a99,
 	0x11a9d, 0x11a9d,
 	0x11ab0, 0x11af8,
+	0x11b60, 0x11b67,
 	0x11bc0, 0x11be0,
 	0x11bf0, 0x11bf9,
 	0x11c00, 0x11c08,
@@ -19210,6 +19365,8 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_XID_Continue[] = {
 	0x11d90, 0x11d91,
 	0x11d93, 0x11d98,
 	0x11da0, 0x11da9,
+	0x11db0, 0x11ddb,
+	0x11de0, 0x11de9,
 	0x11ee0, 0x11ef6,
 	0x11f00, 0x11f10,
 	0x11f12, 0x11f3a,
@@ -19240,15 +19397,17 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_XID_Continue[] = {
 	0x16d40, 0x16d6c,
 	0x16d70, 0x16d79,
 	0x16e40, 0x16e7f,
+	0x16ea0, 0x16eb8,
+	0x16ebb, 0x16ed3,
 	0x16f00, 0x16f4a,
 	0x16f4f, 0x16f87,
 	0x16f8f, 0x16f9f,
 	0x16fe0, 0x16fe1,
 	0x16fe3, 0x16fe4,
-	0x16ff0, 0x16ff1,
-	0x17000, 0x187f7,
-	0x18800, 0x18cd5,
-	0x18cff, 0x18d08,
+	0x16ff0, 0x16ff6,
+	0x17000, 0x18cd5,
+	0x18cff, 0x18d1e,
+	0x18d80, 0x18df2,
 	0x1aff0, 0x1aff3,
 	0x1aff5, 0x1affb,
 	0x1affd, 0x1affe,
@@ -19326,6 +19485,9 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_XID_Continue[] = {
 	0x1e2c0, 0x1e2f9,
 	0x1e4d0, 0x1e4f9,
 	0x1e5d0, 0x1e5fa,
+	0x1e6c0, 0x1e6de,
+	0x1e6e0, 0x1e6f5,
+	0x1e6fe, 0x1e6ff,
 	0x1e7e0, 0x1e7e6,
 	0x1e7e8, 0x1e7eb,
 	0x1e7ed, 0x1e7ee,
@@ -19369,14 +19531,13 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_XID_Continue[] = {
 	0x1eeab, 0x1eebb,
 	0x1fbf0, 0x1fbf9,
 	0x20000, 0x2a6df,
-	0x2a700, 0x2b739,
-	0x2b740, 0x2b81d,
-	0x2b820, 0x2cea1,
+	0x2a700, 0x2b81d,
+	0x2b820, 0x2cead,
 	0x2ceb0, 0x2ebe0,
 	0x2ebf0, 0x2ee5d,
 	0x2f800, 0x2fa1d,
 	0x30000, 0x3134a,
-	0x31350, 0x323af,
+	0x31350, 0x33479,
 	0xe0100, 0xe01ef,
 }; /* CR_XID_Continue */
 
@@ -19404,7 +19565,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Default_Ignorable_Code_Point[] = {
 
 /* 'Grapheme_Extend': Derived Property */
 static const OnigCodePoint CR_Grapheme_Extend[] = {
-	375,
+	383,
 	0x0300, 0x036f,
 	0x0483, 0x0489,
 	0x0591, 0x05bd,
@@ -19556,7 +19717,8 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Grapheme_Extend[] = {
 	0x1a65, 0x1a6c,
 	0x1a73, 0x1a7c,
 	0x1a7f, 0x1a7f,
-	0x1ab0, 0x1ace,
+	0x1ab0, 0x1add,
+	0x1ae0, 0x1aeb,
 	0x1b00, 0x1b03,
 	0x1b34, 0x1b3d,
 	0x1b42, 0x1b44,
@@ -19637,7 +19799,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Grapheme_Extend[] = {
 	0x10d24, 0x10d27,
 	0x10d69, 0x10d6d,
 	0x10eab, 0x10eac,
-	0x10efc, 0x10eff,
+	0x10efa, 0x10eff,
 	0x10f46, 0x10f50,
 	0x10f82, 0x10f85,
 	0x11001, 0x11001,
@@ -19720,6 +19882,9 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Grapheme_Extend[] = {
 	0x11a59, 0x11a5b,
 	0x11a8a, 0x11a96,
 	0x11a98, 0x11a99,
+	0x11b60, 0x11b60,
+	0x11b62, 0x11b64,
+	0x11b66, 0x11b66,
 	0x11c30, 0x11c36,
 	0x11c38, 0x11c3d,
 	0x11c3f, 0x11c3f,
@@ -19776,6 +19941,10 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Grapheme_Extend[] = {
 	0x1e2ec, 0x1e2ef,
 	0x1e4ec, 0x1e4ef,
 	0x1e5ee, 0x1e5ef,
+	0x1e6e3, 0x1e6e3,
+	0x1e6e6, 0x1e6e6,
+	0x1e6ee, 0x1e6ef,
+	0x1e6f5, 0x1e6f5,
 	0x1e8d0, 0x1e8d6,
 	0x1e944, 0x1e94a,
 	0xe0020, 0xe007f,
@@ -19784,7 +19953,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Grapheme_Extend[] = {
 
 /* 'Grapheme_Base': Derived Property */
 static const OnigCodePoint CR_Grapheme_Base[] = {
-	894,
+	904,
 	0x0020, 0x007e,
 	0x00a0, 0x00ac,
 	0x00ae, 0x02ff,
@@ -19827,7 +19996,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Grapheme_Base[] = {
 	0x0840, 0x0858,
 	0x085e, 0x085e,
 	0x0860, 0x086a,
-	0x0870, 0x088e,
+	0x0870, 0x088f,
 	0x08a0, 0x08c9,
 	0x0903, 0x0939,
 	0x093b, 0x093b,
@@ -19917,7 +20086,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Grapheme_Base[] = {
 	0x0c3d, 0x0c3d,
 	0x0c41, 0x0c44,
 	0x0c58, 0x0c5a,
-	0x0c5d, 0x0c5d,
+	0x0c5c, 0x0c5d,
 	0x0c60, 0x0c61,
 	0x0c66, 0x0c6f,
 	0x0c77, 0x0c80,
@@ -19929,7 +20098,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Grapheme_Base[] = {
 	0x0cbd, 0x0cbe,
 	0x0cc1, 0x0cc1,
 	0x0cc3, 0x0cc4,
-	0x0cdd, 0x0cde,
+	0x0cdc, 0x0cde,
 	0x0ce0, 0x0ce1,
 	0x0ce6, 0x0cef,
 	0x0cf1, 0x0cf3,
@@ -20105,13 +20274,12 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Grapheme_Base[] = {
 	0x2070, 0x2071,
 	0x2074, 0x208e,
 	0x2090, 0x209c,
-	0x20a0, 0x20c0,
+	0x20a0, 0x20c1,
 	0x2100, 0x218b,
 	0x2190, 0x2429,
 	0x2440, 0x244a,
 	0x2460, 0x2b73,
-	0x2b76, 0x2b95,
-	0x2b97, 0x2cee,
+	0x2b76, 0x2cee,
 	0x2cf2, 0x2cf3,
 	0x2cf9, 0x2d25,
 	0x2d27, 0x2d27,
@@ -20147,11 +20315,8 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Grapheme_Base[] = {
 	0xa67e, 0xa69d,
 	0xa6a0, 0xa6ef,
 	0xa6f2, 0xa6f7,
-	0xa700, 0xa7cd,
-	0xa7d0, 0xa7d1,
-	0xa7d3, 0xa7d3,
-	0xa7d5, 0xa7dc,
-	0xa7f2, 0xa801,
+	0xa700, 0xa7dc,
+	0xa7f1, 0xa801,
 	0xa803, 0xa805,
 	0xa807, 0xa80a,
 	0xa80c, 0xa824,
@@ -20212,10 +20377,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Grapheme_Base[] = {
 	0xfb3e, 0xfb3e,
 	0xfb40, 0xfb41,
 	0xfb43, 0xfb44,
-	0xfb46, 0xfbc2,
-	0xfbd3, 0xfd8f,
-	0xfd92, 0xfdc7,
-	0xfdcf, 0xfdcf,
+	0xfb46, 0xfdcf,
 	0xfdf0, 0xfdff,
 	0xfe10, 0xfe19,
 	0xfe30, 0xfe52,
@@ -20287,7 +20449,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Grapheme_Base[] = {
 	0x108f4, 0x108f5,
 	0x108fb, 0x1091b,
 	0x1091f, 0x10939,
-	0x1093f, 0x1093f,
+	0x1093f, 0x10959,
 	0x10980, 0x109b7,
 	0x109bc, 0x109cf,
 	0x109d2, 0x10a00,
@@ -20317,7 +20479,8 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Grapheme_Base[] = {
 	0x10e80, 0x10ea9,
 	0x10ead, 0x10ead,
 	0x10eb0, 0x10eb1,
-	0x10ec2, 0x10ec4,
+	0x10ec2, 0x10ec7,
+	0x10ed0, 0x10ed8,
 	0x10f00, 0x10f27,
 	0x10f30, 0x10f45,
 	0x10f51, 0x10f59,
@@ -20451,6 +20614,9 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Grapheme_Base[] = {
 	0x11a9a, 0x11aa2,
 	0x11ab0, 0x11af8,
 	0x11b00, 0x11b09,
+	0x11b61, 0x11b61,
+	0x11b65, 0x11b65,
+	0x11b67, 0x11b67,
 	0x11bc0, 0x11be1,
 	0x11bf0, 0x11bf9,
 	0x11c00, 0x11c08,
@@ -20474,6 +20640,8 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Grapheme_Base[] = {
 	0x11d96, 0x11d96,
 	0x11d98, 0x11d98,
 	0x11da0, 0x11da9,
+	0x11db0, 0x11ddb,
+	0x11de0, 0x11de9,
 	0x11ee0, 0x11ef2,
 	0x11ef5, 0x11ef8,
 	0x11f02, 0x11f10,
@@ -20509,13 +20677,16 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Grapheme_Base[] = {
 	0x16b7d, 0x16b8f,
 	0x16d40, 0x16d79,
 	0x16e40, 0x16e9a,
+	0x16ea0, 0x16eb8,
+	0x16ebb, 0x16ed3,
 	0x16f00, 0x16f4a,
 	0x16f50, 0x16f87,
 	0x16f93, 0x16f9f,
 	0x16fe0, 0x16fe3,
-	0x17000, 0x187f7,
-	0x18800, 0x18cd5,
-	0x18cff, 0x18d08,
+	0x16ff2, 0x16ff6,
+	0x17000, 0x18cd5,
+	0x18cff, 0x18d1e,
+	0x18d80, 0x18df2,
 	0x1aff0, 0x1aff3,
 	0x1aff5, 0x1affb,
 	0x1affd, 0x1affe,
@@ -20531,8 +20702,10 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Grapheme_Base[] = {
 	0x1bc90, 0x1bc99,
 	0x1bc9c, 0x1bc9c,
 	0x1bc9f, 0x1bc9f,
-	0x1cc00, 0x1ccf9,
+	0x1cc00, 0x1ccfc,
 	0x1cd00, 0x1ceb3,
+	0x1ceba, 0x1ced0,
+	0x1cee0, 0x1cef0,
 	0x1cf50, 0x1cfc3,
 	0x1d000, 0x1d0f5,
 	0x1d100, 0x1d126,
@@ -20588,6 +20761,12 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Grapheme_Base[] = {
 	0x1e5d0, 0x1e5ed,
 	0x1e5f0, 0x1e5fa,
 	0x1e5ff, 0x1e5ff,
+	0x1e6c0, 0x1e6de,
+	0x1e6e0, 0x1e6e2,
+	0x1e6e4, 0x1e6e5,
+	0x1e6e7, 0x1e6ed,
+	0x1e6f0, 0x1e6f4,
+	0x1e6fe, 0x1e6ff,
 	0x1e7e0, 0x1e7e6,
 	0x1e7e8, 0x1e7eb,
 	0x1e7ed, 0x1e7ee,
@@ -20646,11 +20825,10 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Grapheme_Base[] = {
 	0x1f240, 0x1f248,
 	0x1f250, 0x1f251,
 	0x1f260, 0x1f265,
-	0x1f300, 0x1f6d7,
+	0x1f300, 0x1f6d8,
 	0x1f6dc, 0x1f6ec,
 	0x1f6f0, 0x1f6fc,
-	0x1f700, 0x1f776,
-	0x1f77b, 0x1f7d9,
+	0x1f700, 0x1f7d9,
 	0x1f7e0, 0x1f7eb,
 	0x1f7f0, 0x1f7f0,
 	0x1f800, 0x1f80b,
@@ -20660,25 +20838,26 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Grapheme_Base[] = {
 	0x1f890, 0x1f8ad,
 	0x1f8b0, 0x1f8bb,
 	0x1f8c0, 0x1f8c1,
-	0x1f900, 0x1fa53,
+	0x1f8d0, 0x1f8d8,
+	0x1f900, 0x1fa57,
 	0x1fa60, 0x1fa6d,
 	0x1fa70, 0x1fa7c,
-	0x1fa80, 0x1fa89,
-	0x1fa8f, 0x1fac6,
-	0x1face, 0x1fadc,
-	0x1fadf, 0x1fae9,
-	0x1faf0, 0x1faf8,
+	0x1fa80, 0x1fa8a,
+	0x1fa8e, 0x1fac6,
+	0x1fac8, 0x1fac8,
+	0x1facd, 0x1fadc,
+	0x1fadf, 0x1faea,
+	0x1faef, 0x1faf8,
 	0x1fb00, 0x1fb92,
-	0x1fb94, 0x1fbf9,
+	0x1fb94, 0x1fbfa,
 	0x20000, 0x2a6df,
-	0x2a700, 0x2b739,
-	0x2b740, 0x2b81d,
-	0x2b820, 0x2cea1,
+	0x2a700, 0x2b81d,
+	0x2b820, 0x2cead,
 	0x2ceb0, 0x2ebe0,
 	0x2ebf0, 0x2ee5d,
 	0x2f800, 0x2fa1d,
 	0x30000, 0x3134a,
-	0x31350, 0x323af,
+	0x31350, 0x33479,
 }; /* CR_Grapheme_Base */
 
 /* 'Grapheme_Link': Derived Property */
@@ -20746,18 +20925,32 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Grapheme_Link[] = {
 
 /* 'InCB_Linker': Derived Property */
 static const OnigCodePoint CR_InCB_Linker[] = {
-	6,
+	20,
 	0x094d, 0x094d,
 	0x09cd, 0x09cd,
 	0x0acd, 0x0acd,
 	0x0b4d, 0x0b4d,
 	0x0c4d, 0x0c4d,
 	0x0d4d, 0x0d4d,
+	0x1039, 0x1039,
+	0x17d2, 0x17d2,
+	0x1a60, 0x1a60,
+	0x1b44, 0x1b44,
+	0x1bab, 0x1bab,
+	0xa9c0, 0xa9c0,
+	0xaaf6, 0xaaf6,
+	0x10a3f, 0x10a3f,
+	0x11133, 0x11133,
+	0x113d0, 0x113d0,
+	0x1193e, 0x1193e,
+	0x11a47, 0x11a47,
+	0x11a99, 0x11a99,
+	0x11f42, 0x11f42,
 }; /* CR_InCB_Linker */
 
 /* 'InCB_Consonant': Derived Property */
 static const OnigCodePoint CR_InCB_Consonant[] = {
-	26,
+	76,
 	0x0915, 0x0939,
 	0x0958, 0x095f,
 	0x0978, 0x097f,
@@ -20784,11 +20977,61 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_InCB_Consonant[] = {
 	0x0c2a, 0x0c39,
 	0x0c58, 0x0c5a,
 	0x0d15, 0x0d3a,
+	0x1000, 0x102a,
+	0x103f, 0x103f,
+	0x1050, 0x1055,
+	0x105a, 0x105d,
+	0x1061, 0x1061,
+	0x1065, 0x1066,
+	0x106e, 0x1070,
+	0x1075, 0x1081,
+	0x108e, 0x108e,
+	0x1780, 0x17b3,
+	0x1a20, 0x1a54,
+	0x1b0b, 0x1b0c,
+	0x1b13, 0x1b33,
+	0x1b45, 0x1b4c,
+	0x1b83, 0x1ba0,
+	0x1bae, 0x1baf,
+	0x1bbb, 0x1bbd,
+	0xa989, 0xa98b,
+	0xa98f, 0xa9b2,
+	0xa9e0, 0xa9e4,
+	0xa9e7, 0xa9ef,
+	0xa9fa, 0xa9fe,
+	0xaa60, 0xaa6f,
+	0xaa71, 0xaa73,
+	0xaa7a, 0xaa7a,
+	0xaa7e, 0xaa7f,
+	0xaae0, 0xaaea,
+	0xabc0, 0xabda,
+	0x10a00, 0x10a00,
+	0x10a10, 0x10a13,
+	0x10a15, 0x10a17,
+	0x10a19, 0x10a35,
+	0x11103, 0x11126,
+	0x11144, 0x11144,
+	0x11147, 0x11147,
+	0x11380, 0x11389,
+	0x1138b, 0x1138b,
+	0x1138e, 0x1138e,
+	0x11390, 0x113b5,
+	0x11900, 0x11906,
+	0x11909, 0x11909,
+	0x1190c, 0x11913,
+	0x11915, 0x11916,
+	0x11918, 0x1192f,
+	0x11a00, 0x11a00,
+	0x11a0b, 0x11a32,
+	0x11a50, 0x11a50,
+	0x11a5c, 0x11a83,
+	0x11f04, 0x11f10,
+	0x11f12, 0x11f33,
 }; /* CR_InCB_Consonant */
 
 /* 'InCB_Extend': Derived Property */
 static const OnigCodePoint CR_InCB_Extend[] = {
-	371,
+	377,
 	0x0300, 0x036f,
 	0x0483, 0x0489,
 	0x0591, 0x05bd,
@@ -20899,7 +21142,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_InCB_Extend[] = {
 	0x0fc6, 0x0fc6,
 	0x102d, 0x1030,
 	0x1032, 0x1037,
-	0x1039, 0x103a,
+	0x103a, 0x103a,
 	0x103d, 0x103e,
 	0x1058, 0x1059,
 	0x105e, 0x1060,
@@ -20916,7 +21159,8 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_InCB_Extend[] = {
 	0x17b4, 0x17b5,
 	0x17b7, 0x17bd,
 	0x17c6, 0x17c6,
-	0x17c9, 0x17d3,
+	0x17c9, 0x17d1,
+	0x17d3, 0x17d3,
 	0x17dd, 0x17dd,
 	0x180b, 0x180d,
 	0x180f, 0x180f,
@@ -20930,19 +21174,20 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_InCB_Extend[] = {
 	0x1a1b, 0x1a1b,
 	0x1a56, 0x1a56,
 	0x1a58, 0x1a5e,
-	0x1a60, 0x1a60,
 	0x1a62, 0x1a62,
 	0x1a65, 0x1a6c,
 	0x1a73, 0x1a7c,
 	0x1a7f, 0x1a7f,
-	0x1ab0, 0x1ace,
+	0x1ab0, 0x1add,
+	0x1ae0, 0x1aeb,
 	0x1b00, 0x1b03,
 	0x1b34, 0x1b3d,
-	0x1b42, 0x1b44,
+	0x1b42, 0x1b43,
 	0x1b6b, 0x1b73,
 	0x1b80, 0x1b81,
 	0x1ba2, 0x1ba5,
-	0x1ba8, 0x1bad,
+	0x1ba8, 0x1baa,
+	0x1bac, 0x1bad,
 	0x1be6, 0x1be6,
 	0x1be8, 0x1be9,
 	0x1bed, 0x1bed,
@@ -20982,7 +21227,6 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_InCB_Extend[] = {
 	0xa9b3, 0xa9b3,
 	0xa9b6, 0xa9b9,
 	0xa9bc, 0xa9bd,
-	0xa9c0, 0xa9c0,
 	0xa9e5, 0xa9e5,
 	0xaa29, 0xaa2e,
 	0xaa31, 0xaa32,
@@ -20996,7 +21240,6 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_InCB_Extend[] = {
 	0xaabe, 0xaabf,
 	0xaac1, 0xaac1,
 	0xaaec, 0xaaed,
-	0xaaf6, 0xaaf6,
 	0xabe5, 0xabe5,
 	0xabe8, 0xabe8,
 	0xabed, 0xabed,
@@ -21011,12 +21254,11 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_InCB_Extend[] = {
 	0x10a05, 0x10a06,
 	0x10a0c, 0x10a0f,
 	0x10a38, 0x10a3a,
-	0x10a3f, 0x10a3f,
 	0x10ae5, 0x10ae6,
 	0x10d24, 0x10d27,
 	0x10d69, 0x10d6d,
 	0x10eab, 0x10eac,
-	0x10efc, 0x10eff,
+	0x10efa, 0x10eff,
 	0x10f46, 0x10f50,
 	0x10f82, 0x10f85,
 	0x11001, 0x11001,
@@ -21029,7 +21271,8 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_InCB_Extend[] = {
 	0x110c2, 0x110c2,
 	0x11100, 0x11102,
 	0x11127, 0x1112b,
-	0x1112d, 0x11134,
+	0x1112d, 0x11132,
+	0x11134, 0x11134,
 	0x11173, 0x11173,
 	0x11180, 0x11181,
 	0x111b6, 0x111be,
@@ -21055,7 +21298,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_InCB_Extend[] = {
 	0x113c2, 0x113c2,
 	0x113c5, 0x113c5,
 	0x113c7, 0x113c9,
-	0x113ce, 0x113d0,
+	0x113ce, 0x113cf,
 	0x113d2, 0x113d2,
 	0x113e1, 0x113e2,
 	0x11438, 0x1143f,
@@ -21086,7 +21329,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_InCB_Extend[] = {
 	0x1182f, 0x11837,
 	0x11839, 0x1183a,
 	0x11930, 0x11930,
-	0x1193b, 0x1193e,
+	0x1193b, 0x1193d,
 	0x11943, 0x11943,
 	0x119d4, 0x119d7,
 	0x119da, 0x119db,
@@ -21094,11 +21337,13 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_InCB_Extend[] = {
 	0x11a01, 0x11a0a,
 	0x11a33, 0x11a38,
 	0x11a3b, 0x11a3e,
-	0x11a47, 0x11a47,
 	0x11a51, 0x11a56,
 	0x11a59, 0x11a5b,
 	0x11a8a, 0x11a96,
-	0x11a98, 0x11a99,
+	0x11a98, 0x11a98,
+	0x11b60, 0x11b60,
+	0x11b62, 0x11b64,
+	0x11b66, 0x11b66,
 	0x11c30, 0x11c36,
 	0x11c38, 0x11c3d,
 	0x11c3f, 0x11c3f,
@@ -21117,7 +21362,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_InCB_Extend[] = {
 	0x11ef3, 0x11ef4,
 	0x11f00, 0x11f01,
 	0x11f36, 0x11f3a,
-	0x11f40, 0x11f42,
+	0x11f40, 0x11f41,
 	0x11f5a, 0x11f5a,
 	0x13440, 0x13440,
 	0x13447, 0x13455,
@@ -21155,6 +21400,10 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_InCB_Extend[] = {
 	0x1e2ec, 0x1e2ef,
 	0x1e4ec, 0x1e4ef,
 	0x1e5ee, 0x1e5ef,
+	0x1e6e3, 0x1e6e3,
+	0x1e6e6, 0x1e6e6,
+	0x1e6ee, 0x1e6ef,
+	0x1e6f5, 0x1e6f5,
 	0x1e8d0, 0x1e8d6,
 	0x1e944, 0x1e94a,
 	0x1f3fb, 0x1f3ff,
@@ -21164,7 +21413,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_InCB_Extend[] = {
 
 /* 'Common': Script */
 static const OnigCodePoint CR_Common[] = {
-	174,
+	176,
 	0x0000, 0x0040,
 	0x005b, 0x0060,
 	0x007b, 0x00a9,
@@ -21205,7 +21454,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Common[] = {
 	0x2066, 0x2070,
 	0x2074, 0x207e,
 	0x2080, 0x208e,
-	0x20a0, 0x20c0,
+	0x20a0, 0x20c1,
 	0x2100, 0x2125,
 	0x2127, 0x2129,
 	0x212c, 0x2131,
@@ -21216,8 +21465,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Common[] = {
 	0x2440, 0x244a,
 	0x2460, 0x27ff,
 	0x2900, 0x2b73,
-	0x2b76, 0x2b95,
-	0x2b97, 0x2bff,
+	0x2b76, 0x2bff,
 	0x2e00, 0x2e5d,
 	0x2ff0, 0x3004,
 	0x3006, 0x3006,
@@ -21263,8 +21511,10 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Common[] = {
 	0x101d0, 0x101fc,
 	0x102e1, 0x102fb,
 	0x1bca0, 0x1bca3,
-	0x1cc00, 0x1ccf9,
+	0x1cc00, 0x1ccfc,
 	0x1cd00, 0x1ceb3,
+	0x1ceba, 0x1ced0,
+	0x1cee0, 0x1cef0,
 	0x1cf50, 0x1cfc3,
 	0x1d000, 0x1d0f5,
 	0x1d100, 0x1d126,
@@ -21313,11 +21563,10 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Common[] = {
 	0x1f240, 0x1f248,
 	0x1f250, 0x1f251,
 	0x1f260, 0x1f265,
-	0x1f300, 0x1f6d7,
+	0x1f300, 0x1f6d8,
 	0x1f6dc, 0x1f6ec,
 	0x1f6f0, 0x1f6fc,
-	0x1f700, 0x1f776,
-	0x1f77b, 0x1f7d9,
+	0x1f700, 0x1f7d9,
 	0x1f7e0, 0x1f7eb,
 	0x1f7f0, 0x1f7f0,
 	0x1f800, 0x1f80b,
@@ -21327,23 +21576,25 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Common[] = {
 	0x1f890, 0x1f8ad,
 	0x1f8b0, 0x1f8bb,
 	0x1f8c0, 0x1f8c1,
-	0x1f900, 0x1fa53,
+	0x1f8d0, 0x1f8d8,
+	0x1f900, 0x1fa57,
 	0x1fa60, 0x1fa6d,
 	0x1fa70, 0x1fa7c,
-	0x1fa80, 0x1fa89,
-	0x1fa8f, 0x1fac6,
-	0x1face, 0x1fadc,
-	0x1fadf, 0x1fae9,
-	0x1faf0, 0x1faf8,
+	0x1fa80, 0x1fa8a,
+	0x1fa8e, 0x1fac6,
+	0x1fac8, 0x1fac8,
+	0x1facd, 0x1fadc,
+	0x1fadf, 0x1faea,
+	0x1faef, 0x1faf8,
 	0x1fb00, 0x1fb92,
-	0x1fb94, 0x1fbf9,
+	0x1fb94, 0x1fbfa,
 	0xe0001, 0xe0001,
 	0xe0020, 0xe007f,
 }; /* CR_Common */
 
 /* 'Latin': Script */
 static const OnigCodePoint CR_Latin[] = {
-	39,
+	36,
 	0x0041, 0x005a,
 	0x0061, 0x007a,
 	0x00aa, 0x00aa,
@@ -21367,11 +21618,8 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Latin[] = {
 	0x2160, 0x2188,
 	0x2c60, 0x2c7f,
 	0xa722, 0xa787,
-	0xa78b, 0xa7cd,
-	0xa7d0, 0xa7d1,
-	0xa7d3, 0xa7d3,
-	0xa7d5, 0xa7dc,
-	0xa7f2, 0xa7ff,
+	0xa78b, 0xa7dc,
+	0xa7f1, 0xa7ff,
 	0xab30, 0xab5a,
 	0xab5c, 0xab64,
 	0xab66, 0xab69,
@@ -21466,7 +21714,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Hebrew[] = {
 
 /* 'Arabic': Script */
 static const OnigCodePoint CR_Arabic[] = {
-	59,
+	56,
 	0x0600, 0x0604,
 	0x0606, 0x060b,
 	0x060d, 0x061a,
@@ -21477,21 +21725,18 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Arabic[] = {
 	0x0671, 0x06dc,
 	0x06de, 0x06ff,
 	0x0750, 0x077f,
-	0x0870, 0x088e,
-	0x0890, 0x0891,
+	0x0870, 0x0891,
 	0x0897, 0x08e1,
 	0x08e3, 0x08ff,
-	0xfb50, 0xfbc2,
-	0xfbd3, 0xfd3d,
-	0xfd40, 0xfd8f,
-	0xfd92, 0xfdc7,
-	0xfdcf, 0xfdcf,
+	0xfb50, 0xfd3d,
+	0xfd40, 0xfdcf,
 	0xfdf0, 0xfdff,
 	0xfe70, 0xfe74,
 	0xfe76, 0xfefc,
 	0x10e60, 0x10e7e,
-	0x10ec2, 0x10ec4,
-	0x10efc, 0x10eff,
+	0x10ec2, 0x10ec7,
+	0x10ed0, 0x10ed8,
+	0x10efa, 0x10eff,
 	0x1ee00, 0x1ee03,
 	0x1ee05, 0x1ee1f,
 	0x1ee21, 0x1ee22,
@@ -21666,7 +21911,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Telugu[] = {
 	0x0c4a, 0x0c4d,
 	0x0c55, 0x0c56,
 	0x0c58, 0x0c5a,
-	0x0c5d, 0x0c5d,
+	0x0c5c, 0x0c5d,
 	0x0c60, 0x0c63,
 	0x0c66, 0x0c6f,
 	0x0c77, 0x0c7f,
@@ -21684,7 +21929,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Kannada[] = {
 	0x0cc6, 0x0cc8,
 	0x0cca, 0x0ccd,
 	0x0cd5, 0x0cd6,
-	0x0cdd, 0x0cde,
+	0x0cdc, 0x0cde,
 	0x0ce0, 0x0ce3,
 	0x0ce6, 0x0cef,
 	0x0cf1, 0x0cf3,
@@ -21928,7 +22173,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Bopomofo[] = {
 
 /* 'Han': Script */
 static const OnigCodePoint CR_Han[] = {
-	22,
+	21,
 	0x2e80, 0x2e99,
 	0x2e9b, 0x2ef3,
 	0x2f00, 0x2fd5,
@@ -21941,16 +22186,15 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Han[] = {
 	0xf900, 0xfa6d,
 	0xfa70, 0xfad9,
 	0x16fe2, 0x16fe3,
-	0x16ff0, 0x16ff1,
+	0x16ff0, 0x16ff6,
 	0x20000, 0x2a6df,
-	0x2a700, 0x2b739,
-	0x2b740, 0x2b81d,
-	0x2b820, 0x2cea1,
+	0x2a700, 0x2b81d,
+	0x2b820, 0x2cead,
 	0x2ceb0, 0x2ebe0,
 	0x2ebf0, 0x2ee5d,
 	0x2f800, 0x2fa1d,
 	0x30000, 0x3134a,
-	0x31350, 0x323af,
+	0x31350, 0x33479,
 }; /* CR_Han */
 
 /* 'Yi': Script */
@@ -21981,13 +22225,14 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Deseret[] = {
 
 /* 'Inherited': Script */
 static const OnigCodePoint CR_Inherited[] = {
-	29,
+	30,
 	0x0300, 0x036f,
 	0x0485, 0x0486,
 	0x064b, 0x0655,
 	0x0670, 0x0670,
 	0x0951, 0x0954,
-	0x1ab0, 0x1ace,
+	0x1ab0, 0x1add,
+	0x1ae0, 0x1aeb,
 	0x1cd0, 0x1cd2,
 	0x1cd4, 0x1ce0,
 	0x1ce2, 0x1ce8,
@@ -22448,8 +22693,9 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Miao[] = {
 
 /* 'Sharada': Script */
 static const OnigCodePoint CR_Sharada[] = {
-	1,
+	2,
 	0x11180, 0x111df,
+	0x11b60, 0x11b67,
 }; /* CR_Sharada */
 
 /* 'Sora_Sompeng': Script */
@@ -22734,9 +22980,9 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Osage[] = {
 static const OnigCodePoint CR_Tangut[] = {
 	4,
 	0x16fe0, 0x16fe0,
-	0x17000, 0x187f7,
-	0x18800, 0x18aff,
-	0x18d00, 0x18d08,
+	0x17000, 0x18aff,
+	0x18d00, 0x18d1e,
+	0x18d80, 0x18df2,
 }; /* CR_Tangut */
 
 /* 'Masaram_Gondi': Script */
@@ -22991,6 +23237,34 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Tulu_Tigalari[] = {
 	0x113e1, 0x113e2,
 }; /* CR_Tulu_Tigalari */
 
+/* 'Sidetic': Script */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_Sidetic[] = {
+	1,
+	0x10940, 0x10959,
+}; /* CR_Sidetic */
+
+/* 'Tai_Yo': Script */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_Tai_Yo[] = {
+	3,
+	0x1e6c0, 0x1e6de,
+	0x1e6e0, 0x1e6f5,
+	0x1e6fe, 0x1e6ff,
+}; /* CR_Tai_Yo */
+
+/* 'Tolong_Siki': Script */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_Tolong_Siki[] = {
+	2,
+	0x11db0, 0x11ddb,
+	0x11de0, 0x11de9,
+}; /* CR_Tolong_Siki */
+
+/* 'Beria_Erfe': Script */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_Beria_Erfe[] = {
+	2,
+	0x16ea0, 0x16eb8,
+	0x16ebb, 0x16ed3,
+}; /* CR_Beria_Erfe */
+
 /* 'White_Space': Binary Property */
 #define CR_White_Space CR_Space
 
@@ -23347,7 +23621,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Hex_Digit[] = {
 
 /* 'Other_Alphabetic': Binary Property */
 static const OnigCodePoint CR_Other_Alphabetic[] = {
-	250,
+	255,
 	0x0345, 0x0345,
 	0x0363, 0x036f,
 	0x05b0, 0x05bd,
@@ -23511,7 +23785,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Other_Alphabetic[] = {
 	0x10d24, 0x10d27,
 	0x10d69, 0x10d69,
 	0x10eab, 0x10eac,
-	0x10efc, 0x10efc,
+	0x10efa, 0x10efc,
 	0x11000, 0x11002,
 	0x11038, 0x11045,
 	0x11073, 0x11074,
@@ -23564,6 +23838,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Other_Alphabetic[] = {
 	0x11a3b, 0x11a3e,
 	0x11a51, 0x11a5b,
 	0x11a8a, 0x11a97,
+	0x11b60, 0x11b67,
 	0x11c2f, 0x11c36,
 	0x11c38, 0x11c3e,
 	0x11c92, 0x11ca7,
@@ -23594,6 +23869,10 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Other_Alphabetic[] = {
 	0x1e023, 0x1e024,
 	0x1e026, 0x1e02a,
 	0x1e08f, 0x1e08f,
+	0x1e6e3, 0x1e6e3,
+	0x1e6e6, 0x1e6e6,
+	0x1e6ee, 0x1e6ef,
+	0x1e6f5, 0x1e6f5,
 	0x1e947, 0x1e947,
 	0x1f130, 0x1f149,
 	0x1f150, 0x1f169,
@@ -23611,24 +23890,24 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Ideographic[] = {
 	0xf900, 0xfa6d,
 	0xfa70, 0xfad9,
 	0x16fe4, 0x16fe4,
-	0x17000, 0x187f7,
-	0x18800, 0x18cd5,
-	0x18cff, 0x18d08,
+	0x16ff2, 0x16ff6,
+	0x17000, 0x18cd5,
+	0x18cff, 0x18d1e,
+	0x18d80, 0x18df2,
 	0x1b170, 0x1b2fb,
 	0x20000, 0x2a6df,
-	0x2a700, 0x2b739,
-	0x2b740, 0x2b81d,
-	0x2b820, 0x2cea1,
+	0x2a700, 0x2b81d,
+	0x2b820, 0x2cead,
 	0x2ceb0, 0x2ebe0,
 	0x2ebf0, 0x2ee5d,
 	0x2f800, 0x2fa1d,
 	0x30000, 0x3134a,
-	0x31350, 0x323af,
+	0x31350, 0x33479,
 }; /* CR_Ideographic */
 
 /* 'Diacritic': Binary Property */
 static const OnigCodePoint CR_Diacritic[] = {
-	214,
+	220,
 	0x005e, 0x005e,
 	0x0060, 0x0060,
 	0x00a8, 0x00a8,
@@ -23643,11 +23922,11 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Diacritic[] = {
 	0x0384, 0x0385,
 	0x0483, 0x0487,
 	0x0559, 0x0559,
-	0x0591, 0x05a1,
-	0x05a3, 0x05bd,
+	0x0591, 0x05bd,
 	0x05bf, 0x05bf,
 	0x05c1, 0x05c2,
-	0x05c4, 0x05c4,
+	0x05c4, 0x05c5,
+	0x05c7, 0x05c7,
 	0x064b, 0x0652,
 	0x0657, 0x0658,
 	0x06df, 0x06e0,
@@ -23713,6 +23992,8 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Diacritic[] = {
 	0x1a7f, 0x1a7f,
 	0x1ab0, 0x1abe,
 	0x1ac1, 0x1acb,
+	0x1acf, 0x1add,
+	0x1ae0, 0x1aeb,
 	0x1b34, 0x1b34,
 	0x1b44, 0x1b44,
 	0x1b6b, 0x1b73,
@@ -23726,6 +24007,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Diacritic[] = {
 	0x1cf4, 0x1cf4,
 	0x1cf7, 0x1cf9,
 	0x1d2c, 0x1d6a,
+	0x1d9b, 0x1dbe,
 	0x1dc4, 0x1dcf,
 	0x1df5, 0x1dff,
 	0x1fbd, 0x1fbd,
@@ -23746,6 +24028,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Diacritic[] = {
 	0xa6f0, 0xa6f1,
 	0xa700, 0xa721,
 	0xa788, 0xa78a,
+	0xa7f1, 0xa7f1,
 	0xa7f8, 0xa7f9,
 	0xa806, 0xa806,
 	0xa82c, 0xa82c,
@@ -23779,6 +24062,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Diacritic[] = {
 	0x10d22, 0x10d27,
 	0x10d4e, 0x10d4e,
 	0x10d69, 0x10d6d,
+	0x10efa, 0x10efa,
 	0x10efd, 0x10eff,
 	0x10f46, 0x10f50,
 	0x10f82, 0x10f85,
@@ -23816,6 +24100,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Diacritic[] = {
 	0x11d42, 0x11d42,
 	0x11d44, 0x11d45,
 	0x11d97, 0x11d97,
+	0x11dd9, 0x11dd9,
 	0x11f41, 0x11f42,
 	0x11f5a, 0x11f5a,
 	0x13447, 0x13455,
@@ -23847,7 +24132,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Diacritic[] = {
 
 /* 'Extender': Binary Property */
 static const OnigCodePoint CR_Extender[] = {
-	41,
+	43,
 	0x00b7, 0x00b7,
 	0x02d0, 0x02d1,
 	0x0640, 0x0640,
@@ -23883,9 +24168,11 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Extender[] = {
 	0x113d2, 0x113d3,
 	0x115c6, 0x115c8,
 	0x11a98, 0x11a98,
+	0x11dd9, 0x11dd9,
 	0x16b42, 0x16b43,
 	0x16fe0, 0x16fe1,
 	0x16fe3, 0x16fe3,
+	0x16ff2, 0x16ff3,
 	0x1e13c, 0x1e13d,
 	0x1e5ef, 0x1e5ef,
 	0x1e944, 0x1e946,
@@ -23913,7 +24200,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Other_Lowercase[] = {
 	0x2c7c, 0x2c7d,
 	0xa69c, 0xa69d,
 	0xa770, 0xa770,
-	0xa7f2, 0xa7f4,
+	0xa7f1, 0xa7f4,
 	0xa7f8, 0xa7f9,
 	0xab5c, 0xab5f,
 	0xab69, 0xab69,
@@ -24041,7 +24328,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Radical[] = {
 
 /* 'Unified_Ideograph': Binary Property */
 static const OnigCodePoint CR_Unified_Ideograph[] = {
-	17,
+	16,
 	0x3400, 0x4dbf,
 	0x4e00, 0x9fff,
 	0xfa0e, 0xfa0f,
@@ -24052,13 +24339,12 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Unified_Ideograph[] = {
 	0xfa23, 0xfa24,
 	0xfa27, 0xfa29,
 	0x20000, 0x2a6df,
-	0x2a700, 0x2b739,
-	0x2b740, 0x2b81d,
-	0x2b820, 0x2cea1,
+	0x2a700, 0x2b81d,
+	0x2b820, 0x2cead,
 	0x2ceb0, 0x2ebe0,
 	0x2ebf0, 0x2ee5d,
 	0x30000, 0x3134a,
-	0x31350, 0x323af,
+	0x31350, 0x33479,
 }; /* CR_Unified_Ideograph */
 
 /* 'Other_Default_Ignorable_Code_Point': Binary Property */
@@ -24382,7 +24668,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Modifier_Combining_Mark[] = {
 
 /* 'Emoji': Emoji */
 static const OnigCodePoint CR_Emoji[] = {
-	150,
+	151,
 	0x0023, 0x0023,
 	0x002a, 0x002a,
 	0x0030, 0x0039,
@@ -24516,7 +24802,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Emoji[] = {
 	0x1f5fa, 0x1f64f,
 	0x1f680, 0x1f6c5,
 	0x1f6cb, 0x1f6d2,
-	0x1f6d5, 0x1f6d7,
+	0x1f6d5, 0x1f6d8,
 	0x1f6dc, 0x1f6e5,
 	0x1f6e9, 0x1f6e9,
 	0x1f6eb, 0x1f6ec,
@@ -24528,16 +24814,17 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Emoji[] = {
 	0x1f93c, 0x1f945,
 	0x1f947, 0x1f9ff,
 	0x1fa70, 0x1fa7c,
-	0x1fa80, 0x1fa89,
-	0x1fa8f, 0x1fac6,
-	0x1face, 0x1fadc,
-	0x1fadf, 0x1fae9,
-	0x1faf0, 0x1faf8,
+	0x1fa80, 0x1fa8a,
+	0x1fa8e, 0x1fac6,
+	0x1fac8, 0x1fac8,
+	0x1facd, 0x1fadc,
+	0x1fadf, 0x1faea,
+	0x1faef, 0x1faf8,
 }; /* CR_Emoji */
 
 /* 'Emoji_Presentation': Emoji */
 static const OnigCodePoint CR_Emoji_Presentation[] = {
-	80,
+	81,
 	0x231a, 0x231b,
 	0x23e9, 0x23ec,
 	0x23f0, 0x23f0,
@@ -24603,7 +24890,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Emoji_Presentation[] = {
 	0x1f680, 0x1f6c5,
 	0x1f6cc, 0x1f6cc,
 	0x1f6d0, 0x1f6d2,
-	0x1f6d5, 0x1f6d7,
+	0x1f6d5, 0x1f6d8,
 	0x1f6dc, 0x1f6df,
 	0x1f6eb, 0x1f6ec,
 	0x1f6f4, 0x1f6fc,
@@ -24613,11 +24900,12 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Emoji_Presentation[] = {
 	0x1f93c, 0x1f945,
 	0x1f947, 0x1f9ff,
 	0x1fa70, 0x1fa7c,
-	0x1fa80, 0x1fa89,
-	0x1fa8f, 0x1fac6,
-	0x1face, 0x1fadc,
-	0x1fadf, 0x1fae9,
-	0x1faf0, 0x1faf8,
+	0x1fa80, 0x1fa8a,
+	0x1fa8e, 0x1fac6,
+	0x1fac8, 0x1fac8,
+	0x1facd, 0x1fadc,
+	0x1fadf, 0x1faea,
+	0x1faef, 0x1faf8,
 }; /* CR_Emoji_Presentation */
 
 /* 'Emoji_Modifier': Emoji */
@@ -24688,7 +24976,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Emoji_Component[] = {
 
 /* 'Extended_Pictographic': Emoji */
 static const OnigCodePoint CR_Extended_Pictographic[] = {
-	78,
+	156,
 	0x00a9, 0x00a9,
 	0x00ae, 0x00ae,
 	0x203c, 0x203c,
@@ -24699,7 +24987,6 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Extended_Pictographic[] = {
 	0x21a9, 0x21aa,
 	0x231a, 0x231b,
 	0x2328, 0x2328,
-	0x2388, 0x2388,
 	0x23cf, 0x23cf,
 	0x23e9, 0x23f3,
 	0x23f8, 0x23fa,
@@ -24708,11 +24995,49 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Extended_Pictographic[] = {
 	0x25b6, 0x25b6,
 	0x25c0, 0x25c0,
 	0x25fb, 0x25fe,
-	0x2600, 0x2605,
-	0x2607, 0x2612,
-	0x2614, 0x2685,
-	0x2690, 0x2705,
-	0x2708, 0x2712,
+	0x2600, 0x2604,
+	0x260e, 0x260e,
+	0x2611, 0x2611,
+	0x2614, 0x2615,
+	0x2618, 0x2618,
+	0x261d, 0x261d,
+	0x2620, 0x2620,
+	0x2622, 0x2623,
+	0x2626, 0x2626,
+	0x262a, 0x262a,
+	0x262e, 0x262f,
+	0x2638, 0x263a,
+	0x2640, 0x2640,
+	0x2642, 0x2642,
+	0x2648, 0x2653,
+	0x265f, 0x2660,
+	0x2663, 0x2663,
+	0x2665, 0x2666,
+	0x2668, 0x2668,
+	0x267b, 0x267b,
+	0x267e, 0x267f,
+	0x2692, 0x2697,
+	0x2699, 0x2699,
+	0x269b, 0x269c,
+	0x26a0, 0x26a1,
+	0x26a7, 0x26a7,
+	0x26aa, 0x26ab,
+	0x26b0, 0x26b1,
+	0x26bd, 0x26be,
+	0x26c4, 0x26c5,
+	0x26c8, 0x26c8,
+	0x26ce, 0x26cf,
+	0x26d1, 0x26d1,
+	0x26d3, 0x26d4,
+	0x26e9, 0x26ea,
+	0x26f0, 0x26f5,
+	0x26f7, 0x26fa,
+	0x26fd, 0x26fd,
+	0x2702, 0x2702,
+	0x2705, 0x2705,
+	0x2708, 0x270d,
+	0x270f, 0x270f,
+	0x2712, 0x2712,
 	0x2714, 0x2714,
 	0x2716, 0x2716,
 	0x271d, 0x271d,
@@ -24725,7 +25050,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Extended_Pictographic[] = {
 	0x274e, 0x274e,
 	0x2753, 0x2755,
 	0x2757, 0x2757,
-	0x2763, 0x2767,
+	0x2763, 0x2764,
 	0x2795, 0x2797,
 	0x27a1, 0x27a1,
 	0x27b0, 0x27b0,
@@ -24739,39 +25064,80 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Extended_Pictographic[] = {
 	0x303d, 0x303d,
 	0x3297, 0x3297,
 	0x3299, 0x3299,
-	0x1f000, 0x1f0ff,
-	0x1f10d, 0x1f10f,
-	0x1f12f, 0x1f12f,
-	0x1f16c, 0x1f171,
+	0x1f004, 0x1f004,
+	0x1f02c, 0x1f02f,
+	0x1f094, 0x1f09f,
+	0x1f0af, 0x1f0b0,
+	0x1f0c0, 0x1f0c0,
+	0x1f0cf, 0x1f0d0,
+	0x1f0f6, 0x1f0ff,
+	0x1f170, 0x1f171,
 	0x1f17e, 0x1f17f,
 	0x1f18e, 0x1f18e,
 	0x1f191, 0x1f19a,
-	0x1f1ad, 0x1f1e5,
+	0x1f1ae, 0x1f1e5,
 	0x1f201, 0x1f20f,
 	0x1f21a, 0x1f21a,
 	0x1f22f, 0x1f22f,
 	0x1f232, 0x1f23a,
 	0x1f23c, 0x1f23f,
-	0x1f249, 0x1f3fa,
-	0x1f400, 0x1f53d,
-	0x1f546, 0x1f64f,
-	0x1f680, 0x1f6ff,
-	0x1f774, 0x1f77f,
-	0x1f7d5, 0x1f7ff,
+	0x1f249, 0x1f25f,
+	0x1f266, 0x1f321,
+	0x1f324, 0x1f393,
+	0x1f396, 0x1f397,
+	0x1f399, 0x1f39b,
+	0x1f39e, 0x1f3f0,
+	0x1f3f3, 0x1f3f5,
+	0x1f3f7, 0x1f3fa,
+	0x1f400, 0x1f4fd,
+	0x1f4ff, 0x1f53d,
+	0x1f549, 0x1f54e,
+	0x1f550, 0x1f567,
+	0x1f56f, 0x1f570,
+	0x1f573, 0x1f57a,
+	0x1f587, 0x1f587,
+	0x1f58a, 0x1f58d,
+	0x1f590, 0x1f590,
+	0x1f595, 0x1f596,
+	0x1f5a4, 0x1f5a5,
+	0x1f5a8, 0x1f5a8,
+	0x1f5b1, 0x1f5b2,
+	0x1f5bc, 0x1f5bc,
+	0x1f5c2, 0x1f5c4,
+	0x1f5d1, 0x1f5d3,
+	0x1f5dc, 0x1f5de,
+	0x1f5e1, 0x1f5e1,
+	0x1f5e3, 0x1f5e3,
+	0x1f5e8, 0x1f5e8,
+	0x1f5ef, 0x1f5ef,
+	0x1f5f3, 0x1f5f3,
+	0x1f5fa, 0x1f64f,
+	0x1f680, 0x1f6c5,
+	0x1f6cb, 0x1f6d2,
+	0x1f6d5, 0x1f6e5,
+	0x1f6e9, 0x1f6e9,
+	0x1f6eb, 0x1f6f0,
+	0x1f6f3, 0x1f6ff,
+	0x1f7da, 0x1f7ff,
 	0x1f80c, 0x1f80f,
 	0x1f848, 0x1f84f,
 	0x1f85a, 0x1f85f,
 	0x1f888, 0x1f88f,
-	0x1f8ae, 0x1f8ff,
+	0x1f8ae, 0x1f8af,
+	0x1f8bc, 0x1f8bf,
+	0x1f8c2, 0x1f8cf,
+	0x1f8d9, 0x1f8ff,
 	0x1f90c, 0x1f93a,
 	0x1f93c, 0x1f945,
-	0x1f947, 0x1faff,
+	0x1f947, 0x1f9ff,
+	0x1fa58, 0x1fa5f,
+	0x1fa6e, 0x1faff,
 	0x1fc00, 0x1fffd,
 }; /* CR_Extended_Pictographic */
 
 /* 'Unknown': Script */
 static const OnigCodePoint CR_Unknown[] = {
-	729,
+	733,
 	0x0378, 0x0379,
 	0x0380, 0x0383,
 	0x038b, 0x038b,
@@ -24793,7 +25159,6 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Unknown[] = {
 	0x085c, 0x085d,
 	0x085f, 0x085f,
 	0x086b, 0x086f,
-	0x088f, 0x088f,
 	0x0892, 0x0896,
 	0x0984, 0x0984,
 	0x098d, 0x098e,
@@ -24877,7 +25242,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Unknown[] = {
 	0x0c49, 0x0c49,
 	0x0c4e, 0x0c54,
 	0x0c57, 0x0c57,
-	0x0c5b, 0x0c5c,
+	0x0c5b, 0x0c5b,
 	0x0c5e, 0x0c5f,
 	0x0c64, 0x0c65,
 	0x0c70, 0x0c76,
@@ -24889,7 +25254,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Unknown[] = {
 	0x0cc5, 0x0cc5,
 	0x0cc9, 0x0cc9,
 	0x0cce, 0x0cd4,
-	0x0cd7, 0x0cdc,
+	0x0cd7, 0x0cdb,
 	0x0cdf, 0x0cdf,
 	0x0ce4, 0x0ce5,
 	0x0cf0, 0x0cf0,
@@ -24985,7 +25350,8 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Unknown[] = {
 	0x1a8a, 0x1a8f,
 	0x1a9a, 0x1a9f,
 	0x1aae, 0x1aaf,
-	0x1acf, 0x1aff,
+	0x1ade, 0x1adf,
+	0x1aec, 0x1aff,
 	0x1b4d, 0x1b4d,
 	0x1bf4, 0x1bfb,
 	0x1c38, 0x1c3a,
@@ -25014,13 +25380,12 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Unknown[] = {
 	0x2072, 0x2073,
 	0x208f, 0x208f,
 	0x209d, 0x209f,
-	0x20c1, 0x20cf,
+	0x20c2, 0x20cf,
 	0x20f1, 0x20ff,
 	0x218c, 0x218f,
 	0x242a, 0x243f,
 	0x244b, 0x245f,
 	0x2b74, 0x2b75,
-	0x2b96, 0x2b96,
 	0x2cf4, 0x2cf8,
 	0x2d26, 0x2d26,
 	0x2d28, 0x2d2c,
@@ -25051,10 +25416,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Unknown[] = {
 	0xa4c7, 0xa4cf,
 	0xa62c, 0xa63f,
 	0xa6f8, 0xa6ff,
-	0xa7ce, 0xa7cf,
-	0xa7d2, 0xa7d2,
-	0xa7d4, 0xa7d4,
-	0xa7dd, 0xa7f1,
+	0xa7dd, 0xa7f0,
 	0xa82d, 0xa82f,
 	0xa83a, 0xa83f,
 	0xa878, 0xa87f,
@@ -25090,9 +25452,6 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Unknown[] = {
 	0xfb3f, 0xfb3f,
 	0xfb42, 0xfb42,
 	0xfb45, 0xfb45,
-	0xfbc3, 0xfbd2,
-	0xfd90, 0xfd91,
-	0xfdc8, 0xfdce,
 	0xfdd0, 0xfdef,
 	0xfe1a, 0xfe1f,
 	0xfe53, 0xfe53,
@@ -25164,7 +25523,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Unknown[] = {
 	0x108f6, 0x108fa,
 	0x1091c, 0x1091e,
 	0x1093a, 0x1093e,
-	0x10940, 0x1097f,
+	0x1095a, 0x1097f,
 	0x109b8, 0x109bb,
 	0x109d0, 0x109d1,
 	0x10a04, 0x10a04,
@@ -25196,7 +25555,8 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Unknown[] = {
 	0x10eaa, 0x10eaa,
 	0x10eae, 0x10eaf,
 	0x10eb2, 0x10ec1,
-	0x10ec5, 0x10efb,
+	0x10ec8, 0x10ecf,
+	0x10ed9, 0x10ef9,
 	0x10f28, 0x10f2f,
 	0x10f5a, 0x10f6f,
 	0x10f8a, 0x10faf,
@@ -25279,7 +25639,8 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Unknown[] = {
 	0x11a48, 0x11a4f,
 	0x11aa3, 0x11aaf,
 	0x11af9, 0x11aff,
-	0x11b0a, 0x11bbf,
+	0x11b0a, 0x11b5f,
+	0x11b68, 0x11bbf,
 	0x11be2, 0x11bef,
 	0x11bfa, 0x11bff,
 	0x11c09, 0x11c09,
@@ -25301,7 +25662,9 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Unknown[] = {
 	0x11d8f, 0x11d8f,
 	0x11d92, 0x11d92,
 	0x11d99, 0x11d9f,
-	0x11daa, 0x11edf,
+	0x11daa, 0x11daf,
+	0x11ddc, 0x11ddf,
+	0x11dea, 0x11edf,
 	0x11ef9, 0x11eff,
 	0x11f11, 0x11f11,
 	0x11f3b, 0x11f3d,
@@ -25330,15 +25693,17 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Unknown[] = {
 	0x16b78, 0x16b7c,
 	0x16b90, 0x16d3f,
 	0x16d7a, 0x16e3f,
-	0x16e9b, 0x16eff,
+	0x16e9b, 0x16e9f,
+	0x16eb9, 0x16eba,
+	0x16ed4, 0x16eff,
 	0x16f4b, 0x16f4e,
 	0x16f88, 0x16f8e,
 	0x16fa0, 0x16fdf,
 	0x16fe5, 0x16fef,
-	0x16ff2, 0x16fff,
-	0x187f8, 0x187ff,
+	0x16ff7, 0x16fff,
 	0x18cd6, 0x18cfe,
-	0x18d09, 0x1afef,
+	0x18d1f, 0x18d7f,
+	0x18df3, 0x1afef,
 	0x1aff4, 0x1aff4,
 	0x1affc, 0x1affc,
 	0x1afff, 0x1afff,
@@ -25353,8 +25718,10 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Unknown[] = {
 	0x1bc89, 0x1bc8f,
 	0x1bc9a, 0x1bc9b,
 	0x1bca4, 0x1cbff,
-	0x1ccfa, 0x1ccff,
-	0x1ceb4, 0x1ceff,
+	0x1ccfd, 0x1ccff,
+	0x1ceb4, 0x1ceb9,
+	0x1ced1, 0x1cedf,
+	0x1cef1, 0x1ceff,
 	0x1cf2e, 0x1cf2f,
 	0x1cf47, 0x1cf4f,
 	0x1cfc4, 0x1cfff,
@@ -25407,7 +25774,10 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Unknown[] = {
 	0x1e300, 0x1e4cf,
 	0x1e4fa, 0x1e5cf,
 	0x1e5fb, 0x1e5fe,
-	0x1e600, 0x1e7df,
+	0x1e600, 0x1e6bf,
+	0x1e6df, 0x1e6df,
+	0x1e6f6, 0x1e6fd,
+	0x1e700, 0x1e7df,
 	0x1e7e7, 0x1e7e7,
 	0x1e7ec, 0x1e7ec,
 	0x1e7ef, 0x1e7ef,
@@ -25465,10 +25835,9 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Unknown[] = {
 	0x1f249, 0x1f24f,
 	0x1f252, 0x1f25f,
 	0x1f266, 0x1f2ff,
-	0x1f6d8, 0x1f6db,
+	0x1f6d9, 0x1f6db,
 	0x1f6ed, 0x1f6ef,
 	0x1f6fd, 0x1f6ff,
-	0x1f777, 0x1f77a,
 	0x1f7da, 0x1f7df,
 	0x1f7ec, 0x1f7ef,
 	0x1f7f1, 0x1f7ff,
@@ -25478,26 +25847,27 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Unknown[] = {
 	0x1f888, 0x1f88f,
 	0x1f8ae, 0x1f8af,
 	0x1f8bc, 0x1f8bf,
-	0x1f8c2, 0x1f8ff,
-	0x1fa54, 0x1fa5f,
+	0x1f8c2, 0x1f8cf,
+	0x1f8d9, 0x1f8ff,
+	0x1fa58, 0x1fa5f,
 	0x1fa6e, 0x1fa6f,
 	0x1fa7d, 0x1fa7f,
-	0x1fa8a, 0x1fa8e,
-	0x1fac7, 0x1facd,
+	0x1fa8b, 0x1fa8d,
+	0x1fac7, 0x1fac7,
+	0x1fac9, 0x1facc,
 	0x1fadd, 0x1fade,
-	0x1faea, 0x1faef,
+	0x1faeb, 0x1faee,
 	0x1faf9, 0x1faff,
 	0x1fb93, 0x1fb93,
-	0x1fbfa, 0x1ffff,
+	0x1fbfb, 0x1ffff,
 	0x2a6e0, 0x2a6ff,
-	0x2b73a, 0x2b73f,
 	0x2b81e, 0x2b81f,
-	0x2cea2, 0x2ceaf,
+	0x2ceae, 0x2ceaf,
 	0x2ebe1, 0x2ebef,
 	0x2ee5e, 0x2f7ff,
 	0x2fa1e, 0x2ffff,
 	0x3134b, 0x3134f,
-	0x323b0, 0xe0000,
+	0x3347a, 0xe0000,
 	0xe0002, 0xe001f,
 	0xe0080, 0xe00ff,
 	0xe01f0, 0x10ffff,
@@ -40231,10 +40601,758 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Age_16_0[] = {
 	0xefffe, 0x10ffff,
 }; /* CR_Age_16_0 */
 
+/* 'Age_17_0': Derived Age 17.0 */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_Age_17_0[] = {
+	743,
+	0x0000, 0x0377,
+	0x037a, 0x037f,
+	0x0384, 0x038a,
+	0x038c, 0x038c,
+	0x038e, 0x03a1,
+	0x03a3, 0x052f,
+	0x0531, 0x0556,
+	0x0559, 0x058a,
+	0x058d, 0x058f,
+	0x0591, 0x05c7,
+	0x05d0, 0x05ea,
+	0x05ef, 0x05f4,
+	0x0600, 0x070d,
+	0x070f, 0x074a,
+	0x074d, 0x07b1,
+	0x07c0, 0x07fa,
+	0x07fd, 0x082d,
+	0x0830, 0x083e,
+	0x0840, 0x085b,
+	0x085e, 0x085e,
+	0x0860, 0x086a,
+	0x0870, 0x0891,
+	0x0897, 0x0983,
+	0x0985, 0x098c,
+	0x098f, 0x0990,
+	0x0993, 0x09a8,
+	0x09aa, 0x09b0,
+	0x09b2, 0x09b2,
+	0x09b6, 0x09b9,
+	0x09bc, 0x09c4,
+	0x09c7, 0x09c8,
+	0x09cb, 0x09ce,
+	0x09d7, 0x09d7,
+	0x09dc, 0x09dd,
+	0x09df, 0x09e3,
+	0x09e6, 0x09fe,
+	0x0a01, 0x0a03,
+	0x0a05, 0x0a0a,
+	0x0a0f, 0x0a10,
+	0x0a13, 0x0a28,
+	0x0a2a, 0x0a30,
+	0x0a32, 0x0a33,
+	0x0a35, 0x0a36,
+	0x0a38, 0x0a39,
+	0x0a3c, 0x0a3c,
+	0x0a3e, 0x0a42,
+	0x0a47, 0x0a48,
+	0x0a4b, 0x0a4d,
+	0x0a51, 0x0a51,
+	0x0a59, 0x0a5c,
+	0x0a5e, 0x0a5e,
+	0x0a66, 0x0a76,
+	0x0a81, 0x0a83,
+	0x0a85, 0x0a8d,
+	0x0a8f, 0x0a91,
+	0x0a93, 0x0aa8,
+	0x0aaa, 0x0ab0,
+	0x0ab2, 0x0ab3,
+	0x0ab5, 0x0ab9,
+	0x0abc, 0x0ac5,
+	0x0ac7, 0x0ac9,
+	0x0acb, 0x0acd,
+	0x0ad0, 0x0ad0,
+	0x0ae0, 0x0ae3,
+	0x0ae6, 0x0af1,
+	0x0af9, 0x0aff,
+	0x0b01, 0x0b03,
+	0x0b05, 0x0b0c,
+	0x0b0f, 0x0b10,
+	0x0b13, 0x0b28,
+	0x0b2a, 0x0b30,
+	0x0b32, 0x0b33,
+	0x0b35, 0x0b39,
+	0x0b3c, 0x0b44,
+	0x0b47, 0x0b48,
+	0x0b4b, 0x0b4d,
+	0x0b55, 0x0b57,
+	0x0b5c, 0x0b5d,
+	0x0b5f, 0x0b63,
+	0x0b66, 0x0b77,
+	0x0b82, 0x0b83,
+	0x0b85, 0x0b8a,
+	0x0b8e, 0x0b90,
+	0x0b92, 0x0b95,
+	0x0b99, 0x0b9a,
+	0x0b9c, 0x0b9c,
+	0x0b9e, 0x0b9f,
+	0x0ba3, 0x0ba4,
+	0x0ba8, 0x0baa,
+	0x0bae, 0x0bb9,
+	0x0bbe, 0x0bc2,
+	0x0bc6, 0x0bc8,
+	0x0bca, 0x0bcd,
+	0x0bd0, 0x0bd0,
+	0x0bd7, 0x0bd7,
+	0x0be6, 0x0bfa,
+	0x0c00, 0x0c0c,
+	0x0c0e, 0x0c10,
+	0x0c12, 0x0c28,
+	0x0c2a, 0x0c39,
+	0x0c3c, 0x0c44,
+	0x0c46, 0x0c48,
+	0x0c4a, 0x0c4d,
+	0x0c55, 0x0c56,
+	0x0c58, 0x0c5a,
+	0x0c5c, 0x0c5d,
+	0x0c60, 0x0c63,
+	0x0c66, 0x0c6f,
+	0x0c77, 0x0c8c,
+	0x0c8e, 0x0c90,
+	0x0c92, 0x0ca8,
+	0x0caa, 0x0cb3,
+	0x0cb5, 0x0cb9,
+	0x0cbc, 0x0cc4,
+	0x0cc6, 0x0cc8,
+	0x0cca, 0x0ccd,
+	0x0cd5, 0x0cd6,
+	0x0cdc, 0x0cde,
+	0x0ce0, 0x0ce3,
+	0x0ce6, 0x0cef,
+	0x0cf1, 0x0cf3,
+	0x0d00, 0x0d0c,
+	0x0d0e, 0x0d10,
+	0x0d12, 0x0d44,
+	0x0d46, 0x0d48,
+	0x0d4a, 0x0d4f,
+	0x0d54, 0x0d63,
+	0x0d66, 0x0d7f,
+	0x0d81, 0x0d83,
+	0x0d85, 0x0d96,
+	0x0d9a, 0x0db1,
+	0x0db3, 0x0dbb,
+	0x0dbd, 0x0dbd,
+	0x0dc0, 0x0dc6,
+	0x0dca, 0x0dca,
+	0x0dcf, 0x0dd4,
+	0x0dd6, 0x0dd6,
+	0x0dd8, 0x0ddf,
+	0x0de6, 0x0def,
+	0x0df2, 0x0df4,
+	0x0e01, 0x0e3a,
+	0x0e3f, 0x0e5b,
+	0x0e81, 0x0e82,
+	0x0e84, 0x0e84,
+	0x0e86, 0x0e8a,
+	0x0e8c, 0x0ea3,
+	0x0ea5, 0x0ea5,
+	0x0ea7, 0x0ebd,
+	0x0ec0, 0x0ec4,
+	0x0ec6, 0x0ec6,
+	0x0ec8, 0x0ece,
+	0x0ed0, 0x0ed9,
+	0x0edc, 0x0edf,
+	0x0f00, 0x0f47,
+	0x0f49, 0x0f6c,
+	0x0f71, 0x0f97,
+	0x0f99, 0x0fbc,
+	0x0fbe, 0x0fcc,
+	0x0fce, 0x0fda,
+	0x1000, 0x10c5,
+	0x10c7, 0x10c7,
+	0x10cd, 0x10cd,
+	0x10d0, 0x1248,
+	0x124a, 0x124d,
+	0x1250, 0x1256,
+	0x1258, 0x1258,
+	0x125a, 0x125d,
+	0x1260, 0x1288,
+	0x128a, 0x128d,
+	0x1290, 0x12b0,
+	0x12b2, 0x12b5,
+	0x12b8, 0x12be,
+	0x12c0, 0x12c0,
+	0x12c2, 0x12c5,
+	0x12c8, 0x12d6,
+	0x12d8, 0x1310,
+	0x1312, 0x1315,
+	0x1318, 0x135a,
+	0x135d, 0x137c,
+	0x1380, 0x1399,
+	0x13a0, 0x13f5,
+	0x13f8, 0x13fd,
+	0x1400, 0x169c,
+	0x16a0, 0x16f8,
+	0x1700, 0x1715,
+	0x171f, 0x1736,
+	0x1740, 0x1753,
+	0x1760, 0x176c,
+	0x176e, 0x1770,
+	0x1772, 0x1773,
+	0x1780, 0x17dd,
+	0x17e0, 0x17e9,
+	0x17f0, 0x17f9,
+	0x1800, 0x1819,
+	0x1820, 0x1878,
+	0x1880, 0x18aa,
+	0x18b0, 0x18f5,
+	0x1900, 0x191e,
+	0x1920, 0x192b,
+	0x1930, 0x193b,
+	0x1940, 0x1940,
+	0x1944, 0x196d,
+	0x1970, 0x1974,
+	0x1980, 0x19ab,
+	0x19b0, 0x19c9,
+	0x19d0, 0x19da,
+	0x19de, 0x1a1b,
+	0x1a1e, 0x1a5e,
+	0x1a60, 0x1a7c,
+	0x1a7f, 0x1a89,
+	0x1a90, 0x1a99,
+	0x1aa0, 0x1aad,
+	0x1ab0, 0x1add,
+	0x1ae0, 0x1aeb,
+	0x1b00, 0x1b4c,
+	0x1b4e, 0x1bf3,
+	0x1bfc, 0x1c37,
+	0x1c3b, 0x1c49,
+	0x1c4d, 0x1c8a,
+	0x1c90, 0x1cba,
+	0x1cbd, 0x1cc7,
+	0x1cd0, 0x1cfa,
+	0x1d00, 0x1f15,
+	0x1f18, 0x1f1d,
+	0x1f20, 0x1f45,
+	0x1f48, 0x1f4d,
+	0x1f50, 0x1f57,
+	0x1f59, 0x1f59,
+	0x1f5b, 0x1f5b,
+	0x1f5d, 0x1f5d,
+	0x1f5f, 0x1f7d,
+	0x1f80, 0x1fb4,
+	0x1fb6, 0x1fc4,
+	0x1fc6, 0x1fd3,
+	0x1fd6, 0x1fdb,
+	0x1fdd, 0x1fef,
+	0x1ff2, 0x1ff4,
+	0x1ff6, 0x1ffe,
+	0x2000, 0x2064,
+	0x2066, 0x2071,
+	0x2074, 0x208e,
+	0x2090, 0x209c,
+	0x20a0, 0x20c1,
+	0x20d0, 0x20f0,
+	0x2100, 0x218b,
+	0x2190, 0x2429,
+	0x2440, 0x244a,
+	0x2460, 0x2b73,
+	0x2b76, 0x2cf3,
+	0x2cf9, 0x2d25,
+	0x2d27, 0x2d27,
+	0x2d2d, 0x2d2d,
+	0x2d30, 0x2d67,
+	0x2d6f, 0x2d70,
+	0x2d7f, 0x2d96,
+	0x2da0, 0x2da6,
+	0x2da8, 0x2dae,
+	0x2db0, 0x2db6,
+	0x2db8, 0x2dbe,
+	0x2dc0, 0x2dc6,
+	0x2dc8, 0x2dce,
+	0x2dd0, 0x2dd6,
+	0x2dd8, 0x2dde,
+	0x2de0, 0x2e5d,
+	0x2e80, 0x2e99,
+	0x2e9b, 0x2ef3,
+	0x2f00, 0x2fd5,
+	0x2ff0, 0x303f,
+	0x3041, 0x3096,
+	0x3099, 0x30ff,
+	0x3105, 0x312f,
+	0x3131, 0x318e,
+	0x3190, 0x31e5,
+	0x31ef, 0x321e,
+	0x3220, 0xa48c,
+	0xa490, 0xa4c6,
+	0xa4d0, 0xa62b,
+	0xa640, 0xa6f7,
+	0xa700, 0xa7dc,
+	0xa7f1, 0xa82c,
+	0xa830, 0xa839,
+	0xa840, 0xa877,
+	0xa880, 0xa8c5,
+	0xa8ce, 0xa8d9,
+	0xa8e0, 0xa953,
+	0xa95f, 0xa97c,
+	0xa980, 0xa9cd,
+	0xa9cf, 0xa9d9,
+	0xa9de, 0xa9fe,
+	0xaa00, 0xaa36,
+	0xaa40, 0xaa4d,
+	0xaa50, 0xaa59,
+	0xaa5c, 0xaac2,
+	0xaadb, 0xaaf6,
+	0xab01, 0xab06,
+	0xab09, 0xab0e,
+	0xab11, 0xab16,
+	0xab20, 0xab26,
+	0xab28, 0xab2e,
+	0xab30, 0xab6b,
+	0xab70, 0xabed,
+	0xabf0, 0xabf9,
+	0xac00, 0xd7a3,
+	0xd7b0, 0xd7c6,
+	0xd7cb, 0xd7fb,
+	0xd800, 0xfa6d,
+	0xfa70, 0xfad9,
+	0xfb00, 0xfb06,
+	0xfb13, 0xfb17,
+	0xfb1d, 0xfb36,
+	0xfb38, 0xfb3c,
+	0xfb3e, 0xfb3e,
+	0xfb40, 0xfb41,
+	0xfb43, 0xfb44,
+	0xfb46, 0xfe19,
+	0xfe20, 0xfe52,
+	0xfe54, 0xfe66,
+	0xfe68, 0xfe6b,
+	0xfe70, 0xfe74,
+	0xfe76, 0xfefc,
+	0xfeff, 0xfeff,
+	0xff01, 0xffbe,
+	0xffc2, 0xffc7,
+	0xffca, 0xffcf,
+	0xffd2, 0xffd7,
+	0xffda, 0xffdc,
+	0xffe0, 0xffe6,
+	0xffe8, 0xffee,
+	0xfff9, 0x1000b,
+	0x1000d, 0x10026,
+	0x10028, 0x1003a,
+	0x1003c, 0x1003d,
+	0x1003f, 0x1004d,
+	0x10050, 0x1005d,
+	0x10080, 0x100fa,
+	0x10100, 0x10102,
+	0x10107, 0x10133,
+	0x10137, 0x1018e,
+	0x10190, 0x1019c,
+	0x101a0, 0x101a0,
+	0x101d0, 0x101fd,
+	0x10280, 0x1029c,
+	0x102a0, 0x102d0,
+	0x102e0, 0x102fb,
+	0x10300, 0x10323,
+	0x1032d, 0x1034a,
+	0x10350, 0x1037a,
+	0x10380, 0x1039d,
+	0x1039f, 0x103c3,
+	0x103c8, 0x103d5,
+	0x10400, 0x1049d,
+	0x104a0, 0x104a9,
+	0x104b0, 0x104d3,
+	0x104d8, 0x104fb,
+	0x10500, 0x10527,
+	0x10530, 0x10563,
+	0x1056f, 0x1057a,
+	0x1057c, 0x1058a,
+	0x1058c, 0x10592,
+	0x10594, 0x10595,
+	0x10597, 0x105a1,
+	0x105a3, 0x105b1,
+	0x105b3, 0x105b9,
+	0x105bb, 0x105bc,
+	0x105c0, 0x105f3,
+	0x10600, 0x10736,
+	0x10740, 0x10755,
+	0x10760, 0x10767,
+	0x10780, 0x10785,
+	0x10787, 0x107b0,
+	0x107b2, 0x107ba,
+	0x10800, 0x10805,
+	0x10808, 0x10808,
+	0x1080a, 0x10835,
+	0x10837, 0x10838,
+	0x1083c, 0x1083c,
+	0x1083f, 0x10855,
+	0x10857, 0x1089e,
+	0x108a7, 0x108af,
+	0x108e0, 0x108f2,
+	0x108f4, 0x108f5,
+	0x108fb, 0x1091b,
+	0x1091f, 0x10939,
+	0x1093f, 0x10959,
+	0x10980, 0x109b7,
+	0x109bc, 0x109cf,
+	0x109d2, 0x10a03,
+	0x10a05, 0x10a06,
+	0x10a0c, 0x10a13,
+	0x10a15, 0x10a17,
+	0x10a19, 0x10a35,
+	0x10a38, 0x10a3a,
+	0x10a3f, 0x10a48,
+	0x10a50, 0x10a58,
+	0x10a60, 0x10a9f,
+	0x10ac0, 0x10ae6,
+	0x10aeb, 0x10af6,
+	0x10b00, 0x10b35,
+	0x10b39, 0x10b55,
+	0x10b58, 0x10b72,
+	0x10b78, 0x10b91,
+	0x10b99, 0x10b9c,
+	0x10ba9, 0x10baf,
+	0x10c00, 0x10c48,
+	0x10c80, 0x10cb2,
+	0x10cc0, 0x10cf2,
+	0x10cfa, 0x10d27,
+	0x10d30, 0x10d39,
+	0x10d40, 0x10d65,
+	0x10d69, 0x10d85,
+	0x10d8e, 0x10d8f,
+	0x10e60, 0x10e7e,
+	0x10e80, 0x10ea9,
+	0x10eab, 0x10ead,
+	0x10eb0, 0x10eb1,
+	0x10ec2, 0x10ec7,
+	0x10ed0, 0x10ed8,
+	0x10efa, 0x10f27,
+	0x10f30, 0x10f59,
+	0x10f70, 0x10f89,
+	0x10fb0, 0x10fcb,
+	0x10fe0, 0x10ff6,
+	0x11000, 0x1104d,
+	0x11052, 0x11075,
+	0x1107f, 0x110c2,
+	0x110cd, 0x110cd,
+	0x110d0, 0x110e8,
+	0x110f0, 0x110f9,
+	0x11100, 0x11134,
+	0x11136, 0x11147,
+	0x11150, 0x11176,
+	0x11180, 0x111df,
+	0x111e1, 0x111f4,
+	0x11200, 0x11211,
+	0x11213, 0x11241,
+	0x11280, 0x11286,
+	0x11288, 0x11288,
+	0x1128a, 0x1128d,
+	0x1128f, 0x1129d,
+	0x1129f, 0x112a9,
+	0x112b0, 0x112ea,
+	0x112f0, 0x112f9,
+	0x11300, 0x11303,
+	0x11305, 0x1130c,
+	0x1130f, 0x11310,
+	0x11313, 0x11328,
+	0x1132a, 0x11330,
+	0x11332, 0x11333,
+	0x11335, 0x11339,
+	0x1133b, 0x11344,
+	0x11347, 0x11348,
+	0x1134b, 0x1134d,
+	0x11350, 0x11350,
+	0x11357, 0x11357,
+	0x1135d, 0x11363,
+	0x11366, 0x1136c,
+	0x11370, 0x11374,
+	0x11380, 0x11389,
+	0x1138b, 0x1138b,
+	0x1138e, 0x1138e,
+	0x11390, 0x113b5,
+	0x113b7, 0x113c0,
+	0x113c2, 0x113c2,
+	0x113c5, 0x113c5,
+	0x113c7, 0x113ca,
+	0x113cc, 0x113d5,
+	0x113d7, 0x113d8,
+	0x113e1, 0x113e2,
+	0x11400, 0x1145b,
+	0x1145d, 0x11461,
+	0x11480, 0x114c7,
+	0x114d0, 0x114d9,
+	0x11580, 0x115b5,
+	0x115b8, 0x115dd,
+	0x11600, 0x11644,
+	0x11650, 0x11659,
+	0x11660, 0x1166c,
+	0x11680, 0x116b9,
+	0x116c0, 0x116c9,
+	0x116d0, 0x116e3,
+	0x11700, 0x1171a,
+	0x1171d, 0x1172b,
+	0x11730, 0x11746,
+	0x11800, 0x1183b,
+	0x118a0, 0x118f2,
+	0x118ff, 0x11906,
+	0x11909, 0x11909,
+	0x1190c, 0x11913,
+	0x11915, 0x11916,
+	0x11918, 0x11935,
+	0x11937, 0x11938,
+	0x1193b, 0x11946,
+	0x11950, 0x11959,
+	0x119a0, 0x119a7,
+	0x119aa, 0x119d7,
+	0x119da, 0x119e4,
+	0x11a00, 0x11a47,
+	0x11a50, 0x11aa2,
+	0x11ab0, 0x11af8,
+	0x11b00, 0x11b09,
+	0x11b60, 0x11b67,
+	0x11bc0, 0x11be1,
+	0x11bf0, 0x11bf9,
+	0x11c00, 0x11c08,
+	0x11c0a, 0x11c36,
+	0x11c38, 0x11c45,
+	0x11c50, 0x11c6c,
+	0x11c70, 0x11c8f,
+	0x11c92, 0x11ca7,
+	0x11ca9, 0x11cb6,
+	0x11d00, 0x11d06,
+	0x11d08, 0x11d09,
+	0x11d0b, 0x11d36,
+	0x11d3a, 0x11d3a,
+	0x11d3c, 0x11d3d,
+	0x11d3f, 0x11d47,
+	0x11d50, 0x11d59,
+	0x11d60, 0x11d65,
+	0x11d67, 0x11d68,
+	0x11d6a, 0x11d8e,
+	0x11d90, 0x11d91,
+	0x11d93, 0x11d98,
+	0x11da0, 0x11da9,
+	0x11db0, 0x11ddb,
+	0x11de0, 0x11de9,
+	0x11ee0, 0x11ef8,
+	0x11f00, 0x11f10,
+	0x11f12, 0x11f3a,
+	0x11f3e, 0x11f5a,
+	0x11fb0, 0x11fb0,
+	0x11fc0, 0x11ff1,
+	0x11fff, 0x12399,
+	0x12400, 0x1246e,
+	0x12470, 0x12474,
+	0x12480, 0x12543,
+	0x12f90, 0x12ff2,
+	0x13000, 0x13455,
+	0x13460, 0x143fa,
+	0x14400, 0x14646,
+	0x16100, 0x16139,
+	0x16800, 0x16a38,
+	0x16a40, 0x16a5e,
+	0x16a60, 0x16a69,
+	0x16a6e, 0x16abe,
+	0x16ac0, 0x16ac9,
+	0x16ad0, 0x16aed,
+	0x16af0, 0x16af5,
+	0x16b00, 0x16b45,
+	0x16b50, 0x16b59,
+	0x16b5b, 0x16b61,
+	0x16b63, 0x16b77,
+	0x16b7d, 0x16b8f,
+	0x16d40, 0x16d79,
+	0x16e40, 0x16e9a,
+	0x16ea0, 0x16eb8,
+	0x16ebb, 0x16ed3,
+	0x16f00, 0x16f4a,
+	0x16f4f, 0x16f87,
+	0x16f8f, 0x16f9f,
+	0x16fe0, 0x16fe4,
+	0x16ff0, 0x16ff6,
+	0x17000, 0x18cd5,
+	0x18cff, 0x18d1e,
+	0x18d80, 0x18df2,
+	0x1aff0, 0x1aff3,
+	0x1aff5, 0x1affb,
+	0x1affd, 0x1affe,
+	0x1b000, 0x1b122,
+	0x1b132, 0x1b132,
+	0x1b150, 0x1b152,
+	0x1b155, 0x1b155,
+	0x1b164, 0x1b167,
+	0x1b170, 0x1b2fb,
+	0x1bc00, 0x1bc6a,
+	0x1bc70, 0x1bc7c,
+	0x1bc80, 0x1bc88,
+	0x1bc90, 0x1bc99,
+	0x1bc9c, 0x1bca3,
+	0x1cc00, 0x1ccfc,
+	0x1cd00, 0x1ceb3,
+	0x1ceba, 0x1ced0,
+	0x1cee0, 0x1cef0,
+	0x1cf00, 0x1cf2d,
+	0x1cf30, 0x1cf46,
+	0x1cf50, 0x1cfc3,
+	0x1d000, 0x1d0f5,
+	0x1d100, 0x1d126,
+	0x1d129, 0x1d1ea,
+	0x1d200, 0x1d245,
+	0x1d2c0, 0x1d2d3,
+	0x1d2e0, 0x1d2f3,
+	0x1d300, 0x1d356,
+	0x1d360, 0x1d378,
+	0x1d400, 0x1d454,
+	0x1d456, 0x1d49c,
+	0x1d49e, 0x1d49f,
+	0x1d4a2, 0x1d4a2,
+	0x1d4a5, 0x1d4a6,
+	0x1d4a9, 0x1d4ac,
+	0x1d4ae, 0x1d4b9,
+	0x1d4bb, 0x1d4bb,
+	0x1d4bd, 0x1d4c3,
+	0x1d4c5, 0x1d505,
+	0x1d507, 0x1d50a,
+	0x1d50d, 0x1d514,
+	0x1d516, 0x1d51c,
+	0x1d51e, 0x1d539,
+	0x1d53b, 0x1d53e,
+	0x1d540, 0x1d544,
+	0x1d546, 0x1d546,
+	0x1d54a, 0x1d550,
+	0x1d552, 0x1d6a5,
+	0x1d6a8, 0x1d7cb,
+	0x1d7ce, 0x1da8b,
+	0x1da9b, 0x1da9f,
+	0x1daa1, 0x1daaf,
+	0x1df00, 0x1df1e,
+	0x1df25, 0x1df2a,
+	0x1e000, 0x1e006,
+	0x1e008, 0x1e018,
+	0x1e01b, 0x1e021,
+	0x1e023, 0x1e024,
+	0x1e026, 0x1e02a,
+	0x1e030, 0x1e06d,
+	0x1e08f, 0x1e08f,
+	0x1e100, 0x1e12c,
+	0x1e130, 0x1e13d,
+	0x1e140, 0x1e149,
+	0x1e14e, 0x1e14f,
+	0x1e290, 0x1e2ae,
+	0x1e2c0, 0x1e2f9,
+	0x1e2ff, 0x1e2ff,
+	0x1e4d0, 0x1e4f9,
+	0x1e5d0, 0x1e5fa,
+	0x1e5ff, 0x1e5ff,
+	0x1e6c0, 0x1e6de,
+	0x1e6e0, 0x1e6f5,
+	0x1e6fe, 0x1e6ff,
+	0x1e7e0, 0x1e7e6,
+	0x1e7e8, 0x1e7eb,
+	0x1e7ed, 0x1e7ee,
+	0x1e7f0, 0x1e7fe,
+	0x1e800, 0x1e8c4,
+	0x1e8c7, 0x1e8d6,
+	0x1e900, 0x1e94b,
+	0x1e950, 0x1e959,
+	0x1e95e, 0x1e95f,
+	0x1ec71, 0x1ecb4,
+	0x1ed01, 0x1ed3d,
+	0x1ee00, 0x1ee03,
+	0x1ee05, 0x1ee1f,
+	0x1ee21, 0x1ee22,
+	0x1ee24, 0x1ee24,
+	0x1ee27, 0x1ee27,
+	0x1ee29, 0x1ee32,
+	0x1ee34, 0x1ee37,
+	0x1ee39, 0x1ee39,
+	0x1ee3b, 0x1ee3b,
+	0x1ee42, 0x1ee42,
+	0x1ee47, 0x1ee47,
+	0x1ee49, 0x1ee49,
+	0x1ee4b, 0x1ee4b,
+	0x1ee4d, 0x1ee4f,
+	0x1ee51, 0x1ee52,
+	0x1ee54, 0x1ee54,
+	0x1ee57, 0x1ee57,
+	0x1ee59, 0x1ee59,
+	0x1ee5b, 0x1ee5b,
+	0x1ee5d, 0x1ee5d,
+	0x1ee5f, 0x1ee5f,
+	0x1ee61, 0x1ee62,
+	0x1ee64, 0x1ee64,
+	0x1ee67, 0x1ee6a,
+	0x1ee6c, 0x1ee72,
+	0x1ee74, 0x1ee77,
+	0x1ee79, 0x1ee7c,
+	0x1ee7e, 0x1ee7e,
+	0x1ee80, 0x1ee89,
+	0x1ee8b, 0x1ee9b,
+	0x1eea1, 0x1eea3,
+	0x1eea5, 0x1eea9,
+	0x1eeab, 0x1eebb,
+	0x1eef0, 0x1eef1,
+	0x1f000, 0x1f02b,
+	0x1f030, 0x1f093,
+	0x1f0a0, 0x1f0ae,
+	0x1f0b1, 0x1f0bf,
+	0x1f0c1, 0x1f0cf,
+	0x1f0d1, 0x1f0f5,
+	0x1f100, 0x1f1ad,
+	0x1f1e6, 0x1f202,
+	0x1f210, 0x1f23b,
+	0x1f240, 0x1f248,
+	0x1f250, 0x1f251,
+	0x1f260, 0x1f265,
+	0x1f300, 0x1f6d8,
+	0x1f6dc, 0x1f6ec,
+	0x1f6f0, 0x1f6fc,
+	0x1f700, 0x1f7d9,
+	0x1f7e0, 0x1f7eb,
+	0x1f7f0, 0x1f7f0,
+	0x1f800, 0x1f80b,
+	0x1f810, 0x1f847,
+	0x1f850, 0x1f859,
+	0x1f860, 0x1f887,
+	0x1f890, 0x1f8ad,
+	0x1f8b0, 0x1f8bb,
+	0x1f8c0, 0x1f8c1,
+	0x1f8d0, 0x1f8d8,
+	0x1f900, 0x1fa57,
+	0x1fa60, 0x1fa6d,
+	0x1fa70, 0x1fa7c,
+	0x1fa80, 0x1fa8a,
+	0x1fa8e, 0x1fac6,
+	0x1fac8, 0x1fac8,
+	0x1facd, 0x1fadc,
+	0x1fadf, 0x1faea,
+	0x1faef, 0x1faf8,
+	0x1fb00, 0x1fb92,
+	0x1fb94, 0x1fbfa,
+	0x1fffe, 0x2a6df,
+	0x2a700, 0x2b81d,
+	0x2b820, 0x2cead,
+	0x2ceb0, 0x2ebe0,
+	0x2ebf0, 0x2ee5d,
+	0x2f800, 0x2fa1d,
+	0x2fffe, 0x3134a,
+	0x31350, 0x33479,
+	0x3fffe, 0x3ffff,
+	0x4fffe, 0x4ffff,
+	0x5fffe, 0x5ffff,
+	0x6fffe, 0x6ffff,
+	0x7fffe, 0x7ffff,
+	0x8fffe, 0x8ffff,
+	0x9fffe, 0x9ffff,
+	0xafffe, 0xaffff,
+	0xbfffe, 0xbffff,
+	0xcfffe, 0xcffff,
+	0xdfffe, 0xdffff,
+	0xe0001, 0xe0001,
+	0xe0020, 0xe007f,
+	0xe0100, 0xe01ef,
+	0xefffe, 0x10ffff,
+}; /* CR_Age_17_0 */
+
 #endif /* USE_UNICODE_AGE_PROPERTIES */
 /* 'Grapheme_Cluster_Break_Prepend': Grapheme_Cluster_Break=Prepend */
 static const OnigCodePoint CR_Grapheme_Cluster_Break_Prepend[] = {
-	16,
+	15,
 	0x0600, 0x0605,
 	0x06dd, 0x06dd,
 	0x070f, 0x070f,
@@ -40247,7 +41365,6 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Grapheme_Cluster_Break_Prepend[] = {
 	0x113d1, 0x113d1,
 	0x1193f, 0x1193f,
 	0x11941, 0x11941,
-	0x11a3a, 0x11a3a,
 	0x11a84, 0x11a89,
 	0x11d46, 0x11d46,
 	0x11f02, 0x11f02,
@@ -40288,7 +41405,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Grapheme_Cluster_Break_Control[] = {
 
 /* 'Grapheme_Cluster_Break_Extend': Grapheme_Cluster_Break=Extend */
 static const OnigCodePoint CR_Grapheme_Cluster_Break_Extend[] = {
-	376,
+	384,
 	0x0300, 0x036f,
 	0x0483, 0x0489,
 	0x0591, 0x05bd,
@@ -40440,7 +41557,8 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Grapheme_Cluster_Break_Extend[] = {
 	0x1a65, 0x1a6c,
 	0x1a73, 0x1a7c,
 	0x1a7f, 0x1a7f,
-	0x1ab0, 0x1ace,
+	0x1ab0, 0x1add,
+	0x1ae0, 0x1aeb,
 	0x1b00, 0x1b03,
 	0x1b34, 0x1b3d,
 	0x1b42, 0x1b44,
@@ -40521,7 +41639,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Grapheme_Cluster_Break_Extend[] = {
 	0x10d24, 0x10d27,
 	0x10d69, 0x10d6d,
 	0x10eab, 0x10eac,
-	0x10efc, 0x10eff,
+	0x10efa, 0x10eff,
 	0x10f46, 0x10f50,
 	0x10f82, 0x10f85,
 	0x11001, 0x11001,
@@ -40604,6 +41722,9 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Grapheme_Cluster_Break_Extend[] = {
 	0x11a59, 0x11a5b,
 	0x11a8a, 0x11a96,
 	0x11a98, 0x11a99,
+	0x11b60, 0x11b60,
+	0x11b62, 0x11b64,
+	0x11b66, 0x11b66,
 	0x11c30, 0x11c36,
 	0x11c38, 0x11c3d,
 	0x11c3f, 0x11c3f,
@@ -40660,6 +41781,10 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Grapheme_Cluster_Break_Extend[] = {
 	0x1e2ec, 0x1e2ef,
 	0x1e4ec, 0x1e4ef,
 	0x1e5ee, 0x1e5ef,
+	0x1e6e3, 0x1e6e3,
+	0x1e6e6, 0x1e6e6,
+	0x1e6ee, 0x1e6ef,
+	0x1e6f5, 0x1e6f5,
 	0x1e8d0, 0x1e8d6,
 	0x1e944, 0x1e94a,
 	0x1f3fb, 0x1f3ff,
@@ -40672,7 +41797,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Grapheme_Cluster_Break_Extend[] = {
 
 /* 'Grapheme_Cluster_Break_SpacingMark': Grapheme_Cluster_Break=SpacingMark */
 static const OnigCodePoint CR_Grapheme_Cluster_Break_SpacingMark[] = {
-	155,
+	158,
 	0x0903, 0x0903,
 	0x093b, 0x093b,
 	0x093e, 0x0940,
@@ -40814,6 +41939,9 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Grapheme_Cluster_Break_SpacingMark[] = {
 	0x11a39, 0x11a39,
 	0x11a57, 0x11a58,
 	0x11a97, 0x11a97,
+	0x11b61, 0x11b61,
+	0x11b65, 0x11b65,
+	0x11b67, 0x11b67,
 	0x11c2f, 0x11c2f,
 	0x11c3e, 0x11c3e,
 	0x11ca9, 0x11ca9,
@@ -42819,6 +43947,12 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Lydian[] = {
 	0x10920, 0x1093f,
 }; /* CR_In_Lydian */
 
+/* 'In_Sidetic': Block */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Sidetic[] = {
+	1,
+	0x10940, 0x1095f,
+}; /* CR_In_Sidetic */
+
 /* 'In_Meroitic_Hieroglyphs': Block */
 #define CR_In_Meroitic_Hieroglyphs CR_Meroitic_Hieroglyphs
 
@@ -42973,7 +44107,10 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Mahajani[] = {
 }; /* CR_In_Mahajani */
 
 /* 'In_Sharada': Block */
-#define CR_In_Sharada CR_Sharada
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Sharada[] = {
+	1,
+	0x11180, 0x111df,
+}; /* CR_In_Sharada */
 
 /* 'In_Sinhala_Archaic_Numbers': Block */
 static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Sinhala_Archaic_Numbers[] = {
@@ -43113,6 +44250,12 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Devanagari_Extended_A[] = {
 	0x11b00, 0x11b5f,
 }; /* CR_In_Devanagari_Extended_A */
 
+/* 'In_Sharada_Supplement': Block */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Sharada_Supplement[] = {
+	1,
+	0x11b60, 0x11b7f,
+}; /* CR_In_Sharada_Supplement */
+
 /* 'In_Sunuwar': Block */
 static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Sunuwar[] = {
 	1,
@@ -43143,6 +44286,12 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Gunjala_Gondi[] = {
 	0x11d60, 0x11daf,
 }; /* CR_In_Gunjala_Gondi */
 
+/* 'In_Tolong_Siki': Block */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Tolong_Siki[] = {
+	1,
+	0x11db0, 0x11def,
+}; /* CR_In_Tolong_Siki */
+
 /* 'In_Makasar': Block */
 static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Makasar[] = {
 	1,
@@ -43263,6 +44412,12 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Medefaidrin[] = {
 	0x16e40, 0x16e9f,
 }; /* CR_In_Medefaidrin */
 
+/* 'In_Beria_Erfe': Block */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Beria_Erfe[] = {
+	1,
+	0x16ea0, 0x16edf,
+}; /* CR_In_Beria_Erfe */
+
 /* 'In_Miao': Block */
 static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Miao[] = {
 	1,
@@ -43299,6 +44454,12 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Tangut_Supplement[] = {
 	0x18d00, 0x18d7f,
 }; /* CR_In_Tangut_Supplement */
 
+/* 'In_Tangut_Components_Supplement': Block */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Tangut_Components_Supplement[] = {
+	1,
+	0x18d80, 0x18dff,
+}; /* CR_In_Tangut_Components_Supplement */
+
 /* 'In_Kana_Extended_B': Block */
 static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Kana_Extended_B[] = {
 	1,
@@ -43347,6 +44508,12 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Symbols_for_Legacy_Computing_Supplement[] = {
 	0x1cc00, 0x1cebf,
 }; /* CR_In_Symbols_for_Legacy_Computing_Supplement */
 
+/* 'In_Miscellaneous_Symbols_Supplement': Block */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Miscellaneous_Symbols_Supplement[] = {
+	1,
+	0x1cec0, 0x1ceff,
+}; /* CR_In_Miscellaneous_Symbols_Supplement */
+
 /* 'In_Znamenny_Musical_Notation': Block */
 static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Znamenny_Musical_Notation[] = {
 	1,
@@ -43455,6 +44622,12 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Ol_Onal[] = {
 	0x1e5d0, 0x1e5ff,
 }; /* CR_In_Ol_Onal */
 
+/* 'In_Tai_Yo': Block */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Tai_Yo[] = {
+	1,
+	0x1e6c0, 0x1e6ff,
+}; /* CR_In_Tai_Yo */
+
 /* 'In_Ethiopic_Extended_B': Block */
 static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Ethiopic_Extended_B[] = {
 	1,
@@ -43641,6 +44814,12 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_CJK_Unified_Ideographs_Extension_H[] = {
 	0x31350, 0x323af,
 }; /* CR_In_CJK_Unified_Ideographs_Extension_H */
 
+/* 'In_CJK_Unified_Ideographs_Extension_J': Block */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_CJK_Unified_Ideographs_Extension_J[] = {
+	1,
+	0x323b0, 0x3347f,
+}; /* CR_In_CJK_Unified_Ideographs_Extension_J */
+
 /* 'In_Tags': Block */
 static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Tags[] = {
 	1,
@@ -43673,7 +44852,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_No_Block[] = {
 	0x103e0, 0x103ff,
 	0x107c0, 0x107ff,
 	0x108b0, 0x108df,
-	0x10940, 0x1097f,
+	0x10960, 0x1097f,
 	0x10aa0, 0x10abf,
 	0x10bb0, 0x10bff,
 	0x10c50, 0x10c7f,
@@ -43683,21 +44862,20 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_No_Block[] = {
 	0x11750, 0x117ff,
 	0x11850, 0x1189f,
 	0x11960, 0x1199f,
-	0x11b60, 0x11bbf,
+	0x11b80, 0x11bbf,
 	0x11cc0, 0x11cff,
-	0x11db0, 0x11edf,
+	0x11df0, 0x11edf,
 	0x11f60, 0x11faf,
 	0x12550, 0x12f8f,
 	0x14680, 0x160ff,
 	0x16140, 0x167ff,
 	0x16b90, 0x16d3f,
 	0x16d80, 0x16e3f,
-	0x16ea0, 0x16eff,
+	0x16ee0, 0x16eff,
 	0x16fa0, 0x16fdf,
-	0x18d80, 0x1afef,
+	0x18e00, 0x1afef,
 	0x1b300, 0x1bbff,
 	0x1bcb0, 0x1cbff,
-	0x1cec0, 0x1ceff,
 	0x1cfd0, 0x1cfff,
 	0x1d250, 0x1d2bf,
 	0x1d380, 0x1d3ff,
@@ -43706,7 +44884,8 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_No_Block[] = {
 	0x1e150, 0x1e28f,
 	0x1e300, 0x1e4cf,
 	0x1e500, 0x1e5cf,
-	0x1e600, 0x1e7df,
+	0x1e600, 0x1e6bf,
+	0x1e700, 0x1e7df,
 	0x1e8e0, 0x1e8ff,
 	0x1e960, 0x1ec6f,
 	0x1ecc0, 0x1ecff,
@@ -43716,7 +44895,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_No_Block[] = {
 	0x2a6e0, 0x2a6ff,
 	0x2ee60, 0x2f7ff,
 	0x2fa20, 0x2ffff,
-	0x323b0, 0xdffff,
+	0x33480, 0xdffff,
 	0xe0080, 0xe00ff,
 	0xe01f0, 0xeffff,
 }; /* CR_In_No_Block */
@@ -43972,6 +45151,10 @@ static const OnigCodePoint* const CodeRanges[] = {
   CR_Sunuwar,
   CR_Todhri,
   CR_Tulu_Tigalari,
+  CR_Sidetic,
+  CR_Tai_Yo,
+  CR_Tolong_Siki,
+  CR_Beria_Erfe,
   CR_White_Space,
   CR_Bidi_Control,
   CR_Join_Control,
@@ -44045,6 +45228,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint* const CodeRanges[] = {
   CR_Age_15_0,
   CR_Age_15_1,
   CR_Age_16_0,
+  CR_Age_17_0,
 #endif /* USE_UNICODE_AGE_PROPERTIES */
   CR_Grapheme_Cluster_Break_Prepend,
   CR_Grapheme_Cluster_Break_CR,
@@ -44254,6 +45438,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint* const CodeRanges[] = {
   CR_In_Hatran,
   CR_In_Phoenician,
   CR_In_Lydian,
+  CR_In_Sidetic,
   CR_In_Meroitic_Hieroglyphs,
   CR_In_Meroitic_Cursive,
   CR_In_Kharoshthi,
@@ -44305,11 +45490,13 @@ static const OnigCodePoint* const CodeRanges[] = {
   CR_In_Unified_Canadian_Aboriginal_Syllabics_Extended_A,
   CR_In_Pau_Cin_Hau,
   CR_In_Devanagari_Extended_A,
+  CR_In_Sharada_Supplement,
   CR_In_Sunuwar,
   CR_In_Bhaiksuki,
   CR_In_Marchen,
   CR_In_Masaram_Gondi,
   CR_In_Gunjala_Gondi,
+  CR_In_Tolong_Siki,
   CR_In_Makasar,
   CR_In_Kawi,
   CR_In_Lisu_Supplement,
@@ -44330,12 +45517,14 @@ static const OnigCodePoint* const CodeRanges[] = {
   CR_In_Pahawh_Hmong,
   CR_In_Kirat_Rai,
   CR_In_Medefaidrin,
+  CR_In_Beria_Erfe,
   CR_In_Miao,
   CR_In_Ideographic_Symbols_and_Punctuation,
   CR_In_Tangut,
   CR_In_Tangut_Components,
   CR_In_Khitan_Small_Script,
   CR_In_Tangut_Supplement,
+  CR_In_Tangut_Components_Supplement,
   CR_In_Kana_Extended_B,
   CR_In_Kana_Supplement,
   CR_In_Kana_Extended_A,
@@ -44344,6 +45533,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint* const CodeRanges[] = {
   CR_In_Duployan,
   CR_In_Shorthand_Format_Controls,
   CR_In_Symbols_for_Legacy_Computing_Supplement,
+  CR_In_Miscellaneous_Symbols_Supplement,
   CR_In_Znamenny_Musical_Notation,
   CR_In_Byzantine_Musical_Symbols,
   CR_In_Musical_Symbols,
@@ -44362,6 +45552,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint* const CodeRanges[] = {
   CR_In_Wancho,
   CR_In_Nag_Mundari,
   CR_In_Ol_Onal,
+  CR_In_Tai_Yo,
   CR_In_Ethiopic_Extended_B,
   CR_In_Mende_Kikakui,
   CR_In_Adlam,
@@ -44393,6 +45584,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint* const CodeRanges[] = {
   CR_In_CJK_Compatibility_Ideographs_Supplement,
   CR_In_CJK_Unified_Ideographs_Extension_G,
   CR_In_CJK_Unified_Ideographs_Extension_H,
+  CR_In_CJK_Unified_Ideographs_Extension_J,
   CR_In_Tags,
   CR_In_Variation_Selectors_Supplement,
   CR_In_Supplementary_Private_Use_Area_A,
@@ -44417,15 +45609,15 @@ static const struct uniname2ctype_struct *uniname2ctype_p(register const char *s
 /* maximum key range = 15, duplicates = 0 */
 #else /* USE_UNICODE_PROPERTIES */
 #ifndef USE_UNICODE_AGE_PROPERTIES
-#define TOTAL_KEYWORDS 900
+#define TOTAL_KEYWORDS 916
 #else /* USE_UNICODE_AGE_PROPERTIES */
-#define TOTAL_KEYWORDS 927
+#define TOTAL_KEYWORDS 944
 #endif /* USE_UNICODE_AGE_PROPERTIES */
 #define MIN_WORD_LENGTH 1
 #define MAX_WORD_LENGTH 45
-#define MIN_HASH_VALUE 12
-#define MAX_HASH_VALUE 6807
-/* maximum key range = 6796, duplicates = 0 */
+#define MIN_HASH_VALUE 10
+#define MAX_HASH_VALUE 6068
+/* maximum key range = 6059, duplicates = 0 */
 #endif /* USE_UNICODE_PROPERTIES */
 
 #ifdef __GNUC__
@@ -44459,24 +45651,24 @@ uniname2ctype_hash (register const char *str, register size_t len)
        2,  1,  1, 21,  1,  7,  4,  6, 21,  1,
        4, 21, 21, 21, 21, 21, 21, 21
 #else /* USE_UNICODE_PROPERTIES */
-      6808, 6808, 6808, 6808, 6808, 6808, 6808, 6808, 6808, 6808,
-      6808, 6808, 6808, 6808, 6808, 6808, 6808, 6808, 6808, 6808,
-      6808, 6808, 6808, 6808, 6808, 6808, 6808, 6808, 6808, 6808,
-      6808, 6808, 6808, 6808, 6808, 6808, 6808, 6808, 6808, 6808,
+      6069, 6069, 6069, 6069, 6069, 6069, 6069, 6069, 6069, 6069,
+      6069, 6069, 6069, 6069, 6069, 6069, 6069, 6069, 6069, 6069,
+      6069, 6069, 6069, 6069, 6069, 6069, 6069, 6069, 6069, 6069,
+      6069, 6069, 6069, 6069, 6069, 6069, 6069, 6069, 6069, 6069,
 #ifndef USE_UNICODE_AGE_PROPERTIES
-      6808, 6808, 6808, 6808, 6808, 6808, 6808, 6808, 6808, 6808,
-      6808, 6808, 6808, 6808, 6808, 6808, 6808, 6808, 6808, 6808,
+      6069, 6069, 6069, 6069, 6069, 6069, 6069, 6069, 6069, 6069,
+      6069, 6069, 6069, 6069, 6069, 6069, 6069, 6069, 6069, 6069,
 #else /* USE_UNICODE_AGE_PROPERTIES */
-      6808, 6808, 6808, 6808, 6808, 6808,    7, 6808,    2,    1,
-         4,   42,   27,   21,    6,   10,    9,    2, 6808, 6808,
+      6069, 6069, 6069, 6069, 6069, 6069,    8, 6069,    2,    1,
+         4,   31,   11,   20,   27,   15,   23,   17, 6069, 6069,
 #endif /* USE_UNICODE_AGE_PROPERTIES */
-      6808,    1, 6808, 6808, 6808, 6808, 6808, 6808, 6808, 6808,
-      6808, 6808, 6808, 6808, 6808, 6808, 6808, 6808, 6808, 6808,
-      6808, 6808, 6808, 6808, 6808, 6808, 6808, 6808, 6808, 6808,
-      6808, 6808, 6808, 6808, 6808, 6808, 6808,    1, 1475,  140,
-       423,   30, 1736, 1065, 1241,    5,  907,    6,  795,   96,
-         3,   10, 1388,  543,   48,  197,  370,  502, 1709, 2040,
-       816, 2019,   52,    5,   12, 6808, 6808, 6808, 6808, 6808
+      6069,    1, 6069, 6069, 6069, 6069, 6069, 6069, 6069, 6069,
+      6069, 6069, 6069, 6069, 6069, 6069, 6069, 6069, 6069, 6069,
+      6069, 6069, 6069, 6069, 6069, 6069, 6069, 6069, 6069, 6069,
+      6069, 6069, 6069, 6069, 6069, 6069, 6069,   22,   28,  165,
+       250,  131, 1160, 1288,  949,    4,   12, 1918,  452,    7,
+         8,    1,  756, 2041,  623,   20,   68, 1025, 1509,  246,
+      1475,  944,  814,    2, 6069, 6069, 6069, 6069, 6069
 #endif /* USE_UNICODE_PROPERTIES */
     };
 #ifndef USE_UNICODE_PROPERTIES
@@ -44511,10 +45703,10 @@ uniname2ctype_hash (register const char *str, register size_t len)
         hval += asso_values[(unsigned char)str[2]];
       /*FALLTHROUGH*/
       case 2:
-        hval += asso_values[(unsigned char)str[1]];
+        hval += asso_values[(unsigned char)str[1]+1];
       /*FALLTHROUGH*/
       case 1:
-        hval += asso_values[(unsigned char)str[0]+2];
+        hval += asso_values[(unsigned char)str[0]+1];
         break;
     }
   return hval + asso_values[(unsigned char)str[len - 1]];
@@ -44540,1912 +45732,1951 @@ struct uniname2ctype_pool_t
     char uniname2ctype_pool_str19[sizeof("digit")];
     char uniname2ctype_pool_str20[sizeof("blank")];
 #else /* USE_UNICODE_PROPERTIES */
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str12[sizeof("lana")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str16[sizeof("lina")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str17[sizeof("yi")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str18[sizeof("mn")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str22[sizeof("maka")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str23[sizeof("mani")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str24[sizeof("yiii")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str25[sizeof("lo")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str27[sizeof("lao")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str28[sizeof("laoo")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str30[sizeof("miao")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str31[sizeof("inkannada")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str37[sizeof("innko")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str38[sizeof("cn")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str42[sizeof("ci")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str52[sizeof("co")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str59[sizeof("gara")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str60[sizeof("pi")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str61[sizeof("gran")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str65[sizeof("z")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str68[sizeof("lineara")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str69[sizeof("mark")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str70[sizeof("po")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str72[sizeof("me")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str76[sizeof("loe")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str79[sizeof("inkiratrai")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str81[sizeof("mro")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str82[sizeof("mroo")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str86[sizeof("inkharoshthi")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str88[sizeof("cari")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str92[sizeof("carian")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str93[sizeof("grek")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str96[sizeof("yezi")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str97[sizeof("geor")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str100[sizeof("greek")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str101[sizeof("mendekikakui")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str102[sizeof("mero")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str105[sizeof("kana")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str107[sizeof("m")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str110[sizeof("pe")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str118[sizeof("gonm")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str122[sizeof("meeteimayek")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str126[sizeof("inosmanya")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str130[sizeof("inmro")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str131[sizeof("inmanichaean")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str132[sizeof("inmiao")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str137[sizeof("cakm")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str149[sizeof("inarmenian")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str154[sizeof("krai")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str158[sizeof("common")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str165[sizeof("inchakma")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str166[sizeof("inmyanmar")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str167[sizeof("mandaic")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str169[sizeof("inmakasar")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str171[sizeof("c")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str172[sizeof("zzzz")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str192[sizeof("inideographicsymbolsandpunctuation")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str196[sizeof("inkhmer")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str197[sizeof("lm")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str203[sizeof("marc")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str208[sizeof("qaai")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str211[sizeof("combiningmark")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str212[sizeof("inrunic")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str213[sizeof("incarian")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str218[sizeof("inahom")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str224[sizeof("prependedconcatenationmark")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str225[sizeof("inchorasmian")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str226[sizeof("perm")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str232[sizeof("merc")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str235[sizeof("cans")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str240[sizeof("connectorpunctuation")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str249[sizeof("inavestan")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str250[sizeof("incuneiformnumbersandpunctuation")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str262[sizeof("inipaextensions")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str265[sizeof("insharada")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str267[sizeof("incherokee")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str270[sizeof("makasar")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str273[sizeof("inarrows")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str279[sizeof("masaramgondi")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str285[sizeof("lc")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str289[sizeof("incuneiform")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str291[sizeof("armn")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str292[sizeof("mc")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str293[sizeof("armi")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str303[sizeof("armenian")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str305[sizeof("inmarchen")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str309[sizeof("lineseparator")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str311[sizeof("qmark")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str312[sizeof("cc")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str317[sizeof("insamaritan")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str325[sizeof("inmasaramgondi")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str330[sizeof("pc")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str332[sizeof("inscriptionalparthian")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str343[sizeof("qaac")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str345[sizeof("mcm")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str348[sizeof("incham")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str352[sizeof("incyrillic")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str357[sizeof("inzanabazarsquare")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str362[sizeof("inkhmersymbols")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str381[sizeof("latn")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str382[sizeof("ri")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str383[sizeof("pcm")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str385[sizeof("latin")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str390[sizeof("inthaana")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str396[sizeof("inthai")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str397[sizeof("inkatakana")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str403[sizeof("inkaithi")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str407[sizeof("insyriac")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str408[sizeof("zs")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str416[sizeof("initialpunctuation")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str419[sizeof("mtei")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str426[sizeof("cs")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str441[sizeof("mand")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str444[sizeof("ps")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str445[sizeof("intakri")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str452[sizeof("modi")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str458[sizeof("inkanaextendeda")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str470[sizeof("mend")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str472[sizeof("inruminumeralsymbols")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str473[sizeof("ideo")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str475[sizeof("prti")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str480[sizeof("arabic")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str481[sizeof("brai")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str483[sizeof("katakana")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str487[sizeof("inideographicdescriptioncharacters")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str492[sizeof("ascii")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str504[sizeof("innandinagari")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str512[sizeof("privateuse")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str514[sizeof("inoldnortharabian")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str516[sizeof("sk")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str524[sizeof("so")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str525[sizeof("incjkcompatibilityforms")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str526[sizeof("yezidi")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str527[sizeof("knda")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str528[sizeof("inmyanmarextendeda")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str530[sizeof("incjkcompatibilityideographs")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str532[sizeof("kannada")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str534[sizeof("xidcontinue")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str535[sizeof("letter")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str544[sizeof("inmodi")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str554[sizeof("inmeeteimayek")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str556[sizeof("inmendekikakui")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str561[sizeof("onao")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str565[sizeof("sora")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str579[sizeof("inmedefaidrin")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str580[sizeof("kiratrai")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str583[sizeof("inspecials")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str584[sizeof("brahmi")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str589[sizeof("letternumber")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str597[sizeof("inchesssymbols")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str598[sizeof("inolditalic")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str603[sizeof("oriya")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str604[sizeof("inmiscellaneousmathematicalsymbolsa")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str606[sizeof("intransportandmapsymbols")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str614[sizeof("incb=extend")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str624[sizeof("xidc")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str627[sizeof("inemoticons")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str651[sizeof("samr")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str657[sizeof("inoldsogdian")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str661[sizeof("inancientsymbols")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str663[sizeof("incommonindicnumberforms")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str664[sizeof("samaritan")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str666[sizeof("psalterpahlavi")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str667[sizeof("inmyanmarextendedc")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str672[sizeof("kits")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str673[sizeof("insundanese")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str675[sizeof("incb=consonant")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str676[sizeof("gothic")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str680[sizeof("inmandaic")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str681[sizeof("xids")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str689[sizeof("inznamennymusicalnotation")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str695[sizeof("pauc")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str696[sizeof("sm")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str700[sizeof("s")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str705[sizeof("meroiticcursive")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str708[sizeof("inoldsoutharabian")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str710[sizeof("inugaritic")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str711[sizeof("lisu")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str712[sizeof("idc")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str713[sizeof("incjkcompatibilityideographssupplement")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str714[sizeof("patternwhitespace")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str717[sizeof("bamum")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str719[sizeof("inancientgreekmusicalnotation")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str739[sizeof("idsbinaryoperator")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str745[sizeof("lt")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str758[sizeof("incjkstrokes")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str768[sizeof("insunuwar")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str770[sizeof("insaurashtra")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str773[sizeof("indominotiles")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str775[sizeof("intoto")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str784[sizeof("sc")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str790[sizeof("idsunaryoperator")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str791[sizeof("inmodifiertoneletters")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str797[sizeof("inopticalcharacterrecognition")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str799[sizeof("l")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str804[sizeof("batk")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str805[sizeof("inkanasupplement")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str806[sizeof("osage")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str811[sizeof("batak")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str813[sizeof("inmusicalsymbols")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str817[sizeof("incaucasianalbanian")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str818[sizeof("patws")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str822[sizeof("bass")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str826[sizeof("ids")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str828[sizeof("grext")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str829[sizeof("inlao")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str830[sizeof("vai")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str831[sizeof("vaii")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str835[sizeof("inolonal")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str840[sizeof("mongolian")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str841[sizeof("osma")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str846[sizeof("print")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str847[sizeof("inlineara")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str859[sizeof("intaitham")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str869[sizeof("grlink")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str888[sizeof("inmiscellaneoussymbols")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str896[sizeof("pd")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str897[sizeof("inmiscellaneoussymbolsandarrows")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str901[sizeof("kali")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str902[sizeof("inmiscellaneoussymbolsandpictographs")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str903[sizeof("control")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str905[sizeof("inancientgreeknumbers")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str906[sizeof("incontrolpictures")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str909[sizeof("inadlam")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str917[sizeof("han")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str920[sizeof("hani")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str925[sizeof("hano")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str927[sizeof("runr")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str937[sizeof("sind")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str941[sizeof("hanunoo")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str944[sizeof("palm")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str945[sizeof("inkhojki")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str956[sizeof("inkhudawadi")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str960[sizeof("inlycian")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str963[sizeof("inoldturkic")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str965[sizeof("hira")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str978[sizeof("incountingrodnumerals")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str979[sizeof("odi")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str982[sizeof("idcontinue")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1000[sizeof("idst")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1003[sizeof("inolduyghur")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1004[sizeof("incb=linker")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1008[sizeof("inmalayalam")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1009[sizeof("lu")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1021[sizeof("inspacingmodifierletters")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1026[sizeof("bamu")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1038[sizeof("indeseret")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1050[sizeof("sundanese")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1052[sizeof("idstart")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1057[sizeof("saur")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1058[sizeof("insmallkanaextension")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1061[sizeof("guru")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1070[sizeof("paucinhau")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1076[sizeof("gurmukhi")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1077[sizeof("insylotinagri")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1079[sizeof("cased")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1083[sizeof("inlinearbideograms")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1087[sizeof("gong")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1088[sizeof("ingrantha")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1092[sizeof("mong")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1095[sizeof("joinc")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1099[sizeof("sterm")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1109[sizeof("inkaktoviknumerals")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1113[sizeof("limbu")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1115[sizeof("oidc")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1122[sizeof("inosage")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1123[sizeof("incjkunifiedideographsextensiona")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1124[sizeof("incyrillicsupplement")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1125[sizeof("inmeeteimayekextensions")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1126[sizeof("georgian")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1127[sizeof("incjkunifiedideographsextensioni")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1132[sizeof("idsu")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1134[sizeof("ingeneralpunctuation")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1135[sizeof("alnum")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1136[sizeof("bidic")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1145[sizeof("ingeorgian")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1147[sizeof("quotationmark")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1149[sizeof("incherokeesupplement")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1152[sizeof("incjkunifiedideographsextensione")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1157[sizeof("insiddham")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1160[sizeof("runic")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1172[sizeof("oids")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1176[sizeof("ital")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1186[sizeof("emoji")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1187[sizeof("inmongolian")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1195[sizeof("innagmundari")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1200[sizeof("inlatinextendeda")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1212[sizeof("vs")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1214[sizeof("saurashtra")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1216[sizeof("intaile")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1228[sizeof("bali")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1229[sizeof("xidstart")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1231[sizeof("xdigit")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1233[sizeof("ingurmukhi")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1236[sizeof("blank")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1243[sizeof("inlydian")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str10[sizeof("n")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str16[sizeof("m")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str19[sizeof("mn")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str24[sizeof("lm")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str27[sizeof("inmro")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str28[sizeof("innko")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str33[sizeof("mro")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str34[sizeof("mroo")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str38[sizeof("ri")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str40[sizeof("lao")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str41[sizeof("laoo")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str44[sizeof("ahom")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str45[sizeof("hano")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str47[sizeof("miao")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str48[sizeof("hani")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str50[sizeof("inmiao")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str51[sizeof("han")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str52[sizeof("mani")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str53[sizeof("lina")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str56[sizeof("inahom")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str57[sizeof("hanunoo")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str58[sizeof("limb")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str59[sizeof("linb")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str60[sizeof("inmanichaean")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str62[sizeof("alnum")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str63[sizeof("armi")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str64[sizeof("nandinagari")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str67[sizeof("armn")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str69[sizeof("lana")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str70[sizeof("zanb")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str74[sizeof("inosmanya")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str81[sizeof("insamaritan")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str82[sizeof("inbhaiksuki")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str83[sizeof("armenian")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str85[sizeof("sm")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str88[sizeof("inmasaramgondi")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str89[sizeof("s")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str90[sizeof("innabataean")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str92[sizeof("zs")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str93[sizeof("inbasiclatin")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str96[sizeof("innumberforms")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str102[sizeof("arab")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str107[sizeof("inmusicalsymbols")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str115[sizeof("latn")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str117[sizeof("inthai")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str124[sizeof("latin")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str135[sizeof("shavian")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str141[sizeof("initialpunctuation")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str144[sizeof("hatran")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str149[sizeof("di")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str155[sizeof("inthaana")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str157[sizeof("intoto")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str164[sizeof("nabataean")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str169[sizeof("intaitham")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str175[sizeof("inarabicpresentationformsa")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str180[sizeof("inbraillepatterns")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str181[sizeof("inarabicpresentationformsb")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str186[sizeof("ids")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str190[sizeof("dia")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str191[sizeof("inarmenian")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str195[sizeof("idsb")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str199[sizeof("intransportandmapsymbols")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str202[sizeof("inideographicsymbolsandpunctuation")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str203[sizeof("inavestan")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str209[sizeof("inipaextensions")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str211[sizeof("inelbasan")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str213[sizeof("inopticalcharacterrecognition")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str215[sizeof("brai")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str219[sizeof("bamum")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str220[sizeof("incham")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str227[sizeof("inideographicdescriptioncharacters")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str228[sizeof("brahmi")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str235[sizeof("idst")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str237[sizeof("bass")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str242[sizeof("mandaic")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str244[sizeof("inemoticons")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str247[sizeof("incommonindicnumberforms")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str257[sizeof("intibetan")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str258[sizeof("inarabic")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str260[sizeof("nbat")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str261[sizeof("cn")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str267[sizeof("inancientsymbols")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str268[sizeof("ci")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str274[sizeof("ascii")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str275[sizeof("mcm")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str279[sizeof("ideo")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str284[sizeof("inmodi")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str285[sizeof("vai")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str286[sizeof("vaii")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str287[sizeof("cham")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str289[sizeof("inmyanmarextendeda")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str291[sizeof("nand")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str295[sizeof("inmyanmarextendedb")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str298[sizeof("mand")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str310[sizeof("cans")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str312[sizeof("inoldsogdian")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str315[sizeof("chorasmian")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str317[sizeof("innewa")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str333[sizeof("chakma")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str335[sizeof("incuneiform")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str336[sizeof("vs")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str340[sizeof("cs")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str342[sizeof("sind")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str344[sizeof("shaw")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str359[sizeof("inspecials")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str364[sizeof("inchesssymbols")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str366[sizeof("avst")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str373[sizeof("inblockelements")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str384[sizeof("nd")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str395[sizeof("sharada")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str398[sizeof("inmiscellaneoussymbols")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str400[sizeof("inmiscellaneousmathematicalsymbolsa")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str402[sizeof("sidt")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str406[sizeof("inmiscellaneousmathematicalsymbolsb")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str407[sizeof("inmiscellaneoussymbolsandarrows")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str410[sizeof("arabic")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str412[sizeof("inmiscellaneoussymbolsandpictographs")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str416[sizeof("c")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str424[sizeof("lc")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str425[sizeof("mc")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str426[sizeof("inmedefaidrin")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str432[sizeof("inmyanmarextendedc")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str433[sizeof("insundanese")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str438[sizeof("indominotiles")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str440[sizeof("insymbolsandpictographsextendeda")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str441[sizeof("inwancho")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str444[sizeof("inolditalic")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str447[sizeof("inmodifiertoneletters")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str448[sizeof("incb=consonant")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str451[sizeof("sd")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str452[sizeof("inmandaic")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str456[sizeof("inmiscellaneoussymbolssupplement")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str458[sizeof("nko")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str459[sizeof("nkoo")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str460[sizeof("l")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str461[sizeof("inmeeteimayekextensions")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str462[sizeof("nl")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str463[sizeof("zl")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str468[sizeof("ll")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str472[sizeof("inlao")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str473[sizeof("khoj")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str476[sizeof("idc")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str477[sizeof("innewtailue")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str483[sizeof("inolonal")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str485[sizeof("sc")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str491[sizeof("indeseret")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str496[sizeof("incuneiformnumbersandpunctuation")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str502[sizeof("krai")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str505[sizeof("inarabicextendeda")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str508[sizeof("inoldturkic")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str510[sizeof("avestan")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str511[sizeof("inarabicextendedb")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str512[sizeof("inmalayalam")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str513[sizeof("kharoshthi")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str514[sizeof("kana")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str523[sizeof("inadlam")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str525[sizeof("idcontinue")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str549[sizeof("insiddham")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str551[sizeof("intamil")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str553[sizeof("inmultani")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str554[sizeof("intolongsiki")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str556[sizeof("kits")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str571[sizeof("incb=extend")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str574[sizeof("sidetic")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str584[sizeof("sidd")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str587[sizeof("incontrolpictures")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str588[sizeof("insidetic")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str591[sizeof("sinhala")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str605[sizeof("inlatinextendeda")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str617[sizeof("inlatinextendedb")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str622[sizeof("adlm")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str630[sizeof("adlam")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str635[sizeof("inlineara")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str637[sizeof("intamilsupplement")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str638[sizeof("inbalinese")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str645[sizeof("inspacingmodifierletters")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str648[sizeof("inarabicextendedc")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str650[sizeof("inlycian")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str653[sizeof("bali")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str665[sizeof("hira")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str667[sizeof("cc")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str674[sizeof("insmallkanaextension")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str675[sizeof("intaile")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str681[sizeof("qaai")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str682[sizeof("inmyanmar")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str684[sizeof("narb")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str687[sizeof("inarrows")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str701[sizeof("lineara")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str707[sizeof("linearb")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str709[sizeof("insharada")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str716[sizeof("inruminumeralsymbols")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str721[sizeof("masaramgondi")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str727[sizeof("hatr")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str729[sizeof("knda")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str730[sizeof("samr")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str734[sizeof("kawi")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str735[sizeof("inlydian")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str747[sizeof("samaritan")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str751[sizeof("sarb")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str760[sizeof("no")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str762[sizeof("bidic")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str766[sizeof("lo")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str780[sizeof("hmnp")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str784[sizeof("onao")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str788[sizeof("inlowsurrogates")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str789[sizeof("kannada")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str795[sizeof("inlinearbideograms")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str799[sizeof("inletterlikesymbols")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str803[sizeof("cased")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str809[sizeof("inbopomofo")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str810[sizeof("inberiaerfe")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str815[sizeof("lineseparator")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str817[sizeof("z")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str818[sizeof("insymbolsforlegacycomputingsupplement")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str820[sizeof("inrunic")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str821[sizeof("incarian")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str823[sizeof("inlatinextendede")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str825[sizeof("inmarchen")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str827[sizeof("so")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str828[sizeof("marc")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str829[sizeof("oriya")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str830[sizeof("inchorasmian")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str832[sizeof("yi")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str833[sizeof("insyriac")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str838[sizeof("yiii")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str840[sizeof("alpha")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str842[sizeof("qaac")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str852[sizeof("insundanesesupplement")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str857[sizeof("osma")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str880[sizeof("inmiscellaneoustechnical")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str883[sizeof("idstart")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str890[sizeof("inenclosedcjklettersandmonths")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str891[sizeof("inlatinextendedc")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str894[sizeof("dsrt")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str898[sizeof("odi")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str901[sizeof("chrs")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str909[sizeof("cari")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str919[sizeof("innandinagari")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str923[sizeof("balinese")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str924[sizeof("inwarangciti")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str929[sizeof("inphoenician")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str940[sizeof("kali")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str942[sizeof("inoldnortharabian")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str944[sizeof("radical")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str945[sizeof("carian")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str947[sizeof("idsbinaryoperator")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str949[sizeof("shrd")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str954[sizeof("inoldsoutharabian")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str966[sizeof("diacritic")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str970[sizeof("mlym")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str975[sizeof("zinh")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str978[sizeof("inphaistosdisc")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str980[sizeof("incyrillic")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str985[sizeof("ininscriptionalpahlavi")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str988[sizeof("insoyombo")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str990[sizeof("ininscriptionalparthian")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str991[sizeof("inoriya")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str994[sizeof("lyci")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str999[sizeof("inogham")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1001[sizeof("mahj")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1003[sizeof("gran")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1005[sizeof("inmahajani")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1009[sizeof("co")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1012[sizeof("cher")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1016[sizeof("alphabetic")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1021[sizeof("insinhala")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1022[sizeof("modi")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1024[sizeof("inbrahmi")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1028[sizeof("loe")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1030[sizeof("lycian")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1031[sizeof("mahajani")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1036[sizeof("common")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1037[sizeof("intaiyo")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1038[sizeof("inhanifirohingya")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1040[sizeof("inbassavah")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1041[sizeof("sinh")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1042[sizeof("oids")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1044[sizeof("inlatinextendedadditional")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1045[sizeof("inyijinghexagramsymbols")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1048[sizeof("inoldpersian")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1056[sizeof("bidicontrol")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1057[sizeof("math")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1058[sizeof("inarabicsupplement")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1059[sizeof("thai")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1061[sizeof("inlatinextendedd")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1064[sizeof("taiyo")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1068[sizeof("lisu")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1072[sizeof("tnsa")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1073[sizeof("incherokee")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1077[sizeof("thaa")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1079[sizeof("lydi")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1087[sizeof("inbamum")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1090[sizeof("khmr")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1094[sizeof("inbyzantinemusicalsymbols")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1102[sizeof("lt")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1105[sizeof("khar")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1109[sizeof("thaana")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1113[sizeof("osage")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1115[sizeof("lydian")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1117[sizeof("inanatolianhieroglyphs")];
+#ifdef USE_UNICODE_AGE_PROPERTIES
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1120[sizeof("age=11.0")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1121[sizeof("age=10.0")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1122[sizeof("age=12.1")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1123[sizeof("age=12.0")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1125[sizeof("age=1.1")];
+#endif /* USE_UNICODE_AGE_PROPERTIES */
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1126[sizeof("insylotinagri")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1127[sizeof("anatolianhieroglyphs")];
+#ifdef USE_UNICODE_AGE_PROPERTIES
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1128[sizeof("age=2.1")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1129[sizeof("age=2.0")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1130[sizeof("age=14.0")];
+#endif /* USE_UNICODE_AGE_PROPERTIES */
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1131[sizeof("tangsa")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1132[sizeof("dash")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1133[sizeof("incombiningdiacriticalmarks")];
 #ifdef USE_UNICODE_AGE_PROPERTIES
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1247[sizeof("age=11.0")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1248[sizeof("age=10.0")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1249[sizeof("age=12.1")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1250[sizeof("age=12.0")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1251[sizeof("age=1.1")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1252[sizeof("age=16.0")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1253[sizeof("age=9.0")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1254[sizeof("age=2.1")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1255[sizeof("age=2.0")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1256[sizeof("age=6.1")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1257[sizeof("age=6.0")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1134[sizeof("age=17.0")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1135[sizeof("age=4.1")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1136[sizeof("age=4.0")];
 #endif /* USE_UNICODE_AGE_PROPERTIES */
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1258[sizeof("inlatinextendede")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1137[sizeof("tibt")];
 #ifdef USE_UNICODE_AGE_PROPERTIES
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1259[sizeof("age=6.2")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1260[sizeof("age=8.0")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1261[sizeof("age=7.0")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1138[sizeof("age=15.1")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1139[sizeof("age=15.0")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1140[sizeof("age=7.0")];
 #endif /* USE_UNICODE_AGE_PROPERTIES */
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1262[sizeof("incjkunifiedideographsextensionc")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1264[sizeof("bengali")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1265[sizeof("zinh")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1141[sizeof("inolchiki")];
 #ifdef USE_UNICODE_AGE_PROPERTIES
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1266[sizeof("age=15.1")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1267[sizeof("age=15.0")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1271[sizeof("age=5.1")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1272[sizeof("age=5.0")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1273[sizeof("age=14.0")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1274[sizeof("age=5.2")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1277[sizeof("age=4.1")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1278[sizeof("age=4.0")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1142[sizeof("age=9.0")];
 #endif /* USE_UNICODE_AGE_PROPERTIES */
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1281[sizeof("inhanifirohingya")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1282[sizeof("intamil")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1284[sizeof("inmultani")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1143[sizeof("incombiningdiacriticalmarksforsymbols")];
 #ifdef USE_UNICODE_AGE_PROPERTIES
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1288[sizeof("age=13.0")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1144[sizeof("age=5.1")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1145[sizeof("age=5.0")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1146[sizeof("age=16.0")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1147[sizeof("age=5.2")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1148[sizeof("age=8.0")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1150[sizeof("age=13.0")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1151[sizeof("age=6.1")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1152[sizeof("age=6.0")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1154[sizeof("age=6.2")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1155[sizeof("age=3.1")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1156[sizeof("age=3.0")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1158[sizeof("age=3.2")];
 #endif /* USE_UNICODE_AGE_PROPERTIES */
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1290[sizeof("balinese")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1291[sizeof("hatran")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1159[sizeof("inarabicmathematicalalphabeticsymbols")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1160[sizeof("brah")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1170[sizeof("tibetan")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1172[sizeof("mtei")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1175[sizeof("incoptic")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1176[sizeof("manichaean")];
 #ifdef USE_UNICODE_AGE_PROPERTIES
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1292[sizeof("age=3.1")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1293[sizeof("age=3.0")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1295[sizeof("age=3.2")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1297[sizeof("age=6.3")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1181[sizeof("age=6.3")];
 #endif /* USE_UNICODE_AGE_PROPERTIES */
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1298[sizeof("punct")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1309[sizeof("incjkunifiedideographs")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1310[sizeof("inhiragana")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1314[sizeof("sinhala")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1318[sizeof("plrd")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1320[sizeof("phoenician")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1321[sizeof("logicalorderexception")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1323[sizeof("multani")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1326[sizeof("canadianaboriginal")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1327[sizeof("patternsyntax")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1328[sizeof("gunjalagondi")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1330[sizeof("hatr")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1336[sizeof("insorasompeng")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1339[sizeof("inearlydynasticcuneiform")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1340[sizeof("marchen")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1349[sizeof("graphemelink")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1350[sizeof("sd")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1353[sizeof("cher")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1355[sizeof("cherokee")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1357[sizeof("sidd")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1359[sizeof("kaithi")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1362[sizeof("inmahajani")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1363[sizeof("emojimodifier")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1364[sizeof("inogham")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1369[sizeof("khojki")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1372[sizeof("cham")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1376[sizeof("chakma")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1390[sizeof("khar")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1392[sizeof("n")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1397[sizeof("graphemebase")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1408[sizeof("manichaean")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1410[sizeof("no")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1414[sizeof("inolchiki")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1416[sizeof("nandinagari")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1417[sizeof("nko")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1418[sizeof("nkoo")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1434[sizeof("sund")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1435[sizeof("inethiopic")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1437[sizeof("p")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1439[sizeof("punctuation")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1440[sizeof("ingreekandcoptic")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1451[sizeof("inmeroitichieroglyphs")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1455[sizeof("inphoenician")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1456[sizeof("intangsa")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1458[sizeof("adlm")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1460[sizeof("insinhala")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1461[sizeof("incyrillicextendeda")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1466[sizeof("gujr")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1476[sizeof("gujarati")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1478[sizeof("inlatinextendedc")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1480[sizeof("olower")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1482[sizeof("enclosingmark")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1484[sizeof("xpeo")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1485[sizeof("khmr")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1488[sizeof("olck")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1490[sizeof("linb")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1491[sizeof("ahom")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1492[sizeof("chorasmian")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1495[sizeof("zanb")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1498[sizeof("inkangxiradicals")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1501[sizeof("olchiki")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1502[sizeof("innabataean")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1504[sizeof("inkanbun")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1505[sizeof("casedletter")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1506[sizeof("inbhaiksuki")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1513[sizeof("sunu")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1516[sizeof("intaixuanjingsymbols")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1520[sizeof("chrs")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1521[sizeof("cpmn")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1525[sizeof("beng")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1526[sizeof("inscriptionalpahlavi")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1527[sizeof("inelbasan")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1534[sizeof("khmer")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1542[sizeof("linearb")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1545[sizeof("incjkunifiedideographsextensiond")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1546[sizeof("emojimodifierbase")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1553[sizeof("indogra")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1555[sizeof("adlam")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1558[sizeof("regionalindicator")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1560[sizeof("kharoshthi")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1562[sizeof("inphaistosdisc")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1565[sizeof("lepc")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1571[sizeof("xsux")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1575[sizeof("ingreekextended")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1583[sizeof("limb")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1591[sizeof("sogo")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1593[sizeof("sogdian")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1595[sizeof("ll")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1598[sizeof("emod")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1600[sizeof("incyrillicextendedc")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1602[sizeof("incyprominoan")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1604[sizeof("zl")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1621[sizeof("ingeometricshapes")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1622[sizeof("inkhitansmallscript")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1626[sizeof("math")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1630[sizeof("goth")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1634[sizeof("inarabic")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1635[sizeof("gurungkhema")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1642[sizeof("inimperialaramaic")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1661[sizeof("inmiscellaneoustechnical")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1665[sizeof("intamilsupplement")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1668[sizeof("arab")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1673[sizeof("grantha")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1678[sizeof("intirhuta")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1679[sizeof("inhatran")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1681[sizeof("mult")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1696[sizeof("intulutigalari")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1704[sizeof("inbasiclatin")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1705[sizeof("inoldhungarian")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1706[sizeof("insogdian")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1707[sizeof("indingbats")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1709[sizeof("ogam")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1711[sizeof("inarabicpresentationformsa")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1712[sizeof("vithkuqi")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1716[sizeof("kthi")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1717[sizeof("brah")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1719[sizeof("coptic")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1723[sizeof("ideographic")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1730[sizeof("emojicomponent")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1731[sizeof("takri")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1733[sizeof("invai")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1734[sizeof("ingurungkhema")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1735[sizeof("inherited")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1737[sizeof("radical")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1746[sizeof("dia")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1748[sizeof("di")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1752[sizeof("diak")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1755[sizeof("sinh")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1756[sizeof("glagolitic")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1758[sizeof("gukh")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1760[sizeof("shavian")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1766[sizeof("joincontrol")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1768[sizeof("takr")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1774[sizeof("inhanunoo")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1775[sizeof("ininscriptionalparthian")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1776[sizeof("ininscriptionalpahlavi")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1780[sizeof("taile")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1791[sizeof("grbase")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1792[sizeof("graphemeextend")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1794[sizeof("imperialaramaic")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1802[sizeof("copt")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1807[sizeof("bidicontrol")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1819[sizeof("nand")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1825[sizeof("intangut")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1835[sizeof("bopo")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1839[sizeof("osge")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1840[sizeof("cprt")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1842[sizeof("orkh")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1843[sizeof("sorasompeng")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1844[sizeof("intags")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1846[sizeof("inenclosedideographicsupplement")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1848[sizeof("inoldpersian")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1851[sizeof("inanatolianhieroglyphs")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1852[sizeof("oldpersian")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1855[sizeof("ingeometricshapesextended")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1868[sizeof("inbatak")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1870[sizeof("glag")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1871[sizeof("bhks")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1876[sizeof("inblockelements")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1882[sizeof("bhaiksuki")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1883[sizeof("incyrillicextendedd")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1887[sizeof("term")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1889[sizeof("innumberforms")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1896[sizeof("intibetan")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1914[sizeof("tnsa")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1916[sizeof("spacingmark")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1918[sizeof("tangsa")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1928[sizeof("inshavian")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1932[sizeof("inkanaextendedb")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1944[sizeof("diacritic")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1945[sizeof("bopomofo")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1950[sizeof("insinhalaarchaicnumbers")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1956[sizeof("space")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1957[sizeof("inarabicextendeda")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1959[sizeof("innushu")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1966[sizeof("incjksymbolsandpunctuation")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1980[sizeof("hang")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1981[sizeof("inoldpermic")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1988[sizeof("oldpermic")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1991[sizeof("anatolianhieroglyphs")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1992[sizeof("inenclosedalphanumerics")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1995[sizeof("inbyzantinemusicalsymbols")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1997[sizeof("ingujarati")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1998[sizeof("cntrl")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1999[sizeof("bugi")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2002[sizeof("inmyanmarextendedb")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2003[sizeof("inlatinextendedadditional")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2004[sizeof("sogd")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2006[sizeof("ingunjalagondi")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2011[sizeof("inlisu")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2015[sizeof("insundanesesupplement")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2026[sizeof("separator")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2030[sizeof("sarb")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2033[sizeof("assigned")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2035[sizeof("hiragana")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2038[sizeof("inrejang")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2039[sizeof("zanabazarsquare")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2044[sizeof("inlatinextendedd")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2046[sizeof("format")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2049[sizeof("inkayahli")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2051[sizeof("inoriya")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2054[sizeof("ingeorgiansupplement")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2055[sizeof("incoptic")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2056[sizeof("intodhri")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2060[sizeof("innewa")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2061[sizeof("buginese")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2065[sizeof("insyriacsupplement")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2071[sizeof("inkawi")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2073[sizeof("wara")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2075[sizeof("hmng")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2077[sizeof("inbraillepatterns")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2078[sizeof("inmiscellaneousmathematicalsymbolsb")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2093[sizeof("phli")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2094[sizeof("decimalnumber")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2096[sizeof("inarabicextendedc")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2098[sizeof("inyezidi")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2099[sizeof("braille")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2100[sizeof("inornamentaldingbats")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2103[sizeof("toto")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2105[sizeof("idsb")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2106[sizeof("variationselector")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2109[sizeof("innyiakengpuachuehmong")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2111[sizeof("asciihexdigit")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2112[sizeof("phnx")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2118[sizeof("number")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2120[sizeof("inwarangciti")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2127[sizeof("taiviet")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2136[sizeof("caseignorable")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2146[sizeof("kawi")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2154[sizeof("lower")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2162[sizeof("ougr")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2163[sizeof("mahj")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2164[sizeof("indevanagari")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2166[sizeof("surrogate")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2171[sizeof("lyci")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2173[sizeof("mahajani")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2174[sizeof("inenclosedalphanumericsupplement")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2175[sizeof("lycian")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2176[sizeof("sharada")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2177[sizeof("mymr")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2182[sizeof("myanmar")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2185[sizeof("inbamum")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2186[sizeof("intelugu")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2187[sizeof("incjkunifiedideographsextensiong")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2194[sizeof("todr")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2199[sizeof("indevanagariextendeda")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2203[sizeof("medf")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2206[sizeof("todhri")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2207[sizeof("inethiopicsupplement")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2210[sizeof("inwancho")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2214[sizeof("medefaidrin")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2218[sizeof("shrd")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2222[sizeof("inkatakanaphoneticextensions")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2223[sizeof("inshorthandformatcontrols")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2227[sizeof("caucasianalbanian")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2231[sizeof("ahex")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2233[sizeof("insymbolsforlegacycomputingsupplement")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2236[sizeof("nd")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2254[sizeof("insoyombo")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2255[sizeof("other")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2257[sizeof("otheridcontinue")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2258[sizeof("khoj")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2260[sizeof("avestan")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2264[sizeof("othernumber")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2270[sizeof("sentenceterminal")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2275[sizeof("siddham")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2276[sizeof("closepunctuation")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2280[sizeof("lowercase")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2281[sizeof("olditalic")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2284[sizeof("oldhungarian")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2289[sizeof("inlisusupplement")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2297[sizeof("innoblock")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2302[sizeof("inunifiedcanadianaboriginalsyllabicsextendeda")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2303[sizeof("inelymaic")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2310[sizeof("cwcm")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2324[sizeof("inbalinese")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2325[sizeof("invariationselectors")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2327[sizeof("terminalpunctuation")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2329[sizeof("inpalmyrene")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2330[sizeof("alpha")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2341[sizeof("inlepcha")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2342[sizeof("incjkcompatibility")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2349[sizeof("rjng")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2350[sizeof("inhanguljamo")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2355[sizeof("dsrt")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2358[sizeof("inverticalforms")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2359[sizeof("phag")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2360[sizeof("incopticepactnumbers")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2363[sizeof("incjkunifiedideographsextensionh")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2366[sizeof("invedicextensions")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2380[sizeof("inhanguljamoextendeda")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2381[sizeof("cuneiform")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2385[sizeof("inmayannumerals")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2388[sizeof("otheralphabetic")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2398[sizeof("hmnp")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2403[sizeof("insuttonsignwriting")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2415[sizeof("incombiningdiacriticalmarks")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2418[sizeof("deseret")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2420[sizeof("avst")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2421[sizeof("inmeroiticcursive")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2425[sizeof("incombiningdiacriticalmarksforsymbols")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2432[sizeof("inglagolitic")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2436[sizeof("vith")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2450[sizeof("patsyn")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2454[sizeof("lydi")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2458[sizeof("lydian")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2460[sizeof("oldturkic")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2463[sizeof("innewtailue")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2464[sizeof("hebr")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2472[sizeof("intaiviet")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2473[sizeof("inphagspa")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2477[sizeof("inenclosedcjklettersandmonths")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2481[sizeof("hung")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2483[sizeof("inyiradicals")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2489[sizeof("inunifiedcanadianaboriginalsyllabics")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2493[sizeof("uideo")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2503[sizeof("idstrinaryoperator")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2504[sizeof("word")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2508[sizeof("invariationselectorssupplement")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2510[sizeof("java")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2519[sizeof("intagalog")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2539[sizeof("tale")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2541[sizeof("graph")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2544[sizeof("inethiopicextendeda")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2545[sizeof("soyo")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2550[sizeof("spaceseparator")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2552[sizeof("inpaucinhau")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2554[sizeof("nagm")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2556[sizeof("inmongoliansupplement")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2565[sizeof("oupper")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2566[sizeof("inbengali")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2572[sizeof("hex")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2576[sizeof("javanese")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2588[sizeof("oalpha")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2593[sizeof("buhd")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2594[sizeof("inbuginese")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2597[sizeof("incjkunifiedideographsextensionb")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2598[sizeof("incombiningdiacriticalmarkssupplement")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2603[sizeof("insymbolsandpictographsextendeda")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2605[sizeof("taml")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2606[sizeof("ebase")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2615[sizeof("orya")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2616[sizeof("modifierletter")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2620[sizeof("indevanagariextended")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2624[sizeof("ext")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2628[sizeof("induployan")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2640[sizeof("inphoneticextensions")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2642[sizeof("tirhuta")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2649[sizeof("incombiningdiacriticalmarksextended")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2652[sizeof("xposixpunct")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2666[sizeof("injavanese")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2670[sizeof("lepcha")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2674[sizeof("lowercaseletter")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2676[sizeof("inindicsiyaqnumbers")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2679[sizeof("unassigned")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2685[sizeof("ethi")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2687[sizeof("titlecaseletter")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2690[sizeof("rohg")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2713[sizeof("syrc")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2723[sizeof("inunifiedcanadianaboriginalsyllabicsextended")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2733[sizeof("extender")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2739[sizeof("inbrahmi")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2746[sizeof("meroitichieroglyphs")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2749[sizeof("otheruppercase")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2773[sizeof("extpict")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2779[sizeof("incjkradicalssupplement")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2782[sizeof("tang")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2788[sizeof("tagbanwa")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2790[sizeof("zp")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2792[sizeof("inaegeannumbers")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2811[sizeof("nonspacingmark")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2812[sizeof("ingeorgianextended")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2813[sizeof("cwt")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2818[sizeof("dogra")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2823[sizeof("inphoneticextensionssupplement")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2833[sizeof("ingothic")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2849[sizeof("oldsogdian")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2856[sizeof("syriac")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2858[sizeof("incjkunifiedideographsextensionf")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2863[sizeof("dogr")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2866[sizeof("osmanya")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2870[sizeof("nchar")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2881[sizeof("inmathematicalalphanumericsymbols")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2883[sizeof("phagspa")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2884[sizeof("inlimbu")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2896[sizeof("cyrl")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2897[sizeof("currencysymbol")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2900[sizeof("epres")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2902[sizeof("inbopomofo")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2916[sizeof("narb")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2918[sizeof("insymbolsforlegacycomputing")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2924[sizeof("mlym")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2928[sizeof("insmallformvariants")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2930[sizeof("intagbanwa")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2931[sizeof("malayalam")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2935[sizeof("incyrillicextendedb")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2945[sizeof("olonal")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2950[sizeof("palmyrene")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2956[sizeof("thaa")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2959[sizeof("otheridstart")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2960[sizeof("thai")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2961[sizeof("tangut")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2962[sizeof("thaana")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2964[sizeof("emojipresentation")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2965[sizeof("inethiopicextended")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2974[sizeof("nagmundari")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2980[sizeof("nl")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2985[sizeof("inlatin1supplement")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3007[sizeof("tirh")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3009[sizeof("hangul")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3011[sizeof("talu")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3017[sizeof("buhid")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3034[sizeof("paragraphseparator")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3035[sizeof("graphemeclusterbreak=spacingmark")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3040[sizeof("telu")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3042[sizeof("otherlowercase")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3046[sizeof("ogham")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3047[sizeof("changeswhencasemapped")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3053[sizeof("intangutcomponents")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3056[sizeof("otherletter")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3060[sizeof("taitham")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3068[sizeof("graphemeclusterbreak=cr")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3077[sizeof("cwu")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3083[sizeof("graphemeclusterbreak=regionalindicator")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3096[sizeof("nushu")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3103[sizeof("sunuwar")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3112[sizeof("noncharactercodepoint")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3114[sizeof("softdotted")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3127[sizeof("omath")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3129[sizeof("inbassavah")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3138[sizeof("inottomansiyaqnumbers")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3149[sizeof("ingaray")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3151[sizeof("warangciti")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3158[sizeof("ugar")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3159[sizeof("inprivateusearea")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3160[sizeof("inbuhid")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3179[sizeof("dash")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3185[sizeof("inarabicpresentationformsb")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3187[sizeof("indivesakuru")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3201[sizeof("hexdigit")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3202[sizeof("inalphabeticpresentationforms")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3205[sizeof("othersymbol")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3208[sizeof("extendedpictographic")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3211[sizeof("changeswhentitlecased")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3218[sizeof("ogrext")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3238[sizeof("nbat")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3239[sizeof("insuperscriptsandsubscripts")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3247[sizeof("nabataean")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3253[sizeof("intangutsupplement")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3254[sizeof("inlowsurrogates")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3257[sizeof("inyijinghexagramsymbols")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3259[sizeof("inmahjongtiles")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3265[sizeof("inletterlikesymbols")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3267[sizeof("inbamumsupplement")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3273[sizeof("incurrencysymbols")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3274[sizeof("incombininghalfmarks")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3290[sizeof("wancho")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3292[sizeof("inarabicsupplement")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3312[sizeof("oldnortharabian")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3318[sizeof("khitansmallscript")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3328[sizeof("inlatinextendedg")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3330[sizeof("sylo")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3331[sizeof("inarabicmathematicalalphabeticsymbols")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3332[sizeof("nshu")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3340[sizeof("elba")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3344[sizeof("invithkuqi")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3357[sizeof("inhangulsyllables")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3361[sizeof("changeswhenuppercased")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3371[sizeof("intifinagh")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3389[sizeof("graphemeclusterbreak=t")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3391[sizeof("graphemeclusterbreak=lvt")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3401[sizeof("tamil")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3402[sizeof("mathsymbol")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3403[sizeof("tulutigalari")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3405[sizeof("otherdefaultignorablecodepoint")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3414[sizeof("wcho")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3422[sizeof("insupplementalarrowsa")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3431[sizeof("inarabicextendedb")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3446[sizeof("rejang")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3447[sizeof("graphemeclusterbreak=extend")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3448[sizeof("graphemeclusterbreak=prepend")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3455[sizeof("finalpunctuation")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3460[sizeof("inpsalterpahlavi")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3463[sizeof("newa")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3464[sizeof("inmathematicaloperators")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3476[sizeof("phlp")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3480[sizeof("deva")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3494[sizeof("devanagari")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3503[sizeof("newtailue")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3504[sizeof("cf")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3522[sizeof("pf")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3532[sizeof("whitespace")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3543[sizeof("elbasan")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3548[sizeof("othermath")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3551[sizeof("digit")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3557[sizeof("cyprominoan")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3561[sizeof("insupplementalarrowsc")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3563[sizeof("tibt")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3570[sizeof("tibetan")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3580[sizeof("bassavah")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3585[sizeof("insupplementalmathematicaloperators")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3613[sizeof("otherpunctuation")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3614[sizeof("sgnw")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3629[sizeof("ugaritic")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3650[sizeof("tutg")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3654[sizeof("changeswhenlowercased")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3663[sizeof("cwl")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3670[sizeof("inlinearbsyllabary")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3676[sizeof("inplayingcards")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3689[sizeof("modifiercombiningmark")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3707[sizeof("sylotinagri")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3714[sizeof("idcompatmathcontinue")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3720[sizeof("inpahawhhmong")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3729[sizeof("idcompatmathstart")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3732[sizeof("hanifirohingya")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3757[sizeof("deprecated")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3766[sizeof("oldsoutharabian")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3788[sizeof("shaw")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3793[sizeof("tavt")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3810[sizeof("wspace")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3814[sizeof("graphemeclusterbreak=l")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3820[sizeof("graphemeclusterbreak=control")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3829[sizeof("cypriot")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3835[sizeof("cyrillic")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3854[sizeof("inhanguljamoextendedb")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3877[sizeof("inalchemicalsymbols")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3882[sizeof("insupplementalpunctuation")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3894[sizeof("khudawadi")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3925[sizeof("aghb")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3928[sizeof("graphemeclusterbreak=zwj")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3949[sizeof("alphabetic")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3950[sizeof("cwcf")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3979[sizeof("elym")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3996[sizeof("ecomp")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str4018[sizeof("inethiopicextendedb")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str4032[sizeof("elymaic")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str4060[sizeof("inglagoliticsupplement")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str4097[sizeof("garay")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str4109[sizeof("unknown")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str4119[sizeof("soyombo")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str4148[sizeof("inlatinextendedb")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str4160[sizeof("divesakuru")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str4164[sizeof("kayahli")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str4175[sizeof("othergraphemeextend")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str4179[sizeof("inhighprivateusesurrogates")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str4184[sizeof("any")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str4212[sizeof("dashpunctuation")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str4222[sizeof("ethiopic")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str4223[sizeof("symbol")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str4239[sizeof("openpunctuation")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str4248[sizeof("hluw")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str4254[sizeof("tagb")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str4356[sizeof("hyphen")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str4418[sizeof("incypriotsyllabary")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str4425[sizeof("dupl")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str4468[sizeof("modifiersymbol")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str4484[sizeof("inyisyllables")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str4509[sizeof("inhalfwidthandfullwidthforms")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str4517[sizeof("tfng")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str4545[sizeof("dep")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str4547[sizeof("inegyptianhieroglyphsextendeda")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str4562[sizeof("inbopomofoextended")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str4609[sizeof("telugu")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str4638[sizeof("tglg")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str4652[sizeof("tagalog")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str4670[sizeof("inlatinextendedf")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str4687[sizeof("changeswhencasefolded")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str4703[sizeof("tifinagh")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str4728[sizeof("graphemeclusterbreak=v")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str4729[sizeof("graphemeclusterbreak=lv")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str4734[sizeof("inegyptianhieroglyphs")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str4736[sizeof("signwriting")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str4747[sizeof("inegyptianhieroglyphformatcontrols")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str4756[sizeof("graphemeclusterbreak=lf")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str4771[sizeof("insupplementaryprivateuseareaa")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str4821[sizeof("inhebrew")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str4865[sizeof("inboxdrawing")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str4896[sizeof("insupplementalarrowsb")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str4902[sizeof("olduyghur")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str4917[sizeof("upper")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str5031[sizeof("inhighsurrogates")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str5043[sizeof("uppercase")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str5216[sizeof("inhangulcompatibilityjamo")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str5272[sizeof("defaultignorablecodepoint")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str5437[sizeof("uppercaseletter")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str5541[sizeof("egyp")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str5603[sizeof("insupplementalsymbolsandpictographs")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str5646[sizeof("unifiedideograph")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str5647[sizeof("pahawhhmong")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str5666[sizeof("duployan")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str5914[sizeof("nyiakengpuachuehmong")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str6073[sizeof("zyyy")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str6245[sizeof("insupplementaryprivateuseareab")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str6528[sizeof("hebrew")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str6807[sizeof("egyptianhieroglyphs")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1182[sizeof("emoji")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1187[sizeof("oidc")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1191[sizeof("incombiningdiacriticalmarkssupplement")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1192[sizeof("idsu")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1195[sizeof("saurashtra")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1196[sizeof("inoldpermic")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1199[sizeof("closepunctuation")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1209[sizeof("incombininghalfmarks")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1214[sizeof("incopticepactnumbers")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1221[sizeof("elba")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1225[sizeof("xdigit")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1228[sizeof("cntrl")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1229[sizeof("bamu")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1230[sizeof("xids")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1239[sizeof("inoldhungarian")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1241[sizeof("grext")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1242[sizeof("mongolian")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1243[sizeof("sterm")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1249[sizeof("braille")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1251[sizeof("inbuhid")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1252[sizeof("elbasan")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1259[sizeof("zanabazarsquare")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1260[sizeof("incountingrodnumerals")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1264[sizeof("inenclosedalphanumerics")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1265[sizeof("incb=linker")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1267[sizeof("taiviet")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1269[sizeof("inelymaic")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1272[sizeof("inethiopic")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1275[sizeof("sgnw")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1277[sizeof("olditalic")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1279[sizeof("vith")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1285[sizeof("grbase")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1286[sizeof("hluw")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1292[sizeof("intodhri")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1299[sizeof("asciihexdigit")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1301[sizeof("me")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1312[sizeof("hmng")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1315[sizeof("siddham")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1321[sizeof("inenclosedalphanumericsupplement")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1324[sizeof("taile")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1328[sizeof("nagm")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1332[sizeof("hang")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1334[sizeof("inscriptionalparthian")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1335[sizeof("inmongolian")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1336[sizeof("innagmundari")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1339[sizeof("sylo")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1347[sizeof("ingunjalagondi")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1349[sizeof("ingujarati")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1350[sizeof("inbengali")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1351[sizeof("khitansmallscript")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1357[sizeof("xidcontinue")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1362[sizeof("ingrantha")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1363[sizeof("insinhalaarchaicnumbers")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1368[sizeof("connectorpunctuation")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1370[sizeof("inpalmyrene")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1371[sizeof("incombiningdiacriticalmarksextended")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1372[sizeof("xidstart")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1375[sizeof("xidc")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1397[sizeof("inancientgreekmusicalnotation")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1401[sizeof("inancientgreeknumbers")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1407[sizeof("intangsa")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1415[sizeof("intags")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1416[sizeof("inlepcha")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1420[sizeof("caucasianalbanian")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1421[sizeof("sylotinagri")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1423[sizeof("emod")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1425[sizeof("incaucasianalbanian")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1429[sizeof("intagbanwa")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1430[sizeof("mend")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1433[sizeof("newa")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1435[sizeof("inearlydynasticcuneiform")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1447[sizeof("kaithi")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1453[sizeof("intangut")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1456[sizeof("mymr")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1462[sizeof("inosage")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1467[sizeof("inmahjongtiles")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1470[sizeof("malayalam")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1473[sizeof("sora")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1474[sizeof("inbuginese")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1479[sizeof("emojimodifierbase")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1489[sizeof("induployan")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1497[sizeof("ingeometricshapes")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1498[sizeof("ingeneralpunctuation")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1503[sizeof("myanmar")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1510[sizeof("inlatin1supplement")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1515[sizeof("ital")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1516[sizeof("taml")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1517[sizeof("inaegeannumbers")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1528[sizeof("insharadasupplement")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1530[sizeof("mathsymbol")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1532[sizeof("inlimbu")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1535[sizeof("invai")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1551[sizeof("emojicomponent")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1552[sizeof("insuttonsignwriting")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1572[sizeof("digit")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1573[sizeof("newtailue")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1581[sizeof("inshavian")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1588[sizeof("insogdian")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1589[sizeof("indingbats")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1590[sizeof("imperialaramaic")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1598[sizeof("intulutigalari")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1600[sizeof("incyprominoan")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1606[sizeof("glagolitic")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1614[sizeof("ebase")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1615[sizeof("intaixuanjingsymbols")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1618[sizeof("inbamumsupplement")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1626[sizeof("gara")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1633[sizeof("insyriacsupplement")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1634[sizeof("casedletter")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1636[sizeof("zzzz")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1639[sizeof("inhiragana")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1640[sizeof("tale")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1641[sizeof("canadianaboriginal")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1642[sizeof("ahex")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1644[sizeof("inmayannumerals")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1648[sizeof("inzanabazarsquare")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1654[sizeof("inyiradicals")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1655[sizeof("inscriptionalpahlavi")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1668[sizeof("inalchemicalsymbols")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1669[sizeof("inhatran")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1670[sizeof("assigned")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1671[sizeof("intaiviet")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1674[sizeof("syrc")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1682[sizeof("bopo")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1684[sizeof("intirhuta")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1688[sizeof("oldnortharabian")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1690[sizeof("insupplementalmathematicaloperators")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1694[sizeof("bopomofo")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1696[sizeof("olonal")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1697[sizeof("injavanese")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1698[sizeof("insunuwar")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1707[sizeof("inmathematicalalphanumericsymbols")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1713[sizeof("inimperialaramaic")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1714[sizeof("khmer")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1724[sizeof("gonm")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1727[sizeof("hyphen")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1731[sizeof("insuperscriptsandsubscripts")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1733[sizeof("inenclosedideographicsupplement")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1735[sizeof("ingeometricshapesextended")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1737[sizeof("insaurashtra")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1738[sizeof("ogam")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1746[sizeof("orya")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1748[sizeof("saur")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1754[sizeof("marchen")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1755[sizeof("sundanese")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1762[sizeof("khudawadi")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1773[sizeof("soyo")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1775[sizeof("whitespace")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1778[sizeof("uideo")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1785[sizeof("oldpersian")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1787[sizeof("inyezidi")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1790[sizeof("kiratrai")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1793[sizeof("inlisusupplement")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1796[sizeof("mero")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1800[sizeof("symbol")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1811[sizeof("soyombo")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1812[sizeof("osmanya")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1814[sizeof("indevanagari")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1816[sizeof("unassigned")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1818[sizeof("bengali")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1819[sizeof("hebr")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1821[sizeof("hebrew")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1824[sizeof("inornamentaldingbats")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1829[sizeof("invedicextensions")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1834[sizeof("copt")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1836[sizeof("ingreekextended")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1839[sizeof("sund")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1847[sizeof("cyprominoan")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1848[sizeof("inherited")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1854[sizeof("toto")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1858[sizeof("inugaritic")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1863[sizeof("syriac")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1864[sizeof("cwt")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1867[sizeof("inhebrew")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1872[sizeof("runic")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1877[sizeof("inmongoliansupplement")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1884[sizeof("inshorthandformatcontrols")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1900[sizeof("cypriot")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1901[sizeof("cwcm")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1910[sizeof("ingreekandcoptic")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1920[sizeof("any")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1923[sizeof("inolduyghur")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1936[sizeof("inznamennymusicalnotation")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1937[sizeof("lowercase")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1941[sizeof("oldpermic")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1943[sizeof("ingeorgian")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1945[sizeof("ingurmukhi")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1947[sizeof("emojimodifier")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1956[sizeof("inkhojki")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1958[sizeof("aghb")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1960[sizeof("merc")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1966[sizeof("inrejang")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1969[sizeof("tamil")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1972[sizeof("indevanagariextendeda")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1974[sizeof("inalphabeticpresentationforms")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1975[sizeof("hangul")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1977[sizeof("inmeroitichieroglyphs")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1978[sizeof("inkannada")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1979[sizeof("hiragana")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1980[sizeof("maka")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1983[sizeof("inkanbun")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1987[sizeof("insorasompeng")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2001[sizeof("inmathematicaloperators")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2002[sizeof("tayo")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2005[sizeof("inhanunoo")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2010[sizeof("multani")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2015[sizeof("inkaithi")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2022[sizeof("innushu")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2023[sizeof("emojipresentation")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2028[sizeof("insymbolsforlegacycomputing")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2029[sizeof("meroiticcursive")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2037[sizeof("grantha")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2040[sizeof("inlinearbsyllabary")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2041[sizeof("mult")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2042[sizeof("taitham")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2047[sizeof("nshu")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2049[sizeof("incyrillicsupplement")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2051[sizeof("dashpunctuation")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2053[sizeof("inkatakana")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2056[sizeof("inbatak")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2059[sizeof("pi")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2064[sizeof("mong")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2074[sizeof("oldhungarian")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2076[sizeof("phoenician")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2077[sizeof("insmallformvariants")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2078[sizeof("idsunaryoperator")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2080[sizeof("variationselector")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2081[sizeof("limbu")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2085[sizeof("inyisyllables")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2087[sizeof("diak")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2090[sizeof("oldsoutharabian")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2092[sizeof("lepc")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2093[sizeof("inottomansiyaqnumbers")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2097[sizeof("control")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2102[sizeof("coptic")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2104[sizeof("inkhmersymbols")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2107[sizeof("titlecaseletter")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2110[sizeof("inphagspa")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2111[sizeof("bhks")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2113[sizeof("gothic")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2117[sizeof("sogo")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2122[sizeof("elym")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2131[sizeof("ps")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2137[sizeof("prti")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2138[sizeof("changeswhencasemapped")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2140[sizeof("deseret")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2142[sizeof("bhaiksuki")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2143[sizeof("cyrl")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2147[sizeof("olower")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2148[sizeof("inchakma")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2152[sizeof("wara")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2153[sizeof("sogdian")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2155[sizeof("graphemeclusterbreak=zwj")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2164[sizeof("runr")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2165[sizeof("changeswhentitlecased")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2168[sizeof("incjkstrokes")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2176[sizeof("incherokeesupplement")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2179[sizeof("intangutcomponents")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2182[sizeof("patws")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2183[sizeof("batk")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2186[sizeof("caseignorable")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2191[sizeof("inkawi")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2199[sizeof("indevanagariextended")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2203[sizeof("indogra")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2204[sizeof("intifinagh")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2206[sizeof("print")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2207[sizeof("cakm")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2209[sizeof("graphemeclusterbreak=t")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2211[sizeof("graphemeclusterbreak=lvt")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2214[sizeof("inmendekikakui")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2216[sizeof("inpsalterpahlavi")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2224[sizeof("dogra")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2228[sizeof("tangut")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2235[sizeof("oalpha")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2237[sizeof("intangutcomponentssupplement")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2239[sizeof("idcompatmathcontinue")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2241[sizeof("beriaerfe")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2243[sizeof("ext")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2244[sizeof("inkanasupplement")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2247[sizeof("osge")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2248[sizeof("inkanaextendeda")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2249[sizeof("inverticalforms")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2252[sizeof("decimalnumber")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2254[sizeof("inkanaextendedb")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2255[sizeof("idstrinaryoperator")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2257[sizeof("tols")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2260[sizeof("lower")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2270[sizeof("glag")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2272[sizeof("inhanguljamo")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2279[sizeof("insupplementalarrowsa")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2281[sizeof("inmeeteimayek")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2285[sizeof("insupplementalarrowsb")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2288[sizeof("inunifiedcanadianaboriginalsyllabics")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2296[sizeof("privateuse")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2299[sizeof("inunifiedcanadianaboriginalsyllabicsextendeda")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2302[sizeof("sentenceterminal")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2308[sizeof("pcm")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2309[sizeof("elymaic")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2310[sizeof("cpmn")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2312[sizeof("incjkcompatibilityforms")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2313[sizeof("inphoneticextensions")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2317[sizeof("incjkcompatibilityideographs")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2320[sizeof("oldsogdian")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2341[sizeof("inethiopicsupplement")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2345[sizeof("graphemebase")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2350[sizeof("intangutsupplement")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2353[sizeof("tang")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2361[sizeof("ideographic")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2364[sizeof("nagmundari")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2366[sizeof("sogd")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2370[sizeof("psalterpahlavi")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2371[sizeof("inphoneticextensionssupplement")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2373[sizeof("tagb")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2374[sizeof("invariationselectors")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2375[sizeof("incjkcompatibilityideographssupplement")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2379[sizeof("inindicsiyaqnumbers")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2389[sizeof("khojki")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2392[sizeof("inplayingcards")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2396[sizeof("graphemeclusterbreak=extend")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2397[sizeof("graphemeclusterbreak=prepend")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2398[sizeof("space")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2401[sizeof("tagbanwa")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2416[sizeof("extpict")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2421[sizeof("insupplementaryprivateuseareaa")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2422[sizeof("insupplementalarrowsc")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2424[sizeof("pd")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2427[sizeof("insupplementaryprivateuseareab")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2428[sizeof("innoblock")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2432[sizeof("invariationselectorssupplement")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2433[sizeof("inhanguljamoextendeda")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2434[sizeof("kthi")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2439[sizeof("inhanguljamoextendedb")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2440[sizeof("sk")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2443[sizeof("cherokee")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2451[sizeof("nchar")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2458[sizeof("pc")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2466[sizeof("graphemeextend")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2468[sizeof("wancho")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2473[sizeof("inprivateusearea")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2483[sizeof("sunuwar")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2491[sizeof("ingothic")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2495[sizeof("softdotted")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2503[sizeof("lowercaseletter")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2505[sizeof("phli")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2518[sizeof("katakana")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2526[sizeof("inunifiedcanadianaboriginalsyllabicsextended")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2528[sizeof("hanifirohingya")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2532[sizeof("palm")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2534[sizeof("talu")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2541[sizeof("inlisu")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2543[sizeof("lu")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2553[sizeof("invithkuqi")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2570[sizeof("finalpunctuation")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2571[sizeof("incyrillicextendeda")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2577[sizeof("incyrillicextendedb")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2579[sizeof("noncharactercodepoint")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2581[sizeof("mark")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2582[sizeof("medf")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2590[sizeof("inkiratrai")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2591[sizeof("intelugu")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2592[sizeof("inmakasar")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2593[sizeof("graphemeclusterbreak=l")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2596[sizeof("inkharoshthi")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2599[sizeof("graphemeclusterbreak=control")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2603[sizeof("deprecated")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2612[sizeof("insupplementalsymbolsandpictographs")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2613[sizeof("tirh")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2614[sizeof("sunu")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2618[sizeof("letter")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2619[sizeof("medefaidrin")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2625[sizeof("beng")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2626[sizeof("makasar")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2632[sizeof("cwl")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2633[sizeof("intakri")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2634[sizeof("tavt")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2658[sizeof("todr")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2668[sizeof("todhri")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2671[sizeof("insupplementalpunctuation")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2672[sizeof("modifiersymbol")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2673[sizeof("ogham")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2679[sizeof("wcho")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2688[sizeof("intagalog")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2689[sizeof("omath")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2699[sizeof("inkhmer")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2700[sizeof("cf")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2701[sizeof("bassavah")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2705[sizeof("extendedpictographic")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2708[sizeof("zyyy")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2714[sizeof("incyrillicextendedc")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2725[sizeof("ugaritic")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2726[sizeof("goth")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2728[sizeof("idcompatmathstart")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2729[sizeof("divesakuru")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2732[sizeof("wspace")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2737[sizeof("geor")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2764[sizeof("cyrillic")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2765[sizeof("graphemeclusterbreak=cr")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2767[sizeof("sorasompeng")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2780[sizeof("graphemeclusterbreak=regionalindicator")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2782[sizeof("tirhuta")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2791[sizeof("inbopomofoextended")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2796[sizeof("yezi")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2798[sizeof("p")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2799[sizeof("incyrillicextendedd")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2800[sizeof("po")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2801[sizeof("zp")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2802[sizeof("dogr")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2806[sizeof("dep")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2813[sizeof("hung")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2819[sizeof("term")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2826[sizeof("deva")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2831[sizeof("format")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2835[sizeof("oldturkic")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2836[sizeof("kayahli")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2844[sizeof("devanagari")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2850[sizeof("olck")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2852[sizeof("dupl")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2857[sizeof("incurrencysymbols")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2861[sizeof("olchiki")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2863[sizeof("inethiopicextendeda")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2869[sizeof("inethiopicextendedb")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2872[sizeof("phagspa")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2877[sizeof("buhd")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2878[sizeof("inhangulsyllables")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2881[sizeof("inlatinextendedf")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2883[sizeof("modifierletter")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2894[sizeof("graph")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2897[sizeof("ingaray")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2900[sizeof("number")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2910[sizeof("inkayahli")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2922[sizeof("lepcha")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2925[sizeof("plrd")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2926[sizeof("incjksymbolsandpunctuation")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2928[sizeof("ecomp")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2947[sizeof("cuneiform")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2953[sizeof("inglagolitic")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2960[sizeof("gunjalagondi")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2970[sizeof("bugi")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2984[sizeof("takri")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2986[sizeof("cprt")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2987[sizeof("spaceseparator")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2991[sizeof("ingurungkhema")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2993[sizeof("incypriotsyllabary")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2995[sizeof("inpaucinhau")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3005[sizeof("gong")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3013[sizeof("joinc")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3015[sizeof("currencysymbol")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3017[sizeof("rohg")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3021[sizeof("logicalorderexception")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3022[sizeof("grek")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3041[sizeof("changeswhenlowercased")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3049[sizeof("inpahawhhmong")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3052[sizeof("yezidi")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3054[sizeof("cwcf")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3061[sizeof("extender")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3068[sizeof("inhangulcompatibilityjamo")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3078[sizeof("tulutigalari")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3080[sizeof("terminalpunctuation")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3086[sizeof("inkatakanaphoneticextensions")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3090[sizeof("inethiopicextended")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3097[sizeof("gujr")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3103[sizeof("patsyn")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3107[sizeof("ugar")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3108[sizeof("word")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3112[sizeof("berf")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3121[sizeof("xpeo")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3122[sizeof("regionalindicator")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3127[sizeof("gujarati")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3128[sizeof("buhid")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3137[sizeof("inlatinextendedg")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3142[sizeof("ethi")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3165[sizeof("inkhitansmallscript")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3169[sizeof("ingeorgiansupplement")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3177[sizeof("inegyptianhieroglyphs")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3184[sizeof("tifinagh")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3188[sizeof("inegyptianhieroglyphsextendeda")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3190[sizeof("inegyptianhieroglyphformatcontrols")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3221[sizeof("inkhudawadi")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3231[sizeof("incjkcompatibility")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3238[sizeof("rjng")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3240[sizeof("buginese")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3245[sizeof("mendekikakui")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3247[sizeof("letternumber")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3257[sizeof("phlp")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3261[sizeof("separator")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3263[sizeof("pauc")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3281[sizeof("vithkuqi")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3287[sizeof("inkangxiradicals")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3291[sizeof("changeswhencasefolded")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3302[sizeof("graphemeclusterbreak=lf")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3307[sizeof("joincontrol")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3326[sizeof("inmeroiticcursive")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3334[sizeof("pe")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3335[sizeof("patternwhitespace")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3357[sizeof("duployan")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3359[sizeof("phag")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3363[sizeof("meeteimayek")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3407[sizeof("innyiakengpuachuehmong")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3408[sizeof("incjkunifiedideographsextensioni")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3414[sizeof("incjkunifiedideographs")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3416[sizeof("incjkunifiedideographsextensionj")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3418[sizeof("georgian")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3426[sizeof("incjkunifiedideographsextensiona")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3432[sizeof("incjkunifiedideographsextensionb")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3436[sizeof("warangciti")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3444[sizeof("inhighprivateusesurrogates")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3469[sizeof("meroitichieroglyphs")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3481[sizeof("java")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3493[sizeof("garay")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3497[sizeof("nonspacingmark")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3505[sizeof("otheridstart")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3507[sizeof("otheridcontinue")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3516[sizeof("xsux")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3532[sizeof("phnx")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3535[sizeof("incjkunifiedideographsextensione")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3536[sizeof("signwriting")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3543[sizeof("tolongsiki")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3569[sizeof("incjkunifiedideographsextensionc")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3579[sizeof("combiningmark")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3585[sizeof("nushu")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3598[sizeof("takr")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3613[sizeof("tfng")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3614[sizeof("changeswhenuppercased")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3622[sizeof("inglagoliticsupplement")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3629[sizeof("surrogate")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3647[sizeof("orkh")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3650[sizeof("graphemeclusterbreak=v")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3651[sizeof("graphemeclusterbreak=lv")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3654[sizeof("incjkunifiedideographsextensiond")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3666[sizeof("telu")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3669[sizeof("inhalfwidthandfullwidthforms")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3686[sizeof("otheralphabetic")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3690[sizeof("unknown")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3699[sizeof("punct")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3718[sizeof("tglg")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3733[sizeof("javanese")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3770[sizeof("otherdefaultignorablecodepoint")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3778[sizeof("cwu")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3782[sizeof("rejang")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3813[sizeof("egyp")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3835[sizeof("perm")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3836[sizeof("othersymbol")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3869[sizeof("epres")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3877[sizeof("olduyghur")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3894[sizeof("tutg")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3901[sizeof("enclosingmark")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3918[sizeof("ingeorgianextended")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3945[sizeof("ogrext")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3965[sizeof("indivesakuru")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3972[sizeof("otherlowercase")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3981[sizeof("other")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3995[sizeof("othernumber")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str4007[sizeof("hexdigit")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str4018[sizeof("incjkradicalssupplement")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str4035[sizeof("blank")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str4064[sizeof("ethiopic")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str4069[sizeof("graphemeclusterbreak=spacingmark")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str4072[sizeof("spacingmark")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str4089[sizeof("tagalog")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str4102[sizeof("batak")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str4110[sizeof("guru")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str4117[sizeof("hex")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str4140[sizeof("paucinhau")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str4153[sizeof("modifiercombiningmark")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str4163[sizeof("otherpunctuation")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str4180[sizeof("ougr")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str4228[sizeof("palmyrene")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str4318[sizeof("othermath")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str4353[sizeof("incjkunifiedideographsextensionh")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str4354[sizeof("inboxdrawing")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str4401[sizeof("patternsyntax")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str4404[sizeof("oupper")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str4410[sizeof("gurungkhema")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str4414[sizeof("prependedconcatenationmark")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str4439[sizeof("otherletter")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str4491[sizeof("pf")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str4494[sizeof("qmark")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str4543[sizeof("inhighsurrogates")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str4544[sizeof("xposixpunct")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str4545[sizeof("otheruppercase")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str4564[sizeof("incjkunifiedideographsextensionf")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str4670[sizeof("punctuation")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str4692[sizeof("incjkunifiedideographsextensiong")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str4731[sizeof("egyptianhieroglyphs")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str4775[sizeof("defaultignorablecodepoint")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str4777[sizeof("quotationmark")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str4800[sizeof("openpunctuation")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str4851[sizeof("unifiedideograph")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str4941[sizeof("greek")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str4985[sizeof("othergraphemeextend")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str5002[sizeof("inkaktoviknumerals")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str5234[sizeof("uppercase")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str5271[sizeof("grlink")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str5290[sizeof("nyiakengpuachuehmong")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str5329[sizeof("gukh")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str5512[sizeof("pahawhhmong")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str5557[sizeof("upper")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str5800[sizeof("uppercaseletter")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str5919[sizeof("graphemelink")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str5981[sizeof("telugu")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str6036[sizeof("gurmukhi")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str6068[sizeof("paragraphseparator")];
 #endif /* USE_UNICODE_PROPERTIES */
   };
 static const struct uniname2ctype_pool_t uniname2ctype_pool_contents =
   {
 #ifndef USE_UNICODE_PROPERTIES
     "word",
+    "print",
+    "punct",
+    "alpha",
 #else /* USE_UNICODE_PROPERTIES */
-    "lana",
-    "lina",
-    "yi",
+    "n",
+    "m",
     "mn",
-    "maka",
-    "mani",
-    "yiii",
-    "lo",
-    "lao",
-    "laoo",
-    "miao",
-    "inkannada",
+    "lm",
+    "inmro",
     "innko",
-    "cn",
-    "ci",
-    "co",
-    "gara",
-    "pi",
-    "gran",
-    "z",
-    "lineara",
-    "mark",
-    "po",
-    "me",
-    "loe",
-    "inkiratrai",
     "mro",
     "mroo",
-    "inkharoshthi",
-    "cari",
-    "carian",
-    "grek",
-    "yezi",
-    "geor",
-    "greek",
-    "mendekikakui",
-    "mero",
-    "kana",
-    "m",
-    "pe",
-    "gonm",
-    "meeteimayek",
-    "inosmanya",
-    "inmro",
-    "inmanichaean",
+    "ri",
+    "lao",
+    "laoo",
+    "ahom",
+    "hano",
+    "miao",
+    "hani",
     "inmiao",
-    "cakm",
-    "inarmenian",
-    "krai",
-    "common",
-    "inchakma",
-    "inmyanmar",
-    "mandaic",
-    "inmakasar",
-    "c",
-    "zzzz",
-    "inideographicsymbolsandpunctuation",
-    "inkhmer",
-    "lm",
-    "marc",
-    "qaai",
-    "combiningmark",
-    "inrunic",
-    "incarian",
+    "han",
+    "mani",
+    "lina",
     "inahom",
-    "prependedconcatenationmark",
-    "inchorasmian",
-    "perm",
-    "merc",
-    "cans",
-    "connectorpunctuation",
-    "inavestan",
-    "incuneiformnumbersandpunctuation",
-    "inipaextensions",
-    "insharada",
-    "incherokee",
-    "makasar",
-    "inarrows",
-    "masaramgondi",
-    "lc",
-    "incuneiform",
-    "armn",
-    "mc",
+    "hanunoo",
+    "limb",
+    "linb",
+    "inmanichaean",
+#endif /* USE_UNICODE_PROPERTIES */
+    "alnum",
+#ifndef USE_UNICODE_PROPERTIES
+    "xdigit",
+    "upper",
+#else /* USE_UNICODE_PROPERTIES */
     "armi",
-    "armenian",
-    "inmarchen",
-    "lineseparator",
-    "qmark",
-    "cc",
+    "nandinagari",
+    "armn",
+    "lana",
+    "zanb",
+    "inosmanya",
     "insamaritan",
+    "inbhaiksuki",
+    "armenian",
+    "sm",
     "inmasaramgondi",
-    "pc",
-    "inscriptionalparthian",
-    "qaac",
-    "mcm",
-    "incham",
-    "incyrillic",
-    "inzanabazarsquare",
-    "inkhmersymbols",
+    "s",
+    "innabataean",
+    "zs",
+    "inbasiclatin",
+    "innumberforms",
+    "arab",
+    "inmusicalsymbols",
     "latn",
-    "ri",
-    "pcm",
-    "latin",
-    "inthaana",
     "inthai",
-    "inkatakana",
-    "inkaithi",
-    "insyriac",
-    "zs",
+    "latin",
+    "shavian",
     "initialpunctuation",
-    "mtei",
-    "cs",
-    "mand",
-    "ps",
-    "intakri",
-    "modi",
-    "inkanaextendeda",
-    "mend",
-    "inruminumeralsymbols",
-    "ideo",
-    "prti",
-    "arabic",
+    "hatran",
+    "di",
+    "inthaana",
+    "intoto",
+    "nabataean",
+    "intaitham",
+    "inarabicpresentationformsa",
+    "inbraillepatterns",
+    "inarabicpresentationformsb",
+    "ids",
+    "dia",
+    "inarmenian",
+    "idsb",
+    "intransportandmapsymbols",
+    "inideographicsymbolsandpunctuation",
+    "inavestan",
+    "inipaextensions",
+    "inelbasan",
+    "inopticalcharacterrecognition",
     "brai",
-    "katakana",
+    "bamum",
+    "incham",
     "inideographicdescriptioncharacters",
+    "brahmi",
+    "idst",
+    "bass",
+    "mandaic",
+    "inemoticons",
+    "incommonindicnumberforms",
+    "intibetan",
+    "inarabic",
+    "nbat",
+    "cn",
+    "inancientsymbols",
+    "ci",
+#endif /* USE_UNICODE_PROPERTIES */
     "ascii",
-    "innandinagari",
-    "privateuse",
-    "inoldnortharabian",
-    "sk",
-    "so",
-    "incjkcompatibilityforms",
-    "yezidi",
-    "knda",
-    "inmyanmarextendeda",
-    "incjkcompatibilityideographs",
-    "kannada",
-    "xidcontinue",
-    "letter",
+#ifdef USE_UNICODE_PROPERTIES
+    "mcm",
+    "ideo",
     "inmodi",
-    "inmeeteimayek",
-    "inmendekikakui",
-    "onao",
-    "sora",
-    "inmedefaidrin",
-    "kiratrai",
+    "vai",
+    "vaii",
+    "cham",
+    "inmyanmarextendeda",
+    "nand",
+    "inmyanmarextendedb",
+    "mand",
+    "cans",
+    "inoldsogdian",
+    "chorasmian",
+    "innewa",
+    "chakma",
+    "incuneiform",
+    "vs",
+    "cs",
+    "sind",
+    "shaw",
     "inspecials",
-    "brahmi",
-    "letternumber",
     "inchesssymbols",
-    "inolditalic",
-    "oriya",
+    "avst",
+    "inblockelements",
+    "nd",
+    "sharada",
+    "inmiscellaneoussymbols",
     "inmiscellaneousmathematicalsymbolsa",
-    "intransportandmapsymbols",
-    "incb=extend",
-    "xidc",
-    "inemoticons",
-    "samr",
-    "inoldsogdian",
-    "inancientsymbols",
-    "incommonindicnumberforms",
-    "samaritan",
-    "psalterpahlavi",
+    "sidt",
+    "inmiscellaneousmathematicalsymbolsb",
+    "inmiscellaneoussymbolsandarrows",
+    "arabic",
+    "inmiscellaneoussymbolsandpictographs",
+    "c",
+    "lc",
+    "mc",
+    "inmedefaidrin",
     "inmyanmarextendedc",
-    "kits",
     "insundanese",
-    "incb=consonant",
-    "gothic",
-    "inmandaic",
-    "xids",
-    "inznamennymusicalnotation",
-    "pauc",
-    "sm",
-    "s",
-    "meroiticcursive",
-    "inoldsoutharabian",
-    "inugaritic",
-    "lisu",
-    "idc",
-    "incjkcompatibilityideographssupplement",
-    "patternwhitespace",
-    "bamum",
-    "inancientgreekmusicalnotation",
-    "idsbinaryoperator",
-    "lt",
-    "incjkstrokes",
-    "insunuwar",
-    "insaurashtra",
     "indominotiles",
-    "intoto",
-    "sc",
-    "idsunaryoperator",
+    "insymbolsandpictographsextendeda",
+    "inwancho",
+    "inolditalic",
     "inmodifiertoneletters",
-    "inopticalcharacterrecognition",
+    "incb=consonant",
+    "sd",
+    "inmandaic",
+    "inmiscellaneoussymbolssupplement",
+    "nko",
+    "nkoo",
     "l",
-    "batk",
-    "inkanasupplement",
-    "osage",
-    "batak",
-    "inmusicalsymbols",
-    "incaucasianalbanian",
-    "patws",
-    "bass",
-    "ids",
-    "grext",
+    "inmeeteimayekextensions",
+    "nl",
+    "zl",
+    "ll",
     "inlao",
-    "vai",
-    "vaii",
+    "khoj",
+    "idc",
+    "innewtailue",
     "inolonal",
-    "mongolian",
-    "osma",
-#endif /* USE_UNICODE_PROPERTIES */
-    "print",
-#ifndef USE_UNICODE_PROPERTIES
-    "punct",
-    "alpha",
-#else /* USE_UNICODE_PROPERTIES */
-    "inlineara",
-    "intaitham",
-    "grlink",
-    "inmiscellaneoussymbols",
-    "pd",
-    "inmiscellaneoussymbolsandarrows",
-    "kali",
-    "inmiscellaneoussymbolsandpictographs",
-    "control",
-    "inancientgreeknumbers",
-    "incontrolpictures",
-    "inadlam",
-    "han",
-    "hani",
-    "hano",
-    "runr",
-    "sind",
-    "hanunoo",
-    "palm",
-    "inkhojki",
-    "inkhudawadi",
-    "inlycian",
+    "sc",
+    "indeseret",
+    "incuneiformnumbersandpunctuation",
+    "krai",
+    "inarabicextendeda",
     "inoldturkic",
-    "hira",
-    "incountingrodnumerals",
-    "odi",
-    "idcontinue",
-    "idst",
-    "inolduyghur",
-    "incb=linker",
+    "avestan",
+    "inarabicextendedb",
     "inmalayalam",
-    "lu",
-    "inspacingmodifierletters",
-    "bamu",
-    "indeseret",
-    "sundanese",
-    "idstart",
-    "saur",
-    "insmallkanaextension",
-    "guru",
-    "paucinhau",
-    "gurmukhi",
-    "insylotinagri",
-    "cased",
-    "inlinearbideograms",
-    "gong",
-    "ingrantha",
-    "mong",
-    "joinc",
-    "sterm",
-    "inkaktoviknumerals",
-    "limbu",
-    "oidc",
-    "inosage",
-    "incjkunifiedideographsextensiona",
-    "incyrillicsupplement",
-    "inmeeteimayekextensions",
-    "georgian",
-    "incjkunifiedideographsextensioni",
-    "idsu",
-    "ingeneralpunctuation",
-#endif /* USE_UNICODE_PROPERTIES */
-    "alnum",
-#ifdef USE_UNICODE_PROPERTIES
-    "bidic",
-    "ingeorgian",
-    "quotationmark",
-    "incherokeesupplement",
-    "incjkunifiedideographsextensione",
+    "kharoshthi",
+    "kana",
+    "inadlam",
+    "idcontinue",
     "insiddham",
-    "runic",
-    "oids",
-    "ital",
-    "emoji",
-    "inmongolian",
-    "innagmundari",
+    "intamil",
+    "inmultani",
+    "intolongsiki",
+    "kits",
+    "incb=extend",
+    "sidetic",
+    "sidd",
+    "incontrolpictures",
+    "insidetic",
+    "sinhala",
     "inlatinextendeda",
-    "vs",
-    "saurashtra",
-    "intaile",
+    "inlatinextendedb",
+    "adlm",
+    "adlam",
+    "inlineara",
+    "intamilsupplement",
+    "inbalinese",
+    "inspacingmodifierletters",
+    "inarabicextendedc",
+    "inlycian",
     "bali",
-    "xidstart",
-#endif /* USE_UNICODE_PROPERTIES */
-    "xdigit",
-#ifndef USE_UNICODE_PROPERTIES
-    "upper",
-    "ascii",
-    "cntrl",
-#else /* USE_UNICODE_PROPERTIES */
-    "ingurmukhi",
-    "blank",
+    "hira",
+    "cc",
+    "insmallkanaextension",
+    "intaile",
+    "qaai",
+    "inmyanmar",
+    "narb",
+    "inarrows",
+    "lineara",
+    "linearb",
+    "insharada",
+    "inruminumeralsymbols",
+    "masaramgondi",
+    "hatr",
+    "knda",
+    "samr",
+    "kawi",
     "inlydian",
+    "samaritan",
+    "sarb",
+    "no",
+    "bidic",
+    "lo",
+    "hmnp",
+    "onao",
+    "inlowsurrogates",
+    "kannada",
+    "inlinearbideograms",
+    "inletterlikesymbols",
+    "cased",
+    "inbopomofo",
+    "inberiaerfe",
+    "lineseparator",
+    "z",
+    "insymbolsforlegacycomputingsupplement",
+    "inrunic",
+    "incarian",
+    "inlatinextendede",
+    "inmarchen",
+    "so",
+    "marc",
+    "oriya",
+    "inchorasmian",
+    "yi",
+    "insyriac",
+    "yiii",
+    "alpha",
+    "qaac",
+    "insundanesesupplement",
+    "osma",
+    "inmiscellaneoustechnical",
+    "idstart",
+    "inenclosedcjklettersandmonths",
+    "inlatinextendedc",
+    "dsrt",
+    "odi",
+    "chrs",
+    "cari",
+    "innandinagari",
+    "balinese",
+    "inwarangciti",
+    "inphoenician",
+    "kali",
+    "inoldnortharabian",
+    "radical",
+    "carian",
+    "idsbinaryoperator",
+    "shrd",
+    "inoldsoutharabian",
+    "diacritic",
+    "mlym",
+    "zinh",
+    "inphaistosdisc",
+    "incyrillic",
+    "ininscriptionalpahlavi",
+    "insoyombo",
+    "ininscriptionalparthian",
+    "inoriya",
+    "lyci",
+    "inogham",
+    "mahj",
+    "gran",
+    "inmahajani",
+    "co",
+    "cher",
+    "alphabetic",
+    "insinhala",
+    "modi",
+    "inbrahmi",
+    "loe",
+    "lycian",
+    "mahajani",
+    "common",
+    "intaiyo",
+    "inhanifirohingya",
+    "inbassavah",
+    "sinh",
+    "oids",
+    "inlatinextendedadditional",
+    "inyijinghexagramsymbols",
+    "inoldpersian",
+    "bidicontrol",
+    "math",
+    "inarabicsupplement",
+    "thai",
+    "inlatinextendedd",
+    "taiyo",
+    "lisu",
+    "tnsa",
+    "incherokee",
+    "thaa",
+    "lydi",
+    "inbamum",
+    "khmr",
+    "inbyzantinemusicalsymbols",
+    "lt",
+    "khar",
+    "thaana",
+    "osage",
+    "lydian",
+    "inanatolianhieroglyphs",
 #ifdef USE_UNICODE_AGE_PROPERTIES
     "age=11.0",
     "age=10.0",
     "age=12.1",
     "age=12.0",
     "age=1.1",
-    "age=16.0",
-    "age=9.0",
+#endif /* USE_UNICODE_AGE_PROPERTIES */
+    "insylotinagri",
+    "anatolianhieroglyphs",
+#ifdef USE_UNICODE_AGE_PROPERTIES
     "age=2.1",
     "age=2.0",
-    "age=6.1",
-    "age=6.0",
+    "age=14.0",
 #endif /* USE_UNICODE_AGE_PROPERTIES */
-    "inlatinextendede",
+    "tangsa",
+    "dash",
+    "incombiningdiacriticalmarks",
 #ifdef USE_UNICODE_AGE_PROPERTIES
-    "age=6.2",
-    "age=8.0",
-    "age=7.0",
+    "age=17.0",
+    "age=4.1",
+    "age=4.0",
 #endif /* USE_UNICODE_AGE_PROPERTIES */
-    "incjkunifiedideographsextensionc",
-    "bengali",
-    "zinh",
+    "tibt",
 #ifdef USE_UNICODE_AGE_PROPERTIES
     "age=15.1",
     "age=15.0",
-    "age=5.1",
-    "age=5.0",
-    "age=14.0",
-    "age=5.2",
-    "age=4.1",
-    "age=4.0",
+    "age=7.0",
 #endif /* USE_UNICODE_AGE_PROPERTIES */
-    "inhanifirohingya",
-    "intamil",
-    "inmultani",
+    "inolchiki",
 #ifdef USE_UNICODE_AGE_PROPERTIES
-    "age=13.0",
+    "age=9.0",
 #endif /* USE_UNICODE_AGE_PROPERTIES */
-    "balinese",
-    "hatran",
+    "incombiningdiacriticalmarksforsymbols",
 #ifdef USE_UNICODE_AGE_PROPERTIES
+    "age=5.1",
+    "age=5.0",
+    "age=16.0",
+    "age=5.2",
+    "age=8.0",
+    "age=13.0",
+    "age=6.1",
+    "age=6.0",
+    "age=6.2",
     "age=3.1",
     "age=3.0",
     "age=3.2",
-    "age=6.3",
 #endif /* USE_UNICODE_AGE_PROPERTIES */
-    "punct",
-    "incjkunifiedideographs",
-    "inhiragana",
-    "sinhala",
-    "plrd",
-    "phoenician",
-    "logicalorderexception",
-    "multani",
-    "canadianaboriginal",
-    "patternsyntax",
-    "gunjalagondi",
-    "hatr",
-    "insorasompeng",
-    "inearlydynasticcuneiform",
-    "marchen",
-    "graphemelink",
-    "sd",
-    "cher",
-    "cherokee",
-    "sidd",
-    "kaithi",
-    "inmahajani",
-    "emojimodifier",
-    "inogham",
-    "khojki",
-    "cham",
-    "chakma",
-    "khar",
-    "n",
-    "graphemebase",
+    "inarabicmathematicalalphabeticsymbols",
+    "brah",
+    "tibetan",
+    "mtei",
+    "incoptic",
     "manichaean",
-    "no",
-    "inolchiki",
-    "nandinagari",
-    "nko",
-    "nkoo",
-    "sund",
+#ifdef USE_UNICODE_AGE_PROPERTIES
+    "age=6.3",
+#endif /* USE_UNICODE_AGE_PROPERTIES */
+    "emoji",
+    "oidc",
+    "incombiningdiacriticalmarkssupplement",
+    "idsu",
+    "saurashtra",
+    "inoldpermic",
+    "closepunctuation",
+    "incombininghalfmarks",
+    "incopticepactnumbers",
+    "elba",
+    "xdigit",
+#endif /* USE_UNICODE_PROPERTIES */
+    "cntrl",
+#ifndef USE_UNICODE_PROPERTIES
+    "space",
+    "xposixpunct",
+#else /* USE_UNICODE_PROPERTIES */
+    "bamu",
+    "xids",
+    "inoldhungarian",
+    "grext",
+    "mongolian",
+    "sterm",
+    "braille",
+    "inbuhid",
+    "elbasan",
+    "zanabazarsquare",
+    "incountingrodnumerals",
+    "inenclosedalphanumerics",
+    "incb=linker",
+    "taiviet",
+    "inelymaic",
     "inethiopic",
-    "p",
-    "punctuation",
-    "ingreekandcoptic",
-    "inmeroitichieroglyphs",
-    "inphoenician",
+    "sgnw",
+    "olditalic",
+    "vith",
+    "grbase",
+    "hluw",
+    "intodhri",
+    "asciihexdigit",
+    "me",
+    "hmng",
+    "siddham",
+    "inenclosedalphanumericsupplement",
+    "taile",
+    "nagm",
+    "hang",
+    "inscriptionalparthian",
+    "inmongolian",
+    "innagmundari",
+    "sylo",
+    "ingunjalagondi",
+    "ingujarati",
+    "inbengali",
+    "khitansmallscript",
+    "xidcontinue",
+    "ingrantha",
+    "insinhalaarchaicnumbers",
+    "connectorpunctuation",
+    "inpalmyrene",
+    "incombiningdiacriticalmarksextended",
+    "xidstart",
+    "xidc",
+    "inancientgreekmusicalnotation",
+    "inancientgreeknumbers",
     "intangsa",
-    "adlm",
-    "insinhala",
-    "incyrillicextendeda",
-    "gujr",
-    "gujarati",
-    "inlatinextendedc",
-    "olower",
-    "enclosingmark",
-    "xpeo",
-    "khmr",
-    "olck",
-    "linb",
-    "ahom",
-    "chorasmian",
-    "zanb",
-    "inkangxiradicals",
-    "olchiki",
-    "innabataean",
-    "inkanbun",
-    "casedletter",
-    "inbhaiksuki",
-    "sunu",
-    "intaixuanjingsymbols",
-    "chrs",
-    "cpmn",
-    "beng",
-    "inscriptionalpahlavi",
-    "inelbasan",
-    "khmer",
-    "linearb",
-    "incjkunifiedideographsextensiond",
-    "emojimodifierbase",
-    "indogra",
-    "adlam",
-    "regionalindicator",
-    "kharoshthi",
-    "inphaistosdisc",
-    "lepc",
-    "xsux",
-    "ingreekextended",
-    "limb",
-    "sogo",
-    "sogdian",
-    "ll",
+    "intags",
+    "inlepcha",
+    "caucasianalbanian",
+    "sylotinagri",
     "emod",
-    "incyrillicextendedc",
-    "incyprominoan",
-    "zl",
+    "incaucasianalbanian",
+    "intagbanwa",
+    "mend",
+    "newa",
+    "inearlydynasticcuneiform",
+    "kaithi",
+    "intangut",
+    "mymr",
+    "inosage",
+    "inmahjongtiles",
+    "malayalam",
+    "sora",
+    "inbuginese",
+    "emojimodifierbase",
+    "induployan",
     "ingeometricshapes",
-    "inkhitansmallscript",
-    "math",
-    "goth",
-    "inarabic",
-    "gurungkhema",
-    "inimperialaramaic",
-    "inmiscellaneoustechnical",
-    "intamilsupplement",
-    "arab",
-    "grantha",
-    "intirhuta",
-    "inhatran",
-    "mult",
-    "intulutigalari",
-    "inbasiclatin",
-    "inoldhungarian",
+    "ingeneralpunctuation",
+    "myanmar",
+    "inlatin1supplement",
+    "ital",
+    "taml",
+    "inaegeannumbers",
+    "insharadasupplement",
+    "mathsymbol",
+    "inlimbu",
+    "invai",
+    "emojicomponent",
+    "insuttonsignwriting",
+    "digit",
+    "newtailue",
+    "inshavian",
     "insogdian",
     "indingbats",
-    "ogam",
-    "inarabicpresentationformsa",
-    "vithkuqi",
-    "kthi",
-    "brah",
-    "coptic",
-    "ideographic",
-    "emojicomponent",
-    "takri",
-    "invai",
-    "ingurungkhema",
-    "inherited",
-    "radical",
-    "dia",
-    "di",
-    "diak",
-    "sinh",
-    "glagolitic",
-    "gukh",
-    "shavian",
-    "joincontrol",
-    "takr",
-    "inhanunoo",
-    "ininscriptionalparthian",
-    "ininscriptionalpahlavi",
-    "taile",
-    "grbase",
-    "graphemeextend",
     "imperialaramaic",
-    "copt",
-    "bidicontrol",
-    "nand",
-    "intangut",
+    "intulutigalari",
+    "incyprominoan",
+    "glagolitic",
+    "ebase",
+    "intaixuanjingsymbols",
+    "inbamumsupplement",
+    "gara",
+    "insyriacsupplement",
+    "casedletter",
+    "zzzz",
+    "inhiragana",
+    "tale",
+    "canadianaboriginal",
+    "ahex",
+    "inmayannumerals",
+    "inzanabazarsquare",
+    "inyiradicals",
+    "inscriptionalpahlavi",
+    "inalchemicalsymbols",
+    "inhatran",
+    "assigned",
+    "intaiviet",
+    "syrc",
     "bopo",
-    "osge",
-    "cprt",
-    "orkh",
-    "sorasompeng",
-    "intags",
+    "intirhuta",
+    "oldnortharabian",
+    "insupplementalmathematicaloperators",
+    "bopomofo",
+    "olonal",
+    "injavanese",
+    "insunuwar",
+    "inmathematicalalphanumericsymbols",
+    "inimperialaramaic",
+    "khmer",
+    "gonm",
+    "hyphen",
+    "insuperscriptsandsubscripts",
     "inenclosedideographicsupplement",
-    "inoldpersian",
-    "inanatolianhieroglyphs",
-    "oldpersian",
     "ingeometricshapesextended",
-    "inbatak",
-    "glag",
-    "bhks",
-    "inblockelements",
-    "bhaiksuki",
-    "incyrillicextendedd",
-    "term",
-    "innumberforms",
-    "intibetan",
-    "tnsa",
-    "spacingmark",
-    "tangsa",
-    "inshavian",
-    "inkanaextendedb",
-    "diacritic",
-    "bopomofo",
-    "insinhalaarchaicnumbers",
-#endif /* USE_UNICODE_PROPERTIES */
-    "space",
-#ifndef USE_UNICODE_PROPERTIES
-    "xposixpunct",
-#else /* USE_UNICODE_PROPERTIES */
-    "inarabicextendeda",
-    "innushu",
-    "incjksymbolsandpunctuation",
-    "hang",
-    "inoldpermic",
-    "oldpermic",
-    "anatolianhieroglyphs",
-    "inenclosedalphanumerics",
-    "inbyzantinemusicalsymbols",
-    "ingujarati",
-    "cntrl",
-    "bugi",
-    "inmyanmarextendedb",
-    "inlatinextendedadditional",
-    "sogd",
-    "ingunjalagondi",
-    "inlisu",
-    "insundanesesupplement",
-    "separator",
-    "sarb",
-    "assigned",
-    "hiragana",
-    "inrejang",
-    "zanabazarsquare",
-    "inlatinextendedd",
-    "format",
-    "inkayahli",
-    "inoriya",
-    "ingeorgiansupplement",
-    "incoptic",
-    "intodhri",
-    "innewa",
-    "buginese",
-    "insyriacsupplement",
-    "inkawi",
-    "wara",
-    "hmng",
-    "inbraillepatterns",
-    "inmiscellaneousmathematicalsymbolsb",
-    "phli",
-    "decimalnumber",
-    "inarabicextendedc",
+    "insaurashtra",
+    "ogam",
+    "orya",
+    "saur",
+    "marchen",
+    "sundanese",
+    "khudawadi",
+    "soyo",
+    "whitespace",
+    "uideo",
+    "oldpersian",
     "inyezidi",
-    "braille",
+    "kiratrai",
+    "inlisusupplement",
+    "mero",
+    "symbol",
+    "soyombo",
+    "osmanya",
+    "indevanagari",
+    "unassigned",
+    "bengali",
+    "hebr",
+    "hebrew",
     "inornamentaldingbats",
+    "invedicextensions",
+    "copt",
+    "ingreekextended",
+    "sund",
+    "cyprominoan",
+    "inherited",
     "toto",
-    "idsb",
-    "variationselector",
-    "innyiakengpuachuehmong",
-    "asciihexdigit",
-    "phnx",
-    "number",
-    "inwarangciti",
-    "taiviet",
-    "caseignorable",
-    "kawi",
-#endif /* USE_UNICODE_PROPERTIES */
-    "lower",
-#ifdef USE_UNICODE_PROPERTIES
-    "ougr",
-    "mahj",
-    "indevanagari",
-    "surrogate",
-    "lyci",
-    "mahajani",
-    "inenclosedalphanumericsupplement",
-    "lycian",
-    "sharada",
-    "mymr",
-    "myanmar",
-    "inbamum",
-    "intelugu",
-    "incjkunifiedideographsextensiong",
-    "todr",
-    "indevanagariextendeda",
-    "medf",
-    "todhri",
-    "inethiopicsupplement",
-    "inwancho",
-    "medefaidrin",
-    "shrd",
-    "inkatakanaphoneticextensions",
+    "inugaritic",
+    "syriac",
+    "cwt",
+    "inhebrew",
+    "runic",
+    "inmongoliansupplement",
     "inshorthandformatcontrols",
-    "caucasianalbanian",
-    "ahex",
-    "insymbolsforlegacycomputingsupplement",
-    "nd",
-    "insoyombo",
-    "other",
-    "otheridcontinue",
-    "khoj",
-    "avestan",
-    "othernumber",
-    "sentenceterminal",
-    "siddham",
-    "closepunctuation",
+    "cypriot",
+    "cwcm",
+    "ingreekandcoptic",
+    "any",
+    "inolduyghur",
+    "inznamennymusicalnotation",
     "lowercase",
-    "olditalic",
+    "oldpermic",
+    "ingeorgian",
+    "ingurmukhi",
+    "emojimodifier",
+    "inkhojki",
+    "aghb",
+    "merc",
+    "inrejang",
+    "tamil",
+    "indevanagariextendeda",
+    "inalphabeticpresentationforms",
+    "hangul",
+    "inmeroitichieroglyphs",
+    "inkannada",
+    "hiragana",
+    "maka",
+    "inkanbun",
+    "insorasompeng",
+    "inmathematicaloperators",
+    "tayo",
+    "inhanunoo",
+    "multani",
+    "inkaithi",
+    "innushu",
+    "emojipresentation",
+    "insymbolsforlegacycomputing",
+    "meroiticcursive",
+    "grantha",
+    "inlinearbsyllabary",
+    "mult",
+    "taitham",
+    "nshu",
+    "incyrillicsupplement",
+    "dashpunctuation",
+    "inkatakana",
+    "inbatak",
+    "pi",
+    "mong",
     "oldhungarian",
-    "inlisusupplement",
-    "innoblock",
-    "inunifiedcanadianaboriginalsyllabicsextendeda",
-    "inelymaic",
-    "cwcm",
-    "inbalinese",
-    "invariationselectors",
-    "terminalpunctuation",
-    "inpalmyrene",
-    "alpha",
-    "inlepcha",
-    "incjkcompatibility",
-    "rjng",
-    "inhanguljamo",
-    "dsrt",
-    "inverticalforms",
-    "phag",
-    "incopticepactnumbers",
-    "incjkunifiedideographsextensionh",
-    "invedicextensions",
-    "inhanguljamoextendeda",
-    "cuneiform",
-    "inmayannumerals",
-    "otheralphabetic",
-    "hmnp",
-    "insuttonsignwriting",
-    "incombiningdiacriticalmarks",
-    "deseret",
-    "avst",
-    "inmeroiticcursive",
-    "incombiningdiacriticalmarksforsymbols",
-    "inglagolitic",
-    "vith",
-    "patsyn",
-    "lydi",
-    "lydian",
-    "oldturkic",
-    "innewtailue",
-    "hebr",
-    "intaiviet",
+    "phoenician",
+    "insmallformvariants",
+    "idsunaryoperator",
+    "variationselector",
+    "limbu",
+    "inyisyllables",
+    "diak",
+    "oldsoutharabian",
+    "lepc",
+    "inottomansiyaqnumbers",
+    "control",
+    "coptic",
+    "inkhmersymbols",
+    "titlecaseletter",
     "inphagspa",
-    "inenclosedcjklettersandmonths",
-    "hung",
-    "inyiradicals",
-    "inunifiedcanadianaboriginalsyllabics",
-    "uideo",
+    "bhks",
+    "gothic",
+    "sogo",
+    "elym",
+    "ps",
+    "prti",
+    "changeswhencasemapped",
+    "deseret",
+    "bhaiksuki",
+    "cyrl",
+    "olower",
+    "inchakma",
+    "wara",
+    "sogdian",
+    "graphemeclusterbreak=zwj",
+    "runr",
+    "changeswhentitlecased",
+    "incjkstrokes",
+    "incherokeesupplement",
+    "intangutcomponents",
+    "patws",
+    "batk",
+    "caseignorable",
+    "inkawi",
+    "indevanagariextended",
+    "indogra",
+    "intifinagh",
+    "print",
+    "cakm",
+    "graphemeclusterbreak=t",
+    "graphemeclusterbreak=lvt",
+    "inmendekikakui",
+    "inpsalterpahlavi",
+    "dogra",
+    "tangut",
+    "oalpha",
+    "intangutcomponentssupplement",
+    "idcompatmathcontinue",
+    "beriaerfe",
+    "ext",
+    "inkanasupplement",
+    "osge",
+    "inkanaextendeda",
+    "inverticalforms",
+    "decimalnumber",
+    "inkanaextendedb",
     "idstrinaryoperator",
-    "word",
-    "invariationselectorssupplement",
-    "java",
-    "intagalog",
-    "tale",
+    "tols",
 #endif /* USE_UNICODE_PROPERTIES */
-    "graph",
+    "lower",
 #ifdef USE_UNICODE_PROPERTIES
-    "inethiopicextendeda",
-    "soyo",
-    "spaceseparator",
-    "inpaucinhau",
-    "nagm",
-    "inmongoliansupplement",
-    "oupper",
-    "inbengali",
-    "hex",
-    "javanese",
-    "oalpha",
-    "buhd",
-    "inbuginese",
-    "incjkunifiedideographsextensionb",
-    "incombiningdiacriticalmarkssupplement",
-    "insymbolsandpictographsextendeda",
-    "taml",
-    "ebase",
-    "orya",
-    "modifierletter",
-    "indevanagariextended",
-    "ext",
-    "induployan",
+    "glag",
+    "inhanguljamo",
+    "insupplementalarrowsa",
+    "inmeeteimayek",
+    "insupplementalarrowsb",
+    "inunifiedcanadianaboriginalsyllabics",
+    "privateuse",
+    "inunifiedcanadianaboriginalsyllabicsextendeda",
+    "sentenceterminal",
+    "pcm",
+    "elymaic",
+    "cpmn",
+    "incjkcompatibilityforms",
     "inphoneticextensions",
-    "tirhuta",
-    "incombiningdiacriticalmarksextended",
-    "xposixpunct",
-    "injavanese",
-    "lepcha",
-    "lowercaseletter",
-    "inindicsiyaqnumbers",
-    "unassigned",
-    "ethi",
-    "titlecaseletter",
-    "rohg",
-    "syrc",
-    "inunifiedcanadianaboriginalsyllabicsextended",
-    "extender",
-    "inbrahmi",
-    "meroitichieroglyphs",
-    "otheruppercase",
-    "extpict",
-    "incjkradicalssupplement",
+    "incjkcompatibilityideographs",
+    "oldsogdian",
+    "inethiopicsupplement",
+    "graphemebase",
+    "intangutsupplement",
     "tang",
-    "tagbanwa",
-    "zp",
-    "inaegeannumbers",
-    "nonspacingmark",
-    "ingeorgianextended",
-    "cwt",
-    "dogra",
+    "ideographic",
+    "nagmundari",
+    "sogd",
+    "psalterpahlavi",
     "inphoneticextensionssupplement",
-    "ingothic",
-    "oldsogdian",
-    "syriac",
-    "incjkunifiedideographsextensionf",
-    "dogr",
-    "osmanya",
+    "tagb",
+    "invariationselectors",
+    "incjkcompatibilityideographssupplement",
+    "inindicsiyaqnumbers",
+    "khojki",
+    "inplayingcards",
+    "graphemeclusterbreak=extend",
+    "graphemeclusterbreak=prepend",
+    "space",
+    "tagbanwa",
+    "extpict",
+    "insupplementaryprivateuseareaa",
+    "insupplementalarrowsc",
+    "pd",
+    "insupplementaryprivateuseareab",
+    "innoblock",
+    "invariationselectorssupplement",
+    "inhanguljamoextendeda",
+    "kthi",
+    "inhanguljamoextendedb",
+    "sk",
+    "cherokee",
     "nchar",
-    "inmathematicalalphanumericsymbols",
-    "phagspa",
-    "inlimbu",
-    "cyrl",
-    "currencysymbol",
-    "epres",
-    "inbopomofo",
-    "narb",
-    "insymbolsforlegacycomputing",
-    "mlym",
-    "insmallformvariants",
-    "intagbanwa",
-    "malayalam",
+    "pc",
+    "graphemeextend",
+    "wancho",
+    "inprivateusearea",
+    "sunuwar",
+    "ingothic",
+    "softdotted",
+    "lowercaseletter",
+    "phli",
+    "katakana",
+    "inunifiedcanadianaboriginalsyllabicsextended",
+    "hanifirohingya",
+    "palm",
+    "talu",
+    "inlisu",
+    "lu",
+    "invithkuqi",
+    "finalpunctuation",
+    "incyrillicextendeda",
     "incyrillicextendedb",
-    "olonal",
-    "palmyrene",
-    "thaa",
-    "otheridstart",
-    "thai",
-    "tangut",
-    "thaana",
-    "emojipresentation",
-    "inethiopicextended",
-    "nagmundari",
-    "nl",
-    "inlatin1supplement",
+    "noncharactercodepoint",
+    "mark",
+    "medf",
+    "inkiratrai",
+    "intelugu",
+    "inmakasar",
+    "graphemeclusterbreak=l",
+    "inkharoshthi",
+    "graphemeclusterbreak=control",
+    "deprecated",
+    "insupplementalsymbolsandpictographs",
     "tirh",
-    "hangul",
-    "talu",
-    "buhid",
-    "paragraphseparator",
-    "graphemeclusterbreak=spacingmark",
-    "telu",
-    "otherlowercase",
+    "sunu",
+    "letter",
+    "medefaidrin",
+    "beng",
+    "makasar",
+    "cwl",
+    "intakri",
+    "tavt",
+    "todr",
+    "todhri",
+    "insupplementalpunctuation",
+    "modifiersymbol",
     "ogham",
-    "changeswhencasemapped",
-    "intangutcomponents",
-    "otherletter",
-    "taitham",
-    "graphemeclusterbreak=cr",
-    "cwu",
-    "graphemeclusterbreak=regionalindicator",
-    "nushu",
-    "sunuwar",
-    "noncharactercodepoint",
-    "softdotted",
+    "wcho",
+    "intagalog",
     "omath",
-    "inbassavah",
-    "inottomansiyaqnumbers",
-    "ingaray",
-    "warangciti",
-    "ugar",
-    "inprivateusearea",
-    "inbuhid",
-    "dash",
-    "inarabicpresentationformsb",
-    "indivesakuru",
-    "hexdigit",
-    "inalphabeticpresentationforms",
-    "othersymbol",
+    "inkhmer",
+    "cf",
+    "bassavah",
     "extendedpictographic",
-    "changeswhentitlecased",
-    "ogrext",
-    "nbat",
-    "insuperscriptsandsubscripts",
-    "nabataean",
-    "intangutsupplement",
-    "inlowsurrogates",
-    "inyijinghexagramsymbols",
-    "inmahjongtiles",
-    "inletterlikesymbols",
-    "inbamumsupplement",
-    "incurrencysymbols",
-    "incombininghalfmarks",
-    "wancho",
-    "inarabicsupplement",
-    "oldnortharabian",
-    "khitansmallscript",
-    "inlatinextendedg",
-    "sylo",
-    "inarabicmathematicalalphabeticsymbols",
-    "nshu",
-    "elba",
-    "invithkuqi",
-    "inhangulsyllables",
-    "changeswhenuppercased",
-    "intifinagh",
-    "graphemeclusterbreak=t",
-    "graphemeclusterbreak=lvt",
-    "tamil",
-    "mathsymbol",
-    "tulutigalari",
-    "otherdefaultignorablecodepoint",
-    "wcho",
-    "insupplementalarrowsa",
-    "inarabicextendedb",
-    "rejang",
-    "graphemeclusterbreak=extend",
-    "graphemeclusterbreak=prepend",
-    "finalpunctuation",
-    "inpsalterpahlavi",
-    "newa",
-    "inmathematicaloperators",
-    "phlp",
+    "zyyy",
+    "incyrillicextendedc",
+    "ugaritic",
+    "goth",
+    "idcompatmathstart",
+    "divesakuru",
+    "wspace",
+    "geor",
+    "cyrillic",
+    "graphemeclusterbreak=cr",
+    "sorasompeng",
+    "graphemeclusterbreak=regionalindicator",
+    "tirhuta",
+    "inbopomofoextended",
+    "yezi",
+    "p",
+    "incyrillicextendedd",
+    "po",
+    "zp",
+    "dogr",
+    "dep",
+    "hung",
+    "term",
     "deva",
+    "format",
+    "oldturkic",
+    "kayahli",
     "devanagari",
-    "newtailue",
-    "cf",
-    "pf",
-    "whitespace",
-    "elbasan",
-    "othermath",
+    "olck",
+    "dupl",
+    "incurrencysymbols",
+    "olchiki",
+    "inethiopicextendeda",
+    "inethiopicextendedb",
+    "phagspa",
+    "buhd",
+    "inhangulsyllables",
+    "inlatinextendedf",
+    "modifierletter",
 #endif /* USE_UNICODE_PROPERTIES */
-    "digit",
+    "graph",
 #ifndef USE_UNICODE_PROPERTIES
+    "digit",
     "blank"
 #else /* USE_UNICODE_PROPERTIES */
-    "cyprominoan",
-    "insupplementalarrowsc",
-    "tibt",
-    "tibetan",
-    "bassavah",
-    "insupplementalmathematicaloperators",
-    "otherpunctuation",
-    "sgnw",
-    "ugaritic",
-    "tutg",
+    "ingaray",
+    "number",
+    "inkayahli",
+    "lepcha",
+    "plrd",
+    "incjksymbolsandpunctuation",
+    "ecomp",
+    "cuneiform",
+    "inglagolitic",
+    "gunjalagondi",
+    "bugi",
+    "takri",
+    "cprt",
+    "spaceseparator",
+    "ingurungkhema",
+    "incypriotsyllabary",
+    "inpaucinhau",
+    "gong",
+    "joinc",
+    "currencysymbol",
+    "rohg",
+    "logicalorderexception",
+    "grek",
     "changeswhenlowercased",
-    "cwl",
-    "inlinearbsyllabary",
-    "inplayingcards",
-    "modifiercombiningmark",
-    "sylotinagri",
-    "idcompatmathcontinue",
     "inpahawhhmong",
-    "idcompatmathstart",
-    "hanifirohingya",
-    "deprecated",
-    "oldsoutharabian",
-    "shaw",
-    "tavt",
-    "wspace",
-    "graphemeclusterbreak=l",
-    "graphemeclusterbreak=control",
-    "cypriot",
-    "cyrillic",
-    "inhanguljamoextendedb",
-    "inalchemicalsymbols",
-    "insupplementalpunctuation",
-    "khudawadi",
-    "aghb",
-    "graphemeclusterbreak=zwj",
-    "alphabetic",
+    "yezidi",
     "cwcf",
-    "elym",
-    "ecomp",
-    "inethiopicextendedb",
-    "elymaic",
-    "inglagoliticsupplement",
-    "garay",
-    "unknown",
-    "soyombo",
-    "inlatinextendedb",
-    "divesakuru",
-    "kayahli",
-    "othergraphemeextend",
-    "inhighprivateusesurrogates",
-    "any",
-    "dashpunctuation",
-    "ethiopic",
-    "symbol",
-    "openpunctuation",
-    "hluw",
-    "tagb",
-    "hyphen",
-    "incypriotsyllabary",
-    "dupl",
-    "modifiersymbol",
-    "inyisyllables",
-    "inhalfwidthandfullwidthforms",
-    "tfng",
-    "dep",
+    "extender",
+    "inhangulcompatibilityjamo",
+    "tulutigalari",
+    "terminalpunctuation",
+    "inkatakanaphoneticextensions",
+    "inethiopicextended",
+    "gujr",
+    "patsyn",
+    "ugar",
+    "word",
+    "berf",
+    "xpeo",
+    "regionalindicator",
+    "gujarati",
+    "buhid",
+    "inlatinextendedg",
+    "ethi",
+    "inkhitansmallscript",
+    "ingeorgiansupplement",
+    "inegyptianhieroglyphs",
+    "tifinagh",
     "inegyptianhieroglyphsextendeda",
-    "inbopomofoextended",
-    "telugu",
-    "tglg",
-    "tagalog",
-    "inlatinextendedf",
+    "inegyptianhieroglyphformatcontrols",
+    "inkhudawadi",
+    "incjkcompatibility",
+    "rjng",
+    "buginese",
+    "mendekikakui",
+    "letternumber",
+    "phlp",
+    "separator",
+    "pauc",
+    "vithkuqi",
+    "inkangxiradicals",
     "changeswhencasefolded",
-    "tifinagh",
+    "graphemeclusterbreak=lf",
+    "joincontrol",
+    "inmeroiticcursive",
+    "pe",
+    "patternwhitespace",
+    "duployan",
+    "phag",
+    "meeteimayek",
+    "innyiakengpuachuehmong",
+    "incjkunifiedideographsextensioni",
+    "incjkunifiedideographs",
+    "incjkunifiedideographsextensionj",
+    "georgian",
+    "incjkunifiedideographsextensiona",
+    "incjkunifiedideographsextensionb",
+    "warangciti",
+    "inhighprivateusesurrogates",
+    "meroitichieroglyphs",
+    "java",
+    "garay",
+    "nonspacingmark",
+    "otheridstart",
+    "otheridcontinue",
+    "xsux",
+    "phnx",
+    "incjkunifiedideographsextensione",
+    "signwriting",
+    "tolongsiki",
+    "incjkunifiedideographsextensionc",
+    "combiningmark",
+    "nushu",
+    "takr",
+    "tfng",
+    "changeswhenuppercased",
+    "inglagoliticsupplement",
+    "surrogate",
+    "orkh",
     "graphemeclusterbreak=v",
     "graphemeclusterbreak=lv",
-    "inegyptianhieroglyphs",
-    "signwriting",
-    "inegyptianhieroglyphformatcontrols",
-    "graphemeclusterbreak=lf",
-    "insupplementaryprivateuseareaa",
-    "inhebrew",
-    "inboxdrawing",
-    "insupplementalarrowsb",
+    "incjkunifiedideographsextensiond",
+    "telu",
+    "inhalfwidthandfullwidthforms",
+    "otheralphabetic",
+    "unknown",
+    "punct",
+    "tglg",
+    "javanese",
+    "otherdefaultignorablecodepoint",
+    "cwu",
+    "rejang",
+    "egyp",
+    "perm",
+    "othersymbol",
+    "epres",
     "olduyghur",
-    "upper",
+    "tutg",
+    "enclosingmark",
+    "ingeorgianextended",
+    "ogrext",
+    "indivesakuru",
+    "otherlowercase",
+    "other",
+    "othernumber",
+    "hexdigit",
+    "incjkradicalssupplement",
+    "blank",
+    "ethiopic",
+    "graphemeclusterbreak=spacingmark",
+    "spacingmark",
+    "tagalog",
+    "batak",
+    "guru",
+    "hex",
+    "paucinhau",
+    "modifiercombiningmark",
+    "otherpunctuation",
+    "ougr",
+    "palmyrene",
+    "othermath",
+    "incjkunifiedideographsextensionh",
+    "inboxdrawing",
+    "patternsyntax",
+    "oupper",
+    "gurungkhema",
+    "prependedconcatenationmark",
+    "otherletter",
+    "pf",
+    "qmark",
     "inhighsurrogates",
-    "uppercase",
-    "inhangulcompatibilityjamo",
+    "xposixpunct",
+    "otheruppercase",
+    "incjkunifiedideographsextensionf",
+    "punctuation",
+    "incjkunifiedideographsextensiong",
+    "egyptianhieroglyphs",
     "defaultignorablecodepoint",
-    "uppercaseletter",
-    "egyp",
-    "insupplementalsymbolsandpictographs",
+    "quotationmark",
+    "openpunctuation",
     "unifiedideograph",
-    "pahawhhmong",
-    "duployan",
+    "greek",
+    "othergraphemeextend",
+    "inkaktoviknumerals",
+    "uppercase",
+    "grlink",
     "nyiakengpuachuehmong",
-    "zyyy",
-    "insupplementaryprivateuseareab",
-    "hebrew",
-    "egyptianhieroglyphs"
+    "gukh",
+    "pahawhhmong",
+    "upper",
+    "uppercaseletter",
+    "graphemelink",
+    "telugu",
+    "gurmukhi",
+    "paragraphseparator"
 #endif /* USE_UNICODE_PROPERTIES */
   };
 #define uniname2ctype_pool ((const char *) &uniname2ctype_pool_contents)
@@ -46456,30 +47687,53 @@ uniname2ctype_p (register const char *str, register size_t len)
     {
 #ifdef USE_UNICODE_PROPERTIES
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str10), 35},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str16), 31},
+      {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str19), 34},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str24), 27},
+      {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str27), 606},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str28), 354},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str33), 192},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str34), 192},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str12), 155},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str16), 187},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str17), 114},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str18), 34},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str22), 221},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str23), 189},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str24), 114},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str25), 28},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str38), 288},
       {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str27), 98},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str28), 98},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str40), 98},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str41), 98},
+      {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str44), 203},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str45), 120},
       {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str30), 176},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str31), 362},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str37), 349},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str38), 21},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str47), 176},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str48), 113},
+      {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str50), 613},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str51), 113},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str52), 189},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str53), 187},
+      {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str56), 575},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str57), 120},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str58), 123},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str59), 125},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str60), 539},
+      {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str62), 13},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str63), 164},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str64), 227},
+      {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str67), 82},
+      {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str69), 155},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str70), 218},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str42), 61},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str52), 22},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str74), 518},
 #endif /* USE_UNICODE_PROPERTIES */
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
 #ifndef USE_UNICODE_PROPERTIES
@@ -46499,1787 +47753,1678 @@ uniname2ctype_p (register const char *str, register size_t len)
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str19), 4},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str20), 2}
 #else /* USE_UNICODE_PROPERTIES */
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str59), 241},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str60), 44},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str61), 184},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str65), 52},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str81), 355},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str82), 587},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str83), 82},
+      {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str85), 50},
       {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str68), 187},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str69), 31},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str70), 45},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str88), 589},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str89), 47},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str90), 529},
       {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str72), 33},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str76), 274},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str92), 55},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str93), 338},
       {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str79), 602},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str96), 415},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str102), 84},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str107), 631},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str115), 79},
       {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str81), 192},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str82), 192},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str86), 530},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str117), 370},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str124), 79},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str88), 152},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str92), 152},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str93), 80},
-      {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str96), 233},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str97), 101},
-      {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str100), 80},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str101), 190},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str102), 175},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str135), 127},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str141), 44},
       {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str105), 111},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str144), 205},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str149), 71},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str155), 353},
       {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str107), 31},
-      {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str110), 42},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str118), 215},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str157), 643},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str164), 194},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str169), 394},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str175), 493},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str180), 429},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str181), 499},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str186), 67},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str122), 163},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str190), 264},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str191), 348},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str126), 513},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str195), 270},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str130), 598},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str131), 533},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str132), 604},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str137), 173},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str199), 662},
       {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str149), 343},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str154), 243},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str158), 78},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str165), 553},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str166), 368},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str167), 172},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str202), 614},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str203), 540},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str209), 342},
       {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str169), 584},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str211), 520},
       {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str171), 18},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str172), 292},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str213), 420},
       {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str192), 605},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str215), 130},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str196), 381},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str197), 27},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str203), 211},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str219), 161},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str220), 477},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str227), 444},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str228), 171},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str235), 271},
+      {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str237), 181},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str208), 118},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str242), 172},
+      {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str244), 660},
       {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str211), 31},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str212), 376},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str213), 504},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str218), 569},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str247), 468},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str257), 372},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str258), 350},
+      {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str260), 194},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str261), 21},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str224), 283},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str225), 548},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str226), 197},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str267), 506},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str268), 61},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str232), 174},
-      {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str235), 105},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str274), 14},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str275), 289},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str279), 263},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str240), 40},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str249), 534},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str250), 589},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str284), 571},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str285), 147},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str286), 147},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str287), 154},
+      {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str289), 478},
+      {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str291), 227},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str295), 476},
       {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str262), 337},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str298), 172},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str265), 555},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str310), 105},
       {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str267), 373},
-      {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str270), 221},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str312), 551},
       {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str273), 411},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str279), 215},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str285), 25},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str289), 588},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str315), 230},
       {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str291), 82},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str292), 32},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str293), 164},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str317), 568},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str303), 82},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str333), 173},
       {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str305), 581},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str335), 596},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str336), 284},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str309), 53},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str340), 23},
       {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str311), 253},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str312), 19},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str317), 350},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str325), 582},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str342), 200},
+      {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str344), 127},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str359), 501},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str330), 40},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str364), 667},
       {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str332), 166},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str366), 157},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str373), 423},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str343), 132},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str384), 36},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str345), 285},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str395), 177},
       {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str348), 472},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str398), 425},
+      {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str400), 427},
+      {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str402), 248},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str352), 341},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str357), 574},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str362), 387},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str381), 79},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str382), 284},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str383), 283},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str406), 431},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str407), 433},
+      {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str410), 84},
       {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str385), 79},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str390), 348},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str396), 365},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str397), 442},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str403), 551},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str412), 659},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str407), 346},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str408), 55},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str416), 18},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str416), 44},
-      {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str419), 163},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str426), 23},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str424), 25},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str425), 32},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str426), 611},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str441), 172},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str432), 574},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str433), 397},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str438), 655},
+      {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str440), 668},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str441), 644},
       {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str444), 46},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str445), 567},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str452), 191},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str458), 612},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str444), 511},
       {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str470), 190},
-      {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str472), 542},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str473), 259},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str447), 465},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str448), 76},
+      {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str451), 277},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str452), 356},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str456), 628},
       {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str475), 166},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str458), 143},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str459), 143},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str460), 24},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str461), 480},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str462), 37},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str463), 53},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str480), 84},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str481), 130},
-      {-1},
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+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str468), 26},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str487), 439},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str472), 371},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str473), 186},
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+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str476), 68},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str477), 391},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str483), 646},
+      {-1},
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       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str492), 14},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
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+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
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       {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str504), 573},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str512), 22},
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+      {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str508), 544},
       {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str514), 532},
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+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str511), 358},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str512), 368},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str513), 138},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str514), 111},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str523), 650},
       {-1},
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-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str526), 233},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str527), 94},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str528), 473},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str525), 68},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str549), 570},
       {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str530), 486},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str551), 365},
       {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str532), 94},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str553), 564},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str554), 591},
       {-1},
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-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str535), 24},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str544), 565},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str556), 232},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str554), 479},
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-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str561), 244},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str565), 178},
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+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str571), 77},
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+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str584), 199},
+      {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str587), 419},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str588), 533},
+      {-1}, {-1},
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       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str579), 603},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str580), 243},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str605), 340},
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       {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str583), 496},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str584), 171},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str617), 341},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str589), 37},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str622), 209},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str597), 655},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str598), 506},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str630), 209},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str603), 91},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str604), 422},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str635), 524},
       {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str606), 650},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str614), 77},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str624), 70},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str637), 595},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str638), 396},
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+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str645), 343},
       {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str627), 648},
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-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str651), 159},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str657), 545},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str661), 501},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str648), 550},
       {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str663), 463},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str664), 159},
-      {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str666), 198},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str667), 568},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str672), 232},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str673), 392},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str650), 508},
+      {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str653), 139},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str665), 110},
       {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str675), 76},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str676), 116},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str680), 351},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str681), 69},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str689), 618},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str667), 19},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str674), 623},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str675), 390},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str695), 196},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str696), 50},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
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-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str705), 174},
-      {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str708), 531},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str681), 118},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str682), 373},
       {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str710), 509},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str711), 160},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str712), 68},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str713), 664},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str714), 281},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str684), 193},
       {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str717), 161},
-      {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str719), 621},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str687), 416},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str701), 187},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str707), 125},
       {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str739), 266},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str709), 561},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str716), 548},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str721), 215},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str745), 29},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str727), 205},
+      {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str729), 94},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str730), 159},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str758), 447},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str734), 239},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str735), 532},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str768), 579},
-      {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str770), 465},
       {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str773), 643},
-      {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str775), 632},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str747), 159},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str751), 165},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
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-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str790), 268},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str791), 460},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str797), 415},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str760), 38},
       {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str799), 24},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str804), 170},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str805), 611},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str806), 213},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str762), 253},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str766), 28},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str811), 170},
-      {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str813), 620},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str780), 228},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str817), 516},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str818), 281},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str784), 244},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str822), 181},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str788), 489},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str789), 94},
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       {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str826), 67},
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-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str829), 366},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str830), 147},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str831), 147},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str799), 414},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str835), 635},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str803), 60},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str809), 448},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str810), 612},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str840), 109},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str841), 128},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str815), 53},
+      {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str817), 52},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str818), 627},
+      {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str820), 381},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str821), 509},
+      {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str823), 482},
+      {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str825), 588},
+      {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str827), 51},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str828), 211},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str829), 91},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str830), 554},
+      {-1},
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+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str833), 351},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str846), 7},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str847), 519},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str859), 389},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str838), 114},
+      {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str840), 1},
+      {-1},
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       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str869), 74},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str852), 403},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str857), 128},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str888), 420},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str896), 41},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str897), 428},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str880), 418},
+      {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str883), 67},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str890), 454},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str891), 435},
+      {-1}, {-1},
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       {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str901), 149},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str902), 647},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str903), 19},
-      {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str905), 500},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str906), 414},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str898), 275},
       {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str909), 638},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str901), 230},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str917), 113},
-      {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str920), 113},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str925), 120},
-      {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str927), 107},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str909), 152},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str937), 200},
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       {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str941), 120},
-      {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str944), 195},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str945), 557},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str923), 139},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str924), 577},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
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       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str956), 559},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str960), 503},
-      {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str963), 538},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str940), 149},
       {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str965), 110},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str978), 625},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str979), 271},
-      {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str982), 68},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str942), 538},
+      {-1},
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+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str945), 152},
+      {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str947), 270},
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+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
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       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
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-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1000), 267},
       {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1003), 547},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1004), 75},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str966), 264},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1008), 363},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1009), 30},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1021), 338},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str970), 95},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1026), 161},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str975), 118},
       {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1038), 511},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1050), 144},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str978), 507},
       {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1052), 67},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str980), 346},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1057), 148},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1058), 613},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str985), 542},
       {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1061), 89},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1070), 196},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1076), 89},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1077), 462},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str988), 581},
       {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1079), 60},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1083), 498},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1087), 220},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1088), 560},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str990), 541},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str991), 364},
+      {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str994), 151},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str999), 380},
+      {-1},
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+      {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1003), 184},
+      {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1005), 560},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1092), 109},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1009), 22},
       {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1095), 250},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1012), 104},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1099), 279},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1109), 622},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1016), 57},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1021), 369},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1022), 191},
+      {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1024), 556},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1113), 123},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1028), 278},
       {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1115), 276},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1122), 514},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1123), 451},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1124), 342},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1125), 475},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1126), 101},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1127), 663},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1030), 151},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1031), 188},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1132), 268},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1036), 78},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1037), 647},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1038), 546},
       {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1134), 405},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1135), 13},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1136), 249},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1145), 369},
-      {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1147), 253},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1040), 608},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1041), 96},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1042), 279},
       {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1149), 478},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1044), 408},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1045), 457},
       {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1152), 661},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1157), 564},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1048), 515},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1056), 253},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1057), 56},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1058), 352},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1059), 97},
+      {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1061), 466},
       {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1160), 107},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1064), 249},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1068), 160},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1072), 236},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1073), 378},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1077), 86},
+      {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1079), 153},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1087), 464},
       {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1172), 275},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1090), 108},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1176), 115},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1186), 286},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1187), 382},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1094), 630},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1195), 634},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1200), 335},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1102), 29},
       {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1212), 280},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1105), 138},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1109), 86},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1113), 213},
       {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1214), 148},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1115), 153},
       {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1216), 385},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1117), 603},
+#ifndef USE_UNICODE_AGE_PROPERTIES
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+#else /* USE_UNICODE_AGE_PROPERTIES */
       {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1228), 139},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1229), 69},
-      {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1231), 11},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1120), 316},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1121), 315},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1122), 318},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1123), 317},
       {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1233), 357},
-      {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1236), 2},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1243), 527},
-#ifndef USE_UNICODE_AGE_PROPERTIES
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1258), 477},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1125), 297},
 #endif /* USE_UNICODE_AGE_PROPERTIES */
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1126), 467},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1127), 204},
+#ifndef USE_UNICODE_AGE_PROPERTIES
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-#ifdef USE_UNICODE_AGE_PROPERTIES
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1247), 312},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1248), 311},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1249), 314},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1250), 313},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1251), 293},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1252), 319},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1253), 310},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1254), 295},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1255), 294},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1256), 305},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1257), 304},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1258), 477},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1259), 306},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1260), 309},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1261), 308},
+#else /* USE_UNICODE_AGE_PROPERTIES */
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1128), 299},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1129), 298},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1130), 320},
 #endif /* USE_UNICODE_AGE_PROPERTIES */
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1262), 659},
-      {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1264), 88},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1265), 118},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1131), 236},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1132), 255},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1133), 344},
 #ifndef USE_UNICODE_AGE_PROPERTIES
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-#else /* USE_UNICODE_AGE_PROPERTIES */
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1266), 318},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1267), 317},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1271), 302},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1272), 301},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1273), 316},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1274), 303},
-      {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1277), 300},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1278), 299},
-      {-1}, {-1},
+#else /* USE_UNICODE_AGE_PROPERTIES */
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1134), 324},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1135), 304},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1136), 303},
 #endif /* USE_UNICODE_AGE_PROPERTIES */
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1281), 540},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1282), 360},
-      {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1284), 558},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1137), 99},
 #ifndef USE_UNICODE_AGE_PROPERTIES
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-#else /* USE_UNICODE_AGE_PROPERTIES */
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1288), 315},
+#else /* USE_UNICODE_AGE_PROPERTIES */
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1138), 322},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1139), 321},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1140), 312},
+#endif /* USE_UNICODE_AGE_PROPERTIES */
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1141), 400},
+#ifndef USE_UNICODE_AGE_PROPERTIES
       {-1},
+#else /* USE_UNICODE_AGE_PROPERTIES */
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1142), 314},
 #endif /* USE_UNICODE_AGE_PROPERTIES */
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1290), 139},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1291), 205},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1143), 413},
 #ifndef USE_UNICODE_AGE_PROPERTIES
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
 #else /* USE_UNICODE_AGE_PROPERTIES */
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1292), 297},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1293), 296},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1144), 306},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1145), 305},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1146), 323},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1147), 307},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1148), 313},
+      {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1150), 319},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1151), 309},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1152), 308},
       {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1295), 298},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1154), 310},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1155), 301},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1156), 300},
       {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1297), 307},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1158), 302},
 #endif /* USE_UNICODE_AGE_PROPERTIES */
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1298), 15},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1159), 653},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1160), 171},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1170), 99},
       {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1309), 453},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1310), 441},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1172), 163},
+      {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1175), 436},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1176), 189},
+#ifndef USE_UNICODE_AGE_PROPERTIES
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+#else /* USE_UNICODE_AGE_PROPERTIES */
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1181), 311},
+#endif /* USE_UNICODE_AGE_PROPERTIES */
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1182), 290},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1187), 280},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1314), 96},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1191), 407},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1192), 272},
+      {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1195), 148},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1196), 513},
+      {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1199), 42},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1209), 496},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1214), 510},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1221), 183},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1318), 176},
-      {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1320), 141},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1321), 274},
-      {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1323), 206},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1225), 11},
       {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1326), 105},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1327), 282},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1328), 220},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1228), 3},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1229), 161},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1230), 69},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1239), 545},
       {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1330), 205},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1241), 72},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1242), 109},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1243), 283},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1336), 552},
-      {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1339), 590},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1340), 211},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1349), 74},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1350), 273},
-      {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1353), 104},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1249), 130},
       {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1355), 104},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1251), 384},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1252), 183},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1259), 218},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1260), 636},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1264), 421},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1265), 75},
       {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1357), 199},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1267), 156},
       {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1359), 169},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1269), 555},
       {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1362), 554},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1363), 288},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1364), 375},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1369), 186},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1272), 376},
       {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1372), 154},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1376), 173},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1390), 138},
-      {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1392), 35},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1397), 73},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1275), 208},
       {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1408), 189},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1277), 115},
       {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1410), 38},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1414), 395},
-      {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1416), 227},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1417), 143},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1418), 143},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1279), 238},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1285), 73},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1286), 204},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1292), 523},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1434), 144},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1435), 371},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1299), 261},
       {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1437), 39},
-      {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1439), 39},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1440), 340},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1301), 33},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1451), 528},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1312), 185},
+      {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1315), 199},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1321), 657},
+      {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1324), 124},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1455), 526},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1456), 599},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1328), 240},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1332), 102},
       {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1458), 209},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1334), 166},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1335), 387},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1336), 645},
+      {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1339), 136},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1347), 590},
       {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1460), 364},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1461), 435},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1349), 363},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1350), 361},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1351), 232},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1357), 70},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1466), 90},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1476), 90},
-      {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1478), 430},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1362), 566},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1363), 562},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1368), 40},
       {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1480), 262},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1370), 528},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1371), 395},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1372), 69},
+      {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1375), 70},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1397), 632},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1401), 505},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1407), 607},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1415), 680},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1416), 399},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1420), 180},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1421), 136},
       {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1482), 33},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1423), 292},
       {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1484), 137},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1485), 108},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1425), 521},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1429), 385},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1430), 190},
       {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1488), 146},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1433), 212},
       {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1490), 125},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1491), 203},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1492), 230},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1435), 598},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1495), 218},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1447), 169},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1453), 615},
       {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1498), 438},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1456), 100},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1462), 519},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1467), 654},
       {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1501), 146},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1502), 524},
-      {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1504), 445},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1505), 25},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1506), 580},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1513), 245},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1470), 95},
       {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1516), 624},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1520), 230},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1521), 234},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1525), 88},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1526), 167},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1527), 515},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1534), 108},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1473), 178},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1474), 393},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1479), 293},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1489), 625},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1542), 125},
-      {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1545), 660},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1546), 289},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1497), 424},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1498), 410},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1503), 100},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1553), 570},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1510), 339},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1515), 115},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1516), 92},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1517), 504},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1555), 209},
-      {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1558), 284},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1528), 585},
       {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1560), 138},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1530), 50},
       {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1562), 502},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1532), 389},
       {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1565), 145},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1571), 140},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1575), 404},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1535), 462},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1551), 294},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1552), 638},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1572), 4},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1573), 133},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1583), 123},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1581), 517},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1588), 552},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1589), 426},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1590), 164},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1591), 225},
-      {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1593), 224},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1598), 567},
       {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1595), 26},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1600), 599},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1606), 134},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1614), 293},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1615), 635},
       {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1598), 288},
-      {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1600), 396},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1618), 605},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1626), 241},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1633), 357},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1634), 25},
       {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1602), 591},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1636), 296},
+      {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1639), 446},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1640), 124},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1641), 105},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1642), 261},
       {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1604), 53},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1621), 419},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1622), 608},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1626), 56},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1630), 116},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1644), 634},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1634), 345},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1635), 242},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1642), 522},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1648), 580},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1654), 460},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1655), 167},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1661), 413},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1665), 587},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1668), 663},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1669), 530},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1670), 17},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1671), 479},
       {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1668), 84},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1673), 184},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1678), 563},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1679), 525},
-      {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1681), 206},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1696), 561},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1674), 85},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1704), 333},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1705), 539},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1706), 546},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1707), 421},
-      {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1709), 106},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1682), 112},
       {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1711), 488},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1712), 238},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1684), 569},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1716), 169},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1717), 171},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1688), 193},
       {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1719), 132},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1690), 432},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1723), 259},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1730), 290},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1731), 179},
-      {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1733), 457},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1734), 596},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1735), 118},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1694), 112},
       {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1737), 269},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1696), 244},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1697), 475},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1698), 586},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1746), 260},
-      {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1748), 71},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1752), 231},
-      {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1755), 96},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1756), 134},
-      {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1758), 242},
-      {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1760), 127},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1766), 250},
-      {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1768), 179},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1707), 637},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1774), 378},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1775), 535},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1776), 536},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1780), 124},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1791), 73},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1792), 72},
-      {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1794), 164},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1802), 132},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1807), 249},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1713), 527},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1714), 108},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1724), 215},
       {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1819), 227},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1825), 606},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1835), 112},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1727), 256},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1839), 213},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1840), 129},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1731), 411},
       {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1842), 168},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1843), 178},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1844), 667},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1733), 658},
       {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1846), 646},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1735), 664},
       {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1848), 510},
-      {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1851), 595},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1852), 137},
-      {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1855), 652},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1868), 393},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1737), 470},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1738), 106},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1746), 91},
       {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1870), 134},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1871), 210},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1876), 418},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1748), 148},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1882), 210},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1883), 630},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1887), 254},
-      {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1889), 410},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1754), 211},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1755), 144},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1896), 367},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1762), 200},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1914), 236},
       {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1916), 32},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1773), 217},
       {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1918), 236},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1928), 512},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1932), 610},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1775), 252},
       {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1944), 260},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1945), 112},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1950), 556},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1956), 9},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1957), 354},
-      {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1959), 614},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1778), 274},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1966), 440},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1980), 102},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1981), 508},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1988), 197},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1785), 137},
+      {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1787), 549},
       {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1991), 204},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1992), 416},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1790), 243},
       {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1995), 619},
-      {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1997), 358},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1998), 3},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1999), 131},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1793), 594},
       {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2002), 471},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2003), 403},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2004), 224},
-      {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2006), 583},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2011), 456},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1796), 175},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2015), 398},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1800), 47},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2026), 52},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2030), 165},
-      {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2033), 17},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1811), 217},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1812), 128},
+      {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1814), 360},
+      {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1816), 21},
+      {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1818), 88},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1819), 83},
       {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2035), 110},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1821), 83},
       {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2038), 468},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2039), 218},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1824), 661},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2044), 461},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1829), 404},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1834), 132},
       {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2046), 20},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1836), 409},
       {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2049), 467},
-      {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2051), 359},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1839), 144},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1847), 234},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1848), 118},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1854), 237},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1858), 514},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1863), 85},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1864), 64},
+      {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1867), 349},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1872), 107},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1877), 572},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1884), 626},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1900), 129},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1901), 66},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1910), 345},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1920), 16},
       {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2054), 432},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2055), 431},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2056), 518},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1923), 553},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2060), 562},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2061), 131},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1936), 629},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1937), 58},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2065), 352},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2071), 585},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1941), 197},
       {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2073), 202},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1943), 374},
       {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2075), 185},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1945), 362},
       {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2077), 424},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2078), 426},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2093), 167},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2094), 36},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1947), 292},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1956), 563},
       {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2096), 544},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1958), 180},
       {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2098), 543},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2099), 130},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2100), 649},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1960), 174},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1966), 473},
       {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2103), 237},
-      {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2105), 266},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2106), 280},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1969), 92},
       {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2109), 631},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1972), 584},
       {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2111), 257},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2112), 141},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2118), 35},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1974), 492},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1975), 102},
       {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2120), 571},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2127), 156},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2136), 61},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2146), 239},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2154), 6},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2162), 235},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2163), 188},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2164), 355},
-      {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2166), 23},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2171), 151},
-      {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2173), 188},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2174), 645},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2175), 151},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2176), 177},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2177), 100},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2182), 100},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1977), 534},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1978), 367},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1979), 110},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1980), 221},
       {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2185), 459},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2186), 361},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2187), 665},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2194), 246},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2199), 578},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1983), 450},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2203), 222},
-      {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2206), 246},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2207), 372},
-      {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2210), 633},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2214), 222},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2218), 177},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2222), 448},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2223), 616},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2227), 180},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2231), 257},
-      {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2233), 617},
-      {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2236), 36},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1987), 558},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2254), 575},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2255), 18},
-      {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2257), 276},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2258), 186},
-      {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2260), 157},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2264), 38},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2270), 279},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2275), 199},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2276), 42},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2280), 58},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2281), 115},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2001), 417},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2002), 249},
       {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2284), 207},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2005), 383},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2289), 586},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2297), 671},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2010), 206},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2302), 576},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2303), 549},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2015), 557},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2310), 66},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2022), 624},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2023), 291},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2028), 669},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2029), 174},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2037), 184},
+      {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2040), 502},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2041), 206},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2042), 155},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2324), 391},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2325), 489},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2047), 216},
       {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2327), 254},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2049), 347},
       {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2329), 523},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2330), 1},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2051), 41},
       {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2341), 394},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2342), 450},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2349), 150},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2350), 370},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2355), 117},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2053), 447},
       {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2358), 490},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2359), 142},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2360), 505},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2056), 398},
       {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2363), 666},
-      {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2366), 399},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2059), 44},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2380), 469},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2381), 140},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2064), 109},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2074), 207},
+      {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2076), 141},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2077), 498},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2078), 272},
+      {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2080), 284},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2081), 123},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2385), 623},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2085), 459},
+      {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2087), 231},
       {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2388), 258},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2398), 228},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2090), 165},
+      {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2092), 145},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2093), 652},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2097), 19},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2403), 627},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2102), 132},
+      {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2104), 392},
       {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2415), 339},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2107), 29},
       {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2418), 117},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2110), 469},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2111), 210},
       {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2420), 157},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2421), 529},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2113), 116},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2425), 408},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2432), 429},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2436), 238},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2117), 225},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2450), 282},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2122), 226},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2131), 46},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2137), 166},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2138), 66},
+      {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2140), 117},
+      {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2142), 210},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2143), 81},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2454), 153},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2147), 266},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2148), 559},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2458), 153},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2152), 202},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2153), 224},
       {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2460), 168},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2155), 337},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2164), 107},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2165), 64},
       {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2463), 386},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2464), 83},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2168), 452},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2472), 474},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2473), 464},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2477), 449},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2176), 483},
+      {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2179), 616},
+      {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2182), 285},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2183), 170},
+      {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2186), 61},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2191), 593},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2199), 471},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2481), 207},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2203), 576},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2204), 438},
       {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2483), 455},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2489), 374},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2493), 270},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2503), 267},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2504), 12},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2508), 668},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2206), 7},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2207), 173},
       {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2510), 162},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2519), 377},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2209), 334},
       {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2539), 124},
-      {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2541), 5},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2211), 336},
       {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2544), 476},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2545), 217},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2550), 55},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2214), 649},
       {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2552), 577},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2216), 543},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2224), 219},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2228), 214},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2235), 262},
       {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2554), 240},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2237), 619},
       {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2556), 566},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2565), 263},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2566), 356},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2572), 256},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2576), 162},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2239), 281},
+      {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2241), 251},
+      {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2243), 265},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2244), 621},
       {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2588), 258},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2593), 121},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2594), 388},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2247), 213},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2248), 622},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2249), 495},
       {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2597), 658},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2598), 402},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2603), 656},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2252), 36},
       {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2605), 92},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2606), 289},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2615), 91},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2616), 27},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2620), 466},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2624), 261},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2628), 615},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2640), 400},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2254), 620},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2255), 271},
       {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2642), 201},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2649), 390},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2257), 250},
       {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2652), 8},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2260), 6},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2666), 470},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2670), 145},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2674), 26},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2270), 134},
       {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2676), 639},
-      {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2679), 21},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2685), 103},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2272), 375},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2279), 428},
       {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2687), 29},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2281), 484},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2285), 430},
       {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2690), 223},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2713), 85},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2723), 383},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2733), 261},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2739), 550},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2746), 175},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2288), 379},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2296), 22},
       {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2749), 263},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2773), 291},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2779), 437},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2299), 582},
       {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2782), 214},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2302), 283},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2788), 122},
-      {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2790), 54},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2308), 287},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2309), 226},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2310), 234},
       {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2792), 499},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2811), 34},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2812), 397},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2813), 64},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2818), 219},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2823), 401},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2312), 497},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2313), 405},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2317), 491},
+      {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2320), 225},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2833), 507},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2849), 225},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2856), 85},
-      {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2858), 662},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2863), 219},
       {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2866), 128},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2341), 377},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2870), 264},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2881), 626},
-      {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2883), 142},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2884), 384},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2345), 73},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2350), 618},
       {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2896), 81},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2897), 48},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2353), 214},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2361), 263},
       {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2900), 287},
-      {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2902), 443},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2916), 193},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2364), 240},
       {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2918), 657},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2924), 95},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2366), 224},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2928), 493},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2370), 198},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2371), 406},
       {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2930), 380},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2931), 95},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2373), 122},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2374), 494},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2375), 676},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2935), 458},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2379), 651},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2945), 244},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2950), 195},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2956), 86},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2389), 186},
       {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2959), 275},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2960), 97},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2961), 214},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2962), 86},
-      {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2964), 287},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2965), 434},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2974), 240},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2980), 37},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2985), 334},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2392), 656},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str3007), 201},
-      {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str3009), 102},
-      {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str3011), 133},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str3017), 121},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2396), 329},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2397), 325},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2398), 9},
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-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str3034), 54},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str3035), 326},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2416), 295},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str3040), 93},
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+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2422), 665},
       {-1},
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-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
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-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str3047), 66},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str3053), 607},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2424), 41},
       {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str3056), 28},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2427), 683},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2428), 684},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
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+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2433), 474},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2434), 169},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
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+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2440), 49},
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       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
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-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str3077), 63},
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-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str3096), 216},
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       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str3103), 245},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str3112), 264},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2458), 40},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2466), 72},
       {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str3114), 273},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2468), 229},
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       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
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+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2491), 512},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str3127), 255},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2495), 277},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2503), 26},
       {-1},
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-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str3138), 640},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2505), 167},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2518), 111},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2526), 388},
       {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str3149), 541},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2528), 223},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2532), 195},
       {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str3151), 202},
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       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str3158), 126},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str3159), 485},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str3160), 379},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2541), 461},
+      {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2543), 30},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2553), 522},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str3179), 251},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2570), 43},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2571), 440},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str3185), 494},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2577), 463},
       {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str3187), 572},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str3201), 256},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str3202), 487},
-      {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str3205), 51},
-      {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str3208), 291},
-      {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str3211), 64},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str3218), 265},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2579), 268},
       {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str3238), 194},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str3239), 406},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2581), 31},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2582), 222},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str3247), 194},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str3253), 609},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str3254), 484},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2590), 610},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2591), 366},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2592), 592},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2593), 332},
       {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str3257), 452},
-      {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str3259), 642},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2596), 536},
+      {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2599), 328},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
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+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2612), 666},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2613), 201},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2614), 245},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2618), 24},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2619), 222},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str3265), 409},
-      {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str3267), 597},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2625), 88},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2626), 221},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str3273), 407},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str3274), 491},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2632), 62},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2633), 573},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2634), 156},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str3290), 229},
-      {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str3292), 347},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2658), 246},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str3312), 193},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2668), 246},
+      {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2671), 441},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2672), 49},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2673), 106},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str3318), 232},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2679), 229},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
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+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2689), 259},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str3328), 628},
-      {-1},
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-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str3331), 641},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str3332), 216},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str3340), 183},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2699), 386},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2700), 20},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2701), 181},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str3344), 517},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2705), 295},
+      {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2708), 78},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2714), 401},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str3357), 480},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str3361), 63},
+      {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2725), 126},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2726), 116},
+      {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2728), 282},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2729), 231},
+      {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2732), 252},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2737), 101},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str3371), 433},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str3389), 329},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2764), 81},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2765), 326},
       {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str3391), 331},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2767), 178},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str3401), 92},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str3402), 50},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str3403), 247},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2780), 330},
       {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str3405), 271},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str3414), 229},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str3422), 423},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2782), 201},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str3431), 353},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2791), 451},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2796), 233},
+      {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2798), 39},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2799), 641},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2800), 45},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2801), 54},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2802), 219},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2806), 276},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2813), 207},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str3446), 150},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str3447), 324},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str3448), 320},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2819), 258},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str3455), 43},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2826), 87},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str3460), 537},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2831), 20},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
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+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2836), 149},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
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+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
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+      {-1},
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+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
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+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2861), 146},
+      {-1},
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+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2869), 648},
+      {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2872), 142},
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+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2878), 485},
       {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str3463), 212},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str3464), 412},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2881), 525},
+      {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2883), 27},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {-1},
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       {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str3476), 198},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str3480), 87},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2897), 547},
+      {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2900), 35},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
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-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str3503), 133},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str3504), 20},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2910), 472},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str3522), 43},
+      {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2922), 145},
+      {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2925), 176},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2926), 445},
+      {-1},
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       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str3532), 248},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str3543), 183},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str3548), 255},
-      {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str3551), 4},
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       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str3557), 234},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str3561), 653},
-      {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str3563), 99},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2953), 434},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str3570), 99},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2960), 220},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2970), 131},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str3580), 181},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str3585), 427},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2984), 179},
+      {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2986), 129},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2987), 55},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2991), 604},
+      {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2993), 526},
+      {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2995), 583},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str3005), 220},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str3013), 254},
+      {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str3015), 48},
+      {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str3017), 223},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str3021), 278},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str3022), 80},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str3613), 45},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str3614), 208},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str3041), 62},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str3049), 609},
+      {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str3052), 233},
+      {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str3054), 65},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str3061), 265},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str3068), 449},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str3078), 247},
+      {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str3080), 258},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str3629), 126},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str3650), 247},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str3086), 453},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str3654), 62},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str3663), 62},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str3090), 439},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str3670), 497},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str3097), 90},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str3676), 644},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str3103), 286},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str3689), 285},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str3107), 126},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str3108), 12},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str3112), 251},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str3707), 136},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str3714), 277},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str3720), 601},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str3121), 137},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str3122), 288},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str3127), 90},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str3128), 121},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str3729), 278},
-      {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str3732), 223},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str3137), 639},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str3142), 103},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str3165), 617},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str3169), 437},
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       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str5031), 482},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str5043), 59},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str4228), 195},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
@@ -48289,34 +49434,52 @@ uniname2ctype_p (register const char *str, register size_t len)
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str4318), 259},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str4353), 678},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str4354), 422},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str5216), 444},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str4401), 286},
+      {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str4404), 267},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str4410), 242},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str4414), 287},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str4439), 28},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str5272), 71},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str4491), 43},
+      {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str4494), 257},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str4543), 487},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str4544), 8},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str4545), 267},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str4564), 674},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
@@ -48325,50 +49488,60 @@ uniname2ctype_p (register const char *str, register size_t len)
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str5437), 30},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str4670), 39},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str4692), 677},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str4731), 158},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str5541), 158},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str4775), 71},
+      {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str4777), 257},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str4800), 46},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str5603), 654},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str4851), 274},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str5646), 270},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str5647), 185},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str5666), 182},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str4941), 80},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str4985), 269},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str5002), 633},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
@@ -48385,8 +49558,6 @@ uniname2ctype_p (register const char *str, register size_t len)
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str5914), 228},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
@@ -48396,18 +49567,22 @@ uniname2ctype_p (register const char *str, register size_t len)
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str5234), 59},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str5271), 74},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str5290), 228},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str6073), 78},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str5329), 242},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
@@ -48425,14 +49600,17 @@ uniname2ctype_p (register const char *str, register size_t len)
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str6245), 670},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str5512), 185},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str5557), 10},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
@@ -48457,10 +49635,10 @@ uniname2ctype_p (register const char *str, register size_t len)
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str6528), 83},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str5800), 30},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
@@ -48474,23 +49652,28 @@ uniname2ctype_p (register const char *str, register size_t len)
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str5919), 74},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str5981), 93},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str6036), 89},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str6807), 158}
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str6068), 54}
 #endif /* USE_UNICODE_PROPERTIES */
     };
 
@@ -48521,22 +49704,22 @@ uniname2ctype(const UChar *name, unsigned int len)
   return -1;
 }
 #if defined ONIG_UNICODE_VERSION_STRING && !( \
-      ONIG_UNICODE_VERSION_MAJOR == 16 && \
+      ONIG_UNICODE_VERSION_MAJOR == 17 && \
       ONIG_UNICODE_VERSION_MINOR == 0 && \
       ONIG_UNICODE_VERSION_TEENY == 0 && \
       1)
 # error ONIG_UNICODE_VERSION_STRING mismatch
 #endif
-#define ONIG_UNICODE_VERSION_STRING "16.0.0"
-#define ONIG_UNICODE_VERSION_MAJOR 16
+#define ONIG_UNICODE_VERSION_STRING "17.0.0"
+#define ONIG_UNICODE_VERSION_MAJOR 17
 #define ONIG_UNICODE_VERSION_MINOR 0
 #define ONIG_UNICODE_VERSION_TEENY 0
 #if defined ONIG_UNICODE_EMOJI_VERSION_STRING && !( \
-      ONIG_UNICODE_EMOJI_VERSION_MAJOR == 16 && \
+      ONIG_UNICODE_EMOJI_VERSION_MAJOR == 17 && \
       ONIG_UNICODE_EMOJI_VERSION_MINOR == 0 && \
       1)
 # error ONIG_UNICODE_EMOJI_VERSION_STRING mismatch
 #endif
-#define ONIG_UNICODE_EMOJI_VERSION_STRING "16.0"
-#define ONIG_UNICODE_EMOJI_VERSION_MAJOR 16
+#define ONIG_UNICODE_EMOJI_VERSION_STRING "17.0"
+#define ONIG_UNICODE_EMOJI_VERSION_MAJOR 17
 #define ONIG_UNICODE_EMOJI_VERSION_MINOR 0
diff --git a/enc/us_ascii.c b/enc/us_ascii.c
index 08f9072c43..253ee69572 100644
--- a/enc/us_ascii.c
+++ b/enc/us_ascii.c
@@ -32,7 +32,11 @@ OnigEncodingDefine(us_ascii, US_ASCII) = {
   onigenc_not_support_get_ctype_code_range,
   onigenc_single_byte_left_adjust_char_head,
   onigenc_always_true_is_allowed_reverse_match,
+#ifdef USE_CASE_MAP_API
   onigenc_single_byte_ascii_only_case_map,
+#else
+  NULL,
+#endif
   ENCINDEX_US_ASCII,
   ONIGENC_FLAG_NONE,
 };
diff --git a/enc/utf_16be.c b/enc/utf_16be.c
index f9dd7119d6..0086040b5d 100644
--- a/enc/utf_16be.c
+++ b/enc/utf_16be.c
@@ -249,7 +249,11 @@ OnigEncodingDefine(utf_16be, UTF_16BE) = {
   onigenc_utf16_32_get_ctype_code_range,
   utf16be_left_adjust_char_head,
   onigenc_always_false_is_allowed_reverse_match,
+#ifdef USE_CASE_MAP_API
   onigenc_unicode_case_map,
+#else
+  NULL,
+#endif
   0,
   ONIGENC_FLAG_UNICODE,
 };
diff --git a/enc/utf_16le.c b/enc/utf_16le.c
index 2c8438d0be..ca0fce5387 100644
--- a/enc/utf_16le.c
+++ b/enc/utf_16le.c
@@ -242,7 +242,11 @@ OnigEncodingDefine(utf_16le, UTF_16LE) = {
   onigenc_utf16_32_get_ctype_code_range,
   utf16le_left_adjust_char_head,
   onigenc_always_false_is_allowed_reverse_match,
+#ifdef USE_CASE_MAP_API
   onigenc_unicode_case_map,
+#else
+  NULL,
+#endif
   0,
   ONIGENC_FLAG_UNICODE,
 };
diff --git a/enc/utf_32be.c b/enc/utf_32be.c
index 17841e52a4..e05cfaf1b2 100644
--- a/enc/utf_32be.c
+++ b/enc/utf_32be.c
@@ -199,7 +199,11 @@ OnigEncodingDefine(utf_32be, UTF_32BE) = {
   onigenc_utf16_32_get_ctype_code_range,
   utf32be_left_adjust_char_head,
   onigenc_always_false_is_allowed_reverse_match,
+#ifdef USE_CASE_MAP_API
   onigenc_unicode_case_map,
+#else
+  NULL,
+#endif
   0,
   ONIGENC_FLAG_UNICODE,
 };
diff --git a/enc/utf_32le.c b/enc/utf_32le.c
index 18b798f102..651efdcec5 100644
--- a/enc/utf_32le.c
+++ b/enc/utf_32le.c
@@ -199,7 +199,11 @@ OnigEncodingDefine(utf_32le, UTF_32LE) = {
   onigenc_utf16_32_get_ctype_code_range,
   utf32le_left_adjust_char_head,
   onigenc_always_false_is_allowed_reverse_match,
+#ifdef USE_CASE_MAP_API
   onigenc_unicode_case_map,
+#else
+  NULL,
+#endif
   0,
   ONIGENC_FLAG_UNICODE,
 };
diff --git a/enc/utf_8.c b/enc/utf_8.c
index cdf2510d84..ae7c98469d 100644
--- a/enc/utf_8.c
+++ b/enc/utf_8.c
@@ -431,7 +431,11 @@ OnigEncodingDefine(utf_8, UTF_8) = {
   get_ctype_code_range,
   left_adjust_char_head,
   onigenc_always_true_is_allowed_reverse_match,
+#ifdef USE_CASE_MAP_API
   onigenc_unicode_case_map,
+#else
+  NULL,
+#endif
   ENCINDEX_UTF_8,
   ONIGENC_FLAG_UNICODE,
 };
diff --git a/enc/windows_1250.c b/enc/windows_1250.c
index daf23e9d1e..d38d50a01d 100644
--- a/enc/windows_1250.c
+++ b/enc/windows_1250.c
@@ -190,6 +190,7 @@ cp1250_get_case_fold_codes_by_str(OnigCaseFoldType flag,
 	     flag, p, end, items);
 }
 
+#ifdef USE_CASE_MAP_API
 static int
 case_map(OnigCaseFoldType* flagP, const OnigUChar** pp,
 	 const OnigUChar* end, OnigUChar* to, OnigUChar* to_end,
@@ -239,6 +240,7 @@ case_map(OnigCaseFoldType* flagP, const OnigUChar** pp,
   *flagP = flags;
   return (int )(to - to_start);
 }
+#endif
 
 OnigEncodingDefine(windows_1250, Windows_1250) = {
   onigenc_single_byte_mbc_enc_len,
@@ -257,7 +259,11 @@ OnigEncodingDefine(windows_1250, Windows_1250) = {
   onigenc_not_support_get_ctype_code_range,
   onigenc_single_byte_left_adjust_char_head,
   onigenc_always_true_is_allowed_reverse_match,
+#ifdef USE_CASE_MAP_API
   case_map,
+#else
+  NULL,
+#endif
   0,
   ONIGENC_FLAG_NONE,
 };
diff --git a/enc/windows_1251.c b/enc/windows_1251.c
index 6c892c1b8c..81641d0337 100644
--- a/enc/windows_1251.c
+++ b/enc/windows_1251.c
@@ -180,6 +180,7 @@ cp1251_get_case_fold_codes_by_str(OnigCaseFoldType flag,
 	     flag, p, end, items);
 }
 
+#ifdef USE_CASE_MAP_API
 static int
 case_map(OnigCaseFoldType* flagP, const OnigUChar** pp,
 	 const OnigUChar* end, OnigUChar* to, OnigUChar* to_end,
@@ -221,6 +222,7 @@ case_map(OnigCaseFoldType* flagP, const OnigUChar** pp,
   *flagP = flags;
   return (int )(to - to_start);
 }
+#endif
 
 OnigEncodingDefine(windows_1251, Windows_1251) = {
   onigenc_single_byte_mbc_enc_len,
@@ -239,7 +241,11 @@ OnigEncodingDefine(windows_1251, Windows_1251) = {
   onigenc_not_support_get_ctype_code_range,
   onigenc_single_byte_left_adjust_char_head,
   onigenc_always_true_is_allowed_reverse_match,
+#ifdef USE_CASE_MAP_API
   case_map,
+#else
+  NULL,
+#endif
   0,
   ONIGENC_FLAG_NONE,
 };
diff --git a/enc/windows_1252.c b/enc/windows_1252.c
index b685878d3f..6aece95c0a 100644
--- a/enc/windows_1252.c
+++ b/enc/windows_1252.c
@@ -181,6 +181,7 @@ cp1252_get_case_fold_codes_by_str(OnigCaseFoldType flag,
 	     flag, p, end, items);
 }
 
+#ifdef USE_CASE_MAP_API
 static int
 case_map(OnigCaseFoldType* flagP, const OnigUChar** pp,
 	 const OnigUChar* end, OnigUChar* to, OnigUChar* to_end,
@@ -228,6 +229,7 @@ case_map(OnigCaseFoldType* flagP, const OnigUChar** pp,
   *flagP = flags;
   return (int )(to - to_start);
 }
+#endif
 
 OnigEncodingDefine(windows_1252, Windows_1252) = {
   onigenc_single_byte_mbc_enc_len,
@@ -246,7 +248,11 @@ OnigEncodingDefine(windows_1252, Windows_1252) = {
   onigenc_not_support_get_ctype_code_range,
   onigenc_single_byte_left_adjust_char_head,
   onigenc_always_true_is_allowed_reverse_match,
+#ifdef USE_CASE_MAP_API
   case_map,
+#else
+  NULL,
+#endif
   0,
   ONIGENC_FLAG_NONE,
 };
diff --git a/enc/windows_1253.c b/enc/windows_1253.c
index b2a43581c3..c95ea3f41c 100644
--- a/enc/windows_1253.c
+++ b/enc/windows_1253.c
@@ -213,6 +213,7 @@ get_case_fold_codes_by_str(OnigCaseFoldType flag,
 	     flag, p, end, items);
 }
 
+#ifdef USE_CASE_MAP_API
 static int
 case_map(OnigCaseFoldType* flagP, const OnigUChar** pp,
 	 const OnigUChar* end, OnigUChar* to, OnigUChar* to_end,
@@ -272,6 +273,7 @@ case_map(OnigCaseFoldType* flagP, const OnigUChar** pp,
   *flagP = flags;
   return (int )(to - to_start);
 }
+#endif
 
 OnigEncodingDefine(windows_1253, Windows_1253) = {
   onigenc_single_byte_mbc_enc_len,
@@ -290,7 +292,11 @@ OnigEncodingDefine(windows_1253, Windows_1253) = {
   onigenc_not_support_get_ctype_code_range,
   onigenc_single_byte_left_adjust_char_head,
   onigenc_always_true_is_allowed_reverse_match,
+#ifdef USE_CASE_MAP_API
   case_map,
+#else
+  NULL,
+#endif
   0,
   ONIGENC_FLAG_NONE,
 };
diff --git a/enc/windows_1254.c b/enc/windows_1254.c
index 5e6d92d3d2..c8d5991686 100644
--- a/enc/windows_1254.c
+++ b/enc/windows_1254.c
@@ -221,6 +221,7 @@ get_case_fold_codes_by_str(OnigCaseFoldType flag,
 	     flag, p, end, items);
 }
 
+#ifdef USE_CASE_MAP_API
 #define DOTLESS_i        (0xFD)
 #define I_WITH_DOT_ABOVE (0xDD)
 static int
@@ -277,6 +278,7 @@ case_map(OnigCaseFoldType* flagP, const OnigUChar** pp,
   *flagP = flags;
   return (int )(to - to_start);
 }
+#endif
 
 OnigEncodingDefine(windows_1254, Windows_1254) = {
   onigenc_single_byte_mbc_enc_len,
@@ -295,7 +297,11 @@ OnigEncodingDefine(windows_1254, Windows_1254) = {
   onigenc_not_support_get_ctype_code_range,
   onigenc_single_byte_left_adjust_char_head,
   onigenc_always_true_is_allowed_reverse_match,
+#ifdef USE_CASE_MAP_API
   case_map,
+#else
+  NULL,
+#endif
   0,
   ONIGENC_FLAG_NONE,
 };
diff --git a/enc/windows_1257.c b/enc/windows_1257.c
index ada03b72bf..def13c8c49 100644
--- a/enc/windows_1257.c
+++ b/enc/windows_1257.c
@@ -225,6 +225,7 @@ get_case_fold_codes_by_str(OnigCaseFoldType flag,
 	     flag, p, end, items);
 }
 
+#ifdef USE_CASE_MAP_API
 #define DOTLESS_i        (0xB9)
 #define I_WITH_DOT_ABOVE (0xA9)
 static int
@@ -279,6 +280,7 @@ case_map(OnigCaseFoldType* flagP, const OnigUChar** pp,
   *flagP = flags;
   return (int )(to - to_start);
 }
+#endif
 
 OnigEncodingDefine(windows_1257, Windows_1257) = {
   onigenc_single_byte_mbc_enc_len,
@@ -297,7 +299,11 @@ OnigEncodingDefine(windows_1257, Windows_1257) = {
   onigenc_not_support_get_ctype_code_range,
   onigenc_single_byte_left_adjust_char_head,
   onigenc_always_true_is_allowed_reverse_match,
+#ifdef USE_CASE_MAP_API
   case_map,
+#else
+  NULL,
+#endif
   0,
   ONIGENC_FLAG_NONE,
 };
diff --git a/enc/windows_31j.c b/enc/windows_31j.c
index 1eb859596a..cd8bd83fdd 100644
--- a/enc/windows_31j.c
+++ b/enc/windows_31j.c
@@ -48,7 +48,11 @@ OnigEncodingDefine(windows_31j, Windows_31J) = {
   get_ctype_code_range,
   left_adjust_char_head,
   is_allowed_reverse_match,
+#ifdef USE_CASE_MAP_API
   onigenc_ascii_only_case_map,
+#else
+  NULL,
+#endif
   0,
   ONIGENC_FLAG_NONE,
 };
diff --git a/encoding.c b/encoding.c
index 60d92690a7..8bb393b471 100644
--- a/encoding.c
+++ b/encoding.c
@@ -24,10 +24,13 @@
 #include "internal/string.h"
 #include "internal/vm.h"
 #include "regenc.h"
+#include "ruby/atomic.h"
 #include "ruby/encoding.h"
 #include "ruby/util.h"
+#include "ruby/ractor.h"
 #include "ruby_assert.h"
 #include "vm_sync.h"
+#include "ruby_atomic.h"
 
 #ifndef ENC_DEBUG
 #define ENC_DEBUG 0
@@ -53,13 +56,14 @@ int rb_encdb_alias(const char *alias, const char *orig);
 #pragma GCC visibility pop
 #endif
 
-static ID id_encoding;
+static ID id_encoding, id_i_name;
 VALUE rb_cEncoding;
 
 #define ENCODING_LIST_CAPA 256
 static VALUE rb_encoding_list;
 
 struct rb_encoding_entry {
+    rb_atomic_t loaded;
     const char *name;
     rb_encoding *enc;
     rb_encoding *base;
@@ -93,6 +97,8 @@ static rb_encoding *global_enc_ascii,
                    *global_enc_utf_8,
                    *global_enc_us_ascii;
 
+static int filesystem_encindex = ENCINDEX_ASCII_8BIT;
+
 #define GLOBAL_ENC_TABLE_LOCKING(tbl) \
     for (struct enc_table *tbl = &global_enc_table, **locking = &tbl; \
          locking; \
@@ -119,8 +125,9 @@ static const rb_data_type_t encoding_data_type = {
     0, 0, RUBY_TYPED_FREE_IMMEDIATELY | RUBY_TYPED_WB_PROTECTED
 };
 
-#define is_data_encoding(obj) (RTYPEDDATA_P(obj) && RTYPEDDATA_TYPE(obj) == &encoding_data_type)
-#define is_obj_encoding(obj) (RB_TYPE_P((obj), T_DATA) && is_data_encoding(obj))
+#define is_encoding_type(obj) (RTYPEDDATA_TYPE(obj) == &encoding_data_type)
+#define is_data_encoding(obj) (rbimpl_rtypeddata_p(obj) && is_encoding_type(obj))
+#define is_obj_encoding(obj) (rbimpl_obj_typeddata_p(obj) && is_encoding_type(obj))
 
 int
 rb_data_is_encoding(VALUE obj)
@@ -132,8 +139,8 @@ static VALUE
 enc_new(rb_encoding *encoding)
 {
     VALUE enc = TypedData_Wrap_Struct(rb_cEncoding, &encoding_data_type, (void *)encoding);
-    rb_obj_freeze(enc);
-    FL_SET_RAW(enc, RUBY_FL_SHAREABLE);
+    rb_ivar_set(enc, id_i_name, rb_fstring_cstr(encoding->name));
+    RB_OBJ_SET_FROZEN_SHAREABLE(enc);
     return enc;
 }
 
@@ -142,10 +149,16 @@ enc_list_update(int index, rb_raw_encoding *encoding)
 {
     RUBY_ASSERT(index < ENCODING_LIST_CAPA);
 
-    VALUE list = rb_encoding_list;
+    VALUE list = RUBY_ATOMIC_VALUE_LOAD(rb_encoding_list);
+
     if (list && NIL_P(rb_ary_entry(list, index))) {
+        VALUE new_list = rb_ary_dup(list);
+        RBASIC_CLEAR_CLASS(new_list);
         /* initialize encoding data */
-        rb_ary_store(list, index, enc_new(encoding));
+        rb_ary_store(new_list, index, enc_new(encoding));
+        rb_ary_freeze(new_list);
+        FL_SET_RAW(new_list, RUBY_FL_SHAREABLE);
+        RUBY_ATOMIC_VALUE_SET(rb_encoding_list, new_list);
     }
 }
 
@@ -155,7 +168,7 @@ enc_list_lookup(int idx)
     VALUE list, enc = Qnil;
 
     if (idx < ENCODING_LIST_CAPA) {
-        list = rb_encoding_list;
+        list = RUBY_ATOMIC_VALUE_LOAD(rb_encoding_list);
         RUBY_ASSERT(list);
         enc = rb_ary_entry(list, idx);
     }
@@ -213,7 +226,7 @@ enc_check_encoding(VALUE obj)
     if (!is_obj_encoding(obj)) {
         return -1;
     }
-    return check_encoding(RDATA(obj)->data);
+    return check_encoding(RTYPEDDATA_GET_DATA(obj));
 }
 
 NORETURN(static void not_encoding(VALUE enc));
@@ -231,7 +244,7 @@ must_encoding(VALUE enc)
     if (index < 0) {
         not_encoding(enc);
     }
-    return DATA_PTR(enc);
+    return RTYPEDDATA_GET_DATA(enc);
 }
 
 static rb_encoding *
@@ -242,20 +255,21 @@ must_encindex(int index)
         rb_raise(rb_eEncodingError, "encoding index out of bound: %d",
                  index);
     }
-    if (ENC_TO_ENCINDEX(enc) != (int)(index & ENC_INDEX_MASK)) {
-        rb_raise(rb_eEncodingError, "wrong encoding index %d for %s (expected %d)",
-                 index, rb_enc_name(enc), ENC_TO_ENCINDEX(enc));
-    }
     if (rb_enc_autoload_p(enc) && rb_enc_autoload(enc) == -1) {
         rb_loaderror("failed to load encoding (%s)",
                      rb_enc_name(enc));
     }
+    if (ENC_TO_ENCINDEX(enc) != (int)(index & ENC_INDEX_MASK)) {
+        rb_raise(rb_eEncodingError, "wrong encoding index %d for %s (expected %d)",
+                 index, rb_enc_name(enc), ENC_TO_ENCINDEX(enc));
+    }
     return enc;
 }
 
 int
 rb_to_encoding_index(VALUE enc)
 {
+    ASSERT_vm_unlocking(); // can load encoding, so must not hold VM lock
     int idx;
     const char *name;
 
@@ -318,7 +332,7 @@ str_to_encoding(VALUE enc)
 rb_encoding *
 rb_to_encoding(VALUE enc)
 {
-    if (enc_check_encoding(enc) >= 0) return RDATA(enc)->data;
+    if (enc_check_encoding(enc) >= 0) return RTYPEDDATA_GET_DATA(enc);
     return str_to_encoding(enc);
 }
 
@@ -326,7 +340,7 @@ rb_encoding *
 rb_find_encoding(VALUE enc)
 {
     int idx;
-    if (enc_check_encoding(enc) >= 0) return RDATA(enc)->data;
+    if (enc_check_encoding(enc) >= 0) return RTYPEDDATA_GET_DATA(enc);
     idx = str_find_encindex(enc);
     if (idx < 0) return NULL;
     return rb_enc_from_index(idx);
@@ -341,41 +355,81 @@ enc_table_expand(struct enc_table *enc_table, int newsize)
     return newsize;
 }
 
+/* Load an encoding using the values from base_encoding */
+static void
+enc_load_from_base(struct enc_table *enc_table, int index, rb_encoding *base_encoding)
+{
+    ASSERT_vm_locking();
+
+    struct rb_encoding_entry *ent = &enc_table->list[index];
+
+    if (ent->loaded) {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    rb_raw_encoding *encoding = (rb_raw_encoding *)ent->enc;
+    RUBY_ASSERT(encoding);
+
+    // FIXME: Before the base is loaded, the encoding may be accessed
+    // concurrently by other Ractors.
+    // We're copying all fields from base_encoding except name and
+    // ruby_encoding_index which we preserve from the original. Since these are
+    // the only fields other threads should read it is likely safe despite
+    // technically being a data race.
+    rb_raw_encoding tmp_encoding = *base_encoding;
+    tmp_encoding.name = encoding->name;
+    tmp_encoding.ruby_encoding_index = encoding->ruby_encoding_index;
+    *encoding = tmp_encoding;
+
+    RUBY_ATOMIC_SET(ent->loaded, encoding->max_enc_len);
+}
+
 static int
 enc_register_at(struct enc_table *enc_table, int index, const char *name, rb_encoding *base_encoding)
 {
+    ASSERT_vm_locking();
+
     struct rb_encoding_entry *ent = &enc_table->list[index];
     rb_raw_encoding *encoding;
 
-    if (!valid_encoding_name_p(name)) return -1;
-    if (!ent->name) {
-        ent->name = name = strdup(name);
-    }
-    else if (STRCASECMP(name, ent->name)) {
-        return -1;
-    }
-    encoding = (rb_raw_encoding *)ent->enc;
-    if (!encoding) {
-        encoding = xmalloc(sizeof(rb_encoding));
+    RUBY_ASSERT(!ent->loaded);
+    RUBY_ASSERT(!ent->name);
+    RUBY_ASSERT(!ent->enc);
+    RUBY_ASSERT(!ent->base);
+
+    RUBY_ASSERT(valid_encoding_name_p(name));
+
+    ent->name = name = strdup(name);
+
+    encoding = ZALLOC(rb_raw_encoding);
+    encoding->name = name;
+    encoding->ruby_encoding_index = index;
+    ent->enc = encoding;
+
+    if (st_insert(enc_table->names, (st_data_t)name, (st_data_t)index)) {
+        rb_bug("encoding name was somehow registered twice");
     }
+
+    enc_list_update(index, encoding);
+
     if (base_encoding) {
-        *encoding = *base_encoding;
+        enc_load_from_base(enc_table, index, base_encoding);
     }
     else {
-        memset(encoding, 0, sizeof(*ent->enc));
+        /* it should not be loaded yet */
+        RUBY_ASSERT(!encoding->max_enc_len);
     }
-    encoding->name = name;
-    encoding->ruby_encoding_index = index;
-    ent->enc = encoding;
-    st_insert(enc_table->names, (st_data_t)name, (st_data_t)index);
 
-    enc_list_update(index, encoding);
     return index;
 }
 
 static int
 enc_register(struct enc_table *enc_table, const char *name, rb_encoding *encoding)
 {
+    ASSERT_vm_locking();
+
+    if (!valid_encoding_name_p(name)) return -1;
+
     int index = enc_table->count;
 
     enc_table->count = enc_table_expand(enc_table, index + 1);
@@ -391,7 +445,9 @@ enc_from_index(struct enc_table *enc_table, int index)
     if (UNLIKELY(index < 0 || enc_table->count <= (index &= ENC_INDEX_MASK))) {
         return 0;
     }
-    return enc_table->list[index].enc;
+    rb_encoding *enc = enc_table->list[index].enc;
+    RUBY_ASSERT(ENC_TO_ENCINDEX(enc) == index);
+    return enc;
 }
 
 rb_encoding *
@@ -414,7 +470,7 @@ rb_enc_register(const char *name, rb_encoding *encoding)
                 index = enc_register(enc_table, name, encoding);
             }
             else if (rb_enc_autoload_p(oldenc) || !ENC_DUMMY_P(oldenc)) {
-                enc_register_at(enc_table, index, name, encoding);
+                enc_load_from_base(enc_table, index, encoding);
             }
             else {
                 rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "encoding %s is already registered", name);
@@ -431,6 +487,7 @@ rb_enc_register(const char *name, rb_encoding *encoding)
 int
 enc_registered(struct enc_table *enc_table, const char *name)
 {
+    ASSERT_vm_locking();
     st_data_t idx = 0;
 
     if (!name) return -1;
@@ -441,6 +498,16 @@ enc_registered(struct enc_table *enc_table, const char *name)
     return -1;
 }
 
+int
+rb_enc_registered(const char *name)
+{
+    int idx;
+    GLOBAL_ENC_TABLE_LOCKING(enc_table) {
+        idx = enc_registered(enc_table, name);
+    }
+    return idx;
+}
+
 void
 rb_encdb_declare(const char *name)
 {
@@ -520,7 +587,7 @@ enc_replicate_with_index(struct enc_table *enc_table, const char *name, rb_encod
         idx = enc_register(enc_table, name, origenc);
     }
     else {
-        idx = enc_register_at(enc_table, idx, name, origenc);
+        enc_load_from_base(enc_table, idx, origenc);
     }
     if (idx >= 0) {
         set_base_encoding(enc_table, idx, origenc);
@@ -637,6 +704,7 @@ enc_dup_name(st_data_t name)
 static int
 enc_alias_internal(struct enc_table *enc_table, const char *alias, int idx)
 {
+    ASSERT_vm_locking();
     return st_insert2(enc_table->names, (st_data_t)alias, (st_data_t)idx,
                       enc_dup_name);
 }
@@ -654,15 +722,15 @@ int
 rb_enc_alias(const char *alias, const char *orig)
 {
     int idx, r;
+    GLOBAL_ENC_TABLE_LOCKING(enc_table) {
+        enc_check_addable(enc_table, alias); // can raise
+    }
+
+    idx = rb_enc_find_index(orig);
+    if (idx < 0) return -1;
 
     GLOBAL_ENC_TABLE_LOCKING(enc_table) {
-        enc_check_addable(enc_table, alias);
-        if ((idx = rb_enc_find_index(orig)) < 0) {
-            r =  -1;
-        }
-        else {
-            r = enc_alias(enc_table, alias, idx);
-        }
+        r = enc_alias(enc_table, alias, idx);
     }
 
     return r;
@@ -688,6 +756,7 @@ rb_encdb_alias(const char *alias, const char *orig)
 static void
 rb_enc_init(struct enc_table *enc_table)
 {
+    ASSERT_vm_locking();
     enc_table_expand(enc_table, ENCODING_COUNT + 1);
     if (!enc_table->names) {
         enc_table->names = st_init_strcasetable_with_size(ENCODING_LIST_CAPA);
@@ -728,6 +797,7 @@ int rb_require_internal_silent(VALUE fname);
 static int
 load_encoding(const char *name)
 {
+    ASSERT_vm_unlocking();
     VALUE enclib = rb_sprintf("enc/%s.so", name);
     VALUE debug = ruby_debug;
     VALUE errinfo;
@@ -743,7 +813,7 @@ load_encoding(const char *name)
     enclib = rb_fstring(enclib);
     ruby_debug = Qfalse;
     errinfo = rb_errinfo();
-    loaded = rb_require_internal_silent(enclib);
+    loaded = rb_require_internal_silent(enclib); // must run without VM_LOCK
     ruby_debug = debug;
     rb_set_errinfo(errinfo);
 
@@ -763,47 +833,68 @@ load_encoding(const char *name)
 }
 
 static int
-enc_autoload_body(struct enc_table *enc_table, rb_encoding *enc)
+enc_autoload_body(rb_encoding *enc)
 {
-    rb_encoding *base = enc_table->list[ENC_TO_ENCINDEX(enc)].base;
+    rb_encoding *base;
+    int i = 0;
+    ASSERT_vm_unlocking();
+
+    GLOBAL_ENC_TABLE_LOCKING(enc_table) {
+        base = enc_table->list[ENC_TO_ENCINDEX(enc)].base;
+    }
 
     if (base) {
-        int i = 0;
-        do {
-            if (i >= enc_table->count) return -1;
-        } while (enc_table->list[i].enc != base && (++i, 1));
+        bool do_register = true;
         if (rb_enc_autoload_p(base)) {
-            if (rb_enc_autoload(base) < 0) return -1;
+            if (rb_enc_autoload(base) < 0) {
+                do_register = false;
+                i = -1;
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (do_register) {
+            GLOBAL_ENC_TABLE_LOCKING(enc_table) {
+                i = ENC_TO_ENCINDEX(enc);
+                enc_load_from_base(enc_table, i, base);
+                RUBY_ASSERT(((rb_raw_encoding *)enc)->ruby_encoding_index == i);
+            }
         }
-        i = enc->ruby_encoding_index;
-        enc_register_at(enc_table, i & ENC_INDEX_MASK, rb_enc_name(enc), base);
-        ((rb_raw_encoding *)enc)->ruby_encoding_index = i;
-        i &= ENC_INDEX_MASK;
-        return i;
     }
     else {
-        return -2;
+        i = -2;
     }
+
+    return i;
 }
 
 int
 rb_enc_autoload(rb_encoding *enc)
 {
-    int i;
-    GLOBAL_ENC_TABLE_LOCKING(enc_table) {
-        i = enc_autoload_body(enc_table, enc);
-    }
+    ASSERT_vm_unlocking();
+    int i = enc_autoload_body(enc);
     if (i == -2) {
         i = load_encoding(rb_enc_name(enc));
     }
     return i;
 }
 
+bool
+rb_enc_autoload_p(rb_encoding *enc)
+{
+    int idx = ENC_TO_ENCINDEX(enc);
+    RUBY_ASSERT(rb_enc_from_index(idx) == enc);
+    return !RUBY_ATOMIC_LOAD(global_enc_table.list[idx].loaded);
+}
+
 /* Return encoding index or UNSPECIFIED_ENCODING from encoding name */
 int
 rb_enc_find_index(const char *name)
 {
-    int i = enc_registered(&global_enc_table, name);
+    int i;
+    ASSERT_vm_unlocking(); // it needs to be unlocked so it can call `load_encoding` if necessary
+    GLOBAL_ENC_TABLE_LOCKING(enc_table) {
+        i = enc_registered(enc_table, name);
+    }
     rb_encoding *enc;
 
     if (i < 0) {
@@ -976,7 +1067,6 @@ rb_enc_associate_index(VALUE obj, int idx)
     rb_encoding *enc;
     int oldidx, oldtermlen, termlen;
 
-/*    enc_check_capable(obj);*/
     rb_check_frozen(obj);
     oldidx = rb_enc_get_index(obj);
     if (oldidx == idx)
@@ -1134,9 +1224,12 @@ rb_enc_copy(VALUE obj1, VALUE obj2)
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *     obj.encoding   -> encoding
+ *     encoding -> encoding
  *
- *  Returns the Encoding object that represents the encoding of obj.
+ *  Returns an Encoding object that represents the encoding of +self+;
+ *  see {Encodings}[rdoc-ref:encodings.rdoc].
+ *
+ *  Related: see {Querying}[rdoc-ref:String@Querying].
  */
 
 VALUE
@@ -1253,10 +1346,10 @@ enc_inspect(VALUE self)
 {
     rb_encoding *enc;
 
-    if (!is_data_encoding(self)) {
+    if (!is_obj_encoding(self)) { /* do not resolve autoload */
         not_encoding(self);
     }
-    if (!(enc = DATA_PTR(self)) || rb_enc_from_index(rb_enc_to_index(enc)) != enc) {
+    if (!(enc = RTYPEDDATA_GET_DATA(self)) || rb_enc_from_index(rb_enc_to_index(enc)) != enc) {
         rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "broken Encoding");
     }
 
@@ -1267,20 +1360,6 @@ enc_inspect(VALUE self)
                           rb_enc_autoload_p(enc) ? " (autoload)" : "");
 }
 
-/*
- * call-seq:
- *   enc.name -> string
- *   enc.to_s -> string
- *
- * Returns the name of the encoding.
- *
- *   Encoding::UTF_8.name      #=> "UTF-8"
- */
-static VALUE
-enc_name(VALUE self)
-{
-    return rb_fstring_cstr(rb_enc_name((rb_encoding*)DATA_PTR(self)));
-}
 
 static int
 enc_names_i(st_data_t name, st_data_t idx, st_data_t args)
@@ -1309,7 +1388,10 @@ enc_names(VALUE self)
 
     args[0] = (VALUE)rb_to_encoding_index(self);
     args[1] = rb_ary_new2(0);
-    st_foreach(global_enc_table.names, enc_names_i, (st_data_t)args);
+
+    GLOBAL_ENC_TABLE_LOCKING(enc_table) {
+        st_foreach(enc_table->names, enc_names_i, (st_data_t)args);
+    }
     return args[1];
 }
 
@@ -1334,9 +1416,8 @@ enc_names(VALUE self)
 static VALUE
 enc_list(VALUE klass)
 {
-    VALUE ary = rb_ary_new2(0);
-    rb_ary_replace(ary, rb_encoding_list);
-    return ary;
+    VALUE list = RUBY_ATOMIC_VALUE_LOAD(rb_encoding_list);
+    return rb_ary_dup(list);
 }
 
 /*
@@ -1422,7 +1503,7 @@ static VALUE
 enc_dump(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
 {
     rb_check_arity(argc, 0, 1);
-    return enc_name(self);
+    return rb_attr_get(self, id_i_name);
 }
 
 /* :nodoc: */
@@ -1480,17 +1561,22 @@ int rb_locale_charmap_index(void);
 int
 rb_locale_encindex(void)
 {
+    // `rb_locale_charmap_index` can call `enc_find_index`, which can
+    // load an encoding. This needs to be done without VM lock held.
+    ASSERT_vm_unlocking();
     int idx = rb_locale_charmap_index();
 
     if (idx < 0) idx = ENCINDEX_UTF_8;
 
-    if (enc_registered(&global_enc_table, "locale") < 0) {
+    GLOBAL_ENC_TABLE_LOCKING(enc_table) {
+        if (enc_registered(enc_table, "locale") < 0) {
 # if defined _WIN32
-        void Init_w32_codepage(void);
-        Init_w32_codepage();
+            void Init_w32_codepage(void);
+            Init_w32_codepage();
 # endif
-        GLOBAL_ENC_TABLE_LOCKING(enc_table) {
-            enc_alias_internal(enc_table, "locale", idx);
+            GLOBAL_ENC_TABLE_LOCKING(enc_table) {
+                enc_alias_internal(enc_table, "locale", idx);
+            }
         }
     }
 
@@ -1506,9 +1592,7 @@ rb_locale_encoding(void)
 int
 rb_filesystem_encindex(void)
 {
-    int idx = enc_registered(&global_enc_table, "filesystem");
-    if (idx < 0) idx = ENCINDEX_ASCII_8BIT;
-    return idx;
+    return filesystem_encindex;
 }
 
 rb_encoding *
@@ -1533,6 +1617,12 @@ enc_set_default_encoding(struct default_encoding *def, VALUE encoding, const cha
         /* Already set */
         overridden = TRUE;
 
+    int index = 0;
+    if (!NIL_P(encoding)) {
+        enc_check_encoding(encoding); // loads it if necessary. Needs to be done outside of VM lock.
+        index = rb_enc_to_index(rb_to_encoding(encoding));
+    }
+
     GLOBAL_ENC_TABLE_LOCKING(enc_table) {
         if (NIL_P(encoding)) {
             def->index = -1;
@@ -1548,13 +1638,15 @@ enc_set_default_encoding(struct default_encoding *def, VALUE encoding, const cha
                       (st_data_t)UNSPECIFIED_ENCODING);
         }
         else {
-            def->index = rb_enc_to_index(rb_to_encoding(encoding));
+            def->index = index;
             def->enc = 0;
             enc_alias_internal(enc_table, name, def->index);
         }
 
         if (def == &default_external) {
-            enc_alias_internal(enc_table, "filesystem", Init_enc_set_filesystem_encoding());
+            int fs_idx = Init_enc_set_filesystem_encoding();
+            enc_alias_internal(enc_table, "filesystem", fs_idx);
+            filesystem_encindex = fs_idx;
         }
     }
 
@@ -1803,8 +1895,11 @@ rb_enc_name_list_i(st_data_t name, st_data_t idx, st_data_t arg)
 static VALUE
 rb_enc_name_list(VALUE klass)
 {
-    VALUE ary = rb_ary_new2(global_enc_table.names->num_entries);
-    st_foreach(global_enc_table.names, rb_enc_name_list_i, (st_data_t)ary);
+    VALUE ary;
+    GLOBAL_ENC_TABLE_LOCKING(enc_table) {
+        ary = rb_ary_new2(enc_table->names->num_entries);
+        st_foreach(enc_table->names, rb_enc_name_list_i, (st_data_t)ary);
+    }
     return ary;
 }
 
@@ -1850,7 +1945,9 @@ rb_enc_aliases(VALUE klass)
     aliases[0] = rb_hash_new();
     aliases[1] = rb_ary_new();
 
-    st_foreach(global_enc_table.names, rb_enc_aliases_enc_i, (st_data_t)aliases);
+    GLOBAL_ENC_TABLE_LOCKING(enc_table) {
+        st_foreach(enc_table->names, rb_enc_aliases_enc_i, (st_data_t)aliases);
+    }
 
     return aliases[0];
 }
@@ -1892,12 +1989,19 @@ Init_Encoding(void)
     VALUE list;
     int i;
 
+    id_i_name = rb_intern_const("@name");
     rb_cEncoding = rb_define_class("Encoding", rb_cObject);
     rb_define_alloc_func(rb_cEncoding, enc_s_alloc);
     rb_undef_method(CLASS_OF(rb_cEncoding), "new");
-    rb_define_method(rb_cEncoding, "to_s", enc_name, 0);
+
+    /* The name of the encoding.
+     *
+     *   Encoding::UTF_8.name      #=> "UTF-8"
+     */
+    rb_attr(rb_cEncoding, rb_intern("name"), TRUE, FALSE, Qfalse);
+    rb_define_alias(rb_cEncoding, "to_s", "name");
+
     rb_define_method(rb_cEncoding, "inspect", enc_inspect, 0);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cEncoding, "name", enc_name, 0);
     rb_define_method(rb_cEncoding, "names", enc_names, 0);
     rb_define_method(rb_cEncoding, "dummy?", enc_dummy_p, 0);
     rb_define_method(rb_cEncoding, "ascii_compatible?", enc_ascii_compatible_p, 0);
@@ -1918,9 +2022,9 @@ Init_Encoding(void)
 
     struct enc_table *enc_table = &global_enc_table;
 
+    rb_gc_register_address(&rb_encoding_list);
     list = rb_encoding_list = rb_ary_new2(ENCODING_LIST_CAPA);
     RBASIC_CLEAR_CLASS(list);
-    rb_vm_register_global_object(list);
 
     for (i = 0; i < enc_table->count; ++i) {
         rb_ary_push(list, enc_new(enc_table->list[i].enc));
@@ -1937,6 +2041,7 @@ Init_unicode_version(void)
     VALUE str = rb_usascii_str_new_static(onigenc_unicode_version_string,
                                           strlen(onigenc_unicode_version_string));
     OBJ_FREEZE(str);
+    /* The supported Unicode version. */
     rb_define_const(rb_cEncoding, "UNICODE_VERSION", str);
 }
 
@@ -1951,5 +2056,7 @@ Init_encodings(void)
 void
 rb_enc_foreach_name(int (*func)(st_data_t name, st_data_t idx, st_data_t arg), st_data_t arg)
 {
-    st_foreach(global_enc_table.names, func, arg);
+    GLOBAL_ENC_TABLE_LOCKING(enc_table) {
+        st_foreach(enc_table->names, func, arg);
+    }
 }
diff --git a/enum.c b/enum.c
index 182e4f6e83..765c093da7 100644
--- a/enum.c
+++ b/enum.c
@@ -127,7 +127,7 @@ static VALUE
 enum_grep0(VALUE obj, VALUE pat, VALUE test)
 {
     VALUE ary = rb_ary_new();
-    struct MEMO *memo = MEMO_NEW(pat, ary, test);
+    struct MEMO *memo = rb_imemo_memo_new(pat, ary, test);
     rb_block_call_func_t fn;
     if (rb_block_given_p()) {
         fn = grep_iter_i;
@@ -317,7 +317,7 @@ enum_count(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE obj)
         func = count_i;
     }
 
-    memo = MEMO_NEW(item, 0, 0);
+    memo = rb_imemo_memo_new(item, 0, 0);
     rb_block_call(obj, id_each, 0, 0, func, (VALUE)memo);
     return imemo_count_value(memo);
 }
@@ -382,7 +382,7 @@ enum_find(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE obj)
 
     if_none = rb_check_arity(argc, 0, 1) ? argv[0] : Qnil;
     RETURN_ENUMERATOR(obj, argc, argv);
-    memo = MEMO_NEW(Qundef, 0, 0);
+    memo = rb_imemo_memo_new(Qundef, 0, 0);
     if (rb_block_pair_yield_optimizable())
         rb_block_call2(obj, id_each, 0, 0, find_i_fast, (VALUE)memo, RB_BLOCK_NO_USE_PACKED_ARGS);
     else
@@ -467,7 +467,7 @@ enum_find_index(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE obj)
         func = find_index_i;
     }
 
-    memo = MEMO_NEW(Qnil, condition_value, 0);
+    memo = rb_imemo_memo_new(Qnil, condition_value, 0);
     rb_block_call(obj, id_each, 0, 0, func, (VALUE)memo);
     return memo->v1;
 }
@@ -1084,7 +1084,7 @@ enum_inject(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE obj)
         return ary_inject_op(obj, init, op);
     }
 
-    memo = MEMO_NEW(init, Qnil, op);
+    memo = rb_imemo_memo_new(init, Qnil, op);
     rb_block_call(obj, id_each, 0, 0, iter, (VALUE)memo);
     if (UNDEF_P(memo->v1)) return Qnil;
     return memo->v1;
@@ -1142,7 +1142,7 @@ enum_partition(VALUE obj)
 
     RETURN_SIZED_ENUMERATOR(obj, 0, 0, enum_size);
 
-    memo = MEMO_NEW(rb_ary_new(), rb_ary_new(), 0);
+    memo = rb_imemo_memo_new(rb_ary_new(), rb_ary_new(), 0);
     rb_block_call(obj, id_each, 0, 0, partition_i, (VALUE)memo);
 
     return rb_assoc_new(memo->v1, memo->v2);
@@ -1215,14 +1215,15 @@ tally_up(st_data_t *group, st_data_t *value, st_data_t arg, int existing)
         RB_OBJ_WRITTEN(hash, Qundef, tally);
     }
     *value = (st_data_t)tally;
-    if (!SPECIAL_CONST_P(*group)) RB_OBJ_WRITTEN(hash, Qundef, *group);
     return ST_CONTINUE;
 }
 
 static VALUE
 rb_enum_tally_up(VALUE hash, VALUE group)
 {
-    rb_hash_stlike_update(hash, group, tally_up, (st_data_t)hash);
+    if (!rb_hash_stlike_update(hash, group, tally_up, (st_data_t)hash)) {
+        RB_OBJ_WRITTEN(hash, Qundef, group);
+    }
     return hash;
 }
 
@@ -1344,7 +1345,7 @@ enum_first(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE obj)
         return enum_take(obj, argv[0]);
     }
     else {
-        memo = MEMO_NEW(Qnil, 0, 0);
+        memo = rb_imemo_memo_new(Qnil, 0, 0);
         rb_block_call(obj, id_each, 0, 0, first_i, (VALUE)memo);
         return memo->v1;
     }
@@ -1721,7 +1722,7 @@ enum_sort_by(VALUE obj)
     RBASIC_CLEAR_CLASS(ary);
     buf = rb_ary_hidden_new(SORT_BY_BUFSIZE*2);
     rb_ary_store(buf, SORT_BY_BUFSIZE*2-1, Qnil);
-    memo = MEMO_NEW(0, 0, 0);
+    memo = rb_imemo_memo_new(0, 0, 0);
     data = (struct sort_by_data *)&memo->v1;
     RB_OBJ_WRITE(memo, &data->ary, ary);
     RB_OBJ_WRITE(memo, &data->buf, buf);
@@ -1765,7 +1766,7 @@ enum_sort_by(VALUE obj)
 #define ENUM_BLOCK_CALL(name) \
     rb_block_call2(obj, id_each, 0, 0, ENUMFUNC(name), (VALUE)memo, rb_block_given_p() && rb_block_pair_yield_optimizable() ? RB_BLOCK_NO_USE_PACKED_ARGS : 0);
 
-#define MEMO_ENUM_NEW(v1) (rb_check_arity(argc, 0, 1), MEMO_NEW((v1), (argc ? *argv : 0), 0))
+#define MEMO_ENUM_NEW(v1) (rb_check_arity(argc, 0, 1), rb_imemo_memo_new((v1), (argc ? *argv : 0), 0))
 
 #define DEFINE_ENUMFUNCS(name) \
 static VALUE enum_##name##_func(VALUE result, struct MEMO *memo); \
@@ -2753,7 +2754,7 @@ enum_min_by(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE obj)
     if (argc && !NIL_P(num = argv[0]))
         return rb_nmin_run(obj, num, 1, 0, 0);
 
-    memo = MEMO_NEW(Qundef, Qnil, 0);
+    memo = rb_imemo_memo_new(Qundef, Qnil, 0);
     rb_block_call(obj, id_each, 0, 0, min_by_i, (VALUE)memo);
     return memo->v2;
 }
@@ -2827,7 +2828,7 @@ enum_max_by(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE obj)
     if (argc && !NIL_P(num = argv[0]))
         return rb_nmin_run(obj, num, 1, 1, 0);
 
-    memo = MEMO_NEW(Qundef, Qnil, 0);
+    memo = rb_imemo_memo_new(Qundef, Qnil, 0);
     rb_block_call(obj, id_each, 0, 0, max_by_i, (VALUE)memo);
     return memo->v2;
 }
@@ -2978,7 +2979,7 @@ member_i(RB_BLOCK_CALL_FUNC_ARGLIST(iter, args))
 static VALUE
 enum_member(VALUE obj, VALUE val)
 {
-    struct MEMO *memo = MEMO_NEW(val, Qfalse, 0);
+    struct MEMO *memo = rb_imemo_memo_new(val, Qfalse, 0);
 
     rb_block_call(obj, id_each, 0, 0, member_i, (VALUE)memo);
     return memo->v2;
@@ -3230,7 +3231,7 @@ enum_each_slice(VALUE obj, VALUE n)
     size = limit_by_enum_size(obj, size);
     ary = rb_ary_new2(size);
     arity = rb_block_arity();
-    memo = MEMO_NEW(ary, dont_recycle_block_arg(arity), size);
+    memo = rb_imemo_memo_new(ary, dont_recycle_block_arg(arity), size);
     rb_block_call(obj, id_each, 0, 0, each_slice_i, (VALUE)memo);
     ary = memo->v1;
     if (RARRAY_LEN(ary) > 0) rb_yield(ary);
@@ -3306,7 +3307,7 @@ enum_each_cons(VALUE obj, VALUE n)
     RETURN_SIZED_ENUMERATOR(obj, 1, &n, enum_each_cons_size);
     arity = rb_block_arity();
     if (enum_size_over_p(obj, size)) return obj;
-    memo = MEMO_NEW(rb_ary_new2(size), dont_recycle_block_arg(arity), size);
+    memo = rb_imemo_memo_new(rb_ary_new2(size), dont_recycle_block_arg(arity), size);
     rb_block_call(obj, id_each, 0, 0, each_cons_i, (VALUE)memo);
 
     return obj;
@@ -3535,7 +3536,7 @@ enum_zip(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE obj)
     }
 
     /* TODO: use NODE_DOT2 as memo(v, v, -) */
-    memo = MEMO_NEW(result, args, 0);
+    memo = rb_imemo_memo_new(result, args, 0);
     rb_block_call(obj, id_each, 0, 0, allary ? zip_ary : zip_i, (VALUE)memo);
 
     return result;
@@ -3578,7 +3579,7 @@ enum_take(VALUE obj, VALUE n)
 
     if (len == 0) return rb_ary_new2(0);
     result = rb_ary_new2(len);
-    memo = MEMO_NEW(result, 0, len);
+    memo = rb_imemo_memo_new(result, 0, len);
     rb_block_call(obj, id_each, 0, 0, take_i, (VALUE)memo);
     return result;
 }
@@ -3666,7 +3667,7 @@ enum_drop(VALUE obj, VALUE n)
     }
 
     result = rb_ary_new();
-    memo = MEMO_NEW(result, 0, len);
+    memo = rb_imemo_memo_new(result, 0, len);
     rb_block_call(obj, id_each, 0, 0, drop_i, (VALUE)memo);
     return result;
 }
@@ -3725,7 +3726,7 @@ enum_drop_while(VALUE obj)
 
     RETURN_ENUMERATOR(obj, 0, 0);
     result = rb_ary_new();
-    memo = MEMO_NEW(result, 0, FALSE);
+    memo = rb_imemo_memo_new(result, 0, FALSE);
     rb_block_call(obj, id_each, 0, 0, drop_while_i, (VALUE)memo);
     return result;
 }
@@ -3945,7 +3946,7 @@ chunk_i(RB_BLOCK_CALL_FUNC_ARGLIST(yielder, enumerator))
  *    ["F", 6860]
  *
  *  You can use the special symbol <tt>:_alone</tt> to force an element
- *  into its own separate chuck:
+ *  into its own separate chunk:
  *
  *    a = [0, 0, 1, 1]
  *    e = a.chunk{|i| i.even? ? :_alone : true }
diff --git a/enumerator.c b/enumerator.c
index faaa77cb49..b60036a3de 100644
--- a/enumerator.c
+++ b/enumerator.c
@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@
 #include <float.h>
 #endif
 
+#include <limits.h>
 #include "id.h"
 #include "internal.h"
 #include "internal/class.h"
@@ -33,79 +34,93 @@
 /*
  * Document-class: Enumerator
  *
- * A class which allows both internal and external iteration.
+ * \Class \Enumerator supports:
  *
- * An Enumerator can be created by the following methods.
- * - Object#to_enum
- * - Object#enum_for
- * - Enumerator.new
+ * - {External iteration}[rdoc-ref:Enumerator@External+Iteration].
+ * - {Internal iteration}[rdoc-ref:Enumerator@Internal+Iteration].
  *
- * Most methods have two forms: a block form where the contents
- * are evaluated for each item in the enumeration, and a non-block form
- * which returns a new Enumerator wrapping the iteration.
+ * An \Enumerator may be created by the following methods:
  *
- *   enumerator = %w(one two three).each
- *   puts enumerator.class # => Enumerator
+ * - Object#to_enum.
+ * - Object#enum_for.
+ * - Enumerator.new.
  *
- *   enumerator.each_with_object("foo") do |item, obj|
- *     puts "#{obj}: #{item}"
- *   end
+ * In addition, certain Ruby methods return \Enumerator objects:
+ * a Ruby iterator method that accepts a block
+ * may return an \Enumerator if no block is given.
+ * There are many such methods, for example, in classes Array and Hash.
+ * (In the documentation for those classes, search for `new_enumerator`.)
  *
- *   # foo: one
- *   # foo: two
- *   # foo: three
+ * == Internal Iteration
  *
- *   enum_with_obj = enumerator.each_with_object("foo")
- *   puts enum_with_obj.class # => Enumerator
+ * In _internal iteration_, an iterator method drives the iteration
+ * and the caller's block handles the processing;
+ * this example uses method #each_with_index:
  *
- *   enum_with_obj.each do |item, obj|
- *     puts "#{obj}: #{item}"
- *   end
+ *   words = %w[foo bar baz] # => ["foo", "bar", "baz"]
+ *   enumerator = words.each # => #<Enumerator: ...>
+ *   enumerator.each_with_index {|word, i| puts "#{i}: #{word}" }
+ *   0: foo
+ *   1: bar
+ *   2: baz
  *
- *   # foo: one
- *   # foo: two
- *   # foo: three
+ * Iterator methods in class \Enumerator include:
  *
- * This allows you to chain Enumerators together.  For example, you
- * can map a list's elements to strings containing the index
- * and the element as a string via:
+ * - #each:
+ *   passes each item to the block.
+ * - #each_with_index:
+ *   passes each item and its index to the block.
+ * - #each_with_object (aliased as #with_object):
+ *   passes each item and a given object to the block.
+ * - #with_index:
+ *   like #each_with_index, but starting at a given offset (instead of zero).
  *
- *   puts %w[foo bar baz].map.with_index { |w, i| "#{i}:#{w}" }
- *   # => ["0:foo", "1:bar", "2:baz"]
+ * \Class \Enumerator includes module Enumerable,
+ * which provides many more iterator methods.
  *
  * == External Iteration
  *
- * An Enumerator can also be used as an external iterator.
- * For example, Enumerator#next returns the next value of the iterator
- * or raises StopIteration if the Enumerator is at the end.
- *
- *   e = [1,2,3].each   # returns an enumerator object.
- *   puts e.next   # => 1
- *   puts e.next   # => 2
- *   puts e.next   # => 3
- *   puts e.next   # raises StopIteration
- *
- * +next+, +next_values+, +peek+, and +peek_values+ are the only methods
- * which use external iteration (and Array#zip(Enumerable-not-Array) which uses +next+ internally).
- *
- * These methods do not affect other internal enumeration methods,
- * unless the underlying iteration method itself has side-effect, e.g. IO#each_line.
- *
- * FrozenError will be raised if these methods are called against a frozen enumerator.
- * Since +rewind+ and +feed+ also change state for external iteration,
- * these methods may raise FrozenError too.
- *
- * External iteration differs *significantly* from internal iteration
- * due to using a Fiber:
- * - The Fiber adds some overhead compared to internal enumeration.
- * - The stacktrace will only include the stack from the Enumerator, not above.
- * - Fiber-local variables are *not* inherited inside the Enumerator Fiber,
- *   which instead starts with no Fiber-local variables.
- * - Fiber storage variables *are* inherited and are designed
- *   to handle Enumerator Fibers. Assigning to a Fiber storage variable
- *   only affects the current Fiber, so if you want to change state
- *   in the caller Fiber of the Enumerator Fiber, you need to use an
- *   extra indirection (e.g., use some object in the Fiber storage
+ * In _external iteration_, the user's program both drives the iteration
+ * and handles the processing in stream-like fashion;
+ * this example uses method #next:
+ *
+ *   words = %w[foo bar baz]
+ *   enumerator = words.each
+ *   enumerator.next # => "foo"
+ *   enumerator.next # => "bar"
+ *   enumerator.next # => "baz"
+ *   enumerator.next # Raises StopIteration: iteration reached an end
+ *
+ * External iteration methods in class \Enumerator include:
+ *
+ * - #feed:
+ *   sets the value that is next to be returned.
+ * - #next:
+ *   returns the next value and increments the position.
+ * - #next_values:
+ *   returns the next value in a 1-element array and increments the position.
+ * - #peek:
+ *   returns the next value but does not increment the position.
+ * - #peek_values:
+ *   returns the next value in a 1-element array but does not increment the position.
+ * - #rewind:
+ *   sets the position to zero.
+ *
+ * Each of these methods raises FrozenError if called from a frozen \Enumerator.
+ *
+ * == External Iteration and \Fiber
+ *
+ * External iteration that uses Fiber differs *significantly* from internal iteration:
+ *
+ * - Using \Fiber adds some overhead compared to internal enumeration.
+ * - The stacktrace will only include the stack from the \Enumerator, not above.
+ * - \Fiber-local variables are *not* inherited inside the \Enumerator \Fiber,
+ *   which instead starts with no \Fiber-local variables.
+ * - \Fiber storage variables *are* inherited and are designed
+ *   to handle \Enumerator Fibers. Assigning to a \Fiber storage variable
+ *   only affects the current \Fiber, so if you want to change state
+ *   in the caller \Fiber of the \Enumerator \Fiber, you need to use an
+ *   extra indirection (e.g., use some object in the \Fiber storage
  *   variable and mutate some ivar of it).
  *
  * Concretely:
@@ -125,7 +140,7 @@
  *   e.each { p _1 }
  *   p Fiber[:storage_var] # => 2 (it ran in the same Fiber/"stack" as the current Fiber)
  *
- * == Convert External Iteration to Internal Iteration
+ * == Converting External Iteration to Internal Iteration
  *
  * You can use an external iterator to implement an internal iterator as follows:
  *
@@ -162,10 +177,9 @@
  */
 VALUE rb_cEnumerator;
 static VALUE rb_cLazy;
-static ID id_rewind, id_new, id_to_enum, id_each_entry;
+static ID id_rewind, id_to_enum, id_each_entry;
 static ID id_next, id_result, id_receiver, id_arguments, id_memo, id_method, id_force;
-static ID id_begin, id_end, id_step, id_exclude_end;
-static VALUE sym_each, sym_cycle, sym_yield;
+static VALUE sym_each, sym_yield;
 
 static VALUE lazy_use_super_method;
 
@@ -222,6 +236,7 @@ struct yielder {
 struct producer {
     VALUE init;
     VALUE proc;
+    VALUE size;
 };
 
 typedef struct MEMO *lazyenum_proc_func(VALUE, struct MEMO *, VALUE, long);
@@ -281,28 +296,20 @@ enumerator_ptr(VALUE obj)
 }
 
 static void
-proc_entry_mark(void *p)
-{
-    struct proc_entry *ptr = p;
-    rb_gc_mark_movable(ptr->proc);
-    rb_gc_mark_movable(ptr->memo);
-}
-
-static void
-proc_entry_compact(void *p)
+proc_entry_mark_and_move(void *p)
 {
     struct proc_entry *ptr = p;
-    ptr->proc = rb_gc_location(ptr->proc);
-    ptr->memo = rb_gc_location(ptr->memo);
+    rb_gc_mark_and_move(&ptr->proc);
+    rb_gc_mark_and_move(&ptr->memo);
 }
 
 static const rb_data_type_t proc_entry_data_type = {
     "proc_entry",
     {
-        proc_entry_mark,
+        proc_entry_mark_and_move,
         RUBY_TYPED_DEFAULT_FREE,
         NULL, // Nothing allocated externally, so don't need a memsize function
-        proc_entry_compact,
+        proc_entry_mark_and_move,
     },
     0, 0, RUBY_TYPED_FREE_IMMEDIATELY | RUBY_TYPED_WB_PROTECTED | RUBY_TYPED_EMBEDDABLE
 };
@@ -452,28 +459,31 @@ convert_to_feasible_size_value(VALUE obj)
 
 /*
  * call-seq:
- *   Enumerator.new(size = nil) { |yielder| ... }
+ *   Enumerator.new(size = nil) {|yielder| ... }
  *
- * Creates a new Enumerator object, which can be used as an
- * Enumerable.
+ * Returns a new \Enumerator object that can be used for iteration.
  *
- * Iteration is defined by the given block, in
- * which a "yielder" object, given as block parameter, can be used to
- * yield a value by calling the +yield+ method (aliased as <code><<</code>):
+ * The given block defines the iteration;
+ * it is called with a "yielder" object that can yield an object
+ * via a call to method <tt>yielder.yield</tt>:
  *
- *   fib = Enumerator.new do |y|
- *     a = b = 1
- *     loop do
- *       y << a
- *       a, b = b, a + b
+ *   fib = Enumerator.new do |yielder|
+ *     n = next_n = 1
+ *     while true do
+ *       yielder.yield(n)
+ *       n, next_n = next_n, n + next_n
  *     end
  *   end
  *
  *   fib.take(10) # => [1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55]
  *
- * The optional parameter can be used to specify how to calculate the size
- * in a lazy fashion (see Enumerator#size). It can either be a value or
- * a callable object.
+ * Parameter +size+ specifies how the size is to be calculated (see #size);
+ * it can either be a value or a callable object:
+ *
+ *   Enumerator.new{}.size          # => nil
+ *   Enumerator.new(42){}.size      # => 42
+ *   Enumerator.new(-> {42}){}.size # => 42
+ *
  */
 static VALUE
 enumerator_initialize(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE obj)
@@ -679,7 +689,7 @@ enumerator_with_index(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE obj)
     rb_check_arity(argc, 0, 1);
     RETURN_SIZED_ENUMERATOR(obj, argc, argv, enumerator_enum_size);
     memo = (!argc || NIL_P(memo = argv[0])) ? INT2FIX(0) : rb_to_int(memo);
-    return enumerator_block_call(obj, enumerator_with_index_i, (VALUE)MEMO_NEW(memo, 0, 0));
+    return enumerator_block_call(obj, enumerator_with_index_i, (VALUE)rb_imemo_memo_new(memo, 0, 0));
 }
 
 /*
@@ -1238,6 +1248,24 @@ enumerator_inspect(VALUE obj)
  *   (1..100).to_a.permutation(4).size # => 94109400
  *   loop.size # => Float::INFINITY
  *   (1..100).drop_while.size # => nil
+ *
+ * Note that enumerator size might be inaccurate, and should be rather treated as a hint.
+ * For example, there is no check that the size provided to ::new is accurate:
+ *
+ *   e = Enumerator.new(5) { |y| 2.times { y << it} }
+ *   e.size # => 5
+ *   e.to_a.size # => 2
+ *
+ * Another example is an enumerator created by ::produce without a +size+ argument.
+ * Such enumerators return +Infinity+ for size, but this is inaccurate if the passed
+ * block raises StopIteration:
+ *
+ *   e = Enumerator.produce(1) { it + 1 }
+ *   e.size # => Infinity
+ *
+ *   e = Enumerator.produce(1) { it > 3 ? raise(StopIteration) : it + 1 }
+ *   e.size # => Infinity
+ *   e.to_a.size # => 4
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -1281,26 +1309,19 @@ enumerator_size(VALUE obj)
  * Yielder
  */
 static void
-yielder_mark(void *p)
+yielder_mark_and_move(void *p)
 {
     struct yielder *ptr = p;
-    rb_gc_mark_movable(ptr->proc);
-}
-
-static void
-yielder_compact(void *p)
-{
-    struct yielder *ptr = p;
-    ptr->proc = rb_gc_location(ptr->proc);
+    rb_gc_mark_and_move(&ptr->proc);
 }
 
 static const rb_data_type_t yielder_data_type = {
     "yielder",
     {
-        yielder_mark,
+        yielder_mark_and_move,
         RUBY_TYPED_DEFAULT_FREE,
         NULL,
-        yielder_compact,
+        yielder_mark_and_move,
     },
     0, 0, RUBY_TYPED_FREE_IMMEDIATELY | RUBY_TYPED_WB_PROTECTED | RUBY_TYPED_EMBEDDABLE
 };
@@ -1411,28 +1432,20 @@ yielder_new(void)
  * Generator
  */
 static void
-generator_mark(void *p)
+generator_mark_and_move(void *p)
 {
     struct generator *ptr = p;
-    rb_gc_mark_movable(ptr->proc);
-    rb_gc_mark_movable(ptr->obj);
-}
-
-static void
-generator_compact(void *p)
-{
-    struct generator *ptr = p;
-    ptr->proc = rb_gc_location(ptr->proc);
-    ptr->obj = rb_gc_location(ptr->obj);
+    rb_gc_mark_and_move(&ptr->proc);
+    rb_gc_mark_and_move(&ptr->obj);
 }
 
 static const rb_data_type_t generator_data_type = {
     "generator",
     {
-        generator_mark,
+        generator_mark_and_move,
         RUBY_TYPED_DEFAULT_FREE,
         NULL,
-        generator_compact,
+        generator_mark_and_move,
     },
     0, 0, RUBY_TYPED_FREE_IMMEDIATELY | RUBY_TYPED_WB_PROTECTED | RUBY_TYPED_EMBEDDABLE
 };
@@ -1603,6 +1616,11 @@ lazy_init_block_i(RB_BLOCK_CALL_FUNC_ARGLIST(val, m))
 #define LAZY_MEMO_SET_PACKED(memo) ((memo)->memo_flags |= LAZY_MEMO_PACKED)
 #define LAZY_MEMO_RESET_PACKED(memo) ((memo)->memo_flags &= ~LAZY_MEMO_PACKED)
 
+#define LAZY_NEED_BLOCK(func) \
+    if (!rb_block_given_p()) { \
+        rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "tried to call lazy " #func " without a block"); \
+    }
+
 static VALUE lazy_yielder_result(struct MEMO *result, VALUE yielder, VALUE procs_array, VALUE memos, long i);
 
 static VALUE
@@ -1613,7 +1631,7 @@ lazy_init_yielder(RB_BLOCK_CALL_FUNC_ARGLIST(_, m))
     VALUE memos = rb_attr_get(yielder, id_memo);
     struct MEMO *result;
 
-    result = MEMO_NEW(m, rb_enum_values_pack(argc, argv),
+    result = rb_imemo_memo_new(m, rb_enum_values_pack(argc, argv),
                       argc > 1 ? LAZY_MEMO_PACKED : 0);
     return lazy_yielder_result(result, yielder, procs_array, memos, 0);
 }
@@ -1806,9 +1824,7 @@ lazy_initialize(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
     VALUE generator;
 
     rb_check_arity(argc, 1, 2);
-    if (!rb_block_given_p()) {
-        rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "tried to call lazy new without a block");
-    }
+    LAZY_NEED_BLOCK(new);
     obj = argv[0];
     if (argc > 1) {
         size = argv[1];
@@ -2066,10 +2082,7 @@ static const lazyenum_funcs lazy_map_funcs = {
 static VALUE
 lazy_map(VALUE obj)
 {
-    if (!rb_block_given_p()) {
-        rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "tried to call lazy map without a block");
-    }
-
+    LAZY_NEED_BLOCK(map);
     return lazy_add_method(obj, 0, 0, Qnil, Qnil, &lazy_map_funcs);
 }
 
@@ -2151,10 +2164,7 @@ static const lazyenum_funcs lazy_flat_map_funcs = {
 static VALUE
 lazy_flat_map(VALUE obj)
 {
-    if (!rb_block_given_p()) {
-        rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "tried to call lazy flat_map without a block");
-    }
-
+    LAZY_NEED_BLOCK(flat_map);
     return lazy_add_method(obj, 0, 0, Qnil, Qnil, &lazy_flat_map_funcs);
 }
 
@@ -2181,10 +2191,7 @@ static const lazyenum_funcs lazy_select_funcs = {
 static VALUE
 lazy_select(VALUE obj)
 {
-    if (!rb_block_given_p()) {
-        rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "tried to call lazy select without a block");
-    }
-
+    LAZY_NEED_BLOCK(select);
     return lazy_add_method(obj, 0, 0, Qnil, Qnil, &lazy_select_funcs);
 }
 
@@ -2215,10 +2222,7 @@ static const lazyenum_funcs lazy_filter_map_funcs = {
 static VALUE
 lazy_filter_map(VALUE obj)
 {
-    if (!rb_block_given_p()) {
-        rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "tried to call lazy filter_map without a block");
-    }
-
+    LAZY_NEED_BLOCK(filter_map);
     return lazy_add_method(obj, 0, 0, Qnil, Qnil, &lazy_filter_map_funcs);
 }
 
@@ -2244,10 +2248,7 @@ static const lazyenum_funcs lazy_reject_funcs = {
 static VALUE
 lazy_reject(VALUE obj)
 {
-    if (!rb_block_given_p()) {
-        rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "tried to call lazy reject without a block");
-    }
-
+    LAZY_NEED_BLOCK(reject);
     return lazy_add_method(obj, 0, 0, Qnil, Qnil, &lazy_reject_funcs);
 }
 
@@ -2530,10 +2531,7 @@ static const lazyenum_funcs lazy_take_while_funcs = {
 static VALUE
 lazy_take_while(VALUE obj)
 {
-    if (!rb_block_given_p()) {
-        rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "tried to call lazy take_while without a block");
-    }
-
+    LAZY_NEED_BLOCK(take_while);
     return lazy_add_method(obj, 0, 0, Qnil, Qnil, &lazy_take_while_funcs);
 }
 
@@ -2628,10 +2626,7 @@ static const lazyenum_funcs lazy_drop_while_funcs = {
 static VALUE
 lazy_drop_while(VALUE obj)
 {
-    if (!rb_block_given_p()) {
-        rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "tried to call lazy drop_while without a block");
-    }
-
+    LAZY_NEED_BLOCK(drop_while);
     return lazy_add_method(obj, 0, 0, Qfalse, Qnil, &lazy_drop_while_funcs);
 }
 
@@ -2913,19 +2908,12 @@ stop_result(VALUE self)
  */
 
 static void
-producer_mark(void *p)
+producer_mark_and_move(void *p)
 {
     struct producer *ptr = p;
-    rb_gc_mark_movable(ptr->init);
-    rb_gc_mark_movable(ptr->proc);
-}
-
-static void
-producer_compact(void *p)
-{
-    struct producer *ptr = p;
-    ptr->init = rb_gc_location(ptr->init);
-    ptr->proc = rb_gc_location(ptr->proc);
+    rb_gc_mark_and_move(&ptr->init);
+    rb_gc_mark_and_move(&ptr->proc);
+    rb_gc_mark_and_move(&ptr->size);
 }
 
 #define producer_free RUBY_TYPED_DEFAULT_FREE
@@ -2939,10 +2927,10 @@ producer_memsize(const void *p)
 static const rb_data_type_t producer_data_type = {
     "producer",
     {
-        producer_mark,
+        producer_mark_and_move,
         producer_free,
         producer_memsize,
-        producer_compact,
+        producer_mark_and_move,
     },
     0, 0, RUBY_TYPED_FREE_IMMEDIATELY | RUBY_TYPED_WB_PROTECTED | RUBY_TYPED_EMBEDDABLE
 };
@@ -2969,12 +2957,13 @@ producer_allocate(VALUE klass)
     obj = TypedData_Make_Struct(klass, struct producer, &producer_data_type, ptr);
     ptr->init = Qundef;
     ptr->proc = Qundef;
+    ptr->size = Qnil;
 
     return obj;
 }
 
 static VALUE
-producer_init(VALUE obj, VALUE init, VALUE proc)
+producer_init(VALUE obj, VALUE init, VALUE proc, VALUE size)
 {
     struct producer *ptr;
 
@@ -2986,6 +2975,7 @@ producer_init(VALUE obj, VALUE init, VALUE proc)
 
     RB_OBJ_WRITE(obj, &ptr->init, init);
     RB_OBJ_WRITE(obj, &ptr->proc, proc);
+    RB_OBJ_WRITE(obj, &ptr->size, size);
 
     return obj;
 }
@@ -3036,12 +3026,18 @@ producer_each(VALUE obj)
 static VALUE
 producer_size(VALUE obj, VALUE args, VALUE eobj)
 {
-    return DBL2NUM(HUGE_VAL);
+    struct producer *ptr = producer_ptr(obj);
+    VALUE size = ptr->size;
+
+    if (NIL_P(size)) return Qnil;
+    if (RB_INTEGER_TYPE_P(size) || RB_FLOAT_TYPE_P(size)) return size;
+
+    return rb_funcall(size, id_call, 0);
 }
 
 /*
  * call-seq:
- *    Enumerator.produce(initial = nil) { |prev| block } -> enumerator
+ *    Enumerator.produce(initial = nil, size: nil) { |prev| block } -> enumerator
  *
  * Creates an infinite enumerator from any block, just called over and
  * over.  The result of the previous iteration is passed to the next one.
@@ -3073,19 +3069,50 @@ producer_size(VALUE obj, VALUE args, VALUE eobj)
  *   PATTERN = %r{\d+|[-/+*]}
  *   Enumerator.produce { scanner.scan(PATTERN) }.slice_after { scanner.eos? }.first
  *   # => ["7", "+", "38", "/", "6"]
+ *
+ * The optional +size+ keyword argument specifies the size of the enumerator,
+ * which can be retrieved by Enumerator#size.  It can be an integer,
+ * +Float::INFINITY+, a callable object (such as a lambda), or +nil+ to
+ * indicate unknown size.  When not specified, the size defaults to
+ * +Float::INFINITY+.
+ *
+ *   # Infinite enumerator
+ *   enum = Enumerator.produce(1, size: Float::INFINITY, &:succ)
+ *   enum.size  # => Float::INFINITY
+ *
+ *   # Finite enumerator with known/computable size
+ *   abs_dir = File.expand_path("./baz") # => "/foo/bar/baz"
+ *   traverser = Enumerator.produce(abs_dir, size: -> { abs_dir.count("/") + 1 }) {
+ *     raise StopIteration if it == "/"
+ *     File.dirname(it)
+ *   }
+ *   traverser.size  # => 4
+ *
+ *   # Finite enumerator with unknown size
+ *   calendar = Enumerator.produce(Date.today, size: nil) {
+ *     it.monday? ? raise(StopIteration) : it + 1
+ *   }
+ *   calendar.size  # => nil
  */
 static VALUE
 enumerator_s_produce(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE klass)
 {
-    VALUE init, producer;
+    VALUE init, producer, opts, size;
+    ID keyword_ids[1];
 
     if (!rb_block_given_p()) rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "no block given");
 
-    if (rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "01", &init) == 0) {
+    keyword_ids[0] = rb_intern("size");
+    rb_scan_args_kw(RB_SCAN_ARGS_LAST_HASH_KEYWORDS, argc, argv, "01:", &init, &opts);
+    rb_get_kwargs(opts, keyword_ids, 0, 1, &size);
+
+    size = UNDEF_P(size) ? DBL2NUM(HUGE_VAL) : convert_to_feasible_size_value(size);
+
+    if (argc == 0 || (argc == 1 && !NIL_P(opts))) {
         init = Qundef;
     }
 
-    producer = producer_init(producer_allocate(rb_cEnumProducer), init, rb_block_proc());
+    producer = producer_init(producer_allocate(rb_cEnumProducer), init, rb_block_proc(), size);
 
     return rb_enumeratorize_with_size_kw(producer, sym_each, 0, 0, producer_size, RB_NO_KEYWORDS);
 }
@@ -3101,17 +3128,10 @@ enumerator_s_produce(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE klass)
  */
 
 static void
-enum_chain_mark(void *p)
-{
-    struct enum_chain *ptr = p;
-    rb_gc_mark_movable(ptr->enums);
-}
-
-static void
-enum_chain_compact(void *p)
+enum_chain_mark_and_move(void *p)
 {
     struct enum_chain *ptr = p;
-    ptr->enums = rb_gc_location(ptr->enums);
+    rb_gc_mark_and_move(&ptr->enums);
 }
 
 #define enum_chain_free RUBY_TYPED_DEFAULT_FREE
@@ -3125,12 +3145,12 @@ enum_chain_memsize(const void *p)
 static const rb_data_type_t enum_chain_data_type = {
     "chain",
     {
-        enum_chain_mark,
+        enum_chain_mark_and_move,
         enum_chain_free,
         enum_chain_memsize,
-        enum_chain_compact,
+        enum_chain_mark_and_move,
     },
-    0, 0, RUBY_TYPED_FREE_IMMEDIATELY
+    0, 0, RUBY_TYPED_FREE_IMMEDIATELY | RUBY_TYPED_WB_PROTECTED
 };
 
 static struct enum_chain *
@@ -3180,7 +3200,7 @@ enum_chain_initialize(VALUE obj, VALUE enums)
 
     if (!ptr) rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "unallocated chain");
 
-    ptr->enums = rb_ary_freeze(enums);
+    RB_OBJ_WRITE(obj, &ptr->enums, rb_ary_freeze(enums));
     ptr->pos = -1;
 
     return obj;
@@ -3214,7 +3234,7 @@ enum_chain_init_copy(VALUE obj, VALUE orig)
 
     if (!ptr1) rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "unallocated chain");
 
-    ptr1->enums = ptr0->enums;
+    RB_OBJ_WRITE(obj, &ptr1->enums, ptr0->enums);
     ptr1->pos = ptr0->pos;
 
     return obj;
@@ -3423,17 +3443,10 @@ enumerator_plus(VALUE obj, VALUE eobj)
  */
 
 static void
-enum_product_mark(void *p)
+enum_product_mark_and_move(void *p)
 {
     struct enum_product *ptr = p;
-    rb_gc_mark_movable(ptr->enums);
-}
-
-static void
-enum_product_compact(void *p)
-{
-    struct enum_product *ptr = p;
-    ptr->enums = rb_gc_location(ptr->enums);
+    rb_gc_mark_and_move(&ptr->enums);
 }
 
 #define enum_product_free RUBY_TYPED_DEFAULT_FREE
@@ -3447,12 +3460,12 @@ enum_product_memsize(const void *p)
 static const rb_data_type_t enum_product_data_type = {
     "product",
     {
-        enum_product_mark,
+        enum_product_mark_and_move,
         enum_product_free,
         enum_product_memsize,
-        enum_product_compact,
+        enum_product_mark_and_move,
     },
-    0, 0, RUBY_TYPED_FREE_IMMEDIATELY
+    0, 0, RUBY_TYPED_FREE_IMMEDIATELY | RUBY_TYPED_WB_PROTECTED
 };
 
 static struct enum_product *
@@ -3508,7 +3521,7 @@ enum_product_initialize(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE obj)
 
     if (!ptr) rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "unallocated product");
 
-    ptr->enums = rb_ary_freeze(enums);
+    RB_OBJ_WRITE(obj, &ptr->enums, rb_ary_freeze(enums));
 
     return obj;
 }
@@ -3526,7 +3539,7 @@ enum_product_init_copy(VALUE obj, VALUE orig)
 
     if (!ptr1) rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "unallocated product");
 
-    ptr1->enums = ptr0->enums;
+    RB_OBJ_WRITE(obj, &ptr1->enums, ptr0->enums);
 
     return obj;
 }
@@ -3586,9 +3599,9 @@ enum_product_enum_size(VALUE obj, VALUE args, VALUE eobj)
 struct product_state {
     VALUE  obj;
     VALUE  block;
+    int    index;
     int    argc;
     VALUE *argv;
-    int    index;
 };
 
 static VALUE product_each(VALUE, struct product_state *);
@@ -3627,15 +3640,23 @@ enum_product_run(VALUE obj, VALUE block)
 {
     struct enum_product *ptr = enum_product_ptr(obj);
     int argc = RARRAY_LENINT(ptr->enums);
+    if (argc == 0) { /* no need to allocate state.argv */
+        rb_funcall(block, id_call, 1, rb_ary_new());
+        return obj;
+    }
+
+    VALUE argsbuf = 0;
     struct product_state state = {
         .obj = obj,
         .block = block,
         .index = 0,
         .argc = argc,
-        .argv = ALLOCA_N(VALUE, argc),
+        .argv = ALLOCV_N(VALUE, argsbuf, argc),
     };
 
-    return product_each(obj, &state);
+    VALUE ret = product_each(obj, &state);
+    ALLOCV_END(argsbuf);
+    return ret;
 }
 
 /*
@@ -3748,6 +3769,55 @@ enumerator_s_product(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE klass)
     return obj;
 }
 
+struct arith_seq {
+    struct enumerator enumerator;
+    VALUE begin;
+    VALUE end;
+    VALUE step;
+    bool exclude_end;
+};
+
+RUBY_REFERENCES(arith_seq_refs) = {
+    RUBY_REF_EDGE(struct enumerator, obj),
+    RUBY_REF_EDGE(struct enumerator, args),
+    RUBY_REF_EDGE(struct enumerator, fib),
+    RUBY_REF_EDGE(struct enumerator, dst),
+    RUBY_REF_EDGE(struct enumerator, lookahead),
+    RUBY_REF_EDGE(struct enumerator, feedvalue),
+    RUBY_REF_EDGE(struct enumerator, stop_exc),
+    RUBY_REF_EDGE(struct enumerator, size),
+    RUBY_REF_EDGE(struct enumerator, procs),
+
+    RUBY_REF_EDGE(struct arith_seq, begin),
+    RUBY_REF_EDGE(struct arith_seq, end),
+    RUBY_REF_EDGE(struct arith_seq, step),
+    RUBY_REF_END
+};
+
+static const rb_data_type_t arith_seq_data_type = {
+    "arithmetic_sequence",
+    {
+        RUBY_REFS_LIST_PTR(arith_seq_refs),
+        RUBY_TYPED_DEFAULT_FREE,
+        NULL, // Nothing allocated externally, so don't need a memsize function
+        NULL,
+    },
+    .parent = &enumerator_data_type,
+    .flags = RUBY_TYPED_FREE_IMMEDIATELY | RUBY_TYPED_WB_PROTECTED | RUBY_TYPED_DECL_MARKING | RUBY_TYPED_EMBEDDABLE
+};
+
+static VALUE
+arith_seq_allocate(VALUE klass)
+{
+    struct arith_seq *ptr;
+    VALUE enum_obj;
+
+    enum_obj = TypedData_Make_Struct(klass, struct arith_seq, &arith_seq_data_type, ptr);
+    ptr->enumerator.obj = Qundef;
+
+    return enum_obj;
+}
+
 /*
  * Document-class: Enumerator::ArithmeticSequence
  *
@@ -3765,12 +3835,16 @@ rb_arith_seq_new(VALUE obj, VALUE meth, int argc, VALUE const *argv,
                  rb_enumerator_size_func *size_fn,
                  VALUE beg, VALUE end, VALUE step, int excl)
 {
-    VALUE aseq = enumerator_init(enumerator_allocate(rb_cArithSeq),
+    VALUE aseq = enumerator_init(arith_seq_allocate(rb_cArithSeq),
                                  obj, meth, argc, argv, size_fn, Qnil, rb_keyword_given_p());
-    rb_ivar_set(aseq, id_begin, beg);
-    rb_ivar_set(aseq, id_end, end);
-    rb_ivar_set(aseq, id_step, step);
-    rb_ivar_set(aseq, id_exclude_end, RBOOL(excl));
+    struct arith_seq *ptr;
+    TypedData_Get_Struct(aseq, struct arith_seq, &enumerator_data_type, ptr);
+
+    RB_OBJ_WRITE(aseq, &ptr->begin, beg);
+    RB_OBJ_WRITE(aseq, &ptr->end, end);
+    RB_OBJ_WRITE(aseq, &ptr->step, step);
+    ptr->exclude_end = excl;
+
     return aseq;
 }
 
@@ -3783,7 +3857,9 @@ rb_arith_seq_new(VALUE obj, VALUE meth, int argc, VALUE const *argv,
 static inline VALUE
 arith_seq_begin(VALUE self)
 {
-    return rb_ivar_get(self, id_begin);
+    struct arith_seq *ptr;
+    TypedData_Get_Struct(self, struct arith_seq, &enumerator_data_type, ptr);
+    return ptr->begin;
 }
 
 /*
@@ -3794,7 +3870,9 @@ arith_seq_begin(VALUE self)
 static inline VALUE
 arith_seq_end(VALUE self)
 {
-    return rb_ivar_get(self, id_end);
+    struct arith_seq *ptr;
+    TypedData_Get_Struct(self, struct arith_seq, &enumerator_data_type, ptr);
+    return ptr->end;
 }
 
 /*
@@ -3806,7 +3884,9 @@ arith_seq_end(VALUE self)
 static inline VALUE
 arith_seq_step(VALUE self)
 {
-    return rb_ivar_get(self, id_step);
+    struct arith_seq *ptr;
+    TypedData_Get_Struct(self, struct arith_seq, &enumerator_data_type, ptr);
+    return ptr->step;
 }
 
 /*
@@ -3817,13 +3897,17 @@ arith_seq_step(VALUE self)
 static inline VALUE
 arith_seq_exclude_end(VALUE self)
 {
-    return rb_ivar_get(self, id_exclude_end);
+    struct arith_seq *ptr;
+    TypedData_Get_Struct(self, struct arith_seq, &enumerator_data_type, ptr);
+    return RBOOL(ptr->exclude_end);
 }
 
 static inline int
 arith_seq_exclude_end_p(VALUE self)
 {
-    return RTEST(arith_seq_exclude_end(self));
+    struct arith_seq *ptr;
+    TypedData_Get_Struct(self, struct arith_seq, &enumerator_data_type, ptr);
+    return ptr->exclude_end;
 }
 
 int
@@ -3890,46 +3974,14 @@ rb_arithmetic_sequence_beg_len_step(VALUE obj, long *begp, long *lenp, long *ste
     return Qnil;
 }
 
-/*
- * call-seq:
- *   aseq.first -> num or nil
- *   aseq.first(n) -> an_array
- *
- * Returns the first number in this arithmetic sequence,
- * or an array of the first +n+ elements.
- */
 static VALUE
-arith_seq_first(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
+arith_seq_take(VALUE self, VALUE num)
 {
     VALUE b, e, s, ary;
     long n;
     int x;
 
-    rb_check_arity(argc, 0, 1);
-
-    b = arith_seq_begin(self);
-    e = arith_seq_end(self);
-    s = arith_seq_step(self);
-    if (argc == 0) {
-        if (NIL_P(b)) {
-            return Qnil;
-        }
-        if (!NIL_P(e)) {
-            VALUE zero = INT2FIX(0);
-            int r = rb_cmpint(rb_num_coerce_cmp(s, zero, idCmp), s, zero);
-            if (r > 0 && RTEST(rb_funcall(b, '>', 1, e))) {
-                return Qnil;
-            }
-            if (r < 0 && RTEST(rb_funcall(b, '<', 1, e))) {
-                return Qnil;
-            }
-        }
-        return b;
-    }
-
-    // TODO: the following code should be extracted as arith_seq_take
-
-    n = NUM2LONG(argv[0]);
+    n = NUM2LONG(num);
     if (n < 0) {
         rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "attempt to take negative size");
     }
@@ -3937,6 +3989,9 @@ arith_seq_first(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
         return rb_ary_new_capa(0);
     }
 
+    b = arith_seq_begin(self);
+    e = arith_seq_end(self);
+    s = arith_seq_step(self);
     x = arith_seq_exclude_end_p(self);
 
     if (FIXNUM_P(b) && NIL_P(e) && FIXNUM_P(s)) {
@@ -3971,7 +4026,7 @@ arith_seq_first(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
             ary = rb_ary_new_capa((n < len) ? n : len);
             while (n > 0 && i < end) {
                 rb_ary_push(ary, LONG2FIX(i));
-                if (i + unit < i) break;
+                if (i > LONG_MAX - unit) break;
                 i += unit;
                 --n;
             }
@@ -3984,7 +4039,7 @@ arith_seq_first(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
             ary = rb_ary_new_capa((n < len) ? n : len);
             while (n > 0 && i > end) {
                 rb_ary_push(ary, LONG2FIX(i));
-                if (i + unit > i) break;
+                if (i < LONG_MIN - unit) break;
                 i += unit;
                 --n;
             }
@@ -4031,7 +4086,49 @@ arith_seq_first(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
         return ary;
     }
 
-    return rb_call_super(argc, argv);
+    {
+        VALUE argv[1];
+        argv[0] = num;
+        return rb_call_super(1, argv);
+    }
+}
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *   aseq.first -> num or nil
+ *   aseq.first(n) -> an_array
+ *
+ * Returns the first number in this arithmetic sequence,
+ * or an array of the first +n+ elements.
+ */
+static VALUE
+arith_seq_first(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
+{
+    VALUE b, e, s;
+
+    rb_check_arity(argc, 0, 1);
+
+    b = arith_seq_begin(self);
+    e = arith_seq_end(self);
+    s = arith_seq_step(self);
+    if (argc == 0) {
+        if (NIL_P(b)) {
+            return Qnil;
+        }
+        if (!NIL_P(e)) {
+            VALUE zero = INT2FIX(0);
+            int r = rb_cmpint(rb_num_coerce_cmp(s, zero, idCmp), s, zero);
+            if (r > 0 && RTEST(rb_funcall(b, '>', 1, e))) {
+                return Qnil;
+            }
+            if (r < 0 && RTEST(rb_funcall(b, '<', 1, e))) {
+                return Qnil;
+            }
+        }
+        return b;
+    }
+
+    return arith_seq_take(self, argv[0]);
 }
 
 static inline VALUE
@@ -4664,7 +4761,6 @@ void
 Init_Enumerator(void)
 {
     id_rewind = rb_intern_const("rewind");
-    id_new = rb_intern_const("new");
     id_next = rb_intern_const("next");
     id_result = rb_intern_const("result");
     id_receiver = rb_intern_const("receiver");
@@ -4674,12 +4770,7 @@ Init_Enumerator(void)
     id_force = rb_intern_const("force");
     id_to_enum = rb_intern_const("to_enum");
     id_each_entry = rb_intern_const("each_entry");
-    id_begin = rb_intern_const("begin");
-    id_end = rb_intern_const("end");
-    id_step = rb_intern_const("step");
-    id_exclude_end = rb_intern_const("exclude_end");
     sym_each = ID2SYM(id_each);
-    sym_cycle = ID2SYM(rb_intern_const("cycle"));
     sym_yield = ID2SYM(rb_intern_const("yield"));
 
     InitVM(Enumerator);
diff --git a/error.c b/error.c
index d3aeec54d8..d6518feb34 100644
--- a/error.c
+++ b/error.c
@@ -1077,6 +1077,7 @@ static void
 die(void)
 {
 #if defined(_WIN32) && defined(RUBY_MSVCRT_VERSION) && RUBY_MSVCRT_VERSION >= 80
+    /* mingw32 declares in stdlib.h but does not provide. */
     _set_abort_behavior( 0, _CALL_REPORTFAULT);
 #endif
 
@@ -1090,7 +1091,7 @@ rb_bug_without_die_internal(const char *fmt, va_list args)
     const char *file = NULL;
     int line = 0;
 
-    if (GET_EC()) {
+    if (rb_current_execution_context(false)) {
         file = rb_source_location_cstr(&line);
     }
 
@@ -1123,7 +1124,7 @@ rb_bug_for_fatal_signal(ruby_sighandler_t default_sighandler, int sig, const voi
     const char *file = NULL;
     int line = 0;
 
-    if (GET_EC()) {
+    if (rb_current_execution_context(false)) {
         file = rb_source_location_cstr(&line);
     }
 
@@ -1312,6 +1313,20 @@ rb_builtin_class_name(VALUE x)
 COLDFUNC NORETURN(static void unexpected_type(VALUE, int, int));
 #define UNDEF_LEAKED "undef leaked to the Ruby space"
 
+void
+rb_unexpected_typeddata(const rb_data_type_t *actual, const rb_data_type_t *expected)
+{
+    rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "wrong argument type %s (expected %s)",
+             actual->wrap_struct_name, expected->wrap_struct_name);
+}
+
+void
+rb_unexpected_object_type(VALUE obj, const char *expected)
+{
+    rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "wrong argument type %"PRIsVALUE" (expected %s)",
+             displaying_class_of(obj), expected);
+}
+
 static void
 unexpected_type(VALUE x, int xt, int t)
 {
@@ -1319,9 +1334,7 @@ unexpected_type(VALUE x, int xt, int t)
     VALUE mesg, exc = rb_eFatal;
 
     if (tname) {
-        mesg = rb_sprintf("wrong argument type %"PRIsVALUE" (expected %s)",
-                          displaying_class_of(x), tname);
-        exc = rb_eTypeError;
+        rb_unexpected_object_type(x, tname);
     }
     else if (xt > T_MASK && xt <= 0x3f) {
         mesg = rb_sprintf("unknown type 0x%x (0x%x given, probably comes"
@@ -1366,24 +1379,18 @@ rb_unexpected_type(VALUE x, int t)
     unexpected_type(x, TYPE(x), t);
 }
 
+#undef rb_typeddata_inherited_p
 int
 rb_typeddata_inherited_p(const rb_data_type_t *child, const rb_data_type_t *parent)
 {
-    while (child) {
-        if (child == parent) return 1;
-        child = child->parent;
-    }
-    return 0;
+    return rbimpl_typeddata_inherited_p_inline(child, parent);
 }
 
+#undef rb_typeddata_is_kind_of
 int
 rb_typeddata_is_kind_of(VALUE obj, const rb_data_type_t *data_type)
 {
-    if (!RB_TYPE_P(obj, T_DATA) ||
-        !RTYPEDDATA_P(obj) || !rb_typeddata_inherited_p(RTYPEDDATA_TYPE(obj), data_type)) {
-        return 0;
-    }
-    return 1;
+    return rbimpl_typeddata_is_kind_of_inline(obj, data_type);
 }
 
 #undef rb_typeddata_is_instance_of
@@ -1396,26 +1403,7 @@ rb_typeddata_is_instance_of(VALUE obj, const rb_data_type_t *data_type)
 void *
 rb_check_typeddata(VALUE obj, const rb_data_type_t *data_type)
 {
-    VALUE actual;
-
-    if (!RB_TYPE_P(obj, T_DATA)) {
-        actual = displaying_class_of(obj);
-    }
-    else if (!RTYPEDDATA_P(obj)) {
-        actual = displaying_class_of(obj);
-    }
-    else if (!rb_typeddata_inherited_p(RTYPEDDATA_TYPE(obj), data_type)) {
-        const char *name = RTYPEDDATA_TYPE(obj)->wrap_struct_name;
-        actual = rb_str_new_cstr(name); /* or rb_fstring_cstr? not sure... */
-    }
-    else {
-        return RTYPEDDATA_GET_DATA(obj);
-    }
-
-    const char *expected = data_type->wrap_struct_name;
-    rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "wrong argument type %"PRIsVALUE" (expected %s)",
-             actual, expected);
-    UNREACHABLE_RETURN(NULL);
+    return rbimpl_check_typeddata(obj, data_type);
 }
 
 /* exception classes */
@@ -1686,7 +1674,7 @@ check_order_keyword(VALUE opt)
  *   - If the value of keyword +order+ is +:top+ (the default),
  *     lists the error message and the innermost backtrace entry first.
  *   - If the value of keyword +order+ is +:bottom+,
- *     lists the error message the the innermost entry last.
+ *     lists the error message the innermost entry last.
  *
  * Example:
  *
@@ -1883,7 +1871,7 @@ exc_inspect(VALUE exc)
  *      # String
  *    end
  *
- *  The value returned by this method migth be adjusted when raising (see Kernel#raise),
+ *  The value returned by this method might be adjusted when raising (see Kernel#raise),
  *  or during intermediate handling by #set_backtrace.
  *
  *  See also #backtrace_locations that provide the same value, as structured objects.
@@ -2171,9 +2159,9 @@ try_convert_to_exception(VALUE obj)
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *    self == object -> true or false
+ *    self == other -> true or false
  *
- *  Returns whether +object+ is the same class as +self+
+ *  Returns whether +other+ is the same class as +self+
  *  and its #message and #backtrace are equal to those of +self+.
  *
  */
@@ -2517,30 +2505,21 @@ typedef struct name_error_message_struct {
 } name_error_message_t;
 
 static void
-name_err_mesg_mark(void *p)
-{
-    name_error_message_t *ptr = (name_error_message_t *)p;
-    rb_gc_mark_movable(ptr->mesg);
-    rb_gc_mark_movable(ptr->recv);
-    rb_gc_mark_movable(ptr->name);
-}
-
-static void
-name_err_mesg_update(void *p)
+name_err_mesg_mark_and_move(void *p)
 {
     name_error_message_t *ptr = (name_error_message_t *)p;
-    ptr->mesg = rb_gc_location(ptr->mesg);
-    ptr->recv = rb_gc_location(ptr->recv);
-    ptr->name = rb_gc_location(ptr->name);
+    rb_gc_mark_and_move(&ptr->mesg);
+    rb_gc_mark_and_move(&ptr->recv);
+    rb_gc_mark_and_move(&ptr->name);
 }
 
 static const rb_data_type_t name_err_mesg_data_type = {
     "name_err_mesg",
     {
-        name_err_mesg_mark,
+        name_err_mesg_mark_and_move,
         RUBY_TYPED_DEFAULT_FREE,
         NULL, // No external memory to report,
-        name_err_mesg_update,
+        name_err_mesg_mark_and_move,
     },
     0, 0, RUBY_TYPED_FREE_IMMEDIATELY | RUBY_TYPED_WB_PROTECTED | RUBY_TYPED_EMBEDDABLE
 };
@@ -2628,7 +2607,7 @@ name_err_mesg_to_str(VALUE obj)
     VALUE mesg = ptr->mesg;
     if (NIL_P(mesg)) return Qnil;
     else {
-        struct RString s_str, c_str, d_str;
+        struct RString s_str = {RBASIC_INIT}, c_str = {RBASIC_INIT}, d_str = {RBASIC_INIT};
         VALUE c, s, d = 0, args[4], c2;
         int state = 0;
         rb_encoding *usascii = rb_usascii_encoding();
@@ -3500,6 +3479,18 @@ syserr_eqq(VALUE self, VALUE exc)
  */
 
 /*
+ *  Document-class: NoMatchingPatternError
+ *
+ *  Raised when matching pattern not found.
+ */
+
+/*
+ *  Document-class: NoMatchingPatternKeyError
+ *
+ *  Raised when matching key not found.
+ */
+
+/*
  * Document-class: fatal
  *
  * +fatal+ is an Exception that is raised when Ruby has encountered a fatal
@@ -4159,7 +4150,7 @@ rb_error_frozen_object(VALUE frozen_obj)
     rb_yjit_lazy_push_frame(GET_EC()->cfp->pc);
 
     VALUE mesg = rb_sprintf("can't modify frozen %"PRIsVALUE": ",
-                            CLASS_OF(frozen_obj));
+                            rb_obj_class(frozen_obj));
     VALUE exc = rb_exc_new_str(rb_eFrozenError, mesg);
 
     rb_ivar_set(exc, id_recv, frozen_obj);
diff --git a/eval.c b/eval.c
index c2fba6d984..deadd5dd64 100644
--- a/eval.c
+++ b/eval.c
@@ -78,7 +78,9 @@ ruby_setup(void)
 #endif
     Init_BareVM();
     rb_vm_encoded_insn_data_table_init();
+    Init_enable_box();
     Init_vm_objects();
+    Init_root_box();
     Init_fstring_table();
 
     EC_PUSH_TAG(GET_EC());
@@ -426,40 +428,10 @@ rb_class_modify_check(VALUE klass)
         rb_class_set_initialized(klass);
     }
     if (OBJ_FROZEN(klass)) {
-        const char *desc;
-
         if (RCLASS_SINGLETON_P(klass)) {
-            desc = "object";
             klass = RCLASS_ATTACHED_OBJECT(klass);
-            if (!SPECIAL_CONST_P(klass)) {
-                switch (BUILTIN_TYPE(klass)) {
-                  case T_MODULE:
-                  case T_ICLASS:
-                    desc = "Module";
-                    break;
-                  case T_CLASS:
-                    desc = "Class";
-                    break;
-                  default:
-                    break;
-                }
-            }
-        }
-        else {
-            switch (BUILTIN_TYPE(klass)) {
-              case T_MODULE:
-              case T_ICLASS:
-                desc = "module";
-                break;
-              case T_CLASS:
-                desc = "class";
-                break;
-              default:
-                Check_Type(klass, T_CLASS);
-                UNREACHABLE;
-            }
         }
-        rb_frozen_error_raise(klass, "can't modify frozen %s: %"PRIsVALUE, desc, klass);
+        rb_error_frozen_object(klass);
     }
 }
 
@@ -702,49 +674,142 @@ rb_interrupt(void)
     rb_exc_raise(rb_exc_new(rb_eInterrupt, 0, 0));
 }
 
-enum {raise_opt_cause, raise_max_opt}; /*< \private */
-
 static int
-extract_raise_opts(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE *opts)
+extract_raise_options(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE *cause)
 {
-    int i;
+    // Keyword arguments:
+    static ID keywords[1] = {0};
+    if (!keywords[0]) {
+        CONST_ID(keywords[0], "cause");
+    }
+
     if (argc > 0) {
-        VALUE opt;
-        argc = rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "*:", NULL, &opt);
-        if (!NIL_P(opt)) {
-            if (!RHASH_EMPTY_P(opt)) {
-                ID keywords[1];
-                CONST_ID(keywords[0], "cause");
-                rb_get_kwargs(opt, keywords, 0, -1-raise_max_opt, opts);
-                if (!RHASH_EMPTY_P(opt)) argv[argc++] = opt;
-                return argc;
+        VALUE options;
+        argc = rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "*:", NULL, &options);
+
+        if (!NIL_P(options)) {
+            if (!RHASH_EMPTY_P(options)) {
+                // Extract optional cause keyword argument, leaving any other options alone:
+                rb_get_kwargs(options, keywords, 0, -2, cause);
+
+                // If there were any other options, add them back to the arguments:
+                if (!RHASH_EMPTY_P(options)) argv[argc++] = options;
             }
         }
     }
-    for (i = 0; i < raise_max_opt; ++i) {
-        opts[i] = Qundef;
-    }
+
     return argc;
 }
 
+/**
+ * Complete exception setup for cross-context raises (Thread#raise, Fiber#raise).
+ * Handles keyword extraction, validation, exception creation, and cause assignment.
+ *
+ * @param[in]     argc        Number of arguments
+ * @param[in]     argv        Argument array (will be modified for keyword extraction)
+ * @return                    Prepared exception object with cause applied
+ */
+VALUE
+rb_exception_setup(int argc, VALUE *argv)
+{
+    rb_execution_context_t *ec = GET_EC();
+
+    // Extract cause keyword argument:
+    VALUE cause = Qundef;
+    argc = extract_raise_options(argc, argv, &cause);
+
+    // Validate cause-only case:
+    if (argc == 0 && !UNDEF_P(cause)) {
+        rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "only cause is given with no arguments");
+    }
+
+    // Create exception:
+    VALUE exception;
+    if (argc == 0) {
+        exception = rb_exc_new(rb_eRuntimeError, 0, 0);
+    }
+    else {
+        exception = rb_make_exception(argc, argv);
+    }
+
+    VALUE resolved_cause = Qnil;
+
+    // Resolve cause with validation:
+    if (UNDEF_P(cause)) {
+        // No explicit cause - use automatic cause chaining from calling context:
+        resolved_cause = rb_ec_get_errinfo(ec);
+
+        // Prevent self-referential cause (e.g. `raise $!`):
+        if (resolved_cause == exception) {
+            resolved_cause = Qnil;
+        }
+    }
+    else if (NIL_P(cause)) {
+        // Explicit nil cause - prevent chaining:
+        resolved_cause = Qnil;
+    }
+    else {
+        // Explicit cause - validate and assign:
+        if (!rb_obj_is_kind_of(cause, rb_eException)) {
+            rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "exception object expected");
+        }
+
+        if (cause == exception) {
+            // Prevent self-referential cause (e.g. `raise error, cause: error`) - although I'm not sure this is good behaviour, it's inherited from `Kernel#raise`.
+            resolved_cause = Qnil;
+        }
+        else {
+            // Check for circular causes:
+            VALUE current_cause = cause;
+            while (!NIL_P(current_cause)) {
+                // We guarantee that the cause chain is always terminated. Then, creating an exception with an existing cause is not circular as long as exception is not an existing cause of any other exception.
+                if (current_cause == exception) {
+                    rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "circular causes");
+                }
+                if (THROW_DATA_P(current_cause)) {
+                    break;
+                }
+                current_cause = rb_attr_get(current_cause, id_cause);
+            }
+            resolved_cause = cause;
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Apply cause to exception object (duplicate if frozen):
+    if (!UNDEF_P(resolved_cause)) {
+        if (OBJ_FROZEN(exception)) {
+            exception = rb_obj_dup(exception);
+        }
+        rb_ivar_set(exception, id_cause, resolved_cause);
+    }
+
+    return exception;
+}
+
 VALUE
 rb_f_raise(int argc, VALUE *argv)
 {
-    VALUE err;
-    VALUE opts[raise_max_opt], *const cause = &opts[raise_opt_cause];
+    VALUE cause = Qundef;
+    argc = extract_raise_options(argc, argv, &cause);
 
-    argc = extract_raise_opts(argc, argv, opts);
+    VALUE exception;
+
+    // Bare re-raise case:
     if (argc == 0) {
-        if (!UNDEF_P(*cause)) {
+        // Cause was extracted, but no arguments were provided:
+        if (!UNDEF_P(cause)) {
             rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "only cause is given with no arguments");
         }
-        err = get_errinfo();
-        if (!NIL_P(err)) {
+
+        // Otherwise, re-raise the current exception:
+        exception = get_errinfo();
+        if (!NIL_P(exception)) {
             argc = 1;
-            argv = &err;
+            argv = &exception;
         }
     }
-    rb_raise_jump(rb_make_exception(argc, argv), *cause);
+
+    rb_raise_jump(rb_make_exception(argc, argv), cause);
 
     UNREACHABLE_RETURN(Qnil);
 }
@@ -857,6 +922,9 @@ rb_f_raise(int argc, VALUE *argv)
  *  With argument +exception+ not given,
  *  argument +message+ and keyword argument +cause+ may be given,
  *  but argument +backtrace+ may not be given.
+ *
+ *  +cause+ can not be given as an only argument.
+ *
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -1068,12 +1136,11 @@ rb_protect(VALUE (* proc) (VALUE), VALUE data, int *pstate)
 }
 
 VALUE
-rb_ensure(VALUE (*b_proc)(VALUE), VALUE data1, VALUE (*e_proc)(VALUE), VALUE data2)
+rb_ec_ensure(rb_execution_context_t *ec, VALUE (*b_proc)(VALUE), VALUE data1, VALUE (*e_proc)(VALUE), VALUE data2)
 {
     enum ruby_tag_type state;
     volatile VALUE result = Qnil;
     VALUE errinfo;
-    rb_execution_context_t * volatile ec = GET_EC();
     EC_PUSH_TAG(ec);
     if ((state = EC_EXEC_TAG()) == TAG_NONE) {
         result = (*b_proc) (data1);
@@ -1090,6 +1157,12 @@ rb_ensure(VALUE (*b_proc)(VALUE), VALUE data1, VALUE (*e_proc)(VALUE), VALUE dat
     return result;
 }
 
+VALUE
+rb_ensure(VALUE (*b_proc)(VALUE), VALUE data1, VALUE (*e_proc)(VALUE), VALUE data2)
+{
+    return rb_ec_ensure(GET_EC(), b_proc, data1, e_proc, data2);
+}
+
 static ID
 frame_func_id(const rb_control_frame_t *cfp)
 {
diff --git a/eval_intern.h b/eval_intern.h
index 2c244aa5e0..91808f1f29 100644
--- a/eval_intern.h
+++ b/eval_intern.h
@@ -296,7 +296,11 @@ VALUE rb_vm_make_jump_tag_but_local_jump(enum ruby_tag_type state, VALUE val);
 rb_cref_t *rb_vm_cref(void);
 rb_cref_t *rb_vm_cref_replace_with_duplicated_cref(void);
 VALUE rb_vm_call_cfunc(VALUE recv, VALUE (*func)(VALUE), VALUE arg, VALUE block_handler, VALUE filename);
-VALUE rb_vm_call_cfunc2(VALUE recv, VALUE (*func)(VALUE, VALUE), VALUE arg1, VALUE arg2, VALUE block_handler, VALUE filename);
+VALUE rb_vm_call_cfunc_in_box(VALUE recv, VALUE (*func)(VALUE, VALUE), VALUE arg1, VALUE arg2, VALUE filename, const rb_box_t *box);
+void rb_vm_frame_flag_set_box_require(const rb_execution_context_t *ec);
+const rb_box_t *rb_vm_current_box(const rb_execution_context_t *ec);
+const rb_box_t *rb_vm_caller_box(const rb_execution_context_t *ec);
+const rb_box_t *rb_vm_loading_box(const rb_execution_context_t *ec);
 void rb_vm_set_progname(VALUE filename);
 VALUE rb_vm_cbase(void);
 
diff --git a/ext/-test-/RUBY_ALIGNOF/depend b/ext/-test-/RUBY_ALIGNOF/depend
index 25364e55fb..103d20b33c 100644
--- a/ext/-test-/RUBY_ALIGNOF/depend
+++ b/ext/-test-/RUBY_ALIGNOF/depend
@@ -128,6 +128,7 @@ c.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
 c.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
 c.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
 c.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+c.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/set.h
 c.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
 c.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
 c.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
diff --git a/ext/-test-/arith_seq/beg_len_step/depend b/ext/-test-/arith_seq/beg_len_step/depend
index 702a0037a8..098c8ff1f0 100644
--- a/ext/-test-/arith_seq/beg_len_step/depend
+++ b/ext/-test-/arith_seq/beg_len_step/depend
@@ -127,6 +127,7 @@ beg_len_step.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
 beg_len_step.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
 beg_len_step.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
 beg_len_step.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+beg_len_step.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/set.h
 beg_len_step.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
 beg_len_step.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
 beg_len_step.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
diff --git a/ext/-test-/arith_seq/extract/depend b/ext/-test-/arith_seq/extract/depend
index fdbd71dfbc..5c07cea4b4 100644
--- a/ext/-test-/arith_seq/extract/depend
+++ b/ext/-test-/arith_seq/extract/depend
@@ -127,6 +127,7 @@ extract.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
 extract.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
 extract.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
 extract.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+extract.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/set.h
 extract.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
 extract.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
 extract.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
diff --git a/ext/-test-/array/concat/depend b/ext/-test-/array/concat/depend
index f2213a42ea..8edf45465f 100644
--- a/ext/-test-/array/concat/depend
+++ b/ext/-test-/array/concat/depend
@@ -128,6 +128,7 @@ to_ary_concat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
 to_ary_concat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
 to_ary_concat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
 to_ary_concat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+to_ary_concat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/set.h
 to_ary_concat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
 to_ary_concat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
 to_ary_concat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
diff --git a/ext/-test-/array/resize/depend b/ext/-test-/array/resize/depend
index f88a9d03c1..e6a228b43d 100644
--- a/ext/-test-/array/resize/depend
+++ b/ext/-test-/array/resize/depend
@@ -127,6 +127,7 @@ resize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
 resize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
 resize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
 resize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+resize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/set.h
 resize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
 resize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
 resize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
diff --git a/ext/-test-/asan/asan.c b/ext/-test-/asan/asan.c
deleted file mode 100644
index 45b6253fda..0000000000
--- a/ext/-test-/asan/asan.c
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,24 +0,0 @@
-#include "ruby/ruby.h"
-
-static VALUE
-asan_enabled_p(VALUE self)
-{
-#if defined(__has_feature)
-    /* clang uses __has_feature for determining asan */
-    return __has_feature(address_sanitizer) ? Qtrue : Qfalse;
-#elif defined(__SANITIZE_ADDRESS__)
-    /* GCC sets __SANITIZE_ADDRESS__ for determining asan */
-    return Qtrue;
-#else
-    return Qfalse;
-#endif
-}
-
-void
-Init_asan(void)
-{
-    VALUE m = rb_define_module("Test");
-    VALUE c = rb_define_class_under(m, "ASAN", rb_cObject);
-    rb_define_singleton_method(c, "enabled?", asan_enabled_p, 0);
-}
-
diff --git a/ext/-test-/asan/depend b/ext/-test-/asan/depend
deleted file mode 100644
index b419d5a595..0000000000
--- a/ext/-test-/asan/depend
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,161 +0,0 @@
-# AUTOGENERATED DEPENDENCIES START
-asan.o: $(RUBY_EXTCONF_H)
-asan.o: $(arch_hdrdir)/ruby/config.h
-asan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/assert.h
-asan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward.h
-asan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/assume.h
-asan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/attributes.h
-asan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/bool.h
-asan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/inttypes.h
-asan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/limits.h
-asan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/long_long.h
-asan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/stdalign.h
-asan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/stdarg.h
-asan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/defines.h
-asan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/intern.h
-asan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/abi.h
-asan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/anyargs.h
-asan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic.h
-asan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/char.h
-asan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/double.h
-asan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/fixnum.h
-asan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/gid_t.h
-asan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/int.h
-asan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/intptr_t.h
-asan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/long.h
-asan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/long_long.h
-asan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/mode_t.h
-asan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/off_t.h
-asan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/pid_t.h
-asan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/short.h
-asan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/size_t.h
-asan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/st_data_t.h
-asan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/uid_t.h
-asan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/assume.h
-asan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/alloc_size.h
-asan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/artificial.h
-asan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/cold.h
-asan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/const.h
-asan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/constexpr.h
-asan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/deprecated.h
-asan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/diagnose_if.h
-asan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/enum_extensibility.h
-asan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/error.h
-asan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/flag_enum.h
-asan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/forceinline.h
-asan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/format.h
-asan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/maybe_unused.h
-asan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noalias.h
-asan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/nodiscard.h
-asan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noexcept.h
-asan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noinline.h
-asan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/nonnull.h
-asan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noreturn.h
-asan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/packed_struct.h
-asan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/pure.h
-asan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/restrict.h
-asan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/returns_nonnull.h
-asan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/warning.h
-asan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/weakref.h
-asan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/cast.h
-asan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is.h
-asan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/apple.h
-asan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/clang.h
-asan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/gcc.h
-asan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/intel.h
-asan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/msvc.h
-asan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/sunpro.h
-asan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_since.h
-asan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/config.h
-asan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/constant_p.h
-asan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core.h
-asan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rarray.h
-asan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rbasic.h
-asan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rbignum.h
-asan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rclass.h
-asan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rdata.h
-asan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rfile.h
-asan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rhash.h
-asan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/robject.h
-asan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rregexp.h
-asan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rstring.h
-asan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rstruct.h
-asan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rtypeddata.h
-asan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/ctype.h
-asan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/dllexport.h
-asan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/dosish.h
-asan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/error.h
-asan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/eval.h
-asan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/event.h
-asan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/fl_type.h
-asan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/gc.h
-asan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/glob.h
-asan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/globals.h
-asan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/attribute.h
-asan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/builtin.h
-asan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/c_attribute.h
-asan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/cpp_attribute.h
-asan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/declspec_attribute.h
-asan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/extension.h
-asan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/feature.h
-asan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/warning.h
-asan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/array.h
-asan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/bignum.h
-asan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/class.h
-asan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/compar.h
-asan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/complex.h
-asan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/cont.h
-asan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/dir.h
-asan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/enum.h
-asan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/enumerator.h
-asan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/error.h
-asan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/eval.h
-asan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/file.h
-asan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/hash.h
-asan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/io.h
-asan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/load.h
-asan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/marshal.h
-asan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/numeric.h
-asan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/object.h
-asan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/parse.h
-asan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/proc.h
-asan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/process.h
-asan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/random.h
-asan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/range.h
-asan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/rational.h
-asan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
-asan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
-asan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
-asan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
-asan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
-asan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
-asan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
-asan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/struct.h
-asan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/thread.h
-asan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/time.h
-asan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/variable.h
-asan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/vm.h
-asan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/interpreter.h
-asan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/iterator.h
-asan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/memory.h
-asan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/method.h
-asan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/module.h
-asan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/newobj.h
-asan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/scan_args.h
-asan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/special_consts.h
-asan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/static_assert.h
-asan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/stdalign.h
-asan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/stdbool.h
-asan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/stdckdint.h
-asan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/symbol.h
-asan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/value.h
-asan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/value_type.h
-asan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/variable.h
-asan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/warning_push.h
-asan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/xmalloc.h
-asan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/missing.h
-asan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/ruby.h
-asan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/st.h
-asan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/subst.h
-asan.o: asan.c
-# AUTOGENERATED DEPENDENCIES END
diff --git a/ext/-test-/asan/extconf.rb b/ext/-test-/asan/extconf.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index ec02742b81..0000000000
--- a/ext/-test-/asan/extconf.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,2 +0,0 @@
-require 'mkmf'
-create_makefile('-test-/asan')
diff --git a/ext/-test-/bignum/depend b/ext/-test-/bignum/depend
index 078915ab72..82972f1032 100644
--- a/ext/-test-/bignum/depend
+++ b/ext/-test-/bignum/depend
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ big2str.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward.h
 big2str.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/assume.h
 big2str.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/attributes.h
 big2str.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/bool.h
+big2str.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/gcc_version_since.h
 big2str.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/inttypes.h
 big2str.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/limits.h
 big2str.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/long_long.h
@@ -127,6 +128,7 @@ big2str.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
 big2str.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
 big2str.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
 big2str.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+big2str.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/set.h
 big2str.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
 big2str.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
 big2str.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
@@ -158,6 +160,7 @@ big2str.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/ruby.h
 big2str.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/st.h
 big2str.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/subst.h
 big2str.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/bignum.h
+big2str.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/compilers.h
 big2str.o: big2str.c
 bigzero.o: $(RUBY_EXTCONF_H)
 bigzero.o: $(arch_hdrdir)/ruby/config.h
@@ -166,6 +169,7 @@ bigzero.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward.h
 bigzero.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/assume.h
 bigzero.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/attributes.h
 bigzero.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/bool.h
+bigzero.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/gcc_version_since.h
 bigzero.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/inttypes.h
 bigzero.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/limits.h
 bigzero.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/long_long.h
@@ -287,6 +291,7 @@ bigzero.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
 bigzero.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
 bigzero.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
 bigzero.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+bigzero.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/set.h
 bigzero.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
 bigzero.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
 bigzero.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
@@ -318,6 +323,7 @@ bigzero.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/ruby.h
 bigzero.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/st.h
 bigzero.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/subst.h
 bigzero.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/bignum.h
+bigzero.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/compilers.h
 bigzero.o: bigzero.c
 div.o: $(RUBY_EXTCONF_H)
 div.o: $(arch_hdrdir)/ruby/config.h
@@ -326,6 +332,7 @@ div.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward.h
 div.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/assume.h
 div.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/attributes.h
 div.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/bool.h
+div.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/gcc_version_since.h
 div.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/inttypes.h
 div.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/limits.h
 div.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/long_long.h
@@ -447,6 +454,7 @@ div.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
 div.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
 div.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
 div.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+div.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/set.h
 div.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
 div.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
 div.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
@@ -478,6 +486,7 @@ div.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/ruby.h
 div.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/st.h
 div.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/subst.h
 div.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/bignum.h
+div.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/compilers.h
 div.o: div.c
 init.o: $(RUBY_EXTCONF_H)
 init.o: $(arch_hdrdir)/ruby/config.h
@@ -608,6 +617,7 @@ init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
 init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
 init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
 init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/set.h
 init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
 init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
 init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
@@ -646,6 +656,7 @@ intpack.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward.h
 intpack.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/assume.h
 intpack.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/attributes.h
 intpack.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/bool.h
+intpack.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/gcc_version_since.h
 intpack.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/inttypes.h
 intpack.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/limits.h
 intpack.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/long_long.h
@@ -767,6 +778,7 @@ intpack.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
 intpack.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
 intpack.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
 intpack.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+intpack.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/set.h
 intpack.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
 intpack.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
 intpack.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
@@ -798,6 +810,7 @@ intpack.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/ruby.h
 intpack.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/st.h
 intpack.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/subst.h
 intpack.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/bignum.h
+intpack.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/compilers.h
 intpack.o: intpack.c
 mul.o: $(RUBY_EXTCONF_H)
 mul.o: $(arch_hdrdir)/ruby/config.h
@@ -806,6 +819,7 @@ mul.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward.h
 mul.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/assume.h
 mul.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/attributes.h
 mul.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/bool.h
+mul.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/gcc_version_since.h
 mul.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/inttypes.h
 mul.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/limits.h
 mul.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/long_long.h
@@ -927,6 +941,7 @@ mul.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
 mul.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
 mul.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
 mul.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+mul.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/set.h
 mul.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
 mul.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
 mul.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
@@ -958,6 +973,7 @@ mul.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/ruby.h
 mul.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/st.h
 mul.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/subst.h
 mul.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/bignum.h
+mul.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/compilers.h
 mul.o: mul.c
 str2big.o: $(RUBY_EXTCONF_H)
 str2big.o: $(arch_hdrdir)/ruby/config.h
@@ -966,6 +982,7 @@ str2big.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward.h
 str2big.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/assume.h
 str2big.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/attributes.h
 str2big.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/bool.h
+str2big.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/gcc_version_since.h
 str2big.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/inttypes.h
 str2big.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/limits.h
 str2big.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/long_long.h
@@ -1087,6 +1104,7 @@ str2big.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
 str2big.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
 str2big.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
 str2big.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+str2big.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/set.h
 str2big.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
 str2big.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
 str2big.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
@@ -1118,5 +1136,6 @@ str2big.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/ruby.h
 str2big.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/st.h
 str2big.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/subst.h
 str2big.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/bignum.h
+str2big.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/compilers.h
 str2big.o: str2big.c
 # AUTOGENERATED DEPENDENCIES END
diff --git a/ext/-test-/box/yay1/extconf.rb b/ext/-test-/box/yay1/extconf.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..54387cedf1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ext/-test-/box/yay1/extconf.rb
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+create_makefile('-test-/box/yay1')
diff --git a/ext/-test-/namespace/yay1/yay1.c b/ext/-test-/box/yay1/yay1.c
index 564a221c8c..564a221c8c 100644
--- a/ext/-test-/namespace/yay1/yay1.c
+++ b/ext/-test-/box/yay1/yay1.c
diff --git a/ext/-test-/namespace/yay1/yay1.def b/ext/-test-/box/yay1/yay1.def
index edbae87312..510fbe7017 100644
--- a/ext/-test-/namespace/yay1/yay1.def
+++ b/ext/-test-/box/yay1/yay1.def
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-LIBRARY yay1
 EXPORTS
   Init_yay1
   yay_value
diff --git a/ext/-test-/namespace/yay1/yay1.h b/ext/-test-/box/yay1/yay1.h
index d68f8b5523..c4dade928a 100644
--- a/ext/-test-/namespace/yay1/yay1.h
+++ b/ext/-test-/box/yay1/yay1.h
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
 #include <ruby.h>
 #include "ruby/internal/dllexport.h"
 
-RUBY_EXTERN VALUE yay_value(void);
+RUBY_FUNC_EXPORTED VALUE yay_value(void);
diff --git a/ext/-test-/box/yay2/extconf.rb b/ext/-test-/box/yay2/extconf.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..850ef3edc9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ext/-test-/box/yay2/extconf.rb
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+create_makefile('-test-/box/yay2')
diff --git a/ext/-test-/namespace/yay2/yay2.c b/ext/-test-/box/yay2/yay2.c
index b632ae8495..b632ae8495 100644
--- a/ext/-test-/namespace/yay2/yay2.c
+++ b/ext/-test-/box/yay2/yay2.c
diff --git a/ext/-test-/namespace/yay2/yay2.def b/ext/-test-/box/yay2/yay2.def
index 6bb6011f4b..163fc44c04 100644
--- a/ext/-test-/namespace/yay2/yay2.def
+++ b/ext/-test-/box/yay2/yay2.def
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-LIBRARY yay2
 EXPORTS
   Init_yay2
   yay_value
diff --git a/ext/-test-/namespace/yay2/yay2.h b/ext/-test-/box/yay2/yay2.h
index d68f8b5523..c4dade928a 100644
--- a/ext/-test-/namespace/yay2/yay2.h
+++ b/ext/-test-/box/yay2/yay2.h
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
 #include <ruby.h>
 #include "ruby/internal/dllexport.h"
 
-RUBY_EXTERN VALUE yay_value(void);
+RUBY_FUNC_EXPORTED VALUE yay_value(void);
diff --git a/ext/-test-/bug-14834/depend b/ext/-test-/bug-14834/depend
index 38429918b1..f83939d559 100644
--- a/ext/-test-/bug-14834/depend
+++ b/ext/-test-/bug-14834/depend
@@ -128,6 +128,7 @@ bug-14834.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
 bug-14834.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
 bug-14834.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
 bug-14834.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+bug-14834.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/set.h
 bug-14834.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
 bug-14834.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
 bug-14834.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
diff --git a/ext/-test-/bug-3571/depend b/ext/-test-/bug-3571/depend
index 84517a9c15..69c970b6f2 100644
--- a/ext/-test-/bug-3571/depend
+++ b/ext/-test-/bug-3571/depend
@@ -128,6 +128,7 @@ bug.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
 bug.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
 bug.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
 bug.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+bug.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/set.h
 bug.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
 bug.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
 bug.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
diff --git a/ext/-test-/bug-5832/depend b/ext/-test-/bug-5832/depend
index 84517a9c15..69c970b6f2 100644
--- a/ext/-test-/bug-5832/depend
+++ b/ext/-test-/bug-5832/depend
@@ -128,6 +128,7 @@ bug.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
 bug.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
 bug.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
 bug.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+bug.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/set.h
 bug.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
 bug.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
 bug.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
diff --git a/ext/-test-/bug_reporter/depend b/ext/-test-/bug_reporter/depend
index 1c73234247..e9993c3295 100644
--- a/ext/-test-/bug_reporter/depend
+++ b/ext/-test-/bug_reporter/depend
@@ -128,6 +128,7 @@ bug_reporter.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
 bug_reporter.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
 bug_reporter.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
 bug_reporter.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+bug_reporter.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/set.h
 bug_reporter.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
 bug_reporter.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
 bug_reporter.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
diff --git a/ext/-test-/class/depend b/ext/-test-/class/depend
index b0595fdc46..557206cefb 100644
--- a/ext/-test-/class/depend
+++ b/ext/-test-/class/depend
@@ -127,6 +127,7 @@ class2name.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
 class2name.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
 class2name.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
 class2name.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+class2name.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/set.h
 class2name.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
 class2name.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
 class2name.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
@@ -287,6 +288,7 @@ init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
 init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
 init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
 init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/set.h
 init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
 init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
 init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
diff --git a/ext/-test-/cxxanyargs/cxxanyargs.cpp b/ext/-test-/cxxanyargs/cxxanyargs.cpp
index eded13e2ee..c7df7f9038 100644
--- a/ext/-test-/cxxanyargs/cxxanyargs.cpp
+++ b/ext/-test-/cxxanyargs/cxxanyargs.cpp
@@ -97,31 +97,6 @@ struct test_rb_define_hooked_variable {
 };
 VALUE test_rb_define_hooked_variable::v = Qundef;
 
-namespace test_rb_iterate {
-    VALUE
-    iter(VALUE self)
-    {
-        return rb_funcall(self, rb_intern("yield"), 0);
-    }
-
-    VALUE
-    block(RB_BLOCK_CALL_FUNC_ARGLIST(arg, param))
-    {
-        return rb_funcall(arg, rb_intern("=="), 1, param);
-    }
-
-    VALUE
-    test(VALUE self)
-    {
-#ifdef HAVE_NULLPTR
-        rb_iterate(iter, self, nullptr, self);
-#endif
-
-        rb_iterate(iter, self, RUBY_METHOD_FUNC(block), self); // old
-        return rb_iterate(iter, self, block, self); // new
-    }
-}
-
 namespace test_rb_block_call {
     VALUE
     block(RB_BLOCK_CALL_FUNC_ARGLIST(arg, param))
@@ -936,7 +911,6 @@ Init_cxxanyargs(void)
 
     test(rb_define_virtual_variable);
     test(rb_define_hooked_variable);
-    test(rb_iterate);
     test(rb_block_call);
     test(rb_rescue);
     test(rb_rescue2);
diff --git a/ext/-test-/debug/depend b/ext/-test-/debug/depend
index 67e32c6aa6..4ae0378ef2 100644
--- a/ext/-test-/debug/depend
+++ b/ext/-test-/debug/depend
@@ -128,6 +128,7 @@ init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
 init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
 init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
 init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/set.h
 init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
 init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
 init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
@@ -288,6 +289,7 @@ inspector.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
 inspector.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
 inspector.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
 inspector.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+inspector.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/set.h
 inspector.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
 inspector.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
 inspector.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
@@ -448,6 +450,7 @@ profile_frames.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
 profile_frames.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
 profile_frames.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
 profile_frames.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+profile_frames.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/set.h
 profile_frames.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
 profile_frames.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
 profile_frames.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
diff --git a/ext/-test-/dln/empty/depend b/ext/-test-/dln/empty/depend
index d3e606df57..58f1508598 100644
--- a/ext/-test-/dln/empty/depend
+++ b/ext/-test-/dln/empty/depend
@@ -128,6 +128,7 @@ empty.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
 empty.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
 empty.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
 empty.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+empty.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/set.h
 empty.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
 empty.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
 empty.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
diff --git a/ext/-test-/econv/depend b/ext/-test-/econv/depend
index 7ac60f2962..3a5bc9c659 100644
--- a/ext/-test-/econv/depend
+++ b/ext/-test-/econv/depend
@@ -138,6 +138,7 @@ append.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
 append.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
 append.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
 append.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+append.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/set.h
 append.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
 append.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
 append.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
@@ -300,6 +301,7 @@ init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
 init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
 init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
 init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/set.h
 init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
 init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
 init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
diff --git a/ext/-test-/ensure_and_callcc/depend b/ext/-test-/ensure_and_callcc/depend
index 773538eaa5..54431847a6 100644
--- a/ext/-test-/ensure_and_callcc/depend
+++ b/ext/-test-/ensure_and_callcc/depend
@@ -128,6 +128,7 @@ ensure_and_callcc.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
 ensure_and_callcc.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
 ensure_and_callcc.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
 ensure_and_callcc.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+ensure_and_callcc.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/set.h
 ensure_and_callcc.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
 ensure_and_callcc.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
 ensure_and_callcc.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
diff --git a/ext/-test-/enumerator_kw/depend b/ext/-test-/enumerator_kw/depend
index 85daa55b53..b6d2f0a998 100644
--- a/ext/-test-/enumerator_kw/depend
+++ b/ext/-test-/enumerator_kw/depend
@@ -128,6 +128,7 @@ enumerator_kw.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
 enumerator_kw.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
 enumerator_kw.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
 enumerator_kw.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+enumerator_kw.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/set.h
 enumerator_kw.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
 enumerator_kw.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
 enumerator_kw.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
diff --git a/ext/-test-/eval/depend b/ext/-test-/eval/depend
index 9daa2f5688..03a1c7d7ef 100644
--- a/ext/-test-/eval/depend
+++ b/ext/-test-/eval/depend
@@ -127,6 +127,7 @@ eval.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
 eval.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
 eval.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
 eval.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+eval.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/set.h
 eval.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
 eval.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
 eval.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
diff --git a/ext/-test-/exception/depend b/ext/-test-/exception/depend
index 7a0544b1e1..690e5ad377 100644
--- a/ext/-test-/exception/depend
+++ b/ext/-test-/exception/depend
@@ -127,6 +127,7 @@ dataerror.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
 dataerror.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
 dataerror.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
 dataerror.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+dataerror.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/set.h
 dataerror.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
 dataerror.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
 dataerror.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
@@ -297,6 +298,7 @@ enc_raise.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
 enc_raise.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
 enc_raise.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
 enc_raise.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+enc_raise.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/set.h
 enc_raise.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
 enc_raise.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
 enc_raise.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
@@ -459,6 +461,7 @@ ensured.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
 ensured.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
 ensured.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
 ensured.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+ensured.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/set.h
 ensured.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
 ensured.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
 ensured.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
@@ -619,6 +622,7 @@ init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
 init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
 init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
 init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/set.h
 init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
 init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
 init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
diff --git a/ext/-test-/fatal/depend b/ext/-test-/fatal/depend
index 36b0ad4205..306bc9099c 100644
--- a/ext/-test-/fatal/depend
+++ b/ext/-test-/fatal/depend
@@ -129,6 +129,7 @@ init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
 init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
 init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
 init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/set.h
 init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
 init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
 init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
@@ -289,6 +290,7 @@ invalid.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
 invalid.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
 invalid.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
 invalid.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+invalid.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/set.h
 invalid.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
 invalid.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
 invalid.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
@@ -449,6 +451,7 @@ rb_fatal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
 rb_fatal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
 rb_fatal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
 rb_fatal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+rb_fatal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/set.h
 rb_fatal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
 rb_fatal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
 rb_fatal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
diff --git a/ext/-test-/fatal/invalid.c b/ext/-test-/fatal/invalid.c
index 393465416a..6fd970b181 100644
--- a/ext/-test-/fatal/invalid.c
+++ b/ext/-test-/fatal/invalid.c
@@ -1,11 +1,5 @@
 #include <ruby.h>
 
-#if SIZEOF_LONG == SIZEOF_VOIDP
-# define NUM2PTR(x) NUM2ULONG(x)
-#elif SIZEOF_LONG_LONG == SIZEOF_VOIDP
-# define NUM2PTR(x) NUM2ULL(x)
-#endif
-
 static VALUE
 invalid_call(VALUE obj, VALUE address)
 {
diff --git a/ext/-test-/file/depend b/ext/-test-/file/depend
index e985f914b2..fe320f3d44 100644
--- a/ext/-test-/file/depend
+++ b/ext/-test-/file/depend
@@ -137,6 +137,7 @@ fs.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
 fs.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
 fs.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
 fs.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+fs.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/set.h
 fs.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
 fs.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
 fs.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
@@ -300,6 +301,7 @@ init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
 init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
 init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
 init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/set.h
 init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
 init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
 init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
@@ -469,6 +471,7 @@ newline_conv.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
 newline_conv.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
 newline_conv.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
 newline_conv.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+newline_conv.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/set.h
 newline_conv.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
 newline_conv.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
 newline_conv.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
@@ -641,6 +644,7 @@ stat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
 stat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
 stat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
 stat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+stat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/set.h
 stat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
 stat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
 stat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
diff --git a/ext/-test-/float/depend b/ext/-test-/float/depend
index 3e34818d5f..334ed33c3b 100644
--- a/ext/-test-/float/depend
+++ b/ext/-test-/float/depend
@@ -131,6 +131,7 @@ init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
 init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
 init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
 init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/set.h
 init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
 init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
 init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
@@ -291,6 +292,7 @@ nextafter.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
 nextafter.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
 nextafter.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
 nextafter.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+nextafter.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/set.h
 nextafter.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
 nextafter.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
 nextafter.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
diff --git a/ext/-test-/funcall/depend b/ext/-test-/funcall/depend
index a5a30873ac..e54370306f 100644
--- a/ext/-test-/funcall/depend
+++ b/ext/-test-/funcall/depend
@@ -128,6 +128,7 @@ funcall.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
 funcall.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
 funcall.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
 funcall.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+funcall.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/set.h
 funcall.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
 funcall.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
 funcall.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
diff --git a/ext/-test-/gvl/call_without_gvl/depend b/ext/-test-/gvl/call_without_gvl/depend
index 6463d4527d..236d1e1d3b 100644
--- a/ext/-test-/gvl/call_without_gvl/depend
+++ b/ext/-test-/gvl/call_without_gvl/depend
@@ -127,6 +127,7 @@ call_without_gvl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
 call_without_gvl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
 call_without_gvl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
 call_without_gvl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+call_without_gvl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/set.h
 call_without_gvl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
 call_without_gvl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
 call_without_gvl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
diff --git a/ext/-test-/hash/depend b/ext/-test-/hash/depend
index 4bc4bfcdd6..416b93f9de 100644
--- a/ext/-test-/hash/depend
+++ b/ext/-test-/hash/depend
@@ -128,6 +128,7 @@ delete.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
 delete.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
 delete.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
 delete.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+delete.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/set.h
 delete.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
 delete.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
 delete.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
@@ -288,6 +289,7 @@ init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
 init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
 init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
 init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/set.h
 init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
 init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
 init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
diff --git a/ext/-test-/integer/depend b/ext/-test-/integer/depend
index d89965e3d9..0ea007e814 100644
--- a/ext/-test-/integer/depend
+++ b/ext/-test-/integer/depend
@@ -128,6 +128,7 @@ core_ext.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
 core_ext.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
 core_ext.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
 core_ext.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+core_ext.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/set.h
 core_ext.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
 core_ext.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
 core_ext.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
@@ -296,6 +297,7 @@ init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
 init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
 init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
 init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/set.h
 init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
 init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
 init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
@@ -456,6 +458,7 @@ my_integer.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
 my_integer.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
 my_integer.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
 my_integer.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+my_integer.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/set.h
 my_integer.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
 my_integer.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
 my_integer.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
diff --git a/ext/-test-/iseq_load/depend b/ext/-test-/iseq_load/depend
index fd07b3199c..9361ddb938 100644
--- a/ext/-test-/iseq_load/depend
+++ b/ext/-test-/iseq_load/depend
@@ -128,6 +128,7 @@ iseq_load.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
 iseq_load.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
 iseq_load.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
 iseq_load.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+iseq_load.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/set.h
 iseq_load.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
 iseq_load.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
 iseq_load.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
diff --git a/ext/-test-/iter/depend b/ext/-test-/iter/depend
index cff4b1bb43..161947382c 100644
--- a/ext/-test-/iter/depend
+++ b/ext/-test-/iter/depend
@@ -128,6 +128,7 @@ break.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
 break.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
 break.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
 break.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+break.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/set.h
 break.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
 break.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
 break.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
@@ -288,6 +289,7 @@ init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
 init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
 init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
 init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/set.h
 init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
 init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
 init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
@@ -448,6 +450,7 @@ yield.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
 yield.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
 yield.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
 yield.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+yield.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/set.h
 yield.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
 yield.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
 yield.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
diff --git a/ext/-test-/load/dot.dot/depend b/ext/-test-/load/dot.dot/depend
index f9be79e957..339837d183 100644
--- a/ext/-test-/load/dot.dot/depend
+++ b/ext/-test-/load/dot.dot/depend
@@ -128,6 +128,7 @@ dot.dot.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
 dot.dot.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
 dot.dot.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
 dot.dot.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+dot.dot.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/set.h
 dot.dot.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
 dot.dot.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
 dot.dot.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
diff --git a/ext/-test-/load/protect/depend b/ext/-test-/load/protect/depend
index 324c17237a..c76c6f88ed 100644
--- a/ext/-test-/load/protect/depend
+++ b/ext/-test-/load/protect/depend
@@ -128,6 +128,7 @@ protect.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
 protect.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
 protect.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
 protect.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+protect.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/set.h
 protect.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
 protect.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
 protect.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
diff --git a/ext/-test-/load/resolve_symbol_resolver/depend b/ext/-test-/load/resolve_symbol_resolver/depend
index 0849e79060..f422898b69 100644
--- a/ext/-test-/load/resolve_symbol_resolver/depend
+++ b/ext/-test-/load/resolve_symbol_resolver/depend
@@ -128,6 +128,7 @@ resolve_symbol_resolver.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
 resolve_symbol_resolver.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
 resolve_symbol_resolver.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
 resolve_symbol_resolver.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+resolve_symbol_resolver.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/set.h
 resolve_symbol_resolver.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
 resolve_symbol_resolver.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
 resolve_symbol_resolver.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
diff --git a/ext/-test-/load/resolve_symbol_target/depend b/ext/-test-/load/resolve_symbol_target/depend
index 45116b5601..aa0b5327be 100644
--- a/ext/-test-/load/resolve_symbol_target/depend
+++ b/ext/-test-/load/resolve_symbol_target/depend
@@ -128,6 +128,7 @@ resolve_symbol_target.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
 resolve_symbol_target.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
 resolve_symbol_target.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
 resolve_symbol_target.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+resolve_symbol_target.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/set.h
 resolve_symbol_target.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
 resolve_symbol_target.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
 resolve_symbol_target.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
diff --git a/ext/-test-/load/stringify_symbols/depend b/ext/-test-/load/stringify_symbols/depend
index fbb5c625c8..2d4d79a7b7 100644
--- a/ext/-test-/load/stringify_symbols/depend
+++ b/ext/-test-/load/stringify_symbols/depend
@@ -128,6 +128,7 @@ stringify_symbols.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
 stringify_symbols.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
 stringify_symbols.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
 stringify_symbols.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+stringify_symbols.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/set.h
 stringify_symbols.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
 stringify_symbols.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
 stringify_symbols.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
diff --git a/ext/-test-/load/stringify_target/depend b/ext/-test-/load/stringify_target/depend
index 949dd853f9..c66575d4e4 100644
--- a/ext/-test-/load/stringify_target/depend
+++ b/ext/-test-/load/stringify_target/depend
@@ -128,6 +128,7 @@ stringify_target.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
 stringify_target.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
 stringify_target.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
 stringify_target.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+stringify_target.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/set.h
 stringify_target.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
 stringify_target.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
 stringify_target.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
diff --git a/ext/-test-/marshal/compat/depend b/ext/-test-/marshal/compat/depend
index 8bcd9f8b5e..36b9235c23 100644
--- a/ext/-test-/marshal/compat/depend
+++ b/ext/-test-/marshal/compat/depend
@@ -128,6 +128,7 @@ usrcompat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
 usrcompat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
 usrcompat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
 usrcompat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+usrcompat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/set.h
 usrcompat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
 usrcompat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
 usrcompat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
diff --git a/ext/-test-/marshal/internal_ivar/depend b/ext/-test-/marshal/internal_ivar/depend
index f8be031efc..a2e093d809 100644
--- a/ext/-test-/marshal/internal_ivar/depend
+++ b/ext/-test-/marshal/internal_ivar/depend
@@ -128,6 +128,7 @@ internal_ivar.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
 internal_ivar.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
 internal_ivar.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
 internal_ivar.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+internal_ivar.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/set.h
 internal_ivar.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
 internal_ivar.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
 internal_ivar.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
diff --git a/ext/-test-/marshal/usr/depend b/ext/-test-/marshal/usr/depend
index 09e8207d3a..5ffb8c58de 100644
--- a/ext/-test-/marshal/usr/depend
+++ b/ext/-test-/marshal/usr/depend
@@ -128,6 +128,7 @@ usrmarshal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
 usrmarshal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
 usrmarshal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
 usrmarshal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+usrmarshal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/set.h
 usrmarshal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
 usrmarshal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
 usrmarshal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
diff --git a/ext/-test-/memory_view/depend b/ext/-test-/memory_view/depend
index 0c92fc1236..a6ffd76f45 100644
--- a/ext/-test-/memory_view/depend
+++ b/ext/-test-/memory_view/depend
@@ -128,6 +128,7 @@ memory_view.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
 memory_view.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
 memory_view.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
 memory_view.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+memory_view.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/set.h
 memory_view.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
 memory_view.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
 memory_view.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
diff --git a/ext/-test-/method/depend b/ext/-test-/method/depend
index dce2a815a4..95745b3dae 100644
--- a/ext/-test-/method/depend
+++ b/ext/-test-/method/depend
@@ -128,6 +128,7 @@ arity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
 arity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
 arity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
 arity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+arity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/set.h
 arity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
 arity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
 arity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
@@ -288,6 +289,7 @@ init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
 init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
 init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
 init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/set.h
 init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
 init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
 init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
diff --git a/ext/-test-/namespace/yay1/extconf.rb b/ext/-test-/namespace/yay1/extconf.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 539e99ab09..0000000000
--- a/ext/-test-/namespace/yay1/extconf.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-create_makefile('-test-/namespace/yay1')
diff --git a/ext/-test-/namespace/yay2/extconf.rb b/ext/-test-/namespace/yay2/extconf.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 2027a42860..0000000000
--- a/ext/-test-/namespace/yay2/extconf.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-create_makefile('-test-/namespace/yay2')
diff --git a/ext/-test-/notimplement/depend b/ext/-test-/notimplement/depend
index 84517a9c15..69c970b6f2 100644
--- a/ext/-test-/notimplement/depend
+++ b/ext/-test-/notimplement/depend
@@ -128,6 +128,7 @@ bug.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
 bug.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
 bug.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
 bug.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+bug.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/set.h
 bug.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
 bug.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
 bug.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
diff --git a/ext/-test-/num2int/depend b/ext/-test-/num2int/depend
index 5550033be7..75536363ac 100644
--- a/ext/-test-/num2int/depend
+++ b/ext/-test-/num2int/depend
@@ -128,6 +128,7 @@ num2int.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
 num2int.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
 num2int.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
 num2int.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+num2int.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/set.h
 num2int.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
 num2int.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
 num2int.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
diff --git a/ext/-test-/path_to_class/depend b/ext/-test-/path_to_class/depend
index a1657c9574..e535058e09 100644
--- a/ext/-test-/path_to_class/depend
+++ b/ext/-test-/path_to_class/depend
@@ -128,6 +128,7 @@ path_to_class.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
 path_to_class.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
 path_to_class.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
 path_to_class.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+path_to_class.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/set.h
 path_to_class.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
 path_to_class.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
 path_to_class.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
diff --git a/ext/-test-/popen_deadlock/depend b/ext/-test-/popen_deadlock/depend
index 1904e64e59..0b8932e8b8 100644
--- a/ext/-test-/popen_deadlock/depend
+++ b/ext/-test-/popen_deadlock/depend
@@ -128,6 +128,7 @@ infinite_loop_dlsym.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
 infinite_loop_dlsym.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
 infinite_loop_dlsym.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
 infinite_loop_dlsym.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+infinite_loop_dlsym.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/set.h
 infinite_loop_dlsym.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
 infinite_loop_dlsym.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
 infinite_loop_dlsym.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
diff --git a/ext/-test-/postponed_job/depend b/ext/-test-/postponed_job/depend
index 72250896b0..ff567e3921 100644
--- a/ext/-test-/postponed_job/depend
+++ b/ext/-test-/postponed_job/depend
@@ -129,6 +129,7 @@ postponed_job.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
 postponed_job.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
 postponed_job.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
 postponed_job.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+postponed_job.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/set.h
 postponed_job.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
 postponed_job.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
 postponed_job.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
diff --git a/ext/-test-/printf/depend b/ext/-test-/printf/depend
index 0530df78bf..be895cf769 100644
--- a/ext/-test-/printf/depend
+++ b/ext/-test-/printf/depend
@@ -138,6 +138,7 @@ printf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
 printf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
 printf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
 printf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+printf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/set.h
 printf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
 printf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
 printf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
diff --git a/ext/-test-/proc/depend b/ext/-test-/proc/depend
index 45e12bcd09..97834db0a2 100644
--- a/ext/-test-/proc/depend
+++ b/ext/-test-/proc/depend
@@ -128,6 +128,7 @@ init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
 init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
 init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
 init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/set.h
 init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
 init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
 init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
@@ -288,6 +289,7 @@ receiver.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
 receiver.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
 receiver.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
 receiver.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+receiver.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/set.h
 receiver.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
 receiver.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
 receiver.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
@@ -448,6 +450,7 @@ super.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
 super.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
 super.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
 super.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+super.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/set.h
 super.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
 super.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
 super.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
diff --git a/ext/-test-/random/depend b/ext/-test-/random/depend
index 71f5f6e1e6..380c30fbe4 100644
--- a/ext/-test-/random/depend
+++ b/ext/-test-/random/depend
@@ -127,6 +127,7 @@ bad_version.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
 bad_version.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
 bad_version.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
 bad_version.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+bad_version.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/set.h
 bad_version.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
 bad_version.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
 bad_version.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
@@ -288,6 +289,7 @@ init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
 init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
 init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
 init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/set.h
 init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
 init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
 init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
@@ -447,6 +449,7 @@ loop.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
 loop.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
 loop.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
 loop.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+loop.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/set.h
 loop.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
 loop.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
 loop.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
diff --git a/ext/-test-/rational/depend b/ext/-test-/rational/depend
index 363d779302..56d6ab77d6 100644
--- a/ext/-test-/rational/depend
+++ b/ext/-test-/rational/depend
@@ -132,6 +132,7 @@ rat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
 rat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
 rat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
 rat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+rat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/set.h
 rat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
 rat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
 rat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
diff --git a/ext/-test-/rb_call_super_kw/depend b/ext/-test-/rb_call_super_kw/depend
index 04a0fac12c..bf34323ca7 100644
--- a/ext/-test-/rb_call_super_kw/depend
+++ b/ext/-test-/rb_call_super_kw/depend
@@ -128,6 +128,7 @@ rb_call_super_kw.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
 rb_call_super_kw.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
 rb_call_super_kw.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
 rb_call_super_kw.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+rb_call_super_kw.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/set.h
 rb_call_super_kw.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
 rb_call_super_kw.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
 rb_call_super_kw.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
diff --git a/ext/-test-/recursion/depend b/ext/-test-/recursion/depend
index 2a65c98b09..b6487eb4df 100644
--- a/ext/-test-/recursion/depend
+++ b/ext/-test-/recursion/depend
@@ -128,6 +128,7 @@ recursion.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
 recursion.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
 recursion.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
 recursion.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+recursion.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/set.h
 recursion.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
 recursion.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
 recursion.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
diff --git a/ext/-test-/regexp/depend b/ext/-test-/regexp/depend
index 0127a66a2e..5ba1b92f18 100644
--- a/ext/-test-/regexp/depend
+++ b/ext/-test-/regexp/depend
@@ -128,6 +128,7 @@ init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
 init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
 init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
 init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/set.h
 init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
 init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
 init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
@@ -288,6 +289,7 @@ parse_depth_limit.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
 parse_depth_limit.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
 parse_depth_limit.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
 parse_depth_limit.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+parse_depth_limit.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/set.h
 parse_depth_limit.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
 parse_depth_limit.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
 parse_depth_limit.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
diff --git a/ext/-test-/sanitizers/depend b/ext/-test-/sanitizers/depend
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..0e6e632803
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ext/-test-/sanitizers/depend
@@ -0,0 +1,162 @@
+# AUTOGENERATED DEPENDENCIES START
+sanitizers.o: $(RUBY_EXTCONF_H)
+sanitizers.o: $(arch_hdrdir)/ruby/config.h
+sanitizers.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/assert.h
+sanitizers.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward.h
+sanitizers.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/assume.h
+sanitizers.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/attributes.h
+sanitizers.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/bool.h
+sanitizers.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/inttypes.h
+sanitizers.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/limits.h
+sanitizers.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/long_long.h
+sanitizers.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/stdalign.h
+sanitizers.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/stdarg.h
+sanitizers.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/defines.h
+sanitizers.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/intern.h
+sanitizers.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/abi.h
+sanitizers.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/anyargs.h
+sanitizers.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic.h
+sanitizers.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/char.h
+sanitizers.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/double.h
+sanitizers.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/fixnum.h
+sanitizers.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/gid_t.h
+sanitizers.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/int.h
+sanitizers.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/intptr_t.h
+sanitizers.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/long.h
+sanitizers.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/long_long.h
+sanitizers.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/mode_t.h
+sanitizers.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/off_t.h
+sanitizers.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/pid_t.h
+sanitizers.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/short.h
+sanitizers.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/size_t.h
+sanitizers.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/st_data_t.h
+sanitizers.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/uid_t.h
+sanitizers.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/assume.h
+sanitizers.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/alloc_size.h
+sanitizers.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/artificial.h
+sanitizers.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/cold.h
+sanitizers.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/const.h
+sanitizers.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/constexpr.h
+sanitizers.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/deprecated.h
+sanitizers.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/diagnose_if.h
+sanitizers.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/enum_extensibility.h
+sanitizers.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/error.h
+sanitizers.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/flag_enum.h
+sanitizers.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/forceinline.h
+sanitizers.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/format.h
+sanitizers.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/maybe_unused.h
+sanitizers.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noalias.h
+sanitizers.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/nodiscard.h
+sanitizers.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noexcept.h
+sanitizers.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noinline.h
+sanitizers.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/nonnull.h
+sanitizers.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noreturn.h
+sanitizers.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/packed_struct.h
+sanitizers.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/pure.h
+sanitizers.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/restrict.h
+sanitizers.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/returns_nonnull.h
+sanitizers.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/warning.h
+sanitizers.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/weakref.h
+sanitizers.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/cast.h
+sanitizers.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is.h
+sanitizers.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/apple.h
+sanitizers.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/clang.h
+sanitizers.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/gcc.h
+sanitizers.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/intel.h
+sanitizers.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/msvc.h
+sanitizers.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/sunpro.h
+sanitizers.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_since.h
+sanitizers.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/config.h
+sanitizers.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/constant_p.h
+sanitizers.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core.h
+sanitizers.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rarray.h
+sanitizers.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rbasic.h
+sanitizers.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rbignum.h
+sanitizers.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rclass.h
+sanitizers.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rdata.h
+sanitizers.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rfile.h
+sanitizers.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rhash.h
+sanitizers.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/robject.h
+sanitizers.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rregexp.h
+sanitizers.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rstring.h
+sanitizers.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rstruct.h
+sanitizers.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rtypeddata.h
+sanitizers.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/ctype.h
+sanitizers.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/dllexport.h
+sanitizers.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/dosish.h
+sanitizers.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/error.h
+sanitizers.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/eval.h
+sanitizers.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/event.h
+sanitizers.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/fl_type.h
+sanitizers.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/gc.h
+sanitizers.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/glob.h
+sanitizers.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/globals.h
+sanitizers.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/attribute.h
+sanitizers.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/builtin.h
+sanitizers.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/c_attribute.h
+sanitizers.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/cpp_attribute.h
+sanitizers.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/declspec_attribute.h
+sanitizers.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/extension.h
+sanitizers.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/feature.h
+sanitizers.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/warning.h
+sanitizers.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/array.h
+sanitizers.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/bignum.h
+sanitizers.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/class.h
+sanitizers.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/compar.h
+sanitizers.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/complex.h
+sanitizers.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/cont.h
+sanitizers.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/dir.h
+sanitizers.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/enum.h
+sanitizers.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/enumerator.h
+sanitizers.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/error.h
+sanitizers.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/eval.h
+sanitizers.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/file.h
+sanitizers.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/hash.h
+sanitizers.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/io.h
+sanitizers.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/load.h
+sanitizers.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/marshal.h
+sanitizers.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/numeric.h
+sanitizers.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/object.h
+sanitizers.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/parse.h
+sanitizers.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/proc.h
+sanitizers.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/process.h
+sanitizers.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/random.h
+sanitizers.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/range.h
+sanitizers.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/rational.h
+sanitizers.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
+sanitizers.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
+sanitizers.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
+sanitizers.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+sanitizers.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/set.h
+sanitizers.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
+sanitizers.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
+sanitizers.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
+sanitizers.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/struct.h
+sanitizers.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/thread.h
+sanitizers.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/time.h
+sanitizers.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/variable.h
+sanitizers.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/vm.h
+sanitizers.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/interpreter.h
+sanitizers.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/iterator.h
+sanitizers.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/memory.h
+sanitizers.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/method.h
+sanitizers.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/module.h
+sanitizers.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/newobj.h
+sanitizers.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/scan_args.h
+sanitizers.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/special_consts.h
+sanitizers.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/static_assert.h
+sanitizers.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/stdalign.h
+sanitizers.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/stdbool.h
+sanitizers.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/stdckdint.h
+sanitizers.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/symbol.h
+sanitizers.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/value.h
+sanitizers.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/value_type.h
+sanitizers.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/variable.h
+sanitizers.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/warning_push.h
+sanitizers.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/xmalloc.h
+sanitizers.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/missing.h
+sanitizers.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/ruby.h
+sanitizers.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/st.h
+sanitizers.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/subst.h
+sanitizers.o: sanitizers.c
+# AUTOGENERATED DEPENDENCIES END
diff --git a/ext/-test-/sanitizers/extconf.rb b/ext/-test-/sanitizers/extconf.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..c94a96de6c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ext/-test-/sanitizers/extconf.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+require 'mkmf'
+create_makefile('-test-/sanitizers')
diff --git a/ext/-test-/sanitizers/sanitizers.c b/ext/-test-/sanitizers/sanitizers.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..97a85b26ef
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ext/-test-/sanitizers/sanitizers.c
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+#include "ruby/ruby.h"
+
+static VALUE
+asan_enabled_p(VALUE self)
+{
+#if defined(__has_feature)
+    /* clang uses __has_feature for determining asan */
+    return __has_feature(address_sanitizer) ? Qtrue : Qfalse;
+#elif defined(__SANITIZE_ADDRESS__)
+    /* GCC sets __SANITIZE_ADDRESS__ for determining asan */
+    return Qtrue;
+#else
+    return Qfalse;
+#endif
+}
+
+static VALUE
+lsan_enabled_p(VALUE self)
+{
+#if defined(__has_feature)
+    /* clang uses __has_feature for determining LSAN */
+    return __has_feature(leak_sanitizer) ? Qtrue : Qfalse;
+#else
+    return Qfalse;
+#endif
+}
+
+void
+Init_sanitizers(void)
+{
+    VALUE m = rb_define_module("Test");
+    VALUE c = rb_define_class_under(m, "Sanitizers", rb_cObject);
+    rb_define_singleton_method(c, "asan_enabled?", asan_enabled_p, 0);
+    rb_define_singleton_method(c, "lsan_enabled?", lsan_enabled_p, 0);
+}
+
diff --git a/ext/-test-/scan_args/depend b/ext/-test-/scan_args/depend
index 922e5bbd5c..ca0fc19238 100644
--- a/ext/-test-/scan_args/depend
+++ b/ext/-test-/scan_args/depend
@@ -128,6 +128,7 @@ scan_args.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
 scan_args.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
 scan_args.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
 scan_args.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+scan_args.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/set.h
 scan_args.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
 scan_args.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
 scan_args.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
diff --git a/ext/-test-/scheduler/extconf.rb b/ext/-test-/scheduler/extconf.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..159699bd8e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ext/-test-/scheduler/extconf.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: false
+create_makefile("-test-/scheduler")
diff --git a/ext/-test-/scheduler/scheduler.c b/ext/-test-/scheduler/scheduler.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..b742a5573b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ext/-test-/scheduler/scheduler.c
@@ -0,0 +1,92 @@
+#include "ruby/ruby.h"
+#include "ruby/thread.h"
+#include "ruby/io.h"
+#include "ruby/fiber/scheduler.h"
+
+/*
+ * Test extension for reproducing the gRPC interrupt handling bug.
+ *
+ * This reproduces the exact issue from grpc/grpc commit 69f229e (June 2025):
+ * https://github.com/grpc/grpc/commit/69f229edd1d79ab7a7dfda98e3aef6fd807adcad
+ *
+ * The bug occurs when:
+ * 1. A fiber scheduler uses Thread.handle_interrupt(::SignalException => :never)
+ *    (like Async::Scheduler does)
+ * 2. Native code uses rb_thread_call_without_gvl in a retry loop that checks
+ *    the interrupted flag and retries (like gRPC's completion queue)
+ * 3. A signal (SIGINT/SIGTERM) is sent
+ * 4. The unblock_func sets interrupted=1, but Thread.handle_interrupt defers the signal
+ * 5. The loop sees interrupted=1 and retries without yielding to the scheduler
+ * 6. The deferred interrupt never gets processed -> infinite hang
+ *
+ * The fix is in vm_check_ints_blocking() in thread.c, which should yield to
+ * the fiber scheduler when interrupts are pending, allowing the scheduler to
+ * detect Thread.pending_interrupt? and exit its run loop.
+ */
+
+struct blocking_state {
+    int notify_descriptor;
+    volatile int interrupted;
+};
+
+static void
+unblock_callback(void *argument)
+{
+    struct blocking_state *blocking_state = (struct blocking_state *)argument;
+    blocking_state->interrupted = 1;
+}
+
+static void *
+blocking_operation(void *argument)
+{
+    struct blocking_state *blocking_state = (struct blocking_state *)argument;
+
+    ssize_t ret = write(blocking_state->notify_descriptor, "x", 1);
+    (void)ret; // ignore the result for now
+
+    while (!blocking_state->interrupted) {
+        struct timeval tv = {1, 0};  // 1 second timeout.
+        int result = select(0, NULL, NULL, NULL, &tv);
+
+        if (result == -1 && errno == EINTR) {
+            blocking_state->interrupted = 1;
+        }
+
+        // Otherwise, timeout -> loop again.
+    }
+
+    return NULL;
+}
+
+static VALUE
+scheduler_blocking_loop(VALUE self, VALUE notify)
+{
+    struct blocking_state blocking_state = {
+        .notify_descriptor = rb_io_descriptor(notify),
+        .interrupted = 0,
+    };
+
+    while (true) {
+        blocking_state.interrupted = 0;
+
+        rb_thread_call_without_gvl(
+            blocking_operation, &blocking_state,
+            unblock_callback, &blocking_state
+        );
+
+        // The bug: When interrupted, loop retries without yielding to scheduler.
+        // With Thread.handle_interrupt(:never), this causes an infinite hang,
+        // because the deferred interrupt never gets a chance to be processed.
+    } while (blocking_state.interrupted);
+
+    return Qnil;
+}
+
+void
+Init_scheduler(void)
+{
+    VALUE mBug = rb_define_module("Bug");
+    VALUE mScheduler = rb_define_module_under(mBug, "Scheduler");
+
+    rb_define_module_function(mScheduler, "blocking_loop", scheduler_blocking_loop, 1);
+}
diff --git a/ext/-test-/st/foreach/depend b/ext/-test-/st/foreach/depend
index 36273f8df8..29aab2bb29 100644
--- a/ext/-test-/st/foreach/depend
+++ b/ext/-test-/st/foreach/depend
@@ -128,6 +128,7 @@ foreach.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
 foreach.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
 foreach.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
 foreach.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+foreach.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/set.h
 foreach.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
 foreach.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
 foreach.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
diff --git a/ext/-test-/st/numhash/depend b/ext/-test-/st/numhash/depend
index a0916183b6..18320d55f5 100644
--- a/ext/-test-/st/numhash/depend
+++ b/ext/-test-/st/numhash/depend
@@ -128,6 +128,7 @@ numhash.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
 numhash.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
 numhash.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
 numhash.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+numhash.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/set.h
 numhash.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
 numhash.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
 numhash.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
diff --git a/ext/-test-/st/update/depend b/ext/-test-/st/update/depend
index 96ba194df0..247f0efd6b 100644
--- a/ext/-test-/st/update/depend
+++ b/ext/-test-/st/update/depend
@@ -128,6 +128,7 @@ update.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
 update.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
 update.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
 update.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+update.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/set.h
 update.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
 update.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
 update.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
diff --git a/ext/-test-/stack/depend b/ext/-test-/stack/depend
index 5b852278f0..77e93bb201 100644
--- a/ext/-test-/stack/depend
+++ b/ext/-test-/stack/depend
@@ -139,6 +139,7 @@ stack.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
 stack.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
 stack.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
 stack.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+stack.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/set.h
 stack.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
 stack.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
 stack.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
@@ -171,6 +172,7 @@ stack.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/oniguruma.h
 stack.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/ruby.h
 stack.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/st.h
 stack.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/subst.h
+stack.o: $(top_srcdir)/encindex.h
 stack.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/compilers.h
 stack.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/string.h
 stack.o: stack.c
diff --git a/ext/-test-/stack/stack.c b/ext/-test-/stack/stack.c
index 8ff32f9737..f0e65e74b2 100644
--- a/ext/-test-/stack/stack.c
+++ b/ext/-test-/stack/stack.c
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 #include "internal/string.h"
 
 static VALUE
-stack_alloca_overflow(VALUE self)
+stack_overflow(VALUE self)
 {
     size_t i = 0;
 
@@ -30,6 +30,6 @@ asan_p(VALUE klass)
 void
 Init_stack(VALUE klass)
 {
-    rb_define_singleton_method(rb_cThread, "alloca_overflow", stack_alloca_overflow, 0);
+    rb_define_singleton_method(rb_cThread, "stack_overflow", stack_overflow, 0);
     rb_define_singleton_method(rb_cThread, "asan?", asan_p, 0);
 }
diff --git a/ext/-test-/string/depend b/ext/-test-/string/depend
index 044b6109ff..478ae3b82b 100644
--- a/ext/-test-/string/depend
+++ b/ext/-test-/string/depend
@@ -139,6 +139,7 @@ capacity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
 capacity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
 capacity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
 capacity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+capacity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/set.h
 capacity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
 capacity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
 capacity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
@@ -171,6 +172,7 @@ capacity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/oniguruma.h
 capacity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/ruby.h
 capacity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/st.h
 capacity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/subst.h
+capacity.o: $(top_srcdir)/encindex.h
 capacity.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/compilers.h
 capacity.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/string.h
 capacity.o: capacity.c
@@ -472,6 +474,7 @@ coderange.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
 coderange.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
 coderange.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
 coderange.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+coderange.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/set.h
 coderange.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
 coderange.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
 coderange.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
@@ -644,6 +647,7 @@ cstr.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
 cstr.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
 cstr.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
 cstr.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+cstr.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/set.h
 cstr.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
 cstr.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
 cstr.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
@@ -676,6 +680,7 @@ cstr.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/oniguruma.h
 cstr.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/ruby.h
 cstr.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/st.h
 cstr.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/subst.h
+cstr.o: $(top_srcdir)/encindex.h
 cstr.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal.h
 cstr.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/compilers.h
 cstr.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/string.h
@@ -809,6 +814,7 @@ ellipsize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
 ellipsize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
 ellipsize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
 ellipsize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+ellipsize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/set.h
 ellipsize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
 ellipsize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
 ellipsize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
@@ -979,6 +985,7 @@ enc_associate.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
 enc_associate.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
 enc_associate.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
 enc_associate.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+enc_associate.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/set.h
 enc_associate.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
 enc_associate.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
 enc_associate.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
@@ -1151,6 +1158,7 @@ enc_dummy.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
 enc_dummy.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
 enc_dummy.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
 enc_dummy.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+enc_dummy.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/set.h
 enc_dummy.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
 enc_dummy.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
 enc_dummy.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
@@ -1322,6 +1330,7 @@ enc_str_buf_cat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
 enc_str_buf_cat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
 enc_str_buf_cat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
 enc_str_buf_cat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+enc_str_buf_cat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/set.h
 enc_str_buf_cat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
 enc_str_buf_cat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
 enc_str_buf_cat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
@@ -1495,6 +1504,7 @@ fstring.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
 fstring.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
 fstring.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
 fstring.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+fstring.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/set.h
 fstring.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
 fstring.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
 fstring.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
@@ -1527,6 +1537,7 @@ fstring.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/oniguruma.h
 fstring.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/ruby.h
 fstring.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/st.h
 fstring.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/subst.h
+fstring.o: $(top_srcdir)/encindex.h
 fstring.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/compilers.h
 fstring.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/string.h
 fstring.o: fstring.c
@@ -1659,6 +1670,7 @@ init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
 init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
 init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
 init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/set.h
 init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
 init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
 init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
@@ -1819,6 +1831,7 @@ modify.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
 modify.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
 modify.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
 modify.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+modify.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/set.h
 modify.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
 modify.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
 modify.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
@@ -1989,6 +2002,7 @@ new.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
 new.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
 new.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
 new.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+new.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/set.h
 new.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
 new.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
 new.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
@@ -2151,6 +2165,7 @@ nofree.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
 nofree.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
 nofree.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
 nofree.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+nofree.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/set.h
 nofree.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
 nofree.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
 nofree.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
@@ -2320,6 +2335,7 @@ normalize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
 normalize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
 normalize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
 normalize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+normalize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/set.h
 normalize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
 normalize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
 normalize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
@@ -2493,6 +2509,7 @@ qsort.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
 qsort.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
 qsort.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
 qsort.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+qsort.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/set.h
 qsort.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
 qsort.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
 qsort.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
@@ -2656,6 +2673,7 @@ rb_interned_str.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
 rb_interned_str.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
 rb_interned_str.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
 rb_interned_str.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+rb_interned_str.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/set.h
 rb_interned_str.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
 rb_interned_str.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
 rb_interned_str.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
@@ -2816,6 +2834,7 @@ rb_str_dup.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
 rb_str_dup.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
 rb_str_dup.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
 rb_str_dup.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+rb_str_dup.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/set.h
 rb_str_dup.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
 rb_str_dup.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
 rb_str_dup.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
@@ -2976,6 +2995,7 @@ set_len.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
 set_len.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
 set_len.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
 set_len.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+set_len.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/set.h
 set_len.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
 set_len.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
 set_len.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
diff --git a/ext/-test-/string/fstring.c b/ext/-test-/string/fstring.c
index 71c4b7f97e..0b5940f28c 100644
--- a/ext/-test-/string/fstring.c
+++ b/ext/-test-/string/fstring.c
@@ -12,20 +12,20 @@ VALUE
 bug_s_fstring_fake_str(VALUE self)
 {
     static const char literal[] = "abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz";
-    struct RString fake_str;
+    struct RString fake_str = {RBASIC_INIT};
     return rb_str_to_interned_str(rb_setup_fake_str(&fake_str, literal, sizeof(literal) - 1, 0));
 }
 
 VALUE
 bug_s_rb_enc_interned_str(VALUE self, VALUE encoding)
 {
-    return rb_enc_interned_str("foo", 3, NIL_P(encoding) ? NULL : RDATA(encoding)->data);
+    return rb_enc_interned_str("foo", 3, NIL_P(encoding) ? NULL : RTYPEDDATA_GET_DATA(encoding));
 }
 
 VALUE
 bug_s_rb_enc_str_new(VALUE self, VALUE encoding)
 {
-    return rb_enc_str_new("foo", 3, NIL_P(encoding) ? NULL : RDATA(encoding)->data);
+    return rb_enc_str_new("foo", 3, NIL_P(encoding) ? NULL : RTYPEDDATA_GET_DATA(encoding));
 }
 
 void
diff --git a/ext/-test-/struct/depend b/ext/-test-/struct/depend
index 951dddd5dd..e2638e4cdf 100644
--- a/ext/-test-/struct/depend
+++ b/ext/-test-/struct/depend
@@ -128,6 +128,7 @@ data.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
 data.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
 data.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
 data.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+data.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/set.h
 data.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
 data.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
 data.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
@@ -288,6 +289,7 @@ duplicate.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
 duplicate.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
 duplicate.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
 duplicate.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+duplicate.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/set.h
 duplicate.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
 duplicate.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
 duplicate.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
@@ -448,6 +450,7 @@ init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
 init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
 init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
 init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/set.h
 init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
 init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
 init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
@@ -608,6 +611,7 @@ len.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
 len.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
 len.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
 len.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+len.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/set.h
 len.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
 len.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
 len.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
@@ -768,6 +772,7 @@ member.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
 member.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
 member.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
 member.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+member.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/set.h
 member.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
 member.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
 member.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
diff --git a/ext/-test-/symbol/depend b/ext/-test-/symbol/depend
index 7c76596fdf..b1d8e1aab6 100644
--- a/ext/-test-/symbol/depend
+++ b/ext/-test-/symbol/depend
@@ -128,6 +128,7 @@ init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
 init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
 init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
 init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/set.h
 init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
 init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
 init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
@@ -288,6 +289,7 @@ type.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
 type.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
 type.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
 type.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+type.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/set.h
 type.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
 type.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
 type.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
diff --git a/ext/-test-/thread/id/depend b/ext/-test-/thread/id/depend
index ea5661a8ba..6b76b31ddc 100644
--- a/ext/-test-/thread/id/depend
+++ b/ext/-test-/thread/id/depend
@@ -128,6 +128,7 @@ id.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
 id.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
 id.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
 id.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+id.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/set.h
 id.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
 id.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
 id.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
diff --git a/ext/-test-/thread/instrumentation/depend b/ext/-test-/thread/instrumentation/depend
index a37e4d5675..63e1c7e44f 100644
--- a/ext/-test-/thread/instrumentation/depend
+++ b/ext/-test-/thread/instrumentation/depend
@@ -128,6 +128,7 @@ instrumentation.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
 instrumentation.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
 instrumentation.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
 instrumentation.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+instrumentation.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/set.h
 instrumentation.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
 instrumentation.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
 instrumentation.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
diff --git a/ext/-test-/thread/lock_native_thread/depend b/ext/-test-/thread/lock_native_thread/depend
index 386c95a824..a32843e531 100644
--- a/ext/-test-/thread/lock_native_thread/depend
+++ b/ext/-test-/thread/lock_native_thread/depend
@@ -127,6 +127,7 @@ lock_native_thread.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
 lock_native_thread.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
 lock_native_thread.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
 lock_native_thread.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+lock_native_thread.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/set.h
 lock_native_thread.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
 lock_native_thread.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
 lock_native_thread.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
diff --git a/ext/-test-/time/depend b/ext/-test-/time/depend
index 5ed791bcc5..e5b05f3113 100644
--- a/ext/-test-/time/depend
+++ b/ext/-test-/time/depend
@@ -128,6 +128,7 @@ init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
 init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
 init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
 init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/set.h
 init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
 init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
 init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
@@ -289,6 +290,7 @@ leap_second.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
 leap_second.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
 leap_second.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
 leap_second.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+leap_second.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/set.h
 leap_second.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
 leap_second.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
 leap_second.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
@@ -453,6 +455,7 @@ new.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
 new.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
 new.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
 new.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+new.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/set.h
 new.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
 new.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
 new.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
diff --git a/ext/-test-/time/leap_second.c b/ext/-test-/time/leap_second.c
deleted file mode 100644
index ee7011fa97..0000000000
--- a/ext/-test-/time/leap_second.c
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,15 +0,0 @@
-#include "ruby.h"
-#include "internal/time.h"
-
-static VALUE
-bug_time_s_reset_leap_second_info(VALUE klass)
-{
-    ruby_reset_leap_second_info();
-    return Qnil;
-}
-
-void
-Init_time_leap_second(VALUE klass)
-{
-    rb_define_singleton_method(klass, "reset_leap_second_info", bug_time_s_reset_leap_second_info, 0);
-}
diff --git a/ext/-test-/tracepoint/depend b/ext/-test-/tracepoint/depend
index 133663b3bd..014ba83b16 100644
--- a/ext/-test-/tracepoint/depend
+++ b/ext/-test-/tracepoint/depend
@@ -128,6 +128,7 @@ gc_hook.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
 gc_hook.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
 gc_hook.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
 gc_hook.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+gc_hook.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/set.h
 gc_hook.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
 gc_hook.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
 gc_hook.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
@@ -288,6 +289,7 @@ tracepoint.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
 tracepoint.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
 tracepoint.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
 tracepoint.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+tracepoint.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/set.h
 tracepoint.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
 tracepoint.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
 tracepoint.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
diff --git a/ext/-test-/tracepoint/gc_hook.c b/ext/-test-/tracepoint/gc_hook.c
index 54c06c54a5..525be6da63 100644
--- a/ext/-test-/tracepoint/gc_hook.c
+++ b/ext/-test-/tracepoint/gc_hook.c
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@
 #include "ruby/debug.h"
 
 static int invoking; /* TODO: should not be global variable */
+extern VALUE tp_mBug;
 
 static VALUE
 invoke_proc_ensure(VALUE _)
@@ -17,9 +18,9 @@ invoke_proc_begin(VALUE proc)
 }
 
 static void
-invoke_proc(void *data)
+invoke_proc(void *ivar_name)
 {
-    VALUE proc = (VALUE)data;
+    VALUE proc = rb_ivar_get(tp_mBug, rb_intern(ivar_name));
     invoking += 1;
     rb_ensure(invoke_proc_begin, proc, invoke_proc_ensure, 0);
 }
@@ -40,16 +41,16 @@ gc_start_end_i(VALUE tpval, void *data)
 }
 
 static VALUE
-set_gc_hook(VALUE module, VALUE proc, rb_event_flag_t event, const char *tp_str, const char *proc_str)
+set_gc_hook(VALUE proc, rb_event_flag_t event, const char *tp_str, const char *proc_str)
 {
     VALUE tpval;
     ID tp_key = rb_intern(tp_str);
 
     /* disable previous keys */
-    if (rb_ivar_defined(module, tp_key) != 0 &&
-        RTEST(tpval = rb_ivar_get(module, tp_key))) {
+    if (rb_ivar_defined(tp_mBug, tp_key) != 0 &&
+        RTEST(tpval = rb_ivar_get(tp_mBug, tp_key))) {
         rb_tracepoint_disable(tpval);
-        rb_ivar_set(module, tp_key, Qnil);
+        rb_ivar_set(tp_mBug, tp_key, Qnil);
     }
 
     if (RTEST(proc)) {
@@ -57,8 +58,9 @@ set_gc_hook(VALUE module, VALUE proc, rb_event_flag_t event, const char *tp_str,
             rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "trace_func needs to be Proc");
         }
 
-        tpval = rb_tracepoint_new(0, event, gc_start_end_i, (void *)proc);
-        rb_ivar_set(module, tp_key, tpval);
+        rb_ivar_set(tp_mBug, rb_intern(proc_str), proc);
+        tpval = rb_tracepoint_new(0, event, gc_start_end_i, (void *)proc_str);
+        rb_ivar_set(tp_mBug, tp_key, tpval);
         rb_tracepoint_enable(tpval);
     }
 
@@ -66,16 +68,16 @@ set_gc_hook(VALUE module, VALUE proc, rb_event_flag_t event, const char *tp_str,
 }
 
 static VALUE
-set_after_gc_start(VALUE module, VALUE proc)
+set_after_gc_start(VALUE _self, VALUE proc)
 {
-    return set_gc_hook(module, proc, RUBY_INTERNAL_EVENT_GC_START,
+    return set_gc_hook(proc, RUBY_INTERNAL_EVENT_GC_START,
                        "__set_after_gc_start_tpval__", "__set_after_gc_start_proc__");
 }
 
 static VALUE
-start_after_gc_exit(VALUE module, VALUE proc)
+start_after_gc_exit(VALUE _self, VALUE proc)
 {
-    return set_gc_hook(module, proc, RUBY_INTERNAL_EVENT_GC_EXIT,
+    return set_gc_hook(proc, RUBY_INTERNAL_EVENT_GC_EXIT,
                        "__set_after_gc_exit_tpval__", "__set_after_gc_exit_proc__");
 }
 
diff --git a/ext/-test-/tracepoint/tracepoint.c b/ext/-test-/tracepoint/tracepoint.c
index 2826cc038c..001d9513b2 100644
--- a/ext/-test-/tracepoint/tracepoint.c
+++ b/ext/-test-/tracepoint/tracepoint.c
@@ -1,6 +1,8 @@
 #include "ruby/ruby.h"
 #include "ruby/debug.h"
 
+VALUE tp_mBug;
+
 struct tracepoint_track {
     size_t newobj_count;
     size_t free_count;
@@ -89,8 +91,8 @@ void Init_gc_hook(VALUE);
 void
 Init_tracepoint(void)
 {
-    VALUE mBug = rb_define_module("Bug");
-    Init_gc_hook(mBug);
-    rb_define_module_function(mBug, "tracepoint_track_objspace_events", tracepoint_track_objspace_events, 0);
-    rb_define_module_function(mBug, "tracepoint_specify_normal_and_internal_events", tracepoint_specify_normal_and_internal_events, 0);
+    tp_mBug = rb_define_module("Bug"); // GC root
+    Init_gc_hook(tp_mBug);
+    rb_define_module_function(tp_mBug, "tracepoint_track_objspace_events", tracepoint_track_objspace_events, 0);
+    rb_define_module_function(tp_mBug, "tracepoint_specify_normal_and_internal_events", tracepoint_specify_normal_and_internal_events, 0);
 }
diff --git a/ext/-test-/typeddata/depend b/ext/-test-/typeddata/depend
index 6c0847c82d..b9b4915eee 100644
--- a/ext/-test-/typeddata/depend
+++ b/ext/-test-/typeddata/depend
@@ -128,6 +128,7 @@ typeddata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
 typeddata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
 typeddata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
 typeddata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+typeddata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/set.h
 typeddata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
 typeddata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
 typeddata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
diff --git a/ext/-test-/vm/depend b/ext/-test-/vm/depend
index 422b40a32d..9313f2ee36 100644
--- a/ext/-test-/vm/depend
+++ b/ext/-test-/vm/depend
@@ -127,6 +127,7 @@ at_exit.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
 at_exit.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
 at_exit.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
 at_exit.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+at_exit.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/set.h
 at_exit.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
 at_exit.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
 at_exit.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
diff --git a/ext/-test-/wait/depend b/ext/-test-/wait/depend
index 7997a16709..f793d84831 100644
--- a/ext/-test-/wait/depend
+++ b/ext/-test-/wait/depend
@@ -137,6 +137,7 @@ wait.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
 wait.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
 wait.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
 wait.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+wait.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/set.h
 wait.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
 wait.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
 wait.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
diff --git a/ext/.document b/ext/.document
index 0efd511a61..374abe6580 100644
--- a/ext/.document
+++ b/ext/.document
@@ -76,8 +76,6 @@ openssl/ossl_x509name.c
 openssl/ossl_x509req.c
 openssl/ossl_x509revoked.c
 openssl/ossl_x509store.c
-pathname/lib
-pathname/pathname.c
 psych/lib
 psych/psych.c
 psych/psych_emitter.c
@@ -92,6 +90,7 @@ readline/readline.c
 ripper/lib
 socket
 stringio/stringio.c
+strscan/lib
 strscan/strscan.c
 syslog/syslog.c
 syslog/lib
diff --git a/ext/cgi/escape/depend b/ext/cgi/escape/depend
index 746b47246a..05b59bfdea 100644
--- a/ext/cgi/escape/depend
+++ b/ext/cgi/escape/depend
@@ -138,6 +138,7 @@ escape.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
 escape.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
 escape.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
 escape.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+escape.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/set.h
 escape.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
 escape.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
 escape.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
diff --git a/ext/cgi/escape/escape.c b/ext/cgi/escape/escape.c
index 6b00bc37c1..4773186603 100644
--- a/ext/cgi/escape/escape.c
+++ b/ext/cgi/escape/escape.c
@@ -45,6 +45,7 @@ escaped_length(VALUE str)
 static VALUE
 optimized_escape_html(VALUE str)
 {
+    VALUE escaped;
     VALUE vbuf;
     char *buf = ALLOCV_N(char, vbuf, escaped_length(str));
     const char *cstr = RSTRING_PTR(str);
@@ -63,7 +64,6 @@ optimized_escape_html(VALUE str)
         }
     }
 
-    VALUE escaped;
     if (RSTRING_LEN(str) < (dest - buf)) {
         escaped = rb_str_new(buf, dest - buf);
         preserve_original_state(str, escaped);
diff --git a/ext/continuation/depend b/ext/continuation/depend
index b40e52e29b..b395d3d4d7 100644
--- a/ext/continuation/depend
+++ b/ext/continuation/depend
@@ -127,6 +127,7 @@ continuation.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
 continuation.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
 continuation.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
 continuation.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+continuation.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/set.h
 continuation.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
 continuation.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
 continuation.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
diff --git a/ext/coverage/coverage.c b/ext/coverage/coverage.c
index 1519b559cd..1f82193567 100644
--- a/ext/coverage/coverage.c
+++ b/ext/coverage/coverage.c
@@ -337,7 +337,7 @@ coverage_peek_result_i(st_data_t key, st_data_t val, st_data_t h)
  *     Coverage.peek_result  => hash
  *
  * Returns a hash that contains filename as key and coverage array as value.
- * This is the same as `Coverage.result(stop: false, clear: false)`.
+ * This is the same as <tt>Coverage.result(stop: false, clear: false)</tt>.
  *
  *   {
  *     "file.rb" => [1, 2, nil],
@@ -352,7 +352,6 @@ rb_coverage_peek_result(VALUE klass)
     if (!RTEST(coverages)) {
         rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "coverage measurement is not enabled");
     }
-    OBJ_WB_UNPROTECT(coverages);
 
     rb_hash_foreach(coverages, coverage_peek_result_i, ncoverages);
 
diff --git a/ext/coverage/depend b/ext/coverage/depend
index a7d9b7ff7a..fb7f9a95af 100644
--- a/ext/coverage/depend
+++ b/ext/coverage/depend
@@ -140,6 +140,7 @@ coverage.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
 coverage.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
 coverage.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
 coverage.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+coverage.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/set.h
 coverage.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
 coverage.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
 coverage.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
@@ -182,11 +183,11 @@ coverage.o: $(top_srcdir)/id_table.h
 coverage.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal.h
 coverage.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/array.h
 coverage.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/basic_operators.h
+coverage.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/box.h
 coverage.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/compilers.h
 coverage.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/gc.h
 coverage.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/hash.h
 coverage.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/imemo.h
-coverage.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/namespace.h
 coverage.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/sanitizers.h
 coverage.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/serial.h
 coverage.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/set_table.h
diff --git a/ext/coverage/lib/coverage.rb b/ext/coverage/lib/coverage.rb
index f1923ef366..4bd20e22cb 100644
--- a/ext/coverage/lib/coverage.rb
+++ b/ext/coverage/lib/coverage.rb
@@ -1,6 +1,11 @@
 require "coverage.so"
 
 module Coverage
+  # call-seq:
+  #   line_stub(file) -> array
+  #
+  # A simple helper function that creates the "stub" of line coverage
+  # from a given source code.
   def self.line_stub(file)
     lines = File.foreach(file).map { nil }
     iseqs = [RubyVM::InstructionSequence.compile_file(file)]
diff --git a/ext/date/date_core.c b/ext/date/date_core.c
index b80d948b00..9755fb819e 100644
--- a/ext/date/date_core.c
+++ b/ext/date/date_core.c
@@ -452,11 +452,43 @@ do {\
 static int c_valid_civil_p(int, int, int, double,
 			   int *, int *, int *, int *);
 
+/* Check if using pure Gregorian calendar (sg == -Infinity) */
+#define c_gregorian_only_p(sg) (isinf(sg) && (sg) < 0)
+
+/*
+ * Fast path macros for pure Gregorian calendar.
+ * Sets *rjd to the JD value, *ns to 1 (new style), and returns.
+ */
+#define GREGORIAN_JD_FAST_PATH_RET(sg, jd_expr, rjd, ns) \
+    if (c_gregorian_only_p(sg)) { \
+	*(rjd) = (jd_expr); \
+	*(ns) = 1; \
+	return 1; \
+    }
+
+#define GREGORIAN_JD_FAST_PATH(sg, jd_expr, rjd, ns) \
+    if (c_gregorian_only_p(sg)) { \
+	*(rjd) = (jd_expr); \
+	*(ns) = 1; \
+	return; \
+    }
+
+/* Forward declarations for Neri-Schneider optimized functions */
+static int c_gregorian_civil_to_jd(int y, int m, int d);
+static void c_gregorian_jd_to_civil(int jd, int *ry, int *rm, int *rd);
+static int c_gregorian_fdoy(int y);
+static int c_gregorian_ldoy(int y);
+static int c_gregorian_ldom_jd(int y, int m);
+static int ns_jd_in_range(int jd);
+
 static int
 c_find_fdoy(int y, double sg, int *rjd, int *ns)
 {
     int d, rm, rd;
 
+    GREGORIAN_JD_FAST_PATH_RET(sg, c_gregorian_fdoy(y), rjd, ns);
+
+    /* Keep existing loop for Julian/reform period */
     for (d = 1; d < 31; d++)
 	if (c_valid_civil_p(y, 1, d, sg, &rm, &rd, rjd, ns))
 	    return 1;
@@ -468,6 +500,9 @@ c_find_ldoy(int y, double sg, int *rjd, int *ns)
 {
     int i, rm, rd;
 
+    GREGORIAN_JD_FAST_PATH_RET(sg, c_gregorian_ldoy(y), rjd, ns);
+
+    /* Keep existing loop for Julian/reform period */
     for (i = 0; i < 30; i++)
 	if (c_valid_civil_p(y, 12, 31 - i, sg, &rm, &rd, rjd, ns))
 	    return 1;
@@ -493,6 +528,9 @@ c_find_ldom(int y, int m, double sg, int *rjd, int *ns)
 {
     int i, rm, rd;
 
+    GREGORIAN_JD_FAST_PATH_RET(sg, c_gregorian_ldom_jd(y, m), rjd, ns);
+
+    /* Keep existing loop for Julian/reform period */
     for (i = 0; i < 30; i++)
 	if (c_valid_civil_p(y, m, 31 - i, sg, &rm, &rd, rjd, ns))
 	    return 1;
@@ -502,55 +540,69 @@ c_find_ldom(int y, int m, double sg, int *rjd, int *ns)
 static void
 c_civil_to_jd(int y, int m, int d, double sg, int *rjd, int *ns)
 {
-    double a, b, jd;
+    int jd;
+
+    GREGORIAN_JD_FAST_PATH(sg, c_gregorian_civil_to_jd(y, m, d), rjd, ns);
+
+    /* Calculate Gregorian JD using optimized algorithm */
+    jd = c_gregorian_civil_to_jd(y, m, d);
 
-    if (m <= 2) {
-	y -= 1;
-	m += 12;
-    }
-    a = floor(y / 100.0);
-    b = 2 - a + floor(a / 4.0);
-    jd = floor(365.25 * (y + 4716)) +
-	floor(30.6001 * (m + 1)) +
-	d + b - 1524;
     if (jd < sg) {
-	jd -= b;
+	/* Before Gregorian switchover - use Julian calendar */
+	int y2 = y, m2 = m;
+	if (m2 <= 2) {
+	    y2 -= 1;
+	    m2 += 12;
+	}
+	jd = (int)(floor(365.25 * (y2 + 4716)) +
+		   floor(30.6001 * (m2 + 1)) +
+		   d - 1524);
 	*ns = 0;
     }
-    else
+    else {
 	*ns = 1;
+    }
 
-    *rjd = (int)jd;
+    *rjd = jd;
 }
 
 static void
 c_jd_to_civil(int jd, double sg, int *ry, int *rm, int *rdom)
 {
-    double x, a, b, c, d, e, y, m, dom;
-
-    if (jd < sg)
-	a = jd;
-    else {
-	x = floor((jd - 1867216.25) / 36524.25);
-	a = jd + 1 + x - floor(x / 4.0);
-    }
-    b = a + 1524;
-    c = floor((b - 122.1) / 365.25);
-    d = floor(365.25 * c);
-    e = floor((b - d) / 30.6001);
-    dom = b - d - floor(30.6001 * e);
-    if (e <= 13) {
-	m = e - 1;
-	y = c - 4716;
-    }
-    else {
-	m = e - 13;
-	y = c - 4715;
+    /* Fast path: pure Gregorian or date after switchover, within safe range */
+    if ((c_gregorian_only_p(sg) || jd >= sg) && ns_jd_in_range(jd)) {
+	c_gregorian_jd_to_civil(jd, ry, rm, rdom);
+	return;
     }
 
-    *ry = (int)y;
-    *rm = (int)m;
-    *rdom = (int)dom;
+    /* Original algorithm for Julian calendar or extreme dates */
+    {
+	double x, a, b, c, d, e, y, m, dom;
+
+	if (jd < sg)
+	    a = jd;
+	else {
+	    x = floor((jd - 1867216.25) / 36524.25);
+	    a = jd + 1 + x - floor(x / 4.0);
+	}
+	b = a + 1524;
+	c = floor((b - 122.1) / 365.25);
+	d = floor(365.25 * c);
+	e = floor((b - d) / 30.6001);
+	dom = b - d - floor(30.6001 * e);
+	if (e <= 13) {
+	    m = e - 1;
+	    y = c - 4716;
+	}
+	else {
+	    m = e - 13;
+	    y = c - 4715;
+	}
+
+	*ry = (int)y;
+	*rm = (int)m;
+	*rdom = (int)dom;
+    }
 }
 
 static void
@@ -725,6 +777,147 @@ c_gregorian_last_day_of_month(int y, int m)
     return monthtab[c_gregorian_leap_p(y) ? 1 : 0][m];
 }
 
+/*
+ * Neri-Schneider algorithm for optimized Gregorian date conversion.
+ * Reference: Neri & Schneider, "Euclidean Affine Functions and Applications
+ *            to Calendar Algorithms", Software: Practice and Experience, 2023.
+ *            https://arxiv.org/abs/2102.06959
+ *
+ * This algorithm provides ~2-3x speedup over traditional floating-point
+ * implementations by using pure integer arithmetic with multiplication
+ * and bit-shifts instead of expensive division operations.
+ */
+
+/* JDN of March 1, Year 0 in proleptic Gregorian calendar */
+#define NS_EPOCH 1721120
+
+/* Days in a 4-year cycle (3 normal years + 1 leap year) */
+#define NS_DAYS_IN_4_YEARS 1461
+
+/* Days in a 400-year Gregorian cycle (97 leap years in 400 years) */
+#define NS_DAYS_IN_400_YEARS 146097
+
+/* Years per century */
+#define NS_YEARS_PER_CENTURY 100
+
+/*
+ * Multiplier for extracting year within century using fixed-point arithmetic.
+ * This is ceil(2^32 / NS_DAYS_IN_4_YEARS) for the Euclidean affine function.
+ */
+#define NS_YEAR_MULTIPLIER 2939745
+
+/*
+ * Coefficients for month calculation from day-of-year.
+ * Maps day-of-year to month using: month = (NS_MONTH_COEFF * doy + NS_MONTH_OFFSET) >> 16
+ */
+#define NS_MONTH_COEFF 2141
+#define NS_MONTH_OFFSET 197913
+
+/*
+ * Coefficients for civil date to JDN month contribution.
+ * Maps month to accumulated days: days = (NS_CIVIL_MONTH_COEFF * m - NS_CIVIL_MONTH_OFFSET) / 32
+ */
+#define NS_CIVIL_MONTH_COEFF 979
+#define NS_CIVIL_MONTH_OFFSET 2919
+#define NS_CIVIL_MONTH_DIVISOR 32
+
+/* Days from March 1 to December 31 (for Jan/Feb year adjustment) */
+#define NS_DAYS_BEFORE_NEW_YEAR 306
+
+/*
+ * Safe bounds for Neri-Schneider algorithm to avoid integer overflow.
+ * These correspond to approximately years -1,000,000 to +1,000,000.
+ */
+#define NS_JD_MIN -364000000
+#define NS_JD_MAX  538000000
+
+inline static int
+ns_jd_in_range(int jd)
+{
+    return jd >= NS_JD_MIN && jd <= NS_JD_MAX;
+}
+
+/* Optimized: Gregorian date -> Julian Day Number */
+static int
+c_gregorian_civil_to_jd(int y, int m, int d)
+{
+    /* Shift epoch to March 1 of year 0 (Jan/Feb belong to previous year) */
+    int j = (m < 3) ? 1 : 0;
+    int y0 = y - j;
+    int m0 = j ? m + 12 : m;
+    int d0 = d - 1;
+
+    /* Calculate year contribution with leap year correction */
+    int q1 = DIV(y0, NS_YEARS_PER_CENTURY);
+    int yc = DIV(NS_DAYS_IN_4_YEARS * y0, 4) - q1 + DIV(q1, 4);
+
+    /* Calculate month contribution using integer arithmetic */
+    int mc = (NS_CIVIL_MONTH_COEFF * m0 - NS_CIVIL_MONTH_OFFSET) / NS_CIVIL_MONTH_DIVISOR;
+
+    /* Combine and add epoch offset to get JDN */
+    return yc + mc + d0 + NS_EPOCH;
+}
+
+/* Optimized: Julian Day Number -> Gregorian date */
+static void
+c_gregorian_jd_to_civil(int jd, int *ry, int *rm, int *rd)
+{
+    int r0, n1, q1, r1, n2, q2, r2, n3, q3, r3, y0, j;
+    uint64_t u2;
+
+    /* Convert JDN to rata die (March 1, Year 0 epoch) */
+    r0 = jd - NS_EPOCH;
+
+    /* Extract century and day within 400-year cycle */
+    /* Use Euclidean (floor) division for negative values */
+    n1 = 4 * r0 + 3;
+    q1 = DIV(n1, NS_DAYS_IN_400_YEARS);
+    r1 = MOD(n1, NS_DAYS_IN_400_YEARS) / 4;
+
+    /* Calculate year within century and day of year */
+    n2 = 4 * r1 + 3;
+    /* Use 64-bit arithmetic to avoid overflow */
+    u2 = (uint64_t)NS_YEAR_MULTIPLIER * (uint64_t)n2;
+    q2 = (int)(u2 >> 32);
+    r2 = (int)((uint32_t)u2 / NS_YEAR_MULTIPLIER / 4);
+
+    /* Calculate month and day using integer arithmetic */
+    n3 = NS_MONTH_COEFF * r2 + NS_MONTH_OFFSET;
+    q3 = n3 >> 16;
+    r3 = (n3 & 0xFFFF) / NS_MONTH_COEFF;
+
+    /* Combine century and year */
+    y0 = NS_YEARS_PER_CENTURY * q1 + q2;
+
+    /* Adjust for January/February (shift from fiscal year) */
+    j = (r2 >= NS_DAYS_BEFORE_NEW_YEAR) ? 1 : 0;
+
+    *ry = y0 + j;
+    *rm = j ? q3 - 12 : q3;
+    *rd = r3 + 1;
+}
+
+/* O(1) first day of year for Gregorian calendar */
+inline static int
+c_gregorian_fdoy(int y)
+{
+    return c_gregorian_civil_to_jd(y, 1, 1);
+}
+
+/* O(1) last day of year for Gregorian calendar */
+inline static int
+c_gregorian_ldoy(int y)
+{
+    return c_gregorian_civil_to_jd(y, 12, 31);
+}
+
+/* O(1) last day of month (JDN) for Gregorian calendar */
+inline static int
+c_gregorian_ldom_jd(int y, int m)
+{
+    return c_gregorian_civil_to_jd(y, m, c_gregorian_last_day_of_month(y, m));
+}
+
 static int
 c_valid_julian_p(int y, int m, int d, int *rm, int *rd)
 {
@@ -1599,7 +1792,7 @@ m_ajd(union DateData *x)
 
     if (simple_dat_p(x)) {
 	r = m_real_jd(x);
-	if (FIXNUM_P(r) && FIX2LONG(r) <= (FIXNUM_MAX / 2)) {
+	if (FIXNUM_P(r) && FIX2LONG(r) <= (FIXNUM_MAX / 2) && FIX2LONG(r) >= (FIXNUM_MIN + 1) / 2) {
 	    long ir = FIX2LONG(r);
 	    ir = ir * 2 - 1;
 	    return rb_rational_new2(LONG2FIX(ir), INT2FIX(2));
@@ -2498,7 +2691,7 @@ date_s__valid_jd_p(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE klass)
  *
  *   Date.valid_jd?(2451944) # => true
  *
- * See argument {start}[rdoc-ref:date/calendars.rdoc@Argument+start].
+ * See argument {start}[rdoc-ref:language/calendars.rdoc@Argument+start].
  *
  * Related: Date.jd.
  */
@@ -2592,7 +2785,7 @@ date_s__valid_civil_p(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE klass)
  *   Date.valid_date?(2001, 2, 29) # => false
  *   Date.valid_date?(2001, 2, -1) # => true
  *
- * See argument {start}[rdoc-ref:date/calendars.rdoc@Argument+start].
+ * See argument {start}[rdoc-ref:language/calendars.rdoc@Argument+start].
  *
  * Related: Date.jd, Date.new.
  */
@@ -2680,7 +2873,7 @@ date_s__valid_ordinal_p(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE klass)
  *   Date.valid_ordinal?(2001, 34)  # => true
  *   Date.valid_ordinal?(2001, 366) # => false
  *
- * See argument {start}[rdoc-ref:date/calendars.rdoc@Argument+start].
+ * See argument {start}[rdoc-ref:language/calendars.rdoc@Argument+start].
  *
  * Related: Date.jd, Date.ordinal.
  */
@@ -2770,7 +2963,7 @@ date_s__valid_commercial_p(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE klass)
  *
  * See Date.commercial.
  *
- * See argument {start}[rdoc-ref:date/calendars.rdoc@Argument+start].
+ * See argument {start}[rdoc-ref:language/calendars.rdoc@Argument+start].
  *
  * Related: Date.jd, Date.commercial.
  */
@@ -3350,7 +3543,7 @@ static VALUE d_lite_plus(VALUE, VALUE);
  *
  *     Date.jd(Date::ITALY - 1).julian?    # => true
  *
- * See argument {start}[rdoc-ref:date/calendars.rdoc@Argument+start].
+ * See argument {start}[rdoc-ref:language/calendars.rdoc@Argument+start].
  *
  * Related: Date.new.
  */
@@ -3415,7 +3608,7 @@ date_s_jd(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE klass)
  *
  * Raises an exception if +yday+ is zero or out of range.
  *
- * See argument {start}[rdoc-ref:date/calendars.rdoc@Argument+start].
+ * See argument {start}[rdoc-ref:language/calendars.rdoc@Argument+start].
  *
  * Related: Date.jd, Date.new.
  */
@@ -3492,7 +3685,7 @@ date_s_civil(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE klass)
  * where +n+ is the number of days in the month;
  * when the argument is negative, counts backward from the end of the month.
  *
- * See argument {start}[rdoc-ref:date/calendars.rdoc@Argument+start].
+ * See argument {start}[rdoc-ref:language/calendars.rdoc@Argument+start].
  *
  * Related: Date.jd.
  */
@@ -3598,7 +3791,7 @@ date_initialize(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
  *     Date.commercial(2020, 1, 1).to_s # => "2019-12-30"
        Date.commercial(2020, 1, 7).to_s # => "2020-01-05"
  *
- * See argument {start}[rdoc-ref:date/calendars.rdoc@Argument+start].
+ * See argument {start}[rdoc-ref:language/calendars.rdoc@Argument+start].
  *
  * Related: Date.jd, Date.new, Date.ordinal.
  */
@@ -3783,7 +3976,7 @@ static void set_sg(union DateData *, double);
  *
  *   Date.today.to_s # => "2022-07-06"
  *
- * See argument {start}[rdoc-ref:date/calendars.rdoc@Argument+start].
+ * See argument {start}[rdoc-ref:language/calendars.rdoc@Argument+start].
  *
  */
 static VALUE
@@ -3878,7 +4071,6 @@ static VALUE
 rt_complete_frags(VALUE klass, VALUE hash)
 {
     static VALUE tab = Qnil;
-    int g;
     long e;
     VALUE k, a, d;
 
@@ -3975,9 +4167,13 @@ rt_complete_frags(VALUE klass, VALUE hash)
 	rb_gc_register_mark_object(tab);
     }
 
+    k = a = Qnil;
+
     {
-	long i, eno = 0, idx = 0;
+	long i, eno = 0;
+	VALUE t = Qnil;
 
+	e = 0;
 	for (i = 0; i < RARRAY_LEN(tab); i++) {
 	    VALUE x, a;
 
@@ -3992,23 +4188,20 @@ rt_complete_frags(VALUE klass, VALUE hash)
 			n++;
 		if (n > eno) {
 		    eno = n;
-		    idx = i;
+		    t = x;
 		}
 	    }
 	}
-	if (eno == 0)
-	    g = 0;
-	else {
-	    g = 1;
-	    k = RARRAY_AREF(RARRAY_AREF(tab, idx), 0);
-	    a = RARRAY_AREF(RARRAY_AREF(tab, idx), 1);
-	    e =	eno;
+	if (eno > 0) {
+	    k = RARRAY_AREF(t, 0);
+	    a = RARRAY_AREF(t, 1);
 	}
+	e = eno;
     }
 
     d = Qnil;
 
-    if (g && !NIL_P(k) && (RARRAY_LEN(a) - e)) {
+    if (!NIL_P(k) && (RARRAY_LEN(a) > e)) {
 	if (k == sym("ordinal")) {
 	    if (NIL_P(ref_hash("year"))) {
 		if (NIL_P(d))
@@ -4095,7 +4288,7 @@ rt_complete_frags(VALUE klass, VALUE hash)
 	}
     }
 
-    if (g && k == sym("time")) {
+    if (k == sym("time")) {
 	if (f_le_p(klass, cDateTime)) {
 	    if (NIL_P(d))
 		d = date_s_today(0, (VALUE *)0, cDate);
@@ -4383,7 +4576,7 @@ date_s__strptime_internal(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE klass,
  *   Date._strptime('2001-02-03', '%Y-%m-%d') # => {:year=>2001, :mon=>2, :mday=>3}
  *
  * For other formats, see
- * {Formats for Dates and Times}[rdoc-ref:strftime_formatting.rdoc].
+ * {Formats for Dates and Times}[rdoc-ref:language/strftime_formatting.rdoc].
  * (Unlike Date.strftime, does not support flags and width.)
  *
  * See also {strptime(3)}[https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man3/strptime.3.html].
@@ -4412,10 +4605,10 @@ date_s__strptime(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE klass)
  *   Date.strptime('sat3feb01', '%a%d%b%y')   # => #<Date: 2001-02-03>
  *
  * For other formats, see
- * {Formats for Dates and Times}[rdoc-ref:strftime_formatting.rdoc].
+ * {Formats for Dates and Times}[rdoc-ref:language/strftime_formatting.rdoc].
  * (Unlike Date.strftime, does not support flags and width.)
  *
- * See argument {start}[rdoc-ref:date/calendars.rdoc@Argument+start].
+ * See argument {start}[rdoc-ref:language/calendars.rdoc@Argument+start].
  *
  * See also {strptime(3)}[https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man3/strptime.3.html].
  *
@@ -4464,11 +4657,10 @@ get_limit(VALUE opt)
 #define rb_category_warn(category, fmt) rb_warn(fmt)
 #endif
 
-static void
+static VALUE
 check_limit(VALUE str, VALUE opt)
 {
     size_t slen, limit;
-    if (NIL_P(str)) return;
     StringValue(str);
     slen = RSTRING_LEN(str);
     limit = get_limit(opt);
@@ -4476,6 +4668,7 @@ check_limit(VALUE str, VALUE opt)
 	rb_raise(rb_eArgError,
 		 "string length (%"PRI_SIZE_PREFIX"u) exceeds the limit %"PRI_SIZE_PREFIX"u", slen, limit);
     }
+    return str;
 }
 
 static VALUE
@@ -4484,8 +4677,7 @@ date_s__parse_internal(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE klass)
     VALUE vstr, vcomp, hash, opt;
 
     argc = rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "11:", &vstr, &vcomp, &opt);
-    check_limit(vstr, opt);
-    StringValue(vstr);
+    vstr = check_limit(vstr, opt);
     if (!rb_enc_str_asciicompat_p(vstr))
 	rb_raise(rb_eArgError,
 		 "string should have ASCII compatible encoding");
@@ -4505,7 +4697,7 @@ date_s__parse_internal(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE klass)
  * This method recognizes many forms in +string+,
  * but it is not a validator.
  * For formats, see
- * {"Specialized Format Strings" in Formats for Dates and Times}[rdoc-ref:strftime_formatting.rdoc@Specialized+Format+Strings]
+ * {"Specialized Format Strings" in Formats for Dates and Times}[rdoc-ref:language/strftime_formatting.rdoc@Specialized+Format+Strings]
  *
  * If +string+ does not specify a valid date,
  * the result is unpredictable;
@@ -4540,7 +4732,7 @@ date_s__parse(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE klass)
  * This method recognizes many forms in +string+,
  * but it is not a validator.
  * For formats, see
- * {"Specialized Format Strings" in Formats for Dates and Times}[rdoc-ref:strftime_formatting.rdoc@Specialized+Format+Strings]
+ * {"Specialized Format Strings" in Formats for Dates and Times}[rdoc-ref:language/strftime_formatting.rdoc@Specialized+Format+Strings]
  * If +string+ does not specify a valid date,
  * the result is unpredictable;
  * consider using Date._strptime instead.
@@ -4560,7 +4752,7 @@ date_s__parse(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE klass)
  *
  * See:
  *
- * - Argument {start}[rdoc-ref:date/calendars.rdoc@Argument+start].
+ * - Argument {start}[rdoc-ref:language/calendars.rdoc@Argument+start].
  * - Argument {limit}[rdoc-ref:Date@Argument+limit].
  *
  * Related: Date._parse (returns a hash).
@@ -4604,7 +4796,7 @@ VALUE date__jisx0301(VALUE);
  *   Date._iso8601(string, limit: 128) -> hash
  *
  * Returns a hash of values parsed from +string+, which should contain
- * an {ISO 8601 formatted date}[rdoc-ref:strftime_formatting.rdoc@ISO+8601+Format+Specifications]:
+ * an {ISO 8601 formatted date}[rdoc-ref:language/strftime_formatting.rdoc@ISO+8601+Format+Specifications]:
  *
  *   d = Date.new(2001, 2, 3)
  *   s = d.iso8601    # => "2001-02-03"
@@ -4620,7 +4812,7 @@ date_s__iso8601(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE klass)
     VALUE str, opt;
 
     rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "1:", &str, &opt);
-    check_limit(str, opt);
+    if (!NIL_P(str)) str = check_limit(str, opt);
 
     return date__iso8601(str);
 }
@@ -4631,7 +4823,7 @@ date_s__iso8601(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE klass)
  *
  * Returns a new \Date object with values parsed from +string+,
  * which should contain
- * an {ISO 8601 formatted date}[rdoc-ref:strftime_formatting.rdoc@ISO+8601+Format+Specifications]:
+ * an {ISO 8601 formatted date}[rdoc-ref:language/strftime_formatting.rdoc@ISO+8601+Format+Specifications]:
  *
  *   d = Date.new(2001, 2, 3)
  *   s = d.iso8601   # => "2001-02-03"
@@ -4639,7 +4831,7 @@ date_s__iso8601(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE klass)
  *
  * See:
  *
- * - Argument {start}[rdoc-ref:date/calendars.rdoc@Argument+start].
+ * - Argument {start}[rdoc-ref:language/calendars.rdoc@Argument+start].
  * - Argument {limit}[rdoc-ref:Date@Argument+limit].
  *
  * Related: Date._iso8601 (returns a hash).
@@ -4673,7 +4865,7 @@ date_s_iso8601(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE klass)
  *   Date._rfc3339(string, limit: 128) -> hash
  *
  * Returns a hash of values parsed from +string+, which should be a valid
- * {RFC 3339 format}[rdoc-ref:strftime_formatting.rdoc@RFC+3339+Format]:
+ * {RFC 3339 format}[rdoc-ref:language/strftime_formatting.rdoc@RFC+3339+Format]:
  *
  *   d = Date.new(2001, 2, 3)
  *   s = d.rfc3339     # => "2001-02-03T00:00:00+00:00"
@@ -4690,7 +4882,7 @@ date_s__rfc3339(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE klass)
     VALUE str, opt;
 
     rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "1:", &str, &opt);
-    check_limit(str, opt);
+    if (!NIL_P(str)) str = check_limit(str, opt);
 
     return date__rfc3339(str);
 }
@@ -4701,7 +4893,7 @@ date_s__rfc3339(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE klass)
  *
  * Returns a new \Date object with values parsed from +string+,
  * which should be a valid
- * {RFC 3339 format}[rdoc-ref:strftime_formatting.rdoc@RFC+3339+Format]:
+ * {RFC 3339 format}[rdoc-ref:language/strftime_formatting.rdoc@RFC+3339+Format]:
  *
  *   d = Date.new(2001, 2, 3)
  *   s = d.rfc3339   # => "2001-02-03T00:00:00+00:00"
@@ -4709,7 +4901,7 @@ date_s__rfc3339(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE klass)
  *
  * See:
  *
- * - Argument {start}[rdoc-ref:date/calendars.rdoc@Argument+start].
+ * - Argument {start}[rdoc-ref:language/calendars.rdoc@Argument+start].
  * - Argument {limit}[rdoc-ref:Date@Argument+limit].
  *
  * Related: Date._rfc3339 (returns a hash).
@@ -4759,7 +4951,7 @@ date_s__xmlschema(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE klass)
     VALUE str, opt;
 
     rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "1:", &str, &opt);
-    check_limit(str, opt);
+    if (!NIL_P(str)) str = check_limit(str, opt);
 
     return date__xmlschema(str);
 }
@@ -4777,7 +4969,7 @@ date_s__xmlschema(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE klass)
  *
  * See:
  *
- * - Argument {start}[rdoc-ref:date/calendars.rdoc@Argument+start].
+ * - Argument {start}[rdoc-ref:language/calendars.rdoc@Argument+start].
  * - Argument {limit}[rdoc-ref:Date@Argument+limit].
  *
  * Related: Date._xmlschema (returns a hash).
@@ -4811,7 +5003,7 @@ date_s_xmlschema(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE klass)
  *   Date._rfc2822(string, limit: 128) -> hash
  *
  * Returns a hash of values parsed from +string+, which should be a valid
- * {RFC 2822 date format}[rdoc-ref:strftime_formatting.rdoc@RFC+2822+Format]:
+ * {RFC 2822 date format}[rdoc-ref:language/strftime_formatting.rdoc@RFC+2822+Format]:
  *
  *   d = Date.new(2001, 2, 3)
  *   s = d.rfc2822 # => "Sat, 3 Feb 2001 00:00:00 +0000"
@@ -4828,7 +5020,7 @@ date_s__rfc2822(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE klass)
     VALUE str, opt;
 
     rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "1:", &str, &opt);
-    check_limit(str, opt);
+    if (!NIL_P(str)) str = check_limit(str, opt);
 
     return date__rfc2822(str);
 }
@@ -4839,7 +5031,7 @@ date_s__rfc2822(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE klass)
  *
  * Returns a new \Date object with values parsed from +string+,
  * which should be a valid
- * {RFC 2822 date format}[rdoc-ref:strftime_formatting.rdoc@RFC+2822+Format]:
+ * {RFC 2822 date format}[rdoc-ref:language/strftime_formatting.rdoc@RFC+2822+Format]:
  *
  *   d = Date.new(2001, 2, 3)
  *   s = d.rfc2822   # => "Sat, 3 Feb 2001 00:00:00 +0000"
@@ -4847,7 +5039,7 @@ date_s__rfc2822(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE klass)
  *
  * See:
  *
- * - Argument {start}[rdoc-ref:date/calendars.rdoc@Argument+start].
+ * - Argument {start}[rdoc-ref:language/calendars.rdoc@Argument+start].
  * - Argument {limit}[rdoc-ref:Date@Argument+limit].
  *
  * Related: Date._rfc2822 (returns a hash).
@@ -4881,7 +5073,7 @@ date_s_rfc2822(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE klass)
  *   Date._httpdate(string, limit: 128) -> hash
  *
  * Returns a hash of values parsed from +string+, which should be a valid
- * {HTTP date format}[rdoc-ref:strftime_formatting.rdoc@HTTP+Format]:
+ * {HTTP date format}[rdoc-ref:language/strftime_formatting.rdoc@HTTP+Format]:
  *
  *   d = Date.new(2001, 2, 3)
  *   s = d.httpdate # => "Sat, 03 Feb 2001 00:00:00 GMT"
@@ -4896,7 +5088,7 @@ date_s__httpdate(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE klass)
     VALUE str, opt;
 
     rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "1:", &str, &opt);
-    check_limit(str, opt);
+    if (!NIL_P(str)) str = check_limit(str, opt);
 
     return date__httpdate(str);
 }
@@ -4907,7 +5099,7 @@ date_s__httpdate(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE klass)
  *
  * Returns a new \Date object with values parsed from +string+,
  * which should be a valid
- * {HTTP date format}[rdoc-ref:strftime_formatting.rdoc@HTTP+Format]:
+ * {HTTP date format}[rdoc-ref:language/strftime_formatting.rdoc@HTTP+Format]:
  *
  *   d = Date.new(2001, 2, 3)
      s = d.httpdate   # => "Sat, 03 Feb 2001 00:00:00 GMT"
@@ -4915,7 +5107,7 @@ date_s__httpdate(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE klass)
  *
  * See:
  *
- * - Argument {start}[rdoc-ref:date/calendars.rdoc@Argument+start].
+ * - Argument {start}[rdoc-ref:language/calendars.rdoc@Argument+start].
  * - Argument {limit}[rdoc-ref:Date@Argument+limit].
  *
  * Related: Date._httpdate (returns a hash).
@@ -4949,7 +5141,7 @@ date_s_httpdate(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE klass)
  *   Date._jisx0301(string, limit: 128) -> hash
  *
  * Returns a hash of values parsed from +string+, which should be a valid
- * {JIS X 0301 date format}[rdoc-ref:strftime_formatting.rdoc@JIS+X+0301+Format]:
+ * {JIS X 0301 date format}[rdoc-ref:language/strftime_formatting.rdoc@JIS+X+0301+Format]:
  *
  *   d = Date.new(2001, 2, 3)
  *   s = d.jisx0301    # => "H13.02.03"
@@ -4965,7 +5157,7 @@ date_s__jisx0301(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE klass)
     VALUE str, opt;
 
     rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "1:", &str, &opt);
-    check_limit(str, opt);
+    if (!NIL_P(str)) str = check_limit(str, opt);
 
     return date__jisx0301(str);
 }
@@ -4975,7 +5167,7 @@ date_s__jisx0301(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE klass)
  *   Date.jisx0301(string = '-4712-01-01', start = Date::ITALY, limit: 128) -> date
  *
  * Returns a new \Date object with values parsed from +string+,
- * which should be a valid {JIS X 0301 format}[rdoc-ref:strftime_formatting.rdoc@JIS+X+0301+Format]:
+ * which should be a valid {JIS X 0301 format}[rdoc-ref:language/strftime_formatting.rdoc@JIS+X+0301+Format]:
  *
  *   d = Date.new(2001, 2, 3)
  *   s = d.jisx0301   # => "H13.02.03"
@@ -4987,7 +5179,7 @@ date_s__jisx0301(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE klass)
  *
  * See:
  *
- * - Argument {start}[rdoc-ref:date/calendars.rdoc@Argument+start].
+ * - Argument {start}[rdoc-ref:language/calendars.rdoc@Argument+start].
  * - Argument {limit}[rdoc-ref:Date@Argument+limit].
  *
  * Related: Date._jisx0301 (returns a hash).
@@ -5745,7 +5937,7 @@ d_lite_leap_p(VALUE self)
  *   Date.new(2001, 2, 3, Date::GREGORIAN).start # => -Infinity
  *   Date.new(2001, 2, 3, Date::JULIAN).start    # => Infinity
  *
- * See argument {start}[rdoc-ref:date/calendars.rdoc@Argument+start].
+ * See argument {start}[rdoc-ref:language/calendars.rdoc@Argument+start].
  *
  */
 static VALUE
@@ -5820,7 +6012,7 @@ dup_obj_with_new_start(VALUE obj, double sg)
  *   d1 = d0.new_start(Date::JULIAN)
  *   d1.julian? # => true
  *
- * See argument {start}[rdoc-ref:date/calendars.rdoc@Argument+start].
+ * See argument {start}[rdoc-ref:language/calendars.rdoc@Argument+start].
  *
  */
 static VALUE
@@ -6936,13 +7128,24 @@ d_lite_eql_p(VALUE self, VALUE other)
 static VALUE
 d_lite_hash(VALUE self)
 {
-    st_index_t v, h[4];
+    st_index_t v, h[5];
+    VALUE nth;
 
     get_d1(self);
-    h[0] = m_nth(dat);
-    h[1] = m_jd(dat);
-    h[2] = m_df(dat);
-    h[3] = m_sf(dat);
+    nth = m_nth(dat);
+
+    if (FIXNUM_P(nth)) {
+        h[0] = 0;
+        h[1] = (st_index_t)nth;
+    } else {
+        h[0] = 1;
+        h[1] = (st_index_t)FIX2LONG(rb_hash(nth));
+    }
+
+    h[2] = m_jd(dat);
+    h[3] = m_df(dat);
+    h[4] = m_sf(dat);
+
     v = rb_memhash(h, sizeof(h));
     return ST2FIX(v);
 }
@@ -6957,7 +7160,7 @@ static VALUE strftimev(const char *, VALUE,
  *   to_s -> string
  *
  * Returns a string representation of the date in +self+
- * in {ISO 8601 extended date format}[rdoc-ref:strftime_formatting.rdoc@ISO+8601+Format+Specifications]
+ * in {ISO 8601 extended date format}[rdoc-ref:language/strftime_formatting.rdoc@ISO+8601+Format+Specifications]
  * (<tt>'%Y-%m-%d'</tt>):
  *
  *   Date.new(2001, 2, 3).to_s # => "2001-02-03"
@@ -7238,7 +7441,7 @@ date_strftime_internal(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self,
  *   Date.new(2001, 2, 3).strftime # => "2001-02-03"
  *
  * For other formats, see
- * {Formats for Dates and Times}[rdoc-ref:strftime_formatting.rdoc].
+ * {Formats for Dates and Times}[rdoc-ref:language/strftime_formatting.rdoc].
  *
  */
 static VALUE
@@ -7270,7 +7473,7 @@ strftimev(const char *fmt, VALUE self,
  *   asctime -> string
  *
  * Equivalent to #strftime with argument <tt>'%a %b %e %T %Y'</tt>
- * (or its {shorthand form}[rdoc-ref:strftime_formatting.rdoc@Shorthand+Conversion+Specifiers]
+ * (or its {shorthand form}[rdoc-ref:language/strftime_formatting.rdoc@Shorthand+Conversion+Specifiers]
  * <tt>'%c'</tt>):
  *
  *   Date.new(2001, 2, 3).asctime # => "Sat Feb  3 00:00:00 2001"
@@ -7289,7 +7492,7 @@ d_lite_asctime(VALUE self)
  *   iso8601    ->  string
  *
  * Equivalent to #strftime with argument <tt>'%Y-%m-%d'</tt>
- * (or its {shorthand form}[rdoc-ref:strftime_formatting.rdoc@Shorthand+Conversion+Specifiers]
+ * (or its {shorthand form}[rdoc-ref:language/strftime_formatting.rdoc@Shorthand+Conversion+Specifiers]
  * <tt>'%F'</tt>);
  *
  *   Date.new(2001, 2, 3).iso8601 # => "2001-02-03"
@@ -7306,7 +7509,7 @@ d_lite_iso8601(VALUE self)
  *   rfc3339 -> string
  *
  * Equivalent to #strftime with argument <tt>'%FT%T%:z'</tt>;
- * see {Formats for Dates and Times}[rdoc-ref:strftime_formatting.rdoc]:
+ * see {Formats for Dates and Times}[rdoc-ref:language/strftime_formatting.rdoc]:
  *
  *   Date.new(2001, 2, 3).rfc3339 # => "2001-02-03T00:00:00+00:00"
  *
@@ -7322,7 +7525,7 @@ d_lite_rfc3339(VALUE self)
  *   rfc2822 -> string
  *
  * Equivalent to #strftime with argument <tt>'%a, %-d %b %Y %T %z'</tt>;
- * see {Formats for Dates and Times}[rdoc-ref:strftime_formatting.rdoc]:
+ * see {Formats for Dates and Times}[rdoc-ref:language/strftime_formatting.rdoc]:
  *
  *   Date.new(2001, 2, 3).rfc2822 # => "Sat, 3 Feb 2001 00:00:00 +0000"
  *
@@ -7338,7 +7541,7 @@ d_lite_rfc2822(VALUE self)
  *   httpdate -> string
  *
  * Equivalent to #strftime with argument <tt>'%a, %d %b %Y %T GMT'</tt>;
- * see {Formats for Dates and Times}[rdoc-ref:strftime_formatting.rdoc]:
+ * see {Formats for Dates and Times}[rdoc-ref:language/strftime_formatting.rdoc]:
  *
  *   Date.new(2001, 2, 3).httpdate # => "Sat, 03 Feb 2001 00:00:00 GMT"
  *
@@ -7517,10 +7720,7 @@ d_lite_marshal_dump_old(VALUE self)
 		    m_of_in_day(dat),
 		    DBL2NUM(m_sg(dat)));
 
-    if (FL_TEST(self, FL_EXIVAR)) {
-	rb_copy_generic_ivar(a, self);
-	FL_SET(a, FL_EXIVAR);
-    }
+    rb_copy_generic_ivar(a, self);
 
     return a;
 }
@@ -7542,10 +7742,8 @@ d_lite_marshal_dump(VALUE self)
 		    INT2FIX(m_of(dat)),
 		    DBL2NUM(m_sg(dat)));
 
-    if (FL_TEST(self, FL_EXIVAR)) {
-	rb_copy_generic_ivar(a, self);
-	FL_SET(a, FL_EXIVAR);
-    }
+
+    rb_copy_generic_ivar(a, self);
 
     return a;
 }
@@ -7618,10 +7816,7 @@ d_lite_marshal_load(VALUE self, VALUE a)
 		       HAVE_JD | HAVE_DF);
     }
 
-    if (FL_TEST(a, FL_EXIVAR)) {
-	rb_copy_generic_ivar(self, a);
-	FL_SET(self, FL_EXIVAR);
-    }
+    rb_copy_generic_ivar(self, a);
 
     return self;
 }
@@ -8715,7 +8910,7 @@ dt_lite_to_s(VALUE self)
  *   DateTime.now.strftime # => "2022-07-01T11:03:19-05:00"
  *
  * For other formats,
- * see {Formats for Dates and Times}[rdoc-ref:strftime_formatting.rdoc]:
+ * see {Formats for Dates and Times}[rdoc-ref:language/strftime_formatting.rdoc]:
  *
  */
 static VALUE
@@ -9494,6 +9689,7 @@ Init_date_core(void)
     sym_zone = ID2SYM(rb_intern_const("zone"));
 
     half_days_in_day = rb_rational_new2(INT2FIX(1), INT2FIX(2));
+    rb_gc_register_mark_object(half_days_in_day);
 
 #if (LONG_MAX / DAY_IN_SECONDS) > SECOND_IN_NANOSECONDS
     day_in_nanoseconds = LONG2NUM((long)DAY_IN_SECONDS *
@@ -9505,8 +9701,6 @@ Init_date_core(void)
     day_in_nanoseconds = f_mul(INT2FIX(DAY_IN_SECONDS),
 			       INT2FIX(SECOND_IN_NANOSECONDS));
 #endif
-
-    rb_gc_register_mark_object(half_days_in_day);
     rb_gc_register_mark_object(day_in_nanoseconds);
 
     positive_inf = +INFINITY;
@@ -9522,7 +9716,7 @@ Init_date_core(void)
      *
      * - You need both dates and times; \Date handles only dates.
      * - You need only Gregorian dates (and not Julian dates);
-     *   see {Julian and Gregorian Calendars}[rdoc-ref:date/calendars.rdoc].
+     *   see {Julian and Gregorian Calendars}[rdoc-ref:language/calendars.rdoc].
      *
      * A \Date object, once created, is immutable, and cannot be modified.
      *
@@ -9569,7 +9763,7 @@ Init_date_core(void)
      *     Date.strptime('fri31dec99', '%a%d%b%y')  # => #<Date: 1999-12-31>
      *
      * See also the specialized methods in
-     * {"Specialized Format Strings" in Formats for Dates and Times}[rdoc-ref:strftime_formatting.rdoc@Specialized+Format+Strings]
+     * {"Specialized Format Strings" in Formats for Dates and Times}[rdoc-ref:language/strftime_formatting.rdoc@Specialized+Format+Strings]
      *
      * == Argument +limit+
      *
diff --git a/ext/date/depend b/ext/date/depend
index d07f10a593..4fb78149a1 100644
--- a/ext/date/depend
+++ b/ext/date/depend
@@ -138,6 +138,7 @@ date_core.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
 date_core.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
 date_core.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
 date_core.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+date_core.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/set.h
 date_core.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
 date_core.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
 date_core.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
@@ -313,6 +314,7 @@ date_parse.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
 date_parse.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
 date_parse.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
 date_parse.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+date_parse.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/set.h
 date_parse.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
 date_parse.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
 date_parse.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
@@ -478,6 +480,7 @@ date_strftime.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
 date_strftime.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
 date_strftime.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
 date_strftime.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+date_strftime.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/set.h
 date_strftime.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
 date_strftime.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
 date_strftime.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
@@ -650,6 +653,7 @@ date_strptime.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
 date_strptime.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
 date_strptime.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
 date_strptime.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+date_strptime.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/set.h
 date_strptime.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
 date_strptime.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
 date_strptime.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
diff --git a/ext/date/lib/date.rb b/ext/date/lib/date.rb
index aa630eb6d1..0cb763017f 100644
--- a/ext/date/lib/date.rb
+++ b/ext/date/lib/date.rb
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
 require 'date_core'
 
 class Date
-  VERSION = "3.4.1" # :nodoc:
+  VERSION = "3.5.1" # :nodoc:
 
   # call-seq:
   #   infinite? -> false
diff --git a/ext/digest/bubblebabble/depend b/ext/digest/bubblebabble/depend
index 0da9c223ee..02d88e960c 100644
--- a/ext/digest/bubblebabble/depend
+++ b/ext/digest/bubblebabble/depend
@@ -128,6 +128,7 @@ bubblebabble.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
 bubblebabble.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
 bubblebabble.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
 bubblebabble.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+bubblebabble.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/set.h
 bubblebabble.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
 bubblebabble.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
 bubblebabble.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
diff --git a/ext/digest/depend b/ext/digest/depend
index cb9e8d4813..3eabb1d1d6 100644
--- a/ext/digest/depend
+++ b/ext/digest/depend
@@ -128,6 +128,7 @@ digest.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
 digest.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
 digest.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
 digest.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+digest.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/set.h
 digest.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
 digest.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
 digest.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
diff --git a/ext/digest/lib/digest/version.rb b/ext/digest/lib/digest/version.rb
index 854106165c..a56e80c54e 100644
--- a/ext/digest/lib/digest/version.rb
+++ b/ext/digest/lib/digest/version.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true
 
 module Digest
-  VERSION = "3.2.0"
+  # The version string
+  VERSION = "3.2.1"
 end
diff --git a/ext/digest/md5/depend b/ext/digest/md5/depend
index e71915e5b4..d1c25c28c8 100644
--- a/ext/digest/md5/depend
+++ b/ext/digest/md5/depend
@@ -131,6 +131,7 @@ md5.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
 md5.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
 md5.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
 md5.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+md5.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/set.h
 md5.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
 md5.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
 md5.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
@@ -293,6 +294,7 @@ md5init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
 md5init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
 md5init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
 md5init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+md5init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/set.h
 md5init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
 md5init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
 md5init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
diff --git a/ext/digest/rmd160/depend b/ext/digest/rmd160/depend
index 09558ad92b..aec484f7b3 100644
--- a/ext/digest/rmd160/depend
+++ b/ext/digest/rmd160/depend
@@ -131,6 +131,7 @@ rmd160.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
 rmd160.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
 rmd160.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
 rmd160.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+rmd160.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/set.h
 rmd160.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
 rmd160.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
 rmd160.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
@@ -293,6 +294,7 @@ rmd160init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
 rmd160init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
 rmd160init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
 rmd160init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+rmd160init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/set.h
 rmd160init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
 rmd160init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
 rmd160init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
diff --git a/ext/digest/sha1/depend b/ext/digest/sha1/depend
index 827b8a0852..e6bd9d8f73 100644
--- a/ext/digest/sha1/depend
+++ b/ext/digest/sha1/depend
@@ -131,6 +131,7 @@ sha1.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
 sha1.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
 sha1.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
 sha1.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+sha1.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/set.h
 sha1.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
 sha1.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
 sha1.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
@@ -293,6 +294,7 @@ sha1init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
 sha1init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
 sha1init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
 sha1init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+sha1init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/set.h
 sha1init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
 sha1init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
 sha1init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
diff --git a/ext/digest/sha2/depend b/ext/digest/sha2/depend
index af1600d346..2b74776b3e 100644
--- a/ext/digest/sha2/depend
+++ b/ext/digest/sha2/depend
@@ -131,6 +131,7 @@ sha2.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
 sha2.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
 sha2.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
 sha2.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+sha2.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/set.h
 sha2.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
 sha2.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
 sha2.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
@@ -293,6 +294,7 @@ sha2init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
 sha2init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
 sha2init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
 sha2init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+sha2init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/set.h
 sha2init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
 sha2init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
 sha2init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
diff --git a/ext/erb/escape/escape.c b/ext/erb/escape/escape.c
index db2abd9773..1794fc30eb 100644
--- a/ext/erb/escape/escape.c
+++ b/ext/erb/escape/escape.c
@@ -39,29 +39,41 @@ static VALUE
 optimized_escape_html(VALUE str)
 {
     VALUE vbuf;
-    char *buf = ALLOCV_N(char, vbuf, escaped_length(str));
+    char *buf = NULL;
     const char *cstr = RSTRING_PTR(str);
     const char *end = cstr + RSTRING_LEN(str);
 
-    char *dest = buf;
+    const char *segment_start = cstr;
+    char *dest = NULL;
     while (cstr < end) {
         const unsigned char c = *cstr++;
         uint8_t len = html_escape_table[c].len;
         if (len) {
+            size_t segment_len = cstr - segment_start - 1;
+            if (!buf) {
+                buf = ALLOCV_N(char, vbuf, escaped_length(str));
+                dest = buf;
+            }
+            if (segment_len) {
+                memcpy(dest, segment_start, segment_len);
+                dest += segment_len;
+            }
+            segment_start = cstr;
             memcpy(dest, html_escape_table[c].str, len);
             dest += len;
         }
-        else {
-            *dest++ = c;
-        }
     }
-
     VALUE escaped = str;
-    if (RSTRING_LEN(str) < (dest - buf)) {
+    if (buf) {
+        size_t segment_len = cstr - segment_start;
+        if (segment_len) {
+            memcpy(dest, segment_start, segment_len);
+            dest += segment_len;
+        }
         escaped = rb_str_new(buf, dest - buf);
         preserve_original_state(str, escaped);
+        ALLOCV_END(vbuf);
     }
-    ALLOCV_END(vbuf);
     return escaped;
 }
 
@@ -89,6 +101,10 @@ erb_escape_html(VALUE self, VALUE str)
 void
 Init_escape(void)
 {
+#ifdef HAVE_RB_EXT_RACTOR_SAFE
+    rb_ext_ractor_safe(true);
+#endif
+
     rb_cERB = rb_define_class("ERB", rb_cObject);
     rb_mEscape = rb_define_module_under(rb_cERB, "Escape");
     rb_define_module_function(rb_mEscape, "html_escape", erb_escape_html, 1);
diff --git a/ext/erb/escape/extconf.rb b/ext/erb/escape/extconf.rb
index 783e8c1f55..b211a9783f 100644
--- a/ext/erb/escape/extconf.rb
+++ b/ext/erb/escape/extconf.rb
@@ -4,5 +4,6 @@ case RUBY_ENGINE
 when 'jruby', 'truffleruby'
   File.write('Makefile', dummy_makefile($srcdir).join)
 else
+  have_func("rb_ext_ractor_safe", "ruby.h")
   create_makefile 'erb/escape'
 end
diff --git a/ext/etc/depend b/ext/etc/depend
index 675699b129..77fe56a6bf 100644
--- a/ext/etc/depend
+++ b/ext/etc/depend
@@ -143,6 +143,7 @@ etc.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
 etc.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
 etc.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
 etc.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+etc.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/set.h
 etc.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
 etc.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
 etc.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
diff --git a/ext/etc/etc.c b/ext/etc/etc.c
index e2d621547e..8d50a96a62 100644
--- a/ext/etc/etc.c
+++ b/ext/etc/etc.c
@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ static VALUE sGroup;
 #endif
 RUBY_EXTERN char *getlogin(void);
 
-#define RUBY_ETC_VERSION "1.4.5"
+#define RUBY_ETC_VERSION "1.4.6"
 
 #define SYMBOL_LIT(str) ID2SYM(rb_intern_const(str ""))
 
@@ -832,11 +832,7 @@ etc_uname(VALUE obj)
 			 rb_w32_conv_from_wchar(v.szCSDVersion, rb_utf8_encoding()));
     rb_hash_aset(result, SYMBOL_LIT("version"), version);
 
-# if defined _MSC_VER && _MSC_VER < 1300
-#   define GET_COMPUTER_NAME(ptr, plen) GetComputerNameW(ptr, plen)
-# else
 #   define GET_COMPUTER_NAME(ptr, plen) GetComputerNameExW(ComputerNameDnsFullyQualified, ptr, plen)
-# endif
     GET_COMPUTER_NAME(NULL, &len);
     buf = ALLOCV_N(WCHAR, vbuf, len);
     if (GET_COMPUTER_NAME(buf, &len)) {
diff --git a/ext/etc/etc.gemspec b/ext/etc/etc.gemspec
index 3facc74866..0e9803dc62 100644
--- a/ext/etc/etc.gemspec
+++ b/ext/etc/etc.gemspec
@@ -40,5 +40,5 @@ Gem::Specification.new do |spec|
   spec.require_paths = ["lib"]
   spec.extensions    = %w{ext/etc/extconf.rb}
 
-  spec.required_ruby_version = ">= 2.6.0"
+  spec.required_ruby_version = ">= 2.7.0"
 end
diff --git a/ext/etc/extconf.rb b/ext/etc/extconf.rb
index 3d7cceae40..497303a4fa 100644
--- a/ext/etc/extconf.rb
+++ b/ext/etc/extconf.rb
@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ end
 # TODO: remove when dropping 2.7 support, as exported since 3.0
 have_func('rb_deprecate_constant(Qnil, "None")')
 
-have_func("rb_io_descriptor")
+have_func("rb_io_descriptor", "ruby/io.h")
 
 $distcleanfiles << "constdefs.h"
 
diff --git a/ext/extmk.rb b/ext/extmk.rb
index 39cbce1bc9..8f847f4f3a 100755
--- a/ext/extmk.rb
+++ b/ext/extmk.rb
@@ -43,6 +43,7 @@ require 'rbconfig'
 
 $topdir = "."
 $top_srcdir = srcdir
+$extmk = true
 inplace = File.identical?($top_srcdir, $topdir)
 
 $" << "mkmf.rb"
@@ -138,14 +139,6 @@ def extract_makefile(makefile, keep = true)
   true
 end
 
-def create_makefile(target, srcprefix = nil)
-  if $static and target.include?("/")
-    base = File.basename(target)
-    $defs << "-DInit_#{base}=Init_#{target.tr('/', '_')}"
-  end
-  super
-end
-
 def extmake(target, basedir = 'ext', maybestatic = true)
   FileUtils.mkpath target unless File.directory?(target)
   begin
@@ -566,6 +559,7 @@ extend Module.new {
       if $static and (target = args.first).include?("/")
         base = File.basename(target)
         $defs << "-DInit_#{base}=Init_#{target.tr('/', '_')}"
+        $defs << "-DInitVM_#{base}=InitVM_#{target.tr('/', '_')}"
       end
       return super
     end
diff --git a/ext/fcntl/depend b/ext/fcntl/depend
index 5ed652563b..57ea0f2106 100644
--- a/ext/fcntl/depend
+++ b/ext/fcntl/depend
@@ -128,6 +128,7 @@ fcntl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
 fcntl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
 fcntl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
 fcntl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+fcntl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/set.h
 fcntl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
 fcntl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
 fcntl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
diff --git a/ext/fcntl/fcntl.c b/ext/fcntl/fcntl.c
index 86bee5fb45..b987e237dd 100644
--- a/ext/fcntl/fcntl.c
+++ b/ext/fcntl/fcntl.c
@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ pack up your own arguments to pass as args for locking functions, etc.
  *
  */
 
-#define FCNTL_VERSION "1.2.0"
+#define FCNTL_VERSION "1.3.0"
 
 void
 Init_fcntl(void)
@@ -251,4 +251,50 @@ Init_fcntl(void)
      */
     rb_define_const(mFcntl, "F_DUP2FD_CLOEXEC", INT2NUM(F_DUP2FD_CLOEXEC));
 #endif
+
+#ifdef F_PREALLOCATE
+    /*
+     * macOS specific flag used for preallocating file space.
+     */
+    rb_define_const(mFcntl, "F_PREALLOCATE", INT2NUM(F_PREALLOCATE));
+#endif
+
+#ifdef F_ALLOCATECONTIG
+    /*
+     * macOS specific flag used with F_PREALLOCATE for allocating contiguous
+     * space.
+     */
+    rb_define_const(mFcntl, "F_ALLOCATECONTIG", INT2NUM(F_ALLOCATECONTIG));
+#endif
+
+#ifdef F_ALLOCATEALL
+    /*
+     * macOS specific flag used with F_PREALLOCATE for allocating all contiguous
+     * space or no space.
+     */
+    rb_define_const(mFcntl, "F_ALLOCATEALL", INT2NUM(F_ALLOCATEALL));
+#endif
+
+#ifdef F_ALLOCATEPERSIST
+    /*
+     * macOS specific flag used with F_PREALLOCATE. Allocate space that is not
+     * freed when close is called.
+     */
+    rb_define_const(mFcntl, "F_ALLOCATEPERSIST", INT2NUM(F_ALLOCATEPERSIST));
+#endif
+
+#ifdef F_PEOFPOSMODE
+    /*
+     * macOS specific flag used with F_PREALLOCATE. Allocate from the physical
+     * end of file
+     */
+    rb_define_const(mFcntl, "F_PEOFPOSMODE", INT2NUM(F_PEOFPOSMODE));
+#endif
+
+#ifdef F_VOLPOSMODE
+    /*
+     * macOS specific flag used with F_PREALLOCATE. Allocate from the volume offset.
+     */
+    rb_define_const(mFcntl, "F_VOLPOSMODE", INT2NUM(F_VOLPOSMODE));
+#endif
 }
diff --git a/ext/io/console/console.c b/ext/io/console/console.c
index 80c1cddd5a..7ddaf071a8 100644
--- a/ext/io/console/console.c
+++ b/ext/io/console/console.c
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
  */
 
 static const char *const
-IO_CONSOLE_VERSION = "0.8.0";
+IO_CONSOLE_VERSION = "0.8.2";
 
 #include "ruby.h"
 #include "ruby/io.h"
@@ -840,6 +840,9 @@ console_winsize(VALUE io)
     return rb_assoc_new(INT2NUM(winsize_row(&ws)), INT2NUM(winsize_col(&ws)));
 }
 
+static VALUE console_scroll(VALUE io, int line);
+static VALUE console_goto(VALUE io, VALUE y, VALUE x);
+
 /*
  * call-seq:
  *   io.winsize = [rows, columns]
@@ -856,6 +859,8 @@ console_set_winsize(VALUE io, VALUE size)
 #if defined _WIN32
     HANDLE wh;
     int newrow, newcol;
+    COORD oldsize;
+    SMALL_RECT oldwindow;
     BOOL ret;
 #endif
     VALUE row, col, xpixel, ypixel;
@@ -891,18 +896,62 @@ console_set_winsize(VALUE io, VALUE size)
     if (!GetConsoleScreenBufferInfo(wh, &ws)) {
 	rb_syserr_fail(LAST_ERROR, "GetConsoleScreenBufferInfo");
     }
+    oldsize = ws.dwSize;
+    oldwindow = ws.srWindow;
+    if (ws.srWindow.Right + 1 < newcol) {
+        ws.dwSize.X = newcol;
+    }
+    if (ws.dwSize.Y < newrow) {
+        ws.dwSize.Y = newrow;
+    }
+    /* expand screen buffer first if needed */
+    if (!SetConsoleScreenBufferSize(wh, ws.dwSize)) {
+        rb_syserr_fail(LAST_ERROR, "SetConsoleScreenBufferInfo");
+    }
+    /* refresh ws for new dwMaximumWindowSize */
+    if (!GetConsoleScreenBufferInfo(wh, &ws)) {
+        rb_syserr_fail(LAST_ERROR, "GetConsoleScreenBufferInfo");
+    }
+    /* check new size before modifying buffer content */
+    if (newrow <= 0 || newcol <= 0 ||
+        newrow > ws.dwMaximumWindowSize.Y ||
+        newcol > ws.dwMaximumWindowSize.X) {
+        SetConsoleScreenBufferSize(wh, oldsize);
+        /* remove scrollbar if possible */
+        SetConsoleWindowInfo(wh, TRUE, &oldwindow);
+        rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "out of range winsize: [%d, %d]", newrow, newcol);
+    }
+    /* shrink screen buffer width */
     ws.dwSize.X = newcol;
-    ret = SetConsoleScreenBufferSize(wh, ws.dwSize);
+    /* shrink screen buffer height if window height were the same */
+    if (oldsize.Y == ws.srWindow.Bottom - ws.srWindow.Top + 1) {
+        ws.dwSize.Y = newrow;
+    }
     ws.srWindow.Left = 0;
-    ws.srWindow.Top = 0;
-    ws.srWindow.Right = newcol-1;
-    ws.srWindow.Bottom = newrow-1;
+    ws.srWindow.Right = newcol - 1;
+    ws.srWindow.Bottom = ws.srWindow.Top + newrow -1;
+    if (ws.dwCursorPosition.Y > ws.srWindow.Bottom) {
+        console_scroll(io, ws.dwCursorPosition.Y - ws.srWindow.Bottom);
+        ws.dwCursorPosition.Y = ws.srWindow.Bottom;
+        console_goto(io, INT2FIX(ws.dwCursorPosition.Y), INT2FIX(ws.dwCursorPosition.X));
+    }
+    if (ws.srWindow.Bottom > ws.dwSize.Y - 1) {
+        console_scroll(io, ws.srWindow.Bottom - (ws.dwSize.Y - 1));
+        ws.dwCursorPosition.Y -= ws.srWindow.Bottom - (ws.dwSize.Y - 1);
+        console_goto(io, INT2FIX(ws.dwCursorPosition.Y), INT2FIX(ws.dwCursorPosition.X));
+	ws.srWindow.Bottom = ws.dwSize.Y - 1;
+    }
+    ws.srWindow.Top = ws.srWindow.Bottom - (newrow - 1);
+    /* perform changes to winsize */
     if (!SetConsoleWindowInfo(wh, TRUE, &ws.srWindow)) {
-	rb_syserr_fail(LAST_ERROR, "SetConsoleWindowInfo");
+        int last_error = LAST_ERROR;
+        SetConsoleScreenBufferSize(wh, oldsize);
+	rb_syserr_fail(last_error, "SetConsoleWindowInfo");
     }
-    /* retry when shrinking buffer after shrunk window */
-    if (!ret && !SetConsoleScreenBufferSize(wh, ws.dwSize)) {
-	rb_syserr_fail(LAST_ERROR, "SetConsoleScreenBufferInfo");
+    /* perform screen buffer shrinking if necessary */
+    if ((ws.dwSize.Y < oldsize.Y || ws.dwSize.X < oldsize.X) &&
+        !SetConsoleScreenBufferSize(wh, ws.dwSize)) {
+        rb_syserr_fail(LAST_ERROR, "SetConsoleScreenBufferInfo");
     }
     /* remove scrollbar if possible */
     if (!SetConsoleWindowInfo(wh, TRUE, &ws.srWindow)) {
@@ -1221,7 +1270,7 @@ console_cursor_pos(VALUE io)
     if (!GetConsoleScreenBufferInfo((HANDLE)rb_w32_get_osfhandle(fd), &ws)) {
 	rb_syserr_fail(LAST_ERROR, 0);
     }
-    return rb_assoc_new(UINT2NUM(ws.dwCursorPosition.Y), UINT2NUM(ws.dwCursorPosition.X));
+    return rb_assoc_new(UINT2NUM(ws.dwCursorPosition.Y - ws.srWindow.Top), UINT2NUM(ws.dwCursorPosition.X));
 #else
     static const struct query_args query = {"\033[6n", 0};
     VALUE resp = console_vt_response(0, 0, io, &query);
@@ -1254,11 +1303,17 @@ static VALUE
 console_goto(VALUE io, VALUE y, VALUE x)
 {
 #ifdef _WIN32
-    COORD pos;
-    int fd = GetWriteFD(io);
-    pos.X = NUM2UINT(x);
-    pos.Y = NUM2UINT(y);
-    if (!SetConsoleCursorPosition((HANDLE)rb_w32_get_osfhandle(fd), pos)) {
+    HANDLE h;
+    rb_console_size_t ws;
+    COORD *pos = &ws.dwCursorPosition;
+
+    h = (HANDLE)rb_w32_get_osfhandle(GetWriteFD(io));
+    if (!GetConsoleScreenBufferInfo(h, &ws)) {
+	rb_syserr_fail(LAST_ERROR, 0);
+    }
+    pos->X = NUM2UINT(x);
+    pos->Y = ws.srWindow.Top + NUM2UINT(y);
+    if (!SetConsoleCursorPosition(h, *pos)) {
 	rb_syserr_fail(LAST_ERROR, 0);
     }
 #else
@@ -1651,8 +1706,6 @@ console_dev(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE klass)
     VALUE con = 0;
     VALUE sym = 0;
 
-    rb_check_arity(argc, 0, UNLIMITED_ARGUMENTS);
-
     if (argc) {
         Check_Type(sym = argv[0], T_SYMBOL);
     }
diff --git a/ext/io/console/depend b/ext/io/console/depend
index e66b6f4f5d..150a138d4d 100644
--- a/ext/io/console/depend
+++ b/ext/io/console/depend
@@ -139,6 +139,7 @@ console.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
 console.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
 console.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
 console.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+console.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/set.h
 console.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
 console.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
 console.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
diff --git a/ext/io/console/extconf.rb b/ext/io/console/extconf.rb
index 4ad7ed6996..dd3d221ae5 100644
--- a/ext/io/console/extconf.rb
+++ b/ext/io/console/extconf.rb
@@ -10,11 +10,11 @@ have_func("rb_syserr_new_str(0, Qnil)") or
   abort
 
 have_func("rb_interned_str_cstr")
-have_func("rb_io_path")
-have_func("rb_io_descriptor")
-have_func("rb_io_get_write_io")
-have_func("rb_io_closed_p")
-have_func("rb_io_open_descriptor")
+have_func("rb_io_path", "ruby/io.h")
+have_func("rb_io_descriptor", "ruby/io.h")
+have_func("rb_io_get_write_io", "ruby/io.h")
+have_func("rb_io_closed_p", "ruby/io.h")
+have_func("rb_io_open_descriptor", "ruby/io.h")
 have_func("rb_ractor_local_storage_value_newkey")
 
 is_wasi = /wasi/ =~ MakeMakefile::RbConfig::CONFIG["platform"]
diff --git a/ext/io/nonblock/depend b/ext/io/nonblock/depend
index 20a96f1252..e78a05c316 100644
--- a/ext/io/nonblock/depend
+++ b/ext/io/nonblock/depend
@@ -138,6 +138,7 @@ nonblock.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
 nonblock.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
 nonblock.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
 nonblock.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+nonblock.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/set.h
 nonblock.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
 nonblock.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
 nonblock.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
diff --git a/ext/io/nonblock/extconf.rb b/ext/io/nonblock/extconf.rb
index a1e6075c9b..505c9e6252 100644
--- a/ext/io/nonblock/extconf.rb
+++ b/ext/io/nonblock/extconf.rb
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ unless RUBY_ENGINE == 'ruby'
   return
 end
 
-have_func("rb_io_descriptor")
+have_func("rb_io_descriptor", "ruby/io.h")
 
 hdr = %w"fcntl.h"
 if have_macro("O_NONBLOCK", hdr) and
diff --git a/ext/io/nonblock/io-nonblock.gemspec b/ext/io/nonblock/io-nonblock.gemspec
index 2df8b8e3a6..4f5b8cef6f 100644
--- a/ext/io/nonblock/io-nonblock.gemspec
+++ b/ext/io/nonblock/io-nonblock.gemspec
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 Gem::Specification.new do |spec|
   spec.name          = "io-nonblock"
-  spec.version       = "0.3.1"
+  spec.version       = "0.3.2"
   spec.authors       = ["Nobu Nakada"]
   spec.email         = ["nobu@ruby-lang.org"]
 
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ Gem::Specification.new do |spec|
   spec.description   = %q{Enables non-blocking mode with IO class}
   spec.homepage      = "https://github.com/ruby/io-nonblock"
   spec.licenses      = ["Ruby", "BSD-2-Clause"]
-  spec.required_ruby_version = Gem::Requirement.new(">= 2.3.0")
+  spec.required_ruby_version = Gem::Requirement.new(">= 3.0")
 
   spec.metadata["homepage_uri"] = spec.homepage
   spec.metadata["source_code_uri"] = spec.homepage
diff --git a/ext/io/wait/depend b/ext/io/wait/depend
index 70317b1497..41d53c1400 100644
--- a/ext/io/wait/depend
+++ b/ext/io/wait/depend
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 # AUTOGENERATED DEPENDENCIES START
-# wait.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/assert.h # not in 2.6
 wait.o: $(RUBY_EXTCONF_H)
 wait.o: $(arch_hdrdir)/ruby/config.h
 wait.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby.h
@@ -139,6 +138,7 @@ wait.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
 wait.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
 wait.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
 wait.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+wait.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/set.h
 wait.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
 wait.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
 wait.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
diff --git a/ext/io/wait/extconf.rb b/ext/io/wait/extconf.rb
index e63c046187..00c455a45c 100644
--- a/ext/io/wait/extconf.rb
+++ b/ext/io/wait/extconf.rb
@@ -1,25 +1,4 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: false
 require 'mkmf'
 
-if RUBY_VERSION < "2.6"
-  File.write("Makefile", dummy_makefile($srcdir).join(""))
-else
-  target = "io/wait"
-  have_func("rb_io_wait")
-  have_func("rb_io_descriptor")
-  unless macro_defined?("DOSISH", "#include <ruby.h>")
-    have_header(ioctl_h = "sys/ioctl.h") or ioctl_h = nil
-    fionread = %w[sys/ioctl.h sys/filio.h sys/socket.h].find do |h|
-      have_macro("FIONREAD", [h, ioctl_h].compact)
-    end
-    if fionread
-      $defs << "-DFIONREAD_HEADER=\"<#{fionread}>\""
-      create_makefile(target)
-    end
-  else
-    if have_func("rb_w32_ioctlsocket", "ruby.h")
-      have_func("rb_w32_is_socket", "ruby.h")
-      create_makefile(target)
-    end
-  end
-end
+create_makefile("io/wait")
diff --git a/ext/io/wait/io-wait.gemspec b/ext/io/wait/io-wait.gemspec
index e850e10bf9..c1c6172589 100644
--- a/ext/io/wait/io-wait.gemspec
+++ b/ext/io/wait/io-wait.gemspec
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-_VERSION = "0.3.1"
+_VERSION = "0.4.0"
 
 Gem::Specification.new do |spec|
   spec.name          = "io-wait"
@@ -10,24 +10,25 @@ Gem::Specification.new do |spec|
   spec.description   = %q{Waits until IO is readable or writable without blocking.}
   spec.homepage      = "https://github.com/ruby/io-wait"
   spec.licenses      = ["Ruby", "BSD-2-Clause"]
+  spec.required_ruby_version = Gem::Requirement.new(">= 3.2")
 
   spec.metadata["homepage_uri"] = spec.homepage
   spec.metadata["source_code_uri"] = spec.homepage
 
-  spec.files         = Dir.chdir(File.expand_path('..', __FILE__)) do
-    `git ls-files -z`.split("\x0").reject do |f|
-      File.identical?(f, __FILE__) || f.match(%r{\A(?:(?:bin|test|spec|features|rakelib)/|\.(?:git|travis|circleci)|appveyor|Rakefile)})
-    end
-  end
+  jruby = true if Gem::Platform.new('java') =~ spec.platform or RUBY_ENGINE == 'jruby'
+  dir, gemspec = File.split(__FILE__)
+  excludes = [
+    *%w[:^/.git* :^/Gemfile* :^/Rakefile* :^/bin/ :^/test/ :^/rakelib/ :^*.java],
+    *(jruby ? %w[:^/ext/io] : %w[:^/ext/java]),
+    ":(exclude,literal,top)#{gemspec}"
+  ]
+  files = IO.popen(%w[git ls-files -z --] + excludes, chdir: dir, &:read).split("\x0")
+
+  spec.files = files
   spec.bindir        = "exe"
   spec.executables   = []
   spec.require_paths = ["lib"]
 
-  jruby = true if Gem::Platform.new('java') =~ spec.platform or RUBY_ENGINE == 'jruby'
-  spec.files.delete_if do |f|
-    f.end_with?(".java") or
-      f.start_with?("ext/") && (jruby ^ f.start_with?("ext/java/"))
-  end
   if jruby
     spec.platform = 'java'
     spec.files << "lib/io/wait.jar"
diff --git a/ext/io/wait/wait.c b/ext/io/wait/wait.c
index 8835670e59..f7575191fe 100644
--- a/ext/io/wait/wait.c
+++ b/ext/io/wait/wait.c
@@ -11,427 +11,13 @@
 
 **********************************************************************/
 
-#include "ruby.h"
-#include "ruby/io.h"
-
-#include <sys/types.h>
-#if defined(HAVE_UNISTD_H) && (defined(__sun))
-#include <unistd.h>
-#endif
-#if defined(HAVE_SYS_IOCTL_H)
-#include <sys/ioctl.h>
-#endif
-#if defined(FIONREAD_HEADER)
-#include FIONREAD_HEADER
-#endif
-
-#ifdef HAVE_RB_W32_IOCTLSOCKET
-#define ioctl ioctlsocket
-#define ioctl_arg u_long
-#define ioctl_arg2num(i) ULONG2NUM(i)
-#else
-#define ioctl_arg int
-#define ioctl_arg2num(i) INT2NUM(i)
-#endif
-
-#ifdef HAVE_RB_W32_IS_SOCKET
-#define FIONREAD_POSSIBLE_P(fd) rb_w32_is_socket(fd)
-#else
-#define FIONREAD_POSSIBLE_P(fd) ((void)(fd),Qtrue)
-#endif
-
-#ifndef HAVE_RB_IO_WAIT
-static struct timeval *
-get_timeout(int argc, VALUE *argv, struct timeval *timerec)
-{
-    VALUE timeout = Qnil;
-    rb_check_arity(argc, 0, 1);
-    if (!argc || NIL_P(timeout = argv[0])) {
-        return NULL;
-    }
-    else {
-        *timerec = rb_time_interval(timeout);
-        return timerec;
-    }
-}
-
-static int
-wait_for_single_fd(rb_io_t *fptr, int events, struct timeval *tv)
-{
-    int i = rb_wait_for_single_fd(fptr->fd, events, tv);
-    if (i < 0)
-        rb_sys_fail(0);
-    rb_io_check_closed(fptr);
-    return (i & events);
-}
-#endif
-
-/*
- * call-seq:
- *   io.nread -> int
- *
- * Returns number of bytes that can be read without blocking.
- * Returns zero if no information available.
- *
- * You must require 'io/wait' to use this method.
- */
-
-static VALUE
-io_nread(VALUE io)
-{
-    rb_io_t *fptr;
-    int len;
-    ioctl_arg n;
-
-    GetOpenFile(io, fptr);
-    rb_io_check_readable(fptr);
-    len = rb_io_read_pending(fptr);
-    if (len > 0) return INT2FIX(len);
-
-#ifdef HAVE_RB_IO_DESCRIPTOR
-    int fd = rb_io_descriptor(io);
-#else
-    int fd = fptr->fd;
-#endif
-
-    if (!FIONREAD_POSSIBLE_P(fd)) return INT2FIX(0);
-    if (ioctl(fd, FIONREAD, &n)) return INT2FIX(0);
-    if (n > 0) return ioctl_arg2num(n);
-    return INT2FIX(0);
-}
-
-#ifdef HAVE_RB_IO_WAIT
-static VALUE
-io_wait_event(VALUE io, int event, VALUE timeout, int return_io)
-{
-    VALUE result = rb_io_wait(io, RB_INT2NUM(event), timeout);
-
-    if (!RB_TEST(result)) {
-        return Qnil;
-    }
-
-    int mask = RB_NUM2INT(result);
-
-    if (mask & event) {
-        if (return_io)
-            return io;
-        else
-            return result;
-    }
-    else {
-        return Qfalse;
-    }
-}
-#endif
-
-/*
- * call-seq:
- *   io.ready? -> truthy or falsy
- *
- * Returns a truthy value if input available without blocking, or a
- * falsy value.
- *
- * You must require 'io/wait' to use this method.
- */
-
-static VALUE
-io_ready_p(VALUE io)
-{
-    rb_io_t *fptr;
-#ifndef HAVE_RB_IO_WAIT
-    struct timeval tv = {0, 0};
-#endif
-
-    GetOpenFile(io, fptr);
-    rb_io_check_readable(fptr);
-    if (rb_io_read_pending(fptr)) return Qtrue;
-
-#ifndef HAVE_RB_IO_WAIT
-    return wait_for_single_fd(fptr, RB_WAITFD_IN, &tv) ? Qtrue : Qfalse;
-#else
-    return io_wait_event(io, RUBY_IO_READABLE, RB_INT2NUM(0), 1);
-#endif
-}
-
-/* Ruby 3.2+ can define these methods. This macro indicates that case. */
-#ifndef RUBY_IO_WAIT_METHODS
-
-/*
- * call-seq:
- *   io.wait_readable          -> truthy or falsy
- *   io.wait_readable(timeout) -> truthy or falsy
- *
- * Waits until IO is readable and returns a truthy value, or a falsy
- * value when times out.  Returns a truthy value immediately when
- * buffered data is available.
- *
- * You must require 'io/wait' to use this method.
- */
-
-static VALUE
-io_wait_readable(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE io)
-{
-    rb_io_t *fptr;
-#ifndef HAVE_RB_IO_WAIT
-    struct timeval timerec;
-    struct timeval *tv;
-#endif
-
-    GetOpenFile(io, fptr);
-    rb_io_check_readable(fptr);
-
-#ifndef HAVE_RB_IO_WAIT
-    tv = get_timeout(argc, argv, &timerec);
-#endif
-    if (rb_io_read_pending(fptr)) return Qtrue;
-
-#ifndef HAVE_RB_IO_WAIT
-    if (wait_for_single_fd(fptr, RB_WAITFD_IN, tv)) {
-        return io;
-    }
-    return Qnil;
-#else
-    rb_check_arity(argc, 0, 1);
-    VALUE timeout = (argc == 1 ? argv[0] : Qnil);
-
-    return io_wait_event(io, RUBY_IO_READABLE, timeout, 1);
-#endif
-}
+#include "ruby.h"		/* abi_version */
 
 /*
- * call-seq:
- *   io.wait_writable          -> truthy or falsy
- *   io.wait_writable(timeout) -> truthy or falsy
- *
- * Waits until IO is writable and returns a truthy value or a falsy
- * value when times out.
- *
- * You must require 'io/wait' to use this method.
- */
-static VALUE
-io_wait_writable(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE io)
-{
-    rb_io_t *fptr;
-#ifndef HAVE_RB_IO_WAIT
-    struct timeval timerec;
-    struct timeval *tv;
-#endif
-
-    GetOpenFile(io, fptr);
-    rb_io_check_writable(fptr);
-
-#ifndef HAVE_RB_IO_WAIT
-    tv = get_timeout(argc, argv, &timerec);
-    if (wait_for_single_fd(fptr, RB_WAITFD_OUT, tv)) {
-        return io;
-    }
-    return Qnil;
-#else
-    rb_check_arity(argc, 0, 1);
-    VALUE timeout = (argc == 1 ? argv[0] : Qnil);
-
-    return io_wait_event(io, RUBY_IO_WRITABLE, timeout, 1);
-#endif
-}
-
-#ifdef HAVE_RB_IO_WAIT
-/*
- * call-seq:
- *   io.wait_priority          -> truthy or falsy
- *   io.wait_priority(timeout) -> truthy or falsy
- *
- * Waits until IO is priority and returns a truthy value or a falsy
- * value when times out. Priority data is sent and received using
- * the Socket::MSG_OOB flag and is typically limited to streams.
- *
- * You must require 'io/wait' to use this method.
- */
-static VALUE
-io_wait_priority(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE io)
-{
-    rb_io_t *fptr = NULL;
-
-    RB_IO_POINTER(io, fptr);
-    rb_io_check_readable(fptr);
-
-    if (rb_io_read_pending(fptr)) return Qtrue;
-
-    rb_check_arity(argc, 0, 1);
-    VALUE timeout = argc == 1 ? argv[0] : Qnil;
-
-    return io_wait_event(io, RUBY_IO_PRIORITY, timeout, 1);
-}
-#endif
-
-static int
-wait_mode_sym(VALUE mode)
-{
-    if (mode == ID2SYM(rb_intern("r"))) {
-        return RB_WAITFD_IN;
-    }
-    if (mode == ID2SYM(rb_intern("read"))) {
-        return RB_WAITFD_IN;
-    }
-    if (mode == ID2SYM(rb_intern("readable"))) {
-        return RB_WAITFD_IN;
-    }
-    if (mode == ID2SYM(rb_intern("w"))) {
-        return RB_WAITFD_OUT;
-    }
-    if (mode == ID2SYM(rb_intern("write"))) {
-        return RB_WAITFD_OUT;
-    }
-    if (mode == ID2SYM(rb_intern("writable"))) {
-        return RB_WAITFD_OUT;
-    }
-    if (mode == ID2SYM(rb_intern("rw"))) {
-        return RB_WAITFD_IN|RB_WAITFD_OUT;
-    }
-    if (mode == ID2SYM(rb_intern("read_write"))) {
-        return RB_WAITFD_IN|RB_WAITFD_OUT;
-    }
-    if (mode == ID2SYM(rb_intern("readable_writable"))) {
-        return RB_WAITFD_IN|RB_WAITFD_OUT;
-    }
-    rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "unsupported mode: %"PRIsVALUE, mode);
-    return 0;
-}
-
-#ifdef HAVE_RB_IO_WAIT
-static inline rb_io_event_t
-io_event_from_value(VALUE value)
-{
-    int events = RB_NUM2INT(value);
-
-    if (events <= 0) rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "Events must be positive integer!");
-
-    return events;
-}
-#endif
-
-/*
- * call-seq:
- *   io.wait(events, timeout) -> event mask, false or nil
- *   io.wait(timeout = nil, mode = :read) -> self, true, or false
- *
- * Waits until the IO becomes ready for the specified events and returns the
- * subset of events that become ready, or a falsy value when times out.
- *
- * The events can be a bit mask of +IO::READABLE+, +IO::WRITABLE+ or
- * +IO::PRIORITY+.
- *
- * Returns a truthy value immediately when buffered data is available.
- *
- * Optional parameter +mode+ is one of +:read+, +:write+, or
- * +:read_write+.
- *
- * You must require 'io/wait' to use this method.
- */
-
-static VALUE
-io_wait(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE io)
-{
-#ifndef HAVE_RB_IO_WAIT
-    rb_io_t *fptr;
-    struct timeval timerec;
-    struct timeval *tv = NULL;
-    int event = 0;
-    int i;
-
-    GetOpenFile(io, fptr);
-    for (i = 0; i < argc; ++i) {
-        if (SYMBOL_P(argv[i])) {
-            event |= wait_mode_sym(argv[i]);
-        }
-        else {
-            *(tv = &timerec) = rb_time_interval(argv[i]);
-        }
-    }
-    /* rb_time_interval() and might_mode() might convert the argument */
-    rb_io_check_closed(fptr);
-    if (!event) event = RB_WAITFD_IN;
-    if ((event & RB_WAITFD_IN) && rb_io_read_pending(fptr))
-        return Qtrue;
-    if (wait_for_single_fd(fptr, event, tv))
-        return io;
-    return Qnil;
-#else
-    VALUE timeout = Qundef;
-    rb_io_event_t events = 0;
-    int i, return_io = 0;
-
-    /* The documented signature for this method is actually incorrect.
-     * A single timeout is allowed in any position, and multiple symbols can be given.
-     * Whether this is intentional or not, I don't know, and as such I consider this to
-     * be a legacy/slow path. */
-    if (argc != 2 || (RB_SYMBOL_P(argv[0]) || RB_SYMBOL_P(argv[1]))) {
-        /* We'd prefer to return the actual mask, but this form would return the io itself: */
-        return_io = 1;
-
-        /* Slow/messy path: */
-        for (i = 0; i < argc; i += 1) {
-            if (RB_SYMBOL_P(argv[i])) {
-                events |= wait_mode_sym(argv[i]);
-            }
-            else if (timeout == Qundef) {
-                rb_time_interval(timeout = argv[i]);
-            }
-            else {
-                rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "timeout given more than once");
-            }
-        }
-
-        if (timeout == Qundef) timeout = Qnil;
-
-        if (events == 0) {
-            events = RUBY_IO_READABLE;
-        }
-    }
-    else /* argc == 2 and neither are symbols */ {
-        /* This is the fast path: */
-        events = io_event_from_value(argv[0]);
-        timeout = argv[1];
-    }
-
-    if (events & RUBY_IO_READABLE) {
-        rb_io_t *fptr = NULL;
-        RB_IO_POINTER(io, fptr);
-
-        if (rb_io_read_pending(fptr)) {
-            /* This was the original behaviour: */
-            if (return_io) return Qtrue;
-            /* New behaviour always returns an event mask: */
-            else return RB_INT2NUM(RUBY_IO_READABLE);
-        }
-    }
-
-    return io_wait_event(io, events, timeout, return_io);
-#endif
-}
-
-#endif /* RUBY_IO_WAIT_METHODS */
-
-/*
- * IO wait methods
+ * IO wait methods are built in ruby now, just for backward compatibility.
  */
 
 void
 Init_wait(void)
 {
-#ifdef HAVE_RB_EXT_RACTOR_SAFE
-    RB_EXT_RACTOR_SAFE(true);
-#endif
-
-    rb_define_method(rb_cIO, "nread", io_nread, 0);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cIO, "ready?", io_ready_p, 0);
-
-#ifndef RUBY_IO_WAIT_METHODS
-    rb_define_method(rb_cIO, "wait", io_wait, -1);
-
-    rb_define_method(rb_cIO, "wait_readable", io_wait_readable, -1);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cIO, "wait_writable", io_wait_writable, -1);
-#ifdef HAVE_RB_IO_WAIT
-    rb_define_method(rb_cIO, "wait_priority", io_wait_priority, -1);
-#endif
-#endif
 }
diff --git a/ext/json/fbuffer/fbuffer.h b/ext/json/fbuffer/fbuffer.h
index d32371476c..752d153b31 100644
--- a/ext/json/fbuffer/fbuffer.h
+++ b/ext/json/fbuffer/fbuffer.h
@@ -1,47 +1,9 @@
 #ifndef _FBUFFER_H_
 #define _FBUFFER_H_
 
-#include "ruby.h"
-#include "ruby/encoding.h"
+#include "../json.h"
 #include "../vendor/jeaiii-ltoa.h"
 
-/* shims */
-/* This is the fallback definition from Ruby 3.4 */
-
-#ifndef RBIMPL_STDBOOL_H
-#if defined(__cplusplus)
-# if defined(HAVE_STDBOOL_H) && (__cplusplus >= 201103L)
-#  include <cstdbool>
-# endif
-#elif defined(HAVE_STDBOOL_H)
-# include <stdbool.h>
-#elif !defined(HAVE__BOOL)
-typedef unsigned char _Bool;
-# define bool  _Bool
-# define true  ((_Bool)+1)
-# define false ((_Bool)+0)
-# define __bool_true_false_are_defined
-#endif
-#endif
-
-#ifndef RB_UNLIKELY
-#define RB_UNLIKELY(expr) expr
-#endif
-
-#ifndef RB_LIKELY
-#define RB_LIKELY(expr) expr
-#endif
-
-#ifndef MAYBE_UNUSED
-# define MAYBE_UNUSED(x) x
-#endif
-
-#ifdef RUBY_DEBUG
-#ifndef JSON_DEBUG
-#define JSON_DEBUG RUBY_DEBUG
-#endif
-#endif
-
 enum fbuffer_type {
     FBUFFER_HEAP_ALLOCATED = 0,
     FBUFFER_STACK_ALLOCATED = 1,
@@ -52,7 +14,7 @@ typedef struct FBufferStruct {
     unsigned long initial_length;
     unsigned long len;
     unsigned long capa;
-#ifdef JSON_DEBUG
+#if JSON_DEBUG
     unsigned long requested;
 #endif
     char *ptr;
@@ -83,14 +45,14 @@ static void fbuffer_stack_init(FBuffer *fb, unsigned long initial_length, char *
         fb->ptr = stack_buffer;
         fb->capa = stack_buffer_size;
     }
-#ifdef JSON_DEBUG
+#if JSON_DEBUG
     fb->requested = 0;
 #endif
 }
 
 static inline void fbuffer_consumed(FBuffer *fb, unsigned long consumed)
 {
-#ifdef JSON_DEBUG
+#if JSON_DEBUG
     if (consumed > fb->requested) {
         rb_bug("fbuffer: Out of bound write");
     }
@@ -160,7 +122,7 @@ static void fbuffer_do_inc_capa(FBuffer *fb, unsigned long requested)
 
 static inline void fbuffer_inc_capa(FBuffer *fb, unsigned long requested)
 {
-#ifdef JSON_DEBUG
+#if JSON_DEBUG
     fb->requested = requested;
 #endif
 
@@ -169,19 +131,24 @@ static inline void fbuffer_inc_capa(FBuffer *fb, unsigned long requested)
     }
 }
 
-static void fbuffer_append(FBuffer *fb, const char *newstr, unsigned long len)
+static inline void fbuffer_append_reserved(FBuffer *fb, const char *newstr, unsigned long len)
+{
+    MEMCPY(fb->ptr + fb->len, newstr, char, len);
+    fbuffer_consumed(fb, len);
+}
+
+static inline void fbuffer_append(FBuffer *fb, const char *newstr, unsigned long len)
 {
     if (len > 0) {
         fbuffer_inc_capa(fb, len);
-        MEMCPY(fb->ptr + fb->len, newstr, char, len);
-        fbuffer_consumed(fb, len);
+        fbuffer_append_reserved(fb, newstr, len);
     }
 }
 
 /* Appends a character into a buffer. The buffer needs to have sufficient capacity, via fbuffer_inc_capa(...). */
 static inline void fbuffer_append_reserved_char(FBuffer *fb, char chr)
 {
-#ifdef JSON_DEBUG
+#if JSON_DEBUG
     if (fb->requested < 1) {
         rb_bug("fbuffer: unreserved write");
     }
@@ -197,11 +164,24 @@ static void fbuffer_append_str(FBuffer *fb, VALUE str)
     const char *newstr = StringValuePtr(str);
     unsigned long len = RSTRING_LEN(str);
 
-    RB_GC_GUARD(str);
-
     fbuffer_append(fb, newstr, len);
 }
 
+static void fbuffer_append_str_repeat(FBuffer *fb, VALUE str, size_t repeat)
+{
+    const char *newstr = StringValuePtr(str);
+    unsigned long len = RSTRING_LEN(str);
+
+    fbuffer_inc_capa(fb, repeat * len);
+    while (repeat) {
+#if JSON_DEBUG
+        fb->requested = len;
+#endif
+        fbuffer_append_reserved(fb, newstr, len);
+        repeat--;
+    }
+}
+
 static inline void fbuffer_append_char(FBuffer *fb, char newchr)
 {
     fbuffer_inc_capa(fb, 1);
@@ -257,14 +237,11 @@ static VALUE fbuffer_finalize(FBuffer *fb)
 {
     if (fb->io) {
         fbuffer_flush(fb);
-        fbuffer_free(fb);
         rb_io_flush(fb->io);
         return fb->io;
     } else {
-        VALUE result = rb_utf8_str_new(FBUFFER_PTR(fb), FBUFFER_LEN(fb));
-        fbuffer_free(fb);
-        return result;
+        return rb_utf8_str_new(FBUFFER_PTR(fb), FBUFFER_LEN(fb));
     }
 }
 
-#endif
+#endif // _FBUFFER_H_
diff --git a/ext/json/generator/depend b/ext/json/generator/depend
index fb3b038365..3ba4acfdd2 100644
--- a/ext/json/generator/depend
+++ b/ext/json/generator/depend
@@ -142,6 +142,7 @@ generator.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
 generator.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
 generator.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
 generator.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+generator.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/set.h
 generator.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
 generator.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
 generator.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
@@ -177,8 +178,9 @@ generator.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/ruby.h
 generator.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/st.h
 generator.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/subst.h
 generator.o: $(srcdir)/../fbuffer/fbuffer.h
+generator.o: $(srcdir)/../json.h
+generator.o: $(srcdir)/../simd/simd.h
 generator.o: $(srcdir)/../vendor/fpconv.c
 generator.o: $(srcdir)/../vendor/jeaiii-ltoa.h
 generator.o: generator.c
-generator.o: simd.h
 # AUTOGENERATED DEPENDENCIES END
diff --git a/ext/json/generator/extconf.rb b/ext/json/generator/extconf.rb
index f58574a6cc..ee1bbeaba7 100644
--- a/ext/json/generator/extconf.rb
+++ b/ext/json/generator/extconf.rb
@@ -6,34 +6,10 @@ if RUBY_ENGINE == 'truffleruby'
 else
   append_cflags("-std=c99")
   $defs << "-DJSON_GENERATOR"
-  $defs << "-DJSON_DEBUG" if ENV["JSON_DEBUG"]
+  $defs << "-DJSON_DEBUG" if ENV.fetch("JSON_DEBUG", "0") != "0"
 
   if enable_config('generator-use-simd', default=!ENV["JSON_DISABLE_SIMD"])
-    if RbConfig::CONFIG['host_cpu'] =~ /^(arm.*|aarch64.*)/
-      # Try to compile a small program using NEON instructions
-      if have_header('arm_neon.h')
-        have_type('uint8x16_t', headers=['arm_neon.h']) && try_compile(<<~'SRC')
-          #include <arm_neon.h>
-          int main() {
-              uint8x16_t test = vdupq_n_u8(32);
-              return 0;
-          }
-        SRC
-          $defs.push("-DJSON_ENABLE_SIMD")
-      end
-    end
-
-    if have_header('x86intrin.h') && have_type('__m128i', headers=['x86intrin.h']) && try_compile(<<~'SRC')
-      #include <x86intrin.h>
-      int main() {
-          __m128i test = _mm_set1_epi8(32);
-          return 0;
-      }
-      SRC
-        $defs.push("-DJSON_ENABLE_SIMD")
-    end
-
-    have_header('cpuid.h')
+    load __dir__ + "/../simd/conf.rb"
   end
 
   create_makefile 'json/ext/generator'
diff --git a/ext/json/generator/generator.c b/ext/json/generator/generator.c
index f7690a23ef..dbba99c455 100644
--- a/ext/json/generator/generator.c
+++ b/ext/json/generator/generator.c
@@ -1,14 +1,20 @@
-#include "ruby.h"
+#include "../json.h"
 #include "../fbuffer/fbuffer.h"
 #include "../vendor/fpconv.c"
 
 #include <math.h>
 #include <ctype.h>
 
-#include "simd.h"
+#include "../simd/simd.h"
 
 /* ruby api and some helpers */
 
+enum duplicate_key_action {
+    JSON_DEPRECATED = 0,
+    JSON_IGNORE,
+    JSON_RAISE,
+};
+
 typedef struct JSON_Generator_StateStruct {
     VALUE indent;
     VALUE space;
@@ -21,20 +27,19 @@ typedef struct JSON_Generator_StateStruct {
     long depth;
     long buffer_initial_length;
 
+    enum duplicate_key_action on_duplicate_key;
+
+    bool as_json_single_arg;
     bool allow_nan;
     bool ascii_only;
     bool script_safe;
     bool strict;
 } JSON_Generator_State;
 
-#ifndef RB_UNLIKELY
-#define RB_UNLIKELY(cond) (cond)
-#endif
-
-static VALUE mJSON, cState, cFragment, mString_Extend, eGeneratorError, eNestingError, Encoding_UTF_8;
+static VALUE mJSON, cState, cFragment, eGeneratorError, eNestingError, Encoding_UTF_8;
 
-static ID i_to_s, i_to_json, i_new, i_pack, i_unpack, i_create_id, i_extend, i_encode;
-static VALUE sym_indent, sym_space, sym_space_before, sym_object_nl, sym_array_nl, sym_max_nesting, sym_allow_nan,
+static ID i_to_s, i_to_json, i_new, i_encode;
+static VALUE sym_indent, sym_space, sym_space_before, sym_object_nl, sym_array_nl, sym_max_nesting, sym_allow_nan, sym_allow_duplicate_key,
              sym_ascii_only, sym_depth, sym_buffer_initial_length, sym_script_safe, sym_escape_slash, sym_strict, sym_as_json;
 
 
@@ -55,8 +60,11 @@ struct generate_json_data {
     JSON_Generator_State *state;
     VALUE obj;
     generator_func func;
+    long depth;
 };
 
+static SIMD_Implementation simd_impl;
+
 static VALUE cState_from_state_s(VALUE self, VALUE opts);
 static VALUE cState_partial_generate(VALUE self, VALUE obj, generator_func, VALUE io);
 static void generate_json(FBuffer *buffer, struct generate_json_data *data, VALUE obj);
@@ -76,23 +84,18 @@ static void generate_json_fragment(FBuffer *buffer, struct generate_json_data *d
 
 static int usascii_encindex, utf8_encindex, binary_encindex;
 
-#ifdef RBIMPL_ATTR_NORETURN
-RBIMPL_ATTR_NORETURN()
-#endif
-static void raise_generator_error_str(VALUE invalid_object, VALUE str)
+NORETURN(static void) raise_generator_error_str(VALUE invalid_object, VALUE str)
 {
+    rb_enc_associate_index(str, utf8_encindex);
     VALUE exc = rb_exc_new_str(eGeneratorError, str);
     rb_ivar_set(exc, rb_intern("@invalid_object"), invalid_object);
     rb_exc_raise(exc);
 }
 
-#ifdef RBIMPL_ATTR_NORETURN
-RBIMPL_ATTR_NORETURN()
-#endif
 #ifdef RBIMPL_ATTR_FORMAT
 RBIMPL_ATTR_FORMAT(RBIMPL_PRINTF_FORMAT, 2, 3)
 #endif
-static void raise_generator_error(VALUE invalid_object, const char *fmt, ...)
+NORETURN(static void) raise_generator_error(VALUE invalid_object, const char *fmt, ...)
 {
     va_list args;
     va_start(args, fmt);
@@ -127,18 +130,12 @@ typedef struct _search_state {
 #endif /* HAVE_SIMD */
 } search_state;
 
-#if (defined(__GNUC__ ) || defined(__clang__))
-#define FORCE_INLINE __attribute__((always_inline))
-#else
-#define FORCE_INLINE
-#endif
-
-static inline FORCE_INLINE void search_flush(search_state *search)
+ALWAYS_INLINE(static) void search_flush(search_state *search)
 {
     // Do not remove this conditional without profiling, specifically escape-heavy text.
     // escape_UTF8_char_basic will advance search->ptr and search->cursor (effectively a search_flush).
-    // For back-to-back characters that need to be escaped, specifcally for the SIMD code paths, this method
-    // will be called just before calling escape_UTF8_char_basic. There will be no characers to append for the
+    // For back-to-back characters that need to be escaped, specifically for the SIMD code paths, this method
+    // will be called just before calling escape_UTF8_char_basic. There will be no characters to append for the
     // consecutive characters that need to be escaped. While the fbuffer_append is a no-op if
     // nothing needs to be flushed, we can save a few memory references with this conditional.
     if (search->ptr > search->cursor) {
@@ -160,8 +157,6 @@ static const unsigned char escape_table_basic[256] = {
      0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
 };
 
-static unsigned char (*search_escape_basic_impl)(search_state *);
-
 static inline unsigned char search_escape_basic(search_state *search)
 {
     while (search->ptr < search->end) {
@@ -176,7 +171,7 @@ static inline unsigned char search_escape_basic(search_state *search)
     return 0;
 }
 
-static inline FORCE_INLINE void escape_UTF8_char_basic(search_state *search)
+ALWAYS_INLINE(static) void escape_UTF8_char_basic(search_state *search)
 {
     const unsigned char ch = (unsigned char)*search->ptr;
     switch (ch) {
@@ -217,11 +212,39 @@ static inline FORCE_INLINE void escape_UTF8_char_basic(search_state *search)
  * Everything else (should be UTF-8) is just passed through and
  * appended to the result.
  */
+
+
+#if defined(HAVE_SIMD_NEON)
+static inline unsigned char search_escape_basic_neon(search_state *search);
+#elif defined(HAVE_SIMD_SSE2)
+static inline unsigned char search_escape_basic_sse2(search_state *search);
+#endif
+
+static inline unsigned char search_escape_basic(search_state *search);
+
 static inline void convert_UTF8_to_JSON(search_state *search)
 {
-    while (search_escape_basic_impl(search)) {
+#ifdef HAVE_SIMD
+#if defined(HAVE_SIMD_NEON)
+    while (search_escape_basic_neon(search)) {
+        escape_UTF8_char_basic(search);
+    }
+#elif defined(HAVE_SIMD_SSE2)
+    if (simd_impl == SIMD_SSE2) {
+        while (search_escape_basic_sse2(search)) {
+            escape_UTF8_char_basic(search);
+        }
+        return;
+    }
+    while (search_escape_basic(search)) {
         escape_UTF8_char_basic(search);
     }
+#endif
+#else
+    while (search_escape_basic(search)) {
+        escape_UTF8_char_basic(search);
+    }
+#endif /* HAVE_SIMD */
 }
 
 static inline void escape_UTF8_char(search_state *search, unsigned char ch_len)
@@ -263,8 +286,10 @@ static inline void escape_UTF8_char(search_state *search, unsigned char ch_len)
 
 #ifdef HAVE_SIMD
 
-static inline FORCE_INLINE char *copy_remaining_bytes(search_state *search, unsigned long vec_len, unsigned long len)
+ALWAYS_INLINE(static) char *copy_remaining_bytes(search_state *search, unsigned long vec_len, unsigned long len)
 {
+    RBIMPL_ASSERT_OR_ASSUME(len < vec_len);
+
     // Flush the buffer so everything up until the last 'len' characters are unflushed.
     search_flush(search);
 
@@ -274,19 +299,25 @@ static inline FORCE_INLINE char *copy_remaining_bytes(search_state *search, unsi
     char *s = (buf->ptr + buf->len);
 
     // Pad the buffer with dummy characters that won't need escaping.
-    // This seem wateful at first sight, but memset of vector length is very fast.
-    memset(s, 'X', vec_len);
+    // This seem wasteful at first sight, but memset of vector length is very fast.
+    // This is a space as it can be directly represented as an immediate on AArch64.
+    memset(s, ' ', vec_len);
 
     // Optimistically copy the remaining 'len' characters to the output FBuffer. If there are no characters
     // to escape, then everything ends up in the correct spot. Otherwise it was convenient temporary storage.
-    MEMCPY(s, search->ptr, char, len);
+    if (vec_len == 16) {
+        RBIMPL_ASSERT_OR_ASSUME(len >= SIMD_MINIMUM_THRESHOLD);
+        json_fast_memcpy16(s, search->ptr, len);
+    } else {
+        MEMCPY(s, search->ptr, char, len);
+    }
 
     return s;
 }
 
 #ifdef HAVE_SIMD_NEON
 
-static inline FORCE_INLINE unsigned char neon_next_match(search_state *search)
+ALWAYS_INLINE(static) unsigned char neon_next_match(search_state *search)
 {
     uint64_t mask = search->matches_mask;
     uint32_t index = trailing_zeros64(mask) >> 2;
@@ -304,28 +335,6 @@ static inline FORCE_INLINE unsigned char neon_next_match(search_state *search)
     return 1;
 }
 
-// See: https://community.arm.com/arm-community-blogs/b/servers-and-cloud-computing-blog/posts/porting-x86-vector-bitmask-optimizations-to-arm-neon
-static inline FORCE_INLINE uint64_t neon_match_mask(uint8x16_t matches)
-{
-    const uint8x8_t res = vshrn_n_u16(vreinterpretq_u16_u8(matches), 4);
-    const uint64_t mask = vget_lane_u64(vreinterpret_u64_u8(res), 0);
-    return mask & 0x8888888888888888ull;
-}
-
-static inline FORCE_INLINE uint64_t neon_rules_update(const char *ptr)
-{
-    uint8x16_t chunk = vld1q_u8((const unsigned char *)ptr);
-
-    // Trick: c < 32 || c == 34 can be factored as c ^ 2 < 33
-    // https://lemire.me/blog/2025/04/13/detect-control-characters-quotes-and-backslashes-efficiently-using-swar/
-    const uint8x16_t too_low_or_dbl_quote = vcltq_u8(veorq_u8(chunk, vdupq_n_u8(2)), vdupq_n_u8(33));
-
-    uint8x16_t has_backslash = vceqq_u8(chunk, vdupq_n_u8('\\'));
-    uint8x16_t needs_escape  = vorrq_u8(too_low_or_dbl_quote, has_backslash);
-
-    return neon_match_mask(needs_escape);
-}
-
 static inline unsigned char search_escape_basic_neon(search_state *search)
 {
     if (RB_UNLIKELY(search->has_matches)) {
@@ -333,7 +342,7 @@ static inline unsigned char search_escape_basic_neon(search_state *search)
         if (search->matches_mask > 0) {
             return neon_next_match(search);
         } else {
-            // neon_next_match will only advance search->ptr up to the last matching character. 
+            // neon_next_match will only advance search->ptr up to the last matching character.
             // Skip over any characters in the last chunk that occur after the last match.
             search->has_matches = false;
             search->ptr = search->chunk_end;
@@ -342,67 +351,61 @@ static inline unsigned char search_escape_basic_neon(search_state *search)
 
     /*
     * The code below implements an SIMD-based algorithm to determine if N bytes at a time
-    * need to be escaped. 
-    * 
+    * need to be escaped.
+    *
     * Assume the ptr = "Te\sting!" (the double quotes are included in the string)
-    * 
+    *
     * The explanation will be limited to the first 8 bytes of the string for simplicity. However
     * the vector insructions may work on larger vectors.
-    * 
+    *
     * First, we load three constants 'lower_bound', 'backslash' and 'dblquote" in vector registers.
-    * 
-    * lower_bound: [20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20] 
-    * backslash:   [5C 5C 5C 5C 5C 5C 5C 5C] 
-    * dblquote:    [22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22] 
-    * 
-    * Next we load the first chunk of the ptr: 
+    *
+    * lower_bound: [20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20]
+    * backslash:   [5C 5C 5C 5C 5C 5C 5C 5C]
+    * dblquote:    [22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22]
+    *
+    * Next we load the first chunk of the ptr:
     * [22 54 65 5C 73 74 69 6E] ("  T  e  \  s  t  i  n)
-    * 
+    *
     * First we check if any byte in chunk is less than 32 (0x20). This returns the following vector
     * as no bytes are less than 32 (0x20):
     * [0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0]
-    * 
+    *
     * Next, we check if any byte in chunk is equal to a backslash:
     * [0 0 0 FF 0 0 0 0]
-    * 
+    *
     * Finally we check if any byte in chunk is equal to a double quote:
-    * [FF 0 0 0 0 0 0 0] 
-    * 
+    * [FF 0 0 0 0 0 0 0]
+    *
     * Now we have three vectors where each byte indicates if the corresponding byte in chunk
     * needs to be escaped. We combine these vectors with a series of logical OR instructions.
     * This is the needs_escape vector and it is equal to:
-    * [FF 0 0 FF 0 0 0 0] 
-    * 
+    * [FF 0 0 FF 0 0 0 0]
+    *
     * Next we compute the bitwise AND between each byte and 0x1 and compute the horizontal sum of
     * the values in the vector. This computes how many bytes need to be escaped within this chunk.
-    * 
+    *
     * Finally we compute a mask that indicates which bytes need to be escaped. If the mask is 0 then,
     * no bytes need to be escaped and we can continue to the next chunk. If the mask is not 0 then we
     * have at least one byte that needs to be escaped.
     */
-    while (search->ptr + sizeof(uint8x16_t) <= search->end) {
-        uint64_t mask = neon_rules_update(search->ptr);
 
-        if (!mask) {
-            search->ptr += sizeof(uint8x16_t);
-            continue;
-        }
-        search->matches_mask = mask;
+    if (string_scan_simd_neon(&search->ptr, search->end, &search->matches_mask)) {
         search->has_matches = true;
         search->chunk_base = search->ptr;
         search->chunk_end = search->ptr + sizeof(uint8x16_t);
         return neon_next_match(search);
     }
 
-    // There are fewer than 16 bytes left. 
+    // There are fewer than 16 bytes left.
     unsigned long remaining = (search->end - search->ptr);
     if (remaining >= SIMD_MINIMUM_THRESHOLD) {
         char *s = copy_remaining_bytes(search, sizeof(uint8x16_t), remaining);
 
-        uint64_t mask = neon_rules_update(s);
+        uint64_t mask = compute_chunk_mask_neon(s);
 
         if (!mask) {
-            // Nothing to escape, ensure search_flush doesn't do anything by setting 
+            // Nothing to escape, ensure search_flush doesn't do anything by setting
             // search->cursor to search->ptr.
             fbuffer_consumed(search->buffer, remaining);
             search->ptr = search->end;
@@ -428,12 +431,7 @@ static inline unsigned char search_escape_basic_neon(search_state *search)
 
 #ifdef HAVE_SIMD_SSE2
 
-#define _mm_cmpge_epu8(a, b) _mm_cmpeq_epi8(_mm_max_epu8(a, b), a)
-#define _mm_cmple_epu8(a, b) _mm_cmpge_epu8(b, a)
-#define _mm_cmpgt_epu8(a, b) _mm_xor_si128(_mm_cmple_epu8(a, b), _mm_set1_epi8(-1))
-#define _mm_cmplt_epu8(a, b) _mm_cmpgt_epu8(b, a)
-
-static inline FORCE_INLINE unsigned char sse2_next_match(search_state *search)
+ALWAYS_INLINE(static) unsigned char sse2_next_match(search_state *search)
 {
     int mask = search->matches_mask;
     int index = trailing_zeros(mask);
@@ -457,26 +455,14 @@ static inline FORCE_INLINE unsigned char sse2_next_match(search_state *search)
 #define TARGET_SSE2
 #endif
 
-static inline TARGET_SSE2 FORCE_INLINE int sse2_update(const char *ptr)
-{
-    __m128i chunk         = _mm_loadu_si128((__m128i const*)ptr);
-
-    // Trick: c < 32 || c == 34 can be factored as c ^ 2 < 33
-    // https://lemire.me/blog/2025/04/13/detect-control-characters-quotes-and-backslashes-efficiently-using-swar/
-    __m128i too_low_or_dbl_quote = _mm_cmplt_epu8(_mm_xor_si128(chunk, _mm_set1_epi8(2)), _mm_set1_epi8(33));
-    __m128i has_backslash = _mm_cmpeq_epi8(chunk, _mm_set1_epi8('\\'));
-    __m128i needs_escape  = _mm_or_si128(too_low_or_dbl_quote, has_backslash);
-    return _mm_movemask_epi8(needs_escape);
-}
-
-static inline TARGET_SSE2 FORCE_INLINE unsigned char search_escape_basic_sse2(search_state *search)
+ALWAYS_INLINE(static) TARGET_SSE2 unsigned char search_escape_basic_sse2(search_state *search)
 {
     if (RB_UNLIKELY(search->has_matches)) {
         // There are more matches if search->matches_mask > 0.
         if (search->matches_mask > 0) {
             return sse2_next_match(search);
         } else {
-            // sse2_next_match will only advance search->ptr up to the last matching character. 
+            // sse2_next_match will only advance search->ptr up to the last matching character.
             // Skip over any characters in the last chunk that occur after the last match.
             search->has_matches = false;
             if (RB_UNLIKELY(search->chunk_base + sizeof(__m128i) >= search->end)) {
@@ -487,29 +473,22 @@ static inline TARGET_SSE2 FORCE_INLINE unsigned char search_escape_basic_sse2(se
         }
     }
 
-    while (search->ptr + sizeof(__m128i) <= search->end) {
-        int needs_escape_mask = sse2_update(search->ptr);
-
-        if (needs_escape_mask == 0) {
-            search->ptr += sizeof(__m128i);
-            continue;
-        }
-
+    if (string_scan_simd_sse2(&search->ptr, search->end, &search->matches_mask)) {
         search->has_matches = true;
-        search->matches_mask = needs_escape_mask;
         search->chunk_base = search->ptr;
+        search->chunk_end = search->ptr + sizeof(__m128i);
         return sse2_next_match(search);
     }
 
-    // There are fewer than 16 bytes left. 
+    // There are fewer than 16 bytes left.
     unsigned long remaining = (search->end - search->ptr);
     if (remaining >= SIMD_MINIMUM_THRESHOLD) {
         char *s = copy_remaining_bytes(search, sizeof(__m128i), remaining);
 
-        int needs_escape_mask = sse2_update(s);
+        int needs_escape_mask = compute_chunk_mask_sse2(s);
 
         if (needs_escape_mask == 0) {
-            // Nothing to escape, ensure search_flush doesn't do anything by setting 
+            // Nothing to escape, ensure search_flush doesn't do anything by setting
             // search->cursor to search->ptr.
             fbuffer_consumed(search->buffer, remaining);
             search->ptr = search->end;
@@ -638,7 +617,8 @@ static inline unsigned char search_ascii_only_escape(search_state *search, const
     return 0;
 }
 
-static inline void full_escape_UTF8_char(search_state *search, unsigned char ch_len) {
+static inline void full_escape_UTF8_char(search_state *search, unsigned char ch_len)
+{
     const unsigned char ch = (unsigned char)*search->ptr;
     switch (ch_len) {
         case 1: {
@@ -668,7 +648,7 @@ static inline void full_escape_UTF8_char(search_state *search, unsigned char ch_
 
             uint32_t wchar = 0;
 
-            switch(ch_len) {
+            switch (ch_len) {
                 case 2:
                     wchar = ch & 0x1F;
                     break;
@@ -828,7 +808,8 @@ static VALUE mHash_to_json(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
  * _state_ is a JSON::State object, that can also be used to configure the
  * produced JSON string output further.
  */
-static VALUE mArray_to_json(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self) {
+static VALUE mArray_to_json(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
+{
     rb_check_arity(argc, 0, 1);
     VALUE Vstate = cState_from_state_s(cState, argc == 1 ? argv[0] : Qnil);
     return cState_partial_generate(Vstate, self, generate_json_array, Qfalse);
@@ -886,17 +867,6 @@ static VALUE mFloat_to_json(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
 }
 
 /*
- * call-seq: String.included(modul)
- *
- * Extends _modul_ with the String::Extend module.
- */
-static VALUE mString_included_s(VALUE self, VALUE modul) {
-    VALUE result = rb_funcall(modul, i_extend, 1, mString_Extend);
-    rb_call_super(1, &modul);
-    return result;
-}
-
-/*
  * call-seq: to_json(*)
  *
  * This string should be encoded with UTF-8 A call to this method
@@ -911,51 +881,6 @@ static VALUE mString_to_json(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
 }
 
 /*
- * call-seq: to_json_raw_object()
- *
- * This method creates a raw object hash, that can be nested into
- * other data structures and will be generated as a raw string. This
- * method should be used, if you want to convert raw strings to JSON
- * instead of UTF-8 strings, e. g. binary data.
- */
-static VALUE mString_to_json_raw_object(VALUE self)
-{
-    VALUE ary;
-    VALUE result = rb_hash_new();
-    rb_hash_aset(result, rb_funcall(mJSON, i_create_id, 0), rb_class_name(rb_obj_class(self)));
-    ary = rb_funcall(self, i_unpack, 1, rb_str_new2("C*"));
-    rb_hash_aset(result, rb_utf8_str_new_lit("raw"), ary);
-    return result;
-}
-
-/*
- * call-seq: to_json_raw(*args)
- *
- * This method creates a JSON text from the result of a call to
- * to_json_raw_object of this String.
- */
-static VALUE mString_to_json_raw(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
-{
-    VALUE obj = mString_to_json_raw_object(self);
-    Check_Type(obj, T_HASH);
-    return mHash_to_json(argc, argv, obj);
-}
-
-/*
- * call-seq: json_create(o)
- *
- * Raw Strings are JSON Objects (the raw bytes are stored in an array for the
- * key "raw"). The Ruby String can be created by this module method.
- */
-static VALUE mString_Extend_json_create(VALUE self, VALUE o)
-{
-    VALUE ary;
-    Check_Type(o, T_HASH);
-    ary = rb_hash_aref(o, rb_str_new2("raw"));
-    return rb_funcall(ary, i_pack, 1, rb_str_new2("C*"));
-}
-
-/*
  * call-seq: to_json(*)
  *
  * Returns a JSON string for true: 'true'.
@@ -1038,11 +963,6 @@ static size_t State_memsize(const void *ptr)
     return sizeof(JSON_Generator_State);
 }
 
-#ifndef HAVE_RB_EXT_RACTOR_SAFE
-#   undef RUBY_TYPED_FROZEN_SHAREABLE
-#   define RUBY_TYPED_FROZEN_SHAREABLE 0
-#endif
-
 static const rb_data_type_t JSON_Generator_State_type = {
     "JSON/Generator/State",
     {
@@ -1084,18 +1004,24 @@ static void vstate_spill(struct generate_json_data *data)
     RB_OBJ_WRITTEN(vstate, Qundef, state->as_json);
 }
 
-static inline VALUE vstate_get(struct generate_json_data *data)
+static inline VALUE json_call_to_json(struct generate_json_data *data, VALUE obj)
 {
     if (RB_UNLIKELY(!data->vstate)) {
         vstate_spill(data);
     }
-    return data->vstate;
+    GET_STATE(data->vstate);
+    state->depth = data->depth;
+    VALUE tmp = rb_funcall(obj, i_to_json, 1, data->vstate);
+    // no need to restore state->depth, vstate is just a temporary State
+    return tmp;
 }
 
-struct hash_foreach_arg {
-    struct generate_json_data *data;
-    int iter;
-};
+static VALUE
+json_call_as_json(JSON_Generator_State *state, VALUE object, VALUE is_key)
+{
+    VALUE proc_args[2] = {object, is_key};
+    return rb_proc_call_with_block(state->as_json, 2, proc_args, Qnil);
+}
 
 static VALUE
 convert_string_subclass(VALUE key)
@@ -1112,6 +1038,145 @@ convert_string_subclass(VALUE key)
     return key_to_s;
 }
 
+static bool enc_utf8_compatible_p(int enc_idx)
+{
+    if (enc_idx == usascii_encindex) return true;
+    if (enc_idx == utf8_encindex) return true;
+    return false;
+}
+
+static VALUE encode_json_string_try(VALUE str)
+{
+    return rb_funcall(str, i_encode, 1, Encoding_UTF_8);
+}
+
+static VALUE encode_json_string_rescue(VALUE str, VALUE exception)
+{
+    raise_generator_error_str(str, rb_funcall(exception, rb_intern("message"), 0));
+    return Qundef;
+}
+
+static inline bool valid_json_string_p(VALUE str)
+{
+    int coderange = rb_enc_str_coderange(str);
+
+    if (RB_LIKELY(coderange == ENC_CODERANGE_7BIT)) {
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    if (RB_LIKELY(coderange == ENC_CODERANGE_VALID)) {
+        return enc_utf8_compatible_p(RB_ENCODING_GET_INLINED(str));
+    }
+
+    return false;
+}
+
+static inline VALUE ensure_valid_encoding(struct generate_json_data *data, VALUE str, bool as_json_called, bool is_key)
+{
+    if (RB_LIKELY(valid_json_string_p(str))) {
+        return str;
+    }
+
+    if (!as_json_called && data->state->strict && RTEST(data->state->as_json)) {
+        VALUE coerced_str = json_call_as_json(data->state, str, Qfalse);
+        if (coerced_str != str) {
+            if (RB_TYPE_P(coerced_str, T_STRING)) {
+                if (!valid_json_string_p(coerced_str)) {
+                    raise_generator_error(str, "source sequence is illegal/malformed utf-8");
+                }
+            } else {
+                // as_json could return another type than T_STRING
+                if (is_key) {
+                    raise_generator_error(coerced_str, "%"PRIsVALUE" not allowed as object key in JSON", CLASS_OF(coerced_str));
+                }
+            }
+
+            return coerced_str;
+        }
+    }
+
+    if (RB_ENCODING_GET_INLINED(str) == binary_encindex) {
+        VALUE utf8_string = rb_enc_associate_index(rb_str_dup(str), utf8_encindex);
+        switch (rb_enc_str_coderange(utf8_string)) {
+            case ENC_CODERANGE_7BIT:
+                return utf8_string;
+            case ENC_CODERANGE_VALID:
+                // For historical reason, we silently reinterpret binary strings as UTF-8 if it would work.
+                // TODO: Raise in 3.0.0
+                rb_warn("JSON.generate: UTF-8 string passed as BINARY, this will raise an encoding error in json 3.0");
+                return utf8_string;
+                break;
+        }
+    }
+
+    return rb_rescue(encode_json_string_try, str, encode_json_string_rescue, str);
+}
+
+static void raw_generate_json_string(FBuffer *buffer, struct generate_json_data *data, VALUE obj)
+{
+    fbuffer_append_char(buffer, '"');
+
+    long len;
+    search_state search;
+    search.buffer = buffer;
+    RSTRING_GETMEM(obj, search.ptr, len);
+    search.cursor = search.ptr;
+    search.end = search.ptr + len;
+
+#ifdef HAVE_SIMD
+    search.matches_mask = 0;
+    search.has_matches = false;
+    search.chunk_base = NULL;
+    search.chunk_end = NULL;
+#endif /* HAVE_SIMD */
+
+    switch (rb_enc_str_coderange(obj)) {
+        case ENC_CODERANGE_7BIT:
+        case ENC_CODERANGE_VALID:
+            if (RB_UNLIKELY(data->state->ascii_only)) {
+                convert_UTF8_to_ASCII_only_JSON(&search, data->state->script_safe ? script_safe_escape_table : ascii_only_escape_table);
+            } else if (RB_UNLIKELY(data->state->script_safe)) {
+                convert_UTF8_to_script_safe_JSON(&search);
+            } else {
+                convert_UTF8_to_JSON(&search);
+            }
+            break;
+        default:
+            raise_generator_error(obj, "source sequence is illegal/malformed utf-8");
+            break;
+    }
+    fbuffer_append_char(buffer, '"');
+}
+
+static void generate_json_string(FBuffer *buffer, struct generate_json_data *data, VALUE obj)
+{
+    obj = ensure_valid_encoding(data, obj, false, false);
+    raw_generate_json_string(buffer, data, obj);
+}
+
+struct hash_foreach_arg {
+    VALUE hash;
+    struct generate_json_data *data;
+    int first_key_type;
+    bool first;
+    bool mixed_keys_encountered;
+};
+
+NOINLINE(static) void
+json_inspect_hash_with_mixed_keys(struct hash_foreach_arg *arg)
+{
+    if (arg->mixed_keys_encountered) {
+        return;
+    }
+    arg->mixed_keys_encountered = true;
+
+    JSON_Generator_State *state = arg->data->state;
+    if (state->on_duplicate_key != JSON_IGNORE) {
+        VALUE do_raise = state->on_duplicate_key == JSON_RAISE ? Qtrue : Qfalse;
+        rb_funcall(mJSON, rb_intern("on_mixed_keys_hash"), 2, arg->hash, do_raise);
+    }
+}
+
 static int
 json_object_i(VALUE key, VALUE val, VALUE _arg)
 {
@@ -1121,22 +1186,34 @@ json_object_i(VALUE key, VALUE val, VALUE _arg)
     FBuffer *buffer = data->buffer;
     JSON_Generator_State *state = data->state;
 
-    long depth = state->depth;
-    int j;
+    long depth = data->depth;
+    int key_type = rb_type(key);
+
+    if (arg->first) {
+        arg->first = false;
+        arg->first_key_type = key_type;
+    }
+    else {
+        fbuffer_append_char(buffer, ',');
+    }
 
-    if (arg->iter > 0) fbuffer_append_char(buffer, ',');
     if (RB_UNLIKELY(data->state->object_nl)) {
         fbuffer_append_str(buffer, data->state->object_nl);
     }
     if (RB_UNLIKELY(data->state->indent)) {
-        for (j = 0; j < depth; j++) {
-            fbuffer_append_str(buffer, data->state->indent);
-        }
+        fbuffer_append_str_repeat(buffer, data->state->indent, depth);
     }
 
     VALUE key_to_s;
-    switch(rb_type(key)) {
+    bool as_json_called = false;
+
+  start:
+    switch (key_type) {
         case T_STRING:
+            if (RB_UNLIKELY(arg->first_key_type != T_STRING)) {
+                json_inspect_hash_with_mixed_keys(arg);
+            }
+
             if (RB_LIKELY(RBASIC_CLASS(key) == rb_cString)) {
                 key_to_s = key;
             } else {
@@ -1144,15 +1221,31 @@ json_object_i(VALUE key, VALUE val, VALUE _arg)
             }
             break;
         case T_SYMBOL:
+            if (RB_UNLIKELY(arg->first_key_type != T_SYMBOL)) {
+                json_inspect_hash_with_mixed_keys(arg);
+            }
+
             key_to_s = rb_sym2str(key);
             break;
         default:
+            if (data->state->strict) {
+                if (RTEST(data->state->as_json) && !as_json_called) {
+                    key = json_call_as_json(data->state, key, Qtrue);
+                    key_type = rb_type(key);
+                    as_json_called = true;
+                    goto start;
+                } else {
+                    raise_generator_error(key, "%"PRIsVALUE" not allowed as object key in JSON", CLASS_OF(key));
+                }
+            }
             key_to_s = rb_convert_type(key, T_STRING, "String", "to_s");
             break;
     }
 
+    key_to_s = ensure_valid_encoding(data, key_to_s, as_json_called, true);
+
     if (RB_LIKELY(RBASIC_CLASS(key_to_s) == rb_cString)) {
-        generate_json_string(buffer, data, key_to_s);
+        raw_generate_json_string(buffer, data, key_to_s);
     } else {
         generate_json(buffer, data, key_to_s);
     }
@@ -1161,46 +1254,43 @@ json_object_i(VALUE key, VALUE val, VALUE _arg)
     if (RB_UNLIKELY(state->space)) fbuffer_append_str(buffer, data->state->space);
     generate_json(buffer, data, val);
 
-    arg->iter++;
     return ST_CONTINUE;
 }
 
 static inline long increase_depth(struct generate_json_data *data)
 {
     JSON_Generator_State *state = data->state;
-    long depth = ++state->depth;
+    long depth = ++data->depth;
     if (RB_UNLIKELY(depth > state->max_nesting && state->max_nesting)) {
-        rb_raise(eNestingError, "nesting of %ld is too deep", --state->depth);
+        rb_raise(eNestingError, "nesting of %ld is too deep. Did you try to serialize objects with circular references?", --data->depth);
     }
     return depth;
 }
 
 static void generate_json_object(FBuffer *buffer, struct generate_json_data *data, VALUE obj)
 {
-    int j;
     long depth = increase_depth(data);
 
     if (RHASH_SIZE(obj) == 0) {
         fbuffer_append(buffer, "{}", 2);
-        --data->state->depth;
+        --data->depth;
         return;
     }
 
     fbuffer_append_char(buffer, '{');
 
     struct hash_foreach_arg arg = {
+        .hash = obj,
         .data = data,
-        .iter = 0,
+        .first = true,
     };
     rb_hash_foreach(obj, json_object_i, (VALUE)&arg);
 
-    depth = --data->state->depth;
+    depth = --data->depth;
     if (RB_UNLIKELY(data->state->object_nl)) {
         fbuffer_append_str(buffer, data->state->object_nl);
         if (RB_UNLIKELY(data->state->indent)) {
-            for (j = 0; j < depth; j++) {
-                fbuffer_append_str(buffer, data->state->indent);
-            }
+            fbuffer_append_str_repeat(buffer, data->state->indent, depth);
         }
     }
     fbuffer_append_char(buffer, '}');
@@ -1208,125 +1298,41 @@ static void generate_json_object(FBuffer *buffer, struct generate_json_data *dat
 
 static void generate_json_array(FBuffer *buffer, struct generate_json_data *data, VALUE obj)
 {
-    int i, j;
     long depth = increase_depth(data);
 
     if (RARRAY_LEN(obj) == 0) {
         fbuffer_append(buffer, "[]", 2);
-        --data->state->depth;
+        --data->depth;
         return;
     }
 
     fbuffer_append_char(buffer, '[');
     if (RB_UNLIKELY(data->state->array_nl)) fbuffer_append_str(buffer, data->state->array_nl);
-    for(i = 0; i < RARRAY_LEN(obj); i++) {
+    for (int i = 0; i < RARRAY_LEN(obj); i++) {
         if (i > 0) {
             fbuffer_append_char(buffer, ',');
             if (RB_UNLIKELY(data->state->array_nl)) fbuffer_append_str(buffer, data->state->array_nl);
         }
         if (RB_UNLIKELY(data->state->indent)) {
-            for (j = 0; j < depth; j++) {
-                fbuffer_append_str(buffer, data->state->indent);
-            }
+            fbuffer_append_str_repeat(buffer, data->state->indent, depth);
         }
         generate_json(buffer, data, RARRAY_AREF(obj, i));
     }
-    data->state->depth = --depth;
+    data->depth = --depth;
     if (RB_UNLIKELY(data->state->array_nl)) {
         fbuffer_append_str(buffer, data->state->array_nl);
         if (RB_UNLIKELY(data->state->indent)) {
-            for (j = 0; j < depth; j++) {
-                fbuffer_append_str(buffer, data->state->indent);
-            }
+            fbuffer_append_str_repeat(buffer, data->state->indent, depth);
         }
     }
     fbuffer_append_char(buffer, ']');
 }
 
-static inline int enc_utf8_compatible_p(int enc_idx)
-{
-    if (enc_idx == usascii_encindex) return 1;
-    if (enc_idx == utf8_encindex) return 1;
-    return 0;
-}
-
-static VALUE encode_json_string_try(VALUE str)
-{
-    return rb_funcall(str, i_encode, 1, Encoding_UTF_8);
-}
-
-static VALUE encode_json_string_rescue(VALUE str, VALUE exception)
-{
-    raise_generator_error_str(str, rb_funcall(exception, rb_intern("message"), 0));
-    return Qundef;
-}
-
-static inline VALUE ensure_valid_encoding(VALUE str)
-{
-    int encindex = RB_ENCODING_GET(str);
-    VALUE utf8_string;
-    if (RB_UNLIKELY(!enc_utf8_compatible_p(encindex))) {
-        if (encindex == binary_encindex) {
-            utf8_string = rb_enc_associate_index(rb_str_dup(str), utf8_encindex);
-            switch (rb_enc_str_coderange(utf8_string)) {
-                case ENC_CODERANGE_7BIT:
-                    return utf8_string;
-                case ENC_CODERANGE_VALID:
-                    // For historical reason, we silently reinterpret binary strings as UTF-8 if it would work.
-                    // TODO: Raise in 3.0.0
-                    rb_warn("JSON.generate: UTF-8 string passed as BINARY, this will raise an encoding error in json 3.0");
-                    return utf8_string;
-                    break;
-            }
-        }
-
-        str = rb_rescue(encode_json_string_try, str, encode_json_string_rescue, str);
-    }
-    return str;
-}
-
-static void generate_json_string(FBuffer *buffer, struct generate_json_data *data, VALUE obj)
-{
-    obj = ensure_valid_encoding(obj);
-
-    fbuffer_append_char(buffer, '"');
-
-    long len;
-    search_state search;
-    search.buffer = buffer;
-    RSTRING_GETMEM(obj, search.ptr, len);
-    search.cursor = search.ptr;
-    search.end = search.ptr + len;
-
-#ifdef HAVE_SIMD
-    search.matches_mask = 0;
-    search.has_matches = false;
-    search.chunk_base = NULL;
-#endif /* HAVE_SIMD */
-
-    switch(rb_enc_str_coderange(obj)) {
-        case ENC_CODERANGE_7BIT:
-        case ENC_CODERANGE_VALID:
-            if (RB_UNLIKELY(data->state->ascii_only)) {
-                convert_UTF8_to_ASCII_only_JSON(&search, data->state->script_safe ? script_safe_escape_table : ascii_only_escape_table);
-            } else if (RB_UNLIKELY(data->state->script_safe)) {
-                convert_UTF8_to_script_safe_JSON(&search);
-            } else {
-                convert_UTF8_to_JSON(&search);
-            }
-            break;
-        default:
-            raise_generator_error(obj, "source sequence is illegal/malformed utf-8");
-            break;
-    }
-    fbuffer_append_char(buffer, '"');
-}
-
 static void generate_json_fallback(FBuffer *buffer, struct generate_json_data *data, VALUE obj)
 {
     VALUE tmp;
     if (rb_respond_to(obj, i_to_json)) {
-        tmp = rb_funcall(obj, i_to_json, 1, vstate_get(data));
+        tmp = json_call_to_json(data, obj);
         Check_Type(tmp, T_STRING);
         fbuffer_append_str(buffer, tmp);
     } else {
@@ -1389,11 +1395,11 @@ static void generate_json_float(FBuffer *buffer, struct generate_json_data *data
         /* for NaN and Infinity values we either raise an error or rely on Float#to_s. */
         if (!allow_nan) {
             if (data->state->strict && data->state->as_json) {
-                VALUE casted_obj = rb_proc_call_with_block(data->state->as_json, 1, &obj, Qnil);
+                VALUE casted_obj = json_call_as_json(data->state, obj, Qfalse);
                 if (casted_obj != obj) {
                     increase_depth(data);
                     generate_json(buffer, data, casted_obj);
-                    data->state->depth--;
+                    data->depth--;
                     return;
                 }
             }
@@ -1406,12 +1412,11 @@ static void generate_json_float(FBuffer *buffer, struct generate_json_data *data
     }
 
     /* This implementation writes directly into the buffer. We reserve
-     * the 28 characters that fpconv_dtoa states as its maximum.
+     * the 32 characters that fpconv_dtoa states as its maximum.
      */
-    fbuffer_inc_capa(buffer, 28);
+    fbuffer_inc_capa(buffer, 32);
     char* d = buffer->ptr + buffer->len;
     int len = fpconv_dtoa(value, d);
-
     /* fpconv_dtoa converts a float to its shortest string representation,
      * but it adds a ".0" if this is a plain integer.
      */
@@ -1461,7 +1466,16 @@ start:
                 break;
             case T_STRING:
                 if (klass != rb_cString) goto general;
-                generate_json_string(buffer, data, obj);
+
+                if (RB_LIKELY(valid_json_string_p(obj))) {
+                    raw_generate_json_string(buffer, data, obj);
+                } else if (as_json_called) {
+                    raise_generator_error(obj, "source sequence is illegal/malformed utf-8");
+                } else {
+                    obj = ensure_valid_encoding(data, obj, false, false);
+                    as_json_called = true;
+                    goto start;
+                }
                 break;
             case T_SYMBOL:
                 generate_json_symbol(buffer, data, obj);
@@ -1478,7 +1492,7 @@ start:
             general:
                 if (data->state->strict) {
                     if (RTEST(data->state->as_json) && !as_json_called) {
-                        obj = rb_proc_call_with_block(data->state->as_json, 1, &obj, Qnil);
+                        obj = json_call_as_json(data->state, obj, Qfalse);
                         as_json_called = true;
                         goto start;
                     } else {
@@ -1497,16 +1511,14 @@ static VALUE generate_json_try(VALUE d)
 
     data->func(data->buffer, data, data->obj);
 
-    return Qnil;
+    return fbuffer_finalize(data->buffer);
 }
 
-static VALUE generate_json_rescue(VALUE d, VALUE exc)
+static VALUE generate_json_ensure(VALUE d)
 {
     struct generate_json_data *data = (struct generate_json_data *)d;
     fbuffer_free(data->buffer);
 
-    rb_exc_raise(exc);
-
     return Qundef;
 }
 
@@ -1522,14 +1534,13 @@ static VALUE cState_partial_generate(VALUE self, VALUE obj, generator_func func,
 
     struct generate_json_data data = {
         .buffer = &buffer,
-        .vstate = self,
+        .vstate = Qfalse, // don't use self as it may be frozen and its depth is mutated when calling to_json
         .state = state,
+        .depth = state->depth,
         .obj = obj,
         .func = func
     };
-    rb_rescue(generate_json_try, (VALUE)&data, generate_json_rescue, (VALUE)&data);
-
-    return fbuffer_finalize(&buffer);
+    return rb_ensure(generate_json_try, (VALUE)&data, generate_json_ensure, (VALUE)&data);
 }
 
 /* call-seq:
@@ -1545,10 +1556,7 @@ static VALUE cState_generate(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
     rb_check_arity(argc, 1, 2);
     VALUE obj = argv[0];
     VALUE io = argc > 1 ? argv[1] : Qnil;
-    VALUE result = cState_partial_generate(self, obj, generate_json, io);
-    GET_STATE(self);
-    (void)state;
-    return result;
+    return cState_partial_generate(self, obj, generate_json, io);
 }
 
 static VALUE cState_initialize(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
@@ -1629,6 +1637,7 @@ static VALUE string_config(VALUE config)
  */
 static VALUE cState_indent_set(VALUE self, VALUE indent)
 {
+    rb_check_frozen(self);
     GET_STATE(self);
     RB_OBJ_WRITE(self, &state->indent, string_config(indent));
     return Qnil;
@@ -1654,6 +1663,7 @@ static VALUE cState_space(VALUE self)
  */
 static VALUE cState_space_set(VALUE self, VALUE space)
 {
+    rb_check_frozen(self);
     GET_STATE(self);
     RB_OBJ_WRITE(self, &state->space, string_config(space));
     return Qnil;
@@ -1677,6 +1687,7 @@ static VALUE cState_space_before(VALUE self)
  */
 static VALUE cState_space_before_set(VALUE self, VALUE space_before)
 {
+    rb_check_frozen(self);
     GET_STATE(self);
     RB_OBJ_WRITE(self, &state->space_before, string_config(space_before));
     return Qnil;
@@ -1702,6 +1713,7 @@ static VALUE cState_object_nl(VALUE self)
  */
 static VALUE cState_object_nl_set(VALUE self, VALUE object_nl)
 {
+    rb_check_frozen(self);
     GET_STATE(self);
     RB_OBJ_WRITE(self, &state->object_nl, string_config(object_nl));
     return Qnil;
@@ -1725,6 +1737,7 @@ static VALUE cState_array_nl(VALUE self)
  */
 static VALUE cState_array_nl_set(VALUE self, VALUE array_nl)
 {
+    rb_check_frozen(self);
     GET_STATE(self);
     RB_OBJ_WRITE(self, &state->array_nl, string_config(array_nl));
     return Qnil;
@@ -1748,6 +1761,7 @@ static VALUE cState_as_json(VALUE self)
  */
 static VALUE cState_as_json_set(VALUE self, VALUE as_json)
 {
+    rb_check_frozen(self);
     GET_STATE(self);
     RB_OBJ_WRITE(self, &state->as_json, rb_convert_type(as_json, T_DATA, "Proc", "to_proc"));
     return Qnil;
@@ -1790,6 +1804,7 @@ static long long_config(VALUE num)
  */
 static VALUE cState_max_nesting_set(VALUE self, VALUE depth)
 {
+    rb_check_frozen(self);
     GET_STATE(self);
     state->max_nesting = long_config(depth);
     return Qnil;
@@ -1815,6 +1830,7 @@ static VALUE cState_script_safe(VALUE self)
  */
 static VALUE cState_script_safe_set(VALUE self, VALUE enable)
 {
+    rb_check_frozen(self);
     GET_STATE(self);
     state->script_safe = RTEST(enable);
     return Qnil;
@@ -1846,6 +1862,7 @@ static VALUE cState_strict(VALUE self)
  */
 static VALUE cState_strict_set(VALUE self, VALUE enable)
 {
+    rb_check_frozen(self);
     GET_STATE(self);
     state->strict = RTEST(enable);
     return Qnil;
@@ -1870,6 +1887,7 @@ static VALUE cState_allow_nan_p(VALUE self)
  */
 static VALUE cState_allow_nan_set(VALUE self, VALUE enable)
 {
+    rb_check_frozen(self);
     GET_STATE(self);
     state->allow_nan = RTEST(enable);
     return Qnil;
@@ -1894,11 +1912,25 @@ static VALUE cState_ascii_only_p(VALUE self)
  */
 static VALUE cState_ascii_only_set(VALUE self, VALUE enable)
 {
+    rb_check_frozen(self);
     GET_STATE(self);
     state->ascii_only = RTEST(enable);
     return Qnil;
 }
 
+static VALUE cState_allow_duplicate_key_p(VALUE self)
+{
+    GET_STATE(self);
+    switch (state->on_duplicate_key) {
+        case JSON_IGNORE:
+            return Qtrue;
+        case JSON_DEPRECATED:
+            return Qnil;
+        default:
+            return Qfalse;
+    }
+}
+
 /*
  * call-seq: depth
  *
@@ -1918,6 +1950,7 @@ static VALUE cState_depth(VALUE self)
  */
 static VALUE cState_depth_set(VALUE self, VALUE depth)
 {
+    rb_check_frozen(self);
     GET_STATE(self);
     state->depth = long_config(depth);
     return Qnil;
@@ -1951,20 +1984,36 @@ static void buffer_initial_length_set(JSON_Generator_State *state, VALUE buffer_
  */
 static VALUE cState_buffer_initial_length_set(VALUE self, VALUE buffer_initial_length)
 {
+    rb_check_frozen(self);
     GET_STATE(self);
     buffer_initial_length_set(state, buffer_initial_length);
     return Qnil;
 }
 
+struct configure_state_data {
+    JSON_Generator_State *state;
+    VALUE vstate;  // Ruby object that owns the state, or Qfalse if stack-allocated
+};
+
+static inline void state_write_value(struct configure_state_data *data, VALUE *field, VALUE value)
+{
+    if (RTEST(data->vstate)) {
+        RB_OBJ_WRITE(data->vstate, field, value);
+    } else {
+        *field = value;
+    }
+}
+
 static int configure_state_i(VALUE key, VALUE val, VALUE _arg)
 {
-    JSON_Generator_State *state = (JSON_Generator_State *)_arg;
+    struct configure_state_data *data = (struct configure_state_data *)_arg;
+    JSON_Generator_State *state = data->state;
 
-         if (key == sym_indent)                { state->indent = string_config(val); }
-    else if (key == sym_space)                 { state->space = string_config(val); }
-    else if (key == sym_space_before)          { state->space_before = string_config(val); }
-    else if (key == sym_object_nl)             { state->object_nl = string_config(val); }
-    else if (key == sym_array_nl)              { state->array_nl = string_config(val); }
+         if (key == sym_indent)                { state_write_value(data, &state->indent, string_config(val)); }
+    else if (key == sym_space)                 { state_write_value(data, &state->space, string_config(val)); }
+    else if (key == sym_space_before)          { state_write_value(data, &state->space_before, string_config(val)); }
+    else if (key == sym_object_nl)             { state_write_value(data, &state->object_nl, string_config(val)); }
+    else if (key == sym_array_nl)              { state_write_value(data, &state->array_nl, string_config(val)); }
     else if (key == sym_max_nesting)           { state->max_nesting = long_config(val); }
     else if (key == sym_allow_nan)             { state->allow_nan = RTEST(val); }
     else if (key == sym_ascii_only)            { state->ascii_only = RTEST(val); }
@@ -1973,11 +2022,16 @@ static int configure_state_i(VALUE key, VALUE val, VALUE _arg)
     else if (key == sym_script_safe)           { state->script_safe = RTEST(val); }
     else if (key == sym_escape_slash)          { state->script_safe = RTEST(val); }
     else if (key == sym_strict)                { state->strict = RTEST(val); }
-    else if (key == sym_as_json)               { state->as_json = RTEST(val) ? rb_convert_type(val, T_DATA, "Proc", "to_proc") : Qfalse; }
+    else if (key == sym_allow_duplicate_key)   { state->on_duplicate_key = RTEST(val) ? JSON_IGNORE : JSON_RAISE; }
+    else if (key == sym_as_json)               {
+        VALUE proc = RTEST(val) ? rb_convert_type(val, T_DATA, "Proc", "to_proc") : Qfalse;
+        state->as_json_single_arg = proc && rb_proc_arity(proc) == 1;
+        state_write_value(data, &state->as_json, proc);
+    }
     return ST_CONTINUE;
 }
 
-static void configure_state(JSON_Generator_State *state, VALUE config)
+static void configure_state(JSON_Generator_State *state, VALUE vstate, VALUE config)
 {
     if (!RTEST(config)) return;
 
@@ -1985,15 +2039,21 @@ static void configure_state(JSON_Generator_State *state, VALUE config)
 
     if (!RHASH_SIZE(config)) return;
 
+    struct configure_state_data data = {
+        .state = state,
+        .vstate = vstate
+    };
+
     // We assume in most cases few keys are set so it's faster to go over
     // the provided keys than to check all possible keys.
-    rb_hash_foreach(config, configure_state_i, (VALUE)state);
+    rb_hash_foreach(config, configure_state_i, (VALUE)&data);
 }
 
 static VALUE cState_configure(VALUE self, VALUE opts)
 {
+    rb_check_frozen(self);
     GET_STATE(self);
-    configure_state(state, opts);
+    configure_state(state, self, opts);
     return self;
 }
 
@@ -2001,7 +2061,7 @@ static VALUE cState_m_generate(VALUE klass, VALUE obj, VALUE opts, VALUE io)
 {
     JSON_Generator_State state = {0};
     state_init(&state);
-    configure_state(&state, opts);
+    configure_state(&state, Qfalse, opts);
 
     char stack_buffer[FBUFFER_STACK_SIZE];
     FBuffer buffer = {
@@ -2013,12 +2073,11 @@ static VALUE cState_m_generate(VALUE klass, VALUE obj, VALUE opts, VALUE io)
         .buffer = &buffer,
         .vstate = Qfalse,
         .state = &state,
+        .depth = state.depth,
         .obj = obj,
         .func = generate_json,
     };
-    rb_rescue(generate_json_try, (VALUE)&data, generate_json_rescue, (VALUE)&data);
-
-    return fbuffer_finalize(&buffer);
+    return rb_ensure(generate_json_try, (VALUE)&data, generate_json_ensure, (VALUE)&data);
 }
 
 /*
@@ -2088,7 +2147,8 @@ void Init_generator(void)
     rb_define_method(cState, "buffer_initial_length", cState_buffer_initial_length, 0);
     rb_define_method(cState, "buffer_initial_length=", cState_buffer_initial_length_set, 1);
     rb_define_method(cState, "generate", cState_generate, -1);
-    rb_define_alias(cState, "generate_new", "generate"); // :nodoc:
+
+    rb_define_private_method(cState, "allow_duplicate_key?", cState_allow_duplicate_key_p, 0);
 
     rb_define_singleton_method(cState, "generate", cState_m_generate, 3);
 
@@ -2117,13 +2177,7 @@ void Init_generator(void)
     rb_define_method(mFloat, "to_json", mFloat_to_json, -1);
 
     VALUE mString = rb_define_module_under(mGeneratorMethods, "String");
-    rb_define_singleton_method(mString, "included", mString_included_s, 1);
     rb_define_method(mString, "to_json", mString_to_json, -1);
-    rb_define_method(mString, "to_json_raw", mString_to_json_raw, -1);
-    rb_define_method(mString, "to_json_raw_object", mString_to_json_raw_object, 0);
-
-    mString_Extend = rb_define_module_under(mString, "Extend");
-    rb_define_method(mString_Extend, "json_create", mString_Extend_json_create, 1);
 
     VALUE mTrueClass = rb_define_module_under(mGeneratorMethods, "TrueClass");
     rb_define_method(mTrueClass, "to_json", mTrueClass_to_json, -1);
@@ -2140,10 +2194,6 @@ void Init_generator(void)
     i_to_s = rb_intern("to_s");
     i_to_json = rb_intern("to_json");
     i_new = rb_intern("new");
-    i_pack = rb_intern("pack");
-    i_unpack = rb_intern("unpack");
-    i_create_id = rb_intern("create_id");
-    i_extend = rb_intern("extend");
     i_encode = rb_intern("encode");
 
     sym_indent = ID2SYM(rb_intern("indent"));
@@ -2160,6 +2210,7 @@ void Init_generator(void)
     sym_escape_slash = ID2SYM(rb_intern("escape_slash"));
     sym_strict = ID2SYM(rb_intern("strict"));
     sym_as_json = ID2SYM(rb_intern("as_json"));
+    sym_allow_duplicate_key = ID2SYM(rb_intern("allow_duplicate_key"));
 
     usascii_encindex = rb_usascii_encindex();
     utf8_encindex = rb_utf8_encindex();
@@ -2167,22 +2218,5 @@ void Init_generator(void)
 
     rb_require("json/ext/generator/state");
 
-
-    switch(find_simd_implementation()) {
-#ifdef HAVE_SIMD
-#ifdef HAVE_SIMD_NEON
-        case SIMD_NEON:
-            search_escape_basic_impl = search_escape_basic_neon;
-            break;
-#endif /* HAVE_SIMD_NEON */
-#ifdef HAVE_SIMD_SSE2
-        case SIMD_SSE2:
-            search_escape_basic_impl = search_escape_basic_sse2;
-            break;
-#endif /* HAVE_SIMD_SSE2 */
-#endif /* HAVE_SIMD */
-        default:
-            search_escape_basic_impl = search_escape_basic;
-            break;
-    }
+    simd_impl = find_simd_implementation();
 }
diff --git a/ext/json/generator/simd.h b/ext/json/generator/simd.h
deleted file mode 100644
index b12890cb09..0000000000
--- a/ext/json/generator/simd.h
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,112 +0,0 @@
-typedef enum {
-    SIMD_NONE,
-    SIMD_NEON,
-    SIMD_SSE2
-} SIMD_Implementation;
-
-#ifdef JSON_ENABLE_SIMD
-
-#ifdef __clang__
-  #if __has_builtin(__builtin_ctzll)
-    #define HAVE_BUILTIN_CTZLL 1
-  #else
-    #define HAVE_BUILTIN_CTZLL 0
-  #endif
-#elif defined(__GNUC__) && (__GNUC__ > 4 || (__GNUC__ == 4 && __GNUC_MINOR__ >= 3))
-  #define HAVE_BUILTIN_CTZLL 1
-#else
-  #define HAVE_BUILTIN_CTZLL 0
-#endif
-
-static inline uint32_t trailing_zeros64(uint64_t input) {
-#if HAVE_BUILTIN_CTZLL
-  return __builtin_ctzll(input);
-#else
-  uint32_t trailing_zeros = 0;
-  uint64_t temp = input;
-  while ((temp & 1) == 0 && temp > 0) {
-    trailing_zeros++;
-    temp >>= 1;
-  }
-  return trailing_zeros;
-#endif
-}
-
-static inline int trailing_zeros(int input) {
-  #if HAVE_BUILTIN_CTZLL
-    return __builtin_ctz(input);
-  #else
-    int trailing_zeros = 0;
-    int temp = input;
-    while ((temp & 1) == 0 && temp > 0) {
-      trailing_zeros++;
-      temp >>= 1;
-    }
-    return trailing_zeros;
-  #endif
-}
-
-#define SIMD_MINIMUM_THRESHOLD 6
-
-#if defined(__ARM_NEON) || defined(__ARM_NEON__) || defined(__aarch64__) || defined(_M_ARM64)
-#include <arm_neon.h>
-
-#define FIND_SIMD_IMPLEMENTATION_DEFINED 1
-static SIMD_Implementation find_simd_implementation(void) {
-    return SIMD_NEON;
-}
-
-#define HAVE_SIMD 1
-#define HAVE_SIMD_NEON 1
-
-uint8x16x4_t load_uint8x16_4(const unsigned char *table) {
-  uint8x16x4_t tab;
-  tab.val[0] = vld1q_u8(table);
-  tab.val[1] = vld1q_u8(table+16);
-  tab.val[2] = vld1q_u8(table+32);
-  tab.val[3] = vld1q_u8(table+48);
-  return tab;
-}
-
-#endif /* ARM Neon Support.*/
-
-#if defined(__amd64__) || defined(__amd64) || defined(__x86_64__) || defined(__x86_64) || defined(_M_X64) || defined(_M_AMD64)
-
-#ifdef HAVE_X86INTRIN_H
-#include <x86intrin.h>
-
-#define HAVE_SIMD 1
-#define HAVE_SIMD_SSE2 1
-
-#ifdef HAVE_CPUID_H
-#define FIND_SIMD_IMPLEMENTATION_DEFINED 1
-
-#include <cpuid.h>
-#endif /* HAVE_CPUID_H */
-
-static SIMD_Implementation find_simd_implementation(void) {
-
-#if defined(__GNUC__ ) || defined(__clang__)
-#ifdef __GNUC__ 
-    __builtin_cpu_init();
-#endif /* __GNUC__  */
-
-    // TODO Revisit. I think the SSE version now only uses SSE2 instructions.
-    if (__builtin_cpu_supports("sse2")) {
-        return SIMD_SSE2;
-    }
-#endif /* __GNUC__ || __clang__*/
-
-    return SIMD_NONE;
-}
-
-#endif /* HAVE_X86INTRIN_H */
-#endif /* X86_64 Support */
-
-#endif /* JSON_ENABLE_SIMD */
-
-#ifndef FIND_SIMD_IMPLEMENTATION_DEFINED
-static SIMD_Implementation find_simd_implementation(void) {
-    return SIMD_NONE;
-}
-#endif
diff --git a/ext/json/json.gemspec b/ext/json/json.gemspec
index 943c78aab9..5575731025 100644
--- a/ext/json/json.gemspec
+++ b/ext/json/json.gemspec
@@ -44,15 +44,14 @@ spec = Gem::Specification.new do |s|
     "LEGAL",
     "README.md",
     "json.gemspec",
-    *Dir["lib/**/*.rb"],
-  ]
+  ] + Dir.glob("lib/**/*.rb", base: File.expand_path("..", __FILE__))
 
   if java_ext
     s.platform = 'java'
     s.files += Dir["lib/json/ext/**/*.jar"]
   else
     s.extensions = Dir["ext/json/**/extconf.rb"]
-    s.files += Dir["ext/json/**/*.{c,h}"]
+    s.files += Dir["ext/json/**/*.{c,h,rb}"]
   end
 end
 
diff --git a/ext/json/json.h b/ext/json/json.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..9379d7ae7f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ext/json/json.h
@@ -0,0 +1,101 @@
+#ifndef _JSON_H_
+#define _JSON_H_
+
+#include "ruby.h"
+#include "ruby/encoding.h"
+#include <stdint.h>
+
+#ifndef RBIMPL_ASSERT_OR_ASSUME
+# define RBIMPL_ASSERT_OR_ASSUME(x)
+#endif
+
+#if defined(RUBY_DEBUG) && RUBY_DEBUG
+# define JSON_ASSERT RUBY_ASSERT
+#else
+# ifdef JSON_DEBUG
+#  include <assert.h>
+#  define JSON_ASSERT(x) assert(x)
+# else
+#  define JSON_ASSERT(x)
+# endif
+#endif
+
+/* shims */
+
+#if SIZEOF_UINT64_T == SIZEOF_LONG_LONG
+# define INT64T2NUM(x) LL2NUM(x)
+# define UINT64T2NUM(x) ULL2NUM(x)
+#elif SIZEOF_UINT64_T == SIZEOF_LONG
+# define INT64T2NUM(x) LONG2NUM(x)
+# define UINT64T2NUM(x) ULONG2NUM(x)
+#else
+# error No uint64_t conversion
+#endif
+
+/* This is the fallback definition from Ruby 3.4 */
+#ifndef RBIMPL_STDBOOL_H
+#if defined(__cplusplus)
+# if defined(HAVE_STDBOOL_H) && (__cplusplus >= 201103L)
+#  include <cstdbool>
+# endif
+#elif defined(HAVE_STDBOOL_H)
+# include <stdbool.h>
+#elif !defined(HAVE__BOOL)
+typedef unsigned char _Bool;
+# define bool  _Bool
+# define true  ((_Bool)+1)
+# define false ((_Bool)+0)
+# define __bool_true_false_are_defined
+#endif
+#endif
+
+#ifndef HAVE_RB_EXT_RACTOR_SAFE
+#   undef RUBY_TYPED_FROZEN_SHAREABLE
+#   define RUBY_TYPED_FROZEN_SHAREABLE 0
+#endif
+
+#ifndef NORETURN
+#define NORETURN(x) x
+#endif
+
+#ifndef NOINLINE
+#if defined(__has_attribute) && __has_attribute(noinline)
+#define NOINLINE(x) __attribute__((noinline)) x
+#else
+#define NOINLINE(x) x
+#endif
+#endif
+
+#ifndef ALWAYS_INLINE
+#if defined(__has_attribute) && __has_attribute(always_inline)
+#define ALWAYS_INLINE(x) inline __attribute__((always_inline)) x
+#else
+#define ALWAYS_INLINE(x) inline x
+#endif
+#endif
+
+#ifndef RB_UNLIKELY
+#define RB_UNLIKELY(expr) expr
+#endif
+
+#ifndef RB_LIKELY
+#define RB_LIKELY(expr) expr
+#endif
+
+#ifndef MAYBE_UNUSED
+# define MAYBE_UNUSED(x) x
+#endif
+
+#ifdef RUBY_DEBUG
+#ifndef JSON_DEBUG
+#define JSON_DEBUG RUBY_DEBUG
+#endif
+#endif
+
+#if defined(__BYTE_ORDER__) && __BYTE_ORDER__ == __ORDER_LITTLE_ENDIAN__ && INTPTR_MAX == INT64_MAX
+#define JSON_CPU_LITTLE_ENDIAN_64BITS 1
+#else
+#define JSON_CPU_LITTLE_ENDIAN_64BITS 0
+#endif
+
+#endif // _JSON_H_
diff --git a/ext/json/lib/json.rb b/ext/json/lib/json.rb
index dfd9b7dfc2..f619d93252 100644
--- a/ext/json/lib/json.rb
+++ b/ext/json/lib/json.rb
@@ -127,6 +127,24 @@ require 'json/common'
 #
 # ---
 #
+# Option +allow_duplicate_key+ specifies whether duplicate keys in objects
+# should be ignored or cause an error to be raised:
+#
+# When not specified:
+#   # The last value is used and a deprecation warning emitted.
+#   JSON.parse('{"a": 1, "a":2}') => {"a" => 2}
+#   # warning: detected duplicate keys in JSON object.
+#   # This will raise an error in json 3.0 unless enabled via `allow_duplicate_key: true`
+#
+# When set to `+true+`
+#   # The last value is used.
+#   JSON.parse('{"a": 1, "a":2}') => {"a" => 2}
+#
+# When set to `+false+`, the future default:
+#   JSON.parse('{"a": 1, "a":2}') => duplicate key at line 1 column 1 (JSON::ParserError)
+#
+# ---
+#
 # Option +allow_nan+ (boolean) specifies whether to allow
 # NaN, Infinity, and MinusInfinity in +source+;
 # defaults to +false+.
@@ -143,8 +161,35 @@ require 'json/common'
 #   ruby = JSON.parse(source, {allow_nan: true})
 #   ruby # => [NaN, Infinity, -Infinity]
 #
+# ---
+#
+# Option +allow_trailing_comma+ (boolean) specifies whether to allow
+# trailing commas in objects and arrays;
+# defaults to +false+.
+#
+# With the default, +false+:
+#   JSON.parse('[1,]') # unexpected character: ']' at line 1 column 4 (JSON::ParserError)
+#
+# When enabled:
+#   JSON.parse('[1,]', allow_trailing_comma: true) # => [1]
+#
+# ---
+#
+# Option +allow_control_characters+ (boolean) specifies whether to allow
+# unescaped ASCII control characters, such as newlines, in strings;
+# defaults to +false+.
+#
+# With the default, +false+:
+#   JSON.parse(%{"Hello\nWorld"}) # invalid ASCII control character in string (JSON::ParserError)
+#
+# When enabled:
+#   JSON.parse(%{"Hello\nWorld"}, allow_control_characters: true) # => "Hello\nWorld"
+#
 # ====== Output Options
 #
+# Option +freeze+ (boolean) specifies whether the returned objects will be frozen;
+# defaults to +false+.
+#
 # Option +symbolize_names+ (boolean) specifies whether returned \Hash keys
 # should be Symbols;
 # defaults to +false+ (use Strings).
@@ -274,6 +319,25 @@ require 'json/common'
 #
 # ---
 #
+# Option +allow_duplicate_key+ (boolean) specifies whether
+# hashes with duplicate keys should be allowed or produce an error.
+# defaults to emit a deprecation warning.
+#
+# With the default, (not set):
+#   Warning[:deprecated] = true
+#   JSON.generate({ foo: 1, "foo" => 2 })
+#   # warning: detected duplicate key "foo" in {foo: 1, "foo" => 2}.
+#   # This will raise an error in json 3.0 unless enabled via `allow_duplicate_key: true`
+#   # => '{"foo":1,"foo":2}'
+#
+# With <tt>false</tt>
+#   JSON.generate({ foo: 1, "foo" => 2 }, allow_duplicate_key: false)
+#   # detected duplicate key "foo" in {foo: 1, "foo" => 2} (JSON::GeneratorError)
+#
+# In version 3.0, <tt>false</tt> will become the default.
+#
+# ---
+#
 # Option +max_nesting+ (\Integer) specifies the maximum nesting depth
 # in +obj+; defaults to +100+.
 #
@@ -351,6 +415,9 @@ require 'json/common'
 #
 # == \JSON Additions
 #
+# Note that JSON Additions must only be used with trusted data, and is
+# deprecated.
+#
 # When you "round trip" a non-\String object from Ruby to \JSON and back,
 # you have a new \String, instead of the object you began with:
 #   ruby0 = Range.new(0, 2)
diff --git a/ext/json/lib/json/add/core.rb b/ext/json/lib/json/add/core.rb
index 485f097fff..61ff454212 100644
--- a/ext/json/lib/json/add/core.rb
+++ b/ext/json/lib/json/add/core.rb
@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ require 'json/add/date_time'
 require 'json/add/exception'
 require 'json/add/range'
 require 'json/add/regexp'
+require 'json/add/string'
 require 'json/add/struct'
 require 'json/add/symbol'
 require 'json/add/time'
diff --git a/ext/json/lib/json/add/string.rb b/ext/json/lib/json/add/string.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..9c3bde27fb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ext/json/lib/json/add/string.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+unless defined?(::JSON::JSON_LOADED) and ::JSON::JSON_LOADED
+  require 'json'
+end
+
+class String
+  # call-seq: json_create(o)
+  #
+  # Raw Strings are JSON Objects (the raw bytes are stored in an array for the
+  # key "raw"). The Ruby String can be created by this class method.
+  def self.json_create(object)
+    object["raw"].pack("C*")
+  end
+
+  # call-seq: to_json_raw_object()
+  #
+  # This method creates a raw object hash, that can be nested into
+  # other data structures and will be generated as a raw string. This
+  # method should be used, if you want to convert raw strings to JSON
+  # instead of UTF-8 strings, e. g. binary data.
+  def to_json_raw_object
+    {
+      JSON.create_id => self.class.name,
+      "raw" => unpack("C*"),
+    }
+  end
+
+  # call-seq: to_json_raw(*args)
+  #
+  # This method creates a JSON text from the result of a call to
+  # to_json_raw_object of this String.
+  def to_json_raw(...)
+    to_json_raw_object.to_json(...)
+  end
+end
diff --git a/ext/json/lib/json/common.rb b/ext/json/lib/json/common.rb
index 6393a6df55..877b96814e 100644
--- a/ext/json/lib/json/common.rb
+++ b/ext/json/lib/json/common.rb
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ module JSON
         end
       end
 
-      # TODO: exctract :create_additions support to another gem for version 3.0
+      # TODO: extract :create_additions support to another gem for version 3.0
       def create_additions_proc(opts)
         if opts[:symbolize_names]
           raise ArgumentError, "options :symbolize_names and :create_additions cannot be  used in conjunction"
@@ -71,9 +71,14 @@ module JSON
             end
           when object_class
             if opts[:create_additions] != false
-              if class_name = object[JSON.create_id]
-                klass = JSON.deep_const_get(class_name)
-                if (klass.respond_to?(:json_creatable?) && klass.json_creatable?) || klass.respond_to?(:json_create)
+              if class_path = object[JSON.create_id]
+                klass = begin
+                  Object.const_get(class_path)
+                rescue NameError => e
+                  raise ArgumentError, "can't get const #{class_path}: #{e}"
+                end
+
+                if klass.respond_to?(:json_creatable?) ? klass.json_creatable? : klass.respond_to?(:json_create)
                   create_additions_warning if create_additions.nil?
                   object = klass.json_create(object)
                 end
@@ -87,31 +92,32 @@ module JSON
         opts
       end
 
-      GEM_ROOT = File.expand_path("../../../", __FILE__) + "/"
       def create_additions_warning
-        message = "JSON.load implicit support for `create_additions: true` is deprecated " \
+        JSON.deprecation_warning "JSON.load implicit support for `create_additions: true` is deprecated " \
           "and will be removed in 3.0, use JSON.unsafe_load or explicitly " \
           "pass `create_additions: true`"
+      end
+    end
+  end
 
-        uplevel = 4
-        caller_locations(uplevel, 10).each do |frame|
-          if frame.path.nil? || frame.path.start_with?(GEM_ROOT) || frame.path.end_with?("/truffle/cext_ruby.rb", ".c")
-            uplevel += 1
-          else
-            break
-          end
-        end
-
-        if RUBY_VERSION >= "3.0"
-          warn(message, uplevel: uplevel - 1, category: :deprecated)
+  class << self
+    def deprecation_warning(message, uplevel = 3) # :nodoc:
+      gem_root = File.expand_path("..", __dir__) + "/"
+      caller_locations(uplevel, 10).each do |frame|
+        if frame.path.nil? || frame.path.start_with?(gem_root) || frame.path.end_with?("/truffle/cext_ruby.rb", ".c")
+          uplevel += 1
         else
-          warn(message, uplevel: uplevel - 1)
+          break
         end
       end
+
+      if RUBY_VERSION >= "3.0"
+        warn(message, uplevel: uplevel, category: :deprecated)
+      else
+        warn(message, uplevel: uplevel)
+      end
     end
-  end
 
-  class << self
     # :call-seq:
     #   JSON[object] -> new_array or new_string
     #
@@ -146,16 +152,6 @@ module JSON
       const_set :Parser, parser
     end
 
-    # Return the constant located at _path_. The format of _path_ has to be
-    # either ::A::B::C or A::B::C. In any case, A has to be located at the top
-    # level (absolute namespace path?). If there doesn't exist a constant at
-    # the given path, an ArgumentError is raised.
-    def deep_const_get(path) # :nodoc:
-      Object.const_get(path)
-    rescue NameError => e
-      raise ArgumentError, "can't get const #{path}: #{e}"
-    end
-
     # Set the module _generator_ to be used by JSON.
     def generator=(generator) # :nodoc:
       old, $VERBOSE = $VERBOSE, nil
@@ -185,6 +181,25 @@ module JSON
 
     private
 
+    # Called from the extension when a hash has both string and symbol keys
+    def on_mixed_keys_hash(hash, do_raise)
+      set = {}
+      hash.each_key do |key|
+        key_str = key.to_s
+
+        if set[key_str]
+          message = "detected duplicate key #{key_str.inspect} in #{hash.inspect}"
+          if do_raise
+            raise GeneratorError, message
+          else
+            deprecation_warning("#{message}.\nThis will raise an error in json 3.0 unless enabled via `allow_duplicate_key: true`")
+          end
+        else
+          set[key_str] = true
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
     def deprecated_singleton_attr_accessor(*attrs)
       args = RUBY_VERSION >= "3.0" ? ", category: :deprecated" : ""
       attrs.each do |attr|
@@ -268,7 +283,7 @@ module JSON
   # to string interpolation.
   #
   # Note: no validation is performed on the provided string. It is the
-  # responsability of the caller to ensure the string contains valid JSON.
+  # responsibility of the caller to ensure the string contains valid JSON.
   Fragment = Struct.new(:json) do
     def initialize(json)
       unless string = String.try_convert(json)
@@ -390,7 +405,7 @@ module JSON
   #
   # Returns a \String containing the generated \JSON data.
   #
-  # See also JSON.fast_generate, JSON.pretty_generate.
+  # See also JSON.pretty_generate.
   #
   # Argument +obj+ is the Ruby object to be converted to \JSON.
   #
@@ -535,6 +550,7 @@ module JSON
     :create_additions => nil,
   }
   # :call-seq:
+  #   JSON.unsafe_load(source, options = {}) -> object
   #   JSON.unsafe_load(source, proc = nil, options = {}) -> object
   #
   # Returns the Ruby objects created by parsing the given +source+.
@@ -642,6 +658,7 @@ module JSON
   #     when Array
   #       obj.map! {|v| deserialize_obj v }
   #     end
+  #     obj
   #   })
   #   pp ruby
   # Output:
@@ -665,7 +682,12 @@ module JSON
   #
   def unsafe_load(source, proc = nil, options = nil)
     opts = if options.nil?
-      _unsafe_load_default_options
+      if proc && proc.is_a?(Hash)
+        options, proc = proc, nil
+        options
+      else
+        _unsafe_load_default_options
+      end
     else
       _unsafe_load_default_options.merge(options)
     end
@@ -683,12 +705,17 @@ module JSON
     if opts[:allow_blank] && (source.nil? || source.empty?)
       source = 'null'
     end
-    result = parse(source, opts)
-    recurse_proc(result, &proc) if proc
-    result
+
+    if proc
+      opts = opts.dup
+      opts[:on_load] = proc.to_proc
+    end
+
+    parse(source, opts)
   end
 
   # :call-seq:
+  #   JSON.load(source, options = {}) -> object
   #   JSON.load(source, proc = nil, options = {}) -> object
   #
   # Returns the Ruby objects created by parsing the given +source+.
@@ -802,6 +829,7 @@ module JSON
   #     when Array
   #       obj.map! {|v| deserialize_obj v }
   #     end
+  #     obj
   #   })
   #   pp ruby
   # Output:
@@ -824,8 +852,18 @@ module JSON
   #      @attributes={"type"=>"Admin", "password"=>"0wn3d"}>}
   #
   def load(source, proc = nil, options = nil)
+    if proc && options.nil? && proc.is_a?(Hash)
+      options = proc
+      proc = nil
+    end
+
     opts = if options.nil?
-      _load_default_options
+      if proc && proc.is_a?(Hash)
+        options, proc = proc, nil
+        options
+      else
+        _load_default_options
+      end
     else
       _load_default_options.merge(options)
     end
@@ -1001,7 +1039,7 @@ module JSON
     # See {Parsing Options}[#module-JSON-label-Parsing+Options], and {Generating Options}[#module-JSON-label-Generating+Options].
     #
     # For generation, the <tt>strict: true</tt> option is always set. When a Ruby object with no native \JSON counterpart is
-    # encoutered, the block provided to the initialize method is invoked, and must return a Ruby object that has a native
+    # encountered, the block provided to the initialize method is invoked, and must return a Ruby object that has a native
     # \JSON counterpart:
     #
     #  module MyApp
@@ -1027,7 +1065,7 @@ module JSON
       options[:as_json] = as_json if as_json
 
       @state = State.new(options).freeze
-      @parser_config = Ext::Parser::Config.new(ParserOptions.prepare(options))
+      @parser_config = Ext::Parser::Config.new(ParserOptions.prepare(options)).freeze
     end
 
     # call-seq:
@@ -1036,7 +1074,7 @@ module JSON
     #
     # Serialize the given object into a \JSON document.
     def dump(object, io = nil)
-      @state.generate_new(object, io)
+      @state.generate(object, io)
     end
     alias_method :generate, :dump
 
diff --git a/ext/json/lib/json/ext/generator/state.rb b/ext/json/lib/json/ext/generator/state.rb
index d40c3b5ec3..ce5c185cab 100644
--- a/ext/json/lib/json/ext/generator/state.rb
+++ b/ext/json/lib/json/ext/generator/state.rb
@@ -8,20 +8,8 @@ module JSON
         #
         # Instantiates a new State object, configured by _opts_.
         #
-        # _opts_ can have the following keys:
-        #
-        # * *indent*: a string used to indent levels (default: ''),
-        # * *space*: a string that is put after, a : or , delimiter (default: ''),
-        # * *space_before*: a string that is put before a : pair delimiter (default: ''),
-        # * *object_nl*: a string that is put at the end of a JSON object (default: ''),
-        # * *array_nl*: a string that is put at the end of a JSON array (default: ''),
-        # * *allow_nan*: true if NaN, Infinity, and -Infinity should be
-        #   generated, otherwise an exception is thrown, if these values are
-        #   encountered. This options defaults to false.
-        # * *ascii_only*: true if only ASCII characters should be generated. This
-        #   option defaults to false.
-        # * *buffer_initial_length*: sets the initial length of the generator's
-        #   internal buffer.
+        # Argument +opts+, if given, contains a \Hash of options for the generation.
+        # See {Generating Options}[#module-JSON-label-Generating+Options].
         def initialize(opts = nil)
           if opts && !opts.empty?
             configure(opts)
@@ -68,6 +56,11 @@ module JSON
             buffer_initial_length: buffer_initial_length,
           }
 
+          allow_duplicate_key = allow_duplicate_key?
+          unless allow_duplicate_key.nil?
+            result[:allow_duplicate_key] = allow_duplicate_key
+          end
+
           instance_variables.each do |iv|
             iv = iv.to_s[1..-1]
             result[iv.to_sym] = self[iv]
@@ -82,6 +75,8 @@ module JSON
         #
         # Returns the value returned by method +name+.
         def [](name)
+          ::JSON.deprecation_warning("JSON::State#[] is deprecated and will be removed in json 3.0.0")
+
           if respond_to?(name)
             __send__(name)
           else
@@ -94,6 +89,8 @@ module JSON
         #
         # Sets the attribute name to value.
         def []=(name, value)
+          ::JSON.deprecation_warning("JSON::State#[]= is deprecated and will be removed in json 3.0.0")
+
           if respond_to?(name_writer = "#{name}=")
             __send__ name_writer, value
           else
diff --git a/ext/json/lib/json/generic_object.rb b/ext/json/lib/json/generic_object.rb
index ec5aa9dcb2..5c8ace354b 100644
--- a/ext/json/lib/json/generic_object.rb
+++ b/ext/json/lib/json/generic_object.rb
@@ -52,14 +52,6 @@ module JSON
       table
     end
 
-    def [](name)
-      __send__(name)
-    end unless method_defined?(:[])
-
-    def []=(name, value)
-      __send__("#{name}=", value)
-    end unless method_defined?(:[]=)
-
     def |(other)
       self.class[other.to_hash.merge(to_hash)]
     end
diff --git a/ext/json/lib/json/version.rb b/ext/json/lib/json/version.rb
index 15ebd12f51..631beba83e 100644
--- a/ext/json/lib/json/version.rb
+++ b/ext/json/lib/json/version.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true
 
 module JSON
-  VERSION = '2.12.2'
+  VERSION = '2.18.0'
 end
diff --git a/ext/json/parser/depend b/ext/json/parser/depend
index 0c1becfb60..d4737b1dfb 100644
--- a/ext/json/parser/depend
+++ b/ext/json/parser/depend
@@ -141,6 +141,7 @@ parser.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
 parser.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
 parser.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
 parser.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+parser.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/set.h
 parser.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
 parser.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
 parser.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
@@ -174,5 +175,8 @@ parser.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/ruby.h
 parser.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/st.h
 parser.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/subst.h
 parser.o: $(srcdir)/../fbuffer/fbuffer.h
+parser.o: $(srcdir)/../json.h
+parser.o: $(srcdir)/../simd/simd.h
+parser.o: $(srcdir)/../vendor/ryu.h
 parser.o: parser.c
 # AUTOGENERATED DEPENDENCIES END
diff --git a/ext/json/parser/extconf.rb b/ext/json/parser/extconf.rb
index 09c9637788..2440e66d8b 100644
--- a/ext/json/parser/extconf.rb
+++ b/ext/json/parser/extconf.rb
@@ -1,11 +1,16 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true
 require 'mkmf'
 
-have_func("rb_enc_interned_str", "ruby.h") # RUBY_VERSION >= 3.0
+$defs << "-DJSON_DEBUG" if ENV.fetch("JSON_DEBUG", "0") != "0"
+have_func("rb_enc_interned_str", "ruby/encoding.h") # RUBY_VERSION >= 3.0
+have_func("rb_str_to_interned_str", "ruby.h") # RUBY_VERSION >= 3.0
 have_func("rb_hash_new_capa", "ruby.h") # RUBY_VERSION >= 3.2
 have_func("rb_hash_bulk_insert", "ruby.h") # Missing on TruffleRuby
-have_func("strnlen", "string.h") # Missing on Solaris 10
 
 append_cflags("-std=c99")
 
+if enable_config('parser-use-simd', default=!ENV["JSON_DISABLE_SIMD"])
+  load __dir__ + "/../simd/conf.rb"
+end
+
 create_makefile 'json/ext/parser'
diff --git a/ext/json/parser/parser.c b/ext/json/parser/parser.c
index c5f300183d..f1ea1b6abb 100644
--- a/ext/json/parser/parser.c
+++ b/ext/json/parser/parser.c
@@ -1,48 +1,21 @@
-#include "ruby.h"
-#include "ruby/encoding.h"
-
-/* shims */
-/* This is the fallback definition from Ruby 3.4 */
-
-#ifndef RBIMPL_STDBOOL_H
-#if defined(__cplusplus)
-# if defined(HAVE_STDBOOL_H) && (__cplusplus >= 201103L)
-#  include <cstdbool>
-# endif
-#elif defined(HAVE_STDBOOL_H)
-# include <stdbool.h>
-#elif !defined(HAVE__BOOL)
-typedef unsigned char _Bool;
-# define bool  _Bool
-# define true  ((_Bool)+1)
-# define false ((_Bool)+0)
-# define __bool_true_false_are_defined
-#endif
-#endif
-
-#ifndef RB_UNLIKELY
-#define RB_UNLIKELY(expr) expr
-#endif
-
-#ifndef RB_LIKELY
-#define RB_LIKELY(expr) expr
-#endif
+#include "../json.h"
+#include "../vendor/ryu.h"
+#include "../simd/simd.h"
 
 static VALUE mJSON, eNestingError, Encoding_UTF_8;
 static VALUE CNaN, CInfinity, CMinusInfinity;
 
-static ID i_chr, i_aset, i_aref,
-          i_leftshift, i_new, i_try_convert, i_uminus, i_encode;
+static ID i_new, i_try_convert, i_uminus, i_encode;
 
-static VALUE sym_max_nesting, sym_allow_nan, sym_allow_trailing_comma, sym_symbolize_names, sym_freeze,
-             sym_decimal_class, sym_on_load;
+static VALUE sym_max_nesting, sym_allow_nan, sym_allow_trailing_comma, sym_allow_control_characters, sym_symbolize_names, sym_freeze,
+             sym_decimal_class, sym_on_load, sym_allow_duplicate_key;
 
 static int binary_encindex;
 static int utf8_encindex;
 
 #ifndef HAVE_RB_HASH_BULK_INSERT
 // For TruffleRuby
-void
+static void
 rb_hash_bulk_insert(long count, const VALUE *pairs, VALUE hash)
 {
     long index = 0;
@@ -59,6 +32,12 @@ rb_hash_bulk_insert(long count, const VALUE *pairs, VALUE hash)
 #define rb_hash_new_capa(n) rb_hash_new()
 #endif
 
+#ifndef HAVE_RB_STR_TO_INTERNED_STR
+static VALUE rb_str_to_interned_str(VALUE str)
+{
+    return rb_funcall(rb_str_freeze(str), i_uminus, 0);
+}
+#endif
 
 /* name cache */
 
@@ -104,116 +83,104 @@ static void rvalue_cache_insert_at(rvalue_cache *cache, int index, VALUE rstring
     cache->entries[index] = rstring;
 }
 
-static inline int rstring_cache_cmp(const char *str, const long length, VALUE rstring)
+#define rstring_cache_memcmp memcmp
+
+#if JSON_CPU_LITTLE_ENDIAN_64BITS
+#if __has_builtin(__builtin_bswap64)
+#undef rstring_cache_memcmp
+ALWAYS_INLINE(static) int rstring_cache_memcmp(const char *str, const char *rptr, const long length)
 {
-    long rstring_length = RSTRING_LEN(rstring);
-    if (length == rstring_length) {
-        return memcmp(str, RSTRING_PTR(rstring), length);
-    } else {
-        return (int)(length - rstring_length);
+    // The libc memcmp has numerous complex optimizations, but in this particular case,
+    // we know the string is small (JSON_RVALUE_CACHE_MAX_ENTRY_LENGTH), so being able to
+    // inline a simpler memcmp outperforms calling the libc version.
+    long i = 0;
+
+    for (; i + 8 <= length; i += 8) {
+        uint64_t a, b;
+        memcpy(&a, str + i, 8);
+        memcpy(&b, rptr + i, 8);
+        if (a != b) {
+            a = __builtin_bswap64(a);
+            b = __builtin_bswap64(b);
+            return (a < b) ? -1 : 1;
+        }
+    }
+
+    for (; i < length; i++) {
+        if (str[i] != rptr[i]) {
+            return (str[i] < rptr[i]) ? -1 : 1;
+        }
     }
+
+    return 0;
 }
+#endif
+#endif
 
-static VALUE rstring_cache_fetch(rvalue_cache *cache, const char *str, const long length)
+ALWAYS_INLINE(static) int rstring_cache_cmp(const char *str, const long length, VALUE rstring)
 {
-    if (RB_UNLIKELY(length > JSON_RVALUE_CACHE_MAX_ENTRY_LENGTH)) {
-        // Common names aren't likely to be very long. So we just don't
-        // cache names above an arbitrary threshold.
-        return Qfalse;
-    }
+    const char *rstring_ptr;
+    long rstring_length;
 
-    if (RB_UNLIKELY(!isalpha((unsigned char)str[0]))) {
-        // Simple heuristic, if the first character isn't a letter,
-        // we're much less likely to see this string again.
-        // We mostly want to cache strings that are likely to be repeated.
-        return Qfalse;
+    RSTRING_GETMEM(rstring, rstring_ptr, rstring_length);
+
+    if (length == rstring_length) {
+        return rstring_cache_memcmp(str, rstring_ptr, length);
+    } else {
+        return (int)(length - rstring_length);
     }
+}
 
+ALWAYS_INLINE(static) VALUE rstring_cache_fetch(rvalue_cache *cache, const char *str, const long length)
+{
     int low = 0;
     int high = cache->length - 1;
-    int mid = 0;
-    int last_cmp = 0;
 
     while (low <= high) {
-        mid = (high + low) >> 1;
+        int mid = (high + low) >> 1;
         VALUE entry = cache->entries[mid];
-        last_cmp = rstring_cache_cmp(str, length, entry);
+        int cmp = rstring_cache_cmp(str, length, entry);
 
-        if (last_cmp == 0) {
+        if (cmp == 0) {
             return entry;
-        } else if (last_cmp > 0) {
+        } else if (cmp > 0) {
             low = mid + 1;
         } else {
             high = mid - 1;
         }
     }
 
-    if (RB_UNLIKELY(memchr(str, '\\', length))) {
-        // We assume the overwhelming majority of names don't need to be escaped.
-        // But if they do, we have to fallback to the slow path.
-        return Qfalse;
-    }
-
     VALUE rstring = build_interned_string(str, length);
 
     if (cache->length < JSON_RVALUE_CACHE_CAPA) {
-        if (last_cmp > 0) {
-            mid += 1;
-        }
-
-        rvalue_cache_insert_at(cache, mid, rstring);
+        rvalue_cache_insert_at(cache, low, rstring);
     }
     return rstring;
 }
 
 static VALUE rsymbol_cache_fetch(rvalue_cache *cache, const char *str, const long length)
 {
-    if (RB_UNLIKELY(length > JSON_RVALUE_CACHE_MAX_ENTRY_LENGTH)) {
-        // Common names aren't likely to be very long. So we just don't
-        // cache names above an arbitrary threshold.
-        return Qfalse;
-    }
-
-    if (RB_UNLIKELY(!isalpha((unsigned char)str[0]))) {
-        // Simple heuristic, if the first character isn't a letter,
-        // we're much less likely to see this string again.
-        // We mostly want to cache strings that are likely to be repeated.
-        return Qfalse;
-    }
-
     int low = 0;
     int high = cache->length - 1;
-    int mid = 0;
-    int last_cmp = 0;
 
     while (low <= high) {
-        mid = (high + low) >> 1;
+        int mid = (high + low) >> 1;
         VALUE entry = cache->entries[mid];
-        last_cmp = rstring_cache_cmp(str, length, rb_sym2str(entry));
+        int cmp = rstring_cache_cmp(str, length, rb_sym2str(entry));
 
-        if (last_cmp == 0) {
+        if (cmp == 0) {
             return entry;
-        } else if (last_cmp > 0) {
+        } else if (cmp > 0) {
             low = mid + 1;
         } else {
             high = mid - 1;
         }
     }
 
-    if (RB_UNLIKELY(memchr(str, '\\', length))) {
-        // We assume the overwhelming majority of names don't need to be escaped.
-        // But if they do, we have to fallback to the slow path.
-        return Qfalse;
-    }
-
     VALUE rsymbol = build_symbol(str, length);
 
     if (cache->length < JSON_RVALUE_CACHE_CAPA) {
-        if (last_cmp > 0) {
-            mid += 1;
-        }
-
-        rvalue_cache_insert_at(cache, mid, rsymbol);
+        rvalue_cache_insert_at(cache, low, rsymbol);
     }
     return rsymbol;
 }
@@ -328,15 +295,6 @@ static void rvalue_stack_eagerly_release(VALUE handle)
     }
 }
 
-
-#ifndef HAVE_STRNLEN
-static size_t strnlen(const char *s, size_t maxlen)
-{
-    char *p;
-    return ((p = memchr(s, '\0', maxlen)) ? p - s : maxlen);
-}
-#endif
-
 static int convert_UTF32_to_UTF8(char *buf, uint32_t ch)
 {
     int len = 1;
@@ -363,14 +321,21 @@ static int convert_UTF32_to_UTF8(char *buf, uint32_t ch)
     return len;
 }
 
+enum duplicate_key_action {
+    JSON_DEPRECATED = 0,
+    JSON_IGNORE,
+    JSON_RAISE,
+};
+
 typedef struct JSON_ParserStruct {
     VALUE on_load_proc;
     VALUE decimal_class;
     ID decimal_method_id;
+    enum duplicate_key_action on_duplicate_key;
     int max_nesting;
     bool allow_nan;
     bool allow_trailing_comma;
-    bool parsing_name;
+    bool allow_control_characters;
     bool symbolize_names;
     bool freeze;
 } JSON_ParserConfig;
@@ -386,15 +351,24 @@ typedef struct JSON_ParserStateStruct {
     int current_nesting;
 } JSON_ParserState;
 
+static inline size_t rest(JSON_ParserState *state) {
+    return state->end - state->cursor;
+}
 
-#define PARSE_ERROR_FRAGMENT_LEN 32
-#ifdef RBIMPL_ATTR_NORETURN
-RBIMPL_ATTR_NORETURN()
-#endif
-static void raise_parse_error(const char *format, JSON_ParserState *state)
+static inline bool eos(JSON_ParserState *state) {
+    return state->cursor >= state->end;
+}
+
+static inline char peek(JSON_ParserState *state)
 {
-    unsigned char buffer[PARSE_ERROR_FRAGMENT_LEN + 3];
+    if (RB_UNLIKELY(eos(state))) {
+        return 0;
+    }
+    return *state->cursor;
+}
 
+static void cursor_position(JSON_ParserState *state, long *line_out, long *column_out)
+{
     const char *cursor = state->cursor;
     long column = 0;
     long line = 1;
@@ -411,6 +385,29 @@ static void raise_parse_error(const char *format, JSON_ParserState *state)
             line++;
         }
     }
+    *line_out = line;
+    *column_out = column;
+}
+
+static void emit_parse_warning(const char *message, JSON_ParserState *state)
+{
+    long line, column;
+    cursor_position(state, &line, &column);
+
+    VALUE warning = rb_sprintf("%s at line %ld column %ld", message, line, column);
+    rb_funcall(mJSON, rb_intern("deprecation_warning"), 1, warning);
+}
+
+#define PARSE_ERROR_FRAGMENT_LEN 32
+
+#ifdef RBIMPL_ATTR_NORETURN
+RBIMPL_ATTR_NORETURN()
+#endif
+static void raise_parse_error(const char *format, JSON_ParserState *state)
+{
+    unsigned char buffer[PARSE_ERROR_FRAGMENT_LEN + 3];
+    long line, column;
+    cursor_position(state, &line, &column);
 
     const char *ptr = "EOF";
     if (state->cursor && state->cursor < state->end) {
@@ -480,23 +477,24 @@ static const signed char digit_values[256] = {
     -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1
 };
 
-static uint32_t unescape_unicode(JSON_ParserState *state, const unsigned char *p)
+static uint32_t unescape_unicode(JSON_ParserState *state, const char *sp, const char *spe)
 {
-    signed char b;
-    uint32_t result = 0;
-    b = digit_values[p[0]];
-    if (b < 0) raise_parse_error_at("incomplete unicode character escape sequence at %s", state, (char *)p - 2);
-    result = (result << 4) | (unsigned char)b;
-    b = digit_values[p[1]];
-    if (b < 0) raise_parse_error_at("incomplete unicode character escape sequence at %s", state, (char *)p - 2);
-    result = (result << 4) | (unsigned char)b;
-    b = digit_values[p[2]];
-    if (b < 0) raise_parse_error_at("incomplete unicode character escape sequence at %s", state, (char *)p - 2);
-    result = (result << 4) | (unsigned char)b;
-    b = digit_values[p[3]];
-    if (b < 0) raise_parse_error_at("incomplete unicode character escape sequence at %s", state, (char *)p - 2);
-    result = (result << 4) | (unsigned char)b;
-    return result;
+    if (RB_UNLIKELY(sp > spe - 4)) {
+        raise_parse_error_at("incomplete unicode character escape sequence at %s", state, sp - 2);
+    }
+
+    const unsigned char *p = (const unsigned char *)sp;
+
+    const signed char b0 = digit_values[p[0]];
+    const signed char b1 = digit_values[p[1]];
+    const signed char b2 = digit_values[p[2]];
+    const signed char b3 = digit_values[p[3]];
+
+    if (RB_UNLIKELY((signed char)(b0 | b1 | b2 | b3) < 0)) {
+        raise_parse_error_at("incomplete unicode character escape sequence at %s", state, sp - 2);
+    }
+
+    return ((uint32_t)b0 << 12) | ((uint32_t)b1 << 8) | ((uint32_t)b2 << 4) | (uint32_t)b3;
 }
 
 #define GET_PARSER_CONFIG                          \
@@ -505,61 +503,82 @@ static uint32_t unescape_unicode(JSON_ParserState *state, const unsigned char *p
 
 static const rb_data_type_t JSON_ParserConfig_type;
 
-static const bool whitespace[256] = {
-    [' '] = 1,
-    ['\t'] = 1,
-    ['\n'] = 1,
-    ['\r'] = 1,
-    ['/'] = 1,
-};
-
 static void
 json_eat_comments(JSON_ParserState *state)
 {
-    if (state->cursor + 1 < state->end) {
-        switch(state->cursor[1]) {
-            case '/': {
-                state->cursor = memchr(state->cursor, '\n', state->end - state->cursor);
-                if (!state->cursor) {
-                    state->cursor = state->end;
-                } else {
-                    state->cursor++;
-                }
-                break;
+    const char *start = state->cursor;
+    state->cursor++;
+
+    switch (peek(state)) {
+        case '/': {
+            state->cursor = memchr(state->cursor, '\n', state->end - state->cursor);
+            if (!state->cursor) {
+                state->cursor = state->end;
+            } else {
+                state->cursor++;
             }
-            case '*': {
-                state->cursor += 2;
-                while (true) {
-                    state->cursor = memchr(state->cursor, '*', state->end - state->cursor);
-                    if (!state->cursor) {
-                        raise_parse_error_at("unexpected end of input, expected closing '*/'", state, state->end);
-                    } else {
-                        state->cursor++;
-                        if (state->cursor < state->end && *state->cursor == '/') {
-                            state->cursor++;
-                            break;
-                        }
-                    }
+            break;
+        }
+        case '*': {
+            state->cursor++;
+
+            while (true) {
+                const char *next_match = memchr(state->cursor, '*', state->end - state->cursor);
+                if (!next_match) {
+                    raise_parse_error_at("unterminated comment, expected closing '*/'", state, start);
+                }
+
+                state->cursor = next_match + 1;
+                if (peek(state) == '/') {
+                    state->cursor++;
+                    break;
                 }
-                break;
             }
-            default:
-                raise_parse_error("unexpected token %s", state);
-                break;
+            break;
         }
-    } else {
-        raise_parse_error("unexpected token %s", state);
+        default:
+            raise_parse_error_at("unexpected token %s", state, start);
+            break;
     }
 }
 
-static inline void
+ALWAYS_INLINE(static) void
 json_eat_whitespace(JSON_ParserState *state)
 {
-    while (state->cursor < state->end && RB_UNLIKELY(whitespace[(unsigned char)*state->cursor])) {
-        if (RB_LIKELY(*state->cursor != '/')) {
-            state->cursor++;
-        } else {
-            json_eat_comments(state);
+    while (true) {
+        switch (peek(state)) {
+            case ' ':
+                state->cursor++;
+                break;
+            case '\n':
+                state->cursor++;
+
+                // Heuristic: if we see a newline, there is likely consecutive spaces after it.
+#if JSON_CPU_LITTLE_ENDIAN_64BITS
+                while (rest(state) > 8) {
+                    uint64_t chunk;
+                    memcpy(&chunk, state->cursor, sizeof(uint64_t));
+                    if (chunk == 0x2020202020202020) {
+                        state->cursor += 8;
+                        continue;
+                    }
+
+                    uint32_t consecutive_spaces = trailing_zeros64(chunk ^ 0x2020202020202020) / CHAR_BIT;
+                    state->cursor += consecutive_spaces;
+                    break;
+                }
+#endif
+                break;
+            case '\t':
+            case '\r':
+                state->cursor++;
+                break;
+            case '/':
+                json_eat_comments(state);
+                break;
+
+            default:
+                return;
         }
     }
 }
@@ -590,11 +609,22 @@ static inline VALUE build_string(const char *start, const char *end, bool intern
     return result;
 }
 
-static inline VALUE json_string_fastpath(JSON_ParserState *state, const char *string, const char *stringEnd, bool is_name, bool intern, bool symbolize)
+static inline bool json_string_cacheable_p(const char *string, size_t length)
 {
+    //  We mostly want to cache strings that are likely to be repeated.
+    // Simple heuristics:
+    //  - Common names aren't likely to be very long. So we just don't cache names above an arbitrary threshold.
+    //  - If the first character isn't a letter, we're much less likely to see this string again.
+    return length <= JSON_RVALUE_CACHE_MAX_ENTRY_LENGTH && rb_isalpha(string[0]);
+}
+
+static inline VALUE json_string_fastpath(JSON_ParserState *state, JSON_ParserConfig *config, const char *string, const char *stringEnd, bool is_name)
+{
+    bool intern = is_name || config->freeze;
+    bool symbolize = is_name && config->symbolize_names;
     size_t bufferSize = stringEnd - string;
 
-    if (is_name && state->in_array) {
+    if (is_name && state->in_array && RB_LIKELY(json_string_cacheable_p(string, bufferSize))) {
         VALUE cached_key;
         if (RB_UNLIKELY(symbolize)) {
             cached_key = rsymbol_cache_fetch(&state->name_cache, string, bufferSize);
@@ -610,104 +640,125 @@ static inline VALUE json_string_fastpath(JSON_ParserState *state, const char *st
     return build_string(string, stringEnd, intern, symbolize);
 }
 
-static VALUE json_string_unescape(JSON_ParserState *state, const char *string, const char *stringEnd, bool is_name, bool intern, bool symbolize)
-{
-    size_t bufferSize = stringEnd - string;
-    const char *p = string, *pe = string, *unescape, *bufferStart;
-    char *buffer;
-    int unescape_len;
-    char buf[4];
+#define JSON_MAX_UNESCAPE_POSITIONS 16
+typedef struct _json_unescape_positions {
+    long size;
+    const char **positions;
+    unsigned long additional_backslashes;
+} JSON_UnescapePositions;
 
-    if (is_name && state->in_array) {
-        VALUE cached_key;
-        if (RB_UNLIKELY(symbolize)) {
-            cached_key = rsymbol_cache_fetch(&state->name_cache, string, bufferSize);
-        } else {
-            cached_key = rstring_cache_fetch(&state->name_cache, string, bufferSize);
+static inline const char *json_next_backslash(const char *pe, const char *stringEnd, JSON_UnescapePositions *positions)
+{
+    while (positions->size) {
+        positions->size--;
+        const char *next_position = positions->positions[0];
+        positions->positions++;
+        if (next_position >= pe) {
+            return next_position;
         }
+    }
 
-        if (RB_LIKELY(cached_key)) {
-            return cached_key;
-        }
+    if (positions->additional_backslashes) {
+        positions->additional_backslashes--;
+        return memchr(pe, '\\', stringEnd - pe);
     }
 
+    return NULL;
+}
+
+NOINLINE(static) VALUE json_string_unescape(JSON_ParserState *state, JSON_ParserConfig *config, const char *string, const char *stringEnd, bool is_name, JSON_UnescapePositions *positions)
+{
+    bool intern = is_name || config->freeze;
+    bool symbolize = is_name && config->symbolize_names;
+    size_t bufferSize = stringEnd - string;
+    const char *p = string, *pe = string, *bufferStart;
+    char *buffer;
+
     VALUE result = rb_str_buf_new(bufferSize);
     rb_enc_associate_index(result, utf8_encindex);
     buffer = RSTRING_PTR(result);
     bufferStart = buffer;
 
-    while (pe < stringEnd && (pe = memchr(pe, '\\', stringEnd - pe))) {
-        unescape = (char *) "?";
-        unescape_len = 1;
+#define APPEND_CHAR(chr) *buffer++ = chr; p = ++pe;
+
+    while (pe < stringEnd && (pe = json_next_backslash(pe, stringEnd, positions))) {
         if (pe > p) {
           MEMCPY(buffer, p, char, pe - p);
           buffer += pe - p;
         }
         switch (*++pe) {
+            case '"':
+            case '/':
+                p = pe; // nothing to unescape just need to skip the backslash
+                break;
+            case '\\':
+                APPEND_CHAR('\\');
+                break;
             case 'n':
-                unescape = (char *) "\n";
+                APPEND_CHAR('\n');
                 break;
             case 'r':
-                unescape = (char *) "\r";
+                APPEND_CHAR('\r');
                 break;
             case 't':
-                unescape = (char *) "\t";
-                break;
-            case '"':
-                unescape = (char *) "\"";
-                break;
-            case '\\':
-                unescape = (char *) "\\";
+                APPEND_CHAR('\t');
                 break;
             case 'b':
-                unescape = (char *) "\b";
+                APPEND_CHAR('\b');
                 break;
             case 'f':
-                unescape = (char *) "\f";
+                APPEND_CHAR('\f');
                 break;
-            case 'u':
-                if (pe > stringEnd - 5) {
-                    raise_parse_error_at("incomplete unicode character escape sequence at %s", state, p);
-                } else {
-                    uint32_t ch = unescape_unicode(state, (unsigned char *) ++pe);
-                    pe += 3;
-                    /* To handle values above U+FFFF, we take a sequence of
-                     * \uXXXX escapes in the U+D800..U+DBFF then
-                     * U+DC00..U+DFFF ranges, take the low 10 bits from each
-                     * to make a 20-bit number, then add 0x10000 to get the
-                     * final codepoint.
-                     *
-                     * See Unicode 15: 3.8 "Surrogates", 5.3 "Handling
-                     * Surrogate Pairs in UTF-16", and 23.6 "Surrogates
-                     * Area".
-                     */
-                    if ((ch & 0xFC00) == 0xD800) {
-                        pe++;
-                        if (pe > stringEnd - 6) {
-                            raise_parse_error_at("incomplete surrogate pair at %s", state, p);
-                        }
-                        if (pe[0] == '\\' && pe[1] == 'u') {
-                            uint32_t sur = unescape_unicode(state, (unsigned char *) pe + 2);
-                            ch = (((ch & 0x3F) << 10) | ((((ch >> 6) & 0xF) + 1) << 16)
-                                    | (sur & 0x3FF));
-                            pe += 5;
-                        } else {
-                            unescape = (char *) "?";
-                            break;
+            case 'u': {
+                uint32_t ch = unescape_unicode(state, ++pe, stringEnd);
+                pe += 3;
+                /* To handle values above U+FFFF, we take a sequence of
+                 * \uXXXX escapes in the U+D800..U+DBFF then
+                 * U+DC00..U+DFFF ranges, take the low 10 bits from each
+                 * to make a 20-bit number, then add 0x10000 to get the
+                 * final codepoint.
+                 *
+                 * See Unicode 15: 3.8 "Surrogates", 5.3 "Handling
+                 * Surrogate Pairs in UTF-16", and 23.6 "Surrogates
+                 * Area".
+                 */
+                if ((ch & 0xFC00) == 0xD800) {
+                    pe++;
+                    if (RB_LIKELY((pe <= stringEnd - 6) && memcmp(pe, "\\u", 2) == 0)) {
+                        uint32_t sur = unescape_unicode(state, pe + 2, stringEnd);
+
+                        if (RB_UNLIKELY((sur & 0xFC00) != 0xDC00)) {
+                            raise_parse_error_at("invalid surrogate pair at %s", state, p);
                         }
+
+                        ch = (((ch & 0x3F) << 10) | ((((ch >> 6) & 0xF) + 1) << 16) | (sur & 0x3FF));
+                        pe += 5;
+                    } else {
+                        raise_parse_error_at("incomplete surrogate pair at %s", state, p);
+                        break;
                     }
-                    unescape_len = convert_UTF32_to_UTF8(buf, ch);
-                    unescape = buf;
                 }
+
+                int unescape_len = convert_UTF32_to_UTF8(buffer, ch);
+                buffer += unescape_len;
+                p = ++pe;
                 break;
+            }
             default:
-                p = pe;
-                continue;
+                if ((unsigned char)*pe < 0x20) {
+                    if (!config->allow_control_characters) {
+                        if (*pe == '\n') {
+                            raise_parse_error_at("Invalid unescaped newline character (\\n) in string: %s", state, pe - 1);
+                        }
+                        raise_parse_error_at("invalid ASCII control character in string: %s", state, pe - 1);
+                    }
+                } else {
+                    raise_parse_error_at("invalid escape character in string: %s", state, pe - 1);
+                }
+                break;
         }
-        MEMCPY(buffer, unescape, char, unescape_len);
-        buffer += unescape_len;
-        p = ++pe;
     }
+#undef APPEND_CHAR
 
     if (stringEnd > p) {
       MEMCPY(buffer, p, char, stringEnd - p);
@@ -718,33 +769,13 @@ static VALUE json_string_unescape(JSON_ParserState *state, const char *string, c
     if (symbolize) {
         result = rb_str_intern(result);
     } else if (intern) {
-        result = rb_funcall(rb_str_freeze(result), i_uminus, 0);
+        result = rb_str_to_interned_str(result);
     }
 
     return result;
 }
 
 #define MAX_FAST_INTEGER_SIZE 18
-static inline VALUE fast_decode_integer(const char *p, const char *pe)
-{
-    bool negative = false;
-    if (*p == '-') {
-        negative = true;
-        p++;
-    }
-
-    long long memo = 0;
-    while (p < pe) {
-        memo *= 10;
-        memo += *p - '0';
-        p++;
-    }
-
-    if (negative) {
-        memo = -memo;
-    }
-    return LL2NUM(memo);
-}
 
 static VALUE json_decode_large_integer(const char *start, long len)
 {
@@ -758,17 +789,27 @@ static VALUE json_decode_large_integer(const char *start, long len)
 }
 
 static inline VALUE
-json_decode_integer(const char *start, const char *end)
+json_decode_integer(uint64_t mantissa, int mantissa_digits, bool negative, const char *start, const char *end)
 {
-        long len = end - start;
-        if (RB_LIKELY(len < MAX_FAST_INTEGER_SIZE)) {
-            return fast_decode_integer(start, end);
+    if (RB_LIKELY(mantissa_digits < MAX_FAST_INTEGER_SIZE)) {
+        if (negative) {
+            return INT64T2NUM(-((int64_t)mantissa));
         }
-        return json_decode_large_integer(start, len);
+        return UINT64T2NUM(mantissa);
+    }
+
+    return json_decode_large_integer(start, end - start);
 }
 
 static VALUE json_decode_large_float(const char *start, long len)
 {
+    if (RB_LIKELY(len < 64)) {
+        char buffer[64];
+        MEMCPY(buffer, start, char, len);
+        buffer[len] = '\0';
+        return DBL2NUM(rb_cstr_to_dbl(buffer, 1));
+    }
+
     VALUE buffer_v;
     char *buffer = RB_ALLOCV_N(char, buffer_v, len + 1);
     MEMCPY(buffer, start, char, len);
@@ -778,21 +819,24 @@ static VALUE json_decode_large_float(const char *start, long len)
     return number;
 }
 
-static VALUE json_decode_float(JSON_ParserConfig *config, const char *start, const char *end)
+/* Ruby JSON optimized float decoder using vendored Ryu algorithm
+ * Accepts pre-extracted mantissa and exponent from first-pass validation
+ */
+static inline VALUE json_decode_float(JSON_ParserConfig *config, uint64_t mantissa, int mantissa_digits, int32_t exponent, bool negative,
+                                          const char *start, const char *end)
 {
-    long len = end - start;
-
     if (RB_UNLIKELY(config->decimal_class)) {
-        VALUE text = rb_str_new(start, len);
+        VALUE text = rb_str_new(start, end - start);
         return rb_funcallv(config->decimal_class, config->decimal_method_id, 1, &text);
-    } else if (RB_LIKELY(len < 64)) {
-        char buffer[64];
-        MEMCPY(buffer, start, char, len);
-        buffer[len] = '\0';
-        return DBL2NUM(rb_cstr_to_dbl(buffer, 1));
-    } else {
-        return json_decode_large_float(start, len);
     }
+
+    // Fall back to rb_cstr_to_dbl for potential subnormals (rare edge case)
+    // Ryu has rounding issues with subnormals around 1e-310 (< 2.225e-308)
+    if (RB_UNLIKELY(mantissa_digits > 17 || mantissa_digits + exponent < -307)) {
+        return json_decode_large_float(start, end - start);
+    }
+
+    return DBL2NUM(ryu_s2d_from_parts(mantissa, mantissa_digits, exponent, negative));
 }
 
 static inline VALUE json_decode_array(JSON_ParserState *state, JSON_ParserConfig *config, long count)
@@ -807,32 +851,75 @@ static inline VALUE json_decode_array(JSON_ParserState *state, JSON_ParserConfig
     return array;
 }
 
-static inline VALUE json_decode_object(JSON_ParserState *state, JSON_ParserConfig *config, long count)
+static VALUE json_find_duplicated_key(size_t count, const VALUE *pairs)
 {
-    VALUE object = rb_hash_new_capa(count);
-    rb_hash_bulk_insert(count, rvalue_stack_peek(state->stack, count), object);
+    VALUE set = rb_hash_new_capa(count / 2);
+    for (size_t index = 0; index < count; index += 2) {
+        size_t before = RHASH_SIZE(set);
+        VALUE key = pairs[index];
+        rb_hash_aset(set, key, Qtrue);
+        if (RHASH_SIZE(set) == before) {
+            if (RB_SYMBOL_P(key)) {
+                return rb_sym2str(key);
+            }
+            return key;
+        }
+    }
+    return Qfalse;
+}
 
-    rvalue_stack_pop(state->stack, count);
+static void emit_duplicate_key_warning(JSON_ParserState *state, VALUE duplicate_key)
+{
+    VALUE message = rb_sprintf(
+        "detected duplicate key %"PRIsVALUE" in JSON object. This will raise an error in json 3.0 unless enabled via `allow_duplicate_key: true`",
+        rb_inspect(duplicate_key)
+    );
 
-    if (config->freeze) {
-        RB_OBJ_FREEZE(object);
-    }
+    emit_parse_warning(RSTRING_PTR(message), state);
+    RB_GC_GUARD(message);
+}
 
-    return object;
+#ifdef RBIMPL_ATTR_NORETURN
+RBIMPL_ATTR_NORETURN()
+#endif
+static void raise_duplicate_key_error(JSON_ParserState *state, VALUE duplicate_key)
+{
+    VALUE message = rb_sprintf(
+        "duplicate key %"PRIsVALUE,
+        rb_inspect(duplicate_key)
+    );
+
+    raise_parse_error(RSTRING_PTR(message), state);
+    RB_GC_GUARD(message);
 }
 
-static inline VALUE json_decode_string(JSON_ParserState *state, JSON_ParserConfig *config, const char *start, const char *end, bool escaped, bool is_name)
+static inline VALUE json_decode_object(JSON_ParserState *state, JSON_ParserConfig *config, size_t count)
 {
-    VALUE string;
-    bool intern = is_name || config->freeze;
-    bool symbolize = is_name && config->symbolize_names;
-    if (escaped) {
-        string = json_string_unescape(state, start, end, is_name, intern, symbolize);
-    } else {
-        string = json_string_fastpath(state, start, end, is_name, intern, symbolize);
+    size_t entries_count = count / 2;
+    VALUE object = rb_hash_new_capa(entries_count);
+    const VALUE *pairs = rvalue_stack_peek(state->stack, count);
+    rb_hash_bulk_insert(count, pairs, object);
+
+    if (RB_UNLIKELY(RHASH_SIZE(object) < entries_count)) {
+        switch (config->on_duplicate_key) {
+            case JSON_IGNORE:
+                break;
+            case JSON_DEPRECATED:
+                emit_duplicate_key_warning(state, json_find_duplicated_key(count, pairs));
+                break;
+            case JSON_RAISE:
+                raise_duplicate_key_error(state, json_find_duplicated_key(count, pairs));
+                break;
+        }
     }
 
-    return string;
+    rvalue_stack_pop(state->stack, count);
+
+    if (config->freeze) {
+        RB_OBJ_FREEZE(object);
+    }
+
+    return object;
 }
 
 static inline VALUE json_push_value(JSON_ParserState *state, JSON_ParserConfig *config, VALUE value)
@@ -844,7 +931,7 @@ static inline VALUE json_push_value(JSON_ParserState *state, JSON_ParserConfig *
     return value;
 }
 
-static const bool string_scan[256] = {
+static const bool string_scan_table[256] = {
     // ASCII Control Characters
      1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
      1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
@@ -857,51 +944,252 @@ static const bool string_scan[256] = {
      0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
 };
 
-static inline VALUE json_parse_string(JSON_ParserState *state, JSON_ParserConfig *config, bool is_name)
+#ifdef HAVE_SIMD
+static SIMD_Implementation simd_impl = SIMD_NONE;
+#endif /* HAVE_SIMD */
+
+ALWAYS_INLINE(static) bool string_scan(JSON_ParserState *state)
 {
-    state->cursor++;
-    const char *start = state->cursor;
-    bool escaped = false;
+#ifdef HAVE_SIMD
+#if defined(HAVE_SIMD_NEON)
 
-    while (state->cursor < state->end) {
-        if (RB_UNLIKELY(string_scan[(unsigned char)*state->cursor])) {
-            switch (*state->cursor) {
-                case '"': {
-                    VALUE string = json_decode_string(state, config, start, state->cursor, escaped, is_name);
-                    state->cursor++;
-                    return json_push_value(state, config, string);
-                }
-                case '\\': {
-                    state->cursor++;
-                    escaped = true;
-                    if ((unsigned char)*state->cursor < 0x20) {
-                        raise_parse_error("invalid ASCII control character in string: %s", state);
-                    }
-                    break;
+    uint64_t mask = 0;
+    if (string_scan_simd_neon(&state->cursor, state->end, &mask)) {
+        state->cursor += trailing_zeros64(mask) >> 2;
+        return true;
+    }
+
+#elif defined(HAVE_SIMD_SSE2)
+    if (simd_impl == SIMD_SSE2) {
+        int mask = 0;
+        if (string_scan_simd_sse2(&state->cursor, state->end, &mask)) {
+            state->cursor += trailing_zeros(mask);
+            return true;
+        }
+    }
+#endif /* HAVE_SIMD_NEON or HAVE_SIMD_SSE2 */
+#endif /* HAVE_SIMD */
+
+    while (!eos(state)) {
+        if (RB_UNLIKELY(string_scan_table[(unsigned char)*state->cursor])) {
+            return true;
+        }
+        state->cursor++;
+    }
+    return false;
+}
+
+static VALUE json_parse_escaped_string(JSON_ParserState *state, JSON_ParserConfig *config, bool is_name, const char *start)
+{
+    const char *backslashes[JSON_MAX_UNESCAPE_POSITIONS];
+    JSON_UnescapePositions positions = {
+        .size = 0,
+        .positions = backslashes,
+        .additional_backslashes = 0,
+    };
+
+    do {
+        switch (*state->cursor) {
+            case '"': {
+                VALUE string = json_string_unescape(state, config, start, state->cursor, is_name, &positions);
+                state->cursor++;
+                return json_push_value(state, config, string);
+            }
+            case '\\': {
+                if (RB_LIKELY(positions.size < JSON_MAX_UNESCAPE_POSITIONS)) {
+                    backslashes[positions.size] = state->cursor;
+                    positions.size++;
+                } else {
+                    positions.additional_backslashes++;
                 }
-                default:
-                    raise_parse_error("invalid ASCII control character in string: %s", state);
-                    break;
+                state->cursor++;
+                break;
             }
+            default:
+                if (!config->allow_control_characters) {
+                    raise_parse_error("invalid ASCII control character in string: %s", state);
+                }
+                break;
         }
 
         state->cursor++;
-    }
+    } while (string_scan(state));
 
     raise_parse_error("unexpected end of input, expected closing \"", state);
     return Qfalse;
 }
 
+ALWAYS_INLINE(static) VALUE json_parse_string(JSON_ParserState *state, JSON_ParserConfig *config, bool is_name)
+{
+    state->cursor++;
+    const char *start = state->cursor;
+
+    if (RB_UNLIKELY(!string_scan(state))) {
+        raise_parse_error("unexpected end of input, expected closing \"", state);
+    }
+
+    if (RB_LIKELY(*state->cursor == '"')) {
+        VALUE string = json_string_fastpath(state, config, start, state->cursor, is_name);
+        state->cursor++;
+        return json_push_value(state, config, string);
+    }
+    return json_parse_escaped_string(state, config, is_name, start);
+}
+
+#if JSON_CPU_LITTLE_ENDIAN_64BITS
+// From: https://lemire.me/blog/2022/01/21/swar-explained-parsing-eight-digits/
+// Additional References:
+// https://johnnylee-sde.github.io/Fast-numeric-string-to-int/
+// http://0x80.pl/notesen/2014-10-12-parsing-decimal-numbers-part-1-swar.html
+static inline uint64_t decode_8digits_unrolled(uint64_t val) {
+    const uint64_t mask = 0x000000FF000000FF;
+    const uint64_t mul1 = 0x000F424000000064; // 100 + (1000000ULL << 32)
+    const uint64_t mul2 = 0x0000271000000001; // 1 + (10000ULL << 32)
+    val -= 0x3030303030303030;
+    val = (val * 10) + (val >> 8); // val = (val * 2561) >> 8;
+    val = (((val & mask) * mul1) + (((val >> 16) & mask) * mul2)) >> 32;
+    return val;
+}
+
+static inline uint64_t decode_4digits_unrolled(uint32_t val) {
+    const uint32_t mask = 0x000000FF;
+    const uint32_t mul1 = 100;
+    val -= 0x30303030;
+    val = (val * 10) + (val >> 8); // val = (val * 2561) >> 8;
+    val = ((val & mask) * mul1) + (((val >> 16) & mask));
+    return val;
+}
+#endif
+
+static inline int json_parse_digits(JSON_ParserState *state, uint64_t *accumulator)
+{
+    const char *start = state->cursor;
+
+#if JSON_CPU_LITTLE_ENDIAN_64BITS
+    while (rest(state) >= sizeof(uint64_t)) {
+        uint64_t next_8bytes;
+        memcpy(&next_8bytes, state->cursor, sizeof(uint64_t));
+
+        // From: https://github.com/simdjson/simdjson/blob/32b301893c13d058095a07d9868edaaa42ee07aa/include/simdjson/generic/numberparsing.h#L333
+        // Branchless version of: http://0x80.pl/articles/swar-digits-validate.html
+        uint64_t match = (next_8bytes & 0xF0F0F0F0F0F0F0F0) | (((next_8bytes + 0x0606060606060606) & 0xF0F0F0F0F0F0F0F0) >> 4);
+
+        if (match == 0x3333333333333333) { // 8 consecutive digits
+            *accumulator = (*accumulator * 100000000) + decode_8digits_unrolled(next_8bytes);
+            state->cursor += 8;
+            continue;
+        }
+
+        uint32_t consecutive_digits = trailing_zeros64(match ^ 0x3333333333333333) / CHAR_BIT;
+
+        if (consecutive_digits >= 4) {
+            *accumulator = (*accumulator * 10000) + decode_4digits_unrolled((uint32_t)next_8bytes);
+            state->cursor += 4;
+            consecutive_digits -= 4;
+        }
+
+        while (consecutive_digits) {
+            *accumulator = *accumulator * 10 + (*state->cursor - '0');
+            consecutive_digits--;
+            state->cursor++;
+        }
+
+        return (int)(state->cursor - start);
+    }
+#endif
+
+    char next_char;
+    while (rb_isdigit(next_char = peek(state))) {
+        *accumulator = *accumulator * 10 + (next_char - '0');
+        state->cursor++;
+    }
+    return (int)(state->cursor - start);
+}
+
+static inline VALUE json_parse_number(JSON_ParserState *state, JSON_ParserConfig *config, bool negative, const char *start)
+{
+    bool integer = true;
+    const char first_digit = *state->cursor;
+
+    // Variables for Ryu optimization - extract digits during parsing
+    int32_t exponent = 0;
+    int decimal_point_pos = -1;
+    uint64_t mantissa = 0;
+
+    // Parse integer part and extract mantissa digits
+    int mantissa_digits = json_parse_digits(state, &mantissa);
+
+    if (RB_UNLIKELY((first_digit == '0' && mantissa_digits > 1) || (negative && mantissa_digits == 0))) {
+        raise_parse_error_at("invalid number: %s", state, start);
+    }
+
+    // Parse fractional part
+    if (peek(state) == '.') {
+        integer = false;
+        decimal_point_pos = mantissa_digits;  // Remember position of decimal point
+        state->cursor++;
+
+        int fractional_digits = json_parse_digits(state, &mantissa);
+        mantissa_digits += fractional_digits;
+
+        if (RB_UNLIKELY(!fractional_digits)) {
+            raise_parse_error_at("invalid number: %s", state, start);
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Parse exponent
+    if (rb_tolower(peek(state)) == 'e') {
+        integer = false;
+        state->cursor++;
+
+        bool negative_exponent = false;
+        const char next_char = peek(state);
+        if (next_char == '-' || next_char == '+') {
+            negative_exponent = next_char == '-';
+            state->cursor++;
+        }
+
+        uint64_t abs_exponent = 0;
+        int exponent_digits = json_parse_digits(state, &abs_exponent);
+
+        if (RB_UNLIKELY(!exponent_digits)) {
+            raise_parse_error_at("invalid number: %s", state, start);
+        }
+
+        exponent = negative_exponent ? -((int32_t)abs_exponent) : ((int32_t)abs_exponent);
+    }
+
+    if (integer) {
+        return json_decode_integer(mantissa, mantissa_digits, negative, start, state->cursor);
+    }
+
+    // Adjust exponent based on decimal point position
+    if (decimal_point_pos >= 0) {
+        exponent -= (mantissa_digits - decimal_point_pos);
+    }
+
+    return json_decode_float(config, mantissa, mantissa_digits, exponent, negative, start, state->cursor);
+}
+
+static inline VALUE json_parse_positive_number(JSON_ParserState *state, JSON_ParserConfig *config)
+{
+    return json_parse_number(state, config, false, state->cursor);
+}
+
+static inline VALUE json_parse_negative_number(JSON_ParserState *state, JSON_ParserConfig *config)
+{
+    const char *start = state->cursor;
+    state->cursor++;
+    return json_parse_number(state, config, true, start);
+}
+
 static VALUE json_parse_any(JSON_ParserState *state, JSON_ParserConfig *config)
 {
     json_eat_whitespace(state);
-    if (state->cursor >= state->end) {
-        raise_parse_error("unexpected end of input", state);
-    }
 
-    switch (*state->cursor) {
+    switch (peek(state)) {
         case 'n':
-            if ((state->end - state->cursor >= 4) && (memcmp(state->cursor, "null", 4) == 0)) {
+            if (rest(state) >= 4 && (memcmp(state->cursor, "null", 4) == 0)) {
                 state->cursor += 4;
                 return json_push_value(state, config, Qnil);
             }
@@ -909,7 +1197,7 @@ static VALUE json_parse_any(JSON_ParserState *state, JSON_ParserConfig *config)
             raise_parse_error("unexpected token %s", state);
             break;
         case 't':
-            if ((state->end - state->cursor >= 4) && (memcmp(state->cursor, "true", 4) == 0)) {
+            if (rest(state) >= 4 && (memcmp(state->cursor, "true", 4) == 0)) {
                 state->cursor += 4;
                 return json_push_value(state, config, Qtrue);
             }
@@ -918,7 +1206,7 @@ static VALUE json_parse_any(JSON_ParserState *state, JSON_ParserConfig *config)
             break;
         case 'f':
             // Note: memcmp with a small power of two compile to an integer comparison
-            if ((state->end - state->cursor >= 5) && (memcmp(state->cursor + 1, "alse", 4) == 0)) {
+            if (rest(state) >= 5 && (memcmp(state->cursor + 1, "alse", 4) == 0)) {
                 state->cursor += 5;
                 return json_push_value(state, config, Qfalse);
             }
@@ -927,7 +1215,7 @@ static VALUE json_parse_any(JSON_ParserState *state, JSON_ParserConfig *config)
             break;
         case 'N':
             // Note: memcmp with a small power of two compile to an integer comparison
-            if (config->allow_nan && (state->end - state->cursor >= 3) && (memcmp(state->cursor + 1, "aN", 2) == 0)) {
+            if (config->allow_nan && rest(state) >= 3 && (memcmp(state->cursor + 1, "aN", 2) == 0)) {
                 state->cursor += 3;
                 return json_push_value(state, config, CNaN);
             }
@@ -935,16 +1223,16 @@ static VALUE json_parse_any(JSON_ParserState *state, JSON_ParserConfig *config)
             raise_parse_error("unexpected token %s", state);
             break;
         case 'I':
-            if (config->allow_nan && (state->end - state->cursor >= 8) && (memcmp(state->cursor, "Infinity", 8) == 0)) {
+            if (config->allow_nan && rest(state) >= 8 && (memcmp(state->cursor, "Infinity", 8) == 0)) {
                 state->cursor += 8;
                 return json_push_value(state, config, CInfinity);
             }
 
             raise_parse_error("unexpected token %s", state);
             break;
-        case '-':
+        case '-': {
             // Note: memcmp with a small power of two compile to an integer comparison
-            if ((state->end - state->cursor >= 9) && (memcmp(state->cursor + 1, "Infinity", 8) == 0)) {
+            if (rest(state) >= 9 && (memcmp(state->cursor + 1, "Infinity", 8) == 0)) {
                 if (config->allow_nan) {
                     state->cursor += 9;
                     return json_push_value(state, config, CMinusInfinity);
@@ -952,62 +1240,12 @@ static VALUE json_parse_any(JSON_ParserState *state, JSON_ParserConfig *config)
                     raise_parse_error("unexpected token %s", state);
                 }
             }
-            // Fallthrough
-        case '0': case '1': case '2': case '3': case '4': case '5': case '6': case '7': case '8': case '9': {
-            bool integer = true;
-
-            // /\A-?(0|[1-9]\d*)(\.\d+)?([Ee][-+]?\d+)?/
-            const char *start = state->cursor;
-            state->cursor++;
-
-            while ((state->cursor < state->end) && (*state->cursor >= '0') && (*state->cursor <= '9')) {
-                state->cursor++;
-            }
-
-            long integer_length = state->cursor - start;
-
-            if (RB_UNLIKELY(start[0] == '0' && integer_length > 1)) {
-                raise_parse_error_at("invalid number: %s", state, start);
-            } else if (RB_UNLIKELY(integer_length > 2 && start[0] == '-' && start[1] == '0')) {
-                raise_parse_error_at("invalid number: %s", state, start);
-            } else if (RB_UNLIKELY(integer_length == 1 && start[0] == '-')) {
-                raise_parse_error_at("invalid number: %s", state, start);
-            }
-
-            if ((state->cursor < state->end) && (*state->cursor == '.')) {
-                integer = false;
-                state->cursor++;
-
-                if (state->cursor == state->end || *state->cursor < '0' || *state->cursor > '9') {
-                    raise_parse_error("invalid number: %s", state);
-                }
-
-                while ((state->cursor < state->end) && (*state->cursor >= '0') && (*state->cursor <= '9')) {
-                    state->cursor++;
-                }
-            }
-
-            if ((state->cursor < state->end) && ((*state->cursor == 'e') || (*state->cursor == 'E'))) {
-                integer = false;
-                state->cursor++;
-                if ((state->cursor < state->end) && ((*state->cursor == '+') || (*state->cursor == '-'))) {
-                    state->cursor++;
-                }
-
-                if (state->cursor == state->end || *state->cursor < '0' || *state->cursor > '9') {
-                    raise_parse_error("invalid number: %s", state);
-                }
-
-                while ((state->cursor < state->end) && (*state->cursor >= '0') && (*state->cursor <= '9')) {
-                    state->cursor++;
-                }
-            }
-
-            if (integer) {
-                return json_push_value(state, config, json_decode_integer(start, state->cursor));
-            }
-            return json_push_value(state, config, json_decode_float(config, start, state->cursor));
+            return json_push_value(state, config, json_parse_negative_number(state, config));
+            break;
         }
+        case '0': case '1': case '2': case '3': case '4': case '5': case '6': case '7': case '8': case '9':
+            return json_push_value(state, config, json_parse_positive_number(state, config));
+            break;
         case '"': {
             // %r{\A"[^"\\\t\n\x00]*(?:\\[bfnrtu\\/"][^"\\]*)*"}
             return json_parse_string(state, config, false);
@@ -1018,7 +1256,7 @@ static VALUE json_parse_any(JSON_ParserState *state, JSON_ParserConfig *config)
             json_eat_whitespace(state);
             long stack_head = state->stack->head;
 
-            if ((state->cursor < state->end) && (*state->cursor == ']')) {
+            if (peek(state) == ']') {
                 state->cursor++;
                 return json_push_value(state, config, json_decode_array(state, config, 0));
             } else {
@@ -1033,26 +1271,26 @@ static VALUE json_parse_any(JSON_ParserState *state, JSON_ParserConfig *config)
             while (true) {
                 json_eat_whitespace(state);
 
-                if (state->cursor < state->end) {
-                    if (*state->cursor == ']') {
-                        state->cursor++;
-                        long count = state->stack->head - stack_head;
-                        state->current_nesting--;
-                        state->in_array--;
-                        return json_push_value(state, config, json_decode_array(state, config, count));
-                    }
+                const char next_char = peek(state);
 
-                    if (*state->cursor == ',') {
-                        state->cursor++;
-                        if (config->allow_trailing_comma) {
-                            json_eat_whitespace(state);
-                            if ((state->cursor < state->end) && (*state->cursor == ']')) {
-                                continue;
-                            }
+                if (RB_LIKELY(next_char == ',')) {
+                    state->cursor++;
+                    if (config->allow_trailing_comma) {
+                        json_eat_whitespace(state);
+                        if (peek(state) == ']') {
+                            continue;
                         }
-                        json_parse_any(state, config);
-                        continue;
                     }
+                    json_parse_any(state, config);
+                    continue;
+                }
+
+                if (next_char == ']') {
+                    state->cursor++;
+                    long count = state->stack->head - stack_head;
+                    state->current_nesting--;
+                    state->in_array--;
+                    return json_push_value(state, config, json_decode_array(state, config, count));
                 }
 
                 raise_parse_error("expected ',' or ']' after array value", state);
@@ -1060,11 +1298,13 @@ static VALUE json_parse_any(JSON_ParserState *state, JSON_ParserConfig *config)
             break;
         }
         case '{': {
+            const char *object_start_cursor = state->cursor;
+
             state->cursor++;
             json_eat_whitespace(state);
             long stack_head = state->stack->head;
 
-            if ((state->cursor < state->end) && (*state->cursor == '}')) {
+            if (peek(state) == '}') {
                 state->cursor++;
                 return json_push_value(state, config, json_decode_object(state, config, 0));
             } else {
@@ -1073,13 +1313,13 @@ static VALUE json_parse_any(JSON_ParserState *state, JSON_ParserConfig *config)
                     rb_raise(eNestingError, "nesting of %d is too deep", state->current_nesting);
                 }
 
-                if (*state->cursor != '"') {
+                if (peek(state) != '"') {
                     raise_parse_error("expected object key, got %s", state);
                 }
                 json_parse_string(state, config, true);
 
                 json_eat_whitespace(state);
-                if ((state->cursor >= state->end) || (*state->cursor != ':')) {
+                if (peek(state) != ':') {
                     raise_parse_error("expected ':' after object key", state);
                 }
                 state->cursor++;
@@ -1090,39 +1330,45 @@ static VALUE json_parse_any(JSON_ParserState *state, JSON_ParserConfig *config)
             while (true) {
                 json_eat_whitespace(state);
 
-                if (state->cursor < state->end) {
-                    if (*state->cursor == '}') {
-                        state->cursor++;
-                        state->current_nesting--;
-                        long count = state->stack->head - stack_head;
-                        return json_push_value(state, config, json_decode_object(state, config, count));
-                    }
+                const char next_char = peek(state);
+                if (next_char == '}') {
+                    state->cursor++;
+                    state->current_nesting--;
+                    size_t count = state->stack->head - stack_head;
 
-                    if (*state->cursor == ',') {
-                        state->cursor++;
-                        json_eat_whitespace(state);
+                    // Temporary rewind cursor in case an error is raised
+                    const char *final_cursor = state->cursor;
+                    state->cursor = object_start_cursor;
+                    VALUE object = json_decode_object(state, config, count);
+                    state->cursor = final_cursor;
 
-                        if (config->allow_trailing_comma) {
-                            if ((state->cursor < state->end) && (*state->cursor == '}')) {
-                                continue;
-                            }
-                        }
+                    return json_push_value(state, config, object);
+                }
 
-                        if (*state->cursor != '"') {
-                            raise_parse_error("expected object key, got: %s", state);
-                        }
-                        json_parse_string(state, config, true);
+                if (next_char == ',') {
+                    state->cursor++;
+                    json_eat_whitespace(state);
 
-                        json_eat_whitespace(state);
-                        if ((state->cursor >= state->end) || (*state->cursor != ':')) {
-                            raise_parse_error("expected ':' after object key, got: %s", state);
+                    if (config->allow_trailing_comma) {
+                        if (peek(state) == '}') {
+                            continue;
                         }
-                        state->cursor++;
+                    }
 
-                        json_parse_any(state, config);
+                    if (RB_UNLIKELY(peek(state) != '"')) {
+                        raise_parse_error("expected object key, got: %s", state);
+                    }
+                    json_parse_string(state, config, true);
 
-                        continue;
+                    json_eat_whitespace(state);
+                    if (RB_UNLIKELY(peek(state) != ':')) {
+                        raise_parse_error("expected ':' after object key, got: %s", state);
                     }
+                    state->cursor++;
+
+                    json_parse_any(state, config);
+
+                    continue;
                 }
 
                 raise_parse_error("expected ',' or '}' after object value, got: %s", state);
@@ -1130,18 +1376,23 @@ static VALUE json_parse_any(JSON_ParserState *state, JSON_ParserConfig *config)
             break;
         }
 
+        case 0:
+            raise_parse_error("unexpected end of input", state);
+            break;
+
         default:
             raise_parse_error("unexpected character: %s", state);
             break;
     }
 
-    raise_parse_error("unreacheable: %s", state);
+    raise_parse_error("unreachable: %s", state);
+    return Qundef;
 }
 
 static void json_ensure_eof(JSON_ParserState *state)
 {
     json_eat_whitespace(state);
-    if (state->cursor != state->end) {
+    if (!eos(state)) {
         raise_parse_error("unexpected token at end of stream %s", state);
     }
 }
@@ -1178,13 +1429,15 @@ static int parser_config_init_i(VALUE key, VALUE val, VALUE data)
 {
     JSON_ParserConfig *config = (JSON_ParserConfig *)data;
 
-         if (key == sym_max_nesting)          { config->max_nesting = RTEST(val) ? FIX2INT(val) : 0; }
-    else if (key == sym_allow_nan)            { config->allow_nan = RTEST(val); }
-    else if (key == sym_allow_trailing_comma) { config->allow_trailing_comma = RTEST(val); }
-    else if (key == sym_symbolize_names)      { config->symbolize_names = RTEST(val); }
-    else if (key == sym_freeze)               { config->freeze = RTEST(val); }
-    else if (key == sym_on_load)              { config->on_load_proc = RTEST(val) ? val : Qfalse; }
-    else if (key == sym_decimal_class)        {
+         if (key == sym_max_nesting)                { config->max_nesting = RTEST(val) ? FIX2INT(val) : 0; }
+    else if (key == sym_allow_nan)                  { config->allow_nan = RTEST(val); }
+    else if (key == sym_allow_trailing_comma)       { config->allow_trailing_comma = RTEST(val); }
+    else if (key == sym_allow_control_characters)   { config->allow_control_characters = RTEST(val); }
+    else if (key == sym_symbolize_names)            { config->symbolize_names = RTEST(val); }
+    else if (key == sym_freeze)                     { config->freeze = RTEST(val); }
+    else if (key == sym_on_load)                    { config->on_load_proc = RTEST(val) ? val : Qfalse; }
+    else if (key == sym_allow_duplicate_key)        { config->on_duplicate_key = RTEST(val) ? JSON_IGNORE : JSON_RAISE; }
+    else if (key == sym_decimal_class)              {
         if (RTEST(val)) {
             if (rb_respond_to(val, i_try_convert)) {
                 config->decimal_class = val;
@@ -1257,6 +1510,7 @@ static void parser_config_init(JSON_ParserConfig *config, VALUE opts)
  */
 static VALUE cParserConfig_initialize(VALUE self, VALUE opts)
 {
+    rb_check_frozen(self);
     GET_PARSER_CONFIG;
 
     parser_config_init(config, opts);
@@ -1352,7 +1606,7 @@ static const rb_data_type_t JSON_ParserConfig_type = {
         JSON_ParserConfig_memsize,
     },
     0, 0,
-    RUBY_TYPED_FREE_IMMEDIATELY | RUBY_TYPED_WB_PROTECTED,
+    RUBY_TYPED_FREE_IMMEDIATELY | RUBY_TYPED_WB_PROTECTED | RUBY_TYPED_FROZEN_SHAREABLE,
 };
 
 static VALUE cJSON_parser_s_allocate(VALUE klass)
@@ -1396,15 +1650,13 @@ void Init_parser(void)
     sym_max_nesting = ID2SYM(rb_intern("max_nesting"));
     sym_allow_nan = ID2SYM(rb_intern("allow_nan"));
     sym_allow_trailing_comma = ID2SYM(rb_intern("allow_trailing_comma"));
+    sym_allow_control_characters = ID2SYM(rb_intern("allow_control_characters"));
     sym_symbolize_names = ID2SYM(rb_intern("symbolize_names"));
     sym_freeze = ID2SYM(rb_intern("freeze"));
     sym_on_load = ID2SYM(rb_intern("on_load"));
     sym_decimal_class = ID2SYM(rb_intern("decimal_class"));
+    sym_allow_duplicate_key = ID2SYM(rb_intern("allow_duplicate_key"));
 
-    i_chr = rb_intern("chr");
-    i_aset = rb_intern("[]=");
-    i_aref = rb_intern("[]");
-    i_leftshift = rb_intern("<<");
     i_new = rb_intern("new");
     i_try_convert = rb_intern("try_convert");
     i_uminus = rb_intern("-@");
@@ -1413,4 +1665,8 @@ void Init_parser(void)
     binary_encindex = rb_ascii8bit_encindex();
     utf8_encindex = rb_utf8_encindex();
     enc_utf8 = rb_utf8_encoding();
+
+#ifdef HAVE_SIMD
+    simd_impl = find_simd_implementation();
+#endif
 }
diff --git a/ext/json/simd/conf.rb b/ext/json/simd/conf.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..76f774bc97
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ext/json/simd/conf.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+case RbConfig::CONFIG['host_cpu']
+when /^(arm|aarch64)/
+  # Try to compile a small program using NEON instructions
+  header, type, init, extra = 'arm_neon.h', 'uint8x16_t', 'vdupq_n_u8(32)', nil
+when /^(x86_64|x64)/
+  header, type, init, extra = 'x86intrin.h', '__m128i', '_mm_set1_epi8(32)', 'if (__builtin_cpu_supports("sse2")) { printf("OK"); }'
+end
+if header
+  if have_header(header) && try_compile(<<~SRC, '-Werror=implicit-function-declaration')
+      #{cpp_include(header)}
+      int main(int argc, char **argv) {
+        #{type} test = #{init};
+        #{extra}
+        if (argc > 100000) printf("%p", &test);
+        return 0;
+      }
+    SRC
+    $defs.push("-DJSON_ENABLE_SIMD")
+  else
+    puts "Disable SIMD"
+  end
+end
+
+have_header('cpuid.h')
diff --git a/ext/json/simd/simd.h b/ext/json/simd/simd.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..3bb86acdec
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ext/json/simd/simd.h
@@ -0,0 +1,218 @@
+#include "../json.h"
+
+typedef enum {
+    SIMD_NONE,
+    SIMD_NEON,
+    SIMD_SSE2
+} SIMD_Implementation;
+
+#ifndef __has_builtin         // Optional of course.
+  #define __has_builtin(x) 0  // Compatibility with non-clang compilers.
+#endif
+
+#ifdef __clang__
+# if __has_builtin(__builtin_ctzll)
+#   define HAVE_BUILTIN_CTZLL 1
+# else
+#   define HAVE_BUILTIN_CTZLL 0
+# endif
+#elif defined(__GNUC__) && (__GNUC__ > 4 || (__GNUC__ == 4 && __GNUC_MINOR__ >= 3))
+# define HAVE_BUILTIN_CTZLL 1
+#else
+# define HAVE_BUILTIN_CTZLL 0
+#endif
+
+static inline uint32_t trailing_zeros64(uint64_t input)
+{
+    JSON_ASSERT(input > 0); // __builtin_ctz(0) is undefined behavior
+
+#if HAVE_BUILTIN_CTZLL
+    return __builtin_ctzll(input);
+#else
+    uint32_t trailing_zeros = 0;
+    uint64_t temp = input;
+    while ((temp & 1) == 0 && temp > 0) {
+        trailing_zeros++;
+        temp >>= 1;
+    }
+    return trailing_zeros;
+#endif
+}
+
+static inline int trailing_zeros(int input)
+{
+    JSON_ASSERT(input > 0); // __builtin_ctz(0) is undefined behavior
+
+#if HAVE_BUILTIN_CTZLL
+    return __builtin_ctz(input);
+#else
+    int trailing_zeros = 0;
+    int temp = input;
+    while ((temp & 1) == 0 && temp > 0) {
+        trailing_zeros++;
+        temp >>= 1;
+    }
+    return trailing_zeros;
+#endif
+}
+
+#ifdef JSON_ENABLE_SIMD
+
+#define SIMD_MINIMUM_THRESHOLD 4
+
+ALWAYS_INLINE(static) void json_fast_memcpy16(char *dst, const char *src, size_t len)
+{
+    RBIMPL_ASSERT_OR_ASSUME(len < 16);
+    RBIMPL_ASSERT_OR_ASSUME(len >= SIMD_MINIMUM_THRESHOLD); // 4
+#if defined(__has_builtin) && __has_builtin(__builtin_memcpy)
+    // If __builtin_memcpy is available, use it to copy between SIMD_MINIMUM_THRESHOLD (4) and vec_len-1 (15) bytes.
+    // These copies overlap. The first copy will copy the first 8 (or 4) bytes. The second copy will copy
+    // the last 8 (or 4) bytes but overlap with the first copy. The overlapping bytes will be in the correct
+    // position in both copies.
+
+    // Please do not attempt to replace __builtin_memcpy with memcpy without profiling and/or looking at the
+    // generated assembly. On clang-specifically (tested on Apple clang version 17.0.0 (clang-1700.0.13.3)),
+    // when using memcpy, the compiler will notice the only difference is a 4 or 8 and generate a conditional
+    // select instruction instead of direct loads and stores with a branch. This ends up slower than the branch
+    // plus two loads and stores generated when using __builtin_memcpy.
+    if (len >= 8) {
+        __builtin_memcpy(dst, src, 8);
+        __builtin_memcpy(dst + len - 8, src + len - 8, 8);
+    } else {
+        __builtin_memcpy(dst, src, 4);
+        __builtin_memcpy(dst + len - 4, src + len - 4, 4);
+    }
+#else
+    MEMCPY(dst, src, char, len);
+#endif
+}
+
+#if defined(__ARM_NEON) || defined(__ARM_NEON__) || defined(__aarch64__) || defined(_M_ARM64)
+#include <arm_neon.h>
+
+#define FIND_SIMD_IMPLEMENTATION_DEFINED 1
+static inline SIMD_Implementation find_simd_implementation(void)
+{
+    return SIMD_NEON;
+}
+
+#define HAVE_SIMD 1
+#define HAVE_SIMD_NEON 1
+
+// See: https://community.arm.com/arm-community-blogs/b/servers-and-cloud-computing-blog/posts/porting-x86-vector-bitmask-optimizations-to-arm-neon
+ALWAYS_INLINE(static) uint64_t neon_match_mask(uint8x16_t matches)
+{
+    const uint8x8_t res = vshrn_n_u16(vreinterpretq_u16_u8(matches), 4);
+    const uint64_t mask = vget_lane_u64(vreinterpret_u64_u8(res), 0);
+    return mask & 0x8888888888888888ull;
+}
+
+ALWAYS_INLINE(static) uint64_t compute_chunk_mask_neon(const char *ptr)
+{
+    uint8x16_t chunk = vld1q_u8((const unsigned char *)ptr);
+
+    // Trick: c < 32 || c == 34 can be factored as c ^ 2 < 33
+    // https://lemire.me/blog/2025/04/13/detect-control-characters-quotes-and-backslashes-efficiently-using-swar/
+    const uint8x16_t too_low_or_dbl_quote = vcltq_u8(veorq_u8(chunk, vdupq_n_u8(2)), vdupq_n_u8(33));
+
+    uint8x16_t has_backslash = vceqq_u8(chunk, vdupq_n_u8('\\'));
+    uint8x16_t needs_escape  = vorrq_u8(too_low_or_dbl_quote, has_backslash);
+    return neon_match_mask(needs_escape);
+}
+
+ALWAYS_INLINE(static) int string_scan_simd_neon(const char **ptr, const char *end, uint64_t *mask)
+{
+    while (*ptr + sizeof(uint8x16_t) <= end) {
+        uint64_t chunk_mask = compute_chunk_mask_neon(*ptr);
+        if (chunk_mask) {
+            *mask = chunk_mask;
+            return 1;
+        }
+        *ptr += sizeof(uint8x16_t);
+    }
+    return 0;
+}
+
+static inline uint8x16x4_t load_uint8x16_4(const unsigned char *table)
+{
+    uint8x16x4_t tab;
+    tab.val[0] = vld1q_u8(table);
+    tab.val[1] = vld1q_u8(table+16);
+    tab.val[2] = vld1q_u8(table+32);
+    tab.val[3] = vld1q_u8(table+48);
+    return tab;
+}
+
+#endif /* ARM Neon Support.*/
+
+#if defined(__amd64__) || defined(__amd64) || defined(__x86_64__) || defined(__x86_64) || defined(_M_X64) || defined(_M_AMD64)
+
+#ifdef HAVE_X86INTRIN_H
+#include <x86intrin.h>
+
+#define HAVE_SIMD 1
+#define HAVE_SIMD_SSE2 1
+
+#ifdef HAVE_CPUID_H
+#define FIND_SIMD_IMPLEMENTATION_DEFINED 1
+
+#if defined(__clang__) || defined(__GNUC__)
+#define TARGET_SSE2 __attribute__((target("sse2")))
+#else
+#define TARGET_SSE2
+#endif
+
+#define _mm_cmpge_epu8(a, b) _mm_cmpeq_epi8(_mm_max_epu8(a, b), a)
+#define _mm_cmple_epu8(a, b) _mm_cmpge_epu8(b, a)
+#define _mm_cmpgt_epu8(a, b) _mm_xor_si128(_mm_cmple_epu8(a, b), _mm_set1_epi8(-1))
+#define _mm_cmplt_epu8(a, b) _mm_cmpgt_epu8(b, a)
+
+ALWAYS_INLINE(static) TARGET_SSE2 int compute_chunk_mask_sse2(const char *ptr)
+{
+    __m128i chunk         = _mm_loadu_si128((__m128i const*)ptr);
+    // Trick: c < 32 || c == 34 can be factored as c ^ 2 < 33
+    // https://lemire.me/blog/2025/04/13/detect-control-characters-quotes-and-backslashes-efficiently-using-swar/
+    __m128i too_low_or_dbl_quote = _mm_cmplt_epu8(_mm_xor_si128(chunk, _mm_set1_epi8(2)), _mm_set1_epi8(33));
+    __m128i has_backslash = _mm_cmpeq_epi8(chunk, _mm_set1_epi8('\\'));
+    __m128i needs_escape  = _mm_or_si128(too_low_or_dbl_quote, has_backslash);
+    return _mm_movemask_epi8(needs_escape);
+}
+
+ALWAYS_INLINE(static) TARGET_SSE2 int string_scan_simd_sse2(const char **ptr, const char *end, int *mask)
+{
+    while (*ptr + sizeof(__m128i) <= end) {
+        int chunk_mask = compute_chunk_mask_sse2(*ptr);
+        if (chunk_mask) {
+            *mask = chunk_mask;
+            return 1;
+        }
+        *ptr += sizeof(__m128i);
+    }
+
+    return 0;
+}
+
+#include <cpuid.h>
+#endif /* HAVE_CPUID_H */
+
+static inline SIMD_Implementation find_simd_implementation(void)
+{
+    // TODO Revisit. I think the SSE version now only uses SSE2 instructions.
+    if (__builtin_cpu_supports("sse2")) {
+        return SIMD_SSE2;
+    }
+
+    return SIMD_NONE;
+}
+
+#endif /* HAVE_X86INTRIN_H */
+#endif /* X86_64 Support */
+
+#endif /* JSON_ENABLE_SIMD */
+
+#ifndef FIND_SIMD_IMPLEMENTATION_DEFINED
+static inline SIMD_Implementation find_simd_implementation(void)
+{
+    return SIMD_NONE;
+}
+#endif
diff --git a/ext/json/vendor/fpconv.c b/ext/json/vendor/fpconv.c
index 75efd46f11..6c9bc2c103 100644
--- a/ext/json/vendor/fpconv.c
+++ b/ext/json/vendor/fpconv.c
@@ -29,6 +29,10 @@
 #include <string.h>
 #include <stdint.h>
 
+#if JSON_DEBUG
+#include <assert.h>
+#endif
+
 #define npowers     87
 #define steppowers  8
 #define firstpower -348 /* 10 ^ -348 */
@@ -320,15 +324,7 @@ static int emit_digits(char* digits, int ndigits, char* dest, int K, bool neg)
 {
     int exp = absv(K + ndigits - 1);
 
-    int max_trailing_zeros = 7;
-
-    if(neg) {
-        max_trailing_zeros -= 1;
-    }
-
-    /* write plain integer */
-    if(K >= 0 && (exp < (ndigits + max_trailing_zeros))) {
-
+    if(K >= 0 && exp < 15) {
         memcpy(dest, digits, ndigits);
         memset(dest + ndigits, '0', K);
 
@@ -432,10 +428,12 @@ static int filter_special(double fp, char* dest)
  *
  * Input:
  * fp -> the double to convert, dest -> destination buffer.
- * The generated string will never be longer than 28 characters.
- * Make sure to pass a pointer to at least 28 bytes of memory.
+ * The generated string will never be longer than 32 characters.
+ * Make sure to pass a pointer to at least 32 bytes of memory.
  * The emitted string will not be null terminated.
  *
+ *
+ *
  * Output:
  * The number of written characters.
  *
@@ -451,7 +449,7 @@ static int filter_special(double fp, char* dest)
  * }
  *
  */
-static int fpconv_dtoa(double d, char dest[28])
+static int fpconv_dtoa(double d, char dest[32])
 {
     char digits[18];
 
@@ -474,6 +472,9 @@ static int fpconv_dtoa(double d, char dest[28])
     int ndigits = grisu2(d, digits, &K);
 
     str_len += emit_digits(digits, ndigits, dest + str_len, K, neg);
+#if JSON_DEBUG
+    assert(str_len <= 32);
+#endif
 
     return str_len;
 }
diff --git a/ext/json/vendor/ryu.h b/ext/json/vendor/ryu.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..f06ec814b4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ext/json/vendor/ryu.h
@@ -0,0 +1,819 @@
+// Copyright 2018 Ulf Adams
+//
+// The contents of this file may be used under the terms of the Apache License,
+// Version 2.0.
+//
+// Alternatively, the contents of this file may be used under the terms of
+// the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, this software
+// is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+// KIND, either express or implied.
+//
+// ---
+//
+//                               Apache License
+//                         Version 2.0, January 2004
+//                      http://www.apache.org/licenses/
+//
+// TERMS AND CONDITIONS FOR USE, REPRODUCTION, AND DISTRIBUTION
+//
+// 1. Definitions.
+//
+//    "License" shall mean the terms and conditions for use, reproduction,
+//    and distribution as defined by Sections 1 through 9 of this document.
+//
+//    "Licensor" shall mean the copyright owner or entity authorized by
+//    the copyright owner that is granting the License.
+//
+//    "Legal Entity" shall mean the union of the acting entity and all
+//    other entities that control, are controlled by, or are under common
+//    control with that entity. For the purposes of this definition,
+//    "control" means (i) the power, direct or indirect, to cause the
+//    direction or management of such entity, whether by contract or
+//    otherwise, or (ii) ownership of fifty percent (50%) or more of the
+//    outstanding shares, or (iii) beneficial ownership of such entity.
+//
+//    "You" (or "Your") shall mean an individual or Legal Entity
+//    exercising permissions granted by this License.
+//
+//    "Source" form shall mean the preferred form for making modifications,
+//    including but not limited to software source code, documentation
+//    source, and configuration files.
+//
+//    "Object" form shall mean any form resulting from mechanical
+//    transformation or translation of a Source form, including but
+//    not limited to compiled object code, generated documentation,
+//    and conversions to other media types.
+//
+//    "Work" shall mean the work of authorship, whether in Source or
+//    Object form, made available under the License, as indicated by a
+//    copyright notice that is included in or attached to the work
+//    (an example is provided in the Appendix below).
+//
+//    "Derivative Works" shall mean any work, whether in Source or Object
+//    form, that is based on (or derived from) the Work and for which the
+//    editorial revisions, annotations, elaborations, or other modifications
+//    represent, as a whole, an original work of authorship. For the purposes
+//    of this License, Derivative Works shall not include works that remain
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+//    institute patent litigation against any entity (including a
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+//    or a Contribution incorporated within the Work constitutes direct
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+//    granted to You under this License for that Work shall terminate
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+//
+// 4. Redistribution. You may reproduce and distribute copies of the
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+//
+//    (c) You must retain, in the Source form of any Derivative Works
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+//        the Derivative Works; and
+//
+//    (d) If the Work includes a "NOTICE" text file as part of its
+//        distribution, then any Derivative Works that You distribute must
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+//    any Contribution intentionally submitted for inclusion in the Work
+//    by You to the Licensor shall be under the terms and conditions of
+//    this License, without any additional terms or conditions.
+//    Notwithstanding the above, nothing herein shall supersede or modify
+//    the terms of any separate license agreement you may have executed
+//    with Licensor regarding such Contributions.
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+//    names, trademarks, service marks, or product names of the Licensor,
+//    except as required for reasonable and customary use in describing the
+//    origin of the Work and reproducing the content of the NOTICE file.
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+// 7. Disclaimer of Warranty. Unless required by applicable law or
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+//    file or class name and description of purpose be included on the
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+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
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+//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
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+// ---
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+// Boost Software License - Version 1.0 - August 17th, 2003
+//
+// Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person or organization
+// obtaining a copy of the software and accompanying documentation covered by
+// this license (the "Software") to use, reproduce, display, distribute,
+// execute, and transmit the Software, and to prepare derivative works of the
+// Software, and to permit third-parties to whom the Software is furnished to
+// do so, all subject to the following:
+//
+// The copyright notices in the Software and this entire statement, including
+// the above license grant, this restriction and the following disclaimer,
+// must be included in all copies of the Software, in whole or in part, and
+// all derivative works of the Software, unless such copies or derivative
+// works are solely in the form of machine-executable object code generated by
+// a source language processor.
+//
+// THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+// IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+// FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE, TITLE AND NON-INFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT
+// SHALL THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS OR ANYONE DISTRIBUTING THE SOFTWARE BE LIABLE
+// FOR ANY DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE,
+// ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER
+// DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+//
+// ---
+// Minimal Ryu implementation adapted for Ruby JSON gem by Josef Šimánek
+// Optimized for pre-extracted mantissa/exponent from JSON parsing
+// This is a stripped-down version containing only what's needed for
+// converting decimal mantissa+exponent to IEEE 754 double precision.
+
+#ifndef RYU_H
+#define RYU_H
+
+#include <stdint.h>
+#include <stdbool.h>
+#include <string.h>
+
+// Detect __builtin_clzll availability (for floor_log2)
+// Note: MSVC doesn't have __builtin_clzll, so we provide a fallback
+#ifdef __clang__
+  #if __has_builtin(__builtin_clzll)
+    #define RYU_HAVE_BUILTIN_CLZLL 1
+  #else
+    #define RYU_HAVE_BUILTIN_CLZLL 0
+  #endif
+#elif defined(__GNUC__) && (__GNUC__ > 4 || (__GNUC__ == 4 && __GNUC_MINOR__ >= 3))
+  #define RYU_HAVE_BUILTIN_CLZLL 1
+#else
+  #define RYU_HAVE_BUILTIN_CLZLL 0
+#endif
+
+// Count leading zeros (for floor_log2)
+static inline uint32_t ryu_leading_zeros64(uint64_t input)
+{
+#if RYU_HAVE_BUILTIN_CLZLL
+  return __builtin_clzll(input);
+#else
+  // Fallback: binary search for the highest set bit
+  // This works on MSVC and other compilers without __builtin_clzll
+  if (input == 0) return 64;
+  uint32_t n = 0;
+  if (input <= 0x00000000FFFFFFFFULL) { n += 32; input <<= 32; }
+  if (input <= 0x0000FFFFFFFFFFFFULL) { n += 16; input <<= 16; }
+  if (input <= 0x00FFFFFFFFFFFFFFULL) { n +=  8; input <<=  8; }
+  if (input <= 0x0FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFULL) { n +=  4; input <<=  4; }
+  if (input <= 0x3FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFULL) { n +=  2; input <<=  2; }
+  if (input <= 0x7FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFULL) { n +=  1; }
+  return n;
+#endif
+}
+
+// These tables are generated by PrintDoubleLookupTable.
+#define DOUBLE_POW5_INV_BITCOUNT 125
+#define DOUBLE_POW5_BITCOUNT 125
+
+#define DOUBLE_POW5_INV_TABLE_SIZE 342
+#define DOUBLE_POW5_TABLE_SIZE 326
+
+static const uint64_t DOUBLE_POW5_INV_SPLIT[DOUBLE_POW5_INV_TABLE_SIZE][2] = {
+  {                    1u, 2305843009213693952u }, { 11068046444225730970u, 1844674407370955161u },
+  {  5165088340638674453u, 1475739525896764129u }, {  7821419487252849886u, 1180591620717411303u },
+  {  8824922364862649494u, 1888946593147858085u }, {  7059937891890119595u, 1511157274518286468u },
+  { 13026647942995916322u, 1208925819614629174u }, {  9774590264567735146u, 1934281311383406679u },
+  { 11509021026396098440u, 1547425049106725343u }, { 16585914450600699399u, 1237940039285380274u },
+  { 15469416676735388068u, 1980704062856608439u }, { 16064882156130220778u, 1584563250285286751u },
+  {  9162556910162266299u, 1267650600228229401u }, {  7281393426775805432u, 2028240960365167042u },
+  { 16893161185646375315u, 1622592768292133633u }, {  2446482504291369283u, 1298074214633706907u },
+  {  7603720821608101175u, 2076918743413931051u }, {  2393627842544570617u, 1661534994731144841u },
+  { 16672297533003297786u, 1329227995784915872u }, { 11918280793837635165u, 2126764793255865396u },
+  {  5845275820328197809u, 1701411834604692317u }, { 15744267100488289217u, 1361129467683753853u },
+  {  3054734472329800808u, 2177807148294006166u }, { 17201182836831481939u, 1742245718635204932u },
+  {  6382248639981364905u, 1393796574908163946u }, {  2832900194486363201u, 2230074519853062314u },
+  {  5955668970331000884u, 1784059615882449851u }, {  1075186361522890384u, 1427247692705959881u },
+  { 12788344622662355584u, 2283596308329535809u }, { 13920024512871794791u, 1826877046663628647u },
+  {  3757321980813615186u, 1461501637330902918u }, { 10384555214134712795u, 1169201309864722334u },
+  {  5547241898389809503u, 1870722095783555735u }, {  4437793518711847602u, 1496577676626844588u },
+  { 10928932444453298728u, 1197262141301475670u }, { 17486291911125277965u, 1915619426082361072u },
+  {  6610335899416401726u, 1532495540865888858u }, { 12666966349016942027u, 1225996432692711086u },
+  { 12888448528943286597u, 1961594292308337738u }, { 17689456452638449924u, 1569275433846670190u },
+  { 14151565162110759939u, 1255420347077336152u }, {  7885109000409574610u, 2008672555323737844u },
+  {  9997436015069570011u, 1606938044258990275u }, {  7997948812055656009u, 1285550435407192220u },
+  { 12796718099289049614u, 2056880696651507552u }, {  2858676849947419045u, 1645504557321206042u },
+  { 13354987924183666206u, 1316403645856964833u }, { 17678631863951955605u, 2106245833371143733u },
+  {  3074859046935833515u, 1684996666696914987u }, { 13527933681774397782u, 1347997333357531989u },
+  { 10576647446613305481u, 2156795733372051183u }, { 15840015586774465031u, 1725436586697640946u },
+  {  8982663654677661702u, 1380349269358112757u }, { 18061610662226169046u, 2208558830972980411u },
+  { 10759939715039024913u, 1766847064778384329u }, { 12297300586773130254u, 1413477651822707463u },
+  { 15986332124095098083u, 2261564242916331941u }, {  9099716884534168143u, 1809251394333065553u },
+  { 14658471137111155161u, 1447401115466452442u }, {  4348079280205103483u, 1157920892373161954u },
+  { 14335624477811986218u, 1852673427797059126u }, {  7779150767507678651u, 1482138742237647301u },
+  {  2533971799264232598u, 1185710993790117841u }, { 15122401323048503126u, 1897137590064188545u },
+  { 12097921058438802501u, 1517710072051350836u }, {  5988988032009131678u, 1214168057641080669u },
+  { 16961078480698431330u, 1942668892225729070u }, { 13568862784558745064u, 1554135113780583256u },
+  {  7165741412905085728u, 1243308091024466605u }, { 11465186260648137165u, 1989292945639146568u },
+  { 16550846638002330379u, 1591434356511317254u }, { 16930026125143774626u, 1273147485209053803u },
+  {  4951948911778577463u, 2037035976334486086u }, {   272210314680951647u, 1629628781067588869u },
+  {  3907117066486671641u, 1303703024854071095u }, {  6251387306378674625u, 2085924839766513752u },
+  { 16069156289328670670u, 1668739871813211001u }, {  9165976216721026213u, 1334991897450568801u },
+  {  7286864317269821294u, 2135987035920910082u }, { 16897537898041588005u, 1708789628736728065u },
+  { 13518030318433270404u, 1367031702989382452u }, {  6871453250525591353u, 2187250724783011924u },
+  {  9186511415162383406u, 1749800579826409539u }, { 11038557946871817048u, 1399840463861127631u },
+  { 10282995085511086630u, 2239744742177804210u }, {  8226396068408869304u, 1791795793742243368u },
+  { 13959814484210916090u, 1433436634993794694u }, { 11267656730511734774u, 2293498615990071511u },
+  {  5324776569667477496u, 1834798892792057209u }, {  7949170070475892320u, 1467839114233645767u },
+  { 17427382500606444826u, 1174271291386916613u }, {  5747719112518849781u, 1878834066219066582u },
+  { 15666221734240810795u, 1503067252975253265u }, { 12532977387392648636u, 1202453802380202612u },
+  {  5295368560860596524u, 1923926083808324180u }, {  4236294848688477220u, 1539140867046659344u },
+  {  7078384693692692099u, 1231312693637327475u }, { 11325415509908307358u, 1970100309819723960u },
+  {  9060332407926645887u, 1576080247855779168u }, { 14626963555825137356u, 1260864198284623334u },
+  { 12335095245094488799u, 2017382717255397335u }, {  9868076196075591040u, 1613906173804317868u },
+  { 15273158586344293478u, 1291124939043454294u }, { 13369007293925138595u, 2065799902469526871u },
+  {  7005857020398200553u, 1652639921975621497u }, { 16672732060544291412u, 1322111937580497197u },
+  { 11918976037903224966u, 2115379100128795516u }, {  5845832015580669650u, 1692303280103036413u },
+  { 12055363241948356366u, 1353842624082429130u }, {   841837113407818570u, 2166148198531886609u },
+  {  4362818505468165179u, 1732918558825509287u }, { 14558301248600263113u, 1386334847060407429u },
+  { 12225235553534690011u, 2218135755296651887u }, {  2401490813343931363u, 1774508604237321510u },
+  {  1921192650675145090u, 1419606883389857208u }, { 17831303500047873437u, 2271371013423771532u },
+  {  6886345170554478103u, 1817096810739017226u }, {  1819727321701672159u, 1453677448591213781u },
+  { 16213177116328979020u, 1162941958872971024u }, { 14873036941900635463u, 1860707134196753639u },
+  { 15587778368262418694u, 1488565707357402911u }, {  8780873879868024632u, 1190852565885922329u },
+  {  2981351763563108441u, 1905364105417475727u }, { 13453127855076217722u, 1524291284333980581u },
+  {  7073153469319063855u, 1219433027467184465u }, { 11317045550910502167u, 1951092843947495144u },
+  { 12742985255470312057u, 1560874275157996115u }, { 10194388204376249646u, 1248699420126396892u },
+  {  1553625868034358140u, 1997919072202235028u }, {  8621598323911307159u, 1598335257761788022u },
+  { 17965325103354776697u, 1278668206209430417u }, { 13987124906400001422u, 2045869129935088668u },
+  {   121653480894270168u, 1636695303948070935u }, {    97322784715416134u, 1309356243158456748u },
+  { 14913111714512307107u, 2094969989053530796u }, {  8241140556867935363u, 1675975991242824637u },
+  { 17660958889720079260u, 1340780792994259709u }, { 17189487779326395846u, 2145249268790815535u },
+  { 13751590223461116677u, 1716199415032652428u }, { 18379969808252713988u, 1372959532026121942u },
+  { 14650556434236701088u, 2196735251241795108u }, {   652398703163629901u, 1757388200993436087u },
+  { 11589965406756634890u, 1405910560794748869u }, {  7475898206584884855u, 2249456897271598191u },
+  {  2291369750525997561u, 1799565517817278553u }, {  9211793429904618695u, 1439652414253822842u },
+  { 18428218302589300235u, 2303443862806116547u }, {  7363877012587619542u, 1842755090244893238u },
+  { 13269799239553916280u, 1474204072195914590u }, { 10615839391643133024u, 1179363257756731672u },
+  {  2227947767661371545u, 1886981212410770676u }, { 16539753473096738529u, 1509584969928616540u },
+  { 13231802778477390823u, 1207667975942893232u }, {  6413489186596184024u, 1932268761508629172u },
+  { 16198837793502678189u, 1545815009206903337u }, {  5580372605318321905u, 1236652007365522670u },
+  {  8928596168509315048u, 1978643211784836272u }, { 18210923379033183008u, 1582914569427869017u },
+  {  7190041073742725760u, 1266331655542295214u }, {   436019273762630246u, 2026130648867672343u },
+  {  7727513048493924843u, 1620904519094137874u }, {  9871359253537050198u, 1296723615275310299u },
+  {  4726128361433549347u, 2074757784440496479u }, {  7470251503888749801u, 1659806227552397183u },
+  { 13354898832594820487u, 1327844982041917746u }, { 13989140502667892133u, 2124551971267068394u },
+  { 14880661216876224029u, 1699641577013654715u }, { 11904528973500979224u, 1359713261610923772u },
+  {  4289851098633925465u, 2175541218577478036u }, { 18189276137874781665u, 1740432974861982428u },
+  {  3483374466074094362u, 1392346379889585943u }, {  1884050330976640656u, 2227754207823337509u },
+  {  5196589079523222848u, 1782203366258670007u }, { 15225317707844309248u, 1425762693006936005u },
+  {  5913764258841343181u, 2281220308811097609u }, {  8420360221814984868u, 1824976247048878087u },
+  { 17804334621677718864u, 1459980997639102469u }, { 17932816512084085415u, 1167984798111281975u },
+  { 10245762345624985047u, 1868775676978051161u }, {  4507261061758077715u, 1495020541582440929u },
+  {  7295157664148372495u, 1196016433265952743u }, {  7982903447895485668u, 1913626293225524389u },
+  { 10075671573058298858u, 1530901034580419511u }, {  4371188443704728763u, 1224720827664335609u },
+  { 14372599139411386667u, 1959553324262936974u }, { 15187428126271019657u, 1567642659410349579u },
+  { 15839291315758726049u, 1254114127528279663u }, {  3206773216762499739u, 2006582604045247462u },
+  { 13633465017635730761u, 1605266083236197969u }, { 14596120828850494932u, 1284212866588958375u },
+  {  4907049252451240275u, 2054740586542333401u }, {   236290587219081897u, 1643792469233866721u },
+  { 14946427728742906810u, 1315033975387093376u }, { 16535586736504830250u, 2104054360619349402u },
+  {  5849771759720043554u, 1683243488495479522u }, { 15747863852001765813u, 1346594790796383617u },
+  { 10439186904235184007u, 2154551665274213788u }, { 15730047152871967852u, 1723641332219371030u },
+  { 12584037722297574282u, 1378913065775496824u }, {  9066413911450387881u, 2206260905240794919u },
+  { 10942479943902220628u, 1765008724192635935u }, {  8753983955121776503u, 1412006979354108748u },
+  { 10317025513452932081u, 2259211166966573997u }, {   874922781278525018u, 1807368933573259198u },
+  {  8078635854506640661u, 1445895146858607358u }, { 13841606313089133175u, 1156716117486885886u },
+  { 14767872471458792434u, 1850745787979017418u }, {   746251532941302978u, 1480596630383213935u },
+  {   597001226353042382u, 1184477304306571148u }, { 15712597221132509104u, 1895163686890513836u },
+  {  8880728962164096960u, 1516130949512411069u }, { 10793931984473187891u, 1212904759609928855u },
+  { 17270291175157100626u, 1940647615375886168u }, {  2748186495899949531u, 1552518092300708935u },
+  {  2198549196719959625u, 1242014473840567148u }, { 18275073973719576693u, 1987223158144907436u },
+  { 10930710364233751031u, 1589778526515925949u }, { 12433917106128911148u, 1271822821212740759u },
+  {  8826220925580526867u, 2034916513940385215u }, {  7060976740464421494u, 1627933211152308172u },
+  { 16716827836597268165u, 1302346568921846537u }, { 11989529279587987770u, 2083754510274954460u },
+  {  9591623423670390216u, 1667003608219963568u }, { 15051996368420132820u, 1333602886575970854u },
+  { 13015147745246481542u, 2133764618521553367u }, {  3033420566713364587u, 1707011694817242694u },
+  {  6116085268112601993u, 1365609355853794155u }, {  9785736428980163188u, 2184974969366070648u },
+  { 15207286772667951197u, 1747979975492856518u }, {  1097782973908629988u, 1398383980394285215u },
+  {  1756452758253807981u, 2237414368630856344u }, {  5094511021344956708u, 1789931494904685075u },
+  {  4075608817075965366u, 1431945195923748060u }, {  6520974107321544586u, 2291112313477996896u },
+  {  1527430471115325346u, 1832889850782397517u }, { 12289990821117991246u, 1466311880625918013u },
+  { 17210690286378213644u, 1173049504500734410u }, {  9090360384495590213u, 1876879207201175057u },
+  { 18340334751822203140u, 1501503365760940045u }, { 14672267801457762512u, 1201202692608752036u },
+  { 16096930852848599373u, 1921924308174003258u }, {  1809498238053148529u, 1537539446539202607u },
+  { 12515645034668249793u, 1230031557231362085u }, {  1578287981759648052u, 1968050491570179337u },
+  { 12330676829633449412u, 1574440393256143469u }, { 13553890278448669853u, 1259552314604914775u },
+  {  3239480371808320148u, 2015283703367863641u }, { 17348979556414297411u, 1612226962694290912u },
+  {  6500486015647617283u, 1289781570155432730u }, { 10400777625036187652u, 2063650512248692368u },
+  { 15699319729512770768u, 1650920409798953894u }, { 16248804598352126938u, 1320736327839163115u },
+  {  7551343283653851484u, 2113178124542660985u }, {  6041074626923081187u, 1690542499634128788u },
+  { 12211557331022285596u, 1352433999707303030u }, {  1091747655926105338u, 2163894399531684849u },
+  {  4562746939482794594u, 1731115519625347879u }, {  7339546366328145998u, 1384892415700278303u },
+  {  8053925371383123274u, 2215827865120445285u }, {  6443140297106498619u, 1772662292096356228u },
+  { 12533209867169019542u, 1418129833677084982u }, {  5295740528502789974u, 2269007733883335972u },
+  { 15304638867027962949u, 1815206187106668777u }, {  4865013464138549713u, 1452164949685335022u },
+  { 14960057215536570740u, 1161731959748268017u }, {  9178696285890871890u, 1858771135597228828u },
+  { 14721654658196518159u, 1487016908477783062u }, {  4398626097073393881u, 1189613526782226450u },
+  {  7037801755317430209u, 1903381642851562320u }, {  5630241404253944167u, 1522705314281249856u },
+  {   814844308661245011u, 1218164251424999885u }, {  1303750893857992017u, 1949062802279999816u },
+  { 15800395974054034906u, 1559250241823999852u }, {  5261619149759407279u, 1247400193459199882u },
+  { 12107939454356961969u, 1995840309534719811u }, {  5997002748743659252u, 1596672247627775849u },
+  {  8486951013736837725u, 1277337798102220679u }, {  2511075177753209390u, 2043740476963553087u },
+  { 13076906586428298482u, 1634992381570842469u }, { 14150874083884549109u, 1307993905256673975u },
+  {  4194654460505726958u, 2092790248410678361u }, { 18113118827372222859u, 1674232198728542688u },
+  {  3422448617672047318u, 1339385758982834151u }, { 16543964232501006678u, 2143017214372534641u },
+  {  9545822571258895019u, 1714413771498027713u }, { 15015355686490936662u, 1371531017198422170u },
+  {  5577825024675947042u, 2194449627517475473u }, { 11840957649224578280u, 1755559702013980378u },
+  { 16851463748863483271u, 1404447761611184302u }, { 12204946739213931940u, 2247116418577894884u },
+  { 13453306206113055875u, 1797693134862315907u }, {  3383947335406624054u, 1438154507889852726u },
+  { 16482362180876329456u, 2301047212623764361u }, {  9496540929959153242u, 1840837770099011489u },
+  { 11286581558709232917u, 1472670216079209191u }, {  5339916432225476010u, 1178136172863367353u },
+  {  4854517476818851293u, 1885017876581387765u }, {  3883613981455081034u, 1508014301265110212u },
+  { 14174937629389795797u, 1206411441012088169u }, { 11611853762797942306u, 1930258305619341071u },
+  {  5600134195496443521u, 1544206644495472857u }, { 15548153800622885787u, 1235365315596378285u },
+  {  6430302007287065643u, 1976584504954205257u }, { 16212288050055383484u, 1581267603963364205u },
+  { 12969830440044306787u, 1265014083170691364u }, {  9683682259845159889u, 2024022533073106183u },
+  { 15125643437359948558u, 1619218026458484946u }, {  8411165935146048523u, 1295374421166787957u },
+  { 17147214310975587960u, 2072599073866860731u }, { 10028422634038560045u, 1658079259093488585u },
+  {  8022738107230848036u, 1326463407274790868u }, {  9147032156827446534u, 2122341451639665389u },
+  { 11006974540203867551u, 1697873161311732311u }, {  5116230817421183718u, 1358298529049385849u },
+  { 15564666937357714594u, 2173277646479017358u }, {  1383687105660440706u, 1738622117183213887u },
+  { 12174996128754083534u, 1390897693746571109u }, {  8411947361780802685u, 2225436309994513775u },
+  {  6729557889424642148u, 1780349047995611020u }, {  5383646311539713719u, 1424279238396488816u },
+  {  1235136468979721303u, 2278846781434382106u }, { 15745504434151418335u, 1823077425147505684u },
+  { 16285752362063044992u, 1458461940118004547u }, {  5649904260166615347u, 1166769552094403638u },
+  {  5350498001524674232u, 1866831283351045821u }, {   591049586477829062u, 1493465026680836657u },
+  { 11540886113407994219u, 1194772021344669325u }, {    18673707743239135u, 1911635234151470921u },
+  { 14772334225162232601u, 1529308187321176736u }, {  8128518565387875758u, 1223446549856941389u },
+  {  1937583260394870242u, 1957514479771106223u }, {  8928764237799716840u, 1566011583816884978u },
+  { 14521709019723594119u, 1252809267053507982u }, {  8477339172590109297u, 2004494827285612772u },
+  { 17849917782297818407u, 1603595861828490217u }, {  6901236596354434079u, 1282876689462792174u },
+  { 18420676183650915173u, 2052602703140467478u }, {  3668494502695001169u, 1642082162512373983u },
+  { 10313493231639821582u, 1313665730009899186u }, {  9122891541139893884u, 2101865168015838698u },
+  { 14677010862395735754u, 1681492134412670958u }, {   673562245690857633u, 1345193707530136767u }
+};
+
+static const uint64_t DOUBLE_POW5_SPLIT[DOUBLE_POW5_TABLE_SIZE][2] = {
+  {                    0u, 1152921504606846976u }, {                    0u, 1441151880758558720u },
+  {                    0u, 1801439850948198400u }, {                    0u, 2251799813685248000u },
+  {                    0u, 1407374883553280000u }, {                    0u, 1759218604441600000u },
+  {                    0u, 2199023255552000000u }, {                    0u, 1374389534720000000u },
+  {                    0u, 1717986918400000000u }, {                    0u, 2147483648000000000u },
+  {                    0u, 1342177280000000000u }, {                    0u, 1677721600000000000u },
+  {                    0u, 2097152000000000000u }, {                    0u, 1310720000000000000u },
+  {                    0u, 1638400000000000000u }, {                    0u, 2048000000000000000u },
+  {                    0u, 1280000000000000000u }, {                    0u, 1600000000000000000u },
+  {                    0u, 2000000000000000000u }, {                    0u, 1250000000000000000u },
+  {                    0u, 1562500000000000000u }, {                    0u, 1953125000000000000u },
+  {                    0u, 1220703125000000000u }, {                    0u, 1525878906250000000u },
+  {                    0u, 1907348632812500000u }, {                    0u, 1192092895507812500u },
+  {                    0u, 1490116119384765625u }, {  4611686018427387904u, 1862645149230957031u },
+  {  9799832789158199296u, 1164153218269348144u }, { 12249790986447749120u, 1455191522836685180u },
+  { 15312238733059686400u, 1818989403545856475u }, { 14528612397897220096u, 2273736754432320594u },
+  { 13692068767113150464u, 1421085471520200371u }, { 12503399940464050176u, 1776356839400250464u },
+  { 15629249925580062720u, 2220446049250313080u }, {  9768281203487539200u, 1387778780781445675u },
+  {  7598665485932036096u, 1734723475976807094u }, {   274959820560269312u, 2168404344971008868u },
+  {  9395221924704944128u, 1355252715606880542u }, {  2520655369026404352u, 1694065894508600678u },
+  { 12374191248137781248u, 2117582368135750847u }, { 14651398557727195136u, 1323488980084844279u },
+  { 13702562178731606016u, 1654361225106055349u }, {  3293144668132343808u, 2067951531382569187u },
+  { 18199116482078572544u, 1292469707114105741u }, {  8913837547316051968u, 1615587133892632177u },
+  { 15753982952572452864u, 2019483917365790221u }, { 12152082354571476992u, 1262177448353618888u },
+  { 15190102943214346240u, 1577721810442023610u }, {  9764256642163156992u, 1972152263052529513u },
+  { 17631875447420442880u, 1232595164407830945u }, {  8204786253993389888u, 1540743955509788682u },
+  {  1032610780636961552u, 1925929944387235853u }, {  2951224747111794922u, 1203706215242022408u },
+  {  3689030933889743652u, 1504632769052528010u }, { 13834660704216955373u, 1880790961315660012u },
+  { 17870034976990372916u, 1175494350822287507u }, { 17725857702810578241u, 1469367938527859384u },
+  {  3710578054803671186u, 1836709923159824231u }, {    26536550077201078u, 2295887403949780289u },
+  { 11545800389866720434u, 1434929627468612680u }, { 14432250487333400542u, 1793662034335765850u },
+  {  8816941072311974870u, 2242077542919707313u }, { 17039803216263454053u, 1401298464324817070u },
+  { 12076381983474541759u, 1751623080406021338u }, {  5872105442488401391u, 2189528850507526673u },
+  { 15199280947623720629u, 1368455531567204170u }, {  9775729147674874978u, 1710569414459005213u },
+  { 16831347453020981627u, 2138211768073756516u }, {  1296220121283337709u, 1336382355046097823u },
+  { 15455333206886335848u, 1670477943807622278u }, { 10095794471753144002u, 2088097429759527848u },
+  {  6309871544845715001u, 1305060893599704905u }, { 12499025449484531656u, 1631326116999631131u },
+  { 11012095793428276666u, 2039157646249538914u }, { 11494245889320060820u, 1274473528905961821u },
+  {   532749306367912313u, 1593091911132452277u }, {  5277622651387278295u, 1991364888915565346u },
+  {  7910200175544436838u, 1244603055572228341u }, { 14499436237857933952u, 1555753819465285426u },
+  {  8900923260467641632u, 1944692274331606783u }, { 12480606065433357876u, 1215432671457254239u },
+  { 10989071563364309441u, 1519290839321567799u }, {  9124653435777998898u, 1899113549151959749u },
+  {  8008751406574943263u, 1186945968219974843u }, {  5399253239791291175u, 1483682460274968554u },
+  { 15972438586593889776u, 1854603075343710692u }, {   759402079766405302u, 1159126922089819183u },
+  { 14784310654990170340u, 1448908652612273978u }, {  9257016281882937117u, 1811135815765342473u },
+  { 16182956370781059300u, 2263919769706678091u }, {  7808504722524468110u, 1414949856066673807u },
+  {  5148944884728197234u, 1768687320083342259u }, {  1824495087482858639u, 2210859150104177824u },
+  {  1140309429676786649u, 1381786968815111140u }, {  1425386787095983311u, 1727233711018888925u },
+  {  6393419502297367043u, 2159042138773611156u }, { 13219259225790630210u, 1349401336733506972u },
+  { 16524074032238287762u, 1686751670916883715u }, { 16043406521870471799u, 2108439588646104644u },
+  {   803757039314269066u, 1317774742903815403u }, { 14839754354425000045u, 1647218428629769253u },
+  {  4714634887749086344u, 2059023035787211567u }, {  9864175832484260821u, 1286889397367007229u },
+  { 16941905809032713930u, 1608611746708759036u }, {  2730638187581340797u, 2010764683385948796u },
+  { 10930020904093113806u, 1256727927116217997u }, { 18274212148543780162u, 1570909908895272496u },
+  {  4396021111970173586u, 1963637386119090621u }, {  5053356204195052443u, 1227273366324431638u },
+  { 15540067292098591362u, 1534091707905539547u }, { 14813398096695851299u, 1917614634881924434u },
+  { 13870059828862294966u, 1198509146801202771u }, { 12725888767650480803u, 1498136433501503464u },
+  { 15907360959563101004u, 1872670541876879330u }, { 14553786618154326031u, 1170419088673049581u },
+  {  4357175217410743827u, 1463023860841311977u }, { 10058155040190817688u, 1828779826051639971u },
+  {  7961007781811134206u, 2285974782564549964u }, { 14199001900486734687u, 1428734239102843727u },
+  { 13137066357181030455u, 1785917798878554659u }, { 11809646928048900164u, 2232397248598193324u },
+  { 16604401366885338411u, 1395248280373870827u }, { 16143815690179285109u, 1744060350467338534u },
+  { 10956397575869330579u, 2180075438084173168u }, {  6847748484918331612u, 1362547148802608230u },
+  { 17783057643002690323u, 1703183936003260287u }, { 17617136035325974999u, 2128979920004075359u },
+  { 17928239049719816230u, 1330612450002547099u }, { 17798612793722382384u, 1663265562503183874u },
+  { 13024893955298202172u, 2079081953128979843u }, {  5834715712847682405u, 1299426220705612402u },
+  { 16516766677914378815u, 1624282775882015502u }, { 11422586310538197711u, 2030353469852519378u },
+  { 11750802462513761473u, 1268970918657824611u }, { 10076817059714813937u, 1586213648322280764u },
+  { 12596021324643517422u, 1982767060402850955u }, {  5566670318688504437u, 1239229412751781847u },
+  {  2346651879933242642u, 1549036765939727309u }, {  7545000868343941206u, 1936295957424659136u },
+  {  4715625542714963254u, 1210184973390411960u }, {  5894531928393704067u, 1512731216738014950u },
+  { 16591536947346905892u, 1890914020922518687u }, { 17287239619732898039u, 1181821263076574179u },
+  { 16997363506238734644u, 1477276578845717724u }, {  2799960309088866689u, 1846595723557147156u },
+  { 10973347230035317489u, 1154122327223216972u }, { 13716684037544146861u, 1442652909029021215u },
+  { 12534169028502795672u, 1803316136286276519u }, { 11056025267201106687u, 2254145170357845649u },
+  { 18439230838069161439u, 1408840731473653530u }, { 13825666510731675991u, 1761050914342066913u },
+  {  3447025083132431277u, 2201313642927583642u }, {  6766076695385157452u, 1375821026829739776u },
+  {  8457595869231446815u, 1719776283537174720u }, { 10571994836539308519u, 2149720354421468400u },
+  {  6607496772837067824u, 1343575221513417750u }, { 17482743002901110588u, 1679469026891772187u },
+  { 17241742735199000331u, 2099336283614715234u }, { 15387775227926763111u, 1312085177259197021u },
+  {  5399660979626290177u, 1640106471573996277u }, { 11361262242960250625u, 2050133089467495346u },
+  { 11712474920277544544u, 1281333180917184591u }, { 10028907631919542777u, 1601666476146480739u },
+  {  7924448521472040567u, 2002083095183100924u }, { 14176152362774801162u, 1251301934489438077u },
+  {  3885132398186337741u, 1564127418111797597u }, {  9468101516160310080u, 1955159272639746996u },
+  { 15140935484454969608u, 1221974545399841872u }, {   479425281859160394u, 1527468181749802341u },
+  {  5210967620751338397u, 1909335227187252926u }, { 17091912818251750210u, 1193334516992033078u },
+  { 12141518985959911954u, 1491668146240041348u }, { 15176898732449889943u, 1864585182800051685u },
+  { 11791404716994875166u, 1165365739250032303u }, { 10127569877816206054u, 1456707174062540379u },
+  {  8047776328842869663u, 1820883967578175474u }, {   836348374198811271u, 2276104959472719343u },
+  {  7440246761515338900u, 1422565599670449589u }, { 13911994470321561530u, 1778206999588061986u },
+  {  8166621051047176104u, 2222758749485077483u }, {  2798295147690791113u, 1389224218428173427u },
+  { 17332926989895652603u, 1736530273035216783u }, { 17054472718942177850u, 2170662841294020979u },
+  {  8353202440125167204u, 1356664275808763112u }, { 10441503050156459005u, 1695830344760953890u },
+  {  3828506775840797949u, 2119787930951192363u }, {    86973725686804766u, 1324867456844495227u },
+  { 13943775212390669669u, 1656084321055619033u }, {  3594660960206173375u, 2070105401319523792u },
+  {  2246663100128858359u, 1293815875824702370u }, { 12031700912015848757u, 1617269844780877962u },
+  {  5816254103165035138u, 2021587305976097453u }, {  5941001823691840913u, 1263492066235060908u },
+  {  7426252279614801142u, 1579365082793826135u }, {  4671129331091113523u, 1974206353492282669u },
+  {  5225298841145639904u, 1233878970932676668u }, {  6531623551432049880u, 1542348713665845835u },
+  {  3552843420862674446u, 1927935892082307294u }, { 16055585193321335241u, 1204959932551442058u },
+  { 10846109454796893243u, 1506199915689302573u }, { 18169322836923504458u, 1882749894611628216u },
+  { 11355826773077190286u, 1176718684132267635u }, {  9583097447919099954u, 1470898355165334544u },
+  { 11978871809898874942u, 1838622943956668180u }, { 14973589762373593678u, 2298278679945835225u },
+  {  2440964573842414192u, 1436424174966147016u }, {  3051205717303017741u, 1795530218707683770u },
+  { 13037379183483547984u, 2244412773384604712u }, {  8148361989677217490u, 1402757983365377945u },
+  { 14797138505523909766u, 1753447479206722431u }, { 13884737113477499304u, 2191809349008403039u },
+  { 15595489723564518921u, 1369880843130251899u }, { 14882676136028260747u, 1712351053912814874u },
+  {  9379973133180550126u, 2140438817391018593u }, { 17391698254306313589u, 1337774260869386620u },
+  {  3292878744173340370u, 1672217826086733276u }, {  4116098430216675462u, 2090272282608416595u },
+  {   266718509671728212u, 1306420176630260372u }, {   333398137089660265u, 1633025220787825465u },
+  {  5028433689789463235u, 2041281525984781831u }, { 10060300083759496378u, 1275800953740488644u },
+  { 12575375104699370472u, 1594751192175610805u }, {  1884160825592049379u, 1993438990219513507u },
+  { 17318501580490888525u, 1245899368887195941u }, {  7813068920331446945u, 1557374211108994927u },
+  {  5154650131986920777u, 1946717763886243659u }, {   915813323278131534u, 1216698602428902287u },
+  { 14979824709379828129u, 1520873253036127858u }, {  9501408849870009354u, 1901091566295159823u },
+  { 12855909558809837702u, 1188182228934474889u }, {  2234828893230133415u, 1485227786168093612u },
+  {  2793536116537666769u, 1856534732710117015u }, {  8663489100477123587u, 1160334207943823134u },
+  {  1605989338741628675u, 1450417759929778918u }, { 11230858710281811652u, 1813022199912223647u },
+  {  9426887369424876662u, 2266277749890279559u }, { 12809333633531629769u, 1416423593681424724u },
+  { 16011667041914537212u, 1770529492101780905u }, {  6179525747111007803u, 2213161865127226132u },
+  { 13085575628799155685u, 1383226165704516332u }, { 16356969535998944606u, 1729032707130645415u },
+  { 15834525901571292854u, 2161290883913306769u }, {  2979049660840976177u, 1350806802445816731u },
+  { 17558870131333383934u, 1688508503057270913u }, {  8113529608884566205u, 2110635628821588642u },
+  {  9682642023980241782u, 1319147268013492901u }, { 16714988548402690132u, 1648934085016866126u },
+  { 11670363648648586857u, 2061167606271082658u }, { 11905663298832754689u, 1288229753919426661u },
+  {  1047021068258779650u, 1610287192399283327u }, { 15143834390605638274u, 2012858990499104158u },
+  {  4853210475701136017u, 1258036869061940099u }, {  1454827076199032118u, 1572546086327425124u },
+  {  1818533845248790147u, 1965682607909281405u }, {  3442426662494187794u, 1228551629943300878u },
+  { 13526405364972510550u, 1535689537429126097u }, {  3072948650933474476u, 1919611921786407622u },
+  { 15755650962115585259u, 1199757451116504763u }, { 15082877684217093670u, 1499696813895630954u },
+  {  9630225068416591280u, 1874621017369538693u }, {  8324733676974063502u, 1171638135855961683u },
+  {  5794231077790191473u, 1464547669819952104u }, {  7242788847237739342u, 1830684587274940130u },
+  { 18276858095901949986u, 2288355734093675162u }, { 16034722328366106645u, 1430222333808546976u },
+  {  1596658836748081690u, 1787777917260683721u }, {  6607509564362490017u, 2234722396575854651u },
+  {  1823850468512862308u, 1396701497859909157u }, {  6891499104068465790u, 1745876872324886446u },
+  { 17837745916940358045u, 2182346090406108057u }, {  4231062170446641922u, 1363966306503817536u },
+  {  5288827713058302403u, 1704957883129771920u }, {  6611034641322878003u, 2131197353912214900u },
+  { 13355268687681574560u, 1331998346195134312u }, { 16694085859601968200u, 1664997932743917890u },
+  { 11644235287647684442u, 2081247415929897363u }, {  4971804045566108824u, 1300779634956185852u },
+  {  6214755056957636030u, 1625974543695232315u }, {  3156757802769657134u, 2032468179619040394u },
+  {  6584659645158423613u, 1270292612261900246u }, { 17454196593302805324u, 1587865765327375307u },
+  { 17206059723201118751u, 1984832206659219134u }, {  6142101308573311315u, 1240520129162011959u },
+  {  3065940617289251240u, 1550650161452514949u }, {  8444111790038951954u, 1938312701815643686u },
+  {   665883850346957067u, 1211445438634777304u }, {   832354812933696334u, 1514306798293471630u },
+  { 10263815553021896226u, 1892883497866839537u }, { 17944099766707154901u, 1183052186166774710u },
+  { 13206752671529167818u, 1478815232708468388u }, { 16508440839411459773u, 1848519040885585485u },
+  { 12623618533845856310u, 1155324400553490928u }, { 15779523167307320387u, 1444155500691863660u },
+  {  1277659885424598868u, 1805194375864829576u }, {  1597074856780748586u, 2256492969831036970u },
+  {  5609857803915355770u, 1410308106144398106u }, { 16235694291748970521u, 1762885132680497632u },
+  {  1847873790976661535u, 2203606415850622041u }, { 12684136165428883219u, 1377254009906638775u },
+  { 11243484188358716120u, 1721567512383298469u }, {   219297180166231438u, 2151959390479123087u },
+  {  7054589765244976505u, 1344974619049451929u }, { 13429923224983608535u, 1681218273811814911u },
+  { 12175718012802122765u, 2101522842264768639u }, { 14527352785642408584u, 1313451776415480399u },
+  { 13547504963625622826u, 1641814720519350499u }, { 12322695186104640628u, 2052268400649188124u },
+  { 16925056528170176201u, 1282667750405742577u }, {  7321262604930556539u, 1603334688007178222u },
+  { 18374950293017971482u, 2004168360008972777u }, {  4566814905495150320u, 1252605225005607986u },
+  { 14931890668723713708u, 1565756531257009982u }, {  9441491299049866327u, 1957195664071262478u },
+  {  1289246043478778550u, 1223247290044539049u }, {  6223243572775861092u, 1529059112555673811u },
+  {  3167368447542438461u, 1911323890694592264u }, {  1979605279714024038u, 1194577431684120165u },
+  {  7086192618069917952u, 1493221789605150206u }, { 18081112809442173248u, 1866527237006437757u },
+  { 13606538515115052232u, 1166579523129023598u }, {  7784801107039039482u, 1458224403911279498u },
+  {   507629346944023544u, 1822780504889099373u }, {  5246222702107417334u, 2278475631111374216u },
+  {  3278889188817135834u, 1424047269444608885u }, {  8710297504448807696u, 1780059086805761106u }
+};
+
+// IEEE 754 double precision constants
+#define DOUBLE_MANTISSA_BITS 52
+#define DOUBLE_EXPONENT_BITS 11
+#define DOUBLE_EXPONENT_BIAS 1023
+
+// Helper: floor(log2(value)) using ryu_leading_zeros64
+static inline uint32_t floor_log2(const uint64_t value) {
+  return 63 - ryu_leading_zeros64(value);
+}
+
+// Helper: log2(5^e) approximation
+static inline int32_t log2pow5(const int32_t e) {
+  return (int32_t) ((((uint32_t) e) * 1217359) >> 19);
+}
+
+// Helper: ceil(log2(5^e))
+static inline int32_t ceil_log2pow5(const int32_t e) {
+  return log2pow5(e) + 1;
+}
+
+// Helper: max of two int32
+static inline int32_t max32(int32_t a, int32_t b) {
+  return a < b ? b : a;
+}
+
+// Helper: convert uint64 bits to double
+static inline double int64Bits2Double(uint64_t bits) {
+  double f;
+  memcpy(&f, &bits, sizeof(double));
+  return f;
+}
+
+// Check if value is multiple of 2^p
+static inline bool multipleOfPowerOf2(const uint64_t value, const uint32_t p) {
+  return (value & ((1ull << p) - 1)) == 0;
+}
+
+// Count how many times value is divisible by 5
+// Uses modular inverse to avoid expensive division
+static inline uint32_t pow5Factor(uint64_t value) {
+  const uint64_t m_inv_5 = 14757395258967641293u; // 5 * m_inv_5 = 1 (mod 2^64)
+  const uint64_t n_div_5 = 3689348814741910323u;  // 2^64 / 5
+  uint32_t count = 0;
+  for (;;) {
+    value *= m_inv_5;
+    if (value > n_div_5)
+      break;
+    ++count;
+  }
+  return count;
+}
+
+// Check if value is multiple of 5^p
+// Optimized: uses modular inverse instead of division
+static inline bool multipleOfPowerOf5(const uint64_t value, const uint32_t p) {
+  return pow5Factor(value) >= p;
+}
+
+// 128-bit multiplication with shift
+// This is the core operation for converting decimal to binary
+#if defined(__SIZEOF_INT128__)
+// Use native 128-bit integers if available (GCC/Clang)
+static inline uint64_t mulShift64(const uint64_t m, const uint64_t* const mul, const int32_t j) {
+  const unsigned __int128 b0 = ((unsigned __int128) m) * mul[0];
+  const unsigned __int128 b2 = ((unsigned __int128) m) * mul[1];
+  return (uint64_t) (((b0 >> 64) + b2) >> (j - 64));
+}
+#else
+// Fallback for systems without 128-bit integers
+static inline uint64_t umul128(const uint64_t a, const uint64_t b, uint64_t* const productHi) {
+  const uint32_t aLo = (uint32_t)a;
+  const uint32_t aHi = (uint32_t)(a >> 32);
+  const uint32_t bLo = (uint32_t)b;
+  const uint32_t bHi = (uint32_t)(b >> 32);
+
+  const uint64_t b00 = (uint64_t)aLo * bLo;
+  const uint64_t b01 = (uint64_t)aLo * bHi;
+  const uint64_t b10 = (uint64_t)aHi * bLo;
+  const uint64_t b11 = (uint64_t)aHi * bHi;
+
+  const uint32_t b00Lo = (uint32_t)b00;
+  const uint32_t b00Hi = (uint32_t)(b00 >> 32);
+
+  const uint64_t mid1 = b10 + b00Hi;
+  const uint32_t mid1Lo = (uint32_t)(mid1);
+  const uint32_t mid1Hi = (uint32_t)(mid1 >> 32);
+
+  const uint64_t mid2 = b01 + mid1Lo;
+  const uint32_t mid2Lo = (uint32_t)(mid2);
+  const uint32_t mid2Hi = (uint32_t)(mid2 >> 32);
+
+  const uint64_t pHi = b11 + mid1Hi + mid2Hi;
+  const uint64_t pLo = ((uint64_t)mid2Lo << 32) | b00Lo;
+
+  *productHi = pHi;
+  return pLo;
+}
+
+static inline uint64_t shiftright128(const uint64_t lo, const uint64_t hi, const uint32_t dist) {
+  return (hi << (64 - dist)) | (lo >> dist);
+}
+
+static inline uint64_t mulShift64(const uint64_t m, const uint64_t* const mul, const int32_t j) {
+  uint64_t high1;
+  const uint64_t low1 = umul128(m, mul[1], &high1);
+  uint64_t high0;
+  umul128(m, mul[0], &high0);
+  const uint64_t sum = high0 + low1;
+  if (sum < high0) {
+    ++high1;
+  }
+  return shiftright128(sum, high1, j - 64);
+}
+#endif
+
+// Main conversion function: decimal mantissa+exponent to IEEE 754 double
+// Optimized for JSON parsing with fast paths for edge cases
+static inline double ryu_s2d_from_parts(uint64_t m10, int m10digits, int32_t e10, bool signedM) {
+  // Fast path: handle zero explicitly (e.g., "0.0", "0e0")
+  if (m10 == 0) {
+    return int64Bits2Double(((uint64_t) signedM) << 63);
+  }
+
+  // Fast path: handle overflow/underflow early
+  if (m10digits + e10 <= -324) {
+    // Underflow to zero
+    return int64Bits2Double(((uint64_t) signedM) << 63);
+  }
+
+  if (m10digits + e10 >= 310) {
+    // Overflow to infinity
+    return int64Bits2Double((((uint64_t) signedM) << 63) | 0x7ff0000000000000ULL);
+  }
+
+  // Convert decimal to binary: m10 * 10^e10 = m2 * 2^e2
+  int32_t e2;
+  uint64_t m2;
+  bool trailingZeros;
+
+  if (e10 >= 0) {
+    // Positive exponent: multiply by 5^e10 and adjust binary exponent
+    e2 = floor_log2(m10) + e10 + log2pow5(e10) - (DOUBLE_MANTISSA_BITS + 1);
+    int j = e2 - e10 - ceil_log2pow5(e10) + DOUBLE_POW5_BITCOUNT;
+    m2 = mulShift64(m10, DOUBLE_POW5_SPLIT[e10], j);
+    trailingZeros = e2 < e10 || (e2 - e10 < 64 && multipleOfPowerOf2(m10, e2 - e10));
+  } else {
+    // Negative exponent: divide by 5^(-e10)
+    e2 = floor_log2(m10) + e10 - ceil_log2pow5(-e10) - (DOUBLE_MANTISSA_BITS + 1);
+    int j = e2 - e10 + ceil_log2pow5(-e10) - 1 + DOUBLE_POW5_INV_BITCOUNT;
+    m2 = mulShift64(m10, DOUBLE_POW5_INV_SPLIT[-e10], j);
+    trailingZeros = multipleOfPowerOf5(m10, -e10);
+  }
+
+  // Compute IEEE 754 exponent
+  uint32_t ieee_e2 = (uint32_t) max32(0, e2 + DOUBLE_EXPONENT_BIAS + floor_log2(m2));
+
+  if (ieee_e2 > 0x7fe) {
+    // Overflow to infinity
+    return int64Bits2Double((((uint64_t) signedM) << 63) | 0x7ff0000000000000ULL);
+  }
+
+  // Compute shift amount for rounding
+  int32_t shift = (ieee_e2 == 0 ? 1 : ieee_e2) - e2 - DOUBLE_EXPONENT_BIAS - DOUBLE_MANTISSA_BITS;
+
+  // IEEE 754 round-to-even (banker's rounding)
+  trailingZeros &= (m2 & ((1ull << (shift - 1)) - 1)) == 0;
+  uint64_t lastRemovedBit = (m2 >> (shift - 1)) & 1;
+  bool roundUp = (lastRemovedBit != 0) && (!trailingZeros || (((m2 >> shift) & 1) != 0));
+
+  uint64_t ieee_m2 = (m2 >> shift) + roundUp;
+  ieee_m2 &= (1ull << DOUBLE_MANTISSA_BITS) - 1;
+
+  if (ieee_m2 == 0 && roundUp) {
+    ieee_e2++;
+  }
+
+  // Pack sign, exponent, and mantissa into IEEE 754 format
+  // Match original Ryu: group sign+exponent, then shift and add mantissa
+  uint64_t ieee = (((((uint64_t) signedM) << DOUBLE_EXPONENT_BITS) | (uint64_t)ieee_e2) << DOUBLE_MANTISSA_BITS) | ieee_m2;
+  return int64Bits2Double(ieee);
+}
+
+#endif // RYU_H
diff --git a/ext/monitor/depend b/ext/monitor/depend
index bc7ead0d32..0c7d54afc8 100644
--- a/ext/monitor/depend
+++ b/ext/monitor/depend
@@ -127,6 +127,7 @@ monitor.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
 monitor.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
 monitor.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
 monitor.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+monitor.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/set.h
 monitor.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
 monitor.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
 monitor.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
diff --git a/ext/monitor/monitor.c b/ext/monitor/monitor.c
index 819c6e7699..c43751c4e2 100644
--- a/ext/monitor/monitor.c
+++ b/ext/monitor/monitor.c
@@ -4,28 +4,35 @@
 
 struct rb_monitor {
     long count;
-    const VALUE owner;
-    const VALUE mutex;
+    VALUE owner;
+    VALUE mutex;
 };
 
 static void
 monitor_mark(void *ptr)
 {
     struct rb_monitor *mc = ptr;
-    rb_gc_mark(mc->owner);
-    rb_gc_mark(mc->mutex);
+    rb_gc_mark_movable(mc->owner);
+    rb_gc_mark_movable(mc->mutex);
 }
 
-static size_t
-monitor_memsize(const void *ptr)
+static void
+monitor_compact(void *ptr)
 {
-    return sizeof(struct rb_monitor);
+    struct rb_monitor *mc = ptr;
+    mc->owner = rb_gc_location(mc->owner);
+    mc->mutex = rb_gc_location(mc->mutex);
 }
 
 static const rb_data_type_t monitor_data_type = {
-    "monitor",
-    {monitor_mark, RUBY_TYPED_DEFAULT_FREE, monitor_memsize,},
-    0, 0, RUBY_TYPED_FREE_IMMEDIATELY|RUBY_TYPED_WB_PROTECTED
+    .wrap_struct_name = "monitor",
+    .function = {
+        .dmark = monitor_mark,
+        .dfree = RUBY_TYPED_DEFAULT_FREE,
+        .dsize = NULL, // Fully embeded
+        .dcompact = monitor_compact,
+    },
+    .flags = RUBY_TYPED_FREE_IMMEDIATELY | RUBY_TYPED_WB_PROTECTED | RUBY_TYPED_EMBEDDABLE,
 };
 
 static VALUE
@@ -50,10 +57,10 @@ monitor_ptr(VALUE monitor)
     return mc;
 }
 
-static int
-mc_owner_p(struct rb_monitor *mc)
+static bool
+mc_owner_p(struct rb_monitor *mc, VALUE current_fiber)
 {
-    return mc->owner == rb_fiber_current();
+    return mc->owner == current_fiber;
 }
 
 /*
@@ -67,17 +74,44 @@ monitor_try_enter(VALUE monitor)
 {
     struct rb_monitor *mc = monitor_ptr(monitor);
 
-    if (!mc_owner_p(mc)) {
+    VALUE current_fiber = rb_fiber_current();
+    if (!mc_owner_p(mc, current_fiber)) {
         if (!rb_mutex_trylock(mc->mutex)) {
             return Qfalse;
         }
-        RB_OBJ_WRITE(monitor, &mc->owner, rb_fiber_current());
+        RB_OBJ_WRITE(monitor, &mc->owner, current_fiber);
         mc->count = 0;
     }
     mc->count += 1;
     return Qtrue;
 }
 
+
+struct monitor_args {
+    VALUE monitor;
+    struct rb_monitor *mc;
+    VALUE current_fiber;
+};
+
+static inline void
+monitor_args_init(struct monitor_args *args, VALUE monitor)
+{
+    args->monitor = monitor;
+    args->mc = monitor_ptr(monitor);
+    args->current_fiber = rb_fiber_current();
+}
+
+static void
+monitor_enter0(struct monitor_args *args)
+{
+    if (!mc_owner_p(args->mc, args->current_fiber)) {
+        rb_mutex_lock(args->mc->mutex);
+        RB_OBJ_WRITE(args->monitor, &args->mc->owner, args->current_fiber);
+        args->mc->count = 0;
+    }
+    args->mc->count++;
+}
+
 /*
  * call-seq:
  *   enter -> nil
@@ -87,27 +121,44 @@ monitor_try_enter(VALUE monitor)
 static VALUE
 monitor_enter(VALUE monitor)
 {
-    struct rb_monitor *mc = monitor_ptr(monitor);
-    if (!mc_owner_p(mc)) {
-        rb_mutex_lock(mc->mutex);
-        RB_OBJ_WRITE(monitor, &mc->owner, rb_fiber_current());
-        mc->count = 0;
-    }
-    mc->count++;
+    struct monitor_args args;
+    monitor_args_init(&args, monitor);
+    monitor_enter0(&args);
     return Qnil;
 }
 
+static inline void
+monitor_check_owner0(struct monitor_args *args)
+{
+    if (!mc_owner_p(args->mc, args->current_fiber)) {
+        rb_raise(rb_eThreadError, "current fiber not owner");
+    }
+}
+
 /* :nodoc: */
 static VALUE
 monitor_check_owner(VALUE monitor)
 {
-    struct rb_monitor *mc = monitor_ptr(monitor);
-    if (!mc_owner_p(mc)) {
-        rb_raise(rb_eThreadError, "current fiber not owner");
-    }
+    struct monitor_args args;
+    monitor_args_init(&args, monitor);
+    monitor_check_owner0(&args);
     return Qnil;
 }
 
+static void
+monitor_exit0(struct monitor_args *args)
+{
+    monitor_check_owner0(args);
+
+    if (args->mc->count <= 0) rb_bug("monitor_exit: count:%d", (int)args->mc->count);
+    args->mc->count--;
+
+    if (args->mc->count == 0) {
+        RB_OBJ_WRITE(args->monitor, &args->mc->owner, Qnil);
+        rb_mutex_unlock(args->mc->mutex);
+    }
+}
+
 /*
  * call-seq:
  *   exit -> nil
@@ -117,17 +168,9 @@ monitor_check_owner(VALUE monitor)
 static VALUE
 monitor_exit(VALUE monitor)
 {
-    monitor_check_owner(monitor);
-
-    struct rb_monitor *mc = monitor_ptr(monitor);
-
-    if (mc->count <= 0) rb_bug("monitor_exit: count:%d", (int)mc->count);
-    mc->count--;
-
-    if (mc->count == 0) {
-        RB_OBJ_WRITE(monitor, &mc->owner, Qnil);
-        rb_mutex_unlock(mc->mutex);
-    }
+    struct monitor_args args;
+    monitor_args_init(&args, monitor);
+    monitor_exit0(&args);
     return Qnil;
 }
 
@@ -144,7 +187,7 @@ static VALUE
 monitor_owned_p(VALUE monitor)
 {
     struct rb_monitor *mc = monitor_ptr(monitor);
-    return (rb_mutex_locked_p(mc->mutex) && mc_owner_p(mc)) ? Qtrue : Qfalse;
+    return rb_mutex_locked_p(mc->mutex) && mc_owner_p(mc, rb_fiber_current()) ? Qtrue : Qfalse;
 }
 
 static VALUE
@@ -210,9 +253,10 @@ monitor_sync_body(VALUE monitor)
 }
 
 static VALUE
-monitor_sync_ensure(VALUE monitor)
+monitor_sync_ensure(VALUE v_args)
 {
-    return monitor_exit(monitor);
+    monitor_exit0((struct monitor_args *)v_args);
+    return Qnil;
 }
 
 /*
@@ -226,8 +270,10 @@ monitor_sync_ensure(VALUE monitor)
 static VALUE
 monitor_synchronize(VALUE monitor)
 {
-    monitor_enter(monitor);
-    return rb_ensure(monitor_sync_body, monitor, monitor_sync_ensure, monitor);
+    struct monitor_args args;
+    monitor_args_init(&args, monitor);
+    monitor_enter0(&args);
+    return rb_ensure(monitor_sync_body, (VALUE)&args, monitor_sync_ensure, (VALUE)&args);
 }
 
 void
diff --git a/ext/objspace/depend b/ext/objspace/depend
index 4092b2bbc7..d9dfc0c42b 100644
--- a/ext/objspace/depend
+++ b/ext/objspace/depend
@@ -140,6 +140,7 @@ object_tracing.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
 object_tracing.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
 object_tracing.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
 object_tracing.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+object_tracing.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/set.h
 object_tracing.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
 object_tracing.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
 object_tracing.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
@@ -181,10 +182,10 @@ object_tracing.o: $(top_srcdir)/id_table.h
 object_tracing.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal.h
 object_tracing.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/array.h
 object_tracing.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/basic_operators.h
+object_tracing.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/box.h
 object_tracing.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/compilers.h
 object_tracing.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/gc.h
 object_tracing.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/imemo.h
-object_tracing.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/namespace.h
 object_tracing.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/sanitizers.h
 object_tracing.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/serial.h
 object_tracing.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/set_table.h
@@ -343,6 +344,7 @@ objspace.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
 objspace.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
 objspace.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
 objspace.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+objspace.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/set.h
 objspace.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
 objspace.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
 objspace.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
@@ -389,16 +391,17 @@ objspace.o: $(top_srcdir)/id_table.h
 objspace.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal.h
 objspace.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/array.h
 objspace.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/basic_operators.h
+objspace.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/box.h
 objspace.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/class.h
 objspace.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/compilers.h
 objspace.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/gc.h
 objspace.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/hash.h
 objspace.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/imemo.h
-objspace.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/namespace.h
 objspace.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/sanitizers.h
 objspace.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/serial.h
 objspace.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/set_table.h
 objspace.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/static_assert.h
+objspace.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/struct.h
 objspace.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/variable.h
 objspace.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/vm.h
 objspace.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/warnings.h
@@ -557,6 +560,7 @@ objspace_dump.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
 objspace_dump.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
 objspace_dump.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
 objspace_dump.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+objspace_dump.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/set.h
 objspace_dump.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
 objspace_dump.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
 objspace_dump.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
@@ -598,22 +602,24 @@ objspace_dump.o: $(top_srcdir)/ccan/list/list.h
 objspace_dump.o: $(top_srcdir)/ccan/str/str.h
 objspace_dump.o: $(top_srcdir)/constant.h
 objspace_dump.o: $(top_srcdir)/debug_counter.h
+objspace_dump.o: $(top_srcdir)/encindex.h
 objspace_dump.o: $(top_srcdir)/id_table.h
 objspace_dump.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal.h
 objspace_dump.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/array.h
 objspace_dump.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/basic_operators.h
+objspace_dump.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/box.h
 objspace_dump.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/class.h
 objspace_dump.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/compilers.h
 objspace_dump.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/gc.h
 objspace_dump.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/hash.h
 objspace_dump.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/imemo.h
 objspace_dump.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/io.h
-objspace_dump.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/namespace.h
 objspace_dump.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/sanitizers.h
 objspace_dump.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/serial.h
 objspace_dump.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/set_table.h
 objspace_dump.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/static_assert.h
 objspace_dump.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/string.h
+objspace_dump.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/struct.h
 objspace_dump.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/variable.h
 objspace_dump.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/vm.h
 objspace_dump.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/warnings.h
diff --git a/ext/objspace/object_tracing.c b/ext/objspace/object_tracing.c
index 0156642ef2..c06f1f68dd 100644
--- a/ext/objspace/object_tracing.c
+++ b/ext/objspace/object_tracing.c
@@ -203,6 +203,8 @@ allocation_info_tracer_compact_update_object_table_i(st_data_t key, st_data_t va
     st_table *table = (st_table *)data;
 
     if (!rb_gc_pointer_to_heap_p(key)) {
+        struct allocation_info *info = (struct allocation_info *)value;
+        xfree(info);
         return ST_DELETE;
     }
 
@@ -411,6 +413,13 @@ object_allocations_reporter(FILE *out, void *ptr)
     fprintf(out, "== object_allocations_reporter: END\n");
 }
 
+/*
+ * call-seq: trace_object_allocations_debug_start
+ *
+ * Starts tracing object allocations for GC debugging.
+ * If you encounter the BUG "... is T_NONE" (and so on) on your
+ * application, please try this method at the beginning of your app.
+ */
 static VALUE
 trace_object_allocations_debug_start(VALUE self)
 {
diff --git a/ext/objspace/objspace.c b/ext/objspace/objspace.c
index acd4a6864d..457ffc2789 100644
--- a/ext/objspace/objspace.c
+++ b/ext/objspace/objspace.c
@@ -38,10 +38,11 @@
  *  information as only a *HINT*. Especially, the size of +T_DATA+ may not be
  *  correct.
  *
- *  This method is only expected to work with C Ruby.
+ *  This method is only expected to work with CRuby.
  *
- *  From Ruby 2.2, memsize_of(obj) returns a memory size includes
- *  sizeof(RVALUE).
+ *  From Ruby 3.2 with Variable Width Allocation, it returns the actual slot
+ *  size used plus any additional memory allocated outside the slot (such
+ *  as external strings, arrays, or hash tables).
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -107,28 +108,24 @@ each_object_with_flags(each_obj_with_flags cb, void *ctx)
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *    ObjectSpace.memsize_of_all([klass]) -> Integer
+ *    ObjectSpace.memsize_of_all(klass = nil) -> integer
  *
- *  Return consuming memory size of all living objects in bytes.
+ *  Returns the total memory size of all living objects in bytes.
  *
- *  If +klass+ (should be Class object) is given, return the total memory size
- *  of instances of the given class.
+ *    ObjectSpace.memsize_of_all # => 12502001
  *
- *  Note that the returned size is incomplete. You need to deal with this
- *  information as only a *HINT*. Especially, the size of +T_DATA+ may not be
- *  correct.
+ *  If +klass+ is given (which must be a Class or Module), returns the total
+ *  memory size of objects whose class is, or is a subclass, of +klass+.
  *
- *  Note that this method does *NOT* return total malloc'ed memory size.
+ *    class MyClass; end
+ *    ObjectSpace.memsize_of_all(MyClass) # => 0
+ *    o = MyClass.new
+ *    ObjectSpace.memsize_of_all(MyClass) # => 40
  *
- *  This method can be defined by the following Ruby code:
- *
- *	def memsize_of_all klass = false
- *  	  total = 0
- *  	  ObjectSpace.each_object{|e|
- *  	    total += ObjectSpace.memsize_of(e) if klass == false || e.kind_of?(klass)
- *  	  }
- *  	  total
- *  	end
+ *  Note that the value returned may be an underestimate of the actual amount
+ *  of memory used. Therefore, the value returned should only be used as a hint,
+ *  rather than a source of truth. In particular, the size of +T_DATA+ objects may
+ *  not be correct.
  *
  *  This method is only expected to work with C Ruby.
  */
@@ -294,28 +291,27 @@ size_t rb_sym_immortal_count(void);
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *     ObjectSpace.count_symbols([result_hash]) -> hash
- *
- *  Counts symbols for each Symbol type.
+ *     ObjectSpace.count_symbols(result_hash = nil) -> hash
  *
- *  This method is only for MRI developers interested in performance and memory
- *  usage of Ruby programs.
+ *  Returns a hash containing the number of objects for each Symbol type.
  *
- *  If the optional argument, result_hash, is given, it is overwritten and
- *  returned. This is intended to avoid probe effect.
+ *  The types of Symbols are the following:
  *
- *  Note:
- *  The contents of the returned hash is implementation defined.
- *  It may be changed in future.
+ *  - +mortal_dynamic_symbol+: Symbols that are garbage collectable.
+ *  - +immortal_dynamic_symbol+: Symbols that are objects allocated from the
+ *    garbage collector, but are not garbage collectable.
+ *  - +immortal_static_symbol+: Symbols that are not allocated from the
+ *    garbage collector, and are thus not garbage collectable.
+ *  - +immortal_symbol+: the sum of +immortal_dynamic_symbol+ and +immortal_static_symbol+.
  *
- *  This method is only expected to work with C Ruby.
+ *  If the optional argument +result_hash+ is given, it is overwritten and
+ *  returned. This is intended to avoid the probe effect.
  *
- *  On this version of MRI, they have 3 types of Symbols (and 1 total counts).
+ *  This method is intended for developers interested in performance and memory
+ *  usage of Ruby programs. The contents of the returned hash is implementation
+ *  specific and may change in the future.
  *
- *   * mortal_dynamic_symbol: GC target symbols (collected by GC)
- *   * immortal_dynamic_symbol: Immortal symbols promoted from dynamic symbols (do not collected by GC)
- *   * immortal_static_symbol: Immortal symbols (do not collected by GC)
- *   * immortal_symbol: total immortal symbols (immortal_dynamic_symbol+immortal_static_symbol)
+ *  This method is only expected to work with C Ruby.
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -335,35 +331,6 @@ count_symbols(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE os)
     return hash;
 }
 
-/*
- *  call-seq:
- *     ObjectSpace.count_nodes([result_hash]) -> hash
- *
- *  Counts nodes for each node type.
- *
- *  This method is only for MRI developers interested in performance and memory
- *  usage of Ruby programs.
- *
- *  It returns a hash as:
- *
- *	{:NODE_METHOD=>2027, :NODE_FBODY=>1927, :NODE_CFUNC=>1798, ...}
- *
- *  If the optional argument, result_hash, is given, it is overwritten and
- *  returned. This is intended to avoid probe effect.
- *
- *  Note:
- *  The contents of the returned hash is implementation defined.
- *  It may be changed in future.
- *
- *  This method is only expected to work with C Ruby.
- */
-
-static VALUE
-count_nodes(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE os)
-{
-    return setup_hash(argc, argv);
-}
-
 static void
 cto_i(VALUE v, void *data)
 {
@@ -393,32 +360,22 @@ cto_i(VALUE v, void *data)
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *     ObjectSpace.count_tdata_objects([result_hash]) -> hash
+ *     ObjectSpace.count_tdata_objects(result_hash = nil) -> hash
  *
- *  Counts objects for each +T_DATA+ type.
+ *  Returns a hash containing the number of objects for each +T_DATA+ type.
+ *  The keys are Class objects when the +T_DATA+ object has an associated class,
+ *  or Symbol objects of the name defined in the +rb_data_type_struct+ for internal
+ *  +T_DATA+ objects.
  *
- *  This method is only for MRI developers interested in performance and memory
- *  usage of Ruby programs.
+ *    ObjectSpace.count_tdata_objects
+ *    # => {RBS::Location => 39255, marshal_compat_table: 1, Encoding => 103, mutex: 1, ... }
  *
- *  It returns a hash as:
- *
- *	{RubyVM::InstructionSequence=>504, :parser=>5, :barrier=>6,
- *  	 :mutex=>6, Proc=>60, RubyVM::Env=>57, Mutex=>1, Encoding=>99,
- *  	 ThreadGroup=>1, Binding=>1, Thread=>1, RubyVM=>1, :iseq=>1,
- *  	 Random=>1, ARGF.class=>1, Data=>1, :autoload=>3, Time=>2}
- *  	# T_DATA objects existing at startup on r32276.
- *
- *  If the optional argument, result_hash, is given, it is overwritten and
- *  returned. This is intended to avoid probe effect.
- *
- *  The contents of the returned hash is implementation specific and may change
- *  in the future.
- *
- *  In this version, keys are Class object or Symbol object.
+ *  If the optional argument +result_hash+ is given, it is overwritten and
+ *  returned. This is intended to avoid the probe effect.
  *
- *  If object is kind of normal (accessible) object, the key is Class object.
- *  If object is not a kind of normal (internal) object, the key is symbol
- *  name, registered by rb_data_type_struct.
+ *  This method is intended for developers interested in performance and memory
+ *  usage of Ruby programs. The contents of the returned hash is implementation
+ *  specific and may change in the future.
  *
  *  This method is only expected to work with C Ruby.
  */
@@ -457,28 +414,22 @@ count_imemo_objects_i(VALUE v, void *data)
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *     ObjectSpace.count_imemo_objects([result_hash]) -> hash
- *
- *  Counts objects for each +T_IMEMO+ type.
- *
- *  This method is only for MRI developers interested in performance and memory
- *  usage of Ruby programs.
- *
- *  It returns a hash as:
+ *     ObjectSpace.count_imemo_objects(result_hash = nil) -> hash
  *
- *       {:imemo_ifunc=>8,
- *        :imemo_svar=>7,
- *        :imemo_cref=>509,
- *        :imemo_memo=>1,
- *        :imemo_throw_data=>1}
+ *  Returns a hash containing the number of objects for each +T_IMEMO+ type.
+ *  The keys are Symbol objects of the +T_IMEMO+ type name.
+ *  +T_IMEMO+ objects are Ruby internal objects that are not visible to Ruby
+ *  programs.
  *
- *  If the optional argument, result_hash, is given, it is overwritten and
- *  returned. This is intended to avoid probe effect.
+ *    ObjectSpace.count_imemo_objects
+ *    # => {imemo_callcache: 5482, imemo_constcache: 1258, imemo_ment: 13906, ... }
  *
- *  The contents of the returned hash is implementation specific and may change
- *  in the future.
+ *  If the optional argument +result_hash+ is given, it is overwritten and
+ *  returned. This is intended to avoid the probe effect.
  *
- *  In this version, keys are symbol objects.
+ *  This method is intended for developers interested in performance and memory
+ *  usage of Ruby programs. The contents of the returned hash is implementation
+ *  specific and may change in the future.
  *
  *  This method is only expected to work with C Ruby.
  */
@@ -499,11 +450,10 @@ count_imemo_objects(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
         INIT_IMEMO_TYPE_ID(imemo_ment);
         INIT_IMEMO_TYPE_ID(imemo_iseq);
         INIT_IMEMO_TYPE_ID(imemo_tmpbuf);
-        INIT_IMEMO_TYPE_ID(imemo_ast);
-        INIT_IMEMO_TYPE_ID(imemo_parser_strterm);
         INIT_IMEMO_TYPE_ID(imemo_callinfo);
         INIT_IMEMO_TYPE_ID(imemo_callcache);
         INIT_IMEMO_TYPE_ID(imemo_constcache);
+        INIT_IMEMO_TYPE_ID(imemo_fields);
 #undef INIT_IMEMO_TYPE_ID
     }
 
@@ -834,7 +784,6 @@ Init_objspace(void)
 
     rb_define_module_function(rb_mObjSpace, "count_objects_size", count_objects_size, -1);
     rb_define_module_function(rb_mObjSpace, "count_symbols", count_symbols, -1);
-    rb_define_module_function(rb_mObjSpace, "count_nodes", count_nodes, -1);
     rb_define_module_function(rb_mObjSpace, "count_tdata_objects", count_tdata_objects, -1);
     rb_define_module_function(rb_mObjSpace, "count_imemo_objects", count_imemo_objects, -1);
 
diff --git a/ext/objspace/objspace_dump.c b/ext/objspace/objspace_dump.c
index 3ddaac5cfb..da64698346 100644
--- a/ext/objspace/objspace_dump.c
+++ b/ext/objspace/objspace_dump.c
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@
 #include "ruby/util.h"
 #include "ruby/io.h"
 #include "vm_callinfo.h"
-#include "vm_core.h"
+#include "vm_sync.h"
 
 RUBY_EXTERN const char ruby_hexdigits[];
 
@@ -394,9 +394,10 @@ dump_object(VALUE obj, struct dump_config *dc)
 
     dc->cur_obj = obj;
     dc->cur_obj_references = 0;
-    if (BUILTIN_TYPE(obj) == T_NODE || BUILTIN_TYPE(obj) == T_IMEMO) {
+    if (BUILTIN_TYPE(obj) == T_NODE || (BUILTIN_TYPE(obj) == T_IMEMO && !IMEMO_TYPE_P(obj, imemo_fields))) {
         dc->cur_obj_klass = 0;
-    } else {
+    }
+    else {
         dc->cur_obj_klass = RBASIC_CLASS(obj);
     }
 
@@ -414,8 +415,8 @@ dump_object(VALUE obj, struct dump_config *dc)
     dump_append(dc, obj_type(obj));
     dump_append(dc, "\"");
 
-    if (BUILTIN_TYPE(obj) != T_IMEMO) {
-        size_t shape_id = rb_obj_shape_id(obj);
+    if (BUILTIN_TYPE(obj) != T_IMEMO || IMEMO_TYPE_P(obj, imemo_fields)) {
+        size_t shape_id = rb_obj_shape_id(obj) & SHAPE_ID_OFFSET_MASK;
         dump_append(dc, ", \"shape_id\":");
         dump_append_sizet(dc, shape_id);
     }
@@ -450,13 +451,16 @@ dump_object(VALUE obj, struct dump_config *dc)
             break;
 
           case imemo_callcache:
-            mid = vm_cc_cme((const struct rb_callcache *)obj)->called_id;
-            if (mid != 0) {
-                dump_append(dc, ", \"called_id\":");
-                dump_append_id(dc, mid);
-
+            {
                 VALUE klass = ((const struct rb_callcache *)obj)->klass;
-                if (klass != 0) {
+                if (klass != Qundef) {
+                    mid = vm_cc_cme((const struct rb_callcache *)obj)->called_id;
+                    if (mid != 0) {
+                        dump_append(dc, ", \"called_id\":");
+                        dump_append_id(dc, mid);
+
+                    }
+
                     dump_append(dc, ", \"receiver_class\":");
                     dump_append_ref(dc, klass);
                 }
@@ -583,7 +587,7 @@ dump_object(VALUE obj, struct dump_config *dc)
         break;
 
       case T_OBJECT:
-        if (FL_TEST(obj, ROBJECT_EMBED)) {
+        if (!FL_TEST_RAW(obj, ROBJECT_HEAP)) {
             dump_append(dc, ", \"embedded\":true");
         }
 
@@ -767,15 +771,16 @@ dump_result(struct dump_config *dc)
     return dc->given_output;
 }
 
-/* :nodoc: */
 static VALUE
-objspace_dump(VALUE os, VALUE obj, VALUE output)
+dump_locked(void *args_p)
 {
     struct dump_config dc = {0,};
+    VALUE obj = ((VALUE*)args_p)[0];
+    VALUE output = ((VALUE*)args_p)[1];
+
     if (!RB_SPECIAL_CONST_P(obj)) {
         dc.cur_page_slot_size = rb_gc_obj_slot_size(obj);
     }
-
     dump_output(&dc, output, Qnil, Qnil, Qnil);
 
     dump_object(obj, &dc);
@@ -783,6 +788,16 @@ objspace_dump(VALUE os, VALUE obj, VALUE output)
     return dump_result(&dc);
 }
 
+/* :nodoc: */
+static VALUE
+objspace_dump(VALUE os, VALUE obj, VALUE output)
+{
+    VALUE args[2];
+    args[0] = obj;
+    args[1] = output;
+    return rb_vm_lock_with_barrier(dump_locked, (void*)args);
+}
+
 static void
 shape_id_i(shape_id_t shape_id, void *data)
 {
@@ -792,22 +807,21 @@ shape_id_i(shape_id_t shape_id, void *data)
         return;
     }
 
-    rb_shape_t *shape = RSHAPE(shape_id);
     dump_append(dc, "{\"address\":");
-    dump_append_ref(dc, (VALUE)shape);
+    dump_append_ref(dc, (VALUE)RSHAPE(shape_id));
 
     dump_append(dc, ", \"type\":\"SHAPE\", \"id\":");
     dump_append_sizet(dc, shape_id);
 
-    if (shape->type != SHAPE_ROOT) {
+    if (RSHAPE_TYPE(shape_id) != SHAPE_ROOT) {
         dump_append(dc, ", \"parent_id\":");
-        dump_append_lu(dc, shape->parent_id);
+        dump_append_lu(dc, RSHAPE_PARENT_RAW_ID(shape_id));
     }
 
     dump_append(dc, ", \"depth\":");
     dump_append_sizet(dc, rb_shape_depth(shape_id));
 
-    switch((enum shape_type)shape->type) {
+    switch (RSHAPE_TYPE(shape_id)) {
       case SHAPE_ROOT:
         dump_append(dc, ", \"shape_type\":\"ROOT\"");
         break;
@@ -815,18 +829,9 @@ shape_id_i(shape_id_t shape_id, void *data)
         dump_append(dc, ", \"shape_type\":\"IVAR\"");
 
         dump_append(dc, ",\"edge_name\":");
-        dump_append_id(dc, shape->edge_name);
+        dump_append_id(dc, RSHAPE_EDGE_NAME(shape_id));
 
         break;
-      case SHAPE_FROZEN:
-        dump_append(dc, ", \"shape_type\":\"FROZEN\"");
-        break;
-      case SHAPE_T_OBJECT:
-        dump_append(dc, ", \"shape_type\":\"T_OBJECT\"");
-        break;
-      case SHAPE_OBJ_TOO_COMPLEX:
-        dump_append(dc, ", \"shape_type\":\"OBJ_TOO_COMPLEX\"");
-        break;
       case SHAPE_OBJ_ID:
         dump_append(dc, ", \"shape_type\":\"OBJ_ID\"");
         break;
@@ -841,11 +846,15 @@ shape_id_i(shape_id_t shape_id, void *data)
     dump_append(dc, "}\n");
 }
 
-/* :nodoc: */
 static VALUE
-objspace_dump_all(VALUE os, VALUE output, VALUE full, VALUE since, VALUE shapes)
+dump_all_locked(void *args_p)
 {
     struct dump_config dc = {0,};
+    VALUE output = ((VALUE*)args_p)[0];
+    VALUE full = ((VALUE*)args_p)[1];
+    VALUE since = ((VALUE*)args_p)[2];
+    VALUE shapes = ((VALUE*)args_p)[3];
+
     dump_output(&dc, output, full, since, shapes);
 
     if (!dc.partial_dump || dc.since == 0) {
@@ -866,9 +875,23 @@ objspace_dump_all(VALUE os, VALUE output, VALUE full, VALUE since, VALUE shapes)
 
 /* :nodoc: */
 static VALUE
-objspace_dump_shapes(VALUE os, VALUE output, VALUE shapes)
+objspace_dump_all(VALUE os, VALUE output, VALUE full, VALUE since, VALUE shapes)
+{
+    VALUE args[4];
+    args[0] = output;
+    args[1] = full;
+    args[2] = since;
+    args[3] = shapes;
+    return rb_vm_lock_with_barrier(dump_all_locked, (void*)args);
+}
+
+static VALUE
+dump_shapes_locked(void *args_p)
 {
     struct dump_config dc = {0,};
+    VALUE output = ((VALUE*)args_p)[0];
+    VALUE shapes = ((VALUE*)args_p)[1];
+
     dump_output(&dc, output, Qfalse, Qnil, shapes);
 
     if (RTEST(shapes)) {
@@ -877,6 +900,16 @@ objspace_dump_shapes(VALUE os, VALUE output, VALUE shapes)
     return dump_result(&dc);
 }
 
+/* :nodoc: */
+static VALUE
+objspace_dump_shapes(VALUE os, VALUE output, VALUE shapes)
+{
+    VALUE args[2];
+    args[0] = output;
+    args[1] = shapes;
+    return rb_vm_lock_with_barrier(dump_shapes_locked, (void*)args);
+}
+
 void
 Init_objspace_dump(VALUE rb_mObjSpace)
 {
@@ -884,6 +917,9 @@ Init_objspace_dump(VALUE rb_mObjSpace)
 #if 0
     rb_mObjSpace = rb_define_module("ObjectSpace"); /* let rdoc know */
 #endif
+#ifdef HAVE_RB_EXT_RACTOR_SAFE
+    RB_EXT_RACTOR_SAFE(true);
+#endif
 
     rb_define_module_function(rb_mObjSpace, "_dump", objspace_dump, 2);
     rb_define_module_function(rb_mObjSpace, "_dump_all", objspace_dump_all, 4);
diff --git a/ext/openssl/History.md b/ext/openssl/History.md
index ad3417f9d0..419237ff16 100644
--- a/ext/openssl/History.md
+++ b/ext/openssl/History.md
@@ -1,3 +1,100 @@
+Version 4.0.0
+=============
+
+Compatibility
+-------------
+
+* Ruby >= 2.7
+* OpenSSL >= 1.1.1, LibreSSL >= 3.9, and AWS-LC 1.66.0
+  - Removed support for OpenSSL 1.0.2-1.1.0 and LibreSSL 3.1-3.8.
+    [[GitHub #835]](https://github.com/ruby/openssl/issues/835)
+  - Added support for AWS-LC.
+    [[GitHub #833]](https://github.com/ruby/openssl/issues/833)
+
+
+Notable changes
+---------------
+
+* `OpenSSL::SSL`
+  - Reduce overhead when writing to `OpenSSL::SSL::SSLSocket`. `#syswrite` no
+    longer creates a temporary String object.
+    [[GitHub #831]](https://github.com/ruby/openssl/pull/831)
+  - Make `OpenSSL::SSL::SSLContext#min_version=` and `#max_version=` wrap the
+    corresponding OpenSSL APIs directly, and remove the fallback to SSL options.
+    [[GitHub #849]](https://github.com/ruby/openssl/pull/849)
+  - Add `OpenSSL::SSL::SSLContext#sigalgs=` and `#client_sigalgs=` for
+    specifying signature algorithms to use for connections.
+    [[GitHub #895]](https://github.com/ruby/openssl/pull/895)
+  - Rename `OpenSSL::SSL::SSLContext#ecdh_curves=` to `#groups=` following
+    the underlying OpenSSL API rename. This method is no longer specific to
+    ECDHE. The old method remains as an alias.
+    [[GitHub #900]](https://github.com/ruby/openssl/pull/900)
+  - Add `OpenSSL::SSL::SSLSocket#sigalg`, `#peer_sigalg`, and `#group` for
+    getting the signature algorithm and the key agreement group used in the
+    current connection.
+    [[GitHub #908]](https://github.com/ruby/openssl/pull/908)
+  - Enable `SSL_CTX_set_dh_auto()` for servers by default.
+    [[GitHub #924]](https://github.com/ruby/openssl/pull/924)
+  - Improve Ractor compatibility. Note that the internal-use constant
+    `OpenSSL::SSL::SSLContext::DEFAULT_PARAMS` is now frozen.
+    [[GitHub #925]](https://github.com/ruby/openssl/pull/925)
+* `OpenSSL::PKey`
+  - Remove `OpenSSL::PKey::EC::Point#mul` support with array arguments. The
+    underlying OpenSSL API has been removed, and the method has been deprecated
+    since ruby/openssl v3.0.0.
+    [[GitHub #843]](https://github.com/ruby/openssl/pull/843)
+  - `OpenSSL::PKey::{RSA,DSA,DH}#params` uses `nil` to indicate missing fields
+    instead of the number `0`.
+    [[GitHub #774]](https://github.com/ruby/openssl/pull/774)
+  - Unify `OpenSSL::PKey::PKeyError` classes. The former subclasses
+    `OpenSSL::PKey::DHError`, `OpenSSL::PKey::DSAError`,
+    `OpenSSL::PKey::ECError`, and `OpenSSL::PKey::RSAError` have been merged
+    into a single class.
+    [[GitHub #929]](https://github.com/ruby/openssl/pull/929)
+* `OpenSSL::Cipher`
+  - `OpenSSL::Cipher#encrypt` and `#decrypt` no longer accept arguments.
+    Passing passwords has been deprecated since Ruby 1.8.2 (released in 2004).
+    [[GitHub #887]](https://github.com/ruby/openssl/pull/887)
+  - `OpenSSL::Cipher#final` raises `OpenSSL::Cipher::AuthTagError` when the
+    integrity check fails for AEAD ciphers. `OpenSSL::Cipher::AuthTagError` is a
+    new subclass of `OpenSSL::Cipher::CipherError`, which was previously raised.
+    [[GitHub #939]](https://github.com/ruby/openssl/pull/939)
+  - `OpenSSL::Cipher.new` now raises `OpenSSL::Cipher::CipherError` instead of
+    `RuntimeError` when OpenSSL does not recognize the algorithm.
+    [[GitHub #958]](https://github.com/ruby/openssl/pull/958)
+  - Add support for "fetched" cipher algorithms with OpenSSL 3.0 or later.
+    [[GitHub #958]](https://github.com/ruby/openssl/pull/958)
+* `OpenSSL::Digest`
+  - `OpenSSL::Digest.new` now raises `OpenSSL::Digest::DigestError` instead of
+    `RuntimeError` when OpenSSL does not recognize the algorithm.
+    [[GitHub #958]](https://github.com/ruby/openssl/pull/958)
+  - Add support for "fetched" digest algorithms with OpenSSL 3.0 or later.
+    [[GitHub #958]](https://github.com/ruby/openssl/pull/958)
+* `OpenSSL::ASN1.decode` now assumes a 1950-2049 year range for `UTCTime`
+  according to RFC 5280. It previously used a 1969-2068 range. The encoder
+  has always used the 1950-2049 range.
+  [[GitHub #909]](https://github.com/ruby/openssl/pull/909)
+* `OpenSSL::OpenSSLError`, the base class for all ruby/openssl errors, carry
+  an additional attribute `#errors` to keep the content of OpenSSL's error
+  queue. Also, add `#detailed_message` for Ruby 3.2 or later.
+  [[GitHub #976]](https://github.com/ruby/openssl/pull/976)
+* `OpenSSL::PKCS7.new` raises `OpenSSL::PKCS7::PKCS7Error` instead of
+  `ArgumentError` on error to be consistent with other constructors.
+  [[GitHub #983]](https://github.com/ruby/openssl/pull/983)
+
+
+Version 3.3.2
+=============
+
+Merged changes in 3.1.3 and 3.2.3.
+
+
+Version 3.3.1
+=============
+
+Merged changes in 3.1.2 and 3.2.2.
+
+
 Version 3.3.0
 =============
 
@@ -74,6 +171,18 @@ And various non-user-visible changes and bug fixes. Please see the commit
 history for more details.
 
 
+Version 3.2.3
+=============
+
+Merged changes in 3.1.3.
+
+
+Version 3.2.2
+=============
+
+Merged changes in 3.1.2.
+
+
 Version 3.2.1
 =============
 
@@ -120,6 +229,33 @@ Notable changes
   [[GitHub #141]](https://github.com/ruby/openssl/pull/141)
 
 
+Version 3.1.3
+=============
+
+Bug fixes
+---------
+
+* Fix missing NULL check for `EVP_PKEY_get0()` functions with OpenSSL 3.x.
+  [[GitHub #957]](https://github.com/ruby/openssl/pull/957)
+
+
+Version 3.1.2
+=============
+
+Bug fixes
+---------
+
+* Fix crash when attempting to export an incomplete `OpenSSL::PKey::DSA` key.
+  [[GitHub #845]](https://github.com/ruby/openssl/issues/845)
+  [[GitHub #847]](https://github.com/ruby/openssl/pull/847)
+* Remove the `OpenSSL::X509::V_FLAG_CRL_CHECK_ALL` flag from the default store
+  used by `OpenSSL::SSL::SSLContext#set_params`. It causes certificate
+  verification to fail with OpenSSL 3.6.0. It has no effect with any other
+  OpenSSL versions.
+  [[GitHub #949]](https://github.com/ruby/openssl/issues/949)
+  [[GitHub #950]](https://github.com/ruby/openssl/pull/950)
+
+
 Version 3.1.1
 =============
 
diff --git a/ext/openssl/depend b/ext/openssl/depend
index 0a8800a94a..435f4a1c68 100644
--- a/ext/openssl/depend
+++ b/ext/openssl/depend
@@ -142,6 +142,7 @@ ossl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
 ossl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
 ossl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
 ossl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+ossl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/set.h
 ossl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
 ossl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
 ossl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
@@ -338,6 +339,7 @@ ossl_asn1.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
 ossl_asn1.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
 ossl_asn1.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
 ossl_asn1.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+ossl_asn1.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/set.h
 ossl_asn1.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
 ossl_asn1.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
 ossl_asn1.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
@@ -534,6 +536,7 @@ ossl_bio.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
 ossl_bio.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
 ossl_bio.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
 ossl_bio.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+ossl_bio.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/set.h
 ossl_bio.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
 ossl_bio.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
 ossl_bio.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
@@ -730,6 +733,7 @@ ossl_bn.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
 ossl_bn.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
 ossl_bn.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
 ossl_bn.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+ossl_bn.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/set.h
 ossl_bn.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
 ossl_bn.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
 ossl_bn.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
@@ -926,6 +930,7 @@ ossl_cipher.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
 ossl_cipher.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
 ossl_cipher.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
 ossl_cipher.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+ossl_cipher.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/set.h
 ossl_cipher.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
 ossl_cipher.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
 ossl_cipher.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
@@ -1122,6 +1127,7 @@ ossl_config.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
 ossl_config.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
 ossl_config.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
 ossl_config.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+ossl_config.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/set.h
 ossl_config.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
 ossl_config.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
 ossl_config.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
@@ -1318,6 +1324,7 @@ ossl_digest.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
 ossl_digest.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
 ossl_digest.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
 ossl_digest.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+ossl_digest.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/set.h
 ossl_digest.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
 ossl_digest.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
 ossl_digest.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
@@ -1514,6 +1521,7 @@ ossl_engine.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
 ossl_engine.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
 ossl_engine.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
 ossl_engine.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+ossl_engine.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/set.h
 ossl_engine.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
 ossl_engine.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
 ossl_engine.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
@@ -1710,6 +1718,7 @@ ossl_hmac.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
 ossl_hmac.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
 ossl_hmac.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
 ossl_hmac.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+ossl_hmac.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/set.h
 ossl_hmac.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
 ossl_hmac.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
 ossl_hmac.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
@@ -1906,6 +1915,7 @@ ossl_kdf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
 ossl_kdf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
 ossl_kdf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
 ossl_kdf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+ossl_kdf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/set.h
 ossl_kdf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
 ossl_kdf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
 ossl_kdf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
@@ -2102,6 +2112,7 @@ ossl_ns_spki.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
 ossl_ns_spki.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
 ossl_ns_spki.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
 ossl_ns_spki.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+ossl_ns_spki.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/set.h
 ossl_ns_spki.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
 ossl_ns_spki.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
 ossl_ns_spki.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
@@ -2298,6 +2309,7 @@ ossl_ocsp.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
 ossl_ocsp.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
 ossl_ocsp.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
 ossl_ocsp.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+ossl_ocsp.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/set.h
 ossl_ocsp.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
 ossl_ocsp.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
 ossl_ocsp.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
@@ -2494,6 +2506,7 @@ ossl_pkcs12.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
 ossl_pkcs12.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
 ossl_pkcs12.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
 ossl_pkcs12.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+ossl_pkcs12.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/set.h
 ossl_pkcs12.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
 ossl_pkcs12.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
 ossl_pkcs12.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
@@ -2690,6 +2703,7 @@ ossl_pkcs7.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
 ossl_pkcs7.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
 ossl_pkcs7.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
 ossl_pkcs7.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+ossl_pkcs7.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/set.h
 ossl_pkcs7.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
 ossl_pkcs7.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
 ossl_pkcs7.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
@@ -2886,6 +2900,7 @@ ossl_pkey.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
 ossl_pkey.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
 ossl_pkey.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
 ossl_pkey.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+ossl_pkey.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/set.h
 ossl_pkey.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
 ossl_pkey.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
 ossl_pkey.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
@@ -3082,6 +3097,7 @@ ossl_pkey_dh.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
 ossl_pkey_dh.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
 ossl_pkey_dh.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
 ossl_pkey_dh.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+ossl_pkey_dh.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/set.h
 ossl_pkey_dh.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
 ossl_pkey_dh.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
 ossl_pkey_dh.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
@@ -3278,6 +3294,7 @@ ossl_pkey_dsa.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
 ossl_pkey_dsa.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
 ossl_pkey_dsa.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
 ossl_pkey_dsa.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+ossl_pkey_dsa.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/set.h
 ossl_pkey_dsa.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
 ossl_pkey_dsa.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
 ossl_pkey_dsa.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
@@ -3474,6 +3491,7 @@ ossl_pkey_ec.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
 ossl_pkey_ec.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
 ossl_pkey_ec.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
 ossl_pkey_ec.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+ossl_pkey_ec.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/set.h
 ossl_pkey_ec.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
 ossl_pkey_ec.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
 ossl_pkey_ec.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
@@ -3670,6 +3688,7 @@ ossl_pkey_rsa.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
 ossl_pkey_rsa.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
 ossl_pkey_rsa.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
 ossl_pkey_rsa.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+ossl_pkey_rsa.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/set.h
 ossl_pkey_rsa.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
 ossl_pkey_rsa.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
 ossl_pkey_rsa.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
@@ -3866,6 +3885,7 @@ ossl_provider.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
 ossl_provider.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
 ossl_provider.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
 ossl_provider.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+ossl_provider.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/set.h
 ossl_provider.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
 ossl_provider.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
 ossl_provider.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
@@ -4062,6 +4082,7 @@ ossl_rand.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
 ossl_rand.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
 ossl_rand.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
 ossl_rand.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+ossl_rand.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/set.h
 ossl_rand.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
 ossl_rand.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
 ossl_rand.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
@@ -4258,6 +4279,7 @@ ossl_ssl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
 ossl_ssl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
 ossl_ssl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
 ossl_ssl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+ossl_ssl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/set.h
 ossl_ssl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
 ossl_ssl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
 ossl_ssl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
@@ -4454,6 +4476,7 @@ ossl_ssl_session.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
 ossl_ssl_session.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
 ossl_ssl_session.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
 ossl_ssl_session.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+ossl_ssl_session.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/set.h
 ossl_ssl_session.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
 ossl_ssl_session.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
 ossl_ssl_session.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
@@ -4650,6 +4673,7 @@ ossl_ts.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
 ossl_ts.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
 ossl_ts.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
 ossl_ts.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+ossl_ts.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/set.h
 ossl_ts.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
 ossl_ts.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
 ossl_ts.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
@@ -4846,6 +4870,7 @@ ossl_x509.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
 ossl_x509.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
 ossl_x509.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
 ossl_x509.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+ossl_x509.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/set.h
 ossl_x509.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
 ossl_x509.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
 ossl_x509.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
@@ -5042,6 +5067,7 @@ ossl_x509attr.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
 ossl_x509attr.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
 ossl_x509attr.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
 ossl_x509attr.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+ossl_x509attr.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/set.h
 ossl_x509attr.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
 ossl_x509attr.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
 ossl_x509attr.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
@@ -5238,6 +5264,7 @@ ossl_x509cert.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
 ossl_x509cert.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
 ossl_x509cert.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
 ossl_x509cert.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+ossl_x509cert.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/set.h
 ossl_x509cert.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
 ossl_x509cert.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
 ossl_x509cert.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
@@ -5434,6 +5461,7 @@ ossl_x509crl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
 ossl_x509crl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
 ossl_x509crl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
 ossl_x509crl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+ossl_x509crl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/set.h
 ossl_x509crl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
 ossl_x509crl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
 ossl_x509crl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
@@ -5630,6 +5658,7 @@ ossl_x509ext.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
 ossl_x509ext.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
 ossl_x509ext.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
 ossl_x509ext.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+ossl_x509ext.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/set.h
 ossl_x509ext.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
 ossl_x509ext.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
 ossl_x509ext.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
@@ -5826,6 +5855,7 @@ ossl_x509name.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
 ossl_x509name.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
 ossl_x509name.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
 ossl_x509name.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+ossl_x509name.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/set.h
 ossl_x509name.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
 ossl_x509name.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
 ossl_x509name.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
@@ -6022,6 +6052,7 @@ ossl_x509req.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
 ossl_x509req.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
 ossl_x509req.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
 ossl_x509req.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+ossl_x509req.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/set.h
 ossl_x509req.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
 ossl_x509req.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
 ossl_x509req.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
@@ -6218,6 +6249,7 @@ ossl_x509revoked.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
 ossl_x509revoked.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
 ossl_x509revoked.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
 ossl_x509revoked.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+ossl_x509revoked.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/set.h
 ossl_x509revoked.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
 ossl_x509revoked.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
 ossl_x509revoked.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
@@ -6414,6 +6446,7 @@ ossl_x509store.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
 ossl_x509store.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
 ossl_x509store.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
 ossl_x509store.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+ossl_x509store.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/set.h
 ossl_x509store.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
 ossl_x509store.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
 ossl_x509store.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
diff --git a/ext/openssl/extconf.rb b/ext/openssl/extconf.rb
index 5bb045e895..a897c86b65 100644
--- a/ext/openssl/extconf.rb
+++ b/ext/openssl/extconf.rb
@@ -38,8 +38,12 @@ Logging::message "=== OpenSSL for Ruby configurator ===\n"
 
 $defs.push("-D""OPENSSL_SUPPRESS_DEPRECATED")
 
-have_func("rb_io_descriptor")
-have_func("rb_io_maybe_wait(0, Qnil, Qnil, Qnil)", "ruby/io.h") # Ruby 3.1
+# Missing in TruffleRuby
+have_func("rb_call_super_kw(0, NULL, 0)", "ruby.h")
+# Ruby 3.1
+have_func("rb_io_descriptor", "ruby/io.h")
+have_func("rb_io_maybe_wait(0, Qnil, Qnil, Qnil)", "ruby/io.h")
+# Ruby 3.2
 have_func("rb_io_timeout", "ruby/io.h")
 
 Logging::message "=== Checking for system dependent stuff... ===\n"
@@ -135,6 +139,11 @@ ssl_h = "openssl/ssl.h".freeze
 # compile options
 have_func("RAND_egd()", "openssl/rand.h")
 
+# added in OpenSSL 1.0.2, not in LibreSSL yet
+have_func("SSL_CTX_set1_sigalgs_list(NULL, NULL)", ssl_h)
+# added in OpenSSL 1.0.2, not in LibreSSL or AWS-LC yet
+have_func("SSL_CTX_set1_client_sigalgs_list(NULL, NULL)", ssl_h)
+
 # added in 1.1.0, currently not in LibreSSL
 have_func("EVP_PBE_scrypt(\"\", 0, (unsigned char *)\"\", 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, NULL, 0)", evp_h)
 
@@ -142,7 +151,7 @@ have_func("EVP_PBE_scrypt(\"\", 0, (unsigned char *)\"\", 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, NULL, 0
 have_func("EVP_PKEY_check(NULL)", evp_h)
 
 # added in 3.0.0
-have_func("SSL_set0_tmp_dh_pkey(NULL, NULL)", ssl_h)
+have_func("SSL_CTX_set0_tmp_dh_pkey(NULL, NULL)", ssl_h)
 have_func("ERR_get_error_all(NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL)", "openssl/err.h")
 have_func("SSL_CTX_load_verify_file(NULL, \"\")", ssl_h)
 have_func("BN_check_prime(NULL, NULL, NULL)", "openssl/bn.h")
@@ -151,9 +160,15 @@ have_func("EVP_MD_CTX_get_pkey_ctx(NULL)", evp_h)
 have_func("EVP_PKEY_eq(NULL, NULL)", evp_h)
 have_func("EVP_PKEY_dup(NULL)", evp_h)
 
+# added in 3.2.0
+have_func("SSL_get0_group_name(NULL)", ssl_h)
+
 # added in 3.4.0
 have_func("TS_VERIFY_CTX_set0_certs(NULL, NULL)", ts_h)
 
+# added in 3.5.0
+have_func("SSL_get0_peer_signature_name(NULL, NULL)", ssl_h)
+
 Logging::message "=== Checking done. ===\n"
 
 # Append flags from environment variables.
diff --git a/ext/openssl/lib/openssl.rb b/ext/openssl/lib/openssl.rb
index 0889923890..98fa8d39f2 100644
--- a/ext/openssl/lib/openssl.rb
+++ b/ext/openssl/lib/openssl.rb
@@ -13,23 +13,26 @@
 require 'openssl.so'
 
 require_relative 'openssl/bn'
-require_relative 'openssl/asn1'
-require_relative 'openssl/pkey'
 require_relative 'openssl/cipher'
 require_relative 'openssl/digest'
 require_relative 'openssl/hmac'
-require_relative 'openssl/x509'
-require_relative 'openssl/ssl'
 require_relative 'openssl/pkcs5'
+require_relative 'openssl/pkey'
+require_relative 'openssl/ssl'
 require_relative 'openssl/version'
+require_relative 'openssl/x509'
 
 module OpenSSL
-  # call-seq:
-  #   OpenSSL.secure_compare(string, string) -> boolean
+  # :call-seq:
+  #    OpenSSL.secure_compare(string, string) -> true or false
   #
   # Constant time memory comparison. Inputs are hashed using SHA-256 to mask
   # the length of the secret. Returns +true+ if the strings are identical,
   # +false+ otherwise.
+  #
+  # This method is expensive due to the SHA-256 hashing. In most cases, where
+  # the input lengths are known to be equal or are not sensitive,
+  # OpenSSL.fixed_length_secure_compare should be used instead.
   def self.secure_compare(a, b)
     hashed_a = OpenSSL::Digest.digest('SHA256', a)
     hashed_b = OpenSSL::Digest.digest('SHA256', b)
diff --git a/ext/openssl/lib/openssl/asn1.rb b/ext/openssl/lib/openssl/asn1.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 89fa28e1fb..0000000000
--- a/ext/openssl/lib/openssl/asn1.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,188 +0,0 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
-#--
-#
-# = Ruby-space definitions that completes C-space funcs for ASN.1
-#
-# = Licence
-# This program is licensed under the same licence as Ruby.
-# (See the file 'COPYING'.)
-#++
-
-module OpenSSL
-  module ASN1
-    class ASN1Data
-      #
-      # Carries the value of a ASN.1 type.
-      # Please confer Constructive and Primitive for the mappings between
-      # ASN.1 data types and Ruby classes.
-      #
-      attr_accessor :value
-
-      # An Integer representing the tag number of this ASN1Data. Never +nil+.
-      attr_accessor :tag
-
-      # A Symbol representing the tag class of this ASN1Data. Never +nil+.
-      # See ASN1Data for possible values.
-      attr_accessor :tag_class
-
-      #
-      # Never +nil+. A boolean value indicating whether the encoding uses
-      # indefinite length (in the case of parsing) or whether an indefinite
-      # length form shall be used (in the encoding case).
-      # In DER, every value uses definite length form. But in scenarios where
-      # large amounts of data need to be transferred it might be desirable to
-      # have some kind of streaming support available.
-      # For example, huge OCTET STRINGs are preferably sent in smaller-sized
-      # chunks, each at a time.
-      # This is possible in BER by setting the length bytes of an encoding
-      # to zero and by this indicating that the following value will be
-      # sent in chunks. Indefinite length encodings are always constructed.
-      # The end of such a stream of chunks is indicated by sending a EOC
-      # (End of Content) tag. SETs and SEQUENCEs may use an indefinite length
-      # encoding, but also primitive types such as e.g. OCTET STRINGS or
-      # BIT STRINGS may leverage this functionality (cf. ITU-T X.690).
-      #
-      attr_accessor :indefinite_length
-
-      alias infinite_length indefinite_length
-      alias infinite_length= indefinite_length=
-
-      #
-      # :call-seq:
-      #    OpenSSL::ASN1::ASN1Data.new(value, tag, tag_class) => ASN1Data
-      #
-      # _value_: Please have a look at Constructive and Primitive to see how Ruby
-      # types are mapped to ASN.1 types and vice versa.
-      #
-      # _tag_: An Integer indicating the tag number.
-      #
-      # _tag_class_: A Symbol indicating the tag class. Please cf. ASN1 for
-      # possible values.
-      #
-      # == Example
-      #   asn1_int = OpenSSL::ASN1Data.new(42, 2, :UNIVERSAL) # => Same as OpenSSL::ASN1::Integer.new(42)
-      #   tagged_int = OpenSSL::ASN1Data.new(42, 0, :CONTEXT_SPECIFIC) # implicitly 0-tagged INTEGER
-      #
-      def initialize(value, tag, tag_class)
-        raise ASN1Error, "invalid tag class" unless tag_class.is_a?(Symbol)
-
-        @tag = tag
-        @value = value
-        @tag_class = tag_class
-        @indefinite_length = false
-      end
-    end
-
-    module TaggedASN1Data
-      #
-      # May be used as a hint for encoding a value either implicitly or
-      # explicitly by setting it either to +:IMPLICIT+ or to +:EXPLICIT+.
-      # _tagging_ is not set when a ASN.1 structure is parsed using
-      # OpenSSL::ASN1.decode.
-      #
-      attr_accessor :tagging
-
-      # :call-seq:
-      #    OpenSSL::ASN1::Primitive.new(value [, tag, tagging, tag_class ]) => Primitive
-      #
-      # _value_: is mandatory.
-      #
-      # _tag_: optional, may be specified for tagged values. If no _tag_ is
-      # specified, the UNIVERSAL tag corresponding to the Primitive sub-class
-      # is used by default.
-      #
-      # _tagging_: may be used as an encoding hint to encode a value either
-      # explicitly or implicitly, see ASN1 for possible values.
-      #
-      # _tag_class_: if _tag_ and _tagging_ are +nil+ then this is set to
-      # +:UNIVERSAL+ by default. If either _tag_ or _tagging_ are set then
-      # +:CONTEXT_SPECIFIC+ is used as the default. For possible values please
-      # cf. ASN1.
-      #
-      # == Example
-      #   int = OpenSSL::ASN1::Integer.new(42)
-      #   zero_tagged_int = OpenSSL::ASN1::Integer.new(42, 0, :IMPLICIT)
-      #   private_explicit_zero_tagged_int = OpenSSL::ASN1::Integer.new(42, 0, :EXPLICIT, :PRIVATE)
-      #
-      def initialize(value, tag = nil, tagging = nil, tag_class = nil)
-        tag ||= ASN1.take_default_tag(self.class)
-
-        raise ASN1Error, "must specify tag number" unless tag
-
-        if tagging
-          raise ASN1Error, "invalid tagging method" unless tagging.is_a?(Symbol)
-        end
-
-        tag_class ||= tagging ? :CONTEXT_SPECIFIC : :UNIVERSAL
-
-        raise ASN1Error, "invalid tag class" unless tag_class.is_a?(Symbol)
-
-        @tagging = tagging
-        super(value ,tag, tag_class)
-      end
-    end
-
-    class Primitive < ASN1Data
-      include TaggedASN1Data
-
-      undef_method :indefinite_length=
-      undef_method :infinite_length=
-    end
-
-    class Constructive < ASN1Data
-      include TaggedASN1Data
-      include Enumerable
-
-      # :call-seq:
-      #    asn1_ary.each { |asn1| block } => asn1_ary
-      #
-      # Calls the given block once for each element in self, passing that element
-      # as parameter _asn1_. If no block is given, an enumerator is returned
-      # instead.
-      #
-      # == Example
-      #   asn1_ary.each do |asn1|
-      #     puts asn1
-      #   end
-      #
-      def each(&blk)
-        @value.each(&blk)
-
-        self
-      end
-    end
-
-    class Boolean < Primitive ; end
-    class Integer < Primitive ; end
-    class Enumerated < Primitive ; end
-
-    class BitString < Primitive
-      attr_accessor :unused_bits
-
-      def initialize(*)
-        super
-
-        @unused_bits = 0
-      end
-    end
-
-    class EndOfContent < ASN1Data
-      def initialize
-        super("", 0, :UNIVERSAL)
-      end
-    end
-
-    # :nodoc:
-    def self.take_default_tag(klass)
-      tag = CLASS_TAG_MAP[klass]
-
-      return tag if tag
-
-      sklass = klass.superclass
-
-      return unless sklass
-
-      take_default_tag(sklass)
-    end
-  end
-end
diff --git a/ext/openssl/lib/openssl/digest.rb b/ext/openssl/lib/openssl/digest.rb
index 5cda1e931c..46ddfd6021 100644
--- a/ext/openssl/lib/openssl/digest.rb
+++ b/ext/openssl/lib/openssl/digest.rb
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ module OpenSSL
   #   OpenSSL::Digest("MD5")
   #   # => OpenSSL::Digest::MD5
   #
-  #   Digest("Foo")
+  #   OpenSSL::Digest("Foo")
   #   # => NameError: wrong constant name Foo
 
   def Digest(name)
diff --git a/ext/openssl/lib/openssl/pkey.rb b/ext/openssl/lib/openssl/pkey.rb
index 3d1e8885ca..39871e15dd 100644
--- a/ext/openssl/lib/openssl/pkey.rb
+++ b/ext/openssl/lib/openssl/pkey.rb
@@ -7,6 +7,9 @@
 require_relative 'marshal'
 
 module OpenSSL::PKey
+  # Alias of PKeyError. Before version 4.0.0, this was a subclass of PKeyError.
+  DHError = PKeyError
+
   class DH
     include OpenSSL::Marshal
 
@@ -102,7 +105,7 @@ module OpenSSL::PKey
     #   puts dh0.pub_key == dh.pub_key #=> false
     def generate_key!
       if OpenSSL::OPENSSL_VERSION_NUMBER >= 0x30000000
-        raise DHError, "OpenSSL::PKey::DH is immutable on OpenSSL 3.0; " \
+        raise PKeyError, "OpenSSL::PKey::DH is immutable on OpenSSL 3.0; " \
         "use OpenSSL::PKey.generate_key instead"
       end
 
@@ -147,6 +150,9 @@ module OpenSSL::PKey
     end
   end
 
+  # Alias of PKeyError. Before version 4.0.0, this was a subclass of PKeyError.
+  DSAError = PKeyError
+
   class DSA
     include OpenSSL::Marshal
 
@@ -242,13 +248,9 @@ module OpenSSL::PKey
     #   sig = dsa.sign_raw(nil, digest)
     #   p dsa.verify_raw(nil, sig, digest) #=> true
     def syssign(string)
-      q or raise OpenSSL::PKey::DSAError, "incomplete DSA"
-      private? or raise OpenSSL::PKey::DSAError, "Private DSA key needed!"
-      begin
-        sign_raw(nil, string)
-      rescue OpenSSL::PKey::PKeyError
-        raise OpenSSL::PKey::DSAError, $!.message
-      end
+      q or raise PKeyError, "incomplete DSA"
+      private? or raise PKeyError, "Private DSA key needed!"
+      sign_raw(nil, string)
     end
 
     # :call-seq:
@@ -266,12 +268,13 @@ module OpenSSL::PKey
     #   A \DSA signature value.
     def sysverify(digest, sig)
       verify_raw(nil, sig, digest)
-    rescue OpenSSL::PKey::PKeyError
-      raise OpenSSL::PKey::DSAError, $!.message
     end
   end
 
   if defined?(EC)
+  # Alias of PKeyError. Before version 4.0.0, this was a subclass of PKeyError.
+  ECError = PKeyError
+
   class EC
     include OpenSSL::Marshal
 
@@ -282,8 +285,6 @@ module OpenSSL::PKey
     # Consider using PKey::PKey#sign_raw and PKey::PKey#verify_raw instead.
     def dsa_sign_asn1(data)
       sign_raw(nil, data)
-    rescue OpenSSL::PKey::PKeyError
-      raise OpenSSL::PKey::ECError, $!.message
     end
 
     # :call-seq:
@@ -293,8 +294,6 @@ module OpenSSL::PKey
     # Consider using PKey::PKey#sign_raw and PKey::PKey#verify_raw instead.
     def dsa_verify_asn1(data, sig)
       verify_raw(nil, sig, data)
-    rescue OpenSSL::PKey::PKeyError
-      raise OpenSSL::PKey::ECError, $!.message
     end
 
     # :call-seq:
@@ -334,6 +333,9 @@ module OpenSSL::PKey
   end
   end
 
+  # Alias of PKeyError. Before version 4.0.0, this was a subclass of PKeyError.
+  RSAError = PKeyError
+
   class RSA
     include OpenSSL::Marshal
 
@@ -407,15 +409,11 @@ module OpenSSL::PKey
     # Consider using PKey::PKey#sign_raw and PKey::PKey#verify_raw, and
     # PKey::PKey#verify_recover instead.
     def private_encrypt(string, padding = PKCS1_PADDING)
-      n or raise OpenSSL::PKey::RSAError, "incomplete RSA"
-      private? or raise OpenSSL::PKey::RSAError, "private key needed."
-      begin
-        sign_raw(nil, string, {
-          "rsa_padding_mode" => translate_padding_mode(padding),
-        })
-      rescue OpenSSL::PKey::PKeyError
-        raise OpenSSL::PKey::RSAError, $!.message
-      end
+      n or raise PKeyError, "incomplete RSA"
+      private? or raise PKeyError, "private key needed."
+      sign_raw(nil, string, {
+        "rsa_padding_mode" => translate_padding_mode(padding),
+      })
     end
 
     # :call-seq:
@@ -430,14 +428,10 @@ module OpenSSL::PKey
     # Consider using PKey::PKey#sign_raw and PKey::PKey#verify_raw, and
     # PKey::PKey#verify_recover instead.
     def public_decrypt(string, padding = PKCS1_PADDING)
-      n or raise OpenSSL::PKey::RSAError, "incomplete RSA"
-      begin
-        verify_recover(nil, string, {
-          "rsa_padding_mode" => translate_padding_mode(padding),
-        })
-      rescue OpenSSL::PKey::PKeyError
-        raise OpenSSL::PKey::RSAError, $!.message
-      end
+      n or raise PKeyError, "incomplete RSA"
+      verify_recover(nil, string, {
+        "rsa_padding_mode" => translate_padding_mode(padding),
+      })
     end
 
     # :call-seq:
@@ -452,14 +446,10 @@ module OpenSSL::PKey
     # <b>Deprecated in version 3.0</b>.
     # Consider using PKey::PKey#encrypt and PKey::PKey#decrypt instead.
     def public_encrypt(data, padding = PKCS1_PADDING)
-      n or raise OpenSSL::PKey::RSAError, "incomplete RSA"
-      begin
-        encrypt(data, {
-          "rsa_padding_mode" => translate_padding_mode(padding),
-        })
-      rescue OpenSSL::PKey::PKeyError
-        raise OpenSSL::PKey::RSAError, $!.message
-      end
+      n or raise PKeyError, "incomplete RSA"
+      encrypt(data, {
+        "rsa_padding_mode" => translate_padding_mode(padding),
+      })
     end
 
     # :call-seq:
@@ -473,15 +463,11 @@ module OpenSSL::PKey
     # <b>Deprecated in version 3.0</b>.
     # Consider using PKey::PKey#encrypt and PKey::PKey#decrypt instead.
     def private_decrypt(data, padding = PKCS1_PADDING)
-      n or raise OpenSSL::PKey::RSAError, "incomplete RSA"
-      private? or raise OpenSSL::PKey::RSAError, "private key needed."
-      begin
-        decrypt(data, {
-          "rsa_padding_mode" => translate_padding_mode(padding),
-        })
-      rescue OpenSSL::PKey::PKeyError
-        raise OpenSSL::PKey::RSAError, $!.message
-      end
+      n or raise PKeyError, "incomplete RSA"
+      private? or raise PKeyError, "private key needed."
+      decrypt(data, {
+        "rsa_padding_mode" => translate_padding_mode(padding),
+      })
     end
 
     PKCS1_PADDING = 1
@@ -500,7 +486,7 @@ module OpenSSL::PKey
       when PKCS1_OAEP_PADDING
         "oaep"
       else
-        raise OpenSSL::PKey::PKeyError, "unsupported padding mode"
+        raise PKeyError, "unsupported padding mode"
       end
     end
   end
diff --git a/ext/openssl/lib/openssl/ssl.rb b/ext/openssl/lib/openssl/ssl.rb
index a0ad5dc3a6..3268c126b9 100644
--- a/ext/openssl/lib/openssl/ssl.rb
+++ b/ext/openssl/lib/openssl/ssl.rb
@@ -32,25 +32,6 @@ module OpenSSL
         }.call
       }
 
-      if defined?(OpenSSL::PKey::DH)
-        DH_ffdhe2048 = OpenSSL::PKey::DH.new <<-_end_of_pem_
------BEGIN DH PARAMETERS-----
-MIIBCAKCAQEA//////////+t+FRYortKmq/cViAnPTzx2LnFg84tNpWp4TZBFGQz
-+8yTnc4kmz75fS/jY2MMddj2gbICrsRhetPfHtXV/WVhJDP1H18GbtCFY2VVPe0a
-87VXE15/V8k1mE8McODmi3fipona8+/och3xWKE2rec1MKzKT0g6eXq8CrGCsyT7
-YdEIqUuyyOP7uWrat2DX9GgdT0Kj3jlN9K5W7edjcrsZCwenyO4KbXCeAvzhzffi
-7MA0BM0oNC9hkXL+nOmFg/+OTxIy7vKBg8P+OxtMb61zO7X8vC7CIAXFjvGDfRaD
-ssbzSibBsu/6iGtCOGEoXJf//////////wIBAg==
------END DH PARAMETERS-----
-        _end_of_pem_
-        private_constant :DH_ffdhe2048
-
-        DEFAULT_TMP_DH_CALLBACK = lambda { |ctx, is_export, keylen| # :nodoc:
-          warn "using default DH parameters." if $VERBOSE
-          DH_ffdhe2048
-        }
-      end
-
       if !OpenSSL::OPENSSL_VERSION.start_with?("OpenSSL")
         DEFAULT_PARAMS.merge!(
           min_version: OpenSSL::SSL::TLS1_VERSION,
@@ -85,26 +66,13 @@ ssbzSibBsu/6iGtCOGEoXJf//////////wIBAg==
             AES256-SHA256
             AES128-SHA
             AES256-SHA
-          }.join(":"),
+          }.join(":").freeze,
         )
       end
+      DEFAULT_PARAMS.freeze
 
       DEFAULT_CERT_STORE = OpenSSL::X509::Store.new # :nodoc:
       DEFAULT_CERT_STORE.set_default_paths
-      DEFAULT_CERT_STORE.flags = OpenSSL::X509::V_FLAG_CRL_CHECK_ALL
-
-      # A callback invoked when DH parameters are required for ephemeral DH key
-      # exchange.
-      #
-      # The callback is invoked with the SSLSocket, a
-      # flag indicating the use of an export cipher and the keylength
-      # required.
-      #
-      # The callback must return an OpenSSL::PKey::DH instance of the correct
-      # key length.
-      #
-      # <b>Deprecated in version 3.0.</b> Use #tmp_dh= instead.
-      attr_accessor :tmp_dh_callback
 
       # A callback invoked at connect time to distinguish between multiple
       # server names.
@@ -147,7 +115,14 @@ ssbzSibBsu/6iGtCOGEoXJf//////////wIBAg==
         params.each{|name, value| self.__send__("#{name}=", value) }
         if self.verify_mode != OpenSSL::SSL::VERIFY_NONE
           unless self.ca_file or self.ca_path or self.cert_store
-            self.cert_store = DEFAULT_CERT_STORE
+            if not defined?(Ractor) or Ractor.current == Ractor.main
+              self.cert_store = DEFAULT_CERT_STORE
+            else
+              self.cert_store = Ractor.current[:__openssl_default_store__] ||=
+                OpenSSL::X509::Store.new.tap { |store|
+                  store.set_default_paths
+                }
+            end
           end
         end
         return params
@@ -457,10 +432,6 @@ ssbzSibBsu/6iGtCOGEoXJf//////////wIBAg==
         @context.client_cert_cb
       end
 
-      def tmp_dh_callback
-        @context.tmp_dh_callback || OpenSSL::SSL::SSLContext::DEFAULT_TMP_DH_CALLBACK
-      end
-
       def session_new_cb
         @context.session_new_cb
       end
diff --git a/ext/openssl/lib/openssl/version.rb b/ext/openssl/lib/openssl/version.rb
index 3398fe39cc..88570562e2 100644
--- a/ext/openssl/lib/openssl/version.rb
+++ b/ext/openssl/lib/openssl/version.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true
 
 module OpenSSL
-  VERSION = "3.3.0"
+  # The version string of Ruby/OpenSSL.
+  VERSION = "4.0.0"
 end
diff --git a/ext/openssl/lib/openssl/x509.rb b/ext/openssl/lib/openssl/x509.rb
index 6459d37b12..66765ffeab 100644
--- a/ext/openssl/lib/openssl/x509.rb
+++ b/ext/openssl/lib/openssl/x509.rb
@@ -346,6 +346,15 @@ module OpenSSL
       include Extension::CRLDistributionPoints
       include Extension::AuthorityInfoAccess
 
+      def inspect
+        "#<#{self.class}: " \
+          "subject=#{subject.inspect}, " \
+          "issuer=#{issuer.inspect}, " \
+          "serial=#{serial.inspect}, " \
+          "not_before=#{not_before.inspect rescue "(error)"}, " \
+          "not_after=#{not_after.inspect rescue "(error)"}>"
+      end
+
       def pretty_print(q)
         q.object_group(self) {
           q.breakable
diff --git a/ext/openssl/openssl.gemspec b/ext/openssl/openssl.gemspec
index 9f7c718592..7072d599d8 100644
--- a/ext/openssl/openssl.gemspec
+++ b/ext/openssl/openssl.gemspec
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 Gem::Specification.new do |spec|
   spec.name          = "openssl"
-  spec.version       = "3.3.0"
+  spec.version       = "4.0.0"
   spec.authors       = ["Martin Bosslet", "SHIBATA Hiroshi", "Zachary Scott", "Kazuki Yamaguchi"]
   spec.email         = ["ruby-core@ruby-lang.org"]
   spec.summary       = %q{SSL/TLS and general-purpose cryptography for Ruby}
@@ -13,7 +13,8 @@ Gem::Specification.new do |spec|
     spec.files       = []
     spec.add_runtime_dependency('jruby-openssl', '~> 0.14')
   else
-    spec.files         = Dir["lib/**/*.rb", "ext/**/*.{c,h,rb}", "*.md", "BSDL", "COPYING"]
+    spec.files         = Dir.glob(["lib/**/*.rb", "ext/**/*.{c,h,rb}", "*.md"], base: File.expand_path("..", __FILE__)) +
+                         ["BSDL", "COPYING"]
     spec.require_paths = ["lib"]
     spec.extensions    = ["ext/openssl/extconf.rb"]
   end
diff --git a/ext/openssl/ossl.c b/ext/openssl/ossl.c
index 60780790b0..98127fcba0 100644
--- a/ext/openssl/ossl.c
+++ b/ext/openssl/ossl.c
@@ -13,71 +13,71 @@
 /*
  * Data Conversion
  */
-#define OSSL_IMPL_ARY2SK(name, type, expected_class, dup)	\
-VALUE								\
-ossl_##name##_ary2sk0(VALUE ary)				\
-{								\
-    STACK_OF(type) *sk;						\
-    VALUE val;							\
-    type *x;							\
-    int i;							\
-    								\
-    Check_Type(ary, T_ARRAY);					\
-    sk = sk_##type##_new_null();				\
-    if (!sk) ossl_raise(eOSSLError, NULL);			\
-    								\
-    for (i = 0; i < RARRAY_LEN(ary); i++) {			\
-	val = rb_ary_entry(ary, i);				\
-	if (!rb_obj_is_kind_of(val, expected_class)) {		\
-	    sk_##type##_pop_free(sk, type##_free);		\
-	    ossl_raise(eOSSLError, "object in array not"	\
-		       " of class ##type##");			\
-	}							\
-	x = dup(val); /* NEED TO DUP */				\
-	sk_##type##_push(sk, x);				\
-    }								\
-    return (VALUE)sk;						\
-}								\
-								\
-STACK_OF(type) *						\
-ossl_protect_##name##_ary2sk(VALUE ary, int *status)		\
-{								\
-    return (STACK_OF(type)*)rb_protect(				\
-	    (VALUE (*)(VALUE))ossl_##name##_ary2sk0,		\
-	    ary,						\
-	    status);						\
-}								\
-								\
-STACK_OF(type) *						\
-ossl_##name##_ary2sk(VALUE ary)					\
-{								\
-    STACK_OF(type) *sk;						\
-    int status = 0;						\
-    								\
-    sk = ossl_protect_##name##_ary2sk(ary, &status);		\
-    if (status) rb_jump_tag(status);				\
-								\
-    return sk;							\
+#define OSSL_IMPL_ARY2SK(name, type, expected_class, dup)       \
+VALUE                                                           \
+ossl_##name##_ary2sk0(VALUE ary)                                \
+{                                                               \
+    STACK_OF(type) *sk;                                         \
+    VALUE val;                                                  \
+    type *x;                                                    \
+    int i;                                                      \
+                                                                \
+    Check_Type(ary, T_ARRAY);                                   \
+    sk = sk_##type##_new_null();                                \
+    if (!sk) ossl_raise(eOSSLError, NULL);                      \
+                                                                \
+    for (i = 0; i < RARRAY_LEN(ary); i++) {                     \
+        val = rb_ary_entry(ary, i);                             \
+        if (!rb_obj_is_kind_of(val, expected_class)) {          \
+            sk_##type##_pop_free(sk, type##_free);              \
+            ossl_raise(eOSSLError, "object in array not"        \
+                       " of class ##type##");                   \
+        }                                                       \
+        x = dup(val); /* NEED TO DUP */                         \
+        sk_##type##_push(sk, x);                                \
+    }                                                           \
+    return (VALUE)sk;                                           \
+}                                                               \
+                                                                \
+STACK_OF(type) *                                                \
+ossl_protect_##name##_ary2sk(VALUE ary, int *status)            \
+{                                                               \
+    return (STACK_OF(type)*)rb_protect(                         \
+            (VALUE (*)(VALUE))ossl_##name##_ary2sk0,            \
+            ary,                                                \
+            status);                                            \
+}                                                               \
+                                                                \
+STACK_OF(type) *                                                \
+ossl_##name##_ary2sk(VALUE ary)                                 \
+{                                                               \
+    STACK_OF(type) *sk;                                         \
+    int status = 0;                                             \
+                                                                \
+    sk = ossl_protect_##name##_ary2sk(ary, &status);            \
+    if (status) rb_jump_tag(status);                            \
+                                                                \
+    return sk;                                                  \
 }
 OSSL_IMPL_ARY2SK(x509, X509, cX509Cert, DupX509CertPtr)
 
-#define OSSL_IMPL_SK2ARY(name, type)	        \
-VALUE						\
-ossl_##name##_sk2ary(const STACK_OF(type) *sk)	\
-{						\
-    type *t;					\
-    int i, num;					\
-    VALUE ary;					\
-						\
-    RUBY_ASSERT(sk != NULL);			\
-    num = sk_##type##_num(sk);			\
-    ary = rb_ary_new_capa(num);			\
-						\
-    for (i=0; i<num; i++) {			\
-	t = sk_##type##_value(sk, i);		\
-	rb_ary_push(ary, ossl_##name##_new(t));	\
-    }						\
-    return ary;					\
+#define OSSL_IMPL_SK2ARY(name, type)            \
+VALUE                                           \
+ossl_##name##_sk2ary(const STACK_OF(type) *sk)  \
+{                                               \
+    type *t;                                    \
+    int i, num;                                 \
+    VALUE ary;                                  \
+                                                \
+    RUBY_ASSERT(sk != NULL);                    \
+    num = sk_##type##_num(sk);                  \
+    ary = rb_ary_new_capa(num);                 \
+                                                \
+    for (i=0; i<num; i++) {                     \
+        t = sk_##type##_value(sk, i);           \
+        rb_ary_push(ary, ossl_##name##_new(t)); \
+    }                                           \
+    return ary;                                 \
 }
 OSSL_IMPL_SK2ARY(x509, X509)
 OSSL_IMPL_SK2ARY(x509crl, X509_CRL)
@@ -97,14 +97,14 @@ ossl_str_new(const char *ptr, long len, int *pstate)
 
     str = rb_protect(ossl_str_new_i, len, &state);
     if (pstate)
-	*pstate = state;
+        *pstate = state;
     if (state) {
-	if (!pstate)
-	    rb_set_errinfo(Qnil);
-	return Qnil;
+        if (!pstate)
+            rb_set_errinfo(Qnil);
+        return Qnil;
     }
     if (ptr)
-	memcpy(RSTRING_PTR(str), ptr, len);
+        memcpy(RSTRING_PTR(str), ptr, len);
     return str;
 }
 
@@ -117,22 +117,22 @@ ossl_buf2str(char *buf, int len)
     str = ossl_str_new(buf, len, &state);
     OPENSSL_free(buf);
     if (state)
-	rb_jump_tag(state);
+        rb_jump_tag(state);
     return str;
 }
 
 void
-ossl_bin2hex(unsigned char *in, char *out, size_t inlen)
+ossl_bin2hex(const unsigned char *in, char *out, size_t inlen)
 {
     const char *hex = "0123456789abcdef";
     size_t i;
 
     assert(inlen <= LONG_MAX / 2);
     for (i = 0; i < inlen; i++) {
-	unsigned char p = in[i];
+        unsigned char p = in[i];
 
-	out[i * 2 + 0] = hex[p >> 4];
-	out[i * 2 + 1] = hex[p & 0x0f];
+        out[i * 2 + 0] = hex[p >> 4];
+        out[i * 2 + 1] = hex[p & 0x0f];
     }
 }
 
@@ -143,14 +143,14 @@ VALUE
 ossl_pem_passwd_value(VALUE pass)
 {
     if (NIL_P(pass))
-	return Qnil;
+        return Qnil;
 
     StringValue(pass);
 
     /* PEM_BUFSIZE is currently used as the second argument of pem_password_cb,
      * that is +max_len+ of ossl_pem_passwd_cb() */
     if (RSTRING_LEN(pass) > PEM_BUFSIZE)
-	ossl_raise(eOSSLError, "password must not be longer than %d bytes", PEM_BUFSIZE);
+        ossl_raise(eOSSLError, "password must not be longer than %d bytes", PEM_BUFSIZE);
 
     return pass;
 }
@@ -160,7 +160,7 @@ ossl_pem_passwd_cb0(VALUE flag)
 {
     VALUE pass = rb_yield(flag);
     if (NIL_P(pass))
-	return Qnil;
+        return Qnil;
     StringValue(pass);
     return pass;
 }
@@ -173,46 +173,46 @@ ossl_pem_passwd_cb(char *buf, int max_len, int flag, void *pwd_)
     VALUE rflag, pass = (VALUE)pwd_;
 
     if (RTEST(pass)) {
-	/* PEM_def_callback(buf, max_len, flag, StringValueCStr(pass)) does not
-	 * work because it does not allow NUL characters and truncates to 1024
-	 * bytes silently if the input is over 1024 bytes */
-	if (RB_TYPE_P(pass, T_STRING)) {
-	    len = RSTRING_LEN(pass);
-	    if (len <= max_len) {
-		memcpy(buf, RSTRING_PTR(pass), len);
-		return (int)len;
-	    }
-	}
-	OSSL_Debug("passed data is not valid String???");
-	return -1;
+        /* PEM_def_callback(buf, max_len, flag, StringValueCStr(pass)) does not
+         * work because it does not allow NUL characters and truncates to 1024
+         * bytes silently if the input is over 1024 bytes */
+        if (RB_TYPE_P(pass, T_STRING)) {
+            len = RSTRING_LEN(pass);
+            if (len <= max_len) {
+                memcpy(buf, RSTRING_PTR(pass), len);
+                return (int)len;
+            }
+        }
+        OSSL_Debug("passed data is not valid String???");
+        return -1;
     }
 
     if (!rb_block_given_p()) {
-	return PEM_def_callback(buf, max_len, flag, NULL);
+        return PEM_def_callback(buf, max_len, flag, NULL);
     }
 
     while (1) {
-	/*
-	 * when the flag is nonzero, this password
-	 * will be used to perform encryption; otherwise it will
-	 * be used to perform decryption.
-	 */
-	rflag = flag ? Qtrue : Qfalse;
-	pass  = rb_protect(ossl_pem_passwd_cb0, rflag, &status);
-	if (status) {
-	    /* ignore an exception raised. */
-	    rb_set_errinfo(Qnil);
-	    return -1;
-	}
-	if (NIL_P(pass))
-	    return -1;
-	len = RSTRING_LEN(pass);
-	if (len > max_len) {
-	    rb_warning("password must not be longer than %d bytes", max_len);
-	    continue;
-	}
-	memcpy(buf, RSTRING_PTR(pass), len);
-	break;
+        /*
+         * when the flag is nonzero, this password
+         * will be used to perform encryption; otherwise it will
+         * be used to perform decryption.
+         */
+        rflag = flag ? Qtrue : Qfalse;
+        pass  = rb_protect(ossl_pem_passwd_cb0, rflag, &status);
+        if (status) {
+            /* ignore an exception raised. */
+            rb_set_errinfo(Qnil);
+            return -1;
+        }
+        if (NIL_P(pass))
+            return -1;
+        len = RSTRING_LEN(pass);
+        if (len > max_len) {
+            rb_warning("password must not be longer than %d bytes", max_len);
+            continue;
+        }
+        memcpy(buf, RSTRING_PTR(pass), len);
+        break;
     }
     return (int)len;
 }
@@ -247,19 +247,24 @@ VALUE
 ossl_to_der_if_possible(VALUE obj)
 {
     if(rb_respond_to(obj, ossl_s_to_der))
-	return ossl_to_der(obj);
+        return ossl_to_der(obj);
     return obj;
 }
 
 /*
  * Errors
  */
+static ID id_i_errors;
+
+static void collect_errors_into(VALUE ary);
+
 VALUE
 ossl_make_error(VALUE exc, VALUE str)
 {
     unsigned long e;
     const char *data;
     int flags;
+    VALUE errors = rb_ary_new();
 
     if (NIL_P(str))
         str = rb_str_new(NULL, 0);
@@ -276,10 +281,12 @@ ossl_make_error(VALUE exc, VALUE str)
         rb_str_cat_cstr(str, msg ? msg : "(null)");
         if (flags & ERR_TXT_STRING && data)
             rb_str_catf(str, " (%s)", data);
-        ossl_clear_error();
+        collect_errors_into(errors);
     }
 
-    return rb_exc_new_str(exc, str);
+    VALUE obj = rb_exc_new_str(exc, str);
+    rb_ivar_set(obj, id_i_errors, errors);
+    return obj;
 }
 
 void
@@ -289,24 +296,23 @@ ossl_raise(VALUE exc, const char *fmt, ...)
     VALUE err;
 
     if (fmt) {
-	va_start(args, fmt);
-	err = rb_vsprintf(fmt, args);
-	va_end(args);
+        va_start(args, fmt);
+        err = rb_vsprintf(fmt, args);
+        va_end(args);
     }
     else {
-	err = Qnil;
+        err = Qnil;
     }
 
     rb_exc_raise(ossl_make_error(exc, err));
 }
 
-void
-ossl_clear_error(void)
+static void
+collect_errors_into(VALUE ary)
 {
-    if (dOSSL == Qtrue) {
+    if (dOSSL == Qtrue || !NIL_P(ary)) {
         unsigned long e;
         const char *file, *data, *func, *lib, *reason;
-        char append[256] = "";
         int line, flags;
 
 #ifdef HAVE_ERR_GET_ERROR_ALL
@@ -318,13 +324,18 @@ ossl_clear_error(void)
             lib = ERR_lib_error_string(e);
             reason = ERR_reason_error_string(e);
 
+            VALUE str = rb_sprintf("error:%08lX:%s:%s:%s", e, lib ? lib : "",
+                                   func ? func : "", reason ? reason : "");
             if (flags & ERR_TXT_STRING) {
                 if (!data)
                     data = "(null)";
-                snprintf(append, sizeof(append), " (%s)", data);
+                rb_str_catf(str, " (%s)", data);
             }
-            rb_warn("error on stack: error:%08lX:%s:%s:%s%s", e, lib ? lib : "",
-                    func ? func : "", reason ? reason : "", append);
+
+            if (dOSSL == Qtrue)
+                rb_warn("error on stack: %"PRIsVALUE, str);
+            if (!NIL_P(ary))
+                rb_ary_push(ary, str);
         }
     }
     else {
@@ -332,14 +343,59 @@ ossl_clear_error(void)
     }
 }
 
+void
+ossl_clear_error(void)
+{
+    collect_errors_into(Qnil);
+}
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *    ossl_error.detailed_message(**) -> string
+ *
+ * Returns the exception message decorated with the captured \OpenSSL error
+ * queue entries.
+ */
+static VALUE
+osslerror_detailed_message(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
+{
+    VALUE str;
+#ifdef HAVE_RB_CALL_SUPER_KW
+    // Ruby >= 3.2
+    if (RTEST(rb_funcall(rb_eException, rb_intern("method_defined?"), 1,
+                         ID2SYM(rb_intern("detailed_message")))))
+        str = rb_call_super_kw(argc, argv, RB_PASS_CALLED_KEYWORDS);
+    else
+#endif
+        str = rb_funcall(self, rb_intern("message"), 0);
+    VALUE errors = rb_attr_get(self, id_i_errors);
+
+    // OpenSSLError was not created by ossl_make_error()
+    if (!RB_TYPE_P(errors, T_ARRAY))
+        return str;
+
+    str = rb_str_resurrect(str);
+    rb_str_catf(str, "\nOpenSSL error queue reported %ld errors:",
+                RARRAY_LEN(errors));
+    for (long i = 0; i < RARRAY_LEN(errors); i++) {
+        VALUE err = RARRAY_AREF(errors, i);
+        rb_str_catf(str, "\n%"PRIsVALUE, err);
+    }
+    return str;
+}
+
 /*
  * call-seq:
  *   OpenSSL.errors -> [String...]
  *
- * See any remaining errors held in queue.
+ * Returns any remaining errors held in the \OpenSSL thread-local error queue
+ * and clears the queue. This should normally return an empty array.
+ *
+ * This is intended for debugging Ruby/OpenSSL. If you see any errors here,
+ * it likely indicates a bug in the extension. Please file an issue at
+ * https://github.com/ruby/openssl.
  *
- * Any errors you see here are probably due to a bug in Ruby's OpenSSL
- * implementation.
+ * For debugging your program, OpenSSL.debug= may be useful.
  */
 static VALUE
 ossl_get_errors(VALUE _)
@@ -363,6 +419,8 @@ VALUE dOSSL;
 /*
  * call-seq:
  *   OpenSSL.debug -> true | false
+ *
+ * Returns whether Ruby/OpenSSL's debug mode is currently enabled.
  */
 static VALUE
 ossl_debug_get(VALUE self)
@@ -372,9 +430,9 @@ ossl_debug_get(VALUE self)
 
 /*
  * call-seq:
- *   OpenSSL.debug = boolean -> boolean
+ *   OpenSSL.debug = boolean
  *
- * Turns on or off debug mode. With debug mode, all errors added to the OpenSSL
+ * Turns on or off debug mode. With debug mode, all errors added to the \OpenSSL
  * error queue will be printed to stderr.
  */
 static VALUE
@@ -388,6 +446,8 @@ ossl_debug_set(VALUE self, VALUE val)
 /*
  * call-seq:
  *   OpenSSL.fips_mode -> true | false
+ *
+ * Returns whether the FIPS mode is currently enabled.
  */
 static VALUE
 ossl_fips_mode_get(VALUE self)
@@ -408,10 +468,10 @@ ossl_fips_mode_get(VALUE self)
 
 /*
  * call-seq:
- *   OpenSSL.fips_mode = boolean -> boolean
+ *   OpenSSL.fips_mode = boolean
  *
  * Turns FIPS mode on or off. Turning on FIPS mode will obviously only have an
- * effect for FIPS-capable installations of the OpenSSL library. Trying to do
+ * effect for FIPS-capable installations of the \OpenSSL library. Trying to do
  * so otherwise will result in an error.
  *
  * === Examples
@@ -434,30 +494,30 @@ ossl_fips_mode_set(VALUE self, VALUE enabled)
     return enabled;
 #elif defined(OPENSSL_FIPS) || defined(OPENSSL_IS_AWSLC)
     if (RTEST(enabled)) {
-	int mode = FIPS_mode();
-	if(!mode && !FIPS_mode_set(1)) /* turning on twice leads to an error */
-	    ossl_raise(eOSSLError, "Turning on FIPS mode failed");
+        int mode = FIPS_mode();
+        if(!mode && !FIPS_mode_set(1)) /* turning on twice leads to an error */
+            ossl_raise(eOSSLError, "Turning on FIPS mode failed");
     } else {
-	if(!FIPS_mode_set(0)) /* turning off twice is OK */
-	    ossl_raise(eOSSLError, "Turning off FIPS mode failed");
+        if(!FIPS_mode_set(0)) /* turning off twice is OK */
+            ossl_raise(eOSSLError, "Turning off FIPS mode failed");
     }
     return enabled;
 #else
     if (RTEST(enabled))
-	ossl_raise(eOSSLError, "This version of OpenSSL does not support FIPS mode");
+        ossl_raise(eOSSLError, "This version of OpenSSL does not support FIPS mode");
     return enabled;
 #endif
 }
 
 /*
  * call-seq:
- *   OpenSSL.fixed_length_secure_compare(string, string) -> boolean
+ *   OpenSSL.fixed_length_secure_compare(string, string) -> true or false
  *
  * Constant time memory comparison for fixed length strings, such as results
- * of HMAC calculations.
+ * of \HMAC calculations.
  *
  * Returns +true+ if the strings are identical, +false+ if they are of the same
- * length but not identical. If the length is different, +ArgumentError+ is
+ * length but not identical. If the length is different, ArgumentError is
  * raised.
  */
 static VALUE
@@ -473,13 +533,13 @@ ossl_crypto_fixed_length_secure_compare(VALUE dummy, VALUE str1, VALUE str2)
     }
 
     switch (CRYPTO_memcmp(p1, p2, len1)) {
-        case 0:	return Qtrue;
-        default: return Qfalse;
+      case 0: return Qtrue;
+      default: return Qfalse;
     }
 }
 
 /*
- * OpenSSL provides SSL, TLS and general purpose cryptography.  It wraps the
+ * OpenSSL provides \SSL, TLS and general purpose cryptography.  It wraps the
  * OpenSSL[https://www.openssl.org/] library.
  *
  * = Examples
@@ -534,7 +594,7 @@ ossl_crypto_fixed_length_secure_compare(VALUE dummy, VALUE str1, VALUE str2)
  *
  * === Loading an Encrypted Key
  *
- * OpenSSL will prompt you for your password when loading an encrypted key.
+ * \OpenSSL will prompt you for your password when loading an encrypted key.
  * If you will not be able to type in the password you may provide it when
  * loading the key:
  *
@@ -597,7 +657,7 @@ ossl_crypto_fixed_length_secure_compare(VALUE dummy, VALUE str1, VALUE str2)
  *
  * == PBKDF2 Password-based Encryption
  *
- * If supported by the underlying OpenSSL version used, Password-based
+ * If supported by the underlying \OpenSSL version used, Password-based
  * Encryption should use the features of PKCS5. If not supported or if
  * required by legacy applications, the older, less secure methods specified
  * in RFC 2898 are also supported (see below).
@@ -656,7 +716,7 @@ ossl_crypto_fixed_length_secure_compare(VALUE dummy, VALUE str1, VALUE str2)
  *   decrypted = cipher.update encrypted
  *   decrypted << cipher.final
  *
- * == X509 Certificates
+ * == \X509 Certificates
  *
  * === Creating a Certificate
  *
@@ -693,7 +753,7 @@ ossl_crypto_fixed_length_secure_compare(VALUE dummy, VALUE str1, VALUE str2)
  *     extension_factory.create_extension('subjectKeyIdentifier', 'hash')
  *
  * The list of supported extensions (and in some cases their possible values)
- * can be derived from the "objects.h" file in the OpenSSL source code.
+ * can be derived from the "objects.h" file in the \OpenSSL source code.
  *
  * === Signing a Certificate
  *
@@ -847,23 +907,23 @@ ossl_crypto_fixed_length_secure_compare(VALUE dummy, VALUE str1, VALUE str2)
  *     io.write csr_cert.to_pem
  *   end
  *
- * == SSL and TLS Connections
+ * == \SSL and TLS Connections
  *
- * Using our created key and certificate we can create an SSL or TLS connection.
- * An SSLContext is used to set up an SSL session.
+ * Using our created key and certificate we can create an \SSL or TLS
+ * connection. An OpenSSL::SSL::SSLContext is used to set up an \SSL session.
  *
  *   context = OpenSSL::SSL::SSLContext.new
  *
- * === SSL Server
+ * === \SSL Server
  *
- * An SSL server requires the certificate and private key to communicate
+ * An \SSL server requires the certificate and private key to communicate
  * securely with its clients:
  *
  *   context.cert = cert
  *   context.key = key
  *
- * Then create an SSLServer with a TCP server socket and the context.  Use the
- * SSLServer like an ordinary TCP server.
+ * Then create an OpenSSL::SSL::SSLServer with a TCP server socket and the
+ * context.  Use the SSLServer like an ordinary TCP server.
  *
  *   require 'socket'
  *
@@ -882,14 +942,15 @@ ossl_crypto_fixed_length_secure_compare(VALUE dummy, VALUE str1, VALUE str2)
  *     ssl_connection.close
  *   end
  *
- * === SSL client
+ * === \SSL client
  *
- * An SSL client is created with a TCP socket and the context.
- * SSLSocket#connect must be called to initiate the SSL handshake and start
- * encryption.  A key and certificate are not required for the client socket.
+ * An \SSL client is created with a TCP socket and the context.
+ * OpenSSL::SSL::SSLSocket#connect must be called to initiate the \SSL handshake
+ * and start encryption.  A key and certificate are not required for the client
+ * socket.
  *
- * Note that SSLSocket#close doesn't close the underlying socket by default. Set
- * SSLSocket#sync_close to true if you want.
+ * Note that OpenSSL::SSL::SSLSocket#close doesn't close the underlying socket
+ * by default. Set OpenSSL::SSL::SSLSocket#sync_close to true if you want.
  *
  *   require 'socket'
  *
@@ -905,7 +966,7 @@ ossl_crypto_fixed_length_secure_compare(VALUE dummy, VALUE str1, VALUE str2)
  *
  * === Peer Verification
  *
- * An unverified SSL connection does not provide much security.  For enhanced
+ * An unverified \SSL connection does not provide much security.  For enhanced
  * security the client or server can verify the certificate of its peer.
  *
  * The client can be modified to verify the server's certificate against the
@@ -956,22 +1017,34 @@ Init_openssl(void)
     rb_define_singleton_method(mOSSL, "fixed_length_secure_compare", ossl_crypto_fixed_length_secure_compare, 2);
 
     /*
-     * Version of OpenSSL the ruby OpenSSL extension was built with
+     * \OpenSSL library version string used to compile the Ruby/OpenSSL
+     * extension. This may differ from the version used at runtime.
      */
-    rb_define_const(mOSSL, "OPENSSL_VERSION", rb_str_new2(OPENSSL_VERSION_TEXT));
+    rb_define_const(mOSSL, "OPENSSL_VERSION",
+                    rb_obj_freeze(rb_str_new_cstr(OPENSSL_VERSION_TEXT)));
 
     /*
-     * Version of OpenSSL the ruby OpenSSL extension is running with
+     * \OpenSSL library version string currently used at runtime.
      */
-    rb_define_const(mOSSL, "OPENSSL_LIBRARY_VERSION", rb_str_new2(OpenSSL_version(OPENSSL_VERSION)));
+    rb_define_const(
+        mOSSL,
+        "OPENSSL_LIBRARY_VERSION",
+        rb_obj_freeze(rb_str_new_cstr(OpenSSL_version(OPENSSL_VERSION)))
+    );
 
     /*
-     * Version number of OpenSSL the ruby OpenSSL extension was built with
-     * (base 16). The formats are below.
+     * \OpenSSL library version number used to compile the Ruby/OpenSSL
+     * extension. This may differ from the version used at runtime.
+     *
+     * The version number is encoded into a single integer value. The number
+     * follows the format:
      *
-     * [OpenSSL 3] <tt>0xMNN00PP0 (major minor 00 patch 0)</tt>
-     * [OpenSSL before 3] <tt>0xMNNFFPPS (major minor fix patch status)</tt>
-     * [LibreSSL] <tt>0x20000000 (fixed value)</tt>
+     * [\OpenSSL 3.0.0 or later]
+     *   <tt>0xMNN00PP0</tt> (major minor 00 patch 0)
+     * [\OpenSSL 1.1.1 or earlier]
+     *   <tt>0xMNNFFPPS</tt> (major minor fix patch status)
+     * [LibreSSL]
+     *   <tt>0x20000000</tt> (a fixed value)
      *
      * See also the man page OPENSSL_VERSION_NUMBER(3).
      */
@@ -979,9 +1052,12 @@ Init_openssl(void)
 
 #if defined(LIBRESSL_VERSION_NUMBER)
     /*
-     * Version number of LibreSSL the ruby OpenSSL extension was built with
-     * (base 16). The format is <tt>0xMNNFF00f (major minor fix 00
-     * status)</tt>. This constant is only defined in LibreSSL cases.
+     * LibreSSL library version number used to compile the Ruby/OpenSSL
+     * extension. This may differ from the version used at runtime.
+     *
+     * This constant is only defined if the extension was compiled against
+     * LibreSSL. The number follows the format:
+     * <tt>0xMNNFF00f</tt> (major minor fix 00 status).
      *
      * See also the man page LIBRESSL_VERSION_NUMBER(3).
      */
@@ -989,30 +1065,50 @@ Init_openssl(void)
 #endif
 
     /*
-     * Boolean indicating whether OpenSSL is FIPS-capable or not
+     * Boolean indicating whether the \OpenSSL library is FIPS-capable or not.
+     * Always <tt>true</tt> for \OpenSSL 3.0 and later.
+     *
+     * This is obsolete and will be removed in the future.
+     * See also OpenSSL.fips_mode.
      */
     rb_define_const(mOSSL, "OPENSSL_FIPS",
 /* OpenSSL 3 is FIPS-capable even when it is installed without fips option */
 #if OSSL_OPENSSL_PREREQ(3, 0, 0)
                     Qtrue
 #elif defined(OPENSSL_FIPS)
-		    Qtrue
+                    Qtrue
 #elif defined(OPENSSL_IS_AWSLC) // AWS-LC FIPS can only be enabled during compile time.
-            FIPS_mode() ? Qtrue : Qfalse
+                    FIPS_mode() ? Qtrue : Qfalse
 #else
-		    Qfalse
+                    Qfalse
 #endif
-		   );
+                   );
 
     rb_define_module_function(mOSSL, "fips_mode", ossl_fips_mode_get, 0);
     rb_define_module_function(mOSSL, "fips_mode=", ossl_fips_mode_set, 1);
 
     rb_global_variable(&eOSSLError);
     /*
-     * Generic error,
-     * common for all classes under OpenSSL module
+     * Generic error class for OpenSSL. All error classes in this library
+     * inherit from this class.
+     *
+     * This class indicates that an error was reported by the underlying
+     * \OpenSSL library.
+     */
+    eOSSLError = rb_define_class_under(mOSSL, "OpenSSLError", rb_eStandardError);
+    /*
+     * \OpenSSL error queue entries captured at the time the exception was
+     * raised. The same information is printed to stderr if OpenSSL.debug is
+     * set to +true+.
+     *
+     * This is an array of zero or more strings, ordered from the oldest to the
+     * newest. The format of the strings is not stable and may vary across
+     * versions of \OpenSSL or versions of this Ruby extension.
+     *
+     * See also the man page ERR_get_error(3).
      */
-    eOSSLError = rb_define_class_under(mOSSL,"OpenSSLError",rb_eStandardError);
+    rb_attr(eOSSLError, rb_intern_const("errors"), 1, 0, 0);
+    rb_define_method(eOSSLError, "detailed_message", osslerror_detailed_message, -1);
 
     /*
      * Init debug core
@@ -1028,6 +1124,7 @@ Init_openssl(void)
      * Get ID of to_der
      */
     ossl_s_to_der = rb_intern("to_der");
+    id_i_errors = rb_intern("@errors");
 
     /*
      * Init components
diff --git a/ext/openssl/ossl.h b/ext/openssl/ossl.h
index 9b20829b3f..0b479a7200 100644
--- a/ext/openssl/ossl.h
+++ b/ext/openssl/ossl.h
@@ -71,6 +71,11 @@
 
 #if OSSL_OPENSSL_PREREQ(3, 0, 0)
 # define OSSL_USE_PROVIDER
+# include <openssl/provider.h>
+#endif
+
+#if OSSL_OPENSSL_PREREQ(3, 0, 0)
+# define OSSL_HAVE_IMMUTABLE_PKEY
 #endif
 
 /*
@@ -87,10 +92,10 @@ extern VALUE eOSSLError;
  * CheckTypes
  */
 #define OSSL_Check_Kind(obj, klass) do {\
-  if (!rb_obj_is_kind_of((obj), (klass))) {\
-    ossl_raise(rb_eTypeError, "wrong argument (%"PRIsVALUE")! (Expected kind of %"PRIsVALUE")",\
-               rb_obj_class(obj), (klass));\
-  }\
+    if (!rb_obj_is_kind_of((obj), (klass))) {\
+        ossl_raise(rb_eTypeError, "wrong argument (%"PRIsVALUE")! (Expected kind of %"PRIsVALUE")",\
+                   rb_obj_class(obj), (klass));\
+    }\
 } while (0)
 
 /*
@@ -126,7 +131,7 @@ do{\
  * Convert binary string to hex string. The caller is responsible for
  * ensuring out has (2 * len) bytes of capacity.
  */
-void ossl_bin2hex(unsigned char *in, char *out, size_t len);
+void ossl_bin2hex(const unsigned char *in, char *out, size_t len);
 
 /*
  * Our default PEM callback
@@ -169,11 +174,11 @@ VALUE ossl_to_der_if_possible(VALUE);
 extern VALUE dOSSL;
 
 #define OSSL_Debug(...) do { \
-  if (dOSSL == Qtrue) { \
-    fprintf(stderr, "OSSL_DEBUG: "); \
-    fprintf(stderr, __VA_ARGS__); \
-    fprintf(stderr, " [%s:%d]\n", __FILE__, __LINE__); \
-  } \
+    if (dOSSL == Qtrue) { \
+        fprintf(stderr, "OSSL_DEBUG: "); \
+        fprintf(stderr, __VA_ARGS__); \
+        fprintf(stderr, " [%s:%d]\n", __FILE__, __LINE__); \
+    } \
 } while (0)
 
 /*
diff --git a/ext/openssl/ossl_asn1.c b/ext/openssl/ossl_asn1.c
index 9999664b87..71a87f0463 100644
--- a/ext/openssl/ossl_asn1.c
+++ b/ext/openssl/ossl_asn1.c
@@ -9,63 +9,81 @@
  */
 #include "ossl.h"
 
-static VALUE ossl_asn1_decode0(unsigned char **pp, long length, long *offset,
-			       int depth, int yield, long *num_read);
+/********/
+/*
+ * ASN1 module
+ */
+#define ossl_asn1_get_value(o)           rb_attr_get((o),sivVALUE)
+#define ossl_asn1_get_tag(o)             rb_attr_get((o),sivTAG)
+#define ossl_asn1_get_tagging(o)         rb_attr_get((o),sivTAGGING)
+#define ossl_asn1_get_tag_class(o)       rb_attr_get((o),sivTAG_CLASS)
+#define ossl_asn1_get_indefinite_length(o) rb_attr_get((o),sivINDEFINITE_LENGTH)
+
+#define ossl_asn1_set_value(o,v)           rb_ivar_set((o),sivVALUE,(v))
+#define ossl_asn1_set_tag(o,v)             rb_ivar_set((o),sivTAG,(v))
+#define ossl_asn1_set_tagging(o,v)         rb_ivar_set((o),sivTAGGING,(v))
+#define ossl_asn1_set_tag_class(o,v)       rb_ivar_set((o),sivTAG_CLASS,(v))
+#define ossl_asn1_set_indefinite_length(o,v) rb_ivar_set((o),sivINDEFINITE_LENGTH,(v))
+
+VALUE mASN1;
+static VALUE eASN1Error;
+
+VALUE cASN1Data;
+static VALUE cASN1Primitive;
+static VALUE cASN1Constructive;
+
+static VALUE cASN1EndOfContent;
+static VALUE cASN1Boolean;                           /* BOOLEAN           */
+static VALUE cASN1Integer, cASN1Enumerated;          /* INTEGER           */
+static VALUE cASN1BitString;                         /* BIT STRING        */
+static VALUE cASN1OctetString, cASN1UTF8String;      /* STRINGs           */
+static VALUE cASN1NumericString, cASN1PrintableString;
+static VALUE cASN1T61String, cASN1VideotexString;
+static VALUE cASN1IA5String, cASN1GraphicString;
+static VALUE cASN1ISO64String, cASN1GeneralString;
+static VALUE cASN1UniversalString, cASN1BMPString;
+static VALUE cASN1Null;                              /* NULL              */
+static VALUE cASN1ObjectId;                          /* OBJECT IDENTIFIER */
+static VALUE cASN1UTCTime, cASN1GeneralizedTime;     /* TIME              */
+static VALUE cASN1Sequence, cASN1Set;                /* CONSTRUCTIVE      */
+
+static VALUE sym_IMPLICIT, sym_EXPLICIT;
+static VALUE sym_UNIVERSAL, sym_APPLICATION, sym_CONTEXT_SPECIFIC, sym_PRIVATE;
+static ID sivVALUE, sivTAG, sivTAG_CLASS, sivTAGGING, sivINDEFINITE_LENGTH, sivUNUSED_BITS;
+static ID id_each;
 
 /*
  * DATE conversion
  */
+static VALUE
+time_utc_new(VALUE args)
+{
+    return rb_funcallv(rb_cTime, rb_intern("utc"), 6, (VALUE *)args);
+}
+
+static VALUE
+time_utc_new_rescue(VALUE args, VALUE exc)
+{
+    rb_raise(eASN1Error, "invalid time");
+}
+
 VALUE
 asn1time_to_time(const ASN1_TIME *time)
 {
     struct tm tm;
-    VALUE argv[6];
-    int count;
-
-    memset(&tm, 0, sizeof(struct tm));
-
-    switch (time->type) {
-    case V_ASN1_UTCTIME:
-	count = sscanf((const char *)time->data, "%2d%2d%2d%2d%2d%2dZ",
-		&tm.tm_year, &tm.tm_mon, &tm.tm_mday, &tm.tm_hour, &tm.tm_min,
-		&tm.tm_sec);
-
-	if (count == 5) {
-	    tm.tm_sec = 0;
-	} else if (count != 6) {
-	    ossl_raise(rb_eTypeError, "bad UTCTIME format: \"%s\"",
-		    time->data);
-	}
-	if (tm.tm_year < 69) {
-	    tm.tm_year += 2000;
-	} else {
-	    tm.tm_year += 1900;
-	}
-	break;
-    case V_ASN1_GENERALIZEDTIME:
-	count = sscanf((const char *)time->data, "%4d%2d%2d%2d%2d%2dZ",
-		&tm.tm_year, &tm.tm_mon, &tm.tm_mday, &tm.tm_hour, &tm.tm_min,
-		&tm.tm_sec);
-	if (count == 5) {
-		tm.tm_sec = 0;
-	}
-	else if (count != 6) {
-		ossl_raise(rb_eTypeError, "bad GENERALIZEDTIME format: \"%s\"",
-			time->data);
-	}
-	break;
-    default:
-	rb_warning("unknown time format");
-        return Qnil;
-    }
-    argv[0] = INT2NUM(tm.tm_year);
-    argv[1] = INT2NUM(tm.tm_mon);
-    argv[2] = INT2NUM(tm.tm_mday);
-    argv[3] = INT2NUM(tm.tm_hour);
-    argv[4] = INT2NUM(tm.tm_min);
-    argv[5] = INT2NUM(tm.tm_sec);
-
-    return rb_funcall2(rb_cTime, rb_intern("utc"), 6, argv);
+    if (!ASN1_TIME_to_tm(time, &tm))
+        ossl_raise(eASN1Error, "ASN1_TIME_to_tm");
+
+    VALUE args[] = {
+        INT2NUM(tm.tm_year + 1900),
+        INT2NUM(tm.tm_mon + 1),
+        INT2NUM(tm.tm_mday),
+        INT2NUM(tm.tm_hour),
+        INT2NUM(tm.tm_min),
+        INT2NUM(tm.tm_sec),
+    };
+    return rb_rescue2(time_utc_new, (VALUE)args, time_utc_new_rescue, Qnil,
+                      rb_eArgError, 0);
 }
 
 static VALUE
@@ -80,13 +98,13 @@ ossl_time_split(VALUE time, time_t *sec, int *days)
     VALUE num = rb_Integer(time);
 
     if (FIXNUM_P(num)) {
-	time_t t = FIX2LONG(num);
-	*sec = t % 86400;
-	*days = rb_long2int(t / 86400);
+        time_t t = FIX2LONG(num);
+        *sec = t % 86400;
+        *days = rb_long2int(t / 86400);
     }
     else {
-	*days = NUM2INT(rb_funcall(num, rb_intern("/"), 1, INT2FIX(86400)));
-	*sec = NUM2TIMET(rb_funcall(num, rb_intern("%"), 1, INT2FIX(86400)));
+        *days = NUM2INT(rb_funcall(num, rb_intern("/"), 1, INT2FIX(86400)));
+        *sec = NUM2TIMET(rb_funcall(num, rb_intern("%"), 1, INT2FIX(86400)));
     }
 }
 
@@ -96,7 +114,8 @@ ossl_time_split(VALUE time, time_t *sec, int *days)
 VALUE
 asn1str_to_str(const ASN1_STRING *str)
 {
-    return rb_str_new((const char *)str->data, str->length);
+    return rb_str_new((const char *)ASN1_STRING_get0_data(str),
+                      ASN1_STRING_length(str));
 }
 
 /*
@@ -109,16 +128,15 @@ asn1integer_to_num(const ASN1_INTEGER *ai)
     VALUE num;
 
     if (!ai) {
-	ossl_raise(rb_eTypeError, "ASN1_INTEGER is NULL!");
+        ossl_raise(rb_eTypeError, "ASN1_INTEGER is NULL!");
     }
-    if (ai->type == V_ASN1_ENUMERATED)
-	/* const_cast: workaround for old OpenSSL */
-	bn = ASN1_ENUMERATED_to_BN((ASN1_ENUMERATED *)ai, NULL);
+    if (ASN1_STRING_type(ai) == V_ASN1_ENUMERATED)
+        bn = ASN1_ENUMERATED_to_BN(ai, NULL);
     else
-	bn = ASN1_INTEGER_to_BN(ai, NULL);
+        bn = ASN1_INTEGER_to_BN(ai, NULL);
 
     if (!bn)
-	ossl_raise(eOSSLError, NULL);
+        ossl_raise(eOSSLError, NULL);
     num = ossl_bn_new(bn);
     BN_free(bn);
 
@@ -131,12 +149,12 @@ num_to_asn1integer(VALUE obj, ASN1_INTEGER *ai)
     BIGNUM *bn;
 
     if (NIL_P(obj))
-	ossl_raise(rb_eTypeError, "Can't convert nil into Integer");
+        ossl_raise(rb_eTypeError, "Can't convert nil into Integer");
 
     bn = GetBNPtr(obj);
 
     if (!(ai = BN_to_ASN1_INTEGER(bn, ai)))
-	ossl_raise(eOSSLError, NULL);
+        ossl_raise(eOSSLError, NULL);
 
     return ai;
 }
@@ -147,43 +165,47 @@ asn1integer_to_num_i(VALUE arg)
     return asn1integer_to_num((ASN1_INTEGER *)arg);
 }
 
-/********/
 /*
- * ASN1 module
+ * ASN1_OBJECT conversions
  */
-#define ossl_asn1_get_value(o)           rb_attr_get((o),sivVALUE)
-#define ossl_asn1_get_tag(o)             rb_attr_get((o),sivTAG)
-#define ossl_asn1_get_tagging(o)         rb_attr_get((o),sivTAGGING)
-#define ossl_asn1_get_tag_class(o)       rb_attr_get((o),sivTAG_CLASS)
-#define ossl_asn1_get_indefinite_length(o) rb_attr_get((o),sivINDEFINITE_LENGTH)
-
-#define ossl_asn1_set_indefinite_length(o,v) rb_ivar_set((o),sivINDEFINITE_LENGTH,(v))
-
-VALUE mASN1;
-VALUE eASN1Error;
+VALUE
+ossl_asn1obj_to_string_oid(const ASN1_OBJECT *a1obj)
+{
+    VALUE str;
+    int len;
 
-VALUE cASN1Data;
-static VALUE cASN1Primitive;
-static VALUE cASN1Constructive;
+    str = rb_usascii_str_new(NULL, 127);
+    len = OBJ_obj2txt(RSTRING_PTR(str), RSTRING_LENINT(str), a1obj, 1);
+    if (len <= 0 || len == INT_MAX)
+        ossl_raise(eOSSLError, "OBJ_obj2txt");
+    if (len > RSTRING_LEN(str)) {
+        /* +1 is for the \0 terminator added by OBJ_obj2txt() */
+        rb_str_resize(str, len + 1);
+        len = OBJ_obj2txt(RSTRING_PTR(str), len + 1, a1obj, 1);
+        if (len <= 0)
+            ossl_raise(eOSSLError, "OBJ_obj2txt");
+    }
+    rb_str_set_len(str, len);
+    return str;
+}
 
-static VALUE cASN1EndOfContent;
-static VALUE cASN1Boolean;                           /* BOOLEAN           */
-static VALUE cASN1Integer, cASN1Enumerated;          /* INTEGER           */
-static VALUE cASN1BitString;                         /* BIT STRING        */
-static VALUE cASN1OctetString, cASN1UTF8String;      /* STRINGs           */
-static VALUE cASN1NumericString, cASN1PrintableString;
-static VALUE cASN1T61String, cASN1VideotexString;
-static VALUE cASN1IA5String, cASN1GraphicString;
-static VALUE cASN1ISO64String, cASN1GeneralString;
-static VALUE cASN1UniversalString, cASN1BMPString;
-static VALUE cASN1Null;                              /* NULL              */
-static VALUE cASN1ObjectId;                          /* OBJECT IDENTIFIER */
-static VALUE cASN1UTCTime, cASN1GeneralizedTime;     /* TIME              */
-static VALUE cASN1Sequence, cASN1Set;                /* CONSTRUCTIVE      */
+VALUE
+ossl_asn1obj_to_string(const ASN1_OBJECT *obj)
+{
+    int nid = OBJ_obj2nid(obj);
+    if (nid != NID_undef)
+        return rb_str_new_cstr(OBJ_nid2sn(nid));
+    return ossl_asn1obj_to_string_oid(obj);
+}
 
-static VALUE sym_IMPLICIT, sym_EXPLICIT;
-static VALUE sym_UNIVERSAL, sym_APPLICATION, sym_CONTEXT_SPECIFIC, sym_PRIVATE;
-static ID sivVALUE, sivTAG, sivTAG_CLASS, sivTAGGING, sivINDEFINITE_LENGTH, sivUNUSED_BITS;
+VALUE
+ossl_asn1obj_to_string_long_name(const ASN1_OBJECT *obj)
+{
+    int nid = OBJ_obj2nid(obj);
+    if (nid != NID_undef)
+        return rb_str_new_cstr(OBJ_nid2ln(nid));
+    return ossl_asn1obj_to_string_oid(obj);
+}
 
 /*
  * Ruby to ASN1 converters
@@ -192,9 +214,9 @@ static ASN1_BOOLEAN
 obj_to_asn1bool(VALUE obj)
 {
     if (NIL_P(obj))
-	ossl_raise(rb_eTypeError, "Can't convert nil into Boolean");
+        ossl_raise(rb_eTypeError, "Can't convert nil into Boolean");
 
-     return RTEST(obj) ? 0xff : 0x0;
+    return RTEST(obj) ? 0xff : 0x0;
 }
 
 static ASN1_INTEGER*
@@ -209,11 +231,11 @@ obj_to_asn1bstr(VALUE obj, long unused_bits)
     ASN1_BIT_STRING *bstr;
 
     if (unused_bits < 0 || unused_bits > 7)
-	ossl_raise(eASN1Error, "unused_bits for a bitstring value must be in "\
-		   "the range 0 to 7");
+        ossl_raise(eASN1Error, "unused_bits for a bitstring value must be in "\
+                   "the range 0 to 7");
     StringValue(obj);
     if(!(bstr = ASN1_BIT_STRING_new()))
-	ossl_raise(eASN1Error, NULL);
+        ossl_raise(eASN1Error, NULL);
     ASN1_BIT_STRING_set(bstr, (unsigned char *)RSTRING_PTR(obj), RSTRING_LENINT(obj));
     bstr->flags &= ~(ASN1_STRING_FLAG_BITS_LEFT|0x07); /* clear */
     bstr->flags |= ASN1_STRING_FLAG_BITS_LEFT | unused_bits;
@@ -228,7 +250,7 @@ obj_to_asn1str(VALUE obj)
 
     StringValue(obj);
     if(!(str = ASN1_STRING_new()))
-	ossl_raise(eASN1Error, NULL);
+        ossl_raise(eASN1Error, NULL);
     ASN1_STRING_set(str, RSTRING_PTR(obj), RSTRING_LENINT(obj));
 
     return str;
@@ -240,15 +262,15 @@ obj_to_asn1null(VALUE obj)
     ASN1_NULL *null;
 
     if(!NIL_P(obj))
-	ossl_raise(eASN1Error, "nil expected");
+        ossl_raise(eASN1Error, "nil expected");
     if(!(null = ASN1_NULL_new()))
-	ossl_raise(eASN1Error, NULL);
+        ossl_raise(eASN1Error, NULL);
 
     return null;
 }
 
-static ASN1_OBJECT*
-obj_to_asn1obj(VALUE obj)
+ASN1_OBJECT *
+ossl_to_asn1obj(VALUE obj)
 {
     ASN1_OBJECT *a1obj;
 
@@ -270,7 +292,7 @@ obj_to_asn1utime(VALUE time)
 
     ossl_time_split(time, &sec, &off_days);
     if (!(t = ASN1_UTCTIME_adj(NULL, sec, off_days, 0)))
-	ossl_raise(eASN1Error, NULL);
+        ossl_raise(eASN1Error, NULL);
 
     return t;
 }
@@ -285,7 +307,7 @@ obj_to_asn1gtime(VALUE time)
 
     ossl_time_split(time, &sec, &off_days);
     if (!(t = ASN1_GENERALIZEDTIME_adj(NULL, sec, off_days, 0)))
-	ossl_raise(eASN1Error, NULL);
+        ossl_raise(eASN1Error, NULL);
 
     return t;
 }
@@ -298,7 +320,7 @@ obj_to_asn1derstr(VALUE obj)
 
     str = ossl_to_der(obj);
     if(!(a1str = ASN1_STRING_new()))
-	ossl_raise(eASN1Error, NULL);
+        ossl_raise(eASN1Error, NULL);
     ASN1_STRING_set(a1str, RSTRING_PTR(str), RSTRING_LENINT(str));
 
     return a1str;
@@ -313,9 +335,9 @@ decode_bool(unsigned char* der, long length)
     const unsigned char *p = der;
 
     if (length != 3)
-	ossl_raise(eASN1Error, "invalid length for BOOLEAN");
+        ossl_raise(eASN1Error, "invalid length for BOOLEAN");
     if (p[0] != 1 || p[1] != 1)
-	ossl_raise(eASN1Error, "invalid BOOLEAN");
+        ossl_raise(eASN1Error, "invalid BOOLEAN");
 
     return p[2] ? Qtrue : Qfalse;
 }
@@ -330,9 +352,9 @@ decode_int(unsigned char* der, long length)
 
     p = der;
     if(!(ai = d2i_ASN1_INTEGER(NULL, &p, length)))
-	ossl_raise(eASN1Error, NULL);
+        ossl_raise(eASN1Error, NULL);
     ret = rb_protect(asn1integer_to_num_i,
-		     (VALUE)ai, &status);
+                     (VALUE)ai, &status);
     ASN1_INTEGER_free(ai);
     if(status) rb_jump_tag(status);
 
@@ -349,11 +371,11 @@ decode_bstr(unsigned char* der, long length, long *unused_bits)
 
     p = der;
     if(!(bstr = d2i_ASN1_BIT_STRING(NULL, &p, length)))
-	ossl_raise(eASN1Error, NULL);
+        ossl_raise(eASN1Error, NULL);
     len = bstr->length;
     *unused_bits = 0;
     if(bstr->flags & ASN1_STRING_FLAG_BITS_LEFT)
-	*unused_bits = bstr->flags & 0x07;
+        *unused_bits = bstr->flags & 0x07;
     ret = rb_str_new((const char *)bstr->data, len);
     ASN1_BIT_STRING_free(bstr);
 
@@ -370,9 +392,9 @@ decode_enum(unsigned char* der, long length)
 
     p = der;
     if(!(ai = d2i_ASN1_ENUMERATED(NULL, &p, length)))
-	ossl_raise(eASN1Error, NULL);
+        ossl_raise(eASN1Error, NULL);
     ret = rb_protect(asn1integer_to_num_i,
-		     (VALUE)ai, &status);
+                     (VALUE)ai, &status);
     ASN1_ENUMERATED_free(ai);
     if(status) rb_jump_tag(status);
 
@@ -387,38 +409,33 @@ decode_null(unsigned char* der, long length)
 
     p = der;
     if(!(null = d2i_ASN1_NULL(NULL, &p, length)))
-	ossl_raise(eASN1Error, NULL);
+        ossl_raise(eASN1Error, NULL);
     ASN1_NULL_free(null);
 
     return Qnil;
 }
 
+VALUE
+asn1obj_to_string_i(VALUE arg)
+{
+    return ossl_asn1obj_to_string((const ASN1_OBJECT *)arg);
+}
+
 static VALUE
 decode_obj(unsigned char* der, long length)
 {
     ASN1_OBJECT *obj;
     const unsigned char *p;
     VALUE ret;
-    int nid;
-    BIO *bio;
+    int state;
 
     p = der;
-    if(!(obj = d2i_ASN1_OBJECT(NULL, &p, length)))
-	ossl_raise(eASN1Error, NULL);
-    if((nid = OBJ_obj2nid(obj)) != NID_undef){
-	ASN1_OBJECT_free(obj);
-	ret = rb_str_new2(OBJ_nid2sn(nid));
-    }
-    else{
-	if(!(bio = BIO_new(BIO_s_mem()))){
-	    ASN1_OBJECT_free(obj);
-	    ossl_raise(eASN1Error, NULL);
-	}
-	i2a_ASN1_OBJECT(bio, obj);
-	ASN1_OBJECT_free(obj);
-	ret = ossl_membio2str(bio);
-    }
-
+    if (!(obj = d2i_ASN1_OBJECT(NULL, &p, length)))
+        ossl_raise(eASN1Error, "d2i_ASN1_OBJECT");
+    ret = rb_protect(asn1obj_to_string_i, (VALUE)obj, &state);
+    ASN1_OBJECT_free(obj);
+    if (state)
+        rb_jump_tag(state);
     return ret;
 }
 
@@ -432,9 +449,9 @@ decode_time(unsigned char* der, long length)
 
     p = der;
     if(!(time = d2i_ASN1_TIME(NULL, &p, length)))
-	ossl_raise(eASN1Error, NULL);
+        ossl_raise(eASN1Error, NULL);
     ret = rb_protect(asn1time_to_time_i,
-		     (VALUE)time, &status);
+                     (VALUE)time, &status);
     ASN1_TIME_free(time);
     if(status) rb_jump_tag(status);
 
@@ -445,7 +462,7 @@ static VALUE
 decode_eoc(unsigned char *der, long length)
 {
     if (length != 2 || !(der[0] == 0x00 && der[1] == 0x00))
-	ossl_raise(eASN1Error, NULL);
+        ossl_raise(eASN1Error, NULL);
 
     return rb_str_new("", 0);
 }
@@ -510,62 +527,62 @@ ossl_asn1_get_asn1type(VALUE obj)
     tag = ossl_asn1_default_tag(obj);
     value = ossl_asn1_get_value(obj);
     switch(tag){
-    case V_ASN1_BOOLEAN:
-	ptr = (void*)(VALUE)obj_to_asn1bool(value);
-	free_func = NULL;
-	break;
-    case V_ASN1_INTEGER:         /* FALLTHROUGH */
-    case V_ASN1_ENUMERATED:
-	ptr = obj_to_asn1int(value);
-	free_func = (free_func_type *)ASN1_INTEGER_free;
-	break;
-    case V_ASN1_BIT_STRING:
+      case V_ASN1_BOOLEAN:
+        ptr = (void*)(VALUE)obj_to_asn1bool(value);
+        free_func = NULL;
+        break;
+      case V_ASN1_INTEGER:         /* FALLTHROUGH */
+      case V_ASN1_ENUMERATED:
+        ptr = obj_to_asn1int(value);
+        free_func = (free_func_type *)ASN1_INTEGER_free;
+        break;
+      case V_ASN1_BIT_STRING:
         rflag = rb_attr_get(obj, sivUNUSED_BITS);
-	ptr = obj_to_asn1bstr(value, NUM2INT(rflag));
-	free_func = (free_func_type *)ASN1_BIT_STRING_free;
-	break;
-    case V_ASN1_NULL:
-	ptr = obj_to_asn1null(value);
-	free_func = (free_func_type *)ASN1_NULL_free;
-	break;
-    case V_ASN1_OCTET_STRING:    /* FALLTHROUGH */
-    case V_ASN1_UTF8STRING:      /* FALLTHROUGH */
-    case V_ASN1_NUMERICSTRING:   /* FALLTHROUGH */
-    case V_ASN1_PRINTABLESTRING: /* FALLTHROUGH */
-    case V_ASN1_T61STRING:       /* FALLTHROUGH */
-    case V_ASN1_VIDEOTEXSTRING:  /* FALLTHROUGH */
-    case V_ASN1_IA5STRING:       /* FALLTHROUGH */
-    case V_ASN1_GRAPHICSTRING:   /* FALLTHROUGH */
-    case V_ASN1_ISO64STRING:     /* FALLTHROUGH */
-    case V_ASN1_GENERALSTRING:   /* FALLTHROUGH */
-    case V_ASN1_UNIVERSALSTRING: /* FALLTHROUGH */
-    case V_ASN1_BMPSTRING:
-	ptr = obj_to_asn1str(value);
-	free_func = (free_func_type *)ASN1_STRING_free;
-	break;
-    case V_ASN1_OBJECT:
-	ptr = obj_to_asn1obj(value);
-	free_func = (free_func_type *)ASN1_OBJECT_free;
-	break;
-    case V_ASN1_UTCTIME:
-	ptr = obj_to_asn1utime(value);
-	free_func = (free_func_type *)ASN1_TIME_free;
-	break;
-    case V_ASN1_GENERALIZEDTIME:
-	ptr = obj_to_asn1gtime(value);
-	free_func = (free_func_type *)ASN1_TIME_free;
-	break;
-    case V_ASN1_SET:             /* FALLTHROUGH */
-    case V_ASN1_SEQUENCE:
-	ptr = obj_to_asn1derstr(obj);
-	free_func = (free_func_type *)ASN1_STRING_free;
-	break;
-    default:
-	ossl_raise(eASN1Error, "unsupported ASN.1 type");
+        ptr = obj_to_asn1bstr(value, NUM2INT(rflag));
+        free_func = (free_func_type *)ASN1_BIT_STRING_free;
+        break;
+      case V_ASN1_NULL:
+        ptr = obj_to_asn1null(value);
+        free_func = (free_func_type *)ASN1_NULL_free;
+        break;
+      case V_ASN1_OCTET_STRING:    /* FALLTHROUGH */
+      case V_ASN1_UTF8STRING:      /* FALLTHROUGH */
+      case V_ASN1_NUMERICSTRING:   /* FALLTHROUGH */
+      case V_ASN1_PRINTABLESTRING: /* FALLTHROUGH */
+      case V_ASN1_T61STRING:       /* FALLTHROUGH */
+      case V_ASN1_VIDEOTEXSTRING:  /* FALLTHROUGH */
+      case V_ASN1_IA5STRING:       /* FALLTHROUGH */
+      case V_ASN1_GRAPHICSTRING:   /* FALLTHROUGH */
+      case V_ASN1_ISO64STRING:     /* FALLTHROUGH */
+      case V_ASN1_GENERALSTRING:   /* FALLTHROUGH */
+      case V_ASN1_UNIVERSALSTRING: /* FALLTHROUGH */
+      case V_ASN1_BMPSTRING:
+        ptr = obj_to_asn1str(value);
+        free_func = (free_func_type *)ASN1_STRING_free;
+        break;
+      case V_ASN1_OBJECT:
+        ptr = ossl_to_asn1obj(value);
+        free_func = (free_func_type *)ASN1_OBJECT_free;
+        break;
+      case V_ASN1_UTCTIME:
+        ptr = obj_to_asn1utime(value);
+        free_func = (free_func_type *)ASN1_TIME_free;
+        break;
+      case V_ASN1_GENERALIZEDTIME:
+        ptr = obj_to_asn1gtime(value);
+        free_func = (free_func_type *)ASN1_TIME_free;
+        break;
+      case V_ASN1_SET:             /* FALLTHROUGH */
+      case V_ASN1_SEQUENCE:
+        ptr = obj_to_asn1derstr(obj);
+        free_func = (free_func_type *)ASN1_STRING_free;
+        break;
+      default:
+        ossl_raise(eASN1Error, "unsupported ASN.1 type");
     }
     if(!(ret = OPENSSL_malloc(sizeof(ASN1_TYPE)))){
-	if(free_func) free_func(ptr);
-	ossl_raise(eASN1Error, "ASN1_TYPE alloc failure");
+        if(free_func) free_func(ptr);
+        ossl_raise(eASN1Error, "ASN1_TYPE alloc failure");
     }
     memset(ret, 0, sizeof(ASN1_TYPE));
     ASN1_TYPE_set(ret, tag, ptr);
@@ -580,10 +597,10 @@ ossl_asn1_default_tag(VALUE obj)
 
     tmp_class = CLASS_OF(obj);
     while (!NIL_P(tmp_class)) {
-	tag = rb_hash_lookup(class_tag_map, tmp_class);
-	if (tag != Qnil)
-	    return NUM2INT(tag);
-	tmp_class = rb_class_superclass(tmp_class);
+        tag = rb_hash_lookup(class_tag_map, tmp_class);
+        if (tag != Qnil)
+            return NUM2INT(tag);
+        tmp_class = rb_class_superclass(tmp_class);
     }
 
     return -1;
@@ -596,7 +613,7 @@ ossl_asn1_tag(VALUE obj)
 
     tag = ossl_asn1_get_tag(obj);
     if(NIL_P(tag))
-	ossl_raise(eASN1Error, "tag number not specified");
+        ossl_raise(eASN1Error, "tag number not specified");
 
     return NUM2INT(tag);
 }
@@ -608,28 +625,57 @@ ossl_asn1_tag_class(VALUE obj)
 
     s = ossl_asn1_get_tag_class(obj);
     if (NIL_P(s) || s == sym_UNIVERSAL)
-	return V_ASN1_UNIVERSAL;
+        return V_ASN1_UNIVERSAL;
     else if (s == sym_APPLICATION)
-	return V_ASN1_APPLICATION;
+        return V_ASN1_APPLICATION;
     else if (s == sym_CONTEXT_SPECIFIC)
-	return V_ASN1_CONTEXT_SPECIFIC;
+        return V_ASN1_CONTEXT_SPECIFIC;
     else if (s == sym_PRIVATE)
-	return V_ASN1_PRIVATE;
+        return V_ASN1_PRIVATE;
     else
-	ossl_raise(eASN1Error, "invalid tag class");
+        ossl_raise(eASN1Error, "invalid tag class");
 }
 
 static VALUE
 ossl_asn1_class2sym(int tc)
 {
     if((tc & V_ASN1_PRIVATE) == V_ASN1_PRIVATE)
-	return sym_PRIVATE;
+        return sym_PRIVATE;
     else if((tc & V_ASN1_CONTEXT_SPECIFIC) == V_ASN1_CONTEXT_SPECIFIC)
-	return sym_CONTEXT_SPECIFIC;
+        return sym_CONTEXT_SPECIFIC;
     else if((tc & V_ASN1_APPLICATION) == V_ASN1_APPLICATION)
-	return sym_APPLICATION;
+        return sym_APPLICATION;
     else
-	return sym_UNIVERSAL;
+        return sym_UNIVERSAL;
+}
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *    OpenSSL::ASN1::ASN1Data.new(value, tag, tag_class) => ASN1Data
+ *
+ * _value_: Please have a look at Constructive and Primitive to see how Ruby
+ * types are mapped to ASN.1 types and vice versa.
+ *
+ * _tag_: An Integer indicating the tag number.
+ *
+ * _tag_class_: A Symbol indicating the tag class. Please cf. ASN1 for
+ * possible values.
+ *
+ * == Example
+ *   asn1_int = OpenSSL::ASN1Data.new(42, 2, :UNIVERSAL) # => Same as OpenSSL::ASN1::Integer.new(42)
+ *   tagged_int = OpenSSL::ASN1Data.new(42, 0, :CONTEXT_SPECIFIC) # implicitly 0-tagged INTEGER
+ */
+static VALUE
+ossl_asn1data_initialize(VALUE self, VALUE value, VALUE tag, VALUE tag_class)
+{
+    if(!SYMBOL_P(tag_class))
+        ossl_raise(eASN1Error, "invalid tag class");
+    ossl_asn1_set_tag(self, tag);
+    ossl_asn1_set_value(self, value);
+    ossl_asn1_set_tag_class(self, tag_class);
+    ossl_asn1_set_indefinite_length(self, Qfalse);
+
+    return self;
 }
 
 static VALUE
@@ -645,35 +691,35 @@ to_der_internal(VALUE self, int constructed, int indef_len, VALUE body)
 
     body_length = RSTRING_LENINT(body);
     if (ossl_asn1_get_tagging(self) == sym_EXPLICIT) {
-	int inner_length, e_encoding = indef_len ? 2 : 1;
-
-	if (default_tag_number == -1)
-	    ossl_raise(eASN1Error, "explicit tagging of unknown tag");
-
-	inner_length = ASN1_object_size(encoding, body_length, default_tag_number);
-	total_length = ASN1_object_size(e_encoding, inner_length, tag_number);
-	str = rb_str_new(NULL, total_length);
-	p = (unsigned char *)RSTRING_PTR(str);
-	/* Put explicit tag */
-	ASN1_put_object(&p, e_encoding, inner_length, tag_number, tag_class);
-	/* Append inner object */
-	ASN1_put_object(&p, encoding, body_length, default_tag_number, V_ASN1_UNIVERSAL);
-	memcpy(p, RSTRING_PTR(body), body_length);
-	p += body_length;
-	if (indef_len) {
-	    ASN1_put_eoc(&p); /* For inner object */
-	    ASN1_put_eoc(&p); /* For wrapper object */
-	}
+        int inner_length, e_encoding = indef_len ? 2 : 1;
+
+        if (default_tag_number == -1)
+            ossl_raise(eASN1Error, "explicit tagging of unknown tag");
+
+        inner_length = ASN1_object_size(encoding, body_length, default_tag_number);
+        total_length = ASN1_object_size(e_encoding, inner_length, tag_number);
+        str = rb_str_new(NULL, total_length);
+        p = (unsigned char *)RSTRING_PTR(str);
+        /* Put explicit tag */
+        ASN1_put_object(&p, e_encoding, inner_length, tag_number, tag_class);
+        /* Append inner object */
+        ASN1_put_object(&p, encoding, body_length, default_tag_number, V_ASN1_UNIVERSAL);
+        memcpy(p, RSTRING_PTR(body), body_length);
+        p += body_length;
+        if (indef_len) {
+            ASN1_put_eoc(&p); /* For inner object */
+            ASN1_put_eoc(&p); /* For wrapper object */
+        }
     }
     else {
-	total_length = ASN1_object_size(encoding, body_length, tag_number);
-	str = rb_str_new(NULL, total_length);
-	p = (unsigned char *)RSTRING_PTR(str);
-	ASN1_put_object(&p, encoding, body_length, tag_number, tag_class);
-	memcpy(p, RSTRING_PTR(body), body_length);
-	p += body_length;
-	if (indef_len)
-	    ASN1_put_eoc(&p);
+        total_length = ASN1_object_size(encoding, body_length, tag_number);
+        str = rb_str_new(NULL, total_length);
+        p = (unsigned char *)RSTRING_PTR(str);
+        ASN1_put_object(&p, encoding, body_length, tag_number, tag_class);
+        memcpy(p, RSTRING_PTR(body), body_length);
+        p += body_length;
+        if (indef_len)
+            ASN1_put_eoc(&p);
     }
     assert(p - (unsigned char *)RSTRING_PTR(str) == total_length);
     return str;
@@ -696,18 +742,22 @@ ossl_asn1data_to_der(VALUE self)
     VALUE value = ossl_asn1_get_value(self);
 
     if (rb_obj_is_kind_of(value, rb_cArray))
-	return ossl_asn1cons_to_der(self);
+        return ossl_asn1cons_to_der(self);
     else {
-	if (RTEST(ossl_asn1_get_indefinite_length(self)))
-	    ossl_raise(eASN1Error, "indefinite length form cannot be used " \
-		       "with primitive encoding");
-	return ossl_asn1prim_to_der(self);
+        if (RTEST(ossl_asn1_get_indefinite_length(self)))
+            ossl_raise(eASN1Error, "indefinite length form cannot be used " \
+                       "with primitive encoding");
+        return ossl_asn1prim_to_der(self);
     }
 }
 
+static VALUE ossl_asn1_initialize(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self);
+static VALUE ossl_asn1_decode0(unsigned char **pp, long length, long *offset,
+                               int depth, int yield, long *num_read);
+
 static VALUE
 int_ossl_asn1_decode0_prim(unsigned char **pp, long length, long hlen, int tag,
-			   VALUE tc, long *num_read)
+                           VALUE tc, long *num_read)
 {
     VALUE value, asn1data;
     unsigned char *p;
@@ -716,63 +766,64 @@ int_ossl_asn1_decode0_prim(unsigned char **pp, long length, long hlen, int tag,
     p = *pp;
 
     if(tc == sym_UNIVERSAL && tag < ossl_asn1_info_size) {
-	switch(tag){
-	case V_ASN1_EOC:
-	    value = decode_eoc(p, hlen+length);
-	    break;
-	case V_ASN1_BOOLEAN:
-	    value = decode_bool(p, hlen+length);
-	    break;
-	case V_ASN1_INTEGER:
-	    value = decode_int(p, hlen+length);
-	    break;
-	case V_ASN1_BIT_STRING:
-	    value = decode_bstr(p, hlen+length, &flag);
-	    break;
-	case V_ASN1_NULL:
-	    value = decode_null(p, hlen+length);
-	    break;
-	case V_ASN1_ENUMERATED:
-	    value = decode_enum(p, hlen+length);
-	    break;
-	case V_ASN1_OBJECT:
-	    value = decode_obj(p, hlen+length);
-	    break;
-	case V_ASN1_UTCTIME:           /* FALLTHROUGH */
-	case V_ASN1_GENERALIZEDTIME:
-	    value = decode_time(p, hlen+length);
-	    break;
-	default:
-	    /* use original value */
-	    p += hlen;
-	    value = rb_str_new((const char *)p, length);
-	    break;
-	}
+        switch(tag){
+          case V_ASN1_EOC:
+            value = decode_eoc(p, hlen+length);
+            break;
+          case V_ASN1_BOOLEAN:
+            value = decode_bool(p, hlen+length);
+            break;
+          case V_ASN1_INTEGER:
+            value = decode_int(p, hlen+length);
+            break;
+          case V_ASN1_BIT_STRING:
+            value = decode_bstr(p, hlen+length, &flag);
+            break;
+          case V_ASN1_NULL:
+            value = decode_null(p, hlen+length);
+            break;
+          case V_ASN1_ENUMERATED:
+            value = decode_enum(p, hlen+length);
+            break;
+          case V_ASN1_OBJECT:
+            value = decode_obj(p, hlen+length);
+            break;
+          case V_ASN1_UTCTIME:           /* FALLTHROUGH */
+          case V_ASN1_GENERALIZEDTIME:
+            value = decode_time(p, hlen+length);
+            break;
+          default:
+            /* use original value */
+            p += hlen;
+            value = rb_str_new((const char *)p, length);
+            break;
+        }
     }
     else {
-	p += hlen;
-	value = rb_str_new((const char *)p, length);
+        p += hlen;
+        value = rb_str_new((const char *)p, length);
     }
 
     *pp += hlen + length;
     *num_read = hlen + length;
 
     if (tc == sym_UNIVERSAL &&
-	tag < ossl_asn1_info_size && ossl_asn1_info[tag].klass) {
-	VALUE klass = *ossl_asn1_info[tag].klass;
-	if (tag == V_ASN1_EOC)
-	    asn1data = rb_funcall(cASN1EndOfContent, rb_intern("new"), 0);
-	else {
-	    VALUE args[4] = { value, INT2NUM(tag), Qnil, tc };
-	    asn1data = rb_funcallv_public(klass, rb_intern("new"), 4, args);
-	}
-	if(tag == V_ASN1_BIT_STRING){
-	    rb_ivar_set(asn1data, sivUNUSED_BITS, LONG2NUM(flag));
-	}
+        tag < ossl_asn1_info_size && ossl_asn1_info[tag].klass) {
+        VALUE klass = *ossl_asn1_info[tag].klass;
+        VALUE args[4];
+        args[0] = value;
+        args[1] = INT2NUM(tag);
+        args[2] = Qnil;
+        args[3] = tc;
+        asn1data = rb_obj_alloc(klass);
+        ossl_asn1_initialize(4, args, asn1data);
+        if(tag == V_ASN1_BIT_STRING){
+            rb_ivar_set(asn1data, sivUNUSED_BITS, LONG2NUM(flag));
+        }
     }
     else {
-        VALUE args[3] = { value, INT2NUM(tag), tc };
-        asn1data = rb_funcallv_public(cASN1Data, rb_intern("new"), 3, args);
+        asn1data = rb_obj_alloc(cASN1Data);
+        ossl_asn1data_initialize(asn1data, value, INT2NUM(tag), tc);
     }
 
     return asn1data;
@@ -780,8 +831,8 @@ int_ossl_asn1_decode0_prim(unsigned char **pp, long length, long hlen, int tag,
 
 static VALUE
 int_ossl_asn1_decode0_cons(unsigned char **pp, long max_len, long length,
-			   long *offset, int depth, int yield, int j,
-			   int tag, VALUE tc, long *num_read)
+                           long *offset, int depth, int yield, int j,
+                           int tag, VALUE tc, long *num_read)
 {
     VALUE value, asn1data, ary;
     int indefinite;
@@ -792,42 +843,42 @@ int_ossl_asn1_decode0_cons(unsigned char **pp, long max_len, long length,
 
     available_len = indefinite ? max_len : length;
     while (available_len > 0) {
-	long inner_read = 0;
-	value = ossl_asn1_decode0(pp, available_len, &off, depth + 1, yield, &inner_read);
-	*num_read += inner_read;
-	available_len -= inner_read;
+        long inner_read = 0;
+        value = ossl_asn1_decode0(pp, available_len, &off, depth + 1, yield, &inner_read);
+        *num_read += inner_read;
+        available_len -= inner_read;
 
-	if (indefinite) {
+        if (indefinite) {
             if (ossl_asn1_tag(value) == V_ASN1_EOC &&
                 ossl_asn1_get_tag_class(value) == sym_UNIVERSAL)
                 break;
             if (available_len == 0)
                 ossl_raise(eASN1Error, "EOC missing in indefinite length encoding");
-	}
-	rb_ary_push(ary, value);
+        }
+        rb_ary_push(ary, value);
     }
 
     if (tc == sym_UNIVERSAL) {
-        if (tag == V_ASN1_SEQUENCE) {
-            VALUE args[4] = { ary, INT2NUM(tag), Qnil, tc };
-            asn1data = rb_funcallv_public(cASN1Sequence, rb_intern("new"), 4, args);
-        } else if (tag == V_ASN1_SET) {
-            VALUE args[4] = { ary, INT2NUM(tag), Qnil, tc };
-            asn1data = rb_funcallv_public(cASN1Set, rb_intern("new"), 4, args);
-        } else {
-            VALUE args[4] = { ary, INT2NUM(tag), Qnil, tc };
-            asn1data = rb_funcallv_public(cASN1Constructive, rb_intern("new"), 4, args);
-        }
+        VALUE args[4];
+        if (tag == V_ASN1_SEQUENCE || tag == V_ASN1_SET)
+            asn1data = rb_obj_alloc(*ossl_asn1_info[tag].klass);
+        else
+            asn1data = rb_obj_alloc(cASN1Constructive);
+        args[0] = ary;
+        args[1] = INT2NUM(tag);
+        args[2] = Qnil;
+        args[3] = tc;
+        ossl_asn1_initialize(4, args, asn1data);
     }
     else {
-        VALUE args[3] = {ary, INT2NUM(tag), tc};
-        asn1data = rb_funcallv_public(cASN1Data, rb_intern("new"), 3, args);
+        asn1data = rb_obj_alloc(cASN1Data);
+        ossl_asn1data_initialize(asn1data, ary, INT2NUM(tag), tc);
     }
 
     if (indefinite)
-	ossl_asn1_set_indefinite_length(asn1data, Qtrue);
+        ossl_asn1_set_indefinite_length(asn1data, Qtrue);
     else
-	ossl_asn1_set_indefinite_length(asn1data, Qfalse);
+        ossl_asn1_set_indefinite_length(asn1data, Qfalse);
 
     *offset = off;
     return asn1data;
@@ -835,7 +886,7 @@ int_ossl_asn1_decode0_cons(unsigned char **pp, long max_len, long length,
 
 static VALUE
 ossl_asn1_decode0(unsigned char **pp, long length, long *offset, int depth,
-		  int yield, long *num_read)
+                  int yield, long *num_read)
 {
     unsigned char *start, *p;
     const unsigned char *p0;
@@ -851,46 +902,46 @@ ossl_asn1_decode0(unsigned char **pp, long length, long *offset, int depth,
     if(j & 0x80) ossl_raise(eASN1Error, NULL);
     if(len > length) ossl_raise(eASN1Error, "value is too short");
     if((tc & V_ASN1_PRIVATE) == V_ASN1_PRIVATE)
-	tag_class = sym_PRIVATE;
+        tag_class = sym_PRIVATE;
     else if((tc & V_ASN1_CONTEXT_SPECIFIC) == V_ASN1_CONTEXT_SPECIFIC)
-	tag_class = sym_CONTEXT_SPECIFIC;
+        tag_class = sym_CONTEXT_SPECIFIC;
     else if((tc & V_ASN1_APPLICATION) == V_ASN1_APPLICATION)
-	tag_class = sym_APPLICATION;
+        tag_class = sym_APPLICATION;
     else
-	tag_class = sym_UNIVERSAL;
+        tag_class = sym_UNIVERSAL;
 
     hlen = p - start;
 
     if(yield) {
-	VALUE arg = rb_ary_new();
-	rb_ary_push(arg, LONG2NUM(depth));
-	rb_ary_push(arg, LONG2NUM(*offset));
-	rb_ary_push(arg, LONG2NUM(hlen));
-	rb_ary_push(arg, LONG2NUM(len));
-	rb_ary_push(arg, (j & V_ASN1_CONSTRUCTED) ? Qtrue : Qfalse);
-	rb_ary_push(arg, ossl_asn1_class2sym(tc));
-	rb_ary_push(arg, INT2NUM(tag));
-	rb_yield(arg);
+        VALUE arg = rb_ary_new();
+        rb_ary_push(arg, LONG2NUM(depth));
+        rb_ary_push(arg, LONG2NUM(*offset));
+        rb_ary_push(arg, LONG2NUM(hlen));
+        rb_ary_push(arg, LONG2NUM(len));
+        rb_ary_push(arg, (j & V_ASN1_CONSTRUCTED) ? Qtrue : Qfalse);
+        rb_ary_push(arg, ossl_asn1_class2sym(tc));
+        rb_ary_push(arg, INT2NUM(tag));
+        rb_yield(arg);
     }
 
     if(j & V_ASN1_CONSTRUCTED) {
-	*pp += hlen;
-	off += hlen;
-	asn1data = int_ossl_asn1_decode0_cons(pp, length - hlen, len, &off, depth, yield, j, tag, tag_class, &inner_read);
-	inner_read += hlen;
+        *pp += hlen;
+        off += hlen;
+        asn1data = int_ossl_asn1_decode0_cons(pp, length - hlen, len, &off, depth, yield, j, tag, tag_class, &inner_read);
+        inner_read += hlen;
     }
     else {
-	if ((j & 0x01) && (len == 0))
-	    ossl_raise(eASN1Error, "indefinite length for primitive value");
-	asn1data = int_ossl_asn1_decode0_prim(pp, len, hlen, tag, tag_class, &inner_read);
-	off += hlen + len;
+        if ((j & 0x01) && (len == 0))
+            ossl_raise(eASN1Error, "indefinite length for primitive value");
+        asn1data = int_ossl_asn1_decode0_prim(pp, len, hlen, tag, tag_class, &inner_read);
+        off += hlen + len;
     }
     if (num_read)
-	*num_read = inner_read;
+        *num_read = inner_read;
     if (len != 0 && inner_read != hlen + len) {
-	ossl_raise(eASN1Error,
-		   "Type mismatch. Bytes read: %ld Bytes available: %ld",
-		   inner_read, hlen + len);
+        ossl_raise(eASN1Error,
+                   "Type mismatch. Bytes read: %ld Bytes available: %ld",
+                   inner_read, hlen + len);
     }
 
     *offset = off;
@@ -901,9 +952,9 @@ static void
 int_ossl_decode_sanity_check(long len, long read, long offset)
 {
     if (len != 0 && (read != len || offset != len)) {
-	ossl_raise(eASN1Error,
-		   "Type mismatch. Total bytes read: %ld Bytes available: %ld Offset: %ld",
-		   read, len, offset);
+        ossl_raise(eASN1Error,
+                   "Type mismatch. Total bytes read: %ld Bytes available: %ld Offset: %ld",
+                   read, len, offset);
     }
 }
 
@@ -1003,17 +1054,94 @@ ossl_asn1_decode_all(VALUE self, VALUE obj)
     tmp_len = len;
     ary = rb_ary_new();
     while (tmp_len > 0) {
-	long tmp_read = 0;
-	val = ossl_asn1_decode0(&p, tmp_len, &offset, 0, 0, &tmp_read);
-	rb_ary_push(ary, val);
-	read += tmp_read;
-	tmp_len -= tmp_read;
+        long tmp_read = 0;
+        val = ossl_asn1_decode0(&p, tmp_len, &offset, 0, 0, &tmp_read);
+        rb_ary_push(ary, val);
+        read += tmp_read;
+        tmp_len -= tmp_read;
     }
     RB_GC_GUARD(tmp);
     int_ossl_decode_sanity_check(len, read, offset);
     return ary;
 }
 
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *    OpenSSL::ASN1::Primitive.new(value [, tag, tagging, tag_class ]) => Primitive
+ *
+ * _value_: is mandatory.
+ *
+ * _tag_: optional, may be specified for tagged values. If no _tag_ is
+ * specified, the UNIVERSAL tag corresponding to the Primitive sub-class
+ * is used by default.
+ *
+ * _tagging_: may be used as an encoding hint to encode a value either
+ * explicitly or implicitly, see ASN1 for possible values.
+ *
+ * _tag_class_: if _tag_ and _tagging_ are +nil+ then this is set to
+ * +:UNIVERSAL+ by default. If either _tag_ or _tagging_ are set then
+ * +:CONTEXT_SPECIFIC+ is used as the default. For possible values please
+ * cf. ASN1.
+ *
+ * == Example
+ *   int = OpenSSL::ASN1::Integer.new(42)
+ *   zero_tagged_int = OpenSSL::ASN1::Integer.new(42, 0, :IMPLICIT)
+ *   private_explicit_zero_tagged_int = OpenSSL::ASN1::Integer.new(42, 0, :EXPLICIT, :PRIVATE)
+ */
+static VALUE
+ossl_asn1_initialize(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
+{
+    VALUE value, tag, tagging, tag_class;
+    int default_tag;
+
+    rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "13", &value, &tag, &tagging, &tag_class);
+    default_tag = ossl_asn1_default_tag(self);
+
+    if (default_tag == -1 || argc > 1) {
+        if(NIL_P(tag))
+            ossl_raise(eASN1Error, "must specify tag number");
+        if(!NIL_P(tagging) && !SYMBOL_P(tagging))
+            ossl_raise(eASN1Error, "invalid tagging method");
+        if(NIL_P(tag_class)) {
+            if (NIL_P(tagging))
+                tag_class = sym_UNIVERSAL;
+            else
+                tag_class = sym_CONTEXT_SPECIFIC;
+        }
+        if(!SYMBOL_P(tag_class))
+            ossl_raise(eASN1Error, "invalid tag class");
+    }
+    else{
+        tag = INT2NUM(default_tag);
+        tagging = Qnil;
+        tag_class = sym_UNIVERSAL;
+    }
+    ossl_asn1_set_tag(self, tag);
+    ossl_asn1_set_value(self, value);
+    ossl_asn1_set_tagging(self, tagging);
+    ossl_asn1_set_tag_class(self, tag_class);
+    ossl_asn1_set_indefinite_length(self, Qfalse);
+    if (default_tag == V_ASN1_BIT_STRING)
+        rb_ivar_set(self, sivUNUSED_BITS, INT2FIX(0));
+
+    return self;
+}
+
+static VALUE
+ossl_asn1eoc_initialize(VALUE self) {
+    VALUE tag, tagging, tag_class, value;
+    tag = INT2FIX(0);
+    tagging = Qnil;
+    tag_class = sym_UNIVERSAL;
+    value = rb_str_new("", 0);
+    ossl_asn1_set_tag(self, tag);
+    ossl_asn1_set_value(self, value);
+    ossl_asn1_set_tagging(self, tagging);
+    ossl_asn1_set_tag_class(self, tag_class);
+    ossl_asn1_set_indefinite_length(self, Qfalse);
+    return self;
+}
+
 static VALUE
 ossl_asn1eoc_to_der(VALUE self)
 {
@@ -1036,20 +1164,20 @@ ossl_asn1prim_to_der(VALUE self)
     VALUE str;
 
     if (ossl_asn1_default_tag(self) == -1) {
-	str = ossl_asn1_get_value(self);
-	return to_der_internal(self, 0, 0, StringValue(str));
+        str = ossl_asn1_get_value(self);
+        return to_der_internal(self, 0, 0, StringValue(str));
     }
 
     asn1 = ossl_asn1_get_asn1type(self);
     alllen = i2d_ASN1_TYPE(asn1, NULL);
     if (alllen < 0) {
-	ASN1_TYPE_free(asn1);
-	ossl_raise(eASN1Error, "i2d_ASN1_TYPE");
+        ASN1_TYPE_free(asn1);
+        ossl_raise(eASN1Error, "i2d_ASN1_TYPE");
     }
     str = ossl_str_new(NULL, alllen, &state);
     if (state) {
-	ASN1_TYPE_free(asn1);
-	rb_jump_tag(state);
+        ASN1_TYPE_free(asn1);
+        rb_jump_tag(state);
     }
     p0 = p1 = (unsigned char *)RSTRING_PTR(str);
     if (i2d_ASN1_TYPE(asn1, &p0) < 0) {
@@ -1062,7 +1190,7 @@ ossl_asn1prim_to_der(VALUE self)
     /* Strip header since to_der_internal() wants only the payload */
     j = ASN1_get_object((const unsigned char **)&p1, &bodylen, &tag, &tc, alllen);
     if (j & 0x80)
-	ossl_raise(eASN1Error, "ASN1_get_object"); /* should not happen */
+        ossl_raise(eASN1Error, "ASN1_get_object"); /* should not happen */
 
     return to_der_internal(self, 0, 0, rb_str_drop_bytes(str, alllen - bodylen));
 }
@@ -1084,22 +1212,22 @@ ossl_asn1cons_to_der(VALUE self)
     ary = rb_convert_type(ossl_asn1_get_value(self), T_ARRAY, "Array", "to_a");
     str = rb_str_new(NULL, 0);
     for (i = 0; i < RARRAY_LEN(ary); i++) {
-	VALUE item = RARRAY_AREF(ary, i);
-
-	if (indef_len && rb_obj_is_kind_of(item, cASN1EndOfContent)) {
-	    if (i != RARRAY_LEN(ary) - 1)
-		ossl_raise(eASN1Error, "illegal EOC octets in value");
-
-	    /*
-	     * EOC is not really part of the content, but we required to add one
-	     * at the end in the past.
-	     */
-	    break;
-	}
-
-	item = ossl_to_der_if_possible(item);
-	StringValue(item);
-	rb_str_append(str, item);
+        VALUE item = RARRAY_AREF(ary, i);
+
+        if (indef_len && rb_obj_is_kind_of(item, cASN1EndOfContent)) {
+            if (i != RARRAY_LEN(ary) - 1)
+                ossl_raise(eASN1Error, "illegal EOC octets in value");
+
+            /*
+             * EOC is not really part of the content, but we required to add one
+             * at the end in the past.
+             */
+            break;
+        }
+
+        item = ossl_to_der_if_possible(item);
+        StringValue(item);
+        rb_str_append(str, item);
     }
 
     return to_der_internal(self, 1, indef_len, str);
@@ -1107,6 +1235,27 @@ ossl_asn1cons_to_der(VALUE self)
 
 /*
  * call-seq:
+ *    asn1_ary.each { |asn1| block } => asn1_ary
+ *
+ * Calls the given block once for each element in self, passing that element
+ * as parameter _asn1_. If no block is given, an enumerator is returned
+ * instead.
+ *
+ * == Example
+ *   asn1_ary.each do |asn1|
+ *     puts asn1
+ *   end
+ */
+static VALUE
+ossl_asn1cons_each(VALUE self)
+{
+    rb_block_call(ossl_asn1_get_value(self), id_each, 0, 0, 0, 0);
+
+    return self;
+}
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
  *    OpenSSL::ASN1::ObjectId.register(object_id, short_name, long_name)
  *
  * This adds a new ObjectId to the internal tables. Where _object_id_ is the
@@ -1124,7 +1273,7 @@ ossl_asn1obj_s_register(VALUE self, VALUE oid, VALUE sn, VALUE ln)
     StringValueCStr(ln);
 
     if(!OBJ_create(RSTRING_PTR(oid), RSTRING_PTR(sn), RSTRING_PTR(ln)))
-	ossl_raise(eASN1Error, NULL);
+        ossl_raise(eASN1Error, NULL);
 
     return Qtrue;
 }
@@ -1144,7 +1293,7 @@ ossl_asn1obj_get_sn(VALUE self)
 
     val = ossl_asn1_get_value(self);
     if ((nid = OBJ_txt2nid(StringValueCStr(val))) != NID_undef)
-	ret = rb_str_new2(OBJ_nid2sn(nid));
+        ret = rb_str_new2(OBJ_nid2sn(nid));
 
     return ret;
 }
@@ -1164,7 +1313,7 @@ ossl_asn1obj_get_ln(VALUE self)
 
     val = ossl_asn1_get_value(self);
     if ((nid = OBJ_txt2nid(StringValueCStr(val))) != NID_undef)
-	ret = rb_str_new2(OBJ_nid2ln(nid));
+        ret = rb_str_new2(OBJ_nid2ln(nid));
 
     return ret;
 }
@@ -1172,23 +1321,7 @@ ossl_asn1obj_get_ln(VALUE self)
 static VALUE
 asn1obj_get_oid_i(VALUE vobj)
 {
-    ASN1_OBJECT *a1obj = (void *)vobj;
-    VALUE str;
-    int len;
-
-    str = rb_usascii_str_new(NULL, 127);
-    len = OBJ_obj2txt(RSTRING_PTR(str), RSTRING_LENINT(str), a1obj, 1);
-    if (len <= 0 || len == INT_MAX)
-	ossl_raise(eASN1Error, "OBJ_obj2txt");
-    if (len > RSTRING_LEN(str)) {
-	/* +1 is for the \0 terminator added by OBJ_obj2txt() */
-	rb_str_resize(str, len + 1);
-	len = OBJ_obj2txt(RSTRING_PTR(str), len + 1, a1obj, 1);
-	if (len <= 0)
-	    ossl_raise(eASN1Error, "OBJ_obj2txt");
-    }
-    rb_str_set_len(str, len);
-    return str;
+    return ossl_asn1obj_to_string_oid((const ASN1_OBJECT *)vobj);
 }
 
 /*
@@ -1205,11 +1338,11 @@ ossl_asn1obj_get_oid(VALUE self)
     ASN1_OBJECT *a1obj;
     int state;
 
-    a1obj = obj_to_asn1obj(ossl_asn1_get_value(self));
+    a1obj = ossl_to_asn1obj(ossl_asn1_get_value(self));
     str = rb_protect(asn1obj_get_oid_i, (VALUE)a1obj, &state);
     ASN1_OBJECT_free(a1obj);
     if (state)
-	rb_jump_tag(state);
+        rb_jump_tag(state);
     return str;
 }
 
@@ -1234,7 +1367,7 @@ ossl_asn1obj_eq(VALUE self, VALUE other)
 
 #define OSSL_ASN1_IMPL_FACTORY_METHOD(klass) \
 static VALUE ossl_asn1_##klass(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)\
-{ return rb_funcallv_public(cASN1##klass, rb_intern("new"), argc, argv); }
+{ return rb_funcall3(cASN1##klass, rb_intern("new"), argc, argv); }
 
 OSSL_ASN1_IMPL_FACTORY_METHOD(Boolean)
 OSSL_ASN1_IMPL_FACTORY_METHOD(Integer)
@@ -1264,13 +1397,6 @@ void
 Init_ossl_asn1(void)
 {
 #undef rb_intern
-    VALUE ary;
-    int i;
-
-#if 0
-    mOSSL = rb_define_module("OpenSSL");
-    eOSSLError = rb_define_class_under(mOSSL, "OpenSSLError", rb_eStandardError);
-#endif
 
     sym_UNIVERSAL = ID2SYM(rb_intern_const("UNIVERSAL"));
     sym_CONTEXT_SPECIFIC = ID2SYM(rb_intern_const("CONTEXT_SPECIFIC"));
@@ -1420,17 +1546,20 @@ Init_ossl_asn1(void)
     rb_define_module_function(mASN1, "traverse", ossl_asn1_traverse, 1);
     rb_define_module_function(mASN1, "decode", ossl_asn1_decode, 1);
     rb_define_module_function(mASN1, "decode_all", ossl_asn1_decode_all, 1);
-    ary = rb_ary_new();
 
+    VALUE ary = rb_ary_new_capa(ossl_asn1_info_size);
+    for (int i = 0; i < ossl_asn1_info_size; i++) {
+        const char *name = ossl_asn1_info[i].name;
+        if (name[0] == '[')
+            continue;
+        rb_define_const(mASN1, name, INT2NUM(i));
+        rb_ary_store(ary, i, rb_obj_freeze(rb_str_new_cstr(name)));
+    }
+    rb_obj_freeze(ary);
     /*
      * Array storing tag names at the tag's index.
      */
     rb_define_const(mASN1, "UNIVERSAL_TAG_NAME", ary);
-    for(i = 0; i < ossl_asn1_info_size; i++){
-	if(ossl_asn1_info[i].name[0] == '[') continue;
-	rb_define_const(mASN1, ossl_asn1_info[i].name, INT2NUM(i));
-	rb_ary_store(ary, i, rb_str_new2(ossl_asn1_info[i].name));
-    }
 
     /* Document-class: OpenSSL::ASN1::ASN1Data
      *
@@ -1520,6 +1649,42 @@ Init_ossl_asn1(void)
      *   puts int2.value # => 1
      */
     cASN1Data = rb_define_class_under(mASN1, "ASN1Data", rb_cObject);
+    /*
+     * Carries the value of a ASN.1 type.
+     * Please confer Constructive and Primitive for the mappings between
+     * ASN.1 data types and Ruby classes.
+     */
+    rb_attr(cASN1Data, rb_intern("value"), 1, 1, 0);
+    /*
+     * An Integer representing the tag number of this ASN1Data. Never +nil+.
+     */
+    rb_attr(cASN1Data, rb_intern("tag"), 1, 1, 0);
+    /*
+     * A Symbol representing the tag class of this ASN1Data. Never +nil+.
+     * See ASN1Data for possible values.
+     */
+    rb_attr(cASN1Data, rb_intern("tag_class"), 1, 1, 0);
+    /*
+     * Never +nil+. A boolean value indicating whether the encoding uses
+     * indefinite length (in the case of parsing) or whether an indefinite
+     * length form shall be used (in the encoding case).
+     * In DER, every value uses definite length form. But in scenarios where
+     * large amounts of data need to be transferred it might be desirable to
+     * have some kind of streaming support available.
+     * For example, huge OCTET STRINGs are preferably sent in smaller-sized
+     * chunks, each at a time.
+     * This is possible in BER by setting the length bytes of an encoding
+     * to zero and by this indicating that the following value will be
+     * sent in chunks. Indefinite length encodings are always constructed.
+     * The end of such a stream of chunks is indicated by sending a EOC
+     * (End of Content) tag. SETs and SEQUENCEs may use an indefinite length
+     * encoding, but also primitive types such as e.g. OCTET STRINGS or
+     * BIT STRINGS may leverage this functionality (cf. ITU-T X.690).
+     */
+    rb_attr(cASN1Data, rb_intern("indefinite_length"), 1, 1, 0);
+    rb_define_alias(cASN1Data, "infinite_length", "indefinite_length");
+    rb_define_alias(cASN1Data, "infinite_length=", "indefinite_length=");
+    rb_define_method(cASN1Data, "initialize", ossl_asn1data_initialize, 3);
     rb_define_method(cASN1Data, "to_der", ossl_asn1data_to_der, 0);
 
     /* Document-class: OpenSSL::ASN1::Primitive
@@ -1587,6 +1752,16 @@ Init_ossl_asn1(void)
      *   prim_zero_tagged_explicit = <class>.new(value, 0, :EXPLICIT)
      */
     cASN1Primitive = rb_define_class_under(mASN1, "Primitive", cASN1Data);
+    /*
+     * May be used as a hint for encoding a value either implicitly or
+     * explicitly by setting it either to +:IMPLICIT+ or to +:EXPLICIT+.
+     * _tagging_ is not set when a ASN.1 structure is parsed using
+     * OpenSSL::ASN1.decode.
+     */
+    rb_attr(cASN1Primitive, rb_intern("tagging"), 1, 1, Qtrue);
+    rb_undef_method(cASN1Primitive, "indefinite_length=");
+    rb_undef_method(cASN1Primitive, "infinite_length=");
+    rb_define_method(cASN1Primitive, "initialize", ossl_asn1_initialize, -1);
     rb_define_method(cASN1Primitive, "to_der", ossl_asn1prim_to_der, 0);
 
     /* Document-class: OpenSSL::ASN1::Constructive
@@ -1617,7 +1792,17 @@ Init_ossl_asn1(void)
      *   set = OpenSSL::ASN1::Set.new( [ int, str ] )
      */
     cASN1Constructive = rb_define_class_under(mASN1,"Constructive", cASN1Data);
+    rb_include_module(cASN1Constructive, rb_mEnumerable);
+    /*
+     * May be used as a hint for encoding a value either implicitly or
+     * explicitly by setting it either to +:IMPLICIT+ or to +:EXPLICIT+.
+     * _tagging_ is not set when a ASN.1 structure is parsed using
+     * OpenSSL::ASN1.decode.
+     */
+    rb_attr(cASN1Constructive, rb_intern("tagging"), 1, 1, Qtrue);
+    rb_define_method(cASN1Constructive, "initialize", ossl_asn1_initialize, -1);
     rb_define_method(cASN1Constructive, "to_der", ossl_asn1cons_to_der, 0);
+    rb_define_method(cASN1Constructive, "each", ossl_asn1cons_each, 0);
 
 #define OSSL_ASN1_DEFINE_CLASS(name, super) \
 do{\
@@ -1666,10 +1851,13 @@ do{\
     rb_define_alias(cASN1ObjectId, "short_name", "sn");
     rb_define_alias(cASN1ObjectId, "long_name", "ln");
     rb_define_method(cASN1ObjectId, "==", ossl_asn1obj_eq, 1);
+    rb_attr(cASN1BitString, rb_intern("unused_bits"), 1, 1, 0);
 
+    rb_define_method(cASN1EndOfContent, "initialize", ossl_asn1eoc_initialize, 0);
     rb_define_method(cASN1EndOfContent, "to_der", ossl_asn1eoc_to_der, 0);
 
     class_tag_map = rb_hash_new();
+    rb_gc_register_mark_object(class_tag_map);
     rb_hash_aset(class_tag_map, cASN1EndOfContent, INT2NUM(V_ASN1_EOC));
     rb_hash_aset(class_tag_map, cASN1Boolean, INT2NUM(V_ASN1_BOOLEAN));
     rb_hash_aset(class_tag_map, cASN1Integer, INT2NUM(V_ASN1_INTEGER));
@@ -1693,5 +1881,7 @@ do{\
     rb_hash_aset(class_tag_map, cASN1GeneralString, INT2NUM(V_ASN1_GENERALSTRING));
     rb_hash_aset(class_tag_map, cASN1UniversalString, INT2NUM(V_ASN1_UNIVERSALSTRING));
     rb_hash_aset(class_tag_map, cASN1BMPString, INT2NUM(V_ASN1_BMPSTRING));
-    rb_define_const(mASN1, "CLASS_TAG_MAP", class_tag_map);
+    rb_obj_freeze(class_tag_map);
+
+    id_each = rb_intern_const("each");
 }
diff --git a/ext/openssl/ossl_asn1.h b/ext/openssl/ossl_asn1.h
index 3b689c0ee7..b605df8f3f 100644
--- a/ext/openssl/ossl_asn1.h
+++ b/ext/openssl/ossl_asn1.h
@@ -32,10 +32,24 @@ VALUE asn1integer_to_num(const ASN1_INTEGER *);
 ASN1_INTEGER *num_to_asn1integer(VALUE, ASN1_INTEGER *);
 
 /*
+ * ASN1_OBJECT conversions
+ */
+ASN1_OBJECT *ossl_to_asn1obj(VALUE obj);
+/*
+ * Returns the short name if available, the dotted decimal notation otherwise.
+ * This is the most common way to return ASN1_OBJECT to Ruby.
+ */
+VALUE ossl_asn1obj_to_string(const ASN1_OBJECT *a1obj);
+/*
+ * However, some places use long names instead. This is likely unintentional,
+ * but we keep the current behavior in existing methods.
+ */
+VALUE ossl_asn1obj_to_string_long_name(const ASN1_OBJECT *a1obj);
+
+/*
  * ASN1 module
  */
 extern VALUE mASN1;
-extern VALUE eASN1Error;
 
 extern VALUE cASN1Data;
 
diff --git a/ext/openssl/ossl_bio.c b/ext/openssl/ossl_bio.c
index 2ef2080507..4edde5091d 100644
--- a/ext/openssl/ossl_bio.c
+++ b/ext/openssl/ossl_bio.c
@@ -16,11 +16,11 @@ ossl_obj2bio(volatile VALUE *pobj)
     BIO *bio;
 
     if (RB_TYPE_P(obj, T_FILE))
-	obj = rb_funcallv(obj, rb_intern("read"), 0, NULL);
+        obj = rb_funcallv(obj, rb_intern("read"), 0, NULL);
     StringValue(obj);
     bio = BIO_new_mem_buf(RSTRING_PTR(obj), RSTRING_LENINT(obj));
     if (!bio)
-	ossl_raise(eOSSLError, "BIO_new_mem_buf");
+        ossl_raise(eOSSLError, "BIO_new_mem_buf");
     *pobj = obj;
     return bio;
 }
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ ossl_membio2str(BIO *bio)
     ret = ossl_str_new(buf->data, buf->length, &state);
     BIO_free(bio);
     if (state)
-	rb_jump_tag(state);
+        rb_jump_tag(state);
 
     return ret;
 }
diff --git a/ext/openssl/ossl_bn.c b/ext/openssl/ossl_bn.c
index 8699ce8ec5..9014f2df2b 100644
--- a/ext/openssl/ossl_bn.c
+++ b/ext/openssl/ossl_bn.c
@@ -11,19 +11,19 @@
 #include "ossl.h"
 
 #define NewBN(klass) \
-  TypedData_Wrap_Struct((klass), &ossl_bn_type, 0)
+    TypedData_Wrap_Struct((klass), &ossl_bn_type, 0)
 #define SetBN(obj, bn) do { \
-  if (!(bn)) { \
-    ossl_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "BN wasn't initialized!"); \
-  } \
-  RTYPEDDATA_DATA(obj) = (bn); \
+    if (!(bn)) { \
+        ossl_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "BN wasn't initialized!"); \
+    } \
+    RTYPEDDATA_DATA(obj) = (bn); \
 } while (0)
 
 #define GetBN(obj, bn) do { \
-  TypedData_Get_Struct((obj), BIGNUM, &ossl_bn_type, (bn)); \
-  if (!(bn)) { \
-    ossl_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "BN wasn't initialized!"); \
-  } \
+    TypedData_Get_Struct((obj), BIGNUM, &ossl_bn_type, (bn)); \
+    if (!(bn)) { \
+        ossl_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "BN wasn't initialized!"); \
+    } \
 } while (0)
 
 static void
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ ossl_bn_free(void *ptr)
 static const rb_data_type_t ossl_bn_type = {
     "OpenSSL/BN",
     {
-	0, ossl_bn_free,
+        0, ossl_bn_free,
     },
     0, 0, RUBY_TYPED_FREE_IMMEDIATELY | RUBY_TYPED_WB_PROTECTED | RUBY_TYPED_FROZEN_SHAREABLE,
 };
@@ -61,10 +61,9 @@ ossl_bn_new(const BIGNUM *bn)
     VALUE obj;
 
     obj = NewBN(cBN);
-    newbn = bn ? BN_dup(bn) : BN_new();
-    if (!newbn) {
-	ossl_raise(eBNError, NULL);
-    }
+    newbn = BN_dup(bn);
+    if (!newbn)
+        ossl_raise(eBNError, "BN_dup");
     SetBN(obj, newbn);
 
     return obj;
@@ -76,40 +75,40 @@ integer_to_bnptr(VALUE obj, BIGNUM *orig)
     BIGNUM *bn;
 
     if (FIXNUM_P(obj)) {
-	long i;
-	unsigned char bin[sizeof(long)];
-	long n = FIX2LONG(obj);
-	unsigned long un = labs(n);
-
-	for (i = sizeof(long) - 1; 0 <= i; i--) {
-	    bin[i] = un & 0xff;
-	    un >>= 8;
-	}
-
-	bn = BN_bin2bn(bin, sizeof(bin), orig);
-	if (!bn)
-	    ossl_raise(eBNError, "BN_bin2bn");
-	if (n < 0)
-	    BN_set_negative(bn, 1);
+        long i;
+        unsigned char bin[sizeof(long)];
+        long n = FIX2LONG(obj);
+        unsigned long un = labs(n);
+
+        for (i = sizeof(long) - 1; 0 <= i; i--) {
+            bin[i] = un & 0xff;
+            un >>= 8;
+        }
+
+        bn = BN_bin2bn(bin, sizeof(bin), orig);
+        if (!bn)
+            ossl_raise(eBNError, "BN_bin2bn");
+        if (n < 0)
+            BN_set_negative(bn, 1);
     }
     else { /* assuming Bignum */
-	size_t len = rb_absint_size(obj, NULL);
-	unsigned char *bin;
-	VALUE buf;
-	int sign;
-
-	if (INT_MAX < len) {
-	    rb_raise(eBNError, "bignum too long");
-	}
-	bin = (unsigned char*)ALLOCV_N(unsigned char, buf, len);
-	sign = rb_integer_pack(obj, bin, len, 1, 0, INTEGER_PACK_BIG_ENDIAN);
-
-	bn = BN_bin2bn(bin, (int)len, orig);
-	ALLOCV_END(buf);
-	if (!bn)
-	    ossl_raise(eBNError, "BN_bin2bn");
-	if (sign < 0)
-	    BN_set_negative(bn, 1);
+        size_t len = rb_absint_size(obj, NULL);
+        unsigned char *bin;
+        VALUE buf;
+        int sign;
+
+        if (INT_MAX < len) {
+            rb_raise(eBNError, "bignum too long");
+        }
+        bin = (unsigned char*)ALLOCV_N(unsigned char, buf, len);
+        sign = rb_integer_pack(obj, bin, len, 1, 0, INTEGER_PACK_BIG_ENDIAN);
+
+        bn = BN_bin2bn(bin, (int)len, orig);
+        ALLOCV_END(buf);
+        if (!bn)
+            ossl_raise(eBNError, "BN_bin2bn");
+        if (sign < 0)
+            BN_set_negative(bn, 1);
     }
 
     return bn;
@@ -122,11 +121,11 @@ try_convert_to_bn(VALUE obj)
     VALUE newobj = Qnil;
 
     if (rb_obj_is_kind_of(obj, cBN))
-	return obj;
+        return obj;
     if (RB_INTEGER_TYPE_P(obj)) {
-	newobj = NewBN(cBN); /* Handle potential mem leaks */
-	bn = integer_to_bnptr(obj, NULL);
-	SetBN(newobj, bn);
+        newobj = NewBN(cBN); /* Handle potential mem leaks */
+        bn = integer_to_bnptr(obj, NULL);
+        SetBN(newobj, bn);
     }
 
     return newobj;
@@ -140,7 +139,7 @@ ossl_bn_value_ptr(volatile VALUE *ptr)
 
     tmp = try_convert_to_bn(*ptr);
     if (NIL_P(tmp))
-	ossl_raise(rb_eTypeError, "Cannot convert into OpenSSL::BN");
+        ossl_raise(rb_eTypeError, "Cannot convert into OpenSSL::BN");
     GetBN(tmp, bn);
     *ptr = tmp;
 
@@ -210,7 +209,7 @@ ossl_bn_alloc(VALUE klass)
     VALUE obj = NewBN(klass);
 
     if (!(bn = BN_new())) {
-	ossl_raise(eBNError, NULL);
+        ossl_raise(eBNError, NULL);
     }
     SetBN(obj, bn);
 
@@ -252,7 +251,7 @@ ossl_bn_initialize(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
     char *ptr;
 
     if (rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "11", &str, &bs) == 2) {
-	base = NUM2INT(bs);
+        base = NUM2INT(bs);
     }
 
     if (NIL_P(str)) {
@@ -261,49 +260,49 @@ ossl_bn_initialize(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
 
     rb_check_frozen(self);
     if (RB_INTEGER_TYPE_P(str)) {
-	GetBN(self, bn);
-	integer_to_bnptr(str, bn);
+        GetBN(self, bn);
+        integer_to_bnptr(str, bn);
 
-	return self;
+        return self;
     }
 
     if (RTEST(rb_obj_is_kind_of(str, cBN))) {
-	BIGNUM *other;
-
-	GetBN(self, bn);
-	GetBN(str, other); /* Safe - we checked kind_of? above */
-	if (!BN_copy(bn, other)) {
-	    ossl_raise(eBNError, NULL);
-	}
-	return self;
+        BIGNUM *other;
+
+        GetBN(self, bn);
+        GetBN(str, other); /* Safe - we checked kind_of? above */
+        if (!BN_copy(bn, other)) {
+            ossl_raise(eBNError, NULL);
+        }
+        return self;
     }
 
     GetBN(self, bn);
     switch (base) {
-    case 0:
+      case 0:
         ptr = StringValuePtr(str);
         if (!BN_mpi2bn((unsigned char *)ptr, RSTRING_LENINT(str), bn)) {
-	    ossl_raise(eBNError, NULL);
-	}
-	break;
-    case 2:
+            ossl_raise(eBNError, NULL);
+        }
+        break;
+      case 2:
         ptr = StringValuePtr(str);
         if (!BN_bin2bn((unsigned char *)ptr, RSTRING_LENINT(str), bn)) {
-	    ossl_raise(eBNError, NULL);
-	}
-	break;
-    case 10:
-	if (!BN_dec2bn(&bn, StringValueCStr(str))) {
-	    ossl_raise(eBNError, NULL);
-	}
-	break;
-    case 16:
-	if (!BN_hex2bn(&bn, StringValueCStr(str))) {
-	    ossl_raise(eBNError, NULL);
-	}
-	break;
-    default:
-	ossl_raise(rb_eArgError, "invalid radix %d", base);
+            ossl_raise(eBNError, NULL);
+        }
+        break;
+      case 10:
+        if (!BN_dec2bn(&bn, StringValueCStr(str))) {
+            ossl_raise(eBNError, NULL);
+        }
+        break;
+      case 16:
+        if (!BN_hex2bn(&bn, StringValueCStr(str))) {
+            ossl_raise(eBNError, NULL);
+        }
+        break;
+      default:
+        ossl_raise(rb_eArgError, "invalid radix %d", base);
     }
     return self;
 }
@@ -335,32 +334,32 @@ ossl_bn_to_s(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
     char *buf;
 
     if (rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "01", &bs) == 1) {
-	base = NUM2INT(bs);
+        base = NUM2INT(bs);
     }
     GetBN(self, bn);
     switch (base) {
-    case 0:
-	len = BN_bn2mpi(bn, NULL);
+      case 0:
+        len = BN_bn2mpi(bn, NULL);
         str = rb_str_new(0, len);
-	if (BN_bn2mpi(bn, (unsigned char *)RSTRING_PTR(str)) != len)
-	    ossl_raise(eBNError, NULL);
-	break;
-    case 2:
-	len = BN_num_bytes(bn);
+        if (BN_bn2mpi(bn, (unsigned char *)RSTRING_PTR(str)) != len)
+            ossl_raise(eBNError, NULL);
+        break;
+      case 2:
+        len = BN_num_bytes(bn);
         str = rb_str_new(0, len);
-	if (BN_bn2bin(bn, (unsigned char *)RSTRING_PTR(str)) != len)
-	    ossl_raise(eBNError, NULL);
-	break;
-    case 10:
-	if (!(buf = BN_bn2dec(bn))) ossl_raise(eBNError, NULL);
-	str = ossl_buf2str(buf, rb_long2int(strlen(buf)));
-	break;
-    case 16:
-	if (!(buf = BN_bn2hex(bn))) ossl_raise(eBNError, NULL);
-	str = ossl_buf2str(buf, rb_long2int(strlen(buf)));
-	break;
-    default:
-	ossl_raise(rb_eArgError, "invalid radix %d", base);
+        if (BN_bn2bin(bn, (unsigned char *)RSTRING_PTR(str)) != len)
+            ossl_raise(eBNError, NULL);
+        break;
+      case 10:
+        if (!(buf = BN_bn2dec(bn))) ossl_raise(eBNError, NULL);
+        str = ossl_buf2str(buf, rb_long2int(strlen(buf)));
+        break;
+      case 16:
+        if (!(buf = BN_bn2hex(bn))) ossl_raise(eBNError, NULL);
+        str = ossl_buf2str(buf, rb_long2int(strlen(buf)));
+        break;
+      default:
+        ossl_raise(rb_eArgError, "invalid radix %d", base);
     }
 
     return str;
@@ -380,7 +379,7 @@ ossl_bn_to_i(VALUE self)
     GetBN(self, bn);
 
     if (!(txt = BN_bn2hex(bn))) {
-	ossl_raise(eBNError, NULL);
+        ossl_raise(eBNError, NULL);
     }
     num = rb_cstr_to_inum(txt, 16, Qtrue);
     OPENSSL_free(txt);
@@ -398,31 +397,31 @@ static VALUE
 ossl_bn_coerce(VALUE self, VALUE other)
 {
     switch(TYPE(other)) {
-    case T_STRING:
-	self = ossl_bn_to_s(0, NULL, self);
-	break;
-    case T_FIXNUM:
-    case T_BIGNUM:
-	self = ossl_bn_to_i(self);
-	break;
-    default:
-	if (!RTEST(rb_obj_is_kind_of(other, cBN))) {
-	    ossl_raise(rb_eTypeError, "Don't know how to coerce");
-	}
+      case T_STRING:
+        self = ossl_bn_to_s(0, NULL, self);
+        break;
+      case T_FIXNUM:
+      case T_BIGNUM:
+        self = ossl_bn_to_i(self);
+        break;
+      default:
+        if (!RTEST(rb_obj_is_kind_of(other, cBN))) {
+            ossl_raise(rb_eTypeError, "Don't know how to coerce");
+        }
     }
     return rb_assoc_new(other, self);
 }
 
-#define BIGNUM_BOOL1(func)				\
-    static VALUE					\
-    ossl_bn_##func(VALUE self)				\
-    {							\
-	BIGNUM *bn;					\
-	GetBN(self, bn);				\
-	if (BN_##func(bn)) {				\
-	    return Qtrue;				\
-	}						\
-	return Qfalse;					\
+#define BIGNUM_BOOL1(func)                              \
+    static VALUE                                        \
+    ossl_bn_##func(VALUE self)                          \
+    {                                                   \
+        BIGNUM *bn;                                     \
+        GetBN(self, bn);                                \
+        if (BN_##func(bn)) {                            \
+            return Qtrue;                               \
+        }                                               \
+        return Qfalse;                                  \
     }
 
 /*
@@ -457,27 +456,27 @@ ossl_bn_is_negative(VALUE self)
 
     GetBN(self, bn);
     if (BN_is_zero(bn))
-	return Qfalse;
+        return Qfalse;
     return BN_is_negative(bn) ? Qtrue : Qfalse;
 }
 
-#define BIGNUM_1c(func)					\
-    static VALUE					\
-    ossl_bn_##func(VALUE self)				\
-    {							\
-	BIGNUM *bn, *result;				\
-	VALUE obj;					\
-	GetBN(self, bn);				\
-	obj = NewBN(rb_obj_class(self));		\
-	if (!(result = BN_new())) {			\
-	    ossl_raise(eBNError, NULL);			\
-	}						\
-	if (BN_##func(result, bn, ossl_bn_ctx) <= 0) {	\
-	    BN_free(result);				\
-	    ossl_raise(eBNError, NULL);			\
-	}						\
-	SetBN(obj, result);				\
-	return obj;					\
+#define BIGNUM_1c(func)                                 \
+    static VALUE                                        \
+    ossl_bn_##func(VALUE self)                          \
+    {                                                   \
+        BIGNUM *bn, *result;                            \
+        VALUE obj;                                      \
+        GetBN(self, bn);                                \
+        obj = NewBN(rb_obj_class(self));                \
+        if (!(result = BN_new())) {                     \
+            ossl_raise(eBNError, NULL);                 \
+        }                                               \
+        if (BN_##func(result, bn, ossl_bn_ctx) <= 0) {  \
+            BN_free(result);                            \
+            ossl_raise(eBNError, NULL);                 \
+        }                                               \
+        SetBN(obj, result);                             \
+        return obj;                                     \
     }
 
 /*
@@ -487,23 +486,23 @@ ossl_bn_is_negative(VALUE self)
  */
 BIGNUM_1c(sqr)
 
-#define BIGNUM_2(func)					\
-    static VALUE					\
-    ossl_bn_##func(VALUE self, VALUE other)		\
-    {							\
-	BIGNUM *bn1, *bn2 = GetBNPtr(other), *result;	\
-	VALUE obj;					\
-	GetBN(self, bn1);				\
-	obj = NewBN(rb_obj_class(self));		\
-	if (!(result = BN_new())) {			\
-	    ossl_raise(eBNError, NULL);			\
-	}						\
-	if (BN_##func(result, bn1, bn2) <= 0) {		\
-	    BN_free(result);				\
-	    ossl_raise(eBNError, NULL);			\
-	}						\
-	SetBN(obj, result);				\
-	return obj;					\
+#define BIGNUM_2(func)                                  \
+    static VALUE                                        \
+    ossl_bn_##func(VALUE self, VALUE other)             \
+    {                                                   \
+        BIGNUM *bn1, *bn2 = GetBNPtr(other), *result;   \
+        VALUE obj;                                      \
+        GetBN(self, bn1);                               \
+        obj = NewBN(rb_obj_class(self));                \
+        if (!(result = BN_new())) {                     \
+            ossl_raise(eBNError, NULL);                 \
+        }                                               \
+        if (BN_##func(result, bn1, bn2) <= 0) {         \
+            BN_free(result);                            \
+            ossl_raise(eBNError, NULL);                 \
+        }                                               \
+        SetBN(obj, result);                             \
+        return obj;                                     \
     }
 
 /*
@@ -520,23 +519,23 @@ BIGNUM_2(add)
  */
 BIGNUM_2(sub)
 
-#define BIGNUM_2c(func)						\
-    static VALUE						\
-    ossl_bn_##func(VALUE self, VALUE other)			\
-    {								\
-	BIGNUM *bn1, *bn2 = GetBNPtr(other), *result;		\
-	VALUE obj;						\
-	GetBN(self, bn1);					\
-	obj = NewBN(rb_obj_class(self));			\
-	if (!(result = BN_new())) {				\
-	    ossl_raise(eBNError, NULL);				\
-	}							\
-	if (BN_##func(result, bn1, bn2, ossl_bn_ctx) <= 0) {	\
-	    BN_free(result);					\
-	    ossl_raise(eBNError, NULL);				\
-	}							\
-	SetBN(obj, result);					\
-	return obj;						\
+#define BIGNUM_2c(func)                                         \
+    static VALUE                                                \
+    ossl_bn_##func(VALUE self, VALUE other)                     \
+    {                                                           \
+        BIGNUM *bn1, *bn2 = GetBNPtr(other), *result;           \
+        VALUE obj;                                              \
+        GetBN(self, bn1);                                       \
+        obj = NewBN(rb_obj_class(self));                        \
+        if (!(result = BN_new())) {                             \
+            ossl_raise(eBNError, NULL);                         \
+        }                                                       \
+        if (BN_##func(result, bn1, bn2, ossl_bn_ctx) <= 0) {    \
+            BN_free(result);                                    \
+            ossl_raise(eBNError, NULL);                         \
+        }                                                       \
+        SetBN(obj, result);                                     \
+        return obj;                                             \
     }
 
 /*
@@ -574,18 +573,18 @@ BIGNUM_2c(gcd)
  */
 BIGNUM_2c(mod_sqr)
 
-#define BIGNUM_2cr(func)					\
-    static VALUE						\
-    ossl_bn_##func(VALUE self, VALUE other)			\
-    {								\
-	BIGNUM *bn1, *bn2 = GetBNPtr(other), *result;		\
-	VALUE obj;						\
-	GetBN(self, bn1);					\
-	obj = NewBN(rb_obj_class(self));			\
-	if (!(result = BN_##func(NULL, bn1, bn2, ossl_bn_ctx)))	\
-	    ossl_raise(eBNError, NULL);				\
-	SetBN(obj, result);					\
-	return obj;						\
+#define BIGNUM_2cr(func)                                        \
+    static VALUE                                                \
+    ossl_bn_##func(VALUE self, VALUE other)                     \
+    {                                                           \
+        BIGNUM *bn1, *bn2 = GetBNPtr(other), *result;           \
+        VALUE obj;                                              \
+        GetBN(self, bn1);                                       \
+        obj = NewBN(rb_obj_class(self));                        \
+        if (!(result = BN_##func(NULL, bn1, bn2, ossl_bn_ctx))) \
+            ossl_raise(eBNError, NULL);                         \
+        SetBN(obj, result);                                     \
+        return obj;                                             \
     }
 
 /*
@@ -620,16 +619,16 @@ ossl_bn_div(VALUE self, VALUE other)
     obj1 = NewBN(klass);
     obj2 = NewBN(klass);
     if (!(r1 = BN_new())) {
-	ossl_raise(eBNError, NULL);
+        ossl_raise(eBNError, NULL);
     }
     if (!(r2 = BN_new())) {
-	BN_free(r1);
-	ossl_raise(eBNError, NULL);
+        BN_free(r1);
+        ossl_raise(eBNError, NULL);
     }
     if (!BN_div(r1, r2, bn1, bn2, ossl_bn_ctx)) {
-	BN_free(r1);
-	BN_free(r2);
-	ossl_raise(eBNError, NULL);
+        BN_free(r1);
+        BN_free(r2);
+        ossl_raise(eBNError, NULL);
     }
     SetBN(obj1, r1);
     SetBN(obj2, r2);
@@ -637,24 +636,24 @@ ossl_bn_div(VALUE self, VALUE other)
     return rb_ary_new3(2, obj1, obj2);
 }
 
-#define BIGNUM_3c(func)						\
-    static VALUE						\
-    ossl_bn_##func(VALUE self, VALUE other1, VALUE other2)	\
-    {								\
-	BIGNUM *bn1, *bn2 = GetBNPtr(other1);			\
-	BIGNUM *bn3 = GetBNPtr(other2), *result;		\
-	VALUE obj;						\
-	GetBN(self, bn1);					\
-	obj = NewBN(rb_obj_class(self));			\
-	if (!(result = BN_new())) {				\
-	    ossl_raise(eBNError, NULL);				\
-	}							\
-	if (BN_##func(result, bn1, bn2, bn3, ossl_bn_ctx) <= 0) { \
-	    BN_free(result);					\
-	    ossl_raise(eBNError, NULL);				\
-	}							\
-	SetBN(obj, result);					\
-	return obj;						\
+#define BIGNUM_3c(func)                                         \
+    static VALUE                                                \
+    ossl_bn_##func(VALUE self, VALUE other1, VALUE other2)      \
+    {                                                           \
+        BIGNUM *bn1, *bn2 = GetBNPtr(other1);                   \
+        BIGNUM *bn3 = GetBNPtr(other2), *result;                \
+        VALUE obj;                                              \
+        GetBN(self, bn1);                                       \
+        obj = NewBN(rb_obj_class(self));                        \
+        if (!(result = BN_new())) {                             \
+            ossl_raise(eBNError, NULL);                         \
+        }                                                       \
+        if (BN_##func(result, bn1, bn2, bn3, ossl_bn_ctx) <= 0) { \
+            BN_free(result);                                    \
+            ossl_raise(eBNError, NULL);                         \
+        }                                                       \
+        SetBN(obj, result);                                     \
+        return obj;                                             \
     }
 
 /*
@@ -685,17 +684,17 @@ BIGNUM_3c(mod_mul)
  */
 BIGNUM_3c(mod_exp)
 
-#define BIGNUM_BIT(func)				\
-    static VALUE					\
-    ossl_bn_##func(VALUE self, VALUE bit)		\
-    {							\
-	BIGNUM *bn;					\
-	rb_check_frozen(self);				\
-	GetBN(self, bn);				\
-	if (BN_##func(bn, NUM2INT(bit)) <= 0) {		\
-	    ossl_raise(eBNError, NULL);			\
-	}						\
-	return self;					\
+#define BIGNUM_BIT(func)                                \
+    static VALUE                                        \
+    ossl_bn_##func(VALUE self, VALUE bit)               \
+    {                                                   \
+        BIGNUM *bn;                                     \
+        rb_check_frozen(self);                          \
+        GetBN(self, bn);                                \
+        if (BN_##func(bn, NUM2INT(bit)) <= 0) {         \
+            ossl_raise(eBNError, NULL);                 \
+        }                                               \
+        return self;                                    \
     }
 
 /*
@@ -734,30 +733,30 @@ ossl_bn_is_bit_set(VALUE self, VALUE bit)
     b = NUM2INT(bit);
     GetBN(self, bn);
     if (BN_is_bit_set(bn, b)) {
-	return Qtrue;
+        return Qtrue;
     }
     return Qfalse;
 }
 
-#define BIGNUM_SHIFT(func)				\
-    static VALUE					\
-    ossl_bn_##func(VALUE self, VALUE bits)		\
-    {							\
-	BIGNUM *bn, *result;				\
-	int b;						\
-	VALUE obj;					\
-	b = NUM2INT(bits);				\
-	GetBN(self, bn);				\
-	obj = NewBN(rb_obj_class(self));		\
-	if (!(result = BN_new())) {			\
-		ossl_raise(eBNError, NULL);		\
-	}						\
-	if (BN_##func(result, bn, b) <= 0) {		\
-		BN_free(result);			\
-		ossl_raise(eBNError, NULL);		\
-	}						\
-	SetBN(obj, result);				\
-	return obj;					\
+#define BIGNUM_SHIFT(func)                              \
+    static VALUE                                        \
+    ossl_bn_##func(VALUE self, VALUE bits)              \
+    {                                                   \
+        BIGNUM *bn, *result;                            \
+        int b;                                          \
+        VALUE obj;                                      \
+        b = NUM2INT(bits);                              \
+        GetBN(self, bn);                                \
+        obj = NewBN(rb_obj_class(self));                \
+        if (!(result = BN_new())) {                     \
+                ossl_raise(eBNError, NULL);             \
+        }                                               \
+        if (BN_##func(result, bn, b) <= 0) {            \
+                BN_free(result);                        \
+                ossl_raise(eBNError, NULL);             \
+        }                                               \
+        SetBN(obj, result);                             \
+        return obj;                                     \
     }
 
 /*
@@ -774,18 +773,18 @@ BIGNUM_SHIFT(lshift)
  */
 BIGNUM_SHIFT(rshift)
 
-#define BIGNUM_SELF_SHIFT(func)				\
-    static VALUE					\
-    ossl_bn_self_##func(VALUE self, VALUE bits)		\
-    {							\
-	BIGNUM *bn;					\
-	int b;						\
-	rb_check_frozen(self);				\
-	b = NUM2INT(bits);				\
-	GetBN(self, bn);				\
-	if (BN_##func(bn, bn, b) <= 0)			\
-		ossl_raise(eBNError, NULL);		\
-	return self;					\
+#define BIGNUM_SELF_SHIFT(func)                         \
+    static VALUE                                        \
+    ossl_bn_self_##func(VALUE self, VALUE bits)         \
+    {                                                   \
+        BIGNUM *bn;                                     \
+        int b;                                          \
+        rb_check_frozen(self);                          \
+        b = NUM2INT(bits);                              \
+        GetBN(self, bn);                                \
+        if (BN_##func(bn, bn, b) <= 0)                  \
+                ossl_raise(eBNError, NULL);             \
+        return self;                                    \
     }
 
 /*
@@ -887,32 +886,32 @@ ossl_bn_s_generate_prime(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE klass)
     num = NUM2INT(vnum);
 
     if (vsafe == Qfalse) {
-	safe = 0;
+        safe = 0;
     }
     if (!NIL_P(vadd)) {
-	add = GetBNPtr(vadd);
-	rem = NIL_P(vrem) ? NULL : GetBNPtr(vrem);
+        add = GetBNPtr(vadd);
+        rem = NIL_P(vrem) ? NULL : GetBNPtr(vrem);
     }
     obj = NewBN(klass);
     if (!(result = BN_new())) {
-	ossl_raise(eBNError, NULL);
+        ossl_raise(eBNError, NULL);
     }
     if (!BN_generate_prime_ex(result, num, safe, add, rem, NULL)) {
-	BN_free(result);
-	ossl_raise(eBNError, NULL);
+        BN_free(result);
+        ossl_raise(eBNError, NULL);
     }
     SetBN(obj, result);
 
     return obj;
 }
 
-#define BIGNUM_NUM(func)			\
-    static VALUE 				\
-    ossl_bn_##func(VALUE self)			\
-    {						\
-	BIGNUM *bn;				\
-	GetBN(self, bn);			\
-	return INT2NUM(BN_##func(bn));		\
+#define BIGNUM_NUM(func)                        \
+    static VALUE                                \
+    ossl_bn_##func(VALUE self)                  \
+    {                                           \
+        BIGNUM *bn;                             \
+        GetBN(self, bn);                        \
+        return INT2NUM(BN_##func(bn));          \
     }
 
 /*
@@ -943,7 +942,7 @@ ossl_bn_copy(VALUE self, VALUE other)
     bn2 = GetBNPtr(other);
 
     if (!BN_copy(bn1, bn2)) {
-	ossl_raise(eBNError, NULL);
+        ossl_raise(eBNError, NULL);
     }
     return self;
 }
@@ -962,7 +961,7 @@ ossl_bn_uplus(VALUE self)
     obj = NewBN(cBN);
     bn2 = BN_dup(bn1);
     if (!bn2)
-	ossl_raise(eBNError, "BN_dup");
+        ossl_raise(eBNError, "BN_dup");
     SetBN(obj, bn2);
 
     return obj;
@@ -982,7 +981,7 @@ ossl_bn_uminus(VALUE self)
     obj = NewBN(cBN);
     bn2 = BN_dup(bn1);
     if (!bn2)
-	ossl_raise(eBNError, "BN_dup");
+        ossl_raise(eBNError, "BN_dup");
     SetBN(obj, bn2);
     BN_set_negative(bn2, !BN_is_negative(bn2));
 
@@ -1007,13 +1006,13 @@ ossl_bn_abs(VALUE self)
     }
 }
 
-#define BIGNUM_CMP(func)				\
-    static VALUE					\
-    ossl_bn_##func(VALUE self, VALUE other)		\
-    {							\
-	BIGNUM *bn1, *bn2 = GetBNPtr(other);		\
-	GetBN(self, bn1);				\
-	return INT2NUM(BN_##func(bn1, bn2));		\
+#define BIGNUM_CMP(func)                                \
+    static VALUE                                        \
+    ossl_bn_##func(VALUE self, VALUE other)             \
+    {                                                   \
+        BIGNUM *bn1, *bn2 = GetBNPtr(other);            \
+        GetBN(self, bn1);                               \
+        return INT2NUM(BN_##func(bn1, bn2));            \
     }
 
 /*
@@ -1050,11 +1049,11 @@ ossl_bn_eq(VALUE self, VALUE other)
     GetBN(self, bn1);
     other = try_convert_to_bn(other);
     if (NIL_P(other))
-	return Qfalse;
+        return Qfalse;
     GetBN(other, bn2);
 
     if (!BN_cmp(bn1, bn2)) {
-	return Qtrue;
+        return Qtrue;
     }
     return Qfalse;
 }
@@ -1073,7 +1072,7 @@ ossl_bn_eql(VALUE self, VALUE other)
     BIGNUM *bn1, *bn2;
 
     if (!rb_obj_is_kind_of(other, cBN))
-	return Qfalse;
+        return Qfalse;
     GetBN(self, bn1);
     GetBN(other, bn2);
 
@@ -1100,8 +1099,8 @@ ossl_bn_hash(VALUE self)
     len = BN_num_bytes(bn);
     buf = ALLOCV(tmp, len);
     if (BN_bn2bin(bn, buf) != len) {
-	ALLOCV_END(tmp);
-	ossl_raise(eBNError, "BN_bn2bin");
+        ALLOCV_END(tmp);
+        ossl_raise(eBNError, "BN_bn2bin");
     }
 
     hash = ST2FIX(rb_memhash(buf, len));
@@ -1203,11 +1202,6 @@ ossl_bn_set_flags(VALUE self, VALUE arg)
 void
 Init_ossl_bn(void)
 {
-#if 0
-    mOSSL = rb_define_module("OpenSSL");
-    eOSSLError = rb_define_class_under(mOSSL, "OpenSSLError", rb_eStandardError);
-#endif
-
 #ifdef HAVE_RB_EXT_RACTOR_SAFE
     ossl_bn_ctx_key = rb_ractor_local_storage_ptr_newkey(&ossl_bn_ctx_key_type);
 #else
diff --git a/ext/openssl/ossl_cipher.c b/ext/openssl/ossl_cipher.c
index 07e651335d..f3cd247c8f 100644
--- a/ext/openssl/ossl_cipher.c
+++ b/ext/openssl/ossl_cipher.c
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@
 #define AllocCipher(obj, ctx) do { \
     (ctx) = EVP_CIPHER_CTX_new(); \
     if (!(ctx)) \
-	ossl_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, NULL); \
+        ossl_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, NULL); \
     RTYPEDDATA_DATA(obj) = (ctx); \
 } while (0)
 #define GetCipherInit(obj, ctx) do { \
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@
 #define GetCipher(obj, ctx) do { \
     GetCipherInit((obj), (ctx)); \
     if (!(ctx)) { \
-	ossl_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "Cipher not initialized!"); \
+        ossl_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "Cipher not initialized!"); \
     } \
 } while (0)
 
@@ -32,7 +32,8 @@
  */
 static VALUE cCipher;
 static VALUE eCipherError;
-static ID id_auth_tag_len, id_key_set;
+static VALUE eAuthTagError;
+static ID id_auth_tag_len, id_key_set, id_cipher_holder;
 
 static VALUE ossl_cipher_alloc(VALUE klass);
 static void ossl_cipher_free(void *ptr);
@@ -40,35 +41,63 @@ static void ossl_cipher_free(void *ptr);
 static const rb_data_type_t ossl_cipher_type = {
     "OpenSSL/Cipher",
     {
-	0, ossl_cipher_free,
+        0, ossl_cipher_free,
     },
     0, 0, RUBY_TYPED_FREE_IMMEDIATELY | RUBY_TYPED_WB_PROTECTED,
 };
 
+#ifdef OSSL_USE_PROVIDER
+static void
+ossl_evp_cipher_free(void *ptr)
+{
+    // This is safe to call against const EVP_CIPHER * returned by
+    // EVP_get_cipherbyname()
+    EVP_CIPHER_free(ptr);
+}
+
+static const rb_data_type_t ossl_evp_cipher_holder_type = {
+    "OpenSSL/EVP_CIPHER",
+    {
+        .dfree = ossl_evp_cipher_free,
+    },
+    0, 0, RUBY_TYPED_FREE_IMMEDIATELY | RUBY_TYPED_WB_PROTECTED,
+};
+#endif
+
 /*
  * PUBLIC
  */
 const EVP_CIPHER *
-ossl_evp_get_cipherbyname(VALUE obj)
+ossl_evp_cipher_fetch(VALUE obj, volatile VALUE *holder)
 {
+    *holder = Qnil;
     if (rb_obj_is_kind_of(obj, cCipher)) {
-	EVP_CIPHER_CTX *ctx;
-
-	GetCipher(obj, ctx);
-
-	return EVP_CIPHER_CTX_cipher(ctx);
+        EVP_CIPHER_CTX *ctx;
+        GetCipher(obj, ctx);
+        EVP_CIPHER *cipher = (EVP_CIPHER *)EVP_CIPHER_CTX_cipher(ctx);
+#ifdef OSSL_USE_PROVIDER
+        *holder = TypedData_Wrap_Struct(0, &ossl_evp_cipher_holder_type, NULL);
+        if (!EVP_CIPHER_up_ref(cipher))
+            ossl_raise(eCipherError, "EVP_CIPHER_up_ref");
+        RTYPEDDATA_DATA(*holder) = cipher;
+#endif
+        return cipher;
     }
-    else {
-	const EVP_CIPHER *cipher;
-
-	StringValueCStr(obj);
-	cipher = EVP_get_cipherbyname(RSTRING_PTR(obj));
-	if (!cipher)
-	    ossl_raise(rb_eArgError,
-		       "unsupported cipher algorithm: %"PRIsVALUE, obj);
 
-	return cipher;
+    const char *name = StringValueCStr(obj);
+    EVP_CIPHER *cipher = (EVP_CIPHER *)EVP_get_cipherbyname(name);
+#ifdef OSSL_USE_PROVIDER
+    if (!cipher) {
+        ossl_clear_error();
+        *holder = TypedData_Wrap_Struct(0, &ossl_evp_cipher_holder_type, NULL);
+        cipher = EVP_CIPHER_fetch(NULL, name, NULL);
+        RTYPEDDATA_DATA(*holder) = cipher;
     }
+#endif
+    if (!cipher)
+        ossl_raise(eCipherError, "unsupported cipher algorithm: %"PRIsVALUE,
+                   obj);
+    return cipher;
 }
 
 VALUE
@@ -77,10 +106,13 @@ ossl_cipher_new(const EVP_CIPHER *cipher)
     VALUE ret;
     EVP_CIPHER_CTX *ctx;
 
+    // NOTE: This does not set id_cipher_holder because this function should
+    // only be called from ossl_engine.c, which will not use any
+    // reference-counted ciphers.
     ret = ossl_cipher_alloc(cCipher);
     AllocCipher(ret, ctx);
     if (EVP_CipherInit_ex(ctx, cipher, NULL, NULL, NULL, -1) != 1)
-	ossl_raise(eCipherError, NULL);
+        ossl_raise(eCipherError, NULL);
 
     return ret;
 }
@@ -113,19 +145,17 @@ ossl_cipher_initialize(VALUE self, VALUE str)
 {
     EVP_CIPHER_CTX *ctx;
     const EVP_CIPHER *cipher;
-    char *name;
+    VALUE cipher_holder;
 
-    name = StringValueCStr(str);
     GetCipherInit(self, ctx);
     if (ctx) {
-	ossl_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "Cipher already initialized!");
+        ossl_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "Cipher already initialized!");
     }
+    cipher = ossl_evp_cipher_fetch(str, &cipher_holder);
     AllocCipher(self, ctx);
-    if (!(cipher = EVP_get_cipherbyname(name))) {
-	ossl_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "unsupported cipher algorithm (%"PRIsVALUE")", str);
-    }
     if (EVP_CipherInit_ex(ctx, cipher, NULL, NULL, NULL, -1) != 1)
-	ossl_raise(eCipherError, NULL);
+        ossl_raise(eCipherError, "EVP_CipherInit_ex");
+    rb_ivar_set(self, id_cipher_holder, cipher_holder);
 
     return self;
 }
@@ -141,11 +171,11 @@ ossl_cipher_copy(VALUE self, VALUE other)
 
     GetCipherInit(self, ctx1);
     if (!ctx1) {
-	AllocCipher(self, ctx1);
+        AllocCipher(self, ctx1);
     }
     GetCipher(other, ctx2);
     if (EVP_CIPHER_CTX_copy(ctx1, ctx2) != 1)
-	ossl_raise(eCipherError, NULL);
+        ossl_raise(eCipherError, NULL);
 
     return self;
 }
@@ -170,8 +200,8 @@ ossl_s_ciphers(VALUE self)
 
     ary = rb_ary_new();
     OBJ_NAME_do_all_sorted(OBJ_NAME_TYPE_CIPHER_METH,
-                    add_cipher_name_to_ary,
-                    (void*)ary);
+                           add_cipher_name_to_ary,
+                           (void*)ary);
 
     return ary;
 }
@@ -192,7 +222,7 @@ ossl_cipher_reset(VALUE self)
 
     GetCipher(self, ctx);
     if (EVP_CipherInit_ex(ctx, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, -1) != 1)
-	ossl_raise(eCipherError, NULL);
+        ossl_raise(eCipherError, NULL);
 
     return self;
 }
@@ -218,9 +248,8 @@ ossl_cipher_init(VALUE self, int enc)
  *
  *  Initializes the Cipher for encryption.
  *
- *  Make sure to call Cipher#encrypt or Cipher#decrypt before using any of the
- *  following methods:
- *  * [#key=, #iv=, #random_key, #random_iv, #pkcs5_keyivgen]
+ *  Make sure to call either #encrypt or #decrypt before using the Cipher for
+ *  any operation or setting any parameters.
  *
  *  Internally calls EVP_CipherInit_ex(ctx, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, 1).
  */
@@ -236,9 +265,8 @@ ossl_cipher_encrypt(VALUE self)
  *
  *  Initializes the Cipher for decryption.
  *
- *  Make sure to call Cipher#encrypt or Cipher#decrypt before using any of the
- *  following methods:
- *  * [#key=, #iv=, #random_key, #random_iv, #pkcs5_keyivgen]
+ *  Make sure to call either #encrypt or #decrypt before using the Cipher for
+ *  any operation or setting any parameters.
  *
  *  Internally calls EVP_CipherInit_ex(ctx, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, 0).
  */
@@ -254,46 +282,42 @@ ossl_cipher_decrypt(VALUE self)
  *
  *  Generates and sets the key/IV based on a password.
  *
- *  *WARNING*: This method is only PKCS5 v1.5 compliant when using RC2, RC4-40,
- *  or DES with MD5 or SHA1. Using anything else (like AES) will generate the
- *  key/iv using an OpenSSL specific method. This method is deprecated and
- *  should no longer be used. Use a PKCS5 v2 key generation method from
- *  OpenSSL::PKCS5 instead.
+ *  *WARNING*: This method is deprecated and should not be used. This method
+ *  corresponds to EVP_BytesToKey(), a non-standard OpenSSL extension of the
+ *  legacy PKCS #5 v1.5 key derivation function. See OpenSSL::KDF for other
+ *  options to derive keys from passwords.
  *
  *  === Parameters
  *  * _salt_ must be an 8 byte string if provided.
  *  * _iterations_ is an integer with a default of 2048.
  *  * _digest_ is a Digest object that defaults to 'MD5'
- *
- *  A minimum of 1000 iterations is recommended.
- *
  */
 static VALUE
 ossl_cipher_pkcs5_keyivgen(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
 {
     EVP_CIPHER_CTX *ctx;
     const EVP_MD *digest;
-    VALUE vpass, vsalt, viter, vdigest;
+    VALUE vpass, vsalt, viter, vdigest, md_holder;
     unsigned char key[EVP_MAX_KEY_LENGTH], iv[EVP_MAX_IV_LENGTH], *salt = NULL;
     int iter;
 
     rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "13", &vpass, &vsalt, &viter, &vdigest);
     StringValue(vpass);
     if(!NIL_P(vsalt)){
-	StringValue(vsalt);
-	if(RSTRING_LEN(vsalt) != PKCS5_SALT_LEN)
-	    ossl_raise(eCipherError, "salt must be an 8-octet string");
-	salt = (unsigned char *)RSTRING_PTR(vsalt);
+        StringValue(vsalt);
+        if(RSTRING_LEN(vsalt) != PKCS5_SALT_LEN)
+            ossl_raise(eCipherError, "salt must be an 8-octet string");
+        salt = (unsigned char *)RSTRING_PTR(vsalt);
     }
     iter = NIL_P(viter) ? 2048 : NUM2INT(viter);
     if (iter <= 0)
-	rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "iterations must be a positive integer");
-    digest = NIL_P(vdigest) ? EVP_md5() : ossl_evp_get_digestbyname(vdigest);
+        rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "iterations must be a positive integer");
+    digest = NIL_P(vdigest) ? EVP_md5() : ossl_evp_md_fetch(vdigest, &md_holder);
     GetCipher(self, ctx);
     EVP_BytesToKey(EVP_CIPHER_CTX_cipher(ctx), digest, salt,
-		   (unsigned char *)RSTRING_PTR(vpass), RSTRING_LENINT(vpass), iter, key, iv);
+                   (unsigned char *)RSTRING_PTR(vpass), RSTRING_LENINT(vpass), iter, key, iv);
     if (EVP_CipherInit_ex(ctx, NULL, NULL, key, iv, -1) != 1)
-	ossl_raise(eCipherError, NULL);
+        ossl_raise(eCipherError, NULL);
     OPENSSL_cleanse(key, sizeof key);
     OPENSSL_cleanse(iv, sizeof iv);
 
@@ -304,25 +328,25 @@ ossl_cipher_pkcs5_keyivgen(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
 
 static int
 ossl_cipher_update_long(EVP_CIPHER_CTX *ctx, unsigned char *out, long *out_len_ptr,
-			const unsigned char *in, long in_len)
+                        const unsigned char *in, long in_len)
 {
     int out_part_len;
     int limit = INT_MAX / 2 + 1;
     long out_len = 0;
 
     do {
-	int in_part_len = in_len > limit ? limit : (int)in_len;
+        int in_part_len = in_len > limit ? limit : (int)in_len;
 
-	if (!EVP_CipherUpdate(ctx, out ? (out + out_len) : 0,
-			      &out_part_len, in, in_part_len))
-	    return 0;
+        if (!EVP_CipherUpdate(ctx, out ? (out + out_len) : 0,
+                              &out_part_len, in, in_part_len))
+            return 0;
 
-	out_len += out_part_len;
-	in += in_part_len;
+        out_len += out_part_len;
+        in += in_part_len;
     } while ((in_len -= limit) > 0);
 
     if (out_len_ptr)
-	*out_len_ptr = out_len;
+        *out_len_ptr = out_len;
 
     return 1;
 }
@@ -338,6 +362,9 @@ ossl_cipher_update_long(EVP_CIPHER_CTX *ctx, unsigned char *out, long *out_len_p
  *
  *  If _buffer_ is given, the encryption/decryption result will be written to
  *  it. _buffer_ will be resized automatically.
+ *
+ *  *NOTE*: When decrypting using an AEAD cipher, the integrity of the output
+ *  is not verified until #final has been called.
  */
 static VALUE
 ossl_cipher_update(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
@@ -350,7 +377,7 @@ ossl_cipher_update(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
     rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "11", &data, &str);
 
     if (!RTEST(rb_attr_get(self, id_key_set)))
-	ossl_raise(eCipherError, "key not set");
+        ossl_raise(eCipherError, "key not set");
 
     StringValue(data);
     in = (unsigned char *)RSTRING_PTR(data);
@@ -369,14 +396,14 @@ ossl_cipher_update(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
      * currently implemented in OpenSSL, but this can change in the future.
      */
     if (in_len > LONG_MAX - EVP_MAX_BLOCK_LENGTH) {
-	ossl_raise(rb_eRangeError,
-		   "data too big to make output buffer: %ld bytes", in_len);
+        ossl_raise(rb_eRangeError,
+                   "data too big to make output buffer: %ld bytes", in_len);
     }
     out_len = in_len + EVP_MAX_BLOCK_LENGTH;
 
-    if (NIL_P(str)) {
-        str = rb_str_new(0, out_len);
-    } else {
+    if (NIL_P(str))
+        str = rb_str_buf_new(out_len);
+    else {
         StringValue(str);
         if ((long)rb_str_capacity(str) >= out_len)
             rb_str_modify(str);
@@ -384,9 +411,9 @@ ossl_cipher_update(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
             rb_str_modify_expand(str, out_len - RSTRING_LEN(str));
     }
 
-    if (!ossl_cipher_update_long(ctx, (unsigned char *)RSTRING_PTR(str), &out_len, in, in_len))
-	ossl_raise(eCipherError, NULL);
-    assert(out_len <= RSTRING_LEN(str));
+    if (!ossl_cipher_update_long(ctx, (unsigned char *)RSTRING_PTR(str),
+                                 &out_len, in, in_len))
+        ossl_raise(eCipherError, "EVP_CipherUpdate");
     rb_str_set_len(str, out_len);
 
     return str;
@@ -397,14 +424,17 @@ ossl_cipher_update(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
  *     cipher.final -> string
  *
  *  Returns the remaining data held in the cipher object. Further calls to
- *  Cipher#update or Cipher#final will return garbage. This call should always
+ *  Cipher#update or Cipher#final are invalid. This call should always
  *  be made as the last call of an encryption or decryption operation, after
  *  having fed the entire plaintext or ciphertext to the Cipher instance.
  *
- *  If an authenticated cipher was used, a CipherError is raised if the tag
- *  could not be authenticated successfully. Only call this method after
- *  setting the authentication tag and passing the entire contents of the
- *  ciphertext into the cipher.
+ *  When encrypting using an AEAD cipher, the authentication tag can be
+ *  retrieved by #auth_tag after #final has been called.
+ *
+ *  When decrypting using an AEAD cipher, this method will verify the integrity
+ *  of the ciphertext and the associated data with the authentication tag,
+ *  which must be set by #auth_tag= prior to calling this method.
+ *  If the verification fails, CipherError will be raised.
  */
 static VALUE
 ossl_cipher_final(VALUE self)
@@ -415,9 +445,17 @@ ossl_cipher_final(VALUE self)
 
     GetCipher(self, ctx);
     str = rb_str_new(0, EVP_CIPHER_CTX_block_size(ctx));
-    if (!EVP_CipherFinal_ex(ctx, (unsigned char *)RSTRING_PTR(str), &out_len))
-	ossl_raise(eCipherError, NULL);
-    assert(out_len <= RSTRING_LEN(str));
+    if (!EVP_CipherFinal_ex(ctx, (unsigned char *)RSTRING_PTR(str), &out_len)) {
+        /* For AEAD ciphers, this is likely an authentication failure */
+        if (EVP_CIPHER_flags(EVP_CIPHER_CTX_cipher(ctx)) & EVP_CIPH_FLAG_AEAD_CIPHER) {
+            /* For AEAD ciphers, EVP_CipherFinal_ex failures are authentication tag verification failures */
+            ossl_raise(eAuthTagError, "AEAD authentication tag verification failed");
+        }
+        else {
+            /* For non-AEAD ciphers */
+            ossl_raise(eCipherError, "cipher final failed");
+        }
+    }
     rb_str_set_len(str, out_len);
 
     return str;
@@ -442,7 +480,7 @@ ossl_cipher_name(VALUE self)
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *     cipher.key = string -> string
+ *     cipher.key = string
  *
  *  Sets the cipher key. To generate a key, you should either use a secure
  *  random byte string or, if the key is to be derived from a password, you
@@ -450,6 +488,8 @@ ossl_cipher_name(VALUE self)
  *  generate a secure random-based key, Cipher#random_key may be used.
  *
  *  Only call this method after calling Cipher#encrypt or Cipher#decrypt.
+ *
+ *  See also the man page EVP_CipherInit_ex(3).
  */
 static VALUE
 ossl_cipher_set_key(VALUE self, VALUE key)
@@ -462,10 +502,10 @@ ossl_cipher_set_key(VALUE self, VALUE key)
 
     key_len = EVP_CIPHER_CTX_key_length(ctx);
     if (RSTRING_LEN(key) != key_len)
-	ossl_raise(rb_eArgError, "key must be %d bytes", key_len);
+        ossl_raise(rb_eArgError, "key must be %d bytes", key_len);
 
     if (EVP_CipherInit_ex(ctx, NULL, NULL, (unsigned char *)RSTRING_PTR(key), NULL, -1) != 1)
-	ossl_raise(eCipherError, NULL);
+        ossl_raise(eCipherError, NULL);
 
     rb_ivar_set(self, id_key_set, Qtrue);
 
@@ -474,15 +514,21 @@ ossl_cipher_set_key(VALUE self, VALUE key)
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *     cipher.iv = string -> string
+ *     cipher.iv = string
  *
  *  Sets the cipher IV. Please note that since you should never be using ECB
  *  mode, an IV is always explicitly required and should be set prior to
- *  encryption. The IV itself can be safely transmitted in public, but it
- *  should be unpredictable to prevent certain kinds of attacks. You may use
- *  Cipher#random_iv to create a secure random IV.
+ *  encryption. The IV itself can be safely transmitted in public.
  *
- *  Only call this method after calling Cipher#encrypt or Cipher#decrypt.
+ *  This method expects the String to have the length equal to #iv_len. To use
+ *  a different IV length with an AEAD cipher, #iv_len= must be set prior to
+ *  calling this method.
+ *
+ *  *NOTE*: In OpenSSL API conventions, the IV value may correspond to the
+ *  "nonce" instead in some cipher modes. Refer to the OpenSSL man pages for
+ *  details.
+ *
+ *  See also the man page EVP_CipherInit_ex(3).
  */
 static VALUE
 ossl_cipher_set_iv(VALUE self, VALUE iv)
@@ -494,14 +540,14 @@ ossl_cipher_set_iv(VALUE self, VALUE iv)
     GetCipher(self, ctx);
 
     if (EVP_CIPHER_flags(EVP_CIPHER_CTX_cipher(ctx)) & EVP_CIPH_FLAG_AEAD_CIPHER)
-	iv_len = (int)(VALUE)EVP_CIPHER_CTX_get_app_data(ctx);
+        iv_len = (int)(VALUE)EVP_CIPHER_CTX_get_app_data(ctx);
     if (!iv_len)
-	iv_len = EVP_CIPHER_CTX_iv_length(ctx);
+        iv_len = EVP_CIPHER_CTX_iv_length(ctx);
     if (RSTRING_LEN(iv) != iv_len)
-	ossl_raise(rb_eArgError, "iv must be %d bytes", iv_len);
+        ossl_raise(rb_eArgError, "iv must be %d bytes", iv_len);
 
     if (EVP_CipherInit_ex(ctx, NULL, NULL, NULL, (unsigned char *)RSTRING_PTR(iv), -1) != 1)
-	ossl_raise(eCipherError, NULL);
+        ossl_raise(eCipherError, NULL);
 
     return iv;
 }
@@ -510,8 +556,7 @@ ossl_cipher_set_iv(VALUE self, VALUE iv)
  *  call-seq:
  *     cipher.authenticated? -> true | false
  *
- *  Indicated whether this Cipher instance uses an Authenticated Encryption
- *  mode.
+ *  Indicates whether this Cipher instance uses an AEAD mode.
  */
 static VALUE
 ossl_cipher_is_authenticated(VALUE self)
@@ -525,21 +570,23 @@ ossl_cipher_is_authenticated(VALUE self)
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *     cipher.auth_data = string -> string
+ *     cipher.auth_data = string
+ *
+ *  Sets additional authenticated data (AAD), also called associated data, for
+ *  this Cipher. This method is available for AEAD ciphers.
  *
- *  Sets the cipher's additional authenticated data. This field must be
- *  set when using AEAD cipher modes such as GCM or CCM. If no associated
- *  data shall be used, this method must *still* be called with a value of "".
  *  The contents of this field should be non-sensitive data which will be
  *  added to the ciphertext to generate the authentication tag which validates
  *  the contents of the ciphertext.
  *
- *  The AAD must be set prior to encryption or decryption. In encryption mode,
- *  it must be set after calling Cipher#encrypt and setting Cipher#key= and
- *  Cipher#iv=. When decrypting, the authenticated data must be set after key,
- *  iv and especially *after* the authentication tag has been set. I.e. set it
- *  only after calling Cipher#decrypt, Cipher#key=, Cipher#iv= and
- *  Cipher#auth_tag= first.
+ *  This method must be called after #key= and #iv= have been set, but before
+ *  starting actual encryption or decryption with #update. In some cipher modes,
+ *  #auth_tag_len= and #ccm_data_len= may also need to be called before this
+ *  method.
+ *
+ *  See also the "AEAD Interface" section of the man page EVP_EncryptInit(3).
+ *  This method internally calls EVP_CipherUpdate() with the output buffer
+ *  set to NULL.
  */
 static VALUE
 ossl_cipher_set_auth_data(VALUE self, VALUE data)
@@ -555,7 +602,7 @@ ossl_cipher_set_auth_data(VALUE self, VALUE data)
 
     GetCipher(self, ctx);
     if (!(EVP_CIPHER_flags(EVP_CIPHER_CTX_cipher(ctx)) & EVP_CIPH_FLAG_AEAD_CIPHER))
-	ossl_raise(eCipherError, "AEAD not supported by this cipher");
+        ossl_raise(eCipherError, "AEAD not supported by this cipher");
 
     if (!ossl_cipher_update_long(ctx, NULL, &out_len, in, in_len))
         ossl_raise(eCipherError, "couldn't set additional authenticated data");
@@ -567,16 +614,17 @@ ossl_cipher_set_auth_data(VALUE self, VALUE data)
  *  call-seq:
  *     cipher.auth_tag(tag_len = 16) -> String
  *
- *  Gets the authentication tag generated by Authenticated Encryption Cipher
- *  modes (GCM for example). This tag may be stored along with the ciphertext,
- *  then set on the decryption cipher to authenticate the contents of the
- *  ciphertext against changes. If the optional integer parameter _tag_len_ is
- *  given, the returned tag will be _tag_len_ bytes long. If the parameter is
- *  omitted, the default length of 16 bytes or the length previously set by
- *  #auth_tag_len= will be used. For maximum security, the longest possible
- *  should be chosen.
+ *  Gets the generated authentication tag. This method is available for AEAD
+ *  ciphers, and should be called after encryption has been finalized by calling
+ *  #final.
+ *
+ *  The returned tag will be _tag_len_ bytes long. Some cipher modes require
+ *  the desired length in advance using a separate call to #auth_tag_len=,
+ *  before starting encryption.
  *
- *  The tag may only be retrieved after calling Cipher#final.
+ *  See also the "AEAD Interface" section of the man page EVP_EncryptInit(3).
+ *  This method internally calls EVP_CIPHER_CTX_ctrl() with
+ *  EVP_CTRL_AEAD_GET_TAG.
  */
 static VALUE
 ossl_cipher_get_auth_tag(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
@@ -587,34 +635,42 @@ ossl_cipher_get_auth_tag(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
 
     rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "01", &vtag_len);
     if (NIL_P(vtag_len))
-	vtag_len = rb_attr_get(self, id_auth_tag_len);
+        vtag_len = rb_attr_get(self, id_auth_tag_len);
     if (!NIL_P(vtag_len))
-	tag_len = NUM2INT(vtag_len);
+        tag_len = NUM2INT(vtag_len);
 
     GetCipher(self, ctx);
 
     if (!(EVP_CIPHER_flags(EVP_CIPHER_CTX_cipher(ctx)) & EVP_CIPH_FLAG_AEAD_CIPHER))
-	ossl_raise(eCipherError, "authentication tag not supported by this cipher");
+        ossl_raise(eCipherError, "authentication tag not supported by this cipher");
 
     ret = rb_str_new(NULL, tag_len);
     if (!EVP_CIPHER_CTX_ctrl(ctx, EVP_CTRL_AEAD_GET_TAG, tag_len, RSTRING_PTR(ret)))
-	ossl_raise(eCipherError, "retrieving the authentication tag failed");
+        ossl_raise(eCipherError, "retrieving the authentication tag failed");
 
     return ret;
 }
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *     cipher.auth_tag = string -> string
+ *     cipher.auth_tag = string
  *
  *  Sets the authentication tag to verify the integrity of the ciphertext.
- *  This can be called only when the cipher supports AE. The tag must be set
- *  after calling Cipher#decrypt, Cipher#key= and Cipher#iv=, but before
- *  calling Cipher#final. After all decryption is performed, the tag is
- *  verified automatically in the call to Cipher#final.
  *
- *  For OCB mode, the tag length must be supplied with #auth_tag_len=
- *  beforehand.
+ *  The authentication tag must be set before #final is called. The tag is
+ *  verified during the #final call.
+ *
+ *  Note that, for CCM mode and OCB mode, the expected length of the tag must
+ *  be set before starting decryption by a separate call to #auth_tag_len=.
+ *  The content of the tag can be provided at any time before #final is called.
+ *
+ *  *NOTE*: The caller must ensure that the String passed to this method has
+ *  the desired length. Some cipher modes support variable tag lengths, and
+ *  this method may accept a truncated tag without raising an exception.
+ *
+ *  See also the "AEAD Interface" section of the man page EVP_EncryptInit(3).
+ *  This method internally calls EVP_CIPHER_CTX_ctrl() with
+ *  EVP_CTRL_AEAD_SET_TAG.
  */
 static VALUE
 ossl_cipher_set_auth_tag(VALUE self, VALUE vtag)
@@ -629,24 +685,27 @@ ossl_cipher_set_auth_tag(VALUE self, VALUE vtag)
 
     GetCipher(self, ctx);
     if (!(EVP_CIPHER_flags(EVP_CIPHER_CTX_cipher(ctx)) & EVP_CIPH_FLAG_AEAD_CIPHER))
-	ossl_raise(eCipherError, "authentication tag not supported by this cipher");
+        ossl_raise(eCipherError, "authentication tag not supported by this cipher");
 
     if (!EVP_CIPHER_CTX_ctrl(ctx, EVP_CTRL_AEAD_SET_TAG, tag_len, tag))
-	ossl_raise(eCipherError, "unable to set AEAD tag");
+        ossl_raise(eCipherError, "unable to set AEAD tag");
 
     return vtag;
 }
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *     cipher.auth_tag_len = Integer -> Integer
+ *     cipher.auth_tag_len = integer
+ *
+ *  Sets the length of the expected authentication tag for this Cipher. This
+ *  method is available for some of AEAD ciphers that require the length to be
+ *  set before starting encryption or decryption, such as CCM mode or OCB mode.
  *
- *  Sets the length of the authentication tag to be generated or to be given for
- *  AEAD ciphers that requires it as in input parameter. Note that not all AEAD
- *  ciphers support this method.
+ *  For CCM mode and OCB mode, the tag length must be set before #iv= is set.
  *
- *  In OCB mode, the length must be supplied both when encrypting and when
- *  decrypting, and must be before specifying an IV.
+ *  See also the "AEAD Interface" section of the man page EVP_EncryptInit(3).
+ *  This method internally calls EVP_CIPHER_CTX_ctrl() with
+ *  EVP_CTRL_AEAD_SET_TAG and a NULL buffer.
  */
 static VALUE
 ossl_cipher_set_auth_tag_len(VALUE self, VALUE vlen)
@@ -656,10 +715,10 @@ ossl_cipher_set_auth_tag_len(VALUE self, VALUE vlen)
 
     GetCipher(self, ctx);
     if (!(EVP_CIPHER_flags(EVP_CIPHER_CTX_cipher(ctx)) & EVP_CIPH_FLAG_AEAD_CIPHER))
-	ossl_raise(eCipherError, "AEAD not supported by this cipher");
+        ossl_raise(eCipherError, "AEAD not supported by this cipher");
 
     if (!EVP_CIPHER_CTX_ctrl(ctx, EVP_CTRL_AEAD_SET_TAG, tag_len, NULL))
-	ossl_raise(eCipherError, "unable to set authentication tag length");
+        ossl_raise(eCipherError, "unable to set authentication tag length");
 
     /* for #auth_tag */
     rb_ivar_set(self, id_auth_tag_len, INT2NUM(tag_len));
@@ -669,11 +728,16 @@ ossl_cipher_set_auth_tag_len(VALUE self, VALUE vlen)
 
 /*
  * call-seq:
- *   cipher.iv_len = integer -> integer
+ *    cipher.iv_len = integer
  *
- * Sets the IV/nonce length of the Cipher. Normally block ciphers don't allow
- * changing the IV length, but some make use of IV for 'nonce'. You may need
- * this for interoperability with other applications.
+ * Sets the IV/nonce length for this Cipher. This method is available for AEAD
+ * ciphers that support variable IV lengths. This method can be called if a
+ * different IV length than OpenSSL's default is desired, prior to calling
+ * #iv=.
+ *
+ * See also the "AEAD Interface" section of the man page EVP_EncryptInit(3).
+ * This method internally calls EVP_CIPHER_CTX_ctrl() with
+ * EVP_CTRL_AEAD_SET_IVLEN.
  */
 static VALUE
 ossl_cipher_set_iv_length(VALUE self, VALUE iv_length)
@@ -683,10 +747,10 @@ ossl_cipher_set_iv_length(VALUE self, VALUE iv_length)
 
     GetCipher(self, ctx);
     if (!(EVP_CIPHER_flags(EVP_CIPHER_CTX_cipher(ctx)) & EVP_CIPH_FLAG_AEAD_CIPHER))
-	ossl_raise(eCipherError, "cipher does not support AEAD");
+        ossl_raise(eCipherError, "cipher does not support AEAD");
 
     if (!EVP_CIPHER_CTX_ctrl(ctx, EVP_CTRL_AEAD_SET_IVLEN, len, NULL))
-	ossl_raise(eCipherError, "unable to set IV length");
+        ossl_raise(eCipherError, "unable to set IV length");
 
     /*
      * EVP_CIPHER_CTX_iv_length() returns the default length. So we need to save
@@ -699,13 +763,14 @@ ossl_cipher_set_iv_length(VALUE self, VALUE iv_length)
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *     cipher.key_len = integer -> integer
+ *     cipher.key_len = integer
  *
  *  Sets the key length of the cipher.  If the cipher is a fixed length cipher
  *  then attempting to set the key length to any value other than the fixed
  *  value is an error.
  *
- *  Under normal circumstances you do not need to call this method (and probably shouldn't).
+ *  Under normal circumstances you do not need to call this method (and
+ *  probably shouldn't).
  *
  *  See EVP_CIPHER_CTX_set_key_length for further information.
  */
@@ -722,13 +787,16 @@ ossl_cipher_set_key_length(VALUE self, VALUE key_length)
     return key_length;
 }
 
+// TODO: Should #padding= take a boolean value instead?
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *     cipher.padding = integer -> integer
+ *     cipher.padding = 1 or 0
  *
- *  Enables or disables padding. By default encryption operations are padded using standard block padding and the
- *  padding is checked and removed when decrypting. If the pad parameter is zero then no padding is performed, the
- *  total amount of data encrypted or decrypted must then be a multiple of the block size or an error will occur.
+ *  Enables or disables padding. By default encryption operations are padded
+ *  using standard block padding and the padding is checked and removed when
+ *  decrypting. If the pad parameter is zero then no padding is performed, the
+ *  total amount of data encrypted or decrypted must then be a multiple of the
+ *  block size or an error will occur.
  *
  *  See EVP_CIPHER_CTX_set_padding for further information.
  */
@@ -740,7 +808,7 @@ ossl_cipher_set_padding(VALUE self, VALUE padding)
 
     GetCipher(self, ctx);
     if (EVP_CIPHER_CTX_set_padding(ctx, pad) != 1)
-	ossl_raise(eCipherError, NULL);
+        ossl_raise(eCipherError, NULL);
     return padding;
 }
 
@@ -774,9 +842,9 @@ ossl_cipher_iv_length(VALUE self)
 
     GetCipher(self, ctx);
     if (EVP_CIPHER_flags(EVP_CIPHER_CTX_cipher(ctx)) & EVP_CIPH_FLAG_AEAD_CIPHER)
-	len = (int)(VALUE)EVP_CIPHER_CTX_get_app_data(ctx);
+        len = (int)(VALUE)EVP_CIPHER_CTX_get_app_data(ctx);
     if (!len)
-	len = EVP_CIPHER_CTX_iv_length(ctx);
+        len = EVP_CIPHER_CTX_iv_length(ctx);
 
     return INT2NUM(len);
 }
@@ -799,13 +867,17 @@ ossl_cipher_block_size(VALUE self)
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *     cipher.ccm_data_len = integer -> integer
+ *     cipher.ccm_data_len = integer
  *
- *  Sets the length of the plaintext / ciphertext message that will be
- *  processed in CCM mode. Make sure to call this method after #key= and
- *  #iv= have been set, and before #auth_data=.
+ *  Sets the total length of the plaintext / ciphertext message that will be
+ *  processed by #update in CCM mode.
  *
- *  Only call this method after calling Cipher#encrypt or Cipher#decrypt.
+ *  Make sure to call this method after #key= and #iv= have been set, and
+ *  before #auth_data= or #update are called.
+ *
+ *  This method is only available for CCM mode ciphers.
+ *
+ *  See also the "AEAD Interface" section of the man page EVP_EncryptInit(3).
  */
 static VALUE
 ossl_cipher_set_ccm_data_len(VALUE self, VALUE data_len)
@@ -828,11 +900,6 @@ ossl_cipher_set_ccm_data_len(VALUE self, VALUE data_len)
 void
 Init_ossl_cipher(void)
 {
-#if 0
-    mOSSL = rb_define_module("OpenSSL");
-    eOSSLError = rb_define_class_under(mOSSL, "OpenSSLError", rb_eStandardError);
-#endif
-
     /* Document-class: OpenSSL::Cipher
      *
      * Provides symmetric algorithms for encryption and decryption. The
@@ -988,24 +1055,28 @@ Init_ossl_cipher(void)
      * could otherwise be exploited to modify ciphertexts in ways beneficial to
      * potential attackers.
      *
-     * An associated data is used where there is additional information, such as
+     * Associated data, also called additional authenticated data (AAD), is
+     * optionally used where there is additional information, such as
      * headers or some metadata, that must be also authenticated but not
-     * necessarily need to be encrypted. If no associated data is needed for
-     * encryption and later decryption, the OpenSSL library still requires a
-     * value to be set - "" may be used in case none is available.
+     * necessarily need to be encrypted.
      *
      * An example using the GCM (Galois/Counter Mode). You have 16 bytes _key_,
      * 12 bytes (96 bits) _nonce_ and the associated data _auth_data_. Be sure
      * not to reuse the _key_ and _nonce_ pair. Reusing an nonce ruins the
      * security guarantees of GCM mode.
      *
+     *   key = OpenSSL::Random.random_bytes(16)
+     *   nonce = OpenSSL::Random.random_bytes(12)
+     *   auth_data = "authenticated but unencrypted data"
+     *   data = "encrypted data"
+     *
      *   cipher = OpenSSL::Cipher.new('aes-128-gcm').encrypt
      *   cipher.key = key
      *   cipher.iv = nonce
      *   cipher.auth_data = auth_data
      *
      *   encrypted = cipher.update(data) + cipher.final
-     *   tag = cipher.auth_tag # produces 16 bytes tag by default
+     *   tag = cipher.auth_tag(16)
      *
      * Now you are the receiver. You know the _key_ and have received _nonce_,
      * _auth_data_, _encrypted_ and _tag_ through an untrusted network. Note
@@ -1018,15 +1089,21 @@ Init_ossl_cipher(void)
      *   decipher = OpenSSL::Cipher.new('aes-128-gcm').decrypt
      *   decipher.key = key
      *   decipher.iv = nonce
-     *   decipher.auth_tag = tag
+     *   decipher.auth_tag = tag # could be called at any time before #final
      *   decipher.auth_data = auth_data
      *
      *   decrypted = decipher.update(encrypted) + decipher.final
      *
      *   puts data == decrypted #=> true
+     *
+     * Note that other AEAD ciphers may require additional steps, such as
+     * setting the expected tag length (#auth_tag_len=) or the total data
+     * length (#ccm_data_len=) in advance. Make sure to read the relevant man
+     * page for details.
      */
     cCipher = rb_define_class_under(mOSSL, "Cipher", rb_cObject);
     eCipherError = rb_define_class_under(cCipher, "CipherError", eOSSLError);
+    eAuthTagError = rb_define_class_under(cCipher, "AuthTagError", eCipherError);
 
     rb_define_alloc_func(cCipher, ossl_cipher_alloc);
     rb_define_method(cCipher, "initialize_copy", ossl_cipher_copy, 1);
@@ -1056,4 +1133,5 @@ Init_ossl_cipher(void)
 
     id_auth_tag_len = rb_intern_const("auth_tag_len");
     id_key_set = rb_intern_const("key_set");
+    id_cipher_holder = rb_intern_const("EVP_CIPHER_holder");
 }
diff --git a/ext/openssl/ossl_cipher.h b/ext/openssl/ossl_cipher.h
index 12da68ca3e..fba63a140f 100644
--- a/ext/openssl/ossl_cipher.h
+++ b/ext/openssl/ossl_cipher.h
@@ -10,7 +10,16 @@
 #if !defined(_OSSL_CIPHER_H_)
 #define _OSSL_CIPHER_H_
 
-const EVP_CIPHER *ossl_evp_get_cipherbyname(VALUE);
+/*
+ * Gets EVP_CIPHER from a String or an OpenSSL::Digest instance (discouraged,
+ * but still supported for compatibility). A holder object is created if the
+ * EVP_CIPHER is a "fetched" algorithm.
+ */
+const EVP_CIPHER *ossl_evp_cipher_fetch(VALUE obj, volatile VALUE *holder);
+/*
+ * This is meant for OpenSSL::Engine#cipher. EVP_CIPHER must not be a fetched
+ * one.
+ */
 VALUE ossl_cipher_new(const EVP_CIPHER *);
 void Init_ossl_cipher(void);
 
diff --git a/ext/openssl/ossl_config.c b/ext/openssl/ossl_config.c
index ee2ff6786f..274875a978 100644
--- a/ext/openssl/ossl_config.c
+++ b/ext/openssl/ossl_config.c
@@ -413,11 +413,6 @@ Init_ossl_config(void)
     char *path;
     VALUE path_str;
 
-#if 0
-    mOSSL = rb_define_module("OpenSSL");
-    eOSSLError = rb_define_class_under(mOSSL, "OpenSSLError", rb_eStandardError);
-#endif
-
     /* Document-class: OpenSSL::Config
      *
      * Configuration for the openssl library.
@@ -426,7 +421,7 @@ Init_ossl_config(void)
      * configuration. See the value of OpenSSL::Config::DEFAULT_CONFIG_FILE for
      * the location of the file for your host.
      *
-     * See also http://www.openssl.org/docs/apps/config.html
+     * See also https://docs.openssl.org/master/man5/config/
      */
     cConfig = rb_define_class_under(mOSSL, "Config", rb_cObject);
 
diff --git a/ext/openssl/ossl_digest.c b/ext/openssl/ossl_digest.c
index 329de6c1ba..e23968b1e3 100644
--- a/ext/openssl/ossl_digest.c
+++ b/ext/openssl/ossl_digest.c
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@
 #define GetDigest(obj, ctx) do { \
     TypedData_Get_Struct((obj), EVP_MD_CTX, &ossl_digest_type, (ctx)); \
     if (!(ctx)) { \
-	ossl_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "Digest CTX wasn't initialized!"); \
+        ossl_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "Digest CTX wasn't initialized!"); \
     } \
 } while (0)
 
@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@
  */
 static VALUE cDigest;
 static VALUE eDigestError;
+static ID id_md_holder;
 
 static VALUE ossl_digest_alloc(VALUE klass);
 
@@ -33,39 +34,67 @@ ossl_digest_free(void *ctx)
 static const rb_data_type_t ossl_digest_type = {
     "OpenSSL/Digest",
     {
-	0, ossl_digest_free,
+        0, ossl_digest_free,
     },
     0, 0, RUBY_TYPED_FREE_IMMEDIATELY | RUBY_TYPED_WB_PROTECTED,
 };
 
+#ifdef OSSL_USE_PROVIDER
+static void
+ossl_evp_md_free(void *ptr)
+{
+    // This is safe to call against const EVP_MD * returned by
+    // EVP_get_digestbyname()
+    EVP_MD_free(ptr);
+}
+
+static const rb_data_type_t ossl_evp_md_holder_type = {
+    "OpenSSL/EVP_MD",
+    {
+        .dfree = ossl_evp_md_free,
+    },
+    0, 0, RUBY_TYPED_FREE_IMMEDIATELY | RUBY_TYPED_WB_PROTECTED,
+};
+#endif
+
 /*
  * Public
  */
 const EVP_MD *
-ossl_evp_get_digestbyname(VALUE obj)
+ossl_evp_md_fetch(VALUE obj, volatile VALUE *holder)
 {
-    const EVP_MD *md;
-    ASN1_OBJECT *oid = NULL;
-
-    if (RB_TYPE_P(obj, T_STRING)) {
-    	const char *name = StringValueCStr(obj);
-
-	md = EVP_get_digestbyname(name);
-	if (!md) {
-	    oid = OBJ_txt2obj(name, 0);
-	    md = EVP_get_digestbyobj(oid);
-	    ASN1_OBJECT_free(oid);
-	}
-	if(!md)
-            ossl_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "Unsupported digest algorithm (%"PRIsVALUE").", obj);
-    } else {
+    *holder = Qnil;
+    if (rb_obj_is_kind_of(obj, cDigest)) {
         EVP_MD_CTX *ctx;
-
         GetDigest(obj, ctx);
-
-        md = EVP_MD_CTX_get0_md(ctx);
+        EVP_MD *md = (EVP_MD *)EVP_MD_CTX_get0_md(ctx);
+#ifdef OSSL_USE_PROVIDER
+        *holder = TypedData_Wrap_Struct(0, &ossl_evp_md_holder_type, NULL);
+        if (!EVP_MD_up_ref(md))
+            ossl_raise(eDigestError, "EVP_MD_up_ref");
+        RTYPEDDATA_DATA(*holder) = md;
+#endif
+        return md;
     }
 
+    const char *name = StringValueCStr(obj);
+    EVP_MD *md = (EVP_MD *)EVP_get_digestbyname(name);
+    if (!md) {
+        ASN1_OBJECT *oid = OBJ_txt2obj(name, 0);
+        md = (EVP_MD *)EVP_get_digestbyobj(oid);
+        ASN1_OBJECT_free(oid);
+    }
+#ifdef OSSL_USE_PROVIDER
+    if (!md) {
+        ossl_clear_error();
+        *holder = TypedData_Wrap_Struct(0, &ossl_evp_md_holder_type, NULL);
+        md = EVP_MD_fetch(NULL, name, NULL);
+        RTYPEDDATA_DATA(*holder) = md;
+    }
+#endif
+    if (!md)
+        ossl_raise(eDigestError, "unsupported digest algorithm: %"PRIsVALUE,
+                   obj);
     return md;
 }
 
@@ -75,14 +104,17 @@ ossl_digest_new(const EVP_MD *md)
     VALUE ret;
     EVP_MD_CTX *ctx;
 
+    // NOTE: This does not set id_md_holder because this function should
+    // only be called from ossl_engine.c, which will not use any
+    // reference-counted digests.
     ret = ossl_digest_alloc(cDigest);
     ctx = EVP_MD_CTX_new();
     if (!ctx)
-	ossl_raise(eDigestError, "EVP_MD_CTX_new");
+        ossl_raise(eDigestError, "EVP_MD_CTX_new");
     RTYPEDDATA_DATA(ret) = ctx;
 
     if (!EVP_DigestInit_ex(ctx, md, NULL))
-	ossl_raise(eDigestError, "Digest initialization failed");
+        ossl_raise(eDigestError, "Digest initialization failed");
 
     return ret;
 }
@@ -121,21 +153,22 @@ ossl_digest_initialize(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
 {
     EVP_MD_CTX *ctx;
     const EVP_MD *md;
-    VALUE type, data;
+    VALUE type, data, md_holder;
 
     rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "11", &type, &data);
-    md = ossl_evp_get_digestbyname(type);
+    md = ossl_evp_md_fetch(type, &md_holder);
     if (!NIL_P(data)) StringValue(data);
 
     TypedData_Get_Struct(self, EVP_MD_CTX, &ossl_digest_type, ctx);
     if (!ctx) {
-	RTYPEDDATA_DATA(self) = ctx = EVP_MD_CTX_new();
-	if (!ctx)
-	    ossl_raise(eDigestError, "EVP_MD_CTX_new");
+        RTYPEDDATA_DATA(self) = ctx = EVP_MD_CTX_new();
+        if (!ctx)
+            ossl_raise(eDigestError, "EVP_MD_CTX_new");
     }
 
     if (!EVP_DigestInit_ex(ctx, md, NULL))
-	ossl_raise(eDigestError, "Digest initialization failed");
+        ossl_raise(eDigestError, "Digest initialization failed");
+    rb_ivar_set(self, id_md_holder, md_holder);
 
     if (!NIL_P(data)) return ossl_digest_update(self, data);
     return self;
@@ -152,14 +185,14 @@ ossl_digest_copy(VALUE self, VALUE other)
 
     TypedData_Get_Struct(self, EVP_MD_CTX, &ossl_digest_type, ctx1);
     if (!ctx1) {
-	RTYPEDDATA_DATA(self) = ctx1 = EVP_MD_CTX_new();
-	if (!ctx1)
-	    ossl_raise(eDigestError, "EVP_MD_CTX_new");
+        RTYPEDDATA_DATA(self) = ctx1 = EVP_MD_CTX_new();
+        if (!ctx1)
+            ossl_raise(eDigestError, "EVP_MD_CTX_new");
     }
     GetDigest(other, ctx2);
 
     if (!EVP_MD_CTX_copy(ctx1, ctx2)) {
-	ossl_raise(eDigestError, NULL);
+        ossl_raise(eDigestError, NULL);
     }
     return self;
 }
@@ -184,8 +217,8 @@ ossl_s_digests(VALUE self)
 
     ary = rb_ary_new();
     OBJ_NAME_do_all_sorted(OBJ_NAME_TYPE_MD_METH,
-                    add_digest_name_to_ary,
-                    (void*)ary);
+                           add_digest_name_to_ary,
+                           (void*)ary);
 
     return ary;
 }
@@ -205,7 +238,7 @@ ossl_digest_reset(VALUE self)
 
     GetDigest(self, ctx);
     if (EVP_DigestInit_ex(ctx, EVP_MD_CTX_get0_md(ctx), NULL) != 1) {
-	ossl_raise(eDigestError, "Digest initialization failed.");
+        ossl_raise(eDigestError, "Digest initialization failed.");
     }
 
     return self;
@@ -235,7 +268,7 @@ ossl_digest_update(VALUE self, VALUE data)
     GetDigest(self, ctx);
 
     if (!EVP_DigestUpdate(ctx, RSTRING_PTR(data), RSTRING_LEN(data)))
-	ossl_raise(eDigestError, "EVP_DigestUpdate");
+        ossl_raise(eDigestError, "EVP_DigestUpdate");
 
     return self;
 }
@@ -254,7 +287,7 @@ ossl_digest_finish(VALUE self)
     GetDigest(self, ctx);
     str = rb_str_new(NULL, EVP_MD_CTX_size(ctx));
     if (!EVP_DigestFinal_ex(ctx, (unsigned char *)RSTRING_PTR(str), NULL))
-	ossl_raise(eDigestError, "EVP_DigestFinal_ex");
+        ossl_raise(eDigestError, "EVP_DigestFinal_ex");
 
     return str;
 }
@@ -332,11 +365,6 @@ ossl_digest_block_length(VALUE self)
 void
 Init_ossl_digest(void)
 {
-#if 0
-    mOSSL = rb_define_module("OpenSSL");
-    eOSSLError = rb_define_class_under(mOSSL, "OpenSSLError", rb_eStandardError);
-#endif
-
     /* Document-class: OpenSSL::Digest
      *
      * OpenSSL::Digest allows you to compute message digests (sometimes
@@ -442,4 +470,6 @@ Init_ossl_digest(void)
     rb_define_method(cDigest, "block_length", ossl_digest_block_length, 0);
 
     rb_define_method(cDigest, "name", ossl_digest_name, 0);
+
+    id_md_holder = rb_intern_const("EVP_MD_holder");
 }
diff --git a/ext/openssl/ossl_digest.h b/ext/openssl/ossl_digest.h
index 588a0c6f57..9c3bb2b149 100644
--- a/ext/openssl/ossl_digest.h
+++ b/ext/openssl/ossl_digest.h
@@ -10,7 +10,15 @@
 #if !defined(_OSSL_DIGEST_H_)
 #define _OSSL_DIGEST_H_
 
-const EVP_MD *ossl_evp_get_digestbyname(VALUE);
+/*
+ * Gets EVP_MD from a String or an OpenSSL::Digest instance (discouraged, but
+ * still supported for compatibility). A holder object is created if the EVP_MD
+ * is a "fetched" algorithm.
+ */
+const EVP_MD *ossl_evp_md_fetch(VALUE obj, volatile VALUE *holder);
+/*
+ * This is meant for OpenSSL::Engine#digest. EVP_MD must not be a fetched one.
+ */
 VALUE ossl_digest_new(const EVP_MD *);
 void Init_ossl_digest(void);
 
diff --git a/ext/openssl/ossl_engine.c b/ext/openssl/ossl_engine.c
index cb08049a82..a2bcb07ea4 100644
--- a/ext/openssl/ossl_engine.c
+++ b/ext/openssl/ossl_engine.c
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@
     TypedData_Wrap_Struct((klass), &ossl_engine_type, 0)
 #define SetEngine(obj, engine) do { \
     if (!(engine)) { \
-	ossl_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "ENGINE wasn't initialized."); \
+        ossl_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "ENGINE wasn't initialized."); \
     } \
     RTYPEDDATA_DATA(obj) = (engine); \
 } while(0)
@@ -49,12 +49,12 @@ static VALUE eEngineError;
  */
 #define OSSL_ENGINE_LOAD_IF_MATCH(engine_name, x) \
 do{\
-  if(!strcmp(#engine_name, RSTRING_PTR(name))){\
-    if (OPENSSL_init_crypto(OPENSSL_INIT_ENGINE_##x, NULL))\
-      return Qtrue;\
-    else\
-      ossl_raise(eEngineError, "OPENSSL_init_crypto"); \
-  }\
+    if(!strcmp(#engine_name, RSTRING_PTR(name))){\
+        if (OPENSSL_init_crypto(OPENSSL_INIT_ENGINE_##x, NULL))\
+        return Qtrue;\
+        else\
+        ossl_raise(eEngineError, "OPENSSL_init_crypto"); \
+    }\
 }while(0)
 
 static void
@@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ ossl_engine_free(void *engine)
 static const rb_data_type_t ossl_engine_type = {
     "OpenSSL/Engine",
     {
-	0, ossl_engine_free,
+        0, ossl_engine_free,
     },
     0, 0, RUBY_TYPED_FREE_IMMEDIATELY | RUBY_TYPED_WB_PROTECTED,
 };
@@ -130,12 +130,12 @@ ossl_engine_s_engines(VALUE klass)
 
     ary = rb_ary_new();
     for(e = ENGINE_get_first(); e; e = ENGINE_get_next(e)){
-	obj = NewEngine(klass);
-	/* Need a ref count of two here because of ENGINE_free being
-	 * called internally by OpenSSL when moving to the next ENGINE
-	 * and by us when releasing the ENGINE reference */
-	ENGINE_up_ref(e);
-	SetEngine(obj, e);
+        obj = NewEngine(klass);
+        /* Need a ref count of two here because of ENGINE_free being
+         * called internally by OpenSSL when moving to the next ENGINE
+         * and by us when releasing the ENGINE reference */
+        ENGINE_up_ref(e);
+        SetEngine(obj, e);
         rb_ary_push(ary, obj);
     }
 
@@ -163,13 +163,13 @@ ossl_engine_s_by_id(VALUE klass, VALUE id)
     ossl_engine_s_load(1, &id, klass);
     obj = NewEngine(klass);
     if(!(e = ENGINE_by_id(RSTRING_PTR(id))))
-	ossl_raise(eEngineError, NULL);
+        ossl_raise(eEngineError, NULL);
     SetEngine(obj, e);
     if(rb_block_given_p()) rb_yield(obj);
     if(!ENGINE_init(e))
-	ossl_raise(eEngineError, NULL);
+        ossl_raise(eEngineError, NULL);
     ENGINE_ctrl(e, ENGINE_CTRL_SET_PASSWORD_CALLBACK,
-		0, NULL, (void(*)(void))ossl_pem_passwd_cb);
+                0, NULL, (void(*)(void))ossl_pem_passwd_cb);
     ossl_clear_error();
 
     return obj;
@@ -184,7 +184,7 @@ ossl_engine_s_by_id(VALUE klass, VALUE id)
  *    OpenSSL::Engine.load
  *    OpenSSL::Engine.engines #=> [#<OpenSSL::Engine#>, ...]
  *    OpenSSL::Engine.engines.first.id
- *	#=> "rsax"
+ *      #=> "rsax"
  */
 static VALUE
 ossl_engine_get_id(VALUE self)
@@ -203,7 +203,7 @@ ossl_engine_get_id(VALUE self)
  *    OpenSSL::Engine.load
  *    OpenSSL::Engine.engines #=> [#<OpenSSL::Engine#>, ...]
  *    OpenSSL::Engine.engines.first.name
- *	#=> "RSAX engine support"
+ *      #=> "RSAX engine support"
  *
  */
 static VALUE
@@ -274,11 +274,11 @@ ossl_engine_get_cipher(VALUE self, VALUE name)
  * Will raise an EngineError if the digest is unavailable.
  *
  *    e = OpenSSL::Engine.by_id("openssl")
- *	#=> #<OpenSSL::Engine id="openssl" name="Software engine support">
+ *      #=> #<OpenSSL::Engine id="openssl" name="Software engine support">
  *    e.digest("SHA1")
- *	#=> #<OpenSSL::Digest: da39a3ee5e6b4b0d3255bfef95601890afd80709>
+ *      #=> #<OpenSSL::Digest: da39a3ee5e6b4b0d3255bfef95601890afd80709>
  *    e.digest("zomg")
- *	#=> OpenSSL::Engine::EngineError: no such digest `zomg'
+ *      #=> OpenSSL::Engine::EngineError: no such digest `zomg'
  */
 static VALUE
 ossl_engine_get_digest(VALUE self, VALUE name)
@@ -320,7 +320,7 @@ ossl_engine_load_privkey(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
     GetEngine(self, e);
     pkey = ENGINE_load_private_key(e, sid, NULL, sdata);
     if (!pkey) ossl_raise(eEngineError, NULL);
-    obj = ossl_pkey_new(pkey);
+    obj = ossl_pkey_wrap(pkey);
     OSSL_PKEY_SET_PRIVATE(obj);
 
     return obj;
@@ -350,7 +350,7 @@ ossl_engine_load_pubkey(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
     pkey = ENGINE_load_public_key(e, sid, NULL, sdata);
     if (!pkey) ossl_raise(eEngineError, NULL);
 
-    return ossl_pkey_new(pkey);
+    return ossl_pkey_wrap(pkey);
 }
 
 /*
@@ -365,7 +365,7 @@ ossl_engine_load_pubkey(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
  * your OS.
  *
  * [All flags]  0xFFFF
- * [No flags]	0x0000
+ * [No flags]   0x0000
  *
  * See also <openssl/engine.h>
  */
@@ -399,7 +399,7 @@ ossl_engine_ctrl_cmd(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
     GetEngine(self, e);
     rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "11", &cmd, &val);
     ret = ENGINE_ctrl_cmd_string(e, StringValueCStr(cmd),
-				 NIL_P(val) ? NULL : StringValueCStr(val), 0);
+                                 NIL_P(val) ? NULL : StringValueCStr(val), 0);
     if (!ret) ossl_raise(eEngineError, NULL);
 
     return self;
@@ -409,11 +409,11 @@ static VALUE
 ossl_engine_cmd_flag_to_name(int flag)
 {
     switch(flag){
-    case ENGINE_CMD_FLAG_NUMERIC:  return rb_str_new2("NUMERIC");
-    case ENGINE_CMD_FLAG_STRING:   return rb_str_new2("STRING");
-    case ENGINE_CMD_FLAG_NO_INPUT: return rb_str_new2("NO_INPUT");
-    case ENGINE_CMD_FLAG_INTERNAL: return rb_str_new2("INTERNAL");
-    default: return rb_str_new2("UNKNOWN");
+      case ENGINE_CMD_FLAG_NUMERIC:  return rb_str_new2("NUMERIC");
+      case ENGINE_CMD_FLAG_STRING:   return rb_str_new2("STRING");
+      case ENGINE_CMD_FLAG_NO_INPUT: return rb_str_new2("NO_INPUT");
+      case ENGINE_CMD_FLAG_INTERNAL: return rb_str_new2("INTERNAL");
+      default: return rb_str_new2("UNKNOWN");
     }
 }
 
@@ -433,13 +433,13 @@ ossl_engine_get_cmds(VALUE self)
     GetEngine(self, e);
     ary = rb_ary_new();
     if ((defn = ENGINE_get_cmd_defns(e)) != NULL){
-	for (p = defn; p->cmd_num > 0; p++){
-	    tmp = rb_ary_new();
-	    rb_ary_push(tmp, rb_str_new2(p->cmd_name));
-	    rb_ary_push(tmp, rb_str_new2(p->cmd_desc));
-	    rb_ary_push(tmp, ossl_engine_cmd_flag_to_name(p->cmd_flags));
-	    rb_ary_push(ary, tmp);
-	}
+        for (p = defn; p->cmd_num > 0; p++){
+            tmp = rb_ary_new();
+            rb_ary_push(tmp, rb_str_new2(p->cmd_name));
+            rb_ary_push(tmp, rb_str_new2(p->cmd_desc));
+            rb_ary_push(tmp, ossl_engine_cmd_flag_to_name(p->cmd_flags));
+            rb_ary_push(ary, tmp);
+        }
     }
 
     return ary;
@@ -458,7 +458,7 @@ ossl_engine_inspect(VALUE self)
 
     GetEngine(self, e);
     return rb_sprintf("#<%"PRIsVALUE" id=\"%s\" name=\"%s\">",
-		      rb_obj_class(self), ENGINE_get_id(e), ENGINE_get_name(e));
+                      rb_obj_class(self), ENGINE_get_id(e), ENGINE_get_name(e));
 }
 
 #define DefEngineConst(x) rb_define_const(cEngine, #x, INT2NUM(ENGINE_##x))
@@ -466,11 +466,6 @@ ossl_engine_inspect(VALUE self)
 void
 Init_ossl_engine(void)
 {
-#if 0
-    mOSSL = rb_define_module("OpenSSL");
-    eOSSLError = rb_define_class_under(mOSSL, "OpenSSLError", rb_eStandardError);
-#endif
-
     cEngine = rb_define_class_under(mOSSL, "Engine", rb_cObject);
     eEngineError = rb_define_class_under(cEngine, "EngineError", eOSSLError);
 
diff --git a/ext/openssl/ossl_hmac.c b/ext/openssl/ossl_hmac.c
index b304827579..ddcc6a5f8d 100644
--- a/ext/openssl/ossl_hmac.c
+++ b/ext/openssl/ossl_hmac.c
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@
 #define GetHMAC(obj, ctx) do { \
     TypedData_Get_Struct((obj), EVP_MD_CTX, &ossl_hmac_type, (ctx)); \
     if (!(ctx)) { \
-	ossl_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "HMAC wasn't initialized"); \
+        ossl_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "HMAC wasn't initialized"); \
     } \
 } while (0)
 
@@ -23,6 +23,7 @@
  */
 static VALUE cHMAC;
 static VALUE eHMACError;
+static ID id_md_holder;
 
 /*
  * Public
@@ -40,7 +41,7 @@ ossl_hmac_free(void *ctx)
 static const rb_data_type_t ossl_hmac_type = {
     "OpenSSL/HMAC",
     {
-	0, ossl_hmac_free,
+        0, ossl_hmac_free,
     },
     0, 0, RUBY_TYPED_FREE_IMMEDIATELY | RUBY_TYPED_WB_PROTECTED,
 };
@@ -73,17 +74,17 @@ ossl_hmac_alloc(VALUE klass)
  *
  * === Example
  *
- *	key = 'key'
- * 	instance = OpenSSL::HMAC.new(key, 'SHA1')
- * 	#=> f42bb0eeb018ebbd4597ae7213711ec60760843f
- * 	instance.class
- * 	#=> OpenSSL::HMAC
+ *      key = 'key'
+ *      instance = OpenSSL::HMAC.new(key, 'SHA1')
+ *      #=> f42bb0eeb018ebbd4597ae7213711ec60760843f
+ *      instance.class
+ *      #=> OpenSSL::HMAC
  *
  * === A note about comparisons
  *
  * Two instances can be securely compared with #== in constant time:
  *
- *	other_instance = OpenSSL::HMAC.new('key', 'SHA1')
+ *      other_instance = OpenSSL::HMAC.new('key', 'SHA1')
  *  #=> f42bb0eeb018ebbd4597ae7213711ec60760843f
  *  instance == other_instance
  *  #=> true
@@ -94,19 +95,22 @@ ossl_hmac_initialize(VALUE self, VALUE key, VALUE digest)
 {
     EVP_MD_CTX *ctx;
     EVP_PKEY *pkey;
+    const EVP_MD *md;
+    VALUE md_holder;
 
     GetHMAC(self, ctx);
     StringValue(key);
+    md = ossl_evp_md_fetch(digest, &md_holder);
     pkey = EVP_PKEY_new_raw_private_key(EVP_PKEY_HMAC, NULL,
                                         (unsigned char *)RSTRING_PTR(key),
                                         RSTRING_LENINT(key));
     if (!pkey)
         ossl_raise(eHMACError, "EVP_PKEY_new_raw_private_key");
-    if (EVP_DigestSignInit(ctx, NULL, ossl_evp_get_digestbyname(digest),
-                           NULL, pkey) != 1) {
+    if (EVP_DigestSignInit(ctx, NULL, md, NULL, pkey) != 1) {
         EVP_PKEY_free(pkey);
         ossl_raise(eHMACError, "EVP_DigestSignInit");
     }
+    rb_ivar_set(self, id_md_holder, md_holder);
     /* Decrement reference counter; EVP_MD_CTX still keeps it */
     EVP_PKEY_free(pkey);
 
@@ -138,13 +142,13 @@ ossl_hmac_copy(VALUE self, VALUE other)
  *
  * === Example
  *
- *	first_chunk = 'The quick brown fox jumps '
- * 	second_chunk = 'over the lazy dog'
+ *      first_chunk = 'The quick brown fox jumps '
+ *      second_chunk = 'over the lazy dog'
  *
- * 	instance.update(first_chunk)
- * 	#=> 5b9a8038a65d571076d97fe783989e52278a492a
- * 	instance.update(second_chunk)
- * 	#=> de7c9b85b8b78aa6bc8a7a36f70a90701c9db4d9
+ *      instance.update(first_chunk)
+ *      #=> 5b9a8038a65d571076d97fe783989e52278a492a
+ *      instance.update(second_chunk)
+ *      #=> de7c9b85b8b78aa6bc8a7a36f70a90701c9db4d9
  *
  */
 static VALUE
@@ -222,14 +226,14 @@ ossl_hmac_hexdigest(VALUE self)
  *
  * === Example
  *
- *	data = "The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog"
- * 	instance = OpenSSL::HMAC.new('key', 'SHA1')
- * 	#=> f42bb0eeb018ebbd4597ae7213711ec60760843f
+ *      data = "The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog"
+ *      instance = OpenSSL::HMAC.new('key', 'SHA1')
+ *      #=> f42bb0eeb018ebbd4597ae7213711ec60760843f
  *
- * 	instance.update(data)
- * 	#=> de7c9b85b8b78aa6bc8a7a36f70a90701c9db4d9
- * 	instance.reset
- * 	#=> f42bb0eeb018ebbd4597ae7213711ec60760843f
+ *      instance.update(data)
+ *      #=> de7c9b85b8b78aa6bc8a7a36f70a90701c9db4d9
+ *      instance.reset
+ *      #=> f42bb0eeb018ebbd4597ae7213711ec60760843f
  *
  */
 static VALUE
@@ -252,11 +256,6 @@ ossl_hmac_reset(VALUE self)
 void
 Init_ossl_hmac(void)
 {
-#if 0
-    mOSSL = rb_define_module("OpenSSL");
-    eOSSLError = rb_define_class_under(mOSSL, "OpenSSLError", rb_eStandardError);
-#endif
-
     /*
      * Document-class: OpenSSL::HMAC
      *
@@ -300,4 +299,6 @@ Init_ossl_hmac(void)
     rb_define_method(cHMAC, "hexdigest", ossl_hmac_hexdigest, 0);
     rb_define_alias(cHMAC, "inspect", "hexdigest");
     rb_define_alias(cHMAC, "to_s", "hexdigest");
+
+    id_md_holder = rb_intern_const("EVP_MD_holder");
 }
diff --git a/ext/openssl/ossl_kdf.c b/ext/openssl/ossl_kdf.c
index f349939a80..1f28016440 100644
--- a/ext/openssl/ossl_kdf.c
+++ b/ext/openssl/ossl_kdf.c
@@ -35,16 +35,16 @@ static VALUE mKDF, eKDF;
 static VALUE
 kdf_pbkdf2_hmac(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
 {
-    VALUE pass, salt, opts, kwargs[4], str;
+    VALUE pass, salt, opts, kwargs[4], str, md_holder;
     static ID kwargs_ids[4];
     int iters, len;
     const EVP_MD *md;
 
     if (!kwargs_ids[0]) {
-	kwargs_ids[0] = rb_intern_const("salt");
-	kwargs_ids[1] = rb_intern_const("iterations");
-	kwargs_ids[2] = rb_intern_const("length");
-	kwargs_ids[3] = rb_intern_const("hash");
+        kwargs_ids[0] = rb_intern_const("salt");
+        kwargs_ids[1] = rb_intern_const("iterations");
+        kwargs_ids[2] = rb_intern_const("length");
+        kwargs_ids[3] = rb_intern_const("hash");
     }
     rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "1:", &pass, &opts);
     rb_get_kwargs(opts, kwargs_ids, 4, 0, kwargs);
@@ -53,14 +53,14 @@ kdf_pbkdf2_hmac(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
     salt = StringValue(kwargs[0]);
     iters = NUM2INT(kwargs[1]);
     len = NUM2INT(kwargs[2]);
-    md = ossl_evp_get_digestbyname(kwargs[3]);
+    md = ossl_evp_md_fetch(kwargs[3], &md_holder);
 
     str = rb_str_new(0, len);
     if (!PKCS5_PBKDF2_HMAC(RSTRING_PTR(pass), RSTRING_LENINT(pass),
-			   (unsigned char *)RSTRING_PTR(salt),
-			   RSTRING_LENINT(salt), iters, md, len,
-			   (unsigned char *)RSTRING_PTR(str)))
-	ossl_raise(eKDF, "PKCS5_PBKDF2_HMAC");
+                           (unsigned char *)RSTRING_PTR(salt),
+                           RSTRING_LENINT(salt), iters, md, len,
+                           (unsigned char *)RSTRING_PTR(str)))
+        ossl_raise(eKDF, "PKCS5_PBKDF2_HMAC");
 
     return str;
 }
@@ -107,11 +107,11 @@ kdf_scrypt(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
     uint64_t N, r, p, maxmem;
 
     if (!kwargs_ids[0]) {
-	kwargs_ids[0] = rb_intern_const("salt");
-	kwargs_ids[1] = rb_intern_const("N");
-	kwargs_ids[2] = rb_intern_const("r");
-	kwargs_ids[3] = rb_intern_const("p");
-	kwargs_ids[4] = rb_intern_const("length");
+        kwargs_ids[0] = rb_intern_const("salt");
+        kwargs_ids[1] = rb_intern_const("N");
+        kwargs_ids[2] = rb_intern_const("r");
+        kwargs_ids[3] = rb_intern_const("p");
+        kwargs_ids[4] = rb_intern_const("length");
     }
     rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "1:", &pass, &opts);
     rb_get_kwargs(opts, kwargs_ids, 5, 0, kwargs);
@@ -131,9 +131,9 @@ kdf_scrypt(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
 
     str = rb_str_new(0, len);
     if (!EVP_PBE_scrypt(RSTRING_PTR(pass), RSTRING_LEN(pass),
-			(unsigned char *)RSTRING_PTR(salt), RSTRING_LEN(salt),
-			N, r, p, maxmem, (unsigned char *)RSTRING_PTR(str), len))
-	ossl_raise(eKDF, "EVP_PBE_scrypt");
+                        (unsigned char *)RSTRING_PTR(salt), RSTRING_LEN(salt),
+                        N, r, p, maxmem, (unsigned char *)RSTRING_PTR(str), len))
+        ossl_raise(eKDF, "EVP_PBE_scrypt");
 
     return str;
 }
@@ -172,7 +172,7 @@ kdf_scrypt(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
 static VALUE
 kdf_hkdf(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
 {
-    VALUE ikm, salt, info, opts, kwargs[4], str;
+    VALUE ikm, salt, info, opts, kwargs[4], str, md_holder;
     static ID kwargs_ids[4];
     int saltlen, ikmlen, infolen;
     size_t len;
@@ -180,10 +180,10 @@ kdf_hkdf(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
     EVP_PKEY_CTX *pctx;
 
     if (!kwargs_ids[0]) {
-	kwargs_ids[0] = rb_intern_const("salt");
-	kwargs_ids[1] = rb_intern_const("info");
-	kwargs_ids[2] = rb_intern_const("length");
-	kwargs_ids[3] = rb_intern_const("hash");
+        kwargs_ids[0] = rb_intern_const("salt");
+        kwargs_ids[1] = rb_intern_const("info");
+        kwargs_ids[2] = rb_intern_const("length");
+        kwargs_ids[3] = rb_intern_const("hash");
     }
     rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "1:", &ikm, &opts);
     rb_get_kwargs(opts, kwargs_ids, 4, 0, kwargs);
@@ -196,39 +196,39 @@ kdf_hkdf(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
     infolen = RSTRING_LENINT(info);
     len = (size_t)NUM2LONG(kwargs[2]);
     if (len > LONG_MAX)
-	rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "length must be non-negative");
-    md = ossl_evp_get_digestbyname(kwargs[3]);
+        rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "length must be non-negative");
+    md = ossl_evp_md_fetch(kwargs[3], &md_holder);
 
     str = rb_str_new(NULL, (long)len);
     pctx = EVP_PKEY_CTX_new_id(EVP_PKEY_HKDF, NULL);
     if (!pctx)
-	ossl_raise(eKDF, "EVP_PKEY_CTX_new_id");
+        ossl_raise(eKDF, "EVP_PKEY_CTX_new_id");
     if (EVP_PKEY_derive_init(pctx) <= 0) {
-	EVP_PKEY_CTX_free(pctx);
-	ossl_raise(eKDF, "EVP_PKEY_derive_init");
+        EVP_PKEY_CTX_free(pctx);
+        ossl_raise(eKDF, "EVP_PKEY_derive_init");
     }
     if (EVP_PKEY_CTX_set_hkdf_md(pctx, md) <= 0) {
-	EVP_PKEY_CTX_free(pctx);
-	ossl_raise(eKDF, "EVP_PKEY_CTX_set_hkdf_md");
+        EVP_PKEY_CTX_free(pctx);
+        ossl_raise(eKDF, "EVP_PKEY_CTX_set_hkdf_md");
     }
     if (EVP_PKEY_CTX_set1_hkdf_salt(pctx, (unsigned char *)RSTRING_PTR(salt),
-				    saltlen) <= 0) {
-	EVP_PKEY_CTX_free(pctx);
-	ossl_raise(eKDF, "EVP_PKEY_CTX_set_hkdf_salt");
+                                    saltlen) <= 0) {
+        EVP_PKEY_CTX_free(pctx);
+        ossl_raise(eKDF, "EVP_PKEY_CTX_set_hkdf_salt");
     }
     if (EVP_PKEY_CTX_set1_hkdf_key(pctx, (unsigned char *)RSTRING_PTR(ikm),
-				   ikmlen) <= 0) {
-	EVP_PKEY_CTX_free(pctx);
-	ossl_raise(eKDF, "EVP_PKEY_CTX_set_hkdf_key");
+                                   ikmlen) <= 0) {
+        EVP_PKEY_CTX_free(pctx);
+        ossl_raise(eKDF, "EVP_PKEY_CTX_set_hkdf_key");
     }
     if (EVP_PKEY_CTX_add1_hkdf_info(pctx, (unsigned char *)RSTRING_PTR(info),
-				    infolen) <= 0) {
-	EVP_PKEY_CTX_free(pctx);
-	ossl_raise(eKDF, "EVP_PKEY_CTX_set_hkdf_info");
+                                    infolen) <= 0) {
+        EVP_PKEY_CTX_free(pctx);
+        ossl_raise(eKDF, "EVP_PKEY_CTX_set_hkdf_info");
     }
     if (EVP_PKEY_derive(pctx, (unsigned char *)RSTRING_PTR(str), &len) <= 0) {
-	EVP_PKEY_CTX_free(pctx);
-	ossl_raise(eKDF, "EVP_PKEY_derive");
+        EVP_PKEY_CTX_free(pctx);
+        ossl_raise(eKDF, "EVP_PKEY_derive");
     }
     rb_str_set_len(str, (long)len);
     EVP_PKEY_CTX_free(pctx);
@@ -239,11 +239,6 @@ kdf_hkdf(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
 void
 Init_ossl_kdf(void)
 {
-#if 0
-    mOSSL = rb_define_module("OpenSSL");
-    eOSSLError = rb_define_class_under(mOSSL, "OpenSSLError", rb_eStandardError);
-#endif
-
     /*
      * Document-module: OpenSSL::KDF
      *
diff --git a/ext/openssl/ossl_ns_spki.c b/ext/openssl/ossl_ns_spki.c
index 445aeeba15..8440c2ee82 100644
--- a/ext/openssl/ossl_ns_spki.c
+++ b/ext/openssl/ossl_ns_spki.c
@@ -13,14 +13,14 @@
     TypedData_Wrap_Struct((klass), &ossl_netscape_spki_type, 0)
 #define SetSPKI(obj, spki) do { \
     if (!(spki)) { \
-	ossl_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "SPKI wasn't initialized!"); \
+        ossl_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "SPKI wasn't initialized!"); \
     } \
     RTYPEDDATA_DATA(obj) = (spki); \
 } while (0)
 #define GetSPKI(obj, spki) do { \
     TypedData_Get_Struct((obj), NETSCAPE_SPKI, &ossl_netscape_spki_type, (spki)); \
     if (!(spki)) { \
-	ossl_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "SPKI wasn't initialized!"); \
+        ossl_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "SPKI wasn't initialized!"); \
     } \
 } while (0)
 
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ ossl_netscape_spki_free(void *spki)
 static const rb_data_type_t ossl_netscape_spki_type = {
     "OpenSSL/NETSCAPE_SPKI",
     {
-	0, ossl_netscape_spki_free,
+        0, ossl_netscape_spki_free,
     },
     0, 0, RUBY_TYPED_FREE_IMMEDIATELY | RUBY_TYPED_WB_PROTECTED,
 };
@@ -61,7 +61,7 @@ ossl_spki_alloc(VALUE klass)
 
     obj = NewSPKI(klass);
     if (!(spki = NETSCAPE_SPKI_new())) {
-	ossl_raise(eSPKIError, NULL);
+        ossl_raise(eSPKIError, NULL);
     }
     SetSPKI(obj, spki);
 
@@ -83,15 +83,15 @@ ossl_spki_initialize(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
     const unsigned char *p;
 
     if (rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "01", &buffer) == 0) {
-	return self;
+        return self;
     }
     StringValue(buffer);
     if (!(spki = NETSCAPE_SPKI_b64_decode(RSTRING_PTR(buffer), RSTRING_LENINT(buffer)))) {
-	ossl_clear_error();
-	p = (unsigned char *)RSTRING_PTR(buffer);
-	if (!(spki = d2i_NETSCAPE_SPKI(NULL, &p, RSTRING_LEN(buffer)))) {
-	    ossl_raise(eSPKIError, NULL);
-	}
+        ossl_clear_error();
+        p = (unsigned char *)RSTRING_PTR(buffer);
+        if (!(spki = d2i_NETSCAPE_SPKI(NULL, &p, RSTRING_LEN(buffer)))) {
+            ossl_raise(eSPKIError, NULL);
+        }
     }
     NETSCAPE_SPKI_free(DATA_PTR(self));
     SetSPKI(self, spki);
@@ -140,7 +140,7 @@ ossl_spki_to_pem(VALUE self)
 
     GetSPKI(self, spki);
     if (!(data = NETSCAPE_SPKI_b64_encode(spki))) {
-	ossl_raise(eSPKIError, NULL);
+        ossl_raise(eSPKIError, NULL);
     }
     str = ossl_buf2str(data, rb_long2int(strlen(data)));
 
@@ -162,11 +162,11 @@ ossl_spki_print(VALUE self)
 
     GetSPKI(self, spki);
     if (!(out = BIO_new(BIO_s_mem()))) {
-	ossl_raise(eSPKIError, NULL);
+        ossl_raise(eSPKIError, NULL);
     }
     if (!NETSCAPE_SPKI_print(out, spki)) {
-	BIO_free(out);
-	ossl_raise(eSPKIError, NULL);
+        BIO_free(out);
+        ossl_raise(eSPKIError, NULL);
     }
 
     return ossl_membio2str(out);
@@ -187,10 +187,10 @@ ossl_spki_get_public_key(VALUE self)
 
     GetSPKI(self, spki);
     if (!(pkey = NETSCAPE_SPKI_get_pubkey(spki))) { /* adds an reference */
-	ossl_raise(eSPKIError, NULL);
+        ossl_raise(eSPKIError, NULL);
     }
 
-    return ossl_pkey_new(pkey); /* NO DUP - OK */
+    return ossl_pkey_wrap(pkey);
 }
 
 /*
@@ -214,7 +214,7 @@ ossl_spki_set_public_key(VALUE self, VALUE key)
     pkey = GetPKeyPtr(key);
     ossl_pkey_check_public_key(pkey);
     if (!NETSCAPE_SPKI_set_pubkey(spki, pkey))
-	ossl_raise(eSPKIError, "NETSCAPE_SPKI_set_pubkey");
+        ossl_raise(eSPKIError, "NETSCAPE_SPKI_set_pubkey");
     return key;
 }
 
@@ -230,13 +230,12 @@ ossl_spki_get_challenge(VALUE self)
     NETSCAPE_SPKI *spki;
 
     GetSPKI(self, spki);
-    if (spki->spkac->challenge->length <= 0) {
-	OSSL_Debug("Challenge.length <= 0?");
-	return rb_str_new(0, 0);
+    if (ASN1_STRING_length(spki->spkac->challenge) <= 0) {
+        OSSL_Debug("Challenge.length <= 0?");
+        return rb_str_new(0, 0);
     }
 
-    return rb_str_new((const char *)spki->spkac->challenge->data,
-		      spki->spkac->challenge->length);
+    return asn1str_to_str(spki->spkac->challenge);
 }
 
 /*
@@ -257,8 +256,8 @@ ossl_spki_set_challenge(VALUE self, VALUE str)
     StringValue(str);
     GetSPKI(self, spki);
     if (!ASN1_STRING_set(spki->spkac->challenge, RSTRING_PTR(str),
-			 RSTRING_LENINT(str))) {
-	ossl_raise(eSPKIError, NULL);
+                         RSTRING_LENINT(str))) {
+        ossl_raise(eSPKIError, NULL);
     }
 
     return str;
@@ -283,13 +282,13 @@ ossl_spki_sign(VALUE self, VALUE key, VALUE digest)
     NETSCAPE_SPKI *spki;
     EVP_PKEY *pkey;
     const EVP_MD *md;
+    VALUE md_holder;
 
     pkey = GetPrivPKeyPtr(key); /* NO NEED TO DUP */
-    md = ossl_evp_get_digestbyname(digest);
+    md = ossl_evp_md_fetch(digest, &md_holder);
     GetSPKI(self, spki);
-    if (!NETSCAPE_SPKI_sign(spki, pkey, md)) {
-	ossl_raise(eSPKIError, NULL);
-    }
+    if (!NETSCAPE_SPKI_sign(spki, pkey, md))
+        ossl_raise(eSPKIError, "NETSCAPE_SPKI_sign");
 
     return self;
 }
@@ -315,12 +314,12 @@ ossl_spki_verify(VALUE self, VALUE key)
     ossl_pkey_check_public_key(pkey);
     switch (NETSCAPE_SPKI_verify(spki, pkey)) {
       case 0:
-	ossl_clear_error();
-	return Qfalse;
+        ossl_clear_error();
+        return Qfalse;
       case 1:
-	return Qtrue;
+        return Qtrue;
       default:
-	ossl_raise(eSPKIError, "NETSCAPE_SPKI_verify");
+        ossl_raise(eSPKIError, "NETSCAPE_SPKI_verify");
     }
 }
 
@@ -378,11 +377,6 @@ ossl_spki_verify(VALUE self, VALUE key)
 void
 Init_ossl_ns_spki(void)
 {
-#if 0
-    mOSSL = rb_define_module("OpenSSL");
-    eOSSLError = rb_define_class_under(mOSSL, "OpenSSLError", rb_eStandardError);
-#endif
-
     mNetscape = rb_define_module_under(mOSSL, "Netscape");
 
     eSPKIError = rb_define_class_under(mNetscape, "SPKIError", eOSSLError);
diff --git a/ext/openssl/ossl_ocsp.c b/ext/openssl/ossl_ocsp.c
index cb2f1a62d0..93d8bc8567 100644
--- a/ext/openssl/ossl_ocsp.c
+++ b/ext/openssl/ossl_ocsp.c
@@ -84,7 +84,7 @@ ossl_ocsp_request_free(void *ptr)
 static const rb_data_type_t ossl_ocsp_request_type = {
     "OpenSSL/OCSP/REQUEST",
     {
-	0, ossl_ocsp_request_free,
+        0, ossl_ocsp_request_free,
     },
     0, 0, RUBY_TYPED_FREE_IMMEDIATELY | RUBY_TYPED_WB_PROTECTED,
 };
@@ -98,7 +98,7 @@ ossl_ocsp_response_free(void *ptr)
 static const rb_data_type_t ossl_ocsp_response_type = {
     "OpenSSL/OCSP/RESPONSE",
     {
-	0, ossl_ocsp_response_free,
+        0, ossl_ocsp_response_free,
     },
     0, 0, RUBY_TYPED_FREE_IMMEDIATELY | RUBY_TYPED_WB_PROTECTED,
 };
@@ -112,7 +112,7 @@ ossl_ocsp_basicresp_free(void *ptr)
 static const rb_data_type_t ossl_ocsp_basicresp_type = {
     "OpenSSL/OCSP/BASICRESP",
     {
-	0, ossl_ocsp_basicresp_free,
+        0, ossl_ocsp_basicresp_free,
     },
     0, 0, RUBY_TYPED_FREE_IMMEDIATELY | RUBY_TYPED_WB_PROTECTED,
 };
@@ -126,7 +126,7 @@ ossl_ocsp_singleresp_free(void *ptr)
 static const rb_data_type_t ossl_ocsp_singleresp_type = {
     "OpenSSL/OCSP/SINGLERESP",
     {
-	0, ossl_ocsp_singleresp_free,
+        0, ossl_ocsp_singleresp_free,
     },
     0, 0, RUBY_TYPED_FREE_IMMEDIATELY | RUBY_TYPED_WB_PROTECTED,
 };
@@ -140,7 +140,7 @@ ossl_ocsp_certid_free(void *ptr)
 static const rb_data_type_t ossl_ocsp_certid_type = {
     "OpenSSL/OCSP/CERTID",
     {
-	0, ossl_ocsp_certid_free,
+        0, ossl_ocsp_certid_free,
     },
     0, 0, RUBY_TYPED_FREE_IMMEDIATELY | RUBY_TYPED_WB_PROTECTED,
 };
@@ -149,10 +149,14 @@ static const rb_data_type_t ossl_ocsp_certid_type = {
  * Public
  */
 static VALUE
-ossl_ocspcertid_new(OCSP_CERTID *cid)
+ossl_ocspcid_new(const OCSP_CERTID *cid)
 {
     VALUE obj = NewOCSPCertId(cOCSPCertId);
-    SetOCSPCertId(obj, cid);
+    /* OpenSSL 1.1.1 takes a non-const pointer */
+    OCSP_CERTID *cid_new = OCSP_CERTID_dup((OCSP_CERTID *)cid);
+    if (!cid_new)
+        ossl_raise(eOCSPError, "OCSP_CERTID_dup");
+    SetOCSPCertId(obj, cid_new);
     return obj;
 }
 
@@ -167,7 +171,7 @@ ossl_ocspreq_alloc(VALUE klass)
 
     obj = NewOCSPReq(klass);
     if (!(req = OCSP_REQUEST_new()))
-	ossl_raise(eOCSPError, NULL);
+        ossl_raise(eOCSPError, NULL);
     SetOCSPReq(obj, req);
 
     return obj;
@@ -185,7 +189,7 @@ ossl_ocspreq_initialize_copy(VALUE self, VALUE other)
 
     req_new = ASN1_item_dup(ASN1_ITEM_rptr(OCSP_REQUEST), req);
     if (!req_new)
-	ossl_raise(eOCSPError, "ASN1_item_dup");
+        ossl_raise(eOCSPError, "ASN1_item_dup");
 
     SetOCSPReq(self, req_new);
     OCSP_REQUEST_free(req_old);
@@ -211,15 +215,15 @@ ossl_ocspreq_initialize(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
 
     rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "01", &arg);
     if(!NIL_P(arg)){
-	GetOCSPReq(self, req);
-	arg = ossl_to_der_if_possible(arg);
-	StringValue(arg);
-	p = (unsigned char *)RSTRING_PTR(arg);
-	req_new = d2i_OCSP_REQUEST(NULL, &p, RSTRING_LEN(arg));
-	if (!req_new)
-	    ossl_raise(eOCSPError, "d2i_OCSP_REQUEST");
-	SetOCSPReq(self, req_new);
-	OCSP_REQUEST_free(req);
+        GetOCSPReq(self, req);
+        arg = ossl_to_der_if_possible(arg);
+        StringValue(arg);
+        p = (unsigned char *)RSTRING_PTR(arg);
+        req_new = d2i_OCSP_REQUEST(NULL, &p, RSTRING_LEN(arg));
+        if (!req_new)
+            ossl_raise(eOCSPError, "d2i_OCSP_REQUEST");
+        SetOCSPReq(self, req_new);
+        OCSP_REQUEST_free(req);
     }
 
     return self;
@@ -245,13 +249,13 @@ ossl_ocspreq_add_nonce(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
 
     rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "01", &val);
     if(NIL_P(val)) {
-	GetOCSPReq(self, req);
-	ret = OCSP_request_add1_nonce(req, NULL, -1);
+        GetOCSPReq(self, req);
+        ret = OCSP_request_add1_nonce(req, NULL, -1);
     }
     else{
-	StringValue(val);
-	GetOCSPReq(self, req);
-	ret = OCSP_request_add1_nonce(req, (unsigned char *)RSTRING_PTR(val), RSTRING_LENINT(val));
+        StringValue(val);
+        GetOCSPReq(self, req);
+        ret = OCSP_request_add1_nonce(req, (unsigned char *)RSTRING_PTR(val), RSTRING_LENINT(val));
     }
     if(!ret) ossl_raise(eOCSPError, NULL);
 
@@ -308,10 +312,10 @@ ossl_ocspreq_add_certid(VALUE self, VALUE certid)
     GetOCSPCertId(certid, id);
 
     if (!(id_new = OCSP_CERTID_dup(id)))
-	ossl_raise(eOCSPError, "OCSP_CERTID_dup");
+        ossl_raise(eOCSPError, "OCSP_CERTID_dup");
     if (!OCSP_request_add0_id(req, id_new)) {
-	OCSP_CERTID_free(id_new);
-	ossl_raise(eOCSPError, "OCSP_request_add0_id");
+        OCSP_CERTID_free(id_new);
+        ossl_raise(eOCSPError, "OCSP_request_add0_id");
     }
 
     return self;
@@ -328,21 +332,19 @@ static VALUE
 ossl_ocspreq_get_certid(VALUE self)
 {
     OCSP_REQUEST *req;
-    OCSP_ONEREQ *one;
-    OCSP_CERTID *id;
-    VALUE ary, tmp;
-    int i, count;
 
     GetOCSPReq(self, req);
-    count = OCSP_request_onereq_count(req);
-    ary = (count > 0) ? rb_ary_new() : Qnil;
-    for(i = 0; i < count; i++){
-	one = OCSP_request_onereq_get0(req, i);
-	tmp = NewOCSPCertId(cOCSPCertId);
-	if(!(id = OCSP_CERTID_dup(OCSP_onereq_get0_id(one))))
-	    ossl_raise(eOCSPError, NULL);
-	SetOCSPCertId(tmp, id);
-	rb_ary_push(ary, tmp);
+    int count = OCSP_request_onereq_count(req);
+    if (count < 0)
+        ossl_raise(eOCSPError, "OCSP_request_onereq_count");
+    if (count == 0)
+        return Qnil;
+
+    VALUE ary = rb_ary_new_capa(count);
+    for (int i = 0; i < count; i++) {
+        OCSP_ONEREQ *one = OCSP_request_onereq_get0(req, i);
+        OCSP_CERTID *cid = OCSP_onereq_get0_id(one);
+        rb_ary_push(ary, ossl_ocspcid_new(cid));
     }
 
     return ary;
@@ -367,7 +369,7 @@ ossl_ocspreq_get_certid(VALUE self)
 static VALUE
 ossl_ocspreq_sign(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
 {
-    VALUE signer_cert, signer_key, certs, flags, digest;
+    VALUE signer_cert, signer_key, certs, flags, digest, md_holder;
     OCSP_REQUEST *req;
     X509 *signer;
     EVP_PKEY *key;
@@ -381,19 +383,17 @@ ossl_ocspreq_sign(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
     signer = GetX509CertPtr(signer_cert);
     key = GetPrivPKeyPtr(signer_key);
     if (!NIL_P(flags))
-	flg = NUM2INT(flags);
-    if (NIL_P(digest))
-	md = NULL;
-    else
-	md = ossl_evp_get_digestbyname(digest);
+        flg = NUM2INT(flags);
+    md = NIL_P(digest) ? NULL : ossl_evp_md_fetch(digest, &md_holder);
     if (NIL_P(certs))
-	flg |= OCSP_NOCERTS;
+        flg |= OCSP_NOCERTS;
     else
-	x509s = ossl_x509_ary2sk(certs);
+        x509s = ossl_x509_ary2sk(certs);
 
     ret = OCSP_request_sign(req, signer, key, md, x509s, flg);
     sk_X509_pop_free(x509s, X509_free);
-    if (!ret) ossl_raise(eOCSPError, NULL);
+    if (!ret)
+        ossl_raise(eOCSPError, "OCSP_request_sign");
 
     return self;
 }
@@ -427,7 +427,7 @@ ossl_ocspreq_verify(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
     result = OCSP_request_verify(req, x509s, x509st, flg);
     sk_X509_pop_free(x509s, X509_free);
     if (result <= 0)
-	ossl_clear_error();
+        ossl_clear_error();
 
     return result > 0 ? Qtrue : Qfalse;
 }
@@ -446,11 +446,11 @@ ossl_ocspreq_to_der(VALUE self)
 
     GetOCSPReq(self, req);
     if((len = i2d_OCSP_REQUEST(req, NULL)) <= 0)
-	ossl_raise(eOCSPError, NULL);
+        ossl_raise(eOCSPError, NULL);
     str = rb_str_new(0, len);
     p = (unsigned char *)RSTRING_PTR(str);
     if(i2d_OCSP_REQUEST(req, &p) <= 0)
-	ossl_raise(eOCSPError, NULL);
+        ossl_raise(eOCSPError, NULL);
     ossl_str_adjust(str, p);
 
     return str;
@@ -494,7 +494,7 @@ ossl_ocspres_s_create(VALUE klass, VALUE status, VALUE basic_resp)
     else GetOCSPBasicRes(basic_resp, bs); /* NO NEED TO DUP */
     obj = NewOCSPRes(klass);
     if(!(res = OCSP_response_create(st, bs)))
-	ossl_raise(eOCSPError, NULL);
+        ossl_raise(eOCSPError, NULL);
     SetOCSPRes(obj, res);
 
     return obj;
@@ -508,7 +508,7 @@ ossl_ocspres_alloc(VALUE klass)
 
     obj = NewOCSPRes(klass);
     if(!(res = OCSP_RESPONSE_new()))
-	ossl_raise(eOCSPError, NULL);
+        ossl_raise(eOCSPError, NULL);
     SetOCSPRes(obj, res);
 
     return obj;
@@ -526,7 +526,7 @@ ossl_ocspres_initialize_copy(VALUE self, VALUE other)
 
     res_new = ASN1_item_dup(ASN1_ITEM_rptr(OCSP_RESPONSE), res);
     if (!res_new)
-	ossl_raise(eOCSPError, "ASN1_item_dup");
+        ossl_raise(eOCSPError, "ASN1_item_dup");
 
     SetOCSPRes(self, res_new);
     OCSP_RESPONSE_free(res_old);
@@ -552,15 +552,15 @@ ossl_ocspres_initialize(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
 
     rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "01", &arg);
     if(!NIL_P(arg)){
-	GetOCSPRes(self, res);
-	arg = ossl_to_der_if_possible(arg);
-	StringValue(arg);
-	p = (unsigned char *)RSTRING_PTR(arg);
-	res_new = d2i_OCSP_RESPONSE(NULL, &p, RSTRING_LEN(arg));
-	if (!res_new)
-	    ossl_raise(eOCSPError, "d2i_OCSP_RESPONSE");
-	SetOCSPRes(self, res_new);
-	OCSP_RESPONSE_free(res);
+        GetOCSPRes(self, res);
+        arg = ossl_to_der_if_possible(arg);
+        StringValue(arg);
+        p = (unsigned char *)RSTRING_PTR(arg);
+        res_new = d2i_OCSP_RESPONSE(NULL, &p, RSTRING_LEN(arg));
+        if (!res_new)
+            ossl_raise(eOCSPError, "d2i_OCSP_RESPONSE");
+        SetOCSPRes(self, res_new);
+        OCSP_RESPONSE_free(res);
     }
 
     return self;
@@ -621,7 +621,7 @@ ossl_ocspres_get_basic(VALUE self)
     GetOCSPRes(self, res);
     ret = NewOCSPBasicRes(cOCSPBasicRes);
     if(!(bs = OCSP_response_get1_basic(res)))
-	return Qnil;
+        return Qnil;
     SetOCSPBasicRes(ret, bs);
 
     return ret;
@@ -644,11 +644,11 @@ ossl_ocspres_to_der(VALUE self)
 
     GetOCSPRes(self, res);
     if((len = i2d_OCSP_RESPONSE(res, NULL)) <= 0)
-	ossl_raise(eOCSPError, NULL);
+        ossl_raise(eOCSPError, NULL);
     str = rb_str_new(0, len);
     p = (unsigned char *)RSTRING_PTR(str);
     if(i2d_OCSP_RESPONSE(res, &p) <= 0)
-	ossl_raise(eOCSPError, NULL);
+        ossl_raise(eOCSPError, NULL);
     ossl_str_adjust(str, p);
 
     return str;
@@ -665,7 +665,7 @@ ossl_ocspbres_alloc(VALUE klass)
 
     obj = NewOCSPBasicRes(klass);
     if(!(bs = OCSP_BASICRESP_new()))
-	ossl_raise(eOCSPError, NULL);
+        ossl_raise(eOCSPError, NULL);
     SetOCSPBasicRes(obj, bs);
 
     return obj;
@@ -683,7 +683,7 @@ ossl_ocspbres_initialize_copy(VALUE self, VALUE other)
 
     bs_new = ASN1_item_dup(ASN1_ITEM_rptr(OCSP_BASICRESP), bs);
     if (!bs_new)
-	ossl_raise(eOCSPError, "ASN1_item_dup");
+        ossl_raise(eOCSPError, "ASN1_item_dup");
 
     SetOCSPBasicRes(self, bs_new);
     OCSP_BASICRESP_free(bs_old);
@@ -708,15 +708,15 @@ ossl_ocspbres_initialize(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
 
     rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "01", &arg);
     if (!NIL_P(arg)) {
-	GetOCSPBasicRes(self, res);
-	arg = ossl_to_der_if_possible(arg);
-	StringValue(arg);
-	p = (unsigned char *)RSTRING_PTR(arg);
-	res_new = d2i_OCSP_BASICRESP(NULL, &p, RSTRING_LEN(arg));
-	if (!res_new)
-	    ossl_raise(eOCSPError, "d2i_OCSP_BASICRESP");
-	SetOCSPBasicRes(self, res_new);
-	OCSP_BASICRESP_free(res);
+        GetOCSPBasicRes(self, res);
+        arg = ossl_to_der_if_possible(arg);
+        StringValue(arg);
+        p = (unsigned char *)RSTRING_PTR(arg);
+        res_new = d2i_OCSP_BASICRESP(NULL, &p, RSTRING_LEN(arg));
+        if (!res_new)
+            ossl_raise(eOCSPError, "d2i_OCSP_BASICRESP");
+        SetOCSPBasicRes(self, res_new);
+        OCSP_BASICRESP_free(res);
     }
 
     return self;
@@ -761,13 +761,13 @@ ossl_ocspbres_add_nonce(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
 
     rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "01", &val);
     if(NIL_P(val)) {
-	GetOCSPBasicRes(self, bs);
-	ret = OCSP_basic_add1_nonce(bs, NULL, -1);
+        GetOCSPBasicRes(self, bs);
+        ret = OCSP_basic_add1_nonce(bs, NULL, -1);
     }
     else{
-	StringValue(val);
-	GetOCSPBasicRes(self, bs);
-	ret = OCSP_basic_add1_nonce(bs, (unsigned char *)RSTRING_PTR(val), RSTRING_LENINT(val));
+        StringValue(val);
+        GetOCSPBasicRes(self, bs);
+        ret = OCSP_basic_add1_nonce(bs, (unsigned char *)RSTRING_PTR(val), RSTRING_LENINT(val));
     }
     if(!ret) ossl_raise(eOCSPError, NULL);
 
@@ -780,12 +780,12 @@ add_status_convert_time(VALUE obj)
     ASN1_TIME *time;
 
     if (RB_INTEGER_TYPE_P(obj))
-	time = X509_gmtime_adj(NULL, NUM2INT(obj));
+        time = X509_gmtime_adj(NULL, NUM2INT(obj));
     else
-	time = ossl_x509_time_adjust(NULL, obj);
+        time = ossl_x509_time_adjust(NULL, obj);
 
     if (!time)
-	ossl_raise(eOCSPError, NULL);
+        ossl_raise(eOCSPError, NULL);
 
     return (VALUE)time;
 }
@@ -819,8 +819,8 @@ add_status_convert_time(VALUE obj)
  */
 static VALUE
 ossl_ocspbres_add_status(VALUE self, VALUE cid, VALUE status,
-			 VALUE reason, VALUE revtime,
-			 VALUE thisupd, VALUE nextupd, VALUE ext)
+                         VALUE reason, VALUE revtime,
+                         VALUE thisupd, VALUE nextupd, VALUE ext)
 {
     OCSP_BASICRESP *bs;
     OCSP_SINGLERESP *single;
@@ -834,16 +834,16 @@ ossl_ocspbres_add_status(VALUE self, VALUE cid, VALUE status,
     GetOCSPCertId(cid, id);
     st = NUM2INT(status);
     if (!NIL_P(ext)) { /* All ext's members must be X509::Extension */
-	ext = rb_check_array_type(ext);
-	for (i = 0; i < RARRAY_LEN(ext); i++)
-	    OSSL_Check_Kind(RARRAY_AREF(ext, i), cX509Ext);
+        ext = rb_check_array_type(ext);
+        for (i = 0; i < RARRAY_LEN(ext); i++)
+            OSSL_Check_Kind(RARRAY_AREF(ext, i), cX509Ext);
     }
 
     if (st == V_OCSP_CERTSTATUS_REVOKED) {
-	rsn = NUM2INT(reason);
-	tmp = rb_protect(add_status_convert_time, revtime, &rstatus);
-	if (rstatus) goto err;
-	rev = (ASN1_TIME *)tmp;
+        rsn = NUM2INT(reason);
+        tmp = rb_protect(add_status_convert_time, revtime, &rstatus);
+        if (rstatus) goto err;
+        rev = (ASN1_TIME *)tmp;
     }
 
     tmp = rb_protect(add_status_convert_time, thisupd, &rstatus);
@@ -851,29 +851,29 @@ ossl_ocspbres_add_status(VALUE self, VALUE cid, VALUE status,
     ths = (ASN1_TIME *)tmp;
 
     if (!NIL_P(nextupd)) {
-	tmp = rb_protect(add_status_convert_time, nextupd, &rstatus);
-	if (rstatus) goto err;
-	nxt = (ASN1_TIME *)tmp;
+        tmp = rb_protect(add_status_convert_time, nextupd, &rstatus);
+        if (rstatus) goto err;
+        nxt = (ASN1_TIME *)tmp;
     }
 
     if(!(single = OCSP_basic_add1_status(bs, id, st, rsn, rev, ths, nxt))){
-	error = 1;
-	goto err;
+        error = 1;
+        goto err;
     }
 
     if(!NIL_P(ext)){
-	X509_EXTENSION *x509ext;
-
-	for(i = 0; i < RARRAY_LEN(ext); i++){
-	    x509ext = GetX509ExtPtr(RARRAY_AREF(ext, i));
-	    if(!OCSP_SINGLERESP_add_ext(single, x509ext, -1)){
-		error = 1;
-		goto err;
-	    }
-	}
+        X509_EXTENSION *x509ext;
+
+        for(i = 0; i < RARRAY_LEN(ext); i++){
+            x509ext = GetX509ExtPtr(RARRAY_AREF(ext, i));
+            if(!OCSP_SINGLERESP_add_ext(single, x509ext, -1)){
+                error = 1;
+                goto err;
+            }
+        }
     }
 
- err:
+  err:
     ASN1_TIME_free(ths);
     ASN1_TIME_free(nxt);
     ASN1_TIME_free(rev);
@@ -899,48 +899,40 @@ static VALUE
 ossl_ocspbres_get_status(VALUE self)
 {
     OCSP_BASICRESP *bs;
-    OCSP_SINGLERESP *single;
-    OCSP_CERTID *cid;
-    ASN1_TIME *revtime, *thisupd, *nextupd;
-    int status, reason;
-    X509_EXTENSION *x509ext;
-    VALUE ret, ary, ext;
-    int count, ext_count, i, j;
 
     GetOCSPBasicRes(self, bs);
-    ret = rb_ary_new();
-    count = OCSP_resp_count(bs);
-    for(i = 0; i < count; i++){
-	single = OCSP_resp_get0(bs, i);
-	if(!single) continue;
-
-	revtime = thisupd = nextupd = NULL;
-	status = OCSP_single_get0_status(single, &reason, &revtime,
-					 &thisupd, &nextupd);
-	if(status < 0) continue;
-	if(!(cid = OCSP_CERTID_dup((OCSP_CERTID *)OCSP_SINGLERESP_get0_id(single)))) /* FIXME */
-	    ossl_raise(eOCSPError, NULL);
-	ary = rb_ary_new();
-	rb_ary_push(ary, ossl_ocspcertid_new(cid));
-	rb_ary_push(ary, INT2NUM(status));
-	rb_ary_push(ary, INT2NUM(reason));
-	rb_ary_push(ary, revtime ? asn1time_to_time(revtime) : Qnil);
-	rb_ary_push(ary, thisupd ? asn1time_to_time(thisupd) : Qnil);
-	rb_ary_push(ary, nextupd ? asn1time_to_time(nextupd) : Qnil);
-	ext = rb_ary_new();
-	ext_count = OCSP_SINGLERESP_get_ext_count(single);
-	for(j = 0; j < ext_count; j++){
-	    x509ext = OCSP_SINGLERESP_get_ext(single, j);
-	    rb_ary_push(ext, ossl_x509ext_new(x509ext));
-	}
-	rb_ary_push(ary, ext);
-	rb_ary_push(ret, ary);
+    VALUE ret = rb_ary_new();
+    int count = OCSP_resp_count(bs);
+    for (int i = 0; i < count; i++) {
+        OCSP_SINGLERESP *single = OCSP_resp_get0(bs, i);
+        ASN1_TIME *revtime, *thisupd, *nextupd;
+        int reason;
+
+        int status = OCSP_single_get0_status(single, &reason, &revtime, &thisupd, &nextupd);
+        if (status < 0)
+            ossl_raise(eOCSPError, "OCSP_single_get0_status");
+
+        VALUE ary = rb_ary_new();
+        rb_ary_push(ary, ossl_ocspcid_new(OCSP_SINGLERESP_get0_id(single)));
+        rb_ary_push(ary, INT2NUM(status));
+        rb_ary_push(ary, INT2NUM(reason));
+        rb_ary_push(ary, revtime ? asn1time_to_time(revtime) : Qnil);
+        rb_ary_push(ary, thisupd ? asn1time_to_time(thisupd) : Qnil);
+        rb_ary_push(ary, nextupd ? asn1time_to_time(nextupd) : Qnil);
+        VALUE ext = rb_ary_new();
+        int ext_count = OCSP_SINGLERESP_get_ext_count(single);
+        for (int j = 0; j < ext_count; j++) {
+            X509_EXTENSION *x509ext = OCSP_SINGLERESP_get_ext(single, j);
+            rb_ary_push(ext, ossl_x509ext_new(x509ext));
+        }
+        rb_ary_push(ary, ext);
+        rb_ary_push(ret, ary);
     }
 
     return ret;
 }
 
-static VALUE ossl_ocspsres_new(OCSP_SINGLERESP *);
+static VALUE ossl_ocspsres_new(const OCSP_SINGLERESP *);
 
 /*
  * call-seq:
@@ -958,17 +950,10 @@ ossl_ocspbres_get_responses(VALUE self)
 
     GetOCSPBasicRes(self, bs);
     count = OCSP_resp_count(bs);
-    ret = rb_ary_new2(count);
+    ret = rb_ary_new_capa(count);
 
     for (i = 0; i < count; i++) {
-	OCSP_SINGLERESP *sres, *sres_new;
-
-	sres = OCSP_resp_get0(bs, i);
-	sres_new = ASN1_item_dup(ASN1_ITEM_rptr(OCSP_SINGLERESP), sres);
-	if (!sres_new)
-	    ossl_raise(eOCSPError, "ASN1_item_dup");
-
-	rb_ary_push(ret, ossl_ocspsres_new(sres_new));
+        rb_ary_push(ret, ossl_ocspsres_new(OCSP_resp_get0(bs, i)));
     }
 
     return ret;
@@ -986,7 +971,6 @@ static VALUE
 ossl_ocspbres_find_response(VALUE self, VALUE target)
 {
     OCSP_BASICRESP *bs;
-    OCSP_SINGLERESP *sres, *sres_new;
     OCSP_CERTID *id;
     int n;
 
@@ -994,14 +978,8 @@ ossl_ocspbres_find_response(VALUE self, VALUE target)
     GetOCSPBasicRes(self, bs);
 
     if ((n = OCSP_resp_find(bs, id, -1)) == -1)
-	return Qnil;
-
-    sres = OCSP_resp_get0(bs, n);
-    sres_new = ASN1_item_dup(ASN1_ITEM_rptr(OCSP_SINGLERESP), sres);
-    if (!sres_new)
-	ossl_raise(eOCSPError, "ASN1_item_dup");
-
-    return ossl_ocspsres_new(sres_new);
+        return Qnil;
+    return ossl_ocspsres_new(OCSP_resp_get0(bs, n));
 }
 
 /*
@@ -1020,7 +998,7 @@ ossl_ocspbres_find_response(VALUE self, VALUE target)
 static VALUE
 ossl_ocspbres_sign(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
 {
-    VALUE signer_cert, signer_key, certs, flags, digest;
+    VALUE signer_cert, signer_key, certs, flags, digest, md_holder;
     OCSP_BASICRESP *bs;
     X509 *signer;
     EVP_PKEY *key;
@@ -1034,19 +1012,17 @@ ossl_ocspbres_sign(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
     signer = GetX509CertPtr(signer_cert);
     key = GetPrivPKeyPtr(signer_key);
     if (!NIL_P(flags))
-	flg = NUM2INT(flags);
-    if (NIL_P(digest))
-	md = NULL;
-    else
-	md = ossl_evp_get_digestbyname(digest);
+        flg = NUM2INT(flags);
+    md = NIL_P(digest) ? NULL : ossl_evp_md_fetch(digest, &md_holder);
     if (NIL_P(certs))
-	flg |= OCSP_NOCERTS;
+        flg |= OCSP_NOCERTS;
     else
-	x509s = ossl_x509_ary2sk(certs);
+        x509s = ossl_x509_ary2sk(certs);
 
     ret = OCSP_basic_sign(bs, signer, key, md, x509s, flg);
     sk_X509_pop_free(x509s, X509_free);
-    if (!ret) ossl_raise(eOCSPError, NULL);
+    if (!ret)
+        ossl_raise(eOCSPError, "OCSP_basic_sign");
 
     return self;
 }
@@ -1075,7 +1051,7 @@ ossl_ocspbres_verify(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
     result = OCSP_basic_verify(bs, x509s, x509st, flg);
     sk_X509_pop_free(x509s, X509_free);
     if (result <= 0)
-	ossl_clear_error();
+        ossl_clear_error();
 
     return result > 0 ? Qtrue : Qfalse;
 }
@@ -1096,11 +1072,11 @@ ossl_ocspbres_to_der(VALUE self)
 
     GetOCSPBasicRes(self, res);
     if ((len = i2d_OCSP_BASICRESP(res, NULL)) <= 0)
-	ossl_raise(eOCSPError, NULL);
+        ossl_raise(eOCSPError, NULL);
     str = rb_str_new(0, len);
     p = (unsigned char *)RSTRING_PTR(str);
     if (i2d_OCSP_BASICRESP(res, &p) <= 0)
-	ossl_raise(eOCSPError, NULL);
+        ossl_raise(eOCSPError, NULL);
     ossl_str_adjust(str, p);
 
     return str;
@@ -1110,12 +1086,18 @@ ossl_ocspbres_to_der(VALUE self)
  * OCSP::SingleResponse
  */
 static VALUE
-ossl_ocspsres_new(OCSP_SINGLERESP *sres)
+ossl_ocspsres_new(const OCSP_SINGLERESP *sres)
 {
     VALUE obj;
+    OCSP_SINGLERESP *sres_new;
 
     obj = NewOCSPSingleRes(cOCSPSingleRes);
-    SetOCSPSingleRes(obj, sres);
+    /* OpenSSL 1.1.1 takes a non-const pointer */
+    sres_new = ASN1_item_dup(ASN1_ITEM_rptr(OCSP_SINGLERESP),
+                             (OCSP_SINGLERESP *)sres);
+    if (!sres_new)
+        ossl_raise(eOCSPError, "ASN1_item_dup");
+    SetOCSPSingleRes(obj, sres_new);
 
     return obj;
 }
@@ -1128,7 +1110,7 @@ ossl_ocspsres_alloc(VALUE klass)
 
     obj = NewOCSPSingleRes(klass);
     if (!(sres = OCSP_SINGLERESP_new()))
-	ossl_raise(eOCSPError, NULL);
+        ossl_raise(eOCSPError, NULL);
     SetOCSPSingleRes(obj, sres);
 
     return obj;
@@ -1153,7 +1135,7 @@ ossl_ocspsres_initialize(VALUE self, VALUE arg)
     p = (unsigned char*)RSTRING_PTR(arg);
     res_new = d2i_OCSP_SINGLERESP(NULL, &p, RSTRING_LEN(arg));
     if (!res_new)
-	ossl_raise(eOCSPError, "d2i_OCSP_SINGLERESP");
+        ossl_raise(eOCSPError, "d2i_OCSP_SINGLERESP");
     SetOCSPSingleRes(self, res_new);
     OCSP_SINGLERESP_free(res);
 
@@ -1172,7 +1154,7 @@ ossl_ocspsres_initialize_copy(VALUE self, VALUE other)
 
     sres_new = ASN1_item_dup(ASN1_ITEM_rptr(OCSP_SINGLERESP), sres);
     if (!sres_new)
-	ossl_raise(eOCSPError, "ASN1_item_dup");
+        ossl_raise(eOCSPError, "ASN1_item_dup");
 
     SetOCSPSingleRes(self, sres_new);
     OCSP_SINGLERESP_free(sres_old);
@@ -1211,15 +1193,15 @@ ossl_ocspsres_check_validity(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
     GetOCSPSingleRes(self, sres);
     status = OCSP_single_get0_status(sres, NULL, NULL, &this_update, &next_update);
     if (status < 0)
-	ossl_raise(eOCSPError, "OCSP_single_get0_status");
+        ossl_raise(eOCSPError, "OCSP_single_get0_status");
 
     ret = OCSP_check_validity(this_update, next_update, nsec, maxsec);
 
     if (ret)
-	return Qtrue;
+        return Qtrue;
     else {
-	ossl_clear_error();
-	return Qfalse;
+        ossl_clear_error();
+        return Qfalse;
     }
 }
 
@@ -1233,12 +1215,9 @@ static VALUE
 ossl_ocspsres_get_certid(VALUE self)
 {
     OCSP_SINGLERESP *sres;
-    OCSP_CERTID *id;
 
     GetOCSPSingleRes(self, sres);
-    id = OCSP_CERTID_dup((OCSP_CERTID *)OCSP_SINGLERESP_get0_id(sres)); /* FIXME */
-
-    return ossl_ocspcertid_new(id);
+    return ossl_ocspcid_new(OCSP_SINGLERESP_get0_id(sres));
 }
 
 /*
@@ -1264,7 +1243,7 @@ ossl_ocspsres_get_cert_status(VALUE self)
     GetOCSPSingleRes(self, sres);
     status = OCSP_single_get0_status(sres, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL);
     if (status < 0)
-	ossl_raise(eOCSPError, "OCSP_single_get0_status");
+        ossl_raise(eOCSPError, "OCSP_single_get0_status");
 
     return INT2NUM(status);
 }
@@ -1283,9 +1262,9 @@ ossl_ocspsres_get_this_update(VALUE self)
     GetOCSPSingleRes(self, sres);
     status = OCSP_single_get0_status(sres, NULL, NULL, &time, NULL);
     if (status < 0)
-	ossl_raise(eOCSPError, "OCSP_single_get0_status");
+        ossl_raise(eOCSPError, "OCSP_single_get0_status");
     if (!time)
-	return Qnil;
+        return Qnil;
 
     return asn1time_to_time(time);
 }
@@ -1304,9 +1283,9 @@ ossl_ocspsres_get_next_update(VALUE self)
     GetOCSPSingleRes(self, sres);
     status = OCSP_single_get0_status(sres, NULL, NULL, NULL, &time);
     if (status < 0)
-	ossl_raise(eOCSPError, "OCSP_single_get0_status");
+        ossl_raise(eOCSPError, "OCSP_single_get0_status");
     if (!time)
-	return Qnil;
+        return Qnil;
 
     return asn1time_to_time(time);
 }
@@ -1325,11 +1304,11 @@ ossl_ocspsres_get_revocation_time(VALUE self)
     GetOCSPSingleRes(self, sres);
     status = OCSP_single_get0_status(sres, NULL, &time, NULL, NULL);
     if (status < 0)
-	ossl_raise(eOCSPError, "OCSP_single_get0_status");
+        ossl_raise(eOCSPError, "OCSP_single_get0_status");
     if (status != V_OCSP_CERTSTATUS_REVOKED)
-	ossl_raise(eOCSPError, "certificate is not revoked");
+        ossl_raise(eOCSPError, "certificate is not revoked");
     if (!time)
-	return Qnil;
+        return Qnil;
 
     return asn1time_to_time(time);
 }
@@ -1347,9 +1326,9 @@ ossl_ocspsres_get_revocation_reason(VALUE self)
     GetOCSPSingleRes(self, sres);
     status = OCSP_single_get0_status(sres, &reason, NULL, NULL, NULL);
     if (status < 0)
-	ossl_raise(eOCSPError, "OCSP_single_get0_status");
+        ossl_raise(eOCSPError, "OCSP_single_get0_status");
     if (status != V_OCSP_CERTSTATUS_REVOKED)
-	ossl_raise(eOCSPError, "certificate is not revoked");
+        ossl_raise(eOCSPError, "certificate is not revoked");
 
     return INT2NUM(reason);
 }
@@ -1371,8 +1350,8 @@ ossl_ocspsres_get_extensions(VALUE self)
     count = OCSP_SINGLERESP_get_ext_count(sres);
     ary = rb_ary_new2(count);
     for (i = 0; i < count; i++) {
-	ext = OCSP_SINGLERESP_get_ext(sres, i);
-	rb_ary_push(ary, ossl_x509ext_new(ext)); /* will dup */
+        ext = OCSP_SINGLERESP_get_ext(sres, i);
+        rb_ary_push(ary, ossl_x509ext_new(ext)); /* will dup */
     }
 
     return ary;
@@ -1394,11 +1373,11 @@ ossl_ocspsres_to_der(VALUE self)
 
     GetOCSPSingleRes(self, sres);
     if ((len = i2d_OCSP_SINGLERESP(sres, NULL)) <= 0)
-	ossl_raise(eOCSPError, NULL);
+        ossl_raise(eOCSPError, NULL);
     str = rb_str_new(0, len);
     p = (unsigned char *)RSTRING_PTR(str);
     if (i2d_OCSP_SINGLERESP(sres, &p) <= 0)
-	ossl_raise(eOCSPError, NULL);
+        ossl_raise(eOCSPError, NULL);
     ossl_str_adjust(str, p);
 
     return str;
@@ -1416,7 +1395,7 @@ ossl_ocspcid_alloc(VALUE klass)
 
     obj = NewOCSPCertId(klass);
     if(!(id = OCSP_CERTID_new()))
-	ossl_raise(eOCSPError, NULL);
+        ossl_raise(eOCSPError, NULL);
     SetOCSPCertId(obj, id);
 
     return obj;
@@ -1434,7 +1413,7 @@ ossl_ocspcid_initialize_copy(VALUE self, VALUE other)
 
     cid_new = OCSP_CERTID_dup(cid);
     if (!cid_new)
-	ossl_raise(eOCSPError, "OCSP_CERTID_dup");
+        ossl_raise(eOCSPError, "OCSP_CERTID_dup");
 
     SetOCSPCertId(self, cid_new);
     OCSP_CERTID_free(cid_old);
@@ -1464,27 +1443,28 @@ ossl_ocspcid_initialize(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
 
     GetOCSPCertId(self, id);
     if (rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "12", &subject, &issuer, &digest) == 1) {
-	VALUE arg;
-	const unsigned char *p;
-
-	arg = ossl_to_der_if_possible(subject);
-	StringValue(arg);
-	p = (unsigned char *)RSTRING_PTR(arg);
-	newid = d2i_OCSP_CERTID(NULL, &p, RSTRING_LEN(arg));
-	if (!newid)
-	    ossl_raise(eOCSPError, "d2i_OCSP_CERTID");
+        VALUE arg;
+        const unsigned char *p;
+
+        arg = ossl_to_der_if_possible(subject);
+        StringValue(arg);
+        p = (unsigned char *)RSTRING_PTR(arg);
+        newid = d2i_OCSP_CERTID(NULL, &p, RSTRING_LEN(arg));
+        if (!newid)
+            ossl_raise(eOCSPError, "d2i_OCSP_CERTID");
     }
     else {
-	X509 *x509s, *x509i;
-	const EVP_MD *md;
+        X509 *x509s, *x509i;
+        const EVP_MD *md;
+        VALUE md_holder;
 
-	x509s = GetX509CertPtr(subject); /* NO NEED TO DUP */
-	x509i = GetX509CertPtr(issuer); /* NO NEED TO DUP */
-	md = !NIL_P(digest) ? ossl_evp_get_digestbyname(digest) : NULL;
+        x509s = GetX509CertPtr(subject); /* NO NEED TO DUP */
+        x509i = GetX509CertPtr(issuer); /* NO NEED TO DUP */
+        md = NIL_P(digest) ? NULL : ossl_evp_md_fetch(digest, &md_holder);
 
-	newid = OCSP_cert_to_id(md, x509s, x509i);
-	if (!newid)
-	    ossl_raise(eOCSPError, "OCSP_cert_to_id");
+        newid = OCSP_cert_to_id(md, x509s, x509i);
+        if (!newid)
+            ossl_raise(eOCSPError, "OCSP_cert_to_id");
     }
 
     SetOCSPCertId(self, newid);
@@ -1570,8 +1550,9 @@ ossl_ocspcid_get_issuer_name_hash(VALUE self)
     GetOCSPCertId(self, id);
     OCSP_id_get0_info(&name_hash, NULL, NULL, NULL, id);
 
-    ret = rb_str_new(NULL, name_hash->length * 2);
-    ossl_bin2hex(name_hash->data, RSTRING_PTR(ret), name_hash->length);
+    ret = rb_str_new(NULL, ASN1_STRING_length(name_hash) * 2);
+    ossl_bin2hex(ASN1_STRING_get0_data(name_hash), RSTRING_PTR(ret),
+                 ASN1_STRING_length(name_hash));
 
     return ret;
 }
@@ -1593,8 +1574,9 @@ ossl_ocspcid_get_issuer_key_hash(VALUE self)
     GetOCSPCertId(self, id);
     OCSP_id_get0_info(NULL, NULL, &key_hash, NULL, id);
 
-    ret = rb_str_new(NULL, key_hash->length * 2);
-    ossl_bin2hex(key_hash->data, RSTRING_PTR(ret), key_hash->length);
+    ret = rb_str_new(NULL, ASN1_STRING_length(key_hash) * 2);
+    ossl_bin2hex(ASN1_STRING_get0_data(key_hash), RSTRING_PTR(ret),
+                 ASN1_STRING_length(key_hash));
 
     return ret;
 }
@@ -1611,19 +1593,10 @@ ossl_ocspcid_get_hash_algorithm(VALUE self)
 {
     OCSP_CERTID *id;
     ASN1_OBJECT *oid;
-    BIO *out;
 
     GetOCSPCertId(self, id);
     OCSP_id_get0_info(NULL, &oid, NULL, NULL, id);
-
-    if (!(out = BIO_new(BIO_s_mem())))
-	ossl_raise(eOCSPError, "BIO_new");
-
-    if (!i2a_ASN1_OBJECT(out, oid)) {
-	BIO_free(out);
-	ossl_raise(eOCSPError, "i2a_ASN1_OBJECT");
-    }
-    return ossl_membio2str(out);
+    return ossl_asn1obj_to_string_long_name(oid);
 }
 
 /*
@@ -1642,11 +1615,11 @@ ossl_ocspcid_to_der(VALUE self)
 
     GetOCSPCertId(self, id);
     if ((len = i2d_OCSP_CERTID(id, NULL)) <= 0)
-	ossl_raise(eOCSPError, NULL);
+        ossl_raise(eOCSPError, NULL);
     str = rb_str_new(0, len);
     p = (unsigned char *)RSTRING_PTR(str);
     if (i2d_OCSP_CERTID(id, &p) <= 0)
-	ossl_raise(eOCSPError, NULL);
+        ossl_raise(eOCSPError, NULL);
     ossl_str_adjust(str, p);
 
     return str;
@@ -1655,11 +1628,6 @@ ossl_ocspcid_to_der(VALUE self)
 void
 Init_ossl_ocsp(void)
 {
-#if 0
-    mOSSL = rb_define_module("OpenSSL");
-    eOSSLError = rb_define_class_under(mOSSL, "OpenSSLError", rb_eStandardError);
-#endif
-
     /*
      * OpenSSL::OCSP implements Online Certificate Status Protocol requests
      * and responses.
diff --git a/ext/openssl/ossl_pkcs12.c b/ext/openssl/ossl_pkcs12.c
index be09eb2071..32b82a881c 100644
--- a/ext/openssl/ossl_pkcs12.c
+++ b/ext/openssl/ossl_pkcs12.c
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ ossl_pkcs12_free(void *ptr)
 static const rb_data_type_t ossl_pkcs12_type = {
     "OpenSSL/PKCS12",
     {
-	0, ossl_pkcs12_free,
+        0, ossl_pkcs12_free,
     },
     0, 0, RUBY_TYPED_FREE_IMMEDIATELY | RUBY_TYPED_WB_PROTECTED,
 };
@@ -72,7 +72,7 @@ ossl_pkcs12_initialize_copy(VALUE self, VALUE other)
 
     p12_new = ASN1_dup((i2d_of_void *)i2d_PKCS12, (d2i_of_void *)d2i_PKCS12, (char *)p12);
     if (!p12_new)
-	ossl_raise(ePKCS12Error, "ASN1_dup");
+        ossl_raise(ePKCS12Error, "ASN1_dup");
 
     SetPKCS12(self, p12_new);
     PKCS12_free(p12_old);
@@ -122,11 +122,11 @@ ossl_pkcs12_s_create(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
 /* TODO: make a VALUE to nid function */
     if (!NIL_P(key_nid)) {
         if ((nkey = OBJ_txt2nid(StringValueCStr(key_nid))) == NID_undef)
-	    ossl_raise(rb_eArgError, "Unknown PBE algorithm %"PRIsVALUE, key_nid);
+            ossl_raise(rb_eArgError, "Unknown PBE algorithm %"PRIsVALUE, key_nid);
     }
     if (!NIL_P(cert_nid)) {
         if ((ncert = OBJ_txt2nid(StringValueCStr(cert_nid))) == NID_undef)
-	    ossl_raise(rb_eArgError, "Unknown PBE algorithm %"PRIsVALUE, cert_nid);
+            ossl_raise(rb_eArgError, "Unknown PBE algorithm %"PRIsVALUE, cert_nid);
     }
     if (!NIL_P(key_iter))
         kiter = NUM2INT(key_iter);
@@ -161,9 +161,9 @@ ossl_pkcs12_s_create(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
 }
 
 static VALUE
-ossl_pkey_new_i(VALUE arg)
+ossl_pkey_wrap_i(VALUE arg)
 {
-    return ossl_pkey_new((EVP_PKEY *)arg);
+    return ossl_pkey_wrap((EVP_PKEY *)arg);
 }
 
 static VALUE
@@ -209,18 +209,18 @@ ossl_pkcs12_initialize(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
 
     pkey = cert = ca = Qnil;
     if(!PKCS12_parse(pkcs, passphrase, &key, &x509, &x509s))
-	ossl_raise(ePKCS12Error, "PKCS12_parse");
+        ossl_raise(ePKCS12Error, "PKCS12_parse");
     if (key) {
-	pkey = rb_protect(ossl_pkey_new_i, (VALUE)key, &st);
-	if (st) goto err;
+        pkey = rb_protect(ossl_pkey_wrap_i, (VALUE)key, &st);
+        if (st) goto err;
     }
     if (x509) {
-	cert = rb_protect(ossl_x509_new_i, (VALUE)x509, &st);
-	if (st) goto err;
+        cert = rb_protect(ossl_x509_new_i, (VALUE)x509, &st);
+        if (st) goto err;
     }
     if (x509s) {
-	ca = rb_protect(ossl_x509_sk2ary_i, (VALUE)x509s, &st);
-	if (st) goto err;
+        ca = rb_protect(ossl_x509_sk2ary_i, (VALUE)x509s, &st);
+        if (st) goto err;
     }
 
   err:
@@ -244,11 +244,11 @@ ossl_pkcs12_to_der(VALUE self)
 
     GetPKCS12(self, p12);
     if((len = i2d_PKCS12(p12, NULL)) <= 0)
-	ossl_raise(ePKCS12Error, NULL);
+        ossl_raise(ePKCS12Error, NULL);
     str = rb_str_new(0, len);
     p = (unsigned char *)RSTRING_PTR(str);
     if(i2d_PKCS12(p12, &p) <= 0)
-	ossl_raise(ePKCS12Error, NULL);
+        ossl_raise(ePKCS12Error, NULL);
     ossl_str_adjust(str, p);
 
     return str;
@@ -271,7 +271,7 @@ static VALUE
 pkcs12_set_mac(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
 {
     PKCS12 *p12;
-    VALUE pass, salt, iter, md_name;
+    VALUE pass, salt, iter, md_name, md_holder = Qnil;
     int iter_i = 0;
     const EVP_MD *md_type = NULL;
 
@@ -285,7 +285,7 @@ pkcs12_set_mac(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
     if (!NIL_P(iter))
         iter_i = NUM2INT(iter);
     if (!NIL_P(md_name))
-        md_type = ossl_evp_get_digestbyname(md_name);
+        md_type = ossl_evp_md_fetch(md_name, &md_holder);
 
     if (!PKCS12_set_mac(p12, RSTRING_PTR(pass), RSTRING_LENINT(pass),
                         !NIL_P(salt) ? (unsigned char *)RSTRING_PTR(salt) : NULL,
@@ -300,11 +300,6 @@ void
 Init_ossl_pkcs12(void)
 {
 #undef rb_intern
-#if 0
-    mOSSL = rb_define_module("OpenSSL");
-    eOSSLError = rb_define_class_under(mOSSL, "OpenSSLError", rb_eStandardError);
-#endif
-
     /*
      * Defines a file format commonly used to store private keys with
      * accompanying public key certificates, protected with a password-based
diff --git a/ext/openssl/ossl_pkcs7.c b/ext/openssl/ossl_pkcs7.c
index 4d719c96da..6e51fd42b9 100644
--- a/ext/openssl/ossl_pkcs7.c
+++ b/ext/openssl/ossl_pkcs7.c
@@ -28,14 +28,14 @@
     TypedData_Wrap_Struct((klass), &ossl_pkcs7_signer_info_type, 0)
 #define SetPKCS7si(obj, p7si) do { \
     if (!(p7si)) { \
-	ossl_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "PKCS7si wasn't initialized."); \
+        ossl_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "PKCS7si wasn't initialized."); \
     } \
     RTYPEDDATA_DATA(obj) = (p7si); \
 } while (0)
 #define GetPKCS7si(obj, p7si) do { \
     TypedData_Get_Struct((obj), PKCS7_SIGNER_INFO, &ossl_pkcs7_signer_info_type, (p7si)); \
     if (!(p7si)) { \
-	ossl_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "PKCS7si wasn't initialized."); \
+        ossl_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "PKCS7si wasn't initialized."); \
     } \
 } while (0)
 
@@ -43,14 +43,14 @@
     TypedData_Wrap_Struct((klass), &ossl_pkcs7_recip_info_type, 0)
 #define SetPKCS7ri(obj, p7ri) do { \
     if (!(p7ri)) { \
-	ossl_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "PKCS7ri wasn't initialized."); \
+        ossl_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "PKCS7ri wasn't initialized."); \
     } \
     RTYPEDDATA_DATA(obj) = (p7ri); \
 } while (0)
 #define GetPKCS7ri(obj, p7ri) do { \
     TypedData_Get_Struct((obj), PKCS7_RECIP_INFO, &ossl_pkcs7_recip_info_type, (p7ri)); \
     if (!(p7ri)) { \
-	ossl_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "PKCS7ri wasn't initialized."); \
+        ossl_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "PKCS7ri wasn't initialized."); \
     } \
 } while (0)
 
@@ -68,6 +68,7 @@ static VALUE cPKCS7;
 static VALUE cPKCS7Signer;
 static VALUE cPKCS7Recipient;
 static VALUE ePKCS7Error;
+static ID id_md_holder, id_cipher_holder;
 
 static void
 ossl_pkcs7_free(void *ptr)
@@ -78,7 +79,7 @@ ossl_pkcs7_free(void *ptr)
 static const rb_data_type_t ossl_pkcs7_type = {
     "OpenSSL/PKCS7",
     {
-	0, ossl_pkcs7_free,
+        0, ossl_pkcs7_free,
     },
     0, 0, RUBY_TYPED_FREE_IMMEDIATELY | RUBY_TYPED_WB_PROTECTED,
 };
@@ -106,7 +107,7 @@ ossl_pkcs7_signer_info_free(void *ptr)
 static const rb_data_type_t ossl_pkcs7_signer_info_type = {
     "OpenSSL/PKCS7/SIGNER_INFO",
     {
-	0, ossl_pkcs7_signer_info_free,
+        0, ossl_pkcs7_signer_info_free,
     },
     0, 0, RUBY_TYPED_FREE_IMMEDIATELY | RUBY_TYPED_WB_PROTECTED,
 };
@@ -120,7 +121,7 @@ ossl_pkcs7_recip_info_free(void *ptr)
 static const rb_data_type_t ossl_pkcs7_recip_info_type = {
     "OpenSSL/PKCS7/RECIP_INFO",
     {
-	0, ossl_pkcs7_recip_info_free,
+        0, ossl_pkcs7_recip_info_free,
     },
     0, 0, RUBY_TYPED_FREE_IMMEDIATELY | RUBY_TYPED_WB_PROTECTED,
 };
@@ -143,23 +144,32 @@ ossl_PKCS7_SIGNER_INFO_dup(PKCS7_SIGNER_INFO *si)
 }
 
 static PKCS7_RECIP_INFO *
-ossl_PKCS7_RECIP_INFO_dup(PKCS7_RECIP_INFO *si)
+ossl_PKCS7_RECIP_INFO_dup(PKCS7_RECIP_INFO *ri)
 {
-    return ASN1_dup((i2d_of_void *)i2d_PKCS7_RECIP_INFO,
-                    (d2i_of_void *)d2i_PKCS7_RECIP_INFO,
-                    si);
+    PKCS7_RECIP_INFO *ri_new = ASN1_dup((i2d_of_void *)i2d_PKCS7_RECIP_INFO,
+                                        (d2i_of_void *)d2i_PKCS7_RECIP_INFO,
+                                        ri);
+    if (ri_new && ri->cert) {
+        if (!X509_up_ref(ri->cert)) {
+            PKCS7_RECIP_INFO_free(ri_new);
+            return NULL;
+        }
+        ri_new->cert = ri->cert;
+    }
+    return ri_new;
 }
 
 static VALUE
 ossl_pkcs7si_new(PKCS7_SIGNER_INFO *p7si)
 {
-    PKCS7_SIGNER_INFO *pkcs7;
+    PKCS7_SIGNER_INFO *p7si_new;
     VALUE obj;
 
     obj = NewPKCS7si(cPKCS7Signer);
-    pkcs7 = p7si ? ossl_PKCS7_SIGNER_INFO_dup(p7si) : PKCS7_SIGNER_INFO_new();
-    if (!pkcs7) ossl_raise(ePKCS7Error, NULL);
-    SetPKCS7si(obj, pkcs7);
+    p7si_new = ossl_PKCS7_SIGNER_INFO_dup(p7si);
+    if (!p7si_new)
+        ossl_raise(ePKCS7Error, "ASN1_dup");
+    SetPKCS7si(obj, p7si_new);
 
     return obj;
 }
@@ -167,13 +177,14 @@ ossl_pkcs7si_new(PKCS7_SIGNER_INFO *p7si)
 static VALUE
 ossl_pkcs7ri_new(PKCS7_RECIP_INFO *p7ri)
 {
-    PKCS7_RECIP_INFO *pkcs7;
+    PKCS7_RECIP_INFO *p7ri_new;
     VALUE obj;
 
     obj = NewPKCS7ri(cPKCS7Recipient);
-    pkcs7 = p7ri ? ossl_PKCS7_RECIP_INFO_dup(p7ri) : PKCS7_RECIP_INFO_new();
-    if (!pkcs7) ossl_raise(ePKCS7Error, NULL);
-    SetPKCS7ri(obj, pkcs7);
+    p7ri_new = ossl_PKCS7_RECIP_INFO_dup(p7ri);
+    if (!p7ri_new)
+        ossl_raise(ePKCS7Error,"ASN1_dup");
+    SetPKCS7ri(obj, p7ri_new);
 
     return obj;
 }
@@ -227,7 +238,7 @@ ossl_pkcs7_s_write_smime(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE klass)
     if(NIL_P(data)) data = ossl_pkcs7_get_data(pkcs7);
     GetPKCS7(pkcs7, p7);
     if(!NIL_P(data) && PKCS7_is_detached(p7))
-	flg |= PKCS7_DETACHED;
+        flg |= PKCS7_DETACHED;
     in = NIL_P(data) ? NULL : ossl_obj2bio(&data);
     if(!(out = BIO_new(BIO_s_mem()))){
         BIO_free(in);
@@ -268,16 +279,16 @@ ossl_pkcs7_s_sign(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE klass)
     in = ossl_obj2bio(&data);
     if(NIL_P(certs)) x509s = NULL;
     else{
-	x509s = ossl_protect_x509_ary2sk(certs, &status);
-	if(status){
-	    BIO_free(in);
-	    rb_jump_tag(status);
-	}
+        x509s = ossl_protect_x509_ary2sk(certs, &status);
+        if(status){
+            BIO_free(in);
+            rb_jump_tag(status);
+        }
     }
     if(!(pkcs7 = PKCS7_sign(x509, pkey, x509s, in, flg))){
-	BIO_free(in);
-	sk_X509_pop_free(x509s, X509_free);
-	ossl_raise(ePKCS7Error, NULL);
+        BIO_free(in);
+        sk_X509_pop_free(x509s, X509_free);
+        ossl_raise(ePKCS7Error, NULL);
     }
     SetPKCS7(ret, pkcs7);
     ossl_pkcs7_set_data(ret, data);
@@ -302,7 +313,7 @@ ossl_pkcs7_s_sign(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE klass)
 static VALUE
 ossl_pkcs7_s_encrypt(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE klass)
 {
-    VALUE certs, data, cipher, flags;
+    VALUE certs, data, cipher, flags, cipher_holder;
     STACK_OF(X509) *x509s;
     BIO *in;
     const EVP_CIPHER *ciph;
@@ -316,23 +327,24 @@ ossl_pkcs7_s_encrypt(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE klass)
                  "cipher must be specified. Before version 3.3, " \
                  "the default cipher was RC2-40-CBC.");
     }
-    ciph = ossl_evp_get_cipherbyname(cipher);
+    ciph = ossl_evp_cipher_fetch(cipher, &cipher_holder);
     flg = NIL_P(flags) ? 0 : NUM2INT(flags);
     ret = NewPKCS7(cPKCS7);
     in = ossl_obj2bio(&data);
     x509s = ossl_protect_x509_ary2sk(certs, &status);
     if(status){
-	BIO_free(in);
-	rb_jump_tag(status);
+        BIO_free(in);
+        rb_jump_tag(status);
     }
     if (!(p7 = PKCS7_encrypt(x509s, in, ciph, flg))) {
-	BIO_free(in);
-	sk_X509_pop_free(x509s, X509_free);
-	ossl_raise(ePKCS7Error, NULL);
+        BIO_free(in);
+        sk_X509_pop_free(x509s, X509_free);
+        ossl_raise(ePKCS7Error, NULL);
     }
     BIO_free(in);
     SetPKCS7(ret, p7);
     ossl_pkcs7_set_data(ret, data);
+    rb_ivar_set(ret, id_cipher_holder, cipher_holder);
     sk_X509_pop_free(x509s, X509_free);
 
     return ret;
@@ -346,7 +358,7 @@ ossl_pkcs7_alloc(VALUE klass)
 
     obj = NewPKCS7(klass);
     if (!(pkcs7 = PKCS7_new())) {
-	ossl_raise(ePKCS7Error, NULL);
+        ossl_raise(ePKCS7Error, NULL);
     }
     SetPKCS7(obj, pkcs7);
 
@@ -368,7 +380,7 @@ ossl_pkcs7_initialize(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
     VALUE arg;
 
     if(rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "01", &arg) == 0)
-	return self;
+        return self;
     arg = ossl_to_der_if_possible(arg);
     in = ossl_obj2bio(&arg);
     p7 = d2i_PKCS7_bio(in, NULL);
@@ -378,10 +390,10 @@ ossl_pkcs7_initialize(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
     }
     BIO_free(in);
     if (!p7)
-        ossl_raise(rb_eArgError, "Could not parse the PKCS7");
+        ossl_raise(ePKCS7Error, "Could not parse the PKCS7");
     if (!p7->d.ptr) {
         PKCS7_free(p7);
-        ossl_raise(rb_eArgError, "No content in PKCS7");
+        ossl_raise(ePKCS7Error, "No content in PKCS7");
     }
 
     RTYPEDDATA_DATA(self) = p7;
@@ -406,7 +418,7 @@ ossl_pkcs7_copy(VALUE self, VALUE other)
 
     pkcs7 = PKCS7_dup(b);
     if (!pkcs7) {
-	ossl_raise(ePKCS7Error, NULL);
+        ossl_raise(ePKCS7Error, NULL);
     }
     DATA_PTR(self) = pkcs7;
     PKCS7_free(a);
@@ -438,13 +450,13 @@ ossl_pkcs7_sym2typeid(VALUE sym)
     RSTRING_GETMEM(sym, s, l);
 
     for(i = 0; ; i++){
-	if(i == numberof(p7_type_tab))
-	    ossl_raise(ePKCS7Error, "unknown type \"%"PRIsVALUE"\"", sym);
-	if(strlen(p7_type_tab[i].name) != l) continue;
-	if(strcmp(p7_type_tab[i].name, s) == 0){
-	    ret = p7_type_tab[i].nid;
-	    break;
-	}
+        if(i == numberof(p7_type_tab))
+            ossl_raise(ePKCS7Error, "unknown type \"%"PRIsVALUE"\"", sym);
+        if(strlen(p7_type_tab[i].name) != l) continue;
+        if(strcmp(p7_type_tab[i].name, s) == 0){
+            ret = p7_type_tab[i].nid;
+            break;
+        }
     }
 
     return ret;
@@ -461,7 +473,7 @@ ossl_pkcs7_set_type(VALUE self, VALUE type)
 
     GetPKCS7(self, p7);
     if(!PKCS7_set_type(p7, ossl_pkcs7_sym2typeid(type)))
-	ossl_raise(ePKCS7Error, NULL);
+        ossl_raise(ePKCS7Error, NULL);
 
     return type;
 }
@@ -477,15 +489,15 @@ ossl_pkcs7_get_type(VALUE self)
 
     GetPKCS7(self, p7);
     if(PKCS7_type_is_signed(p7))
-	return ID2SYM(rb_intern("signed"));
+        return ID2SYM(rb_intern("signed"));
     if(PKCS7_type_is_encrypted(p7))
-	return ID2SYM(rb_intern("encrypted"));
+        return ID2SYM(rb_intern("encrypted"));
     if(PKCS7_type_is_enveloped(p7))
-	return ID2SYM(rb_intern("enveloped"));
+        return ID2SYM(rb_intern("enveloped"));
     if(PKCS7_type_is_signedAndEnveloped(p7))
-	return ID2SYM(rb_intern("signedAndEnveloped"));
+        return ID2SYM(rb_intern("signedAndEnveloped"));
     if(PKCS7_type_is_data(p7))
-	return ID2SYM(rb_intern("data"));
+        return ID2SYM(rb_intern("data"));
     return Qnil;
 }
 
@@ -496,9 +508,9 @@ ossl_pkcs7_set_detached(VALUE self, VALUE flag)
 
     GetPKCS7(self, p7);
     if(flag != Qtrue && flag != Qfalse)
-	ossl_raise(ePKCS7Error, "must specify a boolean");
+        ossl_raise(ePKCS7Error, "must specify a boolean");
     if(!PKCS7_set_detached(p7, flag == Qtrue ? 1 : 0))
-	ossl_raise(ePKCS7Error, NULL);
+        ossl_raise(ePKCS7Error, NULL);
 
     return flag;
 }
@@ -508,6 +520,8 @@ ossl_pkcs7_get_detached(VALUE self)
 {
     PKCS7 *p7;
     GetPKCS7(self, p7);
+    if (!PKCS7_type_is_signed(p7))
+        return Qfalse;
     return PKCS7_get_detached(p7) ? Qtrue : Qfalse;
 }
 
@@ -523,11 +537,14 @@ static VALUE
 ossl_pkcs7_set_cipher(VALUE self, VALUE cipher)
 {
     PKCS7 *pkcs7;
+    const EVP_CIPHER *ciph;
+    VALUE cipher_holder;
 
     GetPKCS7(self, pkcs7);
-    if (!PKCS7_set_cipher(pkcs7, ossl_evp_get_cipherbyname(cipher))) {
-	ossl_raise(ePKCS7Error, NULL);
-    }
+    ciph = ossl_evp_cipher_fetch(cipher, &cipher_holder);
+    if (!PKCS7_set_cipher(pkcs7, ciph))
+        ossl_raise(ePKCS7Error, "PKCS7_set_cipher");
+    rb_ivar_set(self, id_cipher_holder, cipher_holder);
 
     return cipher;
 }
@@ -567,8 +584,8 @@ ossl_pkcs7_get_signer(VALUE self)
     num = sk_PKCS7_SIGNER_INFO_num(sk);
     ary = rb_ary_new_capa(num);
     for (i=0; i<num; i++) {
-	PKCS7_SIGNER_INFO *si = sk_PKCS7_SIGNER_INFO_value(sk, i);
-	rb_ary_push(ary, ossl_pkcs7si_new(si));
+        PKCS7_SIGNER_INFO *si = sk_PKCS7_SIGNER_INFO_value(sk, i);
+        rb_ary_push(ary, ossl_pkcs7si_new(si));
     }
 
     return ary;
@@ -605,9 +622,9 @@ ossl_pkcs7_get_recipient(VALUE self)
 
     GetPKCS7(self, pkcs7);
     if (PKCS7_type_is_enveloped(pkcs7))
-	sk = pkcs7->d.enveloped->recipientinfo;
+        sk = pkcs7->d.enveloped->recipientinfo;
     else if (PKCS7_type_is_signedAndEnveloped(pkcs7))
-	sk = pkcs7->d.signed_and_enveloped->recipientinfo;
+        sk = pkcs7->d.signed_and_enveloped->recipientinfo;
     else sk = NULL;
     if (!sk) return rb_ary_new();
     num = sk_PKCS7_RECIP_INFO_num(sk);
@@ -629,7 +646,7 @@ ossl_pkcs7_add_certificate(VALUE self, VALUE cert)
     GetPKCS7(self, pkcs7);
     x509 = GetX509CertPtr(cert);  /* NO NEED TO DUP */
     if (!PKCS7_add_certificate(pkcs7, x509)){
-	ossl_raise(ePKCS7Error, NULL);
+        ossl_raise(ePKCS7Error, NULL);
     }
 
     return self;
@@ -645,13 +662,13 @@ pkcs7_get_certs(VALUE self)
     GetPKCS7(self, pkcs7);
     i = OBJ_obj2nid(pkcs7->type);
     switch(i){
-    case NID_pkcs7_signed:
+      case NID_pkcs7_signed:
         certs = pkcs7->d.sign->cert;
         break;
-    case NID_pkcs7_signedAndEnveloped:
+      case NID_pkcs7_signedAndEnveloped:
         certs = pkcs7->d.signed_and_enveloped->cert;
         break;
-    default:
+      default:
         certs = NULL;
     }
 
@@ -668,13 +685,13 @@ pkcs7_get_crls(VALUE self)
     GetPKCS7(self, pkcs7);
     i = OBJ_obj2nid(pkcs7->type);
     switch(i){
-    case NID_pkcs7_signed:
+      case NID_pkcs7_signed:
         crls = pkcs7->d.sign->crl;
         break;
-    case NID_pkcs7_signedAndEnveloped:
+      case NID_pkcs7_signedAndEnveloped:
         crls = pkcs7->d.signed_and_enveloped->crl;
         break;
-    default:
+      default:
         crls = NULL;
     }
 
@@ -721,7 +738,7 @@ ossl_pkcs7_add_crl(VALUE self, VALUE crl)
     GetPKCS7(self, pkcs7); /* NO DUP needed! */
     x509crl = GetX509CRLPtr(crl);
     if (!PKCS7_add_crl(pkcs7, x509crl)) {
-	ossl_raise(ePKCS7Error, NULL);
+        ossl_raise(ePKCS7Error, NULL);
     }
 
     return self;
@@ -768,7 +785,6 @@ ossl_pkcs7_verify(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
     BIO *in, *out;
     PKCS7 *p7;
     VALUE data;
-    const char *msg;
 
     GetPKCS7(self, p7);
     rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "22", &certs, &store, &indata, &flags);
@@ -778,28 +794,30 @@ ossl_pkcs7_verify(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
     in = NIL_P(indata) ? NULL : ossl_obj2bio(&indata);
     if(NIL_P(certs)) x509s = NULL;
     else{
-	x509s = ossl_protect_x509_ary2sk(certs, &status);
-	if(status){
-	    BIO_free(in);
-	    rb_jump_tag(status);
-	}
+        x509s = ossl_protect_x509_ary2sk(certs, &status);
+        if(status){
+            BIO_free(in);
+            rb_jump_tag(status);
+        }
     }
     if(!(out = BIO_new(BIO_s_mem()))){
-	BIO_free(in);
-	sk_X509_pop_free(x509s, X509_free);
-	ossl_raise(ePKCS7Error, NULL);
+        BIO_free(in);
+        sk_X509_pop_free(x509s, X509_free);
+        ossl_raise(ePKCS7Error, NULL);
     }
     ok = PKCS7_verify(p7, x509s, x509st, in, out, flg);
     BIO_free(in);
     sk_X509_pop_free(x509s, X509_free);
-    if (ok < 0) ossl_raise(ePKCS7Error, "PKCS7_verify");
-    msg = ERR_reason_error_string(ERR_peek_error());
-    ossl_pkcs7_set_err_string(self, msg ? rb_str_new2(msg) : Qnil);
-    ossl_clear_error();
     data = ossl_membio2str(out);
     ossl_pkcs7_set_data(self, data);
-
-    return (ok == 1) ? Qtrue : Qfalse;
+    if (ok != 1) {
+        const char *msg = ERR_reason_error_string(ERR_peek_error());
+        ossl_pkcs7_set_err_string(self, msg ? rb_str_new_cstr(msg) : Qnil);
+        ossl_clear_error();
+        return Qfalse;
+    }
+    ossl_pkcs7_set_err_string(self, Qnil);
+    return Qtrue;
 }
 
 static VALUE
@@ -819,10 +837,10 @@ ossl_pkcs7_decrypt(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
     flg = NIL_P(flags) ? 0 : NUM2INT(flags);
     GetPKCS7(self, p7);
     if(!(out = BIO_new(BIO_s_mem())))
-	ossl_raise(ePKCS7Error, NULL);
+        ossl_raise(ePKCS7Error, NULL);
     if(!PKCS7_decrypt(p7, key, x509, out, flg)){
-	BIO_free(out);
-	ossl_raise(ePKCS7Error, NULL);
+        BIO_free(out);
+        ossl_raise(ePKCS7Error, NULL);
     }
     str = ossl_membio2str(out); /* out will be free */
 
@@ -835,30 +853,38 @@ ossl_pkcs7_add_data(VALUE self, VALUE data)
     PKCS7 *pkcs7;
     BIO *out, *in;
     char buf[4096];
-    int len;
+    int len, ret;
 
     GetPKCS7(self, pkcs7);
-    if(PKCS7_type_is_signed(pkcs7)){
-	if(!PKCS7_content_new(pkcs7, NID_pkcs7_data))
-	    ossl_raise(ePKCS7Error, NULL);
+    if (PKCS7_type_is_signed(pkcs7)) {
+        if (!PKCS7_content_new(pkcs7, NID_pkcs7_data))
+            ossl_raise(ePKCS7Error, "PKCS7_content_new");
     }
     in = ossl_obj2bio(&data);
-    if(!(out = PKCS7_dataInit(pkcs7, NULL))) goto err;
-    for(;;){
-	if((len = BIO_read(in, buf, sizeof(buf))) <= 0)
-	    break;
-	if(BIO_write(out, buf, len) != len)
-	    goto err;
+    if (!(out = PKCS7_dataInit(pkcs7, NULL))) {
+        BIO_free(in);
+        ossl_raise(ePKCS7Error, "PKCS7_dataInit");
     }
-    if(!PKCS7_dataFinal(pkcs7, out)) goto err;
-    ossl_pkcs7_set_data(self, Qnil);
-
- err:
+    for (;;) {
+        if ((len = BIO_read(in, buf, sizeof(buf))) <= 0)
+            break;
+        if (BIO_write(out, buf, len) != len) {
+            BIO_free_all(out);
+            BIO_free(in);
+            ossl_raise(ePKCS7Error, "BIO_write");
+        }
+    }
+    if (BIO_flush(out) <= 0) {
+        BIO_free_all(out);
+        BIO_free(in);
+        ossl_raise(ePKCS7Error, "BIO_flush");
+    }
+    ret = PKCS7_dataFinal(pkcs7, out);
     BIO_free_all(out);
     BIO_free(in);
-    if(ERR_peek_error()){
-	ossl_raise(ePKCS7Error, NULL);
-    }
+    if (!ret)
+        ossl_raise(ePKCS7Error, "PKCS7_dataFinal");
+    ossl_pkcs7_set_data(self, Qnil);
 
     return data;
 }
@@ -873,11 +899,11 @@ ossl_pkcs7_to_der(VALUE self)
 
     GetPKCS7(self, pkcs7);
     if((len = i2d_PKCS7(pkcs7, NULL)) <= 0)
-	ossl_raise(ePKCS7Error, NULL);
+        ossl_raise(ePKCS7Error, NULL);
     str = rb_str_new(0, len);
     p = (unsigned char *)RSTRING_PTR(str);
     if(i2d_PKCS7(pkcs7, &p) <= 0)
-	ossl_raise(ePKCS7Error, NULL);
+        ossl_raise(ePKCS7Error, NULL);
     ossl_str_adjust(str, p);
 
     return str;
@@ -911,11 +937,11 @@ ossl_pkcs7_to_pem(VALUE self)
 
     GetPKCS7(self, pkcs7);
     if (!(out = BIO_new(BIO_s_mem()))) {
-	ossl_raise(ePKCS7Error, NULL);
+        ossl_raise(ePKCS7Error, NULL);
     }
     if (!PEM_write_bio_PKCS7(out, pkcs7)) {
-	BIO_free(out);
-	ossl_raise(ePKCS7Error, NULL);
+        BIO_free(out);
+        ossl_raise(ePKCS7Error, NULL);
     }
     str = ossl_membio2str(out);
 
@@ -933,7 +959,7 @@ ossl_pkcs7si_alloc(VALUE klass)
 
     obj = NewPKCS7si(klass);
     if (!(p7si = PKCS7_SIGNER_INFO_new())) {
-	ossl_raise(ePKCS7Error, NULL);
+        ossl_raise(ePKCS7Error, NULL);
     }
     SetPKCS7si(obj, p7si);
 
@@ -947,14 +973,15 @@ ossl_pkcs7si_initialize(VALUE self, VALUE cert, VALUE key, VALUE digest)
     EVP_PKEY *pkey;
     X509 *x509;
     const EVP_MD *md;
+    VALUE md_holder;
 
     pkey = GetPrivPKeyPtr(key); /* NO NEED TO DUP */
     x509 = GetX509CertPtr(cert); /* NO NEED TO DUP */
-    md = ossl_evp_get_digestbyname(digest);
+    md = ossl_evp_md_fetch(digest, &md_holder);
     GetPKCS7si(self, p7si);
-    if (!(PKCS7_SIGNER_INFO_set(p7si, x509, pkey, md))) {
-	ossl_raise(ePKCS7Error, NULL);
-    }
+    if (!(PKCS7_SIGNER_INFO_set(p7si, x509, pkey, md)))
+        ossl_raise(ePKCS7Error, "PKCS7_SIGNER_INFO_set");
+    rb_ivar_set(self, id_md_holder, md_holder);
 
     return self;
 }
@@ -988,10 +1015,10 @@ ossl_pkcs7si_get_signed_time(VALUE self)
     GetPKCS7si(self, p7si);
 
     if (!(asn1obj = PKCS7_get_signed_attribute(p7si, NID_pkcs9_signingTime))) {
-	ossl_raise(ePKCS7Error, NULL);
+        ossl_raise(ePKCS7Error, NULL);
     }
     if (asn1obj->type == V_ASN1_UTCTIME) {
-	return asn1time_to_time(asn1obj->value.utctime);
+        return asn1time_to_time(asn1obj->value.utctime);
     }
     /*
      * OR
@@ -1013,7 +1040,7 @@ ossl_pkcs7ri_alloc(VALUE klass)
 
     obj = NewPKCS7ri(klass);
     if (!(p7ri = PKCS7_RECIP_INFO_new())) {
-	ossl_raise(ePKCS7Error, NULL);
+        ossl_raise(ePKCS7Error, NULL);
     }
     SetPKCS7ri(obj, p7ri);
 
@@ -1029,7 +1056,7 @@ ossl_pkcs7ri_initialize(VALUE self, VALUE cert)
     x509 = GetX509CertPtr(cert); /* NO NEED TO DUP */
     GetPKCS7ri(self, p7ri);
     if (!PKCS7_RECIP_INFO_set(p7ri, x509)) {
-	ossl_raise(ePKCS7Error, NULL);
+        ossl_raise(ePKCS7Error, NULL);
     }
 
     return self;
@@ -1072,11 +1099,6 @@ void
 Init_ossl_pkcs7(void)
 {
 #undef rb_intern
-#if 0
-    mOSSL = rb_define_module("OpenSSL");
-    eOSSLError = rb_define_class_under(mOSSL, "OpenSSLError", rb_eStandardError);
-#endif
-
     cPKCS7 = rb_define_class_under(mOSSL, "PKCS7", rb_cObject);
     ePKCS7Error = rb_define_class_under(cPKCS7, "PKCS7Error", eOSSLError);
     rb_define_singleton_method(cPKCS7, "read_smime", ossl_pkcs7_s_read_smime, 1);
@@ -1140,4 +1162,7 @@ Init_ossl_pkcs7(void)
     DefPKCS7Const(BINARY);
     DefPKCS7Const(NOATTR);
     DefPKCS7Const(NOSMIMECAP);
+
+    id_md_holder = rb_intern_const("EVP_MD_holder");
+    id_cipher_holder = rb_intern_const("EVP_CIPHER_holder");
 }
diff --git a/ext/openssl/ossl_pkey.c b/ext/openssl/ossl_pkey.c
index dc83255f0e..d2fd5b29c3 100644
--- a/ext/openssl/ossl_pkey.c
+++ b/ext/openssl/ossl_pkey.c
@@ -33,13 +33,13 @@ ossl_evp_pkey_free(void *ptr)
 const rb_data_type_t ossl_evp_pkey_type = {
     "OpenSSL/EVP_PKEY",
     {
-	0, ossl_evp_pkey_free,
+        0, ossl_evp_pkey_free,
     },
     0, 0, RUBY_TYPED_FREE_IMMEDIATELY | RUBY_TYPED_WB_PROTECTED,
 };
 
 static VALUE
-pkey_new0(VALUE arg)
+pkey_wrap0(VALUE arg)
 {
     EVP_PKEY *pkey = (EVP_PKEY *)arg;
     VALUE klass, obj;
@@ -65,15 +65,15 @@ pkey_new0(VALUE arg)
 }
 
 VALUE
-ossl_pkey_new(EVP_PKEY *pkey)
+ossl_pkey_wrap(EVP_PKEY *pkey)
 {
     VALUE obj;
     int status;
 
-    obj = rb_protect(pkey_new0, (VALUE)pkey, &status);
+    obj = rb_protect(pkey_wrap0, (VALUE)pkey, &status);
     if (status) {
-	EVP_PKEY_free(pkey);
-	rb_jump_tag(status);
+        EVP_PKEY_free(pkey);
+        rb_jump_tag(status);
     }
 
     return obj;
@@ -94,7 +94,8 @@ ossl_pkey_read(BIO *bio, const char *input_type, int selection, VALUE pass)
                                          selection, NULL, NULL);
     if (!dctx)
         goto out;
-    if (OSSL_DECODER_CTX_set_pem_password_cb(dctx, ossl_pem_passwd_cb,
+    if (selection == EVP_PKEY_KEYPAIR &&
+        OSSL_DECODER_CTX_set_pem_password_cb(dctx, ossl_pem_passwd_cb,
                                              ppass) != 1)
         goto out;
     while (1) {
@@ -187,23 +188,23 @@ ossl_pkey_read_generic(BIO *bio, VALUE pass)
     EVP_PKEY *pkey;
 
     if ((pkey = d2i_PrivateKey_bio(bio, NULL)))
-	goto out;
+        goto out;
     OSSL_BIO_reset(bio);
     if ((pkey = d2i_PKCS8PrivateKey_bio(bio, NULL, ossl_pem_passwd_cb, ppass)))
-	goto out;
+        goto out;
     OSSL_BIO_reset(bio);
     if ((pkey = d2i_PUBKEY_bio(bio, NULL)))
-	goto out;
+        goto out;
     OSSL_BIO_reset(bio);
     /* PEM_read_bio_PrivateKey() also parses PKCS #8 formats */
     if ((pkey = PEM_read_bio_PrivateKey(bio, NULL, ossl_pem_passwd_cb, ppass)))
-	goto out;
+        goto out;
     OSSL_BIO_reset(bio);
     if ((pkey = PEM_read_bio_PUBKEY(bio, NULL, NULL, NULL)))
-	goto out;
+        goto out;
     OSSL_BIO_reset(bio);
     if ((pkey = PEM_read_bio_Parameters(bio, NULL)))
-	goto out;
+        goto out;
 
   out:
     return pkey;
@@ -238,8 +239,8 @@ ossl_pkey_new_from_data(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
     pkey = ossl_pkey_read_generic(bio, ossl_pem_passwd_value(pass));
     BIO_free(bio);
     if (!pkey)
-	ossl_raise(ePKeyError, "Could not parse PKey");
-    return ossl_pkey_new(pkey);
+        ossl_raise(ePKeyError, "Could not parse PKey");
+    return ossl_pkey_wrap(pkey);
 }
 
 static VALUE
@@ -443,7 +444,7 @@ pkey_generate(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self, int genparam)
         }
     }
 
-    return ossl_pkey_new(gen_arg.pkey);
+    return ossl_pkey_wrap(gen_arg.pkey);
 }
 
 /*
@@ -507,7 +508,7 @@ ossl_pkey_s_generate_key(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
 void
 ossl_pkey_check_public_key(const EVP_PKEY *pkey)
 {
-#if OSSL_OPENSSL_PREREQ(3, 0, 0)
+#ifdef OSSL_HAVE_IMMUTABLE_PKEY
     if (EVP_PKEY_missing_parameters(pkey))
         ossl_raise(ePKeyError, "parameters missing");
 #else
@@ -515,34 +516,34 @@ ossl_pkey_check_public_key(const EVP_PKEY *pkey)
     const BIGNUM *n, *e, *pubkey;
 
     if (EVP_PKEY_missing_parameters(pkey))
-	ossl_raise(ePKeyError, "parameters missing");
+        ossl_raise(ePKeyError, "parameters missing");
 
     ptr = EVP_PKEY_get0(pkey);
     switch (EVP_PKEY_base_id(pkey)) {
       case EVP_PKEY_RSA:
-	RSA_get0_key(ptr, &n, &e, NULL);
-	if (n && e)
-	    return;
-	break;
+        RSA_get0_key(ptr, &n, &e, NULL);
+        if (n && e)
+            return;
+        break;
       case EVP_PKEY_DSA:
-	DSA_get0_key(ptr, &pubkey, NULL);
-	if (pubkey)
-	    return;
-	break;
+        DSA_get0_key(ptr, &pubkey, NULL);
+        if (pubkey)
+            return;
+        break;
       case EVP_PKEY_DH:
-	DH_get0_key(ptr, &pubkey, NULL);
-	if (pubkey)
-	    return;
-	break;
+        DH_get0_key(ptr, &pubkey, NULL);
+        if (pubkey)
+            return;
+        break;
 #if !defined(OPENSSL_NO_EC)
       case EVP_PKEY_EC:
-	if (EC_KEY_get0_public_key(ptr))
-	    return;
-	break;
+        if (EC_KEY_get0_public_key(ptr))
+            return;
+        break;
 #endif
       default:
-	/* unsupported type; assuming ok */
-	return;
+        /* unsupported type; assuming ok */
+        return;
     }
     ossl_raise(ePKeyError, "public key missing");
 #endif
@@ -609,7 +610,7 @@ static VALUE
 ossl_pkey_initialize(VALUE self)
 {
     if (rb_obj_is_instance_of(self, cPKey)) {
-	ossl_raise(rb_eTypeError, "OpenSSL::PKey::PKey can't be instantiated directly");
+        ossl_raise(rb_eTypeError, "OpenSSL::PKey::PKey can't be instantiated directly");
     }
     return self;
 }
@@ -635,6 +636,29 @@ ossl_pkey_initialize_copy(VALUE self, VALUE other)
 }
 #endif
 
+#ifndef OSSL_USE_PROVIDER
+static int
+lookup_pkey_type(VALUE type)
+{
+    const EVP_PKEY_ASN1_METHOD *ameth;
+    int pkey_id;
+
+    StringValue(type);
+    /*
+     * XXX: EVP_PKEY_asn1_find_str() looks up a PEM type string. Should we use
+     * OBJ_txt2nid() instead (and then somehow check if the NID is an acceptable
+     * EVP_PKEY type)?
+     * It is probably fine, though, since it can handle all algorithms that
+     * support raw keys in 1.1.1: { X25519, X448, ED25519, ED448, HMAC }.
+     */
+    ameth = EVP_PKEY_asn1_find_str(NULL, RSTRING_PTR(type), RSTRING_LENINT(type));
+    if (!ameth)
+        ossl_raise(ePKeyError, "algorithm %"PRIsVALUE" not found", type);
+    EVP_PKEY_asn1_get0_info(&pkey_id, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, ameth);
+    return pkey_id;
+}
+#endif
+
 /*
  *  call-seq:
  *      OpenSSL::PKey.new_raw_private_key(algo, string) -> PKey
@@ -646,24 +670,25 @@ static VALUE
 ossl_pkey_new_raw_private_key(VALUE self, VALUE type, VALUE key)
 {
     EVP_PKEY *pkey;
-    const EVP_PKEY_ASN1_METHOD *ameth;
-    int pkey_id;
     size_t keylen;
 
-    StringValue(type);
     StringValue(key);
-    ameth = EVP_PKEY_asn1_find_str(NULL, RSTRING_PTR(type), RSTRING_LENINT(type));
-    if (!ameth)
-        ossl_raise(ePKeyError, "algorithm %"PRIsVALUE" not found", type);
-    EVP_PKEY_asn1_get0_info(&pkey_id, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, ameth);
-
     keylen = RSTRING_LEN(key);
 
+#ifdef OSSL_USE_PROVIDER
+    pkey = EVP_PKEY_new_raw_private_key_ex(NULL, StringValueCStr(type), NULL,
+                                           (unsigned char *)RSTRING_PTR(key),
+                                           keylen);
+    if (!pkey)
+        ossl_raise(ePKeyError, "EVP_PKEY_new_raw_private_key_ex");
+#else
+    int pkey_id = lookup_pkey_type(type);
     pkey = EVP_PKEY_new_raw_private_key(pkey_id, NULL, (unsigned char *)RSTRING_PTR(key), keylen);
     if (!pkey)
         ossl_raise(ePKeyError, "EVP_PKEY_new_raw_private_key");
+#endif
 
-    return ossl_pkey_new(pkey);
+    return ossl_pkey_wrap(pkey);
 }
 
 /*
@@ -677,24 +702,25 @@ static VALUE
 ossl_pkey_new_raw_public_key(VALUE self, VALUE type, VALUE key)
 {
     EVP_PKEY *pkey;
-    const EVP_PKEY_ASN1_METHOD *ameth;
-    int pkey_id;
     size_t keylen;
 
-    StringValue(type);
     StringValue(key);
-    ameth = EVP_PKEY_asn1_find_str(NULL, RSTRING_PTR(type), RSTRING_LENINT(type));
-    if (!ameth)
-        ossl_raise(ePKeyError, "algorithm %"PRIsVALUE" not found", type);
-    EVP_PKEY_asn1_get0_info(&pkey_id, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, ameth);
-
     keylen = RSTRING_LEN(key);
 
+#ifdef OSSL_USE_PROVIDER
+    pkey = EVP_PKEY_new_raw_public_key_ex(NULL, StringValueCStr(type), NULL,
+                                          (unsigned char *)RSTRING_PTR(key),
+                                          keylen);
+    if (!pkey)
+        ossl_raise(ePKeyError, "EVP_PKEY_new_raw_public_key_ex");
+#else
+    int pkey_id = lookup_pkey_type(type);
     pkey = EVP_PKEY_new_raw_public_key(pkey_id, NULL, (unsigned char *)RSTRING_PTR(key), keylen);
     if (!pkey)
         ossl_raise(ePKeyError, "EVP_PKEY_new_raw_public_key");
+#endif
 
-    return ossl_pkey_new(pkey);
+    return ossl_pkey_wrap(pkey);
 }
 
 /*
@@ -711,6 +737,10 @@ ossl_pkey_oid(VALUE self)
 
     GetPKey(self, pkey);
     nid = EVP_PKEY_id(pkey);
+#ifdef OSSL_USE_PROVIDER
+    if (nid == EVP_PKEY_KEYMGMT)
+        ossl_raise(ePKeyError, "EVP_PKEY_id");
+#endif
     return rb_str_new_cstr(OBJ_nid2sn(nid));
 }
 
@@ -724,13 +754,23 @@ static VALUE
 ossl_pkey_inspect(VALUE self)
 {
     EVP_PKEY *pkey;
-    int nid;
 
     GetPKey(self, pkey);
-    nid = EVP_PKEY_id(pkey);
-    return rb_sprintf("#<%"PRIsVALUE":%p oid=%s>",
-                      rb_class_name(CLASS_OF(self)), (void *)self,
-                      OBJ_nid2sn(nid));
+    VALUE str = rb_sprintf("#<%"PRIsVALUE":%p",
+                           rb_obj_class(self), (void *)self);
+    int nid = EVP_PKEY_id(pkey);
+#ifdef OSSL_USE_PROVIDER
+    if (nid != EVP_PKEY_KEYMGMT)
+#endif
+    rb_str_catf(str, " oid=%s", OBJ_nid2sn(nid));
+#ifdef OSSL_USE_PROVIDER
+    rb_str_catf(str, " type_name=%s", EVP_PKEY_get0_type_name(pkey));
+    const OSSL_PROVIDER *prov = EVP_PKEY_get0_provider(pkey);
+    if (prov)
+        rb_str_catf(str, " provider=%s", OSSL_PROVIDER_get0_name(prov));
+#endif
+    rb_str_catf(str, ">");
+    return str;
 }
 
 /*
@@ -774,33 +814,33 @@ VALUE
 ossl_pkey_export_traditional(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self, int to_der)
 {
     EVP_PKEY *pkey;
-    VALUE cipher, pass;
+    VALUE cipher, pass, cipher_holder;
     const EVP_CIPHER *enc = NULL;
     BIO *bio;
 
     GetPKey(self, pkey);
     rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "02", &cipher, &pass);
     if (!NIL_P(cipher)) {
-	enc = ossl_evp_get_cipherbyname(cipher);
-	pass = ossl_pem_passwd_value(pass);
+        enc = ossl_evp_cipher_fetch(cipher, &cipher_holder);
+        pass = ossl_pem_passwd_value(pass);
     }
 
     bio = BIO_new(BIO_s_mem());
     if (!bio)
-	ossl_raise(ePKeyError, "BIO_new");
+        ossl_raise(ePKeyError, "BIO_new");
     if (to_der) {
-	if (!i2d_PrivateKey_bio(bio, pkey)) {
-	    BIO_free(bio);
-	    ossl_raise(ePKeyError, "i2d_PrivateKey_bio");
-	}
+        if (!i2d_PrivateKey_bio(bio, pkey)) {
+            BIO_free(bio);
+            ossl_raise(ePKeyError, "i2d_PrivateKey_bio");
+        }
     }
     else {
-	if (!PEM_write_bio_PrivateKey_traditional(bio, pkey, enc, NULL, 0,
-						  ossl_pem_passwd_cb,
-						  (void *)pass)) {
-	    BIO_free(bio);
-	    ossl_raise(ePKeyError, "PEM_write_bio_PrivateKey_traditional");
-	}
+        if (!PEM_write_bio_PrivateKey_traditional(bio, pkey, enc, NULL, 0,
+                                                  ossl_pem_passwd_cb,
+                                                  (void *)pass)) {
+            BIO_free(bio);
+            ossl_raise(ePKeyError, "PEM_write_bio_PrivateKey_traditional");
+        }
     }
     return ossl_membio2str(bio);
 }
@@ -809,37 +849,37 @@ static VALUE
 do_pkcs8_export(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self, int to_der)
 {
     EVP_PKEY *pkey;
-    VALUE cipher, pass;
+    VALUE cipher, pass, cipher_holder;
     const EVP_CIPHER *enc = NULL;
     BIO *bio;
 
     GetPKey(self, pkey);
     rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "02", &cipher, &pass);
     if (argc > 0) {
-	/*
-	 * TODO: EncryptedPrivateKeyInfo actually has more options.
-	 * Should they be exposed?
-	 */
-	enc = ossl_evp_get_cipherbyname(cipher);
-	pass = ossl_pem_passwd_value(pass);
+        /*
+         * TODO: EncryptedPrivateKeyInfo actually has more options.
+         * Should they be exposed?
+         */
+        enc = ossl_evp_cipher_fetch(cipher, &cipher_holder);
+        pass = ossl_pem_passwd_value(pass);
     }
 
     bio = BIO_new(BIO_s_mem());
     if (!bio)
-	ossl_raise(ePKeyError, "BIO_new");
+        ossl_raise(ePKeyError, "BIO_new");
     if (to_der) {
-	if (!i2d_PKCS8PrivateKey_bio(bio, pkey, enc, NULL, 0,
-				     ossl_pem_passwd_cb, (void *)pass)) {
-	    BIO_free(bio);
-	    ossl_raise(ePKeyError, "i2d_PKCS8PrivateKey_bio");
-	}
+        if (!i2d_PKCS8PrivateKey_bio(bio, pkey, enc, NULL, 0,
+                                     ossl_pem_passwd_cb, (void *)pass)) {
+            BIO_free(bio);
+            ossl_raise(ePKeyError, "i2d_PKCS8PrivateKey_bio");
+        }
     }
     else {
-	if (!PEM_write_bio_PKCS8PrivateKey(bio, pkey, enc, NULL, 0,
-					   ossl_pem_passwd_cb, (void *)pass)) {
-	    BIO_free(bio);
-	    ossl_raise(ePKeyError, "PEM_write_bio_PKCS8PrivateKey");
-	}
+        if (!PEM_write_bio_PKCS8PrivateKey(bio, pkey, enc, NULL, 0,
+                                           ossl_pem_passwd_cb, (void *)pass)) {
+            BIO_free(bio);
+            ossl_raise(ePKeyError, "PEM_write_bio_PKCS8PrivateKey");
+        }
     }
     return ossl_membio2str(bio);
 }
@@ -923,18 +963,18 @@ ossl_pkey_export_spki(VALUE self, int to_der)
     ossl_pkey_check_public_key(pkey);
     bio = BIO_new(BIO_s_mem());
     if (!bio)
-	ossl_raise(ePKeyError, "BIO_new");
+        ossl_raise(ePKeyError, "BIO_new");
     if (to_der) {
-	if (!i2d_PUBKEY_bio(bio, pkey)) {
-	    BIO_free(bio);
-	    ossl_raise(ePKeyError, "i2d_PUBKEY_bio");
-	}
+        if (!i2d_PUBKEY_bio(bio, pkey)) {
+            BIO_free(bio);
+            ossl_raise(ePKeyError, "i2d_PUBKEY_bio");
+        }
     }
     else {
-	if (!PEM_write_bio_PUBKEY(bio, pkey)) {
-	    BIO_free(bio);
-	    ossl_raise(ePKeyError, "PEM_write_bio_PUBKEY");
-	}
+        if (!PEM_write_bio_PUBKEY(bio, pkey)) {
+            BIO_free(bio);
+            ossl_raise(ePKeyError, "PEM_write_bio_PUBKEY");
+        }
     }
     return ossl_membio2str(bio);
 }
@@ -1071,7 +1111,7 @@ static VALUE
 ossl_pkey_sign(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
 {
     EVP_PKEY *pkey;
-    VALUE digest, data, options, sig;
+    VALUE digest, data, options, sig, md_holder;
     const EVP_MD *md = NULL;
     EVP_MD_CTX *ctx;
     EVP_PKEY_CTX *pctx;
@@ -1081,7 +1121,7 @@ ossl_pkey_sign(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
     pkey = GetPrivPKeyPtr(self);
     rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "21", &digest, &data, &options);
     if (!NIL_P(digest))
-        md = ossl_evp_get_digestbyname(digest);
+        md = ossl_evp_md_fetch(digest, &md_holder);
     StringValue(data);
 
     ctx = EVP_MD_CTX_new();
@@ -1150,7 +1190,7 @@ static VALUE
 ossl_pkey_verify(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
 {
     EVP_PKEY *pkey;
-    VALUE digest, sig, data, options;
+    VALUE digest, sig, data, options, md_holder;
     const EVP_MD *md = NULL;
     EVP_MD_CTX *ctx;
     EVP_PKEY_CTX *pctx;
@@ -1160,7 +1200,7 @@ ossl_pkey_verify(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
     rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "31", &digest, &sig, &data, &options);
     ossl_pkey_check_public_key(pkey);
     if (!NIL_P(digest))
-        md = ossl_evp_get_digestbyname(digest);
+        md = ossl_evp_md_fetch(digest, &md_holder);
     StringValue(sig);
     StringValue(data);
 
@@ -1229,7 +1269,7 @@ static VALUE
 ossl_pkey_sign_raw(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
 {
     EVP_PKEY *pkey;
-    VALUE digest, data, options, sig;
+    VALUE digest, data, options, sig, md_holder;
     const EVP_MD *md = NULL;
     EVP_PKEY_CTX *ctx;
     size_t outlen;
@@ -1238,7 +1278,7 @@ ossl_pkey_sign_raw(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
     GetPKey(self, pkey);
     rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "21", &digest, &data, &options);
     if (!NIL_P(digest))
-        md = ossl_evp_get_digestbyname(digest);
+        md = ossl_evp_md_fetch(digest, &md_holder);
     StringValue(data);
 
     ctx = EVP_PKEY_CTX_new(pkey, /* engine */NULL);
@@ -1305,7 +1345,7 @@ static VALUE
 ossl_pkey_verify_raw(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
 {
     EVP_PKEY *pkey;
-    VALUE digest, sig, data, options;
+    VALUE digest, sig, data, options, md_holder;
     const EVP_MD *md = NULL;
     EVP_PKEY_CTX *ctx;
     int state, ret;
@@ -1314,7 +1354,7 @@ ossl_pkey_verify_raw(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
     rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "31", &digest, &sig, &data, &options);
     ossl_pkey_check_public_key(pkey);
     if (!NIL_P(digest))
-        md = ossl_evp_get_digestbyname(digest);
+        md = ossl_evp_md_fetch(digest, &md_holder);
     StringValue(sig);
     StringValue(data);
 
@@ -1368,7 +1408,7 @@ static VALUE
 ossl_pkey_verify_recover(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
 {
     EVP_PKEY *pkey;
-    VALUE digest, sig, options, out;
+    VALUE digest, sig, options, out, md_holder;
     const EVP_MD *md = NULL;
     EVP_PKEY_CTX *ctx;
     int state;
@@ -1378,7 +1418,7 @@ ossl_pkey_verify_recover(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
     rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "21", &digest, &sig, &options);
     ossl_pkey_check_public_key(pkey);
     if (!NIL_P(digest))
-        md = ossl_evp_get_digestbyname(digest);
+        md = ossl_evp_md_fetch(digest, &md_holder);
     StringValue(sig);
 
     ctx = EVP_PKEY_CTX_new(pkey, /* engine */NULL);
@@ -1618,11 +1658,6 @@ void
 Init_ossl_pkey(void)
 {
 #undef rb_intern
-#if 0
-    mOSSL = rb_define_module("OpenSSL");
-    eOSSLError = rb_define_class_under(mOSSL, "OpenSSLError", rb_eStandardError);
-#endif
-
     /* Document-module: OpenSSL::PKey
      *
      * == Asymmetric Public Key Algorithms
@@ -1678,7 +1713,16 @@ Init_ossl_pkey(void)
 
     /* Document-class: OpenSSL::PKey::PKeyError
      *
-     *Raised when errors occur during PKey#sign or PKey#verify.
+     * Raised when errors occur during PKey#sign or PKey#verify.
+     *
+     * Before version 4.0.0, OpenSSL::PKey::PKeyError had the following
+     * subclasses. These subclasses have been removed and the constants are
+     * now defined as aliases of OpenSSL::PKey::PKeyError.
+     *
+     * * OpenSSL::PKey::DHError
+     * * OpenSSL::PKey::DSAError
+     * * OpenSSL::PKey::ECError
+     * * OpenSSL::PKey::RSAError
      */
     ePKeyError = rb_define_class_under(mPKey, "PKeyError", eOSSLError);
 
diff --git a/ext/openssl/ossl_pkey.h b/ext/openssl/ossl_pkey.h
index fdc5e94aed..023361b90f 100644
--- a/ext/openssl/ossl_pkey.h
+++ b/ext/openssl/ossl_pkey.h
@@ -22,12 +22,12 @@ extern const rb_data_type_t ossl_evp_pkey_type;
 #define GetPKey(obj, pkey) do {\
     TypedData_Get_Struct((obj), EVP_PKEY, &ossl_evp_pkey_type, (pkey)); \
     if (!(pkey)) { \
-	rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "PKEY wasn't initialized!");\
+        rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "PKEY wasn't initialized!");\
     } \
 } while (0)
 
 /* Takes ownership of the EVP_PKEY */
-VALUE ossl_pkey_new(EVP_PKEY *);
+VALUE ossl_pkey_wrap(EVP_PKEY *);
 void ossl_pkey_check_public_key(const EVP_PKEY *);
 EVP_PKEY *ossl_pkey_read_generic(BIO *, VALUE);
 EVP_PKEY *GetPKeyPtr(VALUE);
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ VALUE ossl_pkey_export_spki(VALUE self, int to_der);
  * #to_der.
  */
 VALUE ossl_pkey_export_traditional(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self,
-				   int to_der);
+                                   int to_der);
 
 void Init_ossl_pkey(void);
 
@@ -74,120 +74,120 @@ extern VALUE cEC;
 VALUE ossl_ec_new(EVP_PKEY *);
 void Init_ossl_ec(void);
 
-#define OSSL_PKEY_BN_DEF_GETTER0(_keytype, _type, _name, _get)		\
-/*									\
- *  call-seq:								\
- *     _keytype##.##_name -> aBN					\
- */									\
-static VALUE ossl_##_keytype##_get_##_name(VALUE self)			\
-{									\
-	const _type *obj;						\
-	const BIGNUM *bn;						\
-									\
-	Get##_type(self, obj);						\
-	_get;								\
-	if (bn == NULL)							\
-		return Qnil;						\
-	return ossl_bn_new(bn);						\
+#define OSSL_PKEY_BN_DEF_GETTER0(_keytype, _type, _name, _get)          \
+/*                                                                      \
+ *  call-seq:                                                           \
+ *     _keytype##.##_name -> aBN                                        \
+ */                                                                     \
+static VALUE ossl_##_keytype##_get_##_name(VALUE self)                  \
+{                                                                       \
+        const _type *obj;                                               \
+        const BIGNUM *bn;                                               \
+                                                                        \
+        Get##_type(self, obj);                                          \
+        _get;                                                           \
+        if (bn == NULL)                                                 \
+                return Qnil;                                            \
+        return ossl_bn_new(bn);                                         \
 }
 
-#define OSSL_PKEY_BN_DEF_GETTER3(_keytype, _type, _group, a1, a2, a3)	\
-	OSSL_PKEY_BN_DEF_GETTER0(_keytype, _type, a1,			\
-		_type##_get0_##_group(obj, &bn, NULL, NULL))		\
-	OSSL_PKEY_BN_DEF_GETTER0(_keytype, _type, a2,			\
-		_type##_get0_##_group(obj, NULL, &bn, NULL))		\
-	OSSL_PKEY_BN_DEF_GETTER0(_keytype, _type, a3,			\
-		_type##_get0_##_group(obj, NULL, NULL, &bn))
-
-#define OSSL_PKEY_BN_DEF_GETTER2(_keytype, _type, _group, a1, a2)	\
-	OSSL_PKEY_BN_DEF_GETTER0(_keytype, _type, a1,			\
-		_type##_get0_##_group(obj, &bn, NULL))			\
-	OSSL_PKEY_BN_DEF_GETTER0(_keytype, _type, a2,			\
-		_type##_get0_##_group(obj, NULL, &bn))
-
-#if !OSSL_OPENSSL_PREREQ(3, 0, 0)
-#define OSSL_PKEY_BN_DEF_SETTER3(_keytype, _type, _group, a1, a2, a3)	\
-/*									\
- *  call-seq:								\
- *     _keytype##.set_##_group(a1, a2, a3) -> self			\
- */									\
+#define OSSL_PKEY_BN_DEF_GETTER3(_keytype, _type, _group, a1, a2, a3)   \
+        OSSL_PKEY_BN_DEF_GETTER0(_keytype, _type, a1,                   \
+                _type##_get0_##_group(obj, &bn, NULL, NULL))            \
+        OSSL_PKEY_BN_DEF_GETTER0(_keytype, _type, a2,                   \
+                _type##_get0_##_group(obj, NULL, &bn, NULL))            \
+        OSSL_PKEY_BN_DEF_GETTER0(_keytype, _type, a3,                   \
+                _type##_get0_##_group(obj, NULL, NULL, &bn))
+
+#define OSSL_PKEY_BN_DEF_GETTER2(_keytype, _type, _group, a1, a2)       \
+        OSSL_PKEY_BN_DEF_GETTER0(_keytype, _type, a1,                   \
+                _type##_get0_##_group(obj, &bn, NULL))                  \
+        OSSL_PKEY_BN_DEF_GETTER0(_keytype, _type, a2,                   \
+                _type##_get0_##_group(obj, NULL, &bn))
+
+#ifndef OSSL_HAVE_IMMUTABLE_PKEY
+#define OSSL_PKEY_BN_DEF_SETTER3(_keytype, _type, _group, a1, a2, a3)   \
+/*                                                                      \
+ *  call-seq:                                                           \
+ *     _keytype##.set_##_group(a1, a2, a3) -> self                      \
+ */                                                                     \
 static VALUE ossl_##_keytype##_set_##_group(VALUE self, VALUE v1, VALUE v2, VALUE v3) \
-{									\
-	_type *obj;							\
-	BIGNUM *bn1 = NULL, *orig_bn1 = NIL_P(v1) ? NULL : GetBNPtr(v1);\
-	BIGNUM *bn2 = NULL, *orig_bn2 = NIL_P(v2) ? NULL : GetBNPtr(v2);\
-	BIGNUM *bn3 = NULL, *orig_bn3 = NIL_P(v3) ? NULL : GetBNPtr(v3);\
-									\
-	Get##_type(self, obj);						\
-        if ((orig_bn1 && !(bn1 = BN_dup(orig_bn1))) ||			\
-            (orig_bn2 && !(bn2 = BN_dup(orig_bn2))) ||			\
-            (orig_bn3 && !(bn3 = BN_dup(orig_bn3)))) {			\
-		BN_clear_free(bn1);					\
-		BN_clear_free(bn2);					\
-		BN_clear_free(bn3);					\
-		ossl_raise(ePKeyError, "BN_dup");			\
-	}								\
-									\
-	if (!_type##_set0_##_group(obj, bn1, bn2, bn3)) {		\
-		BN_clear_free(bn1);					\
-		BN_clear_free(bn2);					\
-		BN_clear_free(bn3);					\
-		ossl_raise(ePKeyError, #_type"_set0_"#_group);		\
-	}								\
-	return self;							\
+{                                                                       \
+        _type *obj;                                                     \
+        BIGNUM *bn1 = NULL, *orig_bn1 = NIL_P(v1) ? NULL : GetBNPtr(v1);\
+        BIGNUM *bn2 = NULL, *orig_bn2 = NIL_P(v2) ? NULL : GetBNPtr(v2);\
+        BIGNUM *bn3 = NULL, *orig_bn3 = NIL_P(v3) ? NULL : GetBNPtr(v3);\
+                                                                        \
+        Get##_type(self, obj);                                          \
+        if ((orig_bn1 && !(bn1 = BN_dup(orig_bn1))) ||                  \
+            (orig_bn2 && !(bn2 = BN_dup(orig_bn2))) ||                  \
+            (orig_bn3 && !(bn3 = BN_dup(orig_bn3)))) {                  \
+                BN_clear_free(bn1);                                     \
+                BN_clear_free(bn2);                                     \
+                BN_clear_free(bn3);                                     \
+                ossl_raise(ePKeyError, "BN_dup");                       \
+        }                                                               \
+                                                                        \
+        if (!_type##_set0_##_group(obj, bn1, bn2, bn3)) {               \
+                BN_clear_free(bn1);                                     \
+                BN_clear_free(bn2);                                     \
+                BN_clear_free(bn3);                                     \
+                ossl_raise(ePKeyError, #_type"_set0_"#_group);          \
+        }                                                               \
+        return self;                                                    \
 }
 
-#define OSSL_PKEY_BN_DEF_SETTER2(_keytype, _type, _group, a1, a2)	\
-/*									\
- *  call-seq:								\
- *     _keytype##.set_##_group(a1, a2) -> self				\
- */									\
+#define OSSL_PKEY_BN_DEF_SETTER2(_keytype, _type, _group, a1, a2)       \
+/*                                                                      \
+ *  call-seq:                                                           \
+ *     _keytype##.set_##_group(a1, a2) -> self                          \
+ */                                                                     \
 static VALUE ossl_##_keytype##_set_##_group(VALUE self, VALUE v1, VALUE v2) \
-{									\
-	_type *obj;							\
-	BIGNUM *bn1 = NULL, *orig_bn1 = NIL_P(v1) ? NULL : GetBNPtr(v1);\
-	BIGNUM *bn2 = NULL, *orig_bn2 = NIL_P(v2) ? NULL : GetBNPtr(v2);\
-									\
-	Get##_type(self, obj);						\
-        if ((orig_bn1 && !(bn1 = BN_dup(orig_bn1))) ||			\
-            (orig_bn2 && !(bn2 = BN_dup(orig_bn2)))) {			\
-		BN_clear_free(bn1);					\
-		BN_clear_free(bn2);					\
-		ossl_raise(ePKeyError, "BN_dup");			\
-	}								\
-									\
-	if (!_type##_set0_##_group(obj, bn1, bn2)) {			\
-		BN_clear_free(bn1);					\
-		BN_clear_free(bn2);					\
-		ossl_raise(ePKeyError, #_type"_set0_"#_group);		\
-	}								\
-	return self;							\
+{                                                                       \
+        _type *obj;                                                     \
+        BIGNUM *bn1 = NULL, *orig_bn1 = NIL_P(v1) ? NULL : GetBNPtr(v1);\
+        BIGNUM *bn2 = NULL, *orig_bn2 = NIL_P(v2) ? NULL : GetBNPtr(v2);\
+                                                                        \
+        Get##_type(self, obj);                                          \
+        if ((orig_bn1 && !(bn1 = BN_dup(orig_bn1))) ||                  \
+            (orig_bn2 && !(bn2 = BN_dup(orig_bn2)))) {                  \
+                BN_clear_free(bn1);                                     \
+                BN_clear_free(bn2);                                     \
+                ossl_raise(ePKeyError, "BN_dup");                       \
+        }                                                               \
+                                                                        \
+        if (!_type##_set0_##_group(obj, bn1, bn2)) {                    \
+                BN_clear_free(bn1);                                     \
+                BN_clear_free(bn2);                                     \
+                ossl_raise(ePKeyError, #_type"_set0_"#_group);          \
+        }                                                               \
+        return self;                                                    \
 }
 #else
-#define OSSL_PKEY_BN_DEF_SETTER3(_keytype, _type, _group, a1, a2, a3)	\
+#define OSSL_PKEY_BN_DEF_SETTER3(_keytype, _type, _group, a1, a2, a3)   \
 static VALUE ossl_##_keytype##_set_##_group(VALUE self, VALUE v1, VALUE v2, VALUE v3) \
-{									\
-        rb_raise(ePKeyError,						\
+{                                                                       \
+        rb_raise(ePKeyError,                                            \
                  #_keytype"#set_"#_group"= is incompatible with OpenSSL 3.0"); \
 }
 
-#define OSSL_PKEY_BN_DEF_SETTER2(_keytype, _type, _group, a1, a2)	\
+#define OSSL_PKEY_BN_DEF_SETTER2(_keytype, _type, _group, a1, a2)       \
 static VALUE ossl_##_keytype##_set_##_group(VALUE self, VALUE v1, VALUE v2) \
-{									\
-        rb_raise(ePKeyError,						\
+{                                                                       \
+        rb_raise(ePKeyError,                                            \
                  #_keytype"#set_"#_group"= is incompatible with OpenSSL 3.0"); \
 }
 #endif
 
-#define OSSL_PKEY_BN_DEF3(_keytype, _type, _group, a1, a2, a3)		\
-	OSSL_PKEY_BN_DEF_GETTER3(_keytype, _type, _group, a1, a2, a3)	\
-	OSSL_PKEY_BN_DEF_SETTER3(_keytype, _type, _group, a1, a2, a3)
+#define OSSL_PKEY_BN_DEF3(_keytype, _type, _group, a1, a2, a3)          \
+        OSSL_PKEY_BN_DEF_GETTER3(_keytype, _type, _group, a1, a2, a3)   \
+        OSSL_PKEY_BN_DEF_SETTER3(_keytype, _type, _group, a1, a2, a3)
 
-#define OSSL_PKEY_BN_DEF2(_keytype, _type, _group, a1, a2)		\
-	OSSL_PKEY_BN_DEF_GETTER2(_keytype, _type, _group, a1, a2)	\
-	OSSL_PKEY_BN_DEF_SETTER2(_keytype, _type, _group, a1, a2)
+#define OSSL_PKEY_BN_DEF2(_keytype, _type, _group, a1, a2)              \
+        OSSL_PKEY_BN_DEF_GETTER2(_keytype, _type, _group, a1, a2)       \
+        OSSL_PKEY_BN_DEF_SETTER2(_keytype, _type, _group, a1, a2)
 
-#define DEF_OSSL_PKEY_BN(class, keytype, name)				\
-	rb_define_method((class), #name, ossl_##keytype##_get_##name, 0)
+#define DEF_OSSL_PKEY_BN(class, keytype, name)                          \
+        rb_define_method((class), #name, ossl_##keytype##_get_##name, 0)
 
 #endif /* OSSL_PKEY_H */
diff --git a/ext/openssl/ossl_pkey_dh.c b/ext/openssl/ossl_pkey_dh.c
index 118d29f04f..3f2975c5a3 100644
--- a/ext/openssl/ossl_pkey_dh.c
+++ b/ext/openssl/ossl_pkey_dh.c
@@ -14,20 +14,21 @@
 #define GetPKeyDH(obj, pkey) do { \
     GetPKey((obj), (pkey)); \
     if (EVP_PKEY_base_id(pkey) != EVP_PKEY_DH) { /* PARANOIA? */ \
-	ossl_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "THIS IS NOT A DH!") ; \
+        ossl_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "THIS IS NOT A DH!") ; \
     } \
 } while (0)
 #define GetDH(obj, dh) do { \
     EVP_PKEY *_pkey; \
     GetPKeyDH((obj), _pkey); \
     (dh) = EVP_PKEY_get0_DH(_pkey); \
+    if ((dh) == NULL) \
+        ossl_raise(ePKeyError, "failed to get DH from EVP_PKEY"); \
 } while (0)
 
 /*
  * Classes
  */
 VALUE cDH;
-static VALUE eDHError;
 
 /*
  * Private
@@ -43,6 +44,7 @@ static VALUE eDHError;
  * If called without arguments, an empty instance without any parameter or key
  * components is created. Use #set_pqg to manually set the parameters afterwards
  * (and optionally #set_key to set private and public key components).
+ * This form is not compatible with OpenSSL 3.0 or later.
  *
  * If a String is given, tries to parse it as a DER- or PEM- encoded parameters.
  * See also OpenSSL::PKey.read which can parse keys of any kinds.
@@ -58,14 +60,15 @@ static VALUE eDHError;
  *
  * Examples:
  *   # Creating an instance from scratch
- *   # Note that this is deprecated and will not work on OpenSSL 3.0 or later.
+ *   # Note that this is deprecated and will result in ArgumentError when
+ *   # using OpenSSL 3.0 or later.
  *   dh = OpenSSL::PKey::DH.new
  *   dh.set_pqg(bn_p, nil, bn_g)
  *
  *   # Generating a parameters and a key pair
  *   dh = OpenSSL::PKey::DH.new(2048) # An alias of OpenSSL::PKey::DH.generate(2048)
  *
- *   # Reading DH parameters
+ *   # Reading DH parameters from a PEM-encoded string
  *   dh_params = OpenSSL::PKey::DH.new(File.read('parameters.pem')) # loads parameters only
  *   dh = OpenSSL::PKey.generate_key(dh_params) # generates a key pair
  */
@@ -84,10 +87,15 @@ ossl_dh_initialize(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
 
     /* The DH.new(size, generator) form is handled by lib/openssl/pkey.rb */
     if (rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "01", &arg) == 0) {
+#ifdef OSSL_HAVE_IMMUTABLE_PKEY
+        rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "OpenSSL::PKey::DH.new cannot be called " \
+                 "without arguments; pkeys are immutable with OpenSSL 3.0");
+#else
         dh = DH_new();
         if (!dh)
-            ossl_raise(eDHError, "DH_new");
+            ossl_raise(ePKeyError, "DH_new");
         goto legacy;
+#endif
     }
 
     arg = ossl_to_der_if_possible(arg);
@@ -105,12 +113,12 @@ ossl_dh_initialize(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
     pkey = ossl_pkey_read_generic(in, Qnil);
     BIO_free(in);
     if (!pkey)
-        ossl_raise(eDHError, "could not parse pkey");
+        ossl_raise(ePKeyError, "could not parse pkey");
 
     type = EVP_PKEY_base_id(pkey);
     if (type != EVP_PKEY_DH) {
         EVP_PKEY_free(pkey);
-        rb_raise(eDHError, "incorrect pkey type: %s", OBJ_nid2sn(type));
+        rb_raise(ePKeyError, "incorrect pkey type: %s", OBJ_nid2sn(type));
     }
     RTYPEDDATA_DATA(self) = pkey;
     return self;
@@ -121,7 +129,7 @@ ossl_dh_initialize(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
     if (!pkey || EVP_PKEY_assign_DH(pkey, dh) != 1) {
         EVP_PKEY_free(pkey);
         DH_free(dh);
-        ossl_raise(eDHError, "EVP_PKEY_assign_DH");
+        ossl_raise(ePKeyError, "EVP_PKEY_assign_DH");
     }
     RTYPEDDATA_DATA(self) = pkey;
     return self;
@@ -143,26 +151,26 @@ ossl_dh_initialize_copy(VALUE self, VALUE other)
 
     dh = DHparams_dup(dh_other);
     if (!dh)
-	ossl_raise(eDHError, "DHparams_dup");
+        ossl_raise(ePKeyError, "DHparams_dup");
 
     DH_get0_key(dh_other, &pub, &priv);
     if (pub) {
-	BIGNUM *pub2 = BN_dup(pub);
-	BIGNUM *priv2 = BN_dup(priv);
+        BIGNUM *pub2 = BN_dup(pub);
+        BIGNUM *priv2 = BN_dup(priv);
 
         if (!pub2 || (priv && !priv2)) {
-	    BN_clear_free(pub2);
-	    BN_clear_free(priv2);
-	    ossl_raise(eDHError, "BN_dup");
-	}
-	DH_set0_key(dh, pub2, priv2);
+            BN_clear_free(pub2);
+            BN_clear_free(priv2);
+            ossl_raise(ePKeyError, "BN_dup");
+        }
+        DH_set0_key(dh, pub2, priv2);
     }
 
     pkey = EVP_PKEY_new();
     if (!pkey || EVP_PKEY_assign_DH(pkey, dh) != 1) {
         EVP_PKEY_free(pkey);
         DH_free(dh);
-        ossl_raise(eDHError, "EVP_PKEY_assign_DH");
+        ossl_raise(ePKeyError, "EVP_PKEY_assign_DH");
     }
     RTYPEDDATA_DATA(self) = pkey;
     return self;
@@ -241,11 +249,11 @@ ossl_dh_export(VALUE self)
 
     GetDH(self, dh);
     if (!(out = BIO_new(BIO_s_mem()))) {
-	ossl_raise(eDHError, NULL);
+        ossl_raise(ePKeyError, NULL);
     }
     if (!PEM_write_bio_DHparams(out, dh)) {
-	BIO_free(out);
-	ossl_raise(eDHError, NULL);
+        BIO_free(out);
+        ossl_raise(ePKeyError, NULL);
     }
     str = ossl_membio2str(out);
 
@@ -275,11 +283,11 @@ ossl_dh_to_der(VALUE self)
 
     GetDH(self, dh);
     if((len = i2d_DHparams(dh, NULL)) <= 0)
-	ossl_raise(eDHError, NULL);
+        ossl_raise(ePKeyError, NULL);
     str = rb_str_new(0, len);
     p = (unsigned char *)RSTRING_PTR(str);
     if(i2d_DHparams(dh, &p) < 0)
-	ossl_raise(eDHError, NULL);
+        ossl_raise(ePKeyError, NULL);
     ossl_str_adjust(str, p);
 
     return str;
@@ -306,7 +314,7 @@ ossl_dh_check_params(VALUE self)
     GetPKey(self, pkey);
     pctx = EVP_PKEY_CTX_new(pkey, /* engine */NULL);
     if (!pctx)
-        ossl_raise(eDHError, "EVP_PKEY_CTX_new");
+        ossl_raise(ePKeyError, "EVP_PKEY_CTX_new");
     ret = EVP_PKEY_param_check(pctx);
     EVP_PKEY_CTX_free(pctx);
 #else
@@ -349,19 +357,6 @@ OSSL_PKEY_BN_DEF2(dh, DH, key, pub_key, priv_key)
 void
 Init_ossl_dh(void)
 {
-#if 0
-    mPKey = rb_define_module_under(mOSSL, "PKey");
-    cPKey = rb_define_class_under(mPKey, "PKey", rb_cObject);
-    ePKeyError = rb_define_class_under(mPKey, "PKeyError", eOSSLError);
-#endif
-
-    /* Document-class: OpenSSL::PKey::DHError
-     *
-     * Generic exception that is raised if an operation on a DH PKey
-     * fails unexpectedly or in case an instantiation of an instance of DH
-     * fails due to non-conformant input data.
-     */
-    eDHError = rb_define_class_under(mPKey, "DHError", ePKeyError);
     /* Document-class: OpenSSL::PKey::DH
      *
      * An implementation of the Diffie-Hellman key exchange protocol based on
diff --git a/ext/openssl/ossl_pkey_dsa.c b/ext/openssl/ossl_pkey_dsa.c
index 9f4f012cfe..041646a058 100644
--- a/ext/openssl/ossl_pkey_dsa.c
+++ b/ext/openssl/ossl_pkey_dsa.c
@@ -14,13 +14,15 @@
 #define GetPKeyDSA(obj, pkey) do { \
     GetPKey((obj), (pkey)); \
     if (EVP_PKEY_base_id(pkey) != EVP_PKEY_DSA) { /* PARANOIA? */ \
-	ossl_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "THIS IS NOT A DSA!"); \
+        ossl_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "THIS IS NOT A DSA!"); \
     } \
 } while (0)
 #define GetDSA(obj, dsa) do { \
     EVP_PKEY *_pkey; \
     GetPKeyDSA((obj), _pkey); \
     (dsa) = EVP_PKEY_get0_DSA(_pkey); \
+    if ((dsa) == NULL) \
+        ossl_raise(ePKeyError, "failed to get DSA from EVP_PKEY"); \
 } while (0)
 
 static inline int
@@ -41,7 +43,6 @@ DSA_PRIVATE(VALUE obj, OSSL_3_const DSA *dsa)
  * Classes
  */
 VALUE cDSA;
-static VALUE eDSAError;
 
 /*
  * Private
@@ -56,6 +57,7 @@ static VALUE eDSAError;
  *
  * If called without arguments, creates a new instance with no key components
  * set. They can be set individually by #set_pqg and #set_key.
+ * This form is not compatible with OpenSSL 3.0 or later.
  *
  * If called with a String, tries to parse as DER or PEM encoding of a \DSA key.
  * See also OpenSSL::PKey.read which can parse keys of any kinds.
@@ -96,10 +98,15 @@ ossl_dsa_initialize(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
     /* The DSA.new(size, generator) form is handled by lib/openssl/pkey.rb */
     rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "02", &arg, &pass);
     if (argc == 0) {
+#ifdef OSSL_HAVE_IMMUTABLE_PKEY
+        rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "OpenSSL::PKey::DSA.new cannot be called " \
+                 "without arguments; pkeys are immutable with OpenSSL 3.0");
+#else
         dsa = DSA_new();
         if (!dsa)
-            ossl_raise(eDSAError, "DSA_new");
+            ossl_raise(ePKeyError, "DSA_new");
         goto legacy;
+#endif
     }
 
     pass = ossl_pem_passwd_value(pass);
@@ -117,12 +124,12 @@ ossl_dsa_initialize(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
     pkey = ossl_pkey_read_generic(in, pass);
     BIO_free(in);
     if (!pkey)
-        ossl_raise(eDSAError, "Neither PUB key nor PRIV key");
+        ossl_raise(ePKeyError, "Neither PUB key nor PRIV key");
 
     type = EVP_PKEY_base_id(pkey);
     if (type != EVP_PKEY_DSA) {
         EVP_PKEY_free(pkey);
-        rb_raise(eDSAError, "incorrect pkey type: %s", OBJ_nid2sn(type));
+        rb_raise(ePKeyError, "incorrect pkey type: %s", OBJ_nid2sn(type));
     }
     RTYPEDDATA_DATA(self) = pkey;
     return self;
@@ -133,7 +140,7 @@ ossl_dsa_initialize(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
     if (!pkey || EVP_PKEY_assign_DSA(pkey, dsa) != 1) {
         EVP_PKEY_free(pkey);
         DSA_free(dsa);
-        ossl_raise(eDSAError, "EVP_PKEY_assign_DSA");
+        ossl_raise(ePKeyError, "EVP_PKEY_assign_DSA");
     }
     RTYPEDDATA_DATA(self) = pkey;
     return self;
@@ -156,13 +163,13 @@ ossl_dsa_initialize_copy(VALUE self, VALUE other)
                               (d2i_of_void *)d2i_DSAPrivateKey,
                               (char *)dsa);
     if (!dsa_new)
-	ossl_raise(eDSAError, "ASN1_dup");
+        ossl_raise(ePKeyError, "ASN1_dup");
 
     pkey = EVP_PKEY_new();
     if (!pkey || EVP_PKEY_assign_DSA(pkey, dsa_new) != 1) {
         EVP_PKEY_free(pkey);
         DSA_free(dsa_new);
-        ossl_raise(eDSAError, "EVP_PKEY_assign_DSA");
+        ossl_raise(ePKeyError, "EVP_PKEY_assign_DSA");
     }
     RTYPEDDATA_DATA(self) = pkey;
 
@@ -327,20 +334,6 @@ OSSL_PKEY_BN_DEF2(dsa, DSA, key, pub_key, priv_key)
 void
 Init_ossl_dsa(void)
 {
-#if 0
-    mPKey = rb_define_module_under(mOSSL, "PKey");
-    cPKey = rb_define_class_under(mPKey, "PKey", rb_cObject);
-    ePKeyError = rb_define_class_under(mPKey, "PKeyError", eOSSLError);
-#endif
-
-    /* Document-class: OpenSSL::PKey::DSAError
-     *
-     * Generic exception that is raised if an operation on a DSA PKey
-     * fails unexpectedly or in case an instantiation of an instance of DSA
-     * fails due to non-conformant input data.
-     */
-    eDSAError = rb_define_class_under(mPKey, "DSAError", ePKeyError);
-
     /* Document-class: OpenSSL::PKey::DSA
      *
      * DSA, the Digital Signature Algorithm, is specified in NIST's
diff --git a/ext/openssl/ossl_pkey_ec.c b/ext/openssl/ossl_pkey_ec.c
index 4687cf8c9d..35f031819d 100644
--- a/ext/openssl/ossl_pkey_ec.c
+++ b/ext/openssl/ossl_pkey_ec.c
@@ -15,25 +15,27 @@ static const rb_data_type_t ossl_ec_point_type;
 #define GetPKeyEC(obj, pkey) do { \
     GetPKey((obj), (pkey)); \
     if (EVP_PKEY_base_id(pkey) != EVP_PKEY_EC) { \
-	ossl_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "THIS IS NOT A EC PKEY!"); \
+        ossl_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "THIS IS NOT A EC PKEY!"); \
     } \
 } while (0)
 #define GetEC(obj, key) do { \
     EVP_PKEY *_pkey; \
     GetPKeyEC(obj, _pkey); \
     (key) = EVP_PKEY_get0_EC_KEY(_pkey); \
+    if ((key) == NULL) \
+        ossl_raise(ePKeyError, "failed to get EC_KEY from EVP_PKEY"); \
 } while (0)
 
 #define GetECGroup(obj, group) do { \
     TypedData_Get_Struct(obj, EC_GROUP, &ossl_ec_group_type, group); \
     if ((group) == NULL) \
-	ossl_raise(eEC_GROUP, "EC_GROUP is not initialized"); \
+        ossl_raise(eEC_GROUP, "EC_GROUP is not initialized"); \
 } while (0)
 
 #define GetECPoint(obj, point) do { \
     TypedData_Get_Struct(obj, EC_POINT, &ossl_ec_point_type, point); \
     if ((point) == NULL) \
-	ossl_raise(eEC_POINT, "EC_POINT is not initialized"); \
+        ossl_raise(eEC_POINT, "EC_POINT is not initialized"); \
 } while (0)
 #define GetECPointGroup(obj, group) do { \
     VALUE _group = rb_attr_get(obj, id_i_group); \
@@ -41,17 +43,13 @@ static const rb_data_type_t ossl_ec_point_type;
 } while (0)
 
 VALUE cEC;
-static VALUE eECError;
 static VALUE cEC_GROUP;
 static VALUE eEC_GROUP;
 static VALUE cEC_POINT;
 static VALUE eEC_POINT;
 
-static ID s_GFp, s_GF2m;
-
-static ID ID_uncompressed;
-static ID ID_compressed;
-static ID ID_hybrid;
+static VALUE sym_GFp, sym_GF2m;
+static VALUE sym_uncompressed, sym_compressed, sym_hybrid;
 
 static ID id_i_group;
 
@@ -68,27 +66,27 @@ ec_key_new_from_group(VALUE arg)
     EC_KEY *ec;
 
     if (rb_obj_is_kind_of(arg, cEC_GROUP)) {
-	EC_GROUP *group;
+        EC_GROUP *group;
 
-	GetECGroup(arg, group);
-	if (!(ec = EC_KEY_new()))
-	    ossl_raise(eECError, NULL);
+        GetECGroup(arg, group);
+        if (!(ec = EC_KEY_new()))
+            ossl_raise(ePKeyError, NULL);
 
-	if (!EC_KEY_set_group(ec, group)) {
-	    EC_KEY_free(ec);
-	    ossl_raise(eECError, NULL);
-	}
+        if (!EC_KEY_set_group(ec, group)) {
+            EC_KEY_free(ec);
+            ossl_raise(ePKeyError, NULL);
+        }
     } else {
-	int nid = OBJ_sn2nid(StringValueCStr(arg));
+        int nid = OBJ_sn2nid(StringValueCStr(arg));
 
-	if (nid == NID_undef)
-	    ossl_raise(eECError, "invalid curve name");
+        if (nid == NID_undef)
+            ossl_raise(ePKeyError, "invalid curve name");
 
-	if (!(ec = EC_KEY_new_by_curve_name(nid)))
-	    ossl_raise(eECError, NULL);
+        if (!(ec = EC_KEY_new_by_curve_name(nid)))
+            ossl_raise(ePKeyError, NULL);
 
-	EC_KEY_set_asn1_flag(ec, OPENSSL_EC_NAMED_CURVE);
-	EC_KEY_set_conv_form(ec, POINT_CONVERSION_UNCOMPRESSED);
+        EC_KEY_set_asn1_flag(ec, OPENSSL_EC_NAMED_CURVE);
+        EC_KEY_set_conv_form(ec, POINT_CONVERSION_UNCOMPRESSED);
     }
 
     return ec;
@@ -115,12 +113,12 @@ ossl_ec_key_s_generate(VALUE klass, VALUE arg)
     if (!pkey || EVP_PKEY_assign_EC_KEY(pkey, ec) != 1) {
         EVP_PKEY_free(pkey);
         EC_KEY_free(ec);
-        ossl_raise(eECError, "EVP_PKEY_assign_EC_KEY");
+        ossl_raise(ePKeyError, "EVP_PKEY_assign_EC_KEY");
     }
     RTYPEDDATA_DATA(obj) = pkey;
 
     if (!EC_KEY_generate_key(ec))
-	ossl_raise(eECError, "EC_KEY_generate_key");
+        ossl_raise(ePKeyError, "EC_KEY_generate_key");
 
     return obj;
 }
@@ -150,9 +148,14 @@ static VALUE ossl_ec_key_initialize(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
 
     rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "02", &arg, &pass);
     if (NIL_P(arg)) {
+#ifdef OSSL_HAVE_IMMUTABLE_PKEY
+        rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "OpenSSL::PKey::EC.new cannot be called " \
+                 "without arguments; pkeys are immutable with OpenSSL 3.0");
+#else
         if (!(ec = EC_KEY_new()))
-            ossl_raise(eECError, "EC_KEY_new");
+            ossl_raise(ePKeyError, "EC_KEY_new");
         goto legacy;
+#endif
     }
     else if (rb_obj_is_kind_of(arg, cEC_GROUP)) {
         ec = ec_key_new_from_group(arg);
@@ -174,7 +177,7 @@ static VALUE ossl_ec_key_initialize(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
     type = EVP_PKEY_base_id(pkey);
     if (type != EVP_PKEY_EC) {
         EVP_PKEY_free(pkey);
-        rb_raise(eECError, "incorrect pkey type: %s", OBJ_nid2sn(type));
+        rb_raise(ePKeyError, "incorrect pkey type: %s", OBJ_nid2sn(type));
     }
     RTYPEDDATA_DATA(self) = pkey;
     return self;
@@ -184,7 +187,7 @@ static VALUE ossl_ec_key_initialize(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
     if (!pkey || EVP_PKEY_assign_EC_KEY(pkey, ec) != 1) {
         EVP_PKEY_free(pkey);
         EC_KEY_free(ec);
-        ossl_raise(eECError, "EVP_PKEY_assign_EC_KEY");
+        ossl_raise(ePKeyError, "EVP_PKEY_assign_EC_KEY");
     }
     RTYPEDDATA_DATA(self) = pkey;
     return self;
@@ -205,12 +208,12 @@ ossl_ec_key_initialize_copy(VALUE self, VALUE other)
 
     ec_new = EC_KEY_dup(ec);
     if (!ec_new)
-	ossl_raise(eECError, "EC_KEY_dup");
+        ossl_raise(ePKeyError, "EC_KEY_dup");
 
     pkey = EVP_PKEY_new();
     if (!pkey || EVP_PKEY_assign_EC_KEY(pkey, ec_new) != 1) {
         EC_KEY_free(ec_new);
-        ossl_raise(eECError, "EVP_PKEY_assign_EC_KEY");
+        ossl_raise(ePKeyError, "EVP_PKEY_assign_EC_KEY");
     }
     RTYPEDDATA_DATA(self) = pkey;
 
@@ -234,7 +237,7 @@ ossl_ec_key_get_group(VALUE self)
     GetEC(self, ec);
     group = EC_KEY_get0_group(ec);
     if (!group)
-	return Qnil;
+        return Qnil;
 
     return ec_group_new(group);
 }
@@ -249,7 +252,7 @@ ossl_ec_key_get_group(VALUE self)
 static VALUE
 ossl_ec_key_set_group(VALUE self, VALUE group_v)
 {
-#if OSSL_OPENSSL_PREREQ(3, 0, 0)
+#ifdef OSSL_HAVE_IMMUTABLE_PKEY
     rb_raise(ePKeyError, "pkeys are immutable on OpenSSL 3.0");
 #else
     EC_KEY *ec;
@@ -259,7 +262,7 @@ ossl_ec_key_set_group(VALUE self, VALUE group_v)
     GetECGroup(group_v, group);
 
     if (EC_KEY_set_group(ec, group) != 1)
-        ossl_raise(eECError, "EC_KEY_set_group");
+        ossl_raise(ePKeyError, "EC_KEY_set_group");
 
     return group_v;
 #endif
@@ -291,7 +294,7 @@ static VALUE ossl_ec_key_get_private_key(VALUE self)
  */
 static VALUE ossl_ec_key_set_private_key(VALUE self, VALUE private_key)
 {
-#if OSSL_OPENSSL_PREREQ(3, 0, 0)
+#ifdef OSSL_HAVE_IMMUTABLE_PKEY
     rb_raise(ePKeyError, "pkeys are immutable on OpenSSL 3.0");
 #else
     EC_KEY *ec;
@@ -302,14 +305,14 @@ static VALUE ossl_ec_key_set_private_key(VALUE self, VALUE private_key)
         bn = GetBNPtr(private_key);
 
     switch (EC_KEY_set_private_key(ec, bn)) {
-    case 1:
+      case 1:
         break;
-    case 0:
+      case 0:
         if (bn == NULL)
             break;
-	/* fallthrough */
-    default:
-        ossl_raise(eECError, "EC_KEY_set_private_key");
+        /* fallthrough */
+      default:
+        ossl_raise(ePKeyError, "EC_KEY_set_private_key");
     }
 
     return private_key;
@@ -342,7 +345,7 @@ static VALUE ossl_ec_key_get_public_key(VALUE self)
  */
 static VALUE ossl_ec_key_set_public_key(VALUE self, VALUE public_key)
 {
-#if OSSL_OPENSSL_PREREQ(3, 0, 0)
+#ifdef OSSL_HAVE_IMMUTABLE_PKEY
     rb_raise(ePKeyError, "pkeys are immutable on OpenSSL 3.0");
 #else
     EC_KEY *ec;
@@ -353,14 +356,14 @@ static VALUE ossl_ec_key_set_public_key(VALUE self, VALUE public_key)
         GetECPoint(public_key, point);
 
     switch (EC_KEY_set_public_key(ec, point)) {
-    case 1:
+      case 1:
         break;
-    case 0:
+      case 0:
         if (point == NULL)
             break;
-	/* fallthrough */
-    default:
-        ossl_raise(eECError, "EC_KEY_set_public_key");
+        /* fallthrough */
+      default:
+        ossl_raise(ePKeyError, "EC_KEY_set_public_key");
     }
 
     return public_key;
@@ -464,7 +467,7 @@ ossl_ec_key_export(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
 
     GetEC(self, ec);
     if (EC_KEY_get0_public_key(ec) == NULL)
-        ossl_raise(eECError, "can't export - no public key set");
+        ossl_raise(ePKeyError, "can't export - no public key set");
     if (EC_KEY_get0_private_key(ec))
         return ossl_pkey_export_traditional(argc, argv, self, 0);
     else
@@ -492,7 +495,7 @@ ossl_ec_key_to_der(VALUE self)
 
     GetEC(self, ec);
     if (EC_KEY_get0_public_key(ec) == NULL)
-        ossl_raise(eECError, "can't export - no public key set");
+        ossl_raise(ePKeyError, "can't export - no public key set");
     if (EC_KEY_get0_private_key(ec))
         return ossl_pkey_export_traditional(0, NULL, self, 1);
     else
@@ -514,14 +517,14 @@ ossl_ec_key_to_der(VALUE self)
  */
 static VALUE ossl_ec_key_generate_key(VALUE self)
 {
-#if OSSL_OPENSSL_PREREQ(3, 0, 0)
+#ifdef OSSL_HAVE_IMMUTABLE_PKEY
     rb_raise(ePKeyError, "pkeys are immutable on OpenSSL 3.0");
 #else
     EC_KEY *ec;
 
     GetEC(self, ec);
     if (EC_KEY_generate_key(ec) != 1)
-	ossl_raise(eECError, "EC_KEY_generate_key");
+        ossl_raise(ePKeyError, "EC_KEY_generate_key");
 
     return self;
 #endif
@@ -546,18 +549,18 @@ static VALUE ossl_ec_key_check_key(VALUE self)
     GetEC(self, ec);
     pctx = EVP_PKEY_CTX_new(pkey, /* engine */NULL);
     if (!pctx)
-        ossl_raise(eECError, "EVP_PKEY_CTX_new");
+        ossl_raise(ePKeyError, "EVP_PKEY_CTX_new");
 
     if (EC_KEY_get0_private_key(ec) != NULL) {
         if (EVP_PKEY_check(pctx) != 1) {
             EVP_PKEY_CTX_free(pctx);
-            ossl_raise(eECError, "EVP_PKEY_check");
+            ossl_raise(ePKeyError, "EVP_PKEY_check");
         }
     }
     else {
         if (EVP_PKEY_public_check(pctx) != 1) {
             EVP_PKEY_CTX_free(pctx);
-            ossl_raise(eECError, "EVP_PKEY_public_check");
+            ossl_raise(ePKeyError, "EVP_PKEY_public_check");
         }
     }
 
@@ -567,7 +570,7 @@ static VALUE ossl_ec_key_check_key(VALUE self)
 
     GetEC(self, ec);
     if (EC_KEY_check_key(ec) != 1)
-	ossl_raise(eECError, "EC_KEY_check_key");
+        ossl_raise(ePKeyError, "EC_KEY_check_key");
 #endif
 
     return Qtrue;
@@ -585,7 +588,7 @@ ossl_ec_group_free(void *ptr)
 static const rb_data_type_t ossl_ec_group_type = {
     "OpenSSL/ec_group",
     {
-	0, ossl_ec_group_free,
+        0, ossl_ec_group_free,
     },
     0, 0, RUBY_TYPED_FREE_IMMEDIATELY | RUBY_TYPED_WB_PROTECTED,
 };
@@ -605,7 +608,7 @@ ec_group_new(const EC_GROUP *group)
     obj = ossl_ec_group_alloc(cEC_GROUP);
     group_new = EC_GROUP_dup(group);
     if (!group_new)
-	ossl_raise(eEC_GROUP, "EC_GROUP_dup");
+        ossl_raise(eEC_GROUP, "EC_GROUP_dup");
     RTYPEDDATA_DATA(obj) = group_new;
 
     return obj;
@@ -633,7 +636,7 @@ static VALUE ossl_ec_group_initialize(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
         ossl_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "EC_GROUP is already initialized");
 
     switch (rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "13", &arg1, &arg2, &arg3, &arg4)) {
-    case 1:
+      case 1:
         if (rb_obj_is_kind_of(arg1, cEC_GROUP)) {
             const EC_GROUP *arg1_group;
 
@@ -645,7 +648,7 @@ static VALUE ossl_ec_group_initialize(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
 
             group = PEM_read_bio_ECPKParameters(in, NULL, NULL, NULL);
             if (!group) {
-		OSSL_BIO_reset(in);
+                OSSL_BIO_reset(in);
                 group = d2i_ECPKParameters_bio(in, NULL);
             }
 
@@ -655,7 +658,7 @@ static VALUE ossl_ec_group_initialize(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
                 const char *name = StringValueCStr(arg1);
                 int nid = OBJ_sn2nid(name);
 
-		ossl_clear_error(); /* ignore errors in d2i_ECPKParameters_bio() */
+                ossl_clear_error(); /* ignore errors in d2i_ECPKParameters_bio() */
                 if (nid == NID_undef)
                     ossl_raise(eEC_GROUP, "unknown curve name (%"PRIsVALUE")", arg1);
 #if !defined(OPENSSL_IS_AWSLC)
@@ -672,33 +675,34 @@ static VALUE ossl_ec_group_initialize(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
         }
 
         break;
-    case 4:
+      case 4:
         if (SYMBOL_P(arg1)) {
-            ID id = SYM2ID(arg1);
             EC_GROUP *(*new_curve)(const BIGNUM *, const BIGNUM *, const BIGNUM *, BN_CTX *) = NULL;
             const BIGNUM *p = GetBNPtr(arg2);
             const BIGNUM *a = GetBNPtr(arg3);
             const BIGNUM *b = GetBNPtr(arg4);
 
-            if (id == s_GFp) {
+            if (arg1 == sym_GFp) {
                 new_curve = EC_GROUP_new_curve_GFp;
+            }
 #if !defined(OPENSSL_NO_EC2M)
-            } else if (id == s_GF2m) {
+            else if (arg1 == sym_GF2m) {
                 new_curve = EC_GROUP_new_curve_GF2m;
+            }
 #endif
-            } else {
+            else {
                 ossl_raise(rb_eArgError, "unknown symbol, must be :GFp or :GF2m");
             }
 
             if ((group = new_curve(p, a, b, ossl_bn_ctx)) == NULL)
                 ossl_raise(eEC_GROUP, "EC_GROUP_new_by_GF*");
         } else {
-             ossl_raise(rb_eArgError, "unknown argument, must be :GFp or :GF2m");
+            ossl_raise(rb_eArgError, "unknown argument, must be :GFp or :GF2m");
         }
 
         break;
-    default:
-        ossl_raise(rb_eArgError, "wrong number of arguments");
+      default:
+        ossl_raise(rb_eArgError, "wrong number of arguments (given %d, expected 1 or 4)", argc);
     }
 
     ASSUME(group);
@@ -715,12 +719,12 @@ ossl_ec_group_initialize_copy(VALUE self, VALUE other)
 
     TypedData_Get_Struct(self, EC_GROUP, &ossl_ec_group_type, group_new);
     if (group_new)
-	ossl_raise(eEC_GROUP, "EC::Group already initialized");
+        ossl_raise(eEC_GROUP, "EC::Group already initialized");
     GetECGroup(other, group);
 
     group_new = EC_GROUP_dup(group);
     if (!group_new)
-	ossl_raise(eEC_GROUP, "EC_GROUP_dup");
+        ossl_raise(eEC_GROUP, "EC_GROUP_dup");
     RTYPEDDATA_DATA(self) = group_new;
 
     return self;
@@ -742,9 +746,9 @@ static VALUE ossl_ec_group_eql(VALUE a, VALUE b)
     GetECGroup(b, group2);
 
     switch (EC_GROUP_cmp(group1, group2, ossl_bn_ctx)) {
-    case 0: return Qtrue;
-    case 1: return Qfalse;
-    default: ossl_raise(eEC_GROUP, "EC_GROUP_cmp");
+      case 0: return Qtrue;
+      case 1: return Qfalse;
+      default: ossl_raise(eEC_GROUP, "EC_GROUP_cmp");
     }
 }
 
@@ -764,7 +768,7 @@ static VALUE ossl_ec_group_get_generator(VALUE self)
     GetECGroup(self, group);
     generator = EC_GROUP_get0_generator(group);
     if (!generator)
-	return Qnil;
+        return Qnil;
 
     return ec_point_new(generator, group);
 }
@@ -807,11 +811,10 @@ static VALUE ossl_ec_group_get_order(VALUE self)
 {
     VALUE bn_obj;
     BIGNUM *bn;
-    EC_GROUP *group = NULL;
+    EC_GROUP *group;
 
     GetECGroup(self, group);
-
-    bn_obj = ossl_bn_new(NULL);
+    bn_obj = ossl_bn_new(BN_value_one());
     bn = GetBNPtr(bn_obj);
 
     if (EC_GROUP_get_order(group, bn, ossl_bn_ctx) != 1)
@@ -832,11 +835,10 @@ static VALUE ossl_ec_group_get_cofactor(VALUE self)
 {
     VALUE bn_obj;
     BIGNUM *bn;
-    EC_GROUP *group = NULL;
+    EC_GROUP *group;
 
     GetECGroup(self, group);
-
-    bn_obj = ossl_bn_new(NULL);
+    bn_obj = ossl_bn_new(BN_value_one());
     bn = GetBNPtr(bn_obj);
 
     if (EC_GROUP_get_cofactor(group, bn, ossl_bn_ctx) != 1)
@@ -847,25 +849,23 @@ static VALUE ossl_ec_group_get_cofactor(VALUE self)
 
 /*
  * call-seq:
- *   group.curve_name  => String
+ *    group.curve_name -> string or nil
  *
- * Returns the curve name (sn).
+ * Returns the curve name (short name) corresponding to this group, or +nil+
+ * if \OpenSSL does not have an OID associated with the group.
  *
  * See the OpenSSL documentation for EC_GROUP_get_curve_name()
  */
 static VALUE ossl_ec_group_get_curve_name(VALUE self)
 {
-    EC_GROUP *group = NULL;
+    EC_GROUP *group;
     int nid;
 
     GetECGroup(self, group);
-    if (group == NULL)
-        return Qnil;
-
     nid = EC_GROUP_get_curve_name(group);
-
-/* BUG: an nid or asn1 object should be returned, maybe. */
-    return rb_str_new2(OBJ_nid2sn(nid));
+    if (nid == NID_undef)
+        return Qnil;
+    return rb_str_new_cstr(OBJ_nid2sn(nid));
 }
 
 /*
@@ -958,37 +958,36 @@ static VALUE ossl_ec_group_set_asn1_flag(VALUE self, VALUE flag_v)
  */
 static VALUE ossl_ec_group_get_point_conversion_form(VALUE self)
 {
-    EC_GROUP *group = NULL;
+    EC_GROUP *group;
     point_conversion_form_t form;
-    VALUE ret;
 
     GetECGroup(self, group);
     form = EC_GROUP_get_point_conversion_form(group);
 
     switch (form) {
-    case POINT_CONVERSION_UNCOMPRESSED:	ret = ID_uncompressed; break;
-    case POINT_CONVERSION_COMPRESSED:	ret = ID_compressed; break;
-    case POINT_CONVERSION_HYBRID:	ret = ID_hybrid; break;
-    default:	ossl_raise(eEC_GROUP, "unsupported point conversion form: %d, this module should be updated", form);
+      case POINT_CONVERSION_UNCOMPRESSED:
+        return sym_uncompressed;
+      case POINT_CONVERSION_COMPRESSED:
+        return sym_compressed;
+      case POINT_CONVERSION_HYBRID:
+        return sym_hybrid;
+      default:
+        ossl_raise(eEC_GROUP, "unsupported point conversion form: %d, " \
+                   "this module should be updated", form);
     }
-
-   return ID2SYM(ret);
 }
 
 static point_conversion_form_t
 parse_point_conversion_form_symbol(VALUE sym)
 {
-    ID id = SYM2ID(sym);
-
-    if (id == ID_uncompressed)
-	return POINT_CONVERSION_UNCOMPRESSED;
-    else if (id == ID_compressed)
-	return POINT_CONVERSION_COMPRESSED;
-    else if (id == ID_hybrid)
-	return POINT_CONVERSION_HYBRID;
-    else
-	ossl_raise(rb_eArgError, "unsupported point conversion form %+"PRIsVALUE
-		   " (expected :compressed, :uncompressed, or :hybrid)", sym);
+    if (sym == sym_uncompressed)
+        return POINT_CONVERSION_UNCOMPRESSED;
+    if (sym == sym_compressed)
+        return POINT_CONVERSION_COMPRESSED;
+    if (sym == sym_hybrid)
+        return POINT_CONVERSION_HYBRID;
+    ossl_raise(rb_eArgError, "unsupported point conversion form %+"PRIsVALUE
+               " (expected :compressed, :uncompressed, or :hybrid)", sym);
 }
 
 /*
@@ -1093,20 +1092,20 @@ static VALUE ossl_ec_group_to_string(VALUE self, int format)
         ossl_raise(eEC_GROUP, "BIO_new(BIO_s_mem())");
 
     switch(format) {
-    case EXPORT_PEM:
+      case EXPORT_PEM:
         i = PEM_write_bio_ECPKParameters(out, group);
-    	break;
-    case EXPORT_DER:
+        break;
+      case EXPORT_DER:
         i = i2d_ECPKParameters_bio(out, group);
-    	break;
-    default:
+        break;
+      default:
         BIO_free(out);
-    	ossl_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "unknown format (internal error)");
+        ossl_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "unknown format (internal error)");
     }
 
     if (i != 1) {
         BIO_free(out);
-        ossl_raise(eECError, NULL);
+        ossl_raise(ePKeyError, NULL);
     }
 
     str = ossl_membio2str(out);
@@ -1150,11 +1149,11 @@ static VALUE ossl_ec_group_to_text(VALUE self)
 
     GetECGroup(self, group);
     if (!(out = BIO_new(BIO_s_mem()))) {
-	ossl_raise(eEC_GROUP, "BIO_new(BIO_s_mem())");
+        ossl_raise(eEC_GROUP, "BIO_new(BIO_s_mem())");
     }
     if (!ECPKParameters_print(out, group, 0)) {
-	BIO_free(out);
-	ossl_raise(eEC_GROUP, NULL);
+        BIO_free(out);
+        ossl_raise(eEC_GROUP, NULL);
     }
     str = ossl_membio2str(out);
 
@@ -1174,7 +1173,7 @@ ossl_ec_point_free(void *ptr)
 static const rb_data_type_t ossl_ec_point_type = {
     "OpenSSL/EC_POINT",
     {
-	0, ossl_ec_point_free,
+        0, ossl_ec_point_free,
     },
     0, 0, RUBY_TYPED_FREE_IMMEDIATELY | RUBY_TYPED_WB_PROTECTED,
 };
@@ -1194,7 +1193,7 @@ ec_point_new(const EC_POINT *point, const EC_GROUP *group)
     obj = ossl_ec_point_alloc(cEC_POINT);
     point_new = EC_POINT_dup(point, group);
     if (!point_new)
-	ossl_raise(eEC_POINT, "EC_POINT_dup");
+        ossl_raise(eEC_POINT, "EC_POINT_dup");
     RTYPEDDATA_DATA(obj) = point_new;
     rb_ivar_set(obj, id_i_group, ec_group_new(group));
 
@@ -1222,39 +1221,39 @@ static VALUE ossl_ec_point_initialize(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
 
     TypedData_Get_Struct(self, EC_POINT, &ossl_ec_point_type, point);
     if (point)
-	rb_raise(eEC_POINT, "EC_POINT already initialized");
+        rb_raise(eEC_POINT, "EC_POINT already initialized");
 
     rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "11", &group_v, &arg2);
     if (rb_obj_is_kind_of(group_v, cEC_POINT)) {
-	if (argc != 1)
-	    rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "invalid second argument");
-	return ossl_ec_point_initialize_copy(self, group_v);
+        if (argc != 1)
+            rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "invalid second argument");
+        return ossl_ec_point_initialize_copy(self, group_v);
     }
 
     GetECGroup(group_v, group);
     if (argc == 1) {
-	point = EC_POINT_new(group);
-	if (!point)
-	    ossl_raise(eEC_POINT, "EC_POINT_new");
+        point = EC_POINT_new(group);
+        if (!point)
+            ossl_raise(eEC_POINT, "EC_POINT_new");
     }
     else {
-	if (rb_obj_is_kind_of(arg2, cBN)) {
-	    point = EC_POINT_bn2point(group, GetBNPtr(arg2), NULL, ossl_bn_ctx);
-	    if (!point)
-		ossl_raise(eEC_POINT, "EC_POINT_bn2point");
-	}
-	else {
-	    StringValue(arg2);
-	    point = EC_POINT_new(group);
-	    if (!point)
-		ossl_raise(eEC_POINT, "EC_POINT_new");
-	    if (!EC_POINT_oct2point(group, point,
-				    (unsigned char *)RSTRING_PTR(arg2),
-				    RSTRING_LEN(arg2), ossl_bn_ctx)) {
-		EC_POINT_free(point);
-		ossl_raise(eEC_POINT, "EC_POINT_oct2point");
-	    }
-	}
+        if (rb_obj_is_kind_of(arg2, cBN)) {
+            point = EC_POINT_bn2point(group, GetBNPtr(arg2), NULL, ossl_bn_ctx);
+            if (!point)
+                ossl_raise(eEC_POINT, "EC_POINT_bn2point");
+        }
+        else {
+            StringValue(arg2);
+            point = EC_POINT_new(group);
+            if (!point)
+                ossl_raise(eEC_POINT, "EC_POINT_new");
+            if (!EC_POINT_oct2point(group, point,
+                                    (unsigned char *)RSTRING_PTR(arg2),
+                                    RSTRING_LEN(arg2), ossl_bn_ctx)) {
+                EC_POINT_free(point);
+                ossl_raise(eEC_POINT, "EC_POINT_oct2point");
+            }
+        }
     }
 
     RTYPEDDATA_DATA(self) = point;
@@ -1273,7 +1272,7 @@ ossl_ec_point_initialize_copy(VALUE self, VALUE other)
 
     TypedData_Get_Struct(self, EC_POINT, &ossl_ec_point_type, point_new);
     if (point_new)
-	ossl_raise(eEC_POINT, "EC::Point already initialized");
+        ossl_raise(eEC_POINT, "EC::Point already initialized");
     GetECPoint(other, point);
 
     group_v = rb_obj_dup(rb_attr_get(other, id_i_group));
@@ -1281,7 +1280,7 @@ ossl_ec_point_initialize_copy(VALUE self, VALUE other)
 
     point_new = EC_POINT_dup(point, group);
     if (!point_new)
-	ossl_raise(eEC_POINT, "EC_POINT_dup");
+        ossl_raise(eEC_POINT, "EC_POINT_dup");
     RTYPEDDATA_DATA(self) = point_new;
     rb_ivar_set(self, id_i_group, group_v);
 
@@ -1308,9 +1307,9 @@ static VALUE ossl_ec_point_eql(VALUE a, VALUE b)
     GetECGroup(group_v1, group);
 
     switch (EC_POINT_cmp(group, point1, point2, ossl_bn_ctx)) {
-    case 0: return Qtrue;
-    case 1: return Qfalse;
-    default: ossl_raise(eEC_POINT, "EC_POINT_cmp");
+      case 0: return Qtrue;
+      case 1: return Qfalse;
+      default: ossl_raise(eEC_POINT, "EC_POINT_cmp");
     }
 
     UNREACHABLE;
@@ -1329,9 +1328,9 @@ static VALUE ossl_ec_point_is_at_infinity(VALUE self)
     GetECPointGroup(self, group);
 
     switch (EC_POINT_is_at_infinity(group, point)) {
-    case 1: return Qtrue;
-    case 0: return Qfalse;
-    default: ossl_raise(eEC_POINT, "EC_POINT_is_at_infinity");
+      case 1: return Qtrue;
+      case 0: return Qfalse;
+      default: ossl_raise(eEC_POINT, "EC_POINT_is_at_infinity");
     }
 
     UNREACHABLE;
@@ -1350,9 +1349,9 @@ static VALUE ossl_ec_point_is_on_curve(VALUE self)
     GetECPointGroup(self, group);
 
     switch (EC_POINT_is_on_curve(group, point, ossl_bn_ctx)) {
-    case 1: return Qtrue;
-    case 0: return Qfalse;
-    default: ossl_raise(eEC_POINT, "EC_POINT_is_on_curve");
+      case 1: return Qtrue;
+      case 0: return Qfalse;
+      default: ossl_raise(eEC_POINT, "EC_POINT_is_on_curve");
     }
 
     UNREACHABLE;
@@ -1373,7 +1372,7 @@ static VALUE ossl_ec_point_make_affine(VALUE self)
     GetECPointGroup(self, group);
 
     rb_warn("OpenSSL::PKey::EC::Point#make_affine! is deprecated");
-#if !OSSL_OPENSSL_PREREQ(3, 0, 0) && !defined(OPENSSL_IS_AWSLC)
+#if !defined(OSSL_HAVE_IMMUTABLE_PKEY) && !defined(OPENSSL_IS_AWSLC)
     if (EC_POINT_make_affine(group, point, ossl_bn_ctx) != 1)
         ossl_raise(eEC_POINT, "EC_POINT_make_affine");
 #endif
@@ -1444,12 +1443,12 @@ ossl_ec_point_to_octet_string(VALUE self, VALUE conversion_form)
 
     len = EC_POINT_point2oct(group, point, form, NULL, 0, ossl_bn_ctx);
     if (!len)
-	ossl_raise(eEC_POINT, "EC_POINT_point2oct");
+        ossl_raise(eEC_POINT, "EC_POINT_point2oct");
     str = rb_str_new(NULL, (long)len);
     if (!EC_POINT_point2oct(group, point, form,
-			    (unsigned char *)RSTRING_PTR(str), len,
-			    ossl_bn_ctx))
-	ossl_raise(eEC_POINT, "EC_POINT_point2oct");
+                            (unsigned char *)RSTRING_PTR(str), len,
+                            ossl_bn_ctx))
+        ossl_raise(eEC_POINT, "EC_POINT_point2oct");
     return str;
 }
 
@@ -1527,15 +1526,6 @@ static VALUE ossl_ec_point_mul(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
 void Init_ossl_ec(void)
 {
 #undef rb_intern
-#if 0
-    mPKey = rb_define_module_under(mOSSL, "PKey");
-    cPKey = rb_define_class_under(mPKey, "PKey", rb_cObject);
-    eOSSLError = rb_define_class_under(mOSSL, "OpenSSLError", rb_eStandardError);
-    ePKeyError = rb_define_class_under(mPKey, "PKeyError", eOSSLError);
-#endif
-
-    eECError = rb_define_class_under(mPKey, "ECError", ePKeyError);
-
     /*
      * Document-class: OpenSSL::PKey::EC
      *
@@ -1557,12 +1547,12 @@ void Init_ossl_ec(void)
     eEC_GROUP = rb_define_class_under(cEC_GROUP, "Error", eOSSLError);
     eEC_POINT = rb_define_class_under(cEC_POINT, "Error", eOSSLError);
 
-    s_GFp = rb_intern("GFp");
-    s_GF2m = rb_intern("GF2m");
+    sym_GFp = ID2SYM(rb_intern_const("GFp"));
+    sym_GF2m = ID2SYM(rb_intern_const("GF2m"));
 
-    ID_uncompressed = rb_intern("uncompressed");
-    ID_compressed = rb_intern("compressed");
-    ID_hybrid = rb_intern("hybrid");
+    sym_uncompressed = ID2SYM(rb_intern_const("uncompressed"));
+    sym_compressed = ID2SYM(rb_intern_const("compressed"));
+    sym_hybrid = ID2SYM(rb_intern_const("hybrid"));
 
     rb_define_const(cEC, "NAMED_CURVE", INT2NUM(OPENSSL_EC_NAMED_CURVE));
     rb_define_const(cEC, "EXPLICIT_CURVE", INT2NUM(OPENSSL_EC_EXPLICIT_CURVE));
diff --git a/ext/openssl/ossl_pkey_rsa.c b/ext/openssl/ossl_pkey_rsa.c
index 185b47cbfb..039b2c6a34 100644
--- a/ext/openssl/ossl_pkey_rsa.c
+++ b/ext/openssl/ossl_pkey_rsa.c
@@ -14,13 +14,15 @@
 #define GetPKeyRSA(obj, pkey) do { \
     GetPKey((obj), (pkey)); \
     if (EVP_PKEY_base_id(pkey) != EVP_PKEY_RSA) { /* PARANOIA? */ \
-	ossl_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "THIS IS NOT A RSA!") ; \
+        ossl_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "THIS IS NOT A RSA!") ; \
     } \
 } while (0)
 #define GetRSA(obj, rsa) do { \
     EVP_PKEY *_pkey; \
     GetPKeyRSA((obj), _pkey); \
     (rsa) = EVP_PKEY_get0_RSA(_pkey); \
+    if ((rsa) == NULL) \
+        ossl_raise(ePKeyError, "failed to get RSA from EVP_PKEY"); \
 } while (0)
 
 static inline int
@@ -42,7 +44,6 @@ RSA_PRIVATE(VALUE obj, OSSL_3_const RSA *rsa)
  * Classes
  */
 VALUE cRSA;
-static VALUE eRSAError;
 
 /*
  * Private
@@ -59,6 +60,7 @@ static VALUE eRSAError;
  * If called without arguments, creates a new instance with no key components
  * set. They can be set individually by #set_key, #set_factors, and
  * #set_crt_params.
+ * This form is not compatible with OpenSSL 3.0 or later.
  *
  * If called with a String, tries to parse as DER or PEM encoding of an \RSA key.
  * Note that if _password_ is not specified, but the key is encrypted with a
@@ -89,10 +91,15 @@ ossl_rsa_initialize(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
     /* The RSA.new(size, generator) form is handled by lib/openssl/pkey.rb */
     rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "02", &arg, &pass);
     if (argc == 0) {
-	rsa = RSA_new();
+#ifdef OSSL_HAVE_IMMUTABLE_PKEY
+        rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "OpenSSL::PKey::RSA.new cannot be called " \
+                 "without arguments; pkeys are immutable with OpenSSL 3.0");
+#else
+        rsa = RSA_new();
         if (!rsa)
-            ossl_raise(eRSAError, "RSA_new");
+            ossl_raise(ePKeyError, "RSA_new");
         goto legacy;
+#endif
     }
 
     pass = ossl_pem_passwd_value(pass);
@@ -113,12 +120,12 @@ ossl_rsa_initialize(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
     pkey = ossl_pkey_read_generic(in, pass);
     BIO_free(in);
     if (!pkey)
-        ossl_raise(eRSAError, "Neither PUB key nor PRIV key");
+        ossl_raise(ePKeyError, "Neither PUB key nor PRIV key");
 
     type = EVP_PKEY_base_id(pkey);
     if (type != EVP_PKEY_RSA) {
         EVP_PKEY_free(pkey);
-        rb_raise(eRSAError, "incorrect pkey type: %s", OBJ_nid2sn(type));
+        rb_raise(ePKeyError, "incorrect pkey type: %s", OBJ_nid2sn(type));
     }
     RTYPEDDATA_DATA(self) = pkey;
     return self;
@@ -129,7 +136,7 @@ ossl_rsa_initialize(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
     if (!pkey || EVP_PKEY_assign_RSA(pkey, rsa) != 1) {
         EVP_PKEY_free(pkey);
         RSA_free(rsa);
-        ossl_raise(eRSAError, "EVP_PKEY_assign_RSA");
+        ossl_raise(ePKeyError, "EVP_PKEY_assign_RSA");
     }
     RTYPEDDATA_DATA(self) = pkey;
     return self;
@@ -152,12 +159,12 @@ ossl_rsa_initialize_copy(VALUE self, VALUE other)
                               (d2i_of_void *)d2i_RSAPrivateKey,
                               (char *)rsa);
     if (!rsa_new)
-	ossl_raise(eRSAError, "ASN1_dup");
+        ossl_raise(ePKeyError, "ASN1_dup");
 
     pkey = EVP_PKEY_new();
     if (!pkey || EVP_PKEY_assign_RSA(pkey, rsa_new) != 1) {
         RSA_free(rsa_new);
-        ossl_raise(eRSAError, "EVP_PKEY_assign_RSA");
+        ossl_raise(ePKeyError, "EVP_PKEY_assign_RSA");
     }
     RTYPEDDATA_DATA(self) = pkey;
 
@@ -312,7 +319,7 @@ ossl_rsa_to_der(VALUE self)
  * Signs _data_ using the Probabilistic Signature Scheme (RSA-PSS) and returns
  * the calculated signature.
  *
- * RSAError will be raised if an error occurs.
+ * PKeyError will be raised if an error occurs.
  *
  * See #verify_pss for the verification operation.
  *
@@ -341,7 +348,7 @@ ossl_rsa_to_der(VALUE self)
 static VALUE
 ossl_rsa_sign_pss(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
 {
-    VALUE digest, data, options, kwargs[2], signature;
+    VALUE digest, data, options, kwargs[2], signature, mgf1md_holder, md_holder;
     static ID kwargs_ids[2];
     EVP_PKEY *pkey;
     EVP_PKEY_CTX *pkey_ctx;
@@ -351,46 +358,46 @@ ossl_rsa_sign_pss(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
     int salt_len;
 
     if (!kwargs_ids[0]) {
-	kwargs_ids[0] = rb_intern_const("salt_length");
-	kwargs_ids[1] = rb_intern_const("mgf1_hash");
+        kwargs_ids[0] = rb_intern_const("salt_length");
+        kwargs_ids[1] = rb_intern_const("mgf1_hash");
     }
     rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "2:", &digest, &data, &options);
     rb_get_kwargs(options, kwargs_ids, 2, 0, kwargs);
     if (kwargs[0] == ID2SYM(rb_intern("max")))
-	salt_len = -2; /* RSA_PSS_SALTLEN_MAX_SIGN */
+        salt_len = -2; /* RSA_PSS_SALTLEN_MAX_SIGN */
     else if (kwargs[0] == ID2SYM(rb_intern("digest")))
-	salt_len = -1; /* RSA_PSS_SALTLEN_DIGEST */
+        salt_len = -1; /* RSA_PSS_SALTLEN_DIGEST */
     else
-	salt_len = NUM2INT(kwargs[0]);
-    mgf1md = ossl_evp_get_digestbyname(kwargs[1]);
+        salt_len = NUM2INT(kwargs[0]);
+    mgf1md = ossl_evp_md_fetch(kwargs[1], &mgf1md_holder);
 
     pkey = GetPrivPKeyPtr(self);
     buf_len = EVP_PKEY_size(pkey);
-    md = ossl_evp_get_digestbyname(digest);
+    md = ossl_evp_md_fetch(digest, &md_holder);
     StringValue(data);
     signature = rb_str_new(NULL, (long)buf_len);
 
     md_ctx = EVP_MD_CTX_new();
     if (!md_ctx)
-	goto err;
+        goto err;
 
     if (EVP_DigestSignInit(md_ctx, &pkey_ctx, md, NULL, pkey) != 1)
-	goto err;
+        goto err;
 
     if (EVP_PKEY_CTX_set_rsa_padding(pkey_ctx, RSA_PKCS1_PSS_PADDING) != 1)
-	goto err;
+        goto err;
 
     if (EVP_PKEY_CTX_set_rsa_pss_saltlen(pkey_ctx, salt_len) != 1)
-	goto err;
+        goto err;
 
     if (EVP_PKEY_CTX_set_rsa_mgf1_md(pkey_ctx, mgf1md) != 1)
-	goto err;
+        goto err;
 
     if (EVP_DigestSignUpdate(md_ctx, RSTRING_PTR(data), RSTRING_LEN(data)) != 1)
-	goto err;
+        goto err;
 
     if (EVP_DigestSignFinal(md_ctx, (unsigned char *)RSTRING_PTR(signature), &buf_len) != 1)
-	goto err;
+        goto err;
 
     rb_str_set_len(signature, (long)buf_len);
 
@@ -399,7 +406,7 @@ ossl_rsa_sign_pss(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
 
   err:
     EVP_MD_CTX_free(md_ctx);
-    ossl_raise(eRSAError, NULL);
+    ossl_raise(ePKeyError, NULL);
 }
 
 /*
@@ -409,7 +416,7 @@ ossl_rsa_sign_pss(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
  * Verifies _data_ using the Probabilistic Signature Scheme (RSA-PSS).
  *
  * The return value is +true+ if the signature is valid, +false+ otherwise.
- * RSAError will be raised if an error occurs.
+ * PKeyError will be raised if an error occurs.
  *
  * See #sign_pss for the signing operation and an example code.
  *
@@ -428,7 +435,7 @@ ossl_rsa_sign_pss(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
 static VALUE
 ossl_rsa_verify_pss(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
 {
-    VALUE digest, signature, data, options, kwargs[2];
+    VALUE digest, signature, data, options, kwargs[2], mgf1md_holder, md_holder;
     static ID kwargs_ids[2];
     EVP_PKEY *pkey;
     EVP_PKEY_CTX *pkey_ctx;
@@ -437,62 +444,61 @@ ossl_rsa_verify_pss(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
     int result, salt_len;
 
     if (!kwargs_ids[0]) {
-	kwargs_ids[0] = rb_intern_const("salt_length");
-	kwargs_ids[1] = rb_intern_const("mgf1_hash");
+        kwargs_ids[0] = rb_intern_const("salt_length");
+        kwargs_ids[1] = rb_intern_const("mgf1_hash");
     }
     rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "3:", &digest, &signature, &data, &options);
     rb_get_kwargs(options, kwargs_ids, 2, 0, kwargs);
     if (kwargs[0] == ID2SYM(rb_intern("auto")))
-	salt_len = -2; /* RSA_PSS_SALTLEN_AUTO */
+        salt_len = -2; /* RSA_PSS_SALTLEN_AUTO */
     else if (kwargs[0] == ID2SYM(rb_intern("digest")))
-	salt_len = -1; /* RSA_PSS_SALTLEN_DIGEST */
+        salt_len = -1; /* RSA_PSS_SALTLEN_DIGEST */
     else
-	salt_len = NUM2INT(kwargs[0]);
-    mgf1md = ossl_evp_get_digestbyname(kwargs[1]);
+        salt_len = NUM2INT(kwargs[0]);
+    mgf1md = ossl_evp_md_fetch(kwargs[1], &mgf1md_holder);
 
     GetPKey(self, pkey);
-    md = ossl_evp_get_digestbyname(digest);
+    md = ossl_evp_md_fetch(digest, &md_holder);
     StringValue(signature);
     StringValue(data);
 
     md_ctx = EVP_MD_CTX_new();
     if (!md_ctx)
-	goto err;
+        goto err;
 
     if (EVP_DigestVerifyInit(md_ctx, &pkey_ctx, md, NULL, pkey) != 1)
-	goto err;
+        goto err;
 
     if (EVP_PKEY_CTX_set_rsa_padding(pkey_ctx, RSA_PKCS1_PSS_PADDING) != 1)
-	goto err;
+        goto err;
 
     if (EVP_PKEY_CTX_set_rsa_pss_saltlen(pkey_ctx, salt_len) != 1)
-	goto err;
+        goto err;
 
     if (EVP_PKEY_CTX_set_rsa_mgf1_md(pkey_ctx, mgf1md) != 1)
-	goto err;
+        goto err;
 
     if (EVP_DigestVerifyUpdate(md_ctx, RSTRING_PTR(data), RSTRING_LEN(data)) != 1)
-	goto err;
+        goto err;
 
     result = EVP_DigestVerifyFinal(md_ctx,
-				   (unsigned char *)RSTRING_PTR(signature),
-				   RSTRING_LEN(signature));
+                                   (unsigned char *)RSTRING_PTR(signature),
+                                   RSTRING_LEN(signature));
+    EVP_MD_CTX_free(md_ctx);
 
     switch (result) {
       case 0:
-	ossl_clear_error();
-	EVP_MD_CTX_free(md_ctx);
-	return Qfalse;
+        ossl_clear_error();
+        return Qfalse;
       case 1:
-	EVP_MD_CTX_free(md_ctx);
-	return Qtrue;
+        return Qtrue;
       default:
-	goto err;
+        ossl_raise(ePKeyError, "EVP_DigestVerifyFinal");
     }
 
   err:
     EVP_MD_CTX_free(md_ctx);
-    ossl_raise(eRSAError, NULL);
+    ossl_raise(ePKeyError, NULL);
 }
 
 /*
@@ -530,20 +536,6 @@ OSSL_PKEY_BN_DEF3(rsa, RSA, crt_params, dmp1, dmq1, iqmp)
 void
 Init_ossl_rsa(void)
 {
-#if 0
-    mPKey = rb_define_module_under(mOSSL, "PKey");
-    cPKey = rb_define_class_under(mPKey, "PKey", rb_cObject);
-    ePKeyError = rb_define_class_under(mPKey, "PKeyError", eOSSLError);
-#endif
-
-    /* Document-class: OpenSSL::PKey::RSAError
-     *
-     * Generic exception that is raised if an operation on an RSA PKey
-     * fails unexpectedly or in case an instantiation of an instance of RSA
-     * fails due to non-conformant input data.
-     */
-    eRSAError = rb_define_class_under(mPKey, "RSAError", ePKeyError);
-
     /* Document-class: OpenSSL::PKey::RSA
      *
      * RSA is an asymmetric public key algorithm that has been formalized in
diff --git a/ext/openssl/ossl_provider.c b/ext/openssl/ossl_provider.c
index d1f6c5d427..ea5abb8e48 100644
--- a/ext/openssl/ossl_provider.c
+++ b/ext/openssl/ossl_provider.c
@@ -5,8 +5,6 @@
 #include "ossl.h"
 
 #ifdef OSSL_USE_PROVIDER
-# include <openssl/provider.h>
-
 #define NewProvider(klass) \
     TypedData_Wrap_Struct((klass), &ossl_provider_type, 0)
 #define SetProvider(obj, provider) do { \
@@ -187,11 +185,6 @@ ossl_provider_inspect(VALUE self)
 void
 Init_ossl_provider(void)
 {
-#if 0
-    mOSSL = rb_define_module("OpenSSL");
-    eOSSLError = rb_define_class_under(mOSSL, "OpenSSLError", rb_eStandardError);
-#endif
-
     cProvider = rb_define_class_under(mOSSL, "Provider", rb_cObject);
     eProviderError = rb_define_class_under(cProvider, "ProviderError", eOSSLError);
 
diff --git a/ext/openssl/ossl_rand.c b/ext/openssl/ossl_rand.c
index 764900dfc6..753f8b25f7 100644
--- a/ext/openssl/ossl_rand.c
+++ b/ext/openssl/ossl_rand.c
@@ -68,7 +68,7 @@ static VALUE
 ossl_rand_load_file(VALUE self, VALUE filename)
 {
     if(!RAND_load_file(StringValueCStr(filename), -1)) {
-	ossl_raise(eRandomError, NULL);
+        ossl_raise(eRandomError, NULL);
     }
     return Qtrue;
 }
@@ -85,14 +85,14 @@ static VALUE
 ossl_rand_write_file(VALUE self, VALUE filename)
 {
     if (RAND_write_file(StringValueCStr(filename)) == -1) {
-	ossl_raise(eRandomError, NULL);
+        ossl_raise(eRandomError, NULL);
     }
     return Qtrue;
 }
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *	random_bytes(length) -> string
+ *      random_bytes(length) -> string
  *
  * Generates a String with _length_ number of cryptographically strong
  * pseudo-random bytes.
@@ -112,9 +112,9 @@ ossl_rand_bytes(VALUE self, VALUE len)
     str = rb_str_new(0, n);
     ret = RAND_bytes((unsigned char *)RSTRING_PTR(str), n);
     if (ret == 0) {
-	ossl_raise(eRandomError, "RAND_bytes");
+        ossl_raise(eRandomError, "RAND_bytes");
     } else if (ret == -1) {
-	ossl_raise(eRandomError, "RAND_bytes is not supported");
+        ossl_raise(eRandomError, "RAND_bytes is not supported");
     }
 
     return str;
@@ -131,7 +131,7 @@ static VALUE
 ossl_rand_egd(VALUE self, VALUE filename)
 {
     if (RAND_egd(StringValueCStr(filename)) == -1) {
-	ossl_raise(eRandomError, NULL);
+        ossl_raise(eRandomError, NULL);
     }
     return Qtrue;
 }
@@ -151,7 +151,7 @@ ossl_rand_egd_bytes(VALUE self, VALUE filename, VALUE len)
     int n = NUM2INT(len);
 
     if (RAND_egd_bytes(StringValueCStr(filename), n) == -1) {
-	ossl_raise(eRandomError, NULL);
+        ossl_raise(eRandomError, NULL);
     }
     return Qtrue;
 }
@@ -175,11 +175,6 @@ ossl_rand_status(VALUE self)
 void
 Init_ossl_rand(void)
 {
-#if 0
-    mOSSL = rb_define_module("OpenSSL");
-    eOSSLError = rb_define_class_under(mOSSL, "OpenSSLError", rb_eStandardError);
-#endif
-
     mRandom = rb_define_module_under(mOSSL, "Random");
 
     eRandomError = rb_define_class_under(mRandom, "RandomError", eOSSLError);
diff --git a/ext/openssl/ossl_ssl.c b/ext/openssl/ossl_ssl.c
index d18eb39d3d..630d46e43f 100644
--- a/ext/openssl/ossl_ssl.c
+++ b/ext/openssl/ossl_ssl.c
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@
 #endif
 
 #define GetSSLCTX(obj, ctx) do { \
-	TypedData_Get_Struct((obj), SSL_CTX, &ossl_sslctx_type, (ctx));	\
+    TypedData_Get_Struct((obj), SSL_CTX, &ossl_sslctx_type, (ctx)); \
 } while (0)
 
 VALUE mSSL;
@@ -36,18 +36,17 @@ VALUE cSSLSocket;
 static VALUE eSSLErrorWaitReadable;
 static VALUE eSSLErrorWaitWritable;
 
-static ID id_call, ID_callback_state, id_tmp_dh_callback,
-	  id_npn_protocols_encoded, id_each;
+static ID id_call, ID_callback_state, id_npn_protocols_encoded, id_each;
 static VALUE sym_exception, sym_wait_readable, sym_wait_writable;
 
 static ID id_i_cert_store, id_i_ca_file, id_i_ca_path, id_i_verify_mode,
-	  id_i_verify_depth, id_i_verify_callback, id_i_client_ca,
-	  id_i_renegotiation_cb, id_i_cert, id_i_key, id_i_extra_chain_cert,
-	  id_i_client_cert_cb, id_i_timeout,
-	  id_i_session_id_context, id_i_session_get_cb, id_i_session_new_cb,
-	  id_i_session_remove_cb, id_i_npn_select_cb, id_i_npn_protocols,
-	  id_i_alpn_select_cb, id_i_alpn_protocols, id_i_servername_cb,
-	  id_i_verify_hostname, id_i_keylog_cb;
+          id_i_verify_depth, id_i_verify_callback, id_i_client_ca,
+          id_i_renegotiation_cb, id_i_cert, id_i_key, id_i_extra_chain_cert,
+          id_i_client_cert_cb, id_i_timeout,
+          id_i_session_id_context, id_i_session_get_cb, id_i_session_new_cb,
+          id_i_session_remove_cb, id_i_npn_select_cb, id_i_npn_protocols,
+          id_i_alpn_select_cb, id_i_alpn_protocols, id_i_servername_cb,
+          id_i_verify_hostname, id_i_keylog_cb, id_i_tmp_dh_callback;
 static ID id_i_io, id_i_context, id_i_hostname;
 
 static int ossl_ssl_ex_ptr_idx;
@@ -79,9 +78,9 @@ ossl_sslctx_s_alloc(VALUE klass)
 {
     SSL_CTX *ctx;
     long mode = 0 |
-	SSL_MODE_ENABLE_PARTIAL_WRITE |
-	SSL_MODE_ACCEPT_MOVING_WRITE_BUFFER |
-	SSL_MODE_RELEASE_BUFFERS;
+        SSL_MODE_ENABLE_PARTIAL_WRITE |
+        SSL_MODE_ACCEPT_MOVING_WRITE_BUFFER |
+        SSL_MODE_RELEASE_BUFFERS;
     VALUE obj;
 
     obj = TypedData_Wrap_Struct(klass, &ossl_sslctx_type, 0);
@@ -90,6 +89,7 @@ ossl_sslctx_s_alloc(VALUE klass)
         ossl_raise(eSSLError, "SSL_CTX_new");
     }
     SSL_CTX_set_mode(ctx, mode);
+    SSL_CTX_set_dh_auto(ctx, 1);
     RTYPEDDATA_DATA(obj) = ctx;
     SSL_CTX_set_ex_data(ctx, ossl_sslctx_ex_ptr_idx, (void *)obj);
 
@@ -104,7 +104,7 @@ ossl_call_client_cert_cb(VALUE obj)
     ctx_obj = rb_attr_get(obj, id_i_context);
     cb = rb_attr_get(ctx_obj, id_i_client_cert_cb);
     if (NIL_P(cb))
-	return Qnil;
+        return Qnil;
 
     ary = rb_funcallv(cb, id_call, 1, &obj);
     Check_Type(ary, T_ARRAY);
@@ -122,7 +122,7 @@ ossl_client_cert_cb(SSL *ssl, X509 **x509, EVP_PKEY **pkey)
     obj = (VALUE)SSL_get_ex_data(ssl, ossl_ssl_ex_ptr_idx);
     ret = rb_protect(ossl_call_client_cert_cb, obj, NULL);
     if (NIL_P(ret))
-	return 0;
+        return 0;
 
     *x509 = DupX509CertPtr(RARRAY_AREF(ret, 0));
     *pkey = DupPKeyPtr(RARRAY_AREF(ret, 1));
@@ -133,8 +133,6 @@ ossl_client_cert_cb(SSL *ssl, X509 **x509, EVP_PKEY **pkey)
 #if !defined(OPENSSL_NO_DH)
 struct tmp_dh_callback_args {
     VALUE ssl_obj;
-    ID id;
-    int type;
     int is_export;
     int keylength;
 };
@@ -143,48 +141,36 @@ static VALUE
 ossl_call_tmp_dh_callback(VALUE arg)
 {
     struct tmp_dh_callback_args *args = (struct tmp_dh_callback_args *)arg;
-    VALUE cb, dh;
-    EVP_PKEY *pkey;
+    VALUE ctx_obj, cb, obj;
+    const DH *dh;
 
-    cb = rb_funcall(args->ssl_obj, args->id, 0);
+    ctx_obj = rb_attr_get(args->ssl_obj, id_i_context);
+    cb = rb_attr_get(ctx_obj, id_i_tmp_dh_callback);
     if (NIL_P(cb))
-	return (VALUE)NULL;
-    dh = rb_funcall(cb, id_call, 3, args->ssl_obj, INT2NUM(args->is_export),
-		    INT2NUM(args->keylength));
-    pkey = GetPKeyPtr(dh);
-    if (EVP_PKEY_base_id(pkey) != args->type)
-	return (VALUE)NULL;
+        return (VALUE)NULL;
 
-    return (VALUE)pkey;
+    obj = rb_funcall(cb, id_call, 3, args->ssl_obj, INT2NUM(args->is_export),
+                     INT2NUM(args->keylength));
+    // TODO: We should riase if obj is not DH
+    dh = EVP_PKEY_get0_DH(GetPKeyPtr(obj));
+    if (!dh)
+        ossl_clear_error();
+
+    return (VALUE)dh;
 }
-#endif
 
-#if !defined(OPENSSL_NO_DH)
 static DH *
 ossl_tmp_dh_callback(SSL *ssl, int is_export, int keylength)
 {
-    VALUE rb_ssl;
-    EVP_PKEY *pkey;
-    struct tmp_dh_callback_args args;
     int state;
-
-    rb_ssl = (VALUE)SSL_get_ex_data(ssl, ossl_ssl_ex_ptr_idx);
-    args.ssl_obj = rb_ssl;
-    args.id = id_tmp_dh_callback;
-    args.is_export = is_export;
-    args.keylength = keylength;
-    args.type = EVP_PKEY_DH;
-
-    pkey = (EVP_PKEY *)rb_protect(ossl_call_tmp_dh_callback,
-				  (VALUE)&args, &state);
+    VALUE rb_ssl = (VALUE)SSL_get_ex_data(ssl, ossl_ssl_ex_ptr_idx);
+    struct tmp_dh_callback_args args = {rb_ssl, is_export, keylength};
+    VALUE ret = rb_protect(ossl_call_tmp_dh_callback, (VALUE)&args, &state);
     if (state) {
-	rb_ivar_set(rb_ssl, ID_callback_state, INT2NUM(state));
-	return NULL;
+        rb_ivar_set(rb_ssl, ID_callback_state, INT2NUM(state));
+        return NULL;
     }
-    if (!pkey)
-	return NULL;
-
-    return (DH *)EVP_PKEY_get0_DH(pkey);
+    return (DH *)ret;
 }
 #endif /* OPENSSL_NO_DH */
 
@@ -200,13 +186,13 @@ call_verify_certificate_identity(VALUE ctx_v)
     hostname = rb_attr_get(ssl_obj, id_i_hostname);
 
     if (!RTEST(hostname)) {
-	rb_warning("verify_hostname requires hostname to be set");
-	return Qtrue;
+        rb_warning("verify_hostname requires hostname to be set");
+        return Qtrue;
     }
 
     cert_obj = ossl_x509_new(X509_STORE_CTX_get_current_cert(ctx));
     return rb_funcall(mSSL, rb_intern("verify_certificate_identity"), 2,
-		      cert_obj, hostname);
+                      cert_obj, hostname);
 }
 
 static int
@@ -223,12 +209,12 @@ ossl_ssl_verify_callback(int preverify_ok, X509_STORE_CTX *ctx)
     verify_hostname = rb_attr_get(sslctx_obj, id_i_verify_hostname);
 
     if (preverify_ok && RTEST(verify_hostname) && !SSL_is_server(ssl) &&
-	!X509_STORE_CTX_get_error_depth(ctx)) {
-	ret = rb_protect(call_verify_certificate_identity, (VALUE)ctx, &status);
-	if (status) {
-	    rb_ivar_set(ssl_obj, ID_callback_state, INT2NUM(status));
-	    return 0;
-	}
+        !X509_STORE_CTX_get_error_depth(ctx)) {
+        ret = rb_protect(call_verify_certificate_identity, (VALUE)ctx, &status);
+        if (status) {
+            rb_ivar_set(ssl_obj, ID_callback_state, INT2NUM(status));
+            return 0;
+        }
         if (ret != Qtrue) {
             preverify_ok = 0;
             X509_STORE_CTX_set_error(ctx, X509_V_ERR_HOSTNAME_MISMATCH);
@@ -399,7 +385,7 @@ ossl_sslctx_session_remove_cb(SSL_CTX *ctx, SSL_SESSION *sess)
      * when SSL_CTX_free() is called.
      */
     if (rb_during_gc())
-	return;
+        return;
 
     OSSL_Debug("SSL SESSION remove callback entered");
 
@@ -462,8 +448,8 @@ ossl_call_servername_cb(VALUE arg)
             ossl_raise(eSSLError, "SSL_set_SSL_CTX");
         rb_ivar_set(ssl_obj, id_i_context, ret_obj);
     } else if (!NIL_P(ret_obj)) {
-	ossl_raise(rb_eArgError, "servername_cb must return an "
-		   "OpenSSL::SSL::SSLContext object or nil");
+        ossl_raise(rb_eArgError, "servername_cb must return an "
+                   "OpenSSL::SSL::SSLContext object or nil");
     }
 
     return Qnil;
@@ -503,7 +489,7 @@ ssl_npn_encode_protocol_i(RB_BLOCK_CALL_FUNC_ARGLIST(cur, encoded))
     int len = RSTRING_LENINT(cur);
     char len_byte;
     if (len < 1 || len > 255)
-	ossl_raise(eSSLError, "Advertised protocol must have length 1..255");
+        ossl_raise(eSSLError, "Advertised protocol must have length 1..255");
     /* Encode the length byte */
     len_byte = len;
     rb_str_buf_cat(encoded, &len_byte, 1);
@@ -537,16 +523,16 @@ npn_select_cb_common_i(VALUE tmp)
     /* assume OpenSSL verifies this format */
     /* The format is len_1|proto_1|...|len_n|proto_n */
     while (in < in_end) {
-	l = *in++;
-	rb_ary_push(protocols, rb_str_new((const char *)in, l));
-	in += l;
+        l = *in++;
+        rb_ary_push(protocols, rb_str_new((const char *)in, l));
+        in += l;
     }
 
     selected = rb_funcallv(args->cb, id_call, 1, &protocols);
     StringValue(selected);
     len = RSTRING_LEN(selected);
     if (len < 1 || len >= 256) {
-	ossl_raise(eSSLError, "Selected protocol name must have length 1..255");
+        ossl_raise(eSSLError, "Selected protocol name must have length 1..255");
     }
 
     return selected;
@@ -554,8 +540,8 @@ npn_select_cb_common_i(VALUE tmp)
 
 static int
 ssl_npn_select_cb_common(SSL *ssl, VALUE cb, const unsigned char **out,
-			 unsigned char *outlen, const unsigned char *in,
-			 unsigned int inlen)
+                         unsigned char *outlen, const unsigned char *in,
+                         unsigned int inlen)
 {
     VALUE selected;
     int status;
@@ -567,10 +553,10 @@ ssl_npn_select_cb_common(SSL *ssl, VALUE cb, const unsigned char **out,
 
     selected = rb_protect(npn_select_cb_common_i, (VALUE)&args, &status);
     if (status) {
-	VALUE ssl_obj = (VALUE)SSL_get_ex_data(ssl, ossl_ssl_ex_ptr_idx);
+        VALUE ssl_obj = (VALUE)SSL_get_ex_data(ssl, ossl_ssl_ex_ptr_idx);
 
-	rb_ivar_set(ssl_obj, ID_callback_state, INT2NUM(status));
-	return SSL_TLSEXT_ERR_ALERT_FATAL;
+        rb_ivar_set(ssl_obj, ID_callback_state, INT2NUM(status));
+        return SSL_TLSEXT_ERR_ALERT_FATAL;
     }
 
     *out = (unsigned char *)RSTRING_PTR(selected);
@@ -582,7 +568,7 @@ ssl_npn_select_cb_common(SSL *ssl, VALUE cb, const unsigned char **out,
 #ifdef OSSL_USE_NEXTPROTONEG
 static int
 ssl_npn_advertise_cb(SSL *ssl, const unsigned char **out, unsigned int *outlen,
-		     void *arg)
+                     void *arg)
 {
     VALUE protocols = rb_attr_get((VALUE)arg, id_npn_protocols_encoded);
 
@@ -594,7 +580,7 @@ ssl_npn_advertise_cb(SSL *ssl, const unsigned char **out, unsigned int *outlen,
 
 static int
 ssl_npn_select_cb(SSL *ssl, unsigned char **out, unsigned char *outlen,
-		  const unsigned char *in, unsigned int inlen, void *arg)
+                  const unsigned char *in, unsigned int inlen, void *arg)
 {
     VALUE sslctx_obj, cb;
 
@@ -602,13 +588,13 @@ ssl_npn_select_cb(SSL *ssl, unsigned char **out, unsigned char *outlen,
     cb = rb_attr_get(sslctx_obj, id_i_npn_select_cb);
 
     return ssl_npn_select_cb_common(ssl, cb, (const unsigned char **)out,
-				    outlen, in, inlen);
+                                    outlen, in, inlen);
 }
 #endif
 
 static int
 ssl_alpn_select_cb(SSL *ssl, const unsigned char **out, unsigned char *outlen,
-		   const unsigned char *in, unsigned int inlen, void *arg)
+                   const unsigned char *in, unsigned int inlen, void *arg)
 {
     VALUE sslctx_obj, cb;
 
@@ -625,7 +611,7 @@ ssl_info_cb(const SSL *ssl, int where, int val)
     int is_server = SSL_is_server((SSL *)ssl);
 
     if (is_server && where & SSL_CB_HANDSHAKE_START) {
-	ssl_renegotiation_cb(ssl);
+        ssl_renegotiation_cb(ssl);
     }
 }
 
@@ -671,9 +657,9 @@ ossl_sslctx_set_options(VALUE self, VALUE options)
     SSL_CTX_clear_options(ctx, SSL_CTX_get_options(ctx));
 
     if (NIL_P(options)) {
-	SSL_CTX_set_options(ctx, SSL_OP_ALL);
+        SSL_CTX_set_options(ctx, SSL_OP_ALL);
     } else {
-	SSL_CTX_set_options(ctx, NUM2ULONG(options));
+        SSL_CTX_set_options(ctx, NUM2ULONG(options));
     }
 
     return self;
@@ -703,7 +689,10 @@ ossl_sslctx_setup(VALUE self)
     GetSSLCTX(self, ctx);
 
 #if !defined(OPENSSL_NO_DH)
-    SSL_CTX_set_tmp_dh_callback(ctx, ossl_tmp_dh_callback);
+    if (!NIL_P(rb_attr_get(self, id_i_tmp_dh_callback))) {
+        SSL_CTX_set_tmp_dh_callback(ctx, ossl_tmp_dh_callback);
+        SSL_CTX_set_dh_auto(ctx, 0);
+    }
 #endif
 
 #if !defined(OPENSSL_IS_AWSLC) /* AWS-LC has no support for TLS 1.3 PHA. */
@@ -712,14 +701,14 @@ ossl_sslctx_setup(VALUE self)
 
     val = rb_attr_get(self, id_i_cert_store);
     if (!NIL_P(val)) {
-	X509_STORE *store = GetX509StorePtr(val); /* NO NEED TO DUP */
-	SSL_CTX_set_cert_store(ctx, store);
-	X509_STORE_up_ref(store);
+        X509_STORE *store = GetX509StorePtr(val); /* NO NEED TO DUP */
+        SSL_CTX_set_cert_store(ctx, store);
+        X509_STORE_up_ref(store);
     }
 
     val = rb_attr_get(self, id_i_extra_chain_cert);
     if(!NIL_P(val)){
-	rb_block_call(val, rb_intern("each"), 0, 0, ossl_sslctx_add_extra_chain_cert_i, self);
+        rb_block_call(val, rb_intern("each"), 0, 0, ossl_sslctx_add_extra_chain_cert_i, self);
     }
 
     /* private key may be bundled in certificate file. */
@@ -743,22 +732,22 @@ ossl_sslctx_setup(VALUE self)
 
     val = rb_attr_get(self, id_i_client_ca);
     if(!NIL_P(val)){
-	if (RB_TYPE_P(val, T_ARRAY)) {
-	    for(i = 0; i < RARRAY_LEN(val); i++){
-		client_ca = GetX509CertPtr(RARRAY_AREF(val, i));
-        	if (!SSL_CTX_add_client_CA(ctx, client_ca)){
-		    /* Copies X509_NAME => FREE it. */
-        	    ossl_raise(eSSLError, "SSL_CTX_add_client_CA");
-        	}
-	    }
+        if (RB_TYPE_P(val, T_ARRAY)) {
+            for(i = 0; i < RARRAY_LEN(val); i++){
+                client_ca = GetX509CertPtr(RARRAY_AREF(val, i));
+                if (!SSL_CTX_add_client_CA(ctx, client_ca)){
+                    /* Copies X509_NAME => FREE it. */
+                    ossl_raise(eSSLError, "SSL_CTX_add_client_CA");
+                }
+            }
         }
-	else{
-	    client_ca = GetX509CertPtr(val); /* NO DUP NEEDED. */
+        else{
+            client_ca = GetX509CertPtr(val); /* NO DUP NEEDED. */
             if (!SSL_CTX_add_client_CA(ctx, client_ca)){
-		/* Copies X509_NAME => FREE it. */
-        	ossl_raise(eSSLError, "SSL_CTX_add_client_CA");
+                /* Copies X509_NAME => FREE it. */
+                ossl_raise(eSSLError, "SSL_CTX_add_client_CA");
             }
-	}
+        }
     }
 
     val = rb_attr_get(self, id_i_ca_file);
@@ -781,7 +770,7 @@ ossl_sslctx_setup(VALUE self)
     verify_mode = NIL_P(val) ? SSL_VERIFY_NONE : NUM2INT(val);
     SSL_CTX_set_verify(ctx, verify_mode, ossl_ssl_verify_callback);
     if (RTEST(rb_attr_get(self, id_i_client_cert_cb)))
-	SSL_CTX_set_client_cert_cb(ctx, ossl_client_cert_cb);
+        SSL_CTX_set_client_cert_cb(ctx, ossl_client_cert_cb);
 
     val = rb_attr_get(self, id_i_timeout);
     if(!NIL_P(val)) SSL_CTX_set_timeout(ctx, NUM2LONG(val));
@@ -792,60 +781,60 @@ ossl_sslctx_setup(VALUE self)
 #ifdef OSSL_USE_NEXTPROTONEG
     val = rb_attr_get(self, id_i_npn_protocols);
     if (!NIL_P(val)) {
-	VALUE encoded = ssl_encode_npn_protocols(val);
-	rb_ivar_set(self, id_npn_protocols_encoded, encoded);
-	SSL_CTX_set_next_protos_advertised_cb(ctx, ssl_npn_advertise_cb, (void *)self);
-	OSSL_Debug("SSL NPN advertise callback added");
+        VALUE encoded = ssl_encode_npn_protocols(val);
+        rb_ivar_set(self, id_npn_protocols_encoded, encoded);
+        SSL_CTX_set_next_protos_advertised_cb(ctx, ssl_npn_advertise_cb, (void *)self);
+        OSSL_Debug("SSL NPN advertise callback added");
     }
     if (RTEST(rb_attr_get(self, id_i_npn_select_cb))) {
-	SSL_CTX_set_next_proto_select_cb(ctx, ssl_npn_select_cb, (void *) self);
-	OSSL_Debug("SSL NPN select callback added");
+        SSL_CTX_set_next_proto_select_cb(ctx, ssl_npn_select_cb, (void *) self);
+        OSSL_Debug("SSL NPN select callback added");
     }
 #endif
 
     val = rb_attr_get(self, id_i_alpn_protocols);
     if (!NIL_P(val)) {
-	VALUE rprotos = ssl_encode_npn_protocols(val);
+        VALUE rprotos = ssl_encode_npn_protocols(val);
 
-	/* returns 0 on success */
-	if (SSL_CTX_set_alpn_protos(ctx, (unsigned char *)RSTRING_PTR(rprotos),
-				    RSTRING_LENINT(rprotos)))
-	    ossl_raise(eSSLError, "SSL_CTX_set_alpn_protos");
-	OSSL_Debug("SSL ALPN values added");
+        /* returns 0 on success */
+        if (SSL_CTX_set_alpn_protos(ctx, (unsigned char *)RSTRING_PTR(rprotos),
+                                    RSTRING_LENINT(rprotos)))
+            ossl_raise(eSSLError, "SSL_CTX_set_alpn_protos");
+        OSSL_Debug("SSL ALPN values added");
     }
     if (RTEST(rb_attr_get(self, id_i_alpn_select_cb))) {
-	SSL_CTX_set_alpn_select_cb(ctx, ssl_alpn_select_cb, (void *) self);
-	OSSL_Debug("SSL ALPN select callback added");
+        SSL_CTX_set_alpn_select_cb(ctx, ssl_alpn_select_cb, (void *) self);
+        OSSL_Debug("SSL ALPN select callback added");
     }
 
     rb_obj_freeze(self);
 
     val = rb_attr_get(self, id_i_session_id_context);
     if (!NIL_P(val)){
-	StringValue(val);
-	if (!SSL_CTX_set_session_id_context(ctx, (unsigned char *)RSTRING_PTR(val),
-					    RSTRING_LENINT(val))){
-	    ossl_raise(eSSLError, "SSL_CTX_set_session_id_context");
-	}
+        StringValue(val);
+        if (!SSL_CTX_set_session_id_context(ctx, (unsigned char *)RSTRING_PTR(val),
+                                            RSTRING_LENINT(val))){
+            ossl_raise(eSSLError, "SSL_CTX_set_session_id_context");
+        }
     }
 
     if (RTEST(rb_attr_get(self, id_i_session_get_cb))) {
-	SSL_CTX_sess_set_get_cb(ctx, ossl_sslctx_session_get_cb);
-	OSSL_Debug("SSL SESSION get callback added");
+        SSL_CTX_sess_set_get_cb(ctx, ossl_sslctx_session_get_cb);
+        OSSL_Debug("SSL SESSION get callback added");
     }
     if (RTEST(rb_attr_get(self, id_i_session_new_cb))) {
-	SSL_CTX_sess_set_new_cb(ctx, ossl_sslctx_session_new_cb);
-	OSSL_Debug("SSL SESSION new callback added");
+        SSL_CTX_sess_set_new_cb(ctx, ossl_sslctx_session_new_cb);
+        OSSL_Debug("SSL SESSION new callback added");
     }
     if (RTEST(rb_attr_get(self, id_i_session_remove_cb))) {
-	SSL_CTX_sess_set_remove_cb(ctx, ossl_sslctx_session_remove_cb);
-	OSSL_Debug("SSL SESSION remove callback added");
+        SSL_CTX_sess_set_remove_cb(ctx, ossl_sslctx_session_remove_cb);
+        OSSL_Debug("SSL SESSION remove callback added");
     }
 
     val = rb_attr_get(self, id_i_servername_cb);
     if (!NIL_P(val)) {
         SSL_CTX_set_tlsext_servername_callback(ctx, ssl_servername_cb);
-	OSSL_Debug("SSL TLSEXT servername callback added");
+        OSSL_Debug("SSL TLSEXT servername callback added");
     }
 
 #if !OSSL_IS_LIBRESSL
@@ -868,28 +857,28 @@ parse_proto_version(VALUE str)
 {
     int i;
     static const struct {
-	const char *name;
-	int version;
+        const char *name;
+        int version;
     } map[] = {
-	{ "SSL2", SSL2_VERSION },
-	{ "SSL3", SSL3_VERSION },
-	{ "TLS1", TLS1_VERSION },
-	{ "TLS1_1", TLS1_1_VERSION },
-	{ "TLS1_2", TLS1_2_VERSION },
-	{ "TLS1_3", TLS1_3_VERSION },
+        { "SSL2", SSL2_VERSION },
+        { "SSL3", SSL3_VERSION },
+        { "TLS1", TLS1_VERSION },
+        { "TLS1_1", TLS1_1_VERSION },
+        { "TLS1_2", TLS1_2_VERSION },
+        { "TLS1_3", TLS1_3_VERSION },
     };
 
     if (NIL_P(str))
-	return 0;
+        return 0;
     if (RB_INTEGER_TYPE_P(str))
-	return NUM2INT(str);
+        return NUM2INT(str);
 
     if (SYMBOL_P(str))
-	str = rb_sym2str(str);
+        str = rb_sym2str(str);
     StringValue(str);
     for (i = 0; i < numberof(map); i++)
-	if (!strncmp(map[i].name, RSTRING_PTR(str), RSTRING_LEN(str)))
-	    return map[i].version;
+        if (!strncmp(map[i].name, RSTRING_PTR(str), RSTRING_LEN(str)))
+            return map[i].version;
     rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "unrecognized version %+"PRIsVALUE, str);
 }
 
@@ -999,11 +988,10 @@ static VALUE
 build_cipher_string(VALUE v)
 {
     VALUE str, elem;
-    int i;
 
     if (RB_TYPE_P(v, T_ARRAY)) {
         str = rb_str_new(0, 0);
-        for (i = 0; i < RARRAY_LEN(v); i++) {
+        for (long i = 0; i < RARRAY_LEN(v); i++) {
             elem = rb_ary_entry(v, i);
             if (RB_TYPE_P(elem, T_ARRAY)) elem = rb_ary_entry(elem, 0);
             elem = rb_String(elem);
@@ -1024,9 +1012,14 @@ build_cipher_string(VALUE v)
  *    ctx.ciphers = [name, ...]
  *    ctx.ciphers = [[name, version, bits, alg_bits], ...]
  *
- * Sets the list of available cipher suites for this context.  Note in a server
- * context some ciphers require the appropriate certificates.  For example, an
- * RSA cipher suite can only be chosen when an RSA certificate is available.
+ * Sets the list of available cipher suites for TLS 1.2 and below for this
+ * context.
+ *
+ * Note in a server context some ciphers require the appropriate certificates.
+ * For example, an RSA cipher suite can only be chosen when an RSA certificate
+ * is available.
+ *
+ * This method does not affect TLS 1.3 connections. See also #ciphersuites=.
  */
 static VALUE
 ossl_sslctx_set_ciphers(VALUE self, VALUE v)
@@ -1035,6 +1028,7 @@ ossl_sslctx_set_ciphers(VALUE self, VALUE v)
     VALUE str;
 
     rb_check_frozen(self);
+    // Assigning nil is a no-op for compatibility
     if (NIL_P(v))
         return v;
 
@@ -1051,9 +1045,8 @@ ossl_sslctx_set_ciphers(VALUE self, VALUE v)
  * call-seq:
  *    ctx.ciphersuites = "cipher1:cipher2:..."
  *    ctx.ciphersuites = [name, ...]
- *    ctx.ciphersuites = [[name, version, bits, alg_bits], ...]
  *
- * Sets the list of available TLSv1.3 cipher suites for this context.
+ * Sets the list of available TLS 1.3 cipher suites for this context.
  */
 static VALUE
 ossl_sslctx_set_ciphersuites(VALUE self, VALUE v)
@@ -1062,6 +1055,7 @@ ossl_sslctx_set_ciphersuites(VALUE self, VALUE v)
     VALUE str;
 
     rb_check_frozen(self);
+    // Assigning nil is a no-op for compatibility
     if (NIL_P(v))
         return v;
 
@@ -1074,6 +1068,63 @@ ossl_sslctx_set_ciphersuites(VALUE self, VALUE v)
     return v;
 }
 
+#ifdef HAVE_SSL_CTX_SET1_SIGALGS_LIST
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *    ctx.sigalgs = "sigalg1:sigalg2:..."
+ *
+ * Sets the list of "supported signature algorithms" for this context.
+ *
+ * For a TLS client, the list is used in the "signature_algorithms" extension
+ * in the ClientHello message. For a server, the list is used by OpenSSL to
+ * determine the set of shared signature algorithms. OpenSSL will pick the most
+ * appropriate one from it.
+ *
+ * See also #client_sigalgs= for the client authentication equivalent.
+ */
+static VALUE
+ossl_sslctx_set_sigalgs(VALUE self, VALUE v)
+{
+    SSL_CTX *ctx;
+
+    rb_check_frozen(self);
+    GetSSLCTX(self, ctx);
+
+    if (!SSL_CTX_set1_sigalgs_list(ctx, StringValueCStr(v)))
+        ossl_raise(eSSLError, "SSL_CTX_set1_sigalgs_list");
+
+    return v;
+}
+#endif
+
+#ifdef HAVE_SSL_CTX_SET1_CLIENT_SIGALGS_LIST
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *    ctx.client_sigalgs = "sigalg1:sigalg2:..."
+ *
+ * Sets the list of "supported signature algorithms" for client authentication
+ * for this context.
+ *
+ * For a TLS server, the list is sent to the client as part of the
+ * CertificateRequest message.
+ *
+ * See also #sigalgs= for the server authentication equivalent.
+ */
+static VALUE
+ossl_sslctx_set_client_sigalgs(VALUE self, VALUE v)
+{
+    SSL_CTX *ctx;
+
+    rb_check_frozen(self);
+    GetSSLCTX(self, ctx);
+
+    if (!SSL_CTX_set1_client_sigalgs_list(ctx, StringValueCStr(v)))
+        ossl_raise(eSSLError, "SSL_CTX_set1_client_sigalgs_list");
+
+    return v;
+}
+#endif
+
 #ifndef OPENSSL_NO_DH
 /*
  * call-seq:
@@ -1086,7 +1137,7 @@ ossl_sslctx_set_ciphersuites(VALUE self, VALUE v)
  * contained in the key object, if any, are ignored. The server will always
  * generate a new key pair for each handshake.
  *
- * Added in version 3.0. See also the man page SSL_set0_tmp_dh_pkey(3).
+ * Added in version 3.0. See also the man page SSL_CTX_set0_tmp_dh_pkey(3).
  *
  * Example:
  *   ctx = OpenSSL::SSL::SSLContext.new
@@ -1107,7 +1158,7 @@ ossl_sslctx_set_tmp_dh(VALUE self, VALUE arg)
     if (EVP_PKEY_base_id(pkey) != EVP_PKEY_DH)
         rb_raise(eSSLError, "invalid pkey type %s (expected DH)",
                  OBJ_nid2sn(EVP_PKEY_base_id(pkey)));
-#ifdef HAVE_SSL_SET0_TMP_DH_PKEY
+#ifdef HAVE_SSL_CTX_SET0_TMP_DH_PKEY
     if (!SSL_CTX_set0_tmp_dh_pkey(ctx, pkey))
         ossl_raise(eSSLError, "SSL_CTX_set0_tmp_dh_pkey");
     EVP_PKEY_up_ref(pkey);
@@ -1116,29 +1167,36 @@ ossl_sslctx_set_tmp_dh(VALUE self, VALUE arg)
         ossl_raise(eSSLError, "SSL_CTX_set_tmp_dh");
 #endif
 
+    // Turn off the "auto" DH parameters set by ossl_sslctx_s_alloc()
+    SSL_CTX_set_dh_auto(ctx, 0);
+
     return arg;
 }
 #endif
 
-#if !defined(OPENSSL_NO_EC)
 /*
  * call-seq:
- *    ctx.ecdh_curves = curve_list -> curve_list
+ *    ctx.groups = groups_list
+ *    ctx.ecdh_curves = groups_list
+ *
+ * Sets the list of supported groups for key agreement for this context.
+ *
+ * For a TLS client, the list is directly used in the "supported_groups"
+ * extension. For a server, the list is used by OpenSSL to determine the set of
+ * shared supported groups. OpenSSL will pick the most appropriate one from it.
  *
- * Sets the list of "supported elliptic curves" for this context.
+ * #ecdh_curves= is a deprecated alias for #groups=.
  *
- * For a TLS client, the list is directly used in the Supported Elliptic Curves
- * Extension. For a server, the list is used by OpenSSL to determine the set of
- * shared curves. OpenSSL will pick the most appropriate one from it.
+ * See also the man page SSL_CTX_set1_groups_list(3).
  *
  * === Example
  *   ctx1 = OpenSSL::SSL::SSLContext.new
- *   ctx1.ecdh_curves = "X25519:P-256:P-224"
+ *   ctx1.groups = "X25519:P-256:P-224"
  *   svr = OpenSSL::SSL::SSLServer.new(tcp_svr, ctx1)
  *   Thread.new { svr.accept }
  *
  *   ctx2 = OpenSSL::SSL::SSLContext.new
- *   ctx2.ecdh_curves = "P-256"
+ *   ctx2.groups = "P-256"
  *   cli = OpenSSL::SSL::SSLSocket.new(tcp_sock, ctx2)
  *   cli.connect
  *
@@ -1146,7 +1204,7 @@ ossl_sslctx_set_tmp_dh(VALUE self, VALUE arg)
  *   # => "prime256v1" (is an alias for NIST P-256)
  */
 static VALUE
-ossl_sslctx_set_ecdh_curves(VALUE self, VALUE arg)
+ossl_sslctx_set_groups(VALUE self, VALUE arg)
 {
     SSL_CTX *ctx;
 
@@ -1154,13 +1212,10 @@ ossl_sslctx_set_ecdh_curves(VALUE self, VALUE arg)
     GetSSLCTX(self, ctx);
     StringValueCStr(arg);
 
-    if (!SSL_CTX_set1_curves_list(ctx, RSTRING_PTR(arg)))
-	ossl_raise(eSSLError, NULL);
+    if (!SSL_CTX_set1_groups_list(ctx, RSTRING_PTR(arg)))
+        ossl_raise(eSSLError, "SSL_CTX_set1_groups_list");
     return arg;
 }
-#else
-#define ossl_sslctx_set_ecdh_curves rb_f_notimplement
-#endif
 
 /*
  * call-seq:
@@ -1289,20 +1344,20 @@ ossl_sslctx_add_certificate(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
     pub_pkey = X509_get_pubkey(x509);
     EVP_PKEY_free(pub_pkey);
     if (!pub_pkey)
-	rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "certificate does not contain public key");
+        rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "certificate does not contain public key");
     if (EVP_PKEY_eq(pub_pkey, pkey) != 1)
-	rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "public key mismatch");
+        rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "public key mismatch");
 
     if (argc >= 3)
-	extra_chain = ossl_x509_ary2sk(extra_chain_ary);
+        extra_chain = ossl_x509_ary2sk(extra_chain_ary);
 
     if (!SSL_CTX_use_certificate(ctx, x509)) {
-	sk_X509_pop_free(extra_chain, X509_free);
-	ossl_raise(eSSLError, "SSL_CTX_use_certificate");
+        sk_X509_pop_free(extra_chain, X509_free);
+        ossl_raise(eSSLError, "SSL_CTX_use_certificate");
     }
     if (!SSL_CTX_use_PrivateKey(ctx, pkey)) {
-	sk_X509_pop_free(extra_chain, X509_free);
-	ossl_raise(eSSLError, "SSL_CTX_use_PrivateKey");
+        sk_X509_pop_free(extra_chain, X509_free);
+        ossl_raise(eSSLError, "SSL_CTX_use_PrivateKey");
     }
     if (extra_chain && !SSL_CTX_set0_chain(ctx, extra_chain)) {
         sk_X509_pop_free(extra_chain, X509_free);
@@ -1582,23 +1637,23 @@ ossl_ssl_initialize(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
 
     TypedData_Get_Struct(self, SSL, &ossl_ssl_type, ssl);
     if (ssl)
-	ossl_raise(eSSLError, "SSL already initialized");
+        ossl_raise(eSSLError, "SSL already initialized");
 
     if (rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "11", &io, &v_ctx) == 1)
-	v_ctx = rb_funcall(cSSLContext, rb_intern("new"), 0);
+        v_ctx = rb_funcall(cSSLContext, rb_intern("new"), 0);
 
     GetSSLCTX(v_ctx, ctx);
     rb_ivar_set(self, id_i_context, v_ctx);
     ossl_sslctx_setup(v_ctx);
 
     if (rb_respond_to(io, rb_intern("nonblock=")))
-	rb_funcall(io, rb_intern("nonblock="), 1, Qtrue);
+        rb_funcall(io, rb_intern("nonblock="), 1, Qtrue);
     Check_Type(io, T_FILE);
     rb_ivar_set(self, id_i_io, io);
 
     ssl = SSL_new(ctx);
     if (!ssl)
-	ossl_raise(eSSLError, NULL);
+        ossl_raise(eSSLError, NULL);
     RTYPEDDATA_DATA(self) = ssl;
 
     SSL_set_ex_data(ssl, ossl_ssl_ex_ptr_idx, (void *)self);
@@ -1629,7 +1684,7 @@ ossl_ssl_setup(VALUE self)
 
     GetSSL(self, ssl);
     if (ssl_started(ssl))
-	return Qtrue;
+        return Qtrue;
 
     io = rb_attr_get(self, id_i_io);
     GetOpenFile(io, fptr);
@@ -1651,14 +1706,14 @@ static void
 write_would_block(int nonblock)
 {
     if (nonblock)
-	ossl_raise(eSSLErrorWaitWritable, "write would block");
+        ossl_raise(eSSLErrorWaitWritable, "write would block");
 }
 
 static void
 read_would_block(int nonblock)
 {
     if (nonblock)
-	ossl_raise(eSSLErrorWaitReadable, "read would block");
+        ossl_raise(eSSLErrorWaitReadable, "read would block");
 }
 
 static int
@@ -1666,7 +1721,7 @@ no_exception_p(VALUE opts)
 {
     if (RB_TYPE_P(opts, T_HASH) &&
           rb_hash_lookup2(opts, sym_exception, Qundef) == Qfalse)
-	return 1;
+        return 1;
     return 0;
 }
 
@@ -1890,9 +1945,9 @@ ossl_ssl_read_internal(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self, int nonblock)
     VALUE opts = Qnil;
 
     if (nonblock) {
-	rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "11:", &len, &str, &opts);
+        rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "11:", &len, &str, &opts);
     } else {
-	rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "11", &len, &str);
+        rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "11", &len, &str);
     }
     GetSSL(self, ssl);
     if (!ssl_started(ssl))
@@ -1900,13 +1955,13 @@ ossl_ssl_read_internal(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self, int nonblock)
 
     ilen = NUM2INT(len);
     if (NIL_P(str))
-	str = rb_str_new(0, ilen);
+        str = rb_str_new(0, ilen);
     else {
-	StringValue(str);
-	if (RSTRING_LEN(str) >= ilen)
-	    rb_str_modify(str);
-	else
-	    rb_str_modify_expand(str, ilen - RSTRING_LEN(str));
+        StringValue(str);
+        if (RSTRING_LEN(str) >= ilen)
+            rb_str_modify(str);
+        else
+            rb_str_modify_expand(str, ilen - RSTRING_LEN(str));
     }
 
     if (ilen == 0) {
@@ -2143,12 +2198,12 @@ ossl_ssl_stop(VALUE self)
 
     GetSSL(self, ssl);
     if (!ssl_started(ssl))
-	return Qnil;
+        return Qnil;
     ret = SSL_shutdown(ssl);
     if (ret == 1) /* Have already received close_notify */
-	return Qnil;
+        return Qnil;
     if (ret == 0) /* Sent close_notify, but we don't wait for reply */
-	return Qnil;
+        return Qnil;
 
     /*
      * XXX: Something happened. Possibly it failed because the underlying socket
@@ -2234,20 +2289,20 @@ ossl_ssl_get_peer_cert_chain(VALUE self)
     num = sk_X509_num(chain);
     ary = rb_ary_new2(num);
     for (i = 0; i < num; i++){
-	cert = sk_X509_value(chain, i);
-	rb_ary_push(ary, ossl_x509_new(cert));
+        cert = sk_X509_value(chain, i);
+        rb_ary_push(ary, ossl_x509_new(cert));
     }
 
     return ary;
 }
 
 /*
-* call-seq:
-*    ssl.ssl_version => String
-*
-* Returns a String representing the SSL/TLS version that was negotiated
-* for the connection, for example "TLSv1.2".
-*/
+ * call-seq:
+ *    ssl.ssl_version => String
+ *
+ * Returns a String representing the SSL/TLS version that was negotiated
+ * for the connection, for example "TLSv1.2".
+ */
 static VALUE
 ossl_ssl_get_version(VALUE self)
 {
@@ -2368,10 +2423,10 @@ ossl_ssl_set_hostname(VALUE self, VALUE arg)
     GetSSL(self, ssl);
 
     if (!NIL_P(arg))
-	hostname = StringValueCStr(arg);
+        hostname = StringValueCStr(arg);
 
     if (!SSL_set_tlsext_host_name(ssl, hostname))
-	ossl_raise(eSSLError, NULL);
+        ossl_raise(eSSLError, NULL);
 
     /* for SSLSocket#hostname */
     rb_ivar_set(self, id_i_hostname, arg);
@@ -2492,9 +2547,9 @@ ossl_ssl_npn_protocol(VALUE self)
 
     SSL_get0_next_proto_negotiated(ssl, &out, &outlen);
     if (!outlen)
-	return Qnil;
+        return Qnil;
     else
-	return rb_str_new((const char *) out, outlen);
+        return rb_str_new((const char *) out, outlen);
 }
 # endif
 
@@ -2516,9 +2571,9 @@ ossl_ssl_alpn_protocol(VALUE self)
 
     SSL_get0_alpn_selected(ssl, &out, &outlen);
     if (!outlen)
-	return Qnil;
+        return Qnil;
     else
-	return rb_str_new((const char *) out, outlen);
+        return rb_str_new((const char *) out, outlen);
 }
 
 /*
@@ -2551,15 +2606,15 @@ ossl_ssl_export_keying_material(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
     str = rb_str_new(0, len);
     p = (unsigned char *)RSTRING_PTR(str);
     if (!NIL_P(context)) {
-	use_ctx = 1;
-	StringValue(context);
-	ctx = (unsigned char *)RSTRING_PTR(context);
-	ctx_len = RSTRING_LEN(context);
+        use_ctx = 1;
+        StringValue(context);
+        ctx = (unsigned char *)RSTRING_PTR(context);
+        ctx_len = RSTRING_LEN(context);
     }
     ret = SSL_export_keying_material(ssl, p, len, (char *)RSTRING_PTR(label),
-				     RSTRING_LENINT(label), ctx, ctx_len, use_ctx);
+                                     RSTRING_LENINT(label), ctx, ctx_len, use_ctx);
     if (ret == 0 || ret == -1) {
-	ossl_raise(eSSLError, "SSL_export_keying_material");
+        ossl_raise(eSSLError, "SSL_export_keying_material");
     }
     return str;
 }
@@ -2578,17 +2633,77 @@ ossl_ssl_tmp_key(VALUE self)
 
     GetSSL(self, ssl);
     if (!SSL_get_server_tmp_key(ssl, &key))
-	return Qnil;
-    return ossl_pkey_new(key);
+        return Qnil;
+    return ossl_pkey_wrap(key);
+}
+
+#ifdef HAVE_SSL_GET0_PEER_SIGNATURE_NAME
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *    ssl.sigalg => String or nil
+ *
+ * Returns the signature algorithm name, the IANA name of the signature scheme
+ * used by the local to sign the TLS handshake.
+ */
+static VALUE
+ossl_ssl_get_sigalg(VALUE self)
+{
+    SSL *ssl;
+    const char *name;
+
+    GetSSL(self, ssl);
+    if (!SSL_get0_signature_name(ssl, &name))
+        return Qnil;
+    return rb_str_new_cstr(name);
 }
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *    ssl.peer_sigalg => String or nil
+ *
+ * Returns the signature algorithm name, the IANA name of the signature scheme
+ * used by the peer to sign the TLS handshake.
+ */
+static VALUE
+ossl_ssl_get_peer_sigalg(VALUE self)
+{
+    SSL *ssl;
+    const char *name;
+
+    GetSSL(self, ssl);
+    if (!SSL_get0_peer_signature_name(ssl, &name))
+        return Qnil;
+    return rb_str_new_cstr(name);
+}
+#endif
+
+#ifdef HAVE_SSL_GET0_GROUP_NAME
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *    ssl.group => String or nil
+ *
+ * Returns the name of the group that was used for the key agreement of the
+ * current TLS session establishment.
+ */
+static VALUE
+ossl_ssl_get_group(VALUE self)
+{
+    SSL *ssl;
+    const char *name;
+
+    GetSSL(self, ssl);
+    if (!(name = SSL_get0_group_name(ssl)))
+        return Qnil;
+    return rb_str_new_cstr(name);
+}
+#endif
+
 #endif /* !defined(OPENSSL_NO_SOCK) */
 
 void
 Init_ossl_ssl(void)
 {
 #if 0
-    mOSSL = rb_define_module("OpenSSL");
-    eOSSLError = rb_define_class_under(mOSSL, "OpenSSLError", rb_eStandardError);
     rb_mWaitReadable = rb_define_module_under(rb_cIO, "WaitReadable");
     rb_mWaitWritable = rb_define_module_under(rb_cIO, "WaitWritable");
 #endif
@@ -2599,10 +2714,10 @@ Init_ossl_ssl(void)
 
     ossl_ssl_ex_ptr_idx = SSL_get_ex_new_index(0, (void *)"ossl_ssl_ex_ptr_idx", 0, 0, 0);
     if (ossl_ssl_ex_ptr_idx < 0)
-	ossl_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "SSL_get_ex_new_index");
+        ossl_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "SSL_get_ex_new_index");
     ossl_sslctx_ex_ptr_idx = SSL_CTX_get_ex_new_index(0, (void *)"ossl_sslctx_ex_ptr_idx", 0, 0, 0);
     if (ossl_sslctx_ex_ptr_idx < 0)
-	ossl_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "SSL_CTX_get_ex_new_index");
+        ossl_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "SSL_CTX_get_ex_new_index");
 
     /* Document-module: OpenSSL::SSL
      *
@@ -2740,6 +2855,23 @@ Init_ossl_ssl(void)
      */
     rb_attr(cSSLContext, rb_intern_const("client_cert_cb"), 1, 1, Qfalse);
 
+#ifndef OPENSSL_NO_DH
+    /*
+     * A callback invoked when DH parameters are required for ephemeral DH key
+     * exchange.
+     *
+     * The callback is invoked with the SSLSocket, a
+     * flag indicating the use of an export cipher and the keylength
+     * required.
+     *
+     * The callback must return an OpenSSL::PKey::DH instance of the correct
+     * key length.
+     *
+     * <b>Deprecated in version 3.0.</b> Use #tmp_dh= instead.
+     */
+    rb_attr(cSSLContext, rb_intern_const("tmp_dh_callback"), 1, 1, Qfalse);
+#endif
+
     /*
      * Sets the context in which a session can be reused.  This allows
      * sessions for multiple applications to be distinguished, for example, by
@@ -2887,10 +3019,17 @@ Init_ossl_ssl(void)
     rb_define_method(cSSLContext, "ciphers",     ossl_sslctx_get_ciphers, 0);
     rb_define_method(cSSLContext, "ciphers=",    ossl_sslctx_set_ciphers, 1);
     rb_define_method(cSSLContext, "ciphersuites=", ossl_sslctx_set_ciphersuites, 1);
+#ifdef HAVE_SSL_CTX_SET1_SIGALGS_LIST // Not in LibreSSL yet
+    rb_define_method(cSSLContext, "sigalgs=", ossl_sslctx_set_sigalgs, 1);
+#endif
+#ifdef HAVE_SSL_CTX_SET1_CLIENT_SIGALGS_LIST // Not in LibreSSL or AWS-LC yet
+    rb_define_method(cSSLContext, "client_sigalgs=", ossl_sslctx_set_client_sigalgs, 1);
+#endif
 #ifndef OPENSSL_NO_DH
     rb_define_method(cSSLContext, "tmp_dh=", ossl_sslctx_set_tmp_dh, 1);
 #endif
-    rb_define_method(cSSLContext, "ecdh_curves=", ossl_sslctx_set_ecdh_curves, 1);
+    rb_define_method(cSSLContext, "groups=", ossl_sslctx_set_groups, 1);
+    rb_define_alias(cSSLContext, "ecdh_curves=", "groups=");
     rb_define_method(cSSLContext, "security_level", ossl_sslctx_get_security_level, 0);
     rb_define_method(cSSLContext, "security_level=", ossl_sslctx_set_security_level, 1);
 #ifdef SSL_MODE_SEND_FALLBACK_SCSV
@@ -2997,6 +3136,13 @@ Init_ossl_ssl(void)
 # ifdef OSSL_USE_NEXTPROTONEG
     rb_define_method(cSSLSocket, "npn_protocol", ossl_ssl_npn_protocol, 0);
 # endif
+#ifdef HAVE_SSL_GET0_PEER_SIGNATURE_NAME
+    rb_define_method(cSSLSocket, "sigalg", ossl_ssl_get_sigalg, 0);
+    rb_define_method(cSSLSocket, "peer_sigalg", ossl_ssl_get_peer_sigalg, 0);
+#endif
+#ifdef HAVE_SSL_GET0_GROUP_NAME
+    rb_define_method(cSSLSocket, "group", ossl_ssl_get_group, 0);
+#endif
 
     rb_define_const(mSSL, "VERIFY_NONE", INT2NUM(SSL_VERIFY_NONE));
     rb_define_const(mSSL, "VERIFY_PEER", INT2NUM(SSL_VERIFY_PEER));
@@ -3119,7 +3265,6 @@ Init_ossl_ssl(void)
     sym_wait_readable = ID2SYM(rb_intern_const("wait_readable"));
     sym_wait_writable = ID2SYM(rb_intern_const("wait_writable"));
 
-    id_tmp_dh_callback = rb_intern_const("tmp_dh_callback");
     id_npn_protocols_encoded = rb_intern_const("npn_protocols_encoded");
     id_each = rb_intern_const("each");
 
@@ -3150,6 +3295,7 @@ Init_ossl_ssl(void)
     DefIVarID(servername_cb);
     DefIVarID(verify_hostname);
     DefIVarID(keylog_cb);
+    DefIVarID(tmp_dh_callback);
 
     DefIVarID(io);
     DefIVarID(context);
diff --git a/ext/openssl/ossl_ssl.h b/ext/openssl/ossl_ssl.h
index a92985c601..a87e62d450 100644
--- a/ext/openssl/ossl_ssl.h
+++ b/ext/openssl/ossl_ssl.h
@@ -11,17 +11,17 @@
 #define _OSSL_SSL_H_
 
 #define GetSSL(obj, ssl) do { \
-	TypedData_Get_Struct((obj), SSL, &ossl_ssl_type, (ssl)); \
-	if (!(ssl)) { \
-		ossl_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "SSL is not initialized"); \
-	} \
+    TypedData_Get_Struct((obj), SSL, &ossl_ssl_type, (ssl)); \
+    if (!(ssl)) { \
+        ossl_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "SSL is not initialized"); \
+    } \
 } while (0)
 
 #define GetSSLSession(obj, sess) do { \
-	TypedData_Get_Struct((obj), SSL_SESSION, &ossl_ssl_session_type, (sess)); \
-	if (!(sess)) { \
-		ossl_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "SSL Session wasn't initialized."); \
-	} \
+    TypedData_Get_Struct((obj), SSL_SESSION, &ossl_ssl_session_type, (sess)); \
+    if (!(sess)) { \
+        ossl_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "SSL Session wasn't initialized."); \
+    } \
 } while (0)
 
 extern const rb_data_type_t ossl_ssl_type;
diff --git a/ext/openssl/ossl_ssl_session.c b/ext/openssl/ossl_ssl_session.c
index 55b9d6c6d5..8a2fbf4100 100644
--- a/ext/openssl/ossl_ssl_session.c
+++ b/ext/openssl/ossl_ssl_session.c
@@ -17,14 +17,14 @@ ossl_ssl_session_free(void *ptr)
 const rb_data_type_t ossl_ssl_session_type = {
     "OpenSSL/SSL/Session",
     {
-	0, ossl_ssl_session_free,
+        0, ossl_ssl_session_free,
     },
     0, 0, RUBY_TYPED_FREE_IMMEDIATELY | RUBY_TYPED_WB_PROTECTED,
 };
 
 static VALUE ossl_ssl_session_alloc(VALUE klass)
 {
-	return TypedData_Wrap_Struct(klass, &ossl_ssl_session_type, NULL);
+    return TypedData_Wrap_Struct(klass, &ossl_ssl_session_type, NULL);
 }
 
 /*
@@ -80,9 +80,9 @@ ossl_ssl_session_initialize_copy(VALUE self, VALUE other)
     GetSSLSession(other, sess_other);
 
     sess_new = ASN1_dup((i2d_of_void *)i2d_SSL_SESSION, (d2i_of_void *)d2i_SSL_SESSION,
-			(char *)sess_other);
+                        (char *)sess_other);
     if (!sess_new)
-	ossl_raise(eSSLSession, "ASN1_dup");
+        ossl_raise(eSSLSession, "ASN1_dup");
 
     RTYPEDDATA_DATA(self) = sess_new;
     SSL_SESSION_free(sess);
@@ -99,9 +99,9 @@ ossl_SSL_SESSION_cmp(const SSL_SESSION *a, const SSL_SESSION *b)
     const unsigned char *b_sid = SSL_SESSION_get_id(b, &b_len);
 
     if (SSL_SESSION_get_protocol_version(a) != SSL_SESSION_get_protocol_version(b))
-	return 1;
+        return 1;
     if (a_len != b_len)
-	return 1;
+        return 1;
 
     return CRYPTO_memcmp(a_sid, b_sid, a_len);
 }
@@ -114,15 +114,15 @@ ossl_SSL_SESSION_cmp(const SSL_SESSION *a, const SSL_SESSION *b)
  */
 static VALUE ossl_ssl_session_eq(VALUE val1, VALUE val2)
 {
-	SSL_SESSION *ctx1, *ctx2;
+    SSL_SESSION *ctx1, *ctx2;
 
-	GetSSLSession(val1, ctx1);
-	GetSSLSession(val2, ctx2);
+    GetSSLSession(val1, ctx1);
+    GetSSLSession(val2, ctx2);
 
-	switch (ossl_SSL_SESSION_cmp(ctx1, ctx2)) {
-	case 0:		return Qtrue;
-	default:	return Qfalse;
-	}
+    switch (ossl_SSL_SESSION_cmp(ctx1, ctx2)) {
+      case 0:         return Qtrue;
+      default:        return Qfalse;
+    }
 }
 
 /*
@@ -140,7 +140,7 @@ ossl_ssl_session_get_time(VALUE self)
     GetSSLSession(self, ctx);
     t = SSL_SESSION_get_time(ctx);
     if (t == 0)
-	return Qnil;
+        return Qnil;
 
     return rb_funcall(rb_cTime, rb_intern("at"), 1, LONG2NUM(t));
 }
@@ -175,16 +175,16 @@ ossl_ssl_session_get_timeout(VALUE self)
  */
 static VALUE ossl_ssl_session_set_time(VALUE self, VALUE time_v)
 {
-	SSL_SESSION *ctx;
-	long t;
-
-	GetSSLSession(self, ctx);
-	if (rb_obj_is_instance_of(time_v, rb_cTime)) {
-		time_v = rb_funcall(time_v, rb_intern("to_i"), 0);
-	}
-	t = NUM2LONG(time_v);
-	SSL_SESSION_set_time(ctx, t);
-	return ossl_ssl_session_get_time(self);
+    SSL_SESSION *ctx;
+    long t;
+
+    GetSSLSession(self, ctx);
+    if (rb_obj_is_instance_of(time_v, rb_cTime)) {
+        time_v = rb_funcall(time_v, rb_intern("to_i"), 0);
+    }
+    t = NUM2LONG(time_v);
+    SSL_SESSION_set_time(ctx, t);
+    return ossl_ssl_session_get_time(self);
 }
 
 /*
@@ -195,13 +195,13 @@ static VALUE ossl_ssl_session_set_time(VALUE self, VALUE time_v)
  */
 static VALUE ossl_ssl_session_set_timeout(VALUE self, VALUE time_v)
 {
-	SSL_SESSION *ctx;
-	long t;
+    SSL_SESSION *ctx;
+    long t;
 
-	GetSSLSession(self, ctx);
-	t = NUM2LONG(time_v);
-	SSL_SESSION_set_timeout(ctx, t);
-	return ossl_ssl_session_get_timeout(self);
+    GetSSLSession(self, ctx);
+    t = NUM2LONG(time_v);
+    SSL_SESSION_set_timeout(ctx, t);
+    return ossl_ssl_session_get_timeout(self);
 }
 
 /*
@@ -209,18 +209,18 @@ static VALUE ossl_ssl_session_set_timeout(VALUE self, VALUE time_v)
  *    session.id -> String
  *
  * Returns the Session ID.
-*/
+ */
 static VALUE ossl_ssl_session_get_id(VALUE self)
 {
-	SSL_SESSION *ctx;
-	const unsigned char *p = NULL;
-	unsigned int i = 0;
+    SSL_SESSION *ctx;
+    const unsigned char *p = NULL;
+    unsigned int i = 0;
 
-	GetSSLSession(self, ctx);
+    GetSSLSession(self, ctx);
 
-	p = SSL_SESSION_get_id(ctx, &i);
+    p = SSL_SESSION_get_id(ctx, &i);
 
-	return rb_str_new((const char *) p, i);
+    return rb_str_new((const char *) p, i);
 }
 
 /*
@@ -231,22 +231,22 @@ static VALUE ossl_ssl_session_get_id(VALUE self)
  */
 static VALUE ossl_ssl_session_to_der(VALUE self)
 {
-	SSL_SESSION *ctx;
-	unsigned char *p;
-	int len;
-	VALUE str;
-
-	GetSSLSession(self, ctx);
-	len = i2d_SSL_SESSION(ctx, NULL);
-	if (len <= 0) {
-		ossl_raise(eSSLSession, "i2d_SSL_SESSION");
-	}
-
-	str = rb_str_new(0, len);
-	p = (unsigned char *)RSTRING_PTR(str);
-	i2d_SSL_SESSION(ctx, &p);
-	ossl_str_adjust(str, p);
-	return str;
+    SSL_SESSION *ctx;
+    unsigned char *p;
+    int len;
+    VALUE str;
+
+    GetSSLSession(self, ctx);
+    len = i2d_SSL_SESSION(ctx, NULL);
+    if (len <= 0) {
+        ossl_raise(eSSLSession, "i2d_SSL_SESSION");
+    }
+
+    str = rb_str_new(0, len);
+    p = (unsigned char *)RSTRING_PTR(str);
+    i2d_SSL_SESSION(ctx, &p);
+    ossl_str_adjust(str, p);
+    return str;
 }
 
 /*
@@ -257,22 +257,22 @@ static VALUE ossl_ssl_session_to_der(VALUE self)
  */
 static VALUE ossl_ssl_session_to_pem(VALUE self)
 {
-	SSL_SESSION *ctx;
-	BIO *out;
+    SSL_SESSION *ctx;
+    BIO *out;
 
-	GetSSLSession(self, ctx);
+    GetSSLSession(self, ctx);
 
-	if (!(out = BIO_new(BIO_s_mem()))) {
-		ossl_raise(eSSLSession, "BIO_s_mem()");
-	}
+    if (!(out = BIO_new(BIO_s_mem()))) {
+        ossl_raise(eSSLSession, "BIO_s_mem()");
+    }
 
-	if (!PEM_write_bio_SSL_SESSION(out, ctx)) {
-		BIO_free(out);
-		ossl_raise(eSSLSession, "SSL_SESSION_print()");
-	}
+    if (!PEM_write_bio_SSL_SESSION(out, ctx)) {
+        BIO_free(out);
+        ossl_raise(eSSLSession, "SSL_SESSION_print()");
+    }
 
 
-	return ossl_membio2str(out);
+    return ossl_membio2str(out);
 }
 
 
@@ -284,49 +284,44 @@ static VALUE ossl_ssl_session_to_pem(VALUE self)
  */
 static VALUE ossl_ssl_session_to_text(VALUE self)
 {
-	SSL_SESSION *ctx;
-	BIO *out;
+    SSL_SESSION *ctx;
+    BIO *out;
 
-	GetSSLSession(self, ctx);
+    GetSSLSession(self, ctx);
 
-	if (!(out = BIO_new(BIO_s_mem()))) {
-		ossl_raise(eSSLSession, "BIO_s_mem()");
-	}
+    if (!(out = BIO_new(BIO_s_mem()))) {
+        ossl_raise(eSSLSession, "BIO_s_mem()");
+    }
 
-	if (!SSL_SESSION_print(out, ctx)) {
-		BIO_free(out);
-		ossl_raise(eSSLSession, "SSL_SESSION_print()");
-	}
+    if (!SSL_SESSION_print(out, ctx)) {
+        BIO_free(out);
+        ossl_raise(eSSLSession, "SSL_SESSION_print()");
+    }
 
-	return ossl_membio2str(out);
+    return ossl_membio2str(out);
 }
 
 #endif /* !defined(OPENSSL_NO_SOCK) */
 
 void Init_ossl_ssl_session(void)
 {
-#if 0
-    mOSSL = rb_define_module("OpenSSL");
-    mSSL = rb_define_module_under(mOSSL, "SSL");
-    eOSSLError = rb_define_class_under(mOSSL, "OpenSSLError", rb_eStandardError);
-#endif
 #ifndef OPENSSL_NO_SOCK
-	cSSLSession = rb_define_class_under(mSSL, "Session", rb_cObject);
-	eSSLSession = rb_define_class_under(cSSLSession, "SessionError", eOSSLError);
-
-	rb_define_alloc_func(cSSLSession, ossl_ssl_session_alloc);
-	rb_define_method(cSSLSession, "initialize", ossl_ssl_session_initialize, 1);
-	rb_define_method(cSSLSession, "initialize_copy", ossl_ssl_session_initialize_copy, 1);
-
-	rb_define_method(cSSLSession, "==", ossl_ssl_session_eq, 1);
-
-	rb_define_method(cSSLSession, "time", ossl_ssl_session_get_time, 0);
-	rb_define_method(cSSLSession, "time=", ossl_ssl_session_set_time, 1);
-	rb_define_method(cSSLSession, "timeout", ossl_ssl_session_get_timeout, 0);
-	rb_define_method(cSSLSession, "timeout=", ossl_ssl_session_set_timeout, 1);
-	rb_define_method(cSSLSession, "id", ossl_ssl_session_get_id, 0);
-	rb_define_method(cSSLSession, "to_der", ossl_ssl_session_to_der, 0);
-	rb_define_method(cSSLSession, "to_pem", ossl_ssl_session_to_pem, 0);
-	rb_define_method(cSSLSession, "to_text", ossl_ssl_session_to_text, 0);
+    cSSLSession = rb_define_class_under(mSSL, "Session", rb_cObject);
+    eSSLSession = rb_define_class_under(cSSLSession, "SessionError", eOSSLError);
+
+    rb_define_alloc_func(cSSLSession, ossl_ssl_session_alloc);
+    rb_define_method(cSSLSession, "initialize", ossl_ssl_session_initialize, 1);
+    rb_define_method(cSSLSession, "initialize_copy", ossl_ssl_session_initialize_copy, 1);
+
+    rb_define_method(cSSLSession, "==", ossl_ssl_session_eq, 1);
+
+    rb_define_method(cSSLSession, "time", ossl_ssl_session_get_time, 0);
+    rb_define_method(cSSLSession, "time=", ossl_ssl_session_set_time, 1);
+    rb_define_method(cSSLSession, "timeout", ossl_ssl_session_get_timeout, 0);
+    rb_define_method(cSSLSession, "timeout=", ossl_ssl_session_set_timeout, 1);
+    rb_define_method(cSSLSession, "id", ossl_ssl_session_get_id, 0);
+    rb_define_method(cSSLSession, "to_der", ossl_ssl_session_to_der, 0);
+    rb_define_method(cSSLSession, "to_pem", ossl_ssl_session_to_pem, 0);
+    rb_define_method(cSSLSession, "to_text", ossl_ssl_session_to_text, 0);
 #endif /* !defined(OPENSSL_NO_SOCK) */
 }
diff --git a/ext/openssl/ossl_ts.c b/ext/openssl/ossl_ts.c
index c7d2bd271b..b31a854a63 100644
--- a/ext/openssl/ossl_ts.c
+++ b/ext/openssl/ossl_ts.c
@@ -103,7 +103,7 @@ static  const rb_data_type_t ossl_ts_resp_type = {
 static void
 ossl_ts_token_info_free(void *ptr)
 {
-        TS_TST_INFO_free(ptr);
+    TS_TST_INFO_free(ptr);
 }
 
 static const rb_data_type_t ossl_ts_token_info_type = {
@@ -132,44 +132,10 @@ asn1_to_der(void *template, int (*i2d)(void *template, unsigned char **pp))
     return str;
 }
 
-static ASN1_OBJECT*
-obj_to_asn1obj(VALUE obj)
-{
-    ASN1_OBJECT *a1obj;
-
-    StringValue(obj);
-    a1obj = OBJ_txt2obj(RSTRING_PTR(obj), 0);
-    if(!a1obj) a1obj = OBJ_txt2obj(RSTRING_PTR(obj), 1);
-    if(!a1obj) ossl_raise(eASN1Error, "invalid OBJECT ID");
-
-    return a1obj;
-}
-
 static VALUE
 obj_to_asn1obj_i(VALUE obj)
 {
-    return (VALUE)obj_to_asn1obj(obj);
-}
-
-static VALUE
-get_asn1obj(const ASN1_OBJECT *obj)
-{
-    BIO *out;
-    VALUE ret;
-    int nid;
-    if ((nid = OBJ_obj2nid(obj)) != NID_undef)
-        ret = rb_str_new2(OBJ_nid2sn(nid));
-    else{
-        if (!(out = BIO_new(BIO_s_mem())))
-            ossl_raise(eTimestampError, "BIO_new(BIO_s_mem())");
-        if (i2a_ASN1_OBJECT(out, obj) <= 0) {
-            BIO_free(out);
-            ossl_raise(eTimestampError, "i2a_ASN1_OBJECT");
-        }
-        ret = ossl_membio2str(out);
-    }
-
-    return ret;
+    return (VALUE)ossl_to_asn1obj(obj);
 }
 
 static VALUE
@@ -242,7 +208,7 @@ ossl_ts_req_get_algorithm(VALUE self)
     mi = TS_REQ_get_msg_imprint(req);
     algor = TS_MSG_IMPRINT_get_algo(mi);
     X509_ALGOR_get0(&obj, NULL, NULL, algor);
-    return get_asn1obj(obj);
+    return ossl_asn1obj_to_string(obj);
 }
 
 /*
@@ -264,7 +230,7 @@ ossl_ts_req_set_algorithm(VALUE self, VALUE algo)
     X509_ALGOR *algor;
 
     GetTSRequest(self, req);
-    obj = obj_to_asn1obj(algo);
+    obj = ossl_to_asn1obj(algo);
     mi = TS_REQ_get_msg_imprint(req);
     algor = TS_MSG_IMPRINT_get_algo(mi);
     if (!X509_ALGOR_set0(algor, obj, V_ASN1_NULL, NULL)) {
@@ -293,7 +259,7 @@ ossl_ts_req_get_msg_imprint(VALUE self)
     mi = TS_REQ_get_msg_imprint(req);
     hashed_msg = TS_MSG_IMPRINT_get_msg(mi);
 
-    ret = rb_str_new((const char *)hashed_msg->data, hashed_msg->length);
+    ret = asn1str_to_str(hashed_msg);
 
     return ret;
 }
@@ -371,7 +337,7 @@ ossl_ts_req_get_policy_id(VALUE self)
     GetTSRequest(self, req);
     if (!TS_REQ_get_policy_id(req))
         return Qnil;
-    return get_asn1obj(TS_REQ_get_policy_id(req));
+    return ossl_asn1obj_to_string(TS_REQ_get_policy_id(req));
 }
 
 /*
@@ -394,7 +360,7 @@ ossl_ts_req_set_policy_id(VALUE self, VALUE oid)
     int ok;
 
     GetTSRequest(self, req);
-    obj = obj_to_asn1obj(oid);
+    obj = ossl_to_asn1obj(oid);
     ok = TS_REQ_set_policy_id(req, obj);
     ASN1_OBJECT_free(obj);
     if (!ok)
@@ -504,7 +470,7 @@ ossl_ts_req_to_der(VALUE self)
         ossl_raise(eTimestampError, "Message imprint missing algorithm");
 
     hashed_msg = TS_MSG_IMPRINT_get_msg(mi);
-    if (!hashed_msg->length)
+    if (!ASN1_STRING_length(hashed_msg))
         ossl_raise(eTimestampError, "Message imprint missing hashed message");
 
     return asn1_to_der((void *)req, (int (*)(void *, unsigned char **))i2d_TS_REQ);
@@ -961,7 +927,7 @@ ossl_ts_token_info_get_policy_id(VALUE self)
     TS_TST_INFO *info;
 
     GetTSTokenInfo(self, info);
-    return get_asn1obj(TS_TST_INFO_get_policy_id(info));
+    return ossl_asn1obj_to_string(TS_TST_INFO_get_policy_id(info));
 }
 
 /*
@@ -989,7 +955,7 @@ ossl_ts_token_info_get_algorithm(VALUE self)
     mi = TS_TST_INFO_get_msg_imprint(info);
     algo = TS_MSG_IMPRINT_get_algo(mi);
     X509_ALGOR_get0(&obj, NULL, NULL, algo);
-    return get_asn1obj(obj);
+    return ossl_asn1obj_to_string(obj);
 }
 
 /*
@@ -1015,7 +981,7 @@ ossl_ts_token_info_get_msg_imprint(VALUE self)
     GetTSTokenInfo(self, info);
     mi = TS_TST_INFO_get_msg_imprint(info);
     hashed_msg = TS_MSG_IMPRINT_get_msg(mi);
-    ret = rb_str_new((const char *)hashed_msg->data, hashed_msg->length);
+    ret = asn1str_to_str(hashed_msg);
 
     return ret;
 }
@@ -1155,9 +1121,14 @@ ossl_tsfac_time_cb(struct TS_resp_ctx *ctx, void *data, time_t *sec, long *usec)
 }
 
 static VALUE
-ossl_evp_get_digestbyname_i(VALUE arg)
+ossl_evp_md_fetch_i(VALUE args_)
 {
-    return (VALUE)ossl_evp_get_digestbyname(arg);
+    VALUE *args = (VALUE *)args_, md_holder;
+    const EVP_MD *md;
+
+    md = ossl_evp_md_fetch(args[1], &md_holder);
+    rb_ary_push(args[0], md_holder);
+    return (VALUE)md;
 }
 
 static VALUE
@@ -1193,7 +1164,8 @@ ossl_obj2bio_i(VALUE arg)
 static VALUE
 ossl_tsfac_create_ts(VALUE self, VALUE key, VALUE certificate, VALUE request)
 {
-    VALUE serial_number, def_policy_id, gen_time, additional_certs, allowed_digests;
+    VALUE serial_number, def_policy_id, gen_time, additional_certs,
+          allowed_digests, allowed_digests_tmp = Qnil;
     VALUE str;
     STACK_OF(X509) *inter_certs;
     VALUE tsresp, ret = Qnil;
@@ -1254,7 +1226,7 @@ ossl_tsfac_create_ts(VALUE self, VALUE key, VALUE certificate, VALUE request)
     if (rb_obj_is_kind_of(additional_certs, rb_cArray)) {
         inter_certs = ossl_protect_x509_ary2sk(additional_certs, &status);
         if (status)
-                goto end;
+            goto end;
 
         /* this dups the sk_X509 and ups each cert's ref count */
         TS_RESP_CTX_set_certs(ctx, inter_certs);
@@ -1270,16 +1242,18 @@ ossl_tsfac_create_ts(VALUE self, VALUE key, VALUE certificate, VALUE request)
 
     allowed_digests = ossl_tsfac_get_allowed_digests(self);
     if (rb_obj_is_kind_of(allowed_digests, rb_cArray)) {
-        int i;
-        VALUE rbmd;
-        const EVP_MD *md;
-
-        for (i = 0; i < RARRAY_LEN(allowed_digests); i++) {
-            rbmd = rb_ary_entry(allowed_digests, i);
-            md = (const EVP_MD *)rb_protect(ossl_evp_get_digestbyname_i, rbmd, &status);
+        allowed_digests_tmp = rb_ary_new_capa(RARRAY_LEN(allowed_digests));
+        for (long i = 0; i < RARRAY_LEN(allowed_digests); i++) {
+            VALUE args[] = {
+                allowed_digests_tmp,
+                rb_ary_entry(allowed_digests, i),
+            };
+            const EVP_MD *md = (const EVP_MD *)rb_protect(ossl_evp_md_fetch_i,
+                                                          (VALUE)args, &status);
             if (status)
                 goto end;
-            TS_RESP_CTX_add_md(ctx, md);
+            if (!TS_RESP_CTX_add_md(ctx, md))
+                goto end;
         }
     }
 
@@ -1293,6 +1267,7 @@ ossl_tsfac_create_ts(VALUE self, VALUE key, VALUE certificate, VALUE request)
 
     response = TS_RESP_create_response(ctx, req_bio);
     BIO_free(req_bio);
+    RB_GC_GUARD(allowed_digests_tmp);
 
     if (!response) {
         err_msg = "Error during response generation";
@@ -1306,7 +1281,7 @@ ossl_tsfac_create_ts(VALUE self, VALUE key, VALUE certificate, VALUE request)
     SetTSResponse(tsresp, response);
     ret = tsresp;
 
-end:
+  end:
     ASN1_INTEGER_free(asn1_serial);
     ASN1_OBJECT_free(def_policy_id_obj);
     TS_RESP_CTX_free(ctx);
@@ -1323,10 +1298,6 @@ end:
 void
 Init_ossl_ts(void)
 {
-    #if 0
-    mOSSL = rb_define_module("OpenSSL"); /* let rdoc know about mOSSL */
-    #endif
-
     /*
      * Possible return value for +Response#failure_info+. Indicates that the
      * timestamp server rejects the message imprint algorithm used in the
@@ -1536,65 +1507,39 @@ Init_ossl_ts(void)
      *      fac.default_policy_id = '1.2.3.4.5'
      *      fac.additional_certificates = [ inter1, inter2 ]
      *      timestamp = fac.create_timestamp(p12.key, p12.certificate, req)
-     *
-     * ==Attributes
-     *
-     * ===default_policy_id
+     */
+    cTimestampFactory = rb_define_class_under(mTimestamp, "Factory", rb_cObject);
+    /*
+     * The list of digest algorithms that the factory is allowed
+     * create timestamps for. Known vulnerable or weak algorithms should not be
+     * allowed where possible. Must be an Array of String or OpenSSL::Digest
+     * subclass instances.
+     */
+    rb_attr(cTimestampFactory, rb_intern_const("allowed_digests"), 1, 1, 0);
+    /*
+     * A String representing the default policy object identifier, or +nil+.
      *
      * Request#policy_id will always be preferred over this if present in the
-     * Request, only if Request#policy_id is nil default_policy will be used.
+     * Request, only if Request#policy_id is +nil+ default_policy will be used.
      * If none of both is present, a TimestampError will be raised when trying
      * to create a Response.
-     *
-     * call-seq:
-     *       factory.default_policy_id = "string" -> string
-     *       factory.default_policy_id            -> string or nil
-     *
-     * ===serial_number
-     *
-     * Sets or retrieves the serial number to be used for timestamp creation.
-     * Must be present for timestamp creation.
-     *
-     * call-seq:
-     *       factory.serial_number = number -> number
-     *       factory.serial_number          -> number or nil
-     *
-     * ===gen_time
-     *
-     * Sets or retrieves the Time value to be used in the Response. Must be
-     * present for timestamp creation.
-     *
-     * call-seq:
-     *       factory.gen_time = Time -> Time
-     *       factory.gen_time        -> Time or nil
-     *
-     * ===additional_certs
-     *
-     * Sets or retrieves additional certificates apart from the timestamp
-     * certificate (e.g. intermediate certificates) to be added to the Response.
-     * Must be an Array of OpenSSL::X509::Certificate.
-     *
-     * call-seq:
-     *       factory.additional_certs = [cert1, cert2] -> [ cert1, cert2 ]
-     *       factory.additional_certs                  -> array or nil
-     *
-     * ===allowed_digests
-     *
-     * Sets or retrieves the digest algorithms that the factory is allowed
-     * create timestamps for. Known vulnerable or weak algorithms should not be
-     * allowed where possible.
-     * Must be an Array of String or OpenSSL::Digest subclass instances.
-     *
-     * call-seq:
-     *       factory.allowed_digests = ["sha1", OpenSSL::Digest.new('SHA256').new] -> [ "sha1", OpenSSL::Digest) ]
-     *       factory.allowed_digests                                               -> array or nil
-     *
      */
-    cTimestampFactory = rb_define_class_under(mTimestamp, "Factory", rb_cObject);
-    rb_attr(cTimestampFactory, rb_intern_const("allowed_digests"), 1, 1, 0);
     rb_attr(cTimestampFactory, rb_intern_const("default_policy_id"), 1, 1, 0);
+    /*
+     * The serial number to be used for timestamp creation. Must be present for
+     * timestamp creation. Must be an instance of OpenSSL::BN or Integer.
+     */
     rb_attr(cTimestampFactory, rb_intern_const("serial_number"), 1, 1, 0);
+    /*
+     * The Time value to be used in the Response. Must be present for timestamp
+     * creation.
+     */
     rb_attr(cTimestampFactory, rb_intern_const("gen_time"), 1, 1, 0);
+    /*
+     * Additional certificates apart from the timestamp certificate (e.g.
+     * intermediate certificates) to be added to the Response.
+     * Must be an Array of OpenSSL::X509::Certificate, or +nil+.
+     */
     rb_attr(cTimestampFactory, rb_intern_const("additional_certs"), 1, 1, 0);
     rb_define_method(cTimestampFactory, "create_timestamp", ossl_tsfac_create_ts, 3);
 }
diff --git a/ext/openssl/ossl_x509.c b/ext/openssl/ossl_x509.c
index 2d552d7847..bc3914fda2 100644
--- a/ext/openssl/ossl_x509.c
+++ b/ext/openssl/ossl_x509.c
@@ -13,7 +13,8 @@ VALUE mX509;
 
 #define DefX509Const(x) rb_define_const(mX509, #x, INT2NUM(X509_##x))
 #define DefX509Default(x,i) \
-  rb_define_const(mX509, "DEFAULT_" #x, rb_str_new2(X509_get_default_##i()))
+    rb_define_const(mX509, "DEFAULT_" #x, \
+                    rb_obj_freeze(rb_str_new_cstr(X509_get_default_##i())))
 
 ASN1_TIME *
 ossl_x509_time_adjust(ASN1_TIME *s, VALUE time)
@@ -29,10 +30,6 @@ ossl_x509_time_adjust(ASN1_TIME *s, VALUE time)
 void
 Init_ossl_x509(void)
 {
-#if 0
-    mOSSL = rb_define_module("OpenSSL");
-#endif
-
     mX509 = rb_define_module_under(mOSSL, "X509");
 
     Init_ossl_x509attr();
diff --git a/ext/openssl/ossl_x509attr.c b/ext/openssl/ossl_x509attr.c
index 3f6b89bdde..4769e56e1e 100644
--- a/ext/openssl/ossl_x509attr.c
+++ b/ext/openssl/ossl_x509attr.c
@@ -13,14 +13,14 @@
     TypedData_Wrap_Struct((klass), &ossl_x509attr_type, 0)
 #define SetX509Attr(obj, attr) do { \
     if (!(attr)) { \
-	ossl_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "ATTR wasn't initialized!"); \
+        ossl_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "ATTR wasn't initialized!"); \
     } \
     RTYPEDDATA_DATA(obj) = (attr); \
 } while (0)
 #define GetX509Attr(obj, attr) do { \
     TypedData_Get_Struct((obj), X509_ATTRIBUTE, &ossl_x509attr_type, (attr)); \
     if (!(attr)) { \
-	ossl_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "ATTR wasn't initialized!"); \
+        ossl_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "ATTR wasn't initialized!"); \
     } \
 } while (0)
 
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ ossl_x509attr_free(void *ptr)
 static const rb_data_type_t ossl_x509attr_type = {
     "OpenSSL/X509/ATTRIBUTE",
     {
-	0, ossl_x509attr_free,
+        0, ossl_x509attr_free,
     },
     0, 0, RUBY_TYPED_FREE_IMMEDIATELY | RUBY_TYPED_WB_PROTECTED,
 };
@@ -54,14 +54,9 @@ ossl_x509attr_new(X509_ATTRIBUTE *attr)
     VALUE obj;
 
     obj = NewX509Attr(cX509Attr);
-    if (!attr) {
-	new = X509_ATTRIBUTE_new();
-    } else {
-	new = X509_ATTRIBUTE_dup(attr);
-    }
-    if (!new) {
-	ossl_raise(eX509AttrError, NULL);
-    }
+    new = X509_ATTRIBUTE_dup(attr);
+    if (!new)
+        ossl_raise(eX509AttrError, "X509_ATTRIBUTE_dup");
     SetX509Attr(obj, new);
 
     return obj;
@@ -88,7 +83,7 @@ ossl_x509attr_alloc(VALUE klass)
 
     obj = NewX509Attr(klass);
     if (!(attr = X509_ATTRIBUTE_new()))
-	ossl_raise(eX509AttrError, NULL);
+        ossl_raise(eX509AttrError, NULL);
     SetX509Attr(obj, attr);
 
     return obj;
@@ -107,15 +102,15 @@ ossl_x509attr_initialize(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
 
     GetX509Attr(self, attr);
     if(rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "11", &oid, &value) == 1){
-	oid = ossl_to_der_if_possible(oid);
-	StringValue(oid);
-	p = (unsigned char *)RSTRING_PTR(oid);
-	x = d2i_X509_ATTRIBUTE(&attr, &p, RSTRING_LEN(oid));
-	DATA_PTR(self) = attr;
-	if(!x){
-	    ossl_raise(eX509AttrError, NULL);
-	}
-	return self;
+        oid = ossl_to_der_if_possible(oid);
+        StringValue(oid);
+        p = (unsigned char *)RSTRING_PTR(oid);
+        x = d2i_X509_ATTRIBUTE(&attr, &p, RSTRING_LEN(oid));
+        DATA_PTR(self) = attr;
+        if(!x){
+            ossl_raise(eX509AttrError, NULL);
+        }
+        return self;
     }
     rb_funcall(self, rb_intern("oid="), 1, oid);
     rb_funcall(self, rb_intern("value="), 1, value);
@@ -135,7 +130,7 @@ ossl_x509attr_initialize_copy(VALUE self, VALUE other)
 
     attr_new = X509_ATTRIBUTE_dup(attr_other);
     if (!attr_new)
-	ossl_raise(eX509AttrError, "X509_ATTRIBUTE_dup");
+        ossl_raise(eX509AttrError, "X509_ATTRIBUTE_dup");
 
     SetX509Attr(self, attr_new);
     X509_ATTRIBUTE_free(attr);
@@ -159,8 +154,8 @@ ossl_x509attr_set_oid(VALUE self, VALUE oid)
     obj = OBJ_txt2obj(s, 0);
     if(!obj) ossl_raise(eX509AttrError, NULL);
     if (!X509_ATTRIBUTE_set1_object(attr, obj)) {
-	ASN1_OBJECT_free(obj);
-	ossl_raise(eX509AttrError, "X509_ATTRIBUTE_set1_object");
+        ASN1_OBJECT_free(obj);
+        ossl_raise(eX509AttrError, "X509_ATTRIBUTE_set1_object");
     }
     ASN1_OBJECT_free(obj);
 
@@ -169,29 +164,18 @@ ossl_x509attr_set_oid(VALUE self, VALUE oid)
 
 /*
  * call-seq:
- *    attr.oid => string
+ *    attr.oid -> string
+ *
+ * Returns the OID of the attribute. Returns the short name or the dotted
+ * decimal notation.
  */
 static VALUE
 ossl_x509attr_get_oid(VALUE self)
 {
     X509_ATTRIBUTE *attr;
-    ASN1_OBJECT *oid;
-    BIO *out;
-    VALUE ret;
-    int nid;
 
     GetX509Attr(self, attr);
-    oid = X509_ATTRIBUTE_get0_object(attr);
-    if ((nid = OBJ_obj2nid(oid)) != NID_undef)
-	ret = rb_str_new2(OBJ_nid2sn(nid));
-    else{
-	if (!(out = BIO_new(BIO_s_mem())))
-	    ossl_raise(eX509AttrError, NULL);
-	i2a_ASN1_OBJECT(out, oid);
-	ret = ossl_membio2str(out);
-    }
-
-    return ret;
+    return ossl_asn1obj_to_string(X509_ATTRIBUTE_get0_object(attr));
 }
 
 /*
@@ -252,21 +236,21 @@ ossl_x509attr_get_value(VALUE self)
     GetX509Attr(self, attr);
     /* there is no X509_ATTRIBUTE_get0_set() :( */
     if (!(sk = sk_ASN1_TYPE_new_null()))
-	ossl_raise(eX509AttrError, "sk_new");
+        ossl_raise(eX509AttrError, "sk_new");
 
     count = X509_ATTRIBUTE_count(attr);
     for (i = 0; i < count; i++)
-	sk_ASN1_TYPE_push(sk, X509_ATTRIBUTE_get0_type(attr, i));
+        sk_ASN1_TYPE_push(sk, X509_ATTRIBUTE_get0_type(attr, i));
 
     if ((len = i2d_ASN1_SET_ANY(sk, NULL)) <= 0) {
-	sk_ASN1_TYPE_free(sk);
-	ossl_raise(eX509AttrError, NULL);
+        sk_ASN1_TYPE_free(sk);
+        ossl_raise(eX509AttrError, NULL);
     }
     str = rb_str_new(0, len);
     p = (unsigned char *)RSTRING_PTR(str);
     if (i2d_ASN1_SET_ANY(sk, &p) <= 0) {
-	sk_ASN1_TYPE_free(sk);
-	ossl_raise(eX509AttrError, NULL);
+        sk_ASN1_TYPE_free(sk);
+        ossl_raise(eX509AttrError, NULL);
     }
     ossl_str_adjust(str, p);
     sk_ASN1_TYPE_free(sk);
@@ -288,11 +272,11 @@ ossl_x509attr_to_der(VALUE self)
 
     GetX509Attr(self, attr);
     if((len = i2d_X509_ATTRIBUTE(attr, NULL)) <= 0)
-	ossl_raise(eX509AttrError, NULL);
+        ossl_raise(eX509AttrError, NULL);
     str = rb_str_new(0, len);
     p = (unsigned char *)RSTRING_PTR(str);
     if(i2d_X509_ATTRIBUTE(attr, &p) <= 0)
-	ossl_raise(eX509AttrError, NULL);
+        ossl_raise(eX509AttrError, NULL);
     ossl_str_adjust(str, p);
 
     return str;
@@ -304,12 +288,6 @@ ossl_x509attr_to_der(VALUE self)
 void
 Init_ossl_x509attr(void)
 {
-#if 0
-    mOSSL = rb_define_module("OpenSSL");
-    eOSSLError = rb_define_class_under(mOSSL, "OpenSSLError", rb_eStandardError);
-    mX509 = rb_define_module_under(mOSSL, "X509");
-#endif
-
     eX509AttrError = rb_define_class_under(mX509, "AttributeError", eOSSLError);
 
     cX509Attr = rb_define_class_under(mX509, "Attribute", rb_cObject);
diff --git a/ext/openssl/ossl_x509cert.c b/ext/openssl/ossl_x509cert.c
index 4734602bef..95679c7d24 100644
--- a/ext/openssl/ossl_x509cert.c
+++ b/ext/openssl/ossl_x509cert.c
@@ -13,14 +13,14 @@
     TypedData_Wrap_Struct((klass), &ossl_x509_type, 0)
 #define SetX509(obj, x509) do { \
     if (!(x509)) { \
-	ossl_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "CERT wasn't initialized!"); \
+        ossl_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "CERT wasn't initialized!"); \
     } \
     RTYPEDDATA_DATA(obj) = (x509); \
 } while (0)
 #define GetX509(obj, x509) do { \
     TypedData_Get_Struct((obj), X509, &ossl_x509_type, (x509)); \
     if (!(x509)) { \
-	ossl_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "CERT wasn't initialized!"); \
+        ossl_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "CERT wasn't initialized!"); \
     } \
 } while (0)
 
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ ossl_x509_free(void *ptr)
 static const rb_data_type_t ossl_x509_type = {
     "OpenSSL/X509",
     {
-	0, ossl_x509_free,
+        0, ossl_x509_free,
     },
     0, 0, RUBY_TYPED_FREE_IMMEDIATELY | RUBY_TYPED_WB_PROTECTED,
 };
@@ -54,14 +54,9 @@ ossl_x509_new(X509 *x509)
     VALUE obj;
 
     obj = NewX509(cX509Cert);
-    if (!x509) {
-	new = X509_new();
-    } else {
-	new = X509_dup(x509);
-    }
-    if (!new) {
-	ossl_raise(eX509CertError, NULL);
-    }
+    new = X509_dup(x509);
+    if (!new)
+        ossl_raise(eX509CertError, "X509_dup");
     SetX509(obj, new);
 
     return obj;
@@ -120,8 +115,8 @@ ossl_x509_initialize(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
 
     rb_check_frozen(self);
     if (rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "01", &arg) == 0) {
-	/* create just empty X509Cert */
-	return self;
+        /* create just empty X509Cert */
+        return self;
     }
     arg = ossl_to_der_if_possible(arg);
     in = ossl_obj2bio(&arg);
@@ -175,11 +170,11 @@ ossl_x509_to_der(VALUE self)
 
     GetX509(self, x509);
     if ((len = i2d_X509(x509, NULL)) <= 0)
-	ossl_raise(eX509CertError, NULL);
+        ossl_raise(eX509CertError, NULL);
     str = rb_str_new(0, len);
     p = (unsigned char *)RSTRING_PTR(str);
     if (i2d_X509(x509, &p) <= 0)
-	ossl_raise(eX509CertError, NULL);
+        ossl_raise(eX509CertError, NULL);
     ossl_str_adjust(str, p);
 
     return str;
@@ -201,8 +196,8 @@ ossl_x509_to_pem(VALUE self)
     if (!out) ossl_raise(eX509CertError, NULL);
 
     if (!PEM_write_bio_X509(out, x509)) {
-	BIO_free(out);
-	ossl_raise(eX509CertError, NULL);
+        BIO_free(out);
+        ossl_raise(eX509CertError, NULL);
     }
     str = ossl_membio2str(out);
 
@@ -226,8 +221,8 @@ ossl_x509_to_text(VALUE self)
     if (!out) ossl_raise(eX509CertError, NULL);
 
     if (!X509_print(out, x509)) {
-	BIO_free(out);
-	ossl_raise(eX509CertError, NULL);
+        BIO_free(out);
+        ossl_raise(eX509CertError, NULL);
     }
     str = ossl_membio2str(out);
 
@@ -247,7 +242,7 @@ ossl_x509_to_req(VALUE self)
 
     GetX509(self, x509);
     if (!(req = X509_to_X509_REQ(x509, NULL, EVP_md5()))) {
-	ossl_raise(eX509CertError, NULL);
+        ossl_raise(eX509CertError, NULL);
     }
     obj = ossl_x509req_new(req);
     X509_REQ_free(req);
@@ -281,11 +276,11 @@ ossl_x509_set_version(VALUE self, VALUE version)
     long ver;
 
     if ((ver = NUM2LONG(version)) < 0) {
-	ossl_raise(eX509CertError, "version must be >= 0!");
+        ossl_raise(eX509CertError, "version must be >= 0!");
     }
     GetX509(self, x509);
     if (!X509_set_version(x509, ver)) {
-	ossl_raise(eX509CertError, NULL);
+        ossl_raise(eX509CertError, NULL);
     }
 
     return version;
@@ -323,27 +318,23 @@ ossl_x509_set_serial(VALUE self, VALUE num)
 /*
  * call-seq:
  *    cert.signature_algorithm => string
+ *
+ * Returns the signature algorithm used to sign this certificate. This returns
+ * the algorithm name found in the TBSCertificate structure, not the outer
+ * \Certificate structure.
+ *
+ * Returns the long name of the signature algorithm, or the dotted decimal
+ * notation if \OpenSSL does not define a long name for it.
  */
 static VALUE
 ossl_x509_get_signature_algorithm(VALUE self)
 {
     X509 *x509;
-    BIO *out;
     const ASN1_OBJECT *obj;
-    VALUE str;
 
     GetX509(self, x509);
-    out = BIO_new(BIO_s_mem());
-    if (!out) ossl_raise(eX509CertError, NULL);
-
     X509_ALGOR_get0(&obj, NULL, NULL, X509_get0_tbs_sigalg(x509));
-    if (!i2a_ASN1_OBJECT(out, obj)) {
-	BIO_free(out);
-	ossl_raise(eX509CertError, NULL);
-    }
-    str = ossl_membio2str(out);
-
-    return str;
+    return ossl_asn1obj_to_string_long_name(obj);
 }
 
 /*
@@ -358,7 +349,7 @@ ossl_x509_get_subject(VALUE self)
 
     GetX509(self, x509);
     if (!(name = X509_get_subject_name(x509))) { /* NO DUP - don't free! */
-	ossl_raise(eX509CertError, NULL);
+        ossl_raise(eX509CertError, NULL);
     }
 
     return ossl_x509name_new(name);
@@ -375,7 +366,7 @@ ossl_x509_set_subject(VALUE self, VALUE subject)
 
     GetX509(self, x509);
     if (!X509_set_subject_name(x509, GetX509NamePtr(subject))) { /* DUPs name */
-	ossl_raise(eX509CertError, NULL);
+        ossl_raise(eX509CertError, NULL);
     }
 
     return subject;
@@ -393,7 +384,7 @@ ossl_x509_get_issuer(VALUE self)
 
     GetX509(self, x509);
     if(!(name = X509_get_issuer_name(x509))) { /* NO DUP - don't free! */
-	ossl_raise(eX509CertError, NULL);
+        ossl_raise(eX509CertError, NULL);
     }
 
     return ossl_x509name_new(name);
@@ -410,7 +401,7 @@ ossl_x509_set_issuer(VALUE self, VALUE issuer)
 
     GetX509(self, x509);
     if (!X509_set_issuer_name(x509, GetX509NamePtr(issuer))) { /* DUPs name */
-	ossl_raise(eX509CertError, NULL);
+        ossl_raise(eX509CertError, NULL);
     }
 
     return issuer;
@@ -428,7 +419,7 @@ ossl_x509_get_not_before(VALUE self)
 
     GetX509(self, x509);
     if (!(asn1time = X509_get0_notBefore(x509))) {
-	ossl_raise(eX509CertError, NULL);
+        ossl_raise(eX509CertError, NULL);
     }
 
     return asn1time_to_time(asn1time);
@@ -447,8 +438,8 @@ ossl_x509_set_not_before(VALUE self, VALUE time)
     GetX509(self, x509);
     asn1time = ossl_x509_time_adjust(NULL, time);
     if (!X509_set1_notBefore(x509, asn1time)) {
-	ASN1_TIME_free(asn1time);
-	ossl_raise(eX509CertError, "X509_set_notBefore");
+        ASN1_TIME_free(asn1time);
+        ossl_raise(eX509CertError, "X509_set_notBefore");
     }
     ASN1_TIME_free(asn1time);
 
@@ -467,7 +458,7 @@ ossl_x509_get_not_after(VALUE self)
 
     GetX509(self, x509);
     if (!(asn1time = X509_get0_notAfter(x509))) {
-	ossl_raise(eX509CertError, NULL);
+        ossl_raise(eX509CertError, NULL);
     }
 
     return asn1time_to_time(asn1time);
@@ -486,8 +477,8 @@ ossl_x509_set_not_after(VALUE self, VALUE time)
     GetX509(self, x509);
     asn1time = ossl_x509_time_adjust(NULL, time);
     if (!X509_set1_notAfter(x509, asn1time)) {
-	ASN1_TIME_free(asn1time);
-	ossl_raise(eX509CertError, "X509_set_notAfter");
+        ASN1_TIME_free(asn1time);
+        ossl_raise(eX509CertError, "X509_set_notAfter");
     }
     ASN1_TIME_free(asn1time);
 
@@ -506,10 +497,10 @@ ossl_x509_get_public_key(VALUE self)
 
     GetX509(self, x509);
     if (!(pkey = X509_get_pubkey(x509))) { /* adds an reference */
-	ossl_raise(eX509CertError, NULL);
+        ossl_raise(eX509CertError, NULL);
     }
 
-    return ossl_pkey_new(pkey); /* NO DUP - OK */
+    return ossl_pkey_wrap(pkey);
 }
 
 /*
@@ -526,7 +517,7 @@ ossl_x509_set_public_key(VALUE self, VALUE key)
     pkey = GetPKeyPtr(key);
     ossl_pkey_check_public_key(pkey);
     if (!X509_set_pubkey(x509, pkey))
-	ossl_raise(eX509CertError, "X509_set_pubkey");
+        ossl_raise(eX509CertError, "X509_set_pubkey");
     return key;
 }
 
@@ -540,17 +531,14 @@ ossl_x509_sign(VALUE self, VALUE key, VALUE digest)
     X509 *x509;
     EVP_PKEY *pkey;
     const EVP_MD *md;
+    VALUE md_holder;
 
     pkey = GetPrivPKeyPtr(key); /* NO NEED TO DUP */
-    if (NIL_P(digest)) {
-        md = NULL; /* needed for some key types, e.g. Ed25519 */
-    } else {
-        md = ossl_evp_get_digestbyname(digest);
-    }
+    /* NULL needed for some key types, e.g. Ed25519 */
+    md = NIL_P(digest) ? NULL : ossl_evp_md_fetch(digest, &md_holder);
     GetX509(self, x509);
-    if (!X509_sign(x509, pkey, md)) {
-	ossl_raise(eX509CertError, NULL);
-    }
+    if (!X509_sign(x509, pkey, md))
+        ossl_raise(eX509CertError, "X509_sign");
 
     return self;
 }
@@ -573,12 +561,12 @@ ossl_x509_verify(VALUE self, VALUE key)
     ossl_pkey_check_public_key(pkey);
     switch (X509_verify(x509, pkey)) {
       case 1:
-	return Qtrue;
+        return Qtrue;
       case 0:
-	ossl_clear_error();
-	return Qfalse;
+        ossl_clear_error();
+        return Qfalse;
       default:
-	ossl_raise(eX509CertError, NULL);
+        ossl_raise(eX509CertError, NULL);
     }
 }
 
@@ -599,8 +587,8 @@ ossl_x509_check_private_key(VALUE self, VALUE key)
     pkey = GetPrivPKeyPtr(key); /* NO NEED TO DUP */
     GetX509(self, x509);
     if (!X509_check_private_key(x509, pkey)) {
-	ossl_clear_error();
-	return Qfalse;
+        ossl_clear_error();
+        return Qfalse;
     }
 
     return Qtrue;
@@ -622,8 +610,8 @@ ossl_x509_get_extensions(VALUE self)
     count = X509_get_ext_count(x509);
     ary = rb_ary_new_capa(count);
     for (i=0; i<count; i++) {
-	ext = X509_get_ext(x509, i); /* NO DUP - don't free! */
-	rb_ary_push(ary, ossl_x509ext_new(ext));
+        ext = X509_get_ext(x509, i); /* NO DUP - don't free! */
+        rb_ary_push(ary, ossl_x509ext_new(ext));
     }
 
     return ary;
@@ -643,16 +631,16 @@ ossl_x509_set_extensions(VALUE self, VALUE ary)
     Check_Type(ary, T_ARRAY);
     /* All ary's members should be X509Extension */
     for (i=0; i<RARRAY_LEN(ary); i++) {
-	OSSL_Check_Kind(RARRAY_AREF(ary, i), cX509Ext);
+        OSSL_Check_Kind(RARRAY_AREF(ary, i), cX509Ext);
     }
     GetX509(self, x509);
     for (i = X509_get_ext_count(x509); i > 0; i--)
         X509_EXTENSION_free(X509_delete_ext(x509, 0));
     for (i=0; i<RARRAY_LEN(ary); i++) {
-	ext = GetX509ExtPtr(RARRAY_AREF(ary, i));
-	if (!X509_add_ext(x509, ext, -1)) { /* DUPs ext */
-	    ossl_raise(eX509CertError, "X509_add_ext");
-	}
+        ext = GetX509ExtPtr(RARRAY_AREF(ary, i));
+        if (!X509_add_ext(x509, ext, -1)) { /* DUPs ext */
+            ossl_raise(eX509CertError, "X509_add_ext");
+        }
     }
 
     return ary;
@@ -671,32 +659,24 @@ ossl_x509_add_extension(VALUE self, VALUE extension)
     GetX509(self, x509);
     ext = GetX509ExtPtr(extension);
     if (!X509_add_ext(x509, ext, -1)) { /* DUPs ext - FREE it */
-	ossl_raise(eX509CertError, NULL);
+        ossl_raise(eX509CertError, NULL);
     }
 
     return extension;
 }
 
-static VALUE
-ossl_x509_inspect(VALUE self)
-{
-    return rb_sprintf("#<%"PRIsVALUE": subject=%+"PRIsVALUE", "
-		      "issuer=%+"PRIsVALUE", serial=%+"PRIsVALUE", "
-		      "not_before=%+"PRIsVALUE", not_after=%+"PRIsVALUE">",
-		      rb_obj_class(self),
-		      ossl_x509_get_subject(self),
-		      ossl_x509_get_issuer(self),
-		      ossl_x509_get_serial(self),
-		      ossl_x509_get_not_before(self),
-		      ossl_x509_get_not_after(self));
-}
-
 /*
  * call-seq:
  *    cert1 == cert2 -> true | false
  *
  * Compares the two certificates. Note that this takes into account all fields,
  * not just the issuer name and the serial number.
+ *
+ * This method uses X509_cmp() from OpenSSL, which compares certificates based
+ * on their cached DER encodings. The comparison can be unreliable if a
+ * certificate is incomplete.
+ *
+ * See also the man page X509_cmp(3).
  */
 static VALUE
 ossl_x509_eq(VALUE self, VALUE other)
@@ -705,7 +685,7 @@ ossl_x509_eq(VALUE self, VALUE other)
 
     GetX509(self, a);
     if (!rb_obj_is_kind_of(other, cX509Cert))
-	return Qfalse;
+        return Qfalse;
     GetX509(other, b);
 
     return !X509_cmp(a, b) ? Qtrue : Qfalse;
@@ -800,7 +780,7 @@ load_chained_certificates_PEM(BIO *in) {
     certificates = load_chained_certificates_append(Qnil, certificate);
 
     while ((certificate = PEM_read_bio_X509(in, NULL, NULL, NULL))) {
-      load_chained_certificates_append(certificates, certificate);
+        load_chained_certificates_append(certificates, certificate);
     }
 
     /* We tried to read one more certificate but could not read start line: */
@@ -898,12 +878,6 @@ ossl_x509_load(VALUE klass, VALUE buffer)
 void
 Init_ossl_x509cert(void)
 {
-#if 0
-    mOSSL = rb_define_module("OpenSSL");
-    eOSSLError = rb_define_class_under(mOSSL, "OpenSSLError", rb_eStandardError);
-    mX509 = rb_define_module_under(mOSSL, "X509");
-#endif
-
     eX509CertError = rb_define_class_under(mX509, "CertificateError", eOSSLError);
 
     /* Document-class: OpenSSL::X509::Certificate
@@ -1031,7 +1005,6 @@ Init_ossl_x509cert(void)
     rb_define_method(cX509Cert, "extensions", ossl_x509_get_extensions, 0);
     rb_define_method(cX509Cert, "extensions=", ossl_x509_set_extensions, 1);
     rb_define_method(cX509Cert, "add_extension", ossl_x509_add_extension, 1);
-    rb_define_method(cX509Cert, "inspect", ossl_x509_inspect, 0);
     rb_define_method(cX509Cert, "==", ossl_x509_eq, 1);
     rb_define_method(cX509Cert, "tbs_bytes", ossl_x509_tbs_bytes, 0);
 }
diff --git a/ext/openssl/ossl_x509crl.c b/ext/openssl/ossl_x509crl.c
index 135dfe3d75..a221429c34 100644
--- a/ext/openssl/ossl_x509crl.c
+++ b/ext/openssl/ossl_x509crl.c
@@ -13,14 +13,14 @@
     TypedData_Wrap_Struct((klass), &ossl_x509crl_type, 0)
 #define SetX509CRL(obj, crl) do { \
     if (!(crl)) { \
-	ossl_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "CRL wasn't initialized!"); \
+        ossl_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "CRL wasn't initialized!"); \
     } \
     RTYPEDDATA_DATA(obj) = (crl); \
 } while (0)
 #define GetX509CRL(obj, crl) do { \
     TypedData_Get_Struct((obj), X509_CRL, &ossl_x509crl_type, (crl)); \
     if (!(crl)) { \
-	ossl_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "CRL wasn't initialized!"); \
+        ossl_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "CRL wasn't initialized!"); \
     } \
 } while (0)
 
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ ossl_x509crl_free(void *ptr)
 static const rb_data_type_t ossl_x509crl_type = {
     "OpenSSL/X509/CRL",
     {
-	0, ossl_x509crl_free,
+        0, ossl_x509crl_free,
     },
     0, 0, RUBY_TYPED_FREE_IMMEDIATELY | RUBY_TYPED_WB_PROTECTED,
 };
@@ -64,8 +64,9 @@ ossl_x509crl_new(X509_CRL *crl)
     VALUE obj;
 
     obj = NewX509CRL(cX509CRL);
-    tmp = crl ? X509_CRL_dup(crl) : X509_CRL_new();
-    if(!tmp) ossl_raise(eX509CRLError, NULL);
+    tmp = X509_CRL_dup(crl);
+    if (!tmp)
+        ossl_raise(eX509CRLError, "X509_CRL_dup");
     SetX509CRL(obj, tmp);
 
     return obj;
@@ -82,7 +83,7 @@ ossl_x509crl_alloc(VALUE klass)
 
     obj = NewX509CRL(klass);
     if (!(crl = X509_CRL_new())) {
-	ossl_raise(eX509CRLError, NULL);
+        ossl_raise(eX509CRLError, NULL);
     }
     SetX509CRL(obj, crl);
 
@@ -98,7 +99,7 @@ ossl_x509crl_initialize(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
 
     rb_check_frozen(self);
     if (rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "01", &arg) == 0) {
-	return self;
+        return self;
     }
     arg = ossl_to_der_if_possible(arg);
     in = ossl_obj2bio(&arg);
@@ -128,7 +129,7 @@ ossl_x509crl_copy(VALUE self, VALUE other)
     GetX509CRL(self, a);
     GetX509CRL(other, b);
     if (!(crl = X509_CRL_dup(b))) {
-	ossl_raise(eX509CRLError, NULL);
+        ossl_raise(eX509CRLError, NULL);
     }
     X509_CRL_free(a);
     DATA_PTR(self) = crl;
@@ -155,36 +156,36 @@ ossl_x509crl_set_version(VALUE self, VALUE version)
     long ver;
 
     if ((ver = NUM2LONG(version)) < 0) {
-	ossl_raise(eX509CRLError, "version must be >= 0!");
+        ossl_raise(eX509CRLError, "version must be >= 0!");
     }
     GetX509CRL(self, crl);
     if (!X509_CRL_set_version(crl, ver)) {
-	ossl_raise(eX509CRLError, NULL);
+        ossl_raise(eX509CRLError, NULL);
     }
 
     return version;
 }
 
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *    crl.signature_algorithm -> string
+ *
+ * Returns the signature algorithm used to sign this CRL.
+ *
+ * Returns the long name of the signature algorithm, or the dotted decimal
+ * notation if \OpenSSL does not define a long name for it.
+ */
 static VALUE
 ossl_x509crl_get_signature_algorithm(VALUE self)
 {
     X509_CRL *crl;
     const X509_ALGOR *alg;
     const ASN1_OBJECT *obj;
-    BIO *out;
 
     GetX509CRL(self, crl);
-    if (!(out = BIO_new(BIO_s_mem()))) {
-	ossl_raise(eX509CRLError, NULL);
-    }
     X509_CRL_get0_signature(crl, NULL, &alg);
     X509_ALGOR_get0(&obj, NULL, NULL, alg);
-    if (!i2a_ASN1_OBJECT(out, obj)) {
-	BIO_free(out);
-	ossl_raise(eX509CRLError, NULL);
-    }
-
-    return ossl_membio2str(out);
+    return ossl_asn1obj_to_string_long_name(obj);
 }
 
 static VALUE
@@ -205,7 +206,7 @@ ossl_x509crl_set_issuer(VALUE self, VALUE issuer)
     GetX509CRL(self, crl);
 
     if (!X509_CRL_set_issuer_name(crl, GetX509NamePtr(issuer))) { /* DUPs name */
-	ossl_raise(eX509CRLError, NULL);
+        ossl_raise(eX509CRLError, NULL);
     }
     return issuer;
 }
@@ -219,7 +220,7 @@ ossl_x509crl_get_last_update(VALUE self)
     GetX509CRL(self, crl);
     time = X509_CRL_get0_lastUpdate(crl);
     if (!time)
-	return Qnil;
+        return Qnil;
 
     return asn1time_to_time(time);
 }
@@ -233,8 +234,8 @@ ossl_x509crl_set_last_update(VALUE self, VALUE time)
     GetX509CRL(self, crl);
     asn1time = ossl_x509_time_adjust(NULL, time);
     if (!X509_CRL_set1_lastUpdate(crl, asn1time)) {
-	ASN1_TIME_free(asn1time);
-	ossl_raise(eX509CRLError, "X509_CRL_set_lastUpdate");
+        ASN1_TIME_free(asn1time);
+        ossl_raise(eX509CRLError, "X509_CRL_set_lastUpdate");
     }
     ASN1_TIME_free(asn1time);
 
@@ -250,7 +251,7 @@ ossl_x509crl_get_next_update(VALUE self)
     GetX509CRL(self, crl);
     time = X509_CRL_get0_nextUpdate(crl);
     if (!time)
-	return Qnil;
+        return Qnil;
 
     return asn1time_to_time(time);
 }
@@ -264,8 +265,8 @@ ossl_x509crl_set_next_update(VALUE self, VALUE time)
     GetX509CRL(self, crl);
     asn1time = ossl_x509_time_adjust(NULL, time);
     if (!X509_CRL_set1_nextUpdate(crl, asn1time)) {
-	ASN1_TIME_free(asn1time);
-	ossl_raise(eX509CRLError, "X509_CRL_set_nextUpdate");
+        ASN1_TIME_free(asn1time);
+        ossl_raise(eX509CRLError, "X509_CRL_set_nextUpdate");
     }
     ASN1_TIME_free(asn1time);
 
@@ -288,8 +289,8 @@ ossl_x509crl_get_revoked(VALUE self)
     num = sk_X509_REVOKED_num(sk);
     ary = rb_ary_new_capa(num);
     for(i=0; i<num; i++) {
-	X509_REVOKED *rev = sk_X509_REVOKED_value(sk, i);
-	rb_ary_push(ary, ossl_x509revoked_new(rev));
+        X509_REVOKED *rev = sk_X509_REVOKED_value(sk, i);
+        rb_ary_push(ary, ossl_x509revoked_new(rev));
     }
 
     return ary;
@@ -306,19 +307,19 @@ ossl_x509crl_set_revoked(VALUE self, VALUE ary)
     Check_Type(ary, T_ARRAY);
     /* All ary members should be X509 Revoked */
     for (i=0; i<RARRAY_LEN(ary); i++) {
-	OSSL_Check_Kind(RARRAY_AREF(ary, i), cX509Rev);
+        OSSL_Check_Kind(RARRAY_AREF(ary, i), cX509Rev);
     }
     GetX509CRL(self, crl);
     if ((sk = X509_CRL_get_REVOKED(crl))) {
-	while ((rev = sk_X509_REVOKED_pop(sk)))
-	    X509_REVOKED_free(rev);
+        while ((rev = sk_X509_REVOKED_pop(sk)))
+            X509_REVOKED_free(rev);
     }
     for (i=0; i<RARRAY_LEN(ary); i++) {
-	rev = DupX509RevokedPtr(RARRAY_AREF(ary, i));
-	if (!X509_CRL_add0_revoked(crl, rev)) { /* NO DUP - don't free! */
-	    X509_REVOKED_free(rev);
-	    ossl_raise(eX509CRLError, "X509_CRL_add0_revoked");
-	}
+        rev = DupX509RevokedPtr(RARRAY_AREF(ary, i));
+        if (!X509_CRL_add0_revoked(crl, rev)) { /* NO DUP - don't free! */
+            X509_REVOKED_free(rev);
+            ossl_raise(eX509CRLError, "X509_CRL_add0_revoked");
+        }
     }
     X509_CRL_sort(crl);
 
@@ -334,8 +335,8 @@ ossl_x509crl_add_revoked(VALUE self, VALUE revoked)
     GetX509CRL(self, crl);
     rev = DupX509RevokedPtr(revoked);
     if (!X509_CRL_add0_revoked(crl, rev)) { /* NO DUP - don't free! */
-	X509_REVOKED_free(rev);
-	ossl_raise(eX509CRLError, "X509_CRL_add0_revoked");
+        X509_REVOKED_free(rev);
+        ossl_raise(eX509CRLError, "X509_CRL_add0_revoked");
     }
     X509_CRL_sort(crl);
 
@@ -348,17 +349,14 @@ ossl_x509crl_sign(VALUE self, VALUE key, VALUE digest)
     X509_CRL *crl;
     EVP_PKEY *pkey;
     const EVP_MD *md;
+    VALUE md_holder;
 
     GetX509CRL(self, crl);
     pkey = GetPrivPKeyPtr(key); /* NO NEED TO DUP */
-    if (NIL_P(digest)) {
-	md = NULL; /* needed for some key types, e.g. Ed25519 */
-    } else {
-	md = ossl_evp_get_digestbyname(digest);
-    }
-    if (!X509_CRL_sign(crl, pkey, md)) {
-	ossl_raise(eX509CRLError, NULL);
-    }
+    /* NULL needed for some key types, e.g. Ed25519 */
+    md = NIL_P(digest) ? NULL : ossl_evp_md_fetch(digest, &md_holder);
+    if (!X509_CRL_sign(crl, pkey, md))
+        ossl_raise(eX509CRLError, "X509_CRL_sign");
 
     return self;
 }
@@ -374,12 +372,12 @@ ossl_x509crl_verify(VALUE self, VALUE key)
     ossl_pkey_check_public_key(pkey);
     switch (X509_CRL_verify(crl, pkey)) {
       case 1:
-	return Qtrue;
+        return Qtrue;
       case 0:
-	ossl_clear_error();
-	return Qfalse;
+        ossl_clear_error();
+        return Qfalse;
       default:
-	ossl_raise(eX509CRLError, NULL);
+        ossl_raise(eX509CRLError, NULL);
     }
 }
 
@@ -391,11 +389,11 @@ ossl_x509crl_to_der(VALUE self)
 
     GetX509CRL(self, crl);
     if (!(out = BIO_new(BIO_s_mem()))) {
-	ossl_raise(eX509CRLError, NULL);
+        ossl_raise(eX509CRLError, NULL);
     }
     if (!i2d_X509_CRL_bio(out, crl)) {
-	BIO_free(out);
-	ossl_raise(eX509CRLError, NULL);
+        BIO_free(out);
+        ossl_raise(eX509CRLError, NULL);
     }
 
     return ossl_membio2str(out);
@@ -409,11 +407,11 @@ ossl_x509crl_to_pem(VALUE self)
 
     GetX509CRL(self, crl);
     if (!(out = BIO_new(BIO_s_mem()))) {
-	ossl_raise(eX509CRLError, NULL);
+        ossl_raise(eX509CRLError, NULL);
     }
     if (!PEM_write_bio_X509_CRL(out, crl)) {
-	BIO_free(out);
-	ossl_raise(eX509CRLError, NULL);
+        BIO_free(out);
+        ossl_raise(eX509CRLError, NULL);
     }
 
     return ossl_membio2str(out);
@@ -427,11 +425,11 @@ ossl_x509crl_to_text(VALUE self)
 
     GetX509CRL(self, crl);
     if (!(out = BIO_new(BIO_s_mem()))) {
-	ossl_raise(eX509CRLError, NULL);
+        ossl_raise(eX509CRLError, NULL);
     }
     if (!X509_CRL_print(out, crl)) {
-	BIO_free(out);
-	ossl_raise(eX509CRLError, NULL);
+        BIO_free(out);
+        ossl_raise(eX509CRLError, NULL);
     }
 
     return ossl_membio2str(out);
@@ -452,8 +450,8 @@ ossl_x509crl_get_extensions(VALUE self)
     count = X509_CRL_get_ext_count(crl);
     ary = rb_ary_new_capa(count);
     for (i=0; i<count; i++) {
-	ext = X509_CRL_get_ext(crl, i); /* NO DUP - don't free! */
-	rb_ary_push(ary, ossl_x509ext_new(ext));
+        ext = X509_CRL_get_ext(crl, i); /* NO DUP - don't free! */
+        rb_ary_push(ary, ossl_x509ext_new(ext));
     }
 
     return ary;
@@ -472,16 +470,16 @@ ossl_x509crl_set_extensions(VALUE self, VALUE ary)
     Check_Type(ary, T_ARRAY);
     /* All ary members should be X509 Extensions */
     for (i=0; i<RARRAY_LEN(ary); i++) {
-	OSSL_Check_Kind(RARRAY_AREF(ary, i), cX509Ext);
+        OSSL_Check_Kind(RARRAY_AREF(ary, i), cX509Ext);
     }
     GetX509CRL(self, crl);
     for (i = X509_CRL_get_ext_count(crl); i > 0; i--)
         X509_EXTENSION_free(X509_CRL_delete_ext(crl, 0));
     for (i=0; i<RARRAY_LEN(ary); i++) {
-	ext = GetX509ExtPtr(RARRAY_AREF(ary, i)); /* NO NEED TO DUP */
-	if (!X509_CRL_add_ext(crl, ext, -1)) {
-	    ossl_raise(eX509CRLError, "X509_CRL_add_ext");
-	}
+        ext = GetX509ExtPtr(RARRAY_AREF(ary, i)); /* NO NEED TO DUP */
+        if (!X509_CRL_add_ext(crl, ext, -1)) {
+            ossl_raise(eX509CRLError, "X509_CRL_add_ext");
+        }
     }
 
     return ary;
@@ -496,7 +494,7 @@ ossl_x509crl_add_extension(VALUE self, VALUE extension)
     GetX509CRL(self, crl);
     ext = GetX509ExtPtr(extension);
     if (!X509_CRL_add_ext(crl, ext, -1)) {
-	ossl_raise(eX509CRLError, NULL);
+        ossl_raise(eX509CRLError, NULL);
     }
 
     return extension;
@@ -508,12 +506,6 @@ ossl_x509crl_add_extension(VALUE self, VALUE extension)
 void
 Init_ossl_x509crl(void)
 {
-#if 0
-    mOSSL = rb_define_module("OpenSSL");
-    eOSSLError = rb_define_class_under(mOSSL, "OpenSSLError", rb_eStandardError);
-    mX509 = rb_define_module_under(mOSSL, "X509");
-#endif
-
     eX509CRLError = rb_define_class_under(mX509, "CRLError", eOSSLError);
 
     cX509CRL = rb_define_class_under(mX509, "CRL", rb_cObject);
diff --git a/ext/openssl/ossl_x509ext.c b/ext/openssl/ossl_x509ext.c
index 9b0d9aa651..ef66ecc3fe 100644
--- a/ext/openssl/ossl_x509ext.c
+++ b/ext/openssl/ossl_x509ext.c
@@ -13,14 +13,14 @@
     TypedData_Wrap_Struct((klass), &ossl_x509ext_type, 0)
 #define SetX509Ext(obj, ext) do { \
     if (!(ext)) { \
-	ossl_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "EXT wasn't initialized!"); \
+        ossl_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "EXT wasn't initialized!"); \
     } \
     RTYPEDDATA_DATA(obj) = (ext); \
 } while (0)
 #define GetX509Ext(obj, ext) do { \
     TypedData_Get_Struct((obj), X509_EXTENSION, &ossl_x509ext_type, (ext)); \
     if (!(ext)) { \
-	ossl_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "EXT wasn't initialized!"); \
+        ossl_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "EXT wasn't initialized!"); \
     } \
 } while (0)
 #define MakeX509ExtFactory(klass, obj, ctx) do { \
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@
 #define GetX509ExtFactory(obj, ctx) do { \
     TypedData_Get_Struct((obj), X509V3_CTX, &ossl_x509extfactory_type, (ctx)); \
     if (!(ctx)) { \
-	ossl_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "CTX wasn't initialized!"); \
+        ossl_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "CTX wasn't initialized!"); \
     } \
 } while (0)
 
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ ossl_x509ext_free(void *ptr)
 static const rb_data_type_t ossl_x509ext_type = {
     "OpenSSL/X509/EXTENSION",
     {
-	0, ossl_x509ext_free,
+        0, ossl_x509ext_free,
     },
     0, 0, RUBY_TYPED_FREE_IMMEDIATELY | RUBY_TYPED_WB_PROTECTED,
 };
@@ -68,14 +68,9 @@ ossl_x509ext_new(X509_EXTENSION *ext)
     VALUE obj;
 
     obj = NewX509Ext(cX509Ext);
-    if (!ext) {
-	new = X509_EXTENSION_new();
-    } else {
-	new = X509_EXTENSION_dup(ext);
-    }
-    if (!new) {
-	ossl_raise(eX509ExtError, NULL);
-    }
+    new = X509_EXTENSION_dup(ext);
+    if (!new)
+        ossl_raise(eX509ExtError, "X509_EXTENSION_dup");
     SetX509Ext(obj, new);
 
     return obj;
@@ -106,7 +101,7 @@ ossl_x509extfactory_free(void *ctx)
 static const rb_data_type_t ossl_x509extfactory_type = {
     "OpenSSL/X509/EXTENSION/Factory",
     {
-	0, ossl_x509extfactory_free,
+        0, ossl_x509extfactory_free,
     },
     0, 0, RUBY_TYPED_FREE_IMMEDIATELY | RUBY_TYPED_WB_PROTECTED,
 };
@@ -180,15 +175,15 @@ ossl_x509extfactory_initialize(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
     /*GetX509ExtFactory(self, ctx);*/
 
     rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "04",
-		 &issuer_cert, &subject_cert, &subject_req, &crl);
+                 &issuer_cert, &subject_cert, &subject_req, &crl);
     if (!NIL_P(issuer_cert))
-	ossl_x509extfactory_set_issuer_cert(self, issuer_cert);
+        ossl_x509extfactory_set_issuer_cert(self, issuer_cert);
     if (!NIL_P(subject_cert))
-	ossl_x509extfactory_set_subject_cert(self, subject_cert);
+        ossl_x509extfactory_set_subject_cert(self, subject_cert);
     if (!NIL_P(subject_req))
-	ossl_x509extfactory_set_subject_req(self, subject_req);
+        ossl_x509extfactory_set_subject_req(self, subject_req);
     if (!NIL_P(crl))
-	ossl_x509extfactory_set_crl(self, crl);
+        ossl_x509extfactory_set_crl(self, crl);
 
     return self;
 }
@@ -218,7 +213,7 @@ ossl_x509extfactory_create_ext(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
     oid_cstr = StringValueCStr(oid);
     nid = OBJ_ln2nid(oid_cstr);
     if (nid != NID_undef)
-      oid_cstr = OBJ_nid2sn(nid);
+        oid_cstr = OBJ_nid2sn(nid);
 
     valstr = rb_str_new2(RTEST(critical) ? "critical," : "");
     rb_str_append(valstr, value);
@@ -233,7 +228,7 @@ ossl_x509extfactory_create_ext(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
     ext = X509V3_EXT_nconf(conf, ctx, oid_cstr, RSTRING_PTR(valstr));
     X509V3_set_ctx_nodb(ctx);
     if (!ext){
-	ossl_raise(eX509ExtError, "%"PRIsVALUE" = %"PRIsVALUE, oid, valstr);
+        ossl_raise(eX509ExtError, "%"PRIsVALUE" = %"PRIsVALUE, oid, valstr);
     }
     SetX509Ext(obj, ext);
 
@@ -251,7 +246,7 @@ ossl_x509ext_alloc(VALUE klass)
 
     obj = NewX509Ext(klass);
     if(!(ext = X509_EXTENSION_new())){
-	ossl_raise(eX509ExtError, NULL);
+        ossl_raise(eX509ExtError, NULL);
     }
     SetX509Ext(obj, ext);
 
@@ -279,14 +274,14 @@ ossl_x509ext_initialize(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
 
     GetX509Ext(self, ext);
     if(rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "12", &oid, &value, &critical) == 1){
-	oid = ossl_to_der_if_possible(oid);
-	StringValue(oid);
-	p = (unsigned char *)RSTRING_PTR(oid);
-	x = d2i_X509_EXTENSION(&ext, &p, RSTRING_LEN(oid));
-	DATA_PTR(self) = ext;
-	if(!x)
-	    ossl_raise(eX509ExtError, NULL);
-	return self;
+        oid = ossl_to_der_if_possible(oid);
+        StringValue(oid);
+        p = (unsigned char *)RSTRING_PTR(oid);
+        x = d2i_X509_EXTENSION(&ext, &p, RSTRING_LEN(oid));
+        DATA_PTR(self) = ext;
+        if(!x)
+            ossl_raise(eX509ExtError, NULL);
+        return self;
     }
     rb_funcall(self, rb_intern("oid="), 1, oid);
     rb_funcall(self, rb_intern("value="), 1, value);
@@ -307,7 +302,7 @@ ossl_x509ext_initialize_copy(VALUE self, VALUE other)
 
     ext_new = X509_EXTENSION_dup(ext_other);
     if (!ext_new)
-	ossl_raise(eX509ExtError, "X509_EXTENSION_dup");
+        ossl_raise(eX509ExtError, "X509_EXTENSION_dup");
 
     SetX509Ext(self, ext_new);
     X509_EXTENSION_free(ext);
@@ -324,10 +319,10 @@ ossl_x509ext_set_oid(VALUE self, VALUE oid)
     GetX509Ext(self, ext);
     obj = OBJ_txt2obj(StringValueCStr(oid), 0);
     if (!obj)
-	ossl_raise(eX509ExtError, "OBJ_txt2obj");
+        ossl_raise(eX509ExtError, "OBJ_txt2obj");
     if (!X509_EXTENSION_set_object(ext, obj)) {
-	ASN1_OBJECT_free(obj);
-	ossl_raise(eX509ExtError, "X509_EXTENSION_set_object");
+        ASN1_OBJECT_free(obj);
+        ossl_raise(eX509ExtError, "X509_EXTENSION_set_object");
     }
     ASN1_OBJECT_free(obj);
 
@@ -346,8 +341,8 @@ ossl_x509ext_set_value(VALUE self, VALUE data)
     asn1s = X509_EXTENSION_get_data(ext);
 
     if (!ASN1_OCTET_STRING_set(asn1s, (unsigned char *)RSTRING_PTR(data),
-			       RSTRING_LENINT(data))) {
-	ossl_raise(eX509ExtError, "ASN1_OCTET_STRING_set");
+                               RSTRING_LENINT(data))) {
+        ossl_raise(eX509ExtError, "ASN1_OCTET_STRING_set");
     }
 
     return data;
@@ -364,27 +359,20 @@ ossl_x509ext_set_critical(VALUE self, VALUE flag)
     return flag;
 }
 
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *    ext.oid -> string
+ *
+ * Returns the OID of the extension. Returns the short name or the dotted
+ * decimal notation.
+ */
 static VALUE
 ossl_x509ext_get_oid(VALUE obj)
 {
     X509_EXTENSION *ext;
-    ASN1_OBJECT *extobj;
-    BIO *out;
-    VALUE ret;
-    int nid;
 
     GetX509Ext(obj, ext);
-    extobj = X509_EXTENSION_get_object(ext);
-    if ((nid = OBJ_obj2nid(extobj)) != NID_undef)
-	ret = rb_str_new2(OBJ_nid2sn(nid));
-    else{
-	if (!(out = BIO_new(BIO_s_mem())))
-	    ossl_raise(eX509ExtError, NULL);
-	i2a_ASN1_OBJECT(out, extobj);
-	ret = ossl_membio2str(out);
-    }
-
-    return ret;
+    return ossl_asn1obj_to_string(X509_EXTENSION_get_object(ext));
 }
 
 static VALUE
@@ -396,9 +384,9 @@ ossl_x509ext_get_value(VALUE obj)
 
     GetX509Ext(obj, ext);
     if (!(out = BIO_new(BIO_s_mem())))
-	ossl_raise(eX509ExtError, NULL);
+        ossl_raise(eX509ExtError, NULL);
     if (!X509V3_EXT_print(out, ext, 0, 0))
-	ASN1_STRING_print(out, (ASN1_STRING *)X509_EXTENSION_get_data(ext));
+        ASN1_STRING_print(out, (ASN1_STRING *)X509_EXTENSION_get_data(ext));
     ret = ossl_membio2str(out);
 
     return ret;
@@ -412,9 +400,9 @@ ossl_x509ext_get_value_der(VALUE obj)
 
     GetX509Ext(obj, ext);
     if ((value = X509_EXTENSION_get_data(ext)) == NULL)
-	ossl_raise(eX509ExtError, NULL);
+        ossl_raise(eX509ExtError, NULL);
 
-    return rb_str_new((const char *)value->data, value->length);
+    return asn1str_to_str(value);
 }
 
 static VALUE
@@ -436,11 +424,11 @@ ossl_x509ext_to_der(VALUE obj)
 
     GetX509Ext(obj, ext);
     if((len = i2d_X509_EXTENSION(ext, NULL)) <= 0)
-	ossl_raise(eX509ExtError, NULL);
+        ossl_raise(eX509ExtError, NULL);
     str = rb_str_new(0, len);
     p = (unsigned char *)RSTRING_PTR(str);
     if(i2d_X509_EXTENSION(ext, &p) < 0)
-	ossl_raise(eX509ExtError, NULL);
+        ossl_raise(eX509ExtError, NULL);
     ossl_str_adjust(str, p);
 
     return str;
@@ -453,12 +441,6 @@ void
 Init_ossl_x509ext(void)
 {
 #undef rb_intern
-#if 0
-    mOSSL = rb_define_module("OpenSSL");
-    eOSSLError = rb_define_class_under(mOSSL, "OpenSSLError", rb_eStandardError);
-    mX509 = rb_define_module_under(mOSSL, "X509");
-#endif
-
     eX509ExtError = rb_define_class_under(mX509, "ExtensionError", eOSSLError);
 
     cX509ExtFactory = rb_define_class_under(mX509, "ExtensionFactory", rb_cObject);
diff --git a/ext/openssl/ossl_x509name.c b/ext/openssl/ossl_x509name.c
index b3791aefa3..5b3c3f7261 100644
--- a/ext/openssl/ossl_x509name.c
+++ b/ext/openssl/ossl_x509name.c
@@ -13,21 +13,21 @@
     TypedData_Wrap_Struct((klass), &ossl_x509name_type, 0)
 #define SetX509Name(obj, name) do { \
     if (!(name)) { \
-	ossl_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "Name wasn't initialized."); \
+        ossl_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "Name wasn't initialized."); \
     } \
     RTYPEDDATA_DATA(obj) = (name); \
 } while (0)
 #define GetX509Name(obj, name) do { \
     TypedData_Get_Struct((obj), X509_NAME, &ossl_x509name_type, (name)); \
     if (!(name)) { \
-	ossl_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "Name wasn't initialized."); \
+        ossl_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "Name wasn't initialized."); \
     } \
 } while (0)
 
 #define OBJECT_TYPE_TEMPLATE \
-  rb_const_get(cX509Name, rb_intern("OBJECT_TYPE_TEMPLATE"))
+    rb_const_get(cX509Name, rb_intern("OBJECT_TYPE_TEMPLATE"))
 #define DEFAULT_OBJECT_TYPE \
-  rb_const_get(cX509Name, rb_intern("DEFAULT_OBJECT_TYPE"))
+    rb_const_get(cX509Name, rb_intern("DEFAULT_OBJECT_TYPE"))
 
 /*
  * Classes
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ ossl_x509name_free(void *ptr)
 static const rb_data_type_t ossl_x509name_type = {
     "OpenSSL/X509/NAME",
     {
-	0, ossl_x509name_free,
+        0, ossl_x509name_free,
     },
     0, 0, RUBY_TYPED_FREE_IMMEDIATELY | RUBY_TYPED_WB_PROTECTED,
 };
@@ -59,14 +59,9 @@ ossl_x509name_new(X509_NAME *name)
     VALUE obj;
 
     obj = NewX509Name(cX509Name);
-    if (!name) {
-	new = X509_NAME_new();
-    } else {
-	new = X509_NAME_dup(name);
-    }
-    if (!new) {
-	ossl_raise(eX509NameError, NULL);
-    }
+    new = X509_NAME_dup(name);
+    if (!new)
+        ossl_raise(eX509NameError, "X509_NAME_dup");
     SetX509Name(obj, new);
 
     return obj;
@@ -93,7 +88,7 @@ ossl_x509name_alloc(VALUE klass)
 
     obj = NewX509Name(klass);
     if (!(name = X509_NAME_new())) {
-	ossl_raise(eX509NameError, NULL);
+        ossl_raise(eX509NameError, NULL);
     }
     SetX509Name(obj, name);
 
@@ -150,28 +145,28 @@ ossl_x509name_initialize(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
 
     GetX509Name(self, name);
     if (rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "02", &arg, &template) == 0) {
-	return self;
+        return self;
     }
     else {
-	VALUE tmp = rb_check_array_type(arg);
-	if (!NIL_P(tmp)) {
-	    VALUE args;
-	    if(NIL_P(template)) template = OBJECT_TYPE_TEMPLATE;
-	    args = rb_ary_new3(2, self, template);
-	    rb_block_call(tmp, rb_intern("each"), 0, 0, ossl_x509name_init_i, args);
-	}
-	else{
-	    const unsigned char *p;
-	    VALUE str = ossl_to_der_if_possible(arg);
-	    X509_NAME *x;
-	    StringValue(str);
-	    p = (unsigned char *)RSTRING_PTR(str);
-	    x = d2i_X509_NAME(&name, &p, RSTRING_LEN(str));
-	    DATA_PTR(self) = name;
-	    if(!x){
-		ossl_raise(eX509NameError, NULL);
-	    }
-	}
+        VALUE tmp = rb_check_array_type(arg);
+        if (!NIL_P(tmp)) {
+            VALUE args;
+            if(NIL_P(template)) template = OBJECT_TYPE_TEMPLATE;
+            args = rb_ary_new3(2, self, template);
+            rb_block_call(tmp, rb_intern("each"), 0, 0, ossl_x509name_init_i, args);
+        }
+        else{
+            const unsigned char *p;
+            VALUE str = ossl_to_der_if_possible(arg);
+            X509_NAME *x;
+            StringValue(str);
+            p = (unsigned char *)RSTRING_PTR(str);
+            x = d2i_X509_NAME(&name, &p, RSTRING_LEN(str));
+            DATA_PTR(self) = name;
+            if(!x){
+                ossl_raise(eX509NameError, NULL);
+            }
+        }
     }
 
     return self;
@@ -189,7 +184,7 @@ ossl_x509name_initialize_copy(VALUE self, VALUE other)
 
     name_new = X509_NAME_dup(name_other);
     if (!name_new)
-	ossl_raise(eX509NameError, "X509_NAME_dup");
+        ossl_raise(eX509NameError, "X509_NAME_dup");
 
     SetX509Name(self, name_new);
     X509_NAME_free(name);
@@ -226,8 +221,8 @@ VALUE ossl_x509name_add_entry(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
     int loc = -1, set = 0;
 
     if (!kwargs_ids[0]) {
-	kwargs_ids[0] = rb_intern_const("loc");
-	kwargs_ids[1] = rb_intern_const("set");
+        kwargs_ids[0] = rb_intern_const("loc");
+        kwargs_ids[1] = rb_intern_const("set");
     }
     rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "21:", &oid, &value, &type, &opts);
     rb_get_kwargs(opts, kwargs_ids, 0, 2, kwargs);
@@ -235,14 +230,14 @@ VALUE ossl_x509name_add_entry(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
     StringValue(value);
     if(NIL_P(type)) type = rb_aref(OBJECT_TYPE_TEMPLATE, oid);
     if (kwargs[0] != Qundef)
-	loc = NUM2INT(kwargs[0]);
+        loc = NUM2INT(kwargs[0]);
     if (kwargs[1] != Qundef)
-	set = NUM2INT(kwargs[1]);
+        set = NUM2INT(kwargs[1]);
     GetX509Name(self, name);
     if (!X509_NAME_add_entry_by_txt(name, oid_name, NUM2INT(type),
-				    (unsigned char *)RSTRING_PTR(value),
-				    RSTRING_LENINT(value), loc, set))
-	ossl_raise(eX509NameError, "X509_NAME_add_entry_by_txt");
+                                    (unsigned char *)RSTRING_PTR(value),
+                                    RSTRING_LENINT(value), loc, set))
+        ossl_raise(eX509NameError, "X509_NAME_add_entry_by_txt");
     return self;
 }
 
@@ -255,7 +250,7 @@ ossl_x509name_to_s_old(VALUE self)
     GetX509Name(self, name);
     buf = X509_NAME_oneline(name, NULL, 0);
     if (!buf)
-	ossl_raise(eX509NameError, "X509_NAME_oneline");
+        ossl_raise(eX509NameError, "X509_NAME_oneline");
     return ossl_buf2str(buf, rb_long2int(strlen(buf)));
 }
 
@@ -269,11 +264,11 @@ x509name_print(VALUE self, unsigned long iflag)
     GetX509Name(self, name);
     out = BIO_new(BIO_s_mem());
     if (!out)
-	ossl_raise(eX509NameError, NULL);
+        ossl_raise(eX509NameError, NULL);
     ret = X509_NAME_print_ex(out, name, 0, iflag);
     if (ret < 0 || (iflag == XN_FLAG_COMPAT && ret == 0)) {
-	BIO_free(out);
-	ossl_raise(eX509NameError, "X509_NAME_print_ex");
+        BIO_free(out);
+        ossl_raise(eX509NameError, "X509_NAME_print_ex");
     }
     return ossl_membio2str(out);
 }
@@ -307,9 +302,9 @@ ossl_x509name_to_s(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
     rb_check_arity(argc, 0, 1);
     /* name.to_s(nil) was allowed */
     if (!argc || NIL_P(argv[0]))
-	return ossl_x509name_to_s_old(self);
+        return ossl_x509name_to_s_old(self);
     else
-	return x509name_print(self, NUM2ULONG(argv[0]));
+        return x509name_print(self, NUM2ULONG(argv[0]));
 }
 
 /*
@@ -332,7 +327,7 @@ static VALUE
 ossl_x509name_inspect(VALUE self)
 {
     return rb_enc_sprintf(rb_utf8_encoding(), "#<%"PRIsVALUE" %"PRIsVALUE">",
-			  rb_obj_class(self), ossl_x509name_to_utf8(self));
+                          rb_obj_class(self), ossl_x509name_to_utf8(self));
 }
 
 /*
@@ -346,34 +341,22 @@ static VALUE
 ossl_x509name_to_a(VALUE self)
 {
     X509_NAME *name;
-    X509_NAME_ENTRY *entry;
-    int i,entries,nid;
-    char long_name[512];
-    const char *short_name;
-    VALUE ary, vname, ret;
-    ASN1_STRING *value;
+    int entries;
+    VALUE ret;
 
     GetX509Name(self, name);
     entries = X509_NAME_entry_count(name);
     ret = rb_ary_new_capa(entries);
-    for (i=0; i<entries; i++) {
-	if (!(entry = X509_NAME_get_entry(name, i))) {
-	    ossl_raise(eX509NameError, NULL);
-	}
-	if (!i2t_ASN1_OBJECT(long_name, sizeof(long_name),
-			     X509_NAME_ENTRY_get_object(entry))) {
-	    ossl_raise(eX509NameError, NULL);
-	}
-	nid = OBJ_ln2nid(long_name);
-	if (nid == NID_undef) {
-	    vname = rb_str_new2((const char *) &long_name);
-	} else {
-	    short_name = OBJ_nid2sn(nid);
-	    vname = rb_str_new2(short_name); /*do not free*/
-	}
-	value = X509_NAME_ENTRY_get_data(entry);
-	ary = rb_ary_new3(3, vname, asn1str_to_str(value), INT2NUM(value->type));
-	rb_ary_push(ret, ary);
+    for (int i = 0; i < entries; i++) {
+        const X509_NAME_ENTRY *entry = X509_NAME_get_entry(name, i);
+        if (!entry)
+            ossl_raise(eX509NameError, "X509_NAME_get_entry");
+        const ASN1_OBJECT *obj = X509_NAME_ENTRY_get_object(entry);
+        VALUE vname = ossl_asn1obj_to_string(obj);
+        const ASN1_STRING *data = X509_NAME_ENTRY_get_data(entry);
+        VALUE vdata = asn1str_to_str(data);
+        VALUE type = INT2NUM(ASN1_STRING_type(data));
+        rb_ary_push(ret, rb_ary_new_from_args(3, vname, vdata, type));
     }
     return ret;
 }
@@ -404,7 +387,7 @@ ossl_x509name_cmp(VALUE self, VALUE other)
     int result;
 
     if (!rb_obj_is_kind_of(other, cX509Name))
-	return Qnil;
+        return Qnil;
 
     result = ossl_x509name_cmp0(self, other);
     if (result < 0) return INT2FIX(-1);
@@ -423,7 +406,7 @@ static VALUE
 ossl_x509name_eql(VALUE self, VALUE other)
 {
     if (!rb_obj_is_kind_of(other, cX509Name))
-	return Qfalse;
+        return Qfalse;
 
     return ossl_x509name_cmp0(self, other) == 0 ? Qtrue : Qfalse;
 }
@@ -483,11 +466,11 @@ ossl_x509name_to_der(VALUE self)
 
     GetX509Name(self, name);
     if((len = i2d_X509_NAME(name, NULL)) <= 0)
-	ossl_raise(eX509NameError, NULL);
+        ossl_raise(eX509NameError, NULL);
     str = rb_str_new(0, len);
     p = (unsigned char *)RSTRING_PTR(str);
     if(i2d_X509_NAME(name, &p) <= 0)
-	ossl_raise(eX509NameError, NULL);
+        ossl_raise(eX509NameError, NULL);
     ossl_str_adjust(str, p);
 
     return str;
@@ -513,12 +496,6 @@ Init_ossl_x509name(void)
 #undef rb_intern
     VALUE utf8str, ptrstr, ia5str, hash;
 
-#if 0
-    mOSSL = rb_define_module("OpenSSL");
-    eOSSLError = rb_define_class_under(mOSSL, "OpenSSLError", rb_eStandardError);
-    mX509 = rb_define_module_under(mOSSL, "X509");
-#endif
-
     id_aref = rb_intern("[]");
     eX509NameError = rb_define_class_under(mX509, "NameError", eOSSLError);
     cX509Name = rb_define_class_under(mX509, "Name", rb_cObject);
@@ -557,6 +534,7 @@ Init_ossl_x509name(void)
     rb_hash_aset(hash, rb_str_new2("DC"), ia5str);
     rb_hash_aset(hash, rb_str_new2("domainComponent"), ia5str);
     rb_hash_aset(hash, rb_str_new2("emailAddress"), ia5str);
+    rb_obj_freeze(hash);
 
     /*
      * The default object type template for name entries.
diff --git a/ext/openssl/ossl_x509req.c b/ext/openssl/ossl_x509req.c
index add1f8d077..433cc461a9 100644
--- a/ext/openssl/ossl_x509req.c
+++ b/ext/openssl/ossl_x509req.c
@@ -13,14 +13,14 @@
     TypedData_Wrap_Struct((klass), &ossl_x509req_type, 0)
 #define SetX509Req(obj, req) do { \
     if (!(req)) { \
-	ossl_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "Req wasn't initialized!"); \
+        ossl_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "Req wasn't initialized!"); \
     } \
     RTYPEDDATA_DATA(obj) = (req); \
 } while (0)
 #define GetX509Req(obj, req) do { \
     TypedData_Get_Struct((obj), X509_REQ, &ossl_x509req_type, (req)); \
     if (!(req)) { \
-	ossl_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "Req wasn't initialized!"); \
+        ossl_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "Req wasn't initialized!"); \
     } \
 } while (0)
 
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ ossl_x509req_free(void *ptr)
 static const rb_data_type_t ossl_x509req_type = {
     "OpenSSL/X509/REQ",
     {
-	0, ossl_x509req_free,
+        0, ossl_x509req_free,
     },
     0, 0, RUBY_TYPED_FREE_IMMEDIATELY | RUBY_TYPED_WB_PROTECTED,
 };
@@ -68,7 +68,7 @@ ossl_x509req_alloc(VALUE klass)
 
     obj = NewX509Req(klass);
     if (!(req = X509_REQ_new())) {
-	ossl_raise(eX509ReqError, NULL);
+        ossl_raise(eX509ReqError, NULL);
     }
     SetX509Req(obj, req);
 
@@ -84,7 +84,7 @@ ossl_x509req_initialize(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
 
     rb_check_frozen(self);
     if (rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "01", &arg) == 0) {
-	return self;
+        return self;
     }
     arg = ossl_to_der_if_possible(arg);
     in = ossl_obj2bio(&arg);
@@ -114,7 +114,7 @@ ossl_x509req_copy(VALUE self, VALUE other)
     GetX509Req(self, a);
     GetX509Req(other, b);
     if (!(req = X509_REQ_dup(b))) {
-	ossl_raise(eX509ReqError, NULL);
+        ossl_raise(eX509ReqError, NULL);
     }
     X509_REQ_free(a);
     DATA_PTR(self) = req;
@@ -130,11 +130,11 @@ ossl_x509req_to_pem(VALUE self)
 
     GetX509Req(self, req);
     if (!(out = BIO_new(BIO_s_mem()))) {
-	ossl_raise(eX509ReqError, NULL);
+        ossl_raise(eX509ReqError, NULL);
     }
     if (!PEM_write_bio_X509_REQ(out, req)) {
-	BIO_free(out);
-	ossl_raise(eX509ReqError, NULL);
+        BIO_free(out);
+        ossl_raise(eX509ReqError, NULL);
     }
 
     return ossl_membio2str(out);
@@ -150,11 +150,11 @@ ossl_x509req_to_der(VALUE self)
 
     GetX509Req(self, req);
     if ((len = i2d_X509_REQ(req, NULL)) <= 0)
-	ossl_raise(eX509ReqError, NULL);
+        ossl_raise(eX509ReqError, NULL);
     str = rb_str_new(0, len);
     p = (unsigned char *)RSTRING_PTR(str);
     if (i2d_X509_REQ(req, &p) <= 0)
-	ossl_raise(eX509ReqError, NULL);
+        ossl_raise(eX509ReqError, NULL);
     ossl_str_adjust(str, p);
 
     return str;
@@ -168,11 +168,11 @@ ossl_x509req_to_text(VALUE self)
 
     GetX509Req(self, req);
     if (!(out = BIO_new(BIO_s_mem()))) {
-	ossl_raise(eX509ReqError, NULL);
+        ossl_raise(eX509ReqError, NULL);
     }
     if (!X509_REQ_print(out, req)) {
-	BIO_free(out);
-	ossl_raise(eX509ReqError, NULL);
+        BIO_free(out);
+        ossl_raise(eX509ReqError, NULL);
     }
 
     return ossl_membio2str(out);
@@ -191,7 +191,7 @@ ossl_x509req_to_x509(VALUE self, VALUE days, VALUE key)
     GetX509Req(self, req);
     ...
     if (!(x509 = X509_REQ_to_X509(req, d, pkey))) {
-	ossl_raise(eX509ReqError, NULL);
+        ossl_raise(eX509ReqError, NULL);
     }
 
     return ossl_x509_new(x509);
@@ -217,11 +217,11 @@ ossl_x509req_set_version(VALUE self, VALUE version)
     long ver;
 
     if ((ver = NUM2LONG(version)) < 0) {
-	ossl_raise(eX509ReqError, "version must be >= 0!");
+        ossl_raise(eX509ReqError, "version must be >= 0!");
     }
     GetX509Req(self, req);
     if (!X509_REQ_set_version(req, ver)) {
-	ossl_raise(eX509ReqError, "X509_REQ_set_version");
+        ossl_raise(eX509ReqError, "X509_REQ_set_version");
     }
 
     return version;
@@ -235,7 +235,7 @@ ossl_x509req_get_subject(VALUE self)
 
     GetX509Req(self, req);
     if (!(name = X509_REQ_get_subject_name(req))) { /* NO DUP - don't free */
-	ossl_raise(eX509ReqError, NULL);
+        ossl_raise(eX509ReqError, NULL);
     }
 
     return ossl_x509name_new(name);
@@ -249,33 +249,32 @@ ossl_x509req_set_subject(VALUE self, VALUE subject)
     GetX509Req(self, req);
     /* DUPs name */
     if (!X509_REQ_set_subject_name(req, GetX509NamePtr(subject))) {
-	ossl_raise(eX509ReqError, NULL);
+        ossl_raise(eX509ReqError, NULL);
     }
 
     return subject;
 }
 
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *    req.signature_algorithm -> string
+ *
+ * Returns the signature algorithm used to sign this request.
+ *
+ * Returns the long name of the signature algorithm, or the dotted decimal
+ * notation if \OpenSSL does not define a long name for it.
+ */
 static VALUE
 ossl_x509req_get_signature_algorithm(VALUE self)
 {
     X509_REQ *req;
     const X509_ALGOR *alg;
     const ASN1_OBJECT *obj;
-    BIO *out;
 
     GetX509Req(self, req);
-
-    if (!(out = BIO_new(BIO_s_mem()))) {
-	ossl_raise(eX509ReqError, NULL);
-    }
     X509_REQ_get0_signature(req, NULL, &alg);
     X509_ALGOR_get0(&obj, NULL, NULL, alg);
-    if (!i2a_ASN1_OBJECT(out, obj)) {
-	BIO_free(out);
-	ossl_raise(eX509ReqError, NULL);
-    }
-
-    return ossl_membio2str(out);
+    return ossl_asn1obj_to_string_long_name(obj);
 }
 
 static VALUE
@@ -286,10 +285,10 @@ ossl_x509req_get_public_key(VALUE self)
 
     GetX509Req(self, req);
     if (!(pkey = X509_REQ_get_pubkey(req))) { /* adds reference */
-	ossl_raise(eX509ReqError, NULL);
+        ossl_raise(eX509ReqError, NULL);
     }
 
-    return ossl_pkey_new(pkey); /* NO DUP - OK */
+    return ossl_pkey_wrap(pkey);
 }
 
 static VALUE
@@ -302,7 +301,7 @@ ossl_x509req_set_public_key(VALUE self, VALUE key)
     pkey = GetPKeyPtr(key);
     ossl_pkey_check_public_key(pkey);
     if (!X509_REQ_set_pubkey(req, pkey))
-	ossl_raise(eX509ReqError, "X509_REQ_set_pubkey");
+        ossl_raise(eX509ReqError, "X509_REQ_set_pubkey");
     return key;
 }
 
@@ -312,17 +311,14 @@ ossl_x509req_sign(VALUE self, VALUE key, VALUE digest)
     X509_REQ *req;
     EVP_PKEY *pkey;
     const EVP_MD *md;
+    VALUE md_holder;
 
     GetX509Req(self, req);
     pkey = GetPrivPKeyPtr(key); /* NO NEED TO DUP */
-    if (NIL_P(digest)) {
-        md = NULL; /* needed for some key types, e.g. Ed25519 */
-    } else {
-        md = ossl_evp_get_digestbyname(digest);
-    }
-    if (!X509_REQ_sign(req, pkey, md)) {
-	ossl_raise(eX509ReqError, NULL);
-    }
+    /* NULL needed for some key types, e.g. Ed25519 */
+    md = NIL_P(digest) ? NULL : ossl_evp_md_fetch(digest, &md_holder);
+    if (!X509_REQ_sign(req, pkey, md))
+        ossl_raise(eX509ReqError, "X509_REQ_sign");
 
     return self;
 }
@@ -341,12 +337,12 @@ ossl_x509req_verify(VALUE self, VALUE key)
     ossl_pkey_check_public_key(pkey);
     switch (X509_REQ_verify(req, pkey)) {
       case 1:
-	return Qtrue;
+        return Qtrue;
       case 0:
-	ossl_clear_error();
-	return Qfalse;
+        ossl_clear_error();
+        return Qfalse;
       default:
-	ossl_raise(eX509ReqError, NULL);
+        ossl_raise(eX509ReqError, NULL);
     }
 }
 
@@ -362,13 +358,13 @@ ossl_x509req_get_attributes(VALUE self)
 
     count = X509_REQ_get_attr_count(req);
     if (count < 0) {
-	OSSL_Debug("count < 0???");
-	return rb_ary_new();
+        OSSL_Debug("count < 0???");
+        return rb_ary_new();
     }
     ary = rb_ary_new2(count);
     for (i=0; i<count; i++) {
-	attr = X509_REQ_get_attr(req, i);
-	rb_ary_push(ary, ossl_x509attr_new(attr));
+        attr = X509_REQ_get_attr(req, i);
+        rb_ary_push(ary, ossl_x509attr_new(attr));
     }
 
     return ary;
@@ -384,17 +380,17 @@ ossl_x509req_set_attributes(VALUE self, VALUE ary)
 
     Check_Type(ary, T_ARRAY);
     for (i=0;i<RARRAY_LEN(ary); i++) {
-	OSSL_Check_Kind(RARRAY_AREF(ary, i), cX509Attr);
+        OSSL_Check_Kind(RARRAY_AREF(ary, i), cX509Attr);
     }
     GetX509Req(self, req);
     for (i = X509_REQ_get_attr_count(req); i > 0; i--)
         X509_ATTRIBUTE_free(X509_REQ_delete_attr(req, 0));
     for (i=0;i<RARRAY_LEN(ary); i++) {
-	item = RARRAY_AREF(ary, i);
-	attr = GetX509AttrPtr(item);
-	if (!X509_REQ_add1_attr(req, attr)) {
-	    ossl_raise(eX509ReqError, "X509_REQ_add1_attr");
-	}
+        item = RARRAY_AREF(ary, i);
+        attr = GetX509AttrPtr(item);
+        if (!X509_REQ_add1_attr(req, attr)) {
+            ossl_raise(eX509ReqError, "X509_REQ_add1_attr");
+        }
     }
     return ary;
 }
@@ -406,7 +402,7 @@ ossl_x509req_add_attribute(VALUE self, VALUE attr)
 
     GetX509Req(self, req);
     if (!X509_REQ_add1_attr(req, GetX509AttrPtr(attr))) {
-	ossl_raise(eX509ReqError, NULL);
+        ossl_raise(eX509ReqError, NULL);
     }
 
     return attr;
@@ -418,12 +414,6 @@ ossl_x509req_add_attribute(VALUE self, VALUE attr)
 void
 Init_ossl_x509req(void)
 {
-#if 0
-    mOSSL = rb_define_module("OpenSSL");
-    eOSSLError = rb_define_class_under(mOSSL, "OpenSSLError", rb_eStandardError);
-    mX509 = rb_define_module_under(mOSSL, "X509");
-#endif
-
     eX509ReqError = rb_define_class_under(mX509, "RequestError", eOSSLError);
 
     cX509Req = rb_define_class_under(mX509, "Request", rb_cObject);
diff --git a/ext/openssl/ossl_x509revoked.c b/ext/openssl/ossl_x509revoked.c
index 1eff5dd355..b88c390c72 100644
--- a/ext/openssl/ossl_x509revoked.c
+++ b/ext/openssl/ossl_x509revoked.c
@@ -13,14 +13,14 @@
     TypedData_Wrap_Struct((klass), &ossl_x509rev_type, 0)
 #define SetX509Rev(obj, rev) do { \
     if (!(rev)) { \
-	ossl_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "REV wasn't initialized!"); \
+        ossl_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "REV wasn't initialized!"); \
     } \
     RTYPEDDATA_DATA(obj) = (rev); \
 } while (0)
 #define GetX509Rev(obj, rev) do { \
     TypedData_Get_Struct((obj), X509_REVOKED, &ossl_x509rev_type, (rev)); \
     if (!(rev)) { \
-	ossl_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "REV wasn't initialized!"); \
+        ossl_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "REV wasn't initialized!"); \
     } \
 } while (0)
 
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ ossl_x509rev_free(void *ptr)
 static const rb_data_type_t ossl_x509rev_type = {
     "OpenSSL/X509/REV",
     {
-	0, ossl_x509rev_free,
+        0, ossl_x509rev_free,
     },
     0, 0, RUBY_TYPED_FREE_IMMEDIATELY | RUBY_TYPED_WB_PROTECTED,
 };
@@ -54,14 +54,9 @@ ossl_x509revoked_new(X509_REVOKED *rev)
     VALUE obj;
 
     obj = NewX509Rev(cX509Rev);
-    if (!rev) {
-	new = X509_REVOKED_new();
-    } else {
-	new = X509_REVOKED_dup(rev);
-    }
-    if (!new) {
-	ossl_raise(eX509RevError, NULL);
-    }
+    new = X509_REVOKED_dup(rev);
+    if (!new)
+        ossl_raise(eX509RevError, "X509_REVOKED_dup");
     SetX509Rev(obj, new);
 
     return obj;
@@ -74,7 +69,7 @@ DupX509RevokedPtr(VALUE obj)
 
     GetX509Rev(obj, rev);
     if (!(new = X509_REVOKED_dup(rev))) {
-	ossl_raise(eX509RevError, NULL);
+        ossl_raise(eX509RevError, NULL);
     }
 
     return new;
@@ -91,7 +86,7 @@ ossl_x509revoked_alloc(VALUE klass)
 
     obj = NewX509Rev(klass);
     if (!(rev = X509_REVOKED_new())) {
-	ossl_raise(eX509RevError, NULL);
+        ossl_raise(eX509RevError, NULL);
     }
     SetX509Rev(obj, rev);
 
@@ -117,7 +112,7 @@ ossl_x509revoked_initialize_copy(VALUE self, VALUE other)
 
     rev_new = X509_REVOKED_dup(rev_other);
     if (!rev_new)
-	ossl_raise(eX509RevError, "X509_REVOKED_dup");
+        ossl_raise(eX509RevError, "X509_REVOKED_dup");
 
     SetX509Rev(self, rev_new);
     X509_REVOKED_free(rev);
@@ -144,8 +139,8 @@ ossl_x509revoked_set_serial(VALUE self, VALUE num)
     GetX509Rev(self, rev);
     asn1int = num_to_asn1integer(num, NULL);
     if (!X509_REVOKED_set_serialNumber(rev, asn1int)) {
-	ASN1_INTEGER_free(asn1int);
-	ossl_raise(eX509RevError, "X509_REVOKED_set_serialNumber");
+        ASN1_INTEGER_free(asn1int);
+        ossl_raise(eX509RevError, "X509_REVOKED_set_serialNumber");
     }
     ASN1_INTEGER_free(asn1int);
 
@@ -161,7 +156,7 @@ ossl_x509revoked_get_time(VALUE self)
     GetX509Rev(self, rev);
     time = X509_REVOKED_get0_revocationDate(rev);
     if (!time)
-	return Qnil;
+        return Qnil;
 
     return asn1time_to_time(time);
 }
@@ -175,8 +170,8 @@ ossl_x509revoked_set_time(VALUE self, VALUE time)
     GetX509Rev(self, rev);
     asn1time = ossl_x509_time_adjust(NULL, time);
     if (!X509_REVOKED_set_revocationDate(rev, asn1time)) {
-	ASN1_TIME_free(asn1time);
-	ossl_raise(eX509RevError, "X509_REVOKED_set_revocationDate");
+        ASN1_TIME_free(asn1time);
+        ossl_raise(eX509RevError, "X509_REVOKED_set_revocationDate");
     }
     ASN1_TIME_free(asn1time);
 
@@ -197,8 +192,8 @@ ossl_x509revoked_get_extensions(VALUE self)
     count = X509_REVOKED_get_ext_count(rev);
     ary = rb_ary_new_capa(count);
     for (i=0; i<count; i++) {
-	ext = X509_REVOKED_get_ext(rev, i);
-	rb_ary_push(ary, ossl_x509ext_new(ext));
+        ext = X509_REVOKED_get_ext(rev, i);
+        rb_ary_push(ary, ossl_x509ext_new(ext));
     }
 
     return ary;
@@ -217,17 +212,17 @@ ossl_x509revoked_set_extensions(VALUE self, VALUE ary)
 
     Check_Type(ary, T_ARRAY);
     for (i=0; i<RARRAY_LEN(ary); i++) {
-	OSSL_Check_Kind(RARRAY_AREF(ary, i), cX509Ext);
+        OSSL_Check_Kind(RARRAY_AREF(ary, i), cX509Ext);
     }
     GetX509Rev(self, rev);
     for (i = X509_REVOKED_get_ext_count(rev); i > 0; i--)
         X509_EXTENSION_free(X509_REVOKED_delete_ext(rev, 0));
     for (i=0; i<RARRAY_LEN(ary); i++) {
-	item = RARRAY_AREF(ary, i);
-	ext = GetX509ExtPtr(item);
-	if(!X509_REVOKED_add_ext(rev, ext, -1)) {
-	    ossl_raise(eX509RevError, "X509_REVOKED_add_ext");
-	}
+        item = RARRAY_AREF(ary, i);
+        ext = GetX509ExtPtr(item);
+        if(!X509_REVOKED_add_ext(rev, ext, -1)) {
+            ossl_raise(eX509RevError, "X509_REVOKED_add_ext");
+        }
     }
 
     return ary;
@@ -240,7 +235,7 @@ ossl_x509revoked_add_extension(VALUE self, VALUE ext)
 
     GetX509Rev(self, rev);
     if (!X509_REVOKED_add_ext(rev, GetX509ExtPtr(ext), -1)) {
-	ossl_raise(eX509RevError, NULL);
+        ossl_raise(eX509RevError, NULL);
     }
 
     return ext;
@@ -257,11 +252,11 @@ ossl_x509revoked_to_der(VALUE self)
     GetX509Rev(self, rev);
     len = i2d_X509_REVOKED(rev, NULL);
     if (len <= 0)
-	ossl_raise(eX509RevError, "i2d_X509_REVOKED");
+        ossl_raise(eX509RevError, "i2d_X509_REVOKED");
     str = rb_str_new(NULL, len);
     p = (unsigned char *)RSTRING_PTR(str);
     if (i2d_X509_REVOKED(rev, &p) <= 0)
-	ossl_raise(eX509RevError, "i2d_X509_REVOKED");
+        ossl_raise(eX509RevError, "i2d_X509_REVOKED");
     ossl_str_adjust(str, p);
     return str;
 }
@@ -272,12 +267,6 @@ ossl_x509revoked_to_der(VALUE self)
 void
 Init_ossl_x509revoked(void)
 {
-#if 0
-    mOSSL = rb_define_module("OpenSSL");
-    eOSSLError = rb_define_class_under(mOSSL, "OpenSSLError", rb_eStandardError);
-    mX509 = rb_define_module_under(mOSSL, "X509");
-#endif
-
     eX509RevError = rb_define_class_under(mX509, "RevokedError", eOSSLError);
 
     cX509Rev = rb_define_class_under(mX509, "Revoked", rb_cObject);
diff --git a/ext/openssl/ossl_x509store.c b/ext/openssl/ossl_x509store.c
index 18acdc8ad0..be1458cec5 100644
--- a/ext/openssl/ossl_x509store.c
+++ b/ext/openssl/ossl_x509store.c
@@ -13,14 +13,14 @@
     TypedData_Wrap_Struct((klass), &ossl_x509store_type, 0)
 #define SetX509Store(obj, st) do { \
     if (!(st)) { \
-	ossl_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "STORE wasn't initialized!"); \
+        ossl_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "STORE wasn't initialized!"); \
     } \
     RTYPEDDATA_DATA(obj) = (st); \
 } while (0)
 #define GetX509Store(obj, st) do { \
     TypedData_Get_Struct((obj), X509_STORE, &ossl_x509store_type, (st)); \
     if (!(st)) { \
-	ossl_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "STORE wasn't initialized!"); \
+        ossl_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "STORE wasn't initialized!"); \
     } \
 } while (0)
 
@@ -28,14 +28,14 @@
     TypedData_Wrap_Struct((klass), &ossl_x509stctx_type, 0)
 #define SetX509StCtx(obj, ctx) do { \
     if (!(ctx)) { \
-	ossl_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "STORE_CTX wasn't initialized!"); \
+        ossl_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "STORE_CTX wasn't initialized!"); \
     } \
     RTYPEDDATA_DATA(obj) = (ctx); \
 } while (0)
 #define GetX509StCtx(obj, ctx) do { \
     TypedData_Get_Struct((obj), X509_STORE_CTX, &ossl_x509stctx_type, (ctx)); \
     if (!(ctx)) { \
-	ossl_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "STORE_CTX is out of scope!"); \
+        ossl_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "STORE_CTX is out of scope!"); \
     } \
 } while (0)
 
@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ call_verify_cb_proc(VALUE arg)
 {
     struct ossl_verify_cb_args *args = (struct ossl_verify_cb_args *)arg;
     return rb_funcall(args->proc, rb_intern("call"), 2,
-		      args->preverify_ok, args->store_ctx);
+                      args->preverify_ok, args->store_ctx);
 }
 
 int
@@ -73,33 +73,33 @@ ossl_verify_cb_call(VALUE proc, int ok, X509_STORE_CTX *ctx)
     int state;
 
     if (NIL_P(proc))
-	return ok;
+        return ok;
 
     ret = Qfalse;
     rctx = rb_protect(ossl_x509stctx_new_i, (VALUE)ctx, &state);
     if (state) {
-	rb_set_errinfo(Qnil);
-	rb_warn("StoreContext initialization failure");
+        rb_set_errinfo(Qnil);
+        rb_warn("StoreContext initialization failure");
     }
     else {
-	args.proc = proc;
-	args.preverify_ok = ok ? Qtrue : Qfalse;
-	args.store_ctx = rctx;
-	ret = rb_protect(call_verify_cb_proc, (VALUE)&args, &state);
-	if (state) {
-	    rb_set_errinfo(Qnil);
-	    rb_warn("exception in verify_callback is ignored");
-	}
-	RTYPEDDATA_DATA(rctx) = NULL;
+        args.proc = proc;
+        args.preverify_ok = ok ? Qtrue : Qfalse;
+        args.store_ctx = rctx;
+        ret = rb_protect(call_verify_cb_proc, (VALUE)&args, &state);
+        if (state) {
+            rb_set_errinfo(Qnil);
+            rb_warn("exception in verify_callback is ignored");
+        }
+        RTYPEDDATA_DATA(rctx) = NULL;
     }
     if (ret == Qtrue) {
-	X509_STORE_CTX_set_error(ctx, X509_V_OK);
-	ok = 1;
+        X509_STORE_CTX_set_error(ctx, X509_V_OK);
+        ok = 1;
     }
     else {
-	if (X509_STORE_CTX_get_error(ctx) == X509_V_OK)
-	    X509_STORE_CTX_set_error(ctx, X509_V_ERR_CERT_REJECTED);
-	ok = 0;
+        if (X509_STORE_CTX_get_error(ctx) == X509_V_OK)
+            X509_STORE_CTX_set_error(ctx, X509_V_ERR_CERT_REJECTED);
+        ok = 0;
     }
 
     return ok;
@@ -159,10 +159,10 @@ x509store_verify_cb(int ok, X509_STORE_CTX *ctx)
 
     proc = (VALUE)X509_STORE_CTX_get_ex_data(ctx, stctx_ex_verify_cb_idx);
     if (!proc)
-	proc = (VALUE)X509_STORE_get_ex_data(X509_STORE_CTX_get0_store(ctx),
-					     store_ex_verify_cb_idx);
+        proc = (VALUE)X509_STORE_get_ex_data(X509_STORE_CTX_get0_store(ctx),
+                                             store_ex_verify_cb_idx);
     if (!proc)
-	return ok;
+        return ok;
 
     return ossl_verify_cb_call(proc, ok, ctx);
 }
@@ -191,8 +191,8 @@ ossl_x509store_set_vfy_cb(VALUE self, VALUE cb)
 
     GetX509Store(self, store);
     rb_iv_set(self, "@verify_callback", cb);
-    // We don't need to trigger a write barrier because `rb_iv_set` did it.
     X509_STORE_set_ex_data(store, store_ex_verify_cb_idx, (void *)cb);
+    RB_OBJ_WRITTEN(self, Qundef, cb);
 
     return cb;
 }
@@ -484,7 +484,7 @@ ossl_x509store_verify(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
     rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "11", &cert, &chain);
     ctx = rb_funcall(cX509StoreContext, rb_intern("new"), 3, self, cert, chain);
     proc = rb_block_given_p() ?  rb_block_proc() :
-	   rb_iv_get(self, "@verify_callback");
+           rb_iv_get(self, "@verify_callback");
     rb_iv_set(ctx, "@verify_callback", proc);
     result = rb_funcall(ctx, rb_intern("verify"), 0);
 
@@ -513,9 +513,9 @@ ossl_x509stctx_free(void *ptr)
 {
     X509_STORE_CTX *ctx = ptr;
     if (X509_STORE_CTX_get0_untrusted(ctx))
-	sk_X509_pop_free(X509_STORE_CTX_get0_untrusted(ctx), X509_free);
+        sk_X509_pop_free(X509_STORE_CTX_get0_untrusted(ctx), X509_free);
     if (X509_STORE_CTX_get0_cert(ctx))
-	X509_free(X509_STORE_CTX_get0_cert(ctx));
+        X509_free(X509_STORE_CTX_get0_cert(ctx));
     X509_STORE_CTX_free(ctx);
 }
 
@@ -611,6 +611,7 @@ ossl_x509stctx_verify(VALUE self)
     GetX509StCtx(self, ctx);
     VALUE cb = rb_iv_get(self, "@verify_callback");
     X509_STORE_CTX_set_ex_data(ctx, stctx_ex_verify_cb_idx, (void *)cb);
+    RB_OBJ_WRITTEN(self, Qundef, cb);
 
     switch (X509_verify_cert(ctx)) {
       case 1:
@@ -735,10 +736,14 @@ static VALUE
 ossl_x509stctx_get_curr_cert(VALUE self)
 {
     X509_STORE_CTX *ctx;
+    X509 *x509;
 
     GetX509StCtx(self, ctx);
+    x509 = X509_STORE_CTX_get_current_cert(ctx);
+    if (!x509)
+        return Qnil;
 
-    return ossl_x509_new(X509_STORE_CTX_get_current_cert(ctx));
+    return ossl_x509_new(x509);
 }
 
 /*
@@ -758,7 +763,7 @@ ossl_x509stctx_get_curr_crl(VALUE self)
     GetX509StCtx(self, ctx);
     crl = X509_STORE_CTX_get0_current_crl(ctx);
     if (!crl)
-	return Qnil;
+        return Qnil;
 
     return ossl_x509crl_new(crl);
 }
@@ -854,19 +859,13 @@ void
 Init_ossl_x509store(void)
 {
 #undef rb_intern
-#if 0
-    mOSSL = rb_define_module("OpenSSL");
-    eOSSLError = rb_define_class_under(mOSSL, "OpenSSLError", rb_eStandardError);
-    mX509 = rb_define_module_under(mOSSL, "X509");
-#endif
-
     /* Register ext_data slot for verify callback Proc */
     stctx_ex_verify_cb_idx = X509_STORE_CTX_get_ex_new_index(0, (void *)"stctx_ex_verify_cb_idx", 0, 0, 0);
     if (stctx_ex_verify_cb_idx < 0)
-	ossl_raise(eOSSLError, "X509_STORE_CTX_get_ex_new_index");
+        ossl_raise(eOSSLError, "X509_STORE_CTX_get_ex_new_index");
     store_ex_verify_cb_idx = X509_STORE_get_ex_new_index(0, (void *)"store_ex_verify_cb_idx", 0, 0, 0);
     if (store_ex_verify_cb_idx < 0)
-	ossl_raise(eOSSLError, "X509_STORE_get_ex_new_index");
+        ossl_raise(eOSSLError, "X509_STORE_get_ex_new_index");
 
     eX509StoreError = rb_define_class_under(mX509, "StoreError", eOSSLError);
 
diff --git a/ext/pathname/depend b/ext/pathname/depend
deleted file mode 100644
index cca7877dad..0000000000
--- a/ext/pathname/depend
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,174 +0,0 @@
-# AUTOGENERATED DEPENDENCIES START
-pathname.o: $(RUBY_EXTCONF_H)
-pathname.o: $(arch_hdrdir)/ruby/config.h
-pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby.h
-pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/assert.h
-pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward.h
-pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/assume.h
-pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/attributes.h
-pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/bool.h
-pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/inttypes.h
-pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/limits.h
-pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/long_long.h
-pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/stdalign.h
-pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/stdarg.h
-pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/defines.h
-pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/encoding.h
-pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/intern.h
-pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/abi.h
-pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/anyargs.h
-pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic.h
-pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/char.h
-pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/double.h
-pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/fixnum.h
-pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/gid_t.h
-pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/int.h
-pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/intptr_t.h
-pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/long.h
-pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/long_long.h
-pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/mode_t.h
-pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/off_t.h
-pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/pid_t.h
-pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/short.h
-pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/size_t.h
-pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/st_data_t.h
-pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/uid_t.h
-pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/assume.h
-pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/alloc_size.h
-pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/artificial.h
-pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/cold.h
-pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/const.h
-pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/constexpr.h
-pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/deprecated.h
-pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/diagnose_if.h
-pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/enum_extensibility.h
-pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/error.h
-pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/flag_enum.h
-pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/forceinline.h
-pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/format.h
-pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/maybe_unused.h
-pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noalias.h
-pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/nodiscard.h
-pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noexcept.h
-pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noinline.h
-pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/nonnull.h
-pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noreturn.h
-pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/packed_struct.h
-pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/pure.h
-pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/restrict.h
-pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/returns_nonnull.h
-pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/warning.h
-pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/weakref.h
-pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/cast.h
-pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is.h
-pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/apple.h
-pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/clang.h
-pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/gcc.h
-pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/intel.h
-pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/msvc.h
-pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/sunpro.h
-pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_since.h
-pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/config.h
-pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/constant_p.h
-pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core.h
-pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rarray.h
-pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rbasic.h
-pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rbignum.h
-pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rclass.h
-pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rdata.h
-pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rfile.h
-pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rhash.h
-pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/robject.h
-pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rregexp.h
-pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rstring.h
-pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rstruct.h
-pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rtypeddata.h
-pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/ctype.h
-pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/dllexport.h
-pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/dosish.h
-pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/encoding/coderange.h
-pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/encoding/ctype.h
-pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/encoding/encoding.h
-pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/encoding/pathname.h
-pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/encoding/re.h
-pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/encoding/sprintf.h
-pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/encoding/string.h
-pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/encoding/symbol.h
-pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/encoding/transcode.h
-pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/error.h
-pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/eval.h
-pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/event.h
-pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/fl_type.h
-pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/gc.h
-pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/glob.h
-pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/globals.h
-pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/attribute.h
-pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/builtin.h
-pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/c_attribute.h
-pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/cpp_attribute.h
-pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/declspec_attribute.h
-pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/extension.h
-pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/feature.h
-pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/warning.h
-pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/array.h
-pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/bignum.h
-pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/class.h
-pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/compar.h
-pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/complex.h
-pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/cont.h
-pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/dir.h
-pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/enum.h
-pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/enumerator.h
-pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/error.h
-pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/eval.h
-pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/file.h
-pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/hash.h
-pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/io.h
-pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/load.h
-pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/marshal.h
-pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/numeric.h
-pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/object.h
-pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/parse.h
-pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/proc.h
-pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/process.h
-pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/random.h
-pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/range.h
-pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/rational.h
-pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
-pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
-pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
-pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
-pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
-pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
-pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
-pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/struct.h
-pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/thread.h
-pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/time.h
-pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/variable.h
-pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/vm.h
-pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/interpreter.h
-pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/iterator.h
-pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/memory.h
-pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/method.h
-pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/module.h
-pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/newobj.h
-pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/scan_args.h
-pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/special_consts.h
-pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/static_assert.h
-pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/stdalign.h
-pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/stdbool.h
-pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/stdckdint.h
-pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/symbol.h
-pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/value.h
-pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/value_type.h
-pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/variable.h
-pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/warning_push.h
-pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/xmalloc.h
-pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/missing.h
-pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/onigmo.h
-pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/oniguruma.h
-pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/ruby.h
-pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/st.h
-pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/subst.h
-pathname.o: pathname.c
-# AUTOGENERATED DEPENDENCIES END
diff --git a/ext/pathname/extconf.rb b/ext/pathname/extconf.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index b4e1617b9e..0000000000
--- a/ext/pathname/extconf.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,3 +0,0 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
-require 'mkmf'
-create_makefile('pathname')
diff --git a/ext/pathname/lib/pathname.rb b/ext/pathname/lib/pathname.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 35fd778561..0000000000
--- a/ext/pathname/lib/pathname.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,621 +0,0 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
-#
-# = pathname.rb
-#
-# Object-Oriented Pathname Class
-#
-# Author:: Tanaka Akira <akr@m17n.org>
-# Documentation:: Author and Gavin Sinclair
-#
-# For documentation, see class Pathname.
-#
-
-require 'pathname.so'
-
-class Pathname
-
-  VERSION = "0.4.0"
-
-  # :stopdoc:
-
-  # to_path is implemented so Pathname objects are usable with File.open, etc.
-  TO_PATH = :to_path
-
-  SAME_PATHS = if File::FNM_SYSCASE.nonzero?
-    # Avoid #zero? here because #casecmp can return nil.
-    proc {|a, b| a.casecmp(b) == 0}
-  else
-    proc {|a, b| a == b}
-  end
-
-
-  if File::ALT_SEPARATOR
-    SEPARATOR_LIST = "#{Regexp.quote File::ALT_SEPARATOR}#{Regexp.quote File::SEPARATOR}"
-    SEPARATOR_PAT = /[#{SEPARATOR_LIST}]/
-  else
-    SEPARATOR_LIST = "#{Regexp.quote File::SEPARATOR}"
-    SEPARATOR_PAT = /#{Regexp.quote File::SEPARATOR}/
-  end
-
-  if File.dirname('A:') == 'A:.' # DOSish drive letter
-    ABSOLUTE_PATH = /\A(?:[A-Za-z]:|#{SEPARATOR_PAT})/o
-  else
-    ABSOLUTE_PATH = /\A#{SEPARATOR_PAT}/o
-  end
-  private_constant :ABSOLUTE_PATH
-
-  # :startdoc:
-
-  # chop_basename(path) -> [pre-basename, basename] or nil
-  def chop_basename(path) # :nodoc:
-    base = File.basename(path)
-    if /\A#{SEPARATOR_PAT}?\z/o.match?(base)
-      return nil
-    else
-      return path[0, path.rindex(base)], base
-    end
-  end
-  private :chop_basename
-
-  # split_names(path) -> prefix, [name, ...]
-  def split_names(path) # :nodoc:
-    names = []
-    while r = chop_basename(path)
-      path, basename = r
-      names.unshift basename
-    end
-    return path, names
-  end
-  private :split_names
-
-  def prepend_prefix(prefix, relpath) # :nodoc:
-    if relpath.empty?
-      File.dirname(prefix)
-    elsif /#{SEPARATOR_PAT}/o.match?(prefix)
-      prefix = File.dirname(prefix)
-      prefix = File.join(prefix, "") if File.basename(prefix + 'a') != 'a'
-      prefix + relpath
-    else
-      prefix + relpath
-    end
-  end
-  private :prepend_prefix
-
-  # Returns clean pathname of +self+ with consecutive slashes and useless dots
-  # removed.  The filesystem is not accessed.
-  #
-  # If +consider_symlink+ is +true+, then a more conservative algorithm is used
-  # to avoid breaking symbolic linkages.  This may retain more +..+
-  # entries than absolutely necessary, but without accessing the filesystem,
-  # this can't be avoided.
-  #
-  # See Pathname#realpath.
-  #
-  def cleanpath(consider_symlink=false)
-    if consider_symlink
-      cleanpath_conservative
-    else
-      cleanpath_aggressive
-    end
-  end
-
-  #
-  # Clean the path simply by resolving and removing excess +.+ and +..+ entries.
-  # Nothing more, nothing less.
-  #
-  def cleanpath_aggressive # :nodoc:
-    path = @path
-    names = []
-    pre = path
-    while r = chop_basename(pre)
-      pre, base = r
-      case base
-      when '.'
-      when '..'
-        names.unshift base
-      else
-        if names[0] == '..'
-          names.shift
-        else
-          names.unshift base
-        end
-      end
-    end
-    pre.tr!(File::ALT_SEPARATOR, File::SEPARATOR) if File::ALT_SEPARATOR
-    if /#{SEPARATOR_PAT}/o.match?(File.basename(pre))
-      names.shift while names[0] == '..'
-    end
-    self.class.new(prepend_prefix(pre, File.join(*names)))
-  end
-  private :cleanpath_aggressive
-
-  # has_trailing_separator?(path) -> bool
-  def has_trailing_separator?(path) # :nodoc:
-    if r = chop_basename(path)
-      pre, basename = r
-      pre.length + basename.length < path.length
-    else
-      false
-    end
-  end
-  private :has_trailing_separator?
-
-  # add_trailing_separator(path) -> path
-  def add_trailing_separator(path) # :nodoc:
-    if File.basename(path + 'a') == 'a'
-      path
-    else
-      File.join(path, "") # xxx: Is File.join is appropriate to add separator?
-    end
-  end
-  private :add_trailing_separator
-
-  def del_trailing_separator(path) # :nodoc:
-    if r = chop_basename(path)
-      pre, basename = r
-      pre + basename
-    elsif /#{SEPARATOR_PAT}+\z/o =~ path
-      $` + File.dirname(path)[/#{SEPARATOR_PAT}*\z/o]
-    else
-      path
-    end
-  end
-  private :del_trailing_separator
-
-  def cleanpath_conservative # :nodoc:
-    path = @path
-    names = []
-    pre = path
-    while r = chop_basename(pre)
-      pre, base = r
-      names.unshift base if base != '.'
-    end
-    pre.tr!(File::ALT_SEPARATOR, File::SEPARATOR) if File::ALT_SEPARATOR
-    if /#{SEPARATOR_PAT}/o.match?(File.basename(pre))
-      names.shift while names[0] == '..'
-    end
-    if names.empty?
-      self.class.new(File.dirname(pre))
-    else
-      if names.last != '..' && File.basename(path) == '.'
-        names << '.'
-      end
-      result = prepend_prefix(pre, File.join(*names))
-      if /\A(?:\.|\.\.)\z/ !~ names.last && has_trailing_separator?(path)
-        self.class.new(add_trailing_separator(result))
-      else
-        self.class.new(result)
-      end
-    end
-  end
-  private :cleanpath_conservative
-
-  # Returns the parent directory.
-  #
-  # This is same as <code>self + '..'</code>.
-  def parent
-    self + '..'
-  end
-
-  # Returns +true+ if +self+ points to a mountpoint.
-  def mountpoint?
-    begin
-      stat1 = self.lstat
-      stat2 = self.parent.lstat
-      stat1.dev != stat2.dev || stat1.ino == stat2.ino
-    rescue Errno::ENOENT
-      false
-    end
-  end
-
-  #
-  # Predicate method for root directories.  Returns +true+ if the
-  # pathname consists of consecutive slashes.
-  #
-  # It doesn't access the filesystem.  So it may return +false+ for some
-  # pathnames which points to roots such as <tt>/usr/..</tt>.
-  #
-  def root?
-    chop_basename(@path) == nil && /#{SEPARATOR_PAT}/o.match?(@path)
-  end
-
-  # Predicate method for testing whether a path is absolute.
-  #
-  # It returns +true+ if the pathname begins with a slash.
-  #
-  #   p = Pathname.new('/im/sure')
-  #   p.absolute?
-  #       #=> true
-  #
-  #   p = Pathname.new('not/so/sure')
-  #   p.absolute?
-  #       #=> false
-  def absolute?
-    ABSOLUTE_PATH.match? @path
-  end
-
-  # The opposite of Pathname#absolute?
-  #
-  # It returns +false+ if the pathname begins with a slash.
-  #
-  #   p = Pathname.new('/im/sure')
-  #   p.relative?
-  #       #=> false
-  #
-  #   p = Pathname.new('not/so/sure')
-  #   p.relative?
-  #       #=> true
-  def relative?
-    !absolute?
-  end
-
-  #
-  # Iterates over each component of the path.
-  #
-  #   Pathname.new("/usr/bin/ruby").each_filename {|filename| ... }
-  #     # yields "usr", "bin", and "ruby".
-  #
-  # Returns an Enumerator if no block was given.
-  #
-  #   enum = Pathname.new("/usr/bin/ruby").each_filename
-  #     # ... do stuff ...
-  #   enum.each { |e| ... }
-  #     # yields "usr", "bin", and "ruby".
-  #
-  def each_filename # :yield: filename
-    return to_enum(__method__) unless block_given?
-    _, names = split_names(@path)
-    names.each {|filename| yield filename }
-    nil
-  end
-
-  # Iterates over and yields a new Pathname object
-  # for each element in the given path in descending order.
-  #
-  #  Pathname.new('/path/to/some/file.rb').descend {|v| p v}
-  #     #<Pathname:/>
-  #     #<Pathname:/path>
-  #     #<Pathname:/path/to>
-  #     #<Pathname:/path/to/some>
-  #     #<Pathname:/path/to/some/file.rb>
-  #
-  #  Pathname.new('path/to/some/file.rb').descend {|v| p v}
-  #     #<Pathname:path>
-  #     #<Pathname:path/to>
-  #     #<Pathname:path/to/some>
-  #     #<Pathname:path/to/some/file.rb>
-  #
-  # Returns an Enumerator if no block was given.
-  #
-  #   enum = Pathname.new("/usr/bin/ruby").descend
-  #     # ... do stuff ...
-  #   enum.each { |e| ... }
-  #     # yields Pathnames /, /usr, /usr/bin, and /usr/bin/ruby.
-  #
-  # It doesn't access the filesystem.
-  #
-  def descend
-    return to_enum(__method__) unless block_given?
-    vs = []
-    ascend {|v| vs << v }
-    vs.reverse_each {|v| yield v }
-    nil
-  end
-
-  # Iterates over and yields a new Pathname object
-  # for each element in the given path in ascending order.
-  #
-  #  Pathname.new('/path/to/some/file.rb').ascend {|v| p v}
-  #     #<Pathname:/path/to/some/file.rb>
-  #     #<Pathname:/path/to/some>
-  #     #<Pathname:/path/to>
-  #     #<Pathname:/path>
-  #     #<Pathname:/>
-  #
-  #  Pathname.new('path/to/some/file.rb').ascend {|v| p v}
-  #     #<Pathname:path/to/some/file.rb>
-  #     #<Pathname:path/to/some>
-  #     #<Pathname:path/to>
-  #     #<Pathname:path>
-  #
-  # Returns an Enumerator if no block was given.
-  #
-  #   enum = Pathname.new("/usr/bin/ruby").ascend
-  #     # ... do stuff ...
-  #   enum.each { |e| ... }
-  #     # yields Pathnames /usr/bin/ruby, /usr/bin, /usr, and /.
-  #
-  # It doesn't access the filesystem.
-  #
-  def ascend
-    return to_enum(__method__) unless block_given?
-    path = @path
-    yield self
-    while r = chop_basename(path)
-      path, = r
-      break if path.empty?
-      yield self.class.new(del_trailing_separator(path))
-    end
-  end
-
-  #
-  # Appends a pathname fragment to +self+ to produce a new Pathname object.
-  # Since +other+ is considered as a path relative to +self+, if +other+ is
-  # an absolute path, the new Pathname object is created from just +other+.
-  #
-  #   p1 = Pathname.new("/usr")      # Pathname:/usr
-  #   p2 = p1 + "bin/ruby"           # Pathname:/usr/bin/ruby
-  #   p3 = p1 + "/etc/passwd"        # Pathname:/etc/passwd
-  #
-  #   # / is aliased to +.
-  #   p4 = p1 / "bin/ruby"           # Pathname:/usr/bin/ruby
-  #   p5 = p1 / "/etc/passwd"        # Pathname:/etc/passwd
-  #
-  # This method doesn't access the file system; it is pure string manipulation.
-  #
-  def +(other)
-    other = Pathname.new(other) unless Pathname === other
-    Pathname.new(plus(@path, other.to_s))
-  end
-  alias / +
-
-  def plus(path1, path2) # -> path # :nodoc:
-    prefix2 = path2
-    index_list2 = []
-    basename_list2 = []
-    while r2 = chop_basename(prefix2)
-      prefix2, basename2 = r2
-      index_list2.unshift prefix2.length
-      basename_list2.unshift basename2
-    end
-    return path2 if prefix2 != ''
-    prefix1 = path1
-    while true
-      while !basename_list2.empty? && basename_list2.first == '.'
-        index_list2.shift
-        basename_list2.shift
-      end
-      break unless r1 = chop_basename(prefix1)
-      prefix1, basename1 = r1
-      next if basename1 == '.'
-      if basename1 == '..' || basename_list2.empty? || basename_list2.first != '..'
-        prefix1 = prefix1 + basename1
-        break
-      end
-      index_list2.shift
-      basename_list2.shift
-    end
-    r1 = chop_basename(prefix1)
-    if !r1 && (r1 = /#{SEPARATOR_PAT}/o.match?(File.basename(prefix1)))
-      while !basename_list2.empty? && basename_list2.first == '..'
-        index_list2.shift
-        basename_list2.shift
-      end
-    end
-    if !basename_list2.empty?
-      suffix2 = path2[index_list2.first..-1]
-      r1 ? File.join(prefix1, suffix2) : prefix1 + suffix2
-    else
-      r1 ? prefix1 : File.dirname(prefix1)
-    end
-  end
-  private :plus
-
-  #
-  # Joins the given pathnames onto +self+ to create a new Pathname object.
-  # This is effectively the same as using Pathname#+ to append +self+ and
-  # all arguments sequentially.
-  #
-  #   path0 = Pathname.new("/usr")                # Pathname:/usr
-  #   path0 = path0.join("bin/ruby")              # Pathname:/usr/bin/ruby
-  #       # is the same as
-  #   path1 = Pathname.new("/usr") + "bin/ruby"   # Pathname:/usr/bin/ruby
-  #   path0 == path1
-  #       #=> true
-  #
-  def join(*args)
-    return self if args.empty?
-    result = args.pop
-    result = Pathname.new(result) unless Pathname === result
-    return result if result.absolute?
-    args.reverse_each {|arg|
-      arg = Pathname.new(arg) unless Pathname === arg
-      result = arg + result
-      return result if result.absolute?
-    }
-    self + result
-  end
-
-  #
-  # Returns the children of the directory (files and subdirectories, not
-  # recursive) as an array of Pathname objects.
-  #
-  # By default, the returned pathnames will have enough information to access
-  # the files. If you set +with_directory+ to +false+, then the returned
-  # pathnames will contain the filename only.
-  #
-  # For example:
-  #   pn = Pathname("/usr/lib/ruby/1.8")
-  #   pn.children
-  #       # -> [ Pathname:/usr/lib/ruby/1.8/English.rb,
-  #              Pathname:/usr/lib/ruby/1.8/Env.rb,
-  #              Pathname:/usr/lib/ruby/1.8/abbrev.rb, ... ]
-  #   pn.children(false)
-  #       # -> [ Pathname:English.rb, Pathname:Env.rb, Pathname:abbrev.rb, ... ]
-  #
-  # Note that the results never contain the entries +.+ and +..+ in
-  # the directory because they are not children.
-  #
-  def children(with_directory=true)
-    with_directory = false if @path == '.'
-    result = []
-    Dir.foreach(@path) {|e|
-      next if e == '.' || e == '..'
-      if with_directory
-        result << self.class.new(File.join(@path, e))
-      else
-        result << self.class.new(e)
-      end
-    }
-    result
-  end
-
-  # Iterates over the children of the directory
-  # (files and subdirectories, not recursive).
-  #
-  # It yields Pathname object for each child.
-  #
-  # By default, the yielded pathnames will have enough information to access
-  # the files.
-  #
-  # If you set +with_directory+ to +false+, then the returned pathnames will
-  # contain the filename only.
-  #
-  #   Pathname("/usr/local").each_child {|f| p f }
-  #   #=> #<Pathname:/usr/local/share>
-  #   #   #<Pathname:/usr/local/bin>
-  #   #   #<Pathname:/usr/local/games>
-  #   #   #<Pathname:/usr/local/lib>
-  #   #   #<Pathname:/usr/local/include>
-  #   #   #<Pathname:/usr/local/sbin>
-  #   #   #<Pathname:/usr/local/src>
-  #   #   #<Pathname:/usr/local/man>
-  #
-  #   Pathname("/usr/local").each_child(false) {|f| p f }
-  #   #=> #<Pathname:share>
-  #   #   #<Pathname:bin>
-  #   #   #<Pathname:games>
-  #   #   #<Pathname:lib>
-  #   #   #<Pathname:include>
-  #   #   #<Pathname:sbin>
-  #   #   #<Pathname:src>
-  #   #   #<Pathname:man>
-  #
-  # Note that the results never contain the entries +.+ and +..+ in
-  # the directory because they are not children.
-  #
-  # See Pathname#children
-  #
-  def each_child(with_directory=true, &b)
-    children(with_directory).each(&b)
-  end
-
-  #
-  # Returns a relative path from the given +base_directory+ to the receiver.
-  #
-  # If +self+ is absolute, then +base_directory+ must be absolute too.
-  #
-  # If +self+ is relative, then +base_directory+ must be relative too.
-  #
-  # This method doesn't access the filesystem.  It assumes no symlinks.
-  #
-  # ArgumentError is raised when it cannot find a relative path.
-  #
-  # Note that this method does not handle situations where the case sensitivity
-  # of the filesystem in use differs from the operating system default.
-  #
-  def relative_path_from(base_directory)
-    base_directory = Pathname.new(base_directory) unless base_directory.is_a? Pathname
-    dest_directory = self.cleanpath.to_s
-    base_directory = base_directory.cleanpath.to_s
-    dest_prefix = dest_directory
-    dest_names = []
-    while r = chop_basename(dest_prefix)
-      dest_prefix, basename = r
-      dest_names.unshift basename if basename != '.'
-    end
-    base_prefix = base_directory
-    base_names = []
-    while r = chop_basename(base_prefix)
-      base_prefix, basename = r
-      base_names.unshift basename if basename != '.'
-    end
-    unless SAME_PATHS[dest_prefix, base_prefix]
-      raise ArgumentError, "different prefix: #{dest_prefix.inspect} and #{base_directory.inspect}"
-    end
-    while !dest_names.empty? &&
-          !base_names.empty? &&
-          SAME_PATHS[dest_names.first, base_names.first]
-      dest_names.shift
-      base_names.shift
-    end
-    if base_names.include? '..'
-      raise ArgumentError, "base_directory has ..: #{base_directory.inspect}"
-    end
-    base_names.fill('..')
-    relpath_names = base_names + dest_names
-    if relpath_names.empty?
-      Pathname.new('.')
-    else
-      Pathname.new(File.join(*relpath_names))
-    end
-  end
-end
-
-
-class Pathname    # * Find *
-  #
-  # Iterates over the directory tree in a depth first manner, yielding a
-  # Pathname for each file under "this" directory.
-  #
-  # Returns an Enumerator if no block is given.
-  #
-  # Since it is implemented by the standard library module Find, Find.prune can
-  # be used to control the traversal.
-  #
-  # If +self+ is +.+, yielded pathnames begin with a filename in the
-  # current directory, not +./+.
-  #
-  # See Find.find
-  #
-  def find(ignore_error: true) # :yield: pathname
-    return to_enum(__method__, ignore_error: ignore_error) unless block_given?
-    require 'find'
-    if @path == '.'
-      Find.find(@path, ignore_error: ignore_error) {|f| yield self.class.new(f.delete_prefix('./')) }
-    else
-      Find.find(@path, ignore_error: ignore_error) {|f| yield self.class.new(f) }
-    end
-  end
-end
-
-
-class Pathname    # * FileUtils *
-  # Creates a full path, including any intermediate directories that don't yet
-  # exist.
-  #
-  # See FileUtils.mkpath and FileUtils.mkdir_p
-  def mkpath(mode: nil)
-    require 'fileutils'
-    FileUtils.mkpath(@path, mode: mode)
-    self
-  end
-
-  # Recursively deletes a directory, including all directories beneath it.
-  #
-  # See FileUtils.rm_rf
-  def rmtree(noop: nil, verbose: nil, secure: nil)
-    # The name "rmtree" is borrowed from File::Path of Perl.
-    # File::Path provides "mkpath" and "rmtree".
-    require 'fileutils'
-    FileUtils.rm_rf(@path, noop: noop, verbose: verbose, secure: secure)
-    self
-  end
-end
-
-class Pathname    # * tmpdir *
-  # Creates a tmp directory and wraps the returned path in a Pathname object.
-  #
-  # See Dir.mktmpdir
-  def self.mktmpdir
-    require 'tmpdir' unless defined?(Dir.mktmpdir)
-    if block_given?
-      Dir.mktmpdir do |dir|
-        dir = self.new(dir)
-        yield dir
-      end
-    else
-      self.new(Dir.mktmpdir)
-    end
-  end
-end
diff --git a/ext/pathname/pathname.c b/ext/pathname/pathname.c
deleted file mode 100644
index cdecb3f897..0000000000
--- a/ext/pathname/pathname.c
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,1668 +0,0 @@
-#include "ruby.h"
-#include "ruby/encoding.h"
-
-static VALUE rb_cPathname;
-static ID id_ENOTDIR;
-static ID id_at_path;
-static ID id_atime;
-static ID id_base;
-static ID id_basename;
-static ID id_binread;
-static ID id_binwrite;
-static ID id_birthtime;
-static ID id_blockdev_p;
-static ID id_chardev_p;
-static ID id_chmod;
-static ID id_chown;
-static ID id_ctime;
-static ID id_directory_p;
-static ID id_dirname;
-static ID id_empty_p;
-static ID id_entries;
-static ID id_executable_p;
-static ID id_executable_real_p;
-static ID id_exist_p;
-static ID id_expand_path;
-static ID id_extname;
-static ID id_file_p;
-static ID id_fnmatch;
-static ID id_foreach;
-static ID id_ftype;
-static ID id_getwd;
-static ID id_glob;
-static ID id_grpowned_p;
-static ID id_lchmod;
-static ID id_lchown;
-static ID id_link;
-static ID id_lstat;
-static ID id_lutime;
-static ID id_mkdir;
-static ID id_mtime;
-static ID id_open;
-static ID id_owned_p;
-static ID id_pipe_p;
-static ID id_read;
-static ID id_readable_p;
-static ID id_readable_real_p;
-static ID id_readlines;
-static ID id_readlink;
-static ID id_realdirpath;
-static ID id_realpath;
-static ID id_rename;
-static ID id_rmdir;
-static ID id_setgid_p;
-static ID id_setuid_p;
-static ID id_size;
-static ID id_size_p;
-static ID id_socket_p;
-static ID id_split;
-static ID id_stat;
-static ID id_sticky_p;
-static ID id_sub;
-static ID id_symlink;
-static ID id_symlink_p;
-static ID id_sysopen;
-static ID id_to_path;
-static ID id_truncate;
-static ID id_unlink;
-static ID id_utime;
-static ID id_world_readable_p;
-static ID id_world_writable_p;
-static ID id_writable_p;
-static ID id_writable_real_p;
-static ID id_write;
-static ID id_zero_p;
-
-static VALUE
-get_strpath(VALUE obj)
-{
-    VALUE strpath;
-    strpath = rb_ivar_get(obj, id_at_path);
-    if (!RB_TYPE_P(strpath, T_STRING))
-        rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "unexpected @path");
-    return strpath;
-}
-
-static void
-set_strpath(VALUE obj, VALUE val)
-{
-    rb_ivar_set(obj, id_at_path, val);
-}
-
-/*
- * Create a Pathname object from the given String (or String-like object).
- * If +path+ contains a NULL character (<tt>\0</tt>), an ArgumentError is raised.
- */
-static VALUE
-path_initialize(VALUE self, VALUE arg)
-{
-    VALUE str;
-    if (RB_TYPE_P(arg, T_STRING)) {
-        str = arg;
-    }
-    else {
-        str = rb_check_funcall(arg, id_to_path, 0, NULL);
-        if (str == Qundef)
-            str = arg;
-        StringValue(str);
-    }
-    if (memchr(RSTRING_PTR(str), '\0', RSTRING_LEN(str)))
-        rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "pathname contains null byte");
-    str = rb_obj_dup(str);
-
-    set_strpath(self, str);
-    return self;
-}
-
-/*
- * call-seq:
- *   pathname.freeze -> obj
- *
- * Freezes this Pathname.
- *
- * See Object.freeze.
- */
-static VALUE
-path_freeze(VALUE self)
-{
-    rb_call_super(0, 0);
-    rb_str_freeze(get_strpath(self));
-    return self;
-}
-
-/*
- *  Compare this pathname with +other+.  The comparison is string-based.
- *  Be aware that two different paths (<tt>foo.txt</tt> and <tt>./foo.txt</tt>)
- *  can refer to the same file.
- */
-static VALUE
-path_eq(VALUE self, VALUE other)
-{
-    if (!rb_obj_is_kind_of(other, rb_cPathname))
-        return Qfalse;
-    return rb_str_equal(get_strpath(self), get_strpath(other));
-}
-
-/*
- *  Provides a case-sensitive comparison operator for pathnames.
- *
- *	Pathname.new('/usr') <=> Pathname.new('/usr/bin')
- *	    #=> -1
- *	Pathname.new('/usr/bin') <=> Pathname.new('/usr/bin')
- *	    #=> 0
- *	Pathname.new('/usr/bin') <=> Pathname.new('/USR/BIN')
- *	    #=> 1
- *
- *  It will return +-1+, +0+ or +1+ depending on the value of the left argument
- *  relative to the right argument. Or it will return +nil+ if the arguments
- *  are not comparable.
- */
-static VALUE
-path_cmp(VALUE self, VALUE other)
-{
-    VALUE s1, s2;
-    char *p1, *p2;
-    char *e1, *e2;
-    if (!rb_obj_is_kind_of(other, rb_cPathname))
-        return Qnil;
-    s1 = get_strpath(self);
-    s2 = get_strpath(other);
-    p1 = RSTRING_PTR(s1);
-    p2 = RSTRING_PTR(s2);
-    e1 = p1 + RSTRING_LEN(s1);
-    e2 = p2 + RSTRING_LEN(s2);
-    while (p1 < e1 && p2 < e2) {
-        int c1, c2;
-        c1 = (unsigned char)*p1++;
-        c2 = (unsigned char)*p2++;
-        if (c1 == '/') c1 = '\0';
-        if (c2 == '/') c2 = '\0';
-        if (c1 != c2) {
-            if (c1 < c2)
-                return INT2FIX(-1);
-            else
-                return INT2FIX(1);
-        }
-    }
-    if (p1 < e1)
-        return INT2FIX(1);
-    if (p2 < e2)
-        return INT2FIX(-1);
-    return INT2FIX(0);
-}
-
-#ifndef ST2FIX
-#define ST2FIX(h) LONG2FIX((long)(h))
-#endif
-
-/* :nodoc: */
-static VALUE
-path_hash(VALUE self)
-{
-    return ST2FIX(rb_str_hash(get_strpath(self)));
-}
-
-/*
- *  call-seq:
- *    pathname.to_s             -> string
- *    pathname.to_path          -> string
- *
- *  Return the path as a String.
- *
- *  to_path is implemented so Pathname objects are usable with File.open, etc.
- */
-static VALUE
-path_to_s(VALUE self)
-{
-    return rb_obj_dup(get_strpath(self));
-}
-
-/* :nodoc: */
-static VALUE
-path_inspect(VALUE self)
-{
-    const char *c = rb_obj_classname(self);
-    VALUE str = get_strpath(self);
-    return rb_sprintf("#<%s:%"PRIsVALUE">", c, str);
-}
-
-/*
- * Return a pathname which is substituted by String#sub.
- *
- *	path1 = Pathname.new('/usr/bin/perl')
- *	path1.sub('perl', 'ruby')
- *	    #=> #<Pathname:/usr/bin/ruby>
- */
-static VALUE
-path_sub(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
-{
-    VALUE str = get_strpath(self);
-
-    if (rb_block_given_p()) {
-        str = rb_block_call(str, id_sub, argc, argv, 0, 0);
-    }
-    else {
-        str = rb_funcallv(str, id_sub, argc, argv);
-    }
-    return rb_class_new_instance(1, &str, rb_obj_class(self));
-}
-
-/*
- * Return a pathname with +repl+ added as a suffix to the basename.
- *
- * If self has no extension part, +repl+ is appended.
- *
- *	Pathname.new('/usr/bin/shutdown').sub_ext('.rb')
- *	    #=> #<Pathname:/usr/bin/shutdown.rb>
- */
-static VALUE
-path_sub_ext(VALUE self, VALUE repl)
-{
-    VALUE str = get_strpath(self);
-    VALUE str2;
-    long extlen;
-    const char *ext;
-    const char *p;
-
-    StringValue(repl);
-    p = RSTRING_PTR(str);
-    extlen = RSTRING_LEN(str);
-    ext = ruby_enc_find_extname(p, &extlen, rb_enc_get(str));
-    if (ext == NULL) {
-        ext = p + RSTRING_LEN(str);
-    }
-    else if (extlen <= 1) {
-        ext += extlen;
-    }
-    str2 = rb_str_subseq(str, 0, ext-p);
-    rb_str_append(str2, repl);
-    return rb_class_new_instance(1, &str2, rb_obj_class(self));
-}
-
-/* Facade for File */
-
-/*
- * Returns the real (absolute) pathname for +self+ in the actual
- * filesystem.
- *
- * Does not contain symlinks or useless dots, +..+ and +.+.
- *
- * All components of the pathname must exist when this method is
- * called.
- *
- */
-static VALUE
-path_realpath(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
-{
-    VALUE basedir, str;
-    rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "01", &basedir);
-    str = rb_funcall(rb_cFile, id_realpath, 2, get_strpath(self), basedir);
-    return rb_class_new_instance(1, &str, rb_obj_class(self));
-}
-
-/*
- * Returns the real (absolute) pathname of +self+ in the actual filesystem.
- *
- * Does not contain symlinks or useless dots, +..+ and +.+.
- *
- * The last component of the real pathname can be nonexistent.
- */
-static VALUE
-path_realdirpath(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
-{
-    VALUE basedir, str;
-    rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "01", &basedir);
-    str = rb_funcall(rb_cFile, id_realdirpath, 2, get_strpath(self), basedir);
-    return rb_class_new_instance(1, &str, rb_obj_class(self));
-}
-
-/*
- * call-seq:
- *   pathname.each_line {|line| ... }
- *   pathname.each_line(sep=$/ [, open_args]) {|line| block }     -> nil
- *   pathname.each_line(limit [, open_args]) {|line| block }      -> nil
- *   pathname.each_line(sep, limit [, open_args]) {|line| block } -> nil
- *   pathname.each_line(...)                                      -> an_enumerator
- *
- * Iterates over each line in the file and yields a String object for each.
- */
-static VALUE
-path_each_line(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
-{
-    VALUE args[4];
-    int n;
-
-    args[0] = get_strpath(self);
-    n = rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "03", &args[1], &args[2], &args[3]);
-    if (rb_block_given_p()) {
-        return rb_block_call_kw(rb_cFile, id_foreach, 1+n, args, 0, 0, RB_PASS_CALLED_KEYWORDS);
-    }
-    else {
-        return rb_funcallv_kw(rb_cFile, id_foreach, 1+n, args, RB_PASS_CALLED_KEYWORDS);
-    }
-}
-
-/*
- * call-seq:
- *   pathname.read([length [, offset]]) -> string
- *   pathname.read([length [, offset]], open_args) -> string
- *
- * Returns all data from the file, or the first +N+ bytes if specified.
- *
- * See File.read.
- *
- */
-static VALUE
-path_read(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
-{
-    VALUE args[4];
-    int n;
-
-    args[0] = get_strpath(self);
-    n = rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "03", &args[1], &args[2], &args[3]);
-    return rb_funcallv_kw(rb_cFile, id_read, 1+n, args, RB_PASS_CALLED_KEYWORDS);
-}
-
-/*
- * call-seq:
- *   pathname.binread([length [, offset]]) -> string
- *
- * Returns all the bytes from the file, or the first +N+ if specified.
- *
- * See File.binread.
- *
- */
-static VALUE
-path_binread(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
-{
-    VALUE args[3];
-    int n;
-
-    args[0] = get_strpath(self);
-    n = rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "02", &args[1], &args[2]);
-    return rb_funcallv(rb_cFile, id_binread, 1+n, args);
-}
-
-/*
- * call-seq:
- *   pathname.write(string, [offset] )   => fixnum
- *   pathname.write(string, [offset], open_args )   => fixnum
- *
- * Writes +contents+ to the file.
- *
- * See File.write.
- *
- */
-static VALUE
-path_write(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
-{
-    VALUE args[4];
-    int n;
-
-    args[0] = get_strpath(self);
-    n = rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "03", &args[1], &args[2], &args[3]);
-    return rb_funcallv_kw(rb_cFile, id_write, 1+n, args, RB_PASS_CALLED_KEYWORDS);
-}
-
-/*
- * call-seq:
- *   pathname.binwrite(string, [offset] )   => fixnum
- *   pathname.binwrite(string, [offset], open_args )   => fixnum
- *
- * Writes +contents+ to the file, opening it in binary mode.
- *
- * See File.binwrite.
- *
- */
-static VALUE
-path_binwrite(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
-{
-    VALUE args[4];
-    int n;
-
-    args[0] = get_strpath(self);
-    n = rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "03", &args[1], &args[2], &args[3]);
-    return rb_funcallv_kw(rb_cFile, id_binwrite, 1+n, args, RB_PASS_CALLED_KEYWORDS);
-}
-
-/*
- * call-seq:
- *   pathname.readlines(sep=$/ [, open_args])     -> array
- *   pathname.readlines(limit [, open_args])      -> array
- *   pathname.readlines(sep, limit [, open_args]) -> array
- *
- * Returns all the lines from the file.
- *
- * See File.readlines.
- *
- */
-static VALUE
-path_readlines(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
-{
-    VALUE args[4];
-    int n;
-
-    args[0] = get_strpath(self);
-    n = rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "03", &args[1], &args[2], &args[3]);
-    return rb_funcallv_kw(rb_cFile, id_readlines, 1+n, args, RB_PASS_CALLED_KEYWORDS);
-}
-
-/*
- * call-seq:
- *   pathname.sysopen([mode, [perm]])  -> fixnum
- *
- * See IO.sysopen.
- *
- */
-static VALUE
-path_sysopen(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
-{
-    VALUE args[3];
-    int n;
-
-    args[0] = get_strpath(self);
-    n = rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "02", &args[1], &args[2]);
-    return rb_funcallv(rb_cIO, id_sysopen, 1+n, args);
-}
-
-/*
- * call-seq:
- *   pathname.atime	-> time
- *
- * Returns the last access time for the file.
- *
- * See File.atime.
- */
-static VALUE
-path_atime(VALUE self)
-{
-    return rb_funcall(rb_cFile, id_atime, 1, get_strpath(self));
-}
-
-/*
- * call-seq:
- *   pathname.birthtime	-> time
- *
- * Returns the birth time for the file.
- * If the platform doesn't have birthtime, raises NotImplementedError.
- *
- * See File.birthtime.
- */
-static VALUE
-path_birthtime(VALUE self)
-{
-    return rb_funcall(rb_cFile, id_birthtime, 1, get_strpath(self));
-}
-
-/*
- * call-seq:
- *   pathname.ctime	-> time
- *
- * Returns the last change time, using directory information, not the file itself.
- *
- * See File.ctime.
- */
-static VALUE
-path_ctime(VALUE self)
-{
-    return rb_funcall(rb_cFile, id_ctime, 1, get_strpath(self));
-}
-
-/*
- * call-seq:
- *   pathname.mtime	-> time
- *
- * Returns the last modified time of the file.
- *
- * See File.mtime.
- */
-static VALUE
-path_mtime(VALUE self)
-{
-    return rb_funcall(rb_cFile, id_mtime, 1, get_strpath(self));
-}
-
-/*
- * call-seq:
- *   pathname.chmod(mode_int)	-> integer
- *
- * Changes file permissions.
- *
- * See File.chmod.
- */
-static VALUE
-path_chmod(VALUE self, VALUE mode)
-{
-    return rb_funcall(rb_cFile, id_chmod, 2, mode, get_strpath(self));
-}
-
-/*
- * call-seq:
- *   pathname.lchmod(mode_int)	-> integer
- *
- * Same as Pathname.chmod, but does not follow symbolic links.
- *
- * See File.lchmod.
- */
-static VALUE
-path_lchmod(VALUE self, VALUE mode)
-{
-    return rb_funcall(rb_cFile, id_lchmod, 2, mode, get_strpath(self));
-}
-
-/*
- * call-seq:
- *   pathname.chown(owner_int, group_int)	-> integer
- *
- * Change owner and group of the file.
- *
- * See File.chown.
- */
-static VALUE
-path_chown(VALUE self, VALUE owner, VALUE group)
-{
-    return rb_funcall(rb_cFile, id_chown, 3, owner, group, get_strpath(self));
-}
-
-/*
- * call-seq:
- *   pathname.lchown(owner_int, group_int)	-> integer
- *
- * Same as Pathname.chown, but does not follow symbolic links.
- *
- * See File.lchown.
- */
-static VALUE
-path_lchown(VALUE self, VALUE owner, VALUE group)
-{
-    return rb_funcall(rb_cFile, id_lchown, 3, owner, group, get_strpath(self));
-}
-
-/*
- * call-seq:
- *    pathname.fnmatch(pattern, [flags])        -> true or false
- *    pathname.fnmatch?(pattern, [flags])       -> true or false
- *
- * Return +true+ if the receiver matches the given pattern.
- *
- * See File.fnmatch.
- */
-static VALUE
-path_fnmatch(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
-{
-    VALUE str = get_strpath(self);
-    VALUE pattern, flags;
-    if (rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "11", &pattern, &flags) == 1)
-        return rb_funcall(rb_cFile, id_fnmatch, 2, pattern, str);
-    else
-        return rb_funcall(rb_cFile, id_fnmatch, 3, pattern, str, flags);
-}
-
-/*
- * call-seq:
- *   pathname.ftype	-> string
- *
- * Returns "type" of file ("file", "directory", etc).
- *
- * See File.ftype.
- */
-static VALUE
-path_ftype(VALUE self)
-{
-    return rb_funcall(rb_cFile, id_ftype, 1, get_strpath(self));
-}
-
-/*
- * call-seq:
- *   pathname.make_link(old)
- *
- * Creates a hard link at _pathname_.
- *
- * See File.link.
- */
-static VALUE
-path_make_link(VALUE self, VALUE old)
-{
-    return rb_funcall(rb_cFile, id_link, 2, old, get_strpath(self));
-}
-
-/*
- * call-seq:
- *   pathname.open()
- *   pathname.open(mode="r" [, opt])                        -> file
- *   pathname.open([mode [, perm]] [, opt])                 -> file
- *   pathname.open(mode="r" [, opt]) {|file| block }        -> obj
- *   pathname.open([mode [, perm]] [, opt]) {|file| block } -> obj
- *
- * Opens the file for reading or writing.
- *
- * See File.open.
- */
-static VALUE
-path_open(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
-{
-    VALUE args[4];
-    int n;
-
-    args[0] = get_strpath(self);
-    n = rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "03", &args[1], &args[2], &args[3]);
-    if (rb_block_given_p()) {
-        return rb_block_call_kw(rb_cFile, id_open, 1+n, args, 0, 0, RB_PASS_CALLED_KEYWORDS);
-    }
-    else {
-        return rb_funcallv_kw(rb_cFile, id_open, 1+n, args, RB_PASS_CALLED_KEYWORDS);
-    }
-}
-
-/*
- * Read symbolic link.
- *
- * See File.readlink.
- */
-static VALUE
-path_readlink(VALUE self)
-{
-    VALUE str;
-    str = rb_funcall(rb_cFile, id_readlink, 1, get_strpath(self));
-    return rb_class_new_instance(1, &str, rb_obj_class(self));
-}
-
-/*
- * Rename the file.
- *
- * See File.rename.
- */
-static VALUE
-path_rename(VALUE self, VALUE to)
-{
-    return rb_funcall(rb_cFile, id_rename, 2, get_strpath(self), to);
-}
-
-/*
- * Returns a File::Stat object.
- *
- * See File.stat.
- */
-static VALUE
-path_stat(VALUE self)
-{
-    return rb_funcall(rb_cFile, id_stat, 1, get_strpath(self));
-}
-
-/*
- * See File.lstat.
- */
-static VALUE
-path_lstat(VALUE self)
-{
-    return rb_funcall(rb_cFile, id_lstat, 1, get_strpath(self));
-}
-
-/*
- * call-seq:
- *   pathname.make_symlink(old)
- *
- * Creates a symbolic link.
- *
- * See File.symlink.
- */
-static VALUE
-path_make_symlink(VALUE self, VALUE old)
-{
-    return rb_funcall(rb_cFile, id_symlink, 2, old, get_strpath(self));
-}
-
-/*
- * Truncates the file to +length+ bytes.
- *
- * See File.truncate.
- */
-static VALUE
-path_truncate(VALUE self, VALUE length)
-{
-    return rb_funcall(rb_cFile, id_truncate, 2, get_strpath(self), length);
-}
-
-/*
- * Update the access and modification times of the file.
- *
- * See File.utime.
- */
-static VALUE
-path_utime(VALUE self, VALUE atime, VALUE mtime)
-{
-    return rb_funcall(rb_cFile, id_utime, 3, atime, mtime, get_strpath(self));
-}
-
-/*
- * Update the access and modification times of the file.
- *
- * Same as Pathname#utime, but does not follow symbolic links.
- *
- * See File.lutime.
- */
-static VALUE
-path_lutime(VALUE self, VALUE atime, VALUE mtime)
-{
-    return rb_funcall(rb_cFile, id_lutime, 3, atime, mtime, get_strpath(self));
-}
-
-/*
- * Returns the last component of the path.
- *
- * See File.basename.
- */
-static VALUE
-path_basename(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
-{
-    VALUE str = get_strpath(self);
-    VALUE fext;
-    if (rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "01", &fext) == 0)
-        str = rb_funcall(rb_cFile, id_basename, 1, str);
-    else
-        str = rb_funcall(rb_cFile, id_basename, 2, str, fext);
-    return rb_class_new_instance(1, &str, rb_obj_class(self));
-}
-
-/*
- * Returns all but the last component of the path.
- *
- * See File.dirname.
- */
-static VALUE
-path_dirname(VALUE self)
-{
-    VALUE str = get_strpath(self);
-    str = rb_funcall(rb_cFile, id_dirname, 1, str);
-    return rb_class_new_instance(1, &str, rb_obj_class(self));
-}
-
-/*
- * Returns the file's extension.
- *
- * See File.extname.
- */
-static VALUE
-path_extname(VALUE self)
-{
-    VALUE str = get_strpath(self);
-    return rb_funcall(rb_cFile, id_extname, 1, str);
-}
-
-/*
- * Returns the absolute path for the file.
- *
- * See File.expand_path.
- */
-static VALUE
-path_expand_path(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
-{
-    VALUE str = get_strpath(self);
-    VALUE dname;
-    if (rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "01", &dname) == 0)
-        str = rb_funcall(rb_cFile, id_expand_path, 1, str);
-    else
-        str = rb_funcall(rb_cFile, id_expand_path, 2, str, dname);
-    return rb_class_new_instance(1, &str, rb_obj_class(self));
-}
-
-/*
- * Returns the #dirname and the #basename in an Array.
- *
- * See File.split.
- */
-static VALUE
-path_split(VALUE self)
-{
-    VALUE str = get_strpath(self);
-    VALUE ary, dirname, basename;
-    ary = rb_funcall(rb_cFile, id_split, 1, str);
-    Check_Type(ary, T_ARRAY);
-    dirname = rb_ary_entry(ary, 0);
-    basename = rb_ary_entry(ary, 1);
-    dirname = rb_class_new_instance(1, &dirname, rb_obj_class(self));
-    basename = rb_class_new_instance(1, &basename, rb_obj_class(self));
-    return rb_ary_new3(2, dirname, basename);
-}
-
-/*
- * See FileTest.blockdev?.
- */
-static VALUE
-path_blockdev_p(VALUE self)
-{
-    return rb_funcall(rb_mFileTest, id_blockdev_p, 1, get_strpath(self));
-}
-
-/*
- * See FileTest.chardev?.
- */
-static VALUE
-path_chardev_p(VALUE self)
-{
-    return rb_funcall(rb_mFileTest, id_chardev_p, 1, get_strpath(self));
-}
-
-/*
- * See FileTest.executable?.
- */
-static VALUE
-path_executable_p(VALUE self)
-{
-    return rb_funcall(rb_mFileTest, id_executable_p, 1, get_strpath(self));
-}
-
-/*
- * See FileTest.executable_real?.
- */
-static VALUE
-path_executable_real_p(VALUE self)
-{
-    return rb_funcall(rb_mFileTest, id_executable_real_p, 1, get_strpath(self));
-}
-
-/*
- * See FileTest.exist?.
- */
-static VALUE
-path_exist_p(VALUE self)
-{
-    return rb_funcall(rb_mFileTest, id_exist_p, 1, get_strpath(self));
-}
-
-/*
- * See FileTest.grpowned?.
- */
-static VALUE
-path_grpowned_p(VALUE self)
-{
-    return rb_funcall(rb_mFileTest, id_grpowned_p, 1, get_strpath(self));
-}
-
-/*
- * See FileTest.directory?.
- */
-static VALUE
-path_directory_p(VALUE self)
-{
-    return rb_funcall(rb_mFileTest, id_directory_p, 1, get_strpath(self));
-}
-
-/*
- * See FileTest.file?.
- */
-static VALUE
-path_file_p(VALUE self)
-{
-    return rb_funcall(rb_mFileTest, id_file_p, 1, get_strpath(self));
-}
-
-/*
- * See FileTest.pipe?.
- */
-static VALUE
-path_pipe_p(VALUE self)
-{
-    return rb_funcall(rb_mFileTest, id_pipe_p, 1, get_strpath(self));
-}
-
-/*
- * See FileTest.socket?.
- */
-static VALUE
-path_socket_p(VALUE self)
-{
-    return rb_funcall(rb_mFileTest, id_socket_p, 1, get_strpath(self));
-}
-
-/*
- * See FileTest.owned?.
- */
-static VALUE
-path_owned_p(VALUE self)
-{
-    return rb_funcall(rb_mFileTest, id_owned_p, 1, get_strpath(self));
-}
-
-/*
- * See FileTest.readable?.
- */
-static VALUE
-path_readable_p(VALUE self)
-{
-    return rb_funcall(rb_mFileTest, id_readable_p, 1, get_strpath(self));
-}
-
-/*
- * See FileTest.world_readable?.
- */
-static VALUE
-path_world_readable_p(VALUE self)
-{
-    return rb_funcall(rb_mFileTest, id_world_readable_p, 1, get_strpath(self));
-}
-
-/*
- * See FileTest.readable_real?.
- */
-static VALUE
-path_readable_real_p(VALUE self)
-{
-    return rb_funcall(rb_mFileTest, id_readable_real_p, 1, get_strpath(self));
-}
-
-/*
- * See FileTest.setuid?.
- */
-static VALUE
-path_setuid_p(VALUE self)
-{
-    return rb_funcall(rb_mFileTest, id_setuid_p, 1, get_strpath(self));
-}
-
-/*
- * See FileTest.setgid?.
- */
-static VALUE
-path_setgid_p(VALUE self)
-{
-    return rb_funcall(rb_mFileTest, id_setgid_p, 1, get_strpath(self));
-}
-
-/*
- * See FileTest.size.
- */
-static VALUE
-path_size(VALUE self)
-{
-    return rb_funcall(rb_mFileTest, id_size, 1, get_strpath(self));
-}
-
-/*
- * See FileTest.size?.
- */
-static VALUE
-path_size_p(VALUE self)
-{
-    return rb_funcall(rb_mFileTest, id_size_p, 1, get_strpath(self));
-}
-
-/*
- * See FileTest.sticky?.
- */
-static VALUE
-path_sticky_p(VALUE self)
-{
-    return rb_funcall(rb_mFileTest, id_sticky_p, 1, get_strpath(self));
-}
-
-/*
- * See FileTest.symlink?.
- */
-static VALUE
-path_symlink_p(VALUE self)
-{
-    return rb_funcall(rb_mFileTest, id_symlink_p, 1, get_strpath(self));
-}
-
-/*
- * See FileTest.writable?.
- */
-static VALUE
-path_writable_p(VALUE self)
-{
-    return rb_funcall(rb_mFileTest, id_writable_p, 1, get_strpath(self));
-}
-
-/*
- * See FileTest.world_writable?.
- */
-static VALUE
-path_world_writable_p(VALUE self)
-{
-    return rb_funcall(rb_mFileTest, id_world_writable_p, 1, get_strpath(self));
-}
-
-/*
- * See FileTest.writable_real?.
- */
-static VALUE
-path_writable_real_p(VALUE self)
-{
-    return rb_funcall(rb_mFileTest, id_writable_real_p, 1, get_strpath(self));
-}
-
-/*
- * See FileTest.zero?.
- */
-static VALUE
-path_zero_p(VALUE self)
-{
-    return rb_funcall(rb_mFileTest, id_zero_p, 1, get_strpath(self));
-}
-
-/*
- * Tests the file is empty.
- *
- * See Dir#empty? and FileTest.empty?.
- */
-static VALUE
-path_empty_p(VALUE self)
-{
-
-    VALUE path = get_strpath(self);
-    if (RTEST(rb_funcall(rb_mFileTest, id_directory_p, 1, path)))
-        return rb_funcall(rb_cDir, id_empty_p, 1, path);
-    else
-        return rb_funcall(rb_mFileTest, id_empty_p, 1, path);
-}
-
-static VALUE
-s_glob_i(RB_BLOCK_CALL_FUNC_ARGLIST(elt, klass))
-{
-    return rb_yield(rb_class_new_instance(1, &elt, klass));
-}
-
-/*
- * Returns or yields Pathname objects.
- *
- *  Pathname.glob("lib/i*.rb")
- *	#=> [#<Pathname:lib/ipaddr.rb>, #<Pathname:lib/irb.rb>]
- *
- * See Dir.glob.
- */
-static VALUE
-path_s_glob(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE klass)
-{
-    VALUE args[3];
-    int n;
-
-    n = rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "12", &args[0], &args[1], &args[2]);
-    if (rb_block_given_p()) {
-        return rb_block_call_kw(rb_cDir, id_glob, n, args, s_glob_i, klass, RB_PASS_CALLED_KEYWORDS);
-    }
-    else {
-        VALUE ary;
-        long i;
-        ary = rb_funcallv_kw(rb_cDir, id_glob, n, args, RB_PASS_CALLED_KEYWORDS);
-        ary = rb_convert_type(ary, T_ARRAY, "Array", "to_ary");
-        for (i = 0; i < RARRAY_LEN(ary); i++) {
-            VALUE elt = RARRAY_AREF(ary, i);
-            elt = rb_class_new_instance(1, &elt, klass);
-            rb_ary_store(ary, i, elt);
-        }
-        return ary;
-    }
-}
-
-static VALUE
-glob_i(RB_BLOCK_CALL_FUNC_ARGLIST(elt, self))
-{
-    elt = rb_funcall(self, '+', 1, elt);
-    return rb_yield(elt);
-}
-
-/*
- * Returns or yields Pathname objects.
- *
- *  Pathname("ruby-2.4.2").glob("R*.md")
- *  #=> [#<Pathname:ruby-2.4.2/README.md>, #<Pathname:ruby-2.4.2/README.ja.md>]
- *
- * See Dir.glob.
- * This method uses the +base+ keyword argument of Dir.glob.
- */
-static VALUE
-path_glob(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
-{
-    VALUE args[3];
-    int n;
-
-    n = rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "11", &args[0], &args[1]);
-    if (n == 1)
-      args[1] = INT2FIX(0);
-
-    args[2] = rb_hash_new();
-    rb_hash_aset(args[2], ID2SYM(id_base), get_strpath(self));
-
-    n = 3;
-
-    if (rb_block_given_p()) {
-        return rb_block_call_kw(rb_cDir, id_glob, n, args, glob_i, self, RB_PASS_KEYWORDS);
-    }
-    else {
-        VALUE ary;
-        long i;
-        ary = rb_funcallv_kw(rb_cDir, id_glob, n, args, RB_PASS_KEYWORDS);
-        ary = rb_convert_type(ary, T_ARRAY, "Array", "to_ary");
-        for (i = 0; i < RARRAY_LEN(ary); i++) {
-            VALUE elt = RARRAY_AREF(ary, i);
-            elt = rb_funcall(self, '+', 1, elt);
-            rb_ary_store(ary, i, elt);
-        }
-        return ary;
-    }
-}
-
-/*
- * Returns the current working directory as a Pathname.
- *
- *	Pathname.getwd
- *	    #=> #<Pathname:/home/zzak/projects/ruby>
- *
- * See Dir.getwd.
- */
-static VALUE
-path_s_getwd(VALUE klass)
-{
-    VALUE str;
-    str = rb_funcall(rb_cDir, id_getwd, 0);
-    return rb_class_new_instance(1, &str, klass);
-}
-
-/*
- * Return the entries (files and subdirectories) in the directory, each as a
- * Pathname object.
- *
- * The results contains just the names in the directory, without any trailing
- * slashes or recursive look-up.
- *
- *   pp Pathname.new('/usr/local').entries
- *   #=> [#<Pathname:share>,
- *   #    #<Pathname:lib>,
- *   #    #<Pathname:..>,
- *   #    #<Pathname:include>,
- *   #    #<Pathname:etc>,
- *   #    #<Pathname:bin>,
- *   #    #<Pathname:man>,
- *   #    #<Pathname:games>,
- *   #    #<Pathname:.>,
- *   #    #<Pathname:sbin>,
- *   #    #<Pathname:src>]
- *
- * The result may contain the current directory <code>#<Pathname:.></code> and
- * the parent directory <code>#<Pathname:..></code>.
- *
- * If you don't want +.+ and +..+ and
- * want directories, consider Pathname#children.
- */
-static VALUE
-path_entries(VALUE self)
-{
-    VALUE klass, str, ary;
-    long i;
-    klass = rb_obj_class(self);
-    str = get_strpath(self);
-    ary = rb_funcall(rb_cDir, id_entries, 1, str);
-    ary = rb_convert_type(ary, T_ARRAY, "Array", "to_ary");
-    for (i = 0; i < RARRAY_LEN(ary); i++) {
-        VALUE elt = RARRAY_AREF(ary, i);
-        elt = rb_class_new_instance(1, &elt, klass);
-        rb_ary_store(ary, i, elt);
-    }
-    return ary;
-}
-
-/*
- * Create the referenced directory.
- *
- * See Dir.mkdir.
- */
-static VALUE
-path_mkdir(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
-{
-    VALUE str = get_strpath(self);
-    VALUE vmode;
-    if (rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "01", &vmode) == 0)
-        return rb_funcall(rb_cDir, id_mkdir, 1, str);
-    else
-        return rb_funcall(rb_cDir, id_mkdir, 2, str, vmode);
-}
-
-/*
- * Remove the referenced directory.
- *
- * See Dir.rmdir.
- */
-static VALUE
-path_rmdir(VALUE self)
-{
-    return rb_funcall(rb_cDir, id_rmdir, 1, get_strpath(self));
-}
-
-/*
- * Opens the referenced directory.
- *
- * See Dir.open.
- */
-static VALUE
-path_opendir(VALUE self)
-{
-    VALUE args[1];
-
-    args[0] = get_strpath(self);
-    return rb_block_call(rb_cDir, id_open, 1, args, 0, 0);
-}
-
-static VALUE
-each_entry_i(RB_BLOCK_CALL_FUNC_ARGLIST(elt, klass))
-{
-    return rb_yield(rb_class_new_instance(1, &elt, klass));
-}
-
-/*
- * Iterates over the entries (files and subdirectories) in the directory,
- * yielding a Pathname object for each entry.
- */
-static VALUE
-path_each_entry(VALUE self)
-{
-    VALUE args[1];
-    RETURN_ENUMERATOR(self, 0, 0);
-
-    args[0] = get_strpath(self);
-    return rb_block_call(rb_cDir, id_foreach, 1, args, each_entry_i, rb_obj_class(self));
-}
-
-static VALUE
-unlink_body(VALUE str)
-{
-    return rb_funcall(rb_cDir, id_unlink, 1, str);
-}
-
-static VALUE
-unlink_rescue(VALUE str, VALUE errinfo)
-{
-    return rb_funcall(rb_cFile, id_unlink, 1, str);
-}
-
-/*
- * Removes a file or directory, using File.unlink if +self+ is a file, or
- * Dir.unlink as necessary.
- */
-static VALUE
-path_unlink(VALUE self)
-{
-    VALUE eENOTDIR = rb_const_get_at(rb_mErrno, id_ENOTDIR);
-    VALUE str = get_strpath(self);
-    return rb_rescue2(unlink_body, str, unlink_rescue, str, eENOTDIR, (VALUE)0);
-}
-
-/*
- * :call-seq:
- *  Pathname(path)  -> pathname
- *
- * Creates a new Pathname object from the given string, +path+, and returns
- * pathname object.
- *
- * In order to use this constructor, you must first require the Pathname
- * standard library extension.
- *
- *	require 'pathname'
- *	Pathname("/home/zzak")
- *	#=> #<Pathname:/home/zzak>
- *
- * See also Pathname::new for more information.
- */
-static VALUE
-path_f_pathname(VALUE self, VALUE str)
-{
-    if (CLASS_OF(str) == rb_cPathname)
-        return str;
-    return rb_class_new_instance(1, &str, rb_cPathname);
-}
-
-/*
- *
- * Pathname represents the name of a file or directory on the filesystem,
- * but not the file itself.
- *
- * The pathname depends on the Operating System: Unix, Windows, etc.
- * This library works with pathnames of local OS, however non-Unix pathnames
- * are supported experimentally.
- *
- * A Pathname can be relative or absolute.  It's not until you try to
- * reference the file that it even matters whether the file exists or not.
- *
- * Pathname is immutable.  It has no method for destructive update.
- *
- * The goal of this class is to manipulate file path information in a neater
- * way than standard Ruby provides.  The examples below demonstrate the
- * difference.
- *
- * *All* functionality from File, FileTest, and some from Dir and FileUtils is
- * included, in an unsurprising way.  It is essentially a facade for all of
- * these, and more.
- *
- * == Examples
- *
- * === Example 1: Using Pathname
- *
- *   require 'pathname'
- *   pn = Pathname.new("/usr/bin/ruby")
- *   size = pn.size              # 27662
- *   isdir = pn.directory?       # false
- *   dir  = pn.dirname           # Pathname:/usr/bin
- *   base = pn.basename          # Pathname:ruby
- *   dir, base = pn.split        # [Pathname:/usr/bin, Pathname:ruby]
- *   data = pn.read
- *   pn.open { |f| _ }
- *   pn.each_line { |line| _ }
- *
- * === Example 2: Using standard Ruby
- *
- *   pn = "/usr/bin/ruby"
- *   size = File.size(pn)        # 27662
- *   isdir = File.directory?(pn) # false
- *   dir  = File.dirname(pn)     # "/usr/bin"
- *   base = File.basename(pn)    # "ruby"
- *   dir, base = File.split(pn)  # ["/usr/bin", "ruby"]
- *   data = File.read(pn)
- *   File.open(pn) { |f| _ }
- *   File.foreach(pn) { |line| _ }
- *
- * === Example 3: Special features
- *
- *   p1 = Pathname.new("/usr/lib")   # Pathname:/usr/lib
- *   p2 = p1 + "ruby/1.8"            # Pathname:/usr/lib/ruby/1.8
- *   p3 = p1.parent                  # Pathname:/usr
- *   p4 = p2.relative_path_from(p3)  # Pathname:lib/ruby/1.8
- *   pwd = Pathname.pwd              # Pathname:/home/gavin
- *   pwd.absolute?                   # true
- *   p5 = Pathname.new "."           # Pathname:.
- *   p5 = p5 + "music/../articles"   # Pathname:music/../articles
- *   p5.cleanpath                    # Pathname:articles
- *   p5.realpath                     # Pathname:/home/gavin/articles
- *   p5.children                     # [Pathname:/home/gavin/articles/linux, ...]
- *
- * == Breakdown of functionality
- *
- * === Core methods
- *
- * These methods are effectively manipulating a String, because that's
- * all a path is.  None of these access the file system except for
- * #mountpoint?, #children, #each_child, #realdirpath and #realpath.
- *
- * - +
- * - #join
- * - #parent
- * - #root?
- * - #absolute?
- * - #relative?
- * - #relative_path_from
- * - #each_filename
- * - #cleanpath
- * - #realpath
- * - #realdirpath
- * - #children
- * - #each_child
- * - #mountpoint?
- *
- * === File status predicate methods
- *
- * These methods are a facade for FileTest:
- * - #blockdev?
- * - #chardev?
- * - #directory?
- * - #executable?
- * - #executable_real?
- * - #exist?
- * - #file?
- * - #grpowned?
- * - #owned?
- * - #pipe?
- * - #readable?
- * - #world_readable?
- * - #readable_real?
- * - #setgid?
- * - #setuid?
- * - #size
- * - #size?
- * - #socket?
- * - #sticky?
- * - #symlink?
- * - #writable?
- * - #world_writable?
- * - #writable_real?
- * - #zero?
- *
- * === File property and manipulation methods
- *
- * These methods are a facade for File:
- * - #atime
- * - #birthtime
- * - #ctime
- * - #mtime
- * - #chmod(mode)
- * - #lchmod(mode)
- * - #chown(owner, group)
- * - #lchown(owner, group)
- * - #fnmatch(pattern, *args)
- * - #fnmatch?(pattern, *args)
- * - #ftype
- * - #make_link(old)
- * - #open(*args, &block)
- * - #readlink
- * - #rename(to)
- * - #stat
- * - #lstat
- * - #make_symlink(old)
- * - #truncate(length)
- * - #utime(atime, mtime)
- * - #lutime(atime, mtime)
- * - #basename(*args)
- * - #dirname
- * - #extname
- * - #expand_path(*args)
- * - #split
- *
- * === Directory methods
- *
- * These methods are a facade for Dir:
- * - Pathname.glob(*args)
- * - Pathname.getwd / Pathname.pwd
- * - #rmdir
- * - #entries
- * - #each_entry(&block)
- * - #mkdir(*args)
- * - #opendir(*args)
- *
- * === IO
- *
- * These methods are a facade for IO:
- * - #each_line(*args, &block)
- * - #read(*args)
- * - #binread(*args)
- * - #readlines(*args)
- * - #sysopen(*args)
- * - #write(*args)
- * - #binwrite(*args)
- *
- * === Utilities
- *
- * These methods are a mixture of Find, FileUtils, and others:
- * - #find(&block)
- * - #mkpath
- * - #rmtree
- * - #unlink / #delete
- *
- *
- * == Method documentation
- *
- * As the above section shows, most of the methods in Pathname are facades.  The
- * documentation for these methods generally just says, for instance, "See
- * FileTest.writable?", as you should be familiar with the original method
- * anyway, and its documentation (e.g. through +ri+) will contain more
- * information.  In some cases, a brief description will follow.
- */
-void
-Init_pathname(void)
-{
-#ifdef HAVE_RB_EXT_RACTOR_SAFE
-    rb_ext_ractor_safe(true);
-#endif
-
-    InitVM(pathname);
-
-    rb_cPathname = rb_define_class("Pathname", rb_cObject);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cPathname, "initialize", path_initialize, 1);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cPathname, "freeze", path_freeze, 0);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cPathname, "==", path_eq, 1);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cPathname, "===", path_eq, 1);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cPathname, "eql?", path_eq, 1);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cPathname, "<=>", path_cmp, 1);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cPathname, "hash", path_hash, 0);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cPathname, "to_s", path_to_s, 0);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cPathname, "to_path", path_to_s, 0);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cPathname, "inspect", path_inspect, 0);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cPathname, "sub", path_sub, -1);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cPathname, "sub_ext", path_sub_ext, 1);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cPathname, "realpath", path_realpath, -1);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cPathname, "realdirpath", path_realdirpath, -1);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cPathname, "each_line", path_each_line, -1);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cPathname, "read", path_read, -1);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cPathname, "binread", path_binread, -1);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cPathname, "readlines", path_readlines, -1);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cPathname, "write", path_write, -1);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cPathname, "binwrite", path_binwrite, -1);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cPathname, "sysopen", path_sysopen, -1);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cPathname, "atime", path_atime, 0);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cPathname, "birthtime", path_birthtime, 0);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cPathname, "ctime", path_ctime, 0);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cPathname, "mtime", path_mtime, 0);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cPathname, "chmod", path_chmod, 1);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cPathname, "lchmod", path_lchmod, 1);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cPathname, "chown", path_chown, 2);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cPathname, "lchown", path_lchown, 2);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cPathname, "fnmatch", path_fnmatch, -1);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cPathname, "fnmatch?", path_fnmatch, -1);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cPathname, "ftype", path_ftype, 0);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cPathname, "make_link", path_make_link, 1);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cPathname, "open", path_open, -1);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cPathname, "readlink", path_readlink, 0);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cPathname, "rename", path_rename, 1);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cPathname, "stat", path_stat, 0);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cPathname, "lstat", path_lstat, 0);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cPathname, "make_symlink", path_make_symlink, 1);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cPathname, "truncate", path_truncate, 1);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cPathname, "utime", path_utime, 2);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cPathname, "lutime", path_lutime, 2);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cPathname, "basename", path_basename, -1);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cPathname, "dirname", path_dirname, 0);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cPathname, "extname", path_extname, 0);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cPathname, "expand_path", path_expand_path, -1);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cPathname, "split", path_split, 0);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cPathname, "blockdev?", path_blockdev_p, 0);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cPathname, "chardev?", path_chardev_p, 0);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cPathname, "executable?", path_executable_p, 0);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cPathname, "executable_real?", path_executable_real_p, 0);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cPathname, "exist?", path_exist_p, 0);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cPathname, "grpowned?", path_grpowned_p, 0);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cPathname, "directory?", path_directory_p, 0);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cPathname, "file?", path_file_p, 0);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cPathname, "pipe?", path_pipe_p, 0);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cPathname, "socket?", path_socket_p, 0);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cPathname, "owned?", path_owned_p, 0);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cPathname, "readable?", path_readable_p, 0);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cPathname, "world_readable?", path_world_readable_p, 0);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cPathname, "readable_real?", path_readable_real_p, 0);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cPathname, "setuid?", path_setuid_p, 0);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cPathname, "setgid?", path_setgid_p, 0);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cPathname, "size", path_size, 0);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cPathname, "size?", path_size_p, 0);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cPathname, "sticky?", path_sticky_p, 0);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cPathname, "symlink?", path_symlink_p, 0);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cPathname, "writable?", path_writable_p, 0);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cPathname, "world_writable?", path_world_writable_p, 0);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cPathname, "writable_real?", path_writable_real_p, 0);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cPathname, "zero?", path_zero_p, 0);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cPathname, "empty?", path_empty_p, 0);
-    rb_define_singleton_method(rb_cPathname, "glob", path_s_glob, -1);
-    rb_define_singleton_method(rb_cPathname, "getwd", path_s_getwd, 0);
-    rb_define_singleton_method(rb_cPathname, "pwd", path_s_getwd, 0);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cPathname, "glob", path_glob, -1);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cPathname, "entries", path_entries, 0);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cPathname, "mkdir", path_mkdir, -1);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cPathname, "rmdir", path_rmdir, 0);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cPathname, "opendir", path_opendir, 0);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cPathname, "each_entry", path_each_entry, 0);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cPathname, "unlink", path_unlink, 0);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cPathname, "delete", path_unlink, 0);
-    rb_undef_method(rb_cPathname, "=~");
-    rb_define_global_function("Pathname", path_f_pathname, 1);
-}
-
-void
-InitVM_pathname(void)
-{
-#undef rb_intern
-    id_at_path = rb_intern("@path");
-    id_to_path = rb_intern("to_path");
-    id_ENOTDIR = rb_intern("ENOTDIR");
-    id_atime = rb_intern("atime");
-    id_basename = rb_intern("basename");
-    id_base = rb_intern("base");
-    id_binread = rb_intern("binread");
-    id_binwrite = rb_intern("binwrite");
-    id_birthtime = rb_intern("birthtime");
-    id_blockdev_p = rb_intern("blockdev?");
-    id_chardev_p = rb_intern("chardev?");
-    id_chmod = rb_intern("chmod");
-    id_chown = rb_intern("chown");
-    id_ctime = rb_intern("ctime");
-    id_directory_p = rb_intern("directory?");
-    id_dirname = rb_intern("dirname");
-    id_empty_p = rb_intern("empty?");
-    id_entries = rb_intern("entries");
-    id_executable_p = rb_intern("executable?");
-    id_executable_real_p = rb_intern("executable_real?");
-    id_exist_p = rb_intern("exist?");
-    id_expand_path = rb_intern("expand_path");
-    id_extname = rb_intern("extname");
-    id_file_p = rb_intern("file?");
-    id_fnmatch = rb_intern("fnmatch");
-    id_foreach = rb_intern("foreach");
-    id_ftype = rb_intern("ftype");
-    id_getwd = rb_intern("getwd");
-    id_glob = rb_intern("glob");
-    id_grpowned_p = rb_intern("grpowned?");
-    id_lchmod = rb_intern("lchmod");
-    id_lchown = rb_intern("lchown");
-    id_link = rb_intern("link");
-    id_lstat = rb_intern("lstat");
-    id_lutime = rb_intern("lutime");
-    id_mkdir = rb_intern("mkdir");
-    id_mtime = rb_intern("mtime");
-    id_open = rb_intern("open");
-    id_owned_p = rb_intern("owned?");
-    id_pipe_p = rb_intern("pipe?");
-    id_read = rb_intern("read");
-    id_readable_p = rb_intern("readable?");
-    id_readable_real_p = rb_intern("readable_real?");
-    id_readlines = rb_intern("readlines");
-    id_readlink = rb_intern("readlink");
-    id_realdirpath = rb_intern("realdirpath");
-    id_realpath = rb_intern("realpath");
-    id_rename = rb_intern("rename");
-    id_rmdir = rb_intern("rmdir");
-    id_setgid_p = rb_intern("setgid?");
-    id_setuid_p = rb_intern("setuid?");
-    id_size = rb_intern("size");
-    id_size_p = rb_intern("size?");
-    id_socket_p = rb_intern("socket?");
-    id_split = rb_intern("split");
-    id_stat = rb_intern("stat");
-    id_sticky_p = rb_intern("sticky?");
-    id_sub = rb_intern("sub");
-    id_symlink = rb_intern("symlink");
-    id_symlink_p = rb_intern("symlink?");
-    id_sysopen = rb_intern("sysopen");
-    id_truncate = rb_intern("truncate");
-    id_unlink = rb_intern("unlink");
-    id_utime = rb_intern("utime");
-    id_world_readable_p = rb_intern("world_readable?");
-    id_world_writable_p = rb_intern("world_writable?");
-    id_writable_p = rb_intern("writable?");
-    id_writable_real_p = rb_intern("writable_real?");
-    id_write = rb_intern("write");
-    id_zero_p = rb_intern("zero?");
-}
diff --git a/ext/pathname/pathname.gemspec b/ext/pathname/pathname.gemspec
deleted file mode 100644
index 890bc2fde9..0000000000
--- a/ext/pathname/pathname.gemspec
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,32 +0,0 @@
-name = File.basename(__FILE__, ".gemspec")
-version = ["lib", "ext/lib"].find do |dir|
-  break File.foreach(File.join(__dir__, dir, "#{name}.rb")) do |line|
-    /^\s*VERSION\s*=\s*"(.*)"/ =~ line and break $1
-  end rescue nil
-end
-
-Gem::Specification.new do |spec|
-  spec.name          = name
-  spec.version       = version
-  spec.authors       = ["Tanaka Akira"]
-  spec.email         = ["akr@fsij.org"]
-
-  spec.summary       = %q{Representation of the name of a file or directory on the filesystem}
-  spec.description   = %q{Representation of the name of a file or directory on the filesystem}
-  spec.homepage      = "https://github.com/ruby/pathname"
-  spec.required_ruby_version = Gem::Requirement.new(">= 2.7.0")
-  spec.licenses      = ["Ruby", "BSD-2-Clause"]
-
-  spec.metadata["homepage_uri"] = spec.homepage
-  spec.metadata["source_code_uri"] = spec.homepage
-
-  # Specify which files should be added to the gem when it is released.
-  # The `git ls-files -z` loads the files in the RubyGem that have been added into git.
-  spec.files         = Dir.chdir(File.expand_path('..', __FILE__)) do
-    `git ls-files -z`.split("\x0").reject { |f| f.match(%r{^(test|spec|features)/}) }
-  end
-  spec.bindir        = "exe"
-  spec.executables   = []
-  spec.require_paths = ["lib"]
-  spec.extensions    = %w[ext/pathname/extconf.rb]
-end
diff --git a/ext/psych/depend b/ext/psych/depend
index a4d9ca9a6a..95175841a2 100644
--- a/ext/psych/depend
+++ b/ext/psych/depend
@@ -152,6 +152,7 @@ psych.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
 psych.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
 psych.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
 psych.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+psych.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/set.h
 psych.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
 psych.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
 psych.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
@@ -329,6 +330,7 @@ psych_emitter.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
 psych_emitter.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
 psych_emitter.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
 psych_emitter.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+psych_emitter.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/set.h
 psych_emitter.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
 psych_emitter.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
 psych_emitter.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
@@ -506,6 +508,7 @@ psych_parser.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
 psych_parser.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
 psych_parser.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
 psych_parser.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+psych_parser.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/set.h
 psych_parser.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
 psych_parser.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
 psych_parser.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
@@ -683,6 +686,7 @@ psych_to_ruby.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
 psych_to_ruby.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
 psych_to_ruby.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
 psych_to_ruby.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+psych_to_ruby.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/set.h
 psych_to_ruby.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
 psych_to_ruby.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
 psych_to_ruby.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
@@ -860,6 +864,7 @@ psych_yaml_tree.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
 psych_yaml_tree.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
 psych_yaml_tree.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
 psych_yaml_tree.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+psych_yaml_tree.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/set.h
 psych_yaml_tree.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
 psych_yaml_tree.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
 psych_yaml_tree.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
diff --git a/ext/psych/extconf.rb b/ext/psych/extconf.rb
index e7dd0bb60a..589e201c1c 100644
--- a/ext/psych/extconf.rb
+++ b/ext/psych/extconf.rb
@@ -36,8 +36,11 @@ if yaml_source
   libyaml = "libyaml.#$LIBEXT"
   $cleanfiles << libyaml
   $LOCAL_LIBS.prepend("$(LIBYAML) ")
-else # default to pre-installed libyaml
-  pkg_config('yaml-0.1')
+
+  # default to pre-installed libyaml
+elsif pkg_config('yaml-0.1')
+  # found with pkg-config
+else
   dir_config('libyaml')
   find_header('yaml.h') or abort "yaml.h not found"
   find_library('yaml', 'yaml_get_version') or abort "libyaml not found"
diff --git a/ext/psych/lib/psych.rb b/ext/psych/lib/psych.rb
index 0c158c9ff3..850a6d1937 100644
--- a/ext/psych/lib/psych.rb
+++ b/ext/psych/lib/psych.rb
@@ -269,10 +269,10 @@ module Psych
   # YAML documents that are supplied via user input.  Instead, please use the
   # load method or the safe_load method.
   #
-  def self.unsafe_load yaml, filename: nil, fallback: false, symbolize_names: false, freeze: false, strict_integer: false
+  def self.unsafe_load yaml, filename: nil, fallback: false, symbolize_names: false, freeze: false, strict_integer: false, parse_symbols: true
     result = parse(yaml, filename: filename)
     return fallback unless result
-    result.to_ruby(symbolize_names: symbolize_names, freeze: freeze, strict_integer: strict_integer)
+    result.to_ruby(symbolize_names: symbolize_names, freeze: freeze, strict_integer: strict_integer, parse_symbols: parse_symbols)
   end
 
   ###
@@ -320,13 +320,13 @@ module Psych
   #   Psych.safe_load("---\n foo: bar")                         # => {"foo"=>"bar"}
   #   Psych.safe_load("---\n foo: bar", symbolize_names: true)  # => {:foo=>"bar"}
   #
-  def self.safe_load yaml, permitted_classes: [], permitted_symbols: [], aliases: false, filename: nil, fallback: nil, symbolize_names: false, freeze: false, strict_integer: false
+  def self.safe_load yaml, permitted_classes: [], permitted_symbols: [], aliases: false, filename: nil, fallback: nil, symbolize_names: false, freeze: false, strict_integer: false, parse_symbols: true
     result = parse(yaml, filename: filename)
     return fallback unless result
 
     class_loader = ClassLoader::Restricted.new(permitted_classes.map(&:to_s),
                                                permitted_symbols.map(&:to_s))
-    scanner      = ScalarScanner.new class_loader, strict_integer: strict_integer
+    scanner      = ScalarScanner.new class_loader, strict_integer: strict_integer, parse_symbols: parse_symbols
     visitor = if aliases
                 Visitors::ToRuby.new scanner, class_loader, symbolize_names: symbolize_names, freeze: freeze
               else
@@ -366,7 +366,7 @@ module Psych
   # Raises a TypeError when `yaml` parameter is NilClass.  This method is
   # similar to `safe_load` except that `Symbol` objects are allowed by default.
   #
-  def self.load yaml, permitted_classes: [Symbol], permitted_symbols: [], aliases: false, filename: nil, fallback: nil, symbolize_names: false, freeze: false, strict_integer: false
+  def self.load yaml, permitted_classes: [Symbol], permitted_symbols: [], aliases: false, filename: nil, fallback: nil, symbolize_names: false, freeze: false, strict_integer: false, parse_symbols: true
     safe_load yaml, permitted_classes: permitted_classes,
                     permitted_symbols: permitted_symbols,
                     aliases: aliases,
@@ -374,7 +374,8 @@ module Psych
                     fallback: fallback,
                     symbolize_names: symbolize_names,
                     freeze: freeze,
-                    strict_integer: strict_integer
+                    strict_integer: strict_integer,
+                    parse_symbols: parse_symbols
   end
 
   ###
diff --git a/ext/psych/lib/psych/core_ext.rb b/ext/psych/lib/psych/core_ext.rb
index fc259fd4a2..6dfd0f1696 100644
--- a/ext/psych/lib/psych/core_ext.rb
+++ b/ext/psych/lib/psych/core_ext.rb
@@ -14,13 +14,9 @@ class Object
   end
 end
 
-if defined?(::IRB)
-  require_relative 'y'
-end
-
 # Up to Ruby 3.4, Set was a regular object and was dumped as such
 # by Pysch.
-# Starting from Ruby 3.5 it's a core class written in C, so we have to implement
+# Starting from Ruby 4.0 it's a core class written in C, so we have to implement
 # #encode_with / #init_with to preserve backward compatibility.
 if defined?(::Set) && Set.new.instance_variables.empty?
   class Set
diff --git a/ext/psych/lib/psych/nodes/node.rb b/ext/psych/lib/psych/nodes/node.rb
index 6ae5c59148..fc27448f2e 100644
--- a/ext/psych/lib/psych/nodes/node.rb
+++ b/ext/psych/lib/psych/nodes/node.rb
@@ -45,8 +45,8 @@ module Psych
       # Convert this node to Ruby.
       #
       # See also Psych::Visitors::ToRuby
-      def to_ruby(symbolize_names: false, freeze: false, strict_integer: false)
-        Visitors::ToRuby.create(symbolize_names: symbolize_names, freeze: freeze, strict_integer: strict_integer).accept(self)
+      def to_ruby(symbolize_names: false, freeze: false, strict_integer: false, parse_symbols: true)
+        Visitors::ToRuby.create(symbolize_names: symbolize_names, freeze: freeze, strict_integer: strict_integer, parse_symbols: parse_symbols).accept(self)
       end
       alias :transform :to_ruby
 
diff --git a/ext/psych/lib/psych/scalar_scanner.rb b/ext/psych/lib/psych/scalar_scanner.rb
index 8cf868f863..6a556fb3b8 100644
--- a/ext/psych/lib/psych/scalar_scanner.rb
+++ b/ext/psych/lib/psych/scalar_scanner.rb
@@ -27,10 +27,11 @@ module Psych
     attr_reader :class_loader
 
     # Create a new scanner
-    def initialize class_loader, strict_integer: false
+    def initialize class_loader, strict_integer: false, parse_symbols: true
       @symbol_cache = {}
       @class_loader = class_loader
       @strict_integer = strict_integer
+      @parse_symbols = parse_symbols
     end
 
     # Tokenize +string+ returning the Ruby object
@@ -72,7 +73,7 @@ module Psych
         -Float::INFINITY
       elsif string.match?(/^\.nan$/i)
         Float::NAN
-      elsif string.match?(/^:./)
+      elsif @parse_symbols && string.match?(/^:./)
         if string =~ /^:(["'])(.*)\1/
           @symbol_cache[string] = class_loader.symbolize($2.sub(/^:/, ''))
         else
diff --git a/ext/psych/lib/psych/versions.rb b/ext/psych/lib/psych/versions.rb
index 3202b10296..4c7a80d5c8 100644
--- a/ext/psych/lib/psych/versions.rb
+++ b/ext/psych/lib/psych/versions.rb
@@ -2,9 +2,9 @@
 
 module Psych
   # The version of Psych you are using
-  VERSION = '5.2.6'
+  VERSION = '5.3.1'
 
   if RUBY_ENGINE == 'jruby'
-    DEFAULT_SNAKEYAML_VERSION = '2.9'.freeze
+    DEFAULT_SNAKEYAML_VERSION = '2.10'.freeze
   end
 end
diff --git a/ext/psych/lib/psych/visitors/to_ruby.rb b/ext/psych/lib/psych/visitors/to_ruby.rb
index 580a74e9fb..475444e589 100644
--- a/ext/psych/lib/psych/visitors/to_ruby.rb
+++ b/ext/psych/lib/psych/visitors/to_ruby.rb
@@ -12,9 +12,13 @@ module Psych
     ###
     # This class walks a YAML AST, converting each node to Ruby
     class ToRuby < Psych::Visitors::Visitor
-      def self.create(symbolize_names: false, freeze: false, strict_integer: false)
+      unless RUBY_VERSION < "3.2"
+        DATA_INITIALIZE = Data.instance_method(:initialize)
+      end
+
+      def self.create(symbolize_names: false, freeze: false, strict_integer: false, parse_symbols: true)
         class_loader = ClassLoader.new
-        scanner      = ScalarScanner.new class_loader, strict_integer: strict_integer
+        scanner      = ScalarScanner.new class_loader, strict_integer: strict_integer, parse_symbols: parse_symbols
         new(scanner, class_loader, symbolize_names: symbolize_names, freeze: freeze)
       end
 
@@ -219,7 +223,7 @@ module Psych
             revive_data_members(members, o)
           end
           data ||= allocate_anon_data(o, members)
-          init_struct(data, **members)
+          DATA_INITIALIZE.bind_call(data, **members)
           data.freeze
           data
 
diff --git a/ext/psych/psych_to_ruby.c b/ext/psych/psych_to_ruby.c
index d473a5f840..3ab0138b52 100644
--- a/ext/psych/psych_to_ruby.c
+++ b/ext/psych/psych_to_ruby.c
@@ -10,7 +10,11 @@ static VALUE build_exception(VALUE self, VALUE klass, VALUE mesg)
 {
     VALUE e = rb_obj_alloc(klass);
 
+#ifdef TRUFFLERUBY
+    rb_exc_set_message(e, mesg);
+#else
     rb_iv_set(e, "mesg", mesg);
+#endif
 
     return e;
 }
@@ -24,15 +28,6 @@ static VALUE path2class(VALUE self, VALUE path)
     return rb_path_to_class(path);
 }
 
-static VALUE init_struct(VALUE self, VALUE data, VALUE attrs)
-{
-    VALUE args = rb_ary_new2(1);
-    rb_ary_push(args, attrs);
-    rb_struct_initialize(data, args);
-
-    return data;
-}
-
 void Init_psych_to_ruby(void)
 {
     VALUE psych     = rb_define_module("Psych");
@@ -42,7 +37,6 @@ void Init_psych_to_ruby(void)
     VALUE visitor   = rb_define_class_under(visitors, "Visitor", rb_cObject);
     cPsychVisitorsToRuby = rb_define_class_under(visitors, "ToRuby", visitor);
 
-    rb_define_private_method(cPsychVisitorsToRuby, "init_struct", init_struct, 2);
     rb_define_private_method(cPsychVisitorsToRuby, "build_exception", build_exception, 2);
     rb_define_private_method(class_loader, "path2class", path2class, 1);
 }
diff --git a/ext/pty/depend b/ext/pty/depend
index 688df7159c..8fa018d084 100644
--- a/ext/pty/depend
+++ b/ext/pty/depend
@@ -138,6 +138,7 @@ pty.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
 pty.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
 pty.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
 pty.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+pty.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/set.h
 pty.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
 pty.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
 pty.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
diff --git a/ext/rbconfig/sizeof/depend b/ext/rbconfig/sizeof/depend
index 5f75fa8c76..7e6c950769 100644
--- a/ext/rbconfig/sizeof/depend
+++ b/ext/rbconfig/sizeof/depend
@@ -142,6 +142,7 @@ limits.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
 limits.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
 limits.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
 limits.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+limits.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/set.h
 limits.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
 limits.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
 limits.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
@@ -301,6 +302,7 @@ sizes.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
 sizes.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
 sizes.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
 sizes.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+sizes.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/set.h
 sizes.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
 sizes.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
 sizes.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
diff --git a/ext/ripper/depend b/ext/ripper/depend
index 410757875d..944da25ee9 100644
--- a/ext/ripper/depend
+++ b/ext/ripper/depend
@@ -181,6 +181,7 @@ eventids1.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
 eventids1.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
 eventids1.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
 eventids1.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+eventids1.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/set.h
 eventids1.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
 eventids1.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
 eventids1.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
@@ -352,6 +353,7 @@ eventids2.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
 eventids2.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
 eventids2.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
 eventids2.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+eventids2.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/set.h
 eventids2.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
 eventids2.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
 eventids2.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
@@ -532,6 +534,7 @@ ripper.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
 ripper.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
 ripper.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
 ripper.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+ripper.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/set.h
 ripper.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
 ripper.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
 ripper.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
@@ -575,12 +578,14 @@ ripper.o: $(top_srcdir)/ccan/container_of/container_of.h
 ripper.o: $(top_srcdir)/ccan/list/list.h
 ripper.o: $(top_srcdir)/ccan/str/str.h
 ripper.o: $(top_srcdir)/constant.h
+ripper.o: $(top_srcdir)/encindex.h
 ripper.o: $(top_srcdir)/id_table.h
 ripper.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal.h
 ripper.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/array.h
 ripper.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/basic_operators.h
 ripper.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/bignum.h
 ripper.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/bits.h
+ripper.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/box.h
 ripper.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/compile.h
 ripper.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/compilers.h
 ripper.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/complex.h
@@ -591,7 +596,6 @@ ripper.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/gc.h
 ripper.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/hash.h
 ripper.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/imemo.h
 ripper.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/io.h
-ripper.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/namespace.h
 ripper.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/numeric.h
 ripper.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/parse.h
 ripper.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/rational.h
@@ -602,6 +606,7 @@ ripper.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/serial.h
 ripper.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/set_table.h
 ripper.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/static_assert.h
 ripper.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/string.h
+ripper.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/struct.h
 ripper.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/symbol.h
 ripper.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/thread.h
 ripper.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/variable.h
@@ -772,6 +777,7 @@ ripper_init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
 ripper_init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
 ripper_init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
 ripper_init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+ripper_init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/set.h
 ripper_init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
 ripper_init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
 ripper_init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
diff --git a/ext/ripper/lib/ripper/lexer.rb b/ext/ripper/lib/ripper/lexer.rb
index 870c79857b..9b849dfeae 100644
--- a/ext/ripper/lib/ripper/lexer.rb
+++ b/ext/ripper/lib/ripper/lexer.rb
@@ -68,7 +68,7 @@ class Ripper
         when 0, :to_int
           @to_int
         when 1, :to_s
-          @event
+          @to_s
         else
           nil
         end
diff --git a/ext/socket/depend b/ext/socket/depend
index 3b1ac216ff..77f6239a3d 100644
--- a/ext/socket/depend
+++ b/ext/socket/depend
@@ -151,6 +151,7 @@ ancdata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
 ancdata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
 ancdata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
 ancdata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+ancdata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/set.h
 ancdata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
 ancdata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
 ancdata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
@@ -192,16 +193,17 @@ ancdata.o: $(top_srcdir)/ccan/check_type/check_type.h
 ancdata.o: $(top_srcdir)/ccan/container_of/container_of.h
 ancdata.o: $(top_srcdir)/ccan/list/list.h
 ancdata.o: $(top_srcdir)/ccan/str/str.h
+ancdata.o: $(top_srcdir)/encindex.h
 ancdata.o: $(top_srcdir)/id_table.h
 ancdata.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal.h
 ancdata.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/array.h
 ancdata.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/basic_operators.h
+ancdata.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/box.h
 ancdata.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/compilers.h
 ancdata.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/error.h
 ancdata.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/gc.h
 ancdata.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/imemo.h
 ancdata.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/io.h
-ancdata.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/namespace.h
 ancdata.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/sanitizers.h
 ancdata.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/serial.h
 ancdata.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/set_table.h
@@ -365,6 +367,7 @@ basicsocket.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
 basicsocket.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
 basicsocket.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
 basicsocket.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+basicsocket.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/set.h
 basicsocket.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
 basicsocket.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
 basicsocket.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
@@ -406,16 +409,17 @@ basicsocket.o: $(top_srcdir)/ccan/check_type/check_type.h
 basicsocket.o: $(top_srcdir)/ccan/container_of/container_of.h
 basicsocket.o: $(top_srcdir)/ccan/list/list.h
 basicsocket.o: $(top_srcdir)/ccan/str/str.h
+basicsocket.o: $(top_srcdir)/encindex.h
 basicsocket.o: $(top_srcdir)/id_table.h
 basicsocket.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal.h
 basicsocket.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/array.h
 basicsocket.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/basic_operators.h
+basicsocket.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/box.h
 basicsocket.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/compilers.h
 basicsocket.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/error.h
 basicsocket.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/gc.h
 basicsocket.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/imemo.h
 basicsocket.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/io.h
-basicsocket.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/namespace.h
 basicsocket.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/sanitizers.h
 basicsocket.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/serial.h
 basicsocket.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/set_table.h
@@ -579,6 +583,7 @@ constants.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
 constants.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
 constants.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
 constants.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+constants.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/set.h
 constants.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
 constants.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
 constants.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
@@ -620,16 +625,17 @@ constants.o: $(top_srcdir)/ccan/check_type/check_type.h
 constants.o: $(top_srcdir)/ccan/container_of/container_of.h
 constants.o: $(top_srcdir)/ccan/list/list.h
 constants.o: $(top_srcdir)/ccan/str/str.h
+constants.o: $(top_srcdir)/encindex.h
 constants.o: $(top_srcdir)/id_table.h
 constants.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal.h
 constants.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/array.h
 constants.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/basic_operators.h
+constants.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/box.h
 constants.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/compilers.h
 constants.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/error.h
 constants.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/gc.h
 constants.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/imemo.h
 constants.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/io.h
-constants.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/namespace.h
 constants.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/sanitizers.h
 constants.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/serial.h
 constants.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/set_table.h
@@ -794,6 +800,7 @@ ifaddr.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
 ifaddr.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
 ifaddr.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
 ifaddr.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+ifaddr.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/set.h
 ifaddr.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
 ifaddr.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
 ifaddr.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
@@ -835,16 +842,17 @@ ifaddr.o: $(top_srcdir)/ccan/check_type/check_type.h
 ifaddr.o: $(top_srcdir)/ccan/container_of/container_of.h
 ifaddr.o: $(top_srcdir)/ccan/list/list.h
 ifaddr.o: $(top_srcdir)/ccan/str/str.h
+ifaddr.o: $(top_srcdir)/encindex.h
 ifaddr.o: $(top_srcdir)/id_table.h
 ifaddr.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal.h
 ifaddr.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/array.h
 ifaddr.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/basic_operators.h
+ifaddr.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/box.h
 ifaddr.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/compilers.h
 ifaddr.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/error.h
 ifaddr.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/gc.h
 ifaddr.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/imemo.h
 ifaddr.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/io.h
-ifaddr.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/namespace.h
 ifaddr.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/sanitizers.h
 ifaddr.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/serial.h
 ifaddr.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/set_table.h
@@ -1008,6 +1016,7 @@ init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
 init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
 init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
 init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/set.h
 init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
 init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
 init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
@@ -1049,16 +1058,17 @@ init.o: $(top_srcdir)/ccan/check_type/check_type.h
 init.o: $(top_srcdir)/ccan/container_of/container_of.h
 init.o: $(top_srcdir)/ccan/list/list.h
 init.o: $(top_srcdir)/ccan/str/str.h
+init.o: $(top_srcdir)/encindex.h
 init.o: $(top_srcdir)/id_table.h
 init.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal.h
 init.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/array.h
 init.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/basic_operators.h
+init.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/box.h
 init.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/compilers.h
 init.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/error.h
 init.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/gc.h
 init.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/imemo.h
 init.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/io.h
-init.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/namespace.h
 init.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/sanitizers.h
 init.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/serial.h
 init.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/set_table.h
@@ -1222,6 +1232,7 @@ ipsocket.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
 ipsocket.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
 ipsocket.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
 ipsocket.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+ipsocket.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/set.h
 ipsocket.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
 ipsocket.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
 ipsocket.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
@@ -1263,16 +1274,17 @@ ipsocket.o: $(top_srcdir)/ccan/check_type/check_type.h
 ipsocket.o: $(top_srcdir)/ccan/container_of/container_of.h
 ipsocket.o: $(top_srcdir)/ccan/list/list.h
 ipsocket.o: $(top_srcdir)/ccan/str/str.h
+ipsocket.o: $(top_srcdir)/encindex.h
 ipsocket.o: $(top_srcdir)/id_table.h
 ipsocket.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal.h
 ipsocket.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/array.h
 ipsocket.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/basic_operators.h
+ipsocket.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/box.h
 ipsocket.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/compilers.h
 ipsocket.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/error.h
 ipsocket.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/gc.h
 ipsocket.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/imemo.h
 ipsocket.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/io.h
-ipsocket.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/namespace.h
 ipsocket.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/sanitizers.h
 ipsocket.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/serial.h
 ipsocket.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/set_table.h
@@ -1436,6 +1448,7 @@ option.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
 option.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
 option.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
 option.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+option.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/set.h
 option.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
 option.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
 option.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
@@ -1477,16 +1490,17 @@ option.o: $(top_srcdir)/ccan/check_type/check_type.h
 option.o: $(top_srcdir)/ccan/container_of/container_of.h
 option.o: $(top_srcdir)/ccan/list/list.h
 option.o: $(top_srcdir)/ccan/str/str.h
+option.o: $(top_srcdir)/encindex.h
 option.o: $(top_srcdir)/id_table.h
 option.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal.h
 option.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/array.h
 option.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/basic_operators.h
+option.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/box.h
 option.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/compilers.h
 option.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/error.h
 option.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/gc.h
 option.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/imemo.h
 option.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/io.h
-option.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/namespace.h
 option.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/sanitizers.h
 option.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/serial.h
 option.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/set_table.h
@@ -1650,6 +1664,7 @@ raddrinfo.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
 raddrinfo.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
 raddrinfo.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
 raddrinfo.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+raddrinfo.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/set.h
 raddrinfo.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
 raddrinfo.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
 raddrinfo.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
@@ -1691,16 +1706,17 @@ raddrinfo.o: $(top_srcdir)/ccan/check_type/check_type.h
 raddrinfo.o: $(top_srcdir)/ccan/container_of/container_of.h
 raddrinfo.o: $(top_srcdir)/ccan/list/list.h
 raddrinfo.o: $(top_srcdir)/ccan/str/str.h
+raddrinfo.o: $(top_srcdir)/encindex.h
 raddrinfo.o: $(top_srcdir)/id_table.h
 raddrinfo.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal.h
 raddrinfo.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/array.h
 raddrinfo.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/basic_operators.h
+raddrinfo.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/box.h
 raddrinfo.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/compilers.h
 raddrinfo.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/error.h
 raddrinfo.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/gc.h
 raddrinfo.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/imemo.h
 raddrinfo.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/io.h
-raddrinfo.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/namespace.h
 raddrinfo.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/sanitizers.h
 raddrinfo.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/serial.h
 raddrinfo.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/set_table.h
@@ -1864,6 +1880,7 @@ socket.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
 socket.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
 socket.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
 socket.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+socket.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/set.h
 socket.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
 socket.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
 socket.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
@@ -1905,16 +1922,17 @@ socket.o: $(top_srcdir)/ccan/check_type/check_type.h
 socket.o: $(top_srcdir)/ccan/container_of/container_of.h
 socket.o: $(top_srcdir)/ccan/list/list.h
 socket.o: $(top_srcdir)/ccan/str/str.h
+socket.o: $(top_srcdir)/encindex.h
 socket.o: $(top_srcdir)/id_table.h
 socket.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal.h
 socket.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/array.h
 socket.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/basic_operators.h
+socket.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/box.h
 socket.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/compilers.h
 socket.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/error.h
 socket.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/gc.h
 socket.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/imemo.h
 socket.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/io.h
-socket.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/namespace.h
 socket.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/sanitizers.h
 socket.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/serial.h
 socket.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/set_table.h
@@ -2078,6 +2096,7 @@ sockssocket.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
 sockssocket.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
 sockssocket.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
 sockssocket.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+sockssocket.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/set.h
 sockssocket.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
 sockssocket.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
 sockssocket.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
@@ -2119,16 +2138,17 @@ sockssocket.o: $(top_srcdir)/ccan/check_type/check_type.h
 sockssocket.o: $(top_srcdir)/ccan/container_of/container_of.h
 sockssocket.o: $(top_srcdir)/ccan/list/list.h
 sockssocket.o: $(top_srcdir)/ccan/str/str.h
+sockssocket.o: $(top_srcdir)/encindex.h
 sockssocket.o: $(top_srcdir)/id_table.h
 sockssocket.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal.h
 sockssocket.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/array.h
 sockssocket.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/basic_operators.h
+sockssocket.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/box.h
 sockssocket.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/compilers.h
 sockssocket.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/error.h
 sockssocket.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/gc.h
 sockssocket.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/imemo.h
 sockssocket.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/io.h
-sockssocket.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/namespace.h
 sockssocket.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/sanitizers.h
 sockssocket.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/serial.h
 sockssocket.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/set_table.h
@@ -2292,6 +2312,7 @@ tcpserver.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
 tcpserver.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
 tcpserver.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
 tcpserver.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+tcpserver.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/set.h
 tcpserver.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
 tcpserver.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
 tcpserver.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
@@ -2333,16 +2354,17 @@ tcpserver.o: $(top_srcdir)/ccan/check_type/check_type.h
 tcpserver.o: $(top_srcdir)/ccan/container_of/container_of.h
 tcpserver.o: $(top_srcdir)/ccan/list/list.h
 tcpserver.o: $(top_srcdir)/ccan/str/str.h
+tcpserver.o: $(top_srcdir)/encindex.h
 tcpserver.o: $(top_srcdir)/id_table.h
 tcpserver.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal.h
 tcpserver.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/array.h
 tcpserver.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/basic_operators.h
+tcpserver.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/box.h
 tcpserver.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/compilers.h
 tcpserver.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/error.h
 tcpserver.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/gc.h
 tcpserver.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/imemo.h
 tcpserver.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/io.h
-tcpserver.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/namespace.h
 tcpserver.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/sanitizers.h
 tcpserver.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/serial.h
 tcpserver.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/set_table.h
@@ -2506,6 +2528,7 @@ tcpsocket.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
 tcpsocket.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
 tcpsocket.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
 tcpsocket.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+tcpsocket.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/set.h
 tcpsocket.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
 tcpsocket.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
 tcpsocket.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
@@ -2547,16 +2570,17 @@ tcpsocket.o: $(top_srcdir)/ccan/check_type/check_type.h
 tcpsocket.o: $(top_srcdir)/ccan/container_of/container_of.h
 tcpsocket.o: $(top_srcdir)/ccan/list/list.h
 tcpsocket.o: $(top_srcdir)/ccan/str/str.h
+tcpsocket.o: $(top_srcdir)/encindex.h
 tcpsocket.o: $(top_srcdir)/id_table.h
 tcpsocket.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal.h
 tcpsocket.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/array.h
 tcpsocket.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/basic_operators.h
+tcpsocket.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/box.h
 tcpsocket.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/compilers.h
 tcpsocket.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/error.h
 tcpsocket.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/gc.h
 tcpsocket.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/imemo.h
 tcpsocket.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/io.h
-tcpsocket.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/namespace.h
 tcpsocket.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/sanitizers.h
 tcpsocket.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/serial.h
 tcpsocket.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/set_table.h
@@ -2720,6 +2744,7 @@ udpsocket.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
 udpsocket.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
 udpsocket.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
 udpsocket.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+udpsocket.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/set.h
 udpsocket.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
 udpsocket.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
 udpsocket.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
@@ -2761,16 +2786,17 @@ udpsocket.o: $(top_srcdir)/ccan/check_type/check_type.h
 udpsocket.o: $(top_srcdir)/ccan/container_of/container_of.h
 udpsocket.o: $(top_srcdir)/ccan/list/list.h
 udpsocket.o: $(top_srcdir)/ccan/str/str.h
+udpsocket.o: $(top_srcdir)/encindex.h
 udpsocket.o: $(top_srcdir)/id_table.h
 udpsocket.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal.h
 udpsocket.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/array.h
 udpsocket.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/basic_operators.h
+udpsocket.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/box.h
 udpsocket.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/compilers.h
 udpsocket.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/error.h
 udpsocket.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/gc.h
 udpsocket.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/imemo.h
 udpsocket.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/io.h
-udpsocket.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/namespace.h
 udpsocket.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/sanitizers.h
 udpsocket.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/serial.h
 udpsocket.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/set_table.h
@@ -2934,6 +2960,7 @@ unixserver.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
 unixserver.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
 unixserver.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
 unixserver.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+unixserver.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/set.h
 unixserver.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
 unixserver.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
 unixserver.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
@@ -2975,16 +3002,17 @@ unixserver.o: $(top_srcdir)/ccan/check_type/check_type.h
 unixserver.o: $(top_srcdir)/ccan/container_of/container_of.h
 unixserver.o: $(top_srcdir)/ccan/list/list.h
 unixserver.o: $(top_srcdir)/ccan/str/str.h
+unixserver.o: $(top_srcdir)/encindex.h
 unixserver.o: $(top_srcdir)/id_table.h
 unixserver.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal.h
 unixserver.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/array.h
 unixserver.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/basic_operators.h
+unixserver.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/box.h
 unixserver.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/compilers.h
 unixserver.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/error.h
 unixserver.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/gc.h
 unixserver.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/imemo.h
 unixserver.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/io.h
-unixserver.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/namespace.h
 unixserver.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/sanitizers.h
 unixserver.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/serial.h
 unixserver.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/set_table.h
@@ -3148,6 +3176,7 @@ unixsocket.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
 unixsocket.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
 unixsocket.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
 unixsocket.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+unixsocket.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/set.h
 unixsocket.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
 unixsocket.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
 unixsocket.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
@@ -3189,16 +3218,17 @@ unixsocket.o: $(top_srcdir)/ccan/check_type/check_type.h
 unixsocket.o: $(top_srcdir)/ccan/container_of/container_of.h
 unixsocket.o: $(top_srcdir)/ccan/list/list.h
 unixsocket.o: $(top_srcdir)/ccan/str/str.h
+unixsocket.o: $(top_srcdir)/encindex.h
 unixsocket.o: $(top_srcdir)/id_table.h
 unixsocket.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal.h
 unixsocket.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/array.h
 unixsocket.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/basic_operators.h
+unixsocket.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/box.h
 unixsocket.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/compilers.h
 unixsocket.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/error.h
 unixsocket.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/gc.h
 unixsocket.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/imemo.h
 unixsocket.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/io.h
-unixsocket.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/namespace.h
 unixsocket.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/sanitizers.h
 unixsocket.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/serial.h
 unixsocket.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/set_table.h
diff --git a/ext/socket/extconf.rb b/ext/socket/extconf.rb
index d44ce31b0a..a814e21c3a 100644
--- a/ext/socket/extconf.rb
+++ b/ext/socket/extconf.rb
@@ -704,6 +704,7 @@ SRC
 
   have_func("pthread_create")
   have_func("pthread_detach")
+  have_func("pthread_attr_setdetachstate")
 
   $VPATH << '$(topdir)' << '$(top_srcdir)'
   create_makefile("socket")
diff --git a/ext/socket/getaddrinfo.c b/ext/socket/getaddrinfo.c
index bf0d90129f..9a65490b1d 100644
--- a/ext/socket/getaddrinfo.c
+++ b/ext/socket/getaddrinfo.c
@@ -62,9 +62,6 @@
 #endif
 #include <unistd.h>
 #else
-#if defined(_MSC_VER) && _MSC_VER <= 1200
-#include <windows.h>
-#endif
 #include <winsock2.h>
 #include <ws2tcpip.h>
 #include <io.h>
@@ -171,9 +168,7 @@ static const char *const ai_errlist[] = {
 
 #define GET_CANONNAME(ai, str) \
 if (pai->ai_flags & AI_CANONNAME) {\
-        if (((ai)->ai_canonname = (char *)malloc(strlen(str) + 1)) != NULL) {\
-                strcpy((ai)->ai_canonname, (str));\
-        } else {\
+        if (((ai)->ai_canonname = strdup(str)) == NULL) {\
                 error = EAI_MEMORY;\
                 goto free;\
         }\
diff --git a/ext/socket/getnameinfo.c b/ext/socket/getnameinfo.c
index ae5284fab6..98da8c1647 100644
--- a/ext/socket/getnameinfo.c
+++ b/ext/socket/getnameinfo.c
@@ -55,9 +55,6 @@
 #endif
 #endif
 #ifdef _WIN32
-#if defined(_MSC_VER) && _MSC_VER <= 1200
-#include <windows.h>
-#endif
 #include <winsock2.h>
 #include <ws2tcpip.h>
 #define snprintf _snprintf
@@ -158,16 +155,14 @@ getnameinfo(const struct sockaddr *sa, socklen_t salen, char *host, socklen_t ho
                 /* what we should do? */
         } else if (flags & NI_NUMERICSERV) {
                 snprintf(numserv, sizeof(numserv), "%d", ntohs(port));
-                if (strlen(numserv) + 1 > servlen)
+                if (strlcpy(serv, numserv, servlen) >= servlen)
                         return ENI_MEMORY;
-                strcpy(serv, numserv);
         } else {
 #if defined(HAVE_GETSERVBYPORT)
                 struct servent *sp = getservbyport(port, (flags & NI_DGRAM) ? "udp" : "tcp");
                 if (sp) {
-                        if (strlen(sp->s_name) + 1 > servlen)
+                        if (strlcpy(serv, sp->s_name, servlen) >= servlen)
                                 return ENI_MEMORY;
-                        strcpy(serv, sp->s_name);
                 } else
                         return ENI_NOSERVNAME;
 #else
@@ -202,9 +197,8 @@ getnameinfo(const struct sockaddr *sa, socklen_t salen, char *host, socklen_t ho
                 if (inet_ntop(afd->a_af, addr, numaddr, sizeof(numaddr))
                     == NULL)
                         return ENI_SYSTEM;
-                if (strlen(numaddr) > hostlen)
+                if (strlcpy(host, numaddr, hostlen) >= hostlen)
                         return ENI_MEMORY;
-                strcpy(host, numaddr);
         } else {
 #ifdef INET6
                 hp = getipnodebyaddr(addr, afd->a_addrlen, afd->a_af, &h_error);
@@ -218,13 +212,12 @@ getnameinfo(const struct sockaddr *sa, socklen_t salen, char *host, socklen_t ho
                                 p = strchr(hp->h_name, '.');
                                 if (p) *p = '\0';
                         }
-                        if (strlen(hp->h_name) + 1 > hostlen) {
+                        if (strlcpy(host, hp->h_name, hostlen) >= hostlen) {
 #ifdef INET6
                                 freehostent(hp);
 #endif
                                 return ENI_MEMORY;
                         }
-                        strcpy(host, hp->h_name);
 #ifdef INET6
                         freehostent(hp);
 #endif
@@ -234,9 +227,8 @@ getnameinfo(const struct sockaddr *sa, socklen_t salen, char *host, socklen_t ho
                         if (inet_ntop(afd->a_af, addr, numaddr, sizeof(numaddr))
                             == NULL)
                                 return ENI_NOHOSTNAME;
-                        if (strlen(numaddr) > hostlen)
+                        if (strlcpy(host, numaddr, hostlen) >= hostlen)
                                 return ENI_MEMORY;
-                        strcpy(host, numaddr);
                 }
         }
         return SUCCESS;
diff --git a/ext/socket/init.c b/ext/socket/init.c
index 8e405609ba..b761d601c3 100644
--- a/ext/socket/init.c
+++ b/ext/socket/init.c
@@ -473,7 +473,7 @@ rsock_socket(int domain, int type, int proto)
 
 /* emulate blocking connect behavior on EINTR or non-blocking socket */
 static int
-wait_connectable(VALUE self, VALUE timeout)
+wait_connectable(VALUE self, VALUE timeout, const struct sockaddr *sockaddr, int len)
 {
     int sockerr;
     socklen_t sockerrlen;
@@ -514,7 +514,10 @@ wait_connectable(VALUE self, VALUE timeout)
     VALUE result = rb_io_wait(self, RB_INT2NUM(RUBY_IO_READABLE|RUBY_IO_WRITABLE), timeout);
 
     if (result == Qfalse) {
-        rb_raise(rb_eIOTimeoutError, "Connect timed out!");
+        VALUE rai = rsock_addrinfo_new((struct sockaddr *)sockaddr, len, PF_UNSPEC, 0, 0, Qnil, Qnil);
+        VALUE addr_str = rsock_addrinfo_inspect_sockaddr(rai);
+        VALUE message = rb_sprintf("user specified timeout for %" PRIsVALUE, addr_str);
+        rb_raise(rb_eIOTimeoutError, "%" PRIsVALUE, message);
     }
 
     int revents = RB_NUM2INT(result);
@@ -603,7 +606,7 @@ rsock_connect(VALUE self, const struct sockaddr *sockaddr, int len, int socks, V
 #ifdef EINPROGRESS
           case EINPROGRESS:
 #endif
-            return wait_connectable(self, timeout);
+            return wait_connectable(self, timeout, sockaddr, len);
         }
     }
     return status;
diff --git a/ext/socket/ipsocket.c b/ext/socket/ipsocket.c
index da42fbd27b..931a1a629c 100644
--- a/ext/socket/ipsocket.c
+++ b/ext/socket/ipsocket.c
@@ -23,8 +23,25 @@ struct inetsock_arg
     int type;
     VALUE resolv_timeout;
     VALUE connect_timeout;
+    VALUE open_timeout;
 };
 
+void
+rsock_raise_user_specified_timeout(struct addrinfo *ai, VALUE host, VALUE port)
+{
+    VALUE message;
+
+    if (ai && ai->ai_addr) {
+        VALUE rai = rsock_addrinfo_new((struct sockaddr *)ai->ai_addr, (socklen_t)ai->ai_addrlen, PF_UNSPEC, 0, 0, Qnil, Qnil);
+        VALUE addr_str = rsock_addrinfo_inspect_sockaddr(rai);
+        message = rb_sprintf("user specified timeout for %" PRIsVALUE, addr_str);
+    } else {
+        message = rb_sprintf("user specified timeout for %" PRIsVALUE " port %" PRIsVALUE, host, port);
+    }
+
+    rb_raise(rb_eIOTimeoutError, "%" PRIsVALUE, message);
+}
+
 static VALUE
 inetsock_cleanup(VALUE v)
 {
@@ -45,6 +62,13 @@ inetsock_cleanup(VALUE v)
 }
 
 static VALUE
+current_clocktime(void)
+{
+    VALUE clock_monotnic_const = rb_const_get(rb_mProcess, rb_intern("CLOCK_MONOTONIC"));
+    return rb_funcall(rb_mProcess, rb_intern("clock_gettime"), 1, clock_monotnic_const);
+}
+
+static VALUE
 init_inetsock_internal(VALUE v)
 {
     struct inetsock_arg *arg = (void *)v;
@@ -54,12 +78,18 @@ init_inetsock_internal(VALUE v)
     int status = 0, local = 0;
     int family = AF_UNSPEC;
     const char *syscall = 0;
+    VALUE resolv_timeout = arg->resolv_timeout;
     VALUE connect_timeout = arg->connect_timeout;
+    VALUE open_timeout = arg->open_timeout;
+    VALUE timeout;
+    VALUE starts_at;
+
+    timeout = NIL_P(open_timeout) ? resolv_timeout : open_timeout;
+    starts_at = current_clocktime();
 
     arg->remote.res = rsock_addrinfo(arg->remote.host, arg->remote.serv,
                                      family, SOCK_STREAM,
-                                     (type == INET_SERVER) ? AI_PASSIVE : 0);
-
+                                     (type == INET_SERVER) ? AI_PASSIVE : 0, timeout);
 
     /*
      * Maybe also accept a local address
@@ -67,7 +97,7 @@ init_inetsock_internal(VALUE v)
 
     if (type != INET_SERVER && (!NIL_P(arg->local.host) || !NIL_P(arg->local.serv))) {
         arg->local.res = rsock_addrinfo(arg->local.host, arg->local.serv,
-                                        family, SOCK_STREAM, 0);
+                                        family, SOCK_STREAM, 0, timeout);
     }
 
     VALUE io = Qnil;
@@ -122,8 +152,18 @@ init_inetsock_internal(VALUE v)
                 syscall = "bind(2)";
             }
 
+            if (NIL_P(open_timeout)) {
+                timeout = connect_timeout;
+            } else {
+                VALUE elapsed = rb_funcall(current_clocktime(), '-', 1, starts_at);
+                timeout = rb_funcall(open_timeout, '-', 1, elapsed);
+                if (rb_funcall(timeout, '<', 1, INT2FIX(0)) == Qtrue) {
+                    rsock_raise_user_specified_timeout(res, arg->remote.host, arg->remote.serv);
+                }
+            }
+
             if (status >= 0) {
-                status = rsock_connect(io, res->ai_addr, res->ai_addrlen, (type == INET_SOCKS), connect_timeout);
+                status = rsock_connect(io, res->ai_addr, res->ai_addrlen, (type == INET_SOCKS), timeout);
                 syscall = "connect(2)";
             }
         }
@@ -172,8 +212,16 @@ init_inetsock_internal(VALUE v)
 #if FAST_FALLBACK_INIT_INETSOCK_IMPL == 0
 
 VALUE
-rsock_init_inetsock(VALUE self, VALUE remote_host, VALUE remote_serv, VALUE local_host, VALUE local_serv, int type, VALUE resolv_timeout, VALUE connect_timeout, VALUE _fast_fallback, VALUE _test_mode_settings)
+rsock_init_inetsock(
+    VALUE self, VALUE remote_host, VALUE remote_serv,
+    VALUE local_host, VALUE local_serv, int type,
+    VALUE resolv_timeout, VALUE connect_timeout, VALUE open_timeout,
+    VALUE _fast_fallback, VALUE _test_mode_settings)
 {
+    if (!NIL_P(open_timeout) && (!NIL_P(resolv_timeout) || !NIL_P(connect_timeout))) {
+        rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "Cannot specify open_timeout along with connect_timeout or resolv_timeout");
+    }
+
     struct inetsock_arg arg;
     arg.self = self;
     arg.io = Qnil;
@@ -186,6 +234,7 @@ rsock_init_inetsock(VALUE self, VALUE remote_host, VALUE remote_serv, VALUE loca
     arg.type = type;
     arg.resolv_timeout = resolv_timeout;
     arg.connect_timeout = connect_timeout;
+    arg.open_timeout = open_timeout;
     return rb_ensure(init_inetsock_internal, (VALUE)&arg,
                      inetsock_cleanup, (VALUE)&arg);
 }
@@ -209,6 +258,21 @@ is_specified_ip_address(const char *hostname)
             inet_pton(AF_INET, hostname, &ipv4addr) == 1);
 }
 
+static int
+is_local_port_fixed(const char *portp)
+{
+    if (!portp) return 0;
+
+    char *endp;
+    errno = 0;
+    long port = strtol(portp, &endp, 10);
+
+    if (endp == portp) return 0;
+    if (errno == ERANGE) return 0;
+
+    return port > 0;
+}
+
 struct fast_fallback_inetsock_arg
 {
     VALUE self;
@@ -221,6 +285,7 @@ struct fast_fallback_inetsock_arg
     int type;
     VALUE resolv_timeout;
     VALUE connect_timeout;
+    VALUE open_timeout;
 
     const char *hostp, *portp;
     int *families;
@@ -380,12 +445,22 @@ select_expires_at(
     struct timeval *resolution_delay,
     struct timeval *connection_attempt_delay,
     struct timeval *user_specified_resolv_timeout_at,
-    struct timeval *user_specified_connect_timeout_at
-) {
+    struct timeval *user_specified_connect_timeout_at,
+    struct timeval *user_specified_open_timeout_at)
+{
     if (any_addrinfos(resolution_store)) {
-        return resolution_delay ? resolution_delay : connection_attempt_delay;
+        struct timeval *delay;
+        delay = resolution_delay ? resolution_delay : connection_attempt_delay;
+
+        if (user_specified_open_timeout_at &&
+            timercmp(user_specified_open_timeout_at, delay, <)) {
+            return user_specified_open_timeout_at;
+        }
+        return delay;
     }
 
+    if (user_specified_open_timeout_at) return user_specified_open_timeout_at;
+
     struct timeval *timeout = NULL;
 
     if (user_specified_resolv_timeout_at) {
@@ -474,7 +549,8 @@ in_progress_fds(int fds_size)
 }
 
 static void
-remove_connection_attempt_fd(int *fds, int *fds_size, int removing_fd) {
+remove_connection_attempt_fd(int *fds, int *fds_size, int removing_fd)
+{
     int i, j;
 
     for (i = 0; i < *fds_size; i++) {
@@ -503,6 +579,7 @@ init_fast_fallback_inetsock_internal(VALUE v)
     VALUE io = arg->io;
     VALUE resolv_timeout = arg->resolv_timeout;
     VALUE connect_timeout = arg->connect_timeout;
+    VALUE open_timeout = arg->open_timeout;
     VALUE test_mode_settings = arg->test_mode_settings;
     struct addrinfo *remote_ai = NULL, *local_ai = NULL;
     int connected_fd = -1, status = 0, local_status = 0;
@@ -549,7 +626,16 @@ init_fast_fallback_inetsock_internal(VALUE v)
     struct timeval *user_specified_resolv_timeout_at = NULL;
     struct timeval user_specified_connect_timeout_storage;
     struct timeval *user_specified_connect_timeout_at = NULL;
+    struct timeval user_specified_open_timeout_storage;
+    struct timeval *user_specified_open_timeout_at = NULL;
     struct timespec now = current_clocktime_ts();
+    VALUE starts_at = current_clocktime();
+
+    if (!NIL_P(open_timeout)) {
+        struct timeval open_timeout_tv = rb_time_interval(open_timeout);
+        user_specified_open_timeout_storage = add_ts_to_tv(open_timeout_tv, now);
+        user_specified_open_timeout_at = &user_specified_open_timeout_storage;
+    }
 
     /* start of hostname resolution */
     if (arg->family_size == 1) {
@@ -557,12 +643,15 @@ init_fast_fallback_inetsock_internal(VALUE v)
         arg->getaddrinfo_shared = NULL;
 
         int family = arg->families[0];
+        VALUE t = NIL_P(open_timeout) ? resolv_timeout : open_timeout;
+
         arg->remote.res = rsock_addrinfo(
             arg->remote.host,
             arg->remote.serv,
             family,
             SOCK_STREAM,
-            0
+            0,
+            t
         );
 
         if (family == AF_INET6) {
@@ -640,7 +729,6 @@ init_fast_fallback_inetsock_internal(VALUE v)
             if (raddrinfo_pthread_create(&threads[i], fork_safe_do_fast_fallback_getaddrinfo, arg->getaddrinfo_entries[i]) != 0) {
                 rsock_raise_resolution_error("getaddrinfo(3)", EAI_AGAIN);
             }
-            pthread_detach(threads[i]);
         }
 
         if (NIL_P(resolv_timeout)) {
@@ -769,14 +857,26 @@ init_fast_fallback_inetsock_internal(VALUE v)
                     status = connect(fd, remote_ai->ai_addr, remote_ai->ai_addrlen);
                     last_family = remote_ai->ai_family;
                 } else {
-                    if (!NIL_P(connect_timeout)) {
-                        user_specified_connect_timeout_storage = rb_time_interval(connect_timeout);
-                        user_specified_connect_timeout_at = &user_specified_connect_timeout_storage;
+                    VALUE timeout = Qnil;
+
+                    if (!NIL_P(open_timeout)) {
+                        VALUE elapsed = rb_funcall(current_clocktime(), '-', 1, starts_at);
+                        timeout = rb_funcall(open_timeout, '-', 1, elapsed);
+
+                        if (rb_funcall(timeout, '<', 1, INT2FIX(0)) == Qtrue) {
+                            rsock_raise_user_specified_timeout(NULL, arg->remote.host, arg->remote.serv);
+                        }
+                    }
+                    if (NIL_P(timeout)) {
+                        if (!NIL_P(connect_timeout)) {
+                            user_specified_connect_timeout_storage = rb_time_interval(connect_timeout);
+                            user_specified_connect_timeout_at = &user_specified_connect_timeout_storage;
+                        }
+                        timeout =
+                          (user_specified_connect_timeout_at && is_infinity(*user_specified_connect_timeout_at)) ?
+                          Qnil : tv_to_seconds(user_specified_connect_timeout_at);
                     }
 
-                    VALUE timeout =
-                        (user_specified_connect_timeout_at && is_infinity(*user_specified_connect_timeout_at)) ?
-                        Qnil : tv_to_seconds(user_specified_connect_timeout_at);
                     io = arg->io = rsock_init_sock(arg->self, fd);
                     status = rsock_connect(io, remote_ai->ai_addr, remote_ai->ai_addrlen, 0, timeout);
                 }
@@ -848,7 +948,8 @@ init_fast_fallback_inetsock_internal(VALUE v)
             resolution_delay_expires_at,
             connection_attempt_delay_expires_at,
             user_specified_resolv_timeout_at,
-            user_specified_connect_timeout_at
+            user_specified_connect_timeout_at,
+            user_specified_open_timeout_at
         );
         if (ends_at) {
             delay = tv_to_timeout(ends_at, now);
@@ -1101,6 +1202,10 @@ init_fast_fallback_inetsock_internal(VALUE v)
             }
         }
 
+        if (is_timeout_tv(user_specified_open_timeout_at, now)) {
+            rsock_raise_user_specified_timeout(NULL, arg->remote.host, arg->remote.serv);
+        }
+
         if (!any_addrinfos(&resolution_store)) {
             if (!in_progress_fds(arg->connection_attempt_fds_size) &&
                 resolution_store.is_all_finished) {
@@ -1122,9 +1227,7 @@ init_fast_fallback_inetsock_internal(VALUE v)
                 resolution_store.is_all_finished) &&
                 (is_timeout_tv(user_specified_connect_timeout_at, now) ||
                 !in_progress_fds(arg->connection_attempt_fds_size))) {
-                VALUE errno_module = rb_const_get(rb_cObject, rb_intern("Errno"));
-                VALUE etimedout_error = rb_const_get(errno_module, rb_intern("ETIMEDOUT"));
-                rb_raise(etimedout_error, "user specified timeout");
+                rsock_raise_user_specified_timeout(NULL, arg->remote.host, arg->remote.serv);
             }
         }
     }
@@ -1214,17 +1317,27 @@ fast_fallback_inetsock_cleanup(VALUE v)
 }
 
 VALUE
-rsock_init_inetsock(VALUE self, VALUE remote_host, VALUE remote_serv, VALUE local_host, VALUE local_serv, int type, VALUE resolv_timeout, VALUE connect_timeout, VALUE fast_fallback, VALUE test_mode_settings)
+rsock_init_inetsock(
+    VALUE self, VALUE remote_host, VALUE remote_serv,
+    VALUE local_host, VALUE local_serv, int type,
+    VALUE resolv_timeout, VALUE connect_timeout, VALUE open_timeout,
+    VALUE fast_fallback, VALUE test_mode_settings)
 {
+    if (!NIL_P(open_timeout) && (!NIL_P(resolv_timeout) || !NIL_P(connect_timeout))) {
+        rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "Cannot specify open_timeout along with connect_timeout or resolv_timeout");
+    }
+
     if (type == INET_CLIENT && FAST_FALLBACK_INIT_INETSOCK_IMPL == 1 && RTEST(fast_fallback)) {
         struct rb_addrinfo *local_res = NULL;
-        char *hostp, *portp;
-        char hbuf[NI_MAXHOST], pbuf[NI_MAXSERV];
+        char *hostp, *portp, *local_portp;
+        char hbuf[NI_MAXHOST], pbuf[NI_MAXSERV], local_pbuf[NI_MAXSERV];
         int additional_flags = 0;
+        int local_flags = 0;
         hostp = raddrinfo_host_str(remote_host, hbuf, sizeof(hbuf), &additional_flags);
         portp = raddrinfo_port_str(remote_serv, pbuf, sizeof(pbuf), &additional_flags);
+        local_portp = raddrinfo_port_str(local_serv, local_pbuf, sizeof(local_pbuf), &local_flags);
 
-        if (!is_specified_ip_address(hostp)) {
+        if (!is_specified_ip_address(hostp) && !is_local_port_fixed(local_portp)) {
             int target_families[2] = { 0, 0 };
             int resolving_family_size = 0;
 
@@ -1232,16 +1345,18 @@ rsock_init_inetsock(VALUE self, VALUE remote_host, VALUE remote_serv, VALUE loca
              * Maybe also accept a local address
              */
             if (!NIL_P(local_host) || !NIL_P(local_serv)) {
+                VALUE t = NIL_P(open_timeout) ? resolv_timeout : open_timeout;
                 local_res = rsock_addrinfo(
                     local_host,
                     local_serv,
                     AF_UNSPEC,
                     SOCK_STREAM,
-                    0
+                    0,
+                    t
                 );
 
                 struct addrinfo *tmp_p = local_res->ai;
-                for (tmp_p; tmp_p != NULL; tmp_p = tmp_p->ai_next) {
+                for (; tmp_p != NULL; tmp_p = tmp_p->ai_next) {
                     if (target_families[0] == 0 && tmp_p->ai_family == AF_INET6) {
                         target_families[0] = AF_INET6;
                         resolving_family_size++;
@@ -1271,6 +1386,7 @@ rsock_init_inetsock(VALUE self, VALUE remote_host, VALUE remote_serv, VALUE loca
             fast_fallback_arg.type = type;
             fast_fallback_arg.resolv_timeout = resolv_timeout;
             fast_fallback_arg.connect_timeout = connect_timeout;
+            fast_fallback_arg.open_timeout = open_timeout;
             fast_fallback_arg.hostp = hostp;
             fast_fallback_arg.portp = portp;
             fast_fallback_arg.additional_flags = additional_flags;
@@ -1307,6 +1423,7 @@ rsock_init_inetsock(VALUE self, VALUE remote_host, VALUE remote_serv, VALUE loca
     arg.type = type;
     arg.resolv_timeout = resolv_timeout;
     arg.connect_timeout = connect_timeout;
+    arg.open_timeout = open_timeout;
 
     return rb_ensure(init_inetsock_internal, (VALUE)&arg,
                      inetsock_cleanup, (VALUE)&arg);
@@ -1492,7 +1609,7 @@ static VALUE
 ip_s_getaddress(VALUE obj, VALUE host)
 {
     union_sockaddr addr;
-    struct rb_addrinfo *res = rsock_addrinfo(host, Qnil, AF_UNSPEC, SOCK_STREAM, 0);
+    struct rb_addrinfo *res = rsock_addrinfo(host, Qnil, AF_UNSPEC, SOCK_STREAM, 0, Qnil);
     socklen_t len = res->ai->ai_addrlen;
 
     /* just take the first one */
diff --git a/ext/socket/lib/socket.rb b/ext/socket/lib/socket.rb
index 60dd45bd4f..36fcceaee9 100644
--- a/ext/socket/lib/socket.rb
+++ b/ext/socket/lib/socket.rb
@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ class Addrinfo
           break
         when :wait_writable
           sock.wait_writable(timeout) or
-            raise Errno::ETIMEDOUT, 'user specified timeout'
+            raise Errno::ETIMEDOUT, "user specified timeout for #{self.ip_address}:#{self.ip_port}"
         end while true
       else
         sock.connect(self)
@@ -599,6 +599,7 @@ class Socket < BasicSocket
     __accept_nonblock(exception)
   end
 
+  # :stopdoc:
   RESOLUTION_DELAY = 0.05
   private_constant :RESOLUTION_DELAY
 
@@ -616,6 +617,7 @@ class Socket < BasicSocket
 
   IPV6_ADDRESS_FORMAT = /\A(?i:(?:(?:[0-9A-F]{1,4}:){7}(?:[0-9A-F]{1,4}|:)|(?:[0-9A-F]{1,4}:){6}(?:[0-9A-F]{1,4}|:(?:[0-9A-F]{1,4}:){1,5}[0-9A-F]{1,4}|:)|(?:[0-9A-F]{1,4}:){5}(?:(?::[0-9A-F]{1,4}){1,2}|:(?:[0-9A-F]{1,4}:){1,4}[0-9A-F]{1,4}|:)|(?:[0-9A-F]{1,4}:){4}(?:(?::[0-9A-F]{1,4}){1,3}|:(?:[0-9A-F]{1,4}:){1,3}[0-9A-F]{1,4}|:)|(?:[0-9A-F]{1,4}:){3}(?:(?::[0-9A-F]{1,4}){1,4}|:(?:[0-9A-F]{1,4}:){1,2}[0-9A-F]{1,4}|:)|(?:[0-9A-F]{1,4}:){2}(?:(?::[0-9A-F]{1,4}){1,5}|:(?:[0-9A-F]{1,4}:)[0-9A-F]{1,4}|:)|(?:[0-9A-F]{1,4}:){1}(?:(?::[0-9A-F]{1,4}){1,6}|:(?:[0-9A-F]{1,4}:){0,5}[0-9A-F]{1,4}|:)|(?:::(?:[0-9A-F]{1,4}:){0,7}[0-9A-F]{1,4}|::)))(?:%.+)?\z/
   private_constant :IPV6_ADDRESS_FORMAT
+  # :startdoc:
 
   # :call-seq:
   #   Socket.tcp(host, port, local_host=nil, local_port=nil, [opts]) {|socket| ... }
@@ -643,6 +645,7 @@ class Socket < BasicSocket
   #
   # [:resolv_timeout] Specifies the timeout in seconds from when the hostname resolution starts.
   # [:connect_timeout] This method sequentially attempts connecting to all candidate destination addresses.<br>The +connect_timeout+ specifies the timeout in seconds from the start of the connection attempt to the last candidate.<br>By default, all connection attempts continue until the timeout occurs.<br>When +fast_fallback:false+ is explicitly specified,<br>a timeout is set for each connection attempt and any connection attempt that exceeds its timeout will be canceled.
+  # [:open_timeout] Specifies the timeout in seconds from the start of the method execution.<br>If this timeout is reached while there are still addresses that have not yet been attempted for connection, no further attempts will be made.<br>If this option is specified together with other timeout options, an +ArgumentError+ will be raised.
   # [:fast_fallback] Enables the Happy Eyeballs Version 2 algorithm (enabled by default).
   #
   # If a block is given, the block is called with the socket.
@@ -656,11 +659,15 @@ class Socket < BasicSocket
   #     sock.close_write
   #     puts sock.read
   #   }
-  def self.tcp(host, port, local_host = nil, local_port = nil, connect_timeout: nil, resolv_timeout: nil, fast_fallback: tcp_fast_fallback, &) # :yield: socket
-    sock = if fast_fallback && !(host && ip_address?(host))
-      tcp_with_fast_fallback(host, port, local_host, local_port, connect_timeout:, resolv_timeout:)
+  def self.tcp(host, port, local_host = nil, local_port = nil, connect_timeout: nil, resolv_timeout: nil, open_timeout: nil, fast_fallback: tcp_fast_fallback, &) # :yield: socket
+    if open_timeout && (connect_timeout || resolv_timeout)
+      raise ArgumentError, "Cannot specify open_timeout along with connect_timeout or resolv_timeout"
+    end
+
+    sock = if fast_fallback && !(host && ip_address?(host)) && !(local_port && local_port.to_i != 0)
+      tcp_with_fast_fallback(host, port, local_host, local_port, connect_timeout:, resolv_timeout:, open_timeout:)
     else
-      tcp_without_fast_fallback(host, port, local_host, local_port, connect_timeout:, resolv_timeout:)
+      tcp_without_fast_fallback(host, port, local_host, local_port, connect_timeout:, resolv_timeout:, open_timeout:)
     end
 
     if block_given?
@@ -674,9 +681,10 @@ class Socket < BasicSocket
     end
   end
 
-  def self.tcp_with_fast_fallback(host, port, local_host = nil, local_port = nil, connect_timeout: nil, resolv_timeout: nil)
+  # :stopdoc:
+  def self.tcp_with_fast_fallback(host, port, local_host = nil, local_port = nil, connect_timeout: nil, resolv_timeout: nil, open_timeout: nil)
     if local_host || local_port
-      local_addrinfos = Addrinfo.getaddrinfo(local_host, local_port, nil, :STREAM, timeout: resolv_timeout)
+      local_addrinfos = Addrinfo.getaddrinfo(local_host, local_port, nil, :STREAM, timeout: open_timeout || resolv_timeout)
       resolving_family_names = local_addrinfos.map { |lai| ADDRESS_FAMILIES.key(lai.afamily) }.uniq
     else
       local_addrinfos = []
@@ -689,15 +697,17 @@ class Socket < BasicSocket
     is_windows_environment ||= (RUBY_PLATFORM =~ /mswin|mingw|cygwin/)
 
     now = current_clock_time
+    starts_at = now
     resolution_delay_expires_at = nil
     connection_attempt_delay_expires_at = nil
     user_specified_connect_timeout_at = nil
+    user_specified_open_timeout_at = open_timeout ? now + open_timeout : nil
     last_error = nil
     last_error_from_thread = false
 
     if resolving_family_names.size == 1
       family_name = resolving_family_names.first
-      addrinfos = Addrinfo.getaddrinfo(host, port, family_name, :STREAM, timeout: resolv_timeout)
+      addrinfos = Addrinfo.getaddrinfo(host, port, ADDRESS_FAMILIES[:family_name], :STREAM, timeout: open_timeout || resolv_timeout)
       resolution_store.add_resolved(family_name, addrinfos)
       hostname_resolution_result = nil
       hostname_resolution_notifier = nil
@@ -714,7 +724,6 @@ class Socket < BasicSocket
           thread
         }
       )
-
       user_specified_resolv_timeout_at = resolv_timeout ? now + resolv_timeout : Float::INFINITY
     end
 
@@ -726,7 +735,7 @@ class Socket < BasicSocket
           if local_addrinfos.any?
             local_addrinfo = local_addrinfos.find { |lai| lai.afamily == addrinfo.afamily }
 
-            if local_addrinfo.nil? # Connecting addrinfoと同じアドレスファミリのLocal addrinfoがない
+            if local_addrinfo.nil?
               if resolution_store.any_addrinfos?
                 # Try other Addrinfo in next "while"
                 next
@@ -748,9 +757,16 @@ class Socket < BasicSocket
               socket.bind(local_addrinfo) if local_addrinfo
               result = socket.connect_nonblock(addrinfo, exception: false)
             else
+              timeout =
+                if open_timeout
+                  t = open_timeout - (current_clock_time - starts_at)
+                  t.negative? ? 0 : t
+                else
+                  connect_timeout
+                end
               result = socket = local_addrinfo ?
-                addrinfo.connect_from(local_addrinfo, timeout: connect_timeout) :
-                addrinfo.connect(timeout: connect_timeout)
+                addrinfo.connect_from(local_addrinfo, timeout:) :
+                addrinfo.connect(timeout:)
             end
 
             if result == :wait_writable
@@ -784,7 +800,10 @@ class Socket < BasicSocket
 
       ends_at =
         if resolution_store.any_addrinfos?
-          resolution_delay_expires_at || connection_attempt_delay_expires_at
+          [(resolution_delay_expires_at || connection_attempt_delay_expires_at),
+           user_specified_open_timeout_at].compact.min
+        elsif user_specified_open_timeout_at
+          user_specified_open_timeout_at
         else
           [user_specified_resolv_timeout_at, user_specified_connect_timeout_at].compact.max
         end
@@ -885,6 +904,10 @@ class Socket < BasicSocket
         end
       end
 
+      if expired?(now, user_specified_open_timeout_at)
+        raise(IO::TimeoutError, "user specified timeout for #{host}:#{port}")
+      end
+
       if resolution_store.empty_addrinfos?
         if connecting_sockets.empty? && resolution_store.resolved_all_families?
           if last_error_from_thread
@@ -896,7 +919,7 @@ class Socket < BasicSocket
 
         if (expired?(now, user_specified_resolv_timeout_at) || resolution_store.resolved_all_families?) &&
            (expired?(now, user_specified_connect_timeout_at) || connecting_sockets.empty?)
-          raise Errno::ETIMEDOUT, 'user specified timeout'
+          raise(IO::TimeoutError, "user specified timeout for #{host}:#{port}")
         end
       end
     end
@@ -911,17 +934,21 @@ class Socket < BasicSocket
       connecting_socket.close
     end
   end
+  private_class_method :tcp_with_fast_fallback
 
-  def self.tcp_without_fast_fallback(host, port, local_host, local_port, connect_timeout:, resolv_timeout:)
+  def self.tcp_without_fast_fallback(host, port, local_host, local_port, connect_timeout:, resolv_timeout:, open_timeout:)
     last_error = nil
     ret = nil
 
     local_addr_list = nil
     if local_host != nil || local_port != nil
-      local_addr_list = Addrinfo.getaddrinfo(local_host, local_port, nil, :STREAM, nil)
+      local_addr_list = Addrinfo.getaddrinfo(local_host, local_port, nil, :STREAM, nil, timeout: open_timeout || resolv_timeout)
     end
 
-    Addrinfo.foreach(host, port, nil, :STREAM, timeout: resolv_timeout) {|ai|
+    timeout = open_timeout ? open_timeout : resolv_timeout
+    starts_at = current_clock_time
+
+    Addrinfo.foreach(host, port, nil, :STREAM, timeout:) {|ai|
       if local_addr_list
         local_addr = local_addr_list.find {|local_ai| local_ai.afamily == ai.afamily }
         next unless local_addr
@@ -929,9 +956,17 @@ class Socket < BasicSocket
         local_addr = nil
       end
       begin
+        timeout =
+          if open_timeout
+            t = open_timeout - (current_clock_time - starts_at)
+            t.negative? ? 0 : t
+          else
+            connect_timeout
+          end
+
         sock = local_addr ?
-          ai.connect_from(local_addr, timeout: connect_timeout) :
-          ai.connect(timeout: connect_timeout)
+          ai.connect_from(local_addr, timeout:) :
+          ai.connect(timeout:)
       rescue SystemCallError
         last_error = $!
         next
@@ -1090,7 +1125,6 @@ class Socket < BasicSocket
   end
   private_constant :HostnameResolutionStore
 
-  # :stopdoc:
   def self.ip_sockets_port0(ai_list, reuseaddr)
     sockets = []
     begin
@@ -1123,9 +1157,7 @@ class Socket < BasicSocket
     end
     sockets
   end
-  class << self
-    private :ip_sockets_port0
-  end
+  private_class_method :ip_sockets_port0
 
   def self.tcp_server_sockets_port0(host)
     ai_list = Addrinfo.getaddrinfo(host, 0, nil, :STREAM, nil, Socket::AI_PASSIVE)
@@ -1553,13 +1585,18 @@ class Socket < BasicSocket
     end
   end
 
-  class << self
-    private
-
-    def unix_socket_abstract_name?(path)
-      /linux/ =~ RUBY_PLATFORM && /\A(\0|\z)/ =~ path
+  # :stopdoc:
+  if RUBY_PLATFORM.include?("linux")
+    def self.unix_socket_abstract_name?(path)
+      path.empty? or path.start_with?("\0")
+    end
+  else
+    def self.unix_socket_abstract_name?(path)
+      false
     end
   end
+  private_class_method :unix_socket_abstract_name?
+  # :startdoc:
 
   # creates a UNIX socket server on _path_.
   # It calls the block for each socket accepted.
diff --git a/ext/socket/raddrinfo.c b/ext/socket/raddrinfo.c
index 87f96e8167..6cdf5c6abc 100644
--- a/ext/socket/raddrinfo.c
+++ b/ext/socket/raddrinfo.c
@@ -293,10 +293,22 @@ rb_freeaddrinfo(struct rb_addrinfo *ai)
     xfree(ai);
 }
 
+static int
+rsock_value_timeout_to_msec(VALUE timeout)
+{
+    double seconds = NUM2DBL(timeout);
+    if (seconds < 0) rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "timeout must not be negative");
+
+    double msec = seconds * 1000.0;
+    if (msec > UINT_MAX) rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "timeout too large");
+
+    return (unsigned int)(msec + 0.5);
+}
+
 #if GETADDRINFO_IMPL == 0
 
 static int
-rb_getaddrinfo(const char *hostp, const char *portp, const struct addrinfo *hints, struct addrinfo **ai)
+rb_getaddrinfo(const char *hostp, const char *portp, const struct addrinfo *hints, struct addrinfo **ai, int _timeout)
 {
     return getaddrinfo(hostp, portp, hints, ai);
 }
@@ -334,7 +346,7 @@ fork_safe_getaddrinfo(void *arg)
 }
 
 static int
-rb_getaddrinfo(const char *hostp, const char *portp, const struct addrinfo *hints, struct addrinfo **ai)
+rb_getaddrinfo(const char *hostp, const char *portp, const struct addrinfo *hints, struct addrinfo **ai, int _timeout)
 {
     struct getaddrinfo_arg arg;
     MEMZERO(&arg, struct getaddrinfo_arg, 1);
@@ -352,13 +364,14 @@ struct getaddrinfo_arg
     char *node, *service;
     struct addrinfo hints;
     struct addrinfo *ai;
-    int err, gai_errno, refcount, done, cancelled;
+    int err, gai_errno, refcount, done, cancelled, timedout;
     rb_nativethread_lock_t lock;
     rb_nativethread_cond_t cond;
+    int timeout;
 };
 
 static struct getaddrinfo_arg *
-allocate_getaddrinfo_arg(const char *hostp, const char *portp, const struct addrinfo *hints)
+allocate_getaddrinfo_arg(const char *hostp, const char *portp, const struct addrinfo *hints, int timeout)
 {
     size_t hostp_offset = sizeof(struct getaddrinfo_arg);
     size_t portp_offset = hostp_offset + (hostp ? strlen(hostp) + 1 : 0);
@@ -374,7 +387,7 @@ allocate_getaddrinfo_arg(const char *hostp, const char *portp, const struct addr
 
     if (hostp) {
         arg->node = buf + hostp_offset;
-        strcpy(arg->node, hostp);
+        memcpy(arg->node, hostp, portp_offset - hostp_offset);
     }
     else {
         arg->node = NULL;
@@ -382,7 +395,7 @@ allocate_getaddrinfo_arg(const char *hostp, const char *portp, const struct addr
 
     if (portp) {
         arg->service = buf + portp_offset;
-        strcpy(arg->service, portp);
+        memcpy(arg->service, portp, bufsize - portp_offset);
     }
     else {
         arg->service = NULL;
@@ -392,7 +405,8 @@ allocate_getaddrinfo_arg(const char *hostp, const char *portp, const struct addr
     arg->ai = NULL;
 
     arg->refcount = 2;
-    arg->done = arg->cancelled = 0;
+    arg->done = arg->cancelled = arg->timedout = 0;
+    arg->timeout = timeout;
 
     rb_nativethread_lock_initialize(&arg->lock);
     rb_native_cond_initialize(&arg->cond);
@@ -451,7 +465,19 @@ wait_getaddrinfo(void *ptr)
     struct getaddrinfo_arg *arg = (struct getaddrinfo_arg *)ptr;
     rb_nativethread_lock_lock(&arg->lock);
     while (!arg->done && !arg->cancelled) {
-        rb_native_cond_wait(&arg->cond, &arg->lock);
+        long msec = arg->timeout;
+        if (msec == 0) {
+            arg->cancelled = 1;
+            arg->timedout = 1;
+        } else if (msec > 0) {
+            rb_native_cond_timedwait(&arg->cond, &arg->lock, msec);
+            if (!arg->done) {
+                arg->cancelled = 1;
+                arg->timedout = 1;
+            }
+        } else {
+            rb_native_cond_wait(&arg->cond, &arg->lock);
+        }
     }
     rb_nativethread_lock_unlock(&arg->lock);
     return 0;
@@ -473,13 +499,49 @@ int
 raddrinfo_pthread_create(pthread_t *th, void *(*start_routine) (void *), void *arg)
 {
     int limit = 3, ret;
+    int saved_errno;
+#ifdef HAVE_PTHREAD_ATTR_SETDETACHSTATE
+    pthread_attr_t attr;
+    pthread_attr_t *attr_p = &attr;
+    int err;
+    int init_retries = 0;
+    int init_retries_max = 3;
+retry_attr_init:
+    if ((err = pthread_attr_init(attr_p)) != 0) {
+        if (err == ENOMEM && init_retries < init_retries_max) {
+            init_retries++;
+            rb_gc();
+            goto retry_attr_init;
+        }
+        return err;
+    }
+    if ((err = pthread_attr_setdetachstate(attr_p, PTHREAD_CREATE_DETACHED)) != 0) {
+        saved_errno = errno;
+        pthread_attr_destroy(attr_p);
+        errno = saved_errno;
+        return err; // EINVAL - shouldn't happen
+    }
+#else
+    pthread_attr_t *attr_p = NULL;
+#endif
     do {
         // It is said that pthread_create may fail spuriously, so we follow the JDK and retry several times.
         //
         // https://bugs.openjdk.org/browse/JDK-8268605
         // https://github.com/openjdk/jdk/commit/e35005d5ce383ddd108096a3079b17cb0bcf76f1
-        ret = pthread_create(th, 0, start_routine, arg);
+        ret = pthread_create(th, attr_p, start_routine, arg);
     } while (ret == EAGAIN && limit-- > 0);
+#ifdef HAVE_PTHREAD_ATTR_SETDETACHSTATE
+    saved_errno = errno;
+    pthread_attr_destroy(attr_p);
+    if (ret != 0) {
+        errno = saved_errno;
+    }
+#else
+    if (ret == 0) {
+        pthread_detach(th); // this can race with shutdown routine of thread in some glibc versions
+    }
+#endif
     return ret;
 }
 
@@ -490,16 +552,16 @@ fork_safe_do_getaddrinfo(void *ptr)
 }
 
 static int
-rb_getaddrinfo(const char *hostp, const char *portp, const struct addrinfo *hints, struct addrinfo **ai)
+rb_getaddrinfo(const char *hostp, const char *portp, const struct addrinfo *hints, struct addrinfo **ai, int timeout)
 {
     int retry;
     struct getaddrinfo_arg *arg;
-    int err = 0, gai_errno = 0;
+    int err = 0, gai_errno = 0, timedout = 0;
 
 start:
     retry = 0;
 
-    arg = allocate_getaddrinfo_arg(hostp, portp, hints);
+    arg = allocate_getaddrinfo_arg(hostp, portp, hints, timeout);
     if (!arg) {
         return EAI_MEMORY;
     }
@@ -511,7 +573,6 @@ start:
         errno = err;
         return EAI_SYSTEM;
     }
-    pthread_detach(th);
 
     rb_thread_call_without_gvl2(wait_getaddrinfo, arg, cancel_getaddrinfo, arg);
 
@@ -525,6 +586,7 @@ start:
         }
         else if (arg->cancelled) {
             retry = 1;
+            timedout = arg->timedout;
         }
         else {
             // If already interrupted, rb_thread_call_without_gvl2 may return without calling wait_getaddrinfo.
@@ -538,6 +600,16 @@ start:
 
     if (need_free) free_getaddrinfo_arg(arg);
 
+    if (timedout) {
+        if (arg->ai) {
+            rsock_raise_user_specified_timeout(arg->ai, Qnil, Qnil);
+        } else {
+            VALUE host = rb_str_new_cstr(hostp);
+            VALUE port = rb_str_new_cstr(portp);
+            rsock_raise_user_specified_timeout(NULL, host, port);
+        }
+    }
+
     // If the current thread is interrupted by asynchronous exception, the following raises the exception.
     // But if the current thread is interrupted by timer thread, the following returns; we need to manually retry.
     rb_thread_check_ints();
@@ -552,6 +624,10 @@ start:
 
 #endif
 
+#define GETNAMEINFO_WONT_BLOCK(host, serv, flags) \
+    ((!(host) || ((flags) & NI_NUMERICHOST)) && \
+     (!(serv) || ((flags) & NI_NUMERICSERV)))
+
 #if GETADDRINFO_IMPL == 0
 
 int
@@ -559,7 +635,7 @@ rb_getnameinfo(const struct sockaddr *sa, socklen_t salen,
            char *host, size_t hostlen,
            char *serv, size_t servlen, int flags)
 {
-    return getnameinfo(sa, salen, host, hostlen, serv, servlen, flags);
+    return getnameinfo(sa, salen, host, (socklen_t)hostlen, serv, (socklen_t)servlen, flags);
 }
 
 #elif GETADDRINFO_IMPL == 1
@@ -589,6 +665,10 @@ rb_getnameinfo(const struct sockaddr *sa, socklen_t salen,
                char *host, size_t hostlen,
                char *serv, size_t servlen, int flags)
 {
+    if (GETNAMEINFO_WONT_BLOCK(host, serv, flags)) {
+        return getnameinfo(sa, salen, host, hostlen, serv, servlen, flags);
+    }
+
     struct getnameinfo_arg arg;
     int ret;
     arg.sa = sa;
@@ -715,7 +795,11 @@ rb_getnameinfo(const struct sockaddr *sa, socklen_t salen,
 {
     int retry;
     struct getnameinfo_arg *arg;
-    int err, gni_errno = 0;
+    int err = 0, gni_errno = 0;
+
+    if (GETNAMEINFO_WONT_BLOCK(host, serv, flags)) {
+        return getnameinfo(sa, salen, host, (socklen_t)hostlen, serv, (socklen_t)servlen, flags);
+    }
 
 start:
     retry = 0;
@@ -732,7 +816,6 @@ start:
         errno = err;
         return EAI_SYSTEM;
     }
-    pthread_detach(th);
 
     rb_thread_call_without_gvl2(wait_getnameinfo, arg, cancel_getnameinfo, arg);
 
@@ -941,7 +1024,7 @@ rb_scheduler_getaddrinfo(VALUE scheduler, VALUE host, const char *service,
 }
 
 struct rb_addrinfo*
-rsock_getaddrinfo(VALUE host, VALUE port, struct addrinfo *hints, int socktype_hack)
+rsock_getaddrinfo(VALUE host, VALUE port, struct addrinfo *hints, int socktype_hack, VALUE timeout)
 {
     struct rb_addrinfo* res = NULL;
     struct addrinfo *ai;
@@ -976,7 +1059,8 @@ rsock_getaddrinfo(VALUE host, VALUE port, struct addrinfo *hints, int socktype_h
         }
 
         if (!resolved) {
-            error = rb_getaddrinfo(hostp, portp, hints, &ai);
+            int t = NIL_P(timeout) ? -1 : rsock_value_timeout_to_msec(timeout);
+            error = rb_getaddrinfo(hostp, portp, hints, &ai, t);
             if (error == 0) {
                 res = (struct rb_addrinfo *)xmalloc(sizeof(struct rb_addrinfo));
                 res->allocated_by_malloc = 0;
@@ -1009,7 +1093,7 @@ rsock_fd_family(int fd)
 }
 
 struct rb_addrinfo*
-rsock_addrinfo(VALUE host, VALUE port, int family, int socktype, int flags)
+rsock_addrinfo(VALUE host, VALUE port, int family, int socktype, int flags, VALUE timeout)
 {
     struct addrinfo hints;
 
@@ -1017,7 +1101,7 @@ rsock_addrinfo(VALUE host, VALUE port, int family, int socktype, int flags)
     hints.ai_family = family;
     hints.ai_socktype = socktype;
     hints.ai_flags = flags;
-    return rsock_getaddrinfo(host, port, &hints, 1);
+    return rsock_getaddrinfo(host, port, &hints, 1, timeout);
 }
 
 VALUE
@@ -1211,7 +1295,7 @@ addrinfo_memsize(const void *ptr)
 static const rb_data_type_t addrinfo_type = {
     "socket/addrinfo",
     {addrinfo_mark, addrinfo_free, addrinfo_memsize,},
-    0, 0, RUBY_TYPED_FREE_IMMEDIATELY | RUBY_TYPED_FROZEN_SHAREABLE,
+    0, 0, RUBY_TYPED_FREE_IMMEDIATELY | RUBY_TYPED_FROZEN_SHAREABLE | RUBY_TYPED_WB_PROTECTED,
 };
 
 static VALUE
@@ -1249,7 +1333,7 @@ alloc_addrinfo(void)
 }
 
 static void
-init_addrinfo(rb_addrinfo_t *rai, struct sockaddr *sa, socklen_t len,
+init_addrinfo(VALUE self, rb_addrinfo_t *rai, struct sockaddr *sa, socklen_t len,
               int pfamily, int socktype, int protocol,
               VALUE canonname, VALUE inspectname)
 {
@@ -1261,8 +1345,8 @@ init_addrinfo(rb_addrinfo_t *rai, struct sockaddr *sa, socklen_t len,
     rai->pfamily = pfamily;
     rai->socktype = socktype;
     rai->protocol = protocol;
-    rai->canonname = canonname;
-    rai->inspectname = inspectname;
+    RB_OBJ_WRITE(self, &rai->canonname, canonname);
+    RB_OBJ_WRITE(self, &rai->inspectname, inspectname);
 }
 
 VALUE
@@ -1275,7 +1359,7 @@ rsock_addrinfo_new(struct sockaddr *addr, socklen_t len,
 
     a = addrinfo_s_allocate(rb_cAddrinfo);
     DATA_PTR(a) = rai = alloc_addrinfo();
-    init_addrinfo(rai, addr, len, family, socktype, protocol, canonname, inspectname);
+    init_addrinfo(a, rai, addr, len, family, socktype, protocol, canonname, inspectname);
     return a;
 }
 
@@ -1300,7 +1384,7 @@ call_getaddrinfo(VALUE node, VALUE service,
         hints.ai_flags = NUM2INT(flags);
     }
 
-    res = rsock_getaddrinfo(node, service, &hints, socktype_hack);
+    res = rsock_getaddrinfo(node, service, &hints, socktype_hack, timeout);
 
     if (res == NULL)
         rb_raise(rb_eSocket, "host not found");
@@ -1310,7 +1394,7 @@ call_getaddrinfo(VALUE node, VALUE service,
 static VALUE make_inspectname(VALUE node, VALUE service, struct addrinfo *res);
 
 static void
-init_addrinfo_getaddrinfo(rb_addrinfo_t *rai, VALUE node, VALUE service,
+init_addrinfo_getaddrinfo(VALUE self, rb_addrinfo_t *rai, VALUE node, VALUE service,
                           VALUE family, VALUE socktype, VALUE protocol, VALUE flags,
                           VALUE inspectnode, VALUE inspectservice)
 {
@@ -1324,7 +1408,7 @@ init_addrinfo_getaddrinfo(rb_addrinfo_t *rai, VALUE node, VALUE service,
         OBJ_FREEZE(canonname);
     }
 
-    init_addrinfo(rai, res->ai->ai_addr, res->ai->ai_addrlen,
+    init_addrinfo(self, rai, res->ai->ai_addr, res->ai->ai_addrlen,
                   NUM2INT(family), NUM2INT(socktype), NUM2INT(protocol),
                   canonname, inspectname);
 
@@ -1436,7 +1520,7 @@ addrinfo_list_new(VALUE node, VALUE service, VALUE family, VALUE socktype, VALUE
 
 #ifdef HAVE_TYPE_STRUCT_SOCKADDR_UN
 static void
-init_unix_addrinfo(rb_addrinfo_t *rai, VALUE path, int socktype)
+init_unix_addrinfo(VALUE self, rb_addrinfo_t *rai, VALUE path, int socktype)
 {
     struct sockaddr_un un;
     socklen_t len;
@@ -1452,7 +1536,7 @@ init_unix_addrinfo(rb_addrinfo_t *rai, VALUE path, int socktype)
     memcpy((void*)&un.sun_path, RSTRING_PTR(path), RSTRING_LEN(path));
 
     len = rsock_unix_sockaddr_len(path);
-    init_addrinfo(rai, (struct sockaddr *)&un, len,
+    init_addrinfo(self, rai, (struct sockaddr *)&un, len,
                   PF_UNIX, socktype, 0, Qnil, Qnil);
 }
 
@@ -1556,7 +1640,7 @@ addrinfo_initialize(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
             flags |= AI_NUMERICSERV;
 #endif
 
-            init_addrinfo_getaddrinfo(rai, numericnode, service,
+            init_addrinfo_getaddrinfo(self, rai, numericnode, service,
                     INT2NUM(i_pfamily ? i_pfamily : af), INT2NUM(i_socktype), INT2NUM(i_protocol),
                     INT2NUM(flags),
                     nodename, service);
@@ -1568,7 +1652,7 @@ addrinfo_initialize(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
           {
             VALUE path = rb_ary_entry(sockaddr_ary, 1);
             StringValue(path);
-            init_unix_addrinfo(rai, path, SOCK_STREAM);
+            init_unix_addrinfo(self, rai, path, SOCK_STREAM);
             break;
           }
 #endif
@@ -1581,7 +1665,7 @@ addrinfo_initialize(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
         StringValue(sockaddr_arg);
         sockaddr_ptr = (struct sockaddr *)RSTRING_PTR(sockaddr_arg);
         sockaddr_len = RSTRING_SOCKLEN(sockaddr_arg);
-        init_addrinfo(rai, sockaddr_ptr, sockaddr_len,
+        init_addrinfo(self, rai, sockaddr_ptr, sockaddr_len,
                       i_pfamily, i_socktype, i_protocol,
                       canonname, inspectname);
     }
@@ -2170,7 +2254,7 @@ addrinfo_mload(VALUE self, VALUE ary)
     }
 
     DATA_PTR(self) = rai = alloc_addrinfo();
-    init_addrinfo(rai, &ss.addr, len,
+    init_addrinfo(self, rai, &ss.addr, len,
                   pfamily, socktype, protocol,
                   canonname, inspectname);
     return self;
@@ -2938,7 +3022,7 @@ addrinfo_s_unix(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
 
     addr = addrinfo_s_allocate(rb_cAddrinfo);
     DATA_PTR(addr) = rai = alloc_addrinfo();
-    init_unix_addrinfo(rai, path, socktype);
+    init_unix_addrinfo(self, rai, path, socktype);
     return addr;
 }
 
diff --git a/ext/socket/rubysocket.h b/ext/socket/rubysocket.h
index 54a5381da4..2ec3ab335a 100644
--- a/ext/socket/rubysocket.h
+++ b/ext/socket/rubysocket.h
@@ -292,8 +292,8 @@ extern VALUE rb_eResolution;
 #ifdef SOCKS
 extern VALUE rb_cSOCKSSocket;
 #  ifndef SOCKS5
-void SOCKSinit();
-int Rconnect();
+void SOCKSinit(char *);
+int Rconnect(int, const struct sockaddr *, socklen_t);
 #  endif
 #endif
 
@@ -327,8 +327,8 @@ void rb_freeaddrinfo(struct rb_addrinfo *ai);
 VALUE rsock_freeaddrinfo(VALUE arg);
 int rb_getnameinfo(const struct sockaddr *sa, socklen_t salen, char *host, size_t hostlen, char *serv, size_t servlen, int flags);
 int rsock_fd_family(int fd);
-struct rb_addrinfo *rsock_addrinfo(VALUE host, VALUE port, int family, int socktype, int flags);
-struct rb_addrinfo *rsock_getaddrinfo(VALUE host, VALUE port, struct addrinfo *hints, int socktype_hack);
+struct rb_addrinfo *rsock_addrinfo(VALUE host, VALUE port, int family, int socktype, int flags, VALUE timeout);
+struct rb_addrinfo *rsock_getaddrinfo(VALUE host, VALUE port, struct addrinfo *hints, int socktype_hack, VALUE timeout);
 
 VALUE rsock_fd_socket_addrinfo(int fd, struct sockaddr *addr, socklen_t len);
 VALUE rsock_io_socket_addrinfo(VALUE io, struct sockaddr *addr, socklen_t len);
@@ -355,7 +355,7 @@ int rsock_socket(int domain, int type, int proto);
 int rsock_detect_cloexec(int fd);
 VALUE rsock_init_sock(VALUE sock, int fd);
 VALUE rsock_sock_s_socketpair(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE klass);
-VALUE rsock_init_inetsock(VALUE sock, VALUE remote_host, VALUE remote_serv, VALUE local_host, VALUE local_serv, int type, VALUE resolv_timeout, VALUE connect_timeout, VALUE fast_fallback, VALUE test_mode_settings);
+VALUE rsock_init_inetsock(VALUE sock, VALUE remote_host, VALUE remote_serv, VALUE local_host, VALUE local_serv, int type, VALUE resolv_timeout, VALUE connect_timeout, VALUE open_timeout, VALUE fast_fallback, VALUE test_mode_settings);
 VALUE rsock_init_unixsock(VALUE sock, VALUE path, int server);
 
 struct rsock_send_arg {
@@ -453,6 +453,8 @@ void free_fast_fallback_getaddrinfo_shared(struct fast_fallback_getaddrinfo_shar
 #  endif
 #endif
 
+NORETURN(void rsock_raise_user_specified_timeout(struct addrinfo *ai, VALUE host, VALUE port));
+
 void rsock_init_basicsocket(void);
 void rsock_init_ipsocket(void);
 void rsock_init_tcpsocket(void);
@@ -507,8 +509,6 @@ extern ID tcp_fast_fallback;
 const char *inet_ntop(int, const void *, char *, size_t);
 #elif defined __MINGW32__
 # define inet_ntop(f,a,n,l)      rb_w32_inet_ntop(f,a,n,l)
-#elif defined _MSC_VER && RUBY_MSVCRT_VERSION < 90
-const char *WSAAPI inet_ntop(int, const void *, char *, size_t);
 #endif
 
 #endif
diff --git a/ext/socket/socket.c b/ext/socket/socket.c
index 8f593ca0bd..a8e5ae8119 100644
--- a/ext/socket/socket.c
+++ b/ext/socket/socket.c
@@ -965,7 +965,7 @@ sock_s_gethostbyname(VALUE obj, VALUE host)
 {
     rb_warn("Socket.gethostbyname is deprecated; use Addrinfo.getaddrinfo instead.");
     struct rb_addrinfo *res =
-        rsock_addrinfo(host, Qnil, AF_UNSPEC, SOCK_STREAM, AI_CANONNAME);
+        rsock_addrinfo(host, Qnil, AF_UNSPEC, SOCK_STREAM, AI_CANONNAME, Qnil);
     return rsock_make_hostent(host, res, sock_sockaddr);
 }
 
@@ -1183,7 +1183,7 @@ sock_s_getaddrinfo(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE _)
         norevlookup = rsock_do_not_reverse_lookup;
     }
 
-    res = rsock_getaddrinfo(host, port, &hints, 0);
+    res = rsock_getaddrinfo(host, port, &hints, 0, Qnil);
 
     ret = make_addrinfo(res, norevlookup);
     rb_freeaddrinfo(res);
@@ -1279,7 +1279,7 @@ sock_s_getnameinfo(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE _)
         hints.ai_socktype = (fl & NI_DGRAM) ? SOCK_DGRAM : SOCK_STREAM;
         /* af */
         hints.ai_family = NIL_P(af) ? PF_UNSPEC : rsock_family_arg(af);
-        res = rsock_getaddrinfo(host, port, &hints, 0);
+        res = rsock_getaddrinfo(host, port, &hints, 0, Qnil);
         sap = res->ai->ai_addr;
         salen = res->ai->ai_addrlen;
     }
@@ -1335,7 +1335,7 @@ sock_s_getnameinfo(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE _)
 static VALUE
 sock_s_pack_sockaddr_in(VALUE self, VALUE port, VALUE host)
 {
-    struct rb_addrinfo *res = rsock_addrinfo(host, port, AF_UNSPEC, 0, 0);
+    struct rb_addrinfo *res = rsock_addrinfo(host, port, AF_UNSPEC, 0, 0, Qnil);
     VALUE addr = rb_str_new((char*)res->ai->ai_addr, res->ai->ai_addrlen);
 
     rb_freeaddrinfo(res);
diff --git a/ext/socket/sockssocket.c b/ext/socket/sockssocket.c
index 1031812bef..30860ea257 100644
--- a/ext/socket/sockssocket.c
+++ b/ext/socket/sockssocket.c
@@ -30,11 +30,12 @@ socks_init(VALUE sock, VALUE host, VALUE port)
     static int init = 0;
 
     if (init == 0) {
-        SOCKSinit("ruby");
+        char progname[] = "ruby";
+        SOCKSinit(progname);
         init = 1;
     }
 
-    return rsock_init_inetsock(sock, host, port, Qnil, Qnil, INET_SOCKS, Qnil, Qnil, Qfalse, Qnil);
+    return rsock_init_inetsock(sock, host, port, Qnil, Qnil, INET_SOCKS, Qnil, Qnil, Qnil, Qfalse, Qnil);
 }
 
 #ifdef SOCKS5
diff --git a/ext/socket/tcpserver.c b/ext/socket/tcpserver.c
index 8206fe46a9..0069f3c703 100644
--- a/ext/socket/tcpserver.c
+++ b/ext/socket/tcpserver.c
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ tcp_svr_init(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE sock)
     VALUE hostname, port;
 
     rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "011", &hostname, &port);
-    return rsock_init_inetsock(sock, hostname, port, Qnil, Qnil, INET_SERVER, Qnil, Qnil, Qfalse, Qnil);
+    return rsock_init_inetsock(sock, hostname, port, Qnil, Qnil, INET_SERVER, Qnil, Qnil, Qnil, Qfalse, Qnil);
 }
 
 /*
diff --git a/ext/socket/tcpsocket.c b/ext/socket/tcpsocket.c
index 28527f632f..7ce536e0af 100644
--- a/ext/socket/tcpsocket.c
+++ b/ext/socket/tcpsocket.c
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@
 
 /*
  * call-seq:
- *    TCPSocket.new(remote_host, remote_port, local_host=nil, local_port=nil, resolv_timeout: nil, connect_timeout: nil, fast_fallback: true)
+ *    TCPSocket.new(remote_host, remote_port, local_host=nil, local_port=nil, resolv_timeout: nil, connect_timeout: nil, open_timeout: nil, fast_fallback: true)
  *
  * Opens a TCP connection to +remote_host+ on +remote_port+.  If +local_host+
  * and +local_port+ are specified, then those parameters are used on the local
@@ -35,6 +35,7 @@
  *
  * [:resolv_timeout] Specifies the timeout in seconds from when the hostname resolution starts.
  * [:connect_timeout] This method sequentially attempts connecting to all candidate destination addresses.<br>The +connect_timeout+ specifies the timeout in seconds from the start of the connection attempt to the last candidate.<br>By default, all connection attempts continue until the timeout occurs.<br>When +fast_fallback:false+ is explicitly specified,<br>a timeout is set for each connection attempt and any connection attempt that exceeds its timeout will be canceled.
+ * [:open_timeout] Specifies the timeout in seconds from the start of the method execution.<br>If this timeout is reached while there are still addresses that have not yet been attempted for connection, no further attempts will be made.<br>If this option is specified together with other timeout options, an +ArgumentError+ will be raised.
  * [:fast_fallback] Enables the Happy Eyeballs Version 2 algorithm (enabled by default).
  */
 static VALUE
@@ -43,29 +44,32 @@ tcp_init(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE sock)
     VALUE remote_host, remote_serv;
     VALUE local_host, local_serv;
     VALUE opt;
-    static ID keyword_ids[4];
-    VALUE kwargs[4];
+    static ID keyword_ids[5];
+    VALUE kwargs[5];
     VALUE resolv_timeout = Qnil;
     VALUE connect_timeout = Qnil;
+    VALUE open_timeout = Qnil;
     VALUE fast_fallback = Qnil;
     VALUE test_mode_settings = Qnil;
 
     if (!keyword_ids[0]) {
         CONST_ID(keyword_ids[0], "resolv_timeout");
         CONST_ID(keyword_ids[1], "connect_timeout");
-        CONST_ID(keyword_ids[2], "fast_fallback");
-        CONST_ID(keyword_ids[3], "test_mode_settings");
+        CONST_ID(keyword_ids[2], "open_timeout");
+        CONST_ID(keyword_ids[3], "fast_fallback");
+        CONST_ID(keyword_ids[4], "test_mode_settings");
     }
 
     rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "22:", &remote_host, &remote_serv,
                         &local_host, &local_serv, &opt);
 
     if (!NIL_P(opt)) {
-        rb_get_kwargs(opt, keyword_ids, 0, 4, kwargs);
+        rb_get_kwargs(opt, keyword_ids, 0, 5, kwargs);
         if (kwargs[0] != Qundef) { resolv_timeout = kwargs[0]; }
         if (kwargs[1] != Qundef) { connect_timeout = kwargs[1]; }
-        if (kwargs[2] != Qundef) { fast_fallback = kwargs[2]; }
-        if (kwargs[3] != Qundef) { test_mode_settings = kwargs[3]; }
+        if (kwargs[2] != Qundef) { open_timeout = kwargs[2]; }
+        if (kwargs[3] != Qundef) { fast_fallback = kwargs[3]; }
+        if (kwargs[4] != Qundef) { test_mode_settings = kwargs[4]; }
     }
 
     if (fast_fallback == Qnil) {
@@ -75,8 +79,8 @@ tcp_init(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE sock)
 
     return rsock_init_inetsock(sock, remote_host, remote_serv,
                                local_host, local_serv, INET_CLIENT,
-                               resolv_timeout, connect_timeout, fast_fallback,
-                               test_mode_settings);
+                               resolv_timeout, connect_timeout, open_timeout,
+                               fast_fallback, test_mode_settings);
 }
 
 static VALUE
@@ -109,7 +113,7 @@ tcp_s_gethostbyname(VALUE obj, VALUE host)
 {
     rb_warn("TCPSocket.gethostbyname is deprecated; use Addrinfo.getaddrinfo instead.");
     struct rb_addrinfo *res =
-        rsock_addrinfo(host, Qnil, AF_UNSPEC, SOCK_STREAM, AI_CANONNAME);
+        rsock_addrinfo(host, Qnil, AF_UNSPEC, SOCK_STREAM, AI_CANONNAME, Qnil);
     return rsock_make_hostent(host, res, tcp_sockaddr);
 }
 
diff --git a/ext/socket/udpsocket.c b/ext/socket/udpsocket.c
index a984933c9f..b2bc925538 100644
--- a/ext/socket/udpsocket.c
+++ b/ext/socket/udpsocket.c
@@ -84,7 +84,7 @@ udp_connect(VALUE self, VALUE host, VALUE port)
 {
     struct udp_arg arg = {.io = self};
 
-    arg.res = rsock_addrinfo(host, port, rsock_fd_family(rb_io_descriptor(self)), SOCK_DGRAM, 0);
+    arg.res = rsock_addrinfo(host, port, rsock_fd_family(rb_io_descriptor(self)), SOCK_DGRAM, 0, Qnil);
 
     int result = (int)rb_ensure(udp_connect_internal, (VALUE)&arg, rsock_freeaddrinfo, (VALUE)arg.res);
     if (!result) {
@@ -129,7 +129,7 @@ udp_bind(VALUE self, VALUE host, VALUE port)
 {
     struct udp_arg arg = {.io = self};
 
-    arg.res = rsock_addrinfo(host, port, rsock_fd_family(rb_io_descriptor(self)), SOCK_DGRAM, 0);
+    arg.res = rsock_addrinfo(host, port, rsock_fd_family(rb_io_descriptor(self)), SOCK_DGRAM, 0, Qnil);
 
     VALUE result = rb_ensure(udp_bind_internal, (VALUE)&arg, rsock_freeaddrinfo, (VALUE)arg.res);
     if (!result) {
@@ -212,7 +212,7 @@ udp_send(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE sock)
     GetOpenFile(sock, arg.fptr);
     arg.sarg.fd = arg.fptr->fd;
     arg.sarg.flags = NUM2INT(flags);
-    arg.res = rsock_addrinfo(host, port, rsock_fd_family(arg.fptr->fd), SOCK_DGRAM, 0);
+    arg.res = rsock_addrinfo(host, port, rsock_fd_family(arg.fptr->fd), SOCK_DGRAM, 0, Qnil);
     ret = rb_ensure(udp_send_internal, (VALUE)&arg,
                     rsock_freeaddrinfo, (VALUE)arg.res);
     if (!ret) rsock_sys_fail_host_port("sendto(2)", host, port);
diff --git a/ext/socket/unixsocket.c b/ext/socket/unixsocket.c
index 31e2acee04..2ec9376074 100644
--- a/ext/socket/unixsocket.c
+++ b/ext/socket/unixsocket.c
@@ -42,11 +42,12 @@ unixsock_path_value(VALUE path)
         }
     }
 #endif
+    path = rb_get_path(path);
 #ifdef _WIN32
     /* UNIXSocket requires UTF-8 per spec. */
     path = rb_str_export_to_enc(path, rb_utf8_encoding());
 #endif
-    return rb_get_path(path);
+    return path;
 }
 
 VALUE
diff --git a/ext/stringio/depend b/ext/stringio/depend
index 9a8979829b..3a82ad0a11 100644
--- a/ext/stringio/depend
+++ b/ext/stringio/depend
@@ -138,6 +138,7 @@ stringio.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
 stringio.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
 stringio.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
 stringio.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+stringio.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/set.h
 stringio.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
 stringio.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
 stringio.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
diff --git a/ext/stringio/stringio.c b/ext/stringio/stringio.c
index 26287dd1b8..cc2294a795 100644
--- a/ext/stringio/stringio.c
+++ b/ext/stringio/stringio.c
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@
 **********************************************************************/
 
 static const char *const
-STRINGIO_VERSION = "3.1.8.dev";
+STRINGIO_VERSION = "3.2.1.dev";
 
 #include <stdbool.h>
 
@@ -36,6 +36,19 @@ STRINGIO_VERSION = "3.1.8.dev";
 # define rb_class_new_instance_kw(argc, argv, klass, kw_splat) rb_class_new_instance(argc, argv, klass)
 #endif
 
+static inline bool
+str_chilled_p(VALUE str)
+{
+#if (RUBY_API_VERSION_MAJOR == 3 && RUBY_API_VERSION_MINOR >= 4) || RUBY_API_VERSION_MAJOR >= 4
+    // Do not attempt to modify chilled strings on Ruby 3.4+
+    // RUBY_FL_USER2 == STR_CHILLED_LITERAL
+    // RUBY_FL_USER3 == STR_CHILLED_SYMBOL_TO_S
+    return FL_TEST_RAW(str, RUBY_FL_USER2 | RUBY_FL_USER3);
+#else
+    return false;
+#endif
+}
+
 #ifndef HAVE_TYPE_RB_IO_MODE_T
 typedef int rb_io_mode_t;
 #endif
@@ -190,6 +203,18 @@ check_modifiable(struct StringIO *ptr)
     }
 }
 
+static inline bool
+outside_p(struct StringIO *ptr, long pos)
+{
+    return NIL_P(ptr->string) || pos >= RSTRING_LEN(ptr->string);
+}
+
+static inline bool
+eos_p(struct StringIO *ptr)
+{
+    return outside_p(ptr, ptr->pos);
+}
+
 static VALUE
 strio_s_allocate(VALUE klass)
 {
@@ -200,17 +225,32 @@ strio_s_allocate(VALUE klass)
  * call-seq:
  *   StringIO.new(string = '', mode = 'r+') -> new_stringio
  *
- * Note that +mode+ defaults to <tt>'r'</tt> if +string+ is frozen.
- *
  * Returns a new \StringIO instance formed from +string+ and +mode+;
- * see {Access Modes}[rdoc-ref:File@Access+Modes]:
+ * the instance should be closed when no longer needed:
+ *
+ *   strio = StringIO.new
+ *   strio.string        # => ""
+ *   strio.closed_read?  # => false
+ *   strio.closed_write? # => false
+ *   strio.close
+ *
+ * If +string+ is frozen, the default +mode+ is <tt>'r'</tt>:
  *
- *   strio = StringIO.new # => #<StringIO>
+ *   strio = StringIO.new('foo'.freeze)
+ *   strio.string        # => "foo"
+ *   strio.closed_read?  # => false
+ *   strio.closed_write? # => true
  *   strio.close
  *
- * The instance should be closed when no longer needed.
+ * Argument +mode+ must be a valid
+ * {Access Mode}[rdoc-ref:File@Access+Modes],
+ * which may be a string or an integer constant:
  *
- * Related: StringIO.open (accepts block; closes automatically).
+ *   StringIO.new('foo', 'w+')
+ *   StringIO.new('foo', File::RDONLY)
+ *
+ * Related: StringIO.open
+ * (passes the \StringIO object to the block; closes the object automatically on block exit).
  */
 static VALUE
 strio_initialize(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
@@ -345,23 +385,20 @@ strio_finalize(VALUE self)
 
 /*
  * call-seq:
- *   StringIO.open(string = '', mode = 'r+') {|strio| ... }
- *
- * Note that +mode+ defaults to <tt>'r'</tt> if +string+ is frozen.
+ *   StringIO.open(string = '', mode = 'r+') -> new_stringio
+ *   StringIO.open(string = '', mode = 'r+') {|strio| ... } -> object
  *
- * Creates a new \StringIO instance formed from +string+ and +mode+;
- * see {Access Modes}[rdoc-ref:File@Access+Modes].
+ * Creates new \StringIO instance by calling <tt>StringIO.new(string, mode)</tt>.
  *
- * With no block, returns the new instance:
+ * With no block given, returns the new instance:
  *
  *   strio = StringIO.open # => #<StringIO>
  *
- * With a block, calls the block with the new instance
+ * With a block given, calls the block with the new instance
  * and returns the block's value;
- * closes the instance on block exit.
+ * closes the instance on block exit:
  *
- *   StringIO.open {|strio| p strio }
- *   # => #<StringIO>
+ *   StringIO.open('foo') {|strio| strio.string.upcase } # => "FOO"
  *
  * Related: StringIO.new.
  */
@@ -387,7 +424,7 @@ strio_s_new(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE klass)
 }
 
 /*
- * Returns +false+.  Just for compatibility to IO.
+ * Returns +false+; for compatibility with IO.
  */
 static VALUE
 strio_false(VALUE self)
@@ -397,7 +434,7 @@ strio_false(VALUE self)
 }
 
 /*
- * Returns +nil+.  Just for compatibility to IO.
+ * Returns +nil+; for compatibility with IO.
  */
 static VALUE
 strio_nil(VALUE self)
@@ -407,7 +444,7 @@ strio_nil(VALUE self)
 }
 
 /*
- * Returns an object itself.  Just for compatibility to IO.
+ * Returns +self+; for compatibility with IO.
  */
 static VALUE
 strio_self(VALUE self)
@@ -417,7 +454,7 @@ strio_self(VALUE self)
 }
 
 /*
- * Returns 0.  Just for compatibility to IO.
+ * Returns 0; for compatibility with IO.
  */
 static VALUE
 strio_0(VALUE self)
@@ -477,7 +514,7 @@ strio_get_string(VALUE self)
  * call-seq:
  *   string = other_string -> other_string
  *
- * Assigns the underlying string as +other_string+, and sets position to zero;
+ * Replaces the stored string with +other_string+, and sets the position to zero;
  * returns +other_string+:
  *
  *   StringIO.open('foo') do |strio|
@@ -491,7 +528,7 @@ strio_get_string(VALUE self)
  *   "foo"
  *   "bar"
  *
- * Related: StringIO#string (returns the underlying string).
+ * Related: StringIO#string (returns the stored string).
  */
 static VALUE
 strio_set_string(VALUE self, VALUE string)
@@ -512,11 +549,16 @@ strio_set_string(VALUE self, VALUE string)
  * call-seq:
  *   close -> nil
  *
- * Closes +self+ for both reading and writing.
+ * Closes +self+ for both reading and writing; returns +nil+:
  *
- * Raises IOError if reading or writing is attempted.
+ *   strio = StringIO.new
+ *   strio.closed? # => false
+ *   strio.close   # => nil
+ *   strio.closed? # => true
+ *   strio.read    # Raises IOError: not opened for reading
+ *   strio.write   # Raises IOError: not opened for writing
  *
- * Related: StringIO#close_read, StringIO#close_write.
+ * Related: StringIO#close_read, StringIO#close_write, StringIO.closed?.
  */
 static VALUE
 strio_close(VALUE self)
@@ -530,9 +572,16 @@ strio_close(VALUE self)
  * call-seq:
  *   close_read -> nil
  *
- * Closes +self+ for reading; closed-write setting remains unchanged.
+ * Closes +self+ for reading;
+ * closed-write setting remains unchanged;
+ * returns +nil+:
  *
- * Raises IOError if reading is attempted.
+ *   strio = StringIO.new
+ *   strio.closed_read?  # => false
+ *   strio.close_read    # => nil
+ *   strio.closed_read?  # => true
+ *   strio.closed_write? # => false
+ *   strio.read          # Raises IOError: not opened for reading
  *
  * Related: StringIO#close, StringIO#close_write.
  */
@@ -551,11 +600,16 @@ strio_close_read(VALUE self)
  * call-seq:
  *   close_write -> nil
  *
- * Closes +self+ for writing; closed-read setting remains unchanged.
+ * Closes +self+ for writing; closed-read setting remains unchanged; returns +nil+:
  *
- * Raises IOError if writing is attempted.
+ *   strio = StringIO.new
+ *   strio.closed_write? # => false
+ *   strio.close_write   # => nil
+ *   strio.closed_write? # => true
+ *   strio.closed_read?  # => false
+ *   strio.write('foo')  # Raises IOError: not opened for writing
  *
- * Related: StringIO#close, StringIO#close_read.
+ * Related: StringIO#close, StringIO#close_read, StringIO#closed_write?.
  */
 static VALUE
 strio_close_write(VALUE self)
@@ -572,8 +626,16 @@ strio_close_write(VALUE self)
  * call-seq:
  *   closed? -> true or false
  *
- * Returns +true+ if +self+ is closed for both reading and writing,
- * +false+ otherwise.
+ * Returns whether +self+ is closed for both reading and writing:
+ *
+ *   strio = StringIO.new
+ *   strio.closed?     # => false  # Open for reading and writing.
+ *   strio.close_read
+ *   strio.closed?     # => false  # Still open for writing.
+ *   strio.close_write
+ *   strio.closed?     # => true   # Now closed for both.
+ *
+ * Related: StringIO.closed_read?, StringIO.closed_write?.
  */
 static VALUE
 strio_closed(VALUE self)
@@ -587,7 +649,14 @@ strio_closed(VALUE self)
  * call-seq:
  *   closed_read? -> true or false
  *
- * Returns +true+ if +self+ is closed for reading, +false+ otherwise.
+ * Returns whether +self+ is closed for reading:
+ *
+ *   strio = StringIO.new
+ *   strio.closed_read?   # => false
+ *   strio.close_read
+ *   strio.closed_read?   # => true
+ *
+ * Related: StringIO#closed?, StringIO#closed_write?, StringIO#close_read.
  */
 static VALUE
 strio_closed_read(VALUE self)
@@ -601,7 +670,14 @@ strio_closed_read(VALUE self)
  * call-seq:
  *   closed_write? -> true or false
  *
- * Returns +true+ if +self+ is closed for writing, +false+ otherwise.
+ * Returns whether +self+ is closed for writing:
+ *
+ *   strio = StringIO.new
+ *   strio.closed_write? # => false
+ *   strio.close_write
+ *   strio.closed_write? # => true
+ *
+ * Related: StringIO#close_write, StringIO#closed?, StringIO#closed_read?.
  */
 static VALUE
 strio_closed_write(VALUE self)
@@ -615,19 +691,26 @@ static struct StringIO *
 strio_to_read(VALUE self)
 {
     struct StringIO *ptr = readable(self);
-    if (NIL_P(ptr->string)) return NULL;
-    if (ptr->pos < RSTRING_LEN(ptr->string)) return ptr;
-    return NULL;
+    if (eos_p(ptr)) return NULL;
+    return ptr;
 }
 
 /*
  * call-seq:
  *   eof? -> true or false
  *
- * Returns +true+ if positioned at end-of-stream, +false+ otherwise;
- * see {Position}[rdoc-ref:IO@Position].
+ * Returns whether +self+ is positioned at end-of-stream:
+ *
+ *   strio = StringIO.new('foo')
+ *   strio.pos  # => 0
+ *   strio.eof? # => false
+ *   strio.read # => "foo"
+ *   strio.pos  # => 3
+ *   strio.eof? # => true
+ *   strio.close_read
+ *   strio.eof? # Raises IOError: not opened for reading
  *
- * Raises IOError if the stream is not opened for reading.
+ * Related: StringIO#pos.
  */
 static VALUE
 strio_eof(VALUE self)
@@ -664,7 +747,7 @@ strio_copy(VALUE copy, VALUE orig)
  *   lineno -> current_line_number
  *
  * Returns the current line number in +self+;
- * see {Line Number}[rdoc-ref:IO@Line+Number].
+ * see {Line Number}[rdoc-ref:StringIO@Line+Number].
  */
 static VALUE
 strio_get_lineno(VALUE self)
@@ -677,7 +760,7 @@ strio_get_lineno(VALUE self)
  *   lineno = new_line_number -> new_line_number
  *
  * Sets the current line number in +self+ to the given +new_line_number+;
- * see {Line Number}[rdoc-ref:IO@Line+Number].
+ * see {Line Number}[rdoc-ref:StringIO@Line+Number].
  */
 static VALUE
 strio_set_lineno(VALUE self, VALUE lineno)
@@ -691,7 +774,7 @@ strio_set_lineno(VALUE self, VALUE lineno)
  *   binmode -> self
  *
  * Sets the data mode in +self+ to binary mode;
- * see {Data Mode}[rdoc-ref:File@Data+Mode].
+ * see {Data Mode}[rdoc-ref:StringIO@Data+Mode].
  *
  */
 static VALUE
@@ -752,7 +835,7 @@ strio_reopen(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
  *   pos -> stream_position
  *
  * Returns the current position (in bytes);
- * see {Position}[rdoc-ref:IO@Position].
+ * see {Position}[rdoc-ref:StringIO@Position].
  */
 static VALUE
 strio_get_pos(VALUE self)
@@ -765,7 +848,7 @@ strio_get_pos(VALUE self)
  *   pos = new_position -> new_position
  *
  * Sets the current position (in bytes);
- * see {Position}[rdoc-ref:IO@Position].
+ * see {Position}[rdoc-ref:StringIO@Position].
  */
 static VALUE
 strio_set_pos(VALUE self, VALUE pos)
@@ -800,9 +883,9 @@ strio_rewind(VALUE self)
  * call-seq:
  *   seek(offset, whence = SEEK_SET) -> 0
  *
- * Sets the current position to the given integer +offset+ (in bytes),
+ * Sets the position to the given integer +offset+ (in bytes),
  * with respect to a given constant +whence+;
- * see {Position}[rdoc-ref:IO@Position].
+ * see {IO#seek}[rdoc-ref:IO#seek].
  */
 static VALUE
 strio_seek(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
@@ -824,7 +907,11 @@ strio_seek(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
 	offset = ptr->pos;
 	break;
       case 2:
-	offset = RSTRING_LEN(ptr->string);
+	if (NIL_P(ptr->string)) {
+	    offset = 0;
+	} else {
+	    offset = RSTRING_LEN(ptr->string);
+	}
 	break;
       default:
 	error_inval("invalid whence");
@@ -857,10 +944,9 @@ strio_get_sync(VALUE self)
  * call-seq:
  *   each_byte {|byte| ... } -> self
  *
- * With a block given, calls the block with each remaining byte in the stream;
- * see {Byte IO}[rdoc-ref:IO@Byte+IO].
+ * :include: stringio/each_byte.rdoc
  *
- * With no block given, returns an enumerator.
+ * Related: StringIO#each_char, StringIO#each_codepoint, StringIO#each_line.
  */
 static VALUE
 strio_each_byte(VALUE self)
@@ -878,10 +964,10 @@ strio_each_byte(VALUE self)
 
 /*
  * call-seq:
- *   getc -> character or nil
+ *   getc -> character, byte, or nil
+ *
+ * :include: stringio/getc.rdoc
  *
- * Reads and returns the next character from the stream;
- * see {Character IO}[rdoc-ref:IO@Character+IO].
  */
 static VALUE
 strio_getc(VALUE self)
@@ -893,7 +979,7 @@ strio_getc(VALUE self)
     int len;
     char *p;
 
-    if (NIL_P(str) || pos >= RSTRING_LEN(str)) {
+    if (eos_p(ptr)) {
 	return Qnil;
     }
     p = RSTRING_PTR(str)+pos;
@@ -904,17 +990,17 @@ strio_getc(VALUE self)
 
 /*
  * call-seq:
- *   getbyte -> byte or nil
+ *   getbyte -> integer or nil
+ *
+ * :include: stringio/getbyte.rdoc
  *
- * Reads and returns the next 8-bit byte from the stream;
- * see {Byte IO}[rdoc-ref:IO@Byte+IO].
  */
 static VALUE
 strio_getbyte(VALUE self)
 {
     struct StringIO *ptr = readable(self);
     int c;
-    if (NIL_P(ptr->string) || ptr->pos >= RSTRING_LEN(ptr->string)) {
+    if (eos_p(ptr)) {
 	return Qnil;
     }
     c = RSTRING_PTR(ptr->string)[ptr->pos++];
@@ -1083,12 +1169,11 @@ strio_readbyte(VALUE self)
 
 /*
  * call-seq:
- *   each_char {|c| ... } -> self
+ *   each_char {|char| ... } -> self
  *
- * With a block given, calls the block with each remaining character in the stream;
- * see {Character IO}[rdoc-ref:IO@Character+IO].
+ * :include: stringio/each_char.rdoc
  *
- * With no block given, returns an enumerator.
+ * Related: StringIO#each_byte, StringIO#each_codepoint, StringIO#each_line.
  */
 static VALUE
 strio_each_char(VALUE self)
@@ -1107,10 +1192,9 @@ strio_each_char(VALUE self)
  * call-seq:
  *   each_codepoint {|codepoint| ... } -> self
  *
- * With a block given, calls the block with each remaining codepoint in the stream;
- * see {Codepoint IO}[rdoc-ref:IO@Codepoint+IO].
+ * :include: stringio/each_codepoint.rdoc
  *
- * With no block given, returns an enumerator.
+ * Related: StringIO#each_byte, StringIO#each_char, StringIO#each_line.
  */
 static VALUE
 strio_each_codepoint(VALUE self)
@@ -1344,9 +1428,8 @@ strio_getline(struct getline_arg *arg, struct StringIO *ptr)
  *   gets(limit, chomp: false) -> string or nil
  *   gets(sep, limit, chomp: false) -> string or nil
  *
- * Reads and returns a line from the stream;
- * assigns the return value to <tt>$_</tt>;
- * see {Line IO}[rdoc-ref:IO@Line+IO].
+ * :include: stringio/gets.rdoc
+ *
  */
 static VALUE
 strio_gets(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
@@ -1383,15 +1466,15 @@ strio_readline(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
 }
 
 /*
+ * :markup: markdown
+ *
  * call-seq:
  *   each_line(sep = $/, chomp: false) {|line| ... }   -> self
  *   each_line(limit, chomp: false) {|line| ... }      -> self
  *   each_line(sep, limit, chomp: false) {|line| ... } -> self
  *
- * Calls the block with each remaining line read from the stream;
- * does nothing if already at end-of-file;
- * returns +self+.
- * See {Line IO}[rdoc-ref:IO@Line+IO].
+ * :include: stringio/each_line.md
+ *
  */
 static VALUE
 strio_each(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
@@ -1532,9 +1615,10 @@ strio_write(VALUE self, VALUE str)
 
 /*
  * call-seq:
- *   strio.putc(obj)    -> obj
+ *   putc(object) -> object
+ *
+ * :include: stringio/putc.rdoc
  *
- * See IO#putc.
  */
 static VALUE
 strio_putc(VALUE self, VALUE ch)
@@ -1566,9 +1650,10 @@ strio_putc(VALUE self, VALUE ch)
 
 /*
  * call-seq:
- *   strio.read([length [, outbuf]])    -> string, outbuf, or nil
+ *   read(maxlen = nil, out_string = nil) → new_string, out_string, or nil
+ *
+ * :include: stringio/read.rdoc
  *
- * See IO#read.
  */
 static VALUE
 strio_read(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
@@ -1592,10 +1677,9 @@ strio_read(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
 	    if (len < 0) {
 		rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "negative length %ld given", len);
 	    }
-	    if (len > 0 &&
-		(NIL_P(ptr->string) || ptr->pos >= RSTRING_LEN(ptr->string))) {
+	    if (eos_p(ptr)) {
 		if (!NIL_P(str)) rb_str_resize(str, 0);
-		return Qnil;
+		return len > 0 ? Qnil : rb_str_new(0, 0);
 	    }
 	    binary = 1;
 	    break;
@@ -1641,10 +1725,10 @@ strio_read(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *    pread(maxlen, offset)             -> string
- *    pread(maxlen, offset, out_string) -> string
+ *    pread(maxlen, offset, out_string = nil) -> new_string or out_string
+ *
+ *  :include: stringio/pread.rdoc
  *
- *  See IO#pread.
  */
 static VALUE
 strio_pread(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
@@ -1671,7 +1755,7 @@ strio_pread(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
 
     struct StringIO *ptr = readable(self);
 
-    if (offset >= RSTRING_LEN(ptr->string)) {
+    if (outside_p(ptr, offset)) {
 	rb_eof_error();
     }
 
@@ -1761,10 +1845,10 @@ strio_syswrite_nonblock(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
 
 /*
  * call-seq:
- *   strio.length -> integer
- *   strio.size   -> integer
+ *   size -> integer
+ *
+ * :include: stringio/size.rdoc
  *
- * Returns the size of the buffer string.
  */
 static VALUE
 strio_size(VALUE self)
@@ -1802,12 +1886,20 @@ strio_truncate(VALUE self, VALUE len)
 }
 
 /*
- *  call-seq:
- *     strio.external_encoding   => encoding
+ * call-seq:
+ *   external_encoding -> encoding or nil
+ *
+ * Returns an Encoding object that represents the encoding of the string;
+ * see {Encodings}[rdoc-ref:StringIO@Encodings]:
+ *
+ *   strio = StringIO.new('foo')
+ *   strio.external_encoding # => #<Encoding:UTF-8>
+ *
+ * Returns +nil+ if +self+ has no string and is in write mode:
+ *
+ *   strio = StringIO.new(nil, 'w+')
+ *   strio.external_encoding # => nil
  *
- *  Returns the Encoding object that represents the encoding of the file.
- *  If the stream is write mode and no encoding is specified, returns
- *  +nil+.
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -1819,10 +1911,9 @@ strio_external_encoding(VALUE self)
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *     strio.internal_encoding   => encoding
+ *     internal_encoding -> nil
  *
- *  Returns the Encoding of the internal string if conversion is
- *  specified.  Otherwise returns +nil+.
+ *  Returns +nil+; for compatibility with IO.
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -1865,14 +1956,7 @@ strio_set_encoding(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
 	}
     }
     ptr->enc = enc;
-    if (!NIL_P(ptr->string) && WRITABLE(self)
-#if (RUBY_API_VERSION_MAJOR == 3 && RUBY_API_VERSION_MINOR >= 4) || RUBY_API_VERSION_MAJOR >= 4
-            // Do not attempt to modify chilled strings on Ruby 3.4+
-            // RUBY_FL_USER2 == STR_CHILLED_LITERAL
-            // RUBY_FL_USER3 == STR_CHILLED_SYMBOL_TO_S
-            && !FL_TEST_RAW(ptr->string, RUBY_FL_USER2 | RUBY_FL_USER3)
-#endif
-            ) {
+    if (!NIL_P(ptr->string) && WRITABLE(self) && !str_chilled_p(ptr->string)) {
 	rb_enc_associate(ptr->string, enc);
     }
 
@@ -1898,16 +1982,9 @@ strio_set_encoding_by_bom(VALUE self)
 }
 
 /*
- * \IO streams for strings, with access similar to
- * {IO}[rdoc-ref:IO];
- * see {IO}[rdoc-ref:IO].
- *
- * === About the Examples
- *
- * Examples on this page assume that \StringIO has been required:
- *
- *   require 'stringio'
+ * :markup: markdown
  *
+ * :include: stringio/stringio.md
  */
 void
 Init_stringio(void)
@@ -1915,7 +1992,7 @@ Init_stringio(void)
 #undef rb_intern
 
 #ifdef HAVE_RB_EXT_RACTOR_SAFE
-  rb_ext_ractor_safe(true);
+    rb_ext_ractor_safe(true);
 #endif
 
     VALUE StringIO = rb_define_class("StringIO", rb_cObject);
@@ -2007,7 +2084,9 @@ Init_stringio(void)
     rb_define_method(StringIO, "set_encoding_by_bom", strio_set_encoding_by_bom, 0);
 
     {
+	/* :stopdoc: */
 	VALUE mReadable = rb_define_module_under(rb_cIO, "generic_readable");
+	/* :startdoc: */
 	rb_define_method(mReadable, "readchar", strio_readchar, 0);
 	rb_define_method(mReadable, "readbyte", strio_readbyte, 0);
 	rb_define_method(mReadable, "readline", strio_readline, -1);
@@ -2017,7 +2096,9 @@ Init_stringio(void)
 	rb_include_module(StringIO, mReadable);
     }
     {
+	/* :stopdoc: */
 	VALUE mWritable = rb_define_module_under(rb_cIO, "generic_writable");
+	/* :startdoc: */
 	rb_define_method(mWritable, "<<", strio_addstr, 1);
 	rb_define_method(mWritable, "print", strio_print, -1);
 	rb_define_method(mWritable, "printf", strio_printf, -1);
diff --git a/ext/strscan/depend b/ext/strscan/depend
index 8dbae206d4..b40a025230 100644
--- a/ext/strscan/depend
+++ b/ext/strscan/depend
@@ -138,6 +138,7 @@ strscan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
 strscan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
 strscan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
 strscan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+strscan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/set.h
 strscan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
 strscan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
 strscan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
diff --git a/ext/strscan/extconf.rb b/ext/strscan/extconf.rb
index bd65606a4e..d2e9343cbc 100644
--- a/ext/strscan/extconf.rb
+++ b/ext/strscan/extconf.rb
@@ -2,8 +2,9 @@
 require 'mkmf'
 if RUBY_ENGINE == 'ruby'
   $INCFLAGS << " -I$(top_srcdir)" if $extmk
-  have_func("onig_region_memsize", "ruby.h")
-  have_func("rb_reg_onig_match", "ruby.h")
+  have_func("onig_region_memsize(NULL)")
+  have_func("rb_reg_onig_match", "ruby/re.h")
+  have_func("rb_deprecate_constant")
   create_makefile 'strscan'
 else
   File.write('Makefile', dummy_makefile("").join)
diff --git a/ext/strscan/strscan.c b/ext/strscan/strscan.c
index e094e2f55a..935fce19df 100644
--- a/ext/strscan/strscan.c
+++ b/ext/strscan/strscan.c
@@ -22,7 +22,15 @@ extern size_t onig_region_memsize(const struct re_registers *regs);
 
 #include <stdbool.h>
 
-#define STRSCAN_VERSION "3.1.5.dev"
+#define STRSCAN_VERSION "3.1.7.dev"
+
+
+#ifdef HAVE_RB_DEPRECATE_CONSTANT
+/* In ruby 3.0, defined but exposed in external headers */
+extern void rb_deprecate_constant(VALUE mod, const char *name);
+#else
+# define rb_deprecate_constant(mod, name) ((void)0)
+#endif
 
 /* =======================================================================
                          Data Type Definitions
@@ -30,7 +38,6 @@ extern size_t onig_region_memsize(const struct re_registers *regs);
 
 static VALUE StringScanner;
 static VALUE ScanError;
-static ID id_byteslice;
 
 static int usascii_encindex, utf8_encindex, binary_encindex;
 
@@ -97,7 +104,6 @@ static VALUE strscan_init_copy _((VALUE vself, VALUE vorig));
 
 static VALUE strscan_s_mustc _((VALUE self));
 static VALUE strscan_terminate _((VALUE self));
-static VALUE strscan_clear _((VALUE self));
 static VALUE strscan_get_string _((VALUE self));
 static VALUE strscan_set_string _((VALUE self, VALUE str));
 static VALUE strscan_concat _((VALUE self, VALUE str));
@@ -119,14 +125,11 @@ static VALUE strscan_search_full _((VALUE self, VALUE re,
 static void adjust_registers_to_matched _((struct strscanner *p));
 static VALUE strscan_getch _((VALUE self));
 static VALUE strscan_get_byte _((VALUE self));
-static VALUE strscan_getbyte _((VALUE self));
 static VALUE strscan_peek _((VALUE self, VALUE len));
-static VALUE strscan_peep _((VALUE self, VALUE len));
 static VALUE strscan_scan_base10_integer _((VALUE self));
 static VALUE strscan_unscan _((VALUE self));
 static VALUE strscan_bol_p _((VALUE self));
 static VALUE strscan_eos_p _((VALUE self));
-static VALUE strscan_empty_p _((VALUE self));
 static VALUE strscan_rest_p _((VALUE self));
 static VALUE strscan_matched_p _((VALUE self));
 static VALUE strscan_matched _((VALUE self));
@@ -209,7 +212,7 @@ strscan_memsize(const void *ptr)
 static const rb_data_type_t strscanner_type = {
     "StringScanner",
     {strscan_mark, strscan_free, strscan_memsize},
-    0, 0, RUBY_TYPED_FREE_IMMEDIATELY
+    0, 0, RUBY_TYPED_FREE_IMMEDIATELY | RUBY_TYPED_WB_PROTECTED
 };
 
 static VALUE
@@ -273,7 +276,7 @@ strscan_initialize(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
         p->fixed_anchor_p = false;
     }
     StringValue(str);
-    p->str = str;
+    RB_OBJ_WRITE(self, &p->str, str);
 
     return self;
 }
@@ -303,7 +306,7 @@ strscan_init_copy(VALUE vself, VALUE vorig)
     orig = check_strscan(vorig);
     if (self != orig) {
 	self->flags = orig->flags;
-	self->str = orig->str;
+	RB_OBJ_WRITE(vself, &self->str, orig->str);
 	self->prev = orig->prev;
 	self->curr = orig->curr;
 	if (rb_reg_region_copy(&self->regs, &orig->regs))
@@ -386,21 +389,6 @@ strscan_terminate(VALUE self)
 }
 
 /*
- * call-seq:
- *   clear -> self
- *
- * This method is obsolete; use the equivalent method StringScanner#terminate.
- */
-
- /* :nodoc: */
-static VALUE
-strscan_clear(VALUE self)
-{
-    rb_warning("StringScanner#clear is obsolete; use #terminate instead");
-    return strscan_terminate(self);
-}
-
-/*
  * :markup: markdown
  * :include: strscan/link_refs.txt
  *
@@ -467,7 +455,7 @@ strscan_set_string(VALUE self, VALUE str)
     struct strscanner *p = check_strscan(self);
 
     StringValue(str);
-    p->str = str;
+    RB_OBJ_WRITE(self, &p->str, str);
     p->curr = 0;
     CLEAR_MATCH_STATUS(p);
     return str;
@@ -712,7 +700,7 @@ strscan_do_scan(VALUE self, VALUE pattern, int succptr, int getstr, int headonly
 
     if (RB_TYPE_P(pattern, T_REGEXP)) {
         OnigPosition ret;
-        p->regex = pattern;
+        RB_OBJ_WRITE(self, &p->regex, pattern);
         ret = rb_reg_onig_match(p->regex,
                                 p->str,
                                 headonly ? strscan_match : strscan_search,
@@ -1219,22 +1207,6 @@ strscan_get_byte(VALUE self)
 }
 
 /*
- * call-seq:
- *   getbyte
- *
- * Equivalent to #get_byte.
- * This method is obsolete; use #get_byte instead.
- */
-
- /* :nodoc: */
-static VALUE
-strscan_getbyte(VALUE self)
-{
-    rb_warning("StringScanner#getbyte is obsolete; use #get_byte instead");
-    return strscan_get_byte(self);
-}
-
-/*
  * :markup: markdown
  * :include: strscan/link_refs.txt
  *
@@ -1269,22 +1241,6 @@ strscan_peek(VALUE self, VALUE vlen)
     return extract_beg_len(p, p->curr, len);
 }
 
-/*
- * call-seq:
- *   peep
- *
- * Equivalent to #peek.
- * This method is obsolete; use #peek instead.
- */
-
- /* :nodoc: */
-static VALUE
-strscan_peep(VALUE self, VALUE vlen)
-{
-    rb_warning("StringScanner#peep is obsolete; use #peek instead");
-    return strscan_peek(self, vlen);
-}
-
 static VALUE
 strscan_parse_integer(struct strscanner *p, int base, long len)
 {
@@ -1322,11 +1278,12 @@ strscan_must_ascii_compat(VALUE str)
     rb_must_asciicompat(str);
 }
 
+/* :nodoc: */
 static VALUE
 strscan_scan_base10_integer(VALUE self)
 {
     char *ptr;
-    long len = 0;
+    long len = 0, remaining_len;
     struct strscanner *p;
 
     GET_SCANNER(self, p);
@@ -1336,7 +1293,7 @@ strscan_scan_base10_integer(VALUE self)
 
     ptr = CURPTR(p);
 
-    long remaining_len = S_RESTLEN(p);
+    remaining_len = S_RESTLEN(p);
 
     if (remaining_len <= 0) {
         return Qnil;
@@ -1359,11 +1316,12 @@ strscan_scan_base10_integer(VALUE self)
     return strscan_parse_integer(p, 10, len);
 }
 
+/* :nodoc: */
 static VALUE
 strscan_scan_base16_integer(VALUE self)
 {
     char *ptr;
-    long len = 0;
+    long len = 0, remaining_len;
     struct strscanner *p;
 
     GET_SCANNER(self, p);
@@ -1373,7 +1331,7 @@ strscan_scan_base16_integer(VALUE self)
 
     ptr = CURPTR(p);
 
-    long remaining_len = S_RESTLEN(p);
+    remaining_len = S_RESTLEN(p);
 
     if (remaining_len <= 0) {
         return Qnil;
@@ -1526,26 +1484,9 @@ strscan_eos_p(VALUE self)
 
 /*
  * call-seq:
- *   empty?
- *
- * Equivalent to #eos?.
- * This method is obsolete, use #eos? instead.
- */
-
- /* :nodoc: */
-static VALUE
-strscan_empty_p(VALUE self)
-{
-    rb_warning("StringScanner#empty? is obsolete; use #eos? instead");
-    return strscan_eos_p(self);
-}
-
-/*
- * call-seq:
  *   rest?
  *
  * Returns true if and only if there is more data in the string.  See #eos?.
- * This method is obsolete; use #eos? instead.
  *
  *   s = StringScanner.new('test string')
  *   # These two are opposites
@@ -1673,7 +1614,7 @@ name_to_backref_number(struct re_registers *regs, VALUE regexp, const char* name
                                               (const unsigned char* )name_end,
                                               regs);
         if (num >= 1) {
-	        return num;
+	    return num;
         }
     }
     rb_enc_raise(enc, rb_eIndexError, "undefined group name reference: %.*s",
@@ -2053,22 +1994,6 @@ strscan_rest_size(VALUE self)
     return INT2FIX(i);
 }
 
-/*
- * call-seq:
- *   restsize
- *
- * <tt>s.restsize</tt> is equivalent to <tt>s.rest_size</tt>.
- * This method is obsolete; use #rest_size instead.
- */
-
- /* :nodoc: */
-static VALUE
-strscan_restsize(VALUE self)
-{
-    rb_warning("StringScanner#restsize is obsolete; use #rest_size instead");
-    return strscan_rest_size(self);
-}
-
 #define INSPECT_LENGTH 5
 
 /*
@@ -2268,6 +2193,13 @@ strscan_named_captures(VALUE self)
    ======================================================================= */
 
 /*
+ * Document-class: StringScanner::Error
+ *
+ * The error class for StringScanner.
+ * See StringScanner#unscan.
+ */
+
+/*
  * Document-class: StringScanner
  *
  * :markup: markdown
@@ -2287,8 +2219,6 @@ Init_strscan(void)
     ID id_scanerr = rb_intern("ScanError");
     VALUE tmp;
 
-    id_byteslice = rb_intern("byteslice");
-
     usascii_encindex = rb_usascii_encindex();
     utf8_encindex = rb_utf8_encindex();
     binary_encindex = rb_ascii8bit_encindex();
@@ -2297,6 +2227,7 @@ Init_strscan(void)
     ScanError = rb_define_class_under(StringScanner, "Error", rb_eStandardError);
     if (!rb_const_defined(rb_cObject, id_scanerr)) {
 	rb_const_set(rb_cObject, id_scanerr, ScanError);
+	rb_deprecate_constant(rb_cObject, "ScanError");
     }
     tmp = rb_str_new2(STRSCAN_VERSION);
     rb_obj_freeze(tmp);
@@ -2304,6 +2235,7 @@ Init_strscan(void)
     tmp = rb_str_new2("$Id$");
     rb_obj_freeze(tmp);
     rb_const_set(StringScanner, rb_intern("Id"), tmp);
+    rb_deprecate_constant(StringScanner, "Id");
 
     rb_define_alloc_func(StringScanner, strscan_s_allocate);
     rb_define_private_method(StringScanner, "initialize", strscan_initialize, -1);
@@ -2311,7 +2243,6 @@ Init_strscan(void)
     rb_define_singleton_method(StringScanner, "must_C_version", strscan_s_mustc, 0);
     rb_define_method(StringScanner, "reset",       strscan_reset,       0);
     rb_define_method(StringScanner, "terminate",   strscan_terminate,   0);
-    rb_define_method(StringScanner, "clear",       strscan_clear,       0);
     rb_define_method(StringScanner, "string",      strscan_get_string,  0);
     rb_define_method(StringScanner, "string=",     strscan_set_string,  1);
     rb_define_method(StringScanner, "concat",      strscan_concat,      1);
@@ -2336,11 +2267,9 @@ Init_strscan(void)
 
     rb_define_method(StringScanner, "getch",       strscan_getch,       0);
     rb_define_method(StringScanner, "get_byte",    strscan_get_byte,    0);
-    rb_define_method(StringScanner, "getbyte",     strscan_getbyte,     0);
     rb_define_method(StringScanner, "scan_byte",   strscan_scan_byte,   0);
     rb_define_method(StringScanner, "peek",        strscan_peek,        1);
     rb_define_method(StringScanner, "peek_byte",   strscan_peek_byte,   0);
-    rb_define_method(StringScanner, "peep",        strscan_peep,        1);
 
     rb_define_private_method(StringScanner, "scan_base10_integer", strscan_scan_base10_integer, 0);
     rb_define_private_method(StringScanner, "scan_base16_integer", strscan_scan_base16_integer, 0);
@@ -2350,7 +2279,6 @@ Init_strscan(void)
     rb_define_method(StringScanner, "beginning_of_line?", strscan_bol_p, 0);
     rb_alias(StringScanner, rb_intern("bol?"), rb_intern("beginning_of_line?"));
     rb_define_method(StringScanner, "eos?",        strscan_eos_p,       0);
-    rb_define_method(StringScanner, "empty?",      strscan_empty_p,     0);
     rb_define_method(StringScanner, "rest?",       strscan_rest_p,      0);
 
     rb_define_method(StringScanner, "matched?",    strscan_matched_p,   0);
@@ -2365,7 +2293,6 @@ Init_strscan(void)
 
     rb_define_method(StringScanner, "rest",        strscan_rest,        0);
     rb_define_method(StringScanner, "rest_size",   strscan_rest_size,   0);
-    rb_define_method(StringScanner, "restsize",    strscan_restsize,    0);
 
     rb_define_method(StringScanner, "inspect",     strscan_inspect,     0);
 
diff --git a/ext/win32/lib/win32/registry.rb b/ext/win32/lib/win32/registry.rb
index d0cbb6afcf..734d6987a2 100644
--- a/ext/win32/lib/win32/registry.rb
+++ b/ext/win32/lib/win32/registry.rb
@@ -2,83 +2,74 @@
 require 'fiddle/import'
 
 module Win32
-
-=begin rdoc
-= Win32 Registry
-
-win32/registry is registry accessor library for Win32 platform.
-It uses importer to call Win32 Registry APIs.
-
-== example
-  Win32::Registry::HKEY_CURRENT_USER.open('SOFTWARE\foo') do |reg|
-    value = reg['foo']                               # read a value
-    value = reg['foo', Win32::Registry::REG_SZ]      # read a value with type
-    type, value = reg.read('foo')                    # read a value
-    reg['foo'] = 'bar'                               # write a value
-    reg['foo', Win32::Registry::REG_SZ] = 'bar'      # write a value with type
-    reg.write('foo', Win32::Registry::REG_SZ, 'bar') # write a value
-
-    reg.each_value { |name, type, data| ... }        # Enumerate values
-    reg.each_key { |key, wtime| ... }                # Enumerate subkeys
-
-    reg.delete_value(name)                         # Delete a value
-    reg.delete_key(name)                           # Delete a subkey
-    reg.delete_key(name, true)                     # Delete a subkey recursively
-  end
-
-= Reference
-
-== Win32::Registry class
-
---- info
-
---- num_keys
-
---- max_key_length
-
---- num_values
-
---- max_value_name_length
-
---- max_value_length
-
---- descriptor_length
-
---- wtime
-    Returns an item of key information.
-
-=== constants
---- HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT
-
---- HKEY_CURRENT_USER
-
---- HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE
-
---- HKEY_PERFORMANCE_DATA
-
---- HKEY_CURRENT_CONFIG
-
---- HKEY_DYN_DATA
-
-    Win32::Registry object whose key is predefined key.
-For detail, see the MSDN[http://msdn.microsoft.com/library/en-us/sysinfo/base/predefined_keys.asp] article.
-
-=end rdoc
-
+  # :stopdoc:
   WCHAR = Encoding::UTF_16LE
   WCHAR_NUL = "\0".encode(WCHAR).freeze
   WCHAR_CR = "\r".encode(WCHAR).freeze
   WCHAR_SIZE = WCHAR_NUL.bytesize
   LOCALE = Encoding::UTF_8
 
+  # :startdoc:
+
+  # win32/registry is registry accessor library for Win32 platform.
+  # It uses importer to call Win32 Registry APIs.
+  #
+  # == example
+  #   Win32::Registry::HKEY_CURRENT_USER.open('SOFTWARE\foo') do |reg|
+  #     value = reg['foo']                               # read a value
+  #     value = reg['foo', Win32::Registry::REG_SZ]      # read a value with type
+  #     type, value = reg.read('foo')                    # read a value
+  #     reg['foo'] = 'bar'                               # write a value
+  #     reg['foo', Win32::Registry::REG_SZ] = 'bar'      # write a value with type
+  #     reg.write('foo', Win32::Registry::REG_SZ, 'bar') # write a value
+  #
+  #     reg.each_value { |name, type, data| ... }        # Enumerate values
+  #     reg.each_key { |key, wtime| ... }                # Enumerate subkeys
+  #
+  #     reg.delete_value(name)                           # Delete a value
+  #     reg.delete_key(name)                             # Delete a subkey
+  #     reg.delete_key(name, true)                       # Delete a subkey recursively
+  #   end
+  #
+  # == Predefined keys
+  #
+  # * +HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT+
+  # * +HKEY_CURRENT_USER+
+  # * +HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE+
+  # * +HKEY_PERFORMANCE_DATA+
+  # * +HKEY_CURRENT_CONFIG+
+  # * +HKEY_DYN_DATA+
+  #
+  #   Win32::Registry object whose key is predefined key.
+  # For detail, see the article[https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/sysinfo/predefined-keys].
+  #
+  # == Value types
+  #
+  # * +REG_NONE+
+  # * +REG_SZ+
+  # * +REG_EXPAND_SZ+
+  # * +REG_BINARY+
+  # * +REG_DWORD+
+  # * +REG_DWORD_BIG_ENDIAN+
+  # * +REG_LINK+
+  # * +REG_MULTI_SZ+
+  # * +REG_RESOURCE_LIST+
+  # * +REG_FULL_RESOURCE_DESCRIPTOR+
+  # * +REG_RESOURCE_REQUIREMENTS_LIST+
+  # * +REG_QWORD+
+  #
+  # For detail, see the article[https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/sysinfo/registry-value-types].
+  #
   class Registry
 
+    # :stopdoc:
+
     #
     # For detail, see the MSDN[http://msdn.microsoft.com/library/en-us/sysinfo/base/registry.asp].
     #
     # --- HKEY_*
     #
-    #     Predefined key ((*handle*)).
+    #     Predefined key *handle*.
     #     These are Integer, not Win32::Registry.
     #
     # --- REG_*
@@ -100,6 +91,7 @@ For detail, see the MSDN[http://msdn.microsoft.com/library/en-us/sysinfo/base/pr
     #     If the key is created newly or opened existing key.
     #     See also Registry#disposition method.
     module Constants
+      # :stopdoc:
       HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT = 0x80000000
       HKEY_CURRENT_USER = 0x80000001
       HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE = 0x80000002
@@ -115,7 +107,6 @@ For detail, see the MSDN[http://msdn.microsoft.com/library/en-us/sysinfo/base/pr
       REG_EXPAND_SZ = 2
       REG_BINARY = 3
       REG_DWORD = 4
-      REG_DWORD_LITTLE_ENDIAN = 4
       REG_DWORD_BIG_ENDIAN = 5
       REG_LINK = 6
       REG_MULTI_SZ = 7
@@ -163,16 +154,23 @@ For detail, see the MSDN[http://msdn.microsoft.com/library/en-us/sysinfo/base/pr
     end
     include Constants
     include Enumerable
+    # :startdoc:
 
     #
     # Error
     #
     class Error < ::StandardError
+      # :stopdoc:
       module Kernel32
         extend Fiddle::Importer
         dlload "kernel32.dll"
       end
       FormatMessageW = Kernel32.extern "int FormatMessageW(int, void *, int, int, void *, int, void *)", :stdcall
+      # :startdoc:
+
+      # new(code) -> error object
+      #
+      # Initializes the message for Win32 API error +code+.
       def initialize(code)
         @code = code
         buff = WCHAR_NUL * 1024
@@ -190,6 +188,8 @@ For detail, see the MSDN[http://msdn.microsoft.com/library/en-us/sysinfo/base/pr
         end
         super msg
       end
+
+      # Win32 API error code.
       attr_reader :code
     end
 
@@ -197,6 +197,7 @@ For detail, see the MSDN[http://msdn.microsoft.com/library/en-us/sysinfo/base/pr
     # Predefined Keys
     #
     class PredefinedKey < Registry
+      # :stopdoc:
       def initialize(hkey, keyname)
         @hkey = Fiddle::Pointer.new(hkey)
         @parent = nil
@@ -224,6 +225,7 @@ For detail, see the MSDN[http://msdn.microsoft.com/library/en-us/sysinfo/base/pr
     # Win32 APIs
     #
     module API
+      # :stopdoc:
       include Constants
       extend Fiddle::Importer
       dlload "advapi32.dll"
@@ -367,12 +369,14 @@ For detail, see the MSDN[http://msdn.microsoft.com/library/en-us/sysinfo/base/pr
           unpackdw(secdescs), unpackqw(wtime) ]
       end
     end
+    # :startdoc:
 
     #
-    # Replace %\w+% into the environment value of what is contained between the %'s
+    # Replace <tt>%</tt>-enclosed substrings in +str+ into the
+    # environment value of what is contained between the <tt>%</tt>s.
     # This method is used for REG_EXPAND_SZ.
     #
-    # For detail, see expandEnvironmentStrings[http://msdn.microsoft.com/library/en-us/sysinfo/base/expandenvironmentstrings.asp] \Win32 \API.
+    # For detail, see ExpandEnvironmentStrings[https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/api/processenv/nf-processenv-expandenvironmentstringsw] \Win32 \API.
     #
     def self.expand_environ(str)
       str.gsub(Regexp.compile("%([^%]+)%".encode(str.encoding))) {
@@ -392,21 +396,21 @@ For detail, see the MSDN[http://msdn.microsoft.com/library/en-us/sysinfo/base/pr
     end.freeze
 
     #
-    # Convert registry type value to readable string.
+    # Convert registry type value +type+ to readable string.
     #
     def self.type2name(type)
       @@type2name[type] || type.to_s
     end
 
     #
-    # Convert 64-bit FILETIME integer into Time object.
+    # Convert 64-bit FILETIME integer +wtime+ into Time object.
     #
     def self.wtime2time(wtime)
       Time.at((wtime - 116444736000000000) / 10000000)
     end
 
     #
-    # Convert Time object or Integer object into 64-bit FILETIME.
+    # Convert Time object or Integer object +time+ into 64-bit FILETIME.
     #
     def self.time2wtime(time)
       time.to_i * 10000000 + 116444736000000000
@@ -418,16 +422,19 @@ For detail, see the MSDN[http://msdn.microsoft.com/library/en-us/sysinfo/base/pr
     private_class_method :new
 
     #
-    # --- Registry.open(key, subkey, desired = KEY_READ, opt = REG_OPTION_RESERVED)
+    # call-seq:
+    #   open(key, subkey, desired = KEY_READ, opt = REG_OPTION_RESERVED)
+    #   open(key, subkey, desired = KEY_READ, opt = REG_OPTION_RESERVED) { |reg| ... }
     #
-    # --- Registry.open(key, subkey, desired = KEY_READ, opt = REG_OPTION_RESERVED) { |reg| ... }
+    # Open the registry key +subkey+ under +key+.
+    # +key+ is Win32::Registry object of parent key.
+    # You can use {predefined key}[rdoc-ref:Win32::Registry@Predefined+keys] +HKEY_+*.
+    # +desired+ and +opt+ is access mask and key option.
     #
-    # Open the registry key subkey under key.
-    # key is Win32::Registry object of parent key.
-    # You can use predefined key HKEY_* (see Constants)
-    # desired and opt is access mask and key option.
     # For detail, see the MSDN[http://msdn.microsoft.com/library/en-us/sysinfo/base/regopenkeyex.asp].
-    # If block is given, the key is closed automatically.
+    #
+    # If block is given, the key +reg+ is yielded and closed
+    # automatically after the block exists.
     def self.open(hkey, subkey, desired = KEY_READ, opt = REG_OPTION_RESERVED)
       subkey = subkey.chomp('\\')
       newkey = API.OpenKey(hkey.instance_variable_get(:@hkey), subkey, opt, desired)
@@ -444,17 +451,19 @@ For detail, see the MSDN[http://msdn.microsoft.com/library/en-us/sysinfo/base/pr
     end
 
     #
-    # --- Registry.create(key, subkey, desired = KEY_ALL_ACCESS, opt = REG_OPTION_RESERVED)
-    #
-    # --- Registry.create(key, subkey, desired = KEY_ALL_ACCESS, opt = REG_OPTION_RESERVED) { |reg| ... }
+    # call-seq:
+    #   create(key, subkey, desired = KEY_ALL_ACCESS, opt = REG_OPTION_RESERVED)
+    #   create(key, subkey, desired = KEY_ALL_ACCESS, opt = REG_OPTION_RESERVED) { |reg| ... }
     #
-    # Create or open the registry key subkey under key.
-    # You can use predefined key HKEY_* (see Constants)
+    # Create or open the registry key +subkey+ under +key+.
+    # You can use {predefined key}[rdoc-ref:Win32::Registry@Predefined+keys] +HKEY_+*.
+    # +desired+ and +opt+ is access mask and key option.
     #
-    # If subkey is already exists, key is opened and Registry#created?
+    # If +subkey+ is already exists, key is opened and Registry#created?
     # method will return false.
     #
-    # If block is given, the key is closed automatically.
+    # If block is given, the key +reg+ is yielded and closed
+    # automatically after the block exists.
     #
     def self.create(hkey, subkey, desired = KEY_ALL_ACCESS, opt = REG_OPTION_RESERVED)
       newkey, disp = API.CreateKey(hkey.instance_variable_get(:@hkey), subkey, opt, desired)
@@ -476,7 +485,9 @@ For detail, see the MSDN[http://msdn.microsoft.com/library/en-us/sysinfo/base/pr
     @@final = proc { |hkey| proc { API.CloseKey(hkey[0]) if hkey[0] } }
 
     #
-    # initialize
+    # :nodoc:
+    #
+    # Use self.open, self.create, #open and #create.
     #
     def initialize(hkey, parent, keyname, disposition)
       @hkey = Fiddle::Pointer.new(hkey)
@@ -487,7 +498,7 @@ For detail, see the MSDN[http://msdn.microsoft.com/library/en-us/sysinfo/base/pr
       ObjectSpace.define_finalizer self, @@final.call(@hkeyfinal)
     end
 
-    # Win32::Registry object of parent key, or nil if predefeined key.
+    # Win32::Registry object of parent key, or nil if predefined key.
     attr_reader :parent
     # Same as subkey value of Registry.open or
     # Registry.create method.
@@ -501,7 +512,7 @@ For detail, see the MSDN[http://msdn.microsoft.com/library/en-us/sysinfo/base/pr
     end
 
     #
-    # Returns if key is created ((*newly*)).
+    # Returns +true+ if key is created *newly*.
     # (see Registry.create) -- basically you call create
     # then when you call created? on the instance returned
     # it will tell if it was successful or not
@@ -518,7 +529,7 @@ For detail, see the MSDN[http://msdn.microsoft.com/library/en-us/sysinfo/base/pr
     end
 
     #
-    # Full path of key such as 'HKEY_CURRENT_USER\SOFTWARE\foo\bar'.
+    # Full path of key such as <tt>'HKEY_CURRENT_USER\SOFTWARE\foo\bar'</tt>.
     #
     def name
       parent = self
@@ -529,6 +540,9 @@ For detail, see the MSDN[http://msdn.microsoft.com/library/en-us/sysinfo/base/pr
       name
     end
 
+    #
+    # Retruns inspected string
+    #
     def inspect
       "\#<Win32::Registry key=#{name.inspect}>"
     end
@@ -541,14 +555,14 @@ For detail, see the MSDN[http://msdn.microsoft.com/library/en-us/sysinfo/base/pr
     end
 
     #
-    # Same as Win32::Registry.open (self, subkey, desired, opt)
+    # Same as Win32::Registry.open(self, subkey, desired, opt)
     #
     def open(subkey, desired = KEY_READ, opt = REG_OPTION_RESERVED, &blk)
       self.class.open(self, subkey, desired, opt, &blk)
     end
 
     #
-    # Same as Win32::Registry.create (self, subkey, desired, opt)
+    # Same as Win32::Registry.create(self, subkey, desired, opt)
     #
     def create(subkey, desired = KEY_ALL_ACCESS, opt = REG_OPTION_RESERVED, &blk)
       self.class.create(self, subkey, desired, opt, &blk)
@@ -571,7 +585,7 @@ For detail, see the MSDN[http://msdn.microsoft.com/library/en-us/sysinfo/base/pr
     # For each value it yields key, type and data.
     #
     # key is a String which contains name of key.
-    # type is a type contant kind of Win32::Registry::REG_*
+    # type is a type constant kind of +Win32::Registry::REG_+*
     # data is the value of this key.
     #
     def each_value
@@ -640,21 +654,23 @@ For detail, see the MSDN[http://msdn.microsoft.com/library/en-us/sysinfo/base/pr
     end
 
     # Read a registry value named name and return array of
-    # [ type, data ].
-    # When name is nil, the `default' value is read.
-    # type is value type. (see Win32::Registry::Constants module)
-    # data is value data, its class is:
-    # :REG_SZ, REG_EXPAND_SZ
+    # <tt>[ type, data ]</tt>.
+    # When name is +nil+, the `default' value is read.
+    #
+    # +type+ is {value type}[rdoc-ref:Win32::Registry@Value+types].
+    #
+    # +data+ is value data, its class is:
+    # REG_SZ, REG_EXPAND_SZ::
     #    String
-    # :REG_MULTI_SZ
+    # REG_MULTI_SZ::
     #    Array of String
-    # :REG_DWORD, REG_DWORD_BIG_ENDIAN, REG_QWORD
+    # REG_DWORD, REG_DWORD_BIG_ENDIAN, REG_QWORD::
     #    Integer
-    # :REG_BINARY, REG_NONE
+    # REG_BINARY, REG_NONE::
     #    String (contains binary data)
     #
-    # When rtype is specified, the value type must be included by
-    # rtype array, or TypeError is raised.
+    # When _rtype_ is specified, the value type must be included by
+    # _rtype_ array, or +TypeError+ is raised.
     def read(name, *rtype)
       type, data = API.QueryValue(@hkey, name)
       unless rtype.empty? or rtype.include?(type)
@@ -687,9 +703,9 @@ For detail, see the MSDN[http://msdn.microsoft.com/library/en-us/sysinfo/base/pr
     # If the value type is REG_EXPAND_SZ, returns value data whose environment
     # variables are replaced.
     # If the value type is neither REG_SZ, REG_MULTI_SZ, REG_DWORD,
-    # REG_DWORD_BIG_ENDIAN, nor REG_QWORD, TypeError is raised.
+    # REG_DWORD_BIG_ENDIAN, nor REG_QWORD, +TypeError+ is raised.
     #
-    # The meaning of rtype is the same as for the #read method.
+    # The meaning of _rtype_ is the same as for the #read method.
     #
     def [](name, *rtype)
       type, data = read(name, *rtype)
@@ -706,7 +722,7 @@ For detail, see the MSDN[http://msdn.microsoft.com/library/en-us/sysinfo/base/pr
     # Read a REG_SZ(read_s), REG_DWORD(read_i), or REG_BINARY(read_bin)
     # registry value named name.
     #
-    # If the values type does not match, TypeError is raised.
+    # If the values type does not match, +TypeError+ is raised.
     def read_s(name)
       read(name, REG_SZ)[1]
     end
@@ -715,7 +731,7 @@ For detail, see the MSDN[http://msdn.microsoft.com/library/en-us/sysinfo/base/pr
     # Read a REG_SZ or REG_EXPAND_SZ registry value named name.
     #
     # If the value type is REG_EXPAND_SZ, environment variables are replaced.
-    # Unless the value type is REG_SZ or REG_EXPAND_SZ, TypeError is raised.
+    # Unless the value type is REG_SZ or REG_EXPAND_SZ, +TypeError+ is raised.
     #
     def read_s_expand(name)
       type, data = read(name, REG_SZ, REG_EXPAND_SZ)
@@ -730,7 +746,7 @@ For detail, see the MSDN[http://msdn.microsoft.com/library/en-us/sysinfo/base/pr
     # Read a REG_SZ(read_s), REG_DWORD(read_i), or REG_BINARY(read_bin)
     # registry value named name.
     #
-    # If the values type does not match, TypeError is raised.
+    # If the values type does not match, +TypeError+ is raised.
     #
     def read_i(name)
       read(name, REG_DWORD, REG_DWORD_BIG_ENDIAN, REG_QWORD)[1]
@@ -740,7 +756,7 @@ For detail, see the MSDN[http://msdn.microsoft.com/library/en-us/sysinfo/base/pr
     # Read a REG_SZ(read_s), REG_DWORD(read_i), or REG_BINARY(read_bin)
     # registry value named name.
     #
-    # If the values type does not match, TypeError is raised.
+    # If the values type does not match, +TypeError+ is raised.
     #
     def read_bin(name)
       read(name, REG_BINARY)[1]
@@ -750,7 +766,7 @@ For detail, see the MSDN[http://msdn.microsoft.com/library/en-us/sysinfo/base/pr
     # Write data to a registry value named name.
     # When name is nil, write to the `default' value.
     #
-    # type is type value. (see Registry::Constants module)
+    # +type+ is {value type}[rdoc-ref:Win32::Registry@Value+types].
     # Class of data must be same as which #read
     # method returns.
     #
@@ -779,11 +795,12 @@ For detail, see the MSDN[http://msdn.microsoft.com/library/en-us/sysinfo/base/pr
     #
     # If wtype is specified, the value type is it.
     # Otherwise, the value type is depend on class of value:
-    # :Integer
+    #
+    # Integer::
     #   REG_DWORD
-    # :String
+    # String::
     #   REG_SZ
-    # :Array
+    # Array::
     #   REG_MULTI_SZ
     #
     def []=(name, rtype, value = nil)
@@ -880,19 +897,19 @@ For detail, see the MSDN[http://msdn.microsoft.com/library/en-us/sysinfo/base/pr
 
     #
     # Returns key information as Array of:
-    # :num_keys
+    # num_keys::
     #   The number of subkeys.
-    # :max_key_length
+    # max_key_length::
     #   Maximum length of name of subkeys.
-    # :num_values
+    # num_values::
     #   The number of values.
-    # :max_value_name_length
+    # max_value_name_length::
     #   Maximum length of name of values.
-    # :max_value_length
+    # max_value_length::
     #   Maximum length of value of values.
-    # :descriptor_length
+    # descriptor_length::
     #   Length of security descriptor.
-    # :wtime
+    # wtime::
     #   Last write time as FILETIME(64-bit integer)
     #
     # For detail, see RegQueryInfoKey[http://msdn.microsoft.com/library/en-us/sysinfo/base/regqueryinfokey.asp] Win32 API.
diff --git a/ext/win32/lib/win32/resolv.rb b/ext/win32/lib/win32/resolv.rb
index 67762da375..8d631a2140 100644
--- a/ext/win32/lib/win32/resolv.rb
+++ b/ext/win32/lib/win32/resolv.rb
@@ -4,8 +4,23 @@
 
 =end
 
+require 'win32/resolv.so'
+
 module Win32
   module Resolv
+    # Error at Win32 API
+    class Error < StandardError
+      # +code+ Win32 Error code
+      # +message+ Formatted message for +code+
+      def initialize(code, message)
+        super(message)
+        @code = code
+      end
+
+      # Win32 error code
+      attr_reader :code
+    end
+
     def self.get_hosts_path
       path = get_hosts_dir
       path = File.expand_path('hosts', path)
@@ -29,115 +44,62 @@ module Win32
       end
       [ search, nameserver ]
     end
-  end
-end
-
-begin
-  require 'win32/resolv.so'
-rescue LoadError
-end
-
-module Win32
-#====================================================================
-# Windows NT
-#====================================================================
-  module Resolv
-    begin
-      require 'win32/registry'
-      module SZ
-        refine Registry do
-          # ad hoc workaround for broken registry
-          def read_s(key)
-            type, str = read(key)
-            unless type == Registry::REG_SZ
-              warn "Broken registry, #{name}\\#{key} was #{Registry.type2name(type)}, ignored"
-              return String.new
-            end
-            str
-          end
-        end
-      end
-      using SZ
-    rescue LoadError
-      require "open3"
-    end
-
-    TCPIP_NT = 'SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Services\Tcpip\Parameters'
 
     class << self
       private
       def get_hosts_dir
-        get_item_property(TCPIP_NT, 'DataBasePath', expand: true)
+        tcpip_params do |params|
+          params.value('DataBasePath')
+        end
       end
 
       def get_info
         search = nil
         nameserver = get_dns_server_list
 
-        slist = get_item_property(TCPIP_NT, 'SearchList')
-        search = slist.split(/,\s*/) unless slist.empty?
+        tcpip_params do |params|
+          slist = params.value('SearchList')
+          search = slist.split(/,\s*/) if slist and !slist.empty?
 
-        if add_search = search.nil?
-          search = []
-          nvdom = get_item_property(TCPIP_NT, 'NV Domain')
+          if add_search = search.nil?
+            search = []
+            domain = params.value('Domain')
 
-          unless nvdom.empty?
-            @search = [ nvdom ]
-            udmnd = get_item_property(TCPIP_NT, 'UseDomainNameDevolution').to_i
-            if udmnd != 0
-              if /^\w+\./ =~ nvdom
-                devo = $'
+            if domain and !domain.empty?
+              search = [ domain ]
+              udmnd = params.value('UseDomainNameDevolution')
+              if udmnd&.nonzero?
+                if /^\w+\./ =~ domain
+                  devo = $'
+                end
               end
             end
           end
-        end
 
-        ifs = if defined?(Win32::Registry)
-                Registry::HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE.open(TCPIP_NT + '\Interfaces') do |reg|
-                  reg.keys
-                rescue Registry::Error
-                  []
-                end
-              else
-                cmd = "Get-ChildItem 'HKLM:\\#{TCPIP_NT}\\Interfaces' | ForEach-Object { $_.PSChildName }"
-                output, _ = Open3.capture2('powershell', '-Command', cmd)
-                output.split(/\n+/)
+          params.open('Interfaces') do |reg|
+            reg.each_key do |iface|
+              next unless ns = %w[NameServer DhcpNameServer].find do |key|
+                ns = iface.value(key)
+                break ns.split(/[,\s]\s*/) if ns and !ns.empty?
               end
 
-        ifs.each do |iface|
-          next unless ns = %w[NameServer DhcpNameServer].find do |key|
-            ns = get_item_property(TCPIP_NT + '\Interfaces' + "\\#{iface}", key)
-            break ns.split(/[,\s]\s*/) unless ns.empty?
-          end
+              next if (nameserver & ns).empty?
 
-          next if (nameserver & ns).empty?
-
-          if add_search
-            [ 'Domain', 'DhcpDomain' ].each do |key|
-              dom = get_item_property(TCPIP_NT + '\Interfaces' + "\\#{iface}", key)
-              unless dom.empty?
-                search.concat(dom.split(/,\s*/))
-                break
+              if add_search
+                [ 'Domain', 'DhcpDomain' ].each do |key|
+                  dom = iface.value(key)
+                  if dom and !dom.empty?
+                    search.concat(dom.split(/,\s*/))
+                    break
+                  end
+                end
               end
             end
           end
-        end
-        search << devo if add_search and devo
-        [ search.uniq, nameserver.uniq ]
-      end
 
-      def get_item_property(path, name, expand: false)
-        if defined?(Win32::Registry)
-          Registry::HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE.open(path) do |reg|
-            expand ? reg.read_s_expand(name) : reg.read_s(name)
-          rescue Registry::Error
-            ""
-          end
-        else
-          cmd = "Get-ItemProperty -Path 'HKLM:\\#{path}' -Name '#{name}' -ErrorAction SilentlyContinue | Select-Object -ExpandProperty '#{name}'"
-          output, _ = Open3.capture2('powershell', '-Command', cmd)
-          output.strip
+          search << devo if add_search and devo
         end
+        [ search.uniq, nameserver.uniq ]
       end
     end
   end
diff --git a/ext/win32/resolv/extconf.rb b/ext/win32/resolv/extconf.rb
index 4afbf8a4f6..5ee4c0d7c4 100644
--- a/ext/win32/resolv/extconf.rb
+++ b/ext/win32/resolv/extconf.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 require 'mkmf'
-if RUBY_ENGINE == "ruby" and have_library('iphlpapi', 'GetNetworkParams')
+if RUBY_ENGINE == "ruby" and have_library('iphlpapi', 'GetNetworkParams', ['windows.h', 'iphlpapi.h'])
+  have_library('advapi32', 'RegGetValueW', ['windows.h'])
   create_makefile('win32/resolv')
 else
   File.write('Makefile', "all clean install:\n\t@echo Done: $(@)\n")
diff --git a/ext/win32/resolv/resolv.c b/ext/win32/resolv/resolv.c
index af678e1f17..b2d377df9f 100644
--- a/ext/win32/resolv/resolv.c
+++ b/ext/win32/resolv/resolv.c
@@ -1,24 +1,56 @@
 #include <ruby.h>
 #include <ruby/encoding.h>
 #include <windows.h>
+#include <windns.h>
 #ifndef NTDDI_VERSION
 #define NTDDI_VERSION 0x06000000
 #endif
 #include <iphlpapi.h>
 
+#ifndef numberof
+#define numberof(array) ((int)(sizeof(array) / sizeof((array)[0])))
+#endif
+
 static VALUE
 w32error_make_error(DWORD e)
 {
-    VALUE code = ULONG2NUM(e);
-    return rb_class_new_instance(1, &code, rb_path2class("Win32::Resolv::Error"));
+    char buffer[512], *p;
+    DWORD source = 0;
+    VALUE args[2];
+    if (!FormatMessage(FORMAT_MESSAGE_FROM_SYSTEM |
+                       FORMAT_MESSAGE_IGNORE_INSERTS, &source, e,
+                       MAKELANGID(LANG_ENGLISH, SUBLANG_ENGLISH_US),
+                       buffer, sizeof(buffer), NULL)) {
+        snprintf(buffer, sizeof(buffer), "Unknown Error %lu", (unsigned long)e);
+    }
+    p = buffer;
+    while ((p = strpbrk(p, "\r\n")) != NULL) {
+        memmove(p, p + 1, strlen(p));
+        if (!p[1]) {
+            p[0] = '\0';
+            break;
+        }
+    }
+    args[0] = ULONG2NUM(e);
+    args[1] = rb_str_new_cstr(buffer);
+    return rb_class_new_instance(2, args, rb_path2class("Win32::Resolv::Error"));
 }
 
-NORETURN(static void w32error_raise(DWORD e));
-
 static void
-w32error_raise(DWORD e)
+w32error_check(DWORD e)
+{
+    if (e != NO_ERROR) {
+        rb_exc_raise(w32error_make_error(e));
+    }
+}
+
+static VALUE
+wchar_to_utf8(const WCHAR *w, int n)
 {
-    rb_exc_raise(w32error_make_error(e));
+    int clen = WideCharToMultiByte(CP_UTF8, 0, w, n, NULL, 0, NULL, NULL);
+    VALUE str = rb_enc_str_new(NULL, clen, rb_utf8_encoding());
+    WideCharToMultiByte(CP_UTF8, 0, w, n, RSTRING_PTR(str), clen, NULL, NULL);
+    return str;
 }
 
 static VALUE
@@ -30,9 +62,7 @@ get_dns_server_list(VALUE self)
     VALUE buf, nameservers = Qnil;
 
     ret = GetNetworkParams(NULL, &buflen);
-    if (ret != NO_ERROR && ret != ERROR_BUFFER_OVERFLOW) {
-        w32error_raise(ret);
-    }
+    if (ret != ERROR_BUFFER_OVERFLOW) w32error_check(ret);
     fixedinfo = ALLOCV(buf, buflen);
     ret = GetNetworkParams(fixedinfo, &buflen);
     if (ret == NO_ERROR) {
@@ -46,18 +76,181 @@ get_dns_server_list(VALUE self)
         } while ((ipaddr = ipaddr->Next) != NULL);
     }
     ALLOCV_END(buf);
-    if (ret != NO_ERROR) w32error_raise(ret);
+    w32error_check(ret);
 
     return nameservers;
 }
 
+
+static const WCHAR TCPIP_Params[] = L"SYSTEM\\CurrentControlSet\\Services\\Tcpip\\Parameters";
+
+static void
+hkey_finalize(void *p)
+{
+    RegCloseKey((HKEY)p);
+}
+
+static const rb_data_type_t hkey_type = {
+    "RegKey",
+    {0, hkey_finalize},
+    0, 0, RUBY_TYPED_FREE_IMMEDIATELY,
+};
+
+static VALUE
+hkey_close(VALUE self)
+{
+    RegCloseKey((HKEY)DATA_PTR(self));
+    DATA_PTR(self) = 0;
+    return self;
+}
+
+static VALUE reg_key_class;
+
+static VALUE
+reg_open_key(VALUE klass, HKEY hkey, const WCHAR *wname)
+{
+    VALUE k = TypedData_Wrap_Struct(klass, &hkey_type, NULL);
+    DWORD e = RegOpenKeyExW(hkey, wname, 0, KEY_READ, (HKEY *)&DATA_PTR(k));
+    if (e == ERROR_FILE_NOT_FOUND) return Qnil;
+    w32error_check(e);
+    return rb_ensure(rb_yield, k, hkey_close, k);
+}
+
+static VALUE
+tcpip_params_open(VALUE klass)
+{
+    return reg_open_key(reg_key_class, HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE, TCPIP_Params);
+}
+
+static int
+to_wname(VALUE *name, WCHAR *wname, int wlen)
+{
+    const char *n = StringValueCStr(*name);
+    int nlen = RSTRING_LEN(*name);
+    int len = MultiByteToWideChar(CP_UTF8, 0, n, nlen, wname, wlen - 1);
+    if (len == 0) w32error_check(GetLastError());
+    if (len >= wlen) rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "too long name");
+    wname[len] = L'\0';
+    return len;
+}
+
+static VALUE
+reg_open(VALUE self, VALUE name)
+{
+    HKEY hkey = DATA_PTR(self);
+    WCHAR wname[256];
+    to_wname(&name, wname, numberof(wname));
+    return reg_open_key(CLASS_OF(self), hkey, wname);
+}
+
+
+static VALUE
+reg_each_key(VALUE self)
+{
+    WCHAR wname[256];
+    HKEY hkey = DATA_PTR(self);
+    VALUE k = TypedData_Wrap_Struct(CLASS_OF(self), &hkey_type, NULL);
+    DWORD i, e, n;
+    for (i = 0; n = numberof(wname), (e = RegEnumKeyExW(hkey, i, wname, &n, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL)) == ERROR_SUCCESS; i++) {
+        e = RegOpenKeyExW(hkey, wname, 0, KEY_READ, (HKEY *)&DATA_PTR(k));
+        w32error_check(e);
+        rb_ensure(rb_yield, k, hkey_close, k);
+    }
+    if (e != ERROR_NO_MORE_ITEMS) w32error_check(e);
+    return self;
+}
+
+static inline DWORD
+swap_dw(DWORD x)
+{
+#if defined(_MSC_VER)
+    return _byteswap_ulong(x);
+#else
+    return __builtin_bswap32(x);
+#endif
+}
+
+static VALUE
+reg_value(VALUE self, VALUE name)
+{
+    HKEY hkey = DATA_PTR(self);
+    DWORD type = 0, size = 0, e;
+    VALUE result, value_buffer;
+    void *buffer;
+    WCHAR wname[256];
+    to_wname(&name, wname, numberof(wname));
+    e = RegGetValueW(hkey, NULL, wname, RRF_RT_ANY, &type, NULL, &size);
+    if (e == ERROR_FILE_NOT_FOUND) return Qnil;
+    w32error_check(e);
+# define get_value_2nd(data, dsize) do { \
+        DWORD type2 = type; \
+        w32error_check(RegGetValueW(hkey, NULL, wname, RRF_RT_ANY, &type2, data, dsize)); \
+        if (type != type2) { \
+            rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "registry value type changed %lu -> %lu", \
+                     (unsigned long)type, (unsigned long)type2); \
+        } \
+    } while (0)
+
+    switch (type) {
+      case REG_DWORD: case REG_DWORD_BIG_ENDIAN:
+        {
+            DWORD d;
+            if (size != sizeof(d)) rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "invalid size returned: %lu", (unsigned long)size);
+            w32error_check(RegGetValueW(hkey, NULL, wname, RRF_RT_REG_DWORD, &type, &d, &size));
+            if (type == REG_DWORD_BIG_ENDIAN) d = swap_dw(d);
+            return ULONG2NUM(d);
+        }
+      case REG_QWORD:
+        {
+            QWORD q;
+            if (size != sizeof(q)) rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "invalid size returned: %lu", (unsigned long)size);
+            w32error_check(RegGetValueW(hkey, NULL, wname, RRF_RT_REG_QWORD, &type, &q, &size));
+            return ULL2NUM(q);
+        }
+      case REG_SZ: case REG_MULTI_SZ: case REG_EXPAND_SZ:
+        if (size % sizeof(WCHAR)) rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "invalid size returned: %lu", (unsigned long)size);
+        buffer = ALLOCV_N(char, value_buffer, size);
+        get_value_2nd(buffer, &size);
+        if (type == REG_MULTI_SZ) {
+            const WCHAR *w = (WCHAR *)buffer;
+            result = rb_ary_new();
+            size /= sizeof(WCHAR);
+            size -= 1;
+            for (size_t i = 0; i < size; ++i) {
+                int n = lstrlenW(w+i);
+                rb_ary_push(result, wchar_to_utf8(w+i, n));
+                i += n;
+            }
+        }
+        else {
+            result = wchar_to_utf8((WCHAR *)buffer, lstrlenW((WCHAR *)buffer));
+        }
+        ALLOCV_END(value_buffer);
+        break;
+      default:
+        result = rb_str_new(0, size);
+        get_value_2nd(RSTRING_PTR(result), &size);
+        rb_str_set_len(result, size);
+        break;
+    }
+    return result;
+}
+
 void
 InitVM_resolv(void)
 {
     VALUE mWin32 = rb_define_module("Win32");
     VALUE resolv = rb_define_module_under(mWin32, "Resolv");
     VALUE singl = rb_singleton_class(resolv);
+    VALUE regkey = rb_define_class_under(resolv, "registry key", rb_cObject);
+
+    reg_key_class = regkey;
+    rb_undef_alloc_func(regkey);
     rb_define_private_method(singl, "get_dns_server_list", get_dns_server_list, 0);
+    rb_define_private_method(singl, "tcpip_params", tcpip_params_open, 0);
+    rb_define_method(regkey, "open", reg_open, 1);
+    rb_define_method(regkey, "each_key", reg_each_key, 0);
+    rb_define_method(regkey, "value", reg_value, 1);
 }
 
 void
diff --git a/ext/win32/win32-registry.gemspec b/ext/win32/win32-registry.gemspec
index d747daf458..9bd57bd7d1 100644
--- a/ext/win32/win32-registry.gemspec
+++ b/ext/win32/win32-registry.gemspec
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true
 Gem::Specification.new do |spec|
   spec.name = "win32-registry"
-  spec.version = "0.1.0"
+  spec.version = "0.1.2"
   spec.authors = ["U.Nakamura"]
   spec.email = ["usa@garbagecollect.jp"]
 
@@ -17,13 +17,10 @@ Gem::Specification.new do |spec|
   # The `git ls-files -z` loads the files in the RubyGem that have been added into git.
   excludes = %w[
     bin/ test/ spec/ features/ rakelib/
-    .git .github .mailmap appveyor Rakefile Gemfile
+    .git* .mailmap appveyor Rakefile Gemfile
   ]
-  spec.files = Dir.chdir(__dir__) do
-    `git ls-files -z`.split("\x0").reject do |f|
-      File.identical?(f, __FILE__) || f.start_with?(*excludes)
-    end
-  end
+  git_files = %w[git ls-files -z --] + excludes.map {|x| ":^/#{x}"}
+  spec.files = IO.popen(git_files, chdir: __dir__, &:read).split("\x0")
   spec.bindir = "exe"
   spec.executables = spec.files.grep(%r{\Aexe/}) { |f| File.basename(f) }
   spec.require_paths = ["lib"]
diff --git a/ext/zlib/depend b/ext/zlib/depend
index bdce420264..22e9ca867a 100644
--- a/ext/zlib/depend
+++ b/ext/zlib/depend
@@ -138,6 +138,7 @@ zlib.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
 zlib.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
 zlib.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
 zlib.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+zlib.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/set.h
 zlib.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
 zlib.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
 zlib.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
diff --git a/ext/zlib/zlib.c b/ext/zlib/zlib.c
index 0b9c4d65ee..7e319cae0d 100644
--- a/ext/zlib/zlib.c
+++ b/ext/zlib/zlib.c
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@
 # define VALGRIND_MAKE_MEM_UNDEFINED(p, n) 0
 #endif
 
-#define RUBY_ZLIB_VERSION "3.2.1"
+#define RUBY_ZLIB_VERSION "3.2.2"
 
 #ifndef RB_PASS_CALLED_KEYWORDS
 # define rb_class_new_instance_kw(argc, argv, klass, kw_splat) rb_class_new_instance(argc, argv, klass)
@@ -1456,6 +1456,7 @@ rb_zstream_finish(VALUE obj)
  * call-seq:
  *   flush_next_in -> input
  *
+ * Flushes input buffer and returns all data in that buffer.
  */
 static VALUE
 rb_zstream_flush_next_in(VALUE obj)
@@ -2444,17 +2445,16 @@ struct gzfile {
 
 #define GZFILE_READ_SIZE  2048
 
+enum { read_raw_arg_len, read_raw_arg_buf, read_raw_arg__count};
 struct read_raw_arg {
     VALUE io;
-    union {
-	const VALUE argv[2]; /* for rb_funcallv */
-	struct {
-	    VALUE len;
-	    VALUE buf;
-	} in;
-    } as;
+    const VALUE argv[read_raw_arg__count]; /* for rb_funcallv */
 };
 
+#define read_raw_arg_argc(ra) \
+    ((int)read_raw_arg__count - NIL_P((ra)->argv[read_raw_arg__count - 1]))
+#define read_raw_arg_init(io, len, buf) { io, { len, buf } }
+
 static void
 gzfile_mark(void *p)
 {
@@ -2580,9 +2580,9 @@ gzfile_read_raw_partial(VALUE arg)
 {
     struct read_raw_arg *ra = (struct read_raw_arg *)arg;
     VALUE str;
-    int argc = NIL_P(ra->as.argv[1]) ? 1 : 2;
+    int argc = read_raw_arg_argc(ra);
 
-    str = rb_funcallv(ra->io, id_readpartial, argc, ra->as.argv);
+    str = rb_funcallv(ra->io, id_readpartial, argc, ra->argv);
     Check_Type(str, T_STRING);
     return str;
 }
@@ -2593,8 +2593,8 @@ gzfile_read_raw_rescue(VALUE arg, VALUE _)
     struct read_raw_arg *ra = (struct read_raw_arg *)arg;
     VALUE str = Qnil;
     if (rb_obj_is_kind_of(rb_errinfo(), rb_eNoMethodError)) {
-	int argc = NIL_P(ra->as.argv[1]) ? 1 : 2;
-	str = rb_funcallv(ra->io, id_read, argc, ra->as.argv);
+	int argc = read_raw_arg_argc(ra);
+	str = rb_funcallv(ra->io, id_read, argc, ra->argv);
         if (!NIL_P(str)) {
             Check_Type(str, T_STRING);
         }
@@ -2605,11 +2605,8 @@ gzfile_read_raw_rescue(VALUE arg, VALUE _)
 static VALUE
 gzfile_read_raw(struct gzfile *gz, VALUE outbuf)
 {
-    struct read_raw_arg ra;
-
-    ra.io = gz->io;
-    ra.as.in.len = INT2FIX(GZFILE_READ_SIZE);
-    ra.as.in.buf = outbuf;
+    struct read_raw_arg ra =
+	read_raw_arg_init(gz->io, INT2FIX(GZFILE_READ_SIZE), outbuf);
 
     return rb_rescue2(gzfile_read_raw_partial, (VALUE)&ra,
                       gzfile_read_raw_rescue, (VALUE)&ra,
diff --git a/file.c b/file.c
index b38cd67199..809253fab0 100644
--- a/file.c
+++ b/file.c
@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@
 **********************************************************************/
 
 #include "ruby/internal/config.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/attr/nonstring.h"
 
 #ifdef _WIN32
 # include "missing/file.h"
@@ -168,6 +169,7 @@ typedef struct timespec stat_timestamp;
 #include "internal.h"
 #include "internal/compilers.h"
 #include "internal/dir.h"
+#include "internal/encoding.h"
 #include "internal/error.h"
 #include "internal/file.h"
 #include "internal/io.h"
@@ -373,7 +375,7 @@ rb_str_normalize_ospath(const char *ptr, long len)
         int r = rb_enc_precise_mbclen(p, e, enc);
         if (!MBCLEN_CHARFOUND_P(r)) {
             /* invalid byte shall not happen but */
-            static const char invalid[3] = "\xEF\xBF\xBD";
+            RBIMPL_ATTR_NONSTRING() static const char invalid[3] = "\xEF\xBF\xBD";
             rb_str_append_normalized_ospath(str, p1, p-p1);
             rb_str_cat(str, invalid, sizeof(invalid));
             p += 1;
@@ -543,7 +545,7 @@ rb_stat_new(const struct stat *st)
     if (st) {
 #if RUBY_USE_STATX
 # define CP(m) .stx_ ## m = st->st_ ## m
-# define CP_32(m) .stx_ ## m = (__u32)st->st_ ## m
+# define CP_32(m) .stx_ ## m = (uint32_t)st->st_ ## m
 # define CP_TS(m) .stx_ ## m = stat_ ## m ## spec(st)
         rb_st->stat = (struct statx){
             .stx_mask = STATX_BASIC_STATS,
@@ -604,17 +606,31 @@ statx_mtimespec(const rb_io_stat_data *st)
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *     stat <=> other_stat    -> -1, 0, 1, nil
+ *    self <=> other -> -1, 0, 1, or nil
  *
- *  Compares File::Stat objects by comparing their respective modification
- *  times.
+ *  Compares +self+ and +other+, by comparing their modification times;
+ *  that is, by comparing <tt>self.mtime</tt> and <tt>other.mtime</tt>.
  *
- *  +nil+ is returned if +other_stat+ is not a File::Stat object
+ *  Returns:
  *
- *     f1 = File.new("f1", "w")
- *     sleep 1
- *     f2 = File.new("f2", "w")
- *     f1.stat <=> f2.stat   #=> -1
+ *  - +-1+, if <tt>self.mtime</tt> is earlier.
+ *  - +0+, if the two values are equal.
+ *  - +1+, if <tt>self.mtime</tt> is later.
+ *  - +nil+, if +other+ is not a File::Stat object.
+ *
+ *  Examples:
+ *
+ *    stat0 = File.stat('README.md')
+ *    stat1 = File.stat('NEWS.md')
+ *    stat0.mtime         # => 2025-12-20 15:33:05.6972341 -0600
+ *    stat1.mtime         # => 2025-12-20 16:02:08.2672945 -0600
+ *    stat0 <=> stat1     # => -1
+ *    stat0 <=> stat0.dup # => 0
+ *    stat1 <=> stat0     # => 1
+ *    stat0 <=> :foo      # => nil
+ *
+ *  \Class \File::Stat includes module Comparable,
+ *  each of whose methods uses File::Stat#<=> for comparison.
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -662,7 +678,7 @@ rb_stat_dev(VALUE self)
 #if RUBY_USE_STATX
     unsigned int m = get_stat(self)->stx_dev_major;
     unsigned int n = get_stat(self)->stx_dev_minor;
-    return DEVT2NUM(makedev(m, n));
+    return ULL2NUM(makedev(m, n));
 #elif SIZEOF_STRUCT_STAT_ST_DEV <= SIZEOF_DEV_T
     return DEVT2NUM(get_stat(self)->st_dev);
 #elif SIZEOF_STRUCT_STAT_ST_DEV <= SIZEOF_LONG
@@ -833,7 +849,7 @@ rb_stat_rdev(VALUE self)
 #if RUBY_USE_STATX
     unsigned int m = get_stat(self)->stx_rdev_major;
     unsigned int n = get_stat(self)->stx_rdev_minor;
-    return DEVT2NUM(makedev(m, n));
+    return ULL2NUM(makedev(m, n));
 #elif !defined(HAVE_STRUCT_STAT_ST_RDEV)
     return Qnil;
 #elif SIZEOF_STRUCT_STAT_ST_RDEV <= SIZEOF_DEV_T
@@ -2171,7 +2187,7 @@ rb_file_size_p(VALUE obj, VALUE fname)
  *    File.owned?(file_name)   -> true or false
  *
  * Returns <code>true</code> if the named file exists and the
- * effective used id of the calling process is the owner of
+ * effective user id of the calling process is the owner of
  * the file.
  *
  * _file_name_ can be an IO object.
@@ -3708,7 +3724,7 @@ rb_enc_path_end(const char *path, const char *end, rb_encoding *enc)
 static rb_encoding *
 fs_enc_check(VALUE path1, VALUE path2)
 {
-    rb_encoding *enc = rb_enc_check(path1, path2);
+    rb_encoding *enc = rb_enc_check_str(path1, path2);
     int encidx = rb_enc_to_index(enc);
     if (encidx == ENCINDEX_US_ASCII) {
         encidx = rb_enc_get_index(path1);
@@ -4636,7 +4652,7 @@ rb_check_realpath_emulate(VALUE basedir, VALUE path, rb_encoding *origenc, enum
     return resolved;
 }
 
-static VALUE rb_file_join(VALUE ary);
+static VALUE rb_file_join(long argc, VALUE *args);
 
 #ifndef HAVE_REALPATH
 static VALUE
@@ -4677,7 +4693,8 @@ rb_check_realpath_internal(VALUE basedir, VALUE path, rb_encoding *origenc, enum
 
     unresolved_path = rb_str_dup_frozen(path);
     if (*RSTRING_PTR(unresolved_path) != '/' && !NIL_P(basedir)) {
-        unresolved_path = rb_file_join(rb_assoc_new(basedir, unresolved_path));
+        VALUE paths[2] = {basedir, unresolved_path};
+        unresolved_path = rb_file_join(2, paths);
     }
     if (origenc) unresolved_path = TO_OSPATH(unresolved_path);
 
@@ -5059,8 +5076,11 @@ rb_file_dirname_n(VALUE fname, int n)
             break;
         }
     }
-    if (p == name)
-        return rb_usascii_str_new2(".");
+    if (p == name) {
+        dirname = rb_str_new(".", 1);
+        rb_enc_copy(dirname, fname);
+        return dirname;
+    }
 #ifdef DOSISH_DRIVE_LETTER
     if (has_drive_letter(name) && isdirsep(*(name + 2))) {
         const char *top = skiproot(name + 2, end, enc);
@@ -5195,6 +5215,22 @@ rb_file_s_extname(VALUE klass, VALUE fname)
  *     File.path(File::NULL)           #=> "/dev/null"
  *     File.path(Pathname.new("/tmp")) #=> "/tmp"
  *
+ * If +path+ is not a String:
+ *
+ * 1. If it has the +to_path+ method, that method will be called to
+ *    coerce to a String.
+ *
+ * 2. Otherwise, or if the coerced result is not a String too, the
+ *    standard coersion using +to_str+ method will take place on that
+ *    object. (See also String.try_convert)
+ *
+ * The coerced string must satisfy the following conditions:
+ *
+ * 1. It must be in an ASCII-compatible encoding; otherwise, an
+ *    Encoding::CompatibilityError is raised.
+ *
+ * 2. It must not contain the NUL character (<tt>\0</tt>); otherwise,
+ *    an ArgumentError is raised.
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -5221,15 +5257,17 @@ rb_file_s_split(VALUE klass, VALUE path)
     return rb_assoc_new(rb_file_dirname(path), rb_file_s_basename(1,&path,Qundef));
 }
 
+static VALUE rb_file_join_ary(VALUE ary);
+
 static VALUE
 file_inspect_join(VALUE ary, VALUE arg, int recur)
 {
     if (recur || ary == arg) rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "recursive array");
-    return rb_file_join(arg);
+    return rb_file_join_ary(arg);
 }
 
 static VALUE
-rb_file_join(VALUE ary)
+rb_file_join_ary(VALUE ary)
 {
     long len, i;
     VALUE result, tmp;
@@ -5294,6 +5332,77 @@ rb_file_join(VALUE ary)
     return result;
 }
 
+static inline VALUE
+rb_file_join_fastpath(long argc, VALUE *args)
+{
+    long size = argc;
+
+    long i;
+    for (i = 0; i < argc; i++) {
+        VALUE tmp = args[i];
+        if (RB_LIKELY(RB_TYPE_P(tmp, T_STRING) && rb_str_enc_fastpath(tmp))) {
+            size += RSTRING_LEN(tmp);
+        }
+        else {
+            return 0;
+        }
+    }
+
+    VALUE result = rb_str_buf_new(size);
+
+    int encidx = ENCODING_GET_INLINED(args[0]);
+    ENCODING_SET_INLINED(result, encidx);
+    rb_str_buf_append(result, args[0]);
+
+    const char *name = RSTRING_PTR(result);
+    for (i = 1; i < argc; i++) {
+        VALUE tmp = args[i];
+        long len = RSTRING_LEN(result);
+
+        const char *tmp_s;
+        long tmp_len;
+        RSTRING_GETMEM(tmp, tmp_s, tmp_len);
+
+        if (isdirsep(tmp_s[0])) {
+            // right side has a leading separator, remove left side separators.
+            long trailing_seps = 0;
+            while (isdirsep(name[len - trailing_seps - 1])) {
+                trailing_seps++;
+            }
+            rb_str_set_len(result, len - trailing_seps);
+        }
+        else if (!isdirsep(name[len - 1])) {
+            // neither side have a separator, append one;
+            rb_str_cat(result, "/", 1);
+        }
+
+        if (RB_UNLIKELY(ENCODING_GET_INLINED(tmp) != encidx)) {
+            rb_encoding *new_enc = fs_enc_check(result, tmp);
+            rb_enc_associate(result, new_enc);
+            encidx = rb_enc_to_index(new_enc);
+        }
+
+        rb_str_buf_cat(result, tmp_s, tmp_len);
+    }
+
+    rb_str_null_check(result);
+    return result;
+}
+
+static inline VALUE
+rb_file_join(long argc, VALUE *args)
+{
+    if (RB_UNLIKELY(argc == 0)) {
+        return rb_str_new(0, 0);
+    }
+
+    VALUE result = rb_file_join_fastpath(argc, args);
+    if (RB_LIKELY(result)) {
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    return rb_file_join_ary(rb_ary_new_from_values(argc, args));
+}
 /*
  *  call-seq:
  *     File.join(string, ...)  ->  string
@@ -5306,9 +5415,9 @@ rb_file_join(VALUE ary)
  */
 
 static VALUE
-rb_file_s_join(VALUE klass, VALUE args)
+rb_file_s_join(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE klass)
 {
-    return rb_file_join(args);
+    return rb_file_join(argc, argv);
 }
 
 #if defined(HAVE_TRUNCATE)
@@ -5448,7 +5557,7 @@ rb_thread_flock(void *data)
  *  call-seq:
  *    flock(locking_constant) -> 0 or false
  *
- *  Locks or unlocks file +self+ according to the given `locking_constant`,
+ *  Locks or unlocks file `self` according to the given `locking_constant`,
  *  a bitwise OR of the values in the table below.
  *
  *  Not available on all platforms.
@@ -5458,10 +5567,10 @@ rb_thread_flock(void *data)
  *
  *  | Constant        | Lock         | Effect
  *  |-----------------|--------------|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
- *  | +File::LOCK_EX+ | Exclusive    | Only one process may hold an exclusive lock for +self+ at a time.                                               |
- *  | +File::LOCK_NB+ | Non-blocking | No blocking; may be combined with +File::LOCK_SH+ or +File::LOCK_EX+ using the bitwise OR operator <tt>\|</tt>. |
- *  | +File::LOCK_SH+ | Shared       | Multiple processes may each hold a shared lock for +self+ at the same time.                                     |
- *  | +File::LOCK_UN+ | Unlock       | Remove an existing lock held by this process.                                                                   |
+ *  | `File::LOCK_EX` | Exclusive    | Only one process may hold an exclusive lock for `self` at a time.                                               |
+ *  | `File::LOCK_NB` | Non-blocking | No blocking; may be combined with `File::LOCK_SH` or `File::LOCK_EX` using the bitwise OR operator <tt>\|</tt>. |
+ *  | `File::LOCK_SH` | Shared       | Multiple processes may each hold a shared lock for `self` at the same time.                                     |
+ *  | `File::LOCK_UN` | Unlock       | Remove an existing lock held by this process.                                                                   |
  *
  *  Example:
  *
@@ -5588,11 +5697,11 @@ test_check(int n, int argc, VALUE *argv)
  *      | <tt>'z'</tt> | Whether the entity exists and is of length zero.                          |
  *
  *  - This test operates only on the entity at `path0`,
- *    and returns an integer size or +nil+:
+ *    and returns an integer size or `nil`:
  *
  *      | Character    | Test                                                                                         |
  *      |:------------:|:---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
- *      | <tt>'s'</tt> | Returns positive integer size if the entity exists and has non-zero length, +nil+ otherwise. |
+ *      | <tt>'s'</tt> | Returns positive integer size if the entity exists and has non-zero length, `nil` otherwise. |
  *
  *  - Each of these tests operates only on the entity at `path0`,
  *    and returns a Time object;
@@ -6474,96 +6583,6 @@ rb_is_absolute_path(const char *path)
     return 0;
 }
 
-#ifndef ENABLE_PATH_CHECK
-# if defined DOSISH || defined __CYGWIN__
-#   define ENABLE_PATH_CHECK 0
-# else
-#   define ENABLE_PATH_CHECK 1
-# endif
-#endif
-
-#if ENABLE_PATH_CHECK
-static int
-path_check_0(VALUE path)
-{
-    struct stat st;
-    const char *p0 = StringValueCStr(path);
-    const char *e0;
-    rb_encoding *enc;
-    char *p = 0, *s;
-
-    if (!rb_is_absolute_path(p0)) {
-        char *buf = ruby_getcwd();
-        VALUE newpath;
-
-        newpath = rb_str_new2(buf);
-        xfree(buf);
-
-        rb_str_cat2(newpath, "/");
-        rb_str_cat2(newpath, p0);
-        path = newpath;
-        p0 = RSTRING_PTR(path);
-    }
-    e0 = p0 + RSTRING_LEN(path);
-    enc = rb_enc_get(path);
-    for (;;) {
-#ifndef S_IWOTH
-# define S_IWOTH 002
-#endif
-        if (STAT(p0, &st) == 0 && S_ISDIR(st.st_mode) && (st.st_mode & S_IWOTH)
-#ifdef S_ISVTX
-            && !(p && (st.st_mode & S_ISVTX))
-#endif
-            && !access(p0, W_OK)) {
-            rb_enc_warn(enc, "Insecure world writable dir %s in PATH, mode 0%"
-#if SIZEOF_DEV_T > SIZEOF_INT
-                        PRI_MODET_PREFIX"o",
-#else
-                        "o",
-#endif
-                        p0, st.st_mode);
-            if (p) *p = '/';
-            RB_GC_GUARD(path);
-            return 0;
-        }
-        s = strrdirsep(p0, e0, enc);
-        if (p) *p = '/';
-        if (!s || s == p0) return 1;
-        p = s;
-        e0 = p;
-        *p = '\0';
-    }
-}
-#endif
-
-int
-rb_path_check(const char *path)
-{
-    rb_warn_deprecated_to_remove_at(3.6, "rb_path_check", NULL);
-#if ENABLE_PATH_CHECK
-    const char *p0, *p, *pend;
-    const char sep = PATH_SEP_CHAR;
-
-    if (!path) return 1;
-
-    pend = path + strlen(path);
-    p0 = path;
-    p = strchr(path, sep);
-    if (!p) p = pend;
-
-    for (;;) {
-        if (!path_check_0(rb_str_new(p0, p - p0))) {
-            return 0;		/* not safe */
-        }
-        p0 = p + 1;
-        if (p0 > pend) break;
-        p = strchr(p0, sep);
-        if (!p) p = pend;
-    }
-#endif
-    return 1;
-}
-
 int
 ruby_is_fd_loadable(int fd)
 {
@@ -7640,7 +7659,7 @@ Init_File(void)
     /* separates directory parts in path */
     rb_define_const(rb_cFile, "SEPARATOR", separator);
     rb_define_singleton_method(rb_cFile, "split",  rb_file_s_split, 1);
-    rb_define_singleton_method(rb_cFile, "join",   rb_file_s_join, -2);
+    rb_define_singleton_method(rb_cFile, "join",   rb_file_s_join, -1);
 
 #ifdef DOSISH
     /* platform specific alternative separator */
@@ -7944,11 +7963,11 @@ Init_File(void)
      *
      * ==== File::FNM_EXTGLOB
      *
-     * Flag File::FNM_EXTGLOB enables pattern <tt>'{_a_,_b_}'</tt>,
+     * Flag File::FNM_EXTGLOB enables pattern <tt>'{a,b}'</tt>,
      * which matches pattern '_a_' and pattern '_b_';
      * behaves like
      * a {regexp union}[rdoc-ref:Regexp.union]
-     * (e.g., <tt>'(?:_a_|_b_)'</tt>):
+     * (e.g., <tt>'(?:a|b)'</tt>):
      *
      *   pattern = '{LEGAL,BSDL}'
      *   Dir.glob(pattern)      # => ["LEGAL", "BSDL"]
diff --git a/gc.c b/gc.c
index 6c230d7820..ab0539cd33 100644
--- a/gc.c
+++ b/gc.c
@@ -11,9 +11,6 @@
 
 **********************************************************************/
 
-#define rb_data_object_alloc rb_data_object_alloc
-#define rb_data_typed_object_alloc rb_data_typed_object_alloc
-
 #include "ruby/internal/config.h"
 #ifdef _WIN32
 # include "ruby/ruby.h"
@@ -91,6 +88,7 @@
 #include "internal/class.h"
 #include "internal/compile.h"
 #include "internal/complex.h"
+#include "internal/concurrent_set.h"
 #include "internal/cont.h"
 #include "internal/error.h"
 #include "internal/eval.h"
@@ -126,50 +124,59 @@
 #include "vm_callinfo.h"
 #include "ractor_core.h"
 #include "yjit.h"
+#include "zjit.h"
 
 #include "builtin.h"
 #include "shape.h"
 
+// TODO: Don't export this function in modular GC, instead MMTk should figure out
+// how to combine GC thread backtrace with mutator thread backtrace.
+void
+rb_gc_print_backtrace(void)
+{
+    rb_print_backtrace(stderr);
+}
+
 unsigned int
-rb_gc_vm_lock(void)
+rb_gc_vm_lock(const char *file, int line)
 {
     unsigned int lev = 0;
-    RB_VM_LOCK_ENTER_LEV(&lev);
+    rb_vm_lock_enter(&lev, file, line);
     return lev;
 }
 
 void
-rb_gc_vm_unlock(unsigned int lev)
+rb_gc_vm_unlock(unsigned int lev, const char *file, int line)
 {
-    RB_VM_LOCK_LEAVE_LEV(&lev);
+    rb_vm_lock_leave(&lev, file, line);
 }
 
 unsigned int
-rb_gc_cr_lock(void)
+rb_gc_cr_lock(const char *file, int line)
 {
     unsigned int lev;
-    RB_VM_LOCK_ENTER_CR_LEV(GET_RACTOR(), &lev);
+    rb_vm_lock_enter_cr(GET_RACTOR(), &lev, file, line);
     return lev;
 }
 
 void
-rb_gc_cr_unlock(unsigned int lev)
+rb_gc_cr_unlock(unsigned int lev, const char *file, int line)
 {
-    RB_VM_LOCK_LEAVE_CR_LEV(GET_RACTOR(), &lev);
+    rb_vm_lock_leave_cr(GET_RACTOR(), &lev, file, line);
 }
 
 unsigned int
-rb_gc_vm_lock_no_barrier(void)
+rb_gc_vm_lock_no_barrier(const char *file, int line)
 {
     unsigned int lev = 0;
-    RB_VM_LOCK_ENTER_LEV_NB(&lev);
+    rb_vm_lock_enter_nb(&lev, file, line);
     return lev;
 }
 
 void
-rb_gc_vm_unlock_no_barrier(unsigned int lev)
+rb_gc_vm_unlock_no_barrier(unsigned int lev, const char *file, int line)
 {
-    RB_VM_LOCK_LEAVE_LEV_NB(&lev);
+    rb_vm_lock_leave_nb(&lev, file, line);
 }
 
 void
@@ -178,13 +185,13 @@ rb_gc_vm_barrier(void)
     rb_vm_barrier();
 }
 
-#if USE_MODULAR_GC
 void *
 rb_gc_get_ractor_newobj_cache(void)
 {
     return GET_RACTOR()->newobj_cache;
 }
 
+#if USE_MODULAR_GC
 void
 rb_gc_initialize_vm_context(struct rb_gc_vm_context *context)
 {
@@ -288,6 +295,8 @@ rb_gc_run_obj_finalizer(VALUE objid, long count, VALUE (*callback)(long i, void
     saved.finished = 0;
     saved.final = Qundef;
 
+    ASSERT_vm_unlocking();
+    rb_ractor_ignore_belonging(true);
     EC_PUSH_TAG(ec);
     enum ruby_tag_type state = EC_EXEC_TAG();
     if (state != TAG_NONE) {
@@ -306,6 +315,7 @@ rb_gc_run_obj_finalizer(VALUE objid, long count, VALUE (*callback)(long i, void
         rb_check_funcall(saved.final, idCall, 1, &objid);
     }
     EC_POP_TAG();
+    rb_ractor_ignore_belonging(false);
 #undef RESTORE_FINALIZER
 }
 
@@ -329,8 +339,6 @@ rb_gc_multi_ractor_p(void)
     return rb_multi_ractor_p();
 }
 
-bool rb_obj_is_main_ractor(VALUE gv);
-
 bool
 rb_gc_shutdown_call_finalizer_p(VALUE obj)
 {
@@ -340,8 +348,9 @@ rb_gc_shutdown_call_finalizer_p(VALUE obj)
         if (rb_obj_is_thread(obj)) return false;
         if (rb_obj_is_mutex(obj)) return false;
         if (rb_obj_is_fiber(obj)) return false;
-        if (rb_obj_is_main_ractor(obj)) return false;
+        if (rb_ractor_p(obj)) return false;
         if (rb_obj_is_fstring_table(obj)) return false;
+        if (rb_obj_is_symbol_table(obj)) return false;
 
         return true;
 
@@ -349,11 +358,6 @@ rb_gc_shutdown_call_finalizer_p(VALUE obj)
         return true;
 
       case T_SYMBOL:
-        if (RSYMBOL(obj)->fstr &&
-                (BUILTIN_TYPE(RSYMBOL(obj)->fstr) == T_NONE ||
-                    BUILTIN_TYPE(RSYMBOL(obj)->fstr) == T_ZOMBIE)) {
-            RSYMBOL(obj)->fstr = 0;
-        }
         return true;
 
       case T_NONE:
@@ -373,25 +377,15 @@ rb_gc_get_shape(VALUE obj)
 void
 rb_gc_set_shape(VALUE obj, uint32_t shape_id)
 {
-    rb_obj_set_shape_id(obj, (uint32_t)shape_id);
+    RBASIC_SET_SHAPE_ID(obj, (uint32_t)shape_id);
 }
 
 uint32_t
 rb_gc_rebuild_shape(VALUE obj, size_t heap_id)
 {
-    shape_id_t orig_shape_id = rb_obj_shape_id(obj);
-    if (rb_shape_too_complex_p(orig_shape_id)) {
-        return (uint32_t)orig_shape_id;
-    }
-
-    shape_id_t initial_shape_id = rb_shape_root(heap_id);
-    shape_id_t new_shape_id = rb_shape_traverse_from_new_root(initial_shape_id, orig_shape_id);
-
-    if (new_shape_id == INVALID_SHAPE_ID) {
-         return 0;
-     }
+    RUBY_ASSERT(RB_TYPE_P(obj, T_OBJECT));
 
-    return (uint32_t)new_shape_id;
+    return (uint32_t)rb_shape_transition_heap(obj, heap_id);
 }
 
 void rb_vm_update_references(void *ptr);
@@ -413,7 +407,7 @@ void rb_vm_update_references(void *ptr);
 #define RMOVED(obj) ((struct RMoved *)(obj))
 
 #define TYPED_UPDATE_IF_MOVED(_objspace, _type, _thing) do { \
-    if (rb_gc_impl_object_moved_p((_objspace), (VALUE)(_thing))) {    \
+    if (gc_object_moved_p_internal((_objspace), (VALUE)(_thing))) {    \
         *(_type *)&(_thing) = (_type)gc_location_internal(_objspace, (VALUE)_thing); \
     } \
 } while (0)
@@ -495,21 +489,21 @@ rb_malloc_grow_capa(size_t current, size_t type_size)
     return new_capacity;
 }
 
-static inline struct rbimpl_size_mul_overflow_tag
+static inline struct rbimpl_size_overflow_tag
 size_mul_add_overflow(size_t x, size_t y, size_t z) /* x * y + z */
 {
-    struct rbimpl_size_mul_overflow_tag t = rbimpl_size_mul_overflow(x, y);
-    struct rbimpl_size_mul_overflow_tag u = rbimpl_size_add_overflow(t.right, z);
-    return (struct rbimpl_size_mul_overflow_tag) { t.left || u.left, u.right };
+    struct rbimpl_size_overflow_tag t = rbimpl_size_mul_overflow(x, y);
+    struct rbimpl_size_overflow_tag u = rbimpl_size_add_overflow(t.result, z);
+    return (struct rbimpl_size_overflow_tag) { t.overflowed || u.overflowed, u.result };
 }
 
-static inline struct rbimpl_size_mul_overflow_tag
+static inline struct rbimpl_size_overflow_tag
 size_mul_add_mul_overflow(size_t x, size_t y, size_t z, size_t w) /* x * y + z * w */
 {
-    struct rbimpl_size_mul_overflow_tag t = rbimpl_size_mul_overflow(x, y);
-    struct rbimpl_size_mul_overflow_tag u = rbimpl_size_mul_overflow(z, w);
-    struct rbimpl_size_mul_overflow_tag v = rbimpl_size_add_overflow(t.right, u.right);
-    return (struct rbimpl_size_mul_overflow_tag) { t.left || u.left || v.left, v.right };
+    struct rbimpl_size_overflow_tag t = rbimpl_size_mul_overflow(x, y);
+    struct rbimpl_size_overflow_tag u = rbimpl_size_mul_overflow(z, w);
+    struct rbimpl_size_overflow_tag v = rbimpl_size_add_overflow(t.result, u.result);
+    return (struct rbimpl_size_overflow_tag) { t.overflowed || u.overflowed || v.overflowed, v.result };
 }
 
 PRINTF_ARGS(NORETURN(static void gc_raise(VALUE, const char*, ...)), 2, 3);
@@ -517,9 +511,9 @@ PRINTF_ARGS(NORETURN(static void gc_raise(VALUE, const char*, ...)), 2, 3);
 static inline size_t
 size_mul_or_raise(size_t x, size_t y, VALUE exc)
 {
-    struct rbimpl_size_mul_overflow_tag t = rbimpl_size_mul_overflow(x, y);
-    if (LIKELY(!t.left)) {
-        return t.right;
+    struct rbimpl_size_overflow_tag t = rbimpl_size_mul_overflow(x, y);
+    if (LIKELY(!t.overflowed)) {
+        return t.result;
     }
     else if (rb_during_gc()) {
         rb_memerror();          /* or...? */
@@ -543,9 +537,9 @@ rb_size_mul_or_raise(size_t x, size_t y, VALUE exc)
 static inline size_t
 size_mul_add_or_raise(size_t x, size_t y, size_t z, VALUE exc)
 {
-    struct rbimpl_size_mul_overflow_tag t = size_mul_add_overflow(x, y, z);
-    if (LIKELY(!t.left)) {
-        return t.right;
+    struct rbimpl_size_overflow_tag t = size_mul_add_overflow(x, y, z);
+    if (LIKELY(!t.overflowed)) {
+        return t.result;
     }
     else if (rb_during_gc()) {
         rb_memerror();          /* or...? */
@@ -570,9 +564,9 @@ rb_size_mul_add_or_raise(size_t x, size_t y, size_t z, VALUE exc)
 static inline size_t
 size_mul_add_mul_or_raise(size_t x, size_t y, size_t z, size_t w, VALUE exc)
 {
-    struct rbimpl_size_mul_overflow_tag t = size_mul_add_mul_overflow(x, y, z, w);
-    if (LIKELY(!t.left)) {
-        return t.right;
+    struct rbimpl_size_overflow_tag t = size_mul_add_mul_overflow(x, y, z, w);
+    if (LIKELY(!t.overflowed)) {
+        return t.result;
     }
     else if (rb_during_gc()) {
         rb_memerror();          /* or...? */
@@ -633,14 +627,14 @@ typedef struct gc_function_map {
     void (*stress_set)(void *objspace_ptr, VALUE flag);
     VALUE (*stress_get)(void *objspace_ptr);
     // Object allocation
-    VALUE (*new_obj)(void *objspace_ptr, void *cache_ptr, VALUE klass, VALUE flags, VALUE v1, VALUE v2, VALUE v3, bool wb_protected, size_t alloc_size);
+    VALUE (*new_obj)(void *objspace_ptr, void *cache_ptr, VALUE klass, VALUE flags, bool wb_protected, size_t alloc_size);
     size_t (*obj_slot_size)(VALUE obj);
     size_t (*heap_id_for_size)(void *objspace_ptr, size_t size);
     bool (*size_allocatable_p)(size_t size);
     // Malloc
-    void *(*malloc)(void *objspace_ptr, size_t size);
-    void *(*calloc)(void *objspace_ptr, size_t size);
-    void *(*realloc)(void *objspace_ptr, void *ptr, size_t new_size, size_t old_size);
+    void *(*malloc)(void *objspace_ptr, size_t size, bool gc_allowed);
+    void *(*calloc)(void *objspace_ptr, size_t size, bool gc_allowed);
+    void *(*realloc)(void *objspace_ptr, void *ptr, size_t new_size, size_t old_size, bool gc_allowed);
     void (*free)(void *objspace_ptr, void *ptr, size_t old_size);
     void (*adjust_memory_usage)(void *objspace_ptr, ssize_t diff);
     // Marking
@@ -648,9 +642,11 @@ typedef struct gc_function_map {
     void (*mark_and_move)(void *objspace_ptr, VALUE *ptr);
     void (*mark_and_pin)(void *objspace_ptr, VALUE obj);
     void (*mark_maybe)(void *objspace_ptr, VALUE obj);
-    void (*mark_weak)(void *objspace_ptr, VALUE *ptr);
-    void (*remove_weak)(void *objspace_ptr, VALUE parent_obj, VALUE *ptr);
+    // Weak references
+    void (*declare_weak_references)(void *objspace_ptr, VALUE obj);
+    bool (*handle_weak_references_alive_p)(void *objspace_ptr, VALUE obj);
     // Compaction
+    void (*register_pinning_obj)(void *objspace_ptr, VALUE obj);
     bool (*object_moved_p)(void *objspace_ptr, VALUE obj);
     VALUE (*location)(void *objspace_ptr, VALUE value);
     // Write barriers
@@ -666,9 +662,6 @@ typedef struct gc_function_map {
     void (*undefine_finalizer)(void *objspace_ptr, VALUE obj);
     void (*copy_finalizer)(void *objspace_ptr, VALUE dest, VALUE obj);
     void (*shutdown_call_finalizer)(void *objspace_ptr);
-    // Object ID
-    VALUE (*object_id)(void *objspace_ptr, VALUE obj);
-    VALUE (*object_id_to_ref)(void *objspace_ptr, VALUE object_id);
     // Forking
     void (*before_fork)(void *objspace_ptr);
     void (*after_fork)(void *objspace_ptr, rb_pid_t pid);
@@ -825,9 +818,11 @@ ruby_modular_gc_init(void)
     load_modular_gc_func(mark_and_move);
     load_modular_gc_func(mark_and_pin);
     load_modular_gc_func(mark_maybe);
-    load_modular_gc_func(mark_weak);
-    load_modular_gc_func(remove_weak);
+    // Weak references
+    load_modular_gc_func(declare_weak_references);
+    load_modular_gc_func(handle_weak_references_alive_p);
     // Compaction
+    load_modular_gc_func(register_pinning_obj);
     load_modular_gc_func(object_moved_p);
     load_modular_gc_func(location);
     // Write barriers
@@ -905,9 +900,11 @@ ruby_modular_gc_init(void)
 # define rb_gc_impl_mark_and_move rb_gc_functions.mark_and_move
 # define rb_gc_impl_mark_and_pin rb_gc_functions.mark_and_pin
 # define rb_gc_impl_mark_maybe rb_gc_functions.mark_maybe
-# define rb_gc_impl_mark_weak rb_gc_functions.mark_weak
-# define rb_gc_impl_remove_weak rb_gc_functions.remove_weak
+// Weak references
+# define rb_gc_impl_declare_weak_references rb_gc_functions.declare_weak_references
+# define rb_gc_impl_handle_weak_references_alive_p rb_gc_functions.handle_weak_references_alive_p
 // Compaction
+# define rb_gc_impl_register_pinning_obj rb_gc_functions.register_pinning_obj
 # define rb_gc_impl_object_moved_p rb_gc_functions.object_moved_p
 # define rb_gc_impl_location rb_gc_functions.location
 // Write barriers
@@ -987,30 +984,38 @@ rb_gc_obj_slot_size(VALUE obj)
 }
 
 static inline void
-gc_validate_pc(void)
+gc_validate_pc(VALUE obj)
 {
 #if RUBY_DEBUG
+    // IMEMOs and objects without a class (e.g managed id table) are not traceable
+    if (RB_TYPE_P(obj, T_IMEMO) || !CLASS_OF(obj)) return;
+
     rb_execution_context_t *ec = GET_EC();
     const rb_control_frame_t *cfp = ec->cfp;
     if (cfp && VM_FRAME_RUBYFRAME_P(cfp) && cfp->pc) {
-        RUBY_ASSERT(cfp->pc >= ISEQ_BODY(cfp->iseq)->iseq_encoded);
-        RUBY_ASSERT(cfp->pc <= ISEQ_BODY(cfp->iseq)->iseq_encoded + ISEQ_BODY(cfp->iseq)->iseq_size);
+        const VALUE *iseq_encoded = ISEQ_BODY(cfp->iseq)->iseq_encoded;
+        const VALUE *iseq_encoded_end = iseq_encoded + ISEQ_BODY(cfp->iseq)->iseq_size;
+        RUBY_ASSERT(cfp->pc >= iseq_encoded, "PC not set when allocating, breaking tracing");
+        RUBY_ASSERT(cfp->pc <= iseq_encoded_end, "PC not set when allocating, breaking tracing");
     }
 #endif
 }
 
 static inline VALUE
-newobj_of(rb_ractor_t *cr, VALUE klass, VALUE flags, VALUE v1, VALUE v2, VALUE v3, bool wb_protected, size_t size)
+newobj_of(rb_ractor_t *cr, VALUE klass, VALUE flags, shape_id_t shape_id, bool wb_protected, size_t size)
 {
-    VALUE obj = rb_gc_impl_new_obj(rb_gc_get_objspace(), cr->newobj_cache, klass, flags, v1, v2, v3, wb_protected, size);
+    VALUE obj = rb_gc_impl_new_obj(rb_gc_get_objspace(), cr->newobj_cache, klass, flags, wb_protected, size);
+    RBASIC_SET_SHAPE_ID_NO_CHECKS(obj, shape_id);
 
-    gc_validate_pc();
+    gc_validate_pc(obj);
 
     if (UNLIKELY(rb_gc_event_hook_required_p(RUBY_INTERNAL_EVENT_NEWOBJ))) {
-        unsigned int lev;
-        RB_VM_LOCK_ENTER_CR_LEV(cr, &lev);
+        int lev = RB_GC_VM_LOCK_NO_BARRIER();
         {
-            memset((char *)obj + RVALUE_SIZE, 0, rb_gc_obj_slot_size(obj) - RVALUE_SIZE);
+            size_t slot_size = rb_gc_obj_slot_size(obj);
+            if (slot_size > RVALUE_SIZE) {
+                memset((char *)obj + RVALUE_SIZE, 0, slot_size - RVALUE_SIZE);
+            }
 
             /* We must disable GC here because the callback could call xmalloc
              * which could potentially trigger a GC, and a lot of code is unsafe
@@ -1023,24 +1028,42 @@ newobj_of(rb_ractor_t *cr, VALUE klass, VALUE flags, VALUE v1, VALUE v2, VALUE v
             }
             if (!gc_disabled) rb_gc_enable();
         }
-        RB_VM_LOCK_LEAVE_CR_LEV(cr, &lev);
+        RB_GC_VM_UNLOCK_NO_BARRIER(lev);
     }
 
+#if RGENGC_CHECK_MODE
+# ifndef GC_DEBUG_SLOT_FILL_SPECIAL_VALUE
+#  define GC_DEBUG_SLOT_FILL_SPECIAL_VALUE 255
+# endif
+
+    memset(
+        (void *)(obj + sizeof(struct RBasic)),
+        GC_DEBUG_SLOT_FILL_SPECIAL_VALUE,
+        rb_gc_obj_slot_size(obj) - sizeof(struct RBasic)
+    );
+#endif
+
     return obj;
 }
 
 VALUE
-rb_wb_unprotected_newobj_of(VALUE klass, VALUE flags, size_t size)
+rb_wb_unprotected_newobj_of(VALUE klass, VALUE flags, shape_id_t shape_id, size_t size)
 {
     GC_ASSERT((flags & FL_WB_PROTECTED) == 0);
-    return newobj_of(GET_RACTOR(), klass, flags, 0, 0, 0, FALSE, size);
+    return newobj_of(GET_RACTOR(), klass, flags, shape_id, FALSE, size);
 }
 
 VALUE
-rb_wb_protected_newobj_of(rb_execution_context_t *ec, VALUE klass, VALUE flags, size_t size)
+rb_wb_protected_newobj_of(rb_execution_context_t *ec, VALUE klass, VALUE flags, shape_id_t shape_id, size_t size)
 {
     GC_ASSERT((flags & FL_WB_PROTECTED) == 0);
-    return newobj_of(rb_ec_ractor_ptr(ec), klass, flags, 0, 0, 0, TRUE, size);
+    return newobj_of(rb_ec_ractor_ptr(ec), klass, flags, shape_id, TRUE, size);
+}
+
+void
+rb_gc_register_pinning_obj(VALUE obj)
+{
+    rb_gc_impl_register_pinning_obj(rb_gc_get_objspace(), obj);
 }
 
 #define UNEXPECTED_NODE(func) \
@@ -1061,7 +1084,16 @@ rb_data_object_wrap(VALUE klass, void *datap, RUBY_DATA_FUNC dmark, RUBY_DATA_FU
 {
     RUBY_ASSERT_ALWAYS(dfree != (RUBY_DATA_FUNC)1);
     if (klass) rb_data_object_check(klass);
-    return newobj_of(GET_RACTOR(), klass, T_DATA, (VALUE)dmark, (VALUE)datap, (VALUE)dfree, !dmark, sizeof(struct RTypedData));
+    VALUE obj = newobj_of(GET_RACTOR(), klass, T_DATA, ROOT_SHAPE_ID, !dmark, sizeof(struct RTypedData));
+
+    rb_gc_register_pinning_obj(obj);
+
+    struct RData *data = (struct RData *)obj;
+    data->dmark = dmark;
+    data->dfree = dfree;
+    data->data = datap;
+
+    return obj;
 }
 
 VALUE
@@ -1072,19 +1104,32 @@ rb_data_object_zalloc(VALUE klass, size_t size, RUBY_DATA_FUNC dmark, RUBY_DATA_
     return obj;
 }
 
+#define RTYPEDDATA_EMBEDDED_P rbimpl_typeddata_embedded_p
+#define RB_DATA_TYPE_EMBEDDABLE_P(type) ((type)->flags & RUBY_TYPED_EMBEDDABLE)
+#define RTYPEDDATA_EMBEDDABLE_P(obj) RB_DATA_TYPE_EMBEDDABLE_P(RTYPEDDATA_TYPE(obj))
+
 static VALUE
 typed_data_alloc(VALUE klass, VALUE typed_flag, void *datap, const rb_data_type_t *type, size_t size)
 {
     RBIMPL_NONNULL_ARG(type);
     if (klass) rb_data_object_check(klass);
     bool wb_protected = (type->flags & RUBY_FL_WB_PROTECTED) || !type->function.dmark;
-    return newobj_of(GET_RACTOR(), klass, T_DATA, ((VALUE)type) | IS_TYPED_DATA | typed_flag, (VALUE)datap, 0, wb_protected, size);
+    VALUE obj = newobj_of(GET_RACTOR(), klass, T_DATA | RUBY_TYPED_FL_IS_TYPED_DATA, ROOT_SHAPE_ID, wb_protected, size);
+
+    rb_gc_register_pinning_obj(obj);
+
+    struct RTypedData *data = (struct RTypedData *)obj;
+    data->fields_obj = 0;
+    *(VALUE *)&data->type = ((VALUE)type) | typed_flag;
+    data->data = datap;
+
+    return obj;
 }
 
 VALUE
 rb_data_typed_object_wrap(VALUE klass, void *datap, const rb_data_type_t *type)
 {
-    if (UNLIKELY(type->flags & RUBY_TYPED_EMBEDDABLE)) {
+    if (UNLIKELY(RB_DATA_TYPE_EMBEDDABLE_P(type))) {
         rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "Cannot wrap an embeddable TypedData");
     }
 
@@ -1094,7 +1139,7 @@ rb_data_typed_object_wrap(VALUE klass, void *datap, const rb_data_type_t *type)
 VALUE
 rb_data_typed_object_zalloc(VALUE klass, size_t size, const rb_data_type_t *type)
 {
-    if (type->flags & RUBY_TYPED_EMBEDDABLE) {
+    if (RB_DATA_TYPE_EMBEDDABLE_P(type)) {
         if (!(type->flags & RUBY_TYPED_FREE_IMMEDIATELY)) {
             rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "Embeddable TypedData must be freed immediately");
         }
@@ -1120,7 +1165,7 @@ rb_objspace_data_type_memsize(VALUE obj)
         const rb_data_type_t *type = RTYPEDDATA_TYPE(obj);
         const void *ptr = RTYPEDDATA_GET_DATA(obj);
 
-        if (RTYPEDDATA_TYPE(obj)->flags & RUBY_TYPED_EMBEDDABLE && !RTYPEDDATA_EMBEDDED_P(obj)) {
+        if (RTYPEDDATA_EMBEDDABLE_P(obj) && !RTYPEDDATA_EMBEDDED_P(obj)) {
 #ifdef HAVE_MALLOC_USABLE_SIZE
             size += malloc_usable_size((void *)ptr);
 #endif
@@ -1145,11 +1190,56 @@ rb_objspace_data_type_name(VALUE obj)
     }
 }
 
-static enum rb_id_table_iterator_result
-cvar_table_free_i(VALUE value, void *ctx)
+void
+rb_gc_declare_weak_references(VALUE obj)
 {
-    xfree((void *)value);
-    return ID_TABLE_CONTINUE;
+    rb_gc_impl_declare_weak_references(rb_gc_get_objspace(), obj);
+}
+
+bool
+rb_gc_handle_weak_references_alive_p(VALUE obj)
+{
+    if (SPECIAL_CONST_P(obj)) return true;
+
+    return rb_gc_impl_handle_weak_references_alive_p(rb_gc_get_objspace(), obj);
+}
+
+void
+rb_gc_handle_weak_references(VALUE obj)
+{
+    switch (BUILTIN_TYPE(obj)) {
+      case T_DATA:
+        if (RTYPEDDATA_P(obj)) {
+            const rb_data_type_t *type = RTYPEDDATA_TYPE(obj);
+
+            if (type->function.handle_weak_references) {
+                (type->function.handle_weak_references)(RTYPEDDATA_GET_DATA(obj));
+            }
+            else {
+                rb_bug(
+                    "rb_gc_handle_weak_references: TypedData %s does not implement handle_weak_references",
+                    RTYPEDDATA_TYPE(obj)->wrap_struct_name
+                );
+            }
+        }
+        else {
+           rb_bug("rb_gc_handle_weak_references: unknown T_DATA");
+        }
+        break;
+
+      case T_IMEMO: {
+        GC_ASSERT(imemo_type(obj) == imemo_callcache);
+
+        struct rb_callcache *cc = (struct rb_callcache *)obj;
+        if (!rb_gc_handle_weak_references_alive_p(cc->klass)) {
+            vm_cc_invalidate(cc);
+        }
+
+        break;
+      }
+      default:
+        rb_bug("rb_gc_handle_weak_references: type not supported\n");
+    }
 }
 
 static void
@@ -1190,7 +1280,7 @@ rb_data_free(void *objspace, VALUE obj)
             }
             else if (free_immediately) {
                 (*dfree)(data);
-                if (RTYPEDDATA_TYPE(obj)->flags & RUBY_TYPED_EMBEDDABLE && !RTYPEDDATA_EMBEDDED_P(obj)) {
+                if (RTYPEDDATA_EMBEDDABLE_P(obj) && !RTYPEDDATA_EMBEDDED_P(obj)) {
                     xfree(data);
                 }
 
@@ -1212,60 +1302,23 @@ rb_data_free(void *objspace, VALUE obj)
 
 struct classext_foreach_args {
     VALUE klass;
-    bool obj_too_complex;
     rb_objspace_t *objspace; // used for update_*
 };
 
 static void
-classext_free(rb_classext_t *ext, bool is_prime, VALUE namespace, void *arg)
+classext_free(rb_classext_t *ext, bool is_prime, VALUE box_value, void *arg)
 {
-    struct rb_id_table *tbl;
     struct classext_foreach_args *args = (struct classext_foreach_args *)arg;
 
-    rb_id_table_free(RCLASSEXT_M_TBL(ext));
-    rb_cc_tbl_free(RCLASSEXT_CC_TBL(ext), args->klass);
-    if (args->obj_too_complex) {
-        st_free_table((st_table *)RCLASSEXT_FIELDS(ext));
-    }
-    else {
-        xfree(RCLASSEXT_FIELDS(ext));
-    }
-    if (!RCLASSEXT_SHARED_CONST_TBL(ext) && (tbl = RCLASSEXT_CONST_TBL(ext)) != NULL) {
-        rb_free_const_table(tbl);
-    }
-    if ((tbl = RCLASSEXT_CVC_TBL(ext)) != NULL) {
-        rb_id_table_foreach_values(tbl, cvar_table_free_i, NULL);
-        rb_id_table_free(tbl);
-    }
-    rb_class_classext_free_subclasses(ext, args->klass);
-    if (RCLASSEXT_SUPERCLASSES_WITH_SELF(ext)) {
-        RUBY_ASSERT(is_prime); // superclasses should only be used on prime
-        xfree(RCLASSEXT_SUPERCLASSES(ext));
-    }
-    if (!is_prime) { // the prime classext will be freed with RClass
-        xfree(ext);
-    }
+    rb_class_classext_free(args->klass, ext, is_prime);
 }
 
 static void
-classext_iclass_free(rb_classext_t *ext, bool is_prime, VALUE namespace, void *arg)
+classext_iclass_free(rb_classext_t *ext, bool is_prime, VALUE box_value, void *arg)
 {
     struct classext_foreach_args *args = (struct classext_foreach_args *)arg;
 
-    if (RCLASSEXT_ICLASS_IS_ORIGIN(ext) && !RCLASSEXT_ICLASS_ORIGIN_SHARED_MTBL(ext)) {
-        /* Method table is not shared for origin iclasses of classes */
-        rb_id_table_free(RCLASSEXT_M_TBL(ext));
-    }
-    if (RCLASSEXT_CALLABLE_M_TBL(ext) != NULL) {
-        rb_id_table_free(RCLASSEXT_CALLABLE_M_TBL(ext));
-    }
-    rb_cc_tbl_free(RCLASSEXT_CC_TBL(ext), args->klass);
-
-    rb_class_classext_free_subclasses(ext, args->klass);
-
-    if (!is_prime) { // the prime classext will be freed with RClass
-        xfree(ext);
-    }
+    rb_iclass_classext_free(args->klass, ext, is_prime);
 }
 
 bool
@@ -1288,26 +1341,29 @@ rb_gc_obj_free(void *objspace, VALUE obj)
 
     switch (BUILTIN_TYPE(obj)) {
       case T_OBJECT:
-        if (rb_shape_obj_too_complex_p(obj)) {
-            RB_DEBUG_COUNTER_INC(obj_obj_too_complex);
-            st_free_table(ROBJECT_FIELDS_HASH(obj));
-        }
-        else if (RBASIC(obj)->flags & ROBJECT_EMBED) {
-            RB_DEBUG_COUNTER_INC(obj_obj_embed);
+        if (FL_TEST_RAW(obj, ROBJECT_HEAP)) {
+            if (rb_shape_obj_too_complex_p(obj)) {
+                RB_DEBUG_COUNTER_INC(obj_obj_too_complex);
+                st_free_table(ROBJECT_FIELDS_HASH(obj));
+            }
+            else {
+                xfree(ROBJECT(obj)->as.heap.fields);
+                RB_DEBUG_COUNTER_INC(obj_obj_ptr);
+            }
         }
         else {
-            xfree(ROBJECT(obj)->as.heap.fields);
-            RB_DEBUG_COUNTER_INC(obj_obj_ptr);
+            RB_DEBUG_COUNTER_INC(obj_obj_embed);
         }
         break;
       case T_MODULE:
       case T_CLASS:
+#if USE_ZJIT
+        rb_zjit_klass_free(obj);
+#endif
         args.klass = obj;
-        args.obj_too_complex = rb_shape_obj_too_complex_p(obj) ? true : false;
-
         rb_class_classext_foreach(obj, classext_free, (void *)&args);
-        if (RCLASS(obj)->ns_classext_tbl) {
-            st_free_table(RCLASS(obj)->ns_classext_tbl);
+        if (RCLASS_CLASSEXT_TBL(obj)) {
+            st_free_table(RCLASS_CLASSEXT_TBL(obj));
         }
         (void)RB_DEBUG_COUNTER_INC_IF(obj_module_ptr, BUILTIN_TYPE(obj) == T_MODULE);
         (void)RB_DEBUG_COUNTER_INC_IF(obj_class_ptr, BUILTIN_TYPE(obj) == T_CLASS);
@@ -1410,8 +1466,8 @@ rb_gc_obj_free(void *objspace, VALUE obj)
         args.klass = obj;
 
         rb_class_classext_foreach(obj, classext_iclass_free, (void *)&args);
-        if (RCLASS(obj)->ns_classext_tbl) {
-            st_free_table(RCLASS(obj)->ns_classext_tbl);
+        if (RCLASS_CLASSEXT_TBL(obj)) {
+            st_free_table(RCLASS_CLASSEXT_TBL(obj));
         }
 
         RB_DEBUG_COUNTER_INC(obj_iclass_ptr);
@@ -1491,7 +1547,10 @@ internal_object_p(VALUE obj)
           case T_ZOMBIE:
             break;
           case T_CLASS:
-            if (!RBASIC(obj)->klass) break;
+            if (obj == rb_mRubyVMFrozenCore)
+                return 1;
+
+            if (!RBASIC_CLASS(obj)) break;
             if (RCLASS_SINGLETON_P(obj)) {
                 return rb_singleton_class_internal_p(obj);
             }
@@ -1558,34 +1617,26 @@ os_obj_of(VALUE of)
  *  Ruby process. If <i>module</i> is specified, calls the block
  *  for only those classes or modules that match (or are a subclass of)
  *  <i>module</i>. Returns the number of objects found. Immediate
- *  objects (<code>Fixnum</code>s, <code>Symbol</code>s
- *  <code>true</code>, <code>false</code>, and <code>nil</code>) are
- *  never returned. In the example below, #each_object returns both
- *  the numbers we defined and several constants defined in the Math
- *  module.
+ *  objects (such as <code>Fixnum</code>s, static <code>Symbol</code>s
+ *  <code>true</code>, <code>false</code> and <code>nil</code>) are
+ *  never returned.
  *
  *  If no block is given, an enumerator is returned instead.
  *
- *     a = 102.7
- *     b = 95       # Won't be returned
- *     c = 12345678987654321
- *     count = ObjectSpace.each_object(Numeric) {|x| p x }
+ *     Job = Class.new
+ *     jobs = [Job.new, Job.new]
+ *     count = ObjectSpace.each_object(Job) {|x| p x }
  *     puts "Total count: #{count}"
  *
  *  <em>produces:</em>
  *
- *     12345678987654321
- *     102.7
- *     2.71828182845905
- *     3.14159265358979
- *     2.22044604925031e-16
- *     1.7976931348623157e+308
- *     2.2250738585072e-308
- *     Total count: 7
+ *    #<Job:0x000000011d6cbbf0>
+ *    #<Job:0x000000011d6cbc68>
+ *     Total count: 2
  *
- *  Due to a current known Ractor implementation issue, this method will not yield
- *  Ractor-unshareable objects in multi-Ractor mode (when
- *  <code>Ractor.new</code> has been called within the process at least once).
+ *  Due to a current Ractor implementation issue, this method does not yield
+ *  Ractor-unshareable objects when the process is in multi-Ractor mode. Multi-ractor
+ *  mode is enabled when <code>Ractor.new</code> has been called for the first time.
  *  See https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/19387 for more information.
  *
  *     a = 12345678987654321 # shareable
@@ -1658,63 +1709,68 @@ rb_gc_copy_finalizer(VALUE dest, VALUE obj)
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *     ObjectSpace.define_finalizer(obj, aProc=proc())
+ *     ObjectSpace.define_finalizer(obj) {|id| ... } -> array
+ *     ObjectSpace.define_finalizer(obj, finalizer) -> array
  *
- *  Adds <i>aProc</i> as a finalizer, to be called after <i>obj</i>
- *  was destroyed. The object ID of the <i>obj</i> will be passed
- *  as an argument to <i>aProc</i>. If <i>aProc</i> is a lambda or
- *  method, make sure it can be called with a single argument.
+ *  Adds a new finalizer for +obj+ that is called when +obj+ is destroyed
+ *  by the garbage collector or when Ruby shuts down (which ever comes first).
  *
- *  The return value is an array <code>[0, aProc]</code>.
+ *  With a block given, uses the block as the callback. Without a block given,
+ *  uses a callable object +finalizer+ as the callback. The callback is called
+ *  when +obj+ is destroyed with a single argument +id+ which is the object
+ *  ID of +obj+ (see Object#object_id).
  *
- *  The two recommended patterns are to either create the finaliser proc
- *  in a non-instance method where it can safely capture the needed state,
- *  or to use a custom callable object that stores the needed state
- *  explicitly as instance variables.
+ *  The return value is an array <code>[0, callback]</code>, where +callback+
+ *  is a Proc created from the block if one was given or +finalizer+ otherwise.
  *
- *      class Foo
- *        def initialize(data_needed_for_finalization)
- *          ObjectSpace.define_finalizer(self, self.class.create_finalizer(data_needed_for_finalization))
- *        end
+ *  Note that defining a finalizer in an instance method of the object may prevent
+ *  the object from being garbage collected since if the block or +finalizer+ refers
+ *  to +obj+ then +obj+ will never be reclaimed by the garbage collector. For example,
+ *  the following script demonstrates the issue:
  *
- *        def self.create_finalizer(data_needed_for_finalization)
- *          proc {
- *            puts "finalizing #{data_needed_for_finalization}"
- *          }
+ *      class Foo
+ *        def define_final
+ *          ObjectSpace.define_finalizer(self) do |id|
+ *            puts "Running finalizer for #{id}!"
+ *          end
  *        end
  *      end
  *
- *      class Bar
- *       class Remover
- *          def initialize(data_needed_for_finalization)
- *            @data_needed_for_finalization = data_needed_for_finalization
- *          end
+ *      obj = Foo.new
+ *      obj.define_final
  *
- *          def call(id)
- *            puts "finalizing #{@data_needed_for_finalization}"
- *          end
+ *  There are two patterns to solve this issue:
+ *
+ *  - Create the finalizer in a non-instance method so it can safely capture
+ *    the needed state:
+ *
+ *      class Foo
+ *        def define_final
+ *          ObjectSpace.define_finalizer(self, self.class.create_finalizer)
  *        end
  *
- *        def initialize(data_needed_for_finalization)
- *          ObjectSpace.define_finalizer(self, Remover.new(data_needed_for_finalization))
+ *        def self.create_finalizer
+ *          proc do |id|
+ *            puts "Running finalizer for #{id}!"
+ *          end
  *        end
  *      end
  *
- *  Note that if your finalizer references the object to be
- *  finalized it will never be run on GC, although it will still be
- *  run at exit. You will get a warning if you capture the object
- *  to be finalized as the receiver of the finalizer.
+ *  - Use a callable object:
+ *
+ *      class Foo
+ *        class Finalizer
+ *          def call(id)
+ *            puts "Running finalizer for #{id}!"
+ *          end
+ *        end
  *
- *      class CapturesSelf
- *        def initialize(name)
- *          ObjectSpace.define_finalizer(self, proc {
- *            # this finalizer will only be run on exit
- *            puts "finalizing #{name}"
- *          })
+ *        def define_final
+ *          ObjectSpace.define_finalizer(self, Finalizer.new)
  *        end
  *      end
  *
- *  Also note that finalization can be unpredictable and is never guaranteed
+ *  Note that finalization can be unpredictable and is never guaranteed
  *  to be run except on exit.
  */
 
@@ -1763,7 +1819,7 @@ rb_objspace_free_objects(void *objspace)
 int
 rb_objspace_garbage_object_p(VALUE obj)
 {
-    return rb_gc_impl_garbage_object_p(rb_gc_get_objspace(), obj);
+    return !SPECIAL_CONST_P(obj) && rb_gc_impl_garbage_object_p(rb_gc_get_objspace(), obj);
 }
 
 bool
@@ -1776,7 +1832,6 @@ rb_gc_pointer_to_heap_p(VALUE obj)
 #define LAST_OBJECT_ID() (object_id_counter * OBJ_ID_INCREMENT)
 static VALUE id2ref_value = 0;
 static st_table *id2ref_tbl = NULL;
-static bool id2ref_tbl_built = false;
 
 #if SIZEOF_SIZE_T == SIZEOF_LONG_LONG
 static size_t object_id_counter = 1;
@@ -1791,9 +1846,9 @@ generate_next_object_id(void)
     // 64bit atomics are available
     return SIZET2NUM(RUBY_ATOMIC_SIZE_FETCH_ADD(object_id_counter, 1) * OBJ_ID_INCREMENT);
 #else
-    unsigned int lock_lev = rb_gc_vm_lock();
+    unsigned int lock_lev = RB_GC_VM_LOCK();
     VALUE id = ULL2NUM(++object_id_counter * OBJ_ID_INCREMENT);
-    rb_gc_vm_unlock(lock_lev);
+    RB_GC_VM_UNLOCK(lock_lev);
     return id;
 #endif
 }
@@ -1838,7 +1893,7 @@ id2ref_tbl_mark(void *data)
         // It's very unlikely, but if enough object ids were generated, keys may be T_BIGNUM
         rb_mark_set(table);
     }
-    // We purposedly don't mark values, as they are weak references.
+    // We purposely don't mark values, as they are weak references.
     // rb_gc_obj_free_vm_weak_references takes care of cleaning them up.
 }
 
@@ -1868,14 +1923,12 @@ static const rb_data_type_t id2ref_tbl_type = {
     .flags = RUBY_TYPED_WB_PROTECTED | RUBY_TYPED_FREE_IMMEDIATELY
 };
 
-#define RUBY_ATOMIC_VALUE_LOAD(x) (VALUE)(RUBY_ATOMIC_PTR_LOAD(x))
-
 static VALUE
 class_object_id(VALUE klass)
 {
     VALUE id = RUBY_ATOMIC_VALUE_LOAD(RCLASS(klass)->object_id);
     if (!id) {
-        unsigned int lock_lev = rb_gc_vm_lock();
+        unsigned int lock_lev = RB_GC_VM_LOCK();
         id = generate_next_object_id();
         VALUE existing_id = RUBY_ATOMIC_VALUE_CAS(RCLASS(klass)->object_id, 0, id);
         if (existing_id) {
@@ -1884,8 +1937,29 @@ class_object_id(VALUE klass)
         else if (RB_UNLIKELY(id2ref_tbl)) {
             st_insert(id2ref_tbl, id, klass);
         }
-        rb_gc_vm_unlock(lock_lev);
+        RB_GC_VM_UNLOCK(lock_lev);
+    }
+    return id;
+}
+
+static inline VALUE
+object_id_get(VALUE obj, shape_id_t shape_id)
+{
+    VALUE id;
+    if (rb_shape_too_complex_p(shape_id)) {
+        id = rb_obj_field_get(obj, ROOT_TOO_COMPLEX_WITH_OBJ_ID);
+    }
+    else {
+        id = rb_obj_field_get(obj, rb_shape_object_id(shape_id));
+    }
+
+#if RUBY_DEBUG
+    if (!(FIXNUM_P(id) || RB_TYPE_P(id, T_BIGNUM))) {
+        rb_p(obj);
+        rb_bug("Object's shape includes object_id, but it's missing %s", rb_obj_info(obj));
     }
+#endif
+
     return id;
 }
 
@@ -1893,22 +1967,24 @@ static VALUE
 object_id0(VALUE obj)
 {
     VALUE id = Qfalse;
+    shape_id_t shape_id = RBASIC_SHAPE_ID(obj);
 
-    if (rb_shape_has_object_id(RBASIC_SHAPE_ID(obj))) {
-        shape_id_t object_id_shape_id = rb_shape_transition_object_id(obj);
-        id = rb_obj_field_get(obj, object_id_shape_id);
-        RUBY_ASSERT(id, "object_id missing");
-        return id;
+    if (rb_shape_has_object_id(shape_id)) {
+        return object_id_get(obj, shape_id);
     }
 
-    // rb_shape_object_id_shape may lock if the current shape has
-    // multiple children.
     shape_id_t object_id_shape_id = rb_shape_transition_object_id(obj);
 
     id = generate_next_object_id();
-    rb_obj_field_set(obj, object_id_shape_id, id);
+    rb_obj_field_set(obj, object_id_shape_id, 0, id);
+
+    RUBY_ASSERT(RBASIC_SHAPE_ID(obj) == object_id_shape_id);
+    RUBY_ASSERT(rb_shape_obj_has_id(obj));
+
     if (RB_UNLIKELY(id2ref_tbl)) {
-        st_insert(id2ref_tbl, (st_data_t)id, (st_data_t)obj);
+        RB_VM_LOCKING() {
+            st_insert(id2ref_tbl, (st_data_t)id, (st_data_t)obj);
+        }
     }
     return id;
 }
@@ -1919,21 +1995,21 @@ object_id(VALUE obj)
     switch (BUILTIN_TYPE(obj)) {
       case T_CLASS:
       case T_MODULE:
-        // With namespaces, classes and modules have different fields
-        // in different namespaces, so we cannot store the object id
+        // With Ruby Box, classes and modules have different fields
+        // in different boxes, so we cannot store the object id
         // in fields.
         return class_object_id(obj);
       case T_IMEMO:
-        rb_bug("T_IMEMO can't have an object_id");
+        RUBY_ASSERT(IMEMO_TYPE_P(obj, imemo_fields));
         break;
       default:
         break;
     }
 
     if (UNLIKELY(rb_gc_multi_ractor_p() && rb_ractor_shareable_p(obj))) {
-        unsigned int lock_lev = rb_gc_vm_lock();
+        unsigned int lock_lev = RB_GC_VM_LOCK();
         VALUE id = object_id0(obj);
-        rb_gc_vm_unlock(lock_lev);
+        RB_GC_VM_UNLOCK(lock_lev);
         return id;
     }
 
@@ -1948,18 +2024,26 @@ build_id2ref_i(VALUE obj, void *data)
     switch (BUILTIN_TYPE(obj)) {
       case T_CLASS:
       case T_MODULE:
+        RUBY_ASSERT(!rb_objspace_garbage_object_p(obj));
         if (RCLASS(obj)->object_id) {
             st_insert(id2ref_tbl, RCLASS(obj)->object_id, obj);
         }
         break;
       case T_IMEMO:
-      case T_NONE:
+        RUBY_ASSERT(!rb_objspace_garbage_object_p(obj));
+        if (IMEMO_TYPE_P(obj, imemo_fields) && rb_shape_obj_has_id(obj)) {
+            st_insert(id2ref_tbl, rb_obj_id(obj), rb_imemo_fields_owner(obj));
+        }
         break;
-      default:
+      case T_OBJECT:
+        RUBY_ASSERT(!rb_objspace_garbage_object_p(obj));
         if (rb_shape_obj_has_id(obj)) {
             st_insert(id2ref_tbl, rb_obj_id(obj), obj);
         }
         break;
+      default:
+        // For generic_fields, the T_IMEMO/fields is responsible for populating the entry.
+        break;
     }
 }
 
@@ -1968,7 +2052,7 @@ object_id_to_ref(void *objspace_ptr, VALUE object_id)
 {
     rb_objspace_t *objspace = objspace_ptr;
 
-    unsigned int lev = rb_gc_vm_lock();
+    unsigned int lev = RB_GC_VM_LOCK();
 
     if (!id2ref_tbl) {
         rb_gc_vm_barrier(); // stop other ractors
@@ -1976,23 +2060,26 @@ object_id_to_ref(void *objspace_ptr, VALUE object_id)
         // GC Must not trigger while we build the table, otherwise if we end
         // up freeing an object that had an ID, we might try to delete it from
         // the table even though it wasn't inserted yet.
-        id2ref_tbl = st_init_table(&object_id_hash_type);
-        id2ref_value = TypedData_Wrap_Struct(0, &id2ref_tbl_type, id2ref_tbl);
+        st_table *tmp_id2ref_tbl = st_init_table(&object_id_hash_type);
+        VALUE tmp_id2ref_value = TypedData_Wrap_Struct(0, &id2ref_tbl_type, tmp_id2ref_tbl);
 
         // build_id2ref_i will most certainly malloc, which could trigger GC and sweep
         // objects we just added to the table.
-        bool gc_disabled = RTEST(rb_gc_disable_no_rest());
+        // By calling rb_gc_disable() we also save having to handle potentially garbage objects.
+        bool gc_disabled = RTEST(rb_gc_disable());
         {
+            id2ref_tbl = tmp_id2ref_tbl;
+            id2ref_value = tmp_id2ref_value;
+
             rb_gc_impl_each_object(objspace, build_id2ref_i, (void *)id2ref_tbl);
         }
         if (!gc_disabled) rb_gc_enable();
-        id2ref_tbl_built = true;
     }
 
     VALUE obj;
     bool found = st_lookup(id2ref_tbl, object_id, &obj) && !rb_gc_impl_garbage_object_p(objspace, obj);
 
-    rb_gc_vm_unlock(lev);
+    RB_GC_VM_UNLOCK(lev);
 
     if (found) {
         return obj;
@@ -2009,34 +2096,40 @@ object_id_to_ref(void *objspace_ptr, VALUE object_id)
 static inline void
 obj_free_object_id(VALUE obj)
 {
-    if (RB_BUILTIN_TYPE(obj) == T_IMEMO) {
-        return;
-    }
-
     VALUE obj_id = 0;
     if (RB_UNLIKELY(id2ref_tbl)) {
         switch (BUILTIN_TYPE(obj)) {
           case T_CLASS:
           case T_MODULE:
-            if (RCLASS(obj)->object_id) {
-                obj_id = RCLASS(obj)->object_id;
-            }
+            obj_id = RCLASS(obj)->object_id;
             break;
-          default:
-            if (rb_shape_obj_has_id(obj)) {
-                obj_id = object_id(obj);
+          case T_IMEMO:
+            if (!IMEMO_TYPE_P(obj, imemo_fields)) {
+                return;
+            }
+            // fallthrough
+          case T_OBJECT:
+            {
+            shape_id_t shape_id = RBASIC_SHAPE_ID(obj);
+            if (rb_shape_has_object_id(shape_id)) {
+                obj_id = object_id_get(obj, shape_id);
             }
             break;
+          }
+          default:
+            // For generic_fields, the T_IMEMO/fields is responsible for freeing the id.
+            return;
         }
-    }
 
-    if (RB_UNLIKELY(obj_id)) {
-        RUBY_ASSERT(FIXNUM_P(obj_id) || RB_TYPE_P(obj, T_BIGNUM));
+        if (RB_UNLIKELY(obj_id)) {
+            RUBY_ASSERT(FIXNUM_P(obj_id) || RB_TYPE_P(obj_id, T_BIGNUM));
 
-        if (!st_delete(id2ref_tbl, (st_data_t *)&obj_id, NULL)) {
-            // If we're currently building the table then it's not a bug
-            if (id2ref_tbl_built) {
-                rb_bug("Object ID seen, but not in _id2ref table: object_id=%llu object=%s", NUM2ULL(obj_id), rb_obj_info(obj));
+            if (!st_delete(id2ref_tbl, (st_data_t *)&obj_id, NULL)) {
+                // The the object is a T_IMEMO/fields, then it's possible the actual object
+                // has been garbage collected already.
+                if (!RB_TYPE_P(obj, T_IMEMO)) {
+                    rb_bug("Object ID seen, but not in _id2ref table: object_id=%llu object=%s", NUM2ULL(obj_id), rb_obj_info(obj));
+                }
             }
         }
     }
@@ -2045,11 +2138,11 @@ obj_free_object_id(VALUE obj)
 void
 rb_gc_obj_free_vm_weak_references(VALUE obj)
 {
+    ASSUME(!RB_SPECIAL_CONST_P(obj));
     obj_free_object_id(obj);
 
-    if (FL_TEST_RAW(obj, FL_EXIVAR)) {
-        rb_free_generic_ivar((VALUE)obj);
-        FL_UNSET_RAW(obj, FL_EXIVAR);
+    if (rb_obj_gen_fields_p(obj)) {
+        rb_free_generic_ivar(obj);
     }
 
     switch (BUILTIN_TYPE(obj)) {
@@ -2063,6 +2156,15 @@ rb_gc_obj_free_vm_weak_references(VALUE obj)
         break;
       case T_IMEMO:
         switch (imemo_type(obj)) {
+          case imemo_callcache: {
+            const struct rb_callcache *cc = (const struct rb_callcache *)obj;
+
+            if (vm_cc_refinement_p(cc)) {
+                rb_vm_delete_cc_refinement(cc);
+            }
+
+            break;
+          }
           case imemo_callinfo:
             rb_vm_ci_free((const struct rb_callinfo *)obj);
             break;
@@ -2098,14 +2200,9 @@ rb_gc_obj_free_vm_weak_references(VALUE obj)
 static VALUE
 id2ref(VALUE objid)
 {
-#if SIZEOF_LONG == SIZEOF_VOIDP
-#define NUM2PTR(x) NUM2ULONG(x)
-#elif SIZEOF_LONG_LONG == SIZEOF_VOIDP
-#define NUM2PTR(x) NUM2ULL(x)
-#endif
     objid = rb_to_int(objid);
     if (FIXNUM_P(objid) || rb_big_size(objid) <= SIZEOF_VOIDP) {
-        VALUE ptr = NUM2PTR(objid);
+        VALUE ptr = (VALUE)NUM2PTR(objid);
         if (SPECIAL_CONST_P(ptr)) {
             if (ptr == Qtrue) return Qtrue;
             if (ptr == Qfalse) return Qfalse;
@@ -2219,26 +2316,35 @@ rb_obj_id_p(VALUE obj)
     return !RB_TYPE_P(obj, T_IMEMO) && rb_shape_obj_has_id(obj);
 }
 
-static enum rb_id_table_iterator_result
-cc_table_memsize_i(VALUE ccs_ptr, void *data_ptr)
+/*
+ * GC implementations should call this function before the GC phase that updates references
+ * embedded in the machine code generated by JIT compilers.  JIT compilers usually enforce the
+ * "W^X" policy and protect the code memory from being modified during execution.  This function
+ * makes the code memory writeable.
+ */
+void
+rb_gc_before_updating_jit_code(void)
 {
-    size_t *total_size = data_ptr;
-    struct rb_class_cc_entries *ccs = (struct rb_class_cc_entries *)ccs_ptr;
-    *total_size += sizeof(*ccs);
-    *total_size += sizeof(ccs->entries[0]) * ccs->capa;
-    return ID_TABLE_CONTINUE;
+#if USE_YJIT
+    rb_yjit_mark_all_writeable();
+#endif
 }
 
-static size_t
-cc_table_memsize(struct rb_id_table *cc_table)
+/*
+ * GC implementations should call this function before the GC phase that updates references
+ * embedded in the machine code generated by JIT compilers.  This function makes the code memory
+ * executable again.
+ */
+void
+rb_gc_after_updating_jit_code(void)
 {
-    size_t total = rb_id_table_memsize(cc_table);
-    rb_id_table_foreach_values(cc_table, cc_table_memsize_i, &total);
-    return total;
+#if USE_YJIT
+    rb_yjit_mark_all_executable();
+#endif
 }
 
 static void
-classext_memsize(rb_classext_t *ext, bool prime, VALUE namespace, void *arg)
+classext_memsize(rb_classext_t *ext, bool prime, VALUE box_value, void *arg)
 {
     size_t *size = (size_t *)arg;
     size_t s = 0;
@@ -2252,9 +2358,6 @@ classext_memsize(rb_classext_t *ext, bool prime, VALUE namespace, void *arg)
     if (RCLASSEXT_CONST_TBL(ext)) {
         s += rb_id_table_memsize(RCLASSEXT_CONST_TBL(ext));
     }
-    if (RCLASSEXT_CC_TBL(ext)) {
-        s += cc_table_memsize(RCLASSEXT_CC_TBL(ext));
-    }
     if (RCLASSEXT_SUPERCLASSES_WITH_SELF(ext)) {
         s += (RCLASSEXT_SUPERCLASS_DEPTH(ext) + 1) * sizeof(VALUE);
     }
@@ -2265,19 +2368,7 @@ classext_memsize(rb_classext_t *ext, bool prime, VALUE namespace, void *arg)
 }
 
 static void
-classext_fields_hash_memsize(rb_classext_t *ext, bool prime, VALUE namespace, void *arg)
-{
-    size_t *size = (size_t *)arg;
-    size_t count;
-    RB_VM_LOCKING() {
-        count = rb_st_table_size((st_table *)RCLASSEXT_FIELDS(ext));
-    }
-    // class IV sizes are allocated as powers of two
-    *size += SIZEOF_VALUE << bit_length(count);
-}
-
-static void
-classext_superclasses_memsize(rb_classext_t *ext, bool prime, VALUE namespace, void *arg)
+classext_superclasses_memsize(rb_classext_t *ext, bool prime, VALUE box_value, void *arg)
 {
     size_t *size = (size_t *)arg;
     size_t array_size;
@@ -2297,31 +2388,20 @@ rb_obj_memsize_of(VALUE obj)
         return 0;
     }
 
-    if (FL_TEST(obj, FL_EXIVAR)) {
-        size += rb_generic_ivar_memsize(obj);
-    }
-
     switch (BUILTIN_TYPE(obj)) {
       case T_OBJECT:
-        if (rb_shape_obj_too_complex_p(obj)) {
-            size += rb_st_memsize(ROBJECT_FIELDS_HASH(obj));
-        }
-        else if (!(RBASIC(obj)->flags & ROBJECT_EMBED)) {
-            size += ROBJECT_FIELDS_CAPACITY(obj) * sizeof(VALUE);
+        if (FL_TEST_RAW(obj, ROBJECT_HEAP)) {
+            if (rb_shape_obj_too_complex_p(obj)) {
+                size += rb_st_memsize(ROBJECT_FIELDS_HASH(obj));
+            }
+            else {
+                size += ROBJECT_FIELDS_CAPACITY(obj) * sizeof(VALUE);
+            }
         }
         break;
       case T_MODULE:
       case T_CLASS:
         rb_class_classext_foreach(obj, classext_memsize, (void *)&size);
-
-        if (rb_shape_obj_too_complex_p(obj)) {
-            rb_class_classext_foreach(obj, classext_fields_hash_memsize, (void *)&size);
-        }
-        else {
-            // class IV sizes are allocated as powers of two
-            size += SIZEOF_VALUE << bit_length(RCLASS_FIELDS_COUNT(obj));
-        }
-
         rb_class_classext_foreach(obj, classext_superclasses_memsize, (void *)&size);
         break;
       case T_ICLASS:
@@ -2330,9 +2410,6 @@ rb_obj_memsize_of(VALUE obj)
                 size += rb_id_table_memsize(RCLASS_M_TBL(obj));
             }
         }
-        if (RCLASS_WRITABLE_CC_TBL(obj)) {
-            size += cc_table_memsize(RCLASS_WRITABLE_CC_TBL(obj));
-        }
         break;
       case T_STRING:
         size += rb_str_memsize(obj);
@@ -2389,9 +2466,8 @@ rb_obj_memsize_of(VALUE obj)
         break;
 
       case T_STRUCT:
-        if ((RBASIC(obj)->flags & RSTRUCT_EMBED_LEN_MASK) == 0 &&
-            RSTRUCT(obj)->as.heap.ptr) {
-            size += sizeof(VALUE) * RSTRUCT_LEN(obj);
+        if (RSTRUCT_EMBED_LEN(obj) == 0) {
+            size += sizeof(VALUE) * RSTRUCT_LEN_RAW(obj);
         }
         break;
 
@@ -2477,6 +2553,7 @@ count_objects(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE os)
 {
     struct count_objects_data data = { 0 };
     VALUE hash = Qnil;
+    VALUE types[T_MASK + 1];
 
     if (rb_check_arity(argc, 0, 1) == 1) {
         hash = argv[0];
@@ -2484,6 +2561,17 @@ count_objects(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE os)
             rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "non-hash given");
     }
 
+    for (size_t i = 0; i <= T_MASK; i++) {
+        // type_sym can allocate an object,
+        // so we need to create all key symbols in advance
+        // not to disturb the result
+        types[i] = type_sym(i);
+    }
+
+    // Same as type_sym, we need to create all key symbols in advance
+    VALUE total = ID2SYM(rb_intern("TOTAL"));
+    VALUE free = ID2SYM(rb_intern("FREE"));
+
     rb_gc_impl_each_object(rb_gc_get_objspace(), count_objects_i, &data);
 
     if (NIL_P(hash)) {
@@ -2492,13 +2580,13 @@ count_objects(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE os)
     else if (!RHASH_EMPTY_P(hash)) {
         rb_hash_stlike_foreach(hash, set_zero, hash);
     }
-    rb_hash_aset(hash, ID2SYM(rb_intern("TOTAL")), SIZET2NUM(data.total));
-    rb_hash_aset(hash, ID2SYM(rb_intern("FREE")), SIZET2NUM(data.freed));
+    rb_hash_aset(hash, total, SIZET2NUM(data.total));
+    rb_hash_aset(hash, free, SIZET2NUM(data.freed));
 
     for (size_t i = 0; i <= T_MASK; i++) {
-        VALUE type = type_sym(i);
-        if (data.counts[i])
-            rb_hash_aset(hash, type, SIZET2NUM(data.counts[i]));
+        if (data.counts[i]) {
+            rb_hash_aset(hash, types[i], SIZET2NUM(data.counts[i]));
+        }
     }
 
     return hash;
@@ -2642,29 +2730,6 @@ rb_gc_mark_maybe(VALUE obj)
     gc_mark_maybe_internal(obj);
 }
 
-void
-rb_gc_mark_weak(VALUE *ptr)
-{
-    if (RB_SPECIAL_CONST_P(*ptr)) return;
-
-    rb_vm_t *vm = GET_VM();
-    void *objspace = vm->gc.objspace;
-    if (LIKELY(vm->gc.mark_func_data == NULL)) {
-        GC_ASSERT(rb_gc_impl_during_gc_p(objspace));
-
-        rb_gc_impl_mark_weak(objspace, ptr);
-    }
-    else {
-        GC_ASSERT(!rb_gc_impl_during_gc_p(objspace));
-    }
-}
-
-void
-rb_gc_remove_weak(VALUE parent_obj, VALUE *ptr)
-{
-    rb_gc_impl_remove_weak(rb_gc_get_objspace(), parent_obj, ptr);
-}
-
 ATTRIBUTE_NO_ADDRESS_SAFETY_ANALYSIS(static void each_location(register const VALUE *x, register long n, void (*cb)(VALUE, void *), void *data));
 static void
 each_location(register const VALUE *x, register long n, void (*cb)(VALUE, void *), void *data)
@@ -2797,8 +2862,10 @@ mark_const_entry_i(VALUE value, void *objspace)
 {
     const rb_const_entry_t *ce = (const rb_const_entry_t *)value;
 
-    gc_mark_internal(ce->value);
-    gc_mark_internal(ce->file);
+    if (!rb_gc_checking_shareable()) {
+        gc_mark_internal(ce->value);
+        gc_mark_internal(ce->file); // TODO: ce->file should be shareable?
+    }
     return ID_TABLE_CONTINUE;
 }
 
@@ -2809,47 +2876,6 @@ mark_const_tbl(rb_objspace_t *objspace, struct rb_id_table *tbl)
     rb_id_table_foreach_values(tbl, mark_const_entry_i, objspace);
 }
 
-struct mark_cc_entry_args {
-    rb_objspace_t *objspace;
-    VALUE klass;
-};
-
-static enum rb_id_table_iterator_result
-mark_cc_entry_i(VALUE ccs_ptr, void *data)
-{
-    struct rb_class_cc_entries *ccs = (struct rb_class_cc_entries *)ccs_ptr;
-
-    VM_ASSERT(vm_ccs_p(ccs));
-
-    if (METHOD_ENTRY_INVALIDATED(ccs->cme)) {
-        rb_vm_ccs_free(ccs);
-        return ID_TABLE_DELETE;
-    }
-    else {
-        gc_mark_internal((VALUE)ccs->cme);
-
-        for (int i=0; i<ccs->len; i++) {
-            VM_ASSERT(((struct mark_cc_entry_args *)data)->klass == ccs->entries[i].cc->klass);
-            VM_ASSERT(vm_cc_check_cme(ccs->entries[i].cc, ccs->cme));
-
-            gc_mark_internal((VALUE)ccs->entries[i].cc);
-        }
-        return ID_TABLE_CONTINUE;
-    }
-}
-
-static void
-mark_cc_tbl(rb_objspace_t *objspace, struct rb_id_table *tbl, VALUE klass)
-{
-    struct mark_cc_entry_args args;
-
-    if (!tbl) return;
-
-    args.objspace = objspace;
-    args.klass = klass;
-    rb_id_table_foreach_values(tbl, mark_cc_entry_i, (void *)&args);
-}
-
 static enum rb_id_table_iterator_result
 mark_cvc_tbl_i(VALUE cvc_entry, void *objspace)
 {
@@ -2900,6 +2926,16 @@ gc_mark_machine_stack_location_maybe(VALUE obj, void *data)
 #endif
 }
 
+static bool
+gc_object_moved_p_internal(void *objspace, VALUE obj)
+{
+    if (SPECIAL_CONST_P(obj)) {
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    return rb_gc_impl_object_moved_p(objspace, obj);
+}
+
 static VALUE
 gc_location_internal(void *objspace, VALUE value)
 {
@@ -3050,7 +3086,6 @@ rb_gc_mark_roots(void *objspace, const char **categoryp)
 
     MARK_CHECKPOINT("vm");
     rb_vm_mark(vm);
-    if (vm->self) gc_mark_internal(vm->self);
 
     MARK_CHECKPOINT("end_proc");
     rb_mark_end_proc();
@@ -3067,11 +3102,19 @@ rb_gc_mark_roots(void *objspace, const char **categoryp)
     }
 #endif
 
+#if USE_ZJIT
+    void rb_zjit_root_mark(void);
+    if (rb_zjit_enabled_p) {
+        MARK_CHECKPOINT("ZJIT");
+        rb_zjit_root_mark();
+    }
+#endif
+
     MARK_CHECKPOINT("machine_context");
     mark_current_machine_context(ec);
 
     MARK_CHECKPOINT("global_symbols");
-    rb_sym_global_symbols_mark();
+    rb_sym_global_symbols_mark_and_move();
 
     MARK_CHECKPOINT("finish");
 
@@ -3084,35 +3127,35 @@ struct gc_mark_classext_foreach_arg {
 };
 
 static void
-gc_mark_classext_module(rb_classext_t *ext, bool prime, VALUE namespace, void *arg)
+gc_mark_classext_module(rb_classext_t *ext, bool prime, VALUE box_value, void *arg)
 {
     struct gc_mark_classext_foreach_arg *foreach_arg = (struct gc_mark_classext_foreach_arg *)arg;
     rb_objspace_t *objspace = foreach_arg->objspace;
-    VALUE obj = foreach_arg->obj;
 
     if (RCLASSEXT_SUPER(ext)) {
         gc_mark_internal(RCLASSEXT_SUPER(ext));
     }
     mark_m_tbl(objspace, RCLASSEXT_M_TBL(ext));
-    if (rb_shape_obj_too_complex_p(obj)) {
-        gc_mark_tbl_no_pin((st_table *)RCLASSEXT_FIELDS(ext));
-        // for the case ELSE is written in rb_gc_mark_children() because it's per RClass, not classext
+
+    if (!rb_gc_checking_shareable()) {
+        // unshareable
+        gc_mark_internal(RCLASSEXT_FIELDS_OBJ(ext));
     }
+
     if (!RCLASSEXT_SHARED_CONST_TBL(ext) && RCLASSEXT_CONST_TBL(ext)) {
         mark_const_tbl(objspace, RCLASSEXT_CONST_TBL(ext));
     }
     mark_m_tbl(objspace, RCLASSEXT_CALLABLE_M_TBL(ext));
-    mark_cc_tbl(objspace, RCLASSEXT_CC_TBL(ext), obj);
+    gc_mark_internal(RCLASSEXT_CC_TBL(ext));
     mark_cvc_tbl(objspace, RCLASSEXT_CVC_TBL(ext));
     gc_mark_internal(RCLASSEXT_CLASSPATH(ext));
 }
 
 static void
-gc_mark_classext_iclass(rb_classext_t *ext, bool prime, VALUE namespace, void *arg)
+gc_mark_classext_iclass(rb_classext_t *ext, bool prime, VALUE box_value, void *arg)
 {
     struct gc_mark_classext_foreach_arg *foreach_arg = (struct gc_mark_classext_foreach_arg *)arg;
     rb_objspace_t *objspace = foreach_arg->objspace;
-    VALUE iclass = foreach_arg->obj;
 
     if (RCLASSEXT_SUPER(ext)) {
         gc_mark_internal(RCLASSEXT_SUPER(ext));
@@ -3124,28 +3167,31 @@ gc_mark_classext_iclass(rb_classext_t *ext, bool prime, VALUE namespace, void *a
         gc_mark_internal(RCLASSEXT_INCLUDER(ext));
     }
     mark_m_tbl(objspace, RCLASSEXT_CALLABLE_M_TBL(ext));
-    mark_cc_tbl(objspace, RCLASSEXT_CC_TBL(ext), iclass);
+    gc_mark_internal(RCLASSEXT_CC_TBL(ext));
 }
 
 #define TYPED_DATA_REFS_OFFSET_LIST(d) (size_t *)(uintptr_t)RTYPEDDATA_TYPE(d)->function.dmark
 
 void
+rb_gc_move_obj_during_marking(VALUE from, VALUE to)
+{
+    if (rb_obj_using_gen_fields_table_p(to)) {
+        rb_mark_generic_ivar(from);
+    }
+}
+
+void
 rb_gc_mark_children(void *objspace, VALUE obj)
 {
     struct gc_mark_classext_foreach_arg foreach_args;
 
-    if (FL_TEST_RAW(obj, FL_EXIVAR)) {
+    if (rb_obj_using_gen_fields_table_p(obj)) {
         rb_mark_generic_ivar(obj);
     }
 
     switch (BUILTIN_TYPE(obj)) {
       case T_FLOAT:
       case T_BIGNUM:
-      case T_SYMBOL:
-        /* Not immediates, but does not have references and singleton class.
-         *
-         * RSYMBOL(obj)->fstr intentionally not marked. See log for 96815f1e
-         * ("symbol.c: remove rb_gc_mark_symbols()") */
         return;
 
       case T_NIL:
@@ -3169,7 +3215,8 @@ rb_gc_mark_children(void *objspace, VALUE obj)
 
     switch (BUILTIN_TYPE(obj)) {
       case T_CLASS:
-        if (FL_TEST_RAW(obj, FL_SINGLETON)) {
+        if (FL_TEST_RAW(obj, FL_SINGLETON) &&
+            !rb_gc_checking_shareable()) {
             gc_mark_internal(RCLASS_ATTACHED_OBJECT(obj));
         }
         // Continue to the shared T_CLASS/T_MODULE
@@ -3177,11 +3224,8 @@ rb_gc_mark_children(void *objspace, VALUE obj)
         foreach_args.objspace = objspace;
         foreach_args.obj = obj;
         rb_class_classext_foreach(obj, gc_mark_classext_module, (void *)&foreach_args);
-
-        if (!rb_shape_obj_too_complex_p(obj)) {
-            for (attr_index_t i = 0; i < RCLASS_FIELDS_COUNT(obj); i++) {
-                gc_mark_internal(RCLASS_PRIME_FIELDS(obj)[i]);
-            }
+        if (BOX_USER_P(RCLASS_PRIME_BOX(obj))) {
+            gc_mark_internal(RCLASS_PRIME_BOX(obj)->box_object);
         }
         break;
 
@@ -3189,6 +3233,9 @@ rb_gc_mark_children(void *objspace, VALUE obj)
         foreach_args.objspace = objspace;
         foreach_args.obj = obj;
         rb_class_classext_foreach(obj, gc_mark_classext_iclass, (void *)&foreach_args);
+        if (BOX_USER_P(RCLASS_PRIME_BOX(obj))) {
+            gc_mark_internal(RCLASS_PRIME_BOX(obj)->box_object);
+        }
         break;
 
       case T_ARRAY:
@@ -3209,6 +3256,10 @@ rb_gc_mark_children(void *objspace, VALUE obj)
         mark_hash(obj);
         break;
 
+      case T_SYMBOL:
+        gc_mark_internal(RSYMBOL(obj)->fstr);
+        break;
+
       case T_STRING:
         if (STR_SHARED_P(obj)) {
             if (STR_EMBED_P(RSTRING(obj)->as.heap.aux.shared)) {
@@ -3225,10 +3276,15 @@ rb_gc_mark_children(void *objspace, VALUE obj)
         break;
 
       case T_DATA: {
-        void *const ptr = RTYPEDDATA_P(obj) ? RTYPEDDATA_GET_DATA(obj) : DATA_PTR(obj);
+        bool typed_data = RTYPEDDATA_P(obj);
+        void *const ptr = typed_data ? RTYPEDDATA_GET_DATA(obj) : DATA_PTR(obj);
+
+        if (typed_data) {
+            gc_mark_internal(RTYPEDDATA(obj)->fields_obj);
+        }
 
         if (ptr) {
-            if (RTYPEDDATA_P(obj) && gc_declarative_marking_p(RTYPEDDATA_TYPE(obj))) {
+            if (typed_data && gc_declarative_marking_p(RTYPEDDATA_TYPE(obj))) {
                 size_t *offset_list = TYPED_DATA_REFS_OFFSET_LIST(obj);
 
                 for (size_t offset = *offset_list; offset != RUBY_REF_END; offset = *offset_list++) {
@@ -3236,7 +3292,7 @@ rb_gc_mark_children(void *objspace, VALUE obj)
                 }
             }
             else {
-                RUBY_DATA_FUNC mark_func = RTYPEDDATA_P(obj) ?
+                RUBY_DATA_FUNC mark_func = typed_data ?
                     RTYPEDDATA_TYPE(obj)->function.dmark :
                     RDATA(obj)->dmark;
                 if (mark_func) (*mark_func)(ptr);
@@ -3247,19 +3303,21 @@ rb_gc_mark_children(void *objspace, VALUE obj)
       }
 
       case T_OBJECT: {
+        uint32_t len;
         if (rb_shape_obj_too_complex_p(obj)) {
             gc_mark_tbl_no_pin(ROBJECT_FIELDS_HASH(obj));
+            len = ROBJECT_FIELDS_COUNT_COMPLEX(obj);
         }
         else {
             const VALUE * const ptr = ROBJECT_FIELDS(obj);
 
-            uint32_t len = ROBJECT_FIELDS_COUNT(obj);
+            len = ROBJECT_FIELDS_COUNT_NOT_COMPLEX(obj);
             for (uint32_t i = 0; i < len; i++) {
                 gc_mark_internal(ptr[i]);
             }
         }
 
-        attr_index_t fields_count = ROBJECT_FIELDS_COUNT(obj);
+        attr_index_t fields_count = (attr_index_t)len;
         if (fields_count) {
             VALUE klass = RBASIC_CLASS(obj);
 
@@ -3315,6 +3373,10 @@ rb_gc_mark_children(void *objspace, VALUE obj)
             gc_mark_internal(ptr[i]);
         }
 
+        if (rb_shape_obj_has_fields(obj) && !FL_TEST_RAW(obj, RSTRUCT_GEN_FIELDS)) {
+            gc_mark_internal(RSTRUCT_FIELDS_OBJ(obj));
+        }
+
         break;
       }
 
@@ -3333,18 +3395,40 @@ rb_gc_obj_optimal_size(VALUE obj)
 {
     switch (BUILTIN_TYPE(obj)) {
       case T_ARRAY:
-        return rb_ary_size_as_embedded(obj);
+        {
+            size_t size = rb_ary_size_as_embedded(obj);
+            if (rb_gc_size_allocatable_p(size)) {
+                return size;
+            }
+            else {
+                return sizeof(struct RArray);
+            }
+        }
 
       case T_OBJECT:
         if (rb_shape_obj_too_complex_p(obj)) {
             return sizeof(struct RObject);
         }
         else {
-            return rb_obj_embedded_size(ROBJECT_FIELDS_CAPACITY(obj));
+            size_t size = rb_obj_embedded_size(ROBJECT_FIELDS_CAPACITY(obj));
+            if (rb_gc_size_allocatable_p(size)) {
+                return size;
+            }
+            else {
+                return sizeof(struct RObject);
+            }
         }
 
       case T_STRING:
-        return rb_str_size_as_embedded(obj);
+        {
+            size_t size = rb_str_size_as_embedded(obj);
+            if (rb_gc_size_allocatable_p(size)) {
+                return size;
+            }
+            else {
+                return sizeof(struct RString);
+            }
+        }
 
       case T_HASH:
         return sizeof(struct RHash) + (RHASH_ST_TABLE_P(obj) ? sizeof(st_table) : sizeof(ar_table));
@@ -3578,19 +3662,21 @@ gc_ref_update_object(void *objspace, VALUE v)
 {
     VALUE *ptr = ROBJECT_FIELDS(v);
 
-    if (rb_shape_obj_too_complex_p(v)) {
-        gc_ref_update_table_values_only(ROBJECT_FIELDS_HASH(v));
-        return;
-    }
+    if (FL_TEST_RAW(v, ROBJECT_HEAP)) {
+        if (rb_shape_obj_too_complex_p(v)) {
+            gc_ref_update_table_values_only(ROBJECT_FIELDS_HASH(v));
+            return;
+        }
 
-    size_t slot_size = rb_gc_obj_slot_size(v);
-    size_t embed_size = rb_obj_embedded_size(ROBJECT_FIELDS_CAPACITY(v));
-    if (slot_size >= embed_size && !RB_FL_TEST_RAW(v, ROBJECT_EMBED)) {
-        // Object can be re-embedded
-        memcpy(ROBJECT(v)->as.ary, ptr, sizeof(VALUE) * ROBJECT_FIELDS_COUNT(v));
-        RB_FL_SET_RAW(v, ROBJECT_EMBED);
-        xfree(ptr);
-        ptr = ROBJECT(v)->as.ary;
+        size_t slot_size = rb_gc_obj_slot_size(v);
+        size_t embed_size = rb_obj_embedded_size(ROBJECT_FIELDS_CAPACITY(v));
+        if (slot_size >= embed_size) {
+            // Object can be re-embedded
+            memcpy(ROBJECT(v)->as.ary, ptr, sizeof(VALUE) * ROBJECT_FIELDS_COUNT(v));
+            FL_UNSET_RAW(v, ROBJECT_HEAP);
+            xfree(ptr);
+            ptr = ROBJECT(v)->as.ary;
+        }
     }
 
     for (uint32_t i = 0; i < ROBJECT_FIELDS_COUNT(v); i++) {
@@ -3636,7 +3722,7 @@ check_id_table_move(VALUE value, void *data)
 {
     void *objspace = (void *)data;
 
-    if (rb_gc_impl_object_moved_p(objspace, (VALUE)value)) {
+    if (gc_object_moved_p_internal(objspace, (VALUE)value)) {
         return ID_TABLE_REPLACE;
     }
 
@@ -3680,7 +3766,7 @@ update_id_table(VALUE *value, void *data, int existing)
 {
     void *objspace = (void *)data;
 
-    if (rb_gc_impl_object_moved_p(objspace, (VALUE)*value)) {
+    if (gc_object_moved_p_internal(objspace, (VALUE)*value)) {
         *value = gc_location_internal(objspace, (VALUE)*value);
     }
 
@@ -3696,33 +3782,6 @@ update_m_tbl(void *objspace, struct rb_id_table *tbl)
 }
 
 static enum rb_id_table_iterator_result
-update_cc_tbl_i(VALUE ccs_ptr, void *objspace)
-{
-    struct rb_class_cc_entries *ccs = (struct rb_class_cc_entries *)ccs_ptr;
-    VM_ASSERT(vm_ccs_p(ccs));
-
-    if (rb_gc_impl_object_moved_p(objspace, (VALUE)ccs->cme)) {
-        ccs->cme = (const rb_callable_method_entry_t *)gc_location_internal(objspace, (VALUE)ccs->cme);
-    }
-
-    for (int i=0; i<ccs->len; i++) {
-        if (rb_gc_impl_object_moved_p(objspace, (VALUE)ccs->entries[i].cc)) {
-            ccs->entries[i].cc = (struct rb_callcache *)gc_location_internal(objspace, (VALUE)ccs->entries[i].cc);
-        }
-    }
-
-    // do not replace
-    return ID_TABLE_CONTINUE;
-}
-
-static void
-update_cc_tbl(void *objspace, struct rb_id_table *tbl)
-{
-    if (!tbl) return;
-    rb_id_table_foreach_values(tbl, update_cc_tbl_i, objspace);
-}
-
-static enum rb_id_table_iterator_result
 update_cvc_tbl_i(VALUE cvc_entry, void *objspace)
 {
     struct rb_cvar_class_tbl_entry *entry;
@@ -3750,11 +3809,11 @@ update_const_tbl_i(VALUE value, void *objspace)
 {
     rb_const_entry_t *ce = (rb_const_entry_t *)value;
 
-    if (rb_gc_impl_object_moved_p(objspace, ce->value)) {
+    if (gc_object_moved_p_internal(objspace, ce->value)) {
         ce->value = gc_location_internal(objspace, ce->value);
     }
 
-    if (rb_gc_impl_object_moved_p(objspace, ce->file)) {
+    if (gc_object_moved_p_internal(objspace, ce->file)) {
         ce->file = gc_location_internal(objspace, ce->file);
     }
 
@@ -3805,10 +3864,9 @@ update_classext_values(rb_objspace_t *objspace, rb_classext_t *ext, bool is_icla
 }
 
 static void
-update_classext(rb_classext_t *ext, bool is_prime, VALUE namespace, void *arg)
+update_classext(rb_classext_t *ext, bool is_prime, VALUE box_value, void *arg)
 {
     struct classext_foreach_args *args = (struct classext_foreach_args *)arg;
-    VALUE klass = args->klass;
     rb_objspace_t *objspace = args->objspace;
 
     if (RCLASSEXT_SUPER(ext)) {
@@ -3817,20 +3875,11 @@ update_classext(rb_classext_t *ext, bool is_prime, VALUE namespace, void *arg)
 
     update_m_tbl(objspace, RCLASSEXT_M_TBL(ext));
 
-    if (args->obj_too_complex) {
-        gc_ref_update_table_values_only((st_table *)RCLASSEXT_FIELDS(ext));
-    }
-    else {
-        // Classext is not copied in this case
-        for (attr_index_t i = 0; i < RCLASS_FIELDS_COUNT(klass); i++) {
-            UPDATE_IF_MOVED(objspace, RCLASSEXT_FIELDS(RCLASS_EXT_PRIME(klass))[i]);
-        }
-    }
-
+    UPDATE_IF_MOVED(objspace, ext->fields_obj);
     if (!RCLASSEXT_SHARED_CONST_TBL(ext)) {
         update_const_tbl(objspace, RCLASSEXT_CONST_TBL(ext));
     }
-    update_cc_tbl(objspace, RCLASSEXT_CC_TBL(ext));
+    UPDATE_IF_MOVED(objspace, RCLASSEXT_CC_TBL(ext));
     update_cvc_tbl(objspace, RCLASSEXT_CVC_TBL(ext));
     update_superclasses(objspace, ext);
     update_subclasses(objspace, ext);
@@ -3839,7 +3888,7 @@ update_classext(rb_classext_t *ext, bool is_prime, VALUE namespace, void *arg)
 }
 
 static void
-update_iclass_classext(rb_classext_t *ext, bool is_prime, VALUE namespace, void *arg)
+update_iclass_classext(rb_classext_t *ext, bool is_prime, VALUE box_value, void *arg)
 {
     struct classext_foreach_args *args = (struct classext_foreach_args *)arg;
     rb_objspace_t *objspace = args->objspace;
@@ -3849,15 +3898,12 @@ update_iclass_classext(rb_classext_t *ext, bool is_prime, VALUE namespace, void
     }
     update_m_tbl(objspace, RCLASSEXT_M_TBL(ext));
     update_m_tbl(objspace, RCLASSEXT_CALLABLE_M_TBL(ext));
-    update_cc_tbl(objspace, RCLASSEXT_CC_TBL(ext));
+    UPDATE_IF_MOVED(objspace, RCLASSEXT_CC_TBL(ext));
     update_subclasses(objspace, ext);
 
     update_classext_values(objspace, ext, true);
 }
 
-extern rb_symbols_t ruby_global_symbols;
-#define global_symbols ruby_global_symbols
-
 struct global_vm_table_foreach_data {
     vm_table_foreach_callback_func callback;
     vm_table_update_callback_func update_callback;
@@ -3898,66 +3944,37 @@ vm_weak_table_foreach_update_weak_key(st_data_t *key, st_data_t *value, st_data_
 }
 
 static int
-vm_weak_table_str_sym_foreach(st_data_t key, st_data_t value, st_data_t data, int error)
+vm_weak_table_cc_refinement_foreach(st_data_t key, st_data_t data, int error)
 {
     struct global_vm_table_foreach_data *iter_data = (struct global_vm_table_foreach_data *)data;
 
-    if (!iter_data->weak_only) {
-        int ret = iter_data->callback((VALUE)key, iter_data->data);
-        if (ret != ST_CONTINUE) return ret;
-    }
-
-    if (STATIC_SYM_P(value)) {
-        return ST_CONTINUE;
-    }
-    else {
-        return iter_data->callback((VALUE)value, iter_data->data);
-    }
+    return iter_data->callback((VALUE)key, iter_data->data);
 }
 
 static int
-vm_weak_table_foreach_update_weak_value(st_data_t *key, st_data_t *value, st_data_t data, int existing)
+vm_weak_table_cc_refinement_foreach_update_update(st_data_t *key, st_data_t data, int existing)
 {
     struct global_vm_table_foreach_data *iter_data = (struct global_vm_table_foreach_data *)data;
 
-    if (!iter_data->weak_only) {
-        int ret = iter_data->update_callback((VALUE *)key, iter_data->data);
-        if (ret != ST_CONTINUE) return ret;
-    }
-
-    return iter_data->update_callback((VALUE *)value, iter_data->data);
+    return iter_data->update_callback((VALUE *)key, iter_data->data);
 }
 
-static void
-free_gen_fields_tbl(VALUE obj, struct gen_fields_tbl *fields_tbl)
-{
-    if (UNLIKELY(rb_shape_obj_too_complex_p(obj))) {
-        st_free_table(fields_tbl->as.complex.table);
-    }
-
-    xfree(fields_tbl);
-}
 
 static int
-vm_weak_table_gen_fields_foreach_too_complex_i(st_data_t _key, st_data_t value, st_data_t data, int error)
+vm_weak_table_sym_set_foreach(VALUE *sym_ptr, void *data)
 {
+    VALUE sym = *sym_ptr;
     struct global_vm_table_foreach_data *iter_data = (struct global_vm_table_foreach_data *)data;
 
-    GC_ASSERT(!iter_data->weak_only);
+    if (RB_SPECIAL_CONST_P(sym)) return ST_CONTINUE;
 
-    if (SPECIAL_CONST_P((VALUE)value)) return ST_CONTINUE;
+    int ret = iter_data->callback(sym, iter_data->data);
 
-    return iter_data->callback((VALUE)value, iter_data->data);
-}
-
-static int
-vm_weak_table_gen_fields_foreach_too_complex_replace_i(st_data_t *_key, st_data_t *value, st_data_t data, int existing)
-{
-    struct global_vm_table_foreach_data *iter_data = (struct global_vm_table_foreach_data *)data;
-
-    GC_ASSERT(!iter_data->weak_only);
+    if (ret == ST_REPLACE) {
+        ret = iter_data->update_callback(sym_ptr, iter_data->data);
+    }
 
-    return iter_data->update_callback((VALUE *)value, iter_data->data);
+    return ret;
 }
 
 struct st_table *rb_generic_fields_tbl_get(void);
@@ -3996,76 +4013,74 @@ vm_weak_table_gen_fields_foreach(st_data_t key, st_data_t value, st_data_t data)
 
     int ret = iter_data->callback((VALUE)key, iter_data->data);
 
+    VALUE new_value = (VALUE)value;
+    VALUE new_key = (VALUE)key;
+
     switch (ret) {
       case ST_CONTINUE:
         break;
 
       case ST_DELETE:
-        free_gen_fields_tbl((VALUE)key, (struct gen_fields_tbl *)value);
-
-        FL_UNSET((VALUE)key, FL_EXIVAR);
+        RBASIC_SET_SHAPE_ID((VALUE)key, ROOT_SHAPE_ID);
         return ST_DELETE;
 
       case ST_REPLACE: {
-        VALUE new_key = (VALUE)key;
         ret = iter_data->update_callback(&new_key, iter_data->data);
-        if (key != new_key) ret = ST_DELETE;
-        DURING_GC_COULD_MALLOC_REGION_START();
-        {
-            st_insert(rb_generic_fields_tbl_get(), (st_data_t)new_key, value);
+        if (key != new_key) {
+            ret = ST_DELETE;
         }
-        DURING_GC_COULD_MALLOC_REGION_END();
-        key = (st_data_t)new_key;
         break;
       }
 
       default:
-        return ret;
+        rb_bug("vm_weak_table_gen_fields_foreach: return value %d not supported", ret);
     }
 
     if (!iter_data->weak_only) {
-        struct gen_fields_tbl *fields_tbl = (struct gen_fields_tbl *)value;
+        int ivar_ret = iter_data->callback(new_value, iter_data->data);
+        switch (ivar_ret) {
+          case ST_CONTINUE:
+            break;
 
-        if (rb_shape_obj_too_complex_p((VALUE)key)) {
-            st_foreach_with_replace(
-                fields_tbl->as.complex.table,
-                vm_weak_table_gen_fields_foreach_too_complex_i,
-                vm_weak_table_gen_fields_foreach_too_complex_replace_i,
-                data
-            );
+          case ST_REPLACE:
+            iter_data->update_callback(&new_value, iter_data->data);
+            break;
+
+          default:
+            rb_bug("vm_weak_table_gen_fields_foreach: return value %d not supported", ivar_ret);
         }
-        else {
-            for (uint32_t i = 0; i < fields_tbl->as.shape.fields_count; i++) {
-                if (SPECIAL_CONST_P(fields_tbl->as.shape.fields[i])) continue;
+    }
 
-                int ivar_ret = iter_data->callback(fields_tbl->as.shape.fields[i], iter_data->data);
-                switch (ivar_ret) {
-                  case ST_CONTINUE:
-                    break;
-                  case ST_REPLACE:
-                    iter_data->update_callback(&fields_tbl->as.shape.fields[i], iter_data->data);
-                    break;
-                  default:
-                    rb_bug("vm_weak_table_gen_fields_foreach: return value %d not supported", ivar_ret);
-                }
-            }
+    if (key != new_key || value != new_value) {
+        DURING_GC_COULD_MALLOC_REGION_START();
+        {
+            st_insert(rb_generic_fields_tbl_get(), (st_data_t)new_key, new_value);
         }
+        DURING_GC_COULD_MALLOC_REGION_END();
     }
 
     return ret;
 }
 
 static int
-vm_weak_table_frozen_strings_foreach(st_data_t key, st_data_t value, st_data_t data, int error)
+vm_weak_table_frozen_strings_foreach(VALUE *str, void *data)
 {
-    int retval = vm_weak_table_foreach_weak_key(key, value, data, error);
+    // int retval = vm_weak_table_foreach_weak_key(key, value, data, error);
+    struct global_vm_table_foreach_data *iter_data = (struct global_vm_table_foreach_data *)data;
+    int retval = iter_data->callback(*str, iter_data->data);
+
+    if (retval == ST_REPLACE) {
+        retval = iter_data->update_callback(str, iter_data->data);
+    }
+
     if (retval == ST_DELETE) {
-        FL_UNSET((VALUE)key, RSTRING_FSTR);
+        FL_UNSET(*str, RSTRING_FSTR);
     }
+
     return retval;
 }
 
-void rb_fstring_foreach_with_replace(st_foreach_check_callback_func *func, st_update_callback_func *replace, st_data_t arg);
+void rb_fstring_foreach_with_replace(int (*callback)(VALUE *str, void *data), void *data);
 void
 rb_gc_vm_weak_table_foreach(vm_table_foreach_callback_func callback,
                             vm_table_update_callback_func update_callback,
@@ -4106,14 +4121,10 @@ rb_gc_vm_weak_table_foreach(vm_table_foreach_callback_func callback,
         break;
       }
       case RB_GC_VM_GLOBAL_SYMBOLS_TABLE: {
-        if (global_symbols.str_sym) {
-            st_foreach_with_replace(
-                global_symbols.str_sym,
-                vm_weak_table_str_sym_foreach,
-                vm_weak_table_foreach_update_weak_value,
-                (st_data_t)&foreach_data
-            );
-        }
+        rb_sym_global_symbol_table_foreach_weak_reference(
+            vm_weak_table_sym_set_foreach,
+            &foreach_data
+        );
         break;
       }
       case RB_GC_VM_ID2REF_TABLE: {
@@ -4141,13 +4152,25 @@ rb_gc_vm_weak_table_foreach(vm_table_foreach_callback_func callback,
       case RB_GC_VM_FROZEN_STRINGS_TABLE: {
         rb_fstring_foreach_with_replace(
             vm_weak_table_frozen_strings_foreach,
-            vm_weak_table_foreach_update_weak_key,
-            (st_data_t)&foreach_data
+            &foreach_data
         );
         break;
       }
+      case RB_GC_VM_CC_REFINEMENT_TABLE: {
+        if (vm->cc_refinement_table) {
+            set_foreach_with_replace(
+              vm->cc_refinement_table,
+              vm_weak_table_cc_refinement_foreach,
+              vm_weak_table_cc_refinement_foreach_update_update,
+              (st_data_t)&foreach_data
+            );
+        }
+        break;
+      }
       case RB_GC_VM_WEAK_TABLE_COUNT:
-        rb_bug("Unreacheable");
+        rb_bug("Unreachable");
+      default:
+        rb_bug("rb_gc_vm_weak_table_foreach: unknown table %d", table);
     }
 }
 
@@ -4159,7 +4182,7 @@ rb_gc_update_vm_references(void *objspace)
 
     rb_vm_update_references(vm);
     rb_gc_update_global_tbl();
-    rb_sym_global_symbols_update_references();
+    rb_sym_global_symbols_mark_and_move();
 
 #if USE_YJIT
     void rb_yjit_root_update_references(void); // in Rust
@@ -4168,6 +4191,14 @@ rb_gc_update_vm_references(void *objspace)
         rb_yjit_root_update_references();
     }
 #endif
+
+#if USE_ZJIT
+    void rb_zjit_root_update_references(void); // in Rust
+
+    if (rb_zjit_enabled_p) {
+        rb_zjit_root_update_references();
+    }
+#endif
 }
 
 void
@@ -4183,7 +4214,6 @@ rb_gc_update_object_references(void *objspace, VALUE obj)
         // Continue to the shared T_CLASS/T_MODULE
       case T_MODULE:
         args.klass = obj;
-        args.obj_too_complex = rb_shape_obj_too_complex_p(obj);
         args.objspace = objspace;
         rb_class_classext_foreach(obj, update_classext, (void *)&args);
         break;
@@ -4233,9 +4263,15 @@ rb_gc_update_object_references(void *objspace, VALUE obj)
       case T_DATA:
         /* Call the compaction callback, if it exists */
         {
-            void *const ptr = RTYPEDDATA_P(obj) ? RTYPEDDATA_GET_DATA(obj) : DATA_PTR(obj);
+            bool typed_data = RTYPEDDATA_P(obj);
+            void *const ptr = typed_data ? RTYPEDDATA_GET_DATA(obj) : DATA_PTR(obj);
+
+            if (typed_data) {
+                UPDATE_IF_MOVED(objspace, RTYPEDDATA(obj)->fields_obj);
+            }
+
             if (ptr) {
-                if (RTYPEDDATA_P(obj) && gc_declarative_marking_p(RTYPEDDATA_TYPE(obj))) {
+                if (typed_data && gc_declarative_marking_p(RTYPEDDATA_TYPE(obj))) {
                     size_t *offset_list = TYPED_DATA_REFS_OFFSET_LIST(obj);
 
                     for (size_t offset = *offset_list; offset != RUBY_REF_END; offset = *offset_list++) {
@@ -4243,7 +4279,7 @@ rb_gc_update_object_references(void *objspace, VALUE obj)
                         *ref = gc_location_internal(objspace, *ref);
                     }
                 }
-                else if (RTYPEDDATA_P(obj)) {
+                else if (typed_data) {
                     RUBY_DATA_FUNC compact_func = RTYPEDDATA_TYPE(obj)->function.dcompact;
                     if (compact_func) (*compact_func)(ptr);
                 }
@@ -4307,6 +4343,15 @@ rb_gc_update_object_references(void *objspace, VALUE obj)
             for (i = 0; i < len; i++) {
                 UPDATE_IF_MOVED(objspace, ptr[i]);
             }
+
+            if (RSTRUCT_EMBED_LEN(obj)) {
+                if (!FL_TEST_RAW(obj, RSTRUCT_GEN_FIELDS)) {
+                    UPDATE_IF_MOVED(objspace, ptr[len]);
+                }
+            }
+            else {
+                UPDATE_IF_MOVED(objspace, RSTRUCT(obj)->as.heap.fields_obj);
+            }
         }
         break;
       default:
@@ -4460,7 +4505,7 @@ gc_config_set(rb_execution_context_t *ec, VALUE self, VALUE hash)
 
     rb_gc_impl_config_set(objspace, hash);
 
-    return rb_gc_impl_config_get(objspace);
+    return Qnil;
 }
 
 static VALUE
@@ -4730,6 +4775,7 @@ rb_raw_obj_info_common(char *const buff, const size_t buff_size, const VALUE obj
         // const int age = RVALUE_AGE_GET(obj);
 
         if (rb_gc_impl_pointer_to_heap_p(rb_gc_get_objspace(), (void *)obj)) {
+            APPEND_F("%p %s/", (void *)obj, obj_type_name(obj));
             // TODO: fixme
             // APPEND_F("%p [%d%s%s%s%s%s%s] %s ",
             //          (void *)obj, age,
@@ -4757,7 +4803,7 @@ rb_raw_obj_info_common(char *const buff, const size_t buff_size, const VALUE obj
         else if (RTEST(RBASIC(obj)->klass)) {
             VALUE class_path = rb_class_path_cached(RBASIC(obj)->klass);
             if (!NIL_P(class_path)) {
-                APPEND_F("(%s)", RSTRING_PTR(class_path));
+                APPEND_F("%s ", RSTRING_PTR(class_path));
             }
         }
     }
@@ -4783,22 +4829,29 @@ rb_raw_obj_info_buitin_type(char *const buff, const size_t buff_size, const VALU
                 APPEND_S("shared -> ");
                 rb_raw_obj_info(BUFF_ARGS, ARY_SHARED_ROOT(obj));
             }
-            else if (ARY_EMBED_P(obj)) {
-                APPEND_F("[%s%s] len: %ld (embed)",
-                         C(ARY_EMBED_P(obj),  "E"),
-                         C(ARY_SHARED_P(obj), "S"),
-                         RARRAY_LEN(obj));
-            }
             else {
-                APPEND_F("[%s%s] len: %ld, capa:%ld ptr:%p",
-                         C(ARY_EMBED_P(obj),  "E"),
+                APPEND_F("[%s%s%s] ",
+                         C(ARY_EMBED_P(obj), "E"),
                          C(ARY_SHARED_P(obj), "S"),
-                         RARRAY_LEN(obj),
-                         ARY_EMBED_P(obj) ? -1L : RARRAY(obj)->as.heap.aux.capa,
-                         (void *)RARRAY_CONST_PTR(obj));
+                         C(ARY_SHARED_ROOT_P(obj), "R"));
+
+                if (ARY_EMBED_P(obj)) {
+                    APPEND_F("len: %ld (embed)",
+                             RARRAY_LEN(obj));
+                }
+                else {
+                    APPEND_F("len: %ld, capa:%ld ptr:%p",
+                             RARRAY_LEN(obj),
+                             RARRAY(obj)->as.heap.aux.capa,
+                             (void *)RARRAY_CONST_PTR(obj));
+                }
             }
             break;
           case T_STRING: {
+            APPEND_F("[%s%s] ",
+                     C(FL_TEST(obj, RSTRING_FSTR), "F"),
+                     C(RB_OBJ_FROZEN(obj), "R"));
+
             if (STR_SHARED_P(obj)) {
                 APPEND_F(" [shared] len: %ld", RSTRING_LEN(obj));
             }
@@ -4853,21 +4906,18 @@ rb_raw_obj_info_buitin_type(char *const buff, const size_t buff_size, const VALU
             }
           case T_OBJECT:
             {
-                if (rb_shape_obj_too_complex_p(obj)) {
-                    size_t hash_len = rb_st_table_size(ROBJECT_FIELDS_HASH(obj));
-                    APPEND_F("(too_complex) len:%zu", hash_len);
-                }
-                else {
-                    uint32_t len = ROBJECT_FIELDS_CAPACITY(obj);
-
-                    if (RBASIC(obj)->flags & ROBJECT_EMBED) {
-                        APPEND_F("(embed) len:%d", len);
+                if (FL_TEST_RAW(obj, ROBJECT_HEAP)) {
+                    if (rb_shape_obj_too_complex_p(obj)) {
+                        size_t hash_len = rb_st_table_size(ROBJECT_FIELDS_HASH(obj));
+                        APPEND_F("(too_complex) len:%zu", hash_len);
                     }
                     else {
-                        VALUE *ptr = ROBJECT_FIELDS(obj);
-                        APPEND_F("len:%d ptr:%p", len, (void *)ptr);
+                        APPEND_F("(embed) len:%d capa:%d", RSHAPE_LEN(RBASIC_SHAPE_ID(obj)), ROBJECT_FIELDS_CAPACITY(obj));
                     }
                 }
+                else {
+                    APPEND_F("len:%d capa:%d ptr:%p", RSHAPE_LEN(RBASIC_SHAPE_ID(obj)), ROBJECT_FIELDS_CAPACITY(obj), (void *)ROBJECT_FIELDS(obj));
+                }
             }
             break;
           case T_DATA: {
@@ -4945,11 +4995,11 @@ rb_raw_obj_info_buitin_type(char *const buff, const size_t buff_size, const VALU
               case imemo_callcache:
                 {
                     const struct rb_callcache *cc = (const struct rb_callcache *)obj;
-                    VALUE class_path = cc->klass ? rb_class_path_cached(cc->klass) : Qnil;
+                    VALUE class_path = vm_cc_valid(cc) ? rb_class_path_cached(cc->klass) : Qnil;
                     const rb_callable_method_entry_t *cme = vm_cc_cme(cc);
 
                     APPEND_F("(klass:%s cme:%s%s (%p) call:%p",
-                             NIL_P(class_path) ? (cc->klass ? "??" : "<NULL>") : RSTRING_PTR(class_path),
+                             NIL_P(class_path) ? (vm_cc_valid(cc) ? "??" : "<NULL>") : RSTRING_PTR(class_path),
                              cme ? rb_id2name(cme->called_id) : "<NULL>",
                              cme ? (METHOD_ENTRY_INVALIDATED(cme) ? " [inv]" : "") : "",
                              (void *)cme,
@@ -4971,6 +5021,7 @@ rb_raw_obj_info_buitin_type(char *const buff, const size_t buff_size, const VALU
 
 #undef C
 
+#ifdef RUBY_ASAN_ENABLED
 void
 rb_asan_poison_object(VALUE obj)
 {
@@ -4991,16 +5042,37 @@ rb_asan_poisoned_object_p(VALUE obj)
     MAYBE_UNUSED(struct RVALUE *) ptr = (void *)obj;
     return __asan_region_is_poisoned(ptr, rb_gc_obj_slot_size(obj));
 }
+#endif
+
+static void
+raw_obj_info(char *const buff, const size_t buff_size, VALUE obj)
+{
+    size_t pos = rb_raw_obj_info_common(buff, buff_size, obj);
+    pos = rb_raw_obj_info_buitin_type(buff, buff_size, obj, pos);
+    if (pos >= buff_size) {} // truncated
+}
 
 const char *
 rb_raw_obj_info(char *const buff, const size_t buff_size, VALUE obj)
 {
-    asan_unpoisoning_object(obj) {
-        size_t pos = rb_raw_obj_info_common(buff, buff_size, obj);
-        pos = rb_raw_obj_info_buitin_type(buff, buff_size, obj, pos);
-        if (pos >= buff_size) {} // truncated
-    }
+    void *objspace = rb_gc_get_objspace();
 
+    if (SPECIAL_CONST_P(obj)) {
+        raw_obj_info(buff, buff_size, obj);
+    }
+    else if (!rb_gc_impl_pointer_to_heap_p(objspace, (const void *)obj)) {
+        snprintf(buff, buff_size, "out-of-heap:%p", (void *)obj);
+    }
+#if 0 // maybe no need to check it?
+    else if (0 && rb_gc_impl_garbage_object_p(objspace, obj)) {
+        snprintf(buff, buff_size, "garbage:%p", (void *)obj);
+    }
+#endif
+    else {
+        asan_unpoisoning_object(obj) {
+            raw_obj_info(buff, buff_size, obj);
+        }
+    }
     return buff;
 }
 
@@ -5008,12 +5080,6 @@ rb_raw_obj_info(char *const buff, const size_t buff_size, VALUE obj)
 #undef APPEND_F
 #undef BUFF_ARGS
 
-#if RGENGC_OBJ_INFO
-#define OBJ_INFO_BUFFERS_NUM  10
-#define OBJ_INFO_BUFFERS_SIZE 0x100
-static rb_atomic_t obj_info_buffers_index = 0;
-static char obj_info_buffers[OBJ_INFO_BUFFERS_NUM][OBJ_INFO_BUFFERS_SIZE];
-
 /* Increments *var atomically and resets *var to 0 when maxval is
  * reached. Returns the wraparound old *var value (0...maxval). */
 static rb_atomic_t
@@ -5031,17 +5097,18 @@ atomic_inc_wraparound(rb_atomic_t *var, const rb_atomic_t maxval)
 static const char *
 obj_info(VALUE obj)
 {
-    rb_atomic_t index = atomic_inc_wraparound(&obj_info_buffers_index, OBJ_INFO_BUFFERS_NUM);
-    char *const buff = obj_info_buffers[index];
-    return rb_raw_obj_info(buff, OBJ_INFO_BUFFERS_SIZE, obj);
-}
-#else
-static const char *
-obj_info(VALUE obj)
-{
+    if (RGENGC_OBJ_INFO) {
+        static struct {
+            rb_atomic_t index;
+            char buffers[10][0x100];
+        } info = {0};
+
+        rb_atomic_t index = atomic_inc_wraparound(&info.index, numberof(info.buffers));
+        char *const buff = info.buffers[index];
+        return rb_raw_obj_info(buff, sizeof(info.buffers[0]), obj);
+    }
     return obj_type_name(obj);
 }
-#endif
 
 /*
   ------------------------ Extended allocator ------------------------
@@ -5070,11 +5137,7 @@ gc_raise(VALUE exc, const char *fmt, ...)
         exc, fmt, &ap,
     };
 
-    if (ruby_thread_has_gvl_p()) {
-        gc_vraise(&argv);
-        UNREACHABLE;
-    }
-    else if (ruby_native_thread_p()) {
+    if (ruby_native_thread_p()) {
         rb_thread_call_with_gvl(gc_vraise, &argv);
         UNREACHABLE;
     }
@@ -5160,11 +5223,6 @@ rb_memerror_reentered(void)
     return (ec && rb_ec_raised_p(ec, RAISED_NOMEMORY));
 }
 
-void
-rb_malloc_info_show_results(void)
-{
-}
-
 static void *
 handle_malloc_failure(void *ptr)
 {
@@ -5185,6 +5243,14 @@ ruby_xmalloc(size_t size)
     return handle_malloc_failure(ruby_xmalloc_body(size));
 }
 
+static bool
+malloc_gc_allowed(void)
+{
+    rb_ractor_t *r = rb_current_ractor_raw(false);
+
+    return r == NULL || !r->malloc_gc_disabled;
+}
+
 static void *
 ruby_xmalloc_body(size_t size)
 {
@@ -5192,7 +5258,7 @@ ruby_xmalloc_body(size_t size)
         negative_size_allocation_error("too large allocation size");
     }
 
-    return rb_gc_impl_malloc(rb_gc_get_objspace(), size);
+    return rb_gc_impl_malloc(rb_gc_get_objspace(), size, malloc_gc_allowed());
 }
 
 void
@@ -5222,7 +5288,7 @@ ruby_xmalloc2(size_t n, size_t size)
 static void *
 ruby_xmalloc2_body(size_t n, size_t size)
 {
-    return rb_gc_impl_malloc(rb_gc_get_objspace(), xmalloc2_size(n, size));
+    return rb_gc_impl_malloc(rb_gc_get_objspace(), xmalloc2_size(n, size), malloc_gc_allowed());
 }
 
 static void *ruby_xcalloc_body(size_t n, size_t size);
@@ -5236,7 +5302,7 @@ ruby_xcalloc(size_t n, size_t size)
 static void *
 ruby_xcalloc_body(size_t n, size_t size)
 {
-    return rb_gc_impl_calloc(rb_gc_get_objspace(), xmalloc2_size(n, size));
+    return rb_gc_impl_calloc(rb_gc_get_objspace(), xmalloc2_size(n, size), malloc_gc_allowed());
 }
 
 static void *ruby_sized_xrealloc_body(void *ptr, size_t new_size, size_t old_size);
@@ -5257,7 +5323,7 @@ ruby_sized_xrealloc_body(void *ptr, size_t new_size, size_t old_size)
         negative_size_allocation_error("too large allocation size");
     }
 
-    return rb_gc_impl_realloc(rb_gc_get_objspace(), ptr, new_size, old_size);
+    return rb_gc_impl_realloc(rb_gc_get_objspace(), ptr, new_size, old_size, malloc_gc_allowed());
 }
 
 void *
@@ -5281,7 +5347,7 @@ static void *
 ruby_sized_xrealloc2_body(void *ptr, size_t n, size_t size, size_t old_n)
 {
     size_t len = xmalloc2_size(n, size);
-    return rb_gc_impl_realloc(rb_gc_get_objspace(), ptr, len, old_n * size);
+    return rb_gc_impl_realloc(rb_gc_get_objspace(), ptr, len, old_n * size, malloc_gc_allowed());
 }
 
 void *
@@ -5381,11 +5447,11 @@ ruby_mimcalloc(size_t num, size_t size)
 {
     void *mem;
 #if CALC_EXACT_MALLOC_SIZE
-    struct rbimpl_size_mul_overflow_tag t = rbimpl_size_mul_overflow(num, size);
-    if (UNLIKELY(t.left)) {
+    struct rbimpl_size_overflow_tag t = rbimpl_size_mul_overflow(num, size);
+    if (UNLIKELY(t.overflowed)) {
         return NULL;
     }
-    size = t.right + sizeof(struct malloc_obj_info);
+    size = t.result + sizeof(struct malloc_obj_info);
     mem = calloc1(size);
     if (!mem) {
         return NULL;
@@ -5453,6 +5519,80 @@ rb_gc_after_fork(rb_pid_t pid)
     rb_gc_impl_after_fork(rb_gc_get_objspace(), pid);
 }
 
+bool
+rb_gc_obj_shareable_p(VALUE obj)
+{
+    return RB_OBJ_SHAREABLE_P(obj);
+}
+
+void
+rb_gc_rp(VALUE obj)
+{
+    rp(obj);
+}
+
+struct check_shareable_data {
+    VALUE parent;
+    long err_count;
+};
+
+static void
+check_shareable_i(const VALUE child, void *ptr)
+{
+    struct check_shareable_data *data = (struct check_shareable_data *)ptr;
+
+    if (!rb_gc_obj_shareable_p(child)) {
+        fprintf(stderr, "(a) ");
+        rb_gc_rp(data->parent);
+        fprintf(stderr, "(b) ");
+        rb_gc_rp(child);
+        fprintf(stderr, "check_shareable_i: shareable (a) -> unshareable (b)\n");
+
+        data->err_count++;
+        rb_bug("!! violate shareable constraint !!");
+    }
+}
+
+static bool gc_checking_shareable = false;
+
+static void
+gc_verify_shareable(void *objspace, VALUE obj, void *data)
+{
+    // while gc_checking_shareable is true,
+    // other Ractors should not run the GC, until the flag is not local.
+    // TODO: remove VM locking if the flag is Ractor local
+
+    unsigned int lev = RB_GC_VM_LOCK();
+    {
+        gc_checking_shareable = true;
+        rb_objspace_reachable_objects_from(obj, check_shareable_i, (void *)data);
+        gc_checking_shareable = false;
+    }
+    RB_GC_VM_UNLOCK(lev);
+}
+
+// TODO: only one level (non-recursive)
+void
+rb_gc_verify_shareable(VALUE obj)
+{
+    rb_objspace_t *objspace = rb_gc_get_objspace();
+    struct check_shareable_data data = {
+        .parent = obj,
+        .err_count = 0,
+    };
+    gc_verify_shareable(objspace, obj, &data);
+
+    if (data.err_count > 0) {
+        rb_bug("rb_gc_verify_shareable");
+    }
+}
+
+bool
+rb_gc_checking_shareable(void)
+{
+    return gc_checking_shareable;
+}
+
 /*
  * Document-module: ObjectSpace
  *
diff --git a/gc.rb b/gc.rb
index d3bb8db036..59adcbc62f 100644
--- a/gc.rb
+++ b/gc.rb
@@ -7,31 +7,39 @@
 #  You may obtain information about the operation of the \GC through GC::Profiler.
 module GC
 
-  # Initiates garbage collection, even if manually disabled.
-  #
-  # The +full_mark+ keyword argument determines whether or not to perform a
-  # major garbage collection cycle. When set to +true+, a major garbage
-  # collection cycle is run, meaning all objects are marked. When set to
-  # +false+, a minor garbage collection cycle is run, meaning only young
-  # objects are marked.
-  #
-  # The +immediate_mark+ keyword argument determines whether or not to perform
-  # incremental marking. When set to +true+, marking is completed during the
-  # call to this method. When set to +false+, marking is performed in steps
-  # that are interleaved with future Ruby code execution, so marking might not
-  # be completed during this method call. Note that if +full_mark+ is +false+,
-  # then marking will always be immediate, regardless of the value of
-  # +immediate_mark+.
-  #
-  # The +immediate_sweep+ keyword argument determines whether or not to defer
-  # sweeping (using lazy sweep). When set to +false+, sweeping is performed in
-  # steps that are interleaved with future Ruby code execution, so sweeping might
-  # not be completed during this method call. When set to +true+, sweeping is
-  # completed during the call to this method.
-  #
-  # Note: These keyword arguments are implementation and version-dependent. They
-  # are not guaranteed to be future-compatible and may be ignored if the
-  # underlying implementation does not support them.
+  # Initiates garbage collection, even if explicitly disabled by GC.disable.
+  #
+  # Keyword arguments:
+  #
+  # - +full_mark+:
+  #   its boolean value determines whether to perform a major garbage collection cycle:
+  #
+  #   - +true+: initiates a major garbage collection cycle,
+  #     meaning all objects (old and new) are marked.
+  #   - +false+: initiates a minor garbage collection cycle,
+  #     meaning only young objects are marked.
+  #
+  # - +immediate_mark+:
+  #   its boolean value determines whether to perform incremental marking:
+  #
+  #   - +true+: marking is completed before the method returns.
+  #   - +false+: marking is performed by parts,
+  #     interleaved with program execution both before the method returns and afterward;
+  #     therefore marking may not be completed before the return.
+  #     Note that if +full_mark+ is +false+, marking will always be immediate,
+  #     regardless of the value of +immediate_mark+.
+  #
+  # - +immediate_sweep+:
+  #   its boolean value determines whether to defer sweeping (using lazy sweep):
+  #
+  #   - +true+: sweeping is completed before the method returns.
+  #   - +false+: sweeping is performed by parts,
+  #     interleaved with program execution both before the method returns and afterward;
+  #     therefore sweeping may not be completed before the return.
+  #
+  # Note that these keyword arguments are implementation- and version-dependent,
+  # are not guaranteed to be future-compatible,
+  # and may be ignored in some implementations.
   def self.start full_mark: true, immediate_mark: true, immediate_sweep: true
     Primitive.gc_start_internal full_mark, immediate_mark, immediate_sweep, false
   end
@@ -42,14 +50,14 @@ module GC
   end
 
   # call-seq:
-  #    GC.enable -> true or false
+  #   GC.enable -> true or false
   #
-  # Enables garbage collection, returning +true+ if garbage
-  # collection was previously disabled.
+  # Enables garbage collection;
+  # returns whether garbage collection was disabled:
   #
-  #    GC.disable   #=> false
-  #    GC.enable    #=> true
-  #    GC.enable    #=> false
+  #   GC.disable
+  #   GC.enable # => true
+  #   GC.enable # => false
   #
   def self.enable
     Primitive.gc_enable
@@ -58,189 +66,323 @@ module GC
   # call-seq:
   #    GC.disable -> true or false
   #
-  # Disables garbage collection, returning +true+ if garbage
-  # collection was already disabled.
+  # Disables garbage collection (but GC.start remains potent):
+  # returns whether garbage collection was already disabled.
+  #
+  #   GC.enable
+  #   GC.disable # => false
+  #   GC.disable # => true
   #
-  #    GC.disable   #=> false
-  #    GC.disable   #=> true
   def self.disable
     Primitive.gc_disable
   end
 
   # call-seq:
-  #   GC.stress -> integer, true, or false
+  #   GC.stress -> setting
   #
-  # Returns the current status of \GC stress mode.
+  # Returns the current \GC stress-mode setting,
+  # which initially is +false+.
+  #
+  # The stress mode may be set by method GC.stress=.
   def self.stress
     Primitive.gc_stress_get
   end
 
   # call-seq:
-  #   GC.stress = flag -> flag
+  #   GC.stress = value -> value
+  #
+  # Enables or disables stress mode;
+  # enabling stress mode will degrade performance; it is only for debugging.
+  #
+  # Sets the current \GC stress mode to the given value:
   #
-  # Updates the \GC stress mode.
+  # - If the value is +nil+ or +false+, disables stress mode.
+  # - If the value is an integer,
+  #   enables stress mode with certain flags; see below.
+  # - Otherwise, enables stress mode;
+  #   \GC is invoked at every \GC opportunity: all memory and object allocations.
   #
-  # When stress mode is enabled, the \GC is invoked at every \GC opportunity:
-  # all memory and object allocations.
+  # The flags are bits in the given integer:
   #
-  # Enabling stress mode will degrade performance; it is only for debugging.
+  # - +0x01+: No major \GC.
+  # - +0x02+: No immediate sweep.
+  # - +0x04+: Full mark after malloc/calloc/realloc.
   #
-  # The flag can be true, false, or an integer bitwise-ORed with the following flags:
-  #   0x01:: no major GC
-  #   0x02:: no immediate sweep
-  #   0x04:: full mark after malloc/calloc/realloc
   def self.stress=(flag)
     Primitive.gc_stress_set_m flag
   end
 
   # call-seq:
-  #    GC.count -> Integer
+  #   self.count -> integer
+  #
+  # Returns the total number of times garbage collection has occurred:
+  #
+  #   GC.count # => 385
+  #   GC.start
+  #   GC.count # => 386
   #
-  # Returns the number of times \GC has occurred since the process started.
   def self.count
     Primitive.gc_count
   end
 
   # call-seq:
-  #    GC.stat -> Hash
-  #    GC.stat(hash) -> Hash
-  #    GC.stat(:key) -> Numeric
-  #
-  # Returns a Hash containing information about the \GC.
-  #
-  # The contents of the hash are implementation-specific and may change in
-  # the future without notice.
-  #
-  # The hash includes internal statistics about \GC such as:
-  #
-  # [count]
+  #   GC.stat -> new_hash
+  #   GC.stat(key) -> value
+  #   GC.stat(hash) -> hash
+  #
+  # This method is implementation-specific to CRuby.
+  #
+  # Returns \GC statistics.
+  # The particular statistics are implementation-specific
+  # and may change in the future without notice.
+  #
+  # With no argument given,
+  # returns information about the most recent garbage collection:
+  #
+  #   GC.stat
+  #   # =>
+  #   {count: 28,
+  #    time: 1,
+  #    marking_time: 1,
+  #    sweeping_time: 0,
+  #    heap_allocated_pages: 521,
+  #    heap_empty_pages: 0,
+  #    heap_allocatable_slots: 0,
+  #    heap_available_slots: 539590,
+  #    heap_live_slots: 422243,
+  #    heap_free_slots: 117347,
+  #    heap_final_slots: 0,
+  #    heap_marked_slots: 264877,
+  #    heap_eden_pages: 521,
+  #    total_allocated_pages: 521,
+  #    total_freed_pages: 0,
+  #    total_allocated_objects: 2246376,
+  #    total_freed_objects: 1824133,
+  #    malloc_increase_bytes: 50982,
+  #    malloc_increase_bytes_limit: 18535172,
+  #    minor_gc_count: 18,
+  #    major_gc_count: 10,
+  #    compact_count: 0,
+  #    read_barrier_faults: 0,
+  #    total_moved_objects: 0,
+  #    remembered_wb_unprotected_objects: 0,
+  #    remembered_wb_unprotected_objects_limit: 2162,
+  #    old_objects: 216365,
+  #    old_objects_limit: 432540,
+  #    oldmalloc_increase_bytes: 1654232,
+  #    oldmalloc_increase_bytes_limit: 16846103}
+  #
+  # With symbol argument +key+ given,
+  # returns the value for that key:
+  #
+  #   GC.stat(:count) # => 30
+  #
+  # With hash argument +hash+ given,
+  # returns that hash with GC statistics merged into its content;
+  # this form may be useful in minimizing {probe effects}[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probe_effect]:
+  #
+  #   h = {foo: 0, bar: 1}
+  #   GC.stat(h)
+  #   h.keys.take(5) # => [:foo, :bar, :count, :time, :marking_time]
+  #
+  # The hash includes entries such as:
+  #
+  # - +:count+:
   #   The total number of garbage collections run since application start
-  #   (count includes both minor and major garbage collections)
-  # [time]
-  #   The total time spent in garbage collections (in milliseconds)
-  # [heap_allocated_pages]
-  #   The total number of +:heap_eden_pages+ + +:heap_tomb_pages+
-  # [heap_sorted_length]
-  #   The number of pages that can fit into the buffer that holds references to
-  #   all pages
-  # [heap_allocatable_pages]
-  #   The total number of pages the application could allocate without additional \GC
-  # [heap_available_slots]
-  #   The total number of slots in all +:heap_allocated_pages+
-  # [heap_live_slots]
-  #   The total number of slots which contain live objects
-  # [heap_free_slots]
-  #   The total number of slots which do not contain live objects
-  # [heap_final_slots]
-  #   The total number of slots with pending finalizers to be run
-  # [heap_marked_slots]
-  #   The total number of objects marked in the last \GC
-  # [heap_eden_pages]
-  #   The total number of pages which contain at least one live slot
-  # [heap_tomb_pages]
-  #   The total number of pages which do not contain any live slots
-  # [total_allocated_pages]
-  #   The cumulative number of pages allocated since application start
-  # [total_freed_pages]
-  #   The cumulative number of pages freed since application start
-  # [total_allocated_objects]
-  #   The cumulative number of objects allocated since application start
-  # [total_freed_objects]
-  #   The cumulative number of objects freed since application start
-  # [malloc_increase_bytes]
-  #   Amount of memory allocated on the heap for objects. Decreased by any \GC
-  # [malloc_increase_bytes_limit]
-  #   When +:malloc_increase_bytes+ crosses this limit, \GC is triggered
-  # [minor_gc_count]
-  #   The total number of minor garbage collections run since process start
-  # [major_gc_count]
-  #   The total number of major garbage collections run since process start
-  # [compact_count]
-  #   The total number of compactions run since process start
-  # [read_barrier_faults]
-  #   The total number of times the read barrier was triggered during
-  #   compaction
-  # [total_moved_objects]
-  #   The total number of objects compaction has moved
-  # [remembered_wb_unprotected_objects]
-  #   The total number of objects without write barriers
-  # [remembered_wb_unprotected_objects_limit]
-  #   When +:remembered_wb_unprotected_objects+ crosses this limit,
-  #   major \GC is triggered
-  # [old_objects]
-  #   Number of live, old objects which have survived at least 3 garbage collections
-  # [old_objects_limit]
-  #   When +:old_objects+ crosses this limit, major \GC is triggered
-  # [oldmalloc_increase_bytes]
-  #   Amount of memory allocated on the heap for objects. Decreased by major \GC
-  # [oldmalloc_increase_bytes_limit]
-  #   When +:oldmalloc_increase_bytes+ crosses this limit, major \GC is triggered
-  #
-  # If the optional argument, hash, is given,
-  # it is overwritten and returned.
-  # This is intended to avoid the probe effect.
-  #
-  # This method is only expected to work on CRuby.
+  #   (count includes both minor and major garbage collections).
+  # - +:time+:
+  #   The total time spent in garbage collections (in milliseconds).
+  # - +:heap_allocated_pages+:
+  #   The total number of allocated pages.
+  # - +:heap_empty_pages+:
+  #   The number of pages with no live objects, and that could be released to the system.
+  # - +:heap_sorted_length+:
+  #   The number of pages that can fit into the buffer that holds references to  all pages.
+  # - +:heap_allocatable_pages+:
+  #   The total number of pages the application could allocate without additional \GC.
+  # - +:heap_available_slots+:
+  #   The total number of slots in all +:heap_allocated_pages+.
+  # - +:heap_live_slots+:
+  #   The total number of slots which contain live objects.
+  # - +:heap_free_slots+:
+  #   The total number of slots which do not contain live objects.
+  # - +:heap_final_slots+:
+  #   The total number of slots with pending finalizers to be run.
+  # - +:heap_marked_slots+:
+  #   The total number of objects marked in the last \GC.
+  # - +:heap_eden_pages+:
+  #   The total number of pages which contain at least one live slot.
+  # - +:total_allocated_pages+:
+  #   The cumulative number of pages allocated since application start.
+  # - +:total_freed_pages+:
+  #   The cumulative number of pages freed since application start.
+  # - +:total_allocated_objects+:
+  #   The cumulative number of objects allocated since application start.
+  # - +:total_freed_objects+:
+  #   The cumulative number of objects freed since application start.
+  # - +:malloc_increase_bytes+:
+  #   Amount of memory allocated on the heap for objects. Decreased by any \GC.
+  # - +:malloc_increase_bytes_limit+:
+  #   When +:malloc_increase_bytes+ crosses this limit, \GC is triggered.
+  # - +:minor_gc_count+:
+  #   The total number of minor garbage collections run since process start.
+  # - +:major_gc_count+:
+  #   The total number of major garbage collections run since process start.
+  # - +:compact_count+:
+  #   The total number of compactions run since process start.
+  # - +:read_barrier_faults+:
+  #   The total number of times the read barrier was triggered during compaction.
+  # - +:total_moved_objects+:
+  #   The total number of objects compaction has moved.
+  # - +:remembered_wb_unprotected_objects+:
+  #   The total number of objects without write barriers.
+  # - +:remembered_wb_unprotected_objects_limit+:
+  #   When +:remembered_wb_unprotected_objects+ crosses this limit, major \GC is triggered.
+  # - +:old_objects+:
+  #   Number of live, old objects which have survived at least 3 garbage collections.
+  # - +:old_objects_limit+:
+  #   When +:old_objects+ crosses this limit, major \GC is triggered.
+  # - +:oldmalloc_increase_bytes+:
+  #   Amount of memory allocated on the heap for objects. Decreased by major \GC.
+  # - +:oldmalloc_increase_bytes_limit+:
+  #   When +:oldmalloc_increase_bytes+ crosses this limit, major \GC is triggered.
+  #
   def self.stat hash_or_key = nil
     Primitive.gc_stat hash_or_key
   end
 
   # call-seq:
-  #    GC.stat_heap -> Hash
-  #    GC.stat_heap(nil, hash) -> Hash
-  #    GC.stat_heap(heap_name) -> Hash
-  #    GC.stat_heap(heap_name, hash) -> Hash
-  #    GC.stat_heap(heap_name, :key) -> Numeric
-  #
-  # Returns information for heaps in the \GC.
-  #
-  # If the first optional argument, +heap_name+, is passed in and not +nil+, it
-  # returns a +Hash+ containing information about the particular heap.
-  # Otherwise, it will return a +Hash+ with heap names as keys and
-  # a +Hash+ containing information about the heap as values.
-  #
-  # If the second optional argument, +hash_or_key+, is given as a +Hash+, it will
-  # be overwritten and returned. This is intended to avoid the probe effect.
-  #
-  # If both optional arguments are passed in and the second optional argument is
-  # a symbol, it will return a +Numeric+ value for the particular heap.
-  #
-  # On CRuby, +heap_name+ is of the type +Integer+ but may be of type +String+
-  # on other implementations.
-  #
-  # The contents of the hash are implementation-specific and may change in
-  # the future without notice.
-  #
-  # If the optional argument, hash, is given, it is overwritten and returned.
-  #
-  # This method is only expected to work on CRuby.
-  #
-  # The hash includes the following keys about the internal information in
-  # the \GC:
-  #
-  # [slot_size]
+  #    GC.stat_heap -> new_hash
+  #    GC.stat_heap(heap_id) -> new_hash
+  #    GC.stat_heap(heap_id, key) -> value
+  #    GC.stat_heap(nil, hash) -> hash
+  #    GC.stat_heap(heap_id, hash) -> hash
+  #
+  # This method is implementation-specific to CRuby.
+  #
+  # Returns statistics for \GC heaps.
+  # The particular statistics are implementation-specific
+  # and may change in the future without notice.
+  #
+  # With no argument given, returns statistics for all heaps:
+  #
+  #   GC.stat_heap
+  #   # =>
+  #   {0 =>
+  #     {slot_size: 40,
+  #      heap_eden_pages: 246,
+  #      heap_eden_slots: 402802,
+  #      total_allocated_pages: 246,
+  #      force_major_gc_count: 2,
+  #      force_incremental_marking_finish_count: 1,
+  #      total_allocated_objects: 33867152,
+  #      total_freed_objects: 33520523},
+  #    1 =>
+  #     {slot_size: 80,
+  #      heap_eden_pages: 84,
+  #      heap_eden_slots: 68746,
+  #      total_allocated_pages: 84,
+  #      force_major_gc_count: 1,
+  #      force_incremental_marking_finish_count: 4,
+  #      total_allocated_objects: 147491,
+  #      total_freed_objects: 90699},
+  #    2 =>
+  #     {slot_size: 160,
+  #      heap_eden_pages: 157,
+  #      heap_eden_slots: 64182,
+  #      total_allocated_pages: 157,
+  #      force_major_gc_count: 0,
+  #      force_incremental_marking_finish_count: 0,
+  #      total_allocated_objects: 211460,
+  #      total_freed_objects: 190075},
+  #    3 =>
+  #     {slot_size: 320,
+  #      heap_eden_pages: 8,
+  #      heap_eden_slots: 1631,
+  #      total_allocated_pages: 8,
+  #      force_major_gc_count: 0,
+  #      force_incremental_marking_finish_count: 0,
+  #      total_allocated_objects: 1422,
+  #      total_freed_objects: 700},
+  #    4 =>
+  #     {slot_size: 640,
+  #      heap_eden_pages: 16,
+  #      heap_eden_slots: 1628,
+  #      total_allocated_pages: 16,
+  #      force_major_gc_count: 0,
+  #      force_incremental_marking_finish_count: 0,
+  #      total_allocated_objects: 1230,
+  #      total_freed_objects: 309}}
+  #
+  # In the example above, the keys in the outer hash are the heap identifiers:
+  #
+  #   GC.stat_heap.keys # => [0, 1, 2, 3, 4]
+  #
+  # On CRuby, each heap identifier is an integer;
+  # on other implementations, a heap identifier may be a string.
+  #
+  # With only argument +heap_id+ given,
+  # returns statistics for the given heap identifier:
+  #
+  #   GC.stat_heap(2)
+  #   # =>
+  #   {slot_size: 160,
+  #    heap_eden_pages: 157,
+  #    heap_eden_slots: 64182,
+  #    total_allocated_pages: 157,
+  #    force_major_gc_count: 0,
+  #    force_incremental_marking_finish_count: 0,
+  #    total_allocated_objects: 225018,
+  #    total_freed_objects: 206647}
+  #
+  # With arguments +heap_id+ and +key+ given,
+  # returns the value for the given key in the given heap:
+  #
+  #   GC.stat_heap(2, :slot_size) # => 160
+  #
+  # With arguments +nil+ and +hash+ given,
+  # merges the statistics for all heaps into the given hash:
+  #
+  #   h = {foo: 0, bar: 1}
+  #   GC.stat_heap(nil, h).keys # => [:foo, :bar, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4]
+  #
+  # With arguments +heap_id+ and +hash+ given,
+  # merges the statistics for the given heap into the given hash:
+  #
+  #   h = {foo: 0, bar: 1}
+  #   GC.stat_heap(2, h).keys
+  #   # =>
+  #   [:foo,
+  #    :bar,
+  #    :slot_size,
+  #    :heap_eden_pages,
+  #    :heap_eden_slots,
+  #    :total_allocated_pages,
+  #    :force_major_gc_count,
+  #    :force_incremental_marking_finish_count,
+  #    :total_allocated_objects,
+  #    :total_freed_objects]
+  #
+  # The statistics for a heap may include:
+  #
+  # - +:slot_size+:
   #   The slot size of the heap in bytes.
-  # [heap_allocatable_pages]
+  # - +:heap_allocatable_pages+:
   #   The number of pages that can be allocated without triggering a new
   #   garbage collection cycle.
-  # [heap_eden_pages]
+  # - +:heap_eden_pages+:
   #   The number of pages in the eden heap.
-  # [heap_eden_slots]
+  # - +:heap_eden_slots+:
   #   The total number of slots in all of the pages in the eden heap.
-  # [heap_tomb_pages]
-  #   The number of pages in the tomb heap. The tomb heap only contains pages
-  #   that do not have any live objects.
-  # [heap_tomb_slots]
-  #   The total number of slots in all of the pages in the tomb heap.
-  # [total_allocated_pages]
+  # - +:total_allocated_pages+:
   #   The total number of pages that have been allocated in the heap.
-  # [total_freed_pages]
+  # - +:total_freed_pages+:
   #   The total number of pages that have been freed and released back to the
   #   system in the heap.
-  # [force_major_gc_count]
+  # - +:force_major_gc_count+:
   #   The number of times this heap has forced major garbage collection cycles
   #   to start due to running out of free slots.
-  # [force_incremental_marking_finish_count]
+  # - +:force_incremental_marking_finish_count+:
   #   The number of times this heap has forced incremental marking to complete
   #   due to running out of pooled slots.
   #
@@ -250,99 +392,111 @@ module GC
 
   # call-seq:
   #     GC.config -> hash
-  #     GC.config(hash) -> hash
-  #
-  # Sets or gets information about the current \GC config.
+  #     GC.config(hash_to_merge) -> hash
   #
-  # Configuration parameters are \GC implementation-specific and may change
-  # without notice.
+  # This method is implementation-specific to CRuby.
   #
-  # This method can be called without parameters to retrieve the current config
-  # as a +Hash+ with +Symbol+ keys.
+  # Sets or gets information about the current \GC configuration.
   #
-  # This method can also be called with a +Hash+ argument to assign values to
-  # valid config keys. Config keys missing from the passed +Hash+ will be left
-  # unmodified.
+  # Configuration parameters are \GC implementation-specific and may change without notice.
   #
-  # If a key/value pair is passed to this function that does not correspond to
-  # a valid config key for the \GC implementation being used, no config will be
-  # updated, the key will be present in the returned Hash, and its value will
-  # be +nil+. This is to facilitate easy migration between \GC implementations.
+  # With no argument given, returns a hash containing the configuration:
   #
-  # In both call-seqs, the return value of <code>GC.config</code> will be a +Hash+
-  # containing the most recent full configuration, i.e., all keys and values
-  # defined by the specific \GC implementation being used. In the case of a
-  # config update, the return value will include the new values being updated.
+  #   GC.config
+  #   # => {rgengc_allow_full_mark: true, implementation: "default"}
   #
-  # This method is only expected to work on CRuby.
+  # With argument +hash_to_merge+ given,
+  # merges that hash into the stored configuration hash;
+  # ignores unknown hash keys;
+  # returns the configuration hash:
   #
-  # === \GC Implementation independent values
+  #   GC.config(rgengc_allow_full_mark: false)
+  #   # => {rgengc_allow_full_mark: false, implementation: "default"}
+  #   GC.config(foo: 'bar')
+  #   # => {rgengc_allow_full_mark: false, implementation: "default"}
   #
-  # The <code>GC.config</code> hash can also contain keys that are global and
-  # read-only. These keys are not specific to any one \GC library implementation
-  # and attempting to write to them will raise +ArgumentError+.
+  # <b>All-Implementations Configuration</b>
   #
-  # There is currently only one global, read-only key:
+  # The single read-only entry for all implementations is:
   #
-  # [implementation]
-  #    Returns a +String+ containing the name of the currently loaded \GC library,
-  #    if one has been loaded using +RUBY_GC_LIBRARY+, and "default" in all other
-  #    cases
+  # - +:implementation+:
+  #   the string name of the implementation;
+  #   for the Ruby default implementation, <tt>'default'</tt>.
   #
-  # === \GC Implementation specific values
+  # <b>Implementation-Specific Configuration</b>
   #
-  # \GC libraries are expected to document their own configuration. Valid keys
-  # for Ruby's default \GC implementation are:
+  # A \GC implementation maintains its own implementation-specific configuration.
   #
-  # [rgengc_allow_full_mark]
-  #   Controls whether the \GC is allowed to run a full mark (young & old objects).
+  # For Ruby's default implementation the single entry is:
   #
-  #   When +true+, \GC interleaves major and minor collections. This is the default. \GC
-  #   will function as intended.
+  # - +:rgengc_allow_full_mark+:
+  #   Controls whether the \GC is allowed to run a full mark (young & old objects):
   #
-  #   When +false+, the \GC will never trigger a full marking cycle unless
-  #   explicitly requested by user code. Instead, only a minor mark will run—
-  #   only young objects will be marked. When the heap space is exhausted, new
-  #   pages will be allocated immediately instead of running a full mark.
+  #   - +true+ (default): \GC interleaves major and minor collections.
+  #     A flag is set to notify GC that a full mark has been requested.
+  #     This flag is accessible via GC.latest_gc_info(:need_major_by).
+  #   - +false+: \GC does not initiate a full marking cycle unless explicitly directed by user code;
+  #     see GC.start.
+  #     Setting this parameter to +false+ disables young-to-old promotion.
+  #     For performance reasons, we recommended warming up the application using Process.warmup
+  #     before setting this parameter to +false+.
   #
-  #   A flag will be set to notify that a full mark has been
-  #   requested. This flag is accessible using
-  #   <code>GC.latest_gc_info(:need_major_by)</code>
-  #
-  #   The user can trigger a major collection at any time using
-  #   <code>GC.start(full_mark: true)</code>
-  #
-  #   When +false+, Young to Old object promotion is disabled. For performance
-  #   reasons, it is recommended to warm up an application using +Process.warmup+
-  #   before setting this parameter to +false+.
   def self.config hash = nil
-    return Primitive.gc_config_get unless hash
-
-    if(Primitive.cexpr!("RBOOL(RB_TYPE_P(hash, T_HASH))"))
+    if Primitive.cexpr!("RBOOL(RB_TYPE_P(hash, T_HASH))")
       if hash.include?(:implementation)
         raise ArgumentError, 'Attempting to set read-only key "Implementation"'
       end
 
       Primitive.gc_config_set hash
-    else
+    elsif hash != nil
       raise ArgumentError
     end
+
+    Primitive.gc_config_get
   end
 
   # call-seq:
-  #     GC.latest_gc_info -> hash
-  #     GC.latest_gc_info(hash) -> hash
-  #     GC.latest_gc_info(key) -> value
-  #
-  # Returns information about the most recent garbage collection.
-  #
-  # If the argument +hash+ is given and is a Hash object,
-  # it is overwritten and returned.
-  # This is intended to avoid the probe effect.
+  #   GC.latest_gc_info -> new_hash
+  #   GC.latest_gc_info(key) -> value
+  #   GC.latest_gc_info(hash) -> hash
+  #
+  # With no argument given,
+  # returns information about the most recent garbage collection:
+  #
+  #   GC.latest_gc_info
+  #   # =>
+  #   {major_by: :force,
+  #    need_major_by: nil,
+  #    gc_by: :method,
+  #    have_finalizer: false,
+  #    immediate_sweep: true,
+  #    state: :none,
+  #    weak_references_count: 0,
+  #    retained_weak_references_count: 0}
+  #
+  # With symbol argument +key+ given,
+  # returns the value for that key:
+  #
+  #   GC.latest_gc_info(:gc_by) # => :newobj
+  #
+  # With hash argument +hash+ given,
+  # returns that hash with GC information merged into its content;
+  # this form may be useful in minimizing {probe effects}[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probe_effect]:
+  #
+  #   h = {foo: 0, bar: 1}
+  #   GC.latest_gc_info(h)
+  #   # =>
+  #   {foo: 0,
+  #    bar: 1,
+  #    major_by: nil,
+  #    need_major_by: nil,
+  #    gc_by: :newobj,
+  #    have_finalizer: false,
+  #    immediate_sweep: false,
+  #    state: :sweeping,
+  #    weak_references_count: 0,
+  #    retained_weak_references_count: 0}
   #
-  # If the argument +key+ is given and is a Symbol object,
-  # it returns the value associated with the key.
-  # This is equivalent to <tt>GC.latest_gc_info[key]</tt>.
   def self.latest_gc_info hash_or_key = nil
     if hash_or_key == nil
       hash_or_key = {}
@@ -356,11 +510,29 @@ module GC
   end
 
   # call-seq:
-  #    GC.measure_total_time = true/false
+  #   GC.measure_total_time = setting -> setting
   #
-  # Enables measuring \GC time.
-  # You can get the result with <tt>GC.stat(:time)</tt>.
-  # Note that \GC time measurement can cause some performance overhead.
+  # Enables or disables \GC total time measurement;
+  # returns +setting+.
+  # See GC.total_time.
+  #
+  # When argument +object+ is +nil+ or +false+, disables total time measurement;
+  # GC.measure_total_time then returns +false+:
+  #
+  #   GC.measure_total_time = nil   # => nil
+  #   GC.measure_total_time         # => false
+  #   GC.measure_total_time = false # => false
+  #   GC.measure_total_time         # => false
+  #
+  # Otherwise, enables total time measurement;
+  # GC.measure_total_time then returns +true+:
+  #
+  #   GC.measure_total_time = true # => true
+  #   GC.measure_total_time        # => true
+  #   GC.measure_total_time = :foo # => :foo
+  #   GC.measure_total_time        # => true
+  #
+  # Note that when enabled, total time measurement affects performance.
   def self.measure_total_time=(flag)
     Primitive.cstmt! %{
       rb_gc_impl_set_measure_total_time(rb_gc_get_objspace(), flag);
@@ -369,10 +541,11 @@ module GC
   end
 
   # call-seq:
-  #    GC.measure_total_time -> true/false
+  #   GC.measure_total_time -> true or false
   #
-  # Returns the measure_total_time flag (default: +true+).
-  # Note that measurement can affect the application's performance.
+  # Returns the setting for \GC total time measurement;
+  # the initial setting is +true+.
+  # See GC.total_time.
   def self.measure_total_time
     Primitive.cexpr! %{
       RBOOL(rb_gc_impl_get_measure_total_time(rb_gc_get_objspace()))
@@ -380,9 +553,35 @@ module GC
   end
 
   # call-seq:
-  #    GC.total_time -> int
+  #    GC.total_time -> integer
+  #
+  # Returns the \GC total time in nanoseconds:
+  #
+  #   GC.total_time # => 156250
+  #
+  # Note that total time accumulates
+  # only when total time measurement is enabled
+  # (that is, when GC.measure_total_time is +true+):
+  #
+  #   GC.measure_total_time # => true
+  #   GC.total_time # => 625000
+  #   GC.start
+  #   GC.total_time # => 937500
+  #   GC.start
+  #   GC.total_time # => 1093750
+  #
+  #   GC.measure_total_time = false
+  #   GC.total_time # => 1250000
+  #   GC.start
+  #   GC.total_time # => 1250000
+  #   GC.start
+  #   GC.total_time # => 1250000
+  #
+  #   GC.measure_total_time = true
+  #   GC.total_time # => 1250000
+  #   GC.start
+  #   GC.total_time # => 1406250
   #
-  # Returns the measured \GC total time in nanoseconds.
   def self.total_time
     Primitive.cexpr! %{
       ULL2NUM(rb_gc_impl_get_total_time(rb_gc_get_objspace()))
diff --git a/gc/README.md b/gc/README.md
index 102b24e24e..cb71357973 100644
--- a/gc/README.md
+++ b/gc/README.md
@@ -15,12 +15,17 @@ Two GC implementations are included in Ruby:
 > [!IMPORTANT]
 > Ruby's modular GC feature is experimental and subject to change. There may be bugs or performance impacts. Use at your own risk.
 
+### Building Ruby with Modular GC
+
 1. Configure Ruby with the `--with-modular-gc=<dir>` option, where `dir` is the directory you want to place the built GC libraries into.
 2. Build Ruby as usual.
-3. Build your desired GC implementation with `make install-modular-gc MODULAR_GC=<impl>`. This will build the GC implementation and place the built library into the `dir` specified in step 1. `impl` can be one of:
+
+### Building GC implementations shipped with Ruby
+
+1. Build your desired GC implementation with `make install-modular-gc MODULAR_GC=<impl>`. This will build the GC implementation and place the built library into the `dir` specified in step 1. `impl` can be one of:
     - `default`: The default GC that Ruby ships with.
     - `mmtk`: The GC that uses [MMTk](https://www.mmtk.io/) as the back-end. See Ruby-specific details in the [ruby/mmtk](https://github.com/ruby/mmtk) repository.
-4. Run your desired GC implementation by setting the `RUBY_GC_LIBRARY=<lib>` environment variable, where `lib` could be `default`, `mmtk`, or your own implementation (as long as you place it in the `dir` specified in step 1).
+2. Run your desired GC implementation by setting the `RUBY_GC_LIBRARY=<lib>` environment variable, where `lib` could be `default`, `mmtk`, or your own implementation (as long as you place it in the `dir` specified in step 1).
 
 ## Modular GC API
 
diff --git a/gc/default/default.c b/gc/default/default.c
index 1b45d4b724..013c074994 100644
--- a/gc/default/default.c
+++ b/gc/default/default.c
@@ -45,15 +45,15 @@
 #endif
 
 #ifdef BUILDING_MODULAR_GC
-# define rb_asan_poison_object(_obj) (0)
-# define rb_asan_unpoison_object(_obj, _newobj_p) (0)
-# define asan_unpoisoning_object(_obj) if (true)
-# define asan_poison_memory_region(_ptr, _size) (0)
-# define asan_unpoison_memory_region(_ptr, _size, _malloc_p) (0)
-# define asan_unpoisoning_memory_region(_ptr, _size) if (true)
-
-# define VALGRIND_MAKE_MEM_DEFINED(_ptr, _size) (0)
-# define VALGRIND_MAKE_MEM_UNDEFINED(_ptr, _size) (0)
+# define rb_asan_poison_object(obj) ((void)(obj))
+# define rb_asan_unpoison_object(obj, newobj_p) ((void)(obj), (void)(newobj_p))
+# define asan_unpoisoning_object(obj) if ((obj) || true)
+# define asan_poison_memory_region(ptr, size) ((void)(ptr), (void)(size))
+# define asan_unpoison_memory_region(ptr, size, malloc_p) ((void)(ptr), (size), (malloc_p))
+# define asan_unpoisoning_memory_region(ptr, size) if ((ptr) || (size) || true)
+
+# define VALGRIND_MAKE_MEM_DEFINED(ptr, size) ((void)(ptr), (void)(size))
+# define VALGRIND_MAKE_MEM_UNDEFINED(ptr, size) ((void)(ptr), (void)(size))
 #else
 # include "internal/sanitizers.h"
 #endif
@@ -158,6 +158,17 @@
 #define GC_OLDMALLOC_LIMIT_MAX (128 * 1024 * 1024 /* 128MB */)
 #endif
 
+#ifndef GC_MALLOC_INCREASE_LOCAL_THRESHOLD
+#define GC_MALLOC_INCREASE_LOCAL_THRESHOLD (8 * 1024 /* 8KB */)
+#endif
+
+#ifdef RB_THREAD_LOCAL_SPECIFIER
+#define USE_MALLOC_INCREASE_LOCAL 1
+static RB_THREAD_LOCAL_SPECIFIER int malloc_increase_local;
+#else
+#define USE_MALLOC_INCREASE_LOCAL 0
+#endif
+
 #ifndef GC_CAN_COMPILE_COMPACTION
 #if defined(__wasi__) /* WebAssembly doesn't support signals */
 # define GC_CAN_COMPILE_COMPACTION 0
@@ -305,7 +316,7 @@ int ruby_rgengc_debug;
 #endif
 
 #ifndef GC_DEBUG_STRESS_TO_CLASS
-# define GC_DEBUG_STRESS_TO_CLASS 1
+# define GC_DEBUG_STRESS_TO_CLASS RUBY_DEBUG
 #endif
 
 typedef enum {
@@ -426,6 +437,7 @@ typedef int (*gc_compact_compare_func)(const void *l, const void *r, void *d);
 
 typedef struct rb_heap_struct {
     short slot_size;
+    bits_t slot_bits_mask;
 
     /* Basic statistics */
     size_t total_allocated_pages;
@@ -466,8 +478,14 @@ enum gc_mode {
 
 typedef struct rb_objspace {
     struct {
-        size_t limit;
         size_t increase;
+#if RGENGC_ESTIMATE_OLDMALLOC
+        size_t oldmalloc_increase;
+#endif
+    } malloc_counters;
+
+    struct {
+        size_t limit;
 #if MALLOC_ALLOCATED_SIZE
         size_t allocated_size;
         size_t allocations;
@@ -487,7 +505,6 @@ typedef struct rb_objspace {
         unsigned int during_compacting : 1;
         unsigned int during_reference_updating : 1;
         unsigned int gc_stressful: 1;
-        unsigned int has_newobj_hook: 1;
         unsigned int during_minor_gc : 1;
         unsigned int during_incremental_marking : 1;
         unsigned int measure_gc : 1;
@@ -571,13 +588,14 @@ typedef struct rb_objspace {
 
         /* Weak references */
         size_t weak_references_count;
-        size_t retained_weak_references_count;
     } profile;
 
     VALUE gc_stress_mode;
 
     struct {
+        bool parent_object_old_p;
         VALUE parent_object;
+
         int need_major_gc;
         size_t last_major_gc;
         size_t uncollectible_wb_unprotected_objects;
@@ -586,7 +604,6 @@ typedef struct rb_objspace {
         size_t old_objects_limit;
 
 #if RGENGC_ESTIMATE_OLDMALLOC
-        size_t oldmalloc_increase;
         size_t oldmalloc_increase_limit;
 #endif
 
@@ -616,10 +633,12 @@ typedef struct rb_objspace {
     VALUE stress_to_class;
 #endif
 
-    rb_darray(VALUE *) weak_references;
+    rb_darray(VALUE) weak_references;
     rb_postponed_job_handle_t finalize_deferred_pjob;
 
     unsigned long live_ractor_cache_count;
+
+    int fork_vm_lock_lev;
 } rb_objspace_t;
 
 #ifndef HEAP_PAGE_ALIGN_LOG
@@ -835,7 +854,7 @@ RVALUE_AGE_GET(VALUE obj)
 }
 
 static void
-RVALUE_AGE_SET(VALUE obj, int age)
+RVALUE_AGE_SET_BITMAP(VALUE obj, int age)
 {
     RUBY_ASSERT(age <= RVALUE_OLD_AGE);
     bits_t *age_bits = GET_HEAP_PAGE(obj)->age_bits;
@@ -843,6 +862,12 @@ RVALUE_AGE_SET(VALUE obj, int age)
     age_bits[RVALUE_AGE_BITMAP_INDEX(obj)] &= ~(RVALUE_AGE_BIT_MASK << (RVALUE_AGE_BITMAP_OFFSET(obj)));
     // shift the correct value in
     age_bits[RVALUE_AGE_BITMAP_INDEX(obj)] |= ((bits_t)age << RVALUE_AGE_BITMAP_OFFSET(obj));
+}
+
+static void
+RVALUE_AGE_SET(VALUE obj, int age)
+{
+    RVALUE_AGE_SET_BITMAP(obj, age);
     if (age == RVALUE_OLD_AGE) {
         RB_FL_SET_RAW(obj, RUBY_FL_PROMOTED);
     }
@@ -852,7 +877,7 @@ RVALUE_AGE_SET(VALUE obj, int age)
 }
 
 #define malloc_limit		objspace->malloc_params.limit
-#define malloc_increase 	objspace->malloc_params.increase
+#define malloc_increase 	objspace->malloc_counters.increase
 #define malloc_allocated_size 	objspace->malloc_params.allocated_size
 #define heap_pages_lomem	objspace->heap_pages.range[0]
 #define heap_pages_himem	objspace->heap_pages.range[1]
@@ -982,6 +1007,9 @@ total_final_slots_count(rb_objspace_t *objspace)
 #define GC_INCREMENTAL_SWEEP_SLOT_COUNT 2048
 #define GC_INCREMENTAL_SWEEP_POOL_SLOT_COUNT 1024
 #define is_lazy_sweeping(objspace)           (GC_ENABLE_LAZY_SWEEP && has_sweeping_pages(objspace))
+/* In lazy sweeping or the previous incremental marking finished and did not yield a free page. */
+#define needs_continue_sweeping(objspace, heap) \
+    ((heap)->free_pages == NULL && is_lazy_sweeping(objspace))
 
 #if SIZEOF_LONG == SIZEOF_VOIDP
 # define obj_id_to_ref(objid) ((objid) ^ FIXNUM_FLAG) /* unset FIXNUM_FLAG */
@@ -993,7 +1021,7 @@ total_final_slots_count(rb_objspace_t *objspace)
 #endif
 
 struct RZombie {
-    struct RBasic basic;
+    VALUE flags;
     VALUE next;
     void (*dfree)(void *);
     void *data;
@@ -1107,10 +1135,10 @@ tick(void)
     return val;
 }
 
+#elif defined(__POWERPC__) && defined(__APPLE__)
 /* Implementation for macOS PPC by @nobu
  * See: https://github.com/ruby/ruby/pull/5975#discussion_r890045558
  */
-#elif defined(__POWERPC__) && defined(__APPLE__)
 typedef unsigned long long tick_t;
 #define PRItick "llu"
 
@@ -1229,7 +1257,7 @@ check_rvalue_consistency_force(rb_objspace_t *objspace, const VALUE obj, int ter
 {
     int err = 0;
 
-    int lev = rb_gc_vm_lock_no_barrier();
+    int lev = RB_GC_VM_LOCK_NO_BARRIER();
     {
         if (SPECIAL_CONST_P(obj)) {
             fprintf(stderr, "check_rvalue_consistency: %p is a special const.\n", (void *)obj);
@@ -1319,7 +1347,7 @@ check_rvalue_consistency_force(rb_objspace_t *objspace, const VALUE obj, int ter
             }
         }
     }
-    rb_gc_vm_unlock_no_barrier(lev);
+    RB_GC_VM_UNLOCK_NO_BARRIER(lev);
 
     if (err > 0 && terminate) {
         rb_bug("check_rvalue_consistency_force: there is %d errors.", err);
@@ -1345,16 +1373,12 @@ check_rvalue_consistency(rb_objspace_t *objspace, const VALUE obj)
 static inline bool
 gc_object_moved_p(rb_objspace_t *objspace, VALUE obj)
 {
-    if (RB_SPECIAL_CONST_P(obj)) {
-        return FALSE;
-    }
-    else {
-        int ret;
-        asan_unpoisoning_object(obj) {
-            ret = BUILTIN_TYPE(obj) == T_MOVED;
-        }
-        return ret;
+
+    bool ret;
+    asan_unpoisoning_object(obj) {
+        ret = BUILTIN_TYPE(obj) == T_MOVED;
     }
+    return ret;
 }
 
 static inline int
@@ -1495,7 +1519,6 @@ rb_gc_impl_set_event_hook(void *objspace_ptr, const rb_event_flag_t event)
 {
     rb_objspace_t *objspace = objspace_ptr;
     objspace->hook_events = event & RUBY_INTERNAL_EVENT_OBJSPACE_MASK;
-    objspace->flags.has_newobj_hook = !!(objspace->hook_events & RUBY_INTERNAL_EVENT_NEWOBJ);
 }
 
 unsigned long long
@@ -1574,7 +1597,8 @@ heap_page_add_freeobj(rb_objspace_t *objspace, struct heap_page *page, VALUE obj
     page->freelist = slot;
     asan_lock_freelist(page);
 
-    RVALUE_AGE_RESET(obj);
+    // Should have already been reset
+    GC_ASSERT(RVALUE_AGE_GET(obj) == 0);
 
     if (RGENGC_CHECK_MODE &&
         /* obj should belong to page */
@@ -1853,7 +1877,10 @@ static struct heap_page *
 heap_page_resurrect(rb_objspace_t *objspace)
 {
     struct heap_page *page = NULL;
-    if (objspace->empty_pages != NULL) {
+    if (objspace->empty_pages == NULL) {
+        GC_ASSERT(objspace->empty_pages_count == 0);
+    }
+    else {
         GC_ASSERT(objspace->empty_pages_count > 0);
         objspace->empty_pages_count--;
         page = objspace->empty_pages;
@@ -1973,6 +2000,8 @@ heap_page_allocate_and_initialize(rb_objspace_t *objspace, rb_heap_t *heap)
     if (page == NULL && objspace->heap_pages.allocatable_slots > 0) {
         page = heap_page_allocate(objspace);
         allocated = true;
+
+        GC_ASSERT(page != NULL);
     }
 
     if (page != NULL) {
@@ -2007,7 +2036,10 @@ static void
 gc_continue(rb_objspace_t *objspace, rb_heap_t *heap)
 {
     unsigned int lock_lev;
-    gc_enter(objspace, gc_enter_event_continue, &lock_lev);
+    bool needs_gc = is_incremental_marking(objspace) || needs_continue_sweeping(objspace, heap);
+    if (!needs_gc) return;
+
+    gc_enter(objspace, gc_enter_event_continue, &lock_lev); // takes vm barrier, try to avoid
 
     /* Continue marking if in incremental marking. */
     if (is_incremental_marking(objspace)) {
@@ -2016,9 +2048,7 @@ gc_continue(rb_objspace_t *objspace, rb_heap_t *heap)
         }
     }
 
-    /* Continue sweeping if in lazy sweeping or the previous incremental
-     * marking finished and did not yield a free page. */
-    if (heap->free_pages == NULL && is_lazy_sweeping(objspace)) {
+    if (needs_continue_sweeping(objspace, heap)) {
         gc_sweep_continue(objspace, heap);
     }
 
@@ -2047,6 +2077,9 @@ heap_prepare(rb_objspace_t *objspace, rb_heap_t *heap)
     /* If we still don't have a free page and not allowed to create a new page,
      * we should start a new GC cycle. */
     if (heap->free_pages == NULL) {
+        GC_ASSERT(objspace->empty_pages_count == 0);
+        GC_ASSERT(objspace->heap_pages.allocatable_slots == 0);
+
         if (gc_start(objspace, GPR_FLAG_NEWOBJ) == FALSE) {
             rb_memerror();
         }
@@ -2088,16 +2121,6 @@ heap_prepare(rb_objspace_t *objspace, rb_heap_t *heap)
     GC_ASSERT(heap->free_pages != NULL);
 }
 
-static inline VALUE
-newobj_fill(VALUE obj, VALUE v1, VALUE v2, VALUE v3)
-{
-    VALUE *p = (VALUE *)(obj + sizeof(struct RBasic));
-    p[0] = v1;
-    p[1] = v2;
-    p[2] = v3;
-    return obj;
-}
-
 #if GC_DEBUG
 static inline const char*
 rb_gc_impl_source_location_cstr(int *ptr)
@@ -2138,9 +2161,7 @@ newobj_init(VALUE klass, VALUE flags, int wb_protected, rb_objspace_t *objspace,
 #endif
 
 #if RGENGC_CHECK_MODE
-    newobj_fill(obj, 0, 0, 0);
-
-    int lev = rb_gc_vm_lock_no_barrier();
+    int lev = RB_GC_VM_LOCK_NO_BARRIER();
     {
         check_rvalue_consistency(objspace, obj);
 
@@ -2151,7 +2172,7 @@ newobj_init(VALUE klass, VALUE flags, int wb_protected, rb_objspace_t *objspace,
 
         if (RVALUE_REMEMBERED(objspace, obj)) rb_bug("newobj: %s is remembered.", rb_obj_info(obj));
     }
-    rb_gc_vm_unlock_no_barrier(lev);
+    RB_GC_VM_UNLOCK_NO_BARRIER(lev);
 #endif
 
     if (RB_UNLIKELY(wb_protected == FALSE)) {
@@ -2214,6 +2235,17 @@ rb_gc_impl_size_allocatable_p(size_t size)
 }
 
 static const size_t ALLOCATED_COUNT_STEP = 1024;
+static void
+ractor_cache_flush_count(rb_objspace_t *objspace, rb_ractor_newobj_cache_t *cache)
+{
+    for (int heap_idx = 0; heap_idx < HEAP_COUNT; heap_idx++) {
+        rb_ractor_newobj_heap_cache_t *heap_cache = &cache->heap_caches[heap_idx];
+
+        rb_heap_t *heap = &heaps[heap_idx];
+        RUBY_ATOMIC_SIZE_ADD(heap->total_allocated_objects, heap_cache->allocated_objects_count);
+        heap_cache->allocated_objects_count = 0;
+    }
+}
 
 static inline VALUE
 ractor_cache_allocate_slot(rb_objspace_t *objspace, rb_ractor_newobj_cache_t *cache,
@@ -2238,19 +2270,11 @@ ractor_cache_allocate_slot(rb_objspace_t *objspace, rb_ractor_newobj_cache_t *ca
         rb_asan_unpoison_object(obj, true);
         heap_cache->freelist = p->next;
 
-        if (rb_gc_multi_ractor_p()) {
-            heap_cache->allocated_objects_count++;
-            rb_heap_t *heap = &heaps[heap_idx];
-            if (heap_cache->allocated_objects_count >= ALLOCATED_COUNT_STEP) {
-                RUBY_ATOMIC_SIZE_ADD(heap->total_allocated_objects, heap_cache->allocated_objects_count);
-                heap_cache->allocated_objects_count = 0;
-            }
-        }
-        else {
-            rb_heap_t *heap = &heaps[heap_idx];
-            heap->total_allocated_objects++;
-            GC_ASSERT(heap->total_slots >=
-                    (heap->total_allocated_objects - heap->total_freed_objects - heap->final_slots_count));
+        heap_cache->allocated_objects_count++;
+        rb_heap_t *heap = &heaps[heap_idx];
+        if (heap_cache->allocated_objects_count >= ALLOCATED_COUNT_STEP) {
+            RUBY_ATOMIC_SIZE_ADD(heap->total_allocated_objects, heap_cache->allocated_objects_count);
+            heap_cache->allocated_objects_count = 0;
         }
 
 #if RGENGC_CHECK_MODE
@@ -2363,7 +2387,7 @@ newobj_cache_miss(rb_objspace_t *objspace, rb_ractor_newobj_cache_t *cache, size
     bool unlock_vm = false;
 
     if (!vm_locked) {
-        lev = rb_gc_cr_lock();
+        lev = RB_GC_CR_LOCK();
         unlock_vm = true;
     }
 
@@ -2387,7 +2411,7 @@ newobj_cache_miss(rb_objspace_t *objspace, rb_ractor_newobj_cache_t *cache, size
     }
 
     if (unlock_vm) {
-        rb_gc_cr_unlock(lev);
+        RB_GC_CR_UNLOCK(lev);
     }
 
     if (RB_UNLIKELY(obj == Qfalse)) {
@@ -2416,7 +2440,7 @@ newobj_slowpath(VALUE klass, VALUE flags, rb_objspace_t *objspace, rb_ractor_new
     VALUE obj;
     unsigned int lev;
 
-    lev = rb_gc_cr_lock();
+    lev = RB_GC_CR_LOCK();
     {
         if (RB_UNLIKELY(during_gc || ruby_gc_stressful)) {
             if (during_gc) {
@@ -2438,7 +2462,7 @@ newobj_slowpath(VALUE klass, VALUE flags, rb_objspace_t *objspace, rb_ractor_new
         obj = newobj_alloc(objspace, cache, heap_idx, true);
         newobj_init(klass, flags, wb_protected, objspace, obj);
     }
-    rb_gc_cr_unlock(lev);
+    RB_GC_CR_UNLOCK(lev);
 
     return obj;
 }
@@ -2461,7 +2485,7 @@ newobj_slowpath_wb_unprotected(VALUE klass, VALUE flags, rb_objspace_t *objspace
 }
 
 VALUE
-rb_gc_impl_new_obj(void *objspace_ptr, void *cache_ptr, VALUE klass, VALUE flags, VALUE v1, VALUE v2, VALUE v3, bool wb_protected, size_t alloc_size)
+rb_gc_impl_new_obj(void *objspace_ptr, void *cache_ptr, VALUE klass, VALUE flags, bool wb_protected, size_t alloc_size)
 {
     VALUE obj;
     rb_objspace_t *objspace = objspace_ptr;
@@ -2492,7 +2516,7 @@ rb_gc_impl_new_obj(void *objspace_ptr, void *cache_ptr, VALUE klass, VALUE flags
           newobj_slowpath_wb_unprotected(klass, flags, objspace, cache, heap_idx);
     }
 
-    return newobj_fill(obj, v1, v2, v3);
+    return obj;
 }
 
 static int
@@ -2578,7 +2602,7 @@ rb_gc_impl_make_zombie(void *objspace_ptr, VALUE obj, void (*dfree)(void *), voi
     rb_objspace_t *objspace = objspace_ptr;
 
     struct RZombie *zombie = RZOMBIE(obj);
-    zombie->basic.flags = T_ZOMBIE | (zombie->basic.flags & ZOMBIE_OBJ_KEPT_FLAGS);
+    zombie->flags = T_ZOMBIE | (zombie->flags & ZOMBIE_OBJ_KEPT_FLAGS);
     zombie->dfree = dfree;
     zombie->data = data;
     VALUE prev, next = heap_pages_deferred_final;
@@ -2753,24 +2777,27 @@ rb_gc_impl_define_finalizer(void *objspace_ptr, VALUE obj, VALUE block)
 
     RBASIC(obj)->flags |= FL_FINALIZE;
 
-    int lev = rb_gc_vm_lock();
+    unsigned int lev = RB_GC_VM_LOCK();
 
     if (st_lookup(finalizer_table, obj, &data)) {
         table = (VALUE)data;
+        VALUE dup_table = rb_ary_dup(table);
 
+        RB_GC_VM_UNLOCK(lev);
         /* avoid duplicate block, table is usually small */
         {
             long len = RARRAY_LEN(table);
             long i;
 
             for (i = 0; i < len; i++) {
-                VALUE recv = RARRAY_AREF(table, i);
-                if (rb_equal(recv, block)) {
-                    rb_gc_vm_unlock(lev);
+                VALUE recv = RARRAY_AREF(dup_table, i);
+                if (rb_equal(recv, block)) { // can't be called with VM lock held
                     return recv;
                 }
             }
         }
+        lev = RB_GC_VM_LOCK();
+        RB_GC_GUARD(dup_table);
 
         rb_ary_push(table, block);
     }
@@ -2780,7 +2807,7 @@ rb_gc_impl_define_finalizer(void *objspace_ptr, VALUE obj, VALUE block)
         st_add_direct(finalizer_table, obj, table);
     }
 
-    rb_gc_vm_unlock(lev);
+    RB_GC_VM_UNLOCK(lev);
 
     return block;
 }
@@ -2794,9 +2821,9 @@ rb_gc_impl_undefine_finalizer(void *objspace_ptr, VALUE obj)
 
     st_data_t data = obj;
 
-    int lev = rb_gc_vm_lock();
+    int lev = RB_GC_VM_LOCK();
     st_delete(finalizer_table, &data, 0);
-    rb_gc_vm_unlock(lev);
+    RB_GC_VM_UNLOCK(lev);
 
     FL_UNSET(obj, FL_FINALIZE);
 }
@@ -2810,7 +2837,7 @@ rb_gc_impl_copy_finalizer(void *objspace_ptr, VALUE dest, VALUE obj)
 
     if (!FL_TEST(obj, FL_FINALIZE)) return;
 
-    int lev = rb_gc_vm_lock();
+    int lev = RB_GC_VM_LOCK();
     if (RB_LIKELY(st_lookup(finalizer_table, obj, &data))) {
         table = rb_ary_dup((VALUE)data);
         RARRAY_ASET(table, 0, rb_obj_id(dest));
@@ -2820,7 +2847,7 @@ rb_gc_impl_copy_finalizer(void *objspace_ptr, VALUE dest, VALUE obj)
     else {
         rb_bug("rb_gc_copy_finalizer: FL_FINALIZE set but not found in finalizer_table: %s", rb_obj_info(obj));
     }
-    rb_gc_vm_unlock(lev);
+    RB_GC_VM_UNLOCK(lev);
 }
 
 static VALUE
@@ -2831,8 +2858,8 @@ get_final(long i, void *data)
     return RARRAY_AREF(table, i + 1);
 }
 
-static void
-run_final(rb_objspace_t *objspace, VALUE zombie)
+static unsigned int
+run_final(rb_objspace_t *objspace, VALUE zombie, unsigned int lev)
 {
     if (RZOMBIE(zombie)->dfree) {
         RZOMBIE(zombie)->dfree(RZOMBIE(zombie)->data);
@@ -2843,7 +2870,9 @@ run_final(rb_objspace_t *objspace, VALUE zombie)
         FL_UNSET(zombie, FL_FINALIZE);
         st_data_t table;
         if (st_delete(finalizer_table, &key, &table)) {
+            RB_GC_VM_UNLOCK(lev);
             rb_gc_run_obj_finalizer(RARRAY_AREF(table, 0), RARRAY_LEN(table) - 1, get_final, (void *)table);
+            lev = RB_GC_VM_LOCK();
         }
         else {
             rb_bug("FL_FINALIZE flag is set, but finalizers are not found");
@@ -2852,6 +2881,7 @@ run_final(rb_objspace_t *objspace, VALUE zombie)
     else {
         GC_ASSERT(!st_lookup(finalizer_table, key, NULL));
     }
+    return lev;
 }
 
 static void
@@ -2864,9 +2894,9 @@ finalize_list(rb_objspace_t *objspace, VALUE zombie)
         next_zombie = RZOMBIE(zombie)->next;
         page = GET_HEAP_PAGE(zombie);
 
-        int lev = rb_gc_vm_lock();
+        unsigned int lev = RB_GC_VM_LOCK();
 
-        run_final(objspace, zombie);
+        lev = run_final(objspace, zombie, lev);
         {
             GC_ASSERT(BUILTIN_TYPE(zombie) == T_ZOMBIE);
             GC_ASSERT(page->heap->final_slots_count > 0);
@@ -2875,10 +2905,11 @@ finalize_list(rb_objspace_t *objspace, VALUE zombie)
             page->heap->final_slots_count--;
             page->final_slots--;
             page->free_slots++;
+            RVALUE_AGE_SET_BITMAP(zombie, 0);
             heap_page_add_freeobj(objspace, page, zombie);
             page->heap->total_freed_objects++;
         }
-        rb_gc_vm_unlock(lev);
+        RB_GC_VM_UNLOCK(lev);
 
         zombie = next_zombie;
     }
@@ -3247,7 +3278,7 @@ read_barrier_handler(uintptr_t address)
         rb_bug("read_barrier_handler: segmentation fault at %p", (void *)address);
     }
 
-    int lev = rb_gc_vm_lock();
+    int lev = RB_GC_VM_LOCK();
     {
         unlock_page_body(objspace, page_body);
 
@@ -3255,7 +3286,7 @@ read_barrier_handler(uintptr_t address)
 
         invalidate_moved_page(objspace, GET_HEAP_PAGE(address));
     }
-    rb_gc_vm_unlock(lev);
+    RB_GC_VM_UNLOCK(lev);
 }
 #endif
 
@@ -3477,6 +3508,7 @@ gc_sweep_plane(rb_objspace_t *objspace, rb_heap_t *heap, uintptr_t p, bits_t bit
                     // always add free slots back to the swept pages freelist,
                     // so that if we're compacting, we can re-use the slots
                     (void)VALGRIND_MAKE_MEM_UNDEFINED((void*)p, BASE_SLOT_SIZE);
+                    RVALUE_AGE_SET_BITMAP(vp, 0);
                     heap_page_add_freeobj(objspace, sweep_page, vp);
                     gc_report(3, objspace, "page_sweep: %s is added to freelist\n", rb_obj_info(vp));
                     ctx->freed_slots++;
@@ -3497,6 +3529,7 @@ gc_sweep_plane(rb_objspace_t *objspace, rb_heap_t *heap, uintptr_t p, bits_t bit
                 }
                 gc_report(3, objspace, "page_sweep: %s is added to freelist\n", rb_obj_info(vp));
                 ctx->empty_slots++;
+                RVALUE_AGE_SET_BITMAP(vp, 0);
                 heap_page_add_freeobj(objspace, sweep_page, vp);
                 break;
               case T_ZOMBIE:
@@ -3547,9 +3580,12 @@ gc_sweep_page(rb_objspace_t *objspace, rb_heap_t *heap, struct gc_sweep_context
     GC_ASSERT(bitmap_plane_count == HEAP_PAGE_BITMAP_LIMIT - 1 ||
                   bitmap_plane_count == HEAP_PAGE_BITMAP_LIMIT);
 
+    bits_t slot_mask = heap->slot_bits_mask;
+
     // Skip out of range slots at the head of the page
     bitset = ~bits[0];
     bitset >>= NUM_IN_PAGE(p);
+    bitset &= slot_mask;
     if (bitset) {
         gc_sweep_plane(objspace, heap, p, bitset, ctx);
     }
@@ -3557,6 +3593,7 @@ gc_sweep_page(rb_objspace_t *objspace, rb_heap_t *heap, struct gc_sweep_context
 
     for (int i = 1; i < bitmap_plane_count; i++) {
         bitset = ~bits[i];
+        bitset &= slot_mask;
         if (bitset) {
             gc_sweep_plane(objspace, heap, p, bitset, ctx);
         }
@@ -3773,7 +3810,7 @@ gc_sweep_finish_heap(rb_objspace_t *objspace, rb_heap_t *heap)
                     heap_allocatable_slots_expand(objspace, heap, swept_slots, heap->total_slots);
                 }
             }
-            else {
+            else if (objspace->heap_pages.allocatable_slots < (min_free_slots - swept_slots)) {
                 gc_needs_major_flags |= GPR_FLAG_MAJOR_BY_NOFREE;
                 heap->force_major_gc_count++;
             }
@@ -3922,10 +3959,29 @@ gc_sweep_continue(rb_objspace_t *objspace, rb_heap_t *sweep_heap)
 
     for (int i = 0; i < HEAP_COUNT; i++) {
         rb_heap_t *heap = &heaps[i];
-        if (!gc_sweep_step(objspace, heap)) {
-            if (heap == sweep_heap && objspace->empty_pages_count == 0 && objspace->heap_pages.allocatable_slots == 0) {
+        if (gc_sweep_step(objspace, heap)) {
+            GC_ASSERT(heap->free_pages != NULL);
+        }
+        else if (heap == sweep_heap) {
+            if (objspace->empty_pages_count > 0 || objspace->heap_pages.allocatable_slots > 0) {
+                /* [Bug #21548]
+                 *
+                 * If this heap is the heap we want to sweep, but we weren't able
+                 * to free any slots, but we also either have empty pages or could
+                 * allocate new pages, then we want to preemptively claim a page
+                 * because it's possible that sweeping another heap will call
+                 * gc_sweep_finish_heap, which may use up all of the
+                 * empty/allocatable pages. If other heaps are not finished sweeping
+                 * then we do not finish this GC and we will end up triggering a new
+                 * GC cycle during this GC phase. */
+                heap_page_allocate_and_initialize(objspace, heap);
+
+                GC_ASSERT(heap->free_pages != NULL);
+            }
+            else {
                 /* Not allowed to create a new page so finish sweeping. */
                 gc_sweep_rest(objspace);
+                GC_ASSERT(gc_mode(objspace) == gc_mode_none);
                 break;
             }
         }
@@ -3985,6 +4041,7 @@ invalidate_moved_plane(rb_objspace_t *objspace, struct heap_page *page, uintptr_
 
                     struct heap_page *orig_page = GET_HEAP_PAGE(object);
                     orig_page->free_slots++;
+                    RVALUE_AGE_SET_BITMAP(object, 0);
                     heap_page_add_freeobj(objspace, orig_page, object);
 
                     GC_ASSERT(RVALUE_MARKED(objspace, forwarding_object));
@@ -4294,15 +4351,11 @@ init_mark_stack(mark_stack_t *stack)
 static void
 rgengc_check_relation(rb_objspace_t *objspace, VALUE obj)
 {
-    const VALUE old_parent = objspace->rgengc.parent_object;
-
-    if (old_parent) { /* parent object is old */
+    if (objspace->rgengc.parent_object_old_p) {
         if (RVALUE_WB_UNPROTECTED(objspace, obj) || !RVALUE_OLD_P(objspace, obj)) {
-            rgengc_remember(objspace, old_parent);
+            rgengc_remember(objspace, objspace->rgengc.parent_object);
         }
     }
-
-    GC_ASSERT(old_parent == objspace->rgengc.parent_object);
 }
 
 static inline int
@@ -4358,32 +4411,44 @@ gc_grey(rb_objspace_t *objspace, VALUE obj)
         MARK_IN_BITMAP(GET_HEAP_MARKING_BITS(obj), obj);
     }
 
+    if (RB_FL_TEST_RAW(obj, RUBY_FL_WEAK_REFERENCE)) {
+        rb_darray_append_without_gc(&objspace->weak_references, obj);
+    }
+
     push_mark_stack(&objspace->mark_stack, obj);
 }
 
+static inline void
+gc_mark_check_t_none(rb_objspace_t *objspace, VALUE obj)
+{
+    if (RB_UNLIKELY(BUILTIN_TYPE(obj) == T_NONE)) {
+        enum {info_size = 256};
+        char obj_info_buf[info_size];
+        rb_raw_obj_info(obj_info_buf, info_size, obj);
+
+        char parent_obj_info_buf[info_size];
+        rb_raw_obj_info(parent_obj_info_buf, info_size, objspace->rgengc.parent_object);
+
+        rb_bug("try to mark T_NONE object (obj: %s, parent: %s)", obj_info_buf, parent_obj_info_buf);
+    }
+}
+
 static void
 gc_mark(rb_objspace_t *objspace, VALUE obj)
 {
     GC_ASSERT(during_gc);
+    GC_ASSERT(!objspace->flags.during_reference_updating);
 
     rgengc_check_relation(objspace, obj);
     if (!gc_mark_set(objspace, obj)) return; /* already marked */
 
     if (0) { // for debug GC marking miss
-        if (objspace->rgengc.parent_object) {
-            RUBY_DEBUG_LOG("%p (%s) parent:%p (%s)",
-                            (void *)obj, obj_type_name(obj),
-                            (void *)objspace->rgengc.parent_object, obj_type_name(objspace->rgengc.parent_object));
-        }
-        else {
-            RUBY_DEBUG_LOG("%p (%s)", (void *)obj, obj_type_name(obj));
-        }
+        RUBY_DEBUG_LOG("%p (%s) parent:%p (%s)",
+                        (void *)obj, obj_type_name(obj),
+                        (void *)objspace->rgengc.parent_object, obj_type_name(objspace->rgengc.parent_object));
     }
 
-    if (RB_UNLIKELY(RB_TYPE_P(obj, T_NONE))) {
-        rb_obj_info_dump(obj);
-        rb_bug("try to mark T_NONE object"); /* check here will help debugging */
-    }
+    gc_mark_check_t_none(objspace, obj);
 
     gc_aging(objspace, obj);
     gc_grey(objspace, obj);
@@ -4420,7 +4485,10 @@ rb_gc_impl_mark_and_move(void *objspace_ptr, VALUE *ptr)
         GC_ASSERT(objspace->flags.during_compacting);
         GC_ASSERT(during_gc);
 
-        *ptr = rb_gc_impl_location(objspace, *ptr);
+        VALUE destination = rb_gc_impl_location(objspace, *ptr);
+        if (destination != *ptr) {
+            *ptr = destination;
+        }
     }
     else {
         gc_mark(objspace, *ptr);
@@ -4454,10 +4522,10 @@ rb_gc_impl_mark_maybe(void *objspace_ptr, VALUE obj)
         asan_unpoisoning_object(obj) {
             /* Garbage can live on the stack, so do not mark or pin */
             switch (BUILTIN_TYPE(obj)) {
-            case T_ZOMBIE:
-            case T_NONE:
+              case T_ZOMBIE:
+              case T_NONE:
                 break;
-            default:
+              default:
                 gc_mark_and_pin(objspace, obj);
                 break;
             }
@@ -4465,64 +4533,34 @@ rb_gc_impl_mark_maybe(void *objspace_ptr, VALUE obj)
     }
 }
 
-void
-rb_gc_impl_mark_weak(void *objspace_ptr, VALUE *ptr)
+static int
+pin_value(st_data_t key, st_data_t value, st_data_t data)
 {
-    rb_objspace_t *objspace = objspace_ptr;
-
-    GC_ASSERT(objspace->rgengc.parent_object == 0 || FL_TEST(objspace->rgengc.parent_object, FL_WB_PROTECTED));
-
-    VALUE obj = *ptr;
-
-    if (RB_UNLIKELY(RB_TYPE_P(obj, T_NONE))) {
-        rb_obj_info_dump(obj);
-        rb_bug("try to mark T_NONE object");
-    }
-
-    /* If we are in a minor GC and the other object is old, then obj should
-     * already be marked and cannot be reclaimed in this GC cycle so we don't
-     * need to add it to the weak references list. */
-    if (!is_full_marking(objspace) && RVALUE_OLD_P(objspace, obj)) {
-        GC_ASSERT(RVALUE_MARKED(objspace, obj));
-        GC_ASSERT(!objspace->flags.during_compacting);
-
-        return;
-    }
-
-    rgengc_check_relation(objspace, obj);
-
-    rb_darray_append_without_gc(&objspace->weak_references, ptr);
+    rb_gc_impl_mark_and_pin((void *)data, (VALUE)value);
 
-    objspace->profile.weak_references_count++;
+    return ST_CONTINUE;
 }
 
-void
-rb_gc_impl_remove_weak(void *objspace_ptr, VALUE parent_obj, VALUE *ptr)
+static inline void
+gc_mark_set_parent_raw(rb_objspace_t *objspace, VALUE obj, bool old_p)
 {
-    rb_objspace_t *objspace = objspace_ptr;
-
-    /* If we're not incremental marking, then the state of the objects can't
-     * change so we don't need to do anything. */
-    if (!is_incremental_marking(objspace)) return;
-    /* If parent_obj has not been marked, then ptr has not yet been marked
-     * weak, so we don't need to do anything. */
-    if (!RVALUE_MARKED(objspace, parent_obj)) return;
-
-    VALUE **ptr_ptr;
-    rb_darray_foreach(objspace->weak_references, i, ptr_ptr) {
-        if (*ptr_ptr == ptr) {
-            *ptr_ptr = NULL;
-            break;
-        }
-    }
+    asan_unpoison_memory_region(&objspace->rgengc.parent_object, sizeof(objspace->rgengc.parent_object), false);
+    asan_unpoison_memory_region(&objspace->rgengc.parent_object_old_p, sizeof(objspace->rgengc.parent_object_old_p), false);
+    objspace->rgengc.parent_object = obj;
+    objspace->rgengc.parent_object_old_p = old_p;
 }
 
-static int
-pin_value(st_data_t key, st_data_t value, st_data_t data)
+static inline void
+gc_mark_set_parent(rb_objspace_t *objspace, VALUE obj)
 {
-    rb_gc_impl_mark_and_pin((void *)data, (VALUE)value);
+    gc_mark_set_parent_raw(objspace, obj, RVALUE_OLD_P(objspace, obj));
+}
 
-    return ST_CONTINUE;
+static inline void
+gc_mark_set_parent_invalid(rb_objspace_t *objspace)
+{
+    asan_poison_memory_region(&objspace->rgengc.parent_object, sizeof(objspace->rgengc.parent_object));
+    asan_poison_memory_region(&objspace->rgengc.parent_object_old_p, sizeof(objspace->rgengc.parent_object_old_p));
 }
 
 static void
@@ -4533,7 +4571,7 @@ mark_roots(rb_objspace_t *objspace, const char **categoryp)
 } while (0)
 
     MARK_CHECKPOINT("objspace");
-    objspace->rgengc.parent_object = Qfalse;
+    gc_mark_set_parent_raw(objspace, Qundef, false);
 
     if (finalizer_table != NULL) {
         st_foreach(finalizer_table, pin_value, (st_data_t)objspace);
@@ -4543,17 +4581,7 @@ mark_roots(rb_objspace_t *objspace, const char **categoryp)
 
     rb_gc_save_machine_context();
     rb_gc_mark_roots(objspace, categoryp);
-}
-
-static inline void
-gc_mark_set_parent(rb_objspace_t *objspace, VALUE obj)
-{
-    if (RVALUE_OLD_P(objspace, obj)) {
-        objspace->rgengc.parent_object = obj;
-    }
-    else {
-        objspace->rgengc.parent_object = Qfalse;
-    }
+    gc_mark_set_parent_invalid(objspace);
 }
 
 static void
@@ -4561,6 +4589,7 @@ gc_mark_children(rb_objspace_t *objspace, VALUE obj)
 {
     gc_mark_set_parent(objspace, obj);
     rb_gc_mark_children(objspace, obj);
+    gc_mark_set_parent_invalid(objspace);
 }
 
 /**
@@ -4848,7 +4877,7 @@ gc_marks_check(rb_objspace_t *objspace, st_foreach_callback_func *checker_func,
 {
     size_t saved_malloc_increase = objspace->malloc_params.increase;
 #if RGENGC_ESTIMATE_OLDMALLOC
-    size_t saved_oldmalloc_increase = objspace->rgengc.oldmalloc_increase;
+    size_t saved_oldmalloc_increase = objspace->malloc_counters.oldmalloc_increase;
 #endif
     VALUE already_disabled = rb_objspace_gc_disable(objspace);
 
@@ -4871,7 +4900,7 @@ gc_marks_check(rb_objspace_t *objspace, st_foreach_callback_func *checker_func,
     if (already_disabled == Qfalse) rb_objspace_gc_enable(objspace);
     objspace->malloc_params.increase = saved_malloc_increase;
 #if RGENGC_ESTIMATE_OLDMALLOC
-    objspace->rgengc.oldmalloc_increase = saved_oldmalloc_increase;
+    objspace->malloc_counters.oldmalloc_increase = saved_oldmalloc_increase;
 #endif
 }
 #endif /* RGENGC_CHECK_MODE >= 4 */
@@ -4961,6 +4990,10 @@ verify_internal_consistency_i(void *page_start, void *page_end, size_t stride,
                     rb_objspace_reachable_objects_from(obj, check_generation_i, (void *)data);
                 }
 
+                if (!is_marking(objspace) && rb_gc_obj_shareable_p(obj)) {
+                    rb_gc_verify_shareable(obj);
+                }
+
                 if (is_incremental_marking(objspace)) {
                     if (RVALUE_BLACK_P(objspace, obj)) {
                         /* reachable objects from black objects should be black or grey objects */
@@ -5126,6 +5159,8 @@ gc_verify_internal_consistency_(rb_objspace_t *objspace)
 
     /* check counters */
 
+    ractor_cache_flush_count(objspace, rb_gc_get_ractor_newobj_cache());
+
     if (!is_lazy_sweeping(objspace) &&
             !finalizing &&
             !rb_gc_multi_ractor_p()) {
@@ -5180,7 +5215,7 @@ gc_verify_internal_consistency(void *objspace_ptr)
 {
     rb_objspace_t *objspace = objspace_ptr;
 
-    unsigned int lev = rb_gc_vm_lock();
+    unsigned int lev = RB_GC_VM_LOCK();
     {
         rb_gc_vm_barrier(); // stop other ractors
 
@@ -5191,7 +5226,7 @@ gc_verify_internal_consistency(void *objspace_ptr)
         }
         during_gc = prev_during_gc;
     }
-    rb_gc_vm_unlock(lev);
+    RB_GC_VM_UNLOCK(lev);
 }
 
 static void
@@ -5281,30 +5316,48 @@ gc_marks_wb_unprotected_objects(rb_objspace_t *objspace, rb_heap_t *heap)
     gc_mark_stacked_objects_all(objspace);
 }
 
-static void
-gc_update_weak_references(rb_objspace_t *objspace)
+void
+rb_gc_impl_declare_weak_references(void *objspace_ptr, VALUE obj)
 {
-    size_t retained_weak_references_count = 0;
-    VALUE **ptr_ptr;
-    rb_darray_foreach(objspace->weak_references, i, ptr_ptr) {
-        if (!*ptr_ptr) continue;
+    FL_SET_RAW(obj, RUBY_FL_WEAK_REFERENCE);
+}
 
-        VALUE obj = **ptr_ptr;
+bool
+rb_gc_impl_handle_weak_references_alive_p(void *objspace_ptr, VALUE obj)
+{
+    rb_objspace_t *objspace = objspace_ptr;
 
-        if (RB_SPECIAL_CONST_P(obj)) continue;
+    bool marked = RVALUE_MARKED(objspace, obj);
 
-        if (!RVALUE_MARKED(objspace, obj)) {
-            **ptr_ptr = Qundef;
-        }
-        else {
-            retained_weak_references_count++;
-        }
+    if (marked) {
+        rgengc_check_relation(objspace, obj);
     }
 
-    objspace->profile.retained_weak_references_count = retained_weak_references_count;
+    return marked;
+}
+
+static void
+gc_update_weak_references(rb_objspace_t *objspace)
+{
+    VALUE *obj_ptr;
+    rb_darray_foreach(objspace->weak_references, i, obj_ptr) {
+        gc_mark_set_parent(objspace, *obj_ptr);
+        rb_gc_handle_weak_references(*obj_ptr);
+        gc_mark_set_parent_invalid(objspace);
+    }
+
+    size_t capa = rb_darray_capa(objspace->weak_references);
+    size_t size = rb_darray_size(objspace->weak_references);
+
+    objspace->profile.weak_references_count = size;
 
     rb_darray_clear(objspace->weak_references);
-    rb_darray_resize_capa_without_gc(&objspace->weak_references, retained_weak_references_count);
+
+    /* If the darray has capacity for more than four times the amount used, we
+     * shrink it down to half of that capacity. */
+    if (capa > size * 4) {
+        rb_darray_resize_capa_without_gc(&objspace->weak_references, size * 2);
+    }
 }
 
 static void
@@ -5438,10 +5491,9 @@ gc_compact_destination_pool(rb_objspace_t *objspace, rb_heap_t *src_pool, VALUE
         return src_pool;
     }
 
-    size_t idx = 0;
-    if (rb_gc_impl_size_allocatable_p(obj_size)) {
-        idx = heap_idx_for_size(obj_size);
-    }
+    GC_ASSERT(rb_gc_impl_size_allocatable_p(obj_size));
+
+    size_t idx = heap_idx_for_size(obj_size);
 
     return &heaps[idx];
 }
@@ -5862,6 +5914,10 @@ rgengc_rememberset_mark_plane(rb_objspace_t *objspace, uintptr_t p, bits_t bitse
                 GC_ASSERT(RVALUE_OLD_P(objspace, obj) || RVALUE_WB_UNPROTECTED(objspace, obj));
 
                 gc_mark_children(objspace, obj);
+
+                if (RB_FL_TEST_RAW(obj, RUBY_FL_WEAK_REFERENCE)) {
+                    rb_darray_append_without_gc(&objspace->weak_references, obj);
+                }
             }
             p += BASE_SLOT_SIZE;
             bitset >>= 1;
@@ -5952,11 +6008,11 @@ gc_writebarrier_generational(VALUE a, VALUE b, rb_objspace_t *objspace)
 
     /* mark `a' and remember (default behavior) */
     if (!RVALUE_REMEMBERED(objspace, a)) {
-        int lev = rb_gc_vm_lock_no_barrier();
+        int lev = RB_GC_VM_LOCK_NO_BARRIER();
         {
             rgengc_remember(objspace, a);
         }
-        rb_gc_vm_unlock_no_barrier(lev);
+        RB_GC_VM_UNLOCK_NO_BARRIER(lev);
 
         gc_report(1, objspace, "gc_writebarrier_generational: %s (remembered) -> %s\n", rb_obj_info(a), rb_obj_info(b));
     }
@@ -5970,9 +6026,11 @@ gc_mark_from(rb_objspace_t *objspace, VALUE obj, VALUE parent)
 {
     gc_mark_set_parent(objspace, parent);
     rgengc_check_relation(objspace, obj);
-    if (gc_mark_set(objspace, obj) == FALSE) return;
-    gc_aging(objspace, obj);
-    gc_grey(objspace, obj);
+    if (gc_mark_set(objspace, obj) != FALSE) {
+        gc_aging(objspace, obj);
+        gc_grey(objspace, obj);
+    }
+    gc_mark_set_parent_invalid(objspace);
 }
 
 NOINLINE(static void gc_writebarrier_incremental(VALUE a, VALUE b, rb_objspace_t *objspace));
@@ -6004,11 +6062,15 @@ rb_gc_impl_writebarrier(void *objspace_ptr, VALUE a, VALUE b)
 {
     rb_objspace_t *objspace = objspace_ptr;
 
-    if (RGENGC_CHECK_MODE) {
-        if (SPECIAL_CONST_P(a)) rb_bug("rb_gc_writebarrier: a is special const: %"PRIxVALUE, a);
-        if (SPECIAL_CONST_P(b)) rb_bug("rb_gc_writebarrier: b is special const: %"PRIxVALUE, b);
-    }
+#if RGENGC_CHECK_MODE
+    if (SPECIAL_CONST_P(a)) rb_bug("rb_gc_writebarrier: a is special const: %"PRIxVALUE, a);
+    if (SPECIAL_CONST_P(b)) rb_bug("rb_gc_writebarrier: b is special const: %"PRIxVALUE, b);
+#else
+    RBIMPL_ASSERT_OR_ASSUME(!SPECIAL_CONST_P(a));
+    RBIMPL_ASSERT_OR_ASSUME(!SPECIAL_CONST_P(b));
+#endif
 
+    GC_ASSERT(!during_gc);
     GC_ASSERT(RB_BUILTIN_TYPE(a) != T_NONE);
     GC_ASSERT(RB_BUILTIN_TYPE(a) != T_MOVED);
     GC_ASSERT(RB_BUILTIN_TYPE(a) != T_ZOMBIE);
@@ -6028,7 +6090,7 @@ rb_gc_impl_writebarrier(void *objspace_ptr, VALUE a, VALUE b)
     else {
         bool retry = false;
         /* slow path */
-        int lev = rb_gc_vm_lock_no_barrier();
+        int lev = RB_GC_VM_LOCK_NO_BARRIER();
         {
             if (is_incremental_marking(objspace)) {
                 gc_writebarrier_incremental(a, b, objspace);
@@ -6037,7 +6099,7 @@ rb_gc_impl_writebarrier(void *objspace_ptr, VALUE a, VALUE b)
                 retry = true;
             }
         }
-        rb_gc_vm_unlock_no_barrier(lev);
+        RB_GC_VM_UNLOCK_NO_BARRIER(lev);
 
         if (retry) goto retry;
     }
@@ -6056,7 +6118,7 @@ rb_gc_impl_writebarrier_unprotect(void *objspace_ptr, VALUE obj)
         gc_report(2, objspace, "rb_gc_writebarrier_unprotect: %s %s\n", rb_obj_info(obj),
                   RVALUE_REMEMBERED(objspace, obj) ? " (already remembered)" : "");
 
-        unsigned int lev = rb_gc_vm_lock_no_barrier();
+        unsigned int lev = RB_GC_VM_LOCK_NO_BARRIER();
         {
             if (RVALUE_OLD_P(objspace, obj)) {
                 gc_report(1, objspace, "rb_gc_writebarrier_unprotect: %s\n", rb_obj_info(obj));
@@ -6078,7 +6140,7 @@ rb_gc_impl_writebarrier_unprotect(void *objspace_ptr, VALUE obj)
             RB_DEBUG_COUNTER_INC(obj_wb_unprotect);
             MARK_IN_BITMAP(GET_HEAP_WB_UNPROTECTED_BITS(obj), obj);
         }
-        rb_gc_vm_unlock_no_barrier(lev);
+        RB_GC_VM_UNLOCK_NO_BARRIER(lev);
     }
 }
 
@@ -6106,22 +6168,26 @@ rb_gc_impl_writebarrier_remember(void *objspace_ptr, VALUE obj)
 
     gc_report(1, objspace, "rb_gc_writebarrier_remember: %s\n", rb_obj_info(obj));
 
-    if (is_incremental_marking(objspace)) {
-        if (RVALUE_BLACK_P(objspace, obj)) {
-            gc_grey(objspace, obj);
-        }
-    }
-    else {
-        if (RVALUE_OLD_P(objspace, obj)) {
-            rgengc_remember(objspace, obj);
+    if (is_incremental_marking(objspace) || RVALUE_OLD_P(objspace, obj)) {
+        int lev = RB_GC_VM_LOCK_NO_BARRIER();
+        {
+            if (is_incremental_marking(objspace)) {
+                if (RVALUE_BLACK_P(objspace, obj)) {
+                    gc_grey(objspace, obj);
+                }
+            }
+            else if (RVALUE_OLD_P(objspace, obj)) {
+                rgengc_remember(objspace, obj);
+            }
         }
+        RB_GC_VM_UNLOCK_NO_BARRIER(lev);
     }
 }
 
 struct rb_gc_object_metadata_names {
     // Must be ID only
     ID ID_wb_protected, ID_age, ID_old, ID_uncollectible, ID_marking,
-        ID_marked, ID_pinned, ID_object_id, ID_shareable;
+        ID_marked, ID_pinned, ID_remembered, ID_object_id, ID_shareable;
 };
 
 #define RB_GC_OBJECT_METADATA_ENTRY_COUNT (sizeof(struct rb_gc_object_metadata_names) / sizeof(ID))
@@ -6143,6 +6209,7 @@ rb_gc_impl_object_metadata(void *objspace_ptr, VALUE obj)
         I(marking);
         I(marked);
         I(pinned);
+        I(remembered);
         I(object_id);
         I(shareable);
 #undef I
@@ -6162,6 +6229,7 @@ rb_gc_impl_object_metadata(void *objspace_ptr, VALUE obj)
     if (RVALUE_MARKING(objspace, obj)) SET_ENTRY(marking, Qtrue);
     if (RVALUE_MARKED(objspace, obj)) SET_ENTRY(marked, Qtrue);
     if (RVALUE_PINNED(objspace, obj)) SET_ENTRY(pinned, Qtrue);
+    if (RVALUE_REMEMBERED(objspace, obj)) SET_ENTRY(remembered, Qtrue);
     if (rb_obj_id_p(obj)) SET_ENTRY(object_id, rb_obj_id(obj));
     if (FL_TEST(obj, FL_SHAREABLE)) SET_ENTRY(shareable, Qtrue);
 
@@ -6254,7 +6322,7 @@ gc_reset_malloc_info(rb_objspace_t *objspace, bool full_mark)
     /* reset oldmalloc info */
 #if RGENGC_ESTIMATE_OLDMALLOC
     if (!full_mark) {
-        if (objspace->rgengc.oldmalloc_increase > objspace->rgengc.oldmalloc_increase_limit) {
+        if (objspace->malloc_counters.oldmalloc_increase > objspace->rgengc.oldmalloc_increase_limit) {
             gc_needs_major_flags |= GPR_FLAG_MAJOR_BY_OLDMALLOC;
             objspace->rgengc.oldmalloc_increase_limit =
               (size_t)(objspace->rgengc.oldmalloc_increase_limit * gc_params.oldmalloc_limit_growth_factor);
@@ -6267,13 +6335,13 @@ gc_reset_malloc_info(rb_objspace_t *objspace, bool full_mark)
         if (0) fprintf(stderr, "%"PRIdSIZE"\t%d\t%"PRIuSIZE"\t%"PRIuSIZE"\t%"PRIdSIZE"\n",
                        rb_gc_count(),
                        gc_needs_major_flags,
-                       objspace->rgengc.oldmalloc_increase,
+                       objspace->malloc_counters.oldmalloc_increase,
                        objspace->rgengc.oldmalloc_increase_limit,
                        gc_params.oldmalloc_limit_max);
     }
     else {
         /* major GC */
-        objspace->rgengc.oldmalloc_increase = 0;
+        objspace->malloc_counters.oldmalloc_increase = 0;
 
         if ((objspace->profile.latest_gc_info & GPR_FLAG_MAJOR_BY_OLDMALLOC) == 0) {
             objspace->rgengc.oldmalloc_increase_limit =
@@ -6291,7 +6359,7 @@ garbage_collect(rb_objspace_t *objspace, unsigned int reason)
 {
     int ret;
 
-    int lev = rb_gc_vm_lock();
+    int lev = RB_GC_VM_LOCK();
     {
 #if GC_PROFILE_MORE_DETAIL
         objspace->profile.prepare_time = getrusage_time();
@@ -6305,7 +6373,7 @@ garbage_collect(rb_objspace_t *objspace, unsigned int reason)
 
         ret = gc_start(objspace, reason);
     }
-    rb_gc_vm_unlock(lev);
+    RB_GC_VM_UNLOCK(lev);
 
     return ret;
 }
@@ -6315,19 +6383,19 @@ gc_start(rb_objspace_t *objspace, unsigned int reason)
 {
     unsigned int do_full_mark = !!(reason & GPR_FLAG_FULL_MARK);
 
-    /* reason may be clobbered, later, so keep set immediate_sweep here */
-    objspace->flags.immediate_sweep = !!(reason & GPR_FLAG_IMMEDIATE_SWEEP);
-
     if (!rb_darray_size(objspace->heap_pages.sorted)) return TRUE; /* heap is not ready */
     if (!(reason & GPR_FLAG_METHOD) && !ready_to_gc(objspace)) return TRUE; /* GC is not allowed */
 
-    GC_ASSERT(gc_mode(objspace) == gc_mode_none);
+    GC_ASSERT(gc_mode(objspace) == gc_mode_none, "gc_mode is %s\n", gc_mode_name(gc_mode(objspace)));
     GC_ASSERT(!is_lazy_sweeping(objspace));
     GC_ASSERT(!is_incremental_marking(objspace));
 
     unsigned int lock_lev;
     gc_enter(objspace, gc_enter_event_start, &lock_lev);
 
+    /* reason may be clobbered, later, so keep set immediate_sweep here */
+    objspace->flags.immediate_sweep = !!(reason & GPR_FLAG_IMMEDIATE_SWEEP);
+
 #if RGENGC_CHECK_MODE >= 2
     gc_verify_internal_consistency(objspace);
 #endif
@@ -6411,7 +6479,6 @@ gc_start(rb_objspace_t *objspace, unsigned int reason)
     objspace->profile.total_allocated_objects_at_gc_start = total_allocated_objects(objspace);
     objspace->profile.heap_used_at_gc_start = rb_darray_size(objspace->heap_pages.sorted);
     objspace->profile.weak_references_count = 0;
-    objspace->profile.retained_weak_references_count = 0;
     gc_prof_setup_new_record(objspace, reason);
     gc_reset_malloc_info(objspace, do_full_mark);
 
@@ -6589,12 +6656,10 @@ gc_clock_end(struct timespec *ts)
 static inline void
 gc_enter(rb_objspace_t *objspace, enum gc_enter_event event, unsigned int *lock_lev)
 {
-    *lock_lev = rb_gc_vm_lock();
+    *lock_lev = RB_GC_VM_LOCK();
 
     switch (event) {
       case gc_enter_event_rest:
-        if (!is_marking(objspace)) break;
-        // fall through
       case gc_enter_event_start:
       case gc_enter_event_continue:
         // stop other ractors
@@ -6628,7 +6693,7 @@ gc_exit(rb_objspace_t *objspace, enum gc_enter_event event, unsigned int *lock_l
     gc_report(1, objspace, "gc_exit: %s [%s]\n", gc_enter_event_cstr(event), gc_current_status(objspace));
     during_gc = FALSE;
 
-    rb_gc_vm_unlock(*lock_lev);
+    RB_GC_VM_UNLOCK(*lock_lev);
 }
 
 #ifndef MEASURE_GC
@@ -6805,12 +6870,6 @@ gc_is_moveable_obj(rb_objspace_t *objspace, VALUE obj)
       case T_ZOMBIE:
         return FALSE;
       case T_SYMBOL:
-        // TODO: restore original behavior
-        // if (RSYMBOL(obj)->id & ~ID_SCOPE_MASK) {
-        //     return FALSE;
-        // }
-        return false;
-        /* fall through */
       case T_STRING:
       case T_OBJECT:
       case T_FLOAT:
@@ -6893,7 +6952,7 @@ gc_move(rb_objspace_t *objspace, VALUE src, VALUE dest, size_t src_slot_size, si
     }
 
     memset((void *)src, 0, src_slot_size);
-    RVALUE_AGE_RESET(src);
+    RVALUE_AGE_SET_BITMAP(src, 0);
 
     /* Set bits for object in new location */
     if (remembered) {
@@ -7000,6 +7059,12 @@ gc_sort_heap_by_compare_func(rb_objspace_t *objspace, gc_compact_compare_func co
 }
 #endif
 
+void
+rb_gc_impl_register_pinning_obj(void *objspace_ptr, VALUE obj)
+{
+    /* no-op */
+}
+
 bool
 rb_gc_impl_object_moved_p(void *objspace_ptr, VALUE obj)
 {
@@ -7067,6 +7132,8 @@ gc_update_references(rb_objspace_t *objspace)
 {
     objspace->flags.during_reference_updating = true;
 
+    rb_gc_before_updating_jit_code();
+
     struct heap_page *page = NULL;
 
     for (int i = 0; i < HEAP_COUNT; i++) {
@@ -7101,6 +7168,8 @@ gc_update_references(rb_objspace_t *objspace)
         );
     }
 
+    rb_gc_after_updating_jit_code();
+
     objspace->flags.during_reference_updating = false;
 }
 
@@ -7229,7 +7298,7 @@ gc_info_decode(rb_objspace_t *objspace, const VALUE hash_or_key, const unsigned
 #endif
     static VALUE sym_newobj, sym_malloc, sym_method, sym_capi;
     static VALUE sym_none, sym_marking, sym_sweeping;
-    static VALUE sym_weak_references_count, sym_retained_weak_references_count;
+    static VALUE sym_weak_references_count;
     VALUE hash = Qnil, key = Qnil;
     VALUE major_by, need_major_by;
     unsigned int flags = orig_flags ? orig_flags : objspace->profile.latest_gc_info;
@@ -7271,7 +7340,6 @@ gc_info_decode(rb_objspace_t *objspace, const VALUE hash_or_key, const unsigned
         S(sweeping);
 
         S(weak_references_count);
-        S(retained_weak_references_count);
 #undef S
     }
 
@@ -7324,7 +7392,6 @@ gc_info_decode(rb_objspace_t *objspace, const VALUE hash_or_key, const unsigned
     }
 
     SET(weak_references_count, LONG2FIX(objspace->profile.weak_references_count));
-    SET(retained_weak_references_count, LONG2FIX(objspace->profile.retained_weak_references_count));
 #undef SET
 
     if (!NIL_P(key)) {
@@ -7447,6 +7514,8 @@ ns_to_ms(uint64_t ns)
     return ns / (1000 * 1000);
 }
 
+static void malloc_increase_local_flush(rb_objspace_t *objspace);
+
 VALUE
 rb_gc_impl_stat(void *objspace_ptr, VALUE hash_or_sym)
 {
@@ -7455,6 +7524,9 @@ rb_gc_impl_stat(void *objspace_ptr, VALUE hash_or_sym)
 
     setup_gc_stat_symbols();
 
+    ractor_cache_flush_count(objspace, rb_gc_get_ractor_newobj_cache());
+    malloc_increase_local_flush(objspace);
+
     if (RB_TYPE_P(hash_or_sym, T_HASH)) {
         hash = hash_or_sym;
     }
@@ -7502,7 +7574,7 @@ rb_gc_impl_stat(void *objspace_ptr, VALUE hash_or_sym)
     SET(old_objects, objspace->rgengc.old_objects);
     SET(old_objects_limit, objspace->rgengc.old_objects_limit);
 #if RGENGC_ESTIMATE_OLDMALLOC
-    SET(oldmalloc_increase_bytes, objspace->rgengc.oldmalloc_increase);
+    SET(oldmalloc_increase_bytes, objspace->malloc_counters.oldmalloc_increase);
     SET(oldmalloc_increase_bytes_limit, objspace->rgengc.oldmalloc_increase_limit);
 #endif
 
@@ -7537,6 +7609,9 @@ rb_gc_impl_stat(void *objspace_ptr, VALUE hash_or_sym)
 
 enum gc_stat_heap_sym {
     gc_stat_heap_sym_slot_size,
+    gc_stat_heap_sym_heap_live_slots,
+    gc_stat_heap_sym_heap_free_slots,
+    gc_stat_heap_sym_heap_final_slots,
     gc_stat_heap_sym_heap_eden_pages,
     gc_stat_heap_sym_heap_eden_slots,
     gc_stat_heap_sym_total_allocated_pages,
@@ -7555,6 +7630,9 @@ setup_gc_stat_heap_symbols(void)
     if (gc_stat_heap_symbols[0] == 0) {
 #define S(s) gc_stat_heap_symbols[gc_stat_heap_sym_##s] = ID2SYM(rb_intern_const(#s))
         S(slot_size);
+        S(heap_live_slots);
+        S(heap_free_slots);
+        S(heap_final_slots);
         S(heap_eden_pages);
         S(heap_eden_slots);
         S(total_allocated_pages);
@@ -7576,6 +7654,9 @@ stat_one_heap(rb_heap_t *heap, VALUE hash, VALUE key)
         rb_hash_aset(hash, gc_stat_heap_symbols[gc_stat_heap_sym_##name], SIZET2NUM(attr));
 
     SET(slot_size, heap->slot_size);
+    SET(heap_live_slots, heap->total_allocated_objects - heap->total_freed_objects - heap->final_slots_count);
+    SET(heap_free_slots, heap->total_slots - (heap->total_allocated_objects - heap->total_freed_objects));
+    SET(heap_final_slots, heap->final_slots_count);
     SET(heap_eden_pages, heap->total_pages);
     SET(heap_eden_slots, heap->total_slots);
     SET(total_allocated_pages, heap->total_allocated_pages);
@@ -7598,6 +7679,8 @@ rb_gc_impl_stat_heap(void *objspace_ptr, VALUE heap_name, VALUE hash_or_sym)
 {
     rb_objspace_t *objspace = objspace_ptr;
 
+    ractor_cache_flush_count(objspace, rb_gc_get_ractor_newobj_cache());
+
     setup_gc_stat_heap_symbols();
 
     if (NIL_P(heap_name)) {
@@ -7930,8 +8013,47 @@ objspace_malloc_gc_stress(rb_objspace_t *objspace)
     }
 }
 
+static void
+malloc_increase_commit(rb_objspace_t *objspace, size_t new_size, size_t old_size)
+{
+    if (new_size > old_size) {
+        RUBY_ATOMIC_SIZE_ADD(malloc_increase, new_size - old_size);
+#if RGENGC_ESTIMATE_OLDMALLOC
+        RUBY_ATOMIC_SIZE_ADD(objspace->malloc_counters.oldmalloc_increase, new_size - old_size);
+#endif
+    }
+    else {
+        atomic_sub_nounderflow(&malloc_increase, old_size - new_size);
+#if RGENGC_ESTIMATE_OLDMALLOC
+        atomic_sub_nounderflow(&objspace->malloc_counters.oldmalloc_increase, old_size - new_size);
+#endif
+    }
+}
+
+#if USE_MALLOC_INCREASE_LOCAL
+static void
+malloc_increase_local_flush(rb_objspace_t *objspace)
+{
+    int delta = malloc_increase_local;
+    if (delta == 0) return;
+
+    malloc_increase_local = 0;
+    if (delta > 0) {
+        malloc_increase_commit(objspace, (size_t)delta, 0);
+    }
+    else {
+        malloc_increase_commit(objspace, 0, (size_t)(-delta));
+    }
+}
+#else
+static void
+malloc_increase_local_flush(rb_objspace_t *objspace)
+{
+}
+#endif
+
 static inline bool
-objspace_malloc_increase_report(rb_objspace_t *objspace, void *mem, size_t new_size, size_t old_size, enum memop_type type)
+objspace_malloc_increase_report(rb_objspace_t *objspace, void *mem, size_t new_size, size_t old_size, enum memop_type type, bool gc_allowed)
 {
     if (0) fprintf(stderr, "increase - ptr: %p, type: %s, new_size: %"PRIdSIZE", old_size: %"PRIdSIZE"\n",
                    mem,
@@ -7943,22 +8065,27 @@ objspace_malloc_increase_report(rb_objspace_t *objspace, void *mem, size_t new_s
 }
 
 static bool
-objspace_malloc_increase_body(rb_objspace_t *objspace, void *mem, size_t new_size, size_t old_size, enum memop_type type)
+objspace_malloc_increase_body(rb_objspace_t *objspace, void *mem, size_t new_size, size_t old_size, enum memop_type type, bool gc_allowed)
 {
-    if (new_size > old_size) {
-        RUBY_ATOMIC_SIZE_ADD(malloc_increase, new_size - old_size);
-#if RGENGC_ESTIMATE_OLDMALLOC
-        RUBY_ATOMIC_SIZE_ADD(objspace->rgengc.oldmalloc_increase, new_size - old_size);
-#endif
+#if USE_MALLOC_INCREASE_LOCAL
+    if (new_size < GC_MALLOC_INCREASE_LOCAL_THRESHOLD &&
+        old_size < GC_MALLOC_INCREASE_LOCAL_THRESHOLD) {
+        malloc_increase_local += (int)new_size - (int)old_size;
+
+        if (malloc_increase_local >= GC_MALLOC_INCREASE_LOCAL_THRESHOLD ||
+            malloc_increase_local <= -GC_MALLOC_INCREASE_LOCAL_THRESHOLD) {
+            malloc_increase_local_flush(objspace);
+        }
     }
     else {
-        atomic_sub_nounderflow(&malloc_increase, old_size - new_size);
-#if RGENGC_ESTIMATE_OLDMALLOC
-        atomic_sub_nounderflow(&objspace->rgengc.oldmalloc_increase, old_size - new_size);
-#endif
+        malloc_increase_local_flush(objspace);
+        malloc_increase_commit(objspace, new_size, old_size);
     }
+#else
+    malloc_increase_commit(objspace, new_size, old_size);
+#endif
 
-    if (type == MEMOP_TYPE_MALLOC) {
+    if (type == MEMOP_TYPE_MALLOC && gc_allowed) {
       retry:
         if (malloc_increase > malloc_limit && ruby_native_thread_p() && !dont_gc_val()) {
             if (ruby_thread_has_gvl_p() && is_lazy_sweeping(objspace)) {
@@ -8040,10 +8167,10 @@ malloc_during_gc_p(rb_objspace_t *objspace)
 }
 
 static inline void *
-objspace_malloc_fixup(rb_objspace_t *objspace, void *mem, size_t size)
+objspace_malloc_fixup(rb_objspace_t *objspace, void *mem, size_t size, bool gc_allowed)
 {
     size = objspace_malloc_size(objspace, mem, size);
-    objspace_malloc_increase(objspace, mem, size, 0, MEMOP_TYPE_MALLOC) {}
+    objspace_malloc_increase(objspace, mem, size, 0, MEMOP_TYPE_MALLOC, gc_allowed) {}
 
 #if CALC_EXACT_MALLOC_SIZE
     {
@@ -8075,10 +8202,10 @@ objspace_malloc_fixup(rb_objspace_t *objspace, void *mem, size_t size)
             GPR_FLAG_MALLOC;                                 \
         objspace_malloc_gc_stress(objspace);                 \
                                                              \
-        if (RB_LIKELY((expr))) {                                \
+        if (RB_LIKELY((expr))) {                             \
             /* Success on 1st try */                         \
         }                                                    \
-        else if (!garbage_collect_with_gvl(objspace, gpr)) { \
+        else if (gc_allowed && !garbage_collect_with_gvl(objspace, gpr)) { \
             /* @shyouhei thinks this doesn't happen */       \
             GC_MEMERROR("TRY_WITH_GC: could not GC");        \
         }                                                    \
@@ -8121,7 +8248,7 @@ rb_gc_impl_free(void *objspace_ptr, void *ptr, size_t old_size)
 #endif
     old_size = objspace_malloc_size(objspace, ptr, old_size);
 
-    objspace_malloc_increase(objspace, ptr, 0, old_size, MEMOP_TYPE_FREE) {
+    objspace_malloc_increase(objspace, ptr, 0, old_size, MEMOP_TYPE_FREE, true) {
         free(ptr);
         ptr = NULL;
         RB_DEBUG_COUNTER_INC(heap_xfree);
@@ -8129,7 +8256,7 @@ rb_gc_impl_free(void *objspace_ptr, void *ptr, size_t old_size)
 }
 
 void *
-rb_gc_impl_malloc(void *objspace_ptr, size_t size)
+rb_gc_impl_malloc(void *objspace_ptr, size_t size, bool gc_allowed)
 {
     rb_objspace_t *objspace = objspace_ptr;
     check_malloc_not_in_gc(objspace, "malloc");
@@ -8140,11 +8267,11 @@ rb_gc_impl_malloc(void *objspace_ptr, size_t size)
     TRY_WITH_GC(size, mem = malloc(size));
     RB_DEBUG_COUNTER_INC(heap_xmalloc);
     if (!mem) return mem;
-    return objspace_malloc_fixup(objspace, mem, size);
+    return objspace_malloc_fixup(objspace, mem, size, gc_allowed);
 }
 
 void *
-rb_gc_impl_calloc(void *objspace_ptr, size_t size)
+rb_gc_impl_calloc(void *objspace_ptr, size_t size, bool gc_allowed)
 {
     rb_objspace_t *objspace = objspace_ptr;
 
@@ -8160,11 +8287,11 @@ rb_gc_impl_calloc(void *objspace_ptr, size_t size)
     size = objspace_malloc_prepare(objspace, size);
     TRY_WITH_GC(size, mem = calloc1(size));
     if (!mem) return mem;
-    return objspace_malloc_fixup(objspace, mem, size);
+    return objspace_malloc_fixup(objspace, mem, size, gc_allowed);
 }
 
 void *
-rb_gc_impl_realloc(void *objspace_ptr, void *ptr, size_t new_size, size_t old_size)
+rb_gc_impl_realloc(void *objspace_ptr, void *ptr, size_t new_size, size_t old_size, bool gc_allowed)
 {
     rb_objspace_t *objspace = objspace_ptr;
 
@@ -8172,7 +8299,7 @@ rb_gc_impl_realloc(void *objspace_ptr, void *ptr, size_t new_size, size_t old_si
 
     void *mem;
 
-    if (!ptr) return rb_gc_impl_malloc(objspace, new_size);
+    if (!ptr) return rb_gc_impl_malloc(objspace, new_size, gc_allowed);
 
     /*
      * The behavior of realloc(ptr, 0) is implementation defined.
@@ -8180,7 +8307,7 @@ rb_gc_impl_realloc(void *objspace_ptr, void *ptr, size_t new_size, size_t old_si
      * see http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg14/www/docs/dr_400.htm
      */
     if (new_size == 0) {
-        if ((mem = rb_gc_impl_malloc(objspace, 0)) != NULL) {
+        if ((mem = rb_gc_impl_malloc(objspace, 0, gc_allowed)) != NULL) {
             /*
              * - OpenBSD's malloc(3) man page says that when 0 is passed, it
              *   returns a non-NULL pointer to an access-protected memory page.
@@ -8239,7 +8366,7 @@ rb_gc_impl_realloc(void *objspace_ptr, void *ptr, size_t new_size, size_t old_si
     }
 #endif
 
-    objspace_malloc_increase(objspace, mem, new_size, old_size, MEMOP_TYPE_REALLOC);
+    objspace_malloc_increase(objspace, mem, new_size, old_size, MEMOP_TYPE_REALLOC, gc_allowed);
 
     RB_DEBUG_COUNTER_INC(heap_xrealloc);
     return mem;
@@ -8251,10 +8378,10 @@ rb_gc_impl_adjust_memory_usage(void *objspace_ptr, ssize_t diff)
     rb_objspace_t *objspace = objspace_ptr;
 
     if (diff > 0) {
-        objspace_malloc_increase(objspace, 0, diff, 0, MEMOP_TYPE_REALLOC);
+        objspace_malloc_increase(objspace, 0, diff, 0, MEMOP_TYPE_REALLOC, true);
     }
     else if (diff < 0) {
-        objspace_malloc_increase(objspace, 0, 0, -diff, MEMOP_TYPE_REALLOC);
+        objspace_malloc_increase(objspace, 0, 0, -diff, MEMOP_TYPE_REALLOC, true);
     }
 }
 
@@ -8871,6 +8998,12 @@ gc_profile_disable(VALUE _)
     return Qnil;
 }
 
+void
+rb_gc_verify_internal_consistency(void)
+{
+    gc_verify_internal_consistency(rb_gc_get_objspace());
+}
+
 /*
  *  call-seq:
  *     GC.verify_internal_consistency                  -> nil
@@ -8884,7 +9017,7 @@ gc_profile_disable(VALUE _)
 static VALUE
 gc_verify_internal_consistency_m(VALUE dummy)
 {
-    gc_verify_internal_consistency(rb_gc_get_objspace());
+    rb_gc_verify_internal_consistency();
     return Qnil;
 }
 
@@ -9105,7 +9238,7 @@ gc_verify_compaction_references(int argc, VALUE* argv, VALUE self)
     /* Clear the heap. */
     rb_gc_impl_start(objspace, true, true, true, false);
 
-    unsigned int lev = rb_gc_vm_lock();
+    unsigned int lev = RB_GC_VM_LOCK();
     {
         gc_rest(objspace);
 
@@ -9161,7 +9294,7 @@ gc_verify_compaction_references(int argc, VALUE* argv, VALUE self)
             objspace->rcompactor.compare_func = compare_free_slots;
         }
     }
-    rb_gc_vm_unlock(lev);
+    RB_GC_VM_UNLOCK(lev);
 
     rb_gc_impl_start(rb_gc_get_objspace(), true, true, true, true);
 
@@ -9242,8 +9375,23 @@ gc_malloc_allocations(VALUE self)
 }
 #endif
 
-void rb_gc_impl_before_fork(void *objspace_ptr) { /* no-op */ }
-void rb_gc_impl_after_fork(void *objspace_ptr, rb_pid_t pid) {
+void
+rb_gc_impl_before_fork(void *objspace_ptr)
+{
+    rb_objspace_t *objspace = objspace_ptr;
+
+    objspace->fork_vm_lock_lev = RB_GC_VM_LOCK();
+    rb_gc_vm_barrier();
+}
+
+void
+rb_gc_impl_after_fork(void *objspace_ptr, rb_pid_t pid)
+{
+    rb_objspace_t *objspace = objspace_ptr;
+
+    RB_GC_VM_UNLOCK(objspace->fork_vm_lock_lev);
+    objspace->fork_vm_lock_lev = 0;
+
     if (pid == 0) { /* child process */
         rb_gc_ractor_newobj_cache_foreach(gc_ractor_newobj_cache_clear, NULL);
     }
@@ -9251,6 +9399,7 @@ void rb_gc_impl_after_fork(void *objspace_ptr, rb_pid_t pid) {
 
 VALUE rb_ident_hash_new_with_size(st_index_t size);
 
+#if GC_DEBUG_STRESS_TO_CLASS
 /*
  *  call-seq:
  *    GC.add_stress_to_class(class[, ...])
@@ -9300,6 +9449,7 @@ rb_gcdebug_remove_stress_to_class(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
 
     return Qnil;
 }
+#endif
 
 void *
 rb_gc_impl_objspace_alloc(void)
@@ -9328,6 +9478,17 @@ rb_gc_impl_objspace_init(void *objspace_ptr)
 
         heap->slot_size = (1 << i) * BASE_SLOT_SIZE;
 
+        // Bitmask with every (1 << i)th bit set, representing aligned slot positions
+        static const bits_t slot_bits_masks[] = {
+            ~(bits_t)0,                    // i=0: every 1st bit
+            (bits_t)0x5555555555555555ULL, // i=1: every 2nd bit
+            (bits_t)0x1111111111111111ULL, // i=2: every 4th bit
+            (bits_t)0x0101010101010101ULL, // i=3: every 8th bit
+            (bits_t)0x0001000100010001ULL, // i=4: every 16th bit
+        };
+        GC_ASSERT(HEAP_COUNT == sizeof(slot_bits_masks) / sizeof(slot_bits_masks[0]));
+        heap->slot_bits_mask = slot_bits_masks[i];
+
         ccan_list_head_init(&heap->pages);
     }
 
@@ -9394,10 +9555,10 @@ rb_gc_impl_init(void)
         rb_define_singleton_method(rb_mGC, "verify_compaction_references", rb_f_notimplement, -1);
     }
 
-    if (GC_DEBUG_STRESS_TO_CLASS) {
-        rb_define_singleton_method(rb_mGC, "add_stress_to_class", rb_gcdebug_add_stress_to_class, -1);
-        rb_define_singleton_method(rb_mGC, "remove_stress_to_class", rb_gcdebug_remove_stress_to_class, -1);
-    }
+#if GC_DEBUG_STRESS_TO_CLASS
+    rb_define_singleton_method(rb_mGC, "add_stress_to_class", rb_gcdebug_add_stress_to_class, -1);
+    rb_define_singleton_method(rb_mGC, "remove_stress_to_class", rb_gcdebug_remove_stress_to_class, -1);
+#endif
 
     /* internal methods */
     rb_define_singleton_method(rb_mGC, "verify_internal_consistency", gc_verify_internal_consistency_m, 0);
diff --git a/gc/gc.h b/gc/gc.h
index 5adcadb305..097ddb9394 100644
--- a/gc/gc.h
+++ b/gc/gc.h
@@ -31,56 +31,89 @@ enum rb_gc_vm_weak_tables {
     RB_GC_VM_ID2REF_TABLE,
     RB_GC_VM_GENERIC_FIELDS_TABLE,
     RB_GC_VM_FROZEN_STRINGS_TABLE,
+    RB_GC_VM_CC_REFINEMENT_TABLE,
     RB_GC_VM_WEAK_TABLE_COUNT
 };
 
+#define RB_GC_VM_LOCK() rb_gc_vm_lock(__FILE__, __LINE__)
+#define RB_GC_VM_UNLOCK(lev) rb_gc_vm_unlock(lev, __FILE__, __LINE__)
+#define RB_GC_CR_LOCK() rb_gc_cr_lock(__FILE__, __LINE__)
+#define RB_GC_CR_UNLOCK(lev) rb_gc_cr_unlock(lev, __FILE__, __LINE__)
+#define RB_GC_VM_LOCK_NO_BARRIER() rb_gc_vm_lock_no_barrier(__FILE__, __LINE__)
+#define RB_GC_VM_UNLOCK_NO_BARRIER(lev) rb_gc_vm_unlock_no_barrier(lev, __FILE__, __LINE__)
+
+#if USE_MODULAR_GC
+# define MODULAR_GC_FN
+#else
+// This takes advantage of internal linkage winning when appearing first.
+// See C99 6.2.2p4.
+# define MODULAR_GC_FN static
+#endif
+
+#if USE_MODULAR_GC
 RUBY_SYMBOL_EXPORT_BEGIN
-unsigned int rb_gc_vm_lock(void);
-void rb_gc_vm_unlock(unsigned int lev);
-unsigned int rb_gc_cr_lock(void);
-void rb_gc_cr_unlock(unsigned int lev);
-unsigned int rb_gc_vm_lock_no_barrier(void);
-void rb_gc_vm_unlock_no_barrier(unsigned int lev);
-void rb_gc_vm_barrier(void);
-size_t rb_gc_obj_optimal_size(VALUE obj);
-void rb_gc_mark_children(void *objspace, VALUE obj);
-void rb_gc_vm_weak_table_foreach(vm_table_foreach_callback_func callback, vm_table_update_callback_func update_callback, void *data, bool weak_only, enum rb_gc_vm_weak_tables table);
-void rb_gc_update_object_references(void *objspace, VALUE obj);
-void rb_gc_update_vm_references(void *objspace);
-void rb_gc_event_hook(VALUE obj, rb_event_flag_t event);
-void *rb_gc_get_objspace(void);
+#endif
+
+// These functions cannot be defined as static because they are used by other
+// files in Ruby.
 size_t rb_size_mul_or_raise(size_t x, size_t y, VALUE exc);
-void rb_gc_run_obj_finalizer(VALUE objid, long count, VALUE (*callback)(long i, void *data), void *data);
-void rb_gc_set_pending_interrupt(void);
-void rb_gc_unset_pending_interrupt(void);
-void rb_gc_obj_free_vm_weak_references(VALUE obj);
-bool rb_gc_obj_free(void *objspace, VALUE obj);
-void rb_gc_save_machine_context(void);
-void rb_gc_mark_roots(void *objspace, const char **categoryp);
-void rb_gc_ractor_newobj_cache_foreach(void (*func)(void *cache, void *data), void *data);
-bool rb_gc_multi_ractor_p(void);
-void rb_objspace_reachable_objects_from_root(void (func)(const char *category, VALUE, void *), void *passing_data);
 void rb_objspace_reachable_objects_from(VALUE obj, void (func)(VALUE, void *), void *data);
-void rb_obj_info_dump(VALUE obj);
+const char *rb_raw_obj_info(char *const buff, const size_t buff_size, VALUE obj);
 const char *rb_obj_info(VALUE obj);
-bool rb_gc_shutdown_call_finalizer_p(VALUE obj);
-uint32_t rb_gc_get_shape(VALUE obj);
-void rb_gc_set_shape(VALUE obj, uint32_t shape_id);
-uint32_t rb_gc_rebuild_shape(VALUE obj, size_t heap_id);
 size_t rb_obj_memsize_of(VALUE obj);
-void rb_gc_prepare_heap_process_object(VALUE obj);
 bool ruby_free_at_exit_p(void);
-bool rb_memerror_reentered(void);
-bool rb_obj_id_p(VALUE);
+void rb_objspace_reachable_objects_from_root(void (func)(const char *category, VALUE, void *), void *passing_data);
+void rb_gc_verify_shareable(VALUE);
+
+MODULAR_GC_FN unsigned int rb_gc_vm_lock(const char *file, int line);
+MODULAR_GC_FN void rb_gc_vm_unlock(unsigned int lev, const char *file, int line);
+MODULAR_GC_FN unsigned int rb_gc_cr_lock(const char *file, int line);
+MODULAR_GC_FN void rb_gc_cr_unlock(unsigned int lev, const char *file, int line);
+MODULAR_GC_FN unsigned int rb_gc_vm_lock_no_barrier(const char *file, int line);
+MODULAR_GC_FN void rb_gc_vm_unlock_no_barrier(unsigned int lev, const char *file, int line);
+MODULAR_GC_FN void rb_gc_vm_barrier(void);
+MODULAR_GC_FN size_t rb_gc_obj_optimal_size(VALUE obj);
+MODULAR_GC_FN void rb_gc_mark_children(void *objspace, VALUE obj);
+MODULAR_GC_FN void rb_gc_vm_weak_table_foreach(vm_table_foreach_callback_func callback, vm_table_update_callback_func update_callback, void *data, bool weak_only, enum rb_gc_vm_weak_tables table);
+MODULAR_GC_FN void rb_gc_update_object_references(void *objspace, VALUE obj);
+MODULAR_GC_FN void rb_gc_update_vm_references(void *objspace);
+MODULAR_GC_FN void rb_gc_event_hook(VALUE obj, rb_event_flag_t event);
+MODULAR_GC_FN void *rb_gc_get_objspace(void);
+MODULAR_GC_FN void rb_gc_run_obj_finalizer(VALUE objid, long count, VALUE (*callback)(long i, void *data), void *data);
+MODULAR_GC_FN void rb_gc_set_pending_interrupt(void);
+MODULAR_GC_FN void rb_gc_unset_pending_interrupt(void);
+MODULAR_GC_FN void rb_gc_obj_free_vm_weak_references(VALUE obj);
+MODULAR_GC_FN bool rb_gc_obj_free(void *objspace, VALUE obj);
+MODULAR_GC_FN void rb_gc_save_machine_context(void);
+MODULAR_GC_FN void rb_gc_mark_roots(void *objspace, const char **categoryp);
+MODULAR_GC_FN void rb_gc_ractor_newobj_cache_foreach(void (*func)(void *cache, void *data), void *data);
+MODULAR_GC_FN bool rb_gc_multi_ractor_p(void);
+MODULAR_GC_FN bool rb_gc_shutdown_call_finalizer_p(VALUE obj);
+MODULAR_GC_FN uint32_t rb_gc_get_shape(VALUE obj);
+MODULAR_GC_FN void rb_gc_set_shape(VALUE obj, uint32_t shape_id);
+MODULAR_GC_FN uint32_t rb_gc_rebuild_shape(VALUE obj, size_t heap_id);
+MODULAR_GC_FN void rb_gc_prepare_heap_process_object(VALUE obj);
+MODULAR_GC_FN bool rb_memerror_reentered(void);
+MODULAR_GC_FN bool rb_obj_id_p(VALUE);
+MODULAR_GC_FN void rb_gc_before_updating_jit_code(void);
+MODULAR_GC_FN void rb_gc_after_updating_jit_code(void);
+MODULAR_GC_FN bool rb_gc_obj_shareable_p(VALUE);
+MODULAR_GC_FN void rb_gc_rp(VALUE);
+MODULAR_GC_FN void rb_gc_handle_weak_references(VALUE obj);
 
 #if USE_MODULAR_GC
-bool rb_gc_event_hook_required_p(rb_event_flag_t event);
-void *rb_gc_get_ractor_newobj_cache(void);
-void rb_gc_initialize_vm_context(struct rb_gc_vm_context *context);
-void rb_gc_worker_thread_set_vm_context(struct rb_gc_vm_context *context);
-void rb_gc_worker_thread_unset_vm_context(struct rb_gc_vm_context *context);
+MODULAR_GC_FN bool rb_gc_event_hook_required_p(rb_event_flag_t event);
+MODULAR_GC_FN void *rb_gc_get_ractor_newobj_cache(void);
+MODULAR_GC_FN void rb_gc_initialize_vm_context(struct rb_gc_vm_context *context);
+MODULAR_GC_FN void rb_gc_worker_thread_set_vm_context(struct rb_gc_vm_context *context);
+MODULAR_GC_FN void rb_gc_worker_thread_unset_vm_context(struct rb_gc_vm_context *context);
+MODULAR_GC_FN void rb_gc_move_obj_during_marking(VALUE from, VALUE to);
+MODULAR_GC_FN void rb_gc_print_backtrace();
 #endif
+
+#if USE_MODULAR_GC
 RUBY_SYMBOL_EXPORT_END
+#endif
 
 void rb_ractor_finish_marking(void);
 
@@ -105,7 +138,7 @@ RBIMPL_WARNING_IGNORED(-Wunused-function)
 #endif
 
 #ifndef GC_ASSERT
-# define GC_ASSERT(expr) RUBY_ASSERT_MESG_WHEN(RGENGC_CHECK_MODE > 0, expr, #expr)
+# define GC_ASSERT(expr, ...) RUBY_ASSERT_MESG_WHEN(RGENGC_CHECK_MODE > 0, expr, #expr RBIMPL_VA_OPT_ARGS(__VA_ARGS__))
 #endif
 
 static int
diff --git a/gc/gc_impl.h b/gc/gc_impl.h
index d1ae7983a2..7898316a75 100644
--- a/gc/gc_impl.h
+++ b/gc/gc_impl.h
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ GC_IMPL_FN VALUE rb_gc_impl_stress_get(void *objspace_ptr);
 GC_IMPL_FN VALUE rb_gc_impl_config_get(void *objspace_ptr);
 GC_IMPL_FN void rb_gc_impl_config_set(void *objspace_ptr, VALUE hash);
 // Object allocation
-GC_IMPL_FN VALUE rb_gc_impl_new_obj(void *objspace_ptr, void *cache_ptr, VALUE klass, VALUE flags, VALUE v1, VALUE v2, VALUE v3, bool wb_protected, size_t alloc_size);
+GC_IMPL_FN VALUE rb_gc_impl_new_obj(void *objspace_ptr, void *cache_ptr, VALUE klass, VALUE flags, bool wb_protected, size_t alloc_size);
 GC_IMPL_FN size_t rb_gc_impl_obj_slot_size(VALUE obj);
 GC_IMPL_FN size_t rb_gc_impl_heap_id_for_size(void *objspace_ptr, size_t size);
 GC_IMPL_FN bool rb_gc_impl_size_allocatable_p(size_t size);
@@ -72,9 +72,9 @@ GC_IMPL_FN bool rb_gc_impl_size_allocatable_p(size_t size);
  * memory just return NULL (with appropriate errno set).
  * The caller side takes care of that situation.
  */
-GC_IMPL_FN void *rb_gc_impl_malloc(void *objspace_ptr, size_t size);
-GC_IMPL_FN void *rb_gc_impl_calloc(void *objspace_ptr, size_t size);
-GC_IMPL_FN void *rb_gc_impl_realloc(void *objspace_ptr, void *ptr, size_t new_size, size_t old_size);
+GC_IMPL_FN void *rb_gc_impl_malloc(void *objspace_ptr, size_t size, bool gc_allowed);
+GC_IMPL_FN void *rb_gc_impl_calloc(void *objspace_ptr, size_t size, bool gc_allowed);
+GC_IMPL_FN void *rb_gc_impl_realloc(void *objspace_ptr, void *ptr, size_t new_size, size_t old_size, bool gc_allowed);
 GC_IMPL_FN void rb_gc_impl_free(void *objspace_ptr, void *ptr, size_t old_size);
 GC_IMPL_FN void rb_gc_impl_adjust_memory_usage(void *objspace_ptr, ssize_t diff);
 // Marking
@@ -82,9 +82,11 @@ GC_IMPL_FN void rb_gc_impl_mark(void *objspace_ptr, VALUE obj);
 GC_IMPL_FN void rb_gc_impl_mark_and_move(void *objspace_ptr, VALUE *ptr);
 GC_IMPL_FN void rb_gc_impl_mark_and_pin(void *objspace_ptr, VALUE obj);
 GC_IMPL_FN void rb_gc_impl_mark_maybe(void *objspace_ptr, VALUE obj);
-GC_IMPL_FN void rb_gc_impl_mark_weak(void *objspace_ptr, VALUE *ptr);
-GC_IMPL_FN void rb_gc_impl_remove_weak(void *objspace_ptr, VALUE parent_obj, VALUE *ptr);
+// Weak references
+GC_IMPL_FN void rb_gc_impl_declare_weak_references(void *objspace_ptr, VALUE obj);
+GC_IMPL_FN bool rb_gc_impl_handle_weak_references_alive_p(void *objspace_ptr, VALUE obj);
 // Compaction
+GC_IMPL_FN void rb_gc_impl_register_pinning_obj(void *objspace_ptr, VALUE obj);
 GC_IMPL_FN bool rb_gc_impl_object_moved_p(void *objspace_ptr, VALUE obj);
 GC_IMPL_FN VALUE rb_gc_impl_location(void *objspace_ptr, VALUE value);
 // Write barriers
diff --git a/gc/mmtk/Cargo.lock b/gc/mmtk/Cargo.lock
index f7d62ddacb..56259d46d6 100644
--- a/gc/mmtk/Cargo.lock
+++ b/gc/mmtk/Cargo.lock
@@ -491,7 +491,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "mmtk"
 version = "0.31.0"
-source = "git+https://github.com/mmtk/mmtk-core.git?rev=3d89bb51c191d3077278684ec5059726128d3e2b#3d89bb51c191d3077278684ec5059726128d3e2b"
+source = "git+https://github.com/mmtk/mmtk-core.git?rev=c6317a3f1c262e33fc2e427e4cc999c17bcc4791#c6317a3f1c262e33fc2e427e4cc999c17bcc4791"
 dependencies = [
  "atomic",
  "atomic-traits",
@@ -517,6 +517,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "num_cpus",
  "portable-atomic",
  "probe",
+ "rayon-core",
  "regex",
  "rustversion",
  "spin",
@@ -529,7 +530,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "mmtk-macros"
 version = "0.31.0"
-source = "git+https://github.com/mmtk/mmtk-core.git?rev=3d89bb51c191d3077278684ec5059726128d3e2b#3d89bb51c191d3077278684ec5059726128d3e2b"
+source = "git+https://github.com/mmtk/mmtk-core.git?rev=c6317a3f1c262e33fc2e427e4cc999c17bcc4791#c6317a3f1c262e33fc2e427e4cc999c17bcc4791"
 dependencies = [
  "proc-macro-error",
  "proc-macro2",
diff --git a/gc/mmtk/Cargo.toml b/gc/mmtk/Cargo.toml
index e1b1d1e13b..d856122900 100644
--- a/gc/mmtk/Cargo.toml
+++ b/gc/mmtk/Cargo.toml
@@ -21,11 +21,11 @@ probe = "0.5"
 sysinfo = "0.32.0"
 
 [dependencies.mmtk]
-features = ["is_mmtk_object", "object_pinning", "sticky_immix_non_moving_nursery", "immix_non_moving"]
+features = ["is_mmtk_object", "object_pinning", "sticky_immix_non_moving_nursery"]
 
 # Uncomment the following lines to use mmtk-core from the official repository.
 git = "https://github.com/mmtk/mmtk-core.git"
-rev = "3d89bb51c191d3077278684ec5059726128d3e2b"
+rev = "c6317a3f1c262e33fc2e427e4cc999c17bcc4791"
 
 # Uncomment the following line to use mmtk-core from a local repository.
 # path = "../../../mmtk-core"
diff --git a/gc/mmtk/cbindgen.toml b/gc/mmtk/cbindgen.toml
index c66f829b3d..b99c30efc8 100644
--- a/gc/mmtk/cbindgen.toml
+++ b/gc/mmtk/cbindgen.toml
@@ -20,6 +20,11 @@ typedef void *MMTk_Address;
 typedef void *MMTk_ObjectReference;
 typedef void *MMTk_NullableObjectReference;
 typedef uint32_t MMTk_AllocationSemantics;
+
+typedef struct MMTk_BumpPointer {
+    uintptr_t cursor;
+    uintptr_t limit;
+} MMTk_BumpPointer;
 """
 
 [export]
diff --git a/gc/mmtk/extconf.rb b/gc/mmtk/extconf.rb
index 5f4228972b..c0e788037e 100644
--- a/gc/mmtk/extconf.rb
+++ b/gc/mmtk/extconf.rb
@@ -15,6 +15,10 @@ create_gc_makefile("mmtk") do |makefile|
     MMTK_BUILD = debug
     LIBMMTK_RUBY = libmmtk_ruby.#$LIBEXT
     RUSTSRCS = #{rustsrcs.join(" \\\n\t   ")}
+
+    ifeq ($(MMTK_BUILD), debug)
+    CPPFLAGS += -DMMTK_DEBUG
+    endif
     MAKEFILE
   ]
 end
diff --git a/gc/mmtk/mmtk.c b/gc/mmtk/mmtk.c
index 41e7f13972..b1a836a8c5 100644
--- a/gc/mmtk/mmtk.c
+++ b/gc/mmtk/mmtk.c
@@ -32,12 +32,20 @@ struct objspace {
     unsigned long live_ractor_cache_count;
 
     pthread_mutex_t mutex;
+    rb_atomic_t mutator_blocking_count;
     bool world_stopped;
     pthread_cond_t cond_world_stopped;
     pthread_cond_t cond_world_started;
     size_t start_the_world_count;
 
+    struct {
+        bool gc_thread_crashed;
+        char crash_msg[256];
+    } crash_context;
+
     struct rb_gc_vm_context vm_context;
+
+    unsigned int fork_hook_vm_lock_lev;
 };
 
 struct MMTk_ractor_cache {
@@ -45,6 +53,8 @@ struct MMTk_ractor_cache {
 
     MMTk_Mutator *mutator;
     bool gc_mutator_p;
+
+    MMTk_BumpPointer *bump_pointer;
 };
 
 struct MMTk_final_job {
@@ -67,12 +77,22 @@ struct MMTk_final_job {
 
 #ifdef RB_THREAD_LOCAL_SPECIFIER
 RB_THREAD_LOCAL_SPECIFIER struct MMTk_GCThreadTLS *rb_mmtk_gc_thread_tls;
+
+RB_THREAD_LOCAL_SPECIFIER VALUE marking_parent_object;
 #else
 # error We currently need language-supported TLS
 #endif
 
+#ifdef MMTK_DEBUG
+# define MMTK_ASSERT(expr, ...) RUBY_ASSERT_ALWAYS(expr, #expr RBIMPL_VA_OPT_ARGS(__VA_ARGS__))
+#else
+# define MMTK_ASSERT(expr, ...) ((void)0)
+#endif
+
 #include <pthread.h>
 
+static inline VALUE rb_mmtk_call_object_closure(VALUE obj, bool pin);
+
 static void
 rb_mmtk_init_gc_worker_thread(MMTk_VMWorkerThread gc_thread_tls)
 {
@@ -129,7 +149,9 @@ rb_mmtk_block_for_gc(MMTk_VMMutatorThread mutator)
     struct objspace *objspace = rb_gc_get_objspace();
 
     size_t starting_gc_count = objspace->gc_count;
-    int lock_lev = rb_gc_vm_lock();
+    RUBY_ATOMIC_INC(objspace->mutator_blocking_count);
+    int lock_lev = RB_GC_VM_LOCK();
+    RUBY_ATOMIC_DEC(objspace->mutator_blocking_count);
     int err;
     if ((err = pthread_mutex_lock(&objspace->mutex)) != 0) {
         rb_bug("ERROR: cannot lock objspace->mutex: %s", strerror(err));
@@ -160,6 +182,10 @@ rb_mmtk_block_for_gc(MMTk_VMMutatorThread mutator)
             pthread_cond_wait(&objspace->cond_world_started, &objspace->mutex);
         }
 
+        if (RB_UNLIKELY(objspace->crash_context.gc_thread_crashed)) {
+            rb_bug("%s", objspace->crash_context.crash_msg);
+        }
+
         if (objspace->measure_gc_time) {
             struct timespec gc_end_time;
             clock_gettime(CLOCK_MONOTONIC, &gc_end_time);
@@ -173,7 +199,19 @@ rb_mmtk_block_for_gc(MMTk_VMMutatorThread mutator)
     if ((err = pthread_mutex_unlock(&objspace->mutex)) != 0) {
         rb_bug("ERROR: cannot release objspace->mutex: %s", strerror(err));
     }
-    rb_gc_vm_unlock(lock_lev);
+    RB_GC_VM_UNLOCK(lock_lev);
+}
+
+static void
+rb_mmtk_before_updating_jit_code(void)
+{
+    rb_gc_before_updating_jit_code();
+}
+
+static void
+rb_mmtk_after_updating_jit_code(void)
+{
+    rb_gc_after_updating_jit_code();
 }
 
 static size_t
@@ -240,15 +278,45 @@ rb_mmtk_scan_objspace(void)
 }
 
 static void
-rb_mmtk_scan_object_ruby_style(MMTk_ObjectReference object)
+rb_mmtk_move_obj_during_marking(MMTk_ObjectReference from, MMTk_ObjectReference to)
 {
-    rb_gc_mark_children(rb_gc_get_objspace(), (VALUE)object);
+    rb_gc_move_obj_during_marking((VALUE)from, (VALUE)to);
+}
+
+static void
+rb_mmtk_update_object_references(MMTk_ObjectReference mmtk_object)
+{
+    VALUE object = (VALUE)mmtk_object;
+
+    if (!RB_FL_TEST(object, RUBY_FL_WEAK_REFERENCE)) {
+        marking_parent_object = object;
+        rb_gc_update_object_references(rb_gc_get_objspace(), object);
+        marking_parent_object = 0;
+    }
 }
 
 static void
 rb_mmtk_call_gc_mark_children(MMTk_ObjectReference object)
 {
+    marking_parent_object = (VALUE)object;
     rb_gc_mark_children(rb_gc_get_objspace(), (VALUE)object);
+    marking_parent_object = 0;
+}
+
+static void
+rb_mmtk_handle_weak_references(MMTk_ObjectReference mmtk_object, bool moving)
+{
+    VALUE object = (VALUE)mmtk_object;
+
+    marking_parent_object = object;
+
+    rb_gc_handle_weak_references(object);
+
+    if (moving) {
+        rb_gc_update_object_references(rb_gc_get_objspace(), object);
+    }
+
+    marking_parent_object = 0;
 }
 
 static void
@@ -264,6 +332,11 @@ rb_mmtk_call_obj_free(MMTk_ObjectReference object)
     }
 
     rb_gc_obj_free(objspace, obj);
+
+    // TODO: uncomment this when done debugging
+// #ifdef MMTK_DEBUG
+    memset((void *)obj, 0, rb_gc_impl_obj_slot_size(obj));
+// #endif
 }
 
 static size_t
@@ -275,11 +348,7 @@ rb_mmtk_vm_live_bytes(void)
 static void
 make_final_job(struct objspace *objspace, VALUE obj, VALUE table)
 {
-    RUBY_ASSERT(RB_FL_TEST(obj, RUBY_FL_FINALIZE));
-    RUBY_ASSERT(mmtk_is_reachable((MMTk_ObjectReference)table));
-    RUBY_ASSERT(RB_BUILTIN_TYPE(table) == T_ARRAY);
-
-    RB_FL_UNSET(obj, RUBY_FL_FINALIZE);
+    MMTK_ASSERT(RB_BUILTIN_TYPE(table) == T_ARRAY);
 
     struct MMTk_final_job *job = xmalloc(sizeof(struct MMTk_final_job));
     job->next = objspace->finalizer_jobs;
@@ -290,15 +359,23 @@ make_final_job(struct objspace *objspace, VALUE obj, VALUE table)
 }
 
 static int
-rb_mmtk_update_finalizer_table_i(st_data_t key, st_data_t value, st_data_t data)
+rb_mmtk_update_finalizer_table_i(st_data_t key, st_data_t value, st_data_t data, int error)
 {
-    RUBY_ASSERT(RB_FL_TEST(key, RUBY_FL_FINALIZE));
-    RUBY_ASSERT(mmtk_is_reachable((MMTk_ObjectReference)value));
-    RUBY_ASSERT(RB_BUILTIN_TYPE(value) == T_ARRAY);
+    MMTK_ASSERT(mmtk_is_reachable((MMTk_ObjectReference)value));
+    MMTK_ASSERT(RB_BUILTIN_TYPE(value) == T_ARRAY);
 
     struct objspace *objspace = (struct objspace *)data;
 
-    if (!mmtk_is_reachable((MMTk_ObjectReference)key)) {
+    if (mmtk_is_reachable((MMTk_ObjectReference)key)) {
+        VALUE new_key_location = rb_mmtk_call_object_closure((VALUE)key, false);
+
+        MMTK_ASSERT(RB_FL_TEST(new_key_location, RUBY_FL_FINALIZE));
+
+        if (new_key_location != key) {
+            return ST_REPLACE;
+        }
+    }
+    else {
         make_final_job(objspace, (VALUE)key, (VALUE)value);
 
         rb_postponed_job_trigger(objspace->finalizer_postponed_job);
@@ -309,37 +386,117 @@ rb_mmtk_update_finalizer_table_i(st_data_t key, st_data_t value, st_data_t data)
     return ST_CONTINUE;
 }
 
+static int
+rb_mmtk_update_finalizer_table_replace_i(st_data_t *key, st_data_t *value, st_data_t data, int existing)
+{
+    *key = rb_mmtk_call_object_closure((VALUE)*key, false);
+
+    return ST_CONTINUE;
+}
+
 static void
 rb_mmtk_update_finalizer_table(void)
 {
     struct objspace *objspace = rb_gc_get_objspace();
 
-    // TODO: replace with st_foreach_with_replace when GC is moving
-    st_foreach(objspace->finalizer_table, rb_mmtk_update_finalizer_table_i, (st_data_t)objspace);
+    st_foreach_with_replace(
+        objspace->finalizer_table,
+        rb_mmtk_update_finalizer_table_i,
+        rb_mmtk_update_finalizer_table_replace_i,
+        (st_data_t)objspace
+    );
 }
 
 static int
-rb_mmtk_update_table_i(VALUE val, void *data)
+rb_mmtk_global_tables_count(void)
+{
+    return RB_GC_VM_WEAK_TABLE_COUNT;
+}
+
+static inline VALUE rb_mmtk_call_object_closure(VALUE obj, bool pin);
+
+static int
+rb_mmtk_update_global_tables_i(VALUE val, void *data)
 {
     if (!mmtk_is_reachable((MMTk_ObjectReference)val)) {
         return ST_DELETE;
     }
 
+    // TODO: check only if in moving GC
+    if (rb_mmtk_call_object_closure(val, false) != val) {
+        return ST_REPLACE;
+    }
+
     return ST_CONTINUE;
 }
 
 static int
-rb_mmtk_global_tables_count(void)
+rb_mmtk_update_global_tables_replace_i(VALUE *ptr, void *data)
 {
-    return RB_GC_VM_WEAK_TABLE_COUNT;
+    // TODO: cache the new location so we don't call rb_mmtk_call_object_closure twice
+    *ptr = rb_mmtk_call_object_closure(*ptr, false);
+
+    return ST_CONTINUE;
 }
 
 static void
 rb_mmtk_update_global_tables(int table)
 {
-    RUBY_ASSERT(table < RB_GC_VM_WEAK_TABLE_COUNT);
+    MMTK_ASSERT(table < RB_GC_VM_WEAK_TABLE_COUNT);
 
-    rb_gc_vm_weak_table_foreach(rb_mmtk_update_table_i, NULL, NULL, true, (enum rb_gc_vm_weak_tables)table);
+    // TODO: set weak_only to true for non-moving GC
+    rb_gc_vm_weak_table_foreach(
+        rb_mmtk_update_global_tables_i,
+        rb_mmtk_update_global_tables_replace_i,
+        NULL,
+        false,
+        (enum rb_gc_vm_weak_tables)table
+    );
+}
+
+static bool
+rb_mmtk_special_const_p(MMTk_ObjectReference object)
+{
+    VALUE obj = (VALUE)object;
+
+    return RB_SPECIAL_CONST_P(obj);
+}
+
+RBIMPL_ATTR_FORMAT(RBIMPL_PRINTF_FORMAT, 1, 2)
+static void
+rb_mmtk_gc_thread_bug(const char *msg, ...)
+{
+    struct objspace *objspace = rb_gc_get_objspace();
+
+    objspace->crash_context.gc_thread_crashed = true;
+
+    va_list args;
+    va_start(args, msg);
+    vsnprintf(objspace->crash_context.crash_msg, sizeof(objspace->crash_context.crash_msg), msg, args);
+    va_end(args);
+
+    fprintf(stderr, "-- GC thread backtrace "
+                    "-------------------------------------------\n");
+    rb_gc_print_backtrace();
+    fprintf(stderr, "\n");
+
+    rb_mmtk_resume_mutators();
+
+    sleep(5);
+
+    rb_bug("rb_mmtk_gc_thread_bug");
+}
+
+static void
+rb_mmtk_gc_thread_panic_handler(void)
+{
+    rb_mmtk_gc_thread_bug("MMTk GC thread panicked");
+}
+
+static void
+rb_mmtk_mutator_thread_panic_handler(void)
+{
+    rb_bug("Ruby mutator thread panicked");
 }
 
 // Bootup
@@ -349,17 +506,24 @@ MMTk_RubyUpcalls ruby_upcalls = {
     rb_mmtk_stop_the_world,
     rb_mmtk_resume_mutators,
     rb_mmtk_block_for_gc,
+    rb_mmtk_before_updating_jit_code,
+    rb_mmtk_after_updating_jit_code,
     rb_mmtk_number_of_mutators,
     rb_mmtk_get_mutators,
     rb_mmtk_scan_gc_roots,
     rb_mmtk_scan_objspace,
-    rb_mmtk_scan_object_ruby_style,
+    rb_mmtk_move_obj_during_marking,
+    rb_mmtk_update_object_references,
     rb_mmtk_call_gc_mark_children,
+    rb_mmtk_handle_weak_references,
     rb_mmtk_call_obj_free,
     rb_mmtk_vm_live_bytes,
     rb_mmtk_update_global_tables,
     rb_mmtk_global_tables_count,
     rb_mmtk_update_finalizer_table,
+    rb_mmtk_special_const_p,
+    rb_mmtk_mutator_thread_panic_handler,
+    rb_mmtk_gc_thread_panic_handler,
 };
 
 // Use max 80% of the available memory by default for MMTk
@@ -383,7 +547,7 @@ void *
 rb_gc_impl_objspace_alloc(void)
 {
     MMTk_Builder *builder = rb_mmtk_builder_init();
-    mmtk_init_binding(builder, NULL, &ruby_upcalls, (MMTk_ObjectReference)Qundef);
+    mmtk_init_binding(builder, NULL, &ruby_upcalls);
 
     return calloc(1, sizeof(struct objspace));
 }
@@ -426,6 +590,7 @@ rb_gc_impl_ractor_cache_alloc(void *objspace_ptr, void *ractor)
     ccan_list_add(&objspace->ractor_caches, &cache->list_node);
 
     cache->mutator = mmtk_bind_mutator(cache);
+    cache->bump_pointer = mmtk_get_bump_pointer_allocator(cache->mutator);
 
     return cache;
 }
@@ -438,7 +603,13 @@ rb_gc_impl_ractor_cache_free(void *objspace_ptr, void *cache_ptr)
 
     ccan_list_del(&cache->list_node);
 
-    RUBY_ASSERT(objspace->live_ractor_cache_count > 1);
+    if (ruby_free_at_exit_p()) {
+        MMTK_ASSERT(objspace->live_ractor_cache_count > 0);
+    }
+    else {
+        MMTK_ASSERT(objspace->live_ractor_cache_count > 1);
+    }
+
     objspace->live_ractor_cache_count--;
 
     mmtk_destroy_mutator(cache->mutator);
@@ -448,6 +619,13 @@ void rb_gc_impl_set_params(void *objspace_ptr) { }
 
 static VALUE gc_verify_internal_consistency(VALUE self) { return Qnil; }
 
+#define MMTK_HEAP_COUNT 6
+#define MMTK_MAX_OBJ_SIZE 640
+
+static size_t heap_sizes[MMTK_HEAP_COUNT + 1] = {
+    32, 40, 80, 160, 320, MMTK_MAX_OBJ_SIZE, 0
+};
+
 void
 rb_gc_impl_init(void)
 {
@@ -455,9 +633,11 @@ rb_gc_impl_init(void)
     rb_hash_aset(gc_constants, ID2SYM(rb_intern("BASE_SLOT_SIZE")), SIZET2NUM(sizeof(VALUE) * 5));
     rb_hash_aset(gc_constants, ID2SYM(rb_intern("RBASIC_SIZE")), SIZET2NUM(sizeof(struct RBasic)));
     rb_hash_aset(gc_constants, ID2SYM(rb_intern("RVALUE_OVERHEAD")), INT2NUM(0));
-    rb_hash_aset(gc_constants, ID2SYM(rb_intern("RVARGC_MAX_ALLOCATE_SIZE")), LONG2FIX(640));
+    rb_hash_aset(gc_constants, ID2SYM(rb_intern("RVARGC_MAX_ALLOCATE_SIZE")), LONG2FIX(MMTK_MAX_OBJ_SIZE));
     // Pretend we have 5 size pools
-    rb_hash_aset(gc_constants, ID2SYM(rb_intern("SIZE_POOL_COUNT")), LONG2FIX(5));
+    rb_hash_aset(gc_constants, ID2SYM(rb_intern("SIZE_POOL_COUNT")), LONG2FIX(MMTK_HEAP_COUNT));
+    // TODO: correctly set RVALUE_OLD_AGE when we have generational GC support
+    rb_hash_aset(gc_constants, ID2SYM(rb_intern("RVALUE_OLD_AGE")), INT2FIX(0));
     OBJ_FREEZE(gc_constants);
     rb_define_const(rb_mGC, "INTERNAL_CONSTANTS", gc_constants);
 
@@ -471,10 +651,6 @@ rb_gc_impl_init(void)
     rb_define_singleton_method(rb_mGC, "verify_compaction_references", rb_f_notimplement, -1);
 }
 
-static size_t heap_sizes[6] = {
-    40, 80, 160, 320, 640, 0
-};
-
 size_t *
 rb_gc_impl_heap_sizes(void *objspace_ptr)
 {
@@ -588,15 +764,54 @@ rb_gc_impl_config_set(void *objspace_ptr, VALUE hash)
 
 // Object allocation
 
+static VALUE
+rb_mmtk_alloc_fast_path(struct objspace *objspace, struct MMTk_ractor_cache *ractor_cache, size_t size)
+{
+    MMTk_BumpPointer *bump_pointer = ractor_cache->bump_pointer;
+    if (bump_pointer == NULL) return 0;
+
+    uintptr_t new_cursor = bump_pointer->cursor + size;
+
+    if (new_cursor > bump_pointer->limit) {
+        return 0;
+    }
+    else {
+        VALUE obj = (VALUE)bump_pointer->cursor;
+        bump_pointer->cursor = new_cursor;
+        return obj;
+    }
+}
+
+static bool
+obj_can_parallel_free_p(VALUE obj)
+{
+    switch (RB_BUILTIN_TYPE(obj)) {
+      case T_ARRAY:
+      case T_BIGNUM:
+      case T_COMPLEX:
+      case T_FLOAT:
+      case T_HASH:
+      case T_OBJECT:
+      case T_RATIONAL:
+      case T_REGEXP:
+      case T_STRING:
+      case T_STRUCT:
+      case T_SYMBOL:
+        return true;
+      default:
+        return false;
+    }
+}
+
 VALUE
-rb_gc_impl_new_obj(void *objspace_ptr, void *cache_ptr, VALUE klass, VALUE flags, VALUE v1, VALUE v2, VALUE v3, bool wb_protected, size_t alloc_size)
+rb_gc_impl_new_obj(void *objspace_ptr, void *cache_ptr, VALUE klass, VALUE flags, bool wb_protected, size_t alloc_size)
 {
 #define MMTK_ALLOCATION_SEMANTICS_DEFAULT 0
     struct objspace *objspace = objspace_ptr;
     struct MMTk_ractor_cache *ractor_cache = cache_ptr;
 
-    if (alloc_size > 640) rb_bug("too big");
-    for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
+    if (alloc_size > MMTK_MAX_OBJ_SIZE) rb_bug("too big");
+    for (int i = 0; i < MMTK_HEAP_COUNT; i++) {
         if (alloc_size == heap_sizes[i]) break;
         if (alloc_size < heap_sizes[i]) {
             alloc_size = heap_sizes[i];
@@ -608,19 +823,23 @@ rb_gc_impl_new_obj(void *objspace_ptr, void *cache_ptr, VALUE klass, VALUE flags
         mmtk_handle_user_collection_request(ractor_cache, false, false);
     }
 
-    VALUE *alloc_obj = mmtk_alloc(ractor_cache->mutator, alloc_size + 8, MMTk_MIN_OBJ_ALIGN, 0, MMTK_ALLOCATION_SEMANTICS_DEFAULT);
+    alloc_size += sizeof(VALUE);
+
+    VALUE *alloc_obj = (VALUE *)rb_mmtk_alloc_fast_path(objspace, ractor_cache, alloc_size);
+    if (!alloc_obj) {
+        alloc_obj = mmtk_alloc(ractor_cache->mutator, alloc_size, MMTk_MIN_OBJ_ALIGN, 0, MMTK_ALLOCATION_SEMANTICS_DEFAULT);
+    }
+
     alloc_obj++;
-    alloc_obj[-1] = alloc_size;
+    alloc_obj[-1] = alloc_size - sizeof(VALUE);
     alloc_obj[0] = flags;
     alloc_obj[1] = klass;
-    if (alloc_size > 16) alloc_obj[2] = v1;
-    if (alloc_size > 24) alloc_obj[3] = v2;
-    if (alloc_size > 32) alloc_obj[4] = v3;
 
-    mmtk_post_alloc(ractor_cache->mutator, (void*)alloc_obj, alloc_size + 8, MMTK_ALLOCATION_SEMANTICS_DEFAULT);
+    // TODO: implement fast path for mmtk_post_alloc
+    mmtk_post_alloc(ractor_cache->mutator, (void*)alloc_obj, alloc_size, MMTK_ALLOCATION_SEMANTICS_DEFAULT);
 
     // TODO: only add when object needs obj_free to be called
-    mmtk_add_obj_free_candidate(alloc_obj);
+    mmtk_add_obj_free_candidate(alloc_obj, obj_can_parallel_free_p((VALUE)alloc_obj));
 
     objspace->total_allocated_objects++;
 
@@ -636,7 +855,7 @@ rb_gc_impl_obj_slot_size(VALUE obj)
 size_t
 rb_gc_impl_heap_id_for_size(void *objspace_ptr, size_t size)
 {
-    for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
+    for (int i = 0; i < MMTK_HEAP_COUNT; i++) {
         if (size == heap_sizes[i]) return i;
         if (size < heap_sizes[i])  return i;
     }
@@ -647,26 +866,26 @@ rb_gc_impl_heap_id_for_size(void *objspace_ptr, size_t size)
 bool
 rb_gc_impl_size_allocatable_p(size_t size)
 {
-    return size <= 640;
+    return size <= MMTK_MAX_OBJ_SIZE;
 }
 
 // Malloc
 void *
-rb_gc_impl_malloc(void *objspace_ptr, size_t size)
+rb_gc_impl_malloc(void *objspace_ptr, size_t size, bool gc_allowed)
 {
     // TODO: don't use system malloc
     return malloc(size);
 }
 
 void *
-rb_gc_impl_calloc(void *objspace_ptr, size_t size)
+rb_gc_impl_calloc(void *objspace_ptr, size_t size, bool gc_allowed)
 {
     // TODO: don't use system calloc
     return calloc(1, size);
 }
 
 void *
-rb_gc_impl_realloc(void *objspace_ptr, void *ptr, size_t new_size, size_t old_size)
+rb_gc_impl_realloc(void *objspace_ptr, void *ptr, size_t new_size, size_t old_size, bool gc_allowed)
 {
     // TODO: don't use system realloc
     return realloc(ptr, new_size);
@@ -682,15 +901,34 @@ rb_gc_impl_free(void *objspace_ptr, void *ptr, size_t old_size)
 void rb_gc_impl_adjust_memory_usage(void *objspace_ptr, ssize_t diff) { }
 
 // Marking
+static inline VALUE
+rb_mmtk_call_object_closure(VALUE obj, bool pin)
+{
+    if (RB_UNLIKELY(RB_BUILTIN_TYPE(obj) == T_NONE)) {
+        const size_t info_size = 256;
+        char obj_info_buf[info_size];
+        rb_raw_obj_info(obj_info_buf, info_size, obj);
+
+        char parent_obj_info_buf[info_size];
+        rb_raw_obj_info(parent_obj_info_buf, info_size, marking_parent_object);
+
+        rb_mmtk_gc_thread_bug("try to mark T_NONE object (obj: %s, parent: %s)", obj_info_buf, parent_obj_info_buf);
+    }
+
+    return (VALUE)rb_mmtk_gc_thread_tls->object_closure.c_function(
+        rb_mmtk_gc_thread_tls->object_closure.rust_closure,
+        rb_mmtk_gc_thread_tls->gc_context,
+        (MMTk_ObjectReference)obj,
+        pin
+    );
+}
+
 void
 rb_gc_impl_mark(void *objspace_ptr, VALUE obj)
 {
     if (RB_SPECIAL_CONST_P(obj)) return;
 
-    rb_mmtk_gc_thread_tls->object_closure.c_function(rb_mmtk_gc_thread_tls->object_closure.rust_closure,
-                                                     rb_mmtk_gc_thread_tls->gc_context,
-                                                     (MMTk_ObjectReference)obj,
-                                                     false);
+    rb_mmtk_call_object_closure(obj, false);
 }
 
 void
@@ -698,8 +936,10 @@ rb_gc_impl_mark_and_move(void *objspace_ptr, VALUE *ptr)
 {
     if (RB_SPECIAL_CONST_P(*ptr)) return;
 
-    // TODO: make it movable
-    rb_gc_impl_mark(objspace_ptr, *ptr);
+    VALUE new_obj = rb_mmtk_call_object_closure(*ptr, false);
+    if (new_obj != *ptr) {
+        *ptr = new_obj;
+    }
 }
 
 void
@@ -707,8 +947,7 @@ rb_gc_impl_mark_and_pin(void *objspace_ptr, VALUE obj)
 {
     if (RB_SPECIAL_CONST_P(obj)) return;
 
-    // TODO: also pin
-    rb_gc_impl_mark(objspace_ptr, obj);
+    rb_mmtk_call_object_closure(obj, true);
 }
 
 void
@@ -720,28 +959,35 @@ rb_gc_impl_mark_maybe(void *objspace_ptr, VALUE obj)
 }
 
 void
-rb_gc_impl_mark_weak(void *objspace_ptr, VALUE *ptr)
+rb_gc_impl_declare_weak_references(void *objspace_ptr, VALUE obj)
 {
-    mmtk_mark_weak((MMTk_ObjectReference *)ptr);
+    RB_FL_SET(obj, RUBY_FL_WEAK_REFERENCE);
+    mmtk_declare_weak_references((MMTk_ObjectReference)obj);
 }
 
-void
-rb_gc_impl_remove_weak(void *objspace_ptr, VALUE parent_obj, VALUE *ptr)
+bool
+rb_gc_impl_handle_weak_references_alive_p(void *objspace_ptr, VALUE obj)
 {
-    mmtk_remove_weak((MMTk_ObjectReference *)ptr);
+    return mmtk_weak_references_alive_p((MMTk_ObjectReference)obj);
 }
 
 // Compaction
+void
+rb_gc_impl_register_pinning_obj(void *objspace_ptr, VALUE obj)
+{
+    mmtk_register_pinning_obj((MMTk_ObjectReference)obj);
+}
+
 bool
 rb_gc_impl_object_moved_p(void *objspace_ptr, VALUE obj)
 {
-    rb_bug("unimplemented");
+    return rb_mmtk_call_object_closure(obj, false) != obj;
 }
 
 VALUE
-rb_gc_impl_location(void *objspace_ptr, VALUE value)
+rb_gc_impl_location(void *objspace_ptr, VALUE obj)
 {
-    rb_bug("unimplemented");
+    return rb_mmtk_call_object_closure(obj, false);
 }
 
 // Write barriers
@@ -750,6 +996,23 @@ rb_gc_impl_writebarrier(void *objspace_ptr, VALUE a, VALUE b)
 {
     struct MMTk_ractor_cache *cache = rb_gc_get_ractor_newobj_cache();
 
+    if (SPECIAL_CONST_P(b)) return;
+
+#ifdef MMTK_DEBUG
+    if (!rb_gc_impl_pointer_to_heap_p(objspace_ptr, (void *)a)) {
+        char buff[256];
+        rb_bug("a: %s is not an object", rb_raw_obj_info(buff, 256, a));
+    }
+
+    if (!rb_gc_impl_pointer_to_heap_p(objspace_ptr, (void *)b)) {
+        char buff[256];
+        rb_bug("b: %s is not an object", rb_raw_obj_info(buff, 256, b));
+    }
+#endif
+
+    MMTK_ASSERT(BUILTIN_TYPE(a) != T_NONE);
+    MMTK_ASSERT(BUILTIN_TYPE(b) != T_NONE);
+
     mmtk_object_reference_write_post(cache->mutator, (MMTk_ObjectReference)a);
 }
 
@@ -925,7 +1188,7 @@ rb_gc_impl_define_finalizer(void *objspace_ptr, VALUE obj, VALUE block)
 
     RBASIC(obj)->flags |= FL_FINALIZE;
 
-    int lev = rb_gc_vm_lock();
+    int lev = RB_GC_VM_LOCK();
 
     if (st_lookup(objspace->finalizer_table, obj, &data)) {
         table = (VALUE)data;
@@ -938,7 +1201,7 @@ rb_gc_impl_define_finalizer(void *objspace_ptr, VALUE obj, VALUE block)
             for (i = 0; i < len; i++) {
                 VALUE recv = RARRAY_AREF(table, i);
                 if (rb_equal(recv, block)) {
-                    rb_gc_vm_unlock(lev);
+                    RB_GC_VM_UNLOCK(lev);
                     return recv;
                 }
             }
@@ -952,7 +1215,7 @@ rb_gc_impl_define_finalizer(void *objspace_ptr, VALUE obj, VALUE block)
         st_add_direct(objspace->finalizer_table, obj, table);
     }
 
-    rb_gc_vm_unlock(lev);
+    RB_GC_VM_UNLOCK(lev);
 
     return block;
 }
@@ -964,9 +1227,9 @@ rb_gc_impl_undefine_finalizer(void *objspace_ptr, VALUE obj)
 
     st_data_t data = obj;
 
-    int lev = rb_gc_vm_lock();
+    int lev = RB_GC_VM_LOCK();
     st_delete(objspace->finalizer_table, &data, 0);
-    rb_gc_vm_unlock(lev);
+    RB_GC_VM_UNLOCK(lev);
 
     FL_UNSET(obj, FL_FINALIZE);
 }
@@ -980,7 +1243,7 @@ rb_gc_impl_copy_finalizer(void *objspace_ptr, VALUE dest, VALUE obj)
 
     if (!FL_TEST(obj, FL_FINALIZE)) return;
 
-    int lev = rb_gc_vm_lock();
+    int lev = RB_GC_VM_LOCK();
     if (RB_LIKELY(st_lookup(objspace->finalizer_table, obj, &data))) {
         table = rb_ary_dup((VALUE)data);
         RARRAY_ASET(table, 0, rb_obj_id(dest));
@@ -990,7 +1253,7 @@ rb_gc_impl_copy_finalizer(void *objspace_ptr, VALUE dest, VALUE obj)
     else {
         rb_bug("rb_gc_copy_finalizer: FL_FINALIZE set but not found in finalizer_table: %s", rb_obj_info(obj));
     }
-    rb_gc_vm_unlock(lev);
+    RB_GC_VM_UNLOCK(lev);
 }
 
 static int
@@ -1014,16 +1277,20 @@ rb_gc_impl_shutdown_call_finalizer(void *objspace_ptr)
         gc_run_finalizers(objspace);
     }
 
-    struct MMTk_RawVecOfObjRef registered_candidates = mmtk_get_all_obj_free_candidates();
-    for (size_t i = 0; i < registered_candidates.len; i++) {
-        VALUE obj = (VALUE)registered_candidates.ptr[i];
+    unsigned int lev = RB_GC_VM_LOCK();
+    {
+        struct MMTk_RawVecOfObjRef registered_candidates = mmtk_get_all_obj_free_candidates();
+        for (size_t i = 0; i < registered_candidates.len; i++) {
+            VALUE obj = (VALUE)registered_candidates.ptr[i];
 
-        if (rb_gc_shutdown_call_finalizer_p(obj)) {
-            rb_gc_obj_free(objspace_ptr, obj);
-            RBASIC(obj)->flags = 0;
+            if (rb_gc_shutdown_call_finalizer_p(obj)) {
+                rb_gc_obj_free(objspace_ptr, obj);
+                RBASIC(obj)->flags = 0;
+            }
         }
+        mmtk_free_raw_vec_of_obj_ref(registered_candidates);
     }
-    mmtk_free_raw_vec_of_obj_ref(registered_candidates);
+    RB_GC_VM_UNLOCK(lev);
 
     gc_run_finalizers(objspace);
 }
@@ -1033,13 +1300,39 @@ rb_gc_impl_shutdown_call_finalizer(void *objspace_ptr)
 void
 rb_gc_impl_before_fork(void *objspace_ptr)
 {
+    struct objspace *objspace = objspace_ptr;
+
+  retry:
+    objspace->fork_hook_vm_lock_lev = RB_GC_VM_LOCK();
+    rb_gc_vm_barrier();
+
+    /* At this point, we know that all the Ractors are paused because of the
+     * rb_gc_vm_barrier above. Since rb_mmtk_block_for_gc is a barrier point,
+     * one or more Ractors could be paused there. However, mmtk_before_fork is
+     * not compatible with that because it assumes that the MMTk workers are idle,
+     * but the workers are not idle because they are busy working on a GC.
+     *
+     * This essentially implements a trylock. It will optimistically lock but will
+     * release the lock if it detects that any other Ractors are waiting in
+     * rb_mmtk_block_for_gc.
+     */
+    rb_atomic_t mutator_blocking_count = RUBY_ATOMIC_LOAD(objspace->mutator_blocking_count);
+    if (mutator_blocking_count != 0) {
+        RB_GC_VM_UNLOCK(objspace->fork_hook_vm_lock_lev);
+        goto retry;
+    }
+
     mmtk_before_fork();
 }
 
 void
 rb_gc_impl_after_fork(void *objspace_ptr, rb_pid_t pid)
 {
+    struct objspace *objspace = objspace_ptr;
+
     mmtk_after_fork(rb_gc_get_ractor_newobj_cache());
+
+    RB_GC_VM_UNLOCK(objspace->fork_hook_vm_lock_lev);
 }
 
 // Statistics
@@ -1212,7 +1505,7 @@ rb_gc_impl_object_metadata(void *objspace_ptr, VALUE obj)
     size_t n = 0;
 
 #define SET_ENTRY(na, v) do { \
-    RUBY_ASSERT(n <= RB_GC_OBJECT_METADATA_ENTRY_COUNT); \
+    MMTK_ASSERT(n <= RB_GC_OBJECT_METADATA_ENTRY_COUNT); \
     object_metadata_entries[n].name = ID_##na; \
     object_metadata_entries[n].val = v; \
     n++; \
diff --git a/gc/mmtk/mmtk.h b/gc/mmtk/mmtk.h
index 72b4d9df03..21a5bf9415 100644
--- a/gc/mmtk/mmtk.h
+++ b/gc/mmtk/mmtk.h
@@ -20,6 +20,11 @@ typedef void *MMTk_ObjectReference;
 typedef void *MMTk_NullableObjectReference;
 typedef uint32_t MMTk_AllocationSemantics;
 
+typedef struct MMTk_BumpPointer {
+    uintptr_t cursor;
+    uintptr_t limit;
+} MMTk_BumpPointer;
+
 
 #define MMTk_OBJREF_OFFSET 8
 
@@ -57,17 +62,24 @@ typedef struct MMTk_RubyUpcalls {
     void (*stop_the_world)(void);
     void (*resume_mutators)(void);
     void (*block_for_gc)(MMTk_VMMutatorThread tls);
+    void (*before_updating_jit_code)(void);
+    void (*after_updating_jit_code)(void);
     size_t (*number_of_mutators)(void);
     void (*get_mutators)(void (*visit_mutator)(MMTk_Mutator*, void*), void *data);
     void (*scan_gc_roots)(void);
     void (*scan_objspace)(void);
-    void (*scan_object_ruby_style)(MMTk_ObjectReference object);
+    void (*move_obj_during_marking)(MMTk_ObjectReference from, MMTk_ObjectReference to);
+    void (*update_object_references)(MMTk_ObjectReference object);
     void (*call_gc_mark_children)(MMTk_ObjectReference object);
+    void (*handle_weak_references)(MMTk_ObjectReference object, bool moving);
     void (*call_obj_free)(MMTk_ObjectReference object);
     size_t (*vm_live_bytes)(void);
     void (*update_global_tables)(int tbl_idx);
     int (*global_tables_count)(void);
     void (*update_finalizer_table)(void);
+    bool (*special_const_p)(MMTk_ObjectReference object);
+    void (*mutator_thread_panic_handler)(void);
+    void (*gc_thread_panic_handler)(void);
 } MMTk_RubyUpcalls;
 
 typedef struct MMTk_RawVecOfObjRef {
@@ -84,13 +96,14 @@ MMTk_Builder *mmtk_builder_default(void);
 
 void mmtk_init_binding(MMTk_Builder *builder,
                        const struct MMTk_RubyBindingOptions *_binding_options,
-                       const struct MMTk_RubyUpcalls *upcalls,
-                       MMTk_ObjectReference weak_reference_dead_value);
+                       const struct MMTk_RubyUpcalls *upcalls);
 
 void mmtk_initialize_collection(MMTk_VMThread tls);
 
 MMTk_Mutator *mmtk_bind_mutator(MMTk_VMMutatorThread tls);
 
+MMTk_BumpPointer *mmtk_get_bump_pointer_allocator(MMTk_Mutator *m);
+
 void mmtk_destroy_mutator(MMTk_Mutator *mutator);
 
 void mmtk_handle_user_collection_request(MMTk_VMMutatorThread tls, bool force, bool exhaustive);
@@ -110,11 +123,13 @@ void mmtk_post_alloc(MMTk_Mutator *mutator,
                      size_t bytes,
                      MMTk_AllocationSemantics semantics);
 
-void mmtk_add_obj_free_candidate(MMTk_ObjectReference object);
+void mmtk_add_obj_free_candidate(MMTk_ObjectReference object, bool can_parallel_free);
+
+void mmtk_declare_weak_references(MMTk_ObjectReference object);
 
-void mmtk_mark_weak(MMTk_ObjectReference *ptr);
+bool mmtk_weak_references_alive_p(MMTk_ObjectReference object);
 
-void mmtk_remove_weak(const MMTk_ObjectReference *ptr);
+void mmtk_register_pinning_obj(MMTk_ObjectReference obj);
 
 void mmtk_object_reference_write_post(MMTk_Mutator *mutator, MMTk_ObjectReference object);
 
diff --git a/gc/mmtk/src/abi.rs b/gc/mmtk/src/abi.rs
index b425d9e50d..255b2b1e56 100644
--- a/gc/mmtk/src/abi.rs
+++ b/gc/mmtk/src/abi.rs
@@ -1,8 +1,12 @@
 use crate::api::RubyMutator;
-use crate::{extra_assert, Ruby};
+use crate::extra_assert;
+use crate::Ruby;
 use libc::c_int;
 use mmtk::scheduler::GCWorker;
-use mmtk::util::{Address, ObjectReference, VMMutatorThread, VMWorkerThread};
+use mmtk::util::Address;
+use mmtk::util::ObjectReference;
+use mmtk::util::VMMutatorThread;
+use mmtk::util::VMWorkerThread;
 
 // For the C binding
 pub const OBJREF_OFFSET: usize = 8;
@@ -12,9 +16,6 @@ pub const GC_THREAD_KIND_WORKER: libc::c_int = 1;
 
 const HIDDEN_SIZE_MASK: usize = 0x0000FFFFFFFFFFFF;
 
-// Should keep in sync with C code.
-const RUBY_FL_EXIVAR: usize = 1 << 10;
-
 // An opaque type for the C counterpart.
 #[allow(non_camel_case_types)]
 pub struct st_table;
@@ -93,10 +94,6 @@ impl RubyObjectAccess {
         unsafe { self.flags_field().load::<usize>() }
     }
 
-    pub fn has_exivar_flag(&self) -> bool {
-        (self.load_flags() & RUBY_FL_EXIVAR) != 0
-    }
-
     pub fn prefix_size() -> usize {
         // Currently, a hidden size field of word size is placed before each object.
         OBJREF_OFFSET
@@ -306,6 +303,8 @@ pub struct RubyUpcalls {
     pub stop_the_world: extern "C" fn(),
     pub resume_mutators: extern "C" fn(),
     pub block_for_gc: extern "C" fn(tls: VMMutatorThread),
+    pub before_updating_jit_code: extern "C" fn(),
+    pub after_updating_jit_code: extern "C" fn(),
     pub number_of_mutators: extern "C" fn() -> usize,
     pub get_mutators: extern "C" fn(
         visit_mutator: extern "C" fn(*mut RubyMutator, *mut libc::c_void),
@@ -313,13 +312,18 @@ pub struct RubyUpcalls {
     ),
     pub scan_gc_roots: extern "C" fn(),
     pub scan_objspace: extern "C" fn(),
-    pub scan_object_ruby_style: extern "C" fn(object: ObjectReference),
+    pub move_obj_during_marking: extern "C" fn(from: ObjectReference, to: ObjectReference),
+    pub update_object_references: extern "C" fn(object: ObjectReference),
     pub call_gc_mark_children: extern "C" fn(object: ObjectReference),
+    pub handle_weak_references: extern "C" fn(object: ObjectReference, moving: bool),
     pub call_obj_free: extern "C" fn(object: ObjectReference),
     pub vm_live_bytes: extern "C" fn() -> usize,
     pub update_global_tables: extern "C" fn(tbl_idx: c_int),
     pub global_tables_count: extern "C" fn() -> c_int,
     pub update_finalizer_table: extern "C" fn(),
+    pub special_const_p: extern "C" fn(object: ObjectReference) -> bool,
+    pub mutator_thread_panic_handler: extern "C" fn(),
+    pub gc_thread_panic_handler: extern "C" fn(),
 }
 
 unsafe impl Sync for RubyUpcalls {}
diff --git a/gc/mmtk/src/api.rs b/gc/mmtk/src/api.rs
index a1b94d520d..3515a2408b 100644
--- a/gc/mmtk/src/api.rs
+++ b/gc/mmtk/src/api.rs
@@ -2,6 +2,9 @@
 // They are called by C functions and they need to pass raw pointers to Rust.
 #![allow(clippy::missing_safety_doc)]
 
+use mmtk::util::alloc::BumpPointer;
+use mmtk::util::alloc::ImmixAllocator;
+use mmtk::util::conversions;
 use mmtk::util::options::PlanSelector;
 use std::str::FromStr;
 use std::sync::atomic::Ordering;
@@ -11,6 +14,8 @@ use crate::abi::RubyBindingOptions;
 use crate::abi::RubyUpcalls;
 use crate::binding;
 use crate::binding::RubyBinding;
+use crate::heap::RubyHeapTriggerConfig;
+use crate::heap::RUBY_HEAP_TRIGGER_CONFIG;
 use crate::mmtk;
 use crate::utils::default_heap_max;
 use crate::utils::parse_capacity;
@@ -77,6 +82,29 @@ fn mmtk_builder_default_parse_heap_max() -> usize {
     parse_env_var_with("MMTK_HEAP_MAX", parse_capacity).unwrap_or_else(default_heap_max)
 }
 
+fn parse_float_env_var(key: &str, default: f64, min: f64, max: f64) -> f64 {
+    parse_env_var_with(key, |s| {
+        let mut float = f64::from_str(s).unwrap_or(default);
+
+        if float <= min {
+            eprintln!(
+                "{key} has value {float} which must be greater than {min}, using default instead"
+            );
+            float = default;
+        }
+
+        if float >= max {
+            eprintln!(
+                "{key} has value {float} which must be less than {max}, using default instead"
+            );
+            float = default;
+        }
+
+        Some(float)
+    })
+    .unwrap_or(default)
+}
+
 fn mmtk_builder_default_parse_heap_mode(heap_min: usize, heap_max: usize) -> GCTriggerSelector {
     let make_fixed = || GCTriggerSelector::FixedHeapSize(heap_max);
     let make_dynamic = || GCTriggerSelector::DynamicHeapSize(heap_min, heap_max);
@@ -84,6 +112,25 @@ fn mmtk_builder_default_parse_heap_mode(heap_min: usize, heap_max: usize) -> GCT
     parse_env_var_with("MMTK_HEAP_MODE", |s| match s {
         "fixed" => Some(make_fixed()),
         "dynamic" => Some(make_dynamic()),
+        "ruby" => {
+            let min_ratio = parse_float_env_var("RUBY_GC_HEAP_FREE_SLOTS_MIN_RATIO", 0.2, 0.0, 1.0);
+            let goal_ratio =
+                parse_float_env_var("RUBY_GC_HEAP_FREE_SLOTS_GOAL_RATIO", 0.4, min_ratio, 1.0);
+            let max_ratio =
+                parse_float_env_var("RUBY_GC_HEAP_FREE_SLOTS_MAX_RATIO", 0.65, goal_ratio, 1.0);
+
+            crate::heap::RUBY_HEAP_TRIGGER_CONFIG
+                .set(RubyHeapTriggerConfig {
+                    min_heap_pages: conversions::bytes_to_pages_up(heap_min),
+                    max_heap_pages: conversions::bytes_to_pages_up(heap_max),
+                    heap_pages_min_ratio: min_ratio,
+                    heap_pages_goal_ratio: goal_ratio,
+                    heap_pages_max_ratio: max_ratio,
+                })
+                .unwrap_or_else(|_| panic!("RUBY_HEAP_TRIGGER_CONFIG is already set"));
+
+            Some(GCTriggerSelector::Delegated)
+        }
         _ => None,
     })
     .unwrap_or_else(make_dynamic)
@@ -107,10 +154,7 @@ pub extern "C" fn mmtk_builder_default() -> *mut MMTKBuilder {
     if let Some(threads) = mmtk_builder_default_parse_threads() {
         if !builder.options.threads.set(threads) {
             // MMTk will validate it and reject 0.
-            eprintln!(
-                "[FATAL] Failed to set the number of MMTk threads to {}",
-                threads
-            );
+            eprintln!("[FATAL] Failed to set the number of MMTk threads to {threads}");
             std::process::exit(1);
         }
     }
@@ -120,10 +164,7 @@ pub extern "C" fn mmtk_builder_default() -> *mut MMTKBuilder {
     let heap_max = mmtk_builder_default_parse_heap_max();
 
     if heap_min >= heap_max {
-        eprintln!(
-            "[FATAL] MMTK_HEAP_MIN({}) >= MMTK_HEAP_MAX({})",
-            heap_min, heap_max
-        );
+        eprintln!("[FATAL] MMTK_HEAP_MIN({heap_min}) >= MMTK_HEAP_MAX({heap_max})");
         std::process::exit(1);
     }
 
@@ -142,11 +183,14 @@ pub unsafe extern "C" fn mmtk_init_binding(
     builder: *mut MMTKBuilder,
     _binding_options: *const RubyBindingOptions,
     upcalls: *const RubyUpcalls,
-    weak_reference_dead_value: ObjectReference,
 ) {
+    crate::MUTATOR_THREAD_PANIC_HANDLER
+        .set((unsafe { (*upcalls).clone() }).mutator_thread_panic_handler)
+        .unwrap_or_else(|_| panic!("MUTATOR_THREAD_PANIC_HANDLER is already initialized"));
+
     crate::set_panic_hook();
 
-    let builder = unsafe { Box::from_raw(builder) };
+    let builder: Box<MMTKBuilder> = unsafe { Box::from_raw(builder) };
     let binding_options = RubyBindingOptions {
         ractor_check_mode: false,
         suffix_size: 0,
@@ -154,12 +198,10 @@ pub unsafe extern "C" fn mmtk_init_binding(
     let mmtk_boxed = mmtk_init(&builder);
     let mmtk_static = Box::leak(Box::new(mmtk_boxed));
 
-    let binding = RubyBinding::new(
-        mmtk_static,
-        &binding_options,
-        upcalls,
-        weak_reference_dead_value,
-    );
+    let mut binding = RubyBinding::new(mmtk_static, &binding_options, upcalls);
+    binding
+        .weak_proc
+        .init_parallel_obj_free_candidates(memory_manager::num_of_workers(binding.mmtk));
 
     crate::BINDING
         .set(binding)
@@ -177,6 +219,24 @@ pub extern "C" fn mmtk_bind_mutator(tls: VMMutatorThread) -> *mut RubyMutator {
 }
 
 #[no_mangle]
+pub unsafe extern "C" fn mmtk_get_bump_pointer_allocator(m: *mut RubyMutator) -> *mut BumpPointer {
+    match *crate::BINDING.get().unwrap().mmtk.get_options().plan {
+        PlanSelector::Immix => {
+            let mutator: &mut Mutator<Ruby> = unsafe { &mut *m };
+            let allocator =
+                unsafe { mutator.allocator_mut(mmtk::util::alloc::AllocatorSelector::Immix(0)) };
+
+            if let Some(immix_allocator) = allocator.downcast_mut::<ImmixAllocator<Ruby>>() {
+                &mut immix_allocator.bump_pointer as *mut BumpPointer
+            } else {
+                panic!("Failed to get bump pointer allocator");
+            }
+        }
+        _ => std::ptr::null_mut(),
+    }
+}
+
+#[no_mangle]
 pub unsafe extern "C" fn mmtk_destroy_mutator(mutator: *mut RubyMutator) {
     // notify mmtk-core about destroyed mutator
     memory_manager::destroy_mutator(unsafe { &mut *mutator });
@@ -239,20 +299,29 @@ pub unsafe extern "C" fn mmtk_post_alloc(
 
 // TODO: Replace with buffered mmtk_add_obj_free_candidates
 #[no_mangle]
-pub extern "C" fn mmtk_add_obj_free_candidate(object: ObjectReference) {
-    binding().weak_proc.add_obj_free_candidate(object)
+pub extern "C" fn mmtk_add_obj_free_candidate(object: ObjectReference, can_parallel_free: bool) {
+    binding()
+        .weak_proc
+        .add_obj_free_candidate(object, can_parallel_free)
 }
 
-// =============== Marking ===============
+// =============== Weak references ===============
+
+#[no_mangle]
+pub extern "C" fn mmtk_declare_weak_references(object: ObjectReference) {
+    binding().weak_proc.add_weak_reference(object);
+}
 
 #[no_mangle]
-pub extern "C" fn mmtk_mark_weak(ptr: &'static mut ObjectReference) {
-    binding().weak_proc.add_weak_reference(ptr);
+pub extern "C" fn mmtk_weak_references_alive_p(object: ObjectReference) -> bool {
+    object.is_reachable()
 }
 
+// =============== Compaction ===============
+
 #[no_mangle]
-pub extern "C" fn mmtk_remove_weak(ptr: &ObjectReference) {
-    binding().weak_proc.remove_weak_reference(ptr);
+pub extern "C" fn mmtk_register_pinning_obj(obj: ObjectReference) {
+    crate::binding().pinning_registry.register(obj);
 }
 
 // =============== Write barriers ===============
@@ -370,11 +439,12 @@ pub extern "C" fn mmtk_plan() -> *const u8 {
 pub extern "C" fn mmtk_heap_mode() -> *const u8 {
     static FIXED_HEAP: &[u8] = b"fixed\0";
     static DYNAMIC_HEAP: &[u8] = b"dynamic\0";
+    static RUBY_HEAP: &[u8] = b"ruby\0";
 
     match *crate::BINDING.get().unwrap().mmtk.get_options().gc_trigger {
         GCTriggerSelector::FixedHeapSize(_) => FIXED_HEAP.as_ptr(),
         GCTriggerSelector::DynamicHeapSize(_, _) => DYNAMIC_HEAP.as_ptr(),
-        _ => panic!("Unknown heap mode"),
+        GCTriggerSelector::Delegated => RUBY_HEAP.as_ptr(),
     }
 }
 
@@ -383,7 +453,12 @@ pub extern "C" fn mmtk_heap_min() -> usize {
     match *crate::BINDING.get().unwrap().mmtk.get_options().gc_trigger {
         GCTriggerSelector::FixedHeapSize(_) => 0,
         GCTriggerSelector::DynamicHeapSize(min_size, _) => min_size,
-        _ => panic!("Unknown heap mode"),
+        GCTriggerSelector::Delegated => conversions::pages_to_bytes(
+            RUBY_HEAP_TRIGGER_CONFIG
+                .get()
+                .expect("RUBY_HEAP_TRIGGER_CONFIG not set")
+                .min_heap_pages,
+        ),
     }
 }
 
@@ -392,7 +467,12 @@ pub extern "C" fn mmtk_heap_max() -> usize {
     match *crate::BINDING.get().unwrap().mmtk.get_options().gc_trigger {
         GCTriggerSelector::FixedHeapSize(max_size) => max_size,
         GCTriggerSelector::DynamicHeapSize(_, max_size) => max_size,
-        _ => panic!("Unknown heap mode"),
+        GCTriggerSelector::Delegated => conversions::pages_to_bytes(
+            RUBY_HEAP_TRIGGER_CONFIG
+                .get()
+                .expect("RUBY_HEAP_TRIGGER_CONFIG not set")
+                .max_heap_pages,
+        ),
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/gc/mmtk/src/binding.rs b/gc/mmtk/src/binding.rs
index 619b7f246c..36d4a992fd 100644
--- a/gc/mmtk/src/binding.rs
+++ b/gc/mmtk/src/binding.rs
@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ use mmtk::MMTK;
 
 use crate::abi;
 use crate::abi::RubyBindingOptions;
+use crate::pinning_registry::PinningRegistry;
 use crate::weak_proc::WeakProcessor;
 use crate::Ruby;
 
@@ -54,10 +55,9 @@ pub struct RubyBinding {
     pub upcalls: *const abi::RubyUpcalls,
     pub plan_name: Mutex<Option<CString>>,
     pub weak_proc: WeakProcessor,
+    pub pinning_registry: PinningRegistry,
     pub gc_thread_join_handles: Mutex<Vec<JoinHandle<()>>>,
     pub wb_unprotected_objects: Mutex<HashSet<ObjectReference>>,
-
-    pub weak_reference_dead_value: ObjectReference,
 }
 
 unsafe impl Sync for RubyBinding {}
@@ -68,7 +68,6 @@ impl RubyBinding {
         mmtk: &'static MMTK<Ruby>,
         binding_options: &RubyBindingOptions,
         upcalls: *const abi::RubyUpcalls,
-        weak_reference_dead_value: ObjectReference,
     ) -> Self {
         unsafe {
             crate::BINDING_FAST.suffix_size = binding_options.suffix_size;
@@ -80,10 +79,9 @@ impl RubyBinding {
             upcalls,
             plan_name: Mutex::new(None),
             weak_proc: WeakProcessor::new(),
+            pinning_registry: PinningRegistry::new(),
             gc_thread_join_handles: Default::default(),
             wb_unprotected_objects: Default::default(),
-
-            weak_reference_dead_value,
         }
     }
 
@@ -119,7 +117,7 @@ impl RubyBinding {
     }
 
     pub fn register_wb_unprotected_object(&self, object: ObjectReference) {
-        debug!("Registering WB-unprotected object: {}", object);
+        debug!("Registering WB-unprotected object: {object}");
         let mut objects = self.wb_unprotected_objects.lock().unwrap();
         objects.insert(object);
     }
diff --git a/gc/mmtk/src/collection.rs b/gc/mmtk/src/collection.rs
index 0570b64e3a..83d046aef4 100644
--- a/gc/mmtk/src/collection.rs
+++ b/gc/mmtk/src/collection.rs
@@ -1,14 +1,24 @@
 use crate::abi::GCThreadTLS;
 
 use crate::api::RubyMutator;
-use crate::{mmtk, upcalls, Ruby};
+use crate::heap::RubyHeapTrigger;
+use crate::mmtk;
+use crate::upcalls;
+use crate::Ruby;
 use mmtk::memory_manager;
 use mmtk::scheduler::*;
-use mmtk::util::{VMMutatorThread, VMThread, VMWorkerThread};
-use mmtk::vm::{Collection, GCThreadContext};
+use mmtk::util::heap::GCTriggerPolicy;
+use mmtk::util::VMMutatorThread;
+use mmtk::util::VMThread;
+use mmtk::util::VMWorkerThread;
+use mmtk::vm::Collection;
+use mmtk::vm::GCThreadContext;
+use std::sync::atomic::AtomicBool;
 use std::sync::atomic::Ordering;
 use std::thread;
 
+static CURRENT_GC_MAY_MOVE: AtomicBool = AtomicBool::new(false);
+
 pub struct VMCollection {}
 
 impl Collection<Ruby> for VMCollection {
@@ -16,11 +26,21 @@ impl Collection<Ruby> for VMCollection {
         crate::CONFIGURATION.gc_enabled.load(Ordering::Relaxed)
     }
 
-    fn stop_all_mutators<F>(_tls: VMWorkerThread, mut mutator_visitor: F)
+    fn stop_all_mutators<F>(tls: VMWorkerThread, mut mutator_visitor: F)
     where
         F: FnMut(&'static mut mmtk::Mutator<Ruby>),
     {
         (upcalls().stop_the_world)();
+
+        if crate::mmtk().get_plan().current_gc_may_move_object() {
+            CURRENT_GC_MAY_MOVE.store(true, Ordering::Relaxed);
+            (upcalls().before_updating_jit_code)();
+        } else {
+            CURRENT_GC_MAY_MOVE.store(false, Ordering::Relaxed);
+        }
+
+        crate::binding().pinning_registry.pin_children(tls);
+
         (upcalls().get_mutators)(
             Self::notify_mutator_ready::<F>,
             &mut mutator_visitor as *mut F as *mut _,
@@ -28,6 +48,10 @@ impl Collection<Ruby> for VMCollection {
     }
 
     fn resume_mutators(_tls: VMWorkerThread) {
+        if CURRENT_GC_MAY_MOVE.load(Ordering::Relaxed) {
+            (upcalls().after_updating_jit_code)();
+        }
+
         (upcalls().resume_mutators)();
     }
 
@@ -41,10 +65,7 @@ impl Collection<Ruby> for VMCollection {
                 .name("MMTk Worker Thread".to_string())
                 .spawn(move || {
                     let ordinal = worker.ordinal;
-                    debug!(
-                        "Hello! This is MMTk Worker Thread running! ordinal: {}",
-                        ordinal
-                    );
+                    debug!("Hello! This is MMTk Worker Thread running! ordinal: {ordinal}");
                     crate::register_gc_thread(thread::current().id());
                     let ptr_worker = &mut *worker as *mut GCWorker<Ruby>;
                     let gc_thread_tls =
@@ -55,10 +76,7 @@ impl Collection<Ruby> for VMCollection {
                         GCThreadTLS::to_vwt(gc_thread_tls),
                         worker,
                     );
-                    debug!(
-                        "An MMTk Worker Thread is quitting. Good bye! ordinal: {}",
-                        ordinal
-                    );
+                    debug!("An MMTk Worker Thread is quitting. Good bye! ordinal: {ordinal}");
                     crate::unregister_gc_thread(thread::current().id());
                 })
                 .unwrap(),
@@ -73,6 +91,10 @@ impl Collection<Ruby> for VMCollection {
     fn vm_live_bytes() -> usize {
         (upcalls().vm_live_bytes)()
     }
+
+    fn create_gc_trigger() -> Box<dyn GCTriggerPolicy<Ruby>> {
+        Box::new(RubyHeapTrigger::default())
+    }
 }
 
 impl VMCollection {
diff --git a/gc/mmtk/src/heap/mod.rs b/gc/mmtk/src/heap/mod.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..6af7c1b2e5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/gc/mmtk/src/heap/mod.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+mod ruby_heap_trigger;
+pub use ruby_heap_trigger::RubyHeapTrigger;
+pub use ruby_heap_trigger::RubyHeapTriggerConfig;
+pub use ruby_heap_trigger::RUBY_HEAP_TRIGGER_CONFIG;
diff --git a/gc/mmtk/src/heap/ruby_heap_trigger.rs b/gc/mmtk/src/heap/ruby_heap_trigger.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..fe1130043d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/gc/mmtk/src/heap/ruby_heap_trigger.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,105 @@
+use std::sync::atomic::AtomicUsize;
+use std::sync::atomic::Ordering;
+
+use mmtk::util::heap::GCTriggerPolicy;
+use mmtk::util::heap::SpaceStats;
+use mmtk::Plan;
+use mmtk::MMTK;
+use once_cell::sync::OnceCell;
+
+use crate::Ruby;
+
+pub static RUBY_HEAP_TRIGGER_CONFIG: OnceCell<RubyHeapTriggerConfig> = OnceCell::new();
+
+pub struct RubyHeapTriggerConfig {
+    /// Min heap size
+    pub min_heap_pages: usize,
+    /// Max heap size
+    pub max_heap_pages: usize,
+    /// Minimum ratio of empty space after a GC before the heap will grow
+    pub heap_pages_min_ratio: f64,
+    /// Ratio the heap will grow by
+    pub heap_pages_goal_ratio: f64,
+    /// Maximum ratio of empty space after a GC before the heap will shrink
+    pub heap_pages_max_ratio: f64,
+}
+
+pub struct RubyHeapTrigger {
+    /// Target number of heap pages
+    target_heap_pages: AtomicUsize,
+}
+
+impl GCTriggerPolicy<Ruby> for RubyHeapTrigger {
+    fn is_gc_required(
+        &self,
+        space_full: bool,
+        space: Option<SpaceStats<Ruby>>,
+        plan: &dyn Plan<VM = Ruby>,
+    ) -> bool {
+        // Let the plan decide
+        plan.collection_required(space_full, space)
+    }
+
+    fn on_gc_end(&self, mmtk: &'static MMTK<Ruby>) {
+        if let Some(plan) = mmtk.get_plan().generational() {
+            if plan.is_current_gc_nursery() {
+                // Nursery GC
+            } else {
+                // Full GC
+            }
+
+            panic!("TODO: support for generational GC not implemented")
+        } else {
+            let used_pages = mmtk.get_plan().get_used_pages();
+
+            let target_min =
+                (used_pages as f64 * (1.0 + Self::get_config().heap_pages_min_ratio)) as usize;
+            let target_max =
+                (used_pages as f64 * (1.0 + Self::get_config().heap_pages_max_ratio)) as usize;
+            let new_target =
+                (((used_pages as f64) * (1.0 + Self::get_config().heap_pages_goal_ratio)) as usize)
+                    .clamp(
+                        Self::get_config().min_heap_pages,
+                        Self::get_config().max_heap_pages,
+                    );
+
+            if used_pages < target_min || used_pages > target_max {
+                self.target_heap_pages.store(new_target, Ordering::Relaxed);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn is_heap_full(&self, plan: &dyn Plan<VM = Ruby>) -> bool {
+        plan.get_reserved_pages() > self.target_heap_pages.load(Ordering::Relaxed)
+    }
+
+    fn get_current_heap_size_in_pages(&self) -> usize {
+        self.target_heap_pages.load(Ordering::Relaxed)
+    }
+
+    fn get_max_heap_size_in_pages(&self) -> usize {
+        Self::get_config().max_heap_pages
+    }
+
+    fn can_heap_size_grow(&self) -> bool {
+        self.target_heap_pages.load(Ordering::Relaxed) < Self::get_config().max_heap_pages
+    }
+}
+
+impl Default for RubyHeapTrigger {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        let min_heap_pages = Self::get_config().min_heap_pages;
+
+        Self {
+            target_heap_pages: AtomicUsize::new(min_heap_pages),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl RubyHeapTrigger {
+    fn get_config<'b>() -> &'b RubyHeapTriggerConfig {
+        RUBY_HEAP_TRIGGER_CONFIG
+            .get()
+            .expect("Attempt to use RUBY_HEAP_TRIGGER_CONFIG before it is initialized")
+    }
+}
diff --git a/gc/mmtk/src/lib.rs b/gc/mmtk/src/lib.rs
index d16a5bf42f..52dc782051 100644
--- a/gc/mmtk/src/lib.rs
+++ b/gc/mmtk/src/lib.rs
@@ -14,8 +14,11 @@ use std::sync::Mutex;
 use std::thread::ThreadId;
 
 use abi::RubyUpcalls;
-use binding::{RubyBinding, RubyBindingFast, RubyConfiguration};
-use mmtk::vm::slot::{SimpleSlot, UnimplementedMemorySlice};
+use binding::RubyBinding;
+use binding::RubyBindingFast;
+use binding::RubyConfiguration;
+use mmtk::vm::slot::SimpleSlot;
+use mmtk::vm::slot::UnimplementedMemorySlice;
 use mmtk::vm::VMBinding;
 use mmtk::MMTK;
 use once_cell::sync::OnceCell;
@@ -25,7 +28,9 @@ pub mod active_plan;
 pub mod api;
 pub mod binding;
 pub mod collection;
+pub mod heap;
 pub mod object_model;
+pub mod pinning_registry;
 pub mod reference_glue;
 pub mod scanning;
 pub mod utils;
@@ -55,6 +60,11 @@ impl VMBinding for Ruby {
     type VMMemorySlice = RubyMemorySlice;
 }
 
+/// The callback for mutator thread panic handler (which calls rb_bug to output
+/// debugging information such as the Ruby backtrace and memory maps).
+/// This is set before BINDING is set because mmtk_init could panic.
+pub static MUTATOR_THREAD_PANIC_HANDLER: OnceCell<extern "C" fn()> = OnceCell::new();
+
 /// The singleton object for the Ruby binding itself.
 pub static BINDING: OnceCell<RubyBinding> = OnceCell::new();
 
@@ -116,8 +126,6 @@ fn handle_gc_thread_panic(panic_info: &PanicHookInfo) {
             eprintln!("Unknown backtrace status: {s:?}");
         }
     }
-
-    std::process::abort();
 }
 
 pub(crate) fn set_panic_hook() {
@@ -130,8 +138,13 @@ pub(crate) fn set_panic_hook() {
     std::panic::set_hook(Box::new(move |panic_info| {
         if is_gc_thread(std::thread::current().id()) {
             handle_gc_thread_panic(panic_info);
+
+            (crate::binding().upcalls().gc_thread_panic_handler)();
         } else {
             old_hook(panic_info);
+            (crate::MUTATOR_THREAD_PANIC_HANDLER
+                .get()
+                .expect("MUTATOR_THREAD_PANIC_HANDLER is not set"))();
         }
     }));
 }
diff --git a/gc/mmtk/src/object_model.rs b/gc/mmtk/src/object_model.rs
index 93b6063a05..d673ca11a0 100644
--- a/gc/mmtk/src/object_model.rs
+++ b/gc/mmtk/src/object_model.rs
@@ -1,8 +1,15 @@
-use crate::abi::{RubyObjectAccess, OBJREF_OFFSET};
-use crate::{abi, Ruby};
+use std::ptr::copy_nonoverlapping;
+
+use crate::abi;
+use crate::abi::RubyObjectAccess;
+use crate::abi::MIN_OBJ_ALIGN;
+use crate::abi::OBJREF_OFFSET;
+use crate::Ruby;
 use mmtk::util::constants::BITS_IN_BYTE;
-use mmtk::util::copy::{CopySemantics, GCWorkerCopyContext};
-use mmtk::util::{Address, ObjectReference};
+use mmtk::util::copy::CopySemantics;
+use mmtk::util::copy::GCWorkerCopyContext;
+use mmtk::util::Address;
+use mmtk::util::ObjectReference;
 use mmtk::vm::*;
 
 pub struct VMObjectModel {}
@@ -36,11 +43,39 @@ impl ObjectModel<Ruby> for VMObjectModel {
     const NEED_VO_BITS_DURING_TRACING: bool = true;
 
     fn copy(
-        _from: ObjectReference,
-        _semantics: CopySemantics,
-        _copy_context: &mut GCWorkerCopyContext<Ruby>,
+        from: ObjectReference,
+        semantics: CopySemantics,
+        copy_context: &mut GCWorkerCopyContext<Ruby>,
     ) -> ObjectReference {
-        unimplemented!("Copying GC not currently supported")
+        let from_acc = RubyObjectAccess::from_objref(from);
+        let from_start = from_acc.obj_start();
+        let object_size = from_acc.object_size();
+        let to_start = copy_context.alloc_copy(from, object_size, MIN_OBJ_ALIGN, 0, semantics);
+        debug_assert!(!to_start.is_zero());
+        let to_payload = to_start.add(OBJREF_OFFSET);
+        unsafe {
+            copy_nonoverlapping::<u8>(from_start.to_ptr(), to_start.to_mut_ptr(), object_size);
+        }
+        let to_obj = unsafe { ObjectReference::from_raw_address_unchecked(to_payload) };
+        copy_context.post_copy(to_obj, object_size, semantics);
+        trace!("Copied object from {} to {}", from, to_obj);
+
+        (crate::binding().upcalls().move_obj_during_marking)(from, to_obj);
+
+        #[cfg(feature = "clear_old_copy")]
+        {
+            trace!(
+                "Clearing old copy {} ({}-{})",
+                from,
+                from_start,
+                from_start + object_size
+            );
+            // For debug purpose, we clear the old copy so that if the Ruby VM reads from the old
+            // copy again, it will likely result in an error.
+            unsafe { std::ptr::write_bytes::<u8>(from_start.to_mut_ptr(), 0, object_size) }
+        }
+
+        to_obj
     }
 
     fn copy_to(_from: ObjectReference, _to: ObjectReference, _region: Address) -> Address {
diff --git a/gc/mmtk/src/pinning_registry.rs b/gc/mmtk/src/pinning_registry.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..b498b508f1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/gc/mmtk/src/pinning_registry.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,187 @@
+use std::sync::Mutex;
+
+use mmtk::memory_manager;
+use mmtk::scheduler::GCWork;
+use mmtk::scheduler::GCWorker;
+use mmtk::scheduler::WorkBucketStage;
+use mmtk::util::ObjectReference;
+use mmtk::util::VMWorkerThread;
+use mmtk::MMTK;
+
+use crate::abi::GCThreadTLS;
+use crate::upcalls;
+use crate::Ruby;
+
+pub struct PinningRegistry {
+    pinning_objs: Mutex<Vec<ObjectReference>>,
+    pinned_objs: Mutex<Vec<ObjectReference>>,
+}
+
+impl PinningRegistry {
+    pub fn new() -> Self {
+        Self {
+            pinning_objs: Default::default(),
+            pinned_objs: Default::default(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn register(&self, object: ObjectReference) {
+        let mut pinning_objs = self.pinning_objs.lock().unwrap();
+        pinning_objs.push(object);
+    }
+
+    pub fn pin_children(&self, tls: VMWorkerThread) {
+        if !crate::mmtk().get_plan().current_gc_may_move_object() {
+            log::debug!("The current GC is non-moving, skipping pinning children.");
+            return;
+        }
+
+        let gc_tls = unsafe { GCThreadTLS::from_vwt_check(tls) };
+        let worker = gc_tls.worker();
+
+        let pinning_objs = self
+            .pinning_objs
+            .try_lock()
+            .expect("PinningRegistry should not have races during GC.");
+
+        let packet_size = 512;
+        let work_packets = pinning_objs
+            .chunks(packet_size)
+            .map(|chunk| {
+                Box::new(PinPinningChildren {
+                    pinning_objs: chunk.to_vec(),
+                }) as _
+            })
+            .collect();
+
+        worker.scheduler().work_buckets[WorkBucketStage::Prepare].bulk_add(work_packets);
+    }
+
+    pub fn cleanup(&self, worker: &mut GCWorker<Ruby>) {
+        worker.scheduler().work_buckets[WorkBucketStage::VMRefClosure].add(RemoveDeadPinnings);
+        if crate::mmtk().get_plan().current_gc_may_move_object() {
+            let packet = {
+                let mut pinned_objs = self
+                    .pinned_objs
+                    .try_lock()
+                    .expect("Unexpected contention on pinned_objs");
+                UnpinPinnedObjects {
+                    objs: std::mem::take(&mut pinned_objs),
+                }
+            };
+
+            worker.scheduler().work_buckets[WorkBucketStage::VMRefClosure].add(packet);
+        } else {
+            debug!("The current GC is non-moving, skipping unpinning objects.");
+            debug_assert_eq!(
+                {
+                    let pinned_objs = self
+                        .pinned_objs
+                        .try_lock()
+                        .expect("Unexpected contention on pinned_objs");
+                    pinned_objs.len()
+                },
+                0
+            );
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl Default for PinningRegistry {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        Self::new()
+    }
+}
+
+struct PinPinningChildren {
+    pinning_objs: Vec<ObjectReference>,
+}
+
+impl GCWork<Ruby> for PinPinningChildren {
+    fn do_work(&mut self, worker: &mut GCWorker<Ruby>, _mmtk: &'static MMTK<Ruby>) {
+        let gc_tls = unsafe { GCThreadTLS::from_vwt_check(worker.tls) };
+        let mut pinned_objs = vec![];
+        let mut newly_pinned_objs = vec![];
+
+        let visit_object = |_worker, target_object: ObjectReference, pin| {
+            log::trace!(
+                "    -> {} {}",
+                if pin { "(pin)" } else { "     " },
+                target_object
+            );
+            if pin {
+                debug_assert!(
+                    target_object.get_forwarded_object().is_none(),
+                    "Trying to pin {target_object} but has been moved"
+                );
+
+                pinned_objs.push(target_object);
+            }
+            target_object
+        };
+
+        gc_tls
+            .object_closure
+            .set_temporarily_and_run_code(visit_object, || {
+                for obj in self.pinning_objs.iter().cloned() {
+                    log::trace!("  Pinning: {}", obj);
+                    (upcalls().call_gc_mark_children)(obj);
+                }
+            });
+
+        for target_object in pinned_objs {
+            if memory_manager::pin_object(target_object) {
+                newly_pinned_objs.push(target_object);
+            }
+        }
+
+        let mut pinned_objs = crate::binding()
+            .pinning_registry
+            .pinned_objs
+            .lock()
+            .unwrap();
+        pinned_objs.append(&mut newly_pinned_objs);
+    }
+}
+
+struct RemoveDeadPinnings;
+
+impl GCWork<Ruby> for RemoveDeadPinnings {
+    fn do_work(&mut self, _worker: &mut GCWorker<Ruby>, _mmtk: &'static MMTK<Ruby>) {
+        log::debug!("Removing dead Pinnings...");
+
+        let registry = &crate::binding().pinning_registry;
+        {
+            let mut pinning_objs = registry
+                .pinning_objs
+                .try_lock()
+                .expect("PinningRegistry should not have races during GC.");
+
+            pinning_objs.retain_mut(|obj| {
+                if obj.is_live() {
+                    let new_obj = obj.get_forwarded_object().unwrap_or(*obj);
+                    *obj = new_obj;
+                    true
+                } else {
+                    log::trace!("  Dead Pinning removed: {}", *obj);
+                    false
+                }
+            });
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+struct UnpinPinnedObjects {
+    objs: Vec<ObjectReference>,
+}
+
+impl GCWork<Ruby> for UnpinPinnedObjects {
+    fn do_work(&mut self, _worker: &mut GCWorker<Ruby>, _mmtk: &'static MMTK<Ruby>) {
+        log::debug!("Unpinning pinned objects...");
+
+        for obj in self.objs.iter() {
+            let unpinned = memory_manager::unpin_object(*obj);
+            debug_assert!(unpinned);
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/gc/mmtk/src/scanning.rs b/gc/mmtk/src/scanning.rs
index 36c0f998f4..355a2e7759 100644
--- a/gc/mmtk/src/scanning.rs
+++ b/gc/mmtk/src/scanning.rs
@@ -1,10 +1,19 @@
 use crate::abi::GCThreadTLS;
 
+use crate::upcalls;
 use crate::utils::ChunkedVecCollector;
-use crate::{upcalls, Ruby, RubySlot};
-use mmtk::scheduler::{GCWork, GCWorker, WorkBucketStage};
-use mmtk::util::{ObjectReference, VMWorkerThread};
-use mmtk::vm::{ObjectTracer, RootsWorkFactory, Scanning, SlotVisitor};
+use crate::Ruby;
+use crate::RubySlot;
+use mmtk::memory_manager;
+use mmtk::scheduler::GCWork;
+use mmtk::scheduler::GCWorker;
+use mmtk::scheduler::WorkBucketStage;
+use mmtk::util::ObjectReference;
+use mmtk::util::VMWorkerThread;
+use mmtk::vm::ObjectTracer;
+use mmtk::vm::RootsWorkFactory;
+use mmtk::vm::Scanning;
+use mmtk::vm::SlotVisitor;
 use mmtk::Mutator;
 
 pub struct VMScanning {}
@@ -45,20 +54,33 @@ impl Scanning<Ruby> for VMScanning {
                 mmtk::memory_manager::is_mmtk_object(target_object.to_raw_address()).is_some(),
                 "Destination is not an MMTk object. Src: {object} dst: {target_object}"
             );
+
+            debug_assert!(
+                // If we are in a moving GC, all objects should be pinned by PinningRegistry.
+                // If it is requested that target_object be pinned but it is not pinned, then
+                // it is a bug because it could be moved.
+                if crate::mmtk().get_plan().current_gc_may_move_object() && pin {
+                    memory_manager::is_pinned(target_object)
+                } else {
+                    true
+                },
+                "Object {object} is trying to pin {target_object}"
+            );
+
             let forwarded_target = object_tracer.trace_object(target_object);
             if forwarded_target != target_object {
-                trace!(
-                    "  Forwarded target {} -> {}",
-                    target_object,
-                    forwarded_target
-                );
+                trace!("  Forwarded target {target_object} -> {forwarded_target}");
             }
             forwarded_target
         };
         gc_tls
             .object_closure
             .set_temporarily_and_run_code(visit_object, || {
-                (upcalls().scan_object_ruby_style)(object);
+                (upcalls().call_gc_mark_children)(object);
+
+                if crate::mmtk().get_plan().current_gc_may_move_object() {
+                    (upcalls().update_object_references)(object);
+                }
             });
     }
 
@@ -135,6 +157,7 @@ impl Scanning<Ruby> for VMScanning {
         crate::binding()
             .weak_proc
             .process_weak_stuff(worker, tracer_context);
+        crate::binding().pinning_registry.cleanup(worker);
         false
     }
 
@@ -251,15 +274,15 @@ impl<F: RootsWorkFactory<RubySlot>> GCWork<Ruby> for ScanWbUnprotectedRoots<F> {
         VMScanning::collect_object_roots_in("wb_unprot_roots", gc_tls, &mut self.factory, || {
             for object in self.objects.iter().copied() {
                 if object.is_reachable() {
-                    debug!(
-                        "[wb_unprot_roots] Visiting WB-unprotected object (parent): {}",
-                        object
-                    );
-                    (upcalls().scan_object_ruby_style)(object);
+                    debug!("[wb_unprot_roots] Visiting WB-unprotected object (parent): {object}");
+                    (upcalls().call_gc_mark_children)(object);
+
+                    if crate::mmtk().get_plan().current_gc_may_move_object() {
+                        (upcalls().update_object_references)(object);
+                    }
                 } else {
                     debug!(
-                        "[wb_unprot_roots] Skipping young WB-unprotected object (parent): {}",
-                        object
+                        "[wb_unprot_roots] Skipping young WB-unprotected object (parent): {object}"
                     );
                 }
             }
diff --git a/gc/mmtk/src/utils.rs b/gc/mmtk/src/utils.rs
index 71a7ae8dd2..d1979eaf58 100644
--- a/gc/mmtk/src/utils.rs
+++ b/gc/mmtk/src/utils.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,10 @@
-use std::sync::atomic::{AtomicUsize, Ordering};
+use std::sync::atomic::AtomicUsize;
+use std::sync::atomic::Ordering;
 
 use atomic_refcell::AtomicRefCell;
-use mmtk::scheduler::{GCWork, GCWorker, WorkBucketStage};
+use mmtk::scheduler::GCWork;
+use mmtk::scheduler::GCWorker;
+use mmtk::scheduler::WorkBucketStage;
 
 use crate::Ruby;
 use sysinfo::System;
diff --git a/gc/mmtk/src/weak_proc.rs b/gc/mmtk/src/weak_proc.rs
index 204dd203aa..19dc6a0ee1 100644
--- a/gc/mmtk/src/weak_proc.rs
+++ b/gc/mmtk/src/weak_proc.rs
@@ -1,19 +1,26 @@
+use std::sync::atomic::AtomicUsize;
+use std::sync::atomic::Ordering;
 use std::sync::Mutex;
 
-use mmtk::{
-    scheduler::{GCWork, GCWorker, WorkBucketStage},
-    util::ObjectReference,
-    vm::ObjectTracerContext,
-};
+use mmtk::scheduler::GCWork;
+use mmtk::scheduler::GCWorker;
+use mmtk::scheduler::WorkBucketStage;
+use mmtk::util::ObjectReference;
+use mmtk::vm::ObjectTracerContext;
 
-use crate::{abi::GCThreadTLS, upcalls, Ruby};
+use crate::abi::GCThreadTLS;
+use crate::upcalls;
+use crate::Ruby;
 
 pub struct WeakProcessor {
+    non_parallel_obj_free_candidates: Mutex<Vec<ObjectReference>>,
+    parallel_obj_free_candidates: Vec<Mutex<Vec<ObjectReference>>>,
+    parallel_obj_free_candidates_counter: AtomicUsize,
+
     /// Objects that needs `obj_free` called when dying.
     /// If it is a bottleneck, replace it with a lock-free data structure,
     /// or add candidates in batch.
-    obj_free_candidates: Mutex<Vec<ObjectReference>>,
-    weak_references: Mutex<Vec<&'static mut ObjectReference>>,
+    weak_references: Mutex<Vec<ObjectReference>>,
 }
 
 impl Default for WeakProcessor {
@@ -25,47 +32,64 @@ impl Default for WeakProcessor {
 impl WeakProcessor {
     pub fn new() -> Self {
         Self {
-            obj_free_candidates: Mutex::new(Vec::new()),
+            non_parallel_obj_free_candidates: Mutex::new(Vec::new()),
+            parallel_obj_free_candidates: vec![Mutex::new(Vec::new())],
+            parallel_obj_free_candidates_counter: AtomicUsize::new(0),
             weak_references: Mutex::new(Vec::new()),
         }
     }
 
-    /// Add an object as a candidate for `obj_free`.
-    ///
-    /// Multiple mutators can call it concurrently, so it has `&self`.
-    pub fn add_obj_free_candidate(&self, object: ObjectReference) {
-        let mut obj_free_candidates = self.obj_free_candidates.lock().unwrap();
-        obj_free_candidates.push(object);
+    pub fn init_parallel_obj_free_candidates(&mut self, num_workers: usize) {
+        debug_assert_eq!(self.parallel_obj_free_candidates.len(), 1);
+
+        for _ in 1..num_workers {
+            self.parallel_obj_free_candidates
+                .push(Mutex::new(Vec::new()));
+        }
     }
 
-    /// Add many objects as candidates for `obj_free`.
+    /// Add an object as a candidate for `obj_free`.
     ///
     /// Multiple mutators can call it concurrently, so it has `&self`.
-    pub fn add_obj_free_candidates(&self, objects: &[ObjectReference]) {
-        let mut obj_free_candidates = self.obj_free_candidates.lock().unwrap();
-        for object in objects.iter().copied() {
-            obj_free_candidates.push(object);
+    pub fn add_obj_free_candidate(&self, object: ObjectReference, can_parallel_free: bool) {
+        if can_parallel_free {
+            // Newly allocated objects are placed in parallel_obj_free_candidates using
+            // round-robin. This may not be ideal for load balancing.
+            let idx = self
+                .parallel_obj_free_candidates_counter
+                .fetch_add(1, Ordering::Relaxed)
+                % self.parallel_obj_free_candidates.len();
+
+            self.parallel_obj_free_candidates[idx]
+                .lock()
+                .unwrap()
+                .push(object);
+        } else {
+            self.non_parallel_obj_free_candidates
+                .lock()
+                .unwrap()
+                .push(object);
         }
     }
 
     pub fn get_all_obj_free_candidates(&self) -> Vec<ObjectReference> {
-        let mut obj_free_candidates = self.obj_free_candidates.lock().unwrap();
-        std::mem::take(obj_free_candidates.as_mut())
-    }
+        // let mut obj_free_candidates = self.obj_free_candidates.lock().unwrap();
+        let mut all_obj_free_candidates = self
+            .non_parallel_obj_free_candidates
+            .lock()
+            .unwrap()
+            .to_vec();
+
+        for candidates_mutex in &self.parallel_obj_free_candidates {
+            all_obj_free_candidates.extend(candidates_mutex.lock().unwrap().to_vec());
+        }
 
-    pub fn add_weak_reference(&self, ptr: &'static mut ObjectReference) {
-        let mut weak_references = self.weak_references.lock().unwrap();
-        weak_references.push(ptr);
+        std::mem::take(all_obj_free_candidates.as_mut())
     }
 
-    pub fn remove_weak_reference(&self, ptr: &ObjectReference) {
+    pub fn add_weak_reference(&self, object: ObjectReference) {
         let mut weak_references = self.weak_references.lock().unwrap();
-        for (i, curr_ptr) in weak_references.iter().enumerate() {
-            if *curr_ptr == ptr {
-                weak_references.swap_remove(i);
-                break;
-            }
-        }
+        weak_references.push(object);
     }
 
     pub fn process_weak_stuff(
@@ -73,7 +97,18 @@ impl WeakProcessor {
         worker: &mut GCWorker<Ruby>,
         _tracer_context: impl ObjectTracerContext<Ruby>,
     ) {
-        worker.add_work(WorkBucketStage::VMRefClosure, ProcessObjFreeCandidates);
+        worker.add_work(
+            WorkBucketStage::VMRefClosure,
+            ProcessNonParallelObjFreeCanadidates {},
+        );
+
+        for index in 0..self.parallel_obj_free_candidates.len() {
+            worker.add_work(
+                WorkBucketStage::VMRefClosure,
+                ProcessParallelObjFreeCandidates { index },
+            );
+        }
+
         worker.add_work(WorkBucketStage::VMRefClosure, ProcessWeakReferences);
 
         worker.add_work(WorkBucketStage::Prepare, UpdateFinalizerObjIdTables);
@@ -90,60 +125,105 @@ impl WeakProcessor {
     }
 }
 
-struct ProcessObjFreeCandidates;
+fn process_obj_free_candidates(obj_free_candidates: &mut Vec<ObjectReference>) {
+    // Process obj_free
+    let mut new_candidates = Vec::new();
+
+    for object in obj_free_candidates.iter().copied() {
+        if object.is_reachable() {
+            // Forward and add back to the candidate list.
+            let new_object = object.forward();
+            trace!("Forwarding obj_free candidate: {object} -> {new_object}");
+            new_candidates.push(new_object);
+        } else {
+            (upcalls().call_obj_free)(object);
+        }
+    }
+
+    *obj_free_candidates = new_candidates;
+}
 
-impl GCWork<Ruby> for ProcessObjFreeCandidates {
+struct ProcessParallelObjFreeCandidates {
+    index: usize,
+}
+
+impl GCWork<Ruby> for ProcessParallelObjFreeCandidates {
+    fn do_work(&mut self, _worker: &mut GCWorker<Ruby>, _mmtk: &'static mmtk::MMTK<Ruby>) {
+        let mut obj_free_candidates = crate::binding().weak_proc.parallel_obj_free_candidates
+            [self.index]
+            .try_lock()
+            .expect("Lock for parallel_obj_free_candidates should not be held");
+
+        process_obj_free_candidates(&mut obj_free_candidates);
+    }
+}
+
+struct ProcessNonParallelObjFreeCanadidates;
+
+impl GCWork<Ruby> for ProcessNonParallelObjFreeCanadidates {
     fn do_work(&mut self, _worker: &mut GCWorker<Ruby>, _mmtk: &'static mmtk::MMTK<Ruby>) {
-        // If it blocks, it is a bug.
         let mut obj_free_candidates = crate::binding()
             .weak_proc
-            .obj_free_candidates
+            .non_parallel_obj_free_candidates
             .try_lock()
-            .expect("It's GC time.  No mutators should hold this lock at this time.");
+            .expect("Lock for non_parallel_obj_free_candidates should not be held");
 
-        let n_cands = obj_free_candidates.len();
+        process_obj_free_candidates(&mut obj_free_candidates);
+    }
+}
 
-        debug!("Total: {} candidates", n_cands);
+struct ProcessWeakReferences;
 
-        // Process obj_free
-        let mut new_candidates = Vec::new();
+impl GCWork<Ruby> for ProcessWeakReferences {
+    fn do_work(&mut self, worker: &mut GCWorker<Ruby>, _mmtk: &'static mmtk::MMTK<Ruby>) {
+        if crate::mmtk().get_plan().current_gc_may_move_object() {
+            let gc_tls: &mut GCThreadTLS = unsafe { GCThreadTLS::from_vwt_check(worker.tls) };
 
-        for object in obj_free_candidates.iter().copied() {
-            if object.is_reachable() {
-                // Forward and add back to the candidate list.
-                let new_object = object.forward();
-                trace!(
-                    "Forwarding obj_free candidate: {} -> {}",
-                    object,
-                    new_object
+            let visit_object = |_worker, target_object: ObjectReference, _pin| {
+                debug_assert!(
+                    mmtk::memory_manager::is_mmtk_object(target_object.to_raw_address()).is_some(),
+                    "Destination is not an MMTk object"
                 );
-                new_candidates.push(new_object);
-            } else {
-                (upcalls().call_obj_free)(object);
-            }
-        }
 
-        *obj_free_candidates = new_candidates;
+                target_object
+                    .get_forwarded_object()
+                    .unwrap_or(target_object)
+            };
+
+            gc_tls
+                .object_closure
+                .set_temporarily_and_run_code(visit_object, || {
+                    self.process_weak_references(true);
+                })
+        } else {
+            self.process_weak_references(false);
+        }
     }
 }
 
-struct ProcessWeakReferences;
-
-impl GCWork<Ruby> for ProcessWeakReferences {
-    fn do_work(&mut self, _worker: &mut GCWorker<Ruby>, _mmtk: &'static mmtk::MMTK<Ruby>) {
+impl ProcessWeakReferences {
+    fn process_weak_references(&mut self, moving_gc: bool) {
         let mut weak_references = crate::binding()
             .weak_proc
             .weak_references
             .try_lock()
             .expect("Mutators should not be holding the lock.");
 
-        for ptr_ptr in weak_references.iter_mut() {
-            if !(**ptr_ptr).is_reachable() {
-                **ptr_ptr = crate::binding().weak_reference_dead_value;
+        weak_references.retain_mut(|object_ptr| {
+            let object = object_ptr.get_forwarded_object().unwrap_or(*object_ptr);
+
+            if object != *object_ptr {
+                *object_ptr = object;
             }
-        }
 
-        weak_references.clear();
+            if object.is_reachable() {
+                (upcalls().handle_weak_references)(object, moving_gc);
+
+                true
+            } else {
+                false
+            }
+        });
     }
 }
 
@@ -158,11 +238,10 @@ trait GlobalTableProcessingWork {
         let forward_object = |_worker, object: ObjectReference, _pin| {
             debug_assert!(
                 mmtk::memory_manager::is_mmtk_object(object.to_raw_address()).is_some(),
-                "{} is not an MMTk object",
-                object
+                "{object} is not an MMTk object"
             );
             let result = object.forward();
-            trace!("Forwarding reference: {} -> {}", object, result);
+            trace!("Forwarding reference: {object} -> {result}");
             result
         };
 
@@ -216,14 +295,10 @@ impl GCWork<Ruby> for UpdateWbUnprotectedObjectsList {
             if object.is_reachable() {
                 // Forward and add back to the candidate list.
                 let new_object = object.forward();
-                trace!(
-                    "Forwarding WB-unprotected object: {} -> {}",
-                    object,
-                    new_object
-                );
+                trace!("Forwarding WB-unprotected object: {object} -> {new_object}");
                 objects.insert(new_object);
             } else {
-                trace!("Removing WB-unprotected object from list: {}", object);
+                trace!("Removing WB-unprotected object from list: {object}");
             }
         }
 
diff --git a/gem_prelude.rb b/gem_prelude.rb
index bcd2560fab..1b78d80c72 100644
--- a/gem_prelude.rb
+++ b/gem_prelude.rb
@@ -25,4 +25,3 @@ begin
 rescue LoadError
   warn "`syntax_suggest' was not loaded."
 end if defined?(SyntaxSuggest)
-
diff --git a/gems/bundled_gems b/gems/bundled_gems
index 93049f93a6..c8414dee75 100644
--- a/gems/bundled_gems
+++ b/gems/bundled_gems
@@ -6,42 +6,43 @@
 # - revision: revision in repository-url to test
 #   if `revision` is not given, "v"+`version` or `version` will be used.
 
-minitest            5.25.5  https://github.com/minitest/minitest
-power_assert        2.0.5   https://github.com/ruby/power_assert a7dab941153b233d3412e249d25da52a6c5691de
-rake                13.3.0  https://github.com/ruby/rake
-test-unit           3.6.8   https://github.com/test-unit/test-unit
-rexml               3.4.1   https://github.com/ruby/rexml
-rss                 0.3.1   https://github.com/ruby/rss
-net-ftp             0.3.8   https://github.com/ruby/net-ftp
-net-imap            0.5.8   https://github.com/ruby/net-imap
+minitest            6.0.1  https://github.com/minitest/minitest
+power_assert        3.0.1   https://github.com/ruby/power_assert
+rake                13.3.1  https://github.com/ruby/rake
+test-unit           3.7.7   https://github.com/test-unit/test-unit
+rexml               3.4.4   https://github.com/ruby/rexml
+rss                 0.3.2   https://github.com/ruby/rss
+net-ftp             0.3.9   https://github.com/ruby/net-ftp
+net-imap            0.6.2   https://github.com/ruby/net-imap            d9ae35ef913a45f83387b8444cdce4fb1cbf01af
 net-pop             0.1.2   https://github.com/ruby/net-pop
 net-smtp            0.5.1   https://github.com/ruby/net-smtp
-matrix              0.4.2   https://github.com/ruby/matrix 200efebc35dc1a8d16fad671f7006c85cbd0e3f5
-prime               0.1.3   https://github.com/ruby/prime d97973271103f2bdde91f3f0bd3e42526401ad77
-rbs                 3.9.4   https://github.com/ruby/rbs
-typeprof            0.30.1  https://github.com/ruby/typeprof
-debug               1.10.0  https://github.com/ruby/debug
+matrix              0.4.3   https://github.com/ruby/matrix
+prime               0.1.4   https://github.com/ruby/prime
+rbs                 3.10.2  https://github.com/ruby/rbs
+typeprof            0.31.1  https://github.com/ruby/typeprof
+debug               1.11.1  https://github.com/ruby/debug
 racc                1.8.1   https://github.com/ruby/racc
 mutex_m             0.3.0   https://github.com/ruby/mutex_m
 getoptlong          0.2.1   https://github.com/ruby/getoptlong
 base64              0.3.0   https://github.com/ruby/base64
-bigdecimal          3.2.1   https://github.com/ruby/bigdecimal
+bigdecimal          4.0.1   https://github.com/ruby/bigdecimal
 observer            0.1.2   https://github.com/ruby/observer
 abbrev              0.1.2   https://github.com/ruby/abbrev
-resolv-replace      0.1.1   https://github.com/ruby/resolv-replace
+resolv-replace      0.2.0   https://github.com/ruby/resolv-replace
 rinda               0.2.0   https://github.com/ruby/rinda
 drb                 2.2.3   https://github.com/ruby/drb
 nkf                 0.2.0   https://github.com/ruby/nkf
 syslog              0.3.0   https://github.com/ruby/syslog
 csv                 3.3.5   https://github.com/ruby/csv
-repl_type_completor 0.1.11  https://github.com/ruby/repl_type_completor 25108aa8d69ddaba0b5da3feff1c0035371524b2
-ostruct             0.6.1   https://github.com/ruby/ostruct 50d51248bec5560a102a1024aff4174b31dca8cc
+repl_type_completor 0.1.12  https://github.com/ruby/repl_type_completor
+ostruct             0.6.3   https://github.com/ruby/ostruct
 pstore              0.2.0   https://github.com/ruby/pstore
-benchmark           0.4.1   https://github.com/ruby/benchmark
+benchmark           0.5.0   https://github.com/ruby/benchmark
 logger              1.7.0   https://github.com/ruby/logger
-rdoc                6.14.0  https://github.com/ruby/rdoc
+rdoc                7.1.0   https://github.com/ruby/rdoc
 win32ole            1.9.2   https://github.com/ruby/win32ole
-irb                 1.15.2  https://github.com/ruby/irb
-reline              0.6.1   https://github.com/ruby/reline
+irb                 1.16.0  https://github.com/ruby/irb
+reline              0.6.3   https://github.com/ruby/reline
 readline            0.0.4   https://github.com/ruby/readline
 fiddle              1.1.8   https://github.com/ruby/fiddle
+tsort               0.2.0   https://github.com/ruby/tsort
diff --git a/hash.c b/hash.c
index 2cc6828bb0..c1cc13383b 100644
--- a/hash.c
+++ b/hash.c
@@ -71,10 +71,6 @@
 #define HASH_DEBUG 0
 #endif
 
-#if HASH_DEBUG
-#include "internal/gc.h"
-#endif
-
 #define SET_DEFAULT(hash, ifnone) ( \
     FL_UNSET_RAW(hash, RHASH_PROC_DEFAULT), \
     RHASH_SET_IFNONE(hash, ifnone))
@@ -184,7 +180,7 @@ any_hash(VALUE a, st_index_t (*other_func)(VALUE))
             hnum = rb_hash_start(hnum);
         }
         else {
-            hnum = RSYMBOL(a)->hashval;
+            hnum = RSHIFT(RSYMBOL(a)->hashval, 1);
         }
         break;
       case T_FIXNUM:
@@ -325,40 +321,35 @@ objid_hash(VALUE obj)
 #endif
 }
 
-/**
+/*
  * call-seq:
- *    obj.hash    -> integer
- *
- * Generates an Integer hash value for this object.  This function must have the
- * property that <code>a.eql?(b)</code> implies <code>a.hash == b.hash</code>.
+ *   hash -> integer
  *
- * The hash value is used along with #eql? by the Hash class to determine if
- * two objects reference the same hash key.  Any hash value that exceeds the
- * capacity of an Integer will be truncated before being used.
+ * Returns the integer hash value for +self+;
+ * has the property that if <tt>foo.eql?(bar)</tt>
+ * then <tt>foo.hash == bar.hash</tt>.
  *
- * The hash value for an object may not be identical across invocations or
- * implementations of Ruby.  If you need a stable identifier across Ruby
- * invocations and implementations you will need to generate one with a custom
- * method.
+ * \Class Hash uses both #hash and #eql? to determine whether two objects
+ * used as hash keys are to be treated as the same key.
+ * A hash value that exceeds the capacity of an Integer is truncated before being used.
  *
- * Certain core classes such as Integer use built-in hash calculations and
- * do not call the #hash method when used as a hash key.
+ * Many core classes override method Object#hash;
+ * other core classes (e.g., Integer) calculate the hash internally,
+ * and do not call the #hash method when used as a hash key.
  *
- * When implementing your own #hash based on multiple values, the best
- * practice is to combine the class and any values using the hash code of an
- * array:
- *
- * For example:
+ * When implementing #hash for a user-defined class,
+ * best practice is to use Array#hash with the class name and the values
+ * that are important in the instance;
+ * this takes advantage of that method's logic for safely and efficiently
+ * generating a hash value:
  *
  *   def hash
  *     [self.class, a, b, c].hash
  *   end
  *
- * The reason for this is that the Array#hash method already has logic for
- * safely and efficiently combining multiple hash values.
- *--
- * \private
- *++
+ * The hash value may differ among invocations or implementations of Ruby.
+ * If you need stable hash-like identifiers across Ruby invocations and implementations,
+ * use a custom method to generate them.
  */
 VALUE
 rb_obj_hash(VALUE obj)
@@ -501,37 +492,6 @@ RHASH_AR_TABLE_BOUND(VALUE h)
 #if HASH_DEBUG
 #define hash_verify(hash) hash_verify_(hash, __FILE__, __LINE__)
 
-void
-rb_hash_dump(VALUE hash)
-{
-    rb_obj_info_dump(hash);
-
-    if (RHASH_AR_TABLE_P(hash)) {
-        unsigned i, bound = RHASH_AR_TABLE_BOUND(hash);
-
-        fprintf(stderr, "  size:%u bound:%u\n",
-                RHASH_AR_TABLE_SIZE(hash), bound);
-
-        for (i=0; i<bound; i++) {
-            st_data_t k, v;
-
-            if (!ar_cleared_entry(hash, i)) {
-                char b1[0x100], b2[0x100];
-                ar_table_pair *pair = RHASH_AR_TABLE_REF(hash, i);
-                k = pair->key;
-                v = pair->val;
-                fprintf(stderr, "  %d key:%s val:%s hint:%02x\n", i,
-                        rb_raw_obj_info(b1, 0x100, k),
-                        rb_raw_obj_info(b2, 0x100, v),
-                        ar_hint(hash, i));
-            }
-            else {
-                fprintf(stderr, "  %d empty\n", i);
-            }
-        }
-    }
-}
-
 static VALUE
 hash_verify_(VALUE hash, const char *file, int line)
 {
@@ -882,8 +842,9 @@ ar_general_foreach(VALUE hash, st_foreach_check_callback_func *func, st_update_c
                 if (replace) {
                     (*replace)(&key, &val, arg, TRUE);
 
-                    // TODO: pair should be same as pair before.
-                    pair = RHASH_AR_TABLE_REF(hash, i);
+                    // Pair should not have moved
+                    HASH_ASSERT(pair == RHASH_AR_TABLE_REF(hash, i));
+
                     pair->key = (VALUE)key;
                     pair->val = (VALUE)val;
                 }
@@ -1300,7 +1261,6 @@ hash_ar_foreach_iter(st_data_t key, st_data_t value, st_data_t argp, int error)
     if (error) return ST_STOP;
 
     int status = (*arg->func)((VALUE)key, (VALUE)value, arg->arg);
-    /* TODO: rehash check? rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "rehash occurred during iteration"); */
 
     return hash_iter_status_check(status);
 }
@@ -1312,13 +1272,8 @@ hash_foreach_iter(st_data_t key, st_data_t value, st_data_t argp, int error)
 
     if (error) return ST_STOP;
 
-    st_table *tbl = RHASH_ST_TABLE(arg->hash);
     int status = (*arg->func)((VALUE)key, (VALUE)value, arg->arg);
 
-    if (RHASH_ST_TABLE(arg->hash) != tbl) {
-        rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "rehash occurred during iteration");
-    }
-
     return hash_iter_status_check(status);
 }
 
@@ -1542,6 +1497,10 @@ rb_hash_new_capa(long capa)
 static VALUE
 hash_copy(VALUE ret, VALUE hash)
 {
+    if (rb_hash_compare_by_id_p(hash)) {
+        rb_gc_register_pinning_obj(ret);
+    }
+
     if (RHASH_AR_TABLE_P(hash)) {
         if (RHASH_AR_TABLE_P(ret)) {
             ar_copy(ret, hash);
@@ -1597,10 +1556,10 @@ VALUE
 rb_hash_dup(VALUE hash)
 {
     const VALUE flags = RBASIC(hash)->flags;
-    VALUE ret = hash_dup(hash, rb_obj_class(hash),
-                         flags & (FL_EXIVAR|RHASH_PROC_DEFAULT));
-    if (flags & FL_EXIVAR)
-        rb_copy_generic_ivar(ret, hash);
+    VALUE ret = hash_dup(hash, rb_obj_class(hash), flags & RHASH_PROC_DEFAULT);
+
+    rb_copy_generic_ivar(ret, hash);
+
     return ret;
 }
 
@@ -2920,7 +2879,7 @@ hash_aset(st_data_t *key, st_data_t *val, struct update_arg *arg, int existing)
 VALUE
 rb_hash_key_str(VALUE key)
 {
-    if (!RB_FL_ANY_RAW(key, FL_EXIVAR) && RBASIC_CLASS(key) == rb_cString) {
+    if (!rb_obj_gen_fields_p(key) && RBASIC_CLASS(key) == rb_cString) {
         return rb_fstring(key);
     }
     else {
@@ -2995,6 +2954,14 @@ rb_hash_aset(VALUE hash, VALUE key, VALUE val)
  *    h = {foo: 0, bar: 1, baz: 2}
  *    h.replace({bat: 3, bam: 4}) # => {bat: 3, bam: 4}
  *
+ *  Also replaces the default value or proc of +self+ with the default value
+ *  or proc of +other_hash+.
+ *
+ *    h = {}
+ *    other = Hash.new(:ok)
+ *    h.replace(other)
+ *    h.default # => :ok
+ *
  *  Related: see {Methods for Assigning}[rdoc-ref:Hash@Methods+for+Assigning].
  */
 
@@ -3612,24 +3579,24 @@ symbol_key_needs_quote(VALUE str)
     if (first == '@' || first == '$' || first == '!') return true;
     if (!at_char_boundary(s, s + len - 1, RSTRING_END(str), rb_enc_get(str))) return false;
     switch (s[len - 1]) {
-        case '+':
-        case '-':
-        case '*':
-        case '/':
-        case '`':
-        case '%':
-        case '^':
-        case '&':
-        case '|':
-        case ']':
-        case '<':
-        case '=':
-        case '>':
-        case '~':
-        case '@':
-            return true;
-        default:
-            return false;
+      case '+':
+      case '-':
+      case '*':
+      case '/':
+      case '`':
+      case '%':
+      case '^':
+      case '&':
+      case '|':
+      case ']':
+      case '<':
+      case '=':
+      case '>':
+      case '~':
+      case '@':
+        return true;
+      default:
+        return false;
     }
 }
 
@@ -3871,7 +3838,6 @@ rb_hash_values(VALUE hash)
         }
         rb_ary_set_len(values, size);
     }
-
     else {
         rb_hash_foreach(hash, values_i, values);
     }
@@ -4013,17 +3979,13 @@ hash_equal(VALUE hash1, VALUE hash2, int eql)
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *    self == object -> true or false
+ *    self == other -> true or false
  *
- *  Returns whether +self+ and +object+ are equal.
+ *  Returns whether all of the following are true:
  *
- *  Returns +true+ if all of the following are true:
- *
- *  - +object+ is a +Hash+ object (or can be converted to one).
- *  - +self+ and +object+ have the same keys (regardless of order).
- *  - For each key +key+, <tt>self[key] == object[key]</tt>.
- *
- *  Otherwise, returns +false+.
+ *  - +other+ is a +Hash+ object (or can be converted to one).
+ *  - +self+ and +other+ have the same keys (regardless of order).
+ *  - For each key +key+, <tt>self[key] == other[key]</tt>.
  *
  *  Examples:
  *
@@ -4655,7 +4617,7 @@ rb_hash_compact_bang(VALUE hash)
  *  returns +self+:
  *
  *  By default, two keys are considered to be the same key
- *  if and only if they are _equal_ objects (per method #==):
+ *  if and only if they are _equal_ objects (per method #eql?):
  *
  *    h = {}
  *    h['x'] = 0
@@ -4710,6 +4672,8 @@ rb_hash_compare_by_id(VALUE hash)
         RHASH_ST_CLEAR(tmp);
     }
 
+    rb_gc_register_pinning_obj(hash);
+
     return hash;
 }
 
@@ -4739,6 +4703,7 @@ rb_ident_hash_new(void)
 {
     VALUE hash = rb_hash_new();
     hash_st_table_init(hash, &identhash, 0);
+    rb_gc_register_pinning_obj(hash);
     return hash;
 }
 
@@ -4747,6 +4712,7 @@ rb_ident_hash_new_with_size(st_index_t size)
 {
     VALUE hash = rb_hash_new();
     hash_st_table_init(hash, &identhash, size);
+    rb_gc_register_pinning_obj(hash);
     return hash;
 }
 
@@ -4925,10 +4891,9 @@ hash_le(VALUE hash1, VALUE hash2)
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *    self <= other_hash -> true or false
+ *    self <= other -> true or false
  *
- *  Returns +true+ if the entries of +self+ are a subset of the entries of +other_hash+,
- *  +false+ otherwise:
+ *  Returns whether the entries of +self+ are a subset of the entries of +other+:
  *
  *    h0 = {foo: 0, bar: 1}
  *    h1 = {foo: 0, bar: 1, baz: 2}
@@ -4936,7 +4901,7 @@ hash_le(VALUE hash1, VALUE hash2)
  *    h0 <= h1 # => true
  *    h1 <= h0 # => false
  *
- *  See {Hash Inclusion}[rdoc-ref:hash_inclusion.rdoc].
+ *  See {Hash Inclusion}[rdoc-ref:language/hash_inclusion.rdoc].
  *
  *  Raises TypeError if +other_hash+ is not a hash and cannot be converted to a hash.
  *
@@ -4952,10 +4917,9 @@ rb_hash_le(VALUE hash, VALUE other)
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *    self < other_hash -> true or false
+ *    self < other -> true or false
  *
- *  Returns +true+ if the entries of +self+ are a proper subset of the entries of +other_hash+,
- *  +false+ otherwise:
+ *  Returns whether the entries of +self+ are a proper subset of the entries of +other+:
  *
  *    h = {foo: 0, bar: 1}
  *    h < {foo: 0, bar: 1, baz: 2} # => true   # Proper subset.
@@ -4965,7 +4929,7 @@ rb_hash_le(VALUE hash, VALUE other)
  *    h < {foo: 0, bar: 1, baz: 2} # => false  # Different key.
  *    h < {foo: 0, bar: 1, baz: 2} # => false  # Different value.
  *
- *  See {Hash Inclusion}[rdoc-ref:hash_inclusion.rdoc].
+ *  See {Hash Inclusion}[rdoc-ref:language/hash_inclusion.rdoc].
  *
  *  Raises TypeError if +other_hash+ is not a hash and cannot be converted to a hash.
  *
@@ -4981,10 +4945,9 @@ rb_hash_lt(VALUE hash, VALUE other)
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *    self >= other_hash -> true or false
+ *    self >= other -> true or false
  *
- *  Returns +true+ if the entries of +self+ are a superset of the entries of +other_hash+,
- *  +false+ otherwise:
+ *  Returns whether the entries of +self+ are a superset of the entries of +other+:
  *
  *    h0 = {foo: 0, bar: 1, baz: 2}
  *    h1 = {foo: 0, bar: 1}
@@ -4992,7 +4955,7 @@ rb_hash_lt(VALUE hash, VALUE other)
  *    h0 >= h0 # => true
  *    h1 >= h0 # => false
  *
- *  See {Hash Inclusion}[rdoc-ref:hash_inclusion.rdoc].
+ *  See {Hash Inclusion}[rdoc-ref:language/hash_inclusion.rdoc].
  *
  *  Raises TypeError if +other_hash+ is not a hash and cannot be converted to a hash.
  *
@@ -5008,10 +4971,9 @@ rb_hash_ge(VALUE hash, VALUE other)
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *    self > other_hash -> true or false
+ *    self > other -> true or false
  *
- *  Returns +true+ if the entries of +self+ are a proper superset of the entries of +other_hash+,
- *  +false+ otherwise:
+ *  Returns whether the entries of +self+ are a proper superset of the entries of +other+:
  *
  *    h = {foo: 0, bar: 1, baz: 2}
  *    h > {foo: 0, bar: 1}         # => true   # Proper superset.
@@ -5021,7 +4983,7 @@ rb_hash_ge(VALUE hash, VALUE other)
  *    h > {foo: 0, bar: 1}         # => false  # Different key.
  *    h > {foo: 0, bar: 1}         # => false  # Different value.
  *
- *  See {Hash Inclusion}[rdoc-ref:hash_inclusion.rdoc].
+ *  See {Hash Inclusion}[rdoc-ref:language/hash_inclusion.rdoc].
  *
  *  Raises TypeError if +other_hash+ is not a hash and cannot be converted to a hash.
  *
@@ -5073,10 +5035,8 @@ rb_hash_deconstruct_keys(VALUE hash, VALUE keys)
 static int
 add_new_i(st_data_t *key, st_data_t *val, st_data_t arg, int existing)
 {
-    VALUE *args = (VALUE *)arg;
     if (existing) return ST_STOP;
-    RB_OBJ_WRITTEN(args[0], Qundef, (VALUE)*key);
-    RB_OBJ_WRITE(args[0], (VALUE *)val, args[1]);
+    *val = arg;
     return ST_CONTINUE;
 }
 
@@ -5088,22 +5048,25 @@ int
 rb_hash_add_new_element(VALUE hash, VALUE key, VALUE val)
 {
     st_table *tbl;
-    int ret = 0;
-    VALUE args[2];
-    args[0] = hash;
-    args[1] = val;
+    int ret = -1;
 
     if (RHASH_AR_TABLE_P(hash)) {
-        ret = ar_update(hash, (st_data_t)key, add_new_i, (st_data_t)args);
-        if (ret != -1) {
-            return ret;
+        ret = ar_update(hash, (st_data_t)key, add_new_i, (st_data_t)val);
+        if (ret == -1) {
+            ar_force_convert_table(hash, __FILE__, __LINE__);
         }
-        ar_force_convert_table(hash, __FILE__, __LINE__);
     }
 
-    tbl = RHASH_TBL_RAW(hash);
-    return st_update(tbl, (st_data_t)key, add_new_i, (st_data_t)args);
-
+    if (ret == -1) {
+        tbl = RHASH_TBL_RAW(hash);
+        ret = st_update(tbl, (st_data_t)key, add_new_i, (st_data_t)val);
+    }
+    if (!ret) {
+        // Newly inserted
+        RB_OBJ_WRITTEN(hash, Qundef, key);
+        RB_OBJ_WRITTEN(hash, Qundef, val);
+    }
+    return ret;
 }
 
 static st_data_t
@@ -5192,25 +5155,26 @@ env_enc_str_new(const char *ptr, long len, rb_encoding *enc)
 }
 
 static VALUE
-env_str_new(const char *ptr, long len)
+env_str_new(const char *ptr, long len, rb_encoding *enc)
 {
-    return env_enc_str_new(ptr, len, env_encoding());
+    return env_enc_str_new(ptr, len, enc);
 }
 
 static VALUE
-env_str_new2(const char *ptr)
+env_str_new2(const char *ptr, rb_encoding *enc)
 {
     if (!ptr) return Qnil;
-    return env_str_new(ptr, strlen(ptr));
+    return env_str_new(ptr, strlen(ptr), enc);
 }
 
 static VALUE
 getenv_with_lock(const char *name)
 {
     VALUE ret;
+    rb_encoding *enc = env_encoding();
     ENV_LOCKING() {
         const char *val = getenv(name);
-        ret = env_str_new2(val);
+        ret = env_str_new2(val, enc);
     }
     return ret;
 }
@@ -5773,13 +5737,14 @@ env_values(void)
 {
     VALUE ary = rb_ary_new();
 
+    rb_encoding *enc = env_encoding();
     ENV_LOCKING() {
         char **env = GET_ENVIRON(environ);
 
         while (*env) {
             char *s = strchr(*env, '=');
             if (s) {
-                rb_ary_push(ary, env_str_new2(s+1));
+                rb_ary_push(ary, env_str_new2(s+1, enc));
             }
             env++;
         }
@@ -5865,14 +5830,15 @@ env_each_pair(VALUE ehash)
 
     VALUE ary = rb_ary_new();
 
+    rb_encoding *enc = env_encoding();
     ENV_LOCKING() {
         char **env = GET_ENVIRON(environ);
 
         while (*env) {
             char *s = strchr(*env, '=');
             if (s) {
-                rb_ary_push(ary, env_str_new(*env, s-*env));
-                rb_ary_push(ary, env_str_new2(s+1));
+                rb_ary_push(ary, env_str_new(*env, s-*env, enc));
+                rb_ary_push(ary, env_str_new2(s+1, enc));
             }
             env++;
         }
@@ -6255,13 +6221,14 @@ env_to_a(VALUE _)
 {
     VALUE ary = rb_ary_new();
 
+    rb_encoding *enc = env_encoding();
     ENV_LOCKING() {
         char **env = GET_ENVIRON(environ);
         while (*env) {
             char *s = strchr(*env, '=');
             if (s) {
-                rb_ary_push(ary, rb_assoc_new(env_str_new(*env, s-*env),
-                                              env_str_new2(s+1)));
+                rb_ary_push(ary, rb_assoc_new(env_str_new(*env, s-*env, enc),
+                                              env_str_new2(s+1, enc)));
             }
             env++;
         }
@@ -6509,6 +6476,7 @@ env_key(VALUE dmy, VALUE value)
     StringValue(value);
     VALUE str = Qnil;
 
+    rb_encoding *enc = env_encoding();
     ENV_LOCKING() {
         char **env = GET_ENVIRON(environ);
         while (*env) {
@@ -6516,7 +6484,7 @@ env_key(VALUE dmy, VALUE value)
             if (s++) {
                 long len = strlen(s);
                 if (RSTRING_LEN(value) == len && strncmp(s, RSTRING_PTR(value), len) == 0) {
-                    str = env_str_new(*env, s-*env-1);
+                    str = env_str_new(*env, s-*env-1, enc);
                     break;
                 }
             }
@@ -6533,13 +6501,14 @@ env_to_hash(void)
 {
     VALUE hash = rb_hash_new();
 
+    rb_encoding *enc = env_encoding();
     ENV_LOCKING() {
         char **env = GET_ENVIRON(environ);
         while (*env) {
             char *s = strchr(*env, '=');
             if (s) {
-                rb_hash_aset(hash, env_str_new(*env, s-*env),
-                             env_str_new2(s+1));
+                rb_hash_aset(hash, env_str_new(*env, s-*env, enc),
+                             env_str_new2(s+1, enc));
             }
             env++;
         }
@@ -6684,14 +6653,15 @@ env_shift(VALUE _)
     VALUE result = Qnil;
     VALUE key = Qnil;
 
+    rb_encoding *enc = env_encoding();
     ENV_LOCKING() {
         char **env = GET_ENVIRON(environ);
         if (*env) {
             const char *p = *env;
             char *s = strchr(p, '=');
             if (s) {
-                key = env_str_new(p, s-p);
-                VALUE val = env_str_new2(getenv(RSTRING_PTR(key)));
+                key = env_str_new(p, s-p, enc);
+                VALUE val = env_str_new2(getenv(RSTRING_PTR(key)), enc);
                 result = rb_assoc_new(key, val);
             }
         }
@@ -6910,7 +6880,7 @@ static const rb_data_type_t env_data_type = {
  *  A \Hash object maps each of its unique keys to a specific value.
  *
  *  A hash has certain similarities to an Array, but:
-
+ *
  *  - An array index is always an integer.
  *  - A hash key can be (almost) any object.
  *
@@ -7311,7 +7281,7 @@ static const rb_data_type_t env_data_type = {
  *  - #keys: Returns an array containing all keys in +self+.
  *  - #rassoc: Returns a 2-element array consisting of the key and value
  *    of the first-found entry having a given value.
- *  - #values: Returns an array containing all values in +self+/
+ *  - #values: Returns an array containing all values in +self+.
  *  - #values_at: Returns an array containing values for given keys.
  *
  *  ==== Methods for Assigning
@@ -7360,7 +7330,6 @@ static const rb_data_type_t env_data_type = {
  *
  *  ==== Methods for Transforming Keys and Values
  *
- *  - #flatten!: Returns +self+, flattened.
  *  - #invert: Returns a hash with the each key-value pair inverted.
  *  - #transform_keys: Returns a copy of +self+ with modified keys.
  *  - #transform_keys!: Modifies keys in +self+
@@ -7473,6 +7442,7 @@ Init_Hash(void)
     rb_define_singleton_method(rb_cHash, "ruby2_keywords_hash", rb_hash_s_ruby2_keywords_hash, 1);
 
     rb_cHash_empty_frozen = rb_hash_freeze(rb_hash_new());
+    RB_OBJ_SET_SHAREABLE(rb_cHash_empty_frozen);
     rb_vm_register_global_object(rb_cHash_empty_frozen);
 
     /* Document-class: ENV
@@ -7608,7 +7578,7 @@ Init_Hash(void)
      *
      * - ::assoc: Returns a 2-element array containing the name and value
      *   of the named environment variable if it exists:
-     * - ::clone: Returns +ENV+ (and issues a warning).
+     * - ::clone: Raises an exception.
      * - ::except: Returns a hash of all name/value pairs except those given.
      * - ::fetch: Returns the value for the given name.
      * - ::inspect: Returns the contents of +ENV+ as a string.
@@ -7642,8 +7612,7 @@ Init_Hash(void)
     origenviron = environ;
     envtbl = TypedData_Wrap_Struct(rb_cObject, &env_data_type, NULL);
     rb_extend_object(envtbl, rb_mEnumerable);
-    FL_SET_RAW(envtbl, RUBY_FL_SHAREABLE);
-
+    RB_OBJ_SET_SHAREABLE(envtbl);
 
     rb_define_singleton_method(envtbl, "[]", rb_f_getenv, 1);
     rb_define_singleton_method(envtbl, "fetch", env_fetch, -1);
diff --git a/id_table.c b/id_table.c
index a85be772e7..cece14c389 100644
--- a/id_table.c
+++ b/id_table.c
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ struct rb_id_table {
 
 #if SIZEOF_VALUE == 8
 #define ITEM_GET_KEY(tbl, i) ((tbl)->items[i].key)
-#define ITEM_KEY_ISSET(tbl, i) ((tbl)->items[i].key)
+#define ITEM_KEY_ISSET(tbl, i) ((tbl)->items && (tbl)->items[i].key)
 #define ITEM_COLLIDED(tbl, i) ((tbl)->items[i].collision)
 #define ITEM_SET_COLLIDED(tbl, i) ((tbl)->items[i].collision = 1)
 static inline void
@@ -298,6 +298,10 @@ rb_id_table_foreach_values(struct rb_id_table *tbl, rb_id_table_foreach_values_f
 {
     int i, capa = tbl->capa;
 
+    if (!tbl->items) {
+        return;
+    }
+
     for (i=0; i<capa; i++) {
         if (ITEM_KEY_ISSET(tbl, i)) {
             enum rb_id_table_iterator_result ret = (*func)(tbl->items[i].val, data);
@@ -345,11 +349,11 @@ managed_id_table_memsize(const void *data)
     return rb_id_table_memsize(tbl) - sizeof(struct rb_id_table);
 }
 
-static const rb_data_type_t managed_id_table_type = {
+const rb_data_type_t rb_managed_id_table_type = {
     .wrap_struct_name = "VM/managed_id_table",
     .function = {
         .dmark = NULL, // Nothing to mark
-        .dfree = (RUBY_DATA_FUNC)managed_id_table_free,
+        .dfree = managed_id_table_free,
         .dsize = managed_id_table_memsize,
     },
     .flags = RUBY_TYPED_FREE_IMMEDIATELY | RUBY_TYPED_WB_PROTECTED | RUBY_TYPED_EMBEDDABLE,
@@ -358,18 +362,28 @@ static const rb_data_type_t managed_id_table_type = {
 static inline struct rb_id_table *
 managed_id_table_ptr(VALUE obj)
 {
+    RUBY_ASSERT(RB_TYPE_P(obj, T_DATA));
+    RUBY_ASSERT(rb_typeddata_inherited_p(RTYPEDDATA_TYPE(obj), &rb_managed_id_table_type));
+
     return RTYPEDDATA_GET_DATA(obj);
 }
 
 VALUE
-rb_managed_id_table_new(size_t capa)
+rb_managed_id_table_create(const rb_data_type_t *type, size_t capa)
 {
     struct rb_id_table *tbl;
-    VALUE obj = TypedData_Make_Struct(0, struct rb_id_table, &managed_id_table_type, tbl);
-    rb_id_table_init(tbl, capa);
+    VALUE obj = TypedData_Make_Struct(0, struct rb_id_table, type, tbl);
+    RB_OBJ_SET_SHAREABLE(obj);
+    rb_id_table_init(tbl, capa); // NOTE: this can cause GC, so dmark and dsize need to check tbl->items
     return obj;
 }
 
+VALUE
+rb_managed_id_table_new(size_t capa)
+{
+    return rb_managed_id_table_create(&rb_managed_id_table_type, capa);
+}
+
 static enum rb_id_table_iterator_result
 managed_id_table_dup_i(ID id, VALUE val, void *data)
 {
@@ -381,11 +395,9 @@ managed_id_table_dup_i(ID id, VALUE val, void *data)
 VALUE
 rb_managed_id_table_dup(VALUE old_table)
 {
-    RUBY_ASSERT(rb_typeddata_inherited_p(RTYPEDDATA_TYPE(old_table), &managed_id_table_type));
-
     struct rb_id_table *new_tbl;
-    VALUE obj = TypedData_Make_Struct(0, struct rb_id_table, &managed_id_table_type, new_tbl);
-    struct rb_id_table *old_tbl = RTYPEDDATA_GET_DATA(old_table);
+    VALUE obj = TypedData_Make_Struct(0, struct rb_id_table, RTYPEDDATA_TYPE(old_table), new_tbl);
+    struct rb_id_table *old_tbl = managed_id_table_ptr(old_table);
     rb_id_table_init(new_tbl, old_tbl->num + 1);
     rb_id_table_foreach(old_tbl, managed_id_table_dup_i, new_tbl);
     return obj;
@@ -394,31 +406,35 @@ rb_managed_id_table_dup(VALUE old_table)
 int
 rb_managed_id_table_lookup(VALUE table, ID id, VALUE *valp)
 {
-    RUBY_ASSERT(rb_typeddata_inherited_p(RTYPEDDATA_TYPE(table), &managed_id_table_type));
-
-    return rb_id_table_lookup(RTYPEDDATA_GET_DATA(table), id, valp);
+    return rb_id_table_lookup(managed_id_table_ptr(table), id, valp);
 }
 
 int
 rb_managed_id_table_insert(VALUE table, ID id, VALUE val)
 {
-    RUBY_ASSERT(rb_typeddata_inherited_p(RTYPEDDATA_TYPE(table), &managed_id_table_type));
-
-    return rb_id_table_insert(RTYPEDDATA_GET_DATA(table), id, val);
+    return rb_id_table_insert(managed_id_table_ptr(table), id, val);
 }
 
 size_t
 rb_managed_id_table_size(VALUE table)
 {
-    RUBY_ASSERT(rb_typeddata_inherited_p(RTYPEDDATA_TYPE(table), &managed_id_table_type));
-
-    return rb_id_table_size(RTYPEDDATA_GET_DATA(table));
+    return rb_id_table_size(managed_id_table_ptr(table));
 }
 
 void
 rb_managed_id_table_foreach(VALUE table, rb_id_table_foreach_func_t *func, void *data)
 {
-    RUBY_ASSERT(rb_typeddata_inherited_p(RTYPEDDATA_TYPE(table), &managed_id_table_type));
+    rb_id_table_foreach(managed_id_table_ptr(table), func, data);
+}
+
+void
+rb_managed_id_table_foreach_values(VALUE table, rb_id_table_foreach_values_func_t *func, void *data)
+{
+    rb_id_table_foreach_values(managed_id_table_ptr(table), func, data);
+}
 
-    rb_id_table_foreach(RTYPEDDATA_GET_DATA(table), func, data);
+int
+rb_managed_id_table_delete(VALUE table, ID id)
+{
+    return rb_id_table_delete(managed_id_table_ptr(table), id);
 }
diff --git a/id_table.h b/id_table.h
index 3e8d82e64a..0c8cd343ee 100644
--- a/id_table.h
+++ b/id_table.h
@@ -35,12 +35,17 @@ void rb_id_table_foreach(struct rb_id_table *tbl, rb_id_table_foreach_func_t *fu
 void rb_id_table_foreach_values(struct rb_id_table *tbl, rb_id_table_foreach_values_func_t *func, void *data);
 void rb_id_table_foreach_values_with_replace(struct rb_id_table *tbl, rb_id_table_foreach_values_func_t *func, rb_id_table_update_value_callback_func_t *replace, void *data);
 
+VALUE rb_managed_id_table_create(const rb_data_type_t *type, size_t capa);
 VALUE rb_managed_id_table_new(size_t capa);
 VALUE rb_managed_id_table_dup(VALUE table);
 int rb_managed_id_table_insert(VALUE table, ID id, VALUE val);
 int rb_managed_id_table_lookup(VALUE table, ID id, VALUE *valp);
 size_t rb_managed_id_table_size(VALUE table);
 void rb_managed_id_table_foreach(VALUE table, rb_id_table_foreach_func_t *func, void *data);
+void rb_managed_id_table_foreach_values(VALUE table, rb_id_table_foreach_values_func_t *func, void *data);
+int rb_managed_id_table_delete(VALUE table, ID id);
+
+extern const rb_data_type_t rb_managed_id_table_type;
 
 RUBY_SYMBOL_EXPORT_BEGIN
 size_t rb_id_table_size(const struct rb_id_table *tbl);
diff --git a/imemo.c b/imemo.c
index 2245434e21..d949466a77 100644
--- a/imemo.c
+++ b/imemo.c
@@ -3,6 +3,8 @@
 #include "id_table.h"
 #include "internal.h"
 #include "internal/imemo.h"
+#include "internal/object.h"
+#include "internal/st.h"
 #include "vm_callinfo.h"
 
 size_t rb_iseq_memsize(const rb_iseq_t *iseq);
@@ -15,7 +17,6 @@ rb_imemo_name(enum imemo_type type)
     // put no default case to get a warning if an imemo type is missing
     switch (type) {
 #define IMEMO_NAME(x) case imemo_##x: return #x;
-        IMEMO_NAME(ast);
         IMEMO_NAME(callcache);
         IMEMO_NAME(callinfo);
         IMEMO_NAME(constcache);
@@ -25,14 +26,13 @@ rb_imemo_name(enum imemo_type type)
         IMEMO_NAME(iseq);
         IMEMO_NAME(memo);
         IMEMO_NAME(ment);
-        IMEMO_NAME(parser_strterm);
         IMEMO_NAME(svar);
         IMEMO_NAME(throw_data);
         IMEMO_NAME(tmpbuf);
+        IMEMO_NAME(fields);
 #undef IMEMO_NAME
-      default:
-        rb_bug("unreachable");
     }
+    rb_bug("unreachable");
 }
 
 /* =========================================================================
@@ -40,35 +40,36 @@ rb_imemo_name(enum imemo_type type)
  * ========================================================================= */
 
 VALUE
-rb_imemo_new(enum imemo_type type, VALUE v0, size_t size)
+rb_imemo_new(enum imemo_type type, VALUE v0, size_t size, bool is_shareable)
 {
-    VALUE flags = T_IMEMO | FL_WB_PROTECTED | (type << FL_USHIFT);
+    VALUE flags = T_IMEMO | FL_WB_PROTECTED | (type << FL_USHIFT) | (is_shareable ? FL_SHAREABLE : 0);
     NEWOBJ_OF(obj, void, v0, flags, size, 0);
 
     return (VALUE)obj;
 }
 
-static rb_imemo_tmpbuf_t *
+VALUE
 rb_imemo_tmpbuf_new(void)
 {
-    size_t size = sizeof(struct rb_imemo_tmpbuf_struct);
     VALUE flags = T_IMEMO | (imemo_tmpbuf << FL_USHIFT);
-    NEWOBJ_OF(obj, struct rb_imemo_tmpbuf_struct, 0, flags, size, 0);
+    NEWOBJ_OF(obj, rb_imemo_tmpbuf_t, 0, flags, sizeof(rb_imemo_tmpbuf_t), NULL);
+
+    rb_gc_register_pinning_obj((VALUE)obj);
+
+    obj->ptr = NULL;
+    obj->cnt = 0;
 
-    return obj;
+    return (VALUE)obj;
 }
 
 void *
 rb_alloc_tmp_buffer_with_count(volatile VALUE *store, size_t size, size_t cnt)
 {
-    void *ptr;
-    rb_imemo_tmpbuf_t *tmpbuf;
-
     /* Keep the order; allocate an empty imemo first then xmalloc, to
      * get rid of potential memory leak */
-    tmpbuf = rb_imemo_tmpbuf_new();
+    rb_imemo_tmpbuf_t *tmpbuf = (rb_imemo_tmpbuf_t *)rb_imemo_tmpbuf_new();
     *store = (VALUE)tmpbuf;
-    ptr = ruby_xmalloc(size);
+    void *ptr = ruby_xmalloc(size);
     tmpbuf->ptr = ptr;
     tmpbuf->cnt = cnt;
 
@@ -93,20 +94,133 @@ rb_free_tmp_buffer(volatile VALUE *store)
     rb_imemo_tmpbuf_t *s = (rb_imemo_tmpbuf_t*)ATOMIC_VALUE_EXCHANGE(*store, 0);
     if (s) {
         void *ptr = ATOMIC_PTR_EXCHANGE(s->ptr, 0);
+        long cnt = s->cnt;
         s->cnt = 0;
-        ruby_xfree(ptr);
+        ruby_sized_xfree(ptr, sizeof(VALUE) * cnt);
     }
 }
 
-rb_imemo_tmpbuf_t *
-rb_imemo_tmpbuf_parser_heap(void *buf, rb_imemo_tmpbuf_t *old_heap, size_t cnt)
+struct MEMO *
+rb_imemo_memo_new(VALUE a, VALUE b, VALUE c)
 {
-    rb_imemo_tmpbuf_t *tmpbuf = rb_imemo_tmpbuf_new();
-    tmpbuf->ptr = buf;
-    tmpbuf->next = old_heap;
-    tmpbuf->cnt = cnt;
+    struct MEMO *memo = IMEMO_NEW(struct MEMO, imemo_memo, 0);
+
+    rb_gc_register_pinning_obj((VALUE)memo);
+
+    *((VALUE *)&memo->v1) = a;
+    *((VALUE *)&memo->v2) = b;
+    *((VALUE *)&memo->u3.value) = c;
+
+    return memo;
+}
+
+static VALUE
+imemo_fields_new(VALUE owner, size_t capa, bool shareable)
+{
+    size_t embedded_size = offsetof(struct rb_fields, as.embed) + capa * sizeof(VALUE);
+    if (rb_gc_size_allocatable_p(embedded_size)) {
+        VALUE fields = rb_imemo_new(imemo_fields, owner, embedded_size, shareable);
+        RUBY_ASSERT(IMEMO_TYPE_P(fields, imemo_fields));
+        return fields;
+    }
+    else {
+        VALUE fields = rb_imemo_new(imemo_fields, owner, sizeof(struct rb_fields), shareable);
+        IMEMO_OBJ_FIELDS(fields)->as.external.ptr = ALLOC_N(VALUE, capa);
+        FL_SET_RAW(fields, OBJ_FIELD_HEAP);
+        return fields;
+    }
+}
+
+VALUE
+rb_imemo_fields_new(VALUE owner, size_t capa, bool shareable)
+{
+    return imemo_fields_new(owner, capa, shareable);
+}
+
+static VALUE
+imemo_fields_new_complex(VALUE owner, size_t capa, bool shareable)
+{
+    VALUE fields = rb_imemo_new(imemo_fields, owner, sizeof(struct rb_fields), shareable);
+    IMEMO_OBJ_FIELDS(fields)->as.complex.table = st_init_numtable_with_size(capa);
+    FL_SET_RAW(fields, OBJ_FIELD_HEAP);
+    return fields;
+}
+
+VALUE
+rb_imemo_fields_new_complex(VALUE owner, size_t capa, bool shareable)
+{
+    return imemo_fields_new_complex(owner, capa, shareable);
+}
+
+static int
+imemo_fields_trigger_wb_i(st_data_t key, st_data_t value, st_data_t arg)
+{
+    VALUE field_obj = (VALUE)arg;
+    RB_OBJ_WRITTEN(field_obj, Qundef, (VALUE)value);
+    return ST_CONTINUE;
+}
+
+static int
+imemo_fields_complex_wb_i(st_data_t key, st_data_t value, st_data_t arg)
+{
+    RB_OBJ_WRITTEN((VALUE)arg, Qundef, (VALUE)value);
+    return ST_CONTINUE;
+}
+
+VALUE
+rb_imemo_fields_new_complex_tbl(VALUE owner, st_table *tbl, bool shareable)
+{
+    VALUE fields = rb_imemo_new(imemo_fields, owner, sizeof(struct rb_fields), shareable);
+    IMEMO_OBJ_FIELDS(fields)->as.complex.table = tbl;
+    FL_SET_RAW(fields, OBJ_FIELD_HEAP);
+    st_foreach(tbl, imemo_fields_trigger_wb_i, (st_data_t)fields);
+    return fields;
+}
+
+VALUE
+rb_imemo_fields_clone(VALUE fields_obj)
+{
+    shape_id_t shape_id = RBASIC_SHAPE_ID(fields_obj);
+    VALUE clone;
+
+    if (rb_shape_too_complex_p(shape_id)) {
+        st_table *src_table = rb_imemo_fields_complex_tbl(fields_obj);
+
+        st_table *dest_table = xcalloc(1, sizeof(st_table));
+        clone = rb_imemo_fields_new_complex_tbl(rb_imemo_fields_owner(fields_obj), dest_table, false /* TODO: check */);
+
+        st_replace(dest_table, src_table);
+        RBASIC_SET_SHAPE_ID(clone, shape_id);
 
-    return tmpbuf;
+        st_foreach(dest_table, imemo_fields_complex_wb_i, (st_data_t)clone);
+    }
+    else {
+        clone = imemo_fields_new(rb_imemo_fields_owner(fields_obj), RSHAPE_CAPACITY(shape_id), false /* TODO: check */);
+        RBASIC_SET_SHAPE_ID(clone, shape_id);
+        VALUE *fields = rb_imemo_fields_ptr(clone);
+        attr_index_t fields_count = RSHAPE_LEN(shape_id);
+        MEMCPY(fields, rb_imemo_fields_ptr(fields_obj), VALUE, fields_count);
+        for (attr_index_t i = 0; i < fields_count; i++) {
+            RB_OBJ_WRITTEN(clone, Qundef, fields[i]);
+        }
+    }
+
+    return clone;
+}
+
+void
+rb_imemo_fields_clear(VALUE fields_obj)
+{
+    // When replacing an imemo/fields by another one, we must clear
+    // its shape so that gc.c:obj_free_object_id won't be called.
+    if (rb_shape_obj_too_complex_p(fields_obj)) {
+        RBASIC_SET_SHAPE_ID(fields_obj, ROOT_TOO_COMPLEX_SHAPE_ID);
+    }
+    else {
+        RBASIC_SET_SHAPE_ID(fields_obj, ROOT_SHAPE_ID);
+    }
+    // Invalidate the ec->gen_fields_cache.
+    RBASIC_CLEAR_CLASS(fields_obj);
 }
 
 /* =========================================================================
@@ -118,10 +232,6 @@ rb_imemo_memsize(VALUE obj)
 {
     size_t size = 0;
     switch (imemo_type(obj)) {
-      case imemo_ast:
-        rb_bug("imemo_ast is obsolete");
-
-        break;
       case imemo_callcache:
         break;
       case imemo_callinfo:
@@ -146,8 +256,6 @@ rb_imemo_memsize(VALUE obj)
         size += sizeof(((rb_method_entry_t *)obj)->def);
 
         break;
-      case imemo_parser_strterm:
-        break;
       case imemo_svar:
         break;
       case imemo_throw_data:
@@ -156,6 +264,16 @@ rb_imemo_memsize(VALUE obj)
         size += ((rb_imemo_tmpbuf_t *)obj)->cnt * sizeof(VALUE);
 
         break;
+      case imemo_fields:
+        if (FL_TEST_RAW(obj, OBJ_FIELD_HEAP)) {
+            if (rb_shape_obj_too_complex_p(obj)) {
+                size += st_memsize(IMEMO_OBJ_FIELDS(obj)->as.complex.table);
+            }
+            else {
+                size += RSHAPE_CAPACITY(RBASIC_SHAPE_ID(obj)) * sizeof(VALUE);
+            }
+        }
+        break;
       default:
         rb_bug("unreachable");
     }
@@ -167,51 +285,10 @@ rb_imemo_memsize(VALUE obj)
  * mark
  * ========================================================================= */
 
-static enum rb_id_table_iterator_result
-cc_table_mark_i(VALUE ccs_ptr, void *data)
-{
-    // looks duplicate to mark_cc_entry_i (gc.c)
-    struct rb_class_cc_entries *ccs = (struct rb_class_cc_entries *)ccs_ptr;
-    VM_ASSERT(vm_ccs_p(ccs));
-#if VM_CHECK_MODE > 0
-    VALUE klass = (VALUE)data;
-
-    VALUE lookup_val;
-    VM_ASSERT(rb_id_table_lookup(RCLASS_WRITABLE_CC_TBL(klass), ccs->cme->called_id, &lookup_val));
-    VM_ASSERT(lookup_val == ccs_ptr);
-#endif
-
-    if (METHOD_ENTRY_INVALIDATED(ccs->cme)) {
-        rb_vm_ccs_free(ccs);
-        return ID_TABLE_DELETE;
-    }
-    else {
-        rb_gc_mark_movable((VALUE)ccs->cme);
-
-        for (int i=0; i<ccs->len; i++) {
-            VM_ASSERT(klass == ccs->entries[i].cc->klass);
-            VM_ASSERT(vm_cc_check_cme(ccs->entries[i].cc, ccs->cme));
-
-            rb_gc_mark_movable((VALUE)ccs->entries[i].cc);
-        }
-        return ID_TABLE_CONTINUE;
-    }
-}
-
-void
-rb_cc_table_mark(VALUE klass)
-{
-    // TODO: delete this (and cc_table_mark_i) if it's ok
-    struct rb_id_table *cc_tbl = RCLASS_WRITABLE_CC_TBL(klass);
-    if (cc_tbl) {
-        rb_id_table_foreach_values(cc_tbl, cc_table_mark_i, (void *)klass);
-    }
-}
-
 static bool
 moved_or_living_object_strictly_p(VALUE obj)
 {
-    return obj && (!rb_objspace_garbage_object_p(obj) || BUILTIN_TYPE(obj) == T_MOVED);
+    return !SPECIAL_CONST_P(obj) && (!rb_objspace_garbage_object_p(obj) || BUILTIN_TYPE(obj) == T_MOVED);
 }
 
 static void
@@ -243,9 +320,8 @@ mark_and_move_method_entry(rb_method_entry_t *ment, bool reference_updating)
             rb_gc_mark_and_move(&def->body.attr.location);
             break;
           case VM_METHOD_TYPE_BMETHOD:
-            rb_gc_mark_and_move(&def->body.bmethod.proc);
-            if (!reference_updating) {
-                if (def->body.bmethod.hooks) rb_hook_list_mark(def->body.bmethod.hooks);
+            if (!rb_gc_checking_shareable()) {
+                rb_gc_mark_and_move(&def->body.bmethod.proc);
             }
             break;
           case VM_METHOD_TYPE_ALIAS:
@@ -269,51 +345,52 @@ void
 rb_imemo_mark_and_move(VALUE obj, bool reference_updating)
 {
     switch (imemo_type(obj)) {
-      case imemo_ast:
-        rb_bug("imemo_ast is obsolete");
-
-        break;
       case imemo_callcache: {
         /* cc is callcache.
          *
          * cc->klass (klass) should not be marked because if the klass is
          * free'ed, the cc->klass will be cleared by `vm_cc_invalidate()`.
          *
-         * cc->cme (cme) should not be marked because if cc is invalidated
-         * when cme is free'ed.
+         * For "normal" CCs cc->cme (cme) should not be marked because the cc is
+         *   invalidated through the klass when the cme is free'd.
          * - klass marks cme if klass uses cme.
-         * - caller classe's ccs->cme marks cc->cme.
-         * - if cc is invalidated (klass doesn't refer the cc),
-         *   cc is invalidated by `vm_cc_invalidate()` and cc->cme is
-         *   not be accessed.
-         * - On the multi-Ractors, cme will be collected with global GC
+         * - caller class's ccs->cme marks cc->cme.
+         * - if cc is invalidated (klass doesn't refer the cc), cc is
+         *   invalidated by `vm_cc_invalidate()` after which cc->cme must not
+         *   be accessed.
+         * - With multi-Ractors, cme will be collected with global GC
          *   so that it is safe if GC is not interleaving while accessing
          *   cc and cme.
-         * - However, cc_type_super and cc_type_refinement are not chained
-         *   from ccs so cc->cme should be marked; the cme might be
-         *   reachable only through cc in these cases.
+         *
+         * However cc_type_super and cc_type_refinement are not chained
+         *   from ccs so cc->cme should be marked as long as the cc is valid;
+         *   the cme might be reachable only through cc in these cases.
          */
         struct rb_callcache *cc = (struct rb_callcache *)obj;
-        if (reference_updating) {
-            if (!cc->klass) {
-                // already invalidated
+        if (UNDEF_P(cc->klass)) {
+            /* If it's invalidated, we must not mark anything.
+             * All fields should are considered invalid
+             */
+        }
+        else if (reference_updating) {
+            if (moved_or_living_object_strictly_p((VALUE)cc->cme_)) {
+                *((VALUE *)&cc->klass) = rb_gc_location(cc->klass);
+                *((struct rb_callable_method_entry_struct **)&cc->cme_) =
+                    (struct rb_callable_method_entry_struct *)rb_gc_location((VALUE)cc->cme_);
+
+                RUBY_ASSERT(RB_TYPE_P(cc->klass, T_CLASS) || RB_TYPE_P(cc->klass, T_ICLASS));
+                RUBY_ASSERT(IMEMO_TYPE_P((VALUE)cc->cme_, imemo_ment));
             }
             else {
-                if (moved_or_living_object_strictly_p(cc->klass) &&
-                        moved_or_living_object_strictly_p((VALUE)cc->cme_)) {
-                    *((VALUE *)&cc->klass) = rb_gc_location(cc->klass);
-                    *((struct rb_callable_method_entry_struct **)&cc->cme_) =
-                        (struct rb_callable_method_entry_struct *)rb_gc_location((VALUE)cc->cme_);
-                }
-                else {
-                    vm_cc_invalidate(cc);
-                }
+                vm_cc_invalidate(cc);
             }
         }
         else {
-            if (cc->klass && (vm_cc_super_p(cc) || vm_cc_refinement_p(cc))) {
+            RUBY_ASSERT(RB_TYPE_P(cc->klass, T_CLASS) || RB_TYPE_P(cc->klass, T_ICLASS));
+            RUBY_ASSERT(IMEMO_TYPE_P((VALUE)cc->cme_, imemo_ment));
+
+            if ((vm_cc_super_p(cc) || vm_cc_refinement_p(cc))) {
                 rb_gc_mark_movable((VALUE)cc->cme_);
-                rb_gc_mark_movable((VALUE)cc->klass);
             }
         }
 
@@ -324,16 +401,27 @@ rb_imemo_mark_and_move(VALUE obj, bool reference_updating)
       case imemo_constcache: {
         struct iseq_inline_constant_cache_entry *ice = (struct iseq_inline_constant_cache_entry *)obj;
 
-        rb_gc_mark_and_move(&ice->value);
+        if ((ice->flags & IMEMO_CONST_CACHE_SHAREABLE) ||
+            !rb_gc_checking_shareable()) {
+            rb_gc_mark_and_move(&ice->value);
+        }
 
         break;
       }
       case imemo_cref: {
         rb_cref_t *cref = (rb_cref_t *)obj;
 
-        rb_gc_mark_and_move(&cref->klass_or_self);
+        if (!rb_gc_checking_shareable()) {
+            // cref->klass_or_self can be unshareable, but no way to access it from other ractors
+            rb_gc_mark_and_move(&cref->klass_or_self);
+        }
+
         rb_gc_mark_and_move_ptr(&cref->next);
-        rb_gc_mark_and_move(&cref->refinements);
+
+        // TODO: Ractor and refeinements are not resolved yet
+        if (!rb_gc_checking_shareable()) {
+            rb_gc_mark_and_move(&cref->refinements);
+        }
 
         break;
       }
@@ -351,6 +439,13 @@ rb_imemo_mark_and_move(VALUE obj, bool reference_updating)
 
             rb_gc_mark_and_move_ptr(&env->iseq);
 
+            if (VM_ENV_LOCAL_P(env->ep) && VM_ENV_BOXED_P(env->ep)) {
+                const rb_box_t *box = VM_ENV_BOX(env->ep);
+                if (BOX_USER_P(box)) {
+                    rb_gc_mark_and_move((VALUE *)&box->box_object);
+                }
+            }
+
             if (reference_updating) {
                 ((VALUE *)env->ep)[VM_ENV_DATA_INDEX_ENV] = rb_gc_location(env->ep[VM_ENV_DATA_INDEX_ENV]);
             }
@@ -390,8 +485,6 @@ rb_imemo_mark_and_move(VALUE obj, bool reference_updating)
       case imemo_ment:
         mark_and_move_method_entry((rb_method_entry_t *)obj, reference_updating);
         break;
-      case imemo_parser_strterm:
-        break;
       case imemo_svar: {
         struct vm_svar *svar = (struct vm_svar *)obj;
 
@@ -413,13 +506,37 @@ rb_imemo_mark_and_move(VALUE obj, bool reference_updating)
         const rb_imemo_tmpbuf_t *m = (const rb_imemo_tmpbuf_t *)obj;
 
         if (!reference_updating) {
-            do {
-                rb_gc_mark_locations(m->ptr, m->ptr + m->cnt);
-            } while ((m = m->next) != NULL);
+            rb_gc_mark_locations(m->ptr, m->ptr + m->cnt);
         }
 
         break;
       }
+      case imemo_fields: {
+        rb_gc_mark_and_move((VALUE *)&RBASIC(obj)->klass);
+
+        if (!rb_gc_checking_shareable()) {
+            // imemo_fields can refer unshareable objects
+            // even if the imemo_fields is shareable.
+
+            if (rb_shape_obj_too_complex_p(obj)) {
+                st_table *tbl = rb_imemo_fields_complex_tbl(obj);
+                if (reference_updating) {
+                    rb_gc_ref_update_table_values_only(tbl);
+                }
+                else {
+                    rb_mark_tbl_no_pin(tbl);
+                }
+            }
+            else {
+                VALUE *fields = rb_imemo_fields_ptr(obj);
+                attr_index_t len = RSHAPE_LEN(RBASIC_SHAPE_ID(obj));
+                for (attr_index_t i = 0; i < len; i++) {
+                    rb_gc_mark_and_move(&fields[i]);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        break;
+      }
       default:
         rb_bug("unreachable");
     }
@@ -444,83 +561,23 @@ rb_free_const_table(struct rb_id_table *tbl)
     rb_id_table_free(tbl);
 }
 
-// alive: if false, target pointers can be freed already.
-static void
-vm_ccs_free(struct rb_class_cc_entries *ccs, int alive, VALUE klass)
+static inline void
+imemo_fields_free(struct rb_fields *fields)
 {
-    if (ccs->entries) {
-        for (int i=0; i<ccs->len; i++) {
-            const struct rb_callcache *cc = ccs->entries[i].cc;
-            if (!alive) {
-                // ccs can be free'ed.
-                if (rb_gc_pointer_to_heap_p((VALUE)cc) &&
-                    !rb_objspace_garbage_object_p((VALUE)cc) &&
-                    IMEMO_TYPE_P(cc, imemo_callcache) &&
-                    cc->klass == klass) {
-                    // OK. maybe target cc.
-                }
-                else {
-                    continue;
-                }
-            }
-
-            VM_ASSERT(!vm_cc_super_p(cc) && !vm_cc_refinement_p(cc));
-            vm_cc_invalidate(cc);
+    if (FL_TEST_RAW((VALUE)fields, OBJ_FIELD_HEAP)) {
+        if (rb_shape_obj_too_complex_p((VALUE)fields)) {
+            st_free_table(fields->as.complex.table);
+        }
+        else {
+            xfree(fields->as.external.ptr);
         }
-        ruby_xfree(ccs->entries);
-    }
-    ruby_xfree(ccs);
-}
-
-void
-rb_vm_ccs_free(struct rb_class_cc_entries *ccs)
-{
-    RB_DEBUG_COUNTER_INC(ccs_free);
-    vm_ccs_free(ccs, true, Qundef);
-}
-
-static enum rb_id_table_iterator_result
-cc_table_free_i(VALUE ccs_ptr, void *data)
-{
-    struct rb_class_cc_entries *ccs = (struct rb_class_cc_entries *)ccs_ptr;
-    VALUE klass = (VALUE)data;
-    VM_ASSERT(vm_ccs_p(ccs));
-
-    vm_ccs_free(ccs, false, klass);
-
-    return ID_TABLE_CONTINUE;
-}
-
-void
-rb_cc_table_free(VALUE klass)
-{
-    // This can be called and work well only for IClass
-    // And classext_iclass_free uses rb_cc_tbl_free now.
-    // TODO: remove this if it's ok
-    struct rb_id_table *cc_tbl = RCLASS_WRITABLE_CC_TBL(klass);
-
-    if (cc_tbl) {
-        rb_id_table_foreach_values(cc_tbl, cc_table_free_i, (void *)klass);
-        rb_id_table_free(cc_tbl);
     }
 }
 
 void
-rb_cc_tbl_free(struct rb_id_table *cc_tbl, VALUE klass)
-{
-    if (!cc_tbl) return;
-    rb_id_table_foreach_values(cc_tbl, cc_table_free_i, (void *)klass);
-    rb_id_table_free(cc_tbl);
-}
-
-void
 rb_imemo_free(VALUE obj)
 {
     switch (imemo_type(obj)) {
-      case imemo_ast:
-        rb_bug("imemo_ast is obsolete");
-
-        break;
       case imemo_callcache:
         RB_DEBUG_COUNTER_INC(obj_imemo_callcache);
 
@@ -570,12 +627,9 @@ rb_imemo_free(VALUE obj)
         RB_DEBUG_COUNTER_INC(obj_imemo_ment);
 
         break;
-      case imemo_parser_strterm:
-        RB_DEBUG_COUNTER_INC(obj_imemo_parser_strterm);
-
-        break;
       case imemo_svar:
         RB_DEBUG_COUNTER_INC(obj_imemo_svar);
+
         break;
       case imemo_throw_data:
         RB_DEBUG_COUNTER_INC(obj_imemo_throw_data);
@@ -586,6 +640,10 @@ rb_imemo_free(VALUE obj)
         RB_DEBUG_COUNTER_INC(obj_imemo_tmpbuf);
 
         break;
+      case imemo_fields:
+        imemo_fields_free(IMEMO_OBJ_FIELDS(obj));
+        RB_DEBUG_COUNTER_INC(obj_imemo_fields);
+        break;
       default:
         rb_bug("unreachable");
     }
diff --git a/include/ruby/atomic.h b/include/ruby/atomic.h
index 4cf891b345..fcc48f532c 100644
--- a/include/ruby/atomic.h
+++ b/include/ruby/atomic.h
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@
 # include <sys/types.h>         /* ssize_t */
 #endif
 
-#if RBIMPL_COMPILER_SINCE(MSVC, 13, 0, 0)
+#if RBIMPL_COMPILER_IS(MSVC)
 # pragma intrinsic(_InterlockedOr)
 #elif defined(__sun) && defined(HAVE_ATOMIC_H)
 # include <atomic.h>
@@ -77,10 +77,35 @@ typedef unsigned int rb_atomic_t;
 typedef LONG rb_atomic_t;
 #elif defined(__sun) && defined(HAVE_ATOMIC_H)
 typedef unsigned int rb_atomic_t;
+#elif defined(HAVE_STDATOMIC_H)
+# include <stdatomic.h>
+typedef unsigned int rb_atomic_t;
 #else
 # error No atomic operation found
 #endif
 
+/* Memory ordering constants */
+#if defined(HAVE_GCC_ATOMIC_BUILTINS)
+# define RBIMPL_ATOMIC_RELAXED __ATOMIC_RELAXED
+# define RBIMPL_ATOMIC_ACQUIRE __ATOMIC_ACQUIRE
+# define RBIMPL_ATOMIC_RELEASE __ATOMIC_RELEASE
+# define RBIMPL_ATOMIC_ACQ_REL __ATOMIC_ACQ_REL
+# define RBIMPL_ATOMIC_SEQ_CST __ATOMIC_SEQ_CST
+#elif defined(HAVE_STDATOMIC_H)
+# define RBIMPL_ATOMIC_RELAXED memory_order_relaxed
+# define RBIMPL_ATOMIC_ACQUIRE memory_order_acquire
+# define RBIMPL_ATOMIC_RELEASE memory_order_release
+# define RBIMPL_ATOMIC_ACQ_REL memory_order_acq_rel
+# define RBIMPL_ATOMIC_SEQ_CST memory_order_seq_cst
+#else
+/* Dummy values for unsupported platforms */
+# define RBIMPL_ATOMIC_RELAXED 0
+# define RBIMPL_ATOMIC_ACQUIRE 1
+# define RBIMPL_ATOMIC_RELEASE 2
+# define RBIMPL_ATOMIC_ACQ_REL 3
+# define RBIMPL_ATOMIC_SEQ_CST 4
+#endif
+
 /**
  * Atomically replaces the  value pointed by `var` with the  result of addition
  * of `val` to the old value of `var`.
@@ -90,7 +115,7 @@ typedef unsigned int rb_atomic_t;
  * @return  What was stored in `var` before the addition.
  * @post    `var` holds `var + val`.
  */
-#define RUBY_ATOMIC_FETCH_ADD(var, val) rbimpl_atomic_fetch_add(&(var), (val))
+#define RUBY_ATOMIC_FETCH_ADD(var, val) rbimpl_atomic_fetch_add(&(var), (val), RBIMPL_ATOMIC_SEQ_CST)
 
 /**
  * Atomically  replaces  the  value  pointed   by  `var`  with  the  result  of
@@ -101,7 +126,7 @@ typedef unsigned int rb_atomic_t;
  * @return  What was stored in `var` before the subtraction.
  * @post    `var` holds `var - val`.
  */
-#define RUBY_ATOMIC_FETCH_SUB(var, val) rbimpl_atomic_fetch_sub(&(var), (val))
+#define RUBY_ATOMIC_FETCH_SUB(var, val) rbimpl_atomic_fetch_sub(&(var), (val), RBIMPL_ATOMIC_SEQ_CST)
 
 /**
  * Atomically  replaces  the  value  pointed   by  `var`  with  the  result  of
@@ -113,7 +138,7 @@ typedef unsigned int rb_atomic_t;
  * @post    `var` holds `var | val`.
  * @note    For portability, this macro can return void.
  */
-#define RUBY_ATOMIC_OR(var, val) rbimpl_atomic_or(&(var), (val))
+#define RUBY_ATOMIC_OR(var, val) rbimpl_atomic_or(&(var), (val), RBIMPL_ATOMIC_SEQ_CST)
 
 /**
  * Atomically replaces the value pointed by  `var` with `val`.  This is just an
@@ -124,7 +149,7 @@ typedef unsigned int rb_atomic_t;
  * @return  What was stored in `var` before the assignment.
  * @post    `var` holds `val`.
  */
-#define RUBY_ATOMIC_EXCHANGE(var, val) rbimpl_atomic_exchange(&(var), (val))
+#define RUBY_ATOMIC_EXCHANGE(var, val) rbimpl_atomic_exchange(&(var), (val), RBIMPL_ATOMIC_SEQ_CST)
 
 /**
  * Atomic compare-and-swap.   This stores  `val` to  `var` if  and only  if the
@@ -138,7 +163,7 @@ typedef unsigned int rb_atomic_t;
  * @retval  otherwise  Something else is at `var`; not updated.
  */
 #define RUBY_ATOMIC_CAS(var, oldval, newval) \
-    rbimpl_atomic_cas(&(var), (oldval), (newval))
+    rbimpl_atomic_cas(&(var), (oldval), (newval), RBIMPL_ATOMIC_SEQ_CST, RBIMPL_ATOMIC_SEQ_CST)
 
 /**
  * Atomic load. This loads `var` with an atomic intrinsic and returns
@@ -147,7 +172,7 @@ typedef unsigned int rb_atomic_t;
  * @param var  A variable of ::rb_atomic_t
  * @return     What was stored in `var`j
  */
-#define RUBY_ATOMIC_LOAD(var) rbimpl_atomic_load(&(var))
+#define RUBY_ATOMIC_LOAD(var) rbimpl_atomic_load(&(var), RBIMPL_ATOMIC_SEQ_CST)
 
 /**
  * Identical to #RUBY_ATOMIC_EXCHANGE, except for the return type.
@@ -157,7 +182,7 @@ typedef unsigned int rb_atomic_t;
  * @return  void
  * @post    `var` holds `val`.
  */
-#define RUBY_ATOMIC_SET(var, val) rbimpl_atomic_set(&(var), (val))
+#define RUBY_ATOMIC_SET(var, val) rbimpl_atomic_store(&(var), (val), RBIMPL_ATOMIC_SEQ_CST)
 
 /**
  * Identical to #RUBY_ATOMIC_FETCH_ADD, except for the return type.
@@ -167,7 +192,7 @@ typedef unsigned int rb_atomic_t;
  * @return  void
  * @post    `var` holds `var + val`.
  */
-#define RUBY_ATOMIC_ADD(var, val) rbimpl_atomic_add(&(var), (val))
+#define RUBY_ATOMIC_ADD(var, val) rbimpl_atomic_add(&(var), (val), RBIMPL_ATOMIC_SEQ_CST)
 
 /**
  * Identical to #RUBY_ATOMIC_FETCH_SUB, except for the return type.
@@ -177,7 +202,7 @@ typedef unsigned int rb_atomic_t;
  * @return  void
  * @post    `var` holds `var - val`.
  */
-#define RUBY_ATOMIC_SUB(var, val) rbimpl_atomic_sub(&(var), (val))
+#define RUBY_ATOMIC_SUB(var, val) rbimpl_atomic_sub(&(var), (val), RBIMPL_ATOMIC_SEQ_CST)
 
 /**
  * Atomically increments the value pointed by `var`.
@@ -186,7 +211,7 @@ typedef unsigned int rb_atomic_t;
  * @return  void
  * @post    `var` holds `var + 1`.
  */
-#define RUBY_ATOMIC_INC(var) rbimpl_atomic_inc(&(var))
+#define RUBY_ATOMIC_INC(var) rbimpl_atomic_inc(&(var), RBIMPL_ATOMIC_SEQ_CST)
 
 /**
  * Atomically decrements the value pointed by `var`.
@@ -195,7 +220,7 @@ typedef unsigned int rb_atomic_t;
  * @return  void
  * @post    `var` holds `var - 1`.
  */
-#define RUBY_ATOMIC_DEC(var) rbimpl_atomic_dec(&(var))
+#define RUBY_ATOMIC_DEC(var) rbimpl_atomic_dec(&(var), RBIMPL_ATOMIC_SEQ_CST)
 
 /**
  * Identical to #RUBY_ATOMIC_FETCH_ADD,  except it expects its arguments to be `size_t`.
@@ -207,7 +232,7 @@ typedef unsigned int rb_atomic_t;
  * @return  What was stored in `var` before the addition.
  * @post    `var` holds `var + val`.
  */
-#define RUBY_ATOMIC_SIZE_FETCH_ADD(var, val) rbimpl_atomic_size_fetch_add(&(var), (val))
+#define RUBY_ATOMIC_SIZE_FETCH_ADD(var, val) rbimpl_atomic_size_fetch_add(&(var), (val), RBIMPL_ATOMIC_SEQ_CST)
 
 /**
  * Identical to #RUBY_ATOMIC_INC,  except it expects its  argument is `size_t`.
@@ -218,7 +243,7 @@ typedef unsigned int rb_atomic_t;
  * @return  void
  * @post    `var` holds `var + 1`.
  */
-#define RUBY_ATOMIC_SIZE_INC(var) rbimpl_atomic_size_inc(&(var))
+#define RUBY_ATOMIC_SIZE_INC(var) rbimpl_atomic_size_inc(&(var), RBIMPL_ATOMIC_SEQ_CST)
 
 /**
  * Identical to #RUBY_ATOMIC_DEC,  except it expects its  argument is `size_t`.
@@ -229,7 +254,7 @@ typedef unsigned int rb_atomic_t;
  * @return  void
  * @post    `var` holds `var - 1`.
  */
-#define RUBY_ATOMIC_SIZE_DEC(var) rbimpl_atomic_size_dec(&(var))
+#define RUBY_ATOMIC_SIZE_DEC(var) rbimpl_atomic_size_dec(&(var), RBIMPL_ATOMIC_SEQ_CST)
 
 /**
  * Identical  to #RUBY_ATOMIC_EXCHANGE,  except  it expects  its arguments  are
@@ -243,7 +268,7 @@ typedef unsigned int rb_atomic_t;
  * @post    `var` holds `val`.
  */
 #define RUBY_ATOMIC_SIZE_EXCHANGE(var, val) \
-    rbimpl_atomic_size_exchange(&(var), (val))
+    rbimpl_atomic_size_exchange(&(var), (val), RBIMPL_ATOMIC_SEQ_CST)
 
 /**
  * Identical to #RUBY_ATOMIC_CAS, except it expects its arguments are `size_t`.
@@ -257,7 +282,7 @@ typedef unsigned int rb_atomic_t;
  * @retval  otherwise  Something else is at `var`; not updated.
  */
 #define RUBY_ATOMIC_SIZE_CAS(var, oldval, newval) \
-    rbimpl_atomic_size_cas(&(var), (oldval), (newval))
+    rbimpl_atomic_size_cas(&(var), (oldval), (newval), RBIMPL_ATOMIC_SEQ_CST, RBIMPL_ATOMIC_SEQ_CST)
 
 /**
  * Identical to #RUBY_ATOMIC_ADD, except it expects its arguments are `size_t`.
@@ -269,7 +294,7 @@ typedef unsigned int rb_atomic_t;
  * @return  void
  * @post    `var` holds `var + val`.
  */
-#define RUBY_ATOMIC_SIZE_ADD(var, val) rbimpl_atomic_size_add(&(var), (val))
+#define RUBY_ATOMIC_SIZE_ADD(var, val) rbimpl_atomic_size_add(&(var), (val), RBIMPL_ATOMIC_SEQ_CST)
 
 /**
  * Identical to #RUBY_ATOMIC_SUB, except it expects its arguments are `size_t`.
@@ -281,7 +306,7 @@ typedef unsigned int rb_atomic_t;
  * @return  void
  * @post    `var` holds `var - val`.
  */
-#define RUBY_ATOMIC_SIZE_SUB(var, val) rbimpl_atomic_size_sub(&(var), (val))
+#define RUBY_ATOMIC_SIZE_SUB(var, val) rbimpl_atomic_size_sub(&(var), (val), RBIMPL_ATOMIC_SEQ_CST)
 
 /**
  * Identical  to #RUBY_ATOMIC_EXCHANGE,  except  it expects  its arguments  are
@@ -300,7 +325,7 @@ typedef unsigned int rb_atomic_t;
  * some pointers, most notably function pointers.
  */
 #define RUBY_ATOMIC_PTR_EXCHANGE(var, val) \
-    RBIMPL_CAST(rbimpl_atomic_ptr_exchange((void **)&(var), (void *)val))
+    RBIMPL_CAST(rbimpl_atomic_ptr_exchange((void **)&(var), (void *)val, RBIMPL_ATOMIC_SEQ_CST))
 
 /**
  * Identical to #RUBY_ATOMIC_LOAD, except it expects its arguments are `void*`.
@@ -311,7 +336,7 @@ typedef unsigned int rb_atomic_t;
  * @return             The value of `var` (without tearing)
  */
 #define RUBY_ATOMIC_PTR_LOAD(var) \
-    RBIMPL_CAST(rbimpl_atomic_ptr_load((void **)&var))
+    RBIMPL_CAST(rbimpl_atomic_ptr_load((void **)&var, RBIMPL_ATOMIC_SEQ_CST))
 
 /**
 * Identical  to #RUBY_ATOMIC_SET,  except  it expects  its arguments  are
@@ -324,7 +349,7 @@ typedef unsigned int rb_atomic_t;
 * @post    `var` holds `val`.
 */
 #define RUBY_ATOMIC_PTR_SET(var, val) \
-   rbimpl_atomic_ptr_set((volatile void **)&(var), (val))
+   rbimpl_atomic_ptr_store((volatile void **)&(var), (val), RBIMPL_ATOMIC_SEQ_CST)
 
 /**
  * Identical to #RUBY_ATOMIC_CAS, except it expects its arguments are `void*`.
@@ -338,7 +363,7 @@ typedef unsigned int rb_atomic_t;
  * @retval  otherwise  Something else is at `var`; not updated.
  */
 #define RUBY_ATOMIC_PTR_CAS(var, oldval, newval) \
-    RBIMPL_CAST(rbimpl_atomic_ptr_cas((void **)&(var), (void *)(oldval), (void *)(newval)))
+    RBIMPL_CAST(rbimpl_atomic_ptr_cas((void **)&(var), (void *)(oldval), (void *)(newval), RBIMPL_ATOMIC_SEQ_CST, RBIMPL_ATOMIC_SEQ_CST))
 
 /**
  * Identical  to #RUBY_ATOMIC_SET,  except  it expects  its arguments  are
@@ -351,7 +376,7 @@ typedef unsigned int rb_atomic_t;
  * @post    `var` holds `val`.
  */
 #define RUBY_ATOMIC_VALUE_SET(var, val) \
-    rbimpl_atomic_value_set(&(var), (val))
+    rbimpl_atomic_value_store(&(var), (val), RBIMPL_ATOMIC_SEQ_CST)
 
 /**
  * Identical  to #RUBY_ATOMIC_EXCHANGE,  except  it expects  its arguments  are
@@ -365,7 +390,7 @@ typedef unsigned int rb_atomic_t;
  * @post    `var` holds `val`.
  */
 #define RUBY_ATOMIC_VALUE_EXCHANGE(var, val) \
-    rbimpl_atomic_value_exchange(&(var), (val))
+    rbimpl_atomic_value_exchange(&(var), (val), RBIMPL_ATOMIC_SEQ_CST)
 
 /**
  * Identical to #RUBY_ATOMIC_CAS, except it  expects its arguments are ::VALUE.
@@ -379,19 +404,20 @@ typedef unsigned int rb_atomic_t;
  * @retval  otherwise  Something else is at `var`; not updated.
  */
 #define RUBY_ATOMIC_VALUE_CAS(var, oldval, newval) \
-    rbimpl_atomic_value_cas(&(var), (oldval), (newval))
+    rbimpl_atomic_value_cas(&(var), (oldval), (newval), RBIMPL_ATOMIC_SEQ_CST, RBIMPL_ATOMIC_SEQ_CST)
 
 /** @cond INTERNAL_MACRO */
 RBIMPL_ATTR_ARTIFICIAL()
 RBIMPL_ATTR_NOALIAS()
 RBIMPL_ATTR_NONNULL((1))
 static inline rb_atomic_t
-rbimpl_atomic_fetch_add(volatile rb_atomic_t *ptr, rb_atomic_t val)
+rbimpl_atomic_fetch_add(volatile rb_atomic_t *ptr, rb_atomic_t val, int memory_order)
 {
+    (void)memory_order;
 #if 0
 
 #elif defined(HAVE_GCC_ATOMIC_BUILTINS)
-    return __atomic_fetch_add(ptr, val, __ATOMIC_SEQ_CST);
+    return __atomic_fetch_add(ptr, val, memory_order);
 
 #elif defined(HAVE_GCC_SYNC_BUILTINS)
     return __sync_fetch_and_add(ptr, val);
@@ -408,6 +434,9 @@ rbimpl_atomic_fetch_add(volatile rb_atomic_t *ptr, rb_atomic_t val)
     RBIMPL_ASSERT_OR_ASSUME(val <= INT_MAX);
     return atomic_add_int_nv(ptr, val) - val;
 
+#elif defined(HAVE_STDATOMIC_H)
+    return atomic_fetch_add_explicit((_Atomic volatile rb_atomic_t *)ptr, val, memory_order);
+
 #else
 # error Unsupported platform.
 #endif
@@ -418,12 +447,13 @@ RBIMPL_ATTR_ARTIFICIAL()
 RBIMPL_ATTR_NOALIAS()
 RBIMPL_ATTR_NONNULL((1))
 static inline size_t
-rbimpl_atomic_size_fetch_add(volatile size_t *ptr, size_t val)
+rbimpl_atomic_size_fetch_add(volatile size_t *ptr, size_t val, int memory_order)
 {
+    (void)memory_order;
 #if 0
 
 #elif defined(HAVE_GCC_ATOMIC_BUILTINS)
-    return __atomic_fetch_add(ptr, val, __ATOMIC_SEQ_CST);
+    return __atomic_fetch_add(ptr, val, memory_order);
 
 #elif defined(HAVE_GCC_SYNC_BUILTINS)
     return __sync_fetch_and_add(ptr, val);
@@ -436,12 +466,17 @@ rbimpl_atomic_size_fetch_add(volatile size_t *ptr, size_t val)
     RBIMPL_ASSERT_OR_ASSUME(val <= LONG_MAX);
     atomic_add_long(ptr, val);
 
-#else
+#elif defined(__sun) && defined(HAVE_ATOMIC_H)
     RBIMPL_STATIC_ASSERT(size_of_rb_atomic_t, sizeof *ptr == sizeof(rb_atomic_t));
 
     volatile rb_atomic_t *const tmp = RBIMPL_CAST((volatile rb_atomic_t *)ptr);
-    rbimpl_atomic_fetch_add(tmp, val);
+    rbimpl_atomic_fetch_add(tmp, val, memory_order);
 
+#elif defined(HAVE_STDATOMIC_H)
+    return atomic_fetch_add_explicit((_Atomic volatile size_t *)ptr, val, memory_order);
+
+#else
+# error Unsupported platform.
 #endif
 }
 
@@ -449,8 +484,9 @@ RBIMPL_ATTR_ARTIFICIAL()
 RBIMPL_ATTR_NOALIAS()
 RBIMPL_ATTR_NONNULL((1))
 static inline void
-rbimpl_atomic_add(volatile rb_atomic_t *ptr, rb_atomic_t val)
+rbimpl_atomic_add(volatile rb_atomic_t *ptr, rb_atomic_t val, int memory_order)
 {
+    (void)memory_order;
 #if 0
 
 #elif defined(HAVE_GCC_ATOMIC_BUILTINS)
@@ -459,7 +495,7 @@ rbimpl_atomic_add(volatile rb_atomic_t *ptr, rb_atomic_t val)
      * return value is not used, then compiles it into single `LOCK ADD`
      * instruction.
      */
-    __atomic_add_fetch(ptr, val, __ATOMIC_SEQ_CST);
+    __atomic_add_fetch(ptr, val, memory_order);
 
 #elif defined(HAVE_GCC_SYNC_BUILTINS)
     __sync_add_and_fetch(ptr, val);
@@ -477,6 +513,9 @@ rbimpl_atomic_add(volatile rb_atomic_t *ptr, rb_atomic_t val)
     RBIMPL_ASSERT_OR_ASSUME(val <= INT_MAX);
     atomic_add_int(ptr, val);
 
+#elif defined(HAVE_STDATOMIC_H)
+    atomic_fetch_add_explicit((_Atomic volatile rb_atomic_t *)ptr, val, memory_order);
+
 #else
 # error Unsupported platform.
 #endif
@@ -486,12 +525,13 @@ RBIMPL_ATTR_ARTIFICIAL()
 RBIMPL_ATTR_NOALIAS()
 RBIMPL_ATTR_NONNULL((1))
 static inline void
-rbimpl_atomic_size_add(volatile size_t *ptr, size_t val)
+rbimpl_atomic_size_add(volatile size_t *ptr, size_t val, int memory_order)
 {
+    (void)memory_order;
 #if 0
 
 #elif defined(HAVE_GCC_ATOMIC_BUILTINS)
-    __atomic_add_fetch(ptr, val, __ATOMIC_SEQ_CST);
+    __atomic_add_fetch(ptr, val, memory_order);
 
 #elif defined(HAVE_GCC_SYNC_BUILTINS)
     __sync_add_and_fetch(ptr, val);
@@ -505,12 +545,17 @@ rbimpl_atomic_size_add(volatile size_t *ptr, size_t val)
     RBIMPL_ASSERT_OR_ASSUME(val <= LONG_MAX);
     atomic_add_long(ptr, val);
 
-#else
+#elif defined(_WIN32) || (defined(__sun) && defined(HAVE_ATOMIC_H))
     RBIMPL_STATIC_ASSERT(size_of_rb_atomic_t, sizeof *ptr == sizeof(rb_atomic_t));
 
     volatile rb_atomic_t *const tmp = RBIMPL_CAST((volatile rb_atomic_t *)ptr);
-    rbimpl_atomic_add(tmp, val);
+    rbimpl_atomic_add(tmp, val, memory_order);
 
+#elif defined(HAVE_STDATOMIC_H)
+    atomic_fetch_add_explicit((_Atomic volatile size_t *)ptr, val, memory_order);
+
+#else
+# error Unsupported platform.
 #endif
 }
 
@@ -518,12 +563,13 @@ RBIMPL_ATTR_ARTIFICIAL()
 RBIMPL_ATTR_NOALIAS()
 RBIMPL_ATTR_NONNULL((1))
 static inline void
-rbimpl_atomic_inc(volatile rb_atomic_t *ptr)
+rbimpl_atomic_inc(volatile rb_atomic_t *ptr, int memory_order)
 {
+    (void)memory_order;
 #if 0
 
 #elif defined(HAVE_GCC_ATOMIC_BUILTINS) || defined(HAVE_GCC_SYNC_BUILTINS)
-    rbimpl_atomic_add(ptr, 1);
+    rbimpl_atomic_add(ptr, 1, memory_order);
 
 #elif defined(_WIN32)
     InterlockedIncrement(ptr);
@@ -531,9 +577,11 @@ rbimpl_atomic_inc(volatile rb_atomic_t *ptr)
 #elif defined(__sun) && defined(HAVE_ATOMIC_H)
     atomic_inc_uint(ptr);
 
-#else
-    rbimpl_atomic_add(ptr, 1);
+#elif defined(HAVE_STDATOMIC_H)
+    rbimpl_atomic_add(ptr, 1, memory_order);
 
+#else
+# error Unsupported platform.
 #endif
 }
 
@@ -541,12 +589,13 @@ RBIMPL_ATTR_ARTIFICIAL()
 RBIMPL_ATTR_NOALIAS()
 RBIMPL_ATTR_NONNULL((1))
 static inline void
-rbimpl_atomic_size_inc(volatile size_t *ptr)
+rbimpl_atomic_size_inc(volatile size_t *ptr, int memory_order)
 {
+    (void)memory_order;
 #if 0
 
 #elif defined(HAVE_GCC_ATOMIC_BUILTINS) || defined(HAVE_GCC_SYNC_BUILTINS)
-    rbimpl_atomic_size_add(ptr, 1);
+    rbimpl_atomic_size_add(ptr, 1, memory_order);
 
 #elif defined(_WIN64)
     InterlockedIncrement64(ptr);
@@ -554,11 +603,16 @@ rbimpl_atomic_size_inc(volatile size_t *ptr)
 #elif defined(__sun) && defined(HAVE_ATOMIC_H) && (defined(_LP64) || defined(_I32LPx))
     atomic_inc_ulong(ptr);
 
-#else
+#elif defined(_WIN32) || (defined(__sun) && defined(HAVE_ATOMIC_H))
     RBIMPL_STATIC_ASSERT(size_of_size_t, sizeof *ptr == sizeof(rb_atomic_t));
 
-    rbimpl_atomic_size_add(ptr, 1);
+    rbimpl_atomic_size_add(ptr, 1, memory_order);
+
+#elif defined(HAVE_STDATOMIC_H)
+    rbimpl_atomic_size_add(ptr, 1, memory_order);
 
+#else
+# error Unsupported platform.
 #endif
 }
 
@@ -566,12 +620,13 @@ RBIMPL_ATTR_ARTIFICIAL()
 RBIMPL_ATTR_NOALIAS()
 RBIMPL_ATTR_NONNULL((1))
 static inline rb_atomic_t
-rbimpl_atomic_fetch_sub(volatile rb_atomic_t *ptr, rb_atomic_t val)
+rbimpl_atomic_fetch_sub(volatile rb_atomic_t *ptr, rb_atomic_t val, int memory_order)
 {
+    (void)memory_order;
 #if 0
 
 #elif defined(HAVE_GCC_ATOMIC_BUILTINS)
-    return __atomic_fetch_sub(ptr, val, __ATOMIC_SEQ_CST);
+    return __atomic_fetch_sub(ptr, val, memory_order);
 
 #elif defined(HAVE_GCC_SYNC_BUILTINS)
     return __sync_fetch_and_sub(ptr, val);
@@ -586,6 +641,9 @@ rbimpl_atomic_fetch_sub(volatile rb_atomic_t *ptr, rb_atomic_t val)
     RBIMPL_ASSERT_OR_ASSUME(val <= INT_MAX);
     return atomic_add_int_nv(ptr, neg * val) + val;
 
+#elif defined(HAVE_STDATOMIC_H)
+    return atomic_fetch_sub_explicit((_Atomic volatile rb_atomic_t *)ptr, val, memory_order);
+
 #else
 # error Unsupported platform.
 #endif
@@ -595,12 +653,13 @@ RBIMPL_ATTR_ARTIFICIAL()
 RBIMPL_ATTR_NOALIAS()
 RBIMPL_ATTR_NONNULL((1))
 static inline void
-rbimpl_atomic_sub(volatile rb_atomic_t *ptr, rb_atomic_t val)
+rbimpl_atomic_sub(volatile rb_atomic_t *ptr, rb_atomic_t val, int memory_order)
 {
+    (void)memory_order;
 #if 0
 
 #elif defined(HAVE_GCC_ATOMIC_BUILTINS)
-    __atomic_sub_fetch(ptr, val, __ATOMIC_SEQ_CST);
+    __atomic_sub_fetch(ptr, val, memory_order);
 
 #elif defined(HAVE_GCC_SYNC_BUILTINS)
     __sync_sub_and_fetch(ptr, val);
@@ -613,6 +672,9 @@ rbimpl_atomic_sub(volatile rb_atomic_t *ptr, rb_atomic_t val)
     RBIMPL_ASSERT_OR_ASSUME(val <= INT_MAX);
     atomic_add_int(ptr, neg * val);
 
+#elif defined(HAVE_STDATOMIC_H)
+    atomic_fetch_sub_explicit((_Atomic volatile rb_atomic_t *)ptr, val, memory_order);
+
 #else
 # error Unsupported platform.
 #endif
@@ -622,12 +684,13 @@ RBIMPL_ATTR_ARTIFICIAL()
 RBIMPL_ATTR_NOALIAS()
 RBIMPL_ATTR_NONNULL((1))
 static inline void
-rbimpl_atomic_size_sub(volatile size_t *ptr, size_t val)
+rbimpl_atomic_size_sub(volatile size_t *ptr, size_t val, int memory_order)
 {
+    (void)memory_order;
 #if 0
 
 #elif defined(HAVE_GCC_ATOMIC_BUILTINS)
-    __atomic_sub_fetch(ptr, val, __ATOMIC_SEQ_CST);
+    __atomic_sub_fetch(ptr, val, memory_order);
 
 #elif defined(HAVE_GCC_SYNC_BUILTINS)
     __sync_sub_and_fetch(ptr, val);
@@ -641,12 +704,17 @@ rbimpl_atomic_size_sub(volatile size_t *ptr, size_t val)
     RBIMPL_ASSERT_OR_ASSUME(val <= LONG_MAX);
     atomic_add_long(ptr, neg * val);
 
-#else
+#elif defined(_WIN32) || (defined(__sun) && defined(HAVE_ATOMIC_H))
     RBIMPL_STATIC_ASSERT(size_of_rb_atomic_t, sizeof *ptr == sizeof(rb_atomic_t));
 
     volatile rb_atomic_t *const tmp = RBIMPL_CAST((volatile rb_atomic_t *)ptr);
-    rbimpl_atomic_sub(tmp, val);
+    rbimpl_atomic_sub(tmp, val, memory_order);
 
+#elif defined(HAVE_STDATOMIC_H)
+    atomic_fetch_sub_explicit((_Atomic volatile size_t *)ptr, val, memory_order);
+
+#else
+# error Unsupported platform.
 #endif
 }
 
@@ -654,12 +722,13 @@ RBIMPL_ATTR_ARTIFICIAL()
 RBIMPL_ATTR_NOALIAS()
 RBIMPL_ATTR_NONNULL((1))
 static inline void
-rbimpl_atomic_dec(volatile rb_atomic_t *ptr)
+rbimpl_atomic_dec(volatile rb_atomic_t *ptr, int memory_order)
 {
+    (void)memory_order;
 #if 0
 
 #elif defined(HAVE_GCC_ATOMIC_BUILTINS) || defined(HAVE_GCC_SYNC_BUILTINS)
-    rbimpl_atomic_sub(ptr, 1);
+    rbimpl_atomic_sub(ptr, 1, memory_order);
 
 #elif defined(_WIN32)
     InterlockedDecrement(ptr);
@@ -667,9 +736,11 @@ rbimpl_atomic_dec(volatile rb_atomic_t *ptr)
 #elif defined(__sun) && defined(HAVE_ATOMIC_H)
     atomic_dec_uint(ptr);
 
-#else
-    rbimpl_atomic_sub(ptr, 1);
+#elif defined(HAVE_STDATOMIC_H)
+    rbimpl_atomic_sub(ptr, 1, memory_order);
 
+#else
+# error Unsupported platform.
 #endif
 }
 
@@ -677,12 +748,13 @@ RBIMPL_ATTR_ARTIFICIAL()
 RBIMPL_ATTR_NOALIAS()
 RBIMPL_ATTR_NONNULL((1))
 static inline void
-rbimpl_atomic_size_dec(volatile size_t *ptr)
+rbimpl_atomic_size_dec(volatile size_t *ptr, int memory_order)
 {
+    (void)memory_order;
 #if 0
 
 #elif defined(HAVE_GCC_ATOMIC_BUILTINS) || defined(HAVE_GCC_SYNC_BUILTINS)
-    rbimpl_atomic_size_sub(ptr, 1);
+    rbimpl_atomic_size_sub(ptr, 1, memory_order);
 
 #elif defined(_WIN64)
     InterlockedDecrement64(ptr);
@@ -690,11 +762,16 @@ rbimpl_atomic_size_dec(volatile size_t *ptr)
 #elif defined(__sun) && defined(HAVE_ATOMIC_H) && (defined(_LP64) || defined(_I32LPx))
     atomic_dec_ulong(ptr);
 
-#else
+#elif defined(_WIN32) || (defined(__sun) && defined(HAVE_ATOMIC_H))
     RBIMPL_STATIC_ASSERT(size_of_size_t, sizeof *ptr == sizeof(rb_atomic_t));
 
-    rbimpl_atomic_size_sub(ptr, 1);
+    rbimpl_atomic_size_sub(ptr, 1, memory_order);
 
+#elif defined(HAVE_STDATOMIC_H)
+    rbimpl_atomic_size_sub(ptr, 1, memory_order);
+
+#else
+# error Unsupported platform.
 #endif
 }
 
@@ -702,59 +779,42 @@ RBIMPL_ATTR_ARTIFICIAL()
 RBIMPL_ATTR_NOALIAS()
 RBIMPL_ATTR_NONNULL((1))
 static inline void
-rbimpl_atomic_or(volatile rb_atomic_t *ptr, rb_atomic_t val)
+rbimpl_atomic_or(volatile rb_atomic_t *ptr, rb_atomic_t val, int memory_order)
 {
+    (void)memory_order;
 #if 0
 
 #elif defined(HAVE_GCC_ATOMIC_BUILTINS)
-    __atomic_or_fetch(ptr, val, __ATOMIC_SEQ_CST);
+    __atomic_or_fetch(ptr, val, memory_order);
 
 #elif defined(HAVE_GCC_SYNC_BUILTINS)
     __sync_or_and_fetch(ptr, val);
 
-#elif RBIMPL_COMPILER_SINCE(MSVC, 13, 0, 0)
+#elif RBIMPL_COMPILER_IS(MSVC)
     _InterlockedOr(ptr, val);
 
-#elif defined(_WIN32) && defined(__GNUC__)
-    /* This was for old MinGW.  Maybe not needed any longer? */
-    __asm__(
-        "lock\n\t"
-        "orl\t%1, %0"
-        : "=m"(ptr)
-        : "Ir"(val));
-
-#elif defined(_WIN32) && defined(_M_IX86)
-    __asm mov eax, ptr;
-    __asm mov ecx, val;
-    __asm lock or [eax], ecx;
-
 #elif defined(__sun) && defined(HAVE_ATOMIC_H)
     atomic_or_uint(ptr, val);
 
+#elif !defined(_WIN32) && defined(HAVE_STDATOMIC_H)
+    atomic_fetch_or_explicit((_Atomic volatile rb_atomic_t *)ptr, val, memory_order);
+
 #else
 # error Unsupported platform.
 #endif
 }
 
-/* Nobody uses this but for theoretical backwards compatibility... */
-#if RBIMPL_COMPILER_BEFORE(MSVC, 13, 0, 0)
-static inline rb_atomic_t
-rb_w32_atomic_or(volatile rb_atomic_t *var, rb_atomic_t val)
-{
-    return rbimpl_atomic_or(var, val);
-}
-#endif
-
 RBIMPL_ATTR_ARTIFICIAL()
 RBIMPL_ATTR_NOALIAS()
 RBIMPL_ATTR_NONNULL((1))
 static inline rb_atomic_t
-rbimpl_atomic_exchange(volatile rb_atomic_t *ptr, rb_atomic_t val)
+rbimpl_atomic_exchange(volatile rb_atomic_t *ptr, rb_atomic_t val, int memory_order)
 {
+    (void)memory_order;
 #if 0
 
 #elif defined(HAVE_GCC_ATOMIC_BUILTINS)
-    return __atomic_exchange_n(ptr, val, __ATOMIC_SEQ_CST);
+    return __atomic_exchange_n(ptr, val, memory_order);
 
 #elif defined(HAVE_GCC_SYNC_BUILTINS)
     return __sync_lock_test_and_set(ptr, val);
@@ -765,6 +825,9 @@ rbimpl_atomic_exchange(volatile rb_atomic_t *ptr, rb_atomic_t val)
 #elif defined(__sun) && defined(HAVE_ATOMIC_H)
     return atomic_swap_uint(ptr, val);
 
+#elif defined(HAVE_STDATOMIC_H)
+    return atomic_exchange_explicit((_Atomic volatile rb_atomic_t *)ptr, val, memory_order);
+
 #else
 # error Unsupported platform.
 #endif
@@ -774,12 +837,13 @@ RBIMPL_ATTR_ARTIFICIAL()
 RBIMPL_ATTR_NOALIAS()
 RBIMPL_ATTR_NONNULL((1))
 static inline size_t
-rbimpl_atomic_size_exchange(volatile size_t *ptr, size_t val)
+rbimpl_atomic_size_exchange(volatile size_t *ptr, size_t val, int memory_order)
 {
+    (void)memory_order;
 #if 0
 
 #elif defined(HAVE_GCC_ATOMIC_BUILTINS)
-    return __atomic_exchange_n(ptr, val, __ATOMIC_SEQ_CST);
+    return __atomic_exchange_n(ptr, val, memory_order);
 
 #elif defined(HAVE_GCC_SYNC_BUILTINS)
     return __sync_lock_test_and_set(ptr, val);
@@ -790,13 +854,18 @@ rbimpl_atomic_size_exchange(volatile size_t *ptr, size_t val)
 #elif defined(__sun) && defined(HAVE_ATOMIC_H) && (defined(_LP64) || defined(_I32LPx))
     return atomic_swap_ulong(ptr, val);
 
-#else
+#elif defined(_WIN32) || (defined(__sun) && defined(HAVE_ATOMIC_H))
     RBIMPL_STATIC_ASSERT(size_of_size_t, sizeof *ptr == sizeof(rb_atomic_t));
 
     volatile rb_atomic_t *const tmp = RBIMPL_CAST((volatile rb_atomic_t *)ptr);
-    const rb_atomic_t ret = rbimpl_atomic_exchange(tmp, val);
+    const rb_atomic_t ret = rbimpl_atomic_exchange(tmp, val, memory_order);
     return RBIMPL_CAST((size_t)ret);
 
+#elif defined(HAVE_STDATOMIC_H)
+    return atomic_exchange_explicit((_Atomic volatile size_t *)ptr, val, memory_order);
+
+#else
+# error Unsupported platform.
 #endif
 }
 
@@ -804,15 +873,16 @@ RBIMPL_ATTR_ARTIFICIAL()
 RBIMPL_ATTR_NOALIAS()
 RBIMPL_ATTR_NONNULL((1))
 static inline void
-rbimpl_atomic_size_set(volatile size_t *ptr, size_t val)
+rbimpl_atomic_size_store(volatile size_t *ptr, size_t val, int memory_order)
 {
+    (void)memory_order;
 #if 0
 
 #elif defined(HAVE_GCC_ATOMIC_BUILTINS)
-    __atomic_store_n(ptr, val, __ATOMIC_SEQ_CST);
+    __atomic_store_n(ptr, val, memory_order);
 
 #else
-    rbimpl_atomic_size_exchange(ptr, val);
+    rbimpl_atomic_size_exchange(ptr, val, memory_order);
 
 #endif
 }
@@ -821,8 +891,9 @@ RBIMPL_ATTR_ARTIFICIAL()
 RBIMPL_ATTR_NOALIAS()
 RBIMPL_ATTR_NONNULL((1))
 static inline void *
-rbimpl_atomic_ptr_exchange(void *volatile *ptr, const void *val)
+rbimpl_atomic_ptr_exchange(void *volatile *ptr, const void *val, int memory_order)
 {
+    (void)memory_order;
 #if 0
 
 #elif defined(InterlockedExchangePointer)
@@ -839,7 +910,7 @@ rbimpl_atomic_ptr_exchange(void *volatile *ptr, const void *val)
 
     const size_t sval = RBIMPL_CAST((size_t)val);
     volatile size_t *const sptr = RBIMPL_CAST((volatile size_t *)ptr);
-    const size_t sret = rbimpl_atomic_size_exchange(sptr, sval);
+    const size_t sret = rbimpl_atomic_size_exchange(sptr, sval, memory_order);
     return RBIMPL_CAST((void *)sret);
 
 #endif
@@ -849,26 +920,26 @@ RBIMPL_ATTR_ARTIFICIAL()
 RBIMPL_ATTR_NOALIAS()
 RBIMPL_ATTR_NONNULL((1))
 static inline void
-rbimpl_atomic_ptr_set(volatile void **ptr, void *val)
+rbimpl_atomic_ptr_store(volatile void **ptr, void *val, int memory_order)
 {
     RBIMPL_STATIC_ASSERT(sizeof_value, sizeof *ptr == sizeof(size_t));
 
     const size_t sval = RBIMPL_CAST((size_t)val);
     volatile size_t *const sptr = RBIMPL_CAST((volatile size_t *)ptr);
-    rbimpl_atomic_size_set(sptr, sval);
+    rbimpl_atomic_size_store(sptr, sval, memory_order);
 }
 
 RBIMPL_ATTR_ARTIFICIAL()
 RBIMPL_ATTR_NOALIAS()
 RBIMPL_ATTR_NONNULL((1))
 static inline VALUE
-rbimpl_atomic_value_exchange(volatile VALUE *ptr, VALUE val)
+rbimpl_atomic_value_exchange(volatile VALUE *ptr, VALUE val, int memory_order)
 {
     RBIMPL_STATIC_ASSERT(sizeof_value, sizeof *ptr == sizeof(size_t));
 
     const size_t sval = RBIMPL_CAST((size_t)val);
     volatile size_t *const sptr = RBIMPL_CAST((volatile size_t *)ptr);
-    const size_t sret = rbimpl_atomic_size_exchange(sptr, sval);
+    const size_t sret = rbimpl_atomic_size_exchange(sptr, sval, memory_order);
     return RBIMPL_CAST((VALUE)sret);
 }
 
@@ -876,27 +947,28 @@ RBIMPL_ATTR_ARTIFICIAL()
 RBIMPL_ATTR_NOALIAS()
 RBIMPL_ATTR_NONNULL((1))
 static inline void
-rbimpl_atomic_value_set(volatile VALUE *ptr, VALUE val)
+rbimpl_atomic_value_store(volatile VALUE *ptr, VALUE val, int memory_order)
 {
     RBIMPL_STATIC_ASSERT(sizeof_value, sizeof *ptr == sizeof(size_t));
 
     const size_t sval = RBIMPL_CAST((size_t)val);
     volatile size_t *const sptr = RBIMPL_CAST((volatile size_t *)ptr);
-    rbimpl_atomic_size_set(sptr, sval);
+    rbimpl_atomic_size_store(sptr, sval, memory_order);
 }
 
 RBIMPL_ATTR_ARTIFICIAL()
 RBIMPL_ATTR_NOALIAS()
 RBIMPL_ATTR_NONNULL((1))
 static inline rb_atomic_t
-rbimpl_atomic_load(volatile rb_atomic_t *ptr)
+rbimpl_atomic_load(volatile rb_atomic_t *ptr, int memory_order)
 {
+    (void)memory_order;
 #if 0
 
 #elif defined(HAVE_GCC_ATOMIC_BUILTINS)
-    return __atomic_load_n(ptr, __ATOMIC_SEQ_CST);
+    return __atomic_load_n(ptr, memory_order);
 #else
-    return rbimpl_atomic_fetch_add(ptr, 0);
+    return rbimpl_atomic_fetch_add(ptr, 0, memory_order);
 #endif
 }
 
@@ -904,16 +976,17 @@ RBIMPL_ATTR_ARTIFICIAL()
 RBIMPL_ATTR_NOALIAS()
 RBIMPL_ATTR_NONNULL((1))
 static inline void
-rbimpl_atomic_set(volatile rb_atomic_t *ptr, rb_atomic_t val)
+rbimpl_atomic_store(volatile rb_atomic_t *ptr, rb_atomic_t val, int memory_order)
 {
+    (void)memory_order;
 #if 0
 
 #elif defined(HAVE_GCC_ATOMIC_BUILTINS)
-    __atomic_store_n(ptr, val, __ATOMIC_SEQ_CST);
+    __atomic_store_n(ptr, val, memory_order);
 
 #else
     /* Maybe std::atomic<rb_atomic_t>::store can be faster? */
-    rbimpl_atomic_exchange(ptr, val);
+    rbimpl_atomic_exchange(ptr, val, memory_order);
 
 #endif
 }
@@ -922,56 +995,49 @@ RBIMPL_ATTR_ARTIFICIAL()
 RBIMPL_ATTR_NOALIAS()
 RBIMPL_ATTR_NONNULL((1))
 static inline rb_atomic_t
-rbimpl_atomic_cas(volatile rb_atomic_t *ptr, rb_atomic_t oldval, rb_atomic_t newval)
+rbimpl_atomic_cas(volatile rb_atomic_t *ptr, rb_atomic_t oldval, rb_atomic_t newval, int success_memorder, int failure_memorder)
 {
+    (void)success_memorder;
+    (void)failure_memorder;
 #if 0
 
 #elif defined(HAVE_GCC_ATOMIC_BUILTINS)
     __atomic_compare_exchange_n(
-        ptr, &oldval, newval, 0, __ATOMIC_SEQ_CST, __ATOMIC_SEQ_CST);
+        ptr, &oldval, newval, 0, success_memorder, failure_memorder);
     return oldval;
 
 #elif defined(HAVE_GCC_SYNC_BUILTINS)
     return __sync_val_compare_and_swap(ptr, oldval, newval);
 
-#elif RBIMPL_COMPILER_SINCE(MSVC, 13, 0, 0)
+#elif RBIMPL_COMPILER_IS(MSVC)
     return InterlockedCompareExchange(ptr, newval, oldval);
 
-#elif defined(_WIN32)
-    PVOID *pptr = RBIMPL_CAST((PVOID *)ptr);
-    PVOID pold = RBIMPL_CAST((PVOID)oldval);
-    PVOID pnew = RBIMPL_CAST((PVOID)newval);
-    PVOID pret = InterlockedCompareExchange(pptr, pnew, pold);
-    return RBIMPL_CAST((rb_atomic_t)pret);
-
 #elif defined(__sun) && defined(HAVE_ATOMIC_H)
     return atomic_cas_uint(ptr, oldval, newval);
 
+#elif defined(HAVE_STDATOMIC_H)
+    atomic_compare_exchange_strong_explicit(
+        (_Atomic volatile rb_atomic_t *)ptr, &oldval, newval, success_memorder, failure_memorder);
+    return oldval;
+
 #else
 # error Unsupported platform.
 #endif
 }
 
-/* Nobody uses this but for theoretical backwards compatibility... */
-#if RBIMPL_COMPILER_BEFORE(MSVC, 13, 0, 0)
-static inline rb_atomic_t
-rb_w32_atomic_cas(volatile rb_atomic_t *var, rb_atomic_t oldval, rb_atomic_t newval)
-{
-    return rbimpl_atomic_cas(var, oldval, newval);
-}
-#endif
-
 RBIMPL_ATTR_ARTIFICIAL()
 RBIMPL_ATTR_NOALIAS()
 RBIMPL_ATTR_NONNULL((1))
 static inline size_t
-rbimpl_atomic_size_cas(volatile size_t *ptr, size_t oldval, size_t newval)
+rbimpl_atomic_size_cas(volatile size_t *ptr, size_t oldval, size_t newval, int success_memorder, int failure_memorder)
 {
+    (void)success_memorder;
+    (void)failure_memorder;
 #if 0
 
 #elif defined(HAVE_GCC_ATOMIC_BUILTINS)
     __atomic_compare_exchange_n(
-        ptr, &oldval, newval, 0, __ATOMIC_SEQ_CST, __ATOMIC_SEQ_CST);
+        ptr, &oldval, newval, 0, success_memorder, failure_memorder);
     return oldval;
 
 #elif defined(HAVE_GCC_SYNC_BUILTINS)
@@ -983,12 +1049,19 @@ rbimpl_atomic_size_cas(volatile size_t *ptr, size_t oldval, size_t newval)
 #elif defined(__sun) && defined(HAVE_ATOMIC_H) && (defined(_LP64) || defined(_I32LPx))
     return atomic_cas_ulong(ptr, oldval, newval);
 
-#else
+#elif defined(_WIN32) || (defined(__sun) && defined(HAVE_ATOMIC_H))
     RBIMPL_STATIC_ASSERT(size_of_size_t, sizeof *ptr == sizeof(rb_atomic_t));
 
     volatile rb_atomic_t *tmp = RBIMPL_CAST((volatile rb_atomic_t *)ptr);
-    return rbimpl_atomic_cas(tmp, oldval, newval);
+    return rbimpl_atomic_cas(tmp, oldval, newval, success_memorder, failure_memorder);
+
+#elif defined(HAVE_STDATOMIC_H)
+    atomic_compare_exchange_strong_explicit(
+        (_Atomic volatile size_t *)ptr, &oldval, newval, success_memorder, failure_memorder);
+    return oldval;
 
+#else
+# error Unsupported platform.
 #endif
 }
 
@@ -996,8 +1069,10 @@ RBIMPL_ATTR_ARTIFICIAL()
 RBIMPL_ATTR_NOALIAS()
 RBIMPL_ATTR_NONNULL((1))
 static inline void *
-rbimpl_atomic_ptr_cas(void **ptr, const void *oldval, const void *newval)
+rbimpl_atomic_ptr_cas(void **ptr, const void *oldval, const void *newval, int success_memorder, int failure_memorder)
 {
+    (void)success_memorder;
+    (void)failure_memorder;
 #if 0
 
 #elif defined(InterlockedExchangePointer)
@@ -1020,7 +1095,7 @@ rbimpl_atomic_ptr_cas(void **ptr, const void *oldval, const void *newval)
     const size_t snew = RBIMPL_CAST((size_t)newval);
     const size_t sold = RBIMPL_CAST((size_t)oldval);
     volatile size_t *const sptr = RBIMPL_CAST((volatile size_t *)ptr);
-    const size_t sret = rbimpl_atomic_size_cas(sptr, sold, snew);
+    const size_t sret = rbimpl_atomic_size_cas(sptr, sold, snew, success_memorder, failure_memorder);
     return RBIMPL_CAST((void *)sret);
 
 #endif
@@ -1030,15 +1105,16 @@ RBIMPL_ATTR_ARTIFICIAL()
 RBIMPL_ATTR_NOALIAS()
 RBIMPL_ATTR_NONNULL((1))
 static inline void *
-rbimpl_atomic_ptr_load(void **ptr)
+rbimpl_atomic_ptr_load(void **ptr, int memory_order)
 {
+    (void)memory_order;
 #if 0
 
 #elif defined(HAVE_GCC_ATOMIC_BUILTINS)
-    return __atomic_load_n(ptr, __ATOMIC_SEQ_CST);
+    return __atomic_load_n(ptr, memory_order);
 #else
     void *val = *ptr;
-    return rbimpl_atomic_ptr_cas(ptr, val, val);
+    return rbimpl_atomic_ptr_cas(ptr, val, val, memory_order, memory_order);
 #endif
 }
 
@@ -1046,14 +1122,23 @@ RBIMPL_ATTR_ARTIFICIAL()
 RBIMPL_ATTR_NOALIAS()
 RBIMPL_ATTR_NONNULL((1))
 static inline VALUE
-rbimpl_atomic_value_cas(volatile VALUE *ptr, VALUE oldval, VALUE newval)
+rbimpl_atomic_value_load(volatile VALUE *ptr, int memory_order)
+{
+    return RBIMPL_CAST((VALUE)rbimpl_atomic_ptr_load((void **)ptr, memory_order));
+}
+
+RBIMPL_ATTR_ARTIFICIAL()
+RBIMPL_ATTR_NOALIAS()
+RBIMPL_ATTR_NONNULL((1))
+static inline VALUE
+rbimpl_atomic_value_cas(volatile VALUE *ptr, VALUE oldval, VALUE newval, int success_memorder, int failure_memorder)
 {
     RBIMPL_STATIC_ASSERT(sizeof_value, sizeof *ptr == sizeof(size_t));
 
     const size_t snew = RBIMPL_CAST((size_t)newval);
     const size_t sold = RBIMPL_CAST((size_t)oldval);
     volatile size_t *const sptr = RBIMPL_CAST((volatile size_t *)ptr);
-    const size_t sret = rbimpl_atomic_size_cas(sptr, sold, snew);
+    const size_t sret = rbimpl_atomic_size_cas(sptr, sold, snew, success_memorder, failure_memorder);
     return RBIMPL_CAST((VALUE)sret);
 }
 /** @endcond */
diff --git a/include/ruby/backward.h b/include/ruby/backward.h
index f804c2c36e..6726102158 100644
--- a/include/ruby/backward.h
+++ b/include/ruby/backward.h
@@ -11,12 +11,6 @@
 #include "ruby/internal/interpreter.h"
 #include "ruby/backward/2/attributes.h"
 
-#define RBIMPL_ATTR_DEPRECATED_SINCE(ver) RBIMPL_ATTR_DEPRECATED(("since " #ver))
-#define RBIMPL_ATTR_DEPRECATED_INTERNAL(ver) RBIMPL_ATTR_DEPRECATED(("since "#ver", also internal"))
-#define RBIMPL_ATTR_DEPRECATED_INTERNAL_ONLY() RBIMPL_ATTR_DEPRECATED(("only for internal use"))
-
-RBIMPL_ATTR_DEPRECATED_INTERNAL_ONLY() void rb_clear_constant_cache(void);
-
 /* from version.c */
 #if defined(RUBY_SHOW_COPYRIGHT_TO_DIE) && !!(RUBY_SHOW_COPYRIGHT_TO_DIE+0)
 # error RUBY_SHOW_COPYRIGHT_TO_DIE is deprecated
diff --git a/include/ruby/backward/cxxanyargs.hpp b/include/ruby/backward/cxxanyargs.hpp
index 2414b7ae6d..0ca2745c20 100644
--- a/include/ruby/backward/cxxanyargs.hpp
+++ b/include/ruby/backward/cxxanyargs.hpp
@@ -190,33 +190,6 @@ rb_define_hooked_variable(const char *q, VALUE *w, std::nullptr_t e, void_type *
 /// @name Exceptions and tag jumps
 /// @{
 
-// RUBY_CXX_DEPRECATED("by rb_block_call since 1.9")
-RUBY_CXX_DEPRECATED("Use of ANYARGS in this function is deprecated")
-/// @brief       Old way to implement iterators.
-/// @param[in]   q  A function that can yield.
-/// @param[in]   w  Passed to `q`.
-/// @param[in]   e  What is to be yielded.
-/// @param[in]   r  Passed to `e`.
-/// @return      The return value of `q`.
-/// @note        `e` can be nullptr.
-/// @deprecated  This function is obsoleted since  long before 2.x era.  Do not
-///              use it any longer.  rb_block_call() is provided instead.
-inline VALUE
-rb_iterate(onearg_type *q, VALUE w, type *e, VALUE r)
-{
-    rb_block_call_func_t t = reinterpret_cast<rb_block_call_func_t>(e);
-    return backward::rb_iterate_deprecated(q, w, t, r);
-}
-
-#ifdef HAVE_NULLPTR
-RUBY_CXX_DEPRECATED("by rb_block_call since 1.9")
-inline VALUE
-rb_iterate(onearg_type *q, VALUE w, std::nullptr_t e, VALUE r)
-{
-    return backward::rb_iterate_deprecated(q, w, e, r);
-}
-#endif
-
 RUBY_CXX_DEPRECATED("Use of ANYARGS in this function is deprecated")
 /// @brief       Call a method with a block.
 /// @param[in]   q  The self.
@@ -537,9 +510,7 @@ struct driver {
          * this writing the  version is 2.8.  Let's warn this  later, some time
          * during 3.x.   Hopefully codes in  old (ANYARGS-ed) format  should be
          * less than now. */
-#if (RUBY_API_VERSION_MAJOR * 100 + RUBY_API_VERSION_MINOR) >= 301
         RUBY_CXX_DEPRECATED("use of ANYARGS is deprecated")
-#endif
         /// @copydoc define(VALUE klass, T mid, U func)
         /// @deprecated  Pass correctly typed function instead.
         static inline void
diff --git a/include/ruby/debug.h b/include/ruby/debug.h
index 0a9f693951..547d5d94c4 100644
--- a/include/ruby/debug.h
+++ b/include/ruby/debug.h
@@ -297,7 +297,7 @@ VALUE rb_debug_inspector_frame_depth(const rb_debug_inspector_t *dc, long index)
 #define RB_DEBUG_INSPECTOR_FRAME_DEPTH(dc, index) rb_debug_inspector_frame_depth(dc, index)
 
 /**
- * Return current frmae depth.
+ * Return current frame depth.
  *
  * @retval     The depth of the current frame in Integer.
  */
diff --git a/include/ruby/fiber/scheduler.h b/include/ruby/fiber/scheduler.h
index b8a5e2ea10..4d764f68ae 100644
--- a/include/ruby/fiber/scheduler.h
+++ b/include/ruby/fiber/scheduler.h
@@ -27,6 +27,7 @@ RBIMPL_SYMBOL_EXPORT_BEGIN()
 #define RUBY_FIBER_SCHEDULER_VERSION 3
 
 struct timeval;
+struct rb_thread_struct;
 
 /**
  * Wrap a `ssize_t` and `int errno` into a single `VALUE`. This interface should
@@ -118,7 +119,7 @@ VALUE rb_fiber_scheduler_current(void);
 
 /**
  * Identical to rb_fiber_scheduler_current(), except it queries for that of the
- * passed thread instead of the implicit current one.
+ * passed thread value instead of the implicit current one.
  *
  * @param[in]  thread         Target thread.
  * @exception  rb_eTypeError  `thread` is not a thread.
@@ -128,6 +129,17 @@ VALUE rb_fiber_scheduler_current(void);
 VALUE rb_fiber_scheduler_current_for_thread(VALUE thread);
 
 /**
+ * Identical to rb_fiber_scheduler_current_for_thread(), except it expects
+ * a threadptr instead of a thread value.
+ *
+ * @param[in]  thread         Target thread.
+ * @exception  rb_eTypeError  `thread` is not a thread.
+ * @retval     RUBY_Qnil      No scheduler is in effect in `thread`.
+ * @retval     otherwise      The scheduler that is in effect in `thread`.
+ */
+VALUE rb_fiber_scheduler_current_for_threadptr(struct rb_thread_struct *thread);
+
+/**
  * Converts the passed timeout to an expression that rb_fiber_scheduler_block()
  * etc. expects.
  *
@@ -167,6 +179,14 @@ VALUE rb_fiber_scheduler_kernel_sleep(VALUE scheduler, VALUE duration);
  */
 VALUE rb_fiber_scheduler_kernel_sleepv(VALUE scheduler, int argc, VALUE * argv);
 
+/**
+ * Yield to the scheduler, to be resumed on the next scheduling cycle.
+ *
+ * @param[in]  scheduler  Target scheduler.
+ * @return     What `scheduler.yield` returns.
+ */
+VALUE rb_fiber_scheduler_yield(VALUE scheduler);
+
 /* Description TBW */
 #if 0
 VALUE rb_fiber_scheduler_timeout_after(VALUE scheduler, VALUE timeout, VALUE exception, VALUE message);
@@ -394,11 +414,54 @@ VALUE rb_fiber_scheduler_io_close(VALUE scheduler, VALUE io);
  */
 VALUE rb_fiber_scheduler_address_resolve(VALUE scheduler, VALUE hostname);
 
+// The state of the blocking operation execution.
 struct rb_fiber_scheduler_blocking_operation_state {
     void *result;
     int saved_errno;
 };
 
+// The opaque handle for the blocking operation.
+typedef struct rb_fiber_scheduler_blocking_operation rb_fiber_scheduler_blocking_operation_t;
+
+/**
+ * Extract the blocking operation handle from a BlockingOperationRuby object.
+ *
+ * This function safely extracts the opaque handle from a BlockingOperation VALUE
+ * while holding the GVL. The returned pointer can be passed to worker threads
+ * and used with rb_fiber_scheduler_blocking_operation_execute.
+ *
+ * @param[in] self The BlockingOperation VALUE to extract from
+ * @return The opaque struct pointer on success, NULL on error
+ * @note Experimental.
+ */
+rb_fiber_scheduler_blocking_operation_t *rb_fiber_scheduler_blocking_operation_extract(VALUE self);
+
+/**
+ * Execute blocking operation from handle (GVL not required).
+ *
+ * This function executes a blocking operation using the opaque handle
+ * obtained from rb_fiber_scheduler_blocking_operation_extract.
+ * It can be called from native threads without holding the GVL.
+ *
+ * @param[in] blocking_operation The opaque handle.
+ * @return 0 on success, -1 on error.
+ * @note Experimental. Can be called from any thread without holding the GVL
+ */
+int rb_fiber_scheduler_blocking_operation_execute(rb_fiber_scheduler_blocking_operation_t *blocking_operation);
+
+/**
+ * Cancel a blocking operation.
+ *
+ * This function cancels a blocking operation. If the operation is queued,
+ * it just marks it as cancelled. If it's executing, it marks it as cancelled
+ * and calls the unblock function to interrupt the operation.
+ *
+ * @param blocking_operation The opaque struct pointer
+ * @return 1 if unblock function was called, 0 if just marked cancelled, -1 on error
+ * @note Experimental.
+ */
+int rb_fiber_scheduler_blocking_operation_cancel(rb_fiber_scheduler_blocking_operation_t *blocking_operation);
+
 /**
  * Defer the execution of the passed function to the scheduler.
  *
diff --git a/include/ruby/intern.h b/include/ruby/intern.h
index 48e4cd546e..8718169ce2 100644
--- a/include/ruby/intern.h
+++ b/include/ruby/intern.h
@@ -51,6 +51,7 @@
 #include "ruby/internal/intern/re.h"
 #include "ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h"
 #include "ruby/internal/intern/select.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/intern/set.h"
 #include "ruby/internal/intern/signal.h"
 #include "ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h"
 #include "ruby/internal/intern/string.h"
diff --git a/include/ruby/internal/arithmetic/intptr_t.h b/include/ruby/internal/arithmetic/intptr_t.h
index a354f4469c..70090f88e6 100644
--- a/include/ruby/internal/arithmetic/intptr_t.h
+++ b/include/ruby/internal/arithmetic/intptr_t.h
@@ -32,6 +32,18 @@
 #define rb_int_new  rb_int2inum  /**< @alias{rb_int2inum} */
 #define rb_uint_new rb_uint2inum /**< @alias{rb_uint2inum} */
 
+// These definitions are same as fiddle/conversions.h
+#if SIZEOF_VOIDP <= SIZEOF_LONG
+# define PTR2NUM(x) (LONG2NUM((long)(x)))
+# define NUM2PTR(x) ((void*)(NUM2ULONG(x)))
+#elif SIZEOF_VOIDP <= SIZEOF_LONG_LONG
+# define PTR2NUM(x) (LL2NUM((LONG_LONG)(x)))
+# define NUM2PTR(x) ((void*)(NUM2ULL(x)))
+#else
+// should have been an error in ruby/internal/value.h
+# error Need integer for VALUE
+#endif
+
 RBIMPL_SYMBOL_EXPORT_BEGIN()
 
 /**
diff --git a/include/ruby/internal/attr/deprecated.h b/include/ruby/internal/attr/deprecated.h
index e1bbdbd15a..a374ace868 100644
--- a/include/ruby/internal/attr/deprecated.h
+++ b/include/ruby/internal/attr/deprecated.h
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@
 #elif RBIMPL_HAS_ATTRIBUTE(deprecated) /* but not with message. */
 # define RBIMPL_ATTR_DEPRECATED(msg) __attribute__((__deprecated__))
 
-#elif RBIMPL_COMPILER_SINCE(MSVC, 14, 0, 0)
+#elif RBIMPL_COMPILER_IS(MSVC)
 # define RBIMPL_ATTR_DEPRECATED(msg) __declspec(deprecated msg)
 
 #elif RBIMPL_HAS_DECLSPEC_ATTRIBUTE(deprecated)
@@ -72,4 +72,11 @@
 # define RBIMPL_ATTR_DEPRECATED_EXT(msg) RBIMPL_ATTR_DEPRECATED(msg)
 #endif
 
+#define RBIMPL_ATTR_DEPRECATED_SINCE(ver) \
+    RBIMPL_ATTR_DEPRECATED(("since " #ver))
+#define RBIMPL_ATTR_DEPRECATED_INTERNAL(ver) \
+    RBIMPL_ATTR_DEPRECATED(("since "#ver", also internal"))
+#define RBIMPL_ATTR_DEPRECATED_INTERNAL_ONLY() \
+    RBIMPL_ATTR_DEPRECATED(("only for internal use"))
+
 #endif /* RBIMPL_ATTR_DEPRECATED_H */
diff --git a/include/ruby/internal/attr/forceinline.h b/include/ruby/internal/attr/forceinline.h
index b7daafede7..5b9ae794af 100644
--- a/include/ruby/internal/attr/forceinline.h
+++ b/include/ruby/internal/attr/forceinline.h
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@
  * `__forceinline` are mutually exclusive.  We have to mimic that behaviour for
  * non-MSVC compilers.
  */
-#if RBIMPL_COMPILER_SINCE(MSVC, 12, 0, 0)
+#if RBIMPL_COMPILER_IS(MSVC)
 # define RBIMPL_ATTR_FORCEINLINE() __forceinline
 #elif RBIMPL_HAS_ATTRIBUTE(always_inline)
 # define RBIMPL_ATTR_FORCEINLINE() __attribute__((__always_inline__)) inline
diff --git a/include/ruby/internal/attr/noexcept.h b/include/ruby/internal/attr/noexcept.h
index 7c3f92f1e7..dd4c667407 100644
--- a/include/ruby/internal/attr/noexcept.h
+++ b/include/ruby/internal/attr/noexcept.h
@@ -78,7 +78,7 @@
 #elif defined(__INTEL_CXX11_MODE__)
 # define RBIMPL_ATTR_NOEXCEPT(_) noexcept(noexcept(_))
 
-#elif RBIMPL_COMPILER_SINCE(MSVC, 19, 0, 0)
+#elif RBIMPL_COMPILER_IS(MSVC)
 # define RBIMPL_ATTR_NOEXCEPT(_) noexcept(noexcept(_))
 
 #elif __cplusplus >= 201103L
diff --git a/include/ruby/internal/attr/nonstring.h b/include/ruby/internal/attr/nonstring.h
index 9a66180e19..5ad6ef2a86 100644
--- a/include/ruby/internal/attr/nonstring.h
+++ b/include/ruby/internal/attr/nonstring.h
@@ -27,6 +27,8 @@
 # define RBIMPL_ATTR_NONSTRING() __attribute__((nonstring))
 # if RBIMPL_COMPILER_SINCE(GCC, 15, 0, 0)
 #   define RBIMPL_ATTR_NONSTRING_ARRAY() RBIMPL_ATTR_NONSTRING()
+# elif RBIMPL_COMPILER_SINCE(Clang, 21, 0, 0)
+#   define RBIMPL_ATTR_NONSTRING_ARRAY() RBIMPL_ATTR_NONSTRING()
 # else
 #   define RBIMPL_ATTR_NONSTRING_ARRAY() /* void */
 # endif
diff --git a/include/ruby/internal/attr/restrict.h b/include/ruby/internal/attr/restrict.h
index e39104138c..b12fdc9dbc 100644
--- a/include/ruby/internal/attr/restrict.h
+++ b/include/ruby/internal/attr/restrict.h
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@
  * `__has_declspec_attribute()` which involves macro substitution. */
 
 /** Wraps (or simulates) `__declspec(restrict)` */
-#if RBIMPL_COMPILER_SINCE(MSVC, 14, 0, 0)
+#if RBIMPL_COMPILER_IS(MSVC)
 # define RBIMPL_ATTR_RESTRICT() __declspec(re ## strict)
 
 #elif RBIMPL_HAS_ATTRIBUTE(malloc)
diff --git a/include/ruby/internal/compiler_is/msvc.h b/include/ruby/internal/compiler_is/msvc.h
index 8a864ea558..824f0ecc21 100644
--- a/include/ruby/internal/compiler_is/msvc.h
+++ b/include/ruby/internal/compiler_is/msvc.h
@@ -38,19 +38,8 @@
 # define RBIMPL_COMPILER_VERSION_MINOR (_MSC_FULL_VER % 10000000 / 100000)
 # define RBIMPL_COMPILER_VERSION_PATCH (_MSC_FULL_VER            % 100000)
 
-#elif defined(_MSC_FULL_VER)
-# define RBIMPL_COMPILER_IS_MSVC 1
-# /* _MSC_FULL_VER = XXYYZZZZ */
-# define RBIMPL_COMPILER_VERSION_MAJOR (_MSC_FULL_VER / 1000000)
-# define RBIMPL_COMPILER_VERSION_MINOR (_MSC_FULL_VER % 1000000 / 10000)
-# define RBIMPL_COMPILER_VERSION_PATCH (_MSC_FULL_VER           % 10000)
-
 #else
-# define RBIMPL_COMPILER_IS_MSVC 1
-# /* _MSC_VER = XXYY */
-# define RBIMPL_COMPILER_VERSION_MAJOR (_MSC_VER / 100)
-# define RBIMPL_COMPILER_VERSION_MINOR (_MSC_VER % 100)
-# define RBIMPL_COMPILER_VERSION_PATCH 0
+# error Unsupported MSVC version
 #endif
 
 #endif /* RBIMPL_COMPILER_IS_MSVC_H */
diff --git a/include/ruby/internal/config.h b/include/ruby/internal/config.h
index da070f0979..34862ded6e 100644
--- a/include/ruby/internal/config.h
+++ b/include/ruby/internal/config.h
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@
 #  define HAVE_VA_ARGS_MACRO
 # elif defined(__INTEL_CXX11_MODE__)
 #  define HAVE_VA_ARGS_MACRO
-# elif RBIMPL_COMPILER_SINCE(MSVC, 16, 0, 0)
+# elif RBIMPL_COMPILER_IS(MSVC)
 #  define HAVE_VA_ARGS_MACRO
 # else
 #  /* NG, not known. */
diff --git a/include/ruby/internal/core/rbasic.h b/include/ruby/internal/core/rbasic.h
index 35af03f7c8..63cdff8e09 100644
--- a/include/ruby/internal/core/rbasic.h
+++ b/include/ruby/internal/core/rbasic.h
@@ -115,6 +115,9 @@ RBasic {
 #endif
     {
     }
+# define RBASIC_INIT RBasic()
+#else
+# define RBASIC_INIT {RBIMPL_VALUE_NULL}
 #endif
 };
 
diff --git a/include/ruby/internal/core/rdata.h b/include/ruby/internal/core/rdata.h
index cab412af72..cee5e7b5ea 100644
--- a/include/ruby/internal/core/rdata.h
+++ b/include/ruby/internal/core/rdata.h
@@ -133,12 +133,6 @@ struct RData {
      */
     RUBY_DATA_FUNC dmark;
 
-    /** Pointer to the actual C level struct that you want to wrap.
-      * This is in between dmark and dfree to allow DATA_PTR to continue
-      * to work for both RData and non-embedded RTypedData.
-      */
-    void *data;
-
     /**
      * This function is called when the object  is no longer used.  You need to
      * do whatever necessary to avoid memory leaks.
@@ -147,6 +141,12 @@ struct RData {
      *           impossible at that moment (that is why GC runs).
      */
     RUBY_DATA_FUNC dfree;
+
+    /** Pointer to the actual C level struct that you want to wrap.
+      * This is after dmark and dfree to allow DATA_PTR to continue to work for
+      * both RData and non-embedded RTypedData.
+      */
+    void *data;
 };
 
 RBIMPL_SYMBOL_EXPORT_BEGIN()
@@ -180,11 +180,6 @@ VALUE rb_data_object_wrap(VALUE klass, void *datap, RUBY_DATA_FUNC dmark, RUBY_D
  */
 VALUE rb_data_object_zalloc(VALUE klass, size_t size, RUBY_DATA_FUNC dmark, RUBY_DATA_FUNC dfree);
 
-/**
- * @private
- * Documented in include/ruby/internal/globals.h
- */
-RUBY_EXTERN VALUE rb_cObject;
 RBIMPL_SYMBOL_EXPORT_END()
 
 /**
@@ -351,14 +346,6 @@ rb_data_object_make(VALUE klass, RUBY_DATA_FUNC mark_func, RUBY_DATA_FUNC free_f
     return result;
 }
 
-RBIMPL_ATTR_DEPRECATED(("by: rb_data_object_wrap"))
-/** @deprecated  This function was renamed to rb_data_object_wrap(). */
-static inline VALUE
-rb_data_object_alloc(VALUE klass, void *data, RUBY_DATA_FUNC dmark, RUBY_DATA_FUNC dfree)
-{
-    return rb_data_object_wrap(klass, data, dmark, dfree);
-}
-
 /** @cond INTERNAL_MACRO */
 #define rb_data_object_wrap_0 rb_data_object_wrap
 #define rb_data_object_wrap_1 rb_data_object_wrap_warning
diff --git a/include/ruby/internal/core/robject.h b/include/ruby/internal/core/robject.h
index d84e318a2c..99f6470ac1 100644
--- a/include/ruby/internal/core/robject.h
+++ b/include/ruby/internal/core/robject.h
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@
 #define ROBJECT(obj)          RBIMPL_CAST((struct RObject *)(obj))
 /** @cond INTERNAL_MACRO */
 #define ROBJECT_EMBED_LEN_MAX       ROBJECT_EMBED_LEN_MAX
-#define ROBJECT_EMBED               ROBJECT_EMBED
+#define ROBJECT_HEAP                ROBJECT_HEAP
 #define ROBJECT_FIELDS_CAPACITY     ROBJECT_FIELDS_CAPACITY
 #define ROBJECT_FIELDS              ROBJECT_FIELDS
 /** @endcond */
@@ -55,10 +55,12 @@
  */
 enum ruby_robject_flags {
     /**
-     * This flag has  something to do with memory footprint.   If the object is
-     * "small"  enough, ruby  tries to  be creative  to abuse  padding bits  of
-     * struct ::RObject for storing instance variables.  This flag denotes that
-     * situation.
+     * This flag marks that the object's instance variables are stored in an
+     * external heap buffer.
+     * Normally, instance variable references are stored inside the object slot,
+     * but if it overflow, Ruby may have to allocate a separate buffer and spills
+     * the instance variables there.
+     * This flag denotes that situation.
      *
      * @warning  This  bit has  to be  considered read-only.   Setting/clearing
      *           this  bit without  corresponding fix  up must  cause immediate
@@ -71,7 +73,7 @@ enum ruby_robject_flags {
      * 3rd parties must  not be aware that  there even is more than  one way to
      * store instance variables.  Might better be hidden.
      */
-    ROBJECT_EMBED = RUBY_FL_USER1
+    ROBJECT_HEAP = RUBY_FL_USER4
 };
 
 struct st_table;
@@ -129,11 +131,11 @@ ROBJECT_FIELDS(VALUE obj)
 
     struct RObject *const ptr = ROBJECT(obj);
 
-    if (RB_FL_ANY_RAW(obj, ROBJECT_EMBED)) {
-        return ptr->as.ary;
+    if (RB_UNLIKELY(RB_FL_ANY_RAW(obj, ROBJECT_HEAP))) {
+        return ptr->as.heap.fields;
     }
     else {
-        return ptr->as.heap.fields;
+        return ptr->as.ary;
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/include/ruby/internal/core/rstring.h b/include/ruby/internal/core/rstring.h
index 0bca74e688..35175ea94a 100644
--- a/include/ruby/internal/core/rstring.h
+++ b/include/ruby/internal/core/rstring.h
@@ -369,41 +369,6 @@ RSTRING_LEN(VALUE str)
     return RSTRING(str)->len;
 }
 
-RBIMPL_WARNING_PUSH()
-#if RBIMPL_COMPILER_IS(Intel)
-RBIMPL_WARNING_IGNORED(413)
-#endif
-
-RBIMPL_ATTR_PURE_UNLESS_DEBUG()
-RBIMPL_ATTR_ARTIFICIAL()
-/**
- * @private
- *
- * "Expands" an embedded  string into an ordinal one.  This  is a function that
- * returns aggregated type.   The returned struct always  has its `as.heap.len`
- * an `as.heap.ptr` fields set appropriately.
- *
- * This is an implementation detail that 3rd parties should never bother.
- */
-static inline struct RString
-rbimpl_rstring_getmem(VALUE str)
-{
-    RBIMPL_ASSERT_TYPE(str, RUBY_T_STRING);
-
-    if (RB_FL_ANY_RAW(str, RSTRING_NOEMBED)) {
-        return *RSTRING(str);
-    }
-    else {
-        /* Expecting compilers to optimize this on-stack struct away. */
-        struct RString retval;
-        retval.len = RSTRING_LEN(str);
-        retval.as.heap.ptr = RSTRING(str)->as.embed.ary;
-        return retval;
-    }
-}
-
-RBIMPL_WARNING_POP()
-
 RBIMPL_ATTR_ARTIFICIAL()
 /**
  * Queries the contents pointer of the string.
@@ -415,7 +380,9 @@ RBIMPL_ATTR_ARTIFICIAL()
 static inline char *
 RSTRING_PTR(VALUE str)
 {
-    char *ptr = rbimpl_rstring_getmem(str).as.heap.ptr;
+    char *ptr = RB_FL_TEST_RAW(str, RSTRING_NOEMBED) ?
+        RSTRING(str)->as.heap.ptr :
+        RSTRING(str)->as.embed.ary;
 
     if (RUBY_DEBUG && RB_UNLIKELY(! ptr)) {
         /* :BEWARE: @shyouhei thinks  that currently, there are  rooms for this
@@ -441,14 +408,17 @@ RBIMPL_ATTR_ARTIFICIAL()
 static inline char *
 RSTRING_END(VALUE str)
 {
-    struct RString buf = rbimpl_rstring_getmem(str);
+    char *ptr = RB_FL_TEST_RAW(str, RSTRING_NOEMBED) ?
+        RSTRING(str)->as.heap.ptr :
+        RSTRING(str)->as.embed.ary;
+    long len = RSTRING_LEN(str);
 
-    if (RUBY_DEBUG && RB_UNLIKELY(! buf.as.heap.ptr)) {
+    if (RUBY_DEBUG && RB_UNLIKELY(!ptr)) {
         /* Ditto. */
         rb_debug_rstring_null_ptr("RSTRING_END");
     }
 
-    return &buf.as.heap.ptr[buf.len];
+    return &ptr[len];
 }
 
 RBIMPL_ATTR_ARTIFICIAL()
@@ -477,16 +447,7 @@ RSTRING_LENINT(VALUE str)
  * @param  ptrvar  Variable where its contents is stored.
  * @param  lenvar  Variable where its length is stored.
  */
-#ifdef HAVE_STMT_AND_DECL_IN_EXPR
-# define RSTRING_GETMEM(str, ptrvar, lenvar) \
-    __extension__ ({ \
-        struct RString rbimpl_str = rbimpl_rstring_getmem(str); \
-        (ptrvar) = rbimpl_str.as.heap.ptr; \
-        (lenvar) = rbimpl_str.len; \
-    })
-#else
 # define RSTRING_GETMEM(str, ptrvar, lenvar) \
     ((ptrvar) = RSTRING_PTR(str),           \
      (lenvar) = RSTRING_LEN(str))
-#endif /* HAVE_STMT_AND_DECL_IN_EXPR */
 #endif /* RBIMPL_RSTRING_H */
diff --git a/include/ruby/internal/core/rstruct.h b/include/ruby/internal/core/rstruct.h
index 69be487b59..0028a1bdcd 100644
--- a/include/ruby/internal/core/rstruct.h
+++ b/include/ruby/internal/core/rstruct.h
@@ -31,18 +31,6 @@
 # include "ruby/backward.h"
 #endif
 
-/**
- * @private
- *
- * @deprecated  This macro once was a thing in the old days, but makes no sense
- *              any  longer today.   Exists  here  for backwards  compatibility
- *              only.  You can safely forget about it.
- *
- * @internal
- *
- * Declaration of rb_struct_ptr() is at include/ruby/backward.h.
- */
-#define RSTRUCT_PTR(st) rb_struct_ptr(st)
 /** @cond INTERNAL_MACRO */
 #define RSTRUCT_LEN RSTRUCT_LEN
 #define RSTRUCT_SET RSTRUCT_SET
diff --git a/include/ruby/internal/core/rtypeddata.h b/include/ruby/internal/core/rtypeddata.h
index edf482267a..ec0794e387 100644
--- a/include/ruby/internal/core/rtypeddata.h
+++ b/include/ruby/internal/core/rtypeddata.h
@@ -37,6 +37,7 @@
 #include "ruby/internal/dllexport.h"
 #include "ruby/internal/error.h"
 #include "ruby/internal/fl_type.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/static_assert.h"
 #include "ruby/internal/stdbool.h"
 #include "ruby/internal/value_type.h"
 
@@ -108,16 +109,17 @@
 /** @cond INTERNAL_MACRO */
 #define RTYPEDDATA_P                 RTYPEDDATA_P
 #define RTYPEDDATA_TYPE              RTYPEDDATA_TYPE
+#define TYPED_DATA_EMBEDDED          ((VALUE)1)
+#define TYPED_DATA_PTR_MASK          (~(TYPED_DATA_EMBEDDED))
+/** @endcond */
+
+/**
+ * Macros to see if each corresponding flag is defined.
+ */
 #define RUBY_TYPED_FREE_IMMEDIATELY  RUBY_TYPED_FREE_IMMEDIATELY
 #define RUBY_TYPED_FROZEN_SHAREABLE  RUBY_TYPED_FROZEN_SHAREABLE
 #define RUBY_TYPED_WB_PROTECTED      RUBY_TYPED_WB_PROTECTED
 #define RUBY_TYPED_PROMOTED1         RUBY_TYPED_PROMOTED1
-/** @endcond */
-
-#define IS_TYPED_DATA ((VALUE)1)
-#define TYPED_DATA_EMBEDDED ((VALUE)2)
-#define TYPED_DATA_PTR_FLAGS ((VALUE)3)
-#define TYPED_DATA_PTR_MASK (~TYPED_DATA_PTR_FLAGS)
 
 /**
  * @private
@@ -158,6 +160,12 @@ rbimpl_typeddata_flags {
      */
     RUBY_TYPED_FROZEN_SHAREABLE = RUBY_FL_SHAREABLE,
 
+    // experimental flag
+    // Similar to RUBY_TYPED_FROZEN_SHAREABLE, but doesn't make shareable
+    // reachable objects from this T_DATA object on the Ractor.make_shareable.
+    // If it refers to unshareable objects, simply raise an error.
+    // RUBY_TYPED_FROZEN_SHAREABLE_NO_REC = RUBY_FL_FINALIZE,
+
     /**
      * This flag  has something to do  with our garbage collector.   These days
      * ruby  objects are  "generational".  There  are those  who are  young and
@@ -180,9 +188,9 @@ rbimpl_typeddata_flags {
     RUBY_TYPED_WB_PROTECTED     = RUBY_FL_WB_PROTECTED, /* THIS FLAG DEPENDS ON Ruby version */
 
     /**
-     * This flag no longer in use
+     * This flag is used to distinguish RTypedData from deprecated RData objects.
      */
-    RUBY_TYPED_UNUSED           = RUBY_FL_UNUSED6,
+    RUBY_TYPED_FL_IS_TYPED_DATA = RUBY_FL_USERPRIV0,
 
     /**
      * This flag determines whether marking and compaction should be carried out
@@ -254,10 +262,15 @@ struct rb_data_type_struct {
         RUBY_DATA_FUNC dcompact;
 
         /**
-         * This field  is reserved for future  extension.  For now, it  must be
-         * filled with zeros.
+         * @internal
          */
-        void *reserved[1]; /* For future extension.
+        void (*handle_weak_references)(void *);
+
+         /**
+          * This field  is reserved for future  extension.  For now, it  must be
+          * filled with zeros.
+          */
+        void *reserved[7]; /* For future extension.
                               This array *must* be filled with ZERO. */
     } function;
 
@@ -355,11 +368,13 @@ struct RTypedData {
     /** The part that all ruby objects have in common. */
     struct RBasic basic;
 
+    /** Direct reference to the slots that holds instance variables, if any **/
+    VALUE fields_obj;
+
     /**
      * This is a `const rb_data_type_t *const` value, with the low bits set:
      *
-     * 1: Always set, to differentiate RTypedData from RData.
-     * 2: Set if object is embedded.
+     * 1: Set if object is embedded.
      *
      * This field  stores various  information about how  Ruby should  handle a
      * data.   This roughly  resembles a  Ruby level  class (apart  from method
@@ -371,6 +386,10 @@ struct RTypedData {
     void *data;
 };
 
+#if !defined(__cplusplus) || __cplusplus >= 201103L
+RBIMPL_STATIC_ASSERT(data_in_rtypeddata, offsetof(struct RData, data) == offsetof(struct RTypedData, data));
+#endif
+
 RBIMPL_SYMBOL_EXPORT_BEGIN()
 RBIMPL_ATTR_NONNULL((3))
 /**
@@ -385,6 +404,7 @@ RBIMPL_ATTR_NONNULL((3))
  */
 VALUE rb_data_typed_object_wrap(VALUE klass, void *datap, const rb_data_type_t *type);
 
+RBIMPL_ATTR_NONNULL((3))
 /**
  * Identical  to rb_data_typed_object_wrap(),  except it  allocates a  new data
  * region internally instead of taking an existing one.  The allocation is done
@@ -400,6 +420,7 @@ VALUE rb_data_typed_object_wrap(VALUE klass, void *datap, const rb_data_type_t *
  */
 VALUE rb_data_typed_object_zalloc(VALUE klass, size_t size, const rb_data_type_t *type);
 
+RBIMPL_ATTR_NONNULL(())
 /**
  * Checks for the domestic relationship between the two.
  *
@@ -414,6 +435,7 @@ VALUE rb_data_typed_object_zalloc(VALUE klass, size_t size, const rb_data_type_t
  */
 int rb_typeddata_inherited_p(const rb_data_type_t *child, const rb_data_type_t *parent);
 
+RBIMPL_ATTR_NONNULL((2))
 /**
  * Checks if the given object is of given kind.
  *
@@ -424,6 +446,7 @@ int rb_typeddata_inherited_p(const rb_data_type_t *child, const rb_data_type_t *
  */
 int rb_typeddata_is_kind_of(VALUE obj, const rb_data_type_t *data_type);
 
+RBIMPL_ATTR_NONNULL((2))
 /**
  * Identical to rb_typeddata_is_kind_of(), except  it raises exceptions instead
  * of returning false.
@@ -435,8 +458,49 @@ int rb_typeddata_is_kind_of(VALUE obj, const rb_data_type_t *data_type);
  * @post       Upon successful return `obj`'s type is guaranteed `data_type`.
  */
 void *rb_check_typeddata(VALUE obj, const rb_data_type_t *data_type);
+
+RBIMPL_ATTR_NORETURN()
+RBIMPL_ATTR_NONNULL((2))
+/**
+ * @private
+ *
+ * Fails with the given object's type incompatibility to the type.
+ *
+ * This  is  an implementation  detail  of  Check_Type.   People don't  use  it
+ * directly.
+ *
+ * @param[in]  obj            The object in question.
+ * @param[in]  expected       Name of expected data type of `obj`.
+ */
+void rb_unexpected_object_type(VALUE obj, const char *expected);
+
+RBIMPL_ATTR_NORETURN()
+RBIMPL_ATTR_NONNULL(())
+/**
+ * @private
+ *
+ * Fails with the given object's type incompatibility to the type.
+ *
+ * This is  an implementation  detail of #TypedData_Make_Struct.   People don't
+ * use it directly.
+ *
+ * @param[in]  actual         Actual data type.
+ * @param[in]  expected       Expected data type.
+ */
+void rb_unexpected_typeddata(const rb_data_type_t *actual, const rb_data_type_t *expected);
 RBIMPL_SYMBOL_EXPORT_END()
 
+#if RUBY_DEBUG
+# define RBIMPL_TYPEDDATA_PRECONDITION(obj, unreachable) \
+    while (RB_UNLIKELY(!RB_TYPE_P(obj, RUBY_T_DATA))) { \
+        rb_unexpected_object_type(obj, "Data"); \
+        unreachable; \
+    }
+#else
+# define RBIMPL_TYPEDDATA_PRECONDITION(obj, unreachable) \
+    RBIMPL_ASSERT_NOTHING
+#endif
+
 /**
  * Converts sval, a pointer to your struct, into a Ruby object.
  *
@@ -465,7 +529,7 @@ RBIMPL_SYMBOL_EXPORT_END()
  */
 #define TypedData_Make_Struct0(result, klass, type, size, data_type, sval) \
     VALUE result = rb_data_typed_object_zalloc(klass, size, data_type);    \
-    (sval) = (type *)RTYPEDDATA_GET_DATA(result); \
+    (sval) = RBIMPL_CAST((type *)rbimpl_typeddata_get_data(result)); \
     RBIMPL_CAST(/*suppress unused variable warnings*/(void)(sval))
 
 /**
@@ -502,47 +566,36 @@ RBIMPL_SYMBOL_EXPORT_END()
         sizeof(type))
 #endif
 
-/**
- * Obtains a C struct from inside of a wrapper Ruby object.
- *
- * @param      obj            An instance of ::RTypedData.
- * @param      type           Type name of the C struct.
- * @param      data_type      The data type describing `type`.
- * @param      sval           Variable name of obtained C struct.
- * @exception  rb_eTypeError  `obj` is not a kind of `data_type`.
- * @return     Unwrapped C struct that `obj` holds.
- */
-#define TypedData_Get_Struct(obj,type,data_type,sval) \
-    ((sval) = RBIMPL_CAST((type *)rb_check_typeddata((obj), (data_type))))
+static inline bool
+rbimpl_typeddata_embedded_p(VALUE obj)
+{
+    return (RTYPEDDATA(obj)->type) & TYPED_DATA_EMBEDDED;
+}
 
+RBIMPL_ATTR_DEPRECATED_INTERNAL_ONLY()
 static inline bool
 RTYPEDDATA_EMBEDDED_P(VALUE obj)
 {
-#if RUBY_DEBUG
-    if (RB_UNLIKELY(!RB_TYPE_P(obj, RUBY_T_DATA))) {
-        Check_Type(obj, RUBY_T_DATA);
-        RBIMPL_UNREACHABLE_RETURN(false);
-    }
-#endif
+    RBIMPL_TYPEDDATA_PRECONDITION(obj, RBIMPL_UNREACHABLE_RETURN(false));
 
-    return (RTYPEDDATA(obj)->type) & TYPED_DATA_EMBEDDED;
+    return rbimpl_typeddata_embedded_p(obj);
 }
 
 static inline void *
-RTYPEDDATA_GET_DATA(VALUE obj)
+rbimpl_typeddata_get_data(VALUE obj)
 {
-#if RUBY_DEBUG
-    if (RB_UNLIKELY(!RB_TYPE_P(obj, RUBY_T_DATA))) {
-        Check_Type(obj, RUBY_T_DATA);
-        RBIMPL_UNREACHABLE_RETURN(false);
-    }
-#endif
+    /* We reuse the data pointer in embedded TypedData. */
+    return rbimpl_typeddata_embedded_p(obj) ?
+        RBIMPL_CAST((void *)&RTYPEDDATA_DATA(obj)) :
+        RTYPEDDATA_DATA(obj);
+}
 
-    /* We reuse the data pointer in embedded TypedData. We can't use offsetof
-     * since RTypedData a non-POD type in C++. */
-    const size_t embedded_typed_data_size = sizeof(struct RTypedData) - sizeof(void *);
+static inline void *
+RTYPEDDATA_GET_DATA(VALUE obj)
+{
+    RBIMPL_TYPEDDATA_PRECONDITION(obj, RBIMPL_UNREACHABLE_RETURN(NULL));
 
-    return RTYPEDDATA_EMBEDDED_P(obj) ? (char *)obj + embedded_typed_data_size : RTYPEDDATA(obj)->data;
+    return rbimpl_typeddata_get_data(obj);
 }
 
 RBIMPL_ATTR_PURE()
@@ -561,7 +614,28 @@ RBIMPL_ATTR_ARTIFICIAL()
 static inline bool
 rbimpl_rtypeddata_p(VALUE obj)
 {
-    return RTYPEDDATA(obj)->type & IS_TYPED_DATA;
+    return FL_TEST_RAW(obj, RUBY_TYPED_FL_IS_TYPED_DATA);
+}
+
+RBIMPL_ATTR_PURE()
+RBIMPL_ATTR_ARTIFICIAL()
+/**
+ * @private
+ *
+ * Identical to rbimpl_rtypeddata_p(), except it is allowed to call on non-data
+ * objects.
+ *
+ * This is an  implementation detail of inline functions defined  in this file.
+ * People don't use it directly.
+ *
+ * @param[in]  obj    Object in question
+ * @retval     true   `obj` is an instance of ::RTypedData.
+ * @retval     false  `obj` is not an instance of ::RTypedData
+ */
+static inline bool
+rbimpl_obj_typeddata_p(VALUE obj)
+{
+    return RB_TYPE_P(obj, RUBY_T_DATA) && rbimpl_rtypeddata_p(obj);
 }
 
 RBIMPL_ATTR_PURE_UNLESS_DEBUG()
@@ -577,19 +651,14 @@ RBIMPL_ATTR_ARTIFICIAL()
 static inline bool
 RTYPEDDATA_P(VALUE obj)
 {
-#if RUBY_DEBUG
-    if (RB_UNLIKELY(! RB_TYPE_P(obj, RUBY_T_DATA))) {
-        Check_Type(obj, RUBY_T_DATA);
-        RBIMPL_UNREACHABLE_RETURN(false);
-    }
-#endif
+    RBIMPL_TYPEDDATA_PRECONDITION(obj, RBIMPL_UNREACHABLE_RETURN(false));
 
     return rbimpl_rtypeddata_p(obj);
 }
 
 RBIMPL_ATTR_PURE_UNLESS_DEBUG()
 RBIMPL_ATTR_ARTIFICIAL()
-/* :TODO: can this function be __attribute__((returns_nonnull)) or not? */
+RBIMPL_ATTR_RETURNS_NONNULL()
 /**
  * Queries for the type of given object.
  *
@@ -597,19 +666,77 @@ RBIMPL_ATTR_ARTIFICIAL()
  * @return     Data type struct that corresponds to `obj`.
  * @pre        `obj` must be an instance of ::RTypedData.
  */
-static inline const struct rb_data_type_struct *
+static inline const rb_data_type_t *
 RTYPEDDATA_TYPE(VALUE obj)
 {
-#if RUBY_DEBUG
-    if (RB_UNLIKELY(! RTYPEDDATA_P(obj))) {
-        rb_unexpected_type(obj, RUBY_T_DATA);
-        RBIMPL_UNREACHABLE_RETURN(NULL);
+    RBIMPL_TYPEDDATA_PRECONDITION(obj, RBIMPL_UNREACHABLE_RETURN(NULL));
+
+    VALUE type = RTYPEDDATA(obj)->type & TYPED_DATA_PTR_MASK;
+    const rb_data_type_t *ptr = RBIMPL_CAST((const rb_data_type_t *)type);
+    RBIMPL_ASSERT_OR_ASSUME(ptr);
+    return ptr;
+}
+
+RBIMPL_ATTR_ARTIFICIAL()
+RBIMPL_ATTR_NONNULL(())
+static inline bool
+rbimpl_typeddata_inherited_p_inline(const rb_data_type_t *child, const rb_data_type_t *parent)
+{
+    do {
+        if (RB_LIKELY(child == parent)) return true;
+    } while ((child = child->parent) != NULL);
+    return false;
+}
+#define rb_typeddata_inherited_p rbimpl_typeddata_inherited_p_inline
+
+RBIMPL_ATTR_ARTIFICIAL()
+RBIMPL_ATTR_NONNULL((2))
+static inline bool
+rbimpl_typeddata_is_kind_of_inline(VALUE obj, const rb_data_type_t *data_type)
+{
+    if (RB_UNLIKELY(!rbimpl_obj_typeddata_p(obj))) return false;
+    return rb_typeddata_inherited_p(RTYPEDDATA_TYPE(obj), data_type);
+}
+#define rb_typeddata_is_kind_of rbimpl_typeddata_is_kind_of_inline
+
+RBIMPL_ATTR_ARTIFICIAL()
+RBIMPL_ATTR_NONNULL((2))
+/**
+ * @private
+ *
+ * This  is an  implementation detail  of  TypedData_Get_Struct().  Don't use  it
+ * directly.
+ */
+static inline void *
+rbimpl_check_typeddata(VALUE obj, const rb_data_type_t *expected_type)
+{
+    if (RB_UNLIKELY(!rbimpl_obj_typeddata_p(obj))) {
+        rb_unexpected_object_type(obj, expected_type->wrap_struct_name);
     }
-#endif
 
-    return (const struct rb_data_type_struct *)(RTYPEDDATA(obj)->type & TYPED_DATA_PTR_MASK);
+    const rb_data_type_t *actual_type = RTYPEDDATA_TYPE(obj);
+    if (RB_UNLIKELY(!rb_typeddata_inherited_p(actual_type, expected_type))){
+        rb_unexpected_typeddata(actual_type, expected_type);
+    }
+
+    return RTYPEDDATA_GET_DATA(obj);
 }
 
+
+/**
+ * Obtains a C struct from inside of a wrapper Ruby object.
+ *
+ * @param      obj            An instance of ::RTypedData.
+ * @param      type           Type name of the C struct.
+ * @param      data_type      The data type describing `type`.
+ * @param      sval           Variable name of obtained C struct.
+ * @exception  rb_eTypeError  `obj` is not a kind of `data_type`.
+ * @return     Unwrapped C struct that `obj` holds.
+ */
+#define TypedData_Get_Struct(obj,type,data_type,sval) \
+    ((sval) = RBIMPL_CAST((type *)rbimpl_check_typeddata((obj), (data_type))))
+
+RBIMPL_ATTR_NONNULL((2))
 /**
  * While  we don't  stop  you from  using  this  function, it  seems  to be  an
  * implementation  detail of  #TypedData_Make_Struct, which  is preferred  over
@@ -631,12 +758,4 @@ rb_data_typed_object_make(VALUE klass, const rb_data_type_t *type, void **datap,
     return result;
 }
 
-RBIMPL_ATTR_DEPRECATED(("by: rb_data_typed_object_wrap"))
-/** @deprecated  This function was renamed to rb_data_typed_object_wrap(). */
-static inline VALUE
-rb_data_typed_object_alloc(VALUE klass, void *datap, const rb_data_type_t *type)
-{
-    return rb_data_typed_object_wrap(klass, datap, type);
-}
-
 #endif /* RBIMPL_RTYPEDDATA_H */
diff --git a/include/ruby/internal/ctype.h b/include/ruby/internal/ctype.h
index 0f7ca6c516..8b24026311 100644
--- a/include/ruby/internal/ctype.h
+++ b/include/ruby/internal/ctype.h
@@ -498,8 +498,8 @@ RBIMPL_ATTR_ARTIFICIAL()
  * Our own locale-insensitive version of `tolower(3)`.
  *
  * @param[in]  c          Byte in question to convert.
- * @retval     c          The  byte is  not listed  in in  IEEE 1003.1  section
- *                        7.3.1.1 "upper".
+ * @retval     c          The byte is not listed  in IEEE 1003.1 section 7.3.1.1
+ *                        "upper".
  * @retval     otherwise  Byte converted  using the map defined  in IEEE 1003.1
  *                        section 7.3.1 "tolower".
  * @note       Not only  does this function  works under the POSIX  Locale, but
diff --git a/include/ruby/internal/error.h b/include/ruby/internal/error.h
index 3ff885b2b1..5bf82bfe7d 100644
--- a/include/ruby/internal/error.h
+++ b/include/ruby/internal/error.h
@@ -421,11 +421,12 @@ void rb_readwrite_syserr_fail(enum rb_io_wait_readwrite waiting, int err, const
 RBIMPL_ATTR_COLD()
 RBIMPL_ATTR_NORETURN()
 /**
+ * @private
+ *
  * Fails with the given object's type incompatibility to the type.
  *
- * It  seems this  function is  visible from  extension libraries  only because
- * RTYPEDDATA_TYPE() uses  it on RUBY_DEBUG.   So you can basically  ignore it;
- * use some other fine-grained method instead.
+ * This  is  an implementation  detail  of  Check_Type.   People don't  use  it
+ * directly.
  *
  * @param[in]  self           The object in question.
  * @param[in]  t              Expected type of the object.
diff --git a/include/ruby/internal/eval.h b/include/ruby/internal/eval.h
index 5bcbb97746..23aa1d9580 100644
--- a/include/ruby/internal/eval.h
+++ b/include/ruby/internal/eval.h
@@ -155,7 +155,8 @@ VALUE rb_funcallv(VALUE recv, ID mid, int argc, const VALUE *argv);
  * @param[in]      kw_splat           Handling of keyword parameters:
  *   - RB_NO_KEYWORDS           `argv`'s last is not a keyword argument.
  *   - RB_PASS_KEYWORDS         `argv`'s last is a keyword argument.
- *   - RB_PASS_CALLED_KEYWORDS  it depends if there is a passed block.
+ *   - RB_PASS_CALLED_KEYWORDS  Pass keyword arguments if the current method
+ *                              was called with keyword arguments.
  * @exception      rb_eNoMethodError  No such method.
  * @exception      rb_eException      Any exceptions happen inside.
  * @return         What the method evaluates to.
@@ -189,7 +190,8 @@ VALUE rb_funcallv_public(VALUE recv, ID mid, int argc, const VALUE *argv);
  * @param[in]      kw_splat           Handling of keyword parameters:
  *   - RB_NO_KEYWORDS           `argv`'s last is not a keyword argument.
  *   - RB_PASS_KEYWORDS         `argv`'s last is a keyword argument.
- *   - RB_PASS_CALLED_KEYWORDS  it depends if there is a passed block.
+ *   - RB_PASS_CALLED_KEYWORDS  Pass keyword arguments if the current method
+ *                              was called with keyword arguments.
  * @exception      rb_eNoMethodError  No such method.
  * @exception      rb_eNoMethodError  The method is private or protected.
  * @exception      rb_eException      Any exceptions happen inside.
@@ -261,7 +263,8 @@ VALUE rb_funcall_passing_block(VALUE recv, ID mid, int argc, const VALUE *argv);
  * @param[in]      kw_splat           Handling of keyword parameters:
  *   - RB_NO_KEYWORDS           `argv`'s last is not a keyword argument.
  *   - RB_PASS_KEYWORDS         `argv`'s last is a keyword argument.
- *   - RB_PASS_CALLED_KEYWORDS  it depends if there is a passed block.
+ *   - RB_PASS_CALLED_KEYWORDS  Pass keyword arguments if the current method
+ *                              was called with keyword arguments.
  * @exception      rb_eNoMethodError  No such method.
  * @exception      rb_eNoMethodError  The method is private or protected.
  * @exception      rb_eException      Any exceptions happen inside.
@@ -307,7 +310,8 @@ VALUE rb_funcall_with_block(VALUE recv, ID mid, int argc, const VALUE *argv, VAL
  * @param[in]      kw_splat           Handling of keyword parameters:
  *   - RB_NO_KEYWORDS           `argv`'s last is not a keyword argument.
  *   - RB_PASS_KEYWORDS         `argv`'s last is a keyword argument.
- *   - RB_PASS_CALLED_KEYWORDS  it depends if there is a passed block.
+ *   - RB_PASS_CALLED_KEYWORDS  Pass keyword arguments if the current method
+ *                              was called with keyword arguments.
  * @exception      rb_eNoMethodError  No such method.
  * @exception      rb_eNoMethodError  The method is private or protected.
  * @exception      rb_eException      Any exceptions happen inside.
@@ -335,7 +339,8 @@ VALUE rb_call_super(int argc, const VALUE *argv);
  * @param[in]  kw_splat           Handling of keyword parameters:
  *   - RB_NO_KEYWORDS           `argv`'s last is not a keyword argument.
  *   - RB_PASS_KEYWORDS         `argv`'s last is a keyword argument.
- *   - RB_PASS_CALLED_KEYWORDS  it depends if there is a passed block.
+ *   - RB_PASS_CALLED_KEYWORDS  Pass keyword arguments if the current method
+ *                              was called with keyword arguments.
  * @exception  rb_eNoMethodError  No super method are there.
  * @exception  rb_eException      Any exceptions happen inside.
  * @return     What the super method evaluates to.
diff --git a/include/ruby/internal/fl_type.h b/include/ruby/internal/fl_type.h
index 701118ef25..2afb3f1fa3 100644
--- a/include/ruby/internal/fl_type.h
+++ b/include/ruby/internal/fl_type.h
@@ -59,7 +59,6 @@
 #define FL_WB_PROTECTED RBIMPL_CAST((VALUE)RUBY_FL_WB_PROTECTED)         /**< @old{RUBY_FL_WB_PROTECTED} */
 #define FL_PROMOTED     RBIMPL_CAST((VALUE)RUBY_FL_PROMOTED)             /**< @old{RUBY_FL_PROMOTED} */
 #define FL_FINALIZE     RBIMPL_CAST((VALUE)RUBY_FL_FINALIZE)             /**< @old{RUBY_FL_FINALIZE} */
-#define FL_TAINT        RBIMPL_CAST((VALUE)RUBY_FL_TAINT)                /**< @old{RUBY_FL_TAINT} */
 #define FL_SHAREABLE    RBIMPL_CAST((VALUE)RUBY_FL_SHAREABLE)            /**< @old{RUBY_FL_SHAREABLE} */
 #define FL_UNTRUSTED    RBIMPL_CAST((VALUE)RUBY_FL_UNTRUSTED)            /**< @old{RUBY_FL_UNTRUSTED} */
 #define FL_EXIVAR       RBIMPL_CAST((VALUE)RUBY_FL_EXIVAR)               /**< @old{RUBY_FL_EXIVAR} */
@@ -217,11 +216,11 @@ ruby_fl_type {
     RUBY_FL_PROMOTED    = (1<<5),
 
     /**
-     * This flag is no longer in use
+     * This flag meaning is type dependent, currently only used by T_DATA.
      *
      * @internal
      */
-    RUBY_FL_UNUSED6    = (1<<6),
+    RUBY_FL_USERPRIV0    = (1<<6),
 
     /**
      * This flag has  something to do with finalisers.  A  ruby object can have
@@ -238,16 +237,16 @@ ruby_fl_type {
     RUBY_FL_FINALIZE     = (1<<7),
 
     /**
-     * @deprecated  This flag once was a thing  back in the old days, but makes
-     *              no  sense  any longer  today.   Exists  here for  backwards
+     * @deprecated  This flag was an implementation detail that should never have
+     *              no been exposed. Exists  here for  backwards
      *              compatibility only.  You can safely forget about it.
      */
-    RUBY_FL_TAINT
+    RUBY_FL_EXIVAR
 
 #if defined(RBIMPL_HAVE_ENUM_ATTRIBUTE)
-    RBIMPL_ATTR_DEPRECATED(("taintedness turned out to be a wrong idea."))
+    RBIMPL_ATTR_DEPRECATED(("FL_EXIVAR is an outdated implementation detail, it should not be used."))
 #elif defined(_MSC_VER)
-# pragma deprecated(RUBY_FL_TAINT)
+# pragma deprecated(RUBY_FL_EXIVAR)
 #endif
 
                          = 0,
@@ -264,40 +263,19 @@ ruby_fl_type {
      */
     RUBY_FL_SHAREABLE    = (1<<8),
 
-    /**
-     * @deprecated  This flag once was a thing  back in the old days, but makes
-     *              no  sense  any longer  today.   Exists  here for  backwards
-     *              compatibility only.  You can safely forget about it.
-     */
-    RUBY_FL_UNTRUSTED
-
-#if defined(RBIMPL_HAVE_ENUM_ATTRIBUTE)
-    RBIMPL_ATTR_DEPRECATED(("trustedness turned out to be a wrong idea."))
-#elif defined(_MSC_VER)
-# pragma deprecated(RUBY_FL_UNTRUSTED)
-#endif
-
-                         = 0,
+   /**
+    * This object weakly refers to other objects.
+    *
+    * @internal
+    */
+    RUBY_FL_WEAK_REFERENCE = (1<<9),
 
    /**
     * This flag is no longer in use
     *
     * @internal
     */
-    RUBY_FL_UNUSED9  = (1<<9),
-
-    /**
-     * This flag has something to do with instance variables.  3rd parties need
-     * not  know, but  there are  several ways  to store  an object's  instance
-     * variables.   Objects  with this  flag  use  so-called "generic"  backend
-     * storage.  This  distinction is purely an  implementation detail.  People
-     * need not be aware of this working behind-the-scene.
-     *
-     * @internal
-     *
-     * As of writing everything except ::RObject and RModule use this scheme.
-     */
-    RUBY_FL_EXIVAR       = (1<<10),
+    RUBY_FL_UNUSED10 = (1<<10),
 
     /**
      * This flag has something to do with data immutability.  When this flag is
@@ -385,23 +363,6 @@ ruby_fl_type {
     RUBY_FL_SINGLETON = RUBY_FL_USER1,
 };
 
-enum {
-    /**
-     * @deprecated  This flag once was a thing  back in the old days, but makes
-     *              no  sense  any longer  today.   Exists  here for  backwards
-     *              compatibility only.  You can safely forget about it.
-     */
-    RUBY_FL_DUPPED
-
-#if defined(RBIMPL_HAVE_ENUM_ATTRIBUTE)
-    RBIMPL_ATTR_DEPRECATED(("It seems there is no actual usage of this enum."))
-#elif defined(_MSC_VER)
-# pragma deprecated(RUBY_FL_DUPPED)
-#endif
-
-    = (int)RUBY_T_MASK | (int)RUBY_FL_EXIVAR
-};
-
 #undef RBIMPL_HAVE_ENUM_ATTRIBUTE
 
 RBIMPL_SYMBOL_EXPORT_BEGIN()
@@ -433,10 +394,8 @@ RB_FL_ABLE(VALUE obj)
     if (RB_SPECIAL_CONST_P(obj)) {
         return false;
     }
-    else if (RB_TYPE_P(obj, RUBY_T_NODE)) {
-        return false;
-    }
     else {
+        RBIMPL_ASSERT_OR_ASSUME(!RB_TYPE_P(obj, RUBY_T_NODE));
         return true;
     }
 }
@@ -730,128 +689,6 @@ RB_FL_REVERSE(VALUE obj, VALUE flags)
 
 RBIMPL_ATTR_PURE_UNLESS_DEBUG()
 RBIMPL_ATTR_ARTIFICIAL()
-RBIMPL_ATTR_DEPRECATED(("taintedness turned out to be a wrong idea."))
-/**
- * @deprecated  This function  once was a thing  in the old days,  but makes no
- *              sense   any   longer   today.   Exists   here   for   backwards
- *              compatibility only.  You can safely forget about it.
- *
- * @param[in]   obj  Object in question.
- * @return      false always.
- */
-static inline bool
-RB_OBJ_TAINTABLE(VALUE obj)
-{
-    (void)obj;
-    return false;
-}
-
-RBIMPL_ATTR_PURE_UNLESS_DEBUG()
-RBIMPL_ATTR_ARTIFICIAL()
-RBIMPL_ATTR_DEPRECATED(("taintedness turned out to be a wrong idea."))
-/**
- * @deprecated  This function  once was a thing  in the old days,  but makes no
- *              sense   any   longer   today.   Exists   here   for   backwards
- *              compatibility only.  You can safely forget about it.
- *
- * @param[in]   obj  Object in question.
- * @return      false always.
- */
-static inline VALUE
-RB_OBJ_TAINTED_RAW(VALUE obj)
-{
-    (void)obj;
-    return false;
-}
-
-RBIMPL_ATTR_PURE_UNLESS_DEBUG()
-RBIMPL_ATTR_ARTIFICIAL()
-RBIMPL_ATTR_DEPRECATED(("taintedness turned out to be a wrong idea."))
-/**
- * @deprecated  This function  once was a thing  in the old days,  but makes no
- *              sense   any   longer   today.   Exists   here   for   backwards
- *              compatibility only.  You can safely forget about it.
- *
- * @param[in]   obj  Object in question.
- * @return      false always.
- */
-static inline bool
-RB_OBJ_TAINTED(VALUE obj)
-{
-    (void)obj;
-    return false;
-}
-
-RBIMPL_ATTR_ARTIFICIAL()
-RBIMPL_ATTR_DEPRECATED(("taintedness turned out to be a wrong idea."))
-/**
- * @deprecated  This function  once was a thing  in the old days,  but makes no
- *              sense   any   longer   today.   Exists   here   for   backwards
- *              compatibility only.  You can safely forget about it.
- *
- * @param[in]   obj  Object in question.
- */
-static inline void
-RB_OBJ_TAINT_RAW(VALUE obj)
-{
-    (void)obj;
-    return;
-}
-
-RBIMPL_ATTR_ARTIFICIAL()
-RBIMPL_ATTR_DEPRECATED(("taintedness turned out to be a wrong idea."))
-/**
- * @deprecated  This function  once was a thing  in the old days,  but makes no
- *              sense   any   longer   today.   Exists   here   for   backwards
- *              compatibility only.  You can safely forget about it.
- *
- * @param[in]   obj  Object in question.
- */
-static inline void
-RB_OBJ_TAINT(VALUE obj)
-{
-    (void)obj;
-    return;
-}
-
-RBIMPL_ATTR_ARTIFICIAL()
-RBIMPL_ATTR_DEPRECATED(("taintedness turned out to be a wrong idea."))
-/**
- * @deprecated  This function  once was a thing  in the old days,  but makes no
- *              sense   any   longer   today.   Exists   here   for   backwards
- *              compatibility only.  You can safely forget about it.
- *
- * @param[in]   dst  Victim object.
- * @param[in]   src  Infectant object.
- */
-static inline void
-RB_OBJ_INFECT_RAW(VALUE dst, VALUE src)
-{
-    (void)dst;
-    (void)src;
-    return;
-}
-
-RBIMPL_ATTR_ARTIFICIAL()
-RBIMPL_ATTR_DEPRECATED(("taintedness turned out to be a wrong idea."))
-/**
- * @deprecated  This function  once was a thing  in the old days,  but makes no
- *              sense   any   longer   today.   Exists   here   for   backwards
- *              compatibility only.  You can safely forget about it.
- *
- * @param[in]   dst  Victim object.
- * @param[in]   src  Infectant object.
- */
-static inline void
-RB_OBJ_INFECT(VALUE dst, VALUE src)
-{
-    (void)dst;
-    (void)src;
-    return;
-}
-
-RBIMPL_ATTR_PURE_UNLESS_DEBUG()
-RBIMPL_ATTR_ARTIFICIAL()
 /**
  * This is an  implementation detail of RB_OBJ_FROZEN().  3rd  parties need not
  * use this.  Just always use RB_OBJ_FROZEN().
diff --git a/include/ruby/internal/gc.h b/include/ruby/internal/gc.h
index 5ab3bb266e..21c2b670b3 100644
--- a/include/ruby/internal/gc.h
+++ b/include/ruby/internal/gc.h
@@ -823,7 +823,4 @@ rb_obj_write(
     return a;
 }
 
-RBIMPL_ATTR_DEPRECATED(("Will be removed soon"))
-static inline void rb_gc_force_recycle(VALUE obj){}
-
 #endif /* RBIMPL_GC_H */
diff --git a/include/ruby/internal/globals.h b/include/ruby/internal/globals.h
index ec2e73521e..9beb215c0c 100644
--- a/include/ruby/internal/globals.h
+++ b/include/ruby/internal/globals.h
@@ -68,6 +68,7 @@ RUBY_EXTERN VALUE rb_cBasicObject;            /**< `BasicObject` class. */
 RUBY_EXTERN VALUE rb_cObject;                 /**< `Object` class. */
 RUBY_EXTERN VALUE rb_cArray;                  /**< `Array` class. */
 RUBY_EXTERN VALUE rb_cBinding;                /**< `Binding` class. */
+RUBY_EXTERN VALUE rb_cBox;                    /**< `Ruby::Box` class. */
 RUBY_EXTERN VALUE rb_cClass;                  /**< `Class` class. */
 RUBY_EXTERN VALUE rb_cDir;                    /**< `Dir` class. */
 RUBY_EXTERN VALUE rb_cEncoding;               /**< `Encoding` class. */
@@ -84,8 +85,6 @@ RUBY_EXTERN VALUE rb_cMethod;                 /**< `Method` class. */
 RUBY_EXTERN VALUE rb_cModule;                 /**< `Module` class. */
 RUBY_EXTERN VALUE rb_cRefinement;             /**< `Refinement` class. */
 RUBY_EXTERN VALUE rb_cNameErrorMesg;          /**< `NameError::Message` class. */
-RUBY_EXTERN VALUE rb_cNamespace;              /**< `Namespace` class. */
-RUBY_EXTERN VALUE rb_mNamespaceRefiner;       /**< `Namespace::Refiner` module. */
 RUBY_EXTERN VALUE rb_cNilClass;               /**< `NilClass` class. */
 RUBY_EXTERN VALUE rb_cNumeric;                /**< `Numeric` class. */
 RUBY_EXTERN VALUE rb_cProc;                   /**< `Proc` class. */
@@ -93,6 +92,7 @@ RUBY_EXTERN VALUE rb_cRandom;                 /**< `Random` class. */
 RUBY_EXTERN VALUE rb_cRange;                  /**< `Range` class. */
 RUBY_EXTERN VALUE rb_cRational;               /**< `Rational` class. */
 RUBY_EXTERN VALUE rb_cRegexp;                 /**< `Regexp` class. */
+RUBY_EXTERN VALUE rb_cSet;                    /**< `Set` class. */
 RUBY_EXTERN VALUE rb_cStat;                   /**< `File::Stat` class. */
 RUBY_EXTERN VALUE rb_cString;                 /**< `String` class. */
 RUBY_EXTERN VALUE rb_cStruct;                 /**< `Struct` class. */
diff --git a/include/ruby/internal/intern/complex.h b/include/ruby/internal/intern/complex.h
index e111bd8ced..1efc093631 100644
--- a/include/ruby/internal/intern/complex.h
+++ b/include/ruby/internal/intern/complex.h
@@ -87,10 +87,6 @@ VALUE rb_complex_new(VALUE real, VALUE imag);
  */
 VALUE rb_complex_new_polar(VALUE abs, VALUE arg);
 
-RBIMPL_ATTR_DEPRECATED(("by: rb_complex_new_polar"))
-/** @old{rb_complex_new_polar} */
-VALUE rb_complex_polar(VALUE abs, VALUE arg);
-
 RBIMPL_ATTR_PURE()
 /**
  * Queries the real part of the passed Complex.
diff --git a/include/ruby/internal/intern/cont.h b/include/ruby/internal/intern/cont.h
index 32647f48aa..2d813ceb9d 100644
--- a/include/ruby/internal/intern/cont.h
+++ b/include/ruby/internal/intern/cont.h
@@ -148,7 +148,8 @@ VALUE rb_fiber_resume(VALUE fiber, int argc, const VALUE *argv);
  * @param[in]   kw_splat        Handling of keyword parameters:
  *   - RB_NO_KEYWORDS           `argv`'s last is not a keyword argument.
  *   - RB_PASS_KEYWORDS         `argv`'s last is a keyword argument.
- *   - RB_PASS_CALLED_KEYWORDS  it depends if there is a passed block.
+ *   - RB_PASS_CALLED_KEYWORDS  Pass keyword arguments if the current method
+ *                              was called with keyword arguments.
  * @exception   rb_eFiberError  `fiber` is terminated etc.
  * @exception   rb_eException   Any exceptions happen in `fiber`.
  * @return      Either what was yielded or the last value of the fiber body.
@@ -192,7 +193,8 @@ VALUE rb_fiber_yield(int argc, const VALUE *argv);
  * @param[in]  kw_splat        Handling of keyword parameters:
  *   - RB_NO_KEYWORDS           `argv`'s last is not a keyword argument.
  *   - RB_PASS_KEYWORDS         `argv`'s last is a keyword argument.
- *   - RB_PASS_CALLED_KEYWORDS  it depends if there is a passed block.
+ *   - RB_PASS_CALLED_KEYWORDS  Pass keyword arguments if the current method
+ *                              was called with keyword arguments.
  * @exception  rb_eException   What was raised using `Fiber#raise`.
  * @return     (See rb_fiber_resume() for details)
  */
@@ -247,7 +249,8 @@ VALUE rb_fiber_transfer(VALUE fiber, int argc, const VALUE *argv);
  * @param[in]   kw_splat        Handling of keyword parameters:
  *   - RB_NO_KEYWORDS           `argv`'s last is not a keyword argument.
  *   - RB_PASS_KEYWORDS         `argv`'s last is a keyword argument.
- *   - RB_PASS_CALLED_KEYWORDS  it depends if there is a passed block.
+ *   - RB_PASS_CALLED_KEYWORDS  Pass keyword arguments if the current method
+ *                              was called with keyword arguments.
  * @exception   rb_eFiberError  (See above)
  * @exception   rb_eException   What was raised using `Fiber#raise`.
  * @return      (See rb_fiber_resume() for details)
@@ -275,7 +278,7 @@ VALUE rb_fiber_transfer_kw(VALUE fiber, int argc, const VALUE *argv, int kw_spla
  * @exception   rb_eFiberError  `fiber` is terminated etc.
  * @return      (See rb_fiber_resume() for details)
  */
-VALUE rb_fiber_raise(VALUE fiber, int argc, const VALUE *argv);
+VALUE rb_fiber_raise(VALUE fiber, int argc, VALUE *argv);
 
 RBIMPL_SYMBOL_EXPORT_END()
 
diff --git a/include/ruby/internal/intern/enumerator.h b/include/ruby/internal/intern/enumerator.h
index 20e5d7c6fc..00804d786a 100644
--- a/include/ruby/internal/intern/enumerator.h
+++ b/include/ruby/internal/intern/enumerator.h
@@ -100,7 +100,8 @@ VALUE rb_enumeratorize_with_size(VALUE recv, VALUE meth, int argc, const VALUE *
  * @param[in]  kw_splat         Handling of keyword parameters:
  *   - RB_NO_KEYWORDS           `argv`'s last is not a keyword argument.
  *   - RB_PASS_KEYWORDS         `argv`'s last is a keyword argument.
- *   - RB_PASS_CALLED_KEYWORDS  it depends if there is a passed block.
+ *   - RB_PASS_CALLED_KEYWORDS  Pass keyword arguments if the current method
+ *                              was called with keyword arguments.
  * @exception  rb_eTypeError    `meth` is not an instance of ::rb_cSymbol.
  * @return     A  new   instance  of  ::rb_cEnumerator  which,   when  yielded,
  *             enumerates by calling `meth` on `recv` with `argv`.
@@ -186,7 +187,8 @@ RBIMPL_SYMBOL_EXPORT_END()
  * @param[in]  kw_splat         Handling of keyword parameters:
  *   - RB_NO_KEYWORDS           `argv`'s last is not a keyword argument.
  *   - RB_PASS_KEYWORDS         `argv`'s last is a keyword argument.
- *   - RB_PASS_CALLED_KEYWORDS  it depends if there is a passed block.
+ *   - RB_PASS_CALLED_KEYWORDS  Pass keyword arguments if the current method
+ *                              was called with keyword arguments.
  * @return     A  new   instance  of  ::rb_cEnumerator  which,   when  yielded,
  *             enumerates by calling the current method on `recv` with `argv`.
  */
@@ -220,7 +222,8 @@ RBIMPL_SYMBOL_EXPORT_END()
  * @param[in]  kw_splat         Handling of keyword parameters:
  *   - RB_NO_KEYWORDS           `argv`'s last is not a keyword argument.
  *   - RB_PASS_KEYWORDS         `argv`'s last is a keyword argument.
- *   - RB_PASS_CALLED_KEYWORDS  it depends if there is a passed block.
+ *   - RB_PASS_CALLED_KEYWORDS  Pass keyword arguments if the current method
+ *                              was called with keyword arguments.
  * @note       This macro may return inside.
  */
 #define RETURN_SIZED_ENUMERATOR_KW(obj, argc, argv, size_fn, kw_splat) do { \
@@ -250,7 +253,8 @@ RBIMPL_SYMBOL_EXPORT_END()
  * @param[in]  kw_splat         Handling of keyword parameters:
  *   - RB_NO_KEYWORDS           `argv`'s last is not a keyword argument.
  *   - RB_PASS_KEYWORDS         `argv`'s last is a keyword argument.
- *   - RB_PASS_CALLED_KEYWORDS  it depends if there is a passed block.
+ *   - RB_PASS_CALLED_KEYWORDS  Pass keyword arguments if the current method
+ *                              was called with keyword arguments.
  * @note       This macro may return inside.
  */
 #define RETURN_ENUMERATOR_KW(obj, argc, argv, kw_splat) \
diff --git a/include/ruby/internal/intern/file.h b/include/ruby/internal/intern/file.h
index b669758d21..8508b7ab9e 100644
--- a/include/ruby/internal/intern/file.h
+++ b/include/ruby/internal/intern/file.h
@@ -211,22 +211,6 @@ int rb_is_absolute_path(const char *path);
  */
 rb_off_t rb_file_size(VALUE file);
 
-#ifdef RBIMPL_ATTR_DEPRECATED_INTERNAL_ONLY
-RBIMPL_ATTR_DEPRECATED_INTERNAL_ONLY()
-#endif
-/**
- * If the PATH_SEPARATOR-separated list of directory names contains the name of
- * a world-writable directory, issue a warning  for it.  This may do nothing on
- * some platforms.
- *
- * @param[in]  path       A local path.
- * @retval     0          The "check" succeeded.
- * @retval     otherwise  The "check" failed.
- * @note       This  feature may  be  disabled  by setting  `ENABLE_PATH_CHECK`
- *             macro to zero at compilation time.
- */
-int rb_path_check(const char *path);
-
 RBIMPL_SYMBOL_EXPORT_END()
 
 #endif /* RBIMPL_INTERN_FILE_H */
diff --git a/include/ruby/internal/intern/object.h b/include/ruby/internal/intern/object.h
index 9daad7d046..3897639a0a 100644
--- a/include/ruby/internal/intern/object.h
+++ b/include/ruby/internal/intern/object.h
@@ -80,7 +80,8 @@ VALUE rb_class_new_instance(int argc, const VALUE *argv, VALUE klass);
  * @param[in]  kw_splat         Handling of keyword parameters:
  *   - RB_NO_KEYWORDS           `argv`'s last is not a keyword argument.
  *   - RB_PASS_KEYWORDS         `argv`'s last is a keyword argument.
- *   - RB_PASS_CALLED_KEYWORDS  it depends if there is a passed block.
+ *   - RB_PASS_CALLED_KEYWORDS  Pass keyword arguments if the current method
+ *                              was called with keyword arguments.
  * @exception  rb_eTypeError    `klass`'s allocator is undefined.
  * @exception  rb_eException    Any exceptions can happen inside.
  * @return     An allocated new instance of `klass`.
diff --git a/include/ruby/internal/intern/proc.h b/include/ruby/internal/intern/proc.h
index b8c3c5e146..2635d672eb 100644
--- a/include/ruby/internal/intern/proc.h
+++ b/include/ruby/internal/intern/proc.h
@@ -101,7 +101,8 @@ VALUE rb_proc_call(VALUE recv, VALUE args);
  * @param[in]  kw_splat         Handling of keyword parameters:
  *   - RB_NO_KEYWORDS           `args`' last is not a keyword argument.
  *   - RB_PASS_KEYWORDS         `args`' last is a keyword argument.
- *   - RB_PASS_CALLED_KEYWORDS  it depends if there is a passed block.
+ *   - RB_PASS_CALLED_KEYWORDS  Pass keyword arguments if the current method
+ *                              was called with keyword arguments.
  * @exception  rb_eException    Any exceptions happen inside.
  * @return     What the proc evaluates to.
  */
@@ -141,7 +142,8 @@ VALUE rb_proc_call_with_block(VALUE recv, int argc, const VALUE *argv, VALUE pro
  * @param[in]  kw_splat         Handling of keyword parameters:
  *   - RB_NO_KEYWORDS           `args`' last is not a keyword argument.
  *   - RB_PASS_KEYWORDS         `args`' last is a keyword argument.
- *   - RB_PASS_CALLED_KEYWORDS  it depends if there is a passed block.
+ *   - RB_PASS_CALLED_KEYWORDS  Pass keyword arguments if the current method
+ *                              was called with keyword arguments.
  * @exception  rb_eException    Any exceptions happen inside.
  * @return     What the proc evaluates to.
  */
@@ -245,7 +247,8 @@ VALUE rb_method_call(int argc, const VALUE *argv, VALUE recv);
  * @param[in]  kw_splat         Handling of keyword parameters:
  *   - RB_NO_KEYWORDS           `args`' last is not a keyword argument.
  *   - RB_PASS_KEYWORDS         `args`' last is a keyword argument.
- *   - RB_PASS_CALLED_KEYWORDS  it depends if there is a passed block.
+ *   - RB_PASS_CALLED_KEYWORDS  Pass keyword arguments if the current method
+ *                              was called with keyword arguments.
  * @exception  rb_eTypeError    `recv` is not a method.
  * @exception  rb_eException    Any exceptions happen inside.
  * @return     What the method returns.
@@ -279,7 +282,8 @@ VALUE rb_method_call_with_block(int argc, const VALUE *argv, VALUE recv, VALUE p
  * @param[in]  kw_splat         Handling of keyword parameters:
  *   - RB_NO_KEYWORDS           `args`' last is not a keyword argument.
  *   - RB_PASS_KEYWORDS         `args`' last is a keyword argument.
- *   - RB_PASS_CALLED_KEYWORDS  it depends if there is a passed block.
+ *   - RB_PASS_CALLED_KEYWORDS  Pass keyword arguments if the current method
+ *                              was called with keyword arguments.
  * @exception  rb_eTypeError    `recv` is not a method.
  * @exception  rb_eException    Any exceptions happen inside.
  * @return     What the method returns.
diff --git a/include/ruby/internal/intern/select.h b/include/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
index 6ba84c6e63..ba75213618 100644
--- a/include/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
+++ b/include/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
@@ -72,6 +72,8 @@ struct timeval;
  * someone else, vastly varies among operating systems.  You would better avoid
  * touching an fd from more than one threads.
  *
+ * NOTE: this function is used in native extensions, so change its API with care.
+ *
  * @internal
  *
  * Although  any file  descriptors are  possible here,  it makes  completely no
diff --git a/include/ruby/internal/intern/set.h b/include/ruby/internal/intern/set.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..f4ff8665e2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/include/ruby/internal/intern/set.h
@@ -0,0 +1,111 @@
+#ifndef RBIMPL_INTERN_SET_H                         /*-*-C++-*-vi:se ft=cpp:*/
+#define RBIMPL_INTERN_SET_H
+/**
+ * @file
+ * @author     Ruby developers <ruby-core@ruby-lang.org>
+ * @copyright  This  file  is   a  part  of  the   programming  language  Ruby.
+ *             Permission  is hereby  granted,  to  either redistribute  and/or
+ *             modify this file, provided that  the conditions mentioned in the
+ *             file COPYING are met.  Consult the file for details.
+ * @warning    Symbols   prefixed  with   either  `RBIMPL`   or  `rbimpl`   are
+ *             implementation details.   Don't take  them as canon.  They could
+ *             rapidly appear then vanish.  The name (path) of this header file
+ *             is also an  implementation detail.  Do not expect  it to persist
+ *             at the place it is now.  Developers are free to move it anywhere
+ *             anytime at will.
+ * @note       To  ruby-core:  remember  that   this  header  can  be  possibly
+ *             recursively included  from extension  libraries written  in C++.
+ *             Do not  expect for  instance `__VA_ARGS__` is  always available.
+ *             We assume C99  for ruby itself but we don't  assume languages of
+ *             extension libraries.  They could be written in C++98.
+ * @brief      Public APIs related to ::rb_cSet.
+ */
+#include "ruby/internal/attr/nonnull.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/dllexport.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/value.h"
+
+RBIMPL_SYMBOL_EXPORT_BEGIN()
+
+/* set.c */
+
+RBIMPL_ATTR_NONNULL(())
+/**
+ * Iterates   over  a   set.  Calls func with each element of the set and the
+ * argument given. func should return ST_CONTINUE, ST_STOP, or ST_DELETE.
+ *
+ * @param[in]  set               An instance of ::rb_cSet to iterate over.
+ * @param[in]  func              Callback function to yield.
+ * @param[in]  arg               Passed as-is to `func`.
+ * @exception  rb_eRuntimeError  `set` was tampered during iterating.
+ */
+void rb_set_foreach(VALUE set, int (*func)(VALUE element, VALUE arg), VALUE arg);
+
+/**
+ * Creates a new, empty set object.
+ *
+ * @return  An allocated new instance of ::rb_cSet.
+ */
+VALUE rb_set_new(void);
+
+/**
+ * Identical to rb_set_new(), except it additionally specifies how many elements
+ * it is expected to contain. This way you can create a set that is large enough
+ * for your need. For large sets, it means it won't need to be reallocated
+ * much, improving performance.
+ *
+ * @param[in]  capa  Designed capacity of the set.
+ * @return     An empty Set, whose capacity is `capa`.
+ */
+VALUE rb_set_new_capa(size_t capa);
+
+/**
+ * Whether the set contains the given element.
+ *
+ * @param[in]  set      Set to look into.
+ * @param[in]  element  Set element to look for.
+ * @return     true if element is in the set, falst otherwise.
+ */
+bool rb_set_lookup(VALUE set, VALUE element);
+
+/**
+ * Adds element to set.
+ *
+ * @param[in]   set              Target set table to modify.
+ * @param[in]   element          Arbitrary Ruby object.
+ * @exception   rb_eFrozenError  `set` is frozen.
+ * @return      true if element was not already in set, false otherwise
+ * @post        `element` is in `set`.
+ */
+bool rb_set_add(VALUE set, VALUE element);
+
+/**
+ * Removes all entries from set.
+ *
+ * @param[out]  set             Target to clear.
+ * @exception   rb_eFrozenError  `set`is frozen.
+ * @return      The passed `set`
+ * @post        `set` has no elements.
+ */
+VALUE rb_set_clear(VALUE set);
+
+/**
+ * Removes the element from from set.
+ *
+ * @param[in]   set        Target set to modify.
+ * @param[in]   element    Key to delete.
+ * @retval      true if element was already in set, false otherwise
+ * @post        `set` does not have `element` as an element.
+ */
+bool rb_set_delete(VALUE set, VALUE element);
+
+/**
+ * Returns the number of elements in the set.
+ *
+ * @param[in]  set  A set object.
+ * @return     The size of the set.
+ */
+size_t rb_set_size(VALUE set);
+
+RBIMPL_SYMBOL_EXPORT_END()
+
+#endif /* RBIMPL_INTERN_SET_H */
diff --git a/include/ruby/internal/intern/string.h b/include/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
index 4573ec1262..8bd1ffcfb4 100644
--- a/include/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
+++ b/include/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
@@ -412,8 +412,8 @@ VALUE rb_utf8_str_new_static(const char *ptr, long len);
 
 /**
  * Identical to rb_interned_str(),  except it takes a Ruby's  string instead of
- * C's.  It can also be seen  as a routine identical to rb_str_new_shared(),
- * except it returns an infamous "f"string.
+ * C's and preserves its encoding.  It can also be seen  as a routine identical
+ * to rb_str_new_shared(), except it returns an infamous "f"string.
  *
  * @param[in]  str  An object of ::RString.
  * @return     An instance  of ::rb_cString, either cached  or allocated, which
@@ -444,8 +444,9 @@ VALUE rb_str_to_interned_str(VALUE str);
  *                           terminating NUL character.
  * @exception  rb_eArgError  `len` is negative.
  * @return     A  found or  created instance  of ::rb_cString,  of `len`  bytes
- *             length, of  "binary" encoding,  whose contents are  identical to
- *             that of `ptr`.
+ *             length,  whose  contents  are  identical  to that of `ptr`.  Its
+ *             encoding  will  be US-ASCII if all bytes are lower ASCII, BINARY
+ *             otherwise.
  * @pre        At  least  `len` bytes  of  continuous  memory region  shall  be
  *             accessible via `ptr`.
  */
@@ -461,8 +462,9 @@ RBIMPL_ATTR_NONNULL(())
  *
  * @param[in]  ptr             A C string.
  * @exception  rb_eNoMemError  Failed to allocate memory.
- * @return     An  instance  of  ::rb_cString,   of  "binary"  encoding,  whose
- *             contents are verbatim copy of `ptr`.
+ * @return     An  instance  of  ::rb_cString, whose contents are verbatim copy
+ *             of `ptr`. Its encoding  will  be US-ASCII if all bytes are lower
+ *             ASCII, BINARY otherwise.
  * @pre        `ptr` must not be a null pointer.
  */
 VALUE rb_interned_str_cstr(const char *ptr);
@@ -591,10 +593,9 @@ void rb_must_asciicompat(VALUE obj);
 VALUE rb_str_dup(VALUE str);
 
 /**
- * I guess there  is no use case  of this function in  extension libraries, but
- * this is  a routine identical  to rb_str_dup(),  except it always  creates an
- * instance of ::rb_cString regardless of the given object's class.  This makes
- * the most sense when the passed string is formerly hidden by rb_obj_hide().
+ * Like rb_str_dup(), but always create an instance of  ::rb_cString
+ * regardless of the given object's class. This makes the most sense
+ * when the passed string is formerly hidden by rb_obj_hide().
  *
  * @param[in]  str  A string, possibly hidden.
  * @return     A duplicated new instance of ::rb_cString.
@@ -970,8 +971,8 @@ st_index_t rb_str_hash(VALUE str);
  *
  * @param[in]  str1  A string.
  * @param[in]  str2  Another string.
- * @retval     1     They have identical contents, length, and encodings.
- * @retval     0     Otherwise.
+ * @retval     0     They have identical contents, length, and encodings.
+ * @retval     1     Otherwise.
  * @pre        Both   objects   must  not  be  any   arbitrary  objects  except
  *             ::RString.
  *
diff --git a/include/ruby/internal/intern/vm.h b/include/ruby/internal/intern/vm.h
index 29e0c7f534..f0b54c702c 100644
--- a/include/ruby/internal/intern/vm.h
+++ b/include/ruby/internal/intern/vm.h
@@ -89,7 +89,8 @@ VALUE rb_check_funcall(VALUE recv, ID mid, int argc, const VALUE *argv);
  * @param[in]      kw_splat     Handling of keyword parameters:
  *   - RB_NO_KEYWORDS           `argv`'s last is not a keyword argument.
  *   - RB_PASS_KEYWORDS         `argv`'s last is a keyword argument.
- *   - RB_PASS_CALLED_KEYWORDS  it depends if there is a passed block.
+ *   - RB_PASS_CALLED_KEYWORDS  Pass keyword arguments if the current method
+ *                              was called with keyword arguments.
  * @retval         RUBY_Qundef  `recv` doesn't respond to `mid`.
  * @retval         otherwise    What the method evaluates to.
  */
@@ -106,9 +107,11 @@ VALUE rb_check_funcall_kw(VALUE recv, ID mid, int argc, const VALUE *argv, int k
  * @param[in]  kw_splat  Handling of keyword parameters:
  *   - RB_NO_KEYWORDS           `arg`'s last is not a keyword argument.
  *   - RB_PASS_KEYWORDS         `arg`'s last is a keyword argument.
- *   - RB_PASS_CALLED_KEYWORDS  it depends if there is a passed block.
+ *   - RB_PASS_CALLED_KEYWORDS  Pass keyword arguments if the current method
+ *                              was called with keyword arguments.
  * @return     What the command evaluates to.
  */
+RBIMPL_ATTR_DEPRECATED_INTERNAL(4.0)
 VALUE rb_eval_cmd_kw(VALUE cmd, VALUE arg, int kw_splat);
 
 /**
diff --git a/include/ruby/internal/iterator.h b/include/ruby/internal/iterator.h
index 5f706460f8..891045363e 100644
--- a/include/ruby/internal/iterator.h
+++ b/include/ruby/internal/iterator.h
@@ -265,48 +265,6 @@ int rb_block_given_p(void);
  */
 void rb_need_block(void);
 
-#ifndef __cplusplus
-RBIMPL_ATTR_DEPRECATED(("by: rb_block_call since 1.9"))
-#endif
-/**
- * Old way to iterate a block.
- *
- * @deprecated     This is an old API.  Use rb_block_call() instead.
- * @warning        The passed  function must at  least once call a  ruby method
- *                 (to handle interrupts etc.)
- * @param[in]      func1  A function that could yield a value.
- * @param[in,out]  data1  Passed to `func1`
- * @param[in]      proc   A function acts as a block.
- * @param[in,out]  data2  Passed to `proc` as the data2 parameter.
- * @return         What `func1` returns.
- */
-VALUE rb_iterate(VALUE (*func1)(VALUE), VALUE data1, rb_block_call_func_t proc, VALUE data2);
-
-#ifdef __cplusplus
-namespace ruby {
-namespace backward {
-/**
- * Old way to iterate a block.
- *
- * @deprecated     This is an old API.  Use rb_block_call() instead.
- * @warning        The passed  function must at  least once call a  ruby method
- *                 (to handle interrupts etc.)
- * @param[in]      iter   A function that could yield a value.
- * @param[in,out]  data1  Passed to `func1`
- * @param[in]      bl     A function acts as a block.
- * @param[in,out]  data2  Passed to `proc` as the data2 parameter.
- * @return         What `func1` returns.
- */
-static inline VALUE
-rb_iterate_deprecated(VALUE (*iter)(VALUE), VALUE data1, rb_block_call_func_t bl, VALUE data2)
-{
-    return ::rb_iterate(iter, data1, bl, data2);
-}}}
-
-RBIMPL_ATTR_DEPRECATED(("by: rb_block_call since 1.9"))
-VALUE rb_iterate(VALUE (*func1)(VALUE), VALUE data1, rb_block_call_func_t proc, VALUE data2);
-#endif
-
 /**
  * Identical to  rb_funcallv(), except it  additionally passes a function  as a
  * block.  When the  method yields, `proc` is called with  the yielded value as
@@ -337,7 +295,8 @@ VALUE rb_block_call(VALUE obj, ID mid, int argc, const VALUE *argv, rb_block_cal
  * @param[in]      kw_splat  Handling of keyword parameters:
  *   - RB_NO_KEYWORDS           `argv`'s last is not a keyword argument.
  *   - RB_PASS_KEYWORDS         `argv`'s last is a keyword argument.
- *   - RB_PASS_CALLED_KEYWORDS  it depends if there is a passed block.
+ *   - RB_PASS_CALLED_KEYWORDS  Pass keyword arguments if the current method
+ *                              was called with keyword arguments.
  * @return         What `obj.mid` returns.
  */
 VALUE rb_block_call_kw(VALUE obj, ID mid, int argc, const VALUE *argv, rb_block_call_func_t proc, VALUE data2, int kw_splat);
diff --git a/include/ruby/internal/memory.h b/include/ruby/internal/memory.h
index 9fc6c39efc..cd099f85db 100644
--- a/include/ruby/internal/memory.h
+++ b/include/ruby/internal/memory.h
@@ -408,7 +408,8 @@ typedef uint128_t DSIZE_T;
 /**
  * @private
  *
- * This is an implementation detail of rbimpl_size_mul_overflow().
+ * This is an implementation detail of rbimpl_size_mul_overflow() and
+ * rbimpl_size_add_overflow().
  *
  * @internal
  *
@@ -416,9 +417,9 @@ typedef uint128_t DSIZE_T;
  * nothing more than std::variant<std::size_t> if  we could use recent C++, but
  * reality is we cannot.
  */
-struct rbimpl_size_mul_overflow_tag {
-    bool left;                  /**< Whether overflow happened or not. */
-    size_t right;               /**< Multiplication result. */
+struct rbimpl_size_overflow_tag {
+    bool overflowed;            /**< Whether overflow happened or not. */
+    size_t result;              /**< Calculation result. */
 };
 
 RBIMPL_SYMBOL_EXPORT_BEGIN()
@@ -572,46 +573,46 @@ RBIMPL_ATTR_CONST()
  *
  * @param[in]  x  Arbitrary value.
  * @param[in]  y  Arbitrary value.
- * @return     `{ left, right }`,  where `left` is whether there  is an integer
- *             overflow or not,  and `right` is a  (possibly overflowed) result
- *             of `x` * `y`.
+ * @return     `{ overflowed, result }`, where  `overflowed` is whether there is
+ *             an  integer  overflow  or  not,   and  `result`  is  a  (possibly
+ *             overflowed) result of `x` * `y`.
  *
  * @internal
  *
  * This is in fact also an implementation detail of ruby_xmalloc2() etc.
  */
-static inline struct rbimpl_size_mul_overflow_tag
+static inline struct rbimpl_size_overflow_tag
 rbimpl_size_mul_overflow(size_t x, size_t y)
 {
-    struct rbimpl_size_mul_overflow_tag ret = { false,  0, };
+    struct rbimpl_size_overflow_tag ret = { false,  0, };
 
 #if defined(ckd_mul)
-    ret.left = ckd_mul(&ret.right, x, y);
+    ret.overflowed = ckd_mul(&ret.result, x, y);
 
 #elif RBIMPL_HAS_BUILTIN(__builtin_mul_overflow)
-    ret.left = __builtin_mul_overflow(x, y, &ret.right);
+    ret.overflowed = __builtin_mul_overflow(x, y, &ret.result);
 
 #elif defined(DSIZE_T)
     RB_GNUC_EXTENSION DSIZE_T dx = x;
     RB_GNUC_EXTENSION DSIZE_T dy = y;
     RB_GNUC_EXTENSION DSIZE_T dz = dx * dy;
-    ret.left  = dz > SIZE_MAX;
-    ret.right = RBIMPL_CAST((size_t)dz);
+    ret.overflowed  = dz > SIZE_MAX;
+    ret.result = RBIMPL_CAST((size_t)dz);
 
 #elif defined(_MSC_VER) && defined(_M_AMD64)
     unsigned __int64 dp = 0;
     unsigned __int64 dz = _umul128(x, y, &dp);
-    ret.left  = RBIMPL_CAST((bool)dp);
-    ret.right = RBIMPL_CAST((size_t)dz);
+    ret.overflowed  = RBIMPL_CAST((bool)dp);
+    ret.result = RBIMPL_CAST((size_t)dz);
 
 #elif defined(_MSC_VER) && defined(_M_ARM64)
-    ret.left  = __umulh(x, y) != 0;
-    ret.right = x * y;
+    ret.overflowed  = __umulh(x, y) != 0;
+    ret.result = x * y;
 
 #else
     /* https://wiki.sei.cmu.edu/confluence/display/c/INT30-C.+Ensure+that+unsigned+integer+operations+do+not+wrap */
-    ret.left  = (y != 0) && (x > SIZE_MAX / y);
-    ret.right = x * y;
+    ret.overflowed  = (y != 0) && (x > SIZE_MAX / y);
+    ret.result = x * y;
 #endif
 
     return ret;
@@ -635,11 +636,11 @@ rbimpl_size_mul_overflow(size_t x, size_t y)
 static inline size_t
 rbimpl_size_mul_or_raise(size_t x, size_t y)
 {
-    struct rbimpl_size_mul_overflow_tag size =
+    struct rbimpl_size_overflow_tag size =
         rbimpl_size_mul_overflow(x, y);
 
-    if (RB_LIKELY(! size.left)) {
-        return size.right;
+    if (RB_LIKELY(! size.overflowed)) {
+        return size.result;
     }
     else {
         ruby_malloc_size_overflow(x, y);
@@ -662,33 +663,33 @@ RBIMPL_ATTR_CONST()
  *
  * @param[in]  x  Arbitrary value.
  * @param[in]  y  Arbitrary value.
- * @return     `{ left, right }`,  where `left` is whether there  is an integer
- *             overflow or not,  and `right` is a  (possibly overflowed) result
- *             of `x` + `y`.
+ * @return     `{ overflowed, result }`, where  `overflowed` is whether there is
+ *             an  integer  overflow  or  not,   and  `result`  is  a  (possibly
+ *             overflowed) result of `x` + `y`.
  *
  * @internal
  */
-static inline struct rbimpl_size_mul_overflow_tag
+static inline struct rbimpl_size_overflow_tag
 rbimpl_size_add_overflow(size_t x, size_t y)
 {
-    struct rbimpl_size_mul_overflow_tag ret = { false,  0, };
+    struct rbimpl_size_overflow_tag ret = { false,  0, };
 
 #if defined(ckd_add)
-    ret.left = ckd_add(&ret.right, x, y);
+    ret.overflowed = ckd_add(&ret.result, x, y);
 
 #elif RBIMPL_HAS_BUILTIN(__builtin_add_overflow)
-    ret.left = __builtin_add_overflow(x, y, &ret.right);
+    ret.overflowed = __builtin_add_overflow(x, y, &ret.result);
 
 #elif defined(DSIZE_T)
     RB_GNUC_EXTENSION DSIZE_T dx = x;
     RB_GNUC_EXTENSION DSIZE_T dy = y;
     RB_GNUC_EXTENSION DSIZE_T dz = dx + dy;
-    ret.left = dz > SIZE_MAX;
-    ret.right = (size_t)dz;
+    ret.overflowed = dz > SIZE_MAX;
+    ret.result = (size_t)dz;
 
 #else
-    ret.right = x + y;
-    ret.left = ret.right < y;
+    ret.result = x + y;
+    ret.overflowed = ret.result < y;
 
 #endif
 
@@ -710,11 +711,11 @@ rbimpl_size_add_overflow(size_t x, size_t y)
 static inline size_t
 rbimpl_size_add_or_raise(size_t x, size_t y)
 {
-    struct rbimpl_size_mul_overflow_tag size =
+    struct rbimpl_size_overflow_tag size =
         rbimpl_size_add_overflow(x, y);
 
-    if (RB_LIKELY(!size.left)) {
-        return size.right;
+    if (RB_LIKELY(!size.overflowed)) {
+        return size.result;
     }
     else {
         ruby_malloc_add_size_overflow(x, y);
diff --git a/include/ruby/internal/newobj.h b/include/ruby/internal/newobj.h
index 6eee2fa5fa..13030ae279 100644
--- a/include/ruby/internal/newobj.h
+++ b/include/ruby/internal/newobj.h
@@ -109,42 +109,4 @@ void rb_singleton_class_attached(VALUE klass, VALUE obj);
 void rb_copy_generic_ivar(VALUE clone, VALUE obj);
 RBIMPL_SYMBOL_EXPORT_END()
 
-RBIMPL_ATTR_DEPRECATED(("This is no longer how Object#clone works."))
-/**
- * @deprecated  Not sure exactly  when but at some time,  the implementation of
- *              `Object#clone`  stopped  using   this  function.   It  remained
- *              untouched for  a while, and  then @shyouhei realised  that they
- *              are no longer doing the  same thing.  It seems nobody seriously
- *              uses this function any longer.  Let's just abandon it.
- *
- * @param[out]  clone  The destination object.
- * @param[in]   obj    The source object.
- */
-static inline void
-rb_clone_setup(VALUE clone, VALUE obj)
-{
-    (void)clone;
-    (void)obj;
-    return;
-}
-
-RBIMPL_ATTR_DEPRECATED(("This is no longer how Object#dup works."))
-/**
- * @deprecated  Not sure exactly  when but at some time,  the implementation of
- *              `Object#dup`   stopped  using   this  function.    It  remained
- *              untouched for  a while, and  then @shyouhei realised  that they
- *              are no longer  the same thing.  It seems  nobody seriously uses
- *              this function any longer.  Let's just abandon it.
- *
- * @param[out]  dup  The destination object.
- * @param[in]   obj  The source object.
- */
-static inline void
-rb_dup_setup(VALUE dup, VALUE obj)
-{
-    (void)dup;
-    (void)obj;
-    return;
-}
-
 #endif /* RBIMPL_NEWOBJ_H */
diff --git a/include/ruby/internal/static_assert.h b/include/ruby/internal/static_assert.h
index 7f00bc21eb..30bfd3bb79 100644
--- a/include/ruby/internal/static_assert.h
+++ b/include/ruby/internal/static_assert.h
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@
 # /* https://isocpp.org/std/standing-documents/sd-6-sg10-feature-test-recommendations */
 # define RBIMPL_STATIC_ASSERT0 static_assert
 
-#elif defined(__cplusplus) && RBIMPL_COMPILER_SINCE(MSVC, 16, 0, 0)
+#elif defined(__cplusplus) && RBIMPL_COMPILER_IS(MSVC)
 # define RBIMPL_STATIC_ASSERT0 static_assert
 
 #elif defined(__INTEL_CXX11_MODE__)
diff --git a/include/ruby/internal/symbol.h b/include/ruby/internal/symbol.h
index 569bf215a2..8bfd686fbe 100644
--- a/include/ruby/internal/symbol.h
+++ b/include/ruby/internal/symbol.h
@@ -101,12 +101,11 @@ ID rb_intern(const char *name);
 ID rb_intern2(const char *name, long len);
 
 /**
- * Identical to  rb_intern(), except  it takes an instance of ::rb_cString.
+ * Identical to rb_intern(), except it takes a `T_STRING` object.
  *
  * @param[in]  str               The name of the id.
- * @pre        `str` must either be an instance of ::rb_cSymbol, or an instance
- *             of ::rb_cString, or responds to `#to_str` method.
- * @exception  rb_eTypeError     Can't convert `str` into ::rb_cString.
+ * @pre        `rb_type(str)` must be `T_STRING`.
+ * @exception  rb_eEncodingError `str` contains invalid character(s).
  * @exception  rb_eRuntimeError  Too many symbols.
  * @return     A (possibly new) id whose value is the given str.
  * @note       These   days  Ruby   internally   has  two   kinds  of   symbols
@@ -166,29 +165,34 @@ RBIMPL_ATTR_NONNULL(())
  *                 of ::rb_cSymbol, or an instance of ::rb_cString, or responds
  *                 to `#to_str` method.
  * @exception      rb_eTypeError      Can't convert `*namep` into ::rb_cString.
- * @exception      rb_eEncodingError  Given string is non-ASCII.
+ * @exception      rb_eEncodingError  Given string contains invalid character(s).
  * @retval         0                  No such id ever existed in the history.
  * @retval         otherwise          The id that represents the given name.
  * @post           The object  that `*namep`  points to  is a  converted result
  *                 object, which  is always an instance  of either ::rb_cSymbol
  *                 or ::rb_cString.
+ * @see            rb_str_to_str
  * @see            https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/5072
- *
- * @internal
- *
- * @shyouhei doesn't know why this has to raise rb_eEncodingError.
  */
 ID rb_check_id(volatile VALUE *namep);
 
 /**
- * @copydoc rb_intern_str()
+ * Identical to rb_intern_str(), except it tries to convert the parameter object
+ * to an instance of ::rb_cString or its subclasses.
  *
- * @internal
- *
- * :FIXME:  Can anyone  tell us  what is  the difference  between this  one and
- * rb_intern_str()?  As far as @shyouhei reads the implementation it seems what
- * rb_to_id() does is  is just waste some CPU time,  then call rb_intern_str().
- * He hopes he is wrong.
+ * @param[in]  str               The name of the id.
+ * @pre        `str` must either be an  instance of ::rb_cSymbol, or an instance
+ *             of ::rb_cString, or responds to `#to_str` method.
+ * @exception  rb_eTypeError     Can't convert `str` into ::rb_cString.
+ * @exception  rb_eEncodingError Given string contains invalid character(s).
+ * @exception  rb_eRuntimeError  Too many symbols.
+ * @return     A (possibly new) id whose value is the given str.
+ * @note       These   days  Ruby   internally   has  two   kinds  of   symbols
+ *             (static/dynamic).   Symbols created  using  this function  would
+ *             become static ones;  i.e. would never be  garbage collected.  It
+ *             is up  to you to avoid  memory leaks.  Think twice  before using
+ *             it.
+ * @see        rb_str_to_str
  */
 ID rb_to_id(VALUE str);
 
@@ -245,17 +249,14 @@ RBIMPL_ATTR_NONNULL(())
  *                 of ::rb_cSymbol, or an instance of ::rb_cString, or responds
  *                 to `#to_str` method.
  * @exception      rb_eTypeError      Can't convert `*namep` into ::rb_cString.
- * @exception      rb_eEncodingError  Given string is non-ASCII.
+ * @exception      rb_eEncodingError  Given string contains invalid character(s).
  * @retval         RUBY_Qnil          No such id ever existed in the history.
  * @retval         otherwise          The id that represents the given name.
  * @post           The object  that `*namep`  points to  is a  converted result
  *                 object, which  is always an instance  of either ::rb_cSymbol
  *                 or ::rb_cString.
  * @see            https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/5072
- *
- * @internal
- *
- * @shyouhei doesn't know why this has to raise rb_eEncodingError.
+ * @see            rb_str_to_str
  */
 VALUE rb_check_symbol(volatile VALUE *namep);
 RBIMPL_SYMBOL_EXPORT_END()
diff --git a/include/ruby/internal/warning_push.h b/include/ruby/internal/warning_push.h
index f5981633f8..91d62cb00d 100644
--- a/include/ruby/internal/warning_push.h
+++ b/include/ruby/internal/warning_push.h
@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@
  */
 #define RBIMPL_WARNING_IGNORED(flag) __pragma(warning(disable: flag))
 
-#elif RBIMPL_COMPILER_SINCE(MSVC, 12, 0, 0)
+#elif RBIMPL_COMPILER_IS(MSVC)
 # /* Not sure exactly when but it seems VC++ 6.0 is a version with it.*/
 # define RBIMPL_WARNING_PUSH()        __pragma(warning(push))
 # define RBIMPL_WARNING_POP()         __pragma(warning(pop))
diff --git a/include/ruby/onigmo.h b/include/ruby/onigmo.h
index db290cd47a..9dcddee829 100644
--- a/include/ruby/onigmo.h
+++ b/include/ruby/onigmo.h
@@ -4,8 +4,8 @@
   onigmo.h - Onigmo (Oniguruma-mod) (regular expression library)
 **********************************************************************/
 /*-
- * Copyright (c) 2002-2009  K.Kosako  <sndgk393 AT ybb DOT ne DOT jp>
- * Copyright (c) 2011-2017  K.Takata  <kentkt AT csc DOT jp>
+ * Copyright (c) 2002-2016  K.Kosako  <sndgk393 AT ybb DOT ne DOT jp>
+ * Copyright (c) 2011-2019  K.Takata  <kentkt AT csc DOT jp>
  * All rights reserved.
  *
  * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
@@ -38,8 +38,8 @@ extern "C" {
 #endif
 
 #define ONIGMO_VERSION_MAJOR   6
-#define ONIGMO_VERSION_MINOR   1
-#define ONIGMO_VERSION_TEENY   3
+#define ONIGMO_VERSION_MINOR   2
+#define ONIGMO_VERSION_TEENY   0
 
 #ifndef ONIG_EXTERN
 # ifdef RUBY_EXTERN
@@ -789,8 +789,8 @@ typedef struct re_pattern_buffer {
   unsigned char *exact;
   unsigned char *exact_end;
   unsigned char  map[ONIG_CHAR_TABLE_SIZE]; /* used as BM skip or char-map */
-  int           *int_map;                   /* BM skip for exact_len > 255 */
-  int           *int_map_backward;          /* BM skip for backward search */
+  int           *reserved1;
+  int           *reserved2;
   OnigDistance   dmin;                      /* min-distance of exact or map */
   OnigDistance   dmax;                      /* max-distance of exact or map */
 
diff --git a/include/ruby/ractor.h b/include/ruby/ractor.h
index 7811616f6d..8cfca21621 100644
--- a/include/ruby/ractor.h
+++ b/include/ruby/ractor.h
@@ -217,7 +217,7 @@ VALUE rb_ractor_make_shareable(VALUE obj);
  *
  * @param[in]   obj              Arbitrary ruby object to duplicate.
  * @exception   rb_eRactorError  Ractors cannot share `obj` by nature.
- * @return      A deep copy of `obj` which is sharable among Ractors.
+ * @return      A deep copy of `obj` which is shareable among Ractors.
  */
 VALUE rb_ractor_make_shareable_copy(VALUE obj);
 
@@ -261,4 +261,18 @@ rb_ractor_shareable_p(VALUE obj)
     }
 }
 
+// TODO: optimize on interpreter core
+#ifndef RB_OBJ_SET_SHAREABLE
+VALUE rb_obj_set_shareable(VALUE obj); // ractor.c
+#define RB_OBJ_SET_SHAREABLE(obj) rb_obj_set_shareable(obj)
+#endif
+
+static inline VALUE
+RB_OBJ_SET_FROZEN_SHAREABLE(VALUE obj)
+{
+    RB_OBJ_FREEZE(obj);
+    RB_OBJ_SET_SHAREABLE(obj);
+    return obj;
+}
+
 #endif /* RUBY_RACTOR_H */
diff --git a/include/ruby/random.h b/include/ruby/random.h
index f3df0d96fb..740be6bdad 100644
--- a/include/ruby/random.h
+++ b/include/ruby/random.h
@@ -332,7 +332,9 @@ RBIMPL_ATTR_PURE_UNLESS_DEBUG()
 static inline const rb_random_interface_t *
 rb_rand_if(VALUE obj)
 {
+    RBIMPL_ASSERT_OR_ASSUME(RB_TYPE_P(obj, T_DATA));
     RBIMPL_ASSERT_OR_ASSUME(RTYPEDDATA_P(obj));
+    RUBY_ASSERT(rb_typeddata_is_kind_of(obj, &rb_random_data_type));
     const struct rb_data_type_struct *t = RTYPEDDATA_TYPE(obj);
     const void *ret = t->data;
     return RBIMPL_CAST((const rb_random_interface_t *)ret);
diff --git a/include/ruby/version.h b/include/ruby/version.h
index a521d925ed..5bb381cea2 100644
--- a/include/ruby/version.h
+++ b/include/ruby/version.h
@@ -61,13 +61,13 @@
  * doesn't mean a total rewrite.  Practically  when it comes to API versioning,
  * major and minor version changes are equally catastrophic.
  */
-#define RUBY_API_VERSION_MAJOR 3
+#define RUBY_API_VERSION_MAJOR 4
 
 /**
  * Minor  version.   As of  writing  this  version changes  annually.   Greater
  * version doesn't mean "better"; they just mean years passed.
  */
-#define RUBY_API_VERSION_MINOR 5
+#define RUBY_API_VERSION_MINOR 1
 
 /**
  * Teeny version.  This digit  is kind of reserved these days.   Kept 0 for the
diff --git a/include/ruby/win32.h b/include/ruby/win32.h
index 31dc13e932..ae11a61481 100644
--- a/include/ruby/win32.h
+++ b/include/ruby/win32.h
@@ -30,15 +30,10 @@ extern "C++" {			/* template without extern "C++" */
 #if !defined(_WIN64) && !defined(WIN32)
 #define WIN32
 #endif
-#if defined(_MSC_VER) && _MSC_VER <= 1200
-#include <windows.h>
-#endif
 #include <winsock2.h>
 #include <ws2tcpip.h>
 #include <mswsock.h>
-#if !defined(_MSC_VER) || _MSC_VER >= 1400
 #include <iphlpapi.h>
-#endif
 #if defined(__cplusplus) && defined(_MSC_VER)
 }
 #endif
@@ -59,13 +54,7 @@ extern "C++" {			/* template without extern "C++" */
 #include <direct.h>
 #include <process.h>
 #include <time.h>
-#if defined(__cplusplus) && defined(_MSC_VER) && _MSC_VER == 1200
-extern "C++" {			/* template without extern "C++" */
-#endif
 #include <math.h>
-#if defined(__cplusplus) && defined(_MSC_VER) && _MSC_VER == 1200
-}
-#endif
 #include <signal.h>
 #include <sys/stat.h>
 #include <sys/types.h>
@@ -126,28 +115,30 @@ typedef unsigned int uintptr_t;
 #define O_SHARE_DELETE 0x20000000 /* for rb_w32_open(), rb_w32_wopen() */
 
 typedef int clockid_t;
-#if defined(__MINGW32__)
-/* I don't know why but these return some strange values. */
-#undef CLOCK_PROCESS_CPUTIME_ID
-#undef CLOCK_THREAD_CPUTIME_ID
-#undef CLOCK_REALTIME_COARSE
-#endif
 
-/* defined in win32/win32.c for old versions */
-#if !defined(__MINGW32__) || !defined(HAVE_CLOCK_GETTIME)
-#  define HAVE_CLOCK_GETTIME 1
-#  define NEED_CLOCK_GETTIME 1
-#endif
-#if !defined(__MINGW32__) || !defined(HAVE_CLOCK_GETRES)
-#  define HAVE_CLOCK_GETRES 1
-#  define NEED_CLOCK_GETRES 1
-#endif
+/*
+ * Since we use our versions in win32/win32.c, not to depend on yet
+ * another DLL, prefix our versions not to conflict with inline
+ * versions provided in time.h.
+ */
+#define clock_gettime rb_w32_clock_gettime
+#define clock_getres rb_w32_clock_getres
+
 #ifndef CLOCK_REALTIME
 #  define CLOCK_REALTIME  0
 #endif
 #ifndef CLOCK_MONOTONIC
 #  define CLOCK_MONOTONIC 1
 #endif
+#ifndef CLOCK_PROCESS_CPUTIME_ID
+#  define CLOCK_PROCESS_CPUTIME_ID 2
+#endif
+#ifndef CLOCK_THREAD_CPUTIME_ID
+#  define CLOCK_THREAD_CPUTIME_ID 3
+#endif
+#ifndef CLOCK_REALTIME_COARSE
+#  define CLOCK_REALTIME_COARSE 4
+#endif
 
 #undef utime
 #undef lseek
@@ -271,7 +262,6 @@ struct ifaddrs {
 #endif
 
 extern void   rb_w32_sysinit(int *, char ***);
-extern DWORD  rb_w32_osid(void);
 extern int    flock(int fd, int oper);
 extern int    rb_w32_io_cancelable_p(int);
 extern int    rb_w32_is_socket(int);
@@ -315,7 +305,11 @@ extern void   rb_w32_free_environ(char **);
 extern int    rb_w32_map_errno(DWORD);
 extern const char *WSAAPI rb_w32_inet_ntop(int,const void *,char *,size_t);
 extern int WSAAPI rb_w32_inet_pton(int,const char *,void *);
-extern DWORD  rb_w32_osver(void);
+
+RBIMPL_ATTR_DEPRECATED(("as Windows 9x is not supported already"))
+static inline DWORD rb_w32_osid(void) {return VER_PLATFORM_WIN32_NT;}
+RBIMPL_ATTR_DEPRECATED(("by Windows Version Helper APIs"))
+extern DWORD rb_w32_osver(void);
 
 extern int rb_w32_uchown(const char *, int, int);
 extern int rb_w32_ulink(const char *, const char *);
@@ -351,7 +345,7 @@ extern int rb_w32_dup2(int, int);
 
 #include <float.h>
 
-#if defined _MSC_VER && _MSC_VER >= 1800 && defined INFINITY
+#if defined _MSC_VER && defined INFINITY
 #pragma warning(push)
 #pragma warning(disable:4756)
 static inline float
@@ -434,11 +428,6 @@ extern int rb_w32_utruncate(const char *path, rb_off_t length);
 #define HAVE_TRUNCATE 1
 #define truncate rb_w32_utruncate
 
-#if defined(_MSC_VER) && _MSC_VER >= 1400 && _MSC_VER < 1800
-#define strtoll  _strtoi64
-#define strtoull _strtoui64
-#endif
-
 /*
  * stubs
  */
diff --git a/inits.c b/inits.c
index 85b71f450e..4988fa09d0 100644
--- a/inits.c
+++ b/inits.c
@@ -52,6 +52,8 @@ rb_call_inits(void)
     CALL(Time);
     CALL(Random);
     CALL(load);
+    CALL(Ruby_module);
+    CALL(Box);
     CALL(Proc);
     CALL(Binding);
     CALL(Math);
@@ -63,12 +65,13 @@ rb_call_inits(void)
     CALL(ISeq);
     CALL(Thread);
     CALL(signal);
+    CALL(Cont);
     CALL(Fiber_Scheduler);
     CALL(process);
-    CALL(Cont);
     CALL(Rational);
     CALL(Complex);
     CALL(MemoryView);
+    CALL(pathname);
     CALL(version);
     CALL(vm_trace);
     CALL(vm_stack_canary);
@@ -77,7 +80,6 @@ rb_call_inits(void)
     CALL(Prism);
     CALL(unicode_version);
     CALL(Set);
-    CALL(Namespace);
 
     // enable builtin loading
     CALL(builtin);
@@ -87,9 +89,10 @@ void
 rb_call_builtin_inits(void)
 {
 #define BUILTIN(n) CALL(builtin_##n)
-    BUILTIN(kernel);
+    BUILTIN(jit_hook);
     BUILTIN(yjit);
-    // BUILTIN(yjit_hook) is called after rb_yjit_init()
+    BUILTIN(zjit);
+    BUILTIN(kernel);
     BUILTIN(gc);
     BUILTIN(ractor);
     BUILTIN(numeric);
@@ -98,6 +101,7 @@ rb_call_builtin_inits(void)
     BUILTIN(ast);
     BUILTIN(trace_point);
     BUILTIN(pack);
+    BUILTIN(pathname_builtin);
     BUILTIN(warning);
     BUILTIN(array);
     BUILTIN(hash);
@@ -106,7 +110,7 @@ rb_call_builtin_inits(void)
     BUILTIN(thread_sync);
     BUILTIN(nilclass);
     BUILTIN(marshal);
-    BUILTIN(zjit);
+    BUILTIN(jit_undef);
     Init_builtin_prelude();
 }
 #undef CALL
diff --git a/insns.def b/insns.def
index aaa8ec8f5d..ceeaf4128e 100644
--- a/insns.def
+++ b/insns.def
@@ -212,6 +212,7 @@ getinstancevariable
 (VALUE val)
 /* Ractor crashes when it accesses class/module-level instances variables. */
 // attr bool leaf = false; /* has IVAR_ACCESSOR_SHOULD_BE_MAIN_RACTOR() */
+// attr bool zjit_profile = true;
 {
     val = vm_getinstancevariable(GET_ISEQ(), GET_SELF(), id, ic);
 }
@@ -223,6 +224,7 @@ setinstancevariable
 (VALUE val)
 ()
 // attr bool leaf = false; /* has rb_check_frozen() */
+// attr bool zjit_profile = true;
 {
     vm_setinstancevariable(GET_ISEQ(), GET_SELF(), id, val, ic);
 }
@@ -744,6 +746,7 @@ definedivar
 ()
 (VALUE val)
 // attr bool leaf  = false;
+// attr bool zjit_profile = true;
 {
     val = Qnil;
     if (!UNDEF_P(vm_getivar(GET_SELF(), id, GET_ISEQ(), ic, NULL, FALSE, Qundef))) {
@@ -802,12 +805,13 @@ defineclass
 (VALUE val)
 {
     VALUE klass = vm_find_or_create_class_by_id(id, flags, cbase, super);
+    const rb_box_t *box = rb_current_box();
 
     rb_iseq_check(class_iseq);
 
     /* enter scope */
     vm_push_frame(ec, class_iseq, VM_FRAME_MAGIC_CLASS | VM_ENV_FLAG_LOCAL, klass,
-                  GET_BLOCK_HANDLER(),
+                  GC_GUARDED_PTR(box),
                   (VALUE)vm_cref_push(ec, klass, NULL, FALSE, FALSE),
                   ISEQ_BODY(class_iseq)->iseq_encoded, GET_SP(),
                   ISEQ_BODY(class_iseq)->local_table_size,
@@ -844,6 +848,7 @@ send
 (CALL_DATA cd, ISEQ blockiseq)
 (...)
 (VALUE val)
+// attr bool zjit_profile = true;
 // attr rb_snum_t sp_inc = sp_inc_of_sendish(cd->ci);
 // attr rb_snum_t comptime_sp_inc = sp_inc_of_sendish(ci);
 {
@@ -938,6 +943,7 @@ objtostring
 (VALUE recv)
 (VALUE val)
 // attr bool leaf = false;
+// attr bool zjit_profile = true;
 {
     val = vm_objtostring(GET_ISEQ(), recv, cd);
 
@@ -996,6 +1002,7 @@ opt_nil_p
 (CALL_DATA cd)
 (VALUE recv)
 (VALUE val)
+// attr bool zjit_profile = true;
 {
     val = vm_opt_nil_p(GET_ISEQ(), cd, recv);
 
@@ -1085,6 +1092,7 @@ invokesuper
 (VALUE val)
 // attr rb_snum_t sp_inc = sp_inc_of_sendish(cd->ci);
 // attr rb_snum_t comptime_sp_inc = sp_inc_of_sendish(ci);
+// attr bool zjit_profile = true;
 {
     VALUE bh = vm_caller_setup_arg_block(ec, GET_CFP(), cd->ci, blockiseq, true);
     val = vm_sendish(ec, GET_CFP(), cd, bh, mexp_search_super);
@@ -1132,6 +1140,7 @@ invokeblock
 // attr bool handles_sp = true;
 // attr rb_snum_t sp_inc = sp_inc_of_invokeblock(cd->ci);
 // attr rb_snum_t comptime_sp_inc = sp_inc_of_invokeblock(ci);
+// attr bool zjit_profile = true;
 {
     VALUE bh = VM_BLOCK_HANDLER_NONE;
     val = vm_sendish(ec, GET_CFP(), cd, bh, mexp_search_invokeblock);
@@ -1204,7 +1213,7 @@ jump
 ()
 ()
 /* Same discussion as leave. */
-// attr bool leaf = leafness_of_check_ints; /* has rb_threadptr_execute_interrupts() */
+// attr bool leaf = false; /* has rb_threadptr_execute_interrupts() */
 {
     RUBY_VM_CHECK_INTS(ec);
     JUMP(dst);
@@ -1217,7 +1226,7 @@ branchif
 (VALUE val)
 ()
 /* Same discussion as jump. */
-// attr bool leaf = leafness_of_check_ints; /* has rb_threadptr_execute_interrupts() */
+// attr bool leaf = false; /* has rb_threadptr_execute_interrupts() */
 {
     if (RTEST(val)) {
         RUBY_VM_CHECK_INTS(ec);
@@ -1232,7 +1241,7 @@ branchunless
 (VALUE val)
 ()
 /* Same discussion as jump. */
-// attr bool leaf = leafness_of_check_ints; /* has rb_threadptr_execute_interrupts() */
+// attr bool leaf = false; /* has rb_threadptr_execute_interrupts() */
 {
     if (!RTEST(val)) {
         RUBY_VM_CHECK_INTS(ec);
@@ -1247,7 +1256,7 @@ branchnil
 (VALUE val)
 ()
 /* Same discussion as jump. */
-// attr bool leaf = leafness_of_check_ints; /* has rb_threadptr_execute_interrupts() */
+// attr bool leaf = false; /* has rb_threadptr_execute_interrupts() */
 {
     if (NIL_P(val)) {
         RUBY_VM_CHECK_INTS(ec);
@@ -1466,6 +1475,7 @@ opt_ltlt
  * string.  Then what happens if that codepoint does not exist in the
  * string's encoding?  Of course an exception.  That's not a leaf. */
 // attr bool leaf = false; /* has "invalid codepoint" exception */
+// attr bool zjit_profile = true;
 {
     val = vm_opt_ltlt(recv, obj);
 
@@ -1480,6 +1490,7 @@ opt_and
 (CALL_DATA cd)
 (VALUE recv, VALUE obj)
 (VALUE val)
+// attr bool zjit_profile = true;
 {
     val = vm_opt_and(recv, obj);
 
@@ -1494,6 +1505,7 @@ opt_or
 (CALL_DATA cd)
 (VALUE recv, VALUE obj)
 (VALUE val)
+// attr bool zjit_profile = true;
 {
     val = vm_opt_or(recv, obj);
 
@@ -1513,6 +1525,7 @@ opt_aref
  * default_proc.  This is a method call.  So opt_aref is
  * (surprisingly) not leaf. */
 // attr bool leaf = false; /* has rb_funcall() */ /* calls #yield */
+// attr bool zjit_profile = true;
 {
     val = vm_opt_aref(recv, obj);
 
@@ -1530,6 +1543,7 @@ opt_aset
 /* This is another story than opt_aref.  When vm_opt_aset() resorts
  * to rb_hash_aset(), which should call #hash for `obj`. */
 // attr bool leaf = false; /* has rb_funcall() */ /* calls #hash */
+// attr bool zjit_profile = true;
 {
     val = vm_opt_aset(recv, obj, set);
 
@@ -1538,50 +1552,13 @@ opt_aset
     }
 }
 
-/* recv[str] = set */
-DEFINE_INSN
-opt_aset_with
-(VALUE key, CALL_DATA cd)
-(VALUE recv, VALUE val)
-(VALUE val)
-/* Same discussion as opt_aset. */
-// attr bool leaf = false; /* has rb_funcall() */ /* calls #hash */
-{
-    VALUE tmp = vm_opt_aset_with(recv, key, val);
-
-    if (!UNDEF_P(tmp)) {
-        val = tmp;
-    }
-    else {
-        TOPN(0) = rb_str_resurrect(key);
-        PUSH(val);
-        CALL_SIMPLE_METHOD();
-    }
-}
-
-/* recv[str] */
-DEFINE_INSN
-opt_aref_with
-(VALUE key, CALL_DATA cd)
-(VALUE recv)
-(VALUE val)
-/* Same discussion as opt_aref. */
-// attr bool leaf = false; /* has rb_funcall() */ /* calls #yield */
-{
-    val = vm_opt_aref_with(recv, key);
-
-    if (UNDEF_P(val)) {
-        PUSH(rb_str_resurrect(key));
-        CALL_SIMPLE_METHOD();
-    }
-}
-
 /* optimized length */
 DEFINE_INSN
 opt_length
 (CALL_DATA cd)
 (VALUE recv)
 (VALUE val)
+// attr bool zjit_profile = true;
 {
     val = vm_opt_length(recv, BOP_LENGTH);
 
@@ -1596,6 +1573,7 @@ opt_size
 (CALL_DATA cd)
 (VALUE recv)
 (VALUE val)
+// attr bool zjit_profile = true;
 {
     val = vm_opt_length(recv, BOP_SIZE);
 
@@ -1610,6 +1588,7 @@ opt_empty_p
 (CALL_DATA cd)
 (VALUE recv)
 (VALUE val)
+// attr bool zjit_profile = true;
 {
     val = vm_opt_empty_p(recv);
 
@@ -1624,6 +1603,7 @@ opt_succ
 (CALL_DATA cd)
 (VALUE recv)
 (VALUE val)
+// attr bool zjit_profile = true;
 {
     val = vm_opt_succ(recv);
 
@@ -1638,6 +1618,7 @@ opt_not
 (CALL_DATA cd)
 (VALUE recv)
 (VALUE val)
+// attr bool zjit_profile = true;
 {
     val = vm_opt_not(GET_ISEQ(), cd, recv);
 
@@ -1653,6 +1634,7 @@ opt_regexpmatch2
 (VALUE obj2, VALUE obj1)
 (VALUE val)
 // attr bool leaf = false; /* match_at() has rb_thread_check_ints() */
+// attr bool zjit_profile = true;
 {
     val = vm_opt_regexpmatch2(obj2, obj1);
 
diff --git a/internal/array.h b/internal/array.h
index 398676df4a..3a689646fb 100644
--- a/internal/array.h
+++ b/internal/array.h
@@ -140,6 +140,8 @@ RARRAY_AREF(VALUE ary, long i)
     VALUE val;
     RBIMPL_ASSERT_TYPE(ary, RUBY_T_ARRAY);
 
+    RUBY_ASSERT(i < RARRAY_LEN(ary));
+
     RBIMPL_WARNING_PUSH();
 #if defined(__GNUC__) && !defined(__clang__) && __GNUC__ == 13
     RBIMPL_WARNING_IGNORED(-Warray-bounds);
diff --git a/internal/basic_operators.h b/internal/basic_operators.h
index 5dc8d7fe8d..493d2fa7f7 100644
--- a/internal/basic_operators.h
+++ b/internal/basic_operators.h
@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@ enum ruby_basic_operators {
     BOP_SUCC,
     BOP_GT,
     BOP_GE,
+    BOP_GTGT,
     BOP_NOT,
     BOP_NEQ,
     BOP_MATCH,
diff --git a/internal/bignum.h b/internal/bignum.h
index db8d3aee83..0692bafed3 100644
--- a/internal/bignum.h
+++ b/internal/bignum.h
@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@
  * @brief      Internal header for Bignums.
  */
 #include "ruby/internal/config.h"      /* for HAVE_LIBGMP */
+#include "internal/compilers.h"        /* for FLEX_ARY_LEN */
 #include <stddef.h>             /* for size_t */
 
 #ifdef HAVE_SYS_TYPES_H
@@ -76,18 +77,17 @@
 #define RBIGNUM(obj) ((struct RBignum *)(obj))
 #define BIGNUM_SIGN_BIT FL_USER1
 #define BIGNUM_EMBED_FLAG ((VALUE)FL_USER2)
-#define BIGNUM_EMBED_LEN_NUMBITS 3
+
+/* This is likely more bits than we need today and will also need adjustment if
+ * we change GC slot sizes.
+ */
+#define BIGNUM_EMBED_LEN_NUMBITS 9
 #define BIGNUM_EMBED_LEN_MASK \
-    (~(~(VALUE)0U << BIGNUM_EMBED_LEN_NUMBITS) << BIGNUM_EMBED_LEN_SHIFT)
+    (RUBY_FL_USER11 | RUBY_FL_USER10 | RUBY_FL_USER9 | RUBY_FL_USER8 | RUBY_FL_USER7 | \
+     RUBY_FL_USER6 | RUBY_FL_USER5 | RUBY_FL_USER4 | RUBY_FL_USER3)
 #define BIGNUM_EMBED_LEN_SHIFT \
     (FL_USHIFT+3) /* bit offset of BIGNUM_EMBED_LEN_MASK */
-#ifndef BIGNUM_EMBED_LEN_MAX
-# if (SIZEOF_VALUE*RBIMPL_RVALUE_EMBED_LEN_MAX/SIZEOF_ACTUAL_BDIGIT) < (1 << BIGNUM_EMBED_LEN_NUMBITS)-1
-#  define BIGNUM_EMBED_LEN_MAX (SIZEOF_VALUE*RBIMPL_RVALUE_EMBED_LEN_MAX/SIZEOF_ACTUAL_BDIGIT)
-# else
-#  define BIGNUM_EMBED_LEN_MAX ((1 << BIGNUM_EMBED_LEN_NUMBITS)-1)
-# endif
-#endif
+#define BIGNUM_EMBED_LEN_MAX (BIGNUM_EMBED_LEN_MASK >> BIGNUM_EMBED_LEN_SHIFT)
 
 enum rb_int_parse_flags {
     RB_INT_PARSE_SIGN       = 0x01,
@@ -104,7 +104,12 @@ struct RBignum {
             size_t len;
             BDIGIT *digits;
         } heap;
-        BDIGIT ary[BIGNUM_EMBED_LEN_MAX];
+        /* This is a length 1 array because:
+         *   1. GCC has a bug that does not optimize C flexible array members
+         *      (https://gcc.gnu.org/bugzilla/show_bug.cgi?id=102452)
+         *   2. Zero length arrays are not supported by all compilers
+         */
+        BDIGIT ary[1];
     } as;
 };
 
@@ -121,6 +126,7 @@ VALUE rb_integer_float_eq(VALUE x, VALUE y);
 VALUE rb_str_convert_to_inum(VALUE str, int base, int badcheck, int raise_exception);
 VALUE rb_big_comp(VALUE x);
 VALUE rb_big_aref(VALUE x, VALUE y);
+VALUE rb_big_aref2(VALUE num, VALUE beg, VALUE len);
 VALUE rb_big_abs(VALUE x);
 VALUE rb_big_size_m(VALUE big);
 VALUE rb_big_bit_length(VALUE big);
@@ -163,7 +169,13 @@ VALUE rb_str2big_gmp(VALUE arg, int base, int badcheck);
 VALUE rb_int_parse_cstr(const char *str, ssize_t len, char **endp, size_t *ndigits, int base, int flags);
 RUBY_SYMBOL_EXPORT_END
 
+#if HAVE_LONG_LONG
+VALUE rb_ull2big(unsigned LONG_LONG n);
+VALUE rb_ll2big(LONG_LONG n);
+#endif
+
 #if defined(HAVE_INT128_T)
+VALUE rb_uint128t2big(uint128_t n);
 VALUE rb_int128t2big(int128_t n);
 #endif
 
diff --git a/internal/bits.h b/internal/bits.h
index 2b5aecf112..698ab3e219 100644
--- a/internal/bits.h
+++ b/internal/bits.h
@@ -30,13 +30,13 @@
 #include <stdint.h>             /* for uintptr_t */
 #include "internal/compilers.h" /* for MSC_VERSION_SINCE */
 
-#if MSC_VERSION_SINCE(1310)
+#ifdef _MSC_VER
 # include <stdlib.h>            /* for _byteswap_uint64 */
 #endif
 
 #if defined(HAVE_X86INTRIN_H)
 # include <x86intrin.h>         /* for _lzcnt_u64 */
-#elif MSC_VERSION_SINCE(1310)
+#elif defined(_MSC_VER)
 # include <intrin.h>            /* for the following intrinsics */
 #endif
 
@@ -50,16 +50,13 @@
 # pragma intrinsic(__lzcnt64)
 #endif
 
-#if MSC_VERSION_SINCE(1310)
+#if defined(_MSC_VER)
 # pragma intrinsic(_rotl)
 # pragma intrinsic(_rotr)
 # ifdef _WIN64
 #  pragma intrinsic(_rotl64)
 #  pragma intrinsic(_rotr64)
 # endif
-#endif
-
-#if MSC_VERSION_SINCE(1400)
 # pragma intrinsic(_BitScanForward)
 # pragma intrinsic(_BitScanReverse)
 # ifdef _WIN64
@@ -266,7 +263,7 @@ ruby_swap16(uint16_t x)
 #if __has_builtin(__builtin_bswap16)
     return __builtin_bswap16(x);
 
-#elif MSC_VERSION_SINCE(1310)
+#elif defined(_MSC_VER)
     return _byteswap_ushort(x);
 
 #else
@@ -281,7 +278,7 @@ ruby_swap32(uint32_t x)
 #if __has_builtin(__builtin_bswap32)
     return __builtin_bswap32(x);
 
-#elif MSC_VERSION_SINCE(1310)
+#elif defined(_MSC_VER)
     return _byteswap_ulong(x);
 
 #else
@@ -298,7 +295,7 @@ ruby_swap64(uint64_t x)
 #if __has_builtin(__builtin_bswap64)
     return __builtin_bswap64(x);
 
-#elif MSC_VERSION_SINCE(1310)
+#elif defined(_MSC_VER)
     return _byteswap_uint64(x);
 
 #else
@@ -323,7 +320,7 @@ nlz_int32(uint32_t x)
 #elif defined(__x86_64__) && defined(__LZCNT__)
     return (unsigned int)_lzcnt_u32(x);
 
-#elif MSC_VERSION_SINCE(1400) /* &&! defined(__AVX2__) */
+#elif defined(_MSC_VER) /* &&! defined(__AVX2__) */
     unsigned long r;
     return _BitScanReverse(&r, x) ? (31 - (int)r) : 32;
 
@@ -352,7 +349,7 @@ nlz_int64(uint64_t x)
 #elif defined(__x86_64__) && defined(__LZCNT__)
     return (unsigned int)_lzcnt_u64(x);
 
-#elif defined(_WIN64) && MSC_VERSION_SINCE(1400) /* &&! defined(__AVX2__) */
+#elif defined(_WIN64) && defined(_MSC_VER) /* &&! defined(__AVX2__) */
     unsigned long r;
     return _BitScanReverse64(&r, x) ? (63u - (unsigned int)r) : 64;
 
@@ -538,7 +535,7 @@ ntz_int32(uint32_t x)
 #if defined(__x86_64__) && defined(__BMI__)
     return (unsigned)_tzcnt_u32(x);
 
-#elif MSC_VERSION_SINCE(1400)
+#elif defined(_MSC_VER)
     /* :FIXME: Is there any way to issue TZCNT instead of BSF, apart from using
      *         assembly?  Because issuing LZCNT seems possible (see nlz.h). */
     unsigned long r;
@@ -560,7 +557,7 @@ ntz_int64(uint64_t x)
 #if defined(__x86_64__) && defined(__BMI__)
     return (unsigned)_tzcnt_u64(x);
 
-#elif defined(_WIN64) && MSC_VERSION_SINCE(1400)
+#elif defined(_WIN64) && defined(_MSC_VER)
     unsigned long r;
     return _BitScanForward64(&r, x) ? (int)r : 64;
 
@@ -608,10 +605,10 @@ RUBY_BIT_ROTL(VALUE v, int n)
 #elif __has_builtin(__builtin_rotateleft64) && (SIZEOF_VALUE * CHAR_BIT == 64)
     return __builtin_rotateleft64(v, n);
 
-#elif MSC_VERSION_SINCE(1310) && (SIZEOF_VALUE * CHAR_BIT == 32)
+#elif defined(_MSC_VER) && (SIZEOF_VALUE * CHAR_BIT == 32)
     return _rotl(v, n);
 
-#elif MSC_VERSION_SINCE(1310) && (SIZEOF_VALUE * CHAR_BIT == 64)
+#elif defined(_MSC_VER) && (SIZEOF_VALUE * CHAR_BIT == 64)
     return _rotl64(v, n);
 
 #elif defined(_lrotl) && (SIZEOF_VALUE == SIZEOF_LONG)
@@ -632,10 +629,10 @@ RUBY_BIT_ROTR(VALUE v, int n)
 #elif __has_builtin(__builtin_rotateright64) && (SIZEOF_VALUE * CHAR_BIT == 64)
     return __builtin_rotateright64(v, n);
 
-#elif MSC_VERSION_SINCE(1310) && (SIZEOF_VALUE * CHAR_BIT == 32)
+#elif defined(_MSC_VER) && (SIZEOF_VALUE * CHAR_BIT == 32)
     return _rotr(v, n);
 
-#elif MSC_VERSION_SINCE(1310) && (SIZEOF_VALUE * CHAR_BIT == 64)
+#elif defined(_MSC_VER) && (SIZEOF_VALUE * CHAR_BIT == 64)
     return _rotr64(v, n);
 
 #elif defined(_lrotr) && (SIZEOF_VALUE == SIZEOF_LONG)
diff --git a/internal/box.h b/internal/box.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..b62b6a9bc9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/box.h
@@ -0,0 +1,83 @@
+#ifndef INTERNAL_BOX_H                                  /*-*-C-*-vi:se ft=c:*/
+#define INTERNAL_BOX_H
+
+#include "ruby/ruby.h"          /* for VALUE */
+
+/**
+ * @author     Ruby developers <ruby-core@ruby-lang.org>
+ * @copyright  This  file  is   a  part  of  the   programming  language  Ruby.
+ *             Permission  is hereby  granted,  to  either redistribute  and/or
+ *             modify this file, provided that  the conditions mentioned in the
+ *             file COPYING are met.  Consult the file for details.
+ * @brief      Internal header for Ruby Box.
+ */
+struct rb_box_struct {
+    /*
+     * To retrieve Ruby::Box object that provides #require and so on.
+     * That is used from load.c, etc., that uses rb_box_t internally.
+     */
+    VALUE box_object;
+    long box_id; // box_id to generate ext filenames
+
+    VALUE top_self;
+
+    VALUE load_path;
+    VALUE load_path_snapshot;
+    VALUE load_path_check_cache;
+    VALUE expanded_load_path;
+    VALUE loaded_features;
+    VALUE loaded_features_snapshot;
+    VALUE loaded_features_realpaths;
+    VALUE loaded_features_realpath_map;
+    struct st_table *loaded_features_index;
+    struct st_table *loading_table;
+    VALUE ruby_dln_libmap;
+
+    VALUE gvar_tbl;
+    struct st_table *classext_cow_classes;
+
+    bool is_user;
+    bool is_optional;
+};
+typedef struct rb_box_struct rb_box_t;
+
+#define BOX_OBJ_P(obj) (rb_obj_class(obj) == rb_cBox)
+
+#define BOX_ROOT_P(box) (box && !box->is_user)
+#define BOX_USER_P(box) (box && box->is_user)
+#define BOX_OPTIONAL_P(box) (box && box->is_optional)
+#define BOX_MAIN_P(box) (box && box->is_user && !box->is_optional)
+
+#define BOX_METHOD_DEFINITION(mdef) (mdef ? mdef->ns : NULL)
+#define BOX_METHOD_ENTRY(me) (me ? BOX_METHOD_DEFINITION(me->def) : NULL)
+#define BOX_CC(cc) (cc ? BOX_METHOD_ENTRY(cc->cme_) : NULL)
+#define BOX_CC_ENTRIES(ccs) (ccs ? BOX_METHOD_ENTRY(ccs->cme) : NULL)
+
+RUBY_EXTERN bool ruby_box_enabled;
+RUBY_EXTERN bool ruby_box_init_done;
+RUBY_EXTERN bool ruby_box_crashed;
+
+static inline bool
+rb_box_available(void)
+{
+    return ruby_box_enabled;
+}
+
+const rb_box_t * rb_root_box(void);
+const rb_box_t * rb_main_box(void);
+const rb_box_t * rb_current_box(void);
+const rb_box_t * rb_loading_box(void);
+const rb_box_t * rb_current_box_in_crash_report(void);
+
+void rb_box_entry_mark(void *);
+void rb_box_gc_update_references(void *ptr);
+
+rb_box_t * rb_get_box_t(VALUE ns);
+VALUE rb_get_box_object(rb_box_t *ns);
+
+VALUE rb_box_local_extension(VALUE box, VALUE fname, VALUE path, VALUE *cleanup);
+void rb_box_cleanup_local_extension(VALUE cleanup);
+
+void rb_initialize_main_box(void);
+void rb_box_init_done(void);
+#endif /* INTERNAL_BOX_H */
diff --git a/internal/class.h b/internal/class.h
index ac2e4bb8bb..ea68b07fc2 100644
--- a/internal/class.h
+++ b/internal/class.h
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@
  */
 #include "id.h"
 #include "id_table.h"           /* for struct rb_id_table */
-#include "internal/namespace.h" /* for rb_current_namespace */
+#include "internal/box.h"
 #include "internal/serial.h"    /* for rb_serial_t */
 #include "internal/static_assert.h"
 #include "internal/variable.h"  /* for rb_class_ivar_set */
@@ -27,37 +27,37 @@
 # undef RCLASS_SUPER
 #endif
 
-struct rb_ns_subclasses {
+struct rb_box_subclasses {
     long refcount;
     struct st_table *tbl;
 };
-typedef struct rb_ns_subclasses rb_ns_subclasses_t;
+typedef struct rb_box_subclasses rb_box_subclasses_t;
 
 static inline long
-rb_ns_subclasses_ref_count(rb_ns_subclasses_t *ns_sub)
+rb_box_subclasses_ref_count(rb_box_subclasses_t *box_sub)
 {
-    return ns_sub->refcount;
+    return box_sub->refcount;
 }
 
-static inline rb_ns_subclasses_t *
-rb_ns_subclasses_ref_inc(rb_ns_subclasses_t *ns_sub)
+static inline rb_box_subclasses_t *
+rb_box_subclasses_ref_inc(rb_box_subclasses_t *box_sub)
 {
-    ns_sub->refcount++;
-    return ns_sub;
+    box_sub->refcount++;
+    return box_sub;
 }
 
 static inline void
-rb_ns_subclasses_ref_dec(rb_ns_subclasses_t *ns_sub)
+rb_box_subclasses_ref_dec(rb_box_subclasses_t *box_sub)
 {
-    ns_sub->refcount--;
-    if (ns_sub->refcount == 0) {
-        st_free_table(ns_sub->tbl);
-        xfree(ns_sub);
+    box_sub->refcount--;
+    if (box_sub->refcount == 0) {
+        st_free_table(box_sub->tbl);
+        xfree(box_sub);
     }
 }
 
 struct rb_subclass_anchor {
-    rb_ns_subclasses_t *ns_subclasses;
+    rb_box_subclasses_t *box_subclasses;
     struct rb_subclass_entry *head;
 };
 typedef struct rb_subclass_anchor rb_subclass_anchor_t;
@@ -77,13 +77,13 @@ struct rb_cvar_class_tbl_entry {
 };
 
 struct rb_classext_struct {
-    const rb_namespace_t *ns;
+    const rb_box_t *box;
     VALUE super;
-    VALUE *fields; // Fields are either ivar or other internal properties stored inline
+    VALUE fields_obj; // Fields are either ivar or other internal properties stored inline
     struct rb_id_table *m_tbl;
     struct rb_id_table *const_tbl;
     struct rb_id_table *callable_m_tbl;
-    struct rb_id_table *cc_tbl; /* ID -> [[ci1, cc1], [ci2, cc2] ...] */
+    VALUE cc_tbl; /* { ID => { cme, [cc1, cc2, ...] }, ... } */
     struct rb_id_table *cvc_tbl;
     VALUE *superclasses;
     /**
@@ -92,19 +92,19 @@ struct rb_classext_struct {
      */
     struct rb_subclass_anchor *subclasses;
     /**
-     * The `ns_super_subclasses` points the `ns_subclasses` struct to retreive the subclasses
-     * of the super class in a specific namespace.
+     * The `box_super_subclasses` points the `box_subclasses` struct to retreive the subclasses
+     * of the super class in a specific box.
      * In compaction GCs, collecting a classext should trigger the deletion of a rb_subclass_entry
      * from the super's subclasses. But it may be prevented by the read barrier.
      * Fetching the super's subclasses for a ns is to avoid the read barrier in that process.
      */
-    rb_ns_subclasses_t *ns_super_subclasses;
+    rb_box_subclasses_t *box_super_subclasses;
     /**
-     * In the case that this is an `ICLASS`, `ns_module_subclasses` points to the link
+     * In the case that this is an `ICLASS`, `box_module_subclasses` points to the link
      * in the module's `subclasses` list that indicates that the klass has been
      * included. Hopefully that makes sense.
      */
-    rb_ns_subclasses_t *ns_module_subclasses;
+    rb_box_subclasses_t *box_module_subclasses;
 
     const VALUE origin_;
     const VALUE refined_class;
@@ -136,24 +136,29 @@ STATIC_ASSERT(shape_max_variations, SHAPE_MAX_VARIATIONS < (1 << (sizeof(((rb_cl
 
 struct RClass {
     struct RBasic basic;
-    st_table *ns_classext_tbl; // ns_object -> (rb_classext_t *)
     VALUE object_id;
     /*
-     * If ns_classext_tbl is NULL, then the prime classext is readable (because no other classext exists).
+     * If box_classext_tbl is NULL, then the prime classext is readable (because no other classext exists).
      * For the check whether writable or not, check flag RCLASS_PRIME_CLASSEXT_WRITABLE
      */
 };
 
-// Assert that classes can be embedded in heaps[2] (which has 160B slot size)
-// On 32bit platforms there is no variable width allocation so it doesn't matter.
-// TODO: restore this assertion after shrinking rb_classext_t
-// STATIC_ASSERT(sizeof_rb_classext_t, sizeof(struct RClass) + sizeof(rb_classext_t) <= 4 * RVALUE_SIZE || SIZEOF_VALUE < SIZEOF_LONG_LONG);
-
 struct RClass_and_rb_classext_t {
     struct RClass rclass;
     rb_classext_t classext;
 };
 
+#if SIZEOF_VALUE >= SIZEOF_LONG_LONG
+// Assert that classes can be embedded in heaps[2] (which has 160B slot size)
+// On 32bit platforms there is no variable width allocation so it doesn't matter.
+STATIC_ASSERT(sizeof_rb_classext_t, sizeof(struct RClass_and_rb_classext_t) <= 4 * RVALUE_SIZE);
+#endif
+
+struct RClass_boxable {
+    struct RClass_and_rb_classext_t base;
+    st_table *box_classext_tbl; // box_object -> (rb_classext_t *)
+};
+
 static const uint16_t RCLASS_MAX_SUPERCLASS_DEPTH = ((uint16_t)-1);
 
 static inline bool RCLASS_SINGLETON_P(VALUE klass);
@@ -165,17 +170,16 @@ static inline void RCLASS_SET_PRIME_CLASSEXT_WRITABLE(VALUE obj, bool writable);
 #define RCLASS_EXT_PRIME(c) (&((struct RClass_and_rb_classext_t*)(c))->classext)
 #define RCLASS_EXT_PRIME_P(ext, c) (&((struct RClass_and_rb_classext_t*)(c))->classext == ext)
 
-static inline rb_classext_t * RCLASS_EXT_READABLE_IN_NS(VALUE obj, const rb_namespace_t *ns);
+static inline rb_classext_t * RCLASS_EXT_READABLE_IN_BOX(VALUE obj, const rb_box_t *box);
 static inline rb_classext_t * RCLASS_EXT_READABLE(VALUE obj);
-static inline rb_classext_t * RCLASS_EXT_WRITABLE_IN_NS(VALUE obj, const rb_namespace_t *ns);
+static inline rb_classext_t * RCLASS_EXT_WRITABLE_IN_BOX(VALUE obj, const rb_box_t *box);
 static inline rb_classext_t * RCLASS_EXT_WRITABLE(VALUE obj);
 
 // Raw accessor
-#define RCLASS_CLASSEXT_TBL(klass) (RCLASS(klass)->ns_classext_tbl)
-
-#define RCLASSEXT_NS(ext) (ext->ns)
+#define RCLASSEXT_BOX(ext) (ext->box)
 #define RCLASSEXT_SUPER(ext) (ext->super)
-#define RCLASSEXT_FIELDS(ext) (ext->fields)
+#define RCLASSEXT_FIELDS(ext) (ext->fields_obj ? ROBJECT_FIELDS(ext->fields_obj) : NULL)
+#define RCLASSEXT_FIELDS_OBJ(ext) (ext->fields_obj)
 #define RCLASSEXT_M_TBL(ext) (ext->m_tbl)
 #define RCLASSEXT_CONST_TBL(ext) (ext->const_tbl)
 #define RCLASSEXT_CALLABLE_M_TBL(ext) (ext->callable_m_tbl)
@@ -184,8 +188,8 @@ static inline rb_classext_t * RCLASS_EXT_WRITABLE(VALUE obj);
 #define RCLASSEXT_SUPERCLASS_DEPTH(ext) (ext->superclass_depth)
 #define RCLASSEXT_SUPERCLASSES(ext) (ext->superclasses)
 #define RCLASSEXT_SUBCLASSES(ext) (ext->subclasses)
-#define RCLASSEXT_NS_SUPER_SUBCLASSES(ext) (ext->ns_super_subclasses)
-#define RCLASSEXT_NS_MODULE_SUBCLASSES(ext) (ext->ns_module_subclasses)
+#define RCLASSEXT_BOX_SUPER_SUBCLASSES(ext) (ext->box_super_subclasses)
+#define RCLASSEXT_BOX_MODULE_SUBCLASSES(ext) (ext->box_module_subclasses)
 #define RCLASSEXT_ORIGIN(ext) (ext->origin_)
 #define RCLASSEXT_REFINED_CLASS(ext) (ext->refined_class)
 // class.allocator/singleton_class.attached_object are not accessed directly via RCLASSEXT_*
@@ -202,10 +206,10 @@ static inline void RCLASSEXT_SET_ORIGIN(rb_classext_t *ext, VALUE klass, VALUE o
 static inline void RCLASSEXT_SET_INCLUDER(rb_classext_t *ext, VALUE klass, VALUE includer);
 
 /* Prime classext entry accessor for very specific reason */
-#define RCLASS_PRIME_NS(c) (RCLASS_EXT_PRIME(c)->ns)
+#define RCLASS_PRIME_BOX(c) (RCLASS_EXT_PRIME(c)->box)
 // To invalidate CC by inserting&invalidating method entry into tables containing the target cme
 // See clear_method_cache_by_id_in_class()
-#define RCLASS_PRIME_FIELDS(c) (RCLASS_EXT_PRIME(c)->fields)
+#define RCLASS_PRIME_FIELDS_OBJ(c) (RCLASS_EXT_PRIME(c)->fields_obj)
 #define RCLASS_PRIME_M_TBL(c) (RCLASS_EXT_PRIME(c)->m_tbl)
 #define RCLASS_PRIME_CONST_TBL(c) (RCLASS_EXT_PRIME(c)->const_tbl)
 #define RCLASS_PRIME_CALLABLE_M_TBL(c) (RCLASS_EXT_PRIME(c)->callable_m_tbl)
@@ -214,7 +218,7 @@ static inline void RCLASSEXT_SET_INCLUDER(rb_classext_t *ext, VALUE klass, VALUE
 #define RCLASS_CALLABLE_M_TBL_NOT_PRIME_P(c, tbl) (RCLASS_EXT_PRIME(c)->callable_m_tbl != tbl)
 #define RCLASS_CC_TBL_NOT_PRIME_P(c, tbl) (RCLASS_EXT_PRIME(c)->cc_tbl != tbl)
 
-// Read accessor, regarding namespaces
+// Read accessor, regarding box
 #define RCLASS_SUPER(c) (RCLASS_EXT_READABLE(c)->super)
 #define RCLASS_M_TBL(c) (RCLASS_EXT_READABLE(c)->m_tbl)
 #define RCLASS_CONST_TBL(c) (RCLASS_EXT_READABLE(c)->const_tbl)
@@ -236,12 +240,12 @@ static inline void RCLASSEXT_SET_INCLUDER(rb_classext_t *ext, VALUE klass, VALUE
 #define RCLASS_SUPERCLASSES(c) (RCLASS_EXT_PRIME(c)->superclasses)
 #define RCLASS_SUPERCLASSES_WITH_SELF_P(c) (RCLASS_EXT_PRIME(c)->superclasses_with_self)
 
-// namespaces don't make changes on these refined_class/attached_object/includer
+// Ruby Box doesn't make changes on these refined_class/attached_object/includer
 #define RCLASS_REFINED_CLASS(c) (RCLASS_EXT_PRIME(c)->refined_class)
 #define RCLASS_ATTACHED_OBJECT(c) (RCLASS_EXT_PRIME(c)->as.singleton_class.attached_object)
 #define RCLASS_INCLUDER(c) (RCLASS_EXT_PRIME(c)->as.iclass.includer)
 
-// max IV count and variation count are just hints, so they don't need to be per-namespace
+// max IV count and variation count are just hints, so they don't need to be per-box
 #define RCLASS_MAX_IV_COUNT(ext) (RCLASS_EXT_PRIME(ext)->max_iv_count)
 #define RCLASS_VARIATION_COUNT(ext) (RCLASS_EXT_PRIME(ext)->variation_count)
 
@@ -255,25 +259,17 @@ static inline void RCLASSEXT_SET_INCLUDER(rb_classext_t *ext, VALUE klass, VALUE
 
 static inline void RCLASS_SET_SUPER(VALUE klass, VALUE super);
 static inline void RCLASS_WRITE_SUPER(VALUE klass, VALUE super);
-static inline st_table * RCLASS_FIELDS_HASH(VALUE obj);
-static inline st_table * RCLASS_WRITABLE_FIELDS_HASH(VALUE obj);
-static inline uint32_t RCLASS_FIELDS_COUNT(VALUE obj);
-static inline void RCLASS_SET_FIELDS_HASH(VALUE obj, const st_table *table);
-static inline void RCLASS_WRITE_FIELDS_HASH(VALUE obj, const st_table *table);
-// TODO: rename RCLASS_SET_M_TBL_WORKAROUND (and _WRITE_) to RCLASS_SET_M_TBL with write barrier
-static inline void RCLASS_SET_M_TBL_WORKAROUND(VALUE klass, struct rb_id_table *table, bool check_promoted);
-static inline void RCLASS_WRITE_M_TBL_WORKAROUND(VALUE klass, struct rb_id_table *table, bool check_promoted);
 static inline void RCLASS_SET_CONST_TBL(VALUE klass, struct rb_id_table *table, bool shared);
 static inline void RCLASS_WRITE_CONST_TBL(VALUE klass, struct rb_id_table *table, bool shared);
 static inline void RCLASS_WRITE_CALLABLE_M_TBL(VALUE klass, struct rb_id_table *table);
-static inline void RCLASS_WRITE_CC_TBL(VALUE klass, struct rb_id_table *table);
+static inline void RCLASS_WRITE_CC_TBL(VALUE klass, VALUE table);
 static inline void RCLASS_SET_CVC_TBL(VALUE klass, struct rb_id_table *table);
 static inline void RCLASS_WRITE_CVC_TBL(VALUE klass, struct rb_id_table *table);
 
 static inline void RCLASS_WRITE_SUPERCLASSES(VALUE klass, size_t depth, VALUE *superclasses, bool with_self);
 static inline void RCLASS_SET_SUBCLASSES(VALUE klass, rb_subclass_anchor_t *anchor);
-static inline void RCLASS_WRITE_NS_SUPER_SUBCLASSES(VALUE klass, rb_ns_subclasses_t *ns_subclasses);
-static inline void RCLASS_WRITE_NS_MODULE_SUBCLASSES(VALUE klass, rb_ns_subclasses_t *ns_subclasses);
+static inline void RCLASS_WRITE_BOX_SUPER_SUBCLASSES(VALUE klass, rb_box_subclasses_t *box_subclasses);
+static inline void RCLASS_WRITE_BOX_MODULE_SUBCLASSES(VALUE klass, rb_box_subclasses_t *box_subclasses);
 
 static inline void RCLASS_SET_ORIGIN(VALUE klass, VALUE origin);
 static inline void RCLASS_WRITE_ORIGIN(VALUE klass, VALUE origin);
@@ -297,50 +293,78 @@ static inline void RCLASS_WRITE_CLASSPATH(VALUE klass, VALUE classpath, bool per
 #define RCLASS_PRIME_CLASSEXT_WRITABLE FL_USER2
 #define RCLASS_IS_INITIALIZED FL_USER3
 // 3 is RMODULE_IS_REFINEMENT for RMODULE
-// 4-19: SHAPE_FLAG_MASK
+#define RCLASS_BOXABLE FL_USER4
+
+static inline st_table *
+RCLASS_CLASSEXT_TBL(VALUE klass)
+{
+    if (FL_TEST_RAW(klass, RCLASS_BOXABLE)) {
+        struct RClass_boxable *box_klass = (struct RClass_boxable *)klass;
+        return box_klass->box_classext_tbl;
+    }
+    return NULL;
+}
+
+static inline void
+RCLASS_SET_CLASSEXT_TBL(VALUE klass, st_table *tbl)
+{
+    RUBY_ASSERT(FL_TEST_RAW(klass, RCLASS_BOXABLE));
+    struct RClass_boxable *box_klass = (struct RClass_boxable *)klass;
+    box_klass->box_classext_tbl = tbl;
+}
 
 /* class.c */
-rb_classext_t * rb_class_duplicate_classext(rb_classext_t *orig, VALUE obj, const rb_namespace_t *ns);
+rb_classext_t * rb_class_duplicate_classext(rb_classext_t *orig, VALUE obj, const rb_box_t *box);
 void rb_class_ensure_writable(VALUE obj);
 
+void rb_class_set_box_classext(VALUE obj, const rb_box_t *box, rb_classext_t *ext);
+
 static inline int
-RCLASS_SET_NAMESPACE_CLASSEXT(VALUE obj, const rb_namespace_t *ns, rb_classext_t *ext)
+RCLASS_SET_BOX_CLASSEXT(VALUE obj, const rb_box_t *box, rb_classext_t *ext)
 {
     int first_set = 0;
     st_table *tbl = RCLASS_CLASSEXT_TBL(obj);
-    VM_ASSERT(NAMESPACE_USER_P(ns)); // non-prime classext is only for user namespace, with ns_object
-    VM_ASSERT(ns->ns_object);
-    VM_ASSERT(RCLASSEXT_NS(ext) == ns);
+    VM_ASSERT(BOX_USER_P(box)); // non-prime classext is only for user box, with box_object
+    VM_ASSERT(box->box_object);
+    VM_ASSERT(RCLASSEXT_BOX(ext) == box);
     if (!tbl) {
-        RCLASS_CLASSEXT_TBL(obj) = tbl = st_init_numtable_with_size(1);
+        tbl = st_init_numtable_with_size(1);
+        RCLASS_SET_CLASSEXT_TBL(obj, tbl);
     }
     if (rb_st_table_size(tbl) == 0) {
         first_set = 1;
     }
-    rb_st_insert(tbl, (st_data_t)ns->ns_object, (st_data_t)ext);
+
+    rb_class_set_box_classext(obj, box, ext);
+
     return first_set;
 }
 
+#define VM_ASSERT_BOXABLE_TYPE(klass) \
+    VM_ASSERT(RB_TYPE_P(klass, T_CLASS) || RB_TYPE_P(klass, T_MODULE) || RB_TYPE_P(klass, T_ICLASS), "%s is not boxable type", rb_type_str(BUILTIN_TYPE(klass)))
+
 static inline bool
 RCLASS_PRIME_CLASSEXT_READABLE_P(VALUE klass)
 {
-    VM_ASSERT(RB_TYPE_P(klass, T_CLASS) || RB_TYPE_P(klass, T_MODULE) || RB_TYPE_P(klass, T_ICLASS));
+    VM_ASSERT(klass != 0, "klass should be a valid object");
+    VM_ASSERT_BOXABLE_TYPE(klass);
     // if the lookup table exists, then it means the prime classext is NOT directly readable.
-    return RCLASS_CLASSEXT_TBL(klass) == NULL;
+    return !FL_TEST_RAW(klass, RCLASS_BOXABLE) || RCLASS_CLASSEXT_TBL(klass) == NULL;
 }
 
 static inline bool
 RCLASS_PRIME_CLASSEXT_WRITABLE_P(VALUE klass)
 {
-    VM_ASSERT(RB_TYPE_P(klass, T_CLASS) || RB_TYPE_P(klass, T_MODULE) || RB_TYPE_P(klass, T_ICLASS));
+    VM_ASSERT(klass != 0, "klass should be a valid object");
+    VM_ASSERT_BOXABLE_TYPE(klass);
     return FL_TEST(klass, RCLASS_PRIME_CLASSEXT_WRITABLE);
 }
 
 static inline void
 RCLASS_SET_PRIME_CLASSEXT_WRITABLE(VALUE klass, bool writable)
 {
-    VM_ASSERT(RB_TYPE_P(klass, T_CLASS) || RB_TYPE_P(klass, T_MODULE) || RB_TYPE_P(klass, T_ICLASS));
-
+    VM_ASSERT(klass != 0, "klass should be a valid object");
+    VM_ASSERT_BOXABLE_TYPE(klass);
     if (writable) {
         FL_SET(klass, RCLASS_PRIME_CLASSEXT_WRITABLE);
     }
@@ -350,12 +374,12 @@ RCLASS_SET_PRIME_CLASSEXT_WRITABLE(VALUE klass, bool writable)
 }
 
 static inline rb_classext_t *
-RCLASS_EXT_TABLE_LOOKUP_INTERNAL(VALUE obj, const rb_namespace_t *ns)
+RCLASS_EXT_TABLE_LOOKUP_INTERNAL(VALUE obj, const rb_box_t *box)
 {
     st_data_t classext_ptr;
     st_table *classext_tbl = RCLASS_CLASSEXT_TBL(obj);
     if (classext_tbl) {
-        if (rb_st_lookup(classext_tbl, (st_data_t)ns->ns_object, &classext_ptr)) {
+        if (rb_st_lookup(classext_tbl, (st_data_t)box->box_object, &classext_ptr)) {
             return (rb_classext_t *)classext_ptr;
         }
     }
@@ -363,9 +387,9 @@ RCLASS_EXT_TABLE_LOOKUP_INTERNAL(VALUE obj, const rb_namespace_t *ns)
 }
 
 static inline rb_classext_t *
-RCLASS_EXT_READABLE_LOOKUP(VALUE obj, const rb_namespace_t *ns)
+RCLASS_EXT_READABLE_LOOKUP(VALUE obj, const rb_box_t *box)
 {
-    rb_classext_t *ext = RCLASS_EXT_TABLE_LOOKUP_INTERNAL(obj, ns);
+    rb_classext_t *ext = RCLASS_EXT_TABLE_LOOKUP_INTERNAL(obj, box);
     if (ext)
         return ext;
     // Classext for the ns not found. Refer the prime one instead.
@@ -373,52 +397,48 @@ RCLASS_EXT_READABLE_LOOKUP(VALUE obj, const rb_namespace_t *ns)
 }
 
 static inline rb_classext_t *
-RCLASS_EXT_READABLE_IN_NS(VALUE obj, const rb_namespace_t *ns)
+RCLASS_EXT_READABLE_IN_BOX(VALUE obj, const rb_box_t *box)
 {
-    if (!ns
-        || NAMESPACE_BUILTIN_P(ns)
+    if (BOX_ROOT_P(box)
         || RCLASS_PRIME_CLASSEXT_READABLE_P(obj)) {
         return RCLASS_EXT_PRIME(obj);
     }
-    return RCLASS_EXT_READABLE_LOOKUP(obj, ns);
+    return RCLASS_EXT_READABLE_LOOKUP(obj, box);
 }
 
 static inline rb_classext_t *
 RCLASS_EXT_READABLE(VALUE obj)
 {
-    const rb_namespace_t *ns;
+    const rb_box_t *box;
     if (RCLASS_PRIME_CLASSEXT_READABLE_P(obj)) {
         return RCLASS_EXT_PRIME(obj);
     }
-    // delay namespace loading to optimize for unmodified classes
-    ns = rb_current_namespace();
-    if (!ns || NAMESPACE_BUILTIN_P(ns)) {
+    // delay determining the current box to optimize for unmodified classes
+    box = rb_current_box();
+    if (BOX_ROOT_P(box)) {
         return RCLASS_EXT_PRIME(obj);
     }
-    return RCLASS_EXT_READABLE_LOOKUP(obj, ns);
+    return RCLASS_EXT_READABLE_LOOKUP(obj, box);
 }
 
 static inline rb_classext_t *
-RCLASS_EXT_WRITABLE_LOOKUP(VALUE obj, const rb_namespace_t *ns)
+RCLASS_EXT_WRITABLE_LOOKUP(VALUE obj, const rb_box_t *box)
 {
     rb_classext_t *ext;
     int first_set = 0;
 
-    ext = RCLASS_EXT_TABLE_LOOKUP_INTERNAL(obj, ns);
+    ext = RCLASS_EXT_TABLE_LOOKUP_INTERNAL(obj, box);
     if (ext)
         return ext;
 
-    if (!rb_shape_obj_too_complex_p(obj)) {
-        rb_evict_ivars_to_hash(obj); // fallback to ivptr for ivars from shapes
-    }
-
     RB_VM_LOCKING() {
         // re-check the classext is not created to avoid the multi-thread race
-        ext = RCLASS_EXT_TABLE_LOOKUP_INTERNAL(obj, ns);
+        ext = RCLASS_EXT_TABLE_LOOKUP_INTERNAL(obj, box);
         if (!ext) {
-            ext = rb_class_duplicate_classext(RCLASS_EXT_PRIME(obj), obj, ns);
-            first_set = RCLASS_SET_NAMESPACE_CLASSEXT(obj, ns, ext);
+            ext = rb_class_duplicate_classext(RCLASS_EXT_PRIME(obj), obj, box);
+            first_set = RCLASS_SET_BOX_CLASSEXT(obj, box, ext);
             if (first_set) {
+                // TODO: are there any case that a class/module become non-writable after its birthtime?
                 RCLASS_SET_PRIME_CLASSEXT_WRITABLE(obj, false);
             }
         }
@@ -427,31 +447,28 @@ RCLASS_EXT_WRITABLE_LOOKUP(VALUE obj, const rb_namespace_t *ns)
 }
 
 static inline rb_classext_t *
-RCLASS_EXT_WRITABLE_IN_NS(VALUE obj, const rb_namespace_t *ns)
+RCLASS_EXT_WRITABLE_IN_BOX(VALUE obj, const rb_box_t *box)
 {
-    if (!ns
-        || NAMESPACE_BUILTIN_P(ns)
+    if (BOX_ROOT_P(box)
         || RCLASS_PRIME_CLASSEXT_WRITABLE_P(obj)) {
         return RCLASS_EXT_PRIME(obj);
     }
-    return RCLASS_EXT_WRITABLE_LOOKUP(obj, ns);
+    return RCLASS_EXT_WRITABLE_LOOKUP(obj, box);
 }
 
 static inline rb_classext_t *
 RCLASS_EXT_WRITABLE(VALUE obj)
 {
-    const rb_namespace_t *ns;
-    if (RCLASS_PRIME_CLASSEXT_WRITABLE_P(obj)) {
+    const rb_box_t *box;
+    if (LIKELY(RCLASS_PRIME_CLASSEXT_WRITABLE_P(obj))) {
         return RCLASS_EXT_PRIME(obj);
     }
-    // delay namespace loading to optimize for unmodified classes
-    ns = rb_current_namespace();
-    if (!ns || NAMESPACE_BUILTIN_P(ns)) {
-        // If no namespace is specified, Ruby VM is in bootstrap
-        // and the clean class definition is under construction.
+    // delay determining the current box to optimize for unmodified classes
+    box = rb_current_box();
+    if (BOX_ROOT_P(box)) {
         return RCLASS_EXT_PRIME(obj);
     }
-    return RCLASS_EXT_WRITABLE_LOOKUP(obj, ns);
+    return RCLASS_EXT_WRITABLE_LOOKUP(obj, box);
 }
 
 static inline void
@@ -468,18 +485,12 @@ RCLASSEXT_SET_INCLUDER(rb_classext_t *ext, VALUE klass, VALUE includer)
 }
 
 /* class.c */
-typedef void rb_class_classext_foreach_callback_func(rb_classext_t *classext, bool is_prime, VALUE namespace, void *arg);
+typedef void rb_class_classext_foreach_callback_func(rb_classext_t *classext, bool is_prime, VALUE box_value, void *arg);
 void rb_class_classext_foreach(VALUE klass, rb_class_classext_foreach_callback_func *func, void *arg);
 void rb_class_subclass_add(VALUE super, VALUE klass);
-void rb_class_remove_from_super_subclasses(VALUE);
-void rb_class_remove_from_module_subclasses(VALUE);
-void rb_class_classext_free_subclasses(rb_classext_t *, VALUE);
+void rb_class_classext_free_subclasses(rb_classext_t *, VALUE, bool);
 void rb_class_foreach_subclass(VALUE klass, void (*f)(VALUE, VALUE), VALUE);
-void rb_class_detach_subclasses(VALUE);
-void rb_class_detach_module_subclasses(VALUE);
 void rb_class_update_superclasses(VALUE);
-size_t rb_class_superclasses_memsize(VALUE);
-void rb_class_remove_subclass_head(VALUE);
 int rb_singleton_class_internal_p(VALUE sklass);
 VALUE rb_class_set_super(VALUE klass, VALUE super);
 VALUE rb_class_boot(VALUE);
@@ -502,6 +513,10 @@ void rb_undef_methods_from(VALUE klass, VALUE super);
 VALUE rb_class_inherited(VALUE, VALUE);
 VALUE rb_keyword_error_new(const char *, VALUE);
 
+rb_classext_t *rb_class_unlink_classext(VALUE klass, const rb_box_t *box);
+void rb_class_classext_free(VALUE klass, rb_classext_t *ext, bool is_prime);
+void rb_iclass_classext_free(VALUE klass, rb_classext_t *ext, bool is_prime);
+
 RUBY_SYMBOL_EXPORT_BEGIN
 
 /* for objspace */
@@ -529,77 +544,66 @@ RCLASS_WRITE_SUPER(VALUE klass, VALUE super)
     RB_OBJ_WRITE(klass, &RCLASSEXT_SUPER(RCLASS_EXT_WRITABLE(klass)), super);
 }
 
-static inline st_table *
-RCLASS_FIELDS_HASH(VALUE obj)
+static inline VALUE
+RCLASS_WRITABLE_ENSURE_FIELDS_OBJ(VALUE obj)
 {
     RUBY_ASSERT(RB_TYPE_P(obj, RUBY_T_CLASS) || RB_TYPE_P(obj, RUBY_T_MODULE));
-    RUBY_ASSERT(rb_shape_obj_too_complex_p(obj));
-    return (st_table *)RCLASSEXT_FIELDS(RCLASS_EXT_READABLE(obj));
+    rb_classext_t *ext = RCLASS_EXT_WRITABLE(obj);
+    if (!ext->fields_obj) {
+        RB_OBJ_WRITE(obj, &ext->fields_obj, rb_imemo_fields_new(obj, 1, true));
+    }
+    return ext->fields_obj;
 }
 
-static inline st_table *
-RCLASS_WRITABLE_FIELDS_HASH(VALUE obj)
+static inline VALUE
+RCLASS_WRITABLE_FIELDS_OBJ(VALUE obj)
 {
     RUBY_ASSERT(RB_TYPE_P(obj, RUBY_T_CLASS) || RB_TYPE_P(obj, RUBY_T_MODULE));
-    RUBY_ASSERT(rb_shape_obj_too_complex_p(obj));
-    return (st_table *)RCLASSEXT_FIELDS(RCLASS_EXT_WRITABLE(obj));
+    return RCLASSEXT_FIELDS_OBJ(RCLASS_EXT_WRITABLE(obj));
 }
 
 static inline void
-RCLASS_SET_FIELDS_HASH(VALUE obj, const st_table *tbl)
+RCLASSEXT_SET_FIELDS_OBJ(VALUE obj, rb_classext_t *ext, VALUE fields_obj)
 {
     RUBY_ASSERT(RB_TYPE_P(obj, RUBY_T_CLASS) || RB_TYPE_P(obj, RUBY_T_MODULE));
-    RUBY_ASSERT(rb_shape_obj_too_complex_p(obj));
-    RCLASSEXT_FIELDS(RCLASS_EXT_PRIME(obj)) = (VALUE *)tbl;
+
+    RB_OBJ_ATOMIC_WRITE(obj, &ext->fields_obj, fields_obj);
 }
 
 static inline void
-RCLASS_WRITE_FIELDS_HASH(VALUE obj, const st_table *tbl)
+RCLASS_WRITABLE_SET_FIELDS_OBJ(VALUE obj, VALUE fields_obj)
 {
     RUBY_ASSERT(RB_TYPE_P(obj, RUBY_T_CLASS) || RB_TYPE_P(obj, RUBY_T_MODULE));
-    RUBY_ASSERT(rb_shape_obj_too_complex_p(obj));
-    RCLASSEXT_FIELDS(RCLASS_EXT_WRITABLE(obj)) = (VALUE *)tbl;
+
+    RCLASSEXT_SET_FIELDS_OBJ(obj, RCLASS_EXT_WRITABLE(obj), fields_obj);
 }
 
 static inline uint32_t
 RCLASS_FIELDS_COUNT(VALUE obj)
 {
     RUBY_ASSERT(RB_TYPE_P(obj, RUBY_T_CLASS) || RB_TYPE_P(obj, RUBY_T_MODULE));
-    if (rb_shape_obj_too_complex_p(obj)) {
-        uint32_t count;
 
-        // "Too complex" classes could have their IV hash mutated in
-        // parallel, so lets lock around getting the hash size.
-        RB_VM_LOCKING() {
-            count = (uint32_t)rb_st_table_size(RCLASS_FIELDS_HASH(obj));
+    VALUE fields_obj = RCLASS_WRITABLE_FIELDS_OBJ(obj);
+    if (fields_obj) {
+        if (rb_shape_obj_too_complex_p(fields_obj)) {
+            return (uint32_t)rb_st_table_size(rb_imemo_fields_complex_tbl(fields_obj));
+        }
+        else {
+            return RSHAPE_LEN(RBASIC_SHAPE_ID(fields_obj));
         }
-
-        return count;
-    }
-    else {
-        return RSHAPE(RBASIC_SHAPE_ID(obj))->next_field_index;
     }
+    return 0;
 }
 
-#define RCLASS_SET_M_TBL_EVEN_WHEN_PROMOTED(klass, table) RCLASS_SET_M_TBL_WORKAROUND(klass, table, false)
-#define RCLASS_SET_M_TBL(klass, table) RCLASS_SET_M_TBL_WORKAROUND(klass, table, true)
-
 static inline void
-RCLASS_SET_M_TBL_WORKAROUND(VALUE klass, struct rb_id_table *table, bool check_promoted)
+RCLASS_SET_M_TBL(VALUE klass, struct rb_id_table *table)
 {
-    RUBY_ASSERT(!check_promoted || !RB_OBJ_PROMOTED(klass));
     RCLASSEXT_M_TBL(RCLASS_EXT_PRIME(klass)) = table;
 }
 
-#define RCLASS_WRITE_M_TBL_EVEN_WHEN_PROMOTED(klass, table) RCLASS_WRITE_M_TBL_WORKAROUND(klass, table, false)
-#define RCLASS_WRITE_M_TBL(klass, table) RCLASS_WRITE_M_TBL_WORKAROUND(klass, table, true)
-
 static inline void
-RCLASS_WRITE_M_TBL_WORKAROUND(VALUE klass, struct rb_id_table *table, bool check_promoted)
+RCLASS_WRITE_M_TBL(VALUE klass, struct rb_id_table *table)
 {
-    RUBY_ASSERT(!check_promoted || !RB_OBJ_PROMOTED(klass));
-    // TODO: add write barrier here to guard assigning m_tbl
-    //       see commit 28a6e4ea9d9379a654a8f7c4b37fa33aa3ccd0b7
     RCLASSEXT_M_TBL(RCLASS_EXT_WRITABLE(klass)) = table;
 }
 
@@ -628,9 +632,9 @@ RCLASS_WRITE_CALLABLE_M_TBL(VALUE klass, struct rb_id_table *table)
 }
 
 static inline void
-RCLASS_WRITE_CC_TBL(VALUE klass, struct rb_id_table *table)
+RCLASS_WRITE_CC_TBL(VALUE klass, VALUE table)
 {
-    RCLASSEXT_CC_TBL(RCLASS_EXT_WRITABLE(klass)) = table;
+    RB_OBJ_ATOMIC_WRITE(klass, &RCLASSEXT_CC_TBL(RCLASS_EXT_WRITABLE(klass)), table);
 }
 
 static inline void
@@ -654,8 +658,8 @@ RCLASS_SET_REFINED_CLASS(VALUE klass, VALUE refined)
 static inline rb_alloc_func_t
 RCLASS_ALLOCATOR(VALUE klass)
 {
-    RUBY_ASSERT(RB_TYPE_P(klass, T_CLASS) || RB_TYPE_P(klass, T_ICLASS));
-    if (RCLASS_SINGLETON_P(klass) || RB_TYPE_P(klass, T_ICLASS)) {
+    RBIMPL_ASSERT_TYPE(klass, T_CLASS);
+    if (RCLASS_SINGLETON_P(klass)) {
         return 0;
     }
     return RCLASS_EXT_PRIME(klass)->as.class.allocator;
@@ -730,21 +734,21 @@ RCLASS_SET_SUBCLASSES(VALUE klass, struct rb_subclass_anchor *anchor)
 }
 
 static inline void
-RCLASS_WRITE_NS_SUPER_SUBCLASSES(VALUE klass, rb_ns_subclasses_t *ns_subclasses)
+RCLASS_WRITE_BOX_SUPER_SUBCLASSES(VALUE klass, rb_box_subclasses_t *box_subclasses)
 {
     rb_classext_t *ext = RCLASS_EXT_WRITABLE(klass);
-    if (RCLASSEXT_NS_SUPER_SUBCLASSES(ext))
-        rb_ns_subclasses_ref_dec(RCLASSEXT_NS_SUPER_SUBCLASSES(ext));
-    RCLASSEXT_NS_SUPER_SUBCLASSES(ext) = rb_ns_subclasses_ref_inc(ns_subclasses);
+    if (RCLASSEXT_BOX_SUPER_SUBCLASSES(ext))
+        rb_box_subclasses_ref_dec(RCLASSEXT_BOX_SUPER_SUBCLASSES(ext));
+    RCLASSEXT_BOX_SUPER_SUBCLASSES(ext) = rb_box_subclasses_ref_inc(box_subclasses);
 }
 
 static inline void
-RCLASS_WRITE_NS_MODULE_SUBCLASSES(VALUE klass, rb_ns_subclasses_t *ns_subclasses)
+RCLASS_WRITE_BOX_MODULE_SUBCLASSES(VALUE klass, rb_box_subclasses_t *box_subclasses)
 {
     rb_classext_t *ext = RCLASS_EXT_WRITABLE(klass);
-    if (RCLASSEXT_NS_MODULE_SUBCLASSES(ext))
-        rb_ns_subclasses_ref_dec(RCLASSEXT_NS_MODULE_SUBCLASSES(ext));
-    RCLASSEXT_NS_MODULE_SUBCLASSES(ext) = rb_ns_subclasses_ref_inc(ns_subclasses);
+    if (RCLASSEXT_BOX_MODULE_SUBCLASSES(ext))
+        rb_box_subclasses_ref_dec(RCLASSEXT_BOX_MODULE_SUBCLASSES(ext));
+    RCLASSEXT_BOX_MODULE_SUBCLASSES(ext) = rb_box_subclasses_ref_inc(box_subclasses);
 }
 
 static inline void
@@ -753,6 +757,7 @@ RCLASS_SET_CLASSPATH(VALUE klass, VALUE classpath, bool permanent)
     rb_classext_t *ext = RCLASS_EXT_READABLE(klass);
     assert(BUILTIN_TYPE(klass) == T_CLASS || BUILTIN_TYPE(klass) == T_MODULE);
     assert(classpath == 0 || BUILTIN_TYPE(classpath) == T_STRING);
+    assert(FL_TEST_RAW(classpath, RUBY_FL_SHAREABLE));
 
     RB_OBJ_WRITE(klass, &(RCLASSEXT_CLASSPATH(ext)), classpath);
     RCLASSEXT_PERMANENT_CLASSPATH(ext) = permanent;
@@ -764,6 +769,7 @@ RCLASS_WRITE_CLASSPATH(VALUE klass, VALUE classpath, bool permanent)
     rb_classext_t *ext = RCLASS_EXT_WRITABLE(klass);
     assert(BUILTIN_TYPE(klass) == T_CLASS || BUILTIN_TYPE(klass) == T_MODULE);
     assert(classpath == 0 || BUILTIN_TYPE(classpath) == T_STRING);
+    assert(!RB_FL_ABLE(classpath) || FL_TEST_RAW(classpath, RUBY_FL_SHAREABLE));
 
     RB_OBJ_WRITE(klass, &(RCLASSEXT_CLASSPATH(ext)), classpath);
     RCLASSEXT_PERMANENT_CLASSPATH(ext) = permanent;
diff --git a/internal/cmdlineopt.h b/internal/cmdlineopt.h
index 667fd6df2e..aed209e2a2 100644
--- a/internal/cmdlineopt.h
+++ b/internal/cmdlineopt.h
@@ -23,9 +23,6 @@ typedef struct ruby_cmdline_options {
     ruby_features_t warn;
     unsigned int dump;
     long backtrace_length_limit;
-#if USE_ZJIT
-    void *zjit;
-#endif
 
     const char *crash_report;
 
@@ -42,6 +39,9 @@ typedef struct ruby_cmdline_options {
 #if USE_YJIT
     unsigned int yjit: 1;
 #endif
+#if USE_ZJIT
+    unsigned int zjit: 1;
+#endif
 } ruby_cmdline_options_t;
 
 struct ruby_opt_message {
diff --git a/internal/concurrent_set.h b/internal/concurrent_set.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..76cbefab04
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/concurrent_set.h
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+#ifndef RUBY_RACTOR_SAFE_TABLE_H
+#define RUBY_RACTOR_SAFE_TABLE_H
+
+#include "ruby/atomic.h"
+#include "ruby/ruby.h"
+
+struct rb_concurrent_set_funcs {
+    VALUE (*hash)(VALUE key);
+    bool (*cmp)(VALUE a, VALUE b);
+    VALUE (*create)(VALUE key, void *data);
+    void (*free)(VALUE key);
+};
+
+VALUE rb_concurrent_set_new(const struct rb_concurrent_set_funcs *funcs, int capacity);
+rb_atomic_t rb_concurrent_set_size(VALUE set_obj);
+VALUE rb_concurrent_set_find(VALUE *set_obj_ptr, VALUE key);
+VALUE rb_concurrent_set_find_or_insert(VALUE *set_obj_ptr, VALUE key, void *data);
+VALUE rb_concurrent_set_delete_by_identity(VALUE set_obj, VALUE key);
+void rb_concurrent_set_foreach_with_replace(VALUE set_obj, int (*callback)(VALUE *key, void *data), void *data);
+
+#endif
diff --git a/internal/cont.h b/internal/cont.h
index 3c2528a02a..dcf6f820a3 100644
--- a/internal/cont.h
+++ b/internal/cont.h
@@ -31,5 +31,4 @@ VALUE rb_fiber_inherit_storage(struct rb_execution_context_struct *ec, struct rb
 VALUE rb_fiberptr_self(struct rb_fiber_struct *fiber);
 unsigned int rb_fiberptr_blocking(struct rb_fiber_struct *fiber);
 struct rb_execution_context_struct * rb_fiberptr_get_ec(struct rb_fiber_struct *fiber);
-
 #endif /* INTERNAL_CONT_H */
diff --git a/internal/encoding.h b/internal/encoding.h
index 29d7dc5c2d..38bf8fc9da 100644
--- a/internal/encoding.h
+++ b/internal/encoding.h
@@ -11,7 +11,6 @@
 #include "ruby/ruby.h"          /* for ID */
 #include "ruby/encoding.h"      /* for rb_encoding */
 
-#define rb_enc_autoload_p(enc) (!rb_enc_mbmaxlen(enc))
 #define rb_is_usascii_enc(enc) ((enc) == rb_usascii_encoding())
 #define rb_is_ascii8bit_enc(enc) ((enc) == rb_ascii8bit_encoding())
 #define rb_is_locale_enc(enc) ((enc) == rb_locale_encoding())
@@ -24,11 +23,13 @@ rb_encoding *rb_enc_check_str(VALUE str1, VALUE str2);
 int rb_encdb_replicate(const char *alias, const char *orig);
 int rb_encdb_alias(const char *alias, const char *orig);
 int rb_enc_autoload(rb_encoding *enc);
+bool rb_enc_autoload_p(rb_encoding *enc);
 int rb_encdb_dummy(const char *name);
 void rb_encdb_declare(const char *name);
 void rb_enc_set_base(const char *name, const char *orig);
 int rb_enc_set_dummy(int index);
 void rb_enc_raw_set(VALUE obj, rb_encoding *enc);
+int rb_enc_registered(const char *name);
 
 PUREFUNC(int rb_data_is_encoding(VALUE obj));
 
diff --git a/internal/error.h b/internal/error.h
index 5d53f96b8e..ae9a13fcec 100644
--- a/internal/error.h
+++ b/internal/error.h
@@ -75,11 +75,11 @@ PRINTF_ARGS(void rb_warn_deprecated_to_remove(const char *removal, const char *f
 PRINTF_ARGS(void rb_warn_reserved_name(const char *removal, const char *fmt, ...), 2, 3);
 #if RUBY_DEBUG
 # include "ruby/version.h"
-# define RUBY_VERSION_SINCE(major, minor) (RUBY_API_VERSION_CODE >= (major * 10000) + (minor) * 100)
-# define RUBY_VERSION_BEFORE(major, minor) (RUBY_API_VERSION_CODE < (major * 10000) + (minor) * 100)
+# define RUBY_VERSION_SINCE(major, minor) (RUBY_API_VERSION_CODE >= (major) * 10000 + (minor) * 100)
+# define RUBY_VERSION_BEFORE(major, minor) (RUBY_API_VERSION_CODE < (major) * 10000 + (minor) * 100)
 # if defined(RBIMPL_WARNING_PRAGMA0)
 #   define RBIMPL_TODO0(x) RBIMPL_WARNING_PRAGMA0(message(x))
-# elif RBIMPL_COMPILER_SINCE(MSVC, 12, 0, 0)
+# elif RBIMPL_COMPILER_IS(MSVC)
 #   define RBIMPL_TODO0(x) __pragma(message(x))
 # endif
 
@@ -235,10 +235,18 @@ rb_key_err_raise(VALUE mesg, VALUE recv, VALUE name)
     rb_exc_raise(exc);
 }
 
+RBIMPL_ATTR_NONNULL((2))
 static inline bool
 rb_typeddata_is_instance_of_inline(VALUE obj, const rb_data_type_t *data_type)
 {
-    return RB_TYPE_P(obj, T_DATA) && RTYPEDDATA_P(obj) && (RTYPEDDATA_TYPE(obj) == data_type);
+    return rbimpl_obj_typeddata_p(obj) && (RTYPEDDATA_TYPE(obj) == data_type);
 }
 
+typedef enum {
+    rb_stack_overflow_prevention = 0, // VM stack overflow or about to machine stack overflow
+    rb_stack_overflow_signal = 1, // machine stack overflow but may be recoverable
+    rb_stack_overflow_fatal = 2, // fatal machine stack overflow
+} ruby_stack_overflow_critical_level;
+NORETURN(void rb_ec_stack_overflow(struct rb_execution_context_struct *ec, ruby_stack_overflow_critical_level crit));
+
 #endif /* INTERNAL_ERROR_H */
diff --git a/internal/eval.h b/internal/eval.h
index a8b649e509..17ade0a7f1 100644
--- a/internal/eval.h
+++ b/internal/eval.h
@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@
  *             header (related to this file, but not the same role).
  */
 #include "ruby/ruby.h"          /* for ID */
+#include "vm_core.h"          /* for ID */
 
 #define id_signo ruby_static_id_signo
 #define id_status ruby_static_id_status
@@ -26,9 +27,11 @@ extern ID ruby_static_id_status;
 VALUE rb_refinement_module_get_refined_class(VALUE module);
 void rb_class_modify_check(VALUE);
 NORETURN(VALUE rb_f_raise(int argc, VALUE *argv));
+VALUE rb_exception_setup(int argc, VALUE *argv);
 void rb_refinement_setup(struct rb_refinements_data *data, VALUE module, VALUE klass);
 void rb_vm_using_module(VALUE module);
 VALUE rb_top_main_class(const char *method);
+VALUE rb_ec_ensure(rb_execution_context_t *ec, VALUE (*b_proc)(VALUE), VALUE data1, VALUE (*e_proc)(VALUE), VALUE data2);
 
 /* eval_error.c */
 VALUE rb_get_backtrace(VALUE info);
diff --git a/internal/gc.h b/internal/gc.h
index 06103ca25f..ee1f390e10 100644
--- a/internal/gc.h
+++ b/internal/gc.h
@@ -122,10 +122,12 @@ const char *rb_raw_obj_info(char *const buff, const size_t buff_size, VALUE obj)
 struct rb_execution_context_struct; /* in vm_core.h */
 struct rb_objspace; /* in vm_core.h */
 
-#define NEWOBJ_OF(var, T, c, f, s, ec) \
+#define NEWOBJ_OF_WITH_SHAPE(var, T, c, f, shape_id, s, ec) \
     T *(var) = (T *)(((f) & FL_WB_PROTECTED) ? \
-            rb_wb_protected_newobj_of((ec ? ec : GET_EC()), (c), (f) & ~FL_WB_PROTECTED, s) : \
-            rb_wb_unprotected_newobj_of((c), (f), s))
+            rb_wb_protected_newobj_of((ec ? ec : GET_EC()), (c), (f) & ~FL_WB_PROTECTED, shape_id, s) : \
+            rb_wb_unprotected_newobj_of((c), (f), shape_id, s))
+
+#define NEWOBJ_OF(var, T, c, f, s, ec) NEWOBJ_OF_WITH_SHAPE(var, T, c, f, 0 /* ROOT_SHAPE_ID */, s, ec)
 
 #ifndef RB_GC_OBJECT_METADATA_ENTRY_DEFINED
 # define RB_GC_OBJECT_METADATA_ENTRY_DEFINED
@@ -202,6 +204,7 @@ static inline void *ruby_sized_xrealloc_inlined(void *ptr, size_t new_size, size
 static inline void *ruby_sized_xrealloc2_inlined(void *ptr, size_t new_count, size_t elemsiz, size_t old_count) RUBY_ATTR_RETURNS_NONNULL RUBY_ATTR_ALLOC_SIZE((2, 3));
 static inline void ruby_sized_xfree_inlined(void *ptr, size_t size);
 void rb_gc_obj_id_moved(VALUE obj);
+void rb_gc_register_pinning_obj(VALUE obj);
 
 void *rb_gc_ractor_cache_alloc(rb_ractor_t *ractor);
 void rb_gc_ractor_cache_free(void *cache);
@@ -212,8 +215,8 @@ size_t rb_gc_heap_id_for_size(size_t size);
 
 void rb_gc_mark_and_move(VALUE *ptr);
 
-void rb_gc_mark_weak(VALUE *ptr);
-void rb_gc_remove_weak(VALUE parent_obj, VALUE *ptr);
+void rb_gc_declare_weak_references(VALUE obj);
+bool rb_gc_handle_weak_references_alive_p(VALUE obj);
 
 void rb_gc_ref_update_table_values_only(st_table *tbl);
 
@@ -248,8 +251,8 @@ VALUE rb_gc_disable_no_rest(void);
 
 /* gc.c (export) */
 const char *rb_objspace_data_type_name(VALUE obj);
-VALUE rb_wb_protected_newobj_of(struct rb_execution_context_struct *, VALUE, VALUE, size_t);
-VALUE rb_wb_unprotected_newobj_of(VALUE, VALUE, size_t);
+VALUE rb_wb_protected_newobj_of(struct rb_execution_context_struct *, VALUE, VALUE, uint32_t /* shape_id_t */, size_t);
+VALUE rb_wb_unprotected_newobj_of(VALUE, VALUE, uint32_t /* shape_id_t */, size_t);
 size_t rb_obj_memsize_of(VALUE);
 struct rb_gc_object_metadata_entry *rb_gc_object_metadata(VALUE obj);
 void rb_gc_mark_values(long n, const VALUE *values);
@@ -264,6 +267,26 @@ int rb_gc_modular_gc_loaded_p(void);
 
 RUBY_SYMBOL_EXPORT_END
 
+static inline VALUE
+rb_obj_atomic_write(
+    VALUE a, VALUE *slot, VALUE b,
+    RBIMPL_ATTR_MAYBE_UNUSED()
+    const char *filename,
+    RBIMPL_ATTR_MAYBE_UNUSED()
+    int line)
+{
+#ifdef RGENGC_LOGGING_WRITE
+    RGENGC_LOGGING_WRITE(a, slot, b, filename, line);
+#endif
+
+    RUBY_ATOMIC_VALUE_SET(*slot, b);
+
+    rb_obj_written(a, RUBY_Qundef /* ignore `oldv' now */, b, filename, line);
+    return a;
+}
+#define RB_OBJ_ATOMIC_WRITE(old, slot, young) \
+    RBIMPL_CAST(rb_obj_atomic_write((VALUE)(old), (VALUE *)(slot), (VALUE)(young), __FILE__, __LINE__))
+
 int rb_ec_stack_check(struct rb_execution_context_struct *ec);
 void rb_gc_writebarrier_remember(VALUE obj);
 const char *rb_obj_info(VALUE obj);
@@ -331,4 +354,8 @@ ruby_sized_realloc_n(void *ptr, size_t new_count, size_t element_size, size_t ol
 #define ruby_sized_xrealloc ruby_sized_xrealloc_inlined
 #define ruby_sized_xrealloc2 ruby_sized_xrealloc2_inlined
 #define ruby_sized_xfree ruby_sized_xfree_inlined
+
+void rb_gc_verify_shareable(VALUE);
+bool rb_gc_checking_shareable(void);
+
 #endif /* INTERNAL_GC_H */
diff --git a/internal/imemo.h b/internal/imemo.h
index 305d12d240..31cc0be35a 100644
--- a/internal/imemo.h
+++ b/internal/imemo.h
@@ -37,11 +37,10 @@ enum imemo_type {
     imemo_ment           =  6,
     imemo_iseq           =  7,
     imemo_tmpbuf         =  8,
-    imemo_ast            =  9, // Obsolete due to the universal parser
-    imemo_parser_strterm = 10,
-    imemo_callinfo       = 11,
-    imemo_callcache      = 12,
-    imemo_constcache     = 13,
+    imemo_callinfo       = 10,
+    imemo_callcache      = 11,
+    imemo_constcache     = 12,
+    imemo_fields   = 13,
 };
 
 /* CREF (Class REFerence) is defined in method.h */
@@ -94,9 +93,7 @@ struct vm_ifunc {
 
 struct rb_imemo_tmpbuf_struct {
     VALUE flags;
-    VALUE reserved;
     VALUE *ptr; /* malloc'ed buffer */
-    struct rb_imemo_tmpbuf_struct *next; /* next imemo */
     size_t cnt; /* buffer size in VALUE */
 };
 
@@ -117,7 +114,8 @@ struct MEMO {
     } u3;
 };
 
-#define IMEMO_NEW(T, type, v0) ((T *)rb_imemo_new((type), (v0), sizeof(T)))
+#define IMEMO_NEW(T, type, v0) ((T *)rb_imemo_new((type), (v0), sizeof(T), false))
+#define SHAREABLE_IMEMO_NEW(T, type, v0) ((T *)rb_imemo_new((type), (v0), sizeof(T), true))
 
 /* ment is in method.h */
 
@@ -134,42 +132,27 @@ struct MEMO {
 #ifndef RUBY_RUBYPARSER_H
 typedef struct rb_imemo_tmpbuf_struct rb_imemo_tmpbuf_t;
 #endif
-rb_imemo_tmpbuf_t *rb_imemo_tmpbuf_parser_heap(void *buf, rb_imemo_tmpbuf_t *old_heap, size_t cnt);
+VALUE rb_imemo_new(enum imemo_type type, VALUE v0, size_t size, bool is_shareable);
+VALUE rb_imemo_tmpbuf_new(void);
+struct MEMO *rb_imemo_memo_new(VALUE a, VALUE b, VALUE c);
 struct vm_ifunc *rb_vm_ifunc_new(rb_block_call_func_t func, const void *data, int min_argc, int max_argc);
 static inline enum imemo_type imemo_type(VALUE imemo);
 static inline int imemo_type_p(VALUE imemo, enum imemo_type imemo_type);
 static inline bool imemo_throw_data_p(VALUE imemo);
 static inline struct vm_ifunc *rb_vm_ifunc_proc_new(rb_block_call_func_t func, const void *data);
-static inline VALUE rb_imemo_tmpbuf_auto_free_pointer(void);
 static inline void *RB_IMEMO_TMPBUF_PTR(VALUE v);
 static inline void *rb_imemo_tmpbuf_set_ptr(VALUE v, void *ptr);
-static inline VALUE rb_imemo_tmpbuf_auto_free_pointer_new_from_an_RString(VALUE str);
 static inline void MEMO_V1_SET(struct MEMO *m, VALUE v);
 static inline void MEMO_V2_SET(struct MEMO *m, VALUE v);
 
 size_t rb_imemo_memsize(VALUE obj);
-void rb_cc_table_mark(VALUE klass);
 void rb_imemo_mark_and_move(VALUE obj, bool reference_updating);
-void rb_cc_table_free(VALUE klass);
-void rb_cc_tbl_free(struct rb_id_table *cc_tbl, VALUE klass);
 void rb_imemo_free(VALUE obj);
 
 RUBY_SYMBOL_EXPORT_BEGIN
-VALUE rb_imemo_new(enum imemo_type type, VALUE v0, size_t size);
 const char *rb_imemo_name(enum imemo_type type);
 RUBY_SYMBOL_EXPORT_END
 
-static inline struct MEMO *
-MEMO_NEW(VALUE a, VALUE b, VALUE c)
-{
-    struct MEMO *memo = IMEMO_NEW(struct MEMO, imemo_memo, 0);
-    *((VALUE *)&memo->v1) = a;
-    *((VALUE *)&memo->v2) = b;
-    *((VALUE *)&memo->u3.value) = c;
-
-    return memo;
-}
-
 static inline enum imemo_type
 imemo_type(VALUE imemo)
 {
@@ -205,12 +188,6 @@ rb_vm_ifunc_proc_new(rb_block_call_func_t func, const void *data)
     return rb_vm_ifunc_new(func, data, 0, UNLIMITED_ARGUMENTS);
 }
 
-static inline VALUE
-rb_imemo_tmpbuf_auto_free_pointer(void)
-{
-    return rb_imemo_new(imemo_tmpbuf, 0, sizeof(rb_imemo_tmpbuf_t));
-}
-
 static inline void *
 RB_IMEMO_TMPBUF_PTR(VALUE v)
 {
@@ -225,7 +202,7 @@ rb_imemo_tmpbuf_set_ptr(VALUE v, void *ptr)
 }
 
 static inline VALUE
-rb_imemo_tmpbuf_auto_free_pointer_new_from_an_RString(VALUE str)
+rb_imemo_tmpbuf_new_from_an_RString(VALUE str)
 {
     const void *src;
     VALUE imemo;
@@ -235,7 +212,7 @@ rb_imemo_tmpbuf_auto_free_pointer_new_from_an_RString(VALUE str)
 
     StringValue(str);
     /* create tmpbuf to keep the pointer before xmalloc */
-    imemo = rb_imemo_tmpbuf_auto_free_pointer();
+    imemo = rb_imemo_tmpbuf_new();
     tmpbuf = (rb_imemo_tmpbuf_t *)imemo;
     len = RSTRING_LEN(str);
     src = RSTRING_PTR(str);
@@ -257,4 +234,79 @@ MEMO_V2_SET(struct MEMO *m, VALUE v)
     RB_OBJ_WRITE(m, &m->v2, v);
 }
 
+struct rb_fields {
+    struct RBasic basic;
+    union {
+        struct {
+            VALUE fields[1];
+        } embed;
+        struct {
+            VALUE *ptr;
+        } external;
+        struct {
+            // Note: the st_table could be embedded, but complex T_CLASS should be rare to
+            // non-existent, so not really worth the trouble.
+            st_table *table;
+        } complex;
+    } as;
+};
+
+// IMEMO/fields and T_OBJECT have exactly the same layout.
+// This is useful for JIT and common codepaths.
+#define OBJ_FIELD_HEAP ROBJECT_HEAP
+STATIC_ASSERT(imemo_fields_flags, OBJ_FIELD_HEAP == IMEMO_FL_USER0);
+STATIC_ASSERT(imemo_fields_embed_offset, offsetof(struct RObject, as.ary) == offsetof(struct rb_fields, as.embed.fields));
+STATIC_ASSERT(imemo_fields_external_offset, offsetof(struct RObject, as.heap.fields) == offsetof(struct rb_fields, as.external.ptr));
+STATIC_ASSERT(imemo_fields_complex_offset, offsetof(struct RObject, as.heap.fields) == offsetof(struct rb_fields, as.complex.table));
+
+#define IMEMO_OBJ_FIELDS(fields) ((struct rb_fields *)fields)
+
+VALUE rb_imemo_fields_new(VALUE owner, size_t capa, bool shareable);
+VALUE rb_imemo_fields_new_complex(VALUE owner, size_t capa, bool shareable);
+VALUE rb_imemo_fields_new_complex_tbl(VALUE owner, st_table *tbl, bool shareable);
+VALUE rb_imemo_fields_clone(VALUE fields_obj);
+void rb_imemo_fields_clear(VALUE fields_obj);
+
+static inline VALUE
+rb_imemo_fields_owner(VALUE fields_obj)
+{
+    RUBY_ASSERT(IMEMO_TYPE_P(fields_obj, imemo_fields));
+
+    return CLASS_OF(fields_obj);
+}
+
+static inline VALUE *
+rb_imemo_fields_ptr(VALUE fields_obj)
+{
+    if (!fields_obj) {
+        return NULL;
+    }
+
+    RUBY_ASSERT(IMEMO_TYPE_P(fields_obj, imemo_fields) || RB_TYPE_P(fields_obj, T_OBJECT));
+
+    if (UNLIKELY(FL_TEST_RAW(fields_obj, OBJ_FIELD_HEAP))) {
+        return IMEMO_OBJ_FIELDS(fields_obj)->as.external.ptr;
+    }
+    else {
+        return IMEMO_OBJ_FIELDS(fields_obj)->as.embed.fields;
+    }
+}
+
+static inline st_table *
+rb_imemo_fields_complex_tbl(VALUE fields_obj)
+{
+    if (!fields_obj) {
+        return NULL;
+    }
+
+    RUBY_ASSERT(IMEMO_TYPE_P(fields_obj, imemo_fields) || RB_TYPE_P(fields_obj, T_OBJECT));
+    RUBY_ASSERT(FL_TEST_RAW(fields_obj, OBJ_FIELD_HEAP));
+
+    // Some codepaths unconditionally access the fields_ptr, and assume it can be used as st_table if the
+    // shape is too_complex.
+    RUBY_ASSERT((st_table *)rb_imemo_fields_ptr(fields_obj) == IMEMO_OBJ_FIELDS(fields_obj)->as.complex.table);
+
+    return IMEMO_OBJ_FIELDS(fields_obj)->as.complex.table;
+}
+
 #endif /* INTERNAL_IMEMO_H */
diff --git a/internal/inits.h b/internal/inits.h
index 03de289dd4..dee818285c 100644
--- a/internal/inits.h
+++ b/internal/inits.h
@@ -9,6 +9,10 @@
  * @brief      Internal header aggregating init functions.
  */
 
+/* box.c */
+void Init_enable_box(void);
+void Init_root_box(void);
+
 /* class.c */
 void Init_class_hierarchy(void);
 
diff --git a/internal/io.h b/internal/io.h
index b1e9052b66..b81774e0a7 100644
--- a/internal/io.h
+++ b/internal/io.h
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ struct rb_io_blocking_operation {
     // The linked list data structure.
     struct ccan_list_node list;
 
-    // The execution context of the blocking operation:
+    // The execution context of the blocking operation.
     struct rb_execution_context_struct *ec;
 };
 
@@ -132,7 +132,7 @@ struct rb_io {
     struct rb_execution_context_struct *closing_ec;
     VALUE wakeup_mutex;
 
-    // The fork generation of the the blocking operations list.
+    // The fork generation of the blocking operations list.
     rb_serial_t fork_generation;
 };
 
diff --git a/internal/namespace.h b/internal/namespace.h
deleted file mode 100644
index ad1507b50c..0000000000
--- a/internal/namespace.h
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,78 +0,0 @@
-#ifndef INTERNAL_NAMESPACE_H                                  /*-*-C-*-vi:se ft=c:*/
-#define INTERNAL_NAMESPACE_H
-
-#include "ruby/ruby.h"          /* for VALUE */
-
-/**
- * @author     Ruby developers <ruby-core@ruby-lang.org>
- * @copyright  This  file  is   a  part  of  the   programming  language  Ruby.
- *             Permission  is hereby  granted,  to  either redistribute  and/or
- *             modify this file, provided that  the conditions mentioned in the
- *             file COPYING are met.  Consult the file for details.
- * @brief      Internal header for Namespace.
- */
-struct rb_namespace_struct {
-    /*
-     * To retrieve Namespace object that provides #require and so on.
-     * That is used from load.c, etc., that uses rb_namespace_t internally.
-     */
-    VALUE ns_object;
-    long ns_id; // namespace id to generate ext filenames
-
-    VALUE top_self;
-
-    VALUE load_path;
-    VALUE load_path_snapshot;
-    VALUE load_path_check_cache;
-    VALUE expanded_load_path;
-    VALUE loaded_features;
-    VALUE loaded_features_snapshot;
-    VALUE loaded_features_realpaths;
-    VALUE loaded_features_realpath_map;
-    struct st_table *loaded_features_index;
-    struct st_table *loading_table;
-    VALUE ruby_dln_libmap;
-
-    VALUE gvar_tbl;
-
-    bool is_builtin;
-    bool is_user;
-    bool is_optional;
-};
-typedef struct rb_namespace_struct rb_namespace_t;
-
-#define NAMESPACE_BUILTIN_P(ns) (ns && ns->is_builtin)
-#define NAMESPACE_USER_P(ns) (ns && ns->is_user)
-#define NAMESPACE_OPTIONAL_P(ns) (ns && ns->is_optional)
-#define NAMESPACE_MAIN_P(ns) (ns && ns->is_user && !ns->is_optional)
-
-#define NAMESPACE_METHOD_DEFINITION(mdef) (mdef ? mdef->ns : NULL)
-#define NAMESPACE_METHOD_ENTRY(me) (me ? NAMESPACE_METHOD_DEFINITION(me->def) : NULL)
-#define NAMESPACE_CC(cc) (cc ? NAMESPACE_METHOD_ENTRY(cc->cme_) : NULL)
-#define NAMESPACE_CC_ENTRIES(ccs) (ccs ? NAMESPACE_METHOD_ENTRY(ccs->cme) : NULL)
-
-int rb_namespace_available(void);
-void rb_namespace_enable_builtin(void);
-void rb_namespace_disable_builtin(void);
-void rb_namespace_push_loading_namespace(const rb_namespace_t *);
-void rb_namespace_pop_loading_namespace(const rb_namespace_t *);
-rb_namespace_t * rb_root_namespace(void);
-const rb_namespace_t *rb_builtin_namespace(void);
-rb_namespace_t * rb_main_namespace(void);
-const rb_namespace_t * rb_definition_namespace(void);
-const rb_namespace_t * rb_loading_namespace(void);
-const rb_namespace_t * rb_current_namespace(void);
-VALUE rb_current_namespace_details(VALUE);
-
-void rb_namespace_entry_mark(void *);
-
-rb_namespace_t * rb_get_namespace_t(VALUE ns);
-VALUE rb_get_namespace_object(rb_namespace_t *ns);
-typedef VALUE namespace_exec_func(VALUE arg);
-VALUE rb_namespace_exec(const rb_namespace_t *ns, namespace_exec_func *func, VALUE arg);
-
-VALUE rb_namespace_local_extension(VALUE namespace, VALUE fname, VALUE path);
-
-void rb_initialize_main_namespace(void);
-
-#endif /* INTERNAL_NAMESPACE_H */
diff --git a/internal/numeric.h b/internal/numeric.h
index 6406cfc2fa..d3905f048c 100644
--- a/internal/numeric.h
+++ b/internal/numeric.h
@@ -85,6 +85,7 @@ VALUE rb_int_cmp(VALUE x, VALUE y);
 VALUE rb_int_equal(VALUE x, VALUE y);
 VALUE rb_int_divmod(VALUE x, VALUE y);
 VALUE rb_int_and(VALUE x, VALUE y);
+VALUE rb_int_xor(VALUE x, VALUE y);
 VALUE rb_int_lshift(VALUE x, VALUE y);
 VALUE rb_int_rshift(VALUE x, VALUE y);
 VALUE rb_int_div(VALUE x, VALUE y);
@@ -126,6 +127,54 @@ VALUE rb_int_bit_length(VALUE num);
 VALUE rb_int_uminus(VALUE num);
 VALUE rb_int_comp(VALUE num);
 
+// Unified 128-bit integer structures that work with or without native support:
+union rb_uint128 {
+#ifdef WORDS_BIGENDIAN
+    struct {
+        uint64_t high;
+        uint64_t low;
+    } parts;
+#else
+    struct {
+        uint64_t low;
+        uint64_t high;
+    } parts;
+#endif
+#ifdef HAVE_UINT128_T
+    uint128_t value;
+#endif
+};
+typedef union rb_uint128 rb_uint128_t;
+
+union rb_int128 {
+#ifdef WORDS_BIGENDIAN
+    struct {
+        uint64_t high;
+        uint64_t low;
+    } parts;
+#else
+    struct {
+        uint64_t low;
+        uint64_t high;
+    } parts;
+#endif
+#ifdef HAVE_UINT128_T
+    int128_t value;
+#endif
+};
+typedef union rb_int128 rb_int128_t;
+
+union uint128_int128_conversion {
+    rb_uint128_t uint128;
+    rb_int128_t int128;
+};
+
+// Conversion functions for 128-bit integers:
+rb_uint128_t rb_numeric_to_uint128(VALUE x);
+rb_int128_t rb_numeric_to_int128(VALUE x);
+VALUE rb_uint128_to_numeric(rb_uint128_t n);
+VALUE rb_int128_to_numeric(rb_int128_t n);
+
 static inline bool
 INT_POSITIVE_P(VALUE num)
 {
diff --git a/internal/range.h b/internal/range.h
index 2394937bf8..80493ce13e 100644
--- a/internal/range.h
+++ b/internal/range.h
@@ -18,19 +18,19 @@ static inline VALUE RANGE_EXCL(VALUE r);
 static inline VALUE
 RANGE_BEG(VALUE r)
 {
-    return RSTRUCT(r)->as.ary[0];
+    return RSTRUCT_GET_RAW(r, 0);
 }
 
 static inline VALUE
 RANGE_END(VALUE r)
 {
-    return RSTRUCT_GET(r, 1);
+    return RSTRUCT_GET_RAW(r, 1);
 }
 
 static inline VALUE
 RANGE_EXCL(VALUE r)
 {
-    return RSTRUCT_GET(r, 2);
+    return RSTRUCT_GET_RAW(r, 2);
 }
 
 VALUE
diff --git a/internal/re.h b/internal/re.h
index 2788f8b42a..593e5c464f 100644
--- a/internal/re.h
+++ b/internal/re.h
@@ -25,4 +25,9 @@ int rb_match_count(VALUE match);
 VALUE rb_reg_new_ary(VALUE ary, int options);
 VALUE rb_reg_last_defined(VALUE match);
 
+#define ARG_REG_OPTION_MASK \
+    (ONIG_OPTION_IGNORECASE|ONIG_OPTION_MULTILINE|ONIG_OPTION_EXTEND)
+#define ARG_ENCODING_FIXED    16
+#define ARG_ENCODING_NONE     32
+
 #endif /* INTERNAL_RE_H */
diff --git a/internal/sanitizers.h b/internal/sanitizers.h
index 279cbbe069..feafb4e616 100644
--- a/internal/sanitizers.h
+++ b/internal/sanitizers.h
@@ -29,6 +29,13 @@
 # endif
 #endif
 
+#ifdef HAVE_SANITIZER_TSAN_INTERFACE_H
+# if __has_feature(thread_sanitizer) || defined(__SANITIZE_THREAD__)
+#  define RUBY_TSAN_ENABLED
+#  include <sanitizer/tsan_interface.h>
+# endif
+#endif
+
 #include "ruby/internal/stdbool.h"     /* for bool */
 #include "ruby/ruby.h"          /* for VALUE */
 
@@ -42,6 +49,9 @@
 #elif defined(RUBY_MSAN_ENABLED)
     # define ATTRIBUTE_NO_ADDRESS_SAFETY_ANALYSIS(x) \
     __attribute__((__no_sanitize__("memory"), __noinline__)) x
+#elif defined(RUBY_TSAN_ENABLED)
+# define ATTRIBUTE_NO_ADDRESS_SAFETY_ANALYSIS(x) \
+    __attribute__((__no_sanitize__("thread"), __noinline__)) x
 #elif defined(NO_SANITIZE_ADDRESS)
 # define ATTRIBUTE_NO_ADDRESS_SAFETY_ANALYSIS(x) \
     NO_SANITIZE_ADDRESS(NOINLINE(x))
@@ -127,6 +137,7 @@ asan_poison_memory_region(const volatile void *ptr, size_t size)
 #define asan_poison_object_if(ptr, obj) ((void)(ptr), (void)(obj))
 #endif
 
+#ifdef RUBY_ASAN_ENABLED
 RUBY_SYMBOL_EXPORT_BEGIN
 /**
  * This is a variant of asan_poison_memory_region that takes a VALUE.
@@ -153,6 +164,11 @@ void *rb_asan_poisoned_object_p(VALUE obj);
 void rb_asan_unpoison_object(VALUE obj, bool newobj_p);
 
 RUBY_SYMBOL_EXPORT_END
+#else
+# define rb_asan_poison_object(obj) ((void)obj)
+# define rb_asan_poisoned_object_p(obj) ((void)obj, NULL)
+# define rb_asan_unpoison_object(obj, newobj_p) ((void)obj, (void)newobj_p)
+#endif
 
 /**
  * This function asserts that a (formally poisoned) memory region from ptr to
diff --git a/internal/set_table.h b/internal/set_table.h
index 7c03de2060..3c29abb4f5 100644
--- a/internal/set_table.h
+++ b/internal/set_table.h
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 #ifndef INTERNAL_SET_TABLE_H
 #define INTERNAL_SET_TABLE_H
 
-#include "include/ruby/st.h"
+#include "ruby/st.h"
 
 struct set_table_entry;
 
@@ -15,13 +15,16 @@ struct set_table {
     const struct st_hash_type *type;
     /* Number of entries currently in the table.  */
     st_index_t num_entries;
-    /* Array of bins used for access by keys.  */
-    st_index_t *bins;
+
     /* Start and bound index of entries in array entries.
        entries_starts and entries_bound are in interval
        [0,allocated_entries].  */
     st_index_t entries_start, entries_bound;
-    /* Array of size 2^entry_power.  */
+
+    /**
+     * Array of size 2^entry_power.
+     * Followed by st_index_t *bins, Array of bins used for access by keys.
+     */
     set_table_entry *entries;
 };
 
@@ -37,24 +40,26 @@ size_t rb_set_table_size(const struct set_table *tbl);
 set_table *rb_set_init_table_with_size(set_table *tab, const struct st_hash_type *, st_index_t);
 #define set_init_numtable rb_set_init_numtable
 set_table *rb_set_init_numtable(void);
-#define set_delete rb_set_delete
-int rb_set_delete(set_table *, st_data_t *); /* returns 0:notfound 1:deleted */
+#define set_init_numtable_with_size rb_set_init_numtable_with_size
+set_table *rb_set_init_numtable_with_size(st_index_t size);
+#define set_table_delete rb_set_table_delete
+int rb_set_table_delete(set_table *, st_data_t *); /* returns 0:notfound 1:deleted */
 #define set_insert rb_set_insert
 int rb_set_insert(set_table *, st_data_t);
-#define set_lookup rb_set_lookup
-int rb_set_lookup(set_table *, st_data_t);
+#define set_table_lookup rb_set_table_lookup
+int rb_set_table_lookup(set_table *, st_data_t);
 #define set_foreach_with_replace rb_set_foreach_with_replace
 int rb_set_foreach_with_replace(set_table *tab, set_foreach_check_callback_func *func, set_update_callback_func *replace, st_data_t arg);
-#define set_foreach rb_set_foreach
-int rb_set_foreach(set_table *, set_foreach_callback_func *, st_data_t);
+#define set_table_foreach rb_set_table_foreach
+int rb_set_table_foreach(set_table *, set_foreach_callback_func *, st_data_t);
 #define set_foreach_check rb_set_foreach_check
 int rb_set_foreach_check(set_table *, set_foreach_check_callback_func *, st_data_t, st_data_t);
 #define set_keys rb_set_keys
 st_index_t rb_set_keys(set_table *table, st_data_t *keys, st_index_t size);
 #define set_free_table rb_set_free_table
 void rb_set_free_table(set_table *);
-#define set_clear rb_set_clear
-void rb_set_clear(set_table *);
+#define set_table_clear rb_set_table_clear
+void rb_set_table_clear(set_table *);
 #define set_copy rb_set_copy
 set_table *rb_set_copy(set_table *new_table, set_table *old_table);
 #define set_memsize rb_set_memsize
diff --git a/internal/signal.h b/internal/signal.h
index 2363bf412c..904747e226 100644
--- a/internal/signal.h
+++ b/internal/signal.h
@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@ void (*ruby_posix_signal(int, void (*)(int)))(int);
 
 RUBY_SYMBOL_EXPORT_BEGIN
 /* signal.c (export) */
+void rb_signal_atfork(void);
 RUBY_SYMBOL_EXPORT_END
 
 #endif /* INTERNAL_SIGNAL_H */
diff --git a/internal/st.h b/internal/st.h
index a26b224505..c220edd9f0 100644
--- a/internal/st.h
+++ b/internal/st.h
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 #ifndef INTERNAL_ST_H
 #define INTERNAL_ST_H
 
-#include "include/ruby/st.h"
+#include "ruby/st.h"
 
 st_table *rb_st_replace(st_table *new_tab, st_table *old_tab);
 #define st_replace rb_st_replace
diff --git a/internal/string.h b/internal/string.h
index 50561924f2..cd1e8d7929 100644
--- a/internal/string.h
+++ b/internal/string.h
@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@
 #include "ruby/internal/stdbool.h"     /* for bool */
 #include "ruby/encoding.h"      /* for rb_encoding */
 #include "ruby/ruby.h"          /* for VALUE */
+#include "encindex.h"
 
 #define STR_SHARED                  FL_USER0 /* = ELTS_SHARED */
 #define STR_NOEMBED                 FL_USER1
@@ -29,7 +30,28 @@ enum ruby_rstring_private_flags {
 # undef rb_fstring_cstr
 #endif
 
+static inline bool
+rb_str_encindex_fastpath(int encindex)
+{
+    // The overwhelming majority of strings are in one of these 3 encodings.
+    switch (encindex) {
+      case ENCINDEX_ASCII_8BIT:
+      case ENCINDEX_UTF_8:
+      case ENCINDEX_US_ASCII:
+        return true;
+      default:
+        return false;
+    }
+}
+
+static inline bool
+rb_str_enc_fastpath(VALUE str)
+{
+    return rb_str_encindex_fastpath(ENCODING_GET_INLINED(str));
+}
+
 /* string.c */
+VALUE rb_str_dup_m(VALUE str);
 VALUE rb_fstring(VALUE);
 VALUE rb_fstring_cstr(const char *str);
 VALUE rb_fstring_enc_new(const char *ptr, long len, rb_encoding *enc);
@@ -62,6 +84,7 @@ bool rb_str_reembeddable_p(VALUE);
 VALUE rb_str_upto_endless_each(VALUE, int (*each)(VALUE, VALUE), VALUE);
 VALUE rb_str_with_debug_created_info(VALUE, VALUE, int);
 VALUE rb_str_frozen_bare_string(VALUE);
+const char *rb_str_null_check(VALUE);
 
 /* error.c */
 void rb_warn_unchilled_literal(VALUE str);
diff --git a/internal/struct.h b/internal/struct.h
index a8c773b730..d3c8157393 100644
--- a/internal/struct.h
+++ b/internal/struct.h
@@ -11,10 +11,23 @@
 #include "ruby/internal/stdbool.h"     /* for bool */
 #include "ruby/ruby.h"          /* for struct RBasic */
 
+/* Flags of RStruct
+ *
+ * 1-7: RSTRUCT_EMBED_LEN
+ *          If non-zero, the struct is embedded (its contents follow the
+ *          header, rather than being on a separately allocated buffer) and
+ *          these bits are the length of the Struct.
+ * 8:   RSTRUCT_GEN_FIELDS
+ *          The struct is embedded and has no space left to store the
+ *          IMEMO/fields reference. Any ivar this struct may have will be in
+ *          the generic_fields_tbl. This flag doesn't imply the struct has
+ *          ivars.
+ */
 enum {
     RSTRUCT_EMBED_LEN_MASK = RUBY_FL_USER7 | RUBY_FL_USER6 | RUBY_FL_USER5 | RUBY_FL_USER4 |
                                  RUBY_FL_USER3 | RUBY_FL_USER2 | RUBY_FL_USER1,
     RSTRUCT_EMBED_LEN_SHIFT = (RUBY_FL_USHIFT+1),
+    RSTRUCT_GEN_FIELDS = RUBY_FL_USER8,
 };
 
 struct RStruct {
@@ -23,6 +36,7 @@ struct RStruct {
         struct {
             long len;
             const VALUE *ptr;
+            VALUE fields_obj;
         } heap;
         /* This is a length 1 array because:
          *   1. GCC has a bug that does not optimize C flexible array members
@@ -35,36 +49,16 @@ struct RStruct {
 
 #define RSTRUCT(obj) ((struct RStruct *)(obj))
 
-#ifdef RSTRUCT_LEN
-# undef RSTRUCT_LEN
-#endif
-
-#ifdef RSTRUCT_PTR
-# undef RSTRUCT_PTR
-#endif
-
-#ifdef RSTRUCT_SET
-# undef RSTRUCT_SET
-#endif
-
-#ifdef RSTRUCT_GET
-# undef RSTRUCT_GET
-#endif
-
-#define RSTRUCT_LEN internal_RSTRUCT_LEN
-#define RSTRUCT_SET internal_RSTRUCT_SET
-#define RSTRUCT_GET internal_RSTRUCT_GET
-
 /* struct.c */
 VALUE rb_struct_init_copy(VALUE copy, VALUE s);
 VALUE rb_struct_lookup(VALUE s, VALUE idx);
 VALUE rb_struct_s_keyword_init(VALUE klass);
 static inline long RSTRUCT_EMBED_LEN(VALUE st);
-static inline long RSTRUCT_LEN(VALUE st);
+static inline long RSTRUCT_LEN_RAW(VALUE st);
 static inline int RSTRUCT_LENINT(VALUE st);
 static inline const VALUE *RSTRUCT_CONST_PTR(VALUE st);
-static inline void RSTRUCT_SET(VALUE st, long k, VALUE v);
-static inline VALUE RSTRUCT_GET(VALUE st, long k);
+static inline void RSTRUCT_SET_RAW(VALUE st, long k, VALUE v);
+static inline VALUE RSTRUCT_GET_RAW(VALUE st, long k);
 
 static inline long
 RSTRUCT_EMBED_LEN(VALUE st)
@@ -75,7 +69,7 @@ RSTRUCT_EMBED_LEN(VALUE st)
 }
 
 static inline long
-RSTRUCT_LEN(VALUE st)
+RSTRUCT_LEN_RAW(VALUE st)
 {
     if (FL_TEST_RAW(st, RSTRUCT_EMBED_LEN_MASK)) {
         return RSTRUCT_EMBED_LEN(st);
@@ -88,7 +82,7 @@ RSTRUCT_LEN(VALUE st)
 static inline int
 RSTRUCT_LENINT(VALUE st)
 {
-    return rb_long2int(RSTRUCT_LEN(st));
+    return rb_long2int(RSTRUCT_LEN_RAW(st));
 }
 
 static inline const VALUE *
@@ -105,15 +99,42 @@ RSTRUCT_CONST_PTR(VALUE st)
 }
 
 static inline void
-RSTRUCT_SET(VALUE st, long k,  VALUE v)
+RSTRUCT_SET_RAW(VALUE st, long k,  VALUE v)
 {
     RB_OBJ_WRITE(st, &RSTRUCT_CONST_PTR(st)[k], v);
 }
 
 static inline VALUE
-RSTRUCT_GET(VALUE st, long k)
+RSTRUCT_GET_RAW(VALUE st, long k)
 {
     return RSTRUCT_CONST_PTR(st)[k];
 }
 
+static inline VALUE
+RSTRUCT_FIELDS_OBJ(VALUE st)
+{
+    const long embed_len = RSTRUCT_EMBED_LEN(st);
+    VALUE fields_obj;
+    if (embed_len) {
+        RUBY_ASSERT(!FL_TEST_RAW(st, RSTRUCT_GEN_FIELDS));
+        fields_obj = RSTRUCT_GET_RAW(st, embed_len);
+    }
+    else {
+        fields_obj = RSTRUCT(st)->as.heap.fields_obj;
+    }
+    return fields_obj;
+}
+
+static inline void
+RSTRUCT_SET_FIELDS_OBJ(VALUE st, VALUE fields_obj)
+{
+    const long embed_len = RSTRUCT_EMBED_LEN(st);
+    if (embed_len) {
+        RUBY_ASSERT(!FL_TEST_RAW(st, RSTRUCT_GEN_FIELDS));
+        RSTRUCT_SET_RAW(st, embed_len, fields_obj);
+    }
+    else {
+        RB_OBJ_WRITE(st, &RSTRUCT(st)->as.heap.fields_obj, fields_obj);
+    }
+}
 #endif /* INTERNAL_STRUCT_H */
diff --git a/internal/symbol.h b/internal/symbol.h
index 1a066af0e7..b9109b1347 100644
--- a/internal/symbol.h
+++ b/internal/symbol.h
@@ -17,8 +17,7 @@
 #endif
 
 /* symbol.c */
-void rb_sym_global_symbols_mark(void);
-void rb_sym_global_symbols_update_references(void);
+void rb_sym_global_symbols_mark_and_move(void);
 VALUE rb_to_symbol_type(VALUE obj);
 VALUE rb_sym_intern(const char *ptr, long len, rb_encoding *enc);
 VALUE rb_sym_intern_ascii(const char *ptr, long len);
@@ -31,11 +30,11 @@ PUREFUNC(int rb_is_const_sym(VALUE sym));
 PUREFUNC(int rb_is_attrset_sym(VALUE sym));
 ID rb_make_internal_id(void);
 ID rb_make_temporary_id(size_t n);
+bool rb_obj_is_symbol_table(VALUE obj);
+void rb_sym_global_symbol_table_foreach_weak_reference(int (*callback)(VALUE *key, void *data), void *data);
 void rb_gc_free_dsymbol(VALUE);
 int rb_static_id_valid_p(ID id);
-
-/* vm.c */
-void rb_free_static_symid_str(void);
+void rb_free_global_symbol_table(void);
 
 #if __has_builtin(__builtin_constant_p)
 #define rb_sym_intern_ascii_cstr(ptr) \
diff --git a/internal/thread.h b/internal/thread.h
index 8403ac2663..ea891b4372 100644
--- a/internal/thread.h
+++ b/internal/thread.h
@@ -56,14 +56,16 @@ VALUE rb_mutex_owned_p(VALUE self);
 VALUE rb_exec_recursive_outer_mid(VALUE (*f)(VALUE g, VALUE h, int r), VALUE g, VALUE h, ID mid);
 void ruby_mn_threads_params(void);
 
-int rb_thread_io_wait(struct rb_io *io, int events, struct timeval * timeout);
-int rb_thread_wait_for_single_fd(int fd, int events, struct timeval * timeout);
+int rb_thread_io_wait(struct rb_thread_struct *th, struct rb_io *io, int events, struct timeval * timeout);
+int rb_thread_wait_for_single_fd(struct rb_thread_struct *th, int fd, int events, struct timeval * timeout);
 
 size_t rb_thread_io_close_interrupt(struct rb_io *);
 void rb_thread_io_close_wait(struct rb_io *);
 
 void rb_ec_check_ints(struct rb_execution_context_struct *ec);
 
+void rb_thread_free_native_thread(void *th_ptr);
+
 RUBY_SYMBOL_EXPORT_BEGIN
 
 void *rb_thread_prevent_fork(void *(*func)(void *), void *data); /* for ext/socket/raddrinfo.c */
@@ -83,6 +85,8 @@ RUBY_SYMBOL_EXPORT_END
 int rb_threadptr_execute_interrupts(struct rb_thread_struct *th, int blocking_timing);
 bool rb_thread_mn_schedulable(VALUE thread);
 
+bool rb_thread_resolve_unblock_function(rb_unblock_function_t **unblock_function, void **data2, struct rb_thread_struct *thread);
+
 // interrupt exec
 
 typedef VALUE (rb_interrupt_exec_func_t)(void *data);
@@ -90,6 +94,7 @@ typedef VALUE (rb_interrupt_exec_func_t)(void *data);
 enum rb_interrupt_exec_flag {
     rb_interrupt_exec_flag_none = 0x00,
     rb_interrupt_exec_flag_value_data = 0x01,
+    rb_interrupt_exec_flag_new_thread = 0x02,
 };
 
 // interrupt the target_th and run func.
diff --git a/internal/time.h b/internal/time.h
index e21b3574f6..1f3505f5bc 100644
--- a/internal/time.h
+++ b/internal/time.h
@@ -27,11 +27,8 @@ struct timeval rb_time_timeval(VALUE);
 
 RUBY_SYMBOL_EXPORT_BEGIN
 /* time.c (export) */
-void ruby_reset_leap_second_info(void);
-#ifdef RBIMPL_ATTR_DEPRECATED_INTERNAL_ONLY
-RBIMPL_ATTR_DEPRECATED_INTERNAL_ONLY()
-#endif
-void ruby_reset_timezone(const char *);
 RUBY_SYMBOL_EXPORT_END
 
+void ruby_reset_timezone(const char *);
+
 #endif /* INTERNAL_TIME_H */
diff --git a/internal/variable.h b/internal/variable.h
index d2432fe22e..ca5e189c90 100644
--- a/internal/variable.h
+++ b/internal/variable.h
@@ -13,23 +13,22 @@
 #include "constant.h"           /* for rb_const_entry_t */
 #include "ruby/internal/stdbool.h"     /* for bool */
 #include "ruby/ruby.h"          /* for VALUE */
-#include "shape.h"              /* for rb_shape_t */
+#include "shape.h"              /* for shape_id_t */
 
 /* variable.c */
 void rb_gc_mark_global_tbl(void);
 void rb_gc_update_global_tbl(void);
-size_t rb_generic_ivar_memsize(VALUE);
 VALUE rb_search_class_path(VALUE);
 VALUE rb_attr_delete(VALUE, ID);
 void rb_autoload_str(VALUE mod, ID id, VALUE file);
 VALUE rb_autoload_at_p(VALUE, ID, int);
-void rb_autoload_copy_table_for_namespace(st_table *, const rb_namespace_t *);
+void rb_autoload_copy_table_for_box(st_table *, const rb_box_t *);
 NORETURN(VALUE rb_mod_const_missing(VALUE,VALUE));
 rb_gvar_getter_t *rb_gvar_getter_function_of(ID);
 rb_gvar_setter_t *rb_gvar_setter_function_of(ID);
 void rb_gvar_readonly_setter(VALUE v, ID id, VALUE *_);
 void rb_gvar_ractor_local(const char *name);
-void rb_gvar_namespace_ready(const char *name);
+void rb_gvar_box_ready(const char *name);
 
 /**
  * Sets the name of a module.
@@ -47,21 +46,21 @@ void rb_gvar_namespace_ready(const char *name);
  */
 VALUE rb_mod_set_temporary_name(VALUE, VALUE);
 
-struct gen_fields_tbl;
-int rb_gen_fields_tbl_get(VALUE obj, ID id, struct gen_fields_tbl **fields_tbl);
 void rb_obj_copy_ivs_to_hash_table(VALUE obj, st_table *table);
 void rb_obj_init_too_complex(VALUE obj, st_table *table);
 void rb_evict_ivars_to_hash(VALUE obj);
-void rb_evict_fields_to_hash(VALUE obj);
 VALUE rb_obj_field_get(VALUE obj, shape_id_t target_shape_id);
 void rb_ivar_set_internal(VALUE obj, ID id, VALUE val);
-void rb_obj_field_set(VALUE obj, shape_id_t target_shape_id, VALUE val);
+attr_index_t rb_ivar_set_index(VALUE obj, ID id, VALUE val);
+attr_index_t rb_obj_field_set(VALUE obj, shape_id_t target_shape_id, ID field_name, VALUE val);
+VALUE rb_ivar_get_at(VALUE obj, attr_index_t index, ID id);
+VALUE rb_ivar_get_at_no_ractor_check(VALUE obj, attr_index_t index);
 
 RUBY_SYMBOL_EXPORT_BEGIN
 /* variable.c (export) */
 void rb_mark_generic_ivar(VALUE obj);
 VALUE rb_const_missing(VALUE klass, VALUE name);
-int rb_class_ivar_set(VALUE klass, ID vid, VALUE value);
+bool rb_class_ivar_set(VALUE klass, ID vid, VALUE value);
 void rb_fields_tbl_copy(VALUE dst, VALUE src);
 RUBY_SYMBOL_EXPORT_END
 
@@ -70,7 +69,6 @@ VALUE rb_gvar_get(ID);
 VALUE rb_gvar_set(ID, VALUE);
 VALUE rb_gvar_defined(ID);
 void rb_const_warn_if_deprecated(const rb_const_entry_t *, VALUE, ID);
-void rb_ensure_iv_list_size(VALUE obj, uint32_t len, uint32_t newsize);
-attr_index_t rb_obj_ivar_set(VALUE obj, ID id, VALUE val);
+void rb_ensure_iv_list_size(VALUE obj, uint32_t current_len, uint32_t newsize);
 
 #endif /* INTERNAL_VARIABLE_H */
diff --git a/internal/vm.h b/internal/vm.h
index d1ee437cdc..029b19d555 100644
--- a/internal/vm.h
+++ b/internal/vm.h
@@ -69,6 +69,7 @@ const char *rb_type_str(enum ruby_value_type type);
 VALUE rb_check_funcall_default(VALUE, ID, int, const VALUE *, VALUE);
 VALUE rb_check_funcall_basic_kw(VALUE, ID, VALUE, int, const VALUE*, int);
 VALUE rb_yield_1(VALUE val);
+VALUE rb_ec_yield(struct rb_execution_context_struct *ec, VALUE val);
 VALUE rb_yield_force_blockarg(VALUE values);
 VALUE rb_lambda_call(VALUE obj, ID mid, int argc, const VALUE *argv,
                      rb_block_call_func_t bl_proc, int min_argc, int max_argc,
@@ -78,10 +79,11 @@ void rb_check_stack_overflow(void);
 VALUE rb_block_call2(VALUE obj, ID mid, int argc, const VALUE *argv, rb_block_call_func_t bl_proc, VALUE data2, long flags);
 struct vm_ifunc *rb_current_ifunc(void);
 VALUE rb_gccct_clear_table(VALUE);
+VALUE rb_eval_cmd_call_kw(VALUE cmd, int argc, const VALUE *argv, int kw_splat);
 
-#if USE_YJIT
+#if USE_YJIT || USE_ZJIT
 /* vm_exec.c */
-extern uint64_t rb_vm_insns_count;
+extern uint64_t rb_vm_insn_count;
 #endif
 
 extern bool rb_free_at_exit;
@@ -99,8 +101,6 @@ const struct rb_callcache *rb_vm_search_method_slowpath(const struct rb_callinfo
 /* vm_method.c */
 int rb_ec_obj_respond_to(struct rb_execution_context_struct *ec, VALUE obj, ID id, int priv);
 
-void rb_clear_constant_cache(void);
-
 /* vm_dump.c */
 void rb_print_backtrace(FILE *);
 
@@ -121,7 +121,6 @@ int rb_get_node_id_from_frame_info(VALUE obj);
 const struct rb_iseq_struct *rb_get_iseq_from_frame_info(VALUE obj);
 
 VALUE rb_ec_backtrace_object(const struct rb_execution_context_struct *ec);
-void rb_backtrace_use_iseq_first_lineno_for_last_location(VALUE self);
 
 #define RUBY_DTRACE_CREATE_HOOK(name, arg) \
     RUBY_DTRACE_HOOK(name##_CREATE, arg)
diff --git a/io.c b/io.c
index cc69119917..25c66550f5 100644
--- a/io.c
+++ b/io.c
@@ -1291,7 +1291,8 @@ internal_writev_func(void *ptr)
 static ssize_t
 rb_io_read_memory(rb_io_t *fptr, void *buf, size_t count)
 {
-    VALUE scheduler = rb_fiber_scheduler_current();
+    rb_thread_t *th = GET_THREAD();
+    VALUE scheduler = rb_fiber_scheduler_current_for_threadptr(th);
     if (scheduler != Qnil) {
         VALUE result = rb_fiber_scheduler_io_read_memory(scheduler, fptr->self, buf, count, 0);
 
@@ -1301,7 +1302,7 @@ rb_io_read_memory(rb_io_t *fptr, void *buf, size_t count)
     }
 
     struct io_internal_read_struct iis = {
-        .th = rb_thread_current(),
+        .th = th->self,
         .fptr = fptr,
         .nonblock = 0,
         .fd = fptr->fd,
@@ -1324,7 +1325,8 @@ rb_io_read_memory(rb_io_t *fptr, void *buf, size_t count)
 static ssize_t
 rb_io_write_memory(rb_io_t *fptr, const void *buf, size_t count)
 {
-    VALUE scheduler = rb_fiber_scheduler_current();
+    rb_thread_t *th = GET_THREAD();
+    VALUE scheduler = rb_fiber_scheduler_current_for_threadptr(th);
     if (scheduler != Qnil) {
         VALUE result = rb_fiber_scheduler_io_write_memory(scheduler, fptr->self, buf, count, 0);
 
@@ -1334,7 +1336,7 @@ rb_io_write_memory(rb_io_t *fptr, const void *buf, size_t count)
     }
 
     struct io_internal_write_struct iis = {
-        .th = rb_thread_current(),
+        .th = th->self,
         .fptr = fptr,
         .nonblock = 0,
         .fd = fptr->fd,
@@ -1360,7 +1362,9 @@ rb_writev_internal(rb_io_t *fptr, const struct iovec *iov, int iovcnt)
 {
     if (!iovcnt) return 0;
 
-    VALUE scheduler = rb_fiber_scheduler_current();
+    rb_thread_t *th = GET_THREAD();
+
+    VALUE scheduler = rb_fiber_scheduler_current_for_threadptr(th);
     if (scheduler != Qnil) {
         // This path assumes at least one `iov`:
         VALUE result = rb_fiber_scheduler_io_write_memory(scheduler, fptr->self, iov[0].iov_base, iov[0].iov_len, 0);
@@ -1371,7 +1375,7 @@ rb_writev_internal(rb_io_t *fptr, const struct iovec *iov, int iovcnt)
     }
 
     struct io_internal_writev_struct iis = {
-        .th = rb_thread_current(),
+        .th = th->self,
         .fptr = fptr,
         .nonblock = 0,
         .fd = fptr->fd,
@@ -1414,10 +1418,34 @@ io_flush_buffer_sync(void *arg)
     return (VALUE)-1;
 }
 
+static inline VALUE
+io_flush_buffer_fiber_scheduler(VALUE scheduler, rb_io_t *fptr)
+{
+    VALUE ret = rb_fiber_scheduler_io_write_memory(scheduler, fptr->self, fptr->wbuf.ptr+fptr->wbuf.off, fptr->wbuf.len, 0);
+    if (!UNDEF_P(ret)) {
+        ssize_t result = rb_fiber_scheduler_io_result_apply(ret);
+        if (result > 0) {
+            fptr->wbuf.off += result;
+            fptr->wbuf.len -= result;
+        }
+        return result >= 0 ? (VALUE)0 : (VALUE)-1;
+    }
+    return ret;
+}
+
 static VALUE
 io_flush_buffer_async(VALUE arg)
 {
     rb_io_t *fptr = (rb_io_t *)arg;
+
+    VALUE scheduler = rb_fiber_scheduler_current();
+    if (scheduler != Qnil) {
+        VALUE result = io_flush_buffer_fiber_scheduler(scheduler, fptr);
+        if (!UNDEF_P(result)) {
+            return result;
+        }
+    }
+
     return rb_io_blocking_region_wait(fptr, io_flush_buffer_sync, fptr, RUBY_IO_WRITABLE);
 }
 
@@ -1453,7 +1481,8 @@ io_fflush(rb_io_t *fptr)
 VALUE
 rb_io_wait(VALUE io, VALUE events, VALUE timeout)
 {
-    VALUE scheduler = rb_fiber_scheduler_current();
+    rb_thread_t *th = GET_THREAD();
+    VALUE scheduler = rb_fiber_scheduler_current_for_threadptr(th);
 
     if (scheduler != Qnil) {
         return rb_fiber_scheduler_io_wait(scheduler, io, events, timeout);
@@ -1474,7 +1503,7 @@ rb_io_wait(VALUE io, VALUE events, VALUE timeout)
         tv = &tv_storage;
     }
 
-    int ready = rb_thread_io_wait(fptr, RB_NUM2INT(events), tv);
+    int ready = rb_thread_io_wait(th, fptr, RB_NUM2INT(events), tv);
 
     if (ready < 0) {
         rb_sys_fail(0);
@@ -1498,17 +1527,15 @@ io_from_fd(int fd)
 }
 
 static int
-io_wait_for_single_fd(int fd, int events, struct timeval *timeout)
+io_wait_for_single_fd(int fd, int events, struct timeval *timeout, rb_thread_t *th, VALUE scheduler)
 {
-    VALUE scheduler = rb_fiber_scheduler_current();
-
     if (scheduler != Qnil) {
         return RTEST(
             rb_fiber_scheduler_io_wait(scheduler, io_from_fd(fd), RB_INT2NUM(events), rb_fiber_scheduler_make_timeout(timeout))
         );
     }
 
-    return rb_thread_wait_for_single_fd(fd, events, timeout);
+    return rb_thread_wait_for_single_fd(th, fd, events, timeout);
 }
 
 int
@@ -1516,7 +1543,8 @@ rb_io_wait_readable(int f)
 {
     io_fd_check_closed(f);
 
-    VALUE scheduler = rb_fiber_scheduler_current();
+    rb_thread_t *th = GET_THREAD();
+    VALUE scheduler = rb_fiber_scheduler_current_for_threadptr(th);
 
     switch (errno) {
       case EINTR:
@@ -1536,7 +1564,7 @@ rb_io_wait_readable(int f)
             );
         }
         else {
-            io_wait_for_single_fd(f, RUBY_IO_READABLE, NULL);
+            io_wait_for_single_fd(f, RUBY_IO_READABLE, NULL, th, scheduler);
         }
         return TRUE;
 
@@ -1550,7 +1578,8 @@ rb_io_wait_writable(int f)
 {
     io_fd_check_closed(f);
 
-    VALUE scheduler = rb_fiber_scheduler_current();
+    rb_thread_t *th = GET_THREAD();
+    VALUE scheduler = rb_fiber_scheduler_current_for_threadptr(th);
 
     switch (errno) {
       case EINTR:
@@ -1579,7 +1608,7 @@ rb_io_wait_writable(int f)
             );
         }
         else {
-            io_wait_for_single_fd(f, RUBY_IO_WRITABLE, NULL);
+            io_wait_for_single_fd(f, RUBY_IO_WRITABLE, NULL, th, scheduler);
         }
         return TRUE;
 
@@ -1591,7 +1620,9 @@ rb_io_wait_writable(int f)
 int
 rb_wait_for_single_fd(int fd, int events, struct timeval *timeout)
 {
-    return io_wait_for_single_fd(fd, events, timeout);
+    rb_thread_t *th = GET_THREAD();
+    VALUE scheduler = rb_fiber_scheduler_current_for_threadptr(th);
+    return io_wait_for_single_fd(fd, events, timeout, th, scheduler);
 }
 
 int
@@ -2628,9 +2659,6 @@ io_fillbuf(rb_io_t *fptr)
         fptr->rbuf.len = 0;
         fptr->rbuf.capa = IO_RBUF_CAPA_FOR(fptr);
         fptr->rbuf.ptr = ALLOC_N(char, fptr->rbuf.capa);
-#ifdef _WIN32
-        fptr->rbuf.capa--;
-#endif
     }
     if (fptr->rbuf.len == 0) {
       retry:
@@ -3156,8 +3184,6 @@ io_enc_str(VALUE str, rb_io_t *fptr)
     return str;
 }
 
-static rb_encoding *io_read_encoding(rb_io_t *fptr);
-
 static void
 make_readconv(rb_io_t *fptr, int size)
 {
@@ -3300,10 +3326,6 @@ io_shift_cbuf(rb_io_t *fptr, int len, VALUE *strp)
 static int
 io_setstrbuf(VALUE *str, long len)
 {
-#ifdef _WIN32
-    if (len > 0)
-        len = (len + 1) & ~1L;	/* round up for wide char */
-#endif
     if (NIL_P(*str)) {
         *str = rb_str_new(0, len);
         return TRUE;
@@ -4307,11 +4329,17 @@ rb_io_gets(VALUE io)
 }
 
 VALUE
-rb_io_gets_internal(VALUE io)
+rb_io_gets_limit_internal(VALUE io, long limit)
 {
     rb_io_t *fptr;
     GetOpenFile(io, fptr);
-    return rb_io_getline_0(rb_default_rs, -1, FALSE, fptr);
+    return rb_io_getline_0(rb_default_rs, limit, FALSE, fptr);
+}
+
+VALUE
+rb_io_gets_internal(VALUE io)
+{
+    return rb_io_gets_limit_internal(io, -1);
 }
 
 /*
@@ -4692,10 +4720,11 @@ rb_io_each_line(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE io)
  *  Calls the given block with each byte (0..255) in the stream; returns +self+.
  *  See {Byte IO}[rdoc-ref:IO@Byte+IO].
  *
- *    f = File.new('t.rus')
+ *    File.read('t.ja') # => "こんにちは"
+ *    f = File.new('t.ja')
  *    a = []
  *    f.each_byte {|b| a << b }
- *    a # => [209, 130, 208, 181, 209, 129, 209, 130]
+ *    a # => [227, 129, 147, 227, 130, 147, 227, 129, 171, 227, 129, 161, 227, 129, 175]
  *    f.close
  *
  *  Returns an Enumerator if no block is given.
@@ -4840,10 +4869,11 @@ io_getc(rb_io_t *fptr, rb_encoding *enc)
  *  Calls the given block with each character in the stream; returns +self+.
  *  See {Character IO}[rdoc-ref:IO@Character+IO].
  *
- *    f = File.new('t.rus')
+ *    File.read('t.ja') # => "こんにちは"
+ *    f = File.new('t.ja')
  *    a = []
  *    f.each_char {|c| a << c.ord }
- *    a # => [1090, 1077, 1089, 1090]
+ *    a # => [12371, 12435, 12395, 12385, 12399]
  *    f.close
  *
  *  Returns an Enumerator if no block is given.
@@ -4878,10 +4908,11 @@ rb_io_each_char(VALUE io)
  *
  *  Calls the given block with each codepoint in the stream; returns +self+:
  *
- *    f = File.new('t.rus')
+ *    File.read('t.ja') # => "こんにちは"
+ *    f = File.new('t.ja')
  *    a = []
  *    f.each_codepoint {|c| a << c }
- *    a # => [1090, 1077, 1089, 1090]
+ *    a # => [12371, 12435, 12395, 12385, 12399]
  *    f.close
  *
  *  Returns an Enumerator if no block is given.
@@ -4903,6 +4934,7 @@ rb_io_each_codepoint(VALUE io)
     rb_io_check_char_readable(fptr);
 
     READ_CHECK(fptr);
+    enc = io_read_encoding(fptr);
     if (NEED_READCONV(fptr)) {
         SET_BINARY_MODE(fptr);
         r = 1;		/* no invalid char yet */
@@ -4910,12 +4942,9 @@ rb_io_each_codepoint(VALUE io)
             make_readconv(fptr, 0);
             for (;;) {
                 if (fptr->cbuf.len) {
-                    if (fptr->encs.enc)
-                        r = rb_enc_precise_mbclen(fptr->cbuf.ptr+fptr->cbuf.off,
-                                                  fptr->cbuf.ptr+fptr->cbuf.off+fptr->cbuf.len,
-                                                  fptr->encs.enc);
-                    else
-                        r = ONIGENC_CONSTRUCT_MBCLEN_CHARFOUND(1);
+                    r = rb_enc_precise_mbclen(fptr->cbuf.ptr+fptr->cbuf.off,
+                                              fptr->cbuf.ptr+fptr->cbuf.off+fptr->cbuf.len,
+                                              enc);
                     if (!MBCLEN_NEEDMORE_P(r))
                         break;
                     if (fptr->cbuf.len == fptr->cbuf.capa) {
@@ -4925,33 +4954,25 @@ rb_io_each_codepoint(VALUE io)
                 if (more_char(fptr) == MORE_CHAR_FINISHED) {
                     clear_readconv(fptr);
                     if (!MBCLEN_CHARFOUND_P(r)) {
-                        enc = fptr->encs.enc;
                         goto invalid;
                     }
                     return io;
                 }
             }
             if (MBCLEN_INVALID_P(r)) {
-                enc = fptr->encs.enc;
                 goto invalid;
             }
             n = MBCLEN_CHARFOUND_LEN(r);
-            if (fptr->encs.enc) {
-                c = rb_enc_codepoint(fptr->cbuf.ptr+fptr->cbuf.off,
-                                     fptr->cbuf.ptr+fptr->cbuf.off+fptr->cbuf.len,
-                                     fptr->encs.enc);
-            }
-            else {
-                c = (unsigned char)fptr->cbuf.ptr[fptr->cbuf.off];
-            }
+            c = rb_enc_codepoint(fptr->cbuf.ptr+fptr->cbuf.off,
+                                 fptr->cbuf.ptr+fptr->cbuf.off+fptr->cbuf.len,
+                                 enc);
             fptr->cbuf.off += n;
             fptr->cbuf.len -= n;
             rb_yield(UINT2NUM(c));
-            rb_io_check_byte_readable(fptr);
+            rb_io_check_char_readable(fptr);
         }
     }
     NEED_NEWLINE_DECORATOR_ON_READ_CHECK(fptr);
-    enc = io_input_encoding(fptr);
     while (io_fillbuf(fptr) >= 0) {
         r = rb_enc_precise_mbclen(fptr->rbuf.ptr+fptr->rbuf.off,
                                   fptr->rbuf.ptr+fptr->rbuf.off+fptr->rbuf.len, enc);
@@ -5005,8 +5026,9 @@ rb_io_each_codepoint(VALUE io)
  *    f = File.open('t.txt')
  *    f.getc     # => "F"
  *    f.close
- *    f = File.open('t.rus')
- *    f.getc.ord # => 1090
+ *    File.read('t.ja') # => "こんにちは"
+ *    f = File.open('t.ja')
+ *    f.getc.ord # => 12371
  *    f.close
  *
  *  Related:  IO#readchar (may raise EOFError).
@@ -5038,8 +5060,9 @@ rb_io_getc(VALUE io)
  *    f = File.open('t.txt')
  *    f.readchar     # => "F"
  *    f.close
- *    f = File.open('t.rus')
- *    f.readchar.ord # => 1090
+ *    File.read('t.ja') # => "こんにちは"
+ *    f = File.open('t.ja')
+ *    f.readchar.ord # => 12371
  *    f.close
  *
  *  Related:  IO#getc (will not raise EOFError).
@@ -5068,8 +5091,9 @@ rb_io_readchar(VALUE io)
  *    f = File.open('t.txt')
  *    f.getbyte # => 70
  *    f.close
- *    f = File.open('t.rus')
- *    f.getbyte # => 209
+ *    File.read('t.ja') # => "こんにちは"
+ *    f = File.open('t.ja')
+ *    f.getbyte # => 227
  *    f.close
  *
  *  Related: IO#readbyte (may raise EOFError).
@@ -5112,8 +5136,9 @@ rb_io_getbyte(VALUE io)
  *    f = File.open('t.txt')
  *    f.readbyte # => 70
  *    f.close
- *    f = File.open('t.rus')
- *    f.readbyte # => 209
+ *    File.read('t.ja') # => "こんにちは"
+ *    f = File.open('t.ja')
+ *    f.readbyte # => 227
  *    f.close
  *
  *  Related: IO#getbyte (will not raise EOFError).
@@ -5557,18 +5582,9 @@ fptr_finalize_flush(rb_io_t *fptr, int noraise, int keepgvl)
     fptr->stdio_file = 0;
     fptr->mode &= ~(FMODE_READABLE|FMODE_WRITABLE);
 
-    // wait for blocking operations to ensure they do not hit EBADF:
+    // Wait for blocking operations to ensure they do not hit EBADF:
     rb_thread_io_close_wait(fptr);
 
-    // Disable for now.
-    // if (!done && fd >= 0) {
-    //     VALUE scheduler = rb_fiber_scheduler_current();
-    //     if (scheduler != Qnil) {
-    //         VALUE result = rb_fiber_scheduler_io_close(scheduler, fptr->self);
-    //         if (!UNDEF_P(result)) done = 1;
-    //     }
-    // }
-
     if (!done && stdio_file) {
         // stdio_file is deallocated anyway even if fclose failed.
         if ((maygvl_fclose(stdio_file, noraise) < 0) && NIL_P(error)) {
@@ -5580,6 +5596,15 @@ fptr_finalize_flush(rb_io_t *fptr, int noraise, int keepgvl)
         done = 1;
     }
 
+    VALUE scheduler = rb_fiber_scheduler_current();
+    if (!done && fd >= 0 && scheduler != Qnil) {
+        VALUE result = rb_fiber_scheduler_io_close(scheduler, RB_INT2NUM(fd));
+
+        if (!UNDEF_P(result)) {
+            done = RTEST(result);
+        }
+    }
+
     if (!done && fd >= 0) {
         // fptr->fd may be closed even if close fails. POSIX doesn't specify it.
         // We assumes it is closed.
@@ -5730,10 +5755,12 @@ io_close_fptr(VALUE io)
     if (!fptr) return 0;
     if (fptr->fd < 0) return 0;
 
+    // This guards against multiple threads closing the same IO object:
     if (rb_thread_io_close_interrupt(fptr)) {
         /* calls close(fptr->fd): */
         fptr_finalize_flush(fptr, FALSE, KEEPGVL);
     }
+
     rb_io_fptr_cleanup(fptr, FALSE);
     return fptr;
 }
@@ -6260,6 +6287,14 @@ internal_pwrite_func(void *_arg)
 {
     struct prdwr_internal_arg *arg = _arg;
 
+    return (VALUE)pwrite(arg->fd, arg->buf, arg->count, arg->offset);
+}
+
+static VALUE
+pwrite_internal_call(VALUE _arg)
+{
+    struct prdwr_internal_arg *arg = (struct prdwr_internal_arg *)_arg;
+
     VALUE scheduler = rb_fiber_scheduler_current();
     if (scheduler != Qnil) {
         VALUE result = rb_fiber_scheduler_io_pwrite_memory(scheduler, arg->io->self, arg->offset, arg->buf, arg->count, 0);
@@ -6269,8 +6304,7 @@ internal_pwrite_func(void *_arg)
         }
     }
 
-
-    return (VALUE)pwrite(arg->fd, arg->buf, arg->count, arg->offset);
+    return rb_io_blocking_region_wait(arg->io, internal_pwrite_func, arg, RUBY_IO_WRITABLE);
 }
 
 /*
@@ -6322,7 +6356,7 @@ rb_io_pwrite(VALUE io, VALUE str, VALUE offset)
     arg.buf = RSTRING_PTR(tmp);
     arg.count = (size_t)RSTRING_LEN(tmp);
 
-    n = (ssize_t)rb_io_blocking_region_wait(fptr, internal_pwrite_func, &arg, RUBY_IO_WRITABLE);
+    n = (ssize_t)pwrite_internal_call((VALUE)&arg);
     if (n < 0) rb_sys_fail_path(fptr->pathv);
     rb_str_tmp_frozen_release(str, tmp);
 
@@ -7826,7 +7860,7 @@ static VALUE popen_finish(VALUE port, VALUE klass);
  *  whose $stdin and $stdout are connected to a new stream +io+.
  *
  *  This method has potential security vulnerabilities if called with untrusted input;
- *  see {Command Injection}[rdoc-ref:command_injection.rdoc].
+ *  see {Command Injection}[rdoc-ref:security/command_injection.rdoc].
  *
  *  If no block is given, returns the new stream,
  *  which depending on given +mode+ may be open for reading, writing, or both.
@@ -7835,7 +7869,8 @@ static VALUE popen_finish(VALUE port, VALUE klass);
  *  If a block is given, the stream is passed to the block
  *  (again, open for reading, writing, or both);
  *  when the block exits, the stream is closed,
- *  and the block's value is assigned to global variable <tt>$?</tt> and returned.
+ *  the block's value is returned,
+ *  and the global variable <tt>$?</tt> is set to the child's exit status.
  *
  *  Optional argument +mode+ may be any valid \IO mode.
  *  See {Access Modes}[rdoc-ref:File@Access+Modes].
@@ -8084,7 +8119,12 @@ ruby_popen_writer(char *const *argv, rb_pid_t *pid)
     int write_pair[2];
 # endif
 
-    int result = rb_cloexec_pipe(write_pair);
+#ifdef HAVE_PIPE2
+    int result = pipe2(write_pair, O_CLOEXEC);
+#else
+    int result = pipe(write_pair);
+#endif
+
     *pid = -1;
     if (result == 0) {
 # ifdef HAVE_WORKING_FORK
@@ -8216,21 +8256,6 @@ rb_io_s_sysopen(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE _)
     return INT2NUM(fd);
 }
 
-static VALUE
-check_pipe_command(VALUE filename_or_command)
-{
-    char *s = RSTRING_PTR(filename_or_command);
-    long l = RSTRING_LEN(filename_or_command);
-    char *e = s + l;
-    int chlen;
-
-    if (rb_enc_ascget(s, e, &chlen, rb_enc_get(filename_or_command)) == '|') {
-        VALUE cmd = rb_str_new(s+chlen, l-chlen);
-        return cmd;
-    }
-    return Qnil;
-}
-
 /*
  *  call-seq:
  *    open(path, mode = 'r', perm = 0666, **opts)             -> io or nil
@@ -8238,9 +8263,6 @@ check_pipe_command(VALUE filename_or_command)
  *
  *  Creates an IO object connected to the given file.
  *
- *  This method has potential security vulnerabilities if called with untrusted input;
- *  see {Command Injection}[rdoc-ref:command_injection.rdoc].
- *
  *  With no block given, file stream is returned:
  *
  *    open('t.txt') # => #<File:t.txt>
@@ -8276,13 +8298,7 @@ rb_f_open(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE _)
                 redirect = TRUE;
             }
             else {
-                VALUE cmd = check_pipe_command(tmp);
-                if (!NIL_P(cmd)) {
-                    // TODO: when removed in 4.0, update command_injection.rdoc
-                    rb_warn_deprecated_to_remove_at(4.0, "Calling Kernel#open with a leading '|'", "IO.popen");
-                    argv[0] = cmd;
-                    return rb_io_s_popen(argc, argv, rb_cIO);
-                }
+                argv[0] = tmp;
             }
         }
     }
@@ -8301,16 +8317,8 @@ static VALUE
 rb_io_open_generic(VALUE klass, VALUE filename, int oflags, enum rb_io_mode fmode,
                    const struct rb_io_encoding *convconfig, mode_t perm)
 {
-    VALUE cmd;
-    if (klass == rb_cIO && !NIL_P(cmd = check_pipe_command(filename))) {
-        // TODO: when removed in 4.0, update command_injection.rdoc
-        rb_warn_deprecated_to_remove_at(4.0, "IO process creation with a leading '|'", "IO.popen");
-        return pipe_open_s(cmd, rb_io_oflags_modestr(oflags), fmode, convconfig);
-    }
-    else {
-        return rb_file_open_generic(io_alloc(klass), filename,
-                                    oflags, fmode, convconfig, perm);
-    }
+    return rb_file_open_generic(io_alloc(klass), filename,
+                                oflags, fmode, convconfig, perm);
 }
 
 static VALUE
@@ -8606,7 +8614,7 @@ rb_io_init_copy(VALUE dest, VALUE io)
  *  Formats and writes +objects+ to the stream.
  *
  *  For details on +format_string+, see
- *  {Format Specifications}[rdoc-ref:format_specifications.rdoc].
+ *  {Format Specifications}[rdoc-ref:language/format_specifications.rdoc].
  *
  */
 
@@ -8627,7 +8635,7 @@ rb_io_printf(int argc, const VALUE *argv, VALUE out)
  *    io.write(sprintf(format_string, *objects))
  *
  *  For details on +format_string+, see
- *  {Format Specifications}[rdoc-ref:format_specifications.rdoc].
+ *  {Format Specifications}[rdoc-ref:language/format_specifications.rdoc].
  *
  *  With the single argument +format_string+, formats +objects+ into the string,
  *  then writes the formatted string to $stdout:
@@ -8670,31 +8678,19 @@ rb_f_printf(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE _)
     return Qnil;
 }
 
-static void
-deprecated_str_setter(VALUE val, ID id, VALUE *var)
-{
-    rb_str_setter(val, id, &val);
-    if (!NIL_P(val)) {
-        rb_warn_deprecated("'%s'", NULL, rb_id2name(id));
-    }
-    *var = val;
-}
+extern void rb_deprecated_str_setter(VALUE val, ID id, VALUE *var);
 
 static void
 deprecated_rs_setter(VALUE val, ID id, VALUE *var)
 {
+    rb_deprecated_str_setter(val, id, &val);
     if (!NIL_P(val)) {
-        if (!RB_TYPE_P(val, T_STRING)) {
-            rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "value of %"PRIsVALUE" must be String", rb_id2str(id));
-        }
         if (rb_str_equal(val, rb_default_rs)) {
             val = rb_default_rs;
         }
         else {
             val = rb_str_frozen_bare_string(val);
         }
-        rb_enc_str_coderange(val);
-        rb_warn_deprecated("'%s'", NULL, rb_id2name(id));
     }
     *var = val;
 }
@@ -9503,7 +9499,8 @@ static VALUE io_initialize(VALUE io, VALUE fnum, VALUE vmode, VALUE opt);
  *  The new \IO object does not inherit encoding
  *  (because the integer file descriptor does not have an encoding):
  *
- *    fd = IO.sysopen('t.rus', 'rb')
+ *    File.read('t.ja') # => "こんにちは"
+ *    fd = IO.sysopen('t.ja', 'rb')
  *    io = IO.new(fd)
  *    io.external_encoding # => #<Encoding:UTF-8> # Not ASCII-8BIT.
  *
@@ -9825,7 +9822,7 @@ io_wait_readable(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE io)
     rb_io_t *fptr;
 
     RB_IO_POINTER(io, fptr);
-    rb_io_check_readable(fptr);
+    rb_io_check_char_readable(fptr);
 
     if (rb_io_read_pending(fptr)) return Qtrue;
 
@@ -9872,7 +9869,7 @@ io_wait_priority(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE io)
     rb_io_t *fptr = NULL;
 
     RB_IO_POINTER(io, fptr);
-    rb_io_check_readable(fptr);
+    rb_io_check_char_readable(fptr);
 
     if (rb_io_read_pending(fptr)) return Qtrue;
 
@@ -9929,7 +9926,7 @@ io_event_from_value(VALUE value)
 /*
  * call-seq:
  *   io.wait(events, timeout) -> event mask, false or nil
- *   io.wait(timeout = nil, mode = :read) -> self, true, or false
+ *   io.wait(*event_symbols[, timeout]) -> self, true, or false
  *
  * Waits until the IO becomes ready for the specified events and returns the
  * subset of events that become ready, or a falsy value when times out.
@@ -9937,10 +9934,14 @@ io_event_from_value(VALUE value)
  * The events can be a bit mask of +IO::READABLE+, +IO::WRITABLE+ or
  * +IO::PRIORITY+.
  *
- * Returns an event mask (truthy value) immediately when buffered data is available.
+ * Returns an event mask (truthy value) immediately when buffered data is
+ * available.
  *
- * Optional parameter +mode+ is one of +:read+, +:write+, or
- * +:read_write+.
+ * The second form: if one or more event symbols (+:read+, +:write+, or
+ * +:read_write+) are passed, the event mask is the bit OR of the bitmask
+ * corresponding to those symbols.  In this form, +timeout+ is optional, the
+ * order of the arguments is arbitrary, and returns +io+ if any of the
+ * events is ready.
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -9950,10 +9951,6 @@ io_wait(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE io)
     enum rb_io_event events = 0;
     int return_io = 0;
 
-    // The documented signature for this method is actually incorrect.
-    // A single timeout is allowed in any position, and multiple symbols can be given.
-    // Whether this is intentional or not, I don't know, and as such I consider this to
-    // be a legacy/slow path.
     if (argc != 2 || (RB_SYMBOL_P(argv[0]) || RB_SYMBOL_P(argv[1]))) {
         // We'd prefer to return the actual mask, but this form would return the io itself:
         return_io = 1;
@@ -9999,14 +9996,14 @@ io_wait(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE io)
 }
 
 static void
-argf_mark(void *ptr)
+argf_mark_and_move(void *ptr)
 {
     struct argf *p = ptr;
-    rb_gc_mark(p->filename);
-    rb_gc_mark(p->current_file);
-    rb_gc_mark(p->argv);
-    rb_gc_mark(p->inplace);
-    rb_gc_mark(p->encs.ecopts);
+    rb_gc_mark_and_move(&p->filename);
+    rb_gc_mark_and_move(&p->current_file);
+    rb_gc_mark_and_move(&p->argv);
+    rb_gc_mark_and_move(&p->inplace);
+    rb_gc_mark_and_move(&p->encs.ecopts);
 }
 
 static size_t
@@ -10017,20 +10014,9 @@ argf_memsize(const void *ptr)
     return size;
 }
 
-static void
-argf_compact(void *ptr)
-{
-    struct argf *p = ptr;
-    p->filename = rb_gc_location(p->filename);
-    p->current_file = rb_gc_location(p->current_file);
-    p->argv = rb_gc_location(p->argv);
-    p->inplace = rb_gc_location(p->inplace);
-    p->encs.ecopts = rb_gc_location(p->encs.ecopts);
-}
-
 static const rb_data_type_t argf_type = {
     "ARGF",
-    {argf_mark, RUBY_TYPED_DEFAULT_FREE, argf_memsize, argf_compact},
+    {argf_mark_and_move, RUBY_TYPED_DEFAULT_FREE, argf_memsize, argf_mark_and_move},
     0, 0, RUBY_TYPED_FREE_IMMEDIATELY
 };
 
@@ -10661,14 +10647,14 @@ argf_readlines(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE argf)
  *  sets global variable <tt>$?</tt> to the process status.
  *
  *  This method has potential security vulnerabilities if called with untrusted input;
- *  see {Command Injection}[rdoc-ref:command_injection.rdoc].
+ *  see {Command Injection}[rdoc-ref:security/command_injection.rdoc].
  *
  *  Examples:
  *
  *    $ `date`                 # => "Wed Apr  9 08:56:30 CDT 2003\n"
  *    $ `echo oops && exit 99` # => "oops\n"
  *    $ $?                     # => #<Process::Status: pid 17088 exit 99>
- *    $ $?.status              # => 99>
+ *    $ $?.exitstatus          # => 99
  *
  *  The built-in syntax <tt>%x{...}</tt> uses this method.
  *
@@ -10772,9 +10758,9 @@ select_internal(VALUE read, VALUE write, VALUE except, struct timeval *tp, rb_fd
     if (!pending && n == 0) return Qnil; /* returns nil on timeout */
 
     res = rb_ary_new2(3);
-    rb_ary_push(res, rp?rb_ary_new():rb_ary_new2(0));
-    rb_ary_push(res, wp?rb_ary_new():rb_ary_new2(0));
-    rb_ary_push(res, ep?rb_ary_new():rb_ary_new2(0));
+    rb_ary_push(res, rp ? rb_ary_new_capa(RARRAY_LEN(read)) : rb_ary_new());
+    rb_ary_push(res, wp ? rb_ary_new_capa(RARRAY_LEN(write)) : rb_ary_new());
+    rb_ary_push(res, ep ? rb_ary_new_capa(RARRAY_LEN(except)) : rb_ary_new());
 
     if (rp) {
         list = RARRAY_AREF(res, 0);
@@ -12073,10 +12059,6 @@ io_s_foreach(VALUE v)
  *
  *  Calls the block with each successive line read from the stream.
  *
- *  When called from class \IO (but not subclasses of \IO),
- *  this method has potential security vulnerabilities if called with untrusted input;
- *  see {Command Injection}[rdoc-ref:command_injection.rdoc].
- *
  *  The first argument must be a string that is the path to a file.
  *
  *  With only argument +path+ given, parses lines from the file at the given +path+,
@@ -12176,10 +12158,6 @@ io_s_readlines(VALUE v)
  *
  *  Returns an array of all lines read from the stream.
  *
- *  When called from class \IO (but not subclasses of \IO),
- *  this method has potential security vulnerabilities if called with untrusted input;
- *  see {Command Injection}[rdoc-ref:command_injection.rdoc].
- *
  *  The first argument must be a string that is the path to a file.
  *
  *  With only argument +path+ given, parses lines from the file at the given +path+,
@@ -12265,10 +12243,6 @@ seek_before_access(VALUE argp)
  *  Opens the stream, reads and returns some or all of its content,
  *  and closes the stream; returns +nil+ if no bytes were read.
  *
- *  When called from class \IO (but not subclasses of \IO),
- *  this method has potential security vulnerabilities if called with untrusted input;
- *  see {Command Injection}[rdoc-ref:command_injection.rdoc].
- *
  *  The first argument must be a string that is the path to a file.
  *
  *  With only argument +path+ given, reads in text mode and returns the entire content
@@ -12336,10 +12310,6 @@ rb_io_s_read(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE io)
  *  Behaves like IO.read, except that the stream is opened in binary mode
  *  with ASCII-8BIT encoding.
  *
- *  When called from class \IO (but not subclasses of \IO),
- *  this method has potential security vulnerabilities if called with untrusted input;
- *  see {Command Injection}[rdoc-ref:command_injection.rdoc].
- *
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -12440,10 +12410,6 @@ io_s_write(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE klass, int binary)
  *  Opens the stream, writes the given +data+ to it,
  *  and closes the stream; returns the number of bytes written.
  *
- *  When called from class \IO (but not subclasses of \IO),
- *  this method has potential security vulnerabilities if called with untrusted input;
- *  see {Command Injection}[rdoc-ref:command_injection.rdoc].
- *
  *  The first argument must be a string that is the path to a file.
  *
  *  With only argument +path+ given, writes the given +data+ to the file at that path:
@@ -12490,10 +12456,6 @@ rb_io_s_write(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE io)
  *  Behaves like IO.write, except that the stream is opened in binary mode
  *  with ASCII-8BIT encoding.
  *
- *  When called from class \IO (but not subclasses of \IO),
- *  this method has potential security vulnerabilities if called with untrusted input;
- *  see {Command Injection}[rdoc-ref:command_injection.rdoc].
- *
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -14918,7 +14880,7 @@ set_LAST_READ_LINE(VALUE val, ID _x, VALUE *_y)
  * - \File +t.rb+:
  *
  *     p "ARGV: #{ARGV}"
- *     p "Line: #{ARGF.read}" # Read everything from all specified streams.
+ *     p "Read: #{ARGF.read}" # Read everything from all specified streams.
  *
  * - Command and output:
  *
@@ -15350,11 +15312,13 @@ set_LAST_READ_LINE(VALUE val, ID _x, VALUE *_y)
  *    File.open('t.txt') {|f| f.gets(11) } # => "First line\n"
  *    File.open('t.txt') {|f| f.gets(12) } # => "First line\n"
  *
- *    # Text with 2-byte characters, which will not be split.
- *    File.open('t.rus') {|f| f.gets(1).size } # => 1
- *    File.open('t.rus') {|f| f.gets(2).size } # => 1
- *    File.open('t.rus') {|f| f.gets(3).size } # => 2
- *    File.open('t.rus') {|f| f.gets(4).size } # => 2
+ *    # Text with 3-byte characters, which will not be split.
+ *    File.read('t.ja') # => "こんにちは"
+ *    File.open('t.ja') {|f| f.gets(1).size }      # => 1
+ *    File.open('t.ja') {|f| f.gets(2).size }      # => 1
+ *    File.open('t.ja') {|f| f.gets(3).size }      # => 1
+ *    File.open('t.ja') {|f| f.gets(4).size }      # => 2
+ *    File.open('t.ja') {|f| f.gets(5).size }      # => 2
  *
  *  ===== Line Separator and Line Limit
  *
@@ -15770,7 +15734,7 @@ Init_IO(void)
     rb_define_method(rb_cIO, "initialize", rb_io_initialize, -1);
 
     rb_output_fs = Qnil;
-    rb_define_hooked_variable("$,", &rb_output_fs, 0, deprecated_str_setter);
+    rb_define_hooked_variable("$,", &rb_output_fs, 0, rb_deprecated_str_setter);
 
     rb_default_rs = rb_fstring_lit("\n"); /* avoid modifying RS_default */
     rb_vm_register_global_object(rb_default_rs);
@@ -15780,7 +15744,7 @@ Init_IO(void)
     rb_gvar_ractor_local("$/"); // not local but ractor safe
     rb_define_hooked_variable("$-0", &rb_rs, 0, deprecated_rs_setter);
     rb_gvar_ractor_local("$-0"); // not local but ractor safe
-    rb_define_hooked_variable("$\\", &rb_output_rs, 0, deprecated_str_setter);
+    rb_define_hooked_variable("$\\", &rb_output_rs, 0, rb_deprecated_str_setter);
 
     rb_define_virtual_variable("$_", get_LAST_READ_LINE, set_LAST_READ_LINE);
     rb_gvar_ractor_local("$_");
diff --git a/io_buffer.c b/io_buffer.c
index 40c12ef5c1..f1afc3d3ba 100644
--- a/io_buffer.c
+++ b/io_buffer.c
@@ -273,6 +273,35 @@ io_buffer_free(struct rb_io_buffer *buffer)
 }
 
 static void
+rb_io_buffer_type_mark(void *_buffer)
+{
+    struct rb_io_buffer *buffer = _buffer;
+    if (buffer->source != Qnil) {
+        if (RB_TYPE_P(buffer->source, T_STRING)) {
+            // The `source` String has to be pinned, because the `base` may point to the embedded String content,
+            // which can be otherwise moved by GC compaction.
+            rb_gc_mark(buffer->source);
+        } else {
+            rb_gc_mark_movable(buffer->source);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+static void
+rb_io_buffer_type_compact(void *_buffer)
+{
+    struct rb_io_buffer *buffer = _buffer;
+    if (buffer->source != Qnil) {
+        if (RB_TYPE_P(buffer->source, T_STRING)) {
+            // The `source` String has to be pinned, because the `base` may point to the embedded String content,
+            // which can be otherwise moved by GC compaction.
+        } else {
+            buffer->source = rb_gc_location(buffer->source);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+static void
 rb_io_buffer_type_free(void *_buffer)
 {
     struct rb_io_buffer *buffer = _buffer;
@@ -293,20 +322,16 @@ rb_io_buffer_type_size(const void *_buffer)
     return total;
 }
 
-RUBY_REFERENCES(io_buffer_refs) = {
-    RUBY_REF_EDGE(struct rb_io_buffer, source),
-    RUBY_REF_END
-};
-
 static const rb_data_type_t rb_io_buffer_type = {
     .wrap_struct_name = "IO::Buffer",
     .function = {
-        .dmark = RUBY_REFS_LIST_PTR(io_buffer_refs),
+        .dmark = rb_io_buffer_type_mark,
         .dfree = rb_io_buffer_type_free,
         .dsize = rb_io_buffer_type_size,
+        .dcompact = rb_io_buffer_type_compact,
     },
     .data = NULL,
-    .flags = RUBY_TYPED_FREE_IMMEDIATELY | RUBY_TYPED_WB_PROTECTED | RUBY_TYPED_EMBEDDABLE | RUBY_TYPED_DECL_MARKING,
+    .flags = RUBY_TYPED_FREE_IMMEDIATELY | RUBY_TYPED_WB_PROTECTED | RUBY_TYPED_EMBEDDABLE,
 };
 
 static inline enum rb_io_buffer_flags
@@ -454,6 +479,8 @@ io_buffer_extract_offset_length(VALUE self, int argc, VALUE argv[], size_t *offs
 VALUE
 rb_io_buffer_type_allocate(VALUE self)
 {
+    io_buffer_experimental();
+
     struct rb_io_buffer *buffer = NULL;
     VALUE instance = TypedData_Make_Struct(self, struct rb_io_buffer, &rb_io_buffer_type, buffer);
 
@@ -496,7 +523,9 @@ io_buffer_for_yield_instance(VALUE _arguments)
 
     arguments->instance = io_buffer_for_make_instance(arguments->klass, arguments->string, arguments->flags);
 
-    rb_str_locktmp(arguments->string);
+    if (!RB_OBJ_FROZEN(arguments->string)) {
+        rb_str_locktmp(arguments->string);
+    }
 
     return rb_yield(arguments->instance);
 }
@@ -510,7 +539,9 @@ io_buffer_for_yield_instance_ensure(VALUE _arguments)
         rb_io_buffer_free(arguments->instance);
     }
 
-    rb_str_unlocktmp(arguments->string);
+    if (!RB_OBJ_FROZEN(arguments->string)) {
+        rb_str_unlocktmp(arguments->string);
+    }
 
     return Qnil;
 }
@@ -540,7 +571,7 @@ io_buffer_for_yield_instance_ensure(VALUE _arguments)
  *    buffer.get_string(0, 1)
  *    # => "t"
  *    string
- *    # => "best"
+ *    # => "test"
  *
  *    buffer.resize(100)
  *    # in `resize': Cannot resize external buffer! (IO::Buffer::AccessError)
@@ -620,8 +651,6 @@ rb_io_buffer_new(void *base, size_t size, enum rb_io_buffer_flags flags)
 VALUE
 rb_io_buffer_map(VALUE io, size_t size, rb_off_t offset, enum rb_io_buffer_flags flags)
 {
-    io_buffer_experimental();
-
     VALUE instance = rb_io_buffer_type_allocate(rb_cIOBuffer);
 
     struct rb_io_buffer *buffer = NULL;
@@ -638,18 +667,25 @@ rb_io_buffer_map(VALUE io, size_t size, rb_off_t offset, enum rb_io_buffer_flags
  *  call-seq: IO::Buffer.map(file, [size, [offset, [flags]]]) -> io_buffer
  *
  *  Create an IO::Buffer for reading from +file+ by memory-mapping the file.
- *  +file_io+ should be a +File+ instance, opened for reading.
+ *  +file+ should be a +File+ instance, opened for reading or reading and writing.
  *
  *  Optional +size+ and +offset+ of mapping can be specified.
+ *  Trying to map an empty file or specify +size+ of 0 will raise an error.
+ *  Valid values for +offset+ are system-dependent.
  *
- *  By default, the buffer would be immutable (read only); to create a writable
- *  mapping, you need to open a file in read-write mode, and explicitly pass
- *  +flags+ argument without IO::Buffer::IMMUTABLE.
+ *  By default, the buffer is writable and expects the file to be writable.
+ *  It is also shared, so several processes can use the same mapping.
+ *
+ *  You can pass IO::Buffer::READONLY in +flags+ argument to make a read-only buffer;
+ *  this allows to work with files opened only for reading.
+ *  Specifying IO::Buffer::PRIVATE in +flags+ creates a private mapping,
+ *  which will not impact other processes or the underlying file.
+ *  It also allows updating a buffer created from a read-only file.
  *
  *    File.write('test.txt', 'test')
  *
  *    buffer = IO::Buffer.map(File.open('test.txt'), nil, 0, IO::Buffer::READONLY)
- *    # => #<IO::Buffer 0x00000001014a0000+4 MAPPED READONLY>
+ *    # => #<IO::Buffer 0x00000001014a0000+4 EXTERNAL MAPPED FILE SHARED READONLY>
  *
  *    buffer.readonly?   # => true
  *
@@ -657,7 +693,7 @@ rb_io_buffer_map(VALUE io, size_t size, rb_off_t offset, enum rb_io_buffer_flags
  *    # => "test"
  *
  *    buffer.set_string('b', 0)
- *    # `set_string': Buffer is not writable! (IO::Buffer::AccessError)
+ *    # 'IO::Buffer#set_string': Buffer is not writable! (IO::Buffer::AccessError)
  *
  *    # create read/write mapping: length 4 bytes, offset 0, flags 0
  *    buffer = IO::Buffer.map(File.open('test.txt', 'r+'), 4, 0)
@@ -679,31 +715,48 @@ io_buffer_map(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE klass)
     // We might like to handle a string path?
     VALUE io = argv[0];
 
+    rb_off_t file_size = rb_file_size(io);
+    // Compiler can confirm that we handled file_size <= 0 case:
+    if (UNLIKELY(file_size <= 0)) {
+        rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "Invalid negative or zero file size!");
+    }
+    // Here, we assume that file_size is positive:
+    else if (UNLIKELY((uintmax_t)file_size > SIZE_MAX)) {
+        rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "File larger than address space!");
+    }
+
     size_t size;
     if (argc >= 2 && !RB_NIL_P(argv[1])) {
         size = io_buffer_extract_size(argv[1]);
-    }
-    else {
-        rb_off_t file_size = rb_file_size(io);
-
-        // Compiler can confirm that we handled file_size < 0 case:
-        if (file_size < 0) {
-            rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "Invalid negative file size!");
+        if (UNLIKELY(size == 0)) {
+            rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "Size can't be zero!");
         }
-        // Here, we assume that file_size is positive:
-        else if ((uintmax_t)file_size > SIZE_MAX) {
-            rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "File larger than address space!");
-        }
-        else {
-            // This conversion should be safe:
-            size = (size_t)file_size;
+        if (UNLIKELY(size > (size_t)file_size)) {
+            rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "Size can't be larger than file size!");
         }
     }
+    else {
+        // This conversion should be safe:
+        size = (size_t)file_size;
+    }
 
     // This is the file offset, not the buffer offset:
     rb_off_t offset = 0;
     if (argc >= 3) {
         offset = NUM2OFFT(argv[2]);
+        if (UNLIKELY(offset < 0)) {
+            rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "Offset can't be negative!");
+        }
+        if (UNLIKELY(offset >= file_size)) {
+            rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "Offset too large!");
+        }
+        if (RB_NIL_P(argv[1])) {
+            // Decrease size if it's set from the actual file size:
+            size = (size_t)(file_size - offset);
+        }
+        else if (UNLIKELY((size_t)(file_size - offset) < size)) {
+            rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "Offset too large!");
+        }
     }
 
     enum rb_io_buffer_flags flags = 0;
@@ -752,8 +805,6 @@ io_flags_for_size(size_t size)
 VALUE
 rb_io_buffer_initialize(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
 {
-    io_buffer_experimental();
-
     rb_check_arity(argc, 0, 2);
 
     struct rb_io_buffer *buffer = NULL;
@@ -1473,13 +1524,19 @@ VALUE rb_io_buffer_free_locked(VALUE self)
     return self;
 }
 
+static bool
+size_sum_is_bigger_than(size_t a, size_t b, size_t x)
+{
+    struct rbimpl_size_overflow_tag size = rbimpl_size_add_overflow(a, b);
+    return size.overflowed || size.result > x;
+}
+
 // Validate that access to the buffer is within bounds, assuming you want to
 // access length bytes from the specified offset.
 static inline void
 io_buffer_validate_range(struct rb_io_buffer *buffer, size_t offset, size_t length)
 {
-    // We assume here that offset + length won't overflow:
-    if (offset + length > buffer->size) {
+    if (size_sum_is_bigger_than(offset, length, buffer->size)) {
         rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "Specified offset+length is bigger than the buffer size!");
     }
 }
@@ -1789,9 +1846,9 @@ rb_io_buffer_compare(VALUE self, VALUE other)
 }
 
 static void
-io_buffer_validate_type(size_t size, size_t offset)
+io_buffer_validate_type(size_t size, size_t offset, size_t extend)
 {
-    if (offset > size) {
+    if (size_sum_is_bigger_than(offset, extend, size)) {
         rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "Type extends beyond end of buffer! (offset=%"PRIdSIZE" > size=%"PRIdSIZE")", offset, size);
     }
 }
@@ -1811,6 +1868,9 @@ io_buffer_validate_type(size_t size, size_t offset)
 // :u64, :U64 | unsigned 64-bit integer.
 // :s64, :S64 | signed 64-bit integer.
 //
+// :u128, :U128 | unsigned 128-bit integer.
+// :s128, :S128 | signed 128-bit integer.
+//
 // :f32, :F32 | 32-bit floating point number.
 // :f64, :F64 | 64-bit floating point number.
 
@@ -1842,13 +1902,53 @@ ruby_swapf64(double value)
     return swap.value;
 }
 
+// Structures and conversion functions are now in numeric.h/numeric.c
+// Unified swap function for 128-bit integers (works with both signed and unsigned)
+// Since both rb_uint128_t and rb_int128_t have the same memory layout,
+// we can use a union to make the swap function work with both types
+static inline rb_uint128_t
+ruby_swap128_uint(rb_uint128_t x)
+{
+    rb_uint128_t result;
+#ifdef HAVE_UINT128_T
+#if __has_builtin(__builtin_bswap128)
+    result.value = __builtin_bswap128(x.value);
+#else
+    // Manual byte swap for 128-bit integers
+    uint64_t low = (uint64_t)x.value;
+    uint64_t high = (uint64_t)(x.value >> 64);
+    low = ruby_swap64(low);
+    high = ruby_swap64(high);
+    result.value = ((uint128_t)low << 64) | high;
+#endif
+#else
+    // Fallback swap function using two 64-bit integers
+    // For big-endian data on little-endian host (or vice versa):
+    // 1. Swap bytes within each 64-bit part
+    // 2. Swap the order of the parts (since big-endian stores high first, little-endian stores low first)
+    result.parts.low = ruby_swap64(x.parts.high);
+    result.parts.high = ruby_swap64(x.parts.low);
+#endif
+    return result;
+}
+
+static inline rb_int128_t
+ruby_swap128_int(rb_int128_t x)
+{
+    union uint128_int128_conversion conversion = {
+        .int128 = x
+    };
+    conversion.uint128 = ruby_swap128_uint(conversion.uint128);
+    return conversion.int128;
+}
+
 #define IO_BUFFER_DECLARE_TYPE(name, type, endian, wrap, unwrap, swap) \
 static ID RB_IO_BUFFER_DATA_TYPE_##name; \
 \
 static VALUE \
 io_buffer_read_##name(const void* base, size_t size, size_t *offset) \
 { \
-    io_buffer_validate_type(size, *offset + sizeof(type)); \
+    io_buffer_validate_type(size, *offset, sizeof(type)); \
     type value; \
     memcpy(&value, (char*)base + *offset, sizeof(type)); \
     if (endian != RB_IO_BUFFER_HOST_ENDIAN) value = swap(value); \
@@ -1859,7 +1959,7 @@ io_buffer_read_##name(const void* base, size_t size, size_t *offset) \
 static void \
 io_buffer_write_##name(const void* base, size_t size, size_t *offset, VALUE _value) \
 { \
-    io_buffer_validate_type(size, *offset + sizeof(type)); \
+    io_buffer_validate_type(size, *offset, sizeof(type)); \
     type value = unwrap(_value); \
     if (endian != RB_IO_BUFFER_HOST_ENDIAN) value = swap(value); \
     memcpy((char*)base + *offset, &value, sizeof(type)); \
@@ -1888,6 +1988,11 @@ IO_BUFFER_DECLARE_TYPE(U64, uint64_t, RB_IO_BUFFER_BIG_ENDIAN, RB_ULL2NUM, RB_NU
 IO_BUFFER_DECLARE_TYPE(s64, int64_t, RB_IO_BUFFER_LITTLE_ENDIAN, RB_LL2NUM, RB_NUM2LL, ruby_swap64)
 IO_BUFFER_DECLARE_TYPE(S64, int64_t, RB_IO_BUFFER_BIG_ENDIAN, RB_LL2NUM, RB_NUM2LL, ruby_swap64)
 
+IO_BUFFER_DECLARE_TYPE(u128, rb_uint128_t, RB_IO_BUFFER_LITTLE_ENDIAN, rb_uint128_to_numeric, rb_numeric_to_uint128, ruby_swap128_uint)
+IO_BUFFER_DECLARE_TYPE(U128, rb_uint128_t, RB_IO_BUFFER_BIG_ENDIAN, rb_uint128_to_numeric, rb_numeric_to_uint128, ruby_swap128_uint)
+IO_BUFFER_DECLARE_TYPE(s128, rb_int128_t, RB_IO_BUFFER_LITTLE_ENDIAN, rb_int128_to_numeric, rb_numeric_to_int128, ruby_swap128_int)
+IO_BUFFER_DECLARE_TYPE(S128, rb_int128_t, RB_IO_BUFFER_BIG_ENDIAN, rb_int128_to_numeric, rb_numeric_to_int128, ruby_swap128_int)
+
 IO_BUFFER_DECLARE_TYPE(f32, float, RB_IO_BUFFER_LITTLE_ENDIAN, DBL2NUM, NUM2DBL, ruby_swapf32)
 IO_BUFFER_DECLARE_TYPE(F32, float, RB_IO_BUFFER_BIG_ENDIAN, DBL2NUM, NUM2DBL, ruby_swapf32)
 IO_BUFFER_DECLARE_TYPE(f64, double, RB_IO_BUFFER_LITTLE_ENDIAN, DBL2NUM, NUM2DBL, ruby_swapf64)
@@ -1912,6 +2017,10 @@ io_buffer_buffer_type_size(ID buffer_type)
     IO_BUFFER_DATA_TYPE_SIZE(U64)
     IO_BUFFER_DATA_TYPE_SIZE(s64)
     IO_BUFFER_DATA_TYPE_SIZE(S64)
+    IO_BUFFER_DATA_TYPE_SIZE(u128)
+    IO_BUFFER_DATA_TYPE_SIZE(U128)
+    IO_BUFFER_DATA_TYPE_SIZE(s128)
+    IO_BUFFER_DATA_TYPE_SIZE(S128)
     IO_BUFFER_DATA_TYPE_SIZE(f32)
     IO_BUFFER_DATA_TYPE_SIZE(F32)
     IO_BUFFER_DATA_TYPE_SIZE(f64)
@@ -1968,6 +2077,11 @@ rb_io_buffer_get_value(const void* base, size_t size, ID buffer_type, size_t *of
     IO_BUFFER_GET_VALUE(s64)
     IO_BUFFER_GET_VALUE(S64)
 
+    IO_BUFFER_GET_VALUE(u128)
+    IO_BUFFER_GET_VALUE(U128)
+    IO_BUFFER_GET_VALUE(s128)
+    IO_BUFFER_GET_VALUE(S128)
+
     IO_BUFFER_GET_VALUE(f32)
     IO_BUFFER_GET_VALUE(F32)
     IO_BUFFER_GET_VALUE(f64)
@@ -1997,6 +2111,10 @@ rb_io_buffer_get_value(const void* base, size_t size, ID buffer_type, size_t *of
  *  * +:U64+: unsigned integer, 8 bytes, big-endian
  *  * +:s64+: signed integer, 8 bytes, little-endian
  *  * +:S64+: signed integer, 8 bytes, big-endian
+ *  * +:u128+: unsigned integer, 16 bytes, little-endian
+ *  * +:U128+: unsigned integer, 16 bytes, big-endian
+ *  * +:s128+: signed integer, 16 bytes, little-endian
+ *  * +:S128+: signed integer, 16 bytes, big-endian
  *  * +:f32+: float, 4 bytes, little-endian
  *  * +:F32+: float, 4 bytes, big-endian
  *  * +:f64+: double, 8 bytes, little-endian
@@ -2178,7 +2296,7 @@ io_buffer_values(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *    each_byte([offset, [count]]) {|offset, byte| ...} -> self
+ *    each_byte([offset, [count]]) {|byte| ...} -> self
  *    each_byte([offset, [count]]) -> enumerator
  *
  *  Iterates over the buffer, yielding each byte starting from +offset+.
@@ -2202,7 +2320,7 @@ io_buffer_each_byte(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
     rb_io_buffer_get_bytes_for_reading(self, &base, &size);
 
     size_t offset, count;
-    io_buffer_extract_offset_count(RB_IO_BUFFER_DATA_TYPE_U8, size, argc-1, argv+1, &offset, &count);
+    io_buffer_extract_offset_count(RB_IO_BUFFER_DATA_TYPE_U8, size, argc, argv, &offset, &count);
 
     for (size_t i = 0; i < count; i++) {
         unsigned char *value = (unsigned char *)base + i + offset;
@@ -2234,6 +2352,11 @@ rb_io_buffer_set_value(const void* base, size_t size, ID buffer_type, size_t *of
     IO_BUFFER_SET_VALUE(s64);
     IO_BUFFER_SET_VALUE(S64);
 
+    IO_BUFFER_SET_VALUE(u128);
+    IO_BUFFER_SET_VALUE(U128);
+    IO_BUFFER_SET_VALUE(s128);
+    IO_BUFFER_SET_VALUE(S128);
+
     IO_BUFFER_SET_VALUE(f32);
     IO_BUFFER_SET_VALUE(F32);
     IO_BUFFER_SET_VALUE(f64);
@@ -2364,7 +2487,7 @@ io_buffer_memmove(struct rb_io_buffer *buffer, size_t offset, const void *source
 
     io_buffer_validate_range(buffer, offset, length);
 
-    if (source_offset + length > source_size) {
+    if (size_sum_is_bigger_than(source_offset, length, source_size)) {
         rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "The computed source range exceeds the size of the source buffer!");
     }
 
@@ -2450,7 +2573,9 @@ rb_io_buffer_initialize_copy(VALUE self, VALUE source)
 
     io_buffer_initialize(self, buffer, NULL, source_size, io_flags_for_size(source_size), Qnil);
 
-    return io_buffer_copy_from(buffer, source_base, source_size, 0, NULL);
+    VALUE result = io_buffer_copy_from(buffer, source_base, source_size, 0, NULL);
+    RB_GC_GUARD(source);
+    return result;
 }
 
 /*
@@ -2535,7 +2660,9 @@ io_buffer_copy(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
 
     rb_io_buffer_get_bytes_for_reading(source, &source_base, &source_size);
 
-    return io_buffer_copy_from(buffer, source_base, source_size, argc-1, argv+1);
+    VALUE result = io_buffer_copy_from(buffer, source_base, source_size, argc-1, argv+1);
+    RB_GC_GUARD(source);
+    return result;
 }
 
 /*
@@ -2613,7 +2740,9 @@ io_buffer_set_string(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
     const void *source_base = RSTRING_PTR(string);
     size_t source_size = RSTRING_LEN(string);
 
-    return io_buffer_copy_from(buffer, source_base, source_size, argc-1, argv+1);
+    VALUE result = io_buffer_copy_from(buffer, source_base, source_size, argc-1, argv+1);
+    RB_GC_GUARD(string);
+    return result;
 }
 
 void
@@ -3655,9 +3784,9 @@ io_buffer_not_inplace(VALUE self)
  *
  *    File.write('test.txt', 'test data')
  *    # => 9
- *    buffer = IO::Buffer.map(File.open('test.txt'))
+ *    buffer = IO::Buffer.map(File.open('test.txt'), nil, 0, IO::Buffer::READONLY)
  *    # =>
- *    # #<IO::Buffer 0x00007f3f0768c000+9 MAPPED IMMUTABLE>
+ *    # #<IO::Buffer 0x00007f3f0768c000+9 EXTERNAL MAPPED FILE SHARED READONLY>
  *    # ...
  *    buffer.get_string(5, 2) # read 2 bytes, starting from offset 5
  *    # => "da"
@@ -3806,6 +3935,11 @@ Init_IO_Buffer(void)
     IO_BUFFER_DEFINE_DATA_TYPE(s64);
     IO_BUFFER_DEFINE_DATA_TYPE(S64);
 
+    IO_BUFFER_DEFINE_DATA_TYPE(u128);
+    IO_BUFFER_DEFINE_DATA_TYPE(U128);
+    IO_BUFFER_DEFINE_DATA_TYPE(s128);
+    IO_BUFFER_DEFINE_DATA_TYPE(S128);
+
     IO_BUFFER_DEFINE_DATA_TYPE(f32);
     IO_BUFFER_DEFINE_DATA_TYPE(F32);
     IO_BUFFER_DEFINE_DATA_TYPE(f64);
diff --git a/iseq.c b/iseq.c
index c8c2c6846f..97047794b1 100644
--- a/iseq.c
+++ b/iseq.c
@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@
 #endif
 
 #include "eval_intern.h"
+#include "id.h"
 #include "id_table.h"
 #include "internal.h"
 #include "internal/bits.h"
@@ -38,12 +39,14 @@
 #include "iseq.h"
 #include "ruby/util.h"
 #include "vm_core.h"
+#include "ractor_core.h"
 #include "vm_callinfo.h"
 #include "yjit.h"
 #include "ruby/ractor.h"
 #include "builtin.h"
 #include "insns.inc"
 #include "insns_info.inc"
+#include "zjit.h"
 
 VALUE rb_cISeq;
 static VALUE iseqw_new(const rb_iseq_t *iseq);
@@ -112,7 +115,7 @@ remove_from_constant_cache(ID id, IC ic)
 
     if (rb_id_table_lookup(vm->constant_cache, id, &lookup_result)) {
         set_table *ics = (set_table *)lookup_result;
-        set_delete(ics, &ic_data);
+        set_table_delete(ics, &ic_data);
 
         if (ics->num_entries == 0 &&
                 // See comment in vm_track_constant_cache on why we need this check
@@ -159,6 +162,24 @@ iseq_clear_ic_references(const rb_iseq_t *iseq)
     }
 }
 
+
+rb_hook_list_t *
+rb_iseq_local_hooks(const rb_iseq_t *iseq, rb_ractor_t *r, bool create)
+{
+    rb_hook_list_t *hook_list = NULL;
+    st_data_t val;
+    if (st_lookup(rb_ractor_targeted_hooks(r), (st_data_t)iseq, &val)) {
+        hook_list = (rb_hook_list_t*)val;
+        RUBY_ASSERT(hook_list->type == hook_list_type_targeted_iseq);
+    }
+    else if (create) {
+        hook_list = RB_ZALLOC(rb_hook_list_t);
+        hook_list->type = hook_list_type_targeted_iseq;
+        st_insert(rb_ractor_targeted_hooks(r), (st_data_t)iseq, (st_data_t)hook_list);
+    }
+    return hook_list;
+}
+
 void
 rb_iseq_free(const rb_iseq_t *iseq)
 {
@@ -174,6 +195,9 @@ rb_iseq_free(const rb_iseq_t *iseq)
             rb_yjit_live_iseq_count--;
         }
 #endif
+#if USE_ZJIT
+        rb_zjit_iseq_free(iseq);
+#endif
         ruby_xfree((void *)body->iseq_encoded);
         ruby_xfree((void *)body->insns_info.body);
         ruby_xfree((void *)body->insns_info.positions);
@@ -198,17 +222,16 @@ rb_iseq_free(const rb_iseq_t *iseq)
             }
             ruby_xfree((void *)body->param.keyword);
         }
-        if (LIKELY(body->local_table != rb_iseq_shared_exc_local_tbl))
+        if (LIKELY(body->local_table != rb_iseq_shared_exc_local_tbl)) {
             ruby_xfree((void *)body->local_table);
+        }
+        ruby_xfree((void *)body->lvar_states);
+
         compile_data_free(ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq));
         if (body->outer_variables) rb_id_table_free(body->outer_variables);
         ruby_xfree(body);
     }
 
-    if (iseq && ISEQ_EXECUTABLE_P(iseq) && iseq->aux.exec.local_hooks) {
-        rb_hook_list_free(iseq->aux.exec.local_hooks);
-    }
-
     RUBY_FREE_LEAVE("iseq");
 }
 
@@ -324,15 +347,13 @@ cc_is_active(const struct rb_callcache *cc, bool reference_updating)
             cc = (const struct rb_callcache *)rb_gc_location((VALUE)cc);
         }
 
-        if (vm_cc_markable(cc)) {
-            if (cc->klass) { // cc is not invalidated
-                const struct rb_callable_method_entry_struct *cme = vm_cc_cme(cc);
-                if (reference_updating) {
-                    cme = (const struct rb_callable_method_entry_struct *)rb_gc_location((VALUE)cme);
-                }
-                if (!METHOD_ENTRY_INVALIDATED(cme)) {
-                    return true;
-                }
+        if (vm_cc_markable(cc) && vm_cc_valid(cc)) {
+            const struct rb_callable_method_entry_struct *cme = vm_cc_cme(cc);
+            if (reference_updating) {
+                cme = (const struct rb_callable_method_entry_struct *)rb_gc_location((VALUE)cme);
+            }
+            if (!METHOD_ENTRY_INVALIDATED(cme)) {
+                return true;
             }
         }
     }
@@ -351,8 +372,6 @@ rb_iseq_mark_and_move(rb_iseq_t *iseq, bool reference_updating)
 
         rb_iseq_mark_and_move_each_body_value(iseq, reference_updating ? ISEQ_ORIGINAL_ISEQ(iseq) : NULL);
 
-        rb_gc_mark_and_move(&body->variable.coverage);
-        rb_gc_mark_and_move(&body->variable.pc2branchindex);
         rb_gc_mark_and_move(&body->variable.script_lines);
         rb_gc_mark_and_move(&body->location.label);
         rb_gc_mark_and_move(&body->location.base_label);
@@ -402,33 +421,48 @@ rb_iseq_mark_and_move(rb_iseq_t *iseq, bool reference_updating)
 #if USE_YJIT
             rb_yjit_iseq_update_references(iseq);
 #endif
+#if USE_ZJIT
+            rb_zjit_iseq_update_references(body->zjit_payload);
+#endif
         }
         else {
+            // TODO: check jit payload
+            if (!rb_gc_checking_shareable()) {
 #if USE_YJIT
-            rb_yjit_iseq_mark(body->yjit_payload);
+                rb_yjit_iseq_mark(body->yjit_payload);
 #endif
+#if USE_ZJIT
+                rb_zjit_iseq_mark(body->zjit_payload);
+#endif
+            }
+        }
+
+        // TODO: ractor aware coverage
+        if (!rb_gc_checking_shareable()) {
+            rb_gc_mark_and_move(&body->variable.coverage);
+            rb_gc_mark_and_move(&body->variable.pc2branchindex);
         }
     }
 
     if (FL_TEST_RAW((VALUE)iseq, ISEQ_NOT_LOADED_YET)) {
-        rb_gc_mark_and_move(&iseq->aux.loader.obj);
+        if (!rb_gc_checking_shareable()) {
+            rb_gc_mark_and_move(&iseq->aux.loader.obj);
+        }
     }
     else if (FL_TEST_RAW((VALUE)iseq, ISEQ_USE_COMPILE_DATA)) {
-        const struct iseq_compile_data *const compile_data = ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq);
+        if (!rb_gc_checking_shareable()) {
+            const struct iseq_compile_data *const compile_data = ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq);
 
-        rb_iseq_mark_and_move_insn_storage(compile_data->insn.storage_head);
-        rb_iseq_mark_and_move_each_compile_data_value(iseq, reference_updating ? ISEQ_ORIGINAL_ISEQ(iseq) : NULL);
+            rb_iseq_mark_and_move_insn_storage(compile_data->insn.storage_head);
+            rb_iseq_mark_and_move_each_compile_data_value(iseq, reference_updating ? ISEQ_ORIGINAL_ISEQ(iseq) : NULL);
 
-        rb_gc_mark_and_move((VALUE *)&compile_data->err_info);
-        rb_gc_mark_and_move((VALUE *)&compile_data->catch_table_ary);
+            rb_gc_mark_and_move((VALUE *)&compile_data->err_info);
+            rb_gc_mark_and_move((VALUE *)&compile_data->catch_table_ary);
+        }
     }
     else {
         /* executable */
         VM_ASSERT(ISEQ_EXECUTABLE_P(iseq));
-
-        if (iseq->aux.exec.local_hooks) {
-            rb_hook_list_mark_and_update(iseq->aux.exec.local_hooks);
-        }
     }
 
     RUBY_MARK_LEAVE("iseq");
@@ -533,9 +567,14 @@ rb_iseq_pathobj_new(VALUE path, VALUE realpath)
         pathobj = rb_fstring(path);
     }
     else {
-        if (!NIL_P(realpath)) realpath = rb_fstring(realpath);
-        pathobj = rb_ary_new_from_args(2, rb_fstring(path), realpath);
+        if (!NIL_P(realpath)) {
+            realpath = rb_fstring(realpath);
+        }
+        VALUE fpath = rb_fstring(path);
+
+        pathobj = rb_ary_new_from_args(2, fpath, realpath);
         rb_ary_freeze(pathobj);
+        RB_OBJ_SET_SHAREABLE(pathobj);
     }
     return pathobj;
 }
@@ -554,6 +593,11 @@ rb_iseq_alloc_with_dummy_path(VALUE fname)
     rb_iseq_t *dummy_iseq = iseq_alloc();
 
     ISEQ_BODY(dummy_iseq)->type = ISEQ_TYPE_TOP;
+
+    if (!RB_OBJ_SHAREABLE_P(fname)) {
+        RB_OBJ_SET_FROZEN_SHAREABLE(fname);
+    }
+
     RB_OBJ_WRITE(dummy_iseq, &ISEQ_BODY(dummy_iseq)->location.pathobj, fname);
     RB_OBJ_WRITE(dummy_iseq, &ISEQ_BODY(dummy_iseq)->location.label, fname);
 
@@ -602,11 +646,11 @@ set_relation(rb_iseq_t *iseq, const rb_iseq_t *piseq)
         body->local_iseq = iseq;
     }
     else if (piseq) {
-        body->local_iseq = ISEQ_BODY(piseq)->local_iseq;
+        RB_OBJ_WRITE(iseq, &body->local_iseq, ISEQ_BODY(piseq)->local_iseq);
     }
 
     if (piseq) {
-        body->parent_iseq = piseq;
+        RB_OBJ_WRITE(iseq, &body->parent_iseq, piseq);
     }
 
     if (type == ISEQ_TYPE_MAIN) {
@@ -629,6 +673,18 @@ new_arena(void)
     return new_arena;
 }
 
+static int
+prepare_node_id(const NODE *node)
+{
+    if (!node) return -1;
+
+    if (nd_type(node) == NODE_SCOPE && RNODE_SCOPE(node)->nd_parent) {
+        return nd_node_id(RNODE_SCOPE(node)->nd_parent);
+    }
+
+    return nd_node_id(node);
+}
+
 static VALUE
 prepare_iseq_build(rb_iseq_t *iseq,
                    VALUE name, VALUE path, VALUE realpath, int first_lineno, const rb_code_location_t *code_location, const int node_id,
@@ -1026,7 +1082,7 @@ rb_iseq_new_with_opt(VALUE ast_value, VALUE name, VALUE path, VALUE realpath,
         script_lines = ISEQ_BODY(parent)->variable.script_lines;
     }
 
-    prepare_iseq_build(iseq, name, path, realpath, first_lineno, node ? &node->nd_loc : NULL, node ? nd_node_id(node) : -1,
+    prepare_iseq_build(iseq, name, path, realpath, first_lineno, node ? &node->nd_loc : NULL, prepare_node_id(node),
                        parent, isolated_depth, type, script_lines, option);
 
     rb_iseq_compile_node(iseq, node);
@@ -1138,6 +1194,21 @@ rb_iseq_load_iseq(VALUE fname)
     return NULL;
 }
 
+const rb_iseq_t *
+rb_iseq_compile_iseq(VALUE str, VALUE fname)
+{
+    VALUE args[] = {
+        str, fname
+    };
+    VALUE iseqv = rb_check_funcall(rb_cISeq, rb_intern("compile"), 2, args);
+
+    if (!SPECIAL_CONST_P(iseqv) && RBASIC_CLASS(iseqv) == rb_cISeq) {
+        return iseqw_check(iseqv);
+    }
+
+    return NULL;
+}
+
 #define CHECK_ARRAY(v)   rb_to_array_type(v)
 #define CHECK_HASH(v)    rb_to_hash_type(v)
 #define CHECK_STRING(v)  rb_str_to_str(v)
@@ -1327,6 +1398,15 @@ pm_iseq_compile_with_option(VALUE src, VALUE file, VALUE realpath, VALUE line, V
     ln = NUM2INT(line);
     StringValueCStr(file);
 
+    bool parse_file = false;
+    if (RB_TYPE_P(src, T_FILE)) {
+        parse_file = true;
+        src = rb_io_path(src);
+    }
+    else {
+        src = StringValue(src);
+    }
+
     pm_parse_result_t result = { 0 };
     pm_options_line_set(&result.options, NUM2INT(line));
     pm_options_scopes_init(&result.options, 1);
@@ -1349,16 +1429,15 @@ pm_iseq_compile_with_option(VALUE src, VALUE file, VALUE realpath, VALUE line, V
     VALUE script_lines;
     VALUE error;
 
-    if (RB_TYPE_P(src, T_FILE)) {
-        VALUE filepath = rb_io_path(src);
-        error = pm_load_parse_file(&result, filepath, ruby_vm_keep_script_lines ? &script_lines : NULL);
-        RB_GC_GUARD(filepath);
+    if (parse_file) {
+        error = pm_load_parse_file(&result, src, ruby_vm_keep_script_lines ? &script_lines : NULL);
     }
     else {
-        src = StringValue(src);
         error = pm_parse_string(&result, src, file, ruby_vm_keep_script_lines ? &script_lines : NULL);
     }
 
+    RB_GC_GUARD(src);
+
     if (error == Qnil) {
         int error_state;
         iseq = pm_iseq_new_with_opt(&result.node, name, file, realpath, ln, NULL, 0, ISEQ_TYPE_TOP, &option, &error_state);
@@ -1484,9 +1563,9 @@ rb_iseq_remove_coverage_all(void)
 /* define wrapper class methods (RubyVM::InstructionSequence) */
 
 static void
-iseqw_mark(void *ptr)
+iseqw_mark_and_move(void *ptr)
 {
-    rb_gc_mark_movable(*(VALUE *)ptr);
+    rb_gc_mark_and_move((VALUE *)ptr);
 }
 
 static size_t
@@ -1495,20 +1574,13 @@ iseqw_memsize(const void *ptr)
     return rb_iseq_memsize(*(const rb_iseq_t **)ptr);
 }
 
-static void
-iseqw_ref_update(void *ptr)
-{
-    VALUE *vptr = ptr;
-    *vptr = rb_gc_location(*vptr);
-}
-
 static const rb_data_type_t iseqw_data_type = {
     "T_IMEMO/iseq",
     {
-        iseqw_mark,
+        iseqw_mark_and_move,
         RUBY_TYPED_DEFAULT_FREE,
         iseqw_memsize,
-        iseqw_ref_update,
+        iseqw_mark_and_move,
     },
     0, 0, RUBY_TYPED_FREE_IMMEDIATELY|RUBY_TYPED_WB_PROTECTED
 };
@@ -1529,6 +1601,7 @@ iseqw_new(const rb_iseq_t *iseq)
         RB_OBJ_WRITE(obj, ptr, iseq);
 
         /* cache a wrapper object */
+        RB_OBJ_SET_FROZEN_SHAREABLE((VALUE)obj);
         RB_OBJ_WRITE((VALUE)iseq, &iseq->wrapper, obj);
 
         return obj;
@@ -1591,7 +1664,7 @@ iseqw_s_compile_parser(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self, bool prism)
  *  real path and first line number of the ruby code in +source+ which are
  *  metadata attached to the returned +iseq+.
  *
- *  +file+ is used for `__FILE__` and exception backtrace. +path+ is used for
+ *  +file+ is used for +__FILE__+ and exception backtrace. +path+ is used for
  *  +require_relative+ base. It is recommended these should be the same full
  *  path.
  *
@@ -1633,7 +1706,7 @@ iseqw_s_compile(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
  *  real path and first line number of the ruby code in +source+ which are
  *  metadata attached to the returned +iseq+.
  *
- *  +file+ is used for `__FILE__` and exception backtrace. +path+ is used for
+ *  +file+ is used for +__FILE__+ and exception backtrace. +path+ is used for
  *  +require_relative+ base. It is recommended these should be the same full
  *  path.
  *
@@ -1675,7 +1748,7 @@ iseqw_s_compile_parsey(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
  *  real path and first line number of the ruby code in +source+ which are
  *  metadata attached to the returned +iseq+.
  *
- *  +file+ is used for `__FILE__` and exception backtrace. +path+ is used for
+ *  +file+ is used for +__FILE__+ and exception backtrace. +path+ is used for
  *  +require_relative+ base. It is recommended these should be the same full
  *  path.
  *
@@ -1942,7 +2015,7 @@ iseqw_eval(VALUE self)
     if (0 == ISEQ_BODY(iseq)->iseq_size) {
         rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "attempt to evaluate dummy InstructionSequence");
     }
-    return rb_iseq_eval(iseq);
+    return rb_iseq_eval(iseq, rb_current_box());
 }
 
 /*
@@ -2376,17 +2449,22 @@ rb_iseq_event_flags(const rb_iseq_t *iseq, size_t pos)
     }
 }
 
+static void rb_iseq_trace_flag_cleared(const rb_iseq_t *iseq, size_t pos);
+
 // Clear tracing event flags and turn off tracing for a given instruction as needed.
 // This is currently used after updating a one-shot line coverage for the current instruction.
 void
 rb_iseq_clear_event_flags(const rb_iseq_t *iseq, size_t pos, rb_event_flag_t reset)
 {
-    struct iseq_insn_info_entry *entry = (struct iseq_insn_info_entry *)get_insn_info(iseq, pos);
-    if (entry) {
-        entry->events &= ~reset;
-        if (!(entry->events & iseq->aux.exec.global_trace_events)) {
-            void rb_iseq_trace_flag_cleared(const rb_iseq_t *iseq, size_t pos);
-            rb_iseq_trace_flag_cleared(iseq, pos);
+    RB_VM_LOCKING() {
+        rb_vm_barrier();
+
+        struct iseq_insn_info_entry *entry = (struct iseq_insn_info_entry *)get_insn_info(iseq, pos);
+        if (entry) {
+            entry->events &= ~reset;
+            if (!(entry->events & iseq->aux.exec.global_trace_events)) {
+                rb_iseq_trace_flag_cleared(iseq, pos);
+            }
         }
     }
 }
@@ -3267,6 +3345,7 @@ iseq_type_id(enum rb_iseq_type type)
 static VALUE
 iseq_data_to_ary(const rb_iseq_t *iseq)
 {
+    VALUE iseq_value = (VALUE)iseq;
     unsigned int i;
     long l;
     const struct rb_iseq_constant_body *const iseq_body = ISEQ_BODY(iseq);
@@ -3302,7 +3381,7 @@ iseq_data_to_ary(const rb_iseq_t *iseq)
     for (i=0; i<iseq_body->local_table_size; i++) {
         ID lid = iseq_body->local_table[i];
         if (lid) {
-            if (rb_id2str(lid)) {
+            if (lid != idItImplicit && rb_id2str(lid)) {
                 rb_ary_push(locals, ID2SYM(lid));
             }
             else { /* hidden variable from id_internal() */
@@ -3599,6 +3678,9 @@ iseq_data_to_ary(const rb_iseq_t *iseq)
     rb_ary_push(val, params);
     rb_ary_push(val, exception);
     rb_ary_push(val, body);
+
+    RB_GC_GUARD(iseq_value);
+
     return val;
 }
 
@@ -3612,10 +3694,10 @@ rb_iseq_parameters(const rb_iseq_t *iseq, int is_proc)
     ID req, opt, rest, block, key, keyrest;
 #define PARAM_TYPE(type) rb_ary_push(a = rb_ary_new2(2), ID2SYM(type))
 #define PARAM_ID(i) body->local_table[(i)]
-#define PARAM(i, type) (		      \
-        PARAM_TYPE(type),		      \
-        rb_id2str(PARAM_ID(i)) ?	      \
-        rb_ary_push(a, ID2SYM(PARAM_ID(i))) : \
+#define PARAM(i, type) (                                        \
+        PARAM_TYPE(type),                                       \
+        PARAM_ID(i) != idItImplicit && rb_id2str(PARAM_ID(i)) ? \
+        rb_ary_push(a, ID2SYM(PARAM_ID(i))) :                   \
         a)
 
     CONST_ID(req, "req");
@@ -3633,11 +3715,7 @@ rb_iseq_parameters(const rb_iseq_t *iseq, int is_proc)
 
     if (is_proc) {
         for (i = 0; i < body->param.lead_num; i++) {
-            PARAM_TYPE(opt);
-            if (rb_id2str(PARAM_ID(i))) {
-                rb_ary_push(a, ID2SYM(PARAM_ID(i)));
-            }
-            rb_ary_push(args, a);
+            rb_ary_push(args, PARAM(i, opt));
         }
     }
     else {
@@ -3647,11 +3725,7 @@ rb_iseq_parameters(const rb_iseq_t *iseq, int is_proc)
     }
     r = body->param.lead_num + body->param.opt_num;
     for (; i < r; i++) {
-        PARAM_TYPE(opt);
-        if (rb_id2str(PARAM_ID(i))) {
-            rb_ary_push(a, ID2SYM(PARAM_ID(i)));
-        }
-        rb_ary_push(args, a);
+        rb_ary_push(args, PARAM(i, opt));
     }
     if (body->param.flags.has_rest) {
         CONST_ID(rest, "rest");
@@ -3660,11 +3734,7 @@ rb_iseq_parameters(const rb_iseq_t *iseq, int is_proc)
     r = body->param.post_start + body->param.post_num;
     if (is_proc) {
         for (i = body->param.post_start; i < r; i++) {
-            PARAM_TYPE(opt);
-            if (rb_id2str(PARAM_ID(i))) {
-                rb_ary_push(a, ID2SYM(PARAM_ID(i)));
-            }
-            rb_ary_push(args, a);
+            rb_ary_push(args, PARAM(i, opt));
         }
     }
     else {
@@ -3868,14 +3938,14 @@ rb_vm_insn_decode(const VALUE encoded)
 
 // Turn on or off tracing for a given instruction address
 static inline int
-encoded_iseq_trace_instrument(VALUE *iseq_encoded_insn, rb_event_flag_t turnon, bool remain_current_trace)
+encoded_iseq_trace_instrument(VALUE *iseq_encoded_insn, rb_event_flag_t turnon, bool remain_traced)
 {
     st_data_t key = (st_data_t)*iseq_encoded_insn;
     st_data_t val;
 
     if (st_lookup(encoded_insn_data, key, &val)) {
         insn_data_t *e = (insn_data_t *)val;
-        if (remain_current_trace && key == (st_data_t)e->trace_encoded_insn) {
+        if (remain_traced && key == (st_data_t)e->trace_encoded_insn) {
             turnon = 1;
         }
         *iseq_encoded_insn = (VALUE) (turnon ? e->trace_encoded_insn : e->notrace_encoded_insn);
@@ -3886,7 +3956,7 @@ encoded_iseq_trace_instrument(VALUE *iseq_encoded_insn, rb_event_flag_t turnon,
 }
 
 // Turn off tracing for an instruction at pos after tracing event flags are cleared
-void
+static void
 rb_iseq_trace_flag_cleared(const rb_iseq_t *iseq, size_t pos)
 {
     const struct rb_iseq_constant_body *const body = ISEQ_BODY(iseq);
@@ -3912,14 +3982,16 @@ add_bmethod_events(rb_event_flag_t events)
 
 // Note, to support call/return events for bmethods, turnon_event can have more events than tpval.
 static int
-iseq_add_local_tracepoint(const rb_iseq_t *iseq, rb_event_flag_t turnon_events, VALUE tpval, unsigned int target_line)
+iseq_add_local_tracepoint(const rb_iseq_t *iseq, rb_event_flag_t turnon_events, VALUE tpval, unsigned int target_line, rb_ractor_t *r)
 {
     unsigned int pc;
     int n = 0;
     const struct rb_iseq_constant_body *const body = ISEQ_BODY(iseq);
     VALUE *iseq_encoded = (VALUE *)body->iseq_encoded;
+    rb_iseq_t *iseq_mut = (rb_iseq_t*)iseq;
 
     VM_ASSERT(ISEQ_EXECUTABLE_P(iseq));
+    ASSERT_vm_locking_with_barrier();
 
     for (pc=0; pc<body->iseq_size;) {
         const struct iseq_insn_info_entry *entry = get_insn_info(iseq, pc);
@@ -3941,11 +4013,9 @@ iseq_add_local_tracepoint(const rb_iseq_t *iseq, rb_event_flag_t turnon_events,
     }
 
     if (n > 0) {
-        if (iseq->aux.exec.local_hooks == NULL) {
-            ((rb_iseq_t *)iseq)->aux.exec.local_hooks = RB_ZALLOC(rb_hook_list_t);
-            iseq->aux.exec.local_hooks->is_local = true;
-        }
-        rb_hook_list_connect_tracepoint((VALUE)iseq, iseq->aux.exec.local_hooks, tpval, target_line);
+        rb_hook_list_t *hook_list = rb_iseq_local_hooks(iseq, r, true);
+        rb_hook_list_connect_local_tracepoint(hook_list, tpval, target_line);
+        iseq_mut->aux.exec.local_hooks_cnt++;
     }
 
     return n;
@@ -3956,19 +4026,21 @@ struct trace_set_local_events_struct {
     VALUE tpval;
     unsigned int target_line;
     int n;
+    rb_ractor_t *r;
 };
 
 static void
 iseq_add_local_tracepoint_i(const rb_iseq_t *iseq, void *p)
 {
     struct trace_set_local_events_struct *data = (struct trace_set_local_events_struct *)p;
-    data->n += iseq_add_local_tracepoint(iseq, data->turnon_events, data->tpval, data->target_line);
+    data->n += iseq_add_local_tracepoint(iseq, data->turnon_events, data->tpval, data->target_line, data->r);
     iseq_iterate_children(iseq, iseq_add_local_tracepoint_i, p);
 }
 
 int
 rb_iseq_add_local_tracepoint_recursively(const rb_iseq_t *iseq, rb_event_flag_t turnon_events, VALUE tpval, unsigned int target_line, bool target_bmethod)
 {
+    ASSERT_vm_locking_with_barrier();
     struct trace_set_local_events_struct data;
     if (target_bmethod) {
         turnon_events = add_bmethod_events(turnon_events);
@@ -3977,35 +4049,52 @@ rb_iseq_add_local_tracepoint_recursively(const rb_iseq_t *iseq, rb_event_flag_t
     data.tpval = tpval;
     data.target_line = target_line;
     data.n = 0;
+    data.r = GET_RACTOR();
 
     iseq_add_local_tracepoint_i(iseq, (void *)&data);
-    if (0) rb_funcall(Qnil, rb_intern("puts"), 1, rb_iseq_disasm(iseq)); /* for debug */
+    if (0) fprintf(stderr, "Iseq disasm:\n:%s", RSTRING_PTR(rb_iseq_disasm(iseq))); /* for debug */
     return data.n;
 }
 
 static int
-iseq_remove_local_tracepoint(const rb_iseq_t *iseq, VALUE tpval)
+iseq_remove_local_tracepoint(const rb_iseq_t *iseq, VALUE tpval, rb_ractor_t *r)
 {
     int n = 0;
+    unsigned int num_hooks_left;
+    unsigned int pc;
+    const struct rb_iseq_constant_body *body;
+    rb_iseq_t *iseq_mut = (rb_iseq_t*)iseq;
+    rb_hook_list_t *hook_list;
+    VALUE *iseq_encoded;
+    ASSERT_vm_locking_with_barrier();
 
-    if (iseq->aux.exec.local_hooks) {
-        unsigned int pc;
-        const struct rb_iseq_constant_body *const body = ISEQ_BODY(iseq);
-        VALUE *iseq_encoded = (VALUE *)body->iseq_encoded;
+    hook_list = rb_iseq_local_hooks(iseq, r, false);
+
+    if (hook_list) {
         rb_event_flag_t local_events = 0;
 
-        rb_hook_list_remove_tracepoint(iseq->aux.exec.local_hooks, tpval);
-        local_events = iseq->aux.exec.local_hooks->events;
+        rb_event_flag_t prev_events = hook_list->events;
+        if (rb_hook_list_remove_local_tracepoint(hook_list, tpval)) {
+            RUBY_ASSERT(iseq->aux.exec.local_hooks_cnt > 0);
+            iseq_mut->aux.exec.local_hooks_cnt--;
+            local_events = hook_list->events; // remaining events for this ractor
+            num_hooks_left = rb_hook_list_count(hook_list);
+            if (local_events == 0 && prev_events != 0) {
+                st_delete(rb_ractor_targeted_hooks(r), (st_data_t*)&iseq, NULL);
+                rb_hook_list_free(hook_list);
+            }
 
-        if (local_events == 0) {
-            rb_hook_list_free(iseq->aux.exec.local_hooks);
-            ((rb_iseq_t *)iseq)->aux.exec.local_hooks = NULL;
-        }
+            if (iseq->aux.exec.local_hooks_cnt == num_hooks_left) {
+                body = ISEQ_BODY(iseq);
+                iseq_encoded = (VALUE *)body->iseq_encoded;
+                local_events = add_bmethod_events(local_events);
+                for (pc = 0; pc<body->iseq_size;) {
+                    rb_event_flag_t pc_events = rb_iseq_event_flags(iseq, pc);
+                    pc += encoded_iseq_trace_instrument(&iseq_encoded[pc], pc_events & (local_events | iseq->aux.exec.global_trace_events), false);
+                }
+            }
 
-        local_events = add_bmethod_events(local_events);
-        for (pc = 0; pc<body->iseq_size;) {
-            rb_event_flag_t pc_events = rb_iseq_event_flags(iseq, pc);
-            pc += encoded_iseq_trace_instrument(&iseq_encoded[pc], pc_events & (local_events | iseq->aux.exec.global_trace_events), false);
+            n++;
         }
     }
     return n;
@@ -4014,22 +4103,25 @@ iseq_remove_local_tracepoint(const rb_iseq_t *iseq, VALUE tpval)
 struct trace_clear_local_events_struct {
     VALUE tpval;
     int n;
+    rb_ractor_t *r;
 };
 
 static void
 iseq_remove_local_tracepoint_i(const rb_iseq_t *iseq, void *p)
 {
     struct trace_clear_local_events_struct *data = (struct trace_clear_local_events_struct *)p;
-    data->n += iseq_remove_local_tracepoint(iseq, data->tpval);
+    data->n += iseq_remove_local_tracepoint(iseq, data->tpval, data->r);
     iseq_iterate_children(iseq, iseq_remove_local_tracepoint_i, p);
 }
 
 int
-rb_iseq_remove_local_tracepoint_recursively(const rb_iseq_t *iseq, VALUE tpval)
+rb_iseq_remove_local_tracepoint_recursively(const rb_iseq_t *iseq, VALUE tpval, rb_ractor_t *r)
 {
     struct trace_clear_local_events_struct data;
+    ASSERT_vm_locking_with_barrier();
     data.tpval = tpval;
     data.n = 0;
+    data.r = r;
 
     iseq_remove_local_tracepoint_i(iseq, (void *)&data);
     return data.n;
@@ -4047,11 +4139,14 @@ rb_iseq_trace_set(const rb_iseq_t *iseq, rb_event_flag_t turnon_events)
         return;
     }
     else {
+        // NOTE: this does not need VM barrier if it's a new ISEQ
         unsigned int pc;
         const struct rb_iseq_constant_body *const body = ISEQ_BODY(iseq);
+
         VALUE *iseq_encoded = (VALUE *)body->iseq_encoded;
         rb_event_flag_t enabled_events;
-        rb_event_flag_t local_events = iseq->aux.exec.local_hooks ? iseq->aux.exec.local_hooks->events : 0;
+        rb_hook_list_t *local_hooks = rb_iseq_local_hooks(iseq, GET_RACTOR(), false);
+        rb_event_flag_t local_events = local_hooks ? local_hooks->events : 0;
         ((rb_iseq_t *)iseq)->aux.exec.global_trace_events = turnon_events;
         enabled_events = add_bmethod_events(turnon_events | local_events);
 
@@ -4067,6 +4162,7 @@ void rb_vm_cc_general(const struct rb_callcache *cc);
 static bool
 clear_attr_cc(VALUE v)
 {
+    ASSERT_vm_locking_with_barrier();
     if (imemo_type_p(v, imemo_callcache) && vm_cc_ivar_p((const struct rb_callcache *)v)) {
         rb_vm_cc_general((struct rb_callcache *)v);
         return true;
@@ -4079,6 +4175,7 @@ clear_attr_cc(VALUE v)
 static bool
 clear_bf_cc(VALUE v)
 {
+    ASSERT_vm_locking_with_barrier();
     if (imemo_type_p(v, imemo_callcache) && vm_cc_bf_p((const struct rb_callcache *)v)) {
         rb_vm_cc_general((struct rb_callcache *)v);
         return true;
@@ -4104,7 +4201,10 @@ clear_attr_ccs_i(void *vstart, void *vend, size_t stride, void *data)
 void
 rb_clear_attr_ccs(void)
 {
-    rb_objspace_each_objects(clear_attr_ccs_i, NULL);
+    RB_VM_LOCKING() {
+        rb_vm_barrier();
+        rb_objspace_each_objects(clear_attr_ccs_i, NULL);
+    }
 }
 
 static int
@@ -4123,6 +4223,7 @@ clear_bf_ccs_i(void *vstart, void *vend, size_t stride, void *data)
 void
 rb_clear_bf_ccs(void)
 {
+    ASSERT_vm_locking_with_barrier();
     rb_objspace_each_objects(clear_bf_ccs_i, NULL);
 }
 
@@ -4152,7 +4253,10 @@ trace_set_i(void *vstart, void *vend, size_t stride, void *data)
 void
 rb_iseq_trace_set_all(rb_event_flag_t turnon_events)
 {
-    rb_objspace_each_objects(trace_set_i, &turnon_events);
+    RB_VM_LOCKING() {
+        rb_vm_barrier();
+        rb_objspace_each_objects(trace_set_i, &turnon_events);
+    }
 }
 
 VALUE
diff --git a/iseq.h b/iseq.h
index 1cecc6960d..5221c8aeb4 100644
--- a/iseq.h
+++ b/iseq.h
@@ -129,7 +129,6 @@ struct iseq_compile_data {
       struct iseq_compile_data_storage *storage_current;
     } insn;
     bool in_rescue;
-    bool in_masgn;
     int loopval_popped;	/* used by NODE_BREAK */
     int last_line;
     int label_no;
@@ -175,7 +174,12 @@ ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA_CLEAR(rb_iseq_t *iseq)
 static inline rb_iseq_t *
 iseq_imemo_alloc(void)
 {
-    return IMEMO_NEW(rb_iseq_t, imemo_iseq, 0);
+    rb_iseq_t *iseq = SHAREABLE_IMEMO_NEW(rb_iseq_t, imemo_iseq, 0);
+
+    // Clear out the whole iseq except for the flags.
+    memset((char *)iseq + sizeof(VALUE), 0, sizeof(rb_iseq_t) - sizeof(VALUE));
+
+    return iseq;
 }
 
 VALUE rb_iseq_ibf_dump(const rb_iseq_t *iseq, VALUE opt);
@@ -185,9 +189,12 @@ const rb_iseq_t *rb_iseq_ibf_load_bytes(const char *cstr, size_t);
 VALUE rb_iseq_ibf_load_extra_data(VALUE str);
 void rb_iseq_init_trace(rb_iseq_t *iseq);
 int rb_iseq_add_local_tracepoint_recursively(const rb_iseq_t *iseq, rb_event_flag_t turnon_events, VALUE tpval, unsigned int target_line, bool target_bmethod);
-int rb_iseq_remove_local_tracepoint_recursively(const rb_iseq_t *iseq, VALUE tpval);
+int rb_iseq_remove_local_tracepoint_recursively(const rb_iseq_t *iseq, VALUE tpval, rb_ractor_t *r);
 const rb_iseq_t *rb_iseq_load_iseq(VALUE fname);
+const rb_iseq_t *rb_iseq_compile_iseq(VALUE str, VALUE fname);
 int rb_iseq_opt_frozen_string_literal(void);
+rb_hook_list_t *rb_iseq_local_hooks(const rb_iseq_t *iseq, rb_ractor_t *r, bool create);
+
 
 #if VM_INSN_INFO_TABLE_IMPL == 2
 unsigned int *rb_iseq_insns_info_decode_positions(const struct rb_iseq_constant_body *body);
diff --git a/jit.c b/jit.c
index d2147a9d7f..9399cb4026 100644
--- a/jit.c
+++ b/jit.c
@@ -13,6 +13,30 @@
 #include "insns_info.inc"
 #include "iseq.h"
 #include "internal/gc.h"
+#include "vm_sync.h"
+#include "internal/fixnum.h"
+#include "internal/string.h"
+
+enum jit_bindgen_constants {
+    // Field offsets for the RObject struct
+    ROBJECT_OFFSET_AS_HEAP_FIELDS = offsetof(struct RObject, as.heap.fields),
+    ROBJECT_OFFSET_AS_ARY = offsetof(struct RObject, as.ary),
+
+    // Field offsets for the RString struct
+    RUBY_OFFSET_RSTRING_LEN = offsetof(struct RString, len),
+
+    // Field offsets for rb_execution_context_t
+    RUBY_OFFSET_EC_CFP = offsetof(rb_execution_context_t, cfp),
+    RUBY_OFFSET_EC_INTERRUPT_FLAG = offsetof(rb_execution_context_t, interrupt_flag),
+    RUBY_OFFSET_EC_INTERRUPT_MASK = offsetof(rb_execution_context_t, interrupt_mask),
+    RUBY_OFFSET_EC_THREAD_PTR = offsetof(rb_execution_context_t, thread_ptr),
+    RUBY_OFFSET_EC_RACTOR_ID = offsetof(rb_execution_context_t, ractor_id),
+};
+
+// Manually bound in rust since this is out-of-range of `int`,
+// so this can't be in a `enum`, and we avoid `static const`
+// to avoid allocating storage for the constant.
+const shape_id_t rb_invalid_shape_id = INVALID_SHAPE_ID;
 
 unsigned int
 rb_iseq_encoded_size(const rb_iseq_t *iseq)
@@ -35,8 +59,11 @@ rb_iseq_pc_at_idx(const rb_iseq_t *iseq, uint32_t insn_idx)
 int
 rb_iseq_opcode_at_pc(const rb_iseq_t *iseq, const VALUE *pc)
 {
-    // YJIT should only use iseqs after AST to bytecode compilation
-    RUBY_ASSERT_ALWAYS(FL_TEST_RAW((VALUE)iseq, ISEQ_TRANSLATED));
+    // YJIT should only use iseqs after AST to bytecode compilation.
+    // (Certain non-default interpreter configurations never set ISEQ_TRANSLATED)
+    if (OPT_DIRECT_THREADED_CODE || OPT_CALL_THREADED_CODE) {
+        RUBY_ASSERT_ALWAYS(FL_TEST_RAW((VALUE)iseq, ISEQ_TRANSLATED));
+    }
 
     const VALUE at_pc = *pc;
     return rb_vm_insn_addr2opcode((const void *)at_pc);
@@ -149,6 +176,35 @@ rb_get_def_original_id(const rb_method_definition_t *def)
     return def->original_id;
 }
 
+VALUE
+rb_get_def_bmethod_proc(rb_method_definition_t *def)
+{
+    RUBY_ASSERT(def->type == VM_METHOD_TYPE_BMETHOD);
+    return def->body.bmethod.proc;
+}
+
+rb_proc_t *
+rb_jit_get_proc_ptr(VALUE procv)
+{
+    rb_proc_t *proc;
+    GetProcPtr(procv, proc);
+    return proc;
+}
+
+VALUE
+rb_optimized_call(VALUE *recv, rb_execution_context_t *ec, int argc, VALUE *argv, int kw_splat, VALUE block_handler)
+{
+    rb_proc_t *proc;
+    GetProcPtr(recv, proc);
+    return rb_vm_invoke_proc(ec, proc, argc, argv, kw_splat, block_handler);
+}
+
+unsigned int
+rb_jit_iseq_builtin_attrs(const rb_iseq_t *iseq)
+{
+    return iseq->body->builtin_attrs;
+}
+
 int
 rb_get_mct_argc(const rb_method_cfunc_t *mct)
 {
@@ -173,6 +229,12 @@ rb_get_iseq_body_local_iseq(const rb_iseq_t *iseq)
     return iseq->body->local_iseq;
 }
 
+const rb_iseq_t *
+rb_get_iseq_body_parent_iseq(const rb_iseq_t *iseq)
+{
+    return iseq->body->parent_iseq;
+}
+
 unsigned int
 rb_get_iseq_body_local_table_size(const rb_iseq_t *iseq)
 {
@@ -409,6 +471,14 @@ rb_assert_iseq_handle(VALUE handle)
     RUBY_ASSERT_ALWAYS(IMEMO_TYPE_P(handle, imemo_iseq));
 }
 
+// Assert that we have the VM lock. Relevant mostly for multi ractor situations.
+// The GC takes the lock before calling us, and this asserts that it indeed happens.
+void
+rb_assert_holding_vm_lock(void)
+{
+    ASSERT_vm_locking();
+}
+
 int
 rb_IMEMO_TYPE_P(VALUE imemo, enum imemo_type imemo_type)
 {
@@ -421,3 +491,309 @@ rb_assert_cme_handle(VALUE handle)
     RUBY_ASSERT_ALWAYS(!rb_objspace_garbage_object_p(handle));
     RUBY_ASSERT_ALWAYS(IMEMO_TYPE_P(handle, imemo_ment));
 }
+
+// YJIT and ZJIT need this function to never allocate and never raise
+VALUE
+rb_yarv_ary_entry_internal(VALUE ary, long offset)
+{
+    return rb_ary_entry_internal(ary, offset);
+}
+
+long
+rb_jit_array_len(VALUE a)
+{
+    return rb_array_len(a);
+}
+
+void
+rb_set_cfp_pc(struct rb_control_frame_struct *cfp, const VALUE *pc)
+{
+    cfp->pc = pc;
+}
+
+void
+rb_set_cfp_sp(struct rb_control_frame_struct *cfp, VALUE *sp)
+{
+    cfp->sp = sp;
+}
+
+bool
+rb_jit_shape_too_complex_p(shape_id_t shape_id)
+{
+    return rb_shape_too_complex_p(shape_id);
+}
+
+bool
+rb_jit_multi_ractor_p(void)
+{
+    return rb_multi_ractor_p();
+}
+
+// Acquire the VM lock and then signal all other Ruby threads (ractors) to
+// contend for the VM lock, putting them to sleep. ZJIT and YJIT use this to
+// evict threads running inside generated code so among other things, it can
+// safely change memory protection of regions housing generated code.
+void
+rb_jit_vm_lock_then_barrier(unsigned int *recursive_lock_level, const char *file, int line)
+{
+    rb_vm_lock_enter(recursive_lock_level, file, line);
+    rb_vm_barrier();
+}
+
+// Release the VM lock. The lock level must point to the same integer used to
+// acquire the lock.
+void
+rb_jit_vm_unlock(unsigned int *recursive_lock_level, const char *file, int line)
+{
+    rb_vm_lock_leave(recursive_lock_level, file, line);
+}
+
+void
+rb_iseq_reset_jit_func(const rb_iseq_t *iseq)
+{
+    RUBY_ASSERT_ALWAYS(IMEMO_TYPE_P(iseq, imemo_iseq));
+    iseq->body->jit_entry = NULL;
+    iseq->body->jit_exception = NULL;
+    // Enable re-compiling this ISEQ. Event when it's invalidated for TracePoint,
+    // we'd like to re-compile ISEQs that haven't been converted to trace_* insns.
+    iseq->body->jit_entry_calls = 0;
+    iseq->body->jit_exception_calls = 0;
+}
+
+// Callback data for rb_jit_for_each_iseq
+struct iseq_callback_data {
+    rb_iseq_callback callback;
+    void *data;
+};
+
+// Heap-walking callback for rb_jit_for_each_iseq
+static int
+for_each_iseq_i(void *vstart, void *vend, size_t stride, void *data)
+{
+    const struct iseq_callback_data *callback_data = (struct iseq_callback_data *)data;
+    VALUE v = (VALUE)vstart;
+    for (; v != (VALUE)vend; v += stride) {
+        void *ptr = rb_asan_poisoned_object_p(v);
+        rb_asan_unpoison_object(v, false);
+
+        if (rb_obj_is_iseq(v)) {
+            rb_iseq_t *iseq = (rb_iseq_t *)v;
+            callback_data->callback(iseq, callback_data->data);
+        }
+
+        if (ptr) {
+            rb_asan_poison_object(v);
+        }
+    }
+    return 0;
+}
+
+uint32_t
+rb_jit_get_page_size(void)
+{
+#if defined(_SC_PAGESIZE)
+    long page_size = sysconf(_SC_PAGESIZE);
+    if (page_size <= 0) rb_bug("jit: failed to get page size");
+
+    // 1 GiB limit. x86 CPUs with PDPE1GB can do this and anything larger is unexpected.
+    // Though our design sort of assume we have fine grained control over memory protection
+    // which require small page sizes.
+    if (page_size > 0x40000000l) rb_bug("jit page size too large");
+
+    return (uint32_t)page_size;
+#else
+#error "JIT supports POSIX only for now"
+#endif
+}
+
+#if defined(MAP_FIXED_NOREPLACE) && defined(_SC_PAGESIZE)
+// Align the current write position to a multiple of bytes
+static uint8_t *
+align_ptr(uint8_t *ptr, uint32_t multiple)
+{
+    // Compute the pointer modulo the given alignment boundary
+    uint32_t rem = ((uint32_t)(uintptr_t)ptr) % multiple;
+
+    // If the pointer is already aligned, stop
+    if (rem == 0)
+        return ptr;
+
+    // Pad the pointer by the necessary amount to align it
+    uint32_t pad = multiple - rem;
+
+    return ptr + pad;
+}
+#endif
+
+// Address space reservation. Memory pages are mapped on an as needed basis.
+// See the Rust mm module for details.
+uint8_t *
+rb_jit_reserve_addr_space(uint32_t mem_size)
+{
+#ifndef _WIN32
+    uint8_t *mem_block;
+
+    // On Linux
+    #if defined(MAP_FIXED_NOREPLACE) && defined(_SC_PAGESIZE)
+        uint32_t const page_size = (uint32_t)sysconf(_SC_PAGESIZE);
+        uint8_t *const cfunc_sample_addr = (void *)(uintptr_t)&rb_jit_reserve_addr_space;
+        uint8_t *const probe_region_end = cfunc_sample_addr + INT32_MAX;
+        // Align the requested address to page size
+        uint8_t *req_addr = align_ptr(cfunc_sample_addr, page_size);
+
+        // Probe for addresses close to this function using MAP_FIXED_NOREPLACE
+        // to improve odds of being in range for 32-bit relative call instructions.
+        do {
+            mem_block = mmap(
+                req_addr,
+                mem_size,
+                PROT_NONE,
+                MAP_PRIVATE | MAP_ANONYMOUS | MAP_FIXED_NOREPLACE,
+                -1,
+                0
+            );
+
+            // If we succeeded, stop
+            if (mem_block != MAP_FAILED) {
+                ruby_annotate_mmap(mem_block, mem_size, "Ruby:rb_jit_reserve_addr_space");
+                break;
+            }
+
+            // -4MiB. Downwards to probe away from the heap. (On x86/A64 Linux
+            // main_code_addr < heap_addr, and in case we are in a shared
+            // library mapped higher than the heap, downwards is still better
+            // since it's towards the end of the heap rather than the stack.)
+            req_addr -= 4 * 1024 * 1024;
+        } while (req_addr < probe_region_end);
+
+    // On MacOS and other platforms
+    #else
+        // Try to map a chunk of memory as executable
+        mem_block = mmap(
+            (void *)rb_jit_reserve_addr_space,
+            mem_size,
+            PROT_NONE,
+            MAP_PRIVATE | MAP_ANONYMOUS,
+            -1,
+            0
+        );
+    #endif
+
+    // Fallback
+    if (mem_block == MAP_FAILED) {
+        // Try again without the address hint (e.g., valgrind)
+        mem_block = mmap(
+            NULL,
+            mem_size,
+            PROT_NONE,
+            MAP_PRIVATE | MAP_ANONYMOUS,
+            -1,
+            0
+        );
+
+        if (mem_block != MAP_FAILED) {
+            ruby_annotate_mmap(mem_block, mem_size, "Ruby:rb_jit_reserve_addr_space:fallback");
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Check that the memory mapping was successful
+    if (mem_block == MAP_FAILED) {
+        perror("ruby: jit: mmap:");
+        if(errno == ENOMEM) {
+            // No crash report if it's only insufficient memory
+            exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
+        }
+        rb_bug("mmap failed");
+    }
+
+    return mem_block;
+#else
+    // Windows not supported for now
+    return NULL;
+#endif
+}
+
+// Walk all ISEQs in the heap and invoke the callback - shared between YJIT and ZJIT
+void
+rb_jit_for_each_iseq(rb_iseq_callback callback, void *data)
+{
+    struct iseq_callback_data callback_data = { .callback = callback, .data = data };
+    rb_objspace_each_objects(for_each_iseq_i, (void *)&callback_data);
+}
+
+bool
+rb_jit_mark_writable(void *mem_block, uint32_t mem_size)
+{
+    return mprotect(mem_block, mem_size, PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE) == 0;
+}
+
+void
+rb_jit_mark_executable(void *mem_block, uint32_t mem_size)
+{
+    // Do not call mprotect when mem_size is zero. Some platforms may return
+    // an error for it. https://github.com/Shopify/ruby/issues/450
+    if (mem_size == 0) {
+        return;
+    }
+    if (mprotect(mem_block, mem_size, PROT_READ | PROT_EXEC)) {
+        rb_bug("Couldn't make JIT page (%p, %lu bytes) executable, errno: %s",
+            mem_block, (unsigned long)mem_size, strerror(errno));
+    }
+}
+
+// Free the specified memory block.
+bool
+rb_jit_mark_unused(void *mem_block, uint32_t mem_size)
+{
+    // On Linux, you need to use madvise MADV_DONTNEED to free memory.
+    // We might not need to call this on macOS, but it's not really documented.
+    // We generally prefer to do the same thing on both to ease testing too.
+    madvise(mem_block, mem_size, MADV_DONTNEED);
+
+    // On macOS, mprotect PROT_NONE seems to reduce RSS.
+    // We also call this on Linux to avoid executing unused pages.
+    return mprotect(mem_block, mem_size, PROT_NONE) == 0;
+}
+
+// Invalidate icache for arm64.
+// `start` is inclusive and `end` is exclusive.
+void
+rb_jit_icache_invalidate(void *start, void *end)
+{
+    // Clear/invalidate the instruction cache. Compiles to nothing on x86_64
+    // but required on ARM before running freshly written code.
+    // On Darwin it's the same as calling sys_icache_invalidate().
+#ifdef __GNUC__
+    __builtin___clear_cache(start, end);
+#elif defined(__aarch64__)
+#error No instruction cache clear available with this compiler on Aarch64!
+#endif
+}
+
+VALUE
+rb_jit_fix_mod_fix(VALUE recv, VALUE obj)
+{
+    return rb_fix_mod_fix(recv, obj);
+}
+
+VALUE
+rb_jit_fix_div_fix(VALUE recv, VALUE obj)
+{
+    return rb_fix_div_fix(recv, obj);
+}
+
+// YJIT/ZJIT need this function to never allocate and never raise
+VALUE
+rb_yarv_str_eql_internal(VALUE str1, VALUE str2)
+{
+    // We wrap this since it's static inline
+    return rb_str_eql_internal(str1, str2);
+}
+
+void rb_jit_str_concat_codepoint(VALUE str, VALUE codepoint);
+
+attr_index_t
+rb_jit_shape_capacity(shape_id_t shape_id)
+{
+    return RSHAPE_CAPACITY(shape_id);
+}
diff --git a/jit/Cargo.toml b/jit/Cargo.toml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..530fe3674b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/jit/Cargo.toml
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+[package]
+name = "jit"
+version = "0.1.0"
+edition = "2024"
+
+[dependencies]
diff --git a/jit/src/lib.rs b/jit/src/lib.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..c0f043131e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/jit/src/lib.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+//! Shared code between YJIT and ZJIT.
+#![warn(unsafe_op_in_unsafe_fn)] // Adopt 2024 edition default when targeting 2021 editions
+
+use std::sync::atomic::{AtomicUsize, Ordering};
+use std::alloc::{GlobalAlloc, Layout, System};
+
+#[global_allocator]
+pub static GLOBAL_ALLOCATOR: StatsAlloc = StatsAlloc { alloc_size: AtomicUsize::new(0) };
+
+pub struct StatsAlloc {
+    pub alloc_size: AtomicUsize,
+}
+
+unsafe impl GlobalAlloc for StatsAlloc {
+    unsafe fn alloc(&self, layout: Layout) -> *mut u8 {
+        self.alloc_size.fetch_add(layout.size(), Ordering::SeqCst);
+        unsafe { System.alloc(layout) }
+    }
+
+    unsafe fn dealloc(&self, ptr: *mut u8, layout: Layout) {
+        self.alloc_size.fetch_sub(layout.size(), Ordering::SeqCst);
+        unsafe { System.dealloc(ptr, layout) }
+    }
+
+    unsafe fn alloc_zeroed(&self, layout: Layout) -> *mut u8 {
+        self.alloc_size.fetch_add(layout.size(), Ordering::SeqCst);
+        unsafe { System.alloc_zeroed(layout) }
+    }
+
+    unsafe fn realloc(&self, ptr: *mut u8, layout: Layout, new_size: usize) -> *mut u8 {
+        if new_size > layout.size() {
+            self.alloc_size.fetch_add(new_size - layout.size(), Ordering::SeqCst);
+        } else if new_size < layout.size() {
+            self.alloc_size.fetch_sub(layout.size() - new_size, Ordering::SeqCst);
+        }
+        unsafe { System.realloc(ptr, layout, new_size) }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/jit_hook.rb b/jit_hook.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..346b716948
--- /dev/null
+++ b/jit_hook.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+class Module
+  # Internal helper for built-in initializations to define methods only when JIT is enabled.
+  # This method is removed in jit_undef.rb.
+  private def with_jit(&block) # :nodoc:
+    # ZJIT currently doesn't compile Array#each properly, so it's disabled for now.
+    if defined?(RubyVM::ZJIT) && false # TODO: remove `&& false` (Shopify/ruby#667)
+      RubyVM::ZJIT.send(:add_jit_hook, block)
+    elsif defined?(RubyVM::YJIT)
+      RubyVM::YJIT.send(:add_jit_hook, block)
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/jit_undef.rb b/jit_undef.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..0e855fe7a2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/jit_undef.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+# Remove the helper defined in jit_hook.rb
+class Module
+  undef :with_jit
+end
diff --git a/kernel.rb b/kernel.rb
index 554de49977..dc5cea1515 100644
--- a/kernel.rb
+++ b/kernel.rb
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ module Kernel
   #
   def class
     Primitive.attr! :leaf
-    Primitive.cexpr! 'rb_obj_class(self)'
+    Primitive.cexpr! 'rb_obj_class_must(self)'
   end
 
   #
@@ -141,6 +141,7 @@ module Kernel
   #    loop do
   #      print "Input: "
   #      line = gets
+  #      # break if q, Q is entered or EOF signal (Ctrl-D on Unix, Ctrl-Z on windows) is sent
   #      break if !line or line =~ /^q/i
   #      # ...
   #    end
@@ -291,13 +292,3 @@ module Kernel
     end
   end
 end
-
-class Module
-  # Internal helper for built-in initializations to define methods only when YJIT is enabled.
-  # This method is removed in yjit_hook.rb.
-  private def with_yjit(&block) # :nodoc:
-    if defined?(RubyVM::YJIT)
-      RubyVM::YJIT.send(:add_yjit_hook, block)
-    end
-  end
-end
diff --git a/lib/English.gemspec b/lib/English.gemspec
index 5f4eb420c2..9c09555ca1 100644
--- a/lib/English.gemspec
+++ b/lib/English.gemspec
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 Gem::Specification.new do |spec|
   spec.name          = "english"
-  spec.version       = "0.8.0"
+  spec.version       = "0.8.1"
   spec.authors       = ["Yukihiro Matsumoto"]
   spec.email         = ["matz@ruby-lang.org"]
 
@@ -15,8 +15,13 @@ Gem::Specification.new do |spec|
 
   # Specify which files should be added to the gem when it is released.
   # The `git ls-files -z` loads the files in the RubyGem that have been added into git.
-  spec.files         = Dir.chdir(File.expand_path('..', __FILE__)) do
-    `git ls-files -z 2>#{IO::NULL}`.split("\x0").reject { |f| f.match(%r{^(test|spec|features)/}) }
+  excludes = %W[
+    :^/test :^/spec :^/feature :^/bin
+    :^/Rakefile :^/Gemfile\* :^/.git*
+    :^/#{File.basename(__FILE__)}
+  ]
+  spec.files = IO.popen(%W[git ls-files -z --] + excludes, err: IO::NULL) do |f|
+    f.readlines("\x0", chomp: true)
   end
   spec.require_paths = ["lib"]
 end
diff --git a/lib/English.rb b/lib/English.rb
index 03fe721991..bf7896dcd6 100644
--- a/lib/English.rb
+++ b/lib/English.rb
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@
 #      "waterbuffalo" =~ /buff/
 #      print $', $$, "\n"
 #
-#  With English:
+#  With 'English':
 #
 #      require "English"
 #
@@ -20,30 +20,30 @@
 #  Below is a full list of descriptive aliases and their associated global
 #  variable:
 #
-#  $ERROR_INFO::              $!
-#  $ERROR_POSITION::          $@
-#  $FS::                      $;
-#  $FIELD_SEPARATOR::         $;
-#  $OFS::                     $,
-#  $OUTPUT_FIELD_SEPARATOR::  $,
-#  $RS::                      $/
-#  $INPUT_RECORD_SEPARATOR::  $/
-#  $ORS::                     $\
-#  $OUTPUT_RECORD_SEPARATOR:: $\
-#  $INPUT_LINE_NUMBER::       $.
-#  $NR::                      $.
-#  $LAST_READ_LINE::          $_
-#  $DEFAULT_OUTPUT::          $>
-#  $DEFAULT_INPUT::           $<
-#  $PID::                     $$
-#  $PROCESS_ID::              $$
-#  $CHILD_STATUS::            $?
-#  $LAST_MATCH_INFO::         $~
-#  $ARGV::                    $*
-#  $MATCH::                   $&
-#  $PREMATCH::                $`
-#  $POSTMATCH::               $'
-#  $LAST_PAREN_MATCH::        $+
+#  <tt>$ERROR_INFO</tt>::              <tt>$!</tt>
+#  <tt>$ERROR_POSITION</tt>::          <tt>$@</tt>
+#  <tt>$FS</tt>::                      <tt>$;</tt>
+#  <tt>$FIELD_SEPARATOR</tt>::         <tt>$;</tt>
+#  <tt>$OFS</tt>::                     <tt>$,</tt>
+#  <tt>$OUTPUT_FIELD_SEPARATOR</tt>::  <tt>$,</tt>
+#  <tt>$RS</tt>::                      <tt>$/</tt>
+#  <tt>$INPUT_RECORD_SEPARATOR</tt>::  <tt>$/</tt>
+#  <tt>$ORS</tt>::                     <tt>$\</tt>
+#  <tt>$OUTPUT_RECORD_SEPARATOR</tt>:: <tt>$\</tt>
+#  <tt>$NR</tt>::                      <tt>$.</tt>
+#  <tt>$INPUT_LINE_NUMBER</tt>::       <tt>$.</tt>
+#  <tt>$LAST_READ_LINE</tt>::          <tt>$_</tt>
+#  <tt>$DEFAULT_OUTPUT</tt>::          <tt>$></tt>
+#  <tt>$DEFAULT_INPUT</tt>::           <tt>$<</tt>
+#  <tt>$PID</tt>::                     <tt>$$</tt>
+#  <tt>$PROCESS_ID</tt>::              <tt>$$</tt>
+#  <tt>$CHILD_STATUS</tt>::            <tt>$?</tt>
+#  <tt>$LAST_MATCH_INFO</tt>::         <tt>$~</tt>
+#  <tt>$ARGV</tt>::                    <tt>$*</tt>
+#  <tt>$MATCH</tt>::                   <tt>$&</tt>
+#  <tt>$PREMATCH</tt>::                <tt>$`</tt>
+#  <tt>$POSTMATCH</tt>::               <tt>$'</tt>
+#  <tt>$LAST_PAREN_MATCH</tt>::        <tt>$+</tt>
 #
 module English end if false
 
diff --git a/lib/bundled_gems.rb b/lib/bundled_gems.rb
index fab79f42a9..85f23b2596 100644
--- a/lib/bundled_gems.rb
+++ b/lib/bundled_gems.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,10 @@
 # -*- frozen-string-literal: true -*-
 
+# :stopdoc:
+module Gem
+end
+# :startdoc:
+
 module Gem::BUNDLED_GEMS # :nodoc:
   SINCE = {
     "racc" => "3.3.0",
@@ -15,16 +20,17 @@ module Gem::BUNDLED_GEMS # :nodoc:
     "resolv-replace" => "3.4.0",
     "rinda" => "3.4.0",
     "syslog" => "3.4.0",
-    "ostruct" => "3.5.0",
-    "pstore" => "3.5.0",
-    "rdoc" => "3.5.0",
-    "win32ole" => "3.5.0",
-    "fiddle" => "3.5.0",
-    "logger" => "3.5.0",
-    "benchmark" => "3.5.0",
-    "irb" => "3.5.0",
-    "reline" => "3.5.0",
-    # "readline" => "3.5.0", # This is wrapper for reline. We don't warn for this.
+    "ostruct" => "4.0.0",
+    "pstore" => "4.0.0",
+    "rdoc" => "4.0.0",
+    "win32ole" => "4.0.0",
+    "fiddle" => "4.0.0",
+    "logger" => "4.0.0",
+    "benchmark" => "4.0.0",
+    "irb" => "4.0.0",
+    "reline" => "4.0.0",
+    # "readline" => "4.0.0", # This is wrapper for reline. We don't warn for this.
+    "tsort" => "4.1.0",
   }.freeze
 
   EXACT = {
@@ -49,12 +55,7 @@ module Gem::BUNDLED_GEMS # :nodoc:
       kernel_class.send(:alias_method, :no_warning_require, :require)
       kernel_class.send(:define_method, :require) do |name|
         if message = ::Gem::BUNDLED_GEMS.warning?(name, specs: spec_names)
-          uplevel = ::Gem::BUNDLED_GEMS.uplevel
-          if uplevel > 0
-            Kernel.warn message, uplevel: uplevel
-          else
-            Kernel.warn message
-          end
+          Kernel.warn message, uplevel: ::Gem::BUNDLED_GEMS.uplevel
         end
         kernel_class.send(:no_warning_require, name)
       end
@@ -86,11 +87,10 @@ module Gem::BUNDLED_GEMS # :nodoc:
       uplevel += 1
       # Don't show script name when bundle exec and call ruby script directly.
       if cl.path.end_with?("bundle")
-        frame_count = 0
-        break
+        return
       end
     end
-    require_found ? 1 : frame_count - 1
+    require_found ? 1 : (frame_count - 1).nonzero?
   end
 
   def self.warning?(name, specs: nil)
@@ -105,11 +105,14 @@ module Gem::BUNDLED_GEMS # :nodoc:
       # and `require "syslog"` to `require "#{ARCHDIR}/syslog.so"`.
       feature.delete_prefix!(ARCHDIR)
       feature.delete_prefix!(LIBDIR)
-      segments = feature.split("/")
+      # 1. A segment for the EXACT mapping and SINCE check
+      # 2. A segment for the SINCE check for dashed names
+      # 3. A segment to check if there's a subfeature
+      segments = feature.split("/", 3)
       name = segments.shift
       name = EXACT[name] || name
       if !SINCE[name]
-        name = [name, segments.shift].join("-")
+        name = "#{name}-#{segments.shift}"
         return unless SINCE[name]
       end
       segments.any?
@@ -119,29 +122,43 @@ module Gem::BUNDLED_GEMS # :nodoc:
       false
     end
 
+    if suppress_list = Thread.current[:__bundled_gems_warning_suppression]
+      return if suppress_list.include?(name) || suppress_list.include?(feature)
+    end
+
     return if specs.include?(name)
 
+    # Don't warn if a hyphenated gem provides this feature
+    # (e.g., benchmark-ips provides benchmark/ips, not the benchmark gem)
+    if subfeature
+      feature_parts = feature.split("/")
+      if feature_parts.size >= 2
+        hyphenated_gem = "#{feature_parts[0]}-#{feature_parts[1]}"
+        return if specs.include?(hyphenated_gem)
+      end
+    end
+
     return if WARNED[name]
     WARNED[name] = true
 
-    level = RUBY_VERSION < SINCE[name] ? "warning" : "error"
+    level = RUBY_VERSION < SINCE[name] ? :warning : :error
 
     if subfeature
       "#{feature} is found in #{name}, which"
     else
-      "#{feature} #{level == "warning" ? "was loaded" : "used to be loaded"} from the standard library, but"
+      "#{feature} #{level == :warning ? "was loaded" : "used to be loaded"} from the standard library, but"
     end + build_message(name, level)
   end
 
   def self.build_message(name, level)
-    msg = if level == "warning"
+    msg = if level == :warning
       " will no longer be part of the default gems starting from Ruby #{SINCE[name]}"
     else
       " is not part of the default gems since Ruby #{SINCE[name]}."
     end
 
     if defined?(Bundler)
-      motivation = level == "warning" ? "silence this warning" : "fix this error"
+      motivation = level == :warning ? "silence this warning" : "fix this error"
       msg += "\nYou can add #{name} to your Gemfile or gemspec to #{motivation}."
 
       # We detect the gem name from caller_locations. First we walk until we find `require`
@@ -194,19 +211,28 @@ module Gem::BUNDLED_GEMS # :nodoc:
     require "bundler"
     Bundler.reset!
 
+    # Build and activate a temporary definition containing the original gems + the requested gem
     builder = Bundler::Dsl.new
 
-    if Bundler::SharedHelpers.in_bundle?
-      if Bundler.locked_gems
-        Bundler.locked_gems.specs.each{|spec| builder.gem spec.name, spec.version.to_s }
-      elsif Bundler.definition.gemfiles.size > 0
-        Bundler.definition.gemfiles.each{|gemfile| builder.eval_gemfile(gemfile) }
+    lockfile = nil
+    if Bundler::SharedHelpers.in_bundle? && Bundler.definition.gemfiles.size > 0
+      Bundler.definition.gemfiles.each {|gemfile| builder.eval_gemfile(gemfile) }
+      lockfile = begin
+        Bundler.default_lockfile
+      rescue Bundler::GemfileNotFound
+        nil
       end
+    else
+      # Fake BUNDLE_GEMFILE and BUNDLE_LOCKFILE to let checks pass
+      orig_gemfile = ENV["BUNDLE_GEMFILE"]
+      orig_lockfile = ENV["BUNDLE_LOCKFILE"]
+      Bundler::SharedHelpers.set_env "BUNDLE_GEMFILE", "Gemfile"
+      Bundler::SharedHelpers.set_env "BUNDLE_LOCKFILE", "Gemfile.lock"
     end
 
     builder.gem gem
 
-    definition = builder.to_definition(nil, true)
+    definition = builder.to_definition(lockfile, nil)
     definition.validate_runtime!
 
     begin
@@ -222,6 +248,8 @@ module Gem::BUNDLED_GEMS # :nodoc:
     rescue Bundler::GemNotFound
       warn "Failed to activate #{gem}, please install it with 'gem install #{gem}'"
     ensure
+      ENV['BUNDLE_GEMFILE'] = orig_gemfile if orig_gemfile
+      ENV['BUNDLE_LOCKFILE'] = orig_lockfile if orig_lockfile
       Bundler.ui = orig_ui
       Bundler::Definition.no_lock = orig_no_lock
     end
@@ -236,7 +264,7 @@ class LoadError
 
     name = path.tr("/", "-")
     if !defined?(Bundler) && Gem::BUNDLED_GEMS::SINCE[name] && !Gem::BUNDLED_GEMS::WARNED[name]
-      warn name + Gem::BUNDLED_GEMS.build_message(name, "error"), uplevel: Gem::BUNDLED_GEMS.uplevel
+      warn name + Gem::BUNDLED_GEMS.build_message(name, :error), uplevel: Gem::BUNDLED_GEMS.uplevel
     end
     super
   end
diff --git a/lib/bundler.rb b/lib/bundler.rb
index eea3b0cf17..51ea3beeb0 100644
--- a/lib/bundler.rb
+++ b/lib/bundler.rb
@@ -1,13 +1,13 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true
 
+require_relative "bundler/rubygems_ext"
 require_relative "bundler/vendored_fileutils"
-require "pathname"
+autoload :Pathname, "pathname" unless defined?(Pathname)
 require "rbconfig"
 
 require_relative "bundler/errors"
 require_relative "bundler/environment_preserver"
 require_relative "bundler/plugin"
-require_relative "bundler/rubygems_ext"
 require_relative "bundler/rubygems_integration"
 require_relative "bundler/version"
 require_relative "bundler/current_ruby"
@@ -53,9 +53,7 @@ module Bundler
   autoload :FeatureFlag,            File.expand_path("bundler/feature_flag", __dir__)
   autoload :FREEBSD,                File.expand_path("bundler/constants", __dir__)
   autoload :GemHelper,              File.expand_path("bundler/gem_helper", __dir__)
-  autoload :GemHelpers,             File.expand_path("bundler/gem_helpers", __dir__)
   autoload :GemVersionPromoter,     File.expand_path("bundler/gem_version_promoter", __dir__)
-  autoload :Graph,                  File.expand_path("bundler/graph", __dir__)
   autoload :Index,                  File.expand_path("bundler/index", __dir__)
   autoload :Injector,               File.expand_path("bundler/injector", __dir__)
   autoload :Installer,              File.expand_path("bundler/installer", __dir__)
@@ -114,13 +112,13 @@ module Bundler
     end
 
     def configured_bundle_path
-      @configured_bundle_path ||= settings.path.tap(&:validate!)
+      @configured_bundle_path ||= Bundler.settings.path.tap(&:validate!)
     end
 
     # Returns absolute location of where binstubs are installed to.
     def bin_path
       @bin_path ||= begin
-        path = settings[:bin] || "bin"
+        path = Bundler.settings[:bin] || "bin"
         path = Pathname.new(path).expand_path(root).expand_path
         mkdir_p(path)
         path
@@ -174,14 +172,14 @@ module Bundler
       self_manager.restart_with_locked_bundler_if_needed
     end
 
-    # Automatically install dependencies if Bundler.settings[:auto_install] exists.
+    # Automatically install dependencies if settings[:auto_install] exists.
     # This is set through config cmd `bundle config set --global auto_install 1`.
     #
     # Note that this method `nil`s out the global Definition object, so it
     # should be called first, before you instantiate anything like an
     # `Installer` that'll keep a reference to the old one instead.
     def auto_install
-      return unless settings[:auto_install]
+      return unless Bundler.settings[:auto_install]
 
       begin
         definition.specs
@@ -220,8 +218,7 @@ module Bundler
     end
 
     def environment
-      SharedHelpers.major_deprecation 2, "Bundler.environment has been removed in favor of Bundler.load", print_caller_location: true
-      load
+      SharedHelpers.feature_removed! "Bundler.environment has been removed in favor of Bundler.load"
     end
 
     # Returns an instance of Bundler::Definition for given Gemfile and lockfile
@@ -239,10 +236,10 @@ module Bundler
     end
 
     def frozen_bundle?
-      frozen = settings[:frozen]
+      frozen = Bundler.settings[:frozen]
       return frozen unless frozen.nil?
 
-      settings[:deployment]
+      Bundler.settings[:deployment]
     end
 
     def locked_gems
@@ -343,7 +340,7 @@ module Bundler
 
     def app_cache(custom_path = nil)
       path = custom_path || root
-      Pathname.new(path).join(settings.app_cache_path)
+      Pathname.new(path).join(Bundler.settings.app_cache_path)
     end
 
     def tmp(name = Process.pid.to_s)
@@ -366,16 +363,11 @@ module Bundler
       ORIGINAL_ENV.clone
     end
 
-    # @deprecated Use `unbundled_env` instead
     def clean_env
-      message =
-        "`Bundler.clean_env` has been deprecated in favor of `Bundler.unbundled_env`. " \
-        "If you instead want the environment before bundler was originally loaded, use `Bundler.original_env`"
       removed_message =
         "`Bundler.clean_env` has been removed in favor of `Bundler.unbundled_env`. " \
         "If you instead want the environment before bundler was originally loaded, use `Bundler.original_env`"
-      Bundler::SharedHelpers.major_deprecation(2, message, removed_message: removed_message, print_caller_location: true)
-      unbundled_env
+      Bundler::SharedHelpers.feature_removed!(removed_message)
     end
 
     # @return [Hash] Environment with all bundler-related variables removed
@@ -393,16 +385,11 @@ module Bundler
       with_env(original_env) { yield }
     end
 
-    # @deprecated Use `with_unbundled_env` instead
     def with_clean_env
-      message =
-        "`Bundler.with_clean_env` has been deprecated in favor of `Bundler.with_unbundled_env`. " \
-        "If you instead want the environment before bundler was originally loaded, use `Bundler.with_original_env`"
       removed_message =
         "`Bundler.with_clean_env` has been removed in favor of `Bundler.with_unbundled_env`. " \
         "If you instead want the environment before bundler was originally loaded, use `Bundler.with_original_env`"
-      Bundler::SharedHelpers.major_deprecation(2, message, removed_message: removed_message, print_caller_location: true)
-      with_env(unbundled_env) { yield }
+      Bundler::SharedHelpers.feature_removed!(removed_message)
     end
 
     # Run block with all bundler-related variables removed
@@ -415,16 +402,11 @@ module Bundler
       with_original_env { Kernel.system(*args) }
     end
 
-    # @deprecated Use `unbundled_system` instead
     def clean_system(*args)
-      message =
-        "`Bundler.clean_system` has been deprecated in favor of `Bundler.unbundled_system`. " \
-        "If you instead want to run the command in the environment before bundler was originally loaded, use `Bundler.original_system`"
       removed_message =
         "`Bundler.clean_system` has been removed in favor of `Bundler.unbundled_system`. " \
         "If you instead want to run the command in the environment before bundler was originally loaded, use `Bundler.original_system`"
-      Bundler::SharedHelpers.major_deprecation(2, message, removed_message: removed_message, print_caller_location: true)
-      with_env(unbundled_env) { Kernel.system(*args) }
+      Bundler::SharedHelpers.feature_removed!(removed_message)
     end
 
     # Run subcommand in an environment with all bundler related variables removed
@@ -437,16 +419,11 @@ module Bundler
       with_original_env { Kernel.exec(*args) }
     end
 
-    # @deprecated Use `unbundled_exec` instead
     def clean_exec(*args)
-      message =
-        "`Bundler.clean_exec` has been deprecated in favor of `Bundler.unbundled_exec`. " \
-        "If you instead want to exec to a command in the environment before bundler was originally loaded, use `Bundler.original_exec`"
       removed_message =
         "`Bundler.clean_exec` has been removed in favor of `Bundler.unbundled_exec`. " \
         "If you instead want to exec to a command in the environment before bundler was originally loaded, use `Bundler.original_exec`"
-      Bundler::SharedHelpers.major_deprecation(2, message, removed_message: removed_message, print_caller_location: true)
-      with_env(unbundled_env) { Kernel.exec(*args) }
+      Bundler::SharedHelpers.feature_removed!(removed_message)
     end
 
     # Run a `Kernel.exec` to a subcommand in an environment with all bundler related variables removed
@@ -455,10 +432,14 @@ module Bundler
     end
 
     def local_platform
-      return Gem::Platform::RUBY if settings[:force_ruby_platform]
+      return Gem::Platform::RUBY if Bundler.settings[:force_ruby_platform]
       Gem::Platform.local
     end
 
+    def generic_local_platform
+      Gem::Platform.generic(local_platform)
+    end
+
     def default_gemfile
       SharedHelpers.default_gemfile
     end
@@ -564,7 +545,7 @@ module Bundler
     end
 
     def feature_flag
-      @feature_flag ||= FeatureFlag.new(VERSION)
+      @feature_flag ||= FeatureFlag.new(Bundler.settings[:simulate_version] || VERSION)
     end
 
     def reset!
@@ -580,7 +561,6 @@ module Bundler
 
     def reset_paths!
       @bin_path = nil
-      @bundler_major_version = nil
       @bundle_path = nil
       @configure = nil
       @configured_bundle_path = nil
diff --git a/lib/bundler/build_metadata.rb b/lib/bundler/build_metadata.rb
index 5d2a8b53bb..49d2518078 100644
--- a/lib/bundler/build_metadata.rb
+++ b/lib/bundler/build_metadata.rb
@@ -4,21 +4,26 @@ module Bundler
   # Represents metadata from when the Bundler gem was built.
   module BuildMetadata
     # begin ivars
-    @release = false
+    @built_at = nil
     # end ivars
 
     # A hash representation of the build metadata.
     def self.to_h
       {
-        "Built At" => built_at,
+        "Timestamp" => timestamp,
         "Git SHA" => git_commit_sha,
-        "Released Version" => release?,
       }
     end
 
+    # A timestamp representing the date the bundler gem was built, or the
+    # current time if never built
+    def self.timestamp
+      @timestamp ||= @built_at || Time.now.utc.strftime("%Y-%m-%d").freeze
+    end
+
     # A string representing the date the bundler gem was built.
     def self.built_at
-      @built_at ||= Time.now.utc.strftime("%Y-%m-%d").freeze
+      @built_at
     end
 
     # The SHA for the git commit the bundler gem was built from.
@@ -34,10 +39,5 @@ module Bundler
 
       @git_commit_sha ||= "unknown"
     end
-
-    # Whether this is an official release build of Bundler.
-    def self.release?
-      @release
-    end
   end
 end
diff --git a/lib/bundler/bundler.gemspec b/lib/bundler/bundler.gemspec
index 16ca4a022c..49319e81b4 100644
--- a/lib/bundler/bundler.gemspec
+++ b/lib/bundler/bundler.gemspec
@@ -23,10 +23,10 @@ Gem::Specification.new do |s|
   s.description = "Bundler manages an application's dependencies through its entire life, across many machines, systematically and repeatably"
 
   s.metadata = {
-    "bug_tracker_uri" => "https://github.com/rubygems/rubygems/issues?q=is%3Aopen+is%3Aissue+label%3ABundler",
-    "changelog_uri" => "https://github.com/rubygems/rubygems/blob/master/bundler/CHANGELOG.md",
+    "bug_tracker_uri" => "https://github.com/ruby/rubygems/issues?q=is%3Aopen+is%3Aissue+label%3ABundler",
+    "changelog_uri" => "https://github.com/ruby/rubygems/blob/master/bundler/CHANGELOG.md",
     "homepage_uri" => "https://bundler.io/",
-    "source_code_uri" => "https://github.com/rubygems/rubygems/tree/master/bundler",
+    "source_code_uri" => "https://github.com/ruby/rubygems/tree/master/bundler",
   }
 
   s.required_ruby_version     = ">= 3.2.0"
diff --git a/lib/bundler/capistrano.rb b/lib/bundler/capistrano.rb
index 705840143f..6d2437d895 100644
--- a/lib/bundler/capistrano.rb
+++ b/lib/bundler/capistrano.rb
@@ -1,22 +1,4 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true
 
 require_relative "shared_helpers"
-Bundler::SharedHelpers.major_deprecation 2,
-  "The Bundler task for Capistrano. Please use https://github.com/capistrano/bundler"
-
-# Capistrano task for Bundler.
-#
-# Add "require 'bundler/capistrano'" in your Capistrano deploy.rb, and
-# Bundler will be activated after each new deployment.
-require_relative "deployment"
-require "capistrano/version"
-
-if defined?(Capistrano::Version) && Gem::Version.new(Capistrano::Version).release >= Gem::Version.new("3.0")
-  raise "For Capistrano 3.x integration, please use https://github.com/capistrano/bundler"
-end
-
-Capistrano::Configuration.instance(:must_exist).load do
-  before "deploy:finalize_update", "bundle:install"
-  Bundler::Deployment.define_task(self, :task, except: { no_release: true })
-  set :rake, lambda { "#{fetch(:bundle_cmd, "bundle")} exec rake" }
-end
+Bundler::SharedHelpers.feature_removed! "The Bundler task for Capistrano. Please use https://github.com/capistrano/bundler"
diff --git a/lib/bundler/checksum.rb b/lib/bundler/checksum.rb
index 356f4a48bc..ce05818bb0 100644
--- a/lib/bundler/checksum.rb
+++ b/lib/bundler/checksum.rb
@@ -205,6 +205,12 @@ module Bundler
         @store[spec.lock_name].nil?
       end
 
+      def empty?(spec)
+        return false unless spec.source.is_a?(Bundler::Source::Rubygems)
+
+        @store[spec.lock_name].empty?
+      end
+
       def register(spec, checksum)
         register_checksum(spec.lock_name, checksum)
       end
diff --git a/lib/bundler/cli.rb b/lib/bundler/cli.rb
index 51f71af501..1f6a65ca57 100644
--- a/lib/bundler/cli.rb
+++ b/lib/bundler/cli.rb
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ module Bundler
 
     AUTO_INSTALL_CMDS = %w[show binstubs outdated exec open console licenses clean].freeze
     PARSEABLE_COMMANDS = %w[check config help exec platform show version].freeze
-    EXTENSIONS = ["c", "rust"].freeze
+    EXTENSIONS = ["c", "rust", "go"].freeze
 
     COMMAND_ALIASES = {
       "check" => "c",
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ module Bundler
     }.freeze
 
     def self.start(*)
-      check_deprecated_ext_option(ARGV) if ARGV.include?("--ext")
+      check_invalid_ext_option(ARGV) if ARGV.include?("--ext")
 
       super
     ensure
@@ -59,17 +59,29 @@ module Bundler
     def initialize(*args)
       super
 
+      current_cmd = args.last[:current_command].name
+
       custom_gemfile = options[:gemfile] || Bundler.settings[:gemfile]
       if custom_gemfile && !custom_gemfile.empty?
         Bundler::SharedHelpers.set_env "BUNDLE_GEMFILE", File.expand_path(custom_gemfile)
-        Bundler.reset_settings_and_root!
+        reset_settings = true
+      end
+
+      # lock --lockfile works differently than install --lockfile
+      unless current_cmd == "lock"
+        custom_lockfile = options[:lockfile] || ENV["BUNDLE_LOCKFILE"] || Bundler.settings[:lockfile]
+        if custom_lockfile && !custom_lockfile.empty?
+          Bundler::SharedHelpers.set_env "BUNDLE_LOCKFILE", File.expand_path(custom_lockfile)
+          reset_settings = true
+        end
       end
 
+      Bundler.reset_settings_and_root! if reset_settings
+
       Bundler.auto_switch
 
       Bundler.settings.set_command_option_if_given :retry, options[:retry]
 
-      current_cmd = args.last[:current_command].name
       Bundler.auto_install if AUTO_INSTALL_CMDS.include?(current_cmd)
     rescue UnknownArgumentError => e
       raise InvalidOption, e.message
@@ -77,7 +89,7 @@ module Bundler
       self.options ||= {}
       unprinted_warnings = Bundler.ui.unprinted_warnings
       Bundler.ui = UI::Shell.new(options)
-      Bundler.ui.level = "debug" if options["verbose"]
+      Bundler.ui.level = "debug" if options[:verbose] || Bundler.settings[:verbose]
       unprinted_warnings.each {|w| Bundler.ui.warn(w) }
     end
 
@@ -92,7 +104,7 @@ module Bundler
       primary_commands = ["install", "update", "cache", "exec", "config", "help"]
 
       list = self.class.printable_commands(true)
-      by_name = list.group_by {|name, _message| name.match(/^bundle (\w+)/)[1] }
+      by_name = list.group_by {|name, _message| name.match(/^bundler? (\w+)/)[1] }
       utilities = by_name.keys.sort - primary_commands
       primary_commands.map! {|name| (by_name[name] || raise("no primary command #{name}")).first }
       utilities.map! {|name| by_name[name].first }
@@ -107,7 +119,33 @@ module Bundler
       shell.say
       self.class.send(:class_options_help, shell)
     end
-    default_task(Bundler.feature_flag.default_cli_command)
+
+    desc "install_or_cli_help", "Deprecated alias of install", hide: true
+    def install_or_cli_help
+      Bundler.ui.warn <<~MSG
+        `bundle install_or_cli_help` is a deprecated alias of `bundle install`.
+        It might be called due to the 'default_cli_command' being set to 'install_or_cli_help',
+        if so fix that by running `bundle config set default_cli_command install --global`.
+      MSG
+      invoke_other_command("install")
+    end
+
+    def self.default_command(meth = nil)
+      return super if meth
+
+      unless Bundler.settings[:default_cli_command]
+        Bundler.ui.info <<~MSG
+          In a future version of Bundler, running `bundle` without argument will no longer run `bundle install`.
+          Instead, the `cli_help` command will be displayed. Please use `bundle install` explicitly for scripts like CI/CD.
+          You can use the future behavior now with `bundle config set default_cli_command cli_help --global`,
+          or you can continue to use the current behavior with `bundle config set default_cli_command install --global`.
+          This message will be removed after a default_cli_command value is set.
+
+        MSG
+      end
+
+      Bundler.settings[:default_cli_command] || "install"
+    end
 
     class_option "no-color", type: :boolean, desc: "Disable colorization in output"
     class_option "retry", type: :numeric, aliases: "-r", banner: "NUM",
@@ -130,7 +168,7 @@ module Bundler
 
       if man_pages.include?(command)
         man_page = man_pages[command]
-        if Bundler.which("man") && !man_path.match?(%r{^file:/.+!/META-INF/jruby.home/.+})
+        if Bundler.which("man") && !man_path.match?(%r{^(?:file:/.+!|uri:classloader:)/META-INF/jruby.home/.+})
           Kernel.exec("man", man_page)
         else
           puts File.read("#{man_path}/#{File.basename(man_page)}.ronn")
@@ -143,7 +181,7 @@ module Bundler
     end
 
     def self.handle_no_command_error(command, has_namespace = $thor_runner)
-      if Bundler.feature_flag.plugins? && Bundler::Plugin.command?(command)
+      if Bundler.settings[:plugins] && Bundler::Plugin.command?(command)
         return Bundler::Plugin.exec_command(command, ARGV[1..-1])
       end
 
@@ -173,7 +211,7 @@ module Bundler
     D
     method_option "dry-run", type: :boolean, default: false, banner: "Lock the Gemfile"
     method_option "gemfile", type: :string, banner: "Use the specified gemfile instead of Gemfile"
-    method_option "path", type: :string, banner: "Specify a different path than the system default ($BUNDLE_PATH or $GEM_HOME).#{" Bundler will remember this value for future installs on this machine" unless Bundler.feature_flag.forget_cli_options?}"
+    method_option "path", type: :string, banner: "Specify a different path than the system default, namely, $BUNDLE_PATH or $GEM_HOME (removed)"
     def check
       remembered_flag_deprecation("path")
 
@@ -187,12 +225,11 @@ module Bundler
     long_desc <<-D
       Removes the given gems from the Gemfile while ensuring that the resulting Gemfile is still valid. If the gem is not found, Bundler prints a error message and if gem could not be removed due to any reason Bundler will display a warning.
     D
-    method_option "install", type: :boolean, banner: "Runs 'bundle install' after removing the gems from the Gemfile"
+    method_option "install", type: :boolean, banner: "Runs 'bundle install' after removing the gems from the Gemfile (removed)"
     def remove(*gems)
       if ARGV.include?("--install")
-        message = "The `--install` flag has been deprecated. `bundle install` is triggered by default."
         removed_message = "The `--install` flag has been removed. `bundle install` is triggered by default."
-        SharedHelpers.major_deprecation(2, message, removed_message: removed_message)
+        raise InvalidOption, removed_message
       end
 
       require_relative "cli/remove"
@@ -210,42 +247,52 @@ module Bundler
 
       If the bundle has already been installed, bundler will tell you so and then exit.
     D
-    method_option "binstubs", type: :string, lazy_default: "bin", banner: "Generate bin stubs for bundled gems to ./bin"
-    method_option "clean", type: :boolean, banner: "Run bundle clean automatically after install"
-    method_option "deployment", type: :boolean, banner: "Install using defaults tuned for deployment environments"
-    method_option "frozen", type: :boolean, banner: "Do not allow the Gemfile.lock to be updated after this install"
+    method_option "binstubs", type: :string, lazy_default: "bin", banner: "Generate bin stubs for bundled gems to ./bin (removed)"
+    method_option "clean", type: :boolean, banner: "Run bundle clean automatically after install (removed)"
+    method_option "deployment", type: :boolean, banner: "Install using defaults tuned for deployment environments (removed)"
+    method_option "frozen", type: :boolean, banner: "Do not allow the Gemfile.lock to be updated after this install (removed)"
     method_option "full-index", type: :boolean, banner: "Fall back to using the single-file index of all gems"
     method_option "gemfile", type: :string, banner: "Use the specified gemfile instead of Gemfile"
     method_option "jobs", aliases: "-j", type: :numeric, banner: "Specify the number of jobs to run in parallel"
     method_option "local", type: :boolean, banner: "Do not attempt to fetch gems remotely and use the gem cache instead"
+    method_option "lockfile", type: :string, banner: "Use the specified lockfile instead of the default."
     method_option "prefer-local", type: :boolean, banner: "Only attempt to fetch gems remotely if not present locally, even if newer versions are available remotely"
     method_option "no-cache", type: :boolean, banner: "Don't update the existing gem cache."
-    method_option "redownload", type: :boolean, aliases: "--force", banner: "Force downloading every gem."
-    method_option "no-prune", type: :boolean, banner: "Don't remove stale gems from the cache."
-    method_option "path", type: :string, banner: "Specify a different path than the system default ($BUNDLE_PATH or $GEM_HOME).#{" Bundler will remember this value for future installs on this machine" unless Bundler.feature_flag.forget_cli_options?}"
+    method_option "no-lock", type: :boolean, banner: "Don't create a lockfile."
+    method_option "force", type: :boolean, aliases: "--redownload", banner: "Force reinstalling every gem, even if already installed"
+    method_option "no-prune", type: :boolean, banner: "Don't remove stale gems from the cache (removed)."
+    method_option "path", type: :string, banner: "Specify a different path than the system default, namely, $BUNDLE_PATH or $GEM_HOME (removed)."
     method_option "quiet", type: :boolean, banner: "Only output warnings and errors."
-    method_option "shebang", type: :string, banner: "Specify a different shebang executable name than the default (usually 'ruby')"
+    method_option "shebang", type: :string, banner: "Specify a different shebang executable name than the default, usually 'ruby' (removed)"
     method_option "standalone", type: :array, lazy_default: [], banner: "Make a bundle that can work without the Bundler runtime"
-    method_option "system", type: :boolean, banner: "Install to the system location ($BUNDLE_PATH or $GEM_HOME) even if the bundle was previously installed somewhere else for this application"
+    method_option "system", type: :boolean, banner: "Install to the system location ($BUNDLE_PATH or $GEM_HOME) even if the bundle was previously installed somewhere else for this application (removed)"
     method_option "trust-policy", alias: "P", type: :string, banner: "Gem trust policy (like gem install -P). Must be one of #{Bundler.rubygems.security_policy_keys.join("|")}"
     method_option "target-rbconfig", type: :string, banner: "Path to rbconfig.rb for the deployment target platform"
-    method_option "without", type: :array, banner: "Exclude gems that are part of the specified named group."
-    method_option "with", type: :array, banner: "Include gems that are part of the specified named group."
+    method_option "without", type: :array, banner: "Exclude gems that are part of the specified named group (removed)."
+    method_option "with", type: :array, banner: "Include gems that are part of the specified named group (removed)."
     def install
-      SharedHelpers.major_deprecation(2, "The `--force` option has been renamed to `--redownload`") if ARGV.include?("--force")
-
       %w[clean deployment frozen no-prune path shebang without with].each do |option|
         remembered_flag_deprecation(option)
       end
 
       print_remembered_flag_deprecation("--system", "path.system", "true") if ARGV.include?("--system")
 
-      remembered_negative_flag_deprecation("no-deployment")
+      remembered_flag_deprecation("deployment", negative: true)
+
+      if ARGV.include?("--binstubs")
+        removed_message = "The --binstubs option has been removed in favor of `bundle binstubs --all`"
+        raise InvalidOption, removed_message
+      end
 
       require_relative "cli/install"
+      options = self.options.dup
+      options["lockfile"] ||= ENV["BUNDLE_LOCKFILE"]
       Bundler.settings.temporary(no_install: false) do
-        Install.new(options.dup).run
+        Install.new(options).run
       end
+    rescue GemfileNotFound => error
+      invoke_other_command("cli_help")
+      raise error # re-raise to show the error and get a failing exit status
     end
 
     map aliases_for("install")
@@ -263,7 +310,7 @@ module Bundler
     method_option "local", type: :boolean, banner: "Do not attempt to fetch gems remotely and use the gem cache instead"
     method_option "quiet", type: :boolean, banner: "Only output warnings and errors."
     method_option "source", type: :array, banner: "Update a specific source (and all gems associated with it)"
-    method_option "redownload", type: :boolean, aliases: "--force", banner: "Force downloading every gem."
+    method_option "force", type: :boolean, aliases: "--redownload", banner: "Force reinstalling every gem, even if already installed"
     method_option "ruby", type: :boolean, banner: "Update ruby specified in Gemfile.lock"
     method_option "bundler", type: :string, lazy_default: "> 0.a", banner: "Update the locked version of bundler"
     method_option "patch", type: :boolean, banner: "Prefer updating only to next patch version"
@@ -274,7 +321,6 @@ module Bundler
     method_option "conservative", type: :boolean, banner: "Use bundle install conservative update behavior and do not allow shared dependencies to be updated."
     method_option "all", type: :boolean, banner: "Update everything."
     def update(*gems)
-      SharedHelpers.major_deprecation(2, "The `--force` option has been renamed to `--redownload`") if ARGV.include?("--force")
       require_relative "cli/update"
       Bundler.settings.temporary(no_install: false) do
         Update.new(options, gems).run
@@ -287,12 +333,11 @@ module Bundler
       Calling show with [GEM] will list the exact location of that gem on your machine.
     D
     method_option "paths", type: :boolean, banner: "List the paths of all gems that are required by your Gemfile."
-    method_option "outdated", type: :boolean, banner: "Show verbose output including whether gems are outdated."
+    method_option "outdated", type: :boolean, banner: "Show verbose output including whether gems are outdated (removed)."
     def show(gem_name = nil)
       if ARGV.include?("--outdated")
-        message = "the `--outdated` flag to `bundle show` was undocumented and will be removed without replacement"
-        removed_message = "the `--outdated` flag to `bundle show` was undocumented and has been removed without replacement"
-        SharedHelpers.major_deprecation(2, message, removed_message: removed_message)
+        removed_message = "the `--outdated` flag to `bundle show` has been removed in favor of `bundle show --verbose`"
+        raise InvalidOption, removed_message
       end
       require_relative "cli/show"
       Show.new(options, gem_name).run
@@ -302,6 +347,7 @@ module Bundler
     method_option "name-only", type: :boolean, banner: "print only the gem names"
     method_option "only-group", type: :array, default: [], banner: "print gems from a given set of groups"
     method_option "without-group", type: :array, default: [], banner: "print all gems except from a given set of groups"
+    method_option "format", type: :string, banner: "format output ('json' is the only supported format)"
     method_option "paths", type: :boolean, banner: "print the path to each gem in the bundle"
     def list
       require_relative "cli/list"
@@ -325,12 +371,14 @@ module Bundler
       will create binstubs for all given gems.
     D
     method_option "force", type: :boolean, default: false, banner: "Overwrite existing binstubs if they exist"
-    method_option "path", type: :string, lazy_default: "bin", banner: "Binstub destination directory (default bin)"
+    method_option "path", type: :string, lazy_default: "bin", banner: "Binstub destination directory, `bin` by default (removed)"
     method_option "shebang", type: :string, banner: "Specify a different shebang executable name than the default (usually 'ruby')"
     method_option "standalone", type: :boolean, banner: "Make binstubs that can work without the Bundler runtime"
     method_option "all", type: :boolean, banner: "Install binstubs for all gems"
     method_option "all-platforms", type: :boolean, default: false, banner: "Install binstubs for all platforms"
     def binstubs(*gems)
+      remembered_flag_deprecation("path", option_name: "bin")
+
       require_relative "cli/binstubs"
       Binstubs.new(options, gems).run
     end
@@ -396,15 +444,15 @@ module Bundler
     end
 
     desc "cache [OPTIONS]", "Locks and then caches all of the gems into vendor/cache"
-    method_option "all", type: :boolean, default: Bundler.feature_flag.cache_all?, banner: "Include all sources (including path and git)."
+    method_option "all", type: :boolean, default: Bundler.settings[:cache_all], banner: "Include all sources (including path and git) (removed)."
     method_option "all-platforms", type: :boolean, banner: "Include gems for all platforms present in the lockfile, not only the current one"
     method_option "cache-path", type: :string, banner: "Specify a different cache path than the default (vendor/cache)."
     method_option "gemfile", type: :string, banner: "Use the specified gemfile instead of Gemfile"
     method_option "no-install", type: :boolean, banner: "Don't install the gems, only update the cache."
-    method_option "no-prune", type: :boolean, banner: "Don't remove stale gems from the cache."
-    method_option "path", type: :string, banner: "Specify a different path than the system default ($BUNDLE_PATH or $GEM_HOME).#{" Bundler will remember this value for future installs on this machine" unless Bundler.feature_flag.forget_cli_options?}"
+    method_option "no-prune", type: :boolean, banner: "Don't remove stale gems from the cache (removed)."
+    method_option "path", type: :string, banner: "Specify a different path than the system default, namely, $BUNDLE_PATH or $GEM_HOME (removed)."
     method_option "quiet", type: :boolean, banner: "Only output warnings and errors."
-    method_option "frozen", type: :boolean, banner: "Do not allow the Gemfile.lock to be updated after this bundle cache operation's install"
+    method_option "frozen", type: :boolean, banner: "Do not allow the Gemfile.lock to be updated after this bundle cache operation's install (removed)"
     long_desc <<-D
       The cache command will copy the .gem files for every gem in the bundle into the
       directory ./vendor/cache. If you then check that directory into your source
@@ -413,18 +461,19 @@ module Bundler
     D
     def cache
       print_remembered_flag_deprecation("--all", "cache_all", "true") if ARGV.include?("--all")
+      print_remembered_flag_deprecation("--no-all", "cache_all", "false") if ARGV.include?("--no-all")
 
-      if ARGV.include?("--path")
-        message =
-          "The `--path` flag is deprecated because its semantics are unclear. " \
-          "Use `bundle config cache_path` to configure the path of your cache of gems, " \
-          "and `bundle config path` to configure the path where your gems are installed, " \
-          "and stop using this flag"
+      %w[frozen no-prune].each do |option|
+        remembered_flag_deprecation(option)
+      end
+
+      if flag_passed?("--path")
         removed_message =
           "The `--path` flag has been removed because its semantics were unclear. " \
           "Use `bundle config cache_path` to configure the path of your cache of gems, " \
-          "and `bundle config path` to configure the path where your gems are installed."
-        SharedHelpers.major_deprecation 2, message, removed_message: removed_message
+          "and `bundle config path` to configure the path where your gems are installed, " \
+          "and stop using this flag"
+        raise InvalidOption, removed_message
       end
 
       require_relative "cli/cache"
@@ -434,7 +483,7 @@ module Bundler
     map aliases_for("cache")
 
     desc "exec [OPTIONS]", "Run the command in context of the bundle"
-    method_option :keep_file_descriptors, type: :boolean, default: true, banner: "Passes all file descriptors to the new processes. Default is true, and setting it to false is deprecated"
+    method_option :keep_file_descriptors, type: :boolean, default: true, banner: "Passes all file descriptors to the new processes. Default is true, and setting it to false is not permitted (removed)."
     method_option :gemfile, type: :string, required: false, banner: "Use the specified gemfile instead of Gemfile"
     long_desc <<-D
       Exec runs a command, providing it access to the gems in the bundle. While using
@@ -443,9 +492,8 @@ module Bundler
     D
     def exec(*args)
       if ARGV.include?("--no-keep-file-descriptors")
-        message = "The `--no-keep-file-descriptors` has been deprecated. `bundle exec` no longer mess with your file descriptors. Close them in the exec'd script if you need to"
         removed_message = "The `--no-keep-file-descriptors` has been removed. `bundle exec` no longer mess with your file descriptors. Close them in the exec'd script if you need to"
-        SharedHelpers.major_deprecation(2, message, removed_message: removed_message)
+        raise InvalidOption, removed_message
       end
 
       require_relative "cli/exec"
@@ -486,13 +534,13 @@ module Bundler
     def version
       cli_help = current_command.name == "cli_help"
       if cli_help || ARGV.include?("version")
-        build_info = " (#{BuildMetadata.built_at} commit #{BuildMetadata.git_commit_sha})"
+        build_info = " (#{BuildMetadata.timestamp} commit #{BuildMetadata.git_commit_sha})"
       end
 
-      if !cli_help && Bundler.feature_flag.print_only_version_number?
-        Bundler.ui.info "#{Bundler::VERSION}#{build_info}"
+      if !cli_help
+        Bundler.ui.info "#{Bundler.verbose_version}#{build_info}"
       else
-        Bundler.ui.info "Bundler version #{Bundler::VERSION}#{build_info}"
+        Bundler.ui.info "Bundler version #{Bundler.verbose_version}#{build_info}"
       end
     end
 
@@ -512,41 +560,32 @@ module Bundler
       end
     end
 
-    unless Bundler.feature_flag.bundler_3_mode?
-      desc "viz [OPTIONS]", "Generates a visual dependency graph", hide: true
-      long_desc <<-D
-        Viz generates a PNG file of the current Gemfile as a dependency graph.
-        Viz requires the ruby-graphviz gem (and its dependencies).
-        The associated gems must also be installed via 'bundle install'.
-      D
-      method_option :file, type: :string, default: "gem_graph", aliases: "-f", desc: "The name to use for the generated file. see format option"
-      method_option :format, type: :string, default: "png", aliases: "-F", desc: "This is output format option. Supported format is png, jpg, svg, dot ..."
-      method_option :requirements, type: :boolean, default: false, aliases: "-R", desc: "Set to show the version of each required dependency."
-      method_option :version, type: :boolean, default: false, aliases: "-v", desc: "Set to show each gem version."
-      method_option :without, type: :array, default: [], aliases: "-W", banner: "GROUP[ GROUP...]", desc: "Exclude gems that are part of the specified named group."
-      def viz
-        SharedHelpers.major_deprecation 2, "The `viz` command has been renamed to `graph` and moved to a plugin. See https://github.com/rubygems/bundler-graph"
-        require_relative "cli/viz"
-        Viz.new(options.dup).run
-      end
+    desc "viz [OPTIONS]", "Generates a visual dependency graph", hide: true
+    def viz
+      SharedHelpers.feature_removed! "The `viz` command has been renamed to `graph` and moved to a plugin. See https://github.com/rubygems/bundler-graph"
     end
 
     desc "gem NAME [OPTIONS]", "Creates a skeleton for creating a rubygem"
-    method_option :exe, type: :boolean, default: false, aliases: ["--bin", "-b"], desc: "Generate a binary executable for your library."
-    method_option :coc, type: :boolean, desc: "Generate a code of conduct file. Set a default with `bundle config set --global gem.coc true`."
-    method_option :edit, type: :string, aliases: "-e", required: false, banner: "EDITOR", lazy_default: [ENV["BUNDLER_EDITOR"], ENV["VISUAL"], ENV["EDITOR"]].find {|e| !e.nil? && !e.empty? }, desc: "Open generated gemspec in the specified editor (defaults to $EDITOR or $BUNDLER_EDITOR)"
-    method_option :ext, type: :string, desc: "Generate the boilerplate for C extension code.", enum: EXTENSIONS
-    method_option :git, type: :boolean, default: true, desc: "Initialize a git repo inside your library."
-    method_option :mit, type: :boolean, desc: "Generate an MIT license file. Set a default with `bundle config set --global gem.mit true`."
-    method_option :rubocop, type: :boolean, desc: "Add rubocop to the generated Rakefile and gemspec. Set a default with `bundle config set --global gem.rubocop true`."
-    method_option :changelog, type: :boolean, desc: "Generate changelog file. Set a default with `bundle config set --global gem.changelog true`."
+    method_option :exe, type: :boolean, default: false, aliases: ["--bin", "-b"], banner: "Generate a binary executable for your library."
+    method_option :coc, type: :boolean, banner: "Generate a code of conduct file. Set a default with `bundle config set --global gem.coc true`."
+    method_option :edit, type: :string, aliases: "-e", required: false, lazy_default: [ENV["BUNDLER_EDITOR"], ENV["VISUAL"], ENV["EDITOR"]].find {|e| !e.nil? && !e.empty? }, banner: "Open generated gemspec in the specified editor (defaults to $EDITOR or $BUNDLER_EDITOR)"
+    method_option :ext, type: :string, banner: "Generate the boilerplate for C extension code.", enum: EXTENSIONS
+    method_option :git, type: :boolean, default: true, banner: "Initialize a git repo inside your library."
+    method_option :mit, type: :boolean, banner: "Generate an MIT license file. Set a default with `bundle config set --global gem.mit true`."
+    method_option :rubocop, type: :boolean, banner: "Add rubocop to the generated Rakefile and gemspec. Set a default with `bundle config set --global gem.rubocop true` (removed)."
+    method_option :changelog, type: :boolean, banner: "Generate changelog file. Set a default with `bundle config set --global gem.changelog true`."
     method_option :test, type: :string, lazy_default: Bundler.settings["gem.test"] || "", aliases: "-t", banner: "Use the specified test framework for your library", enum: %w[rspec minitest test-unit], desc: "Generate a test directory for your library, either rspec, minitest or test-unit. Set a default with `bundle config set --global gem.test (rspec|minitest|test-unit)`."
-    method_option :ci, type: :string, lazy_default: Bundler.settings["gem.ci"] || "", enum: %w[github gitlab circle], desc: "Generate CI configuration, either GitHub Actions, GitLab CI or CircleCI. Set a default with `bundle config set --global gem.ci (github|gitlab|circle)`"
-    method_option :linter, type: :string, lazy_default: Bundler.settings["gem.linter"] || "", enum: %w[rubocop standard], desc: "Add a linter and code formatter, either RuboCop or Standard. Set a default with `bundle config set --global gem.linter (rubocop|standard)`"
+    method_option :ci, type: :string, lazy_default: Bundler.settings["gem.ci"] || "", enum: %w[github gitlab circle], banner: "Generate CI configuration, either GitHub Actions, GitLab CI or CircleCI. Set a default with `bundle config set --global gem.ci (github|gitlab|circle)`"
+    method_option :linter, type: :string, lazy_default: Bundler.settings["gem.linter"] || "", enum: %w[rubocop standard], banner: "Add a linter and code formatter, either RuboCop or Standard. Set a default with `bundle config set --global gem.linter (rubocop|standard)`"
     method_option :github_username, type: :string, default: Bundler.settings["gem.github_username"], banner: "Set your username on GitHub", desc: "Fill in GitHub username on README so that you don't have to do it manually. Set a default with `bundle config set --global gem.github_username <your_username>`."
+    method_option :bundle, type: :boolean, default: Bundler.settings["gem.bundle"], banner: "Automatically run `bundle install` after creation. Set a default with `bundle config set --global gem.bundle true`"
 
     def gem(name)
       require_relative "cli/gem"
+
+      raise InvalidOption, "--rubocop has been removed, use --linter=rubocop" if ARGV.include?("--rubocop")
+      raise InvalidOption, "--no-rubocop has been removed, use --no-linter" if ARGV.include?("--no-rubocop")
+
       cmd_args = args + [self]
       cmd_args.unshift(options)
 
@@ -557,7 +596,7 @@ module Bundler
       File.expand_path("templates", __dir__)
     end
 
-    desc "clean [OPTIONS]", "Cleans up unused gems in your bundler directory", hide: true
+    desc "clean [OPTIONS]", "Cleans up unused gems in your bundler directory"
     method_option "dry-run", type: :boolean, default: false, banner: "Only print out changes, do not clean gems"
     method_option "force", type: :boolean, default: false, banner: "Forces cleaning up unused gems even if Bundler is configured to use globally installed gems. As a consequence, removes all system gems except for the ones in the current application."
     def clean
@@ -573,12 +612,8 @@ module Bundler
     end
 
     desc "inject GEM VERSION", "Add the named gem, with version requirements, to the resolved Gemfile", hide: true
-    method_option "source", type: :string, banner: "Install gem from the given source"
-    method_option "group", type: :string, banner: "Install gem into a bundler group"
-    def inject(name, version)
-      SharedHelpers.major_deprecation 2, "The `inject` command has been replaced by the `add` command"
-      require_relative "cli/inject"
-      Inject.new(options.dup, name, version).run
+    def inject(*)
+      SharedHelpers.feature_removed! "The `inject` command has been replaced by the `add` command"
     end
 
     desc "lock", "Creates a lockfile without installing"
@@ -632,7 +667,7 @@ module Bundler
       end
     end
 
-    if Bundler.feature_flag.plugins?
+    if Bundler.settings[:plugins]
       require_relative "cli/plugin"
       desc "plugin", "Manage the bundler plugins"
       subcommand "plugin", Plugin
@@ -666,18 +701,15 @@ module Bundler
       end
     end
 
-    def self.check_deprecated_ext_option(arguments)
-      # when deprecated version of `--ext` is called
-      # print out deprecation warning and pretend `--ext=c` was provided
-      if deprecated_ext_value?(arguments)
-        message = "Extensions can now be generated using C or Rust, so `--ext` with no arguments has been deprecated. Please select a language, e.g. `--ext=rust` to generate a Rust extension. This gem will now be generated as if `--ext=c` was used."
+    def self.check_invalid_ext_option(arguments)
+      # when invalid version of `--ext` is called
+      if invalid_ext_value?(arguments)
         removed_message = "Extensions can now be generated using C or Rust, so `--ext` with no arguments has been removed. Please select a language, e.g. `--ext=rust` to generate a Rust extension."
-        SharedHelpers.major_deprecation 2, message, removed_message: removed_message
-        arguments[arguments.index("--ext")] = "--ext=c"
+        raise InvalidOption, removed_message
       end
     end
 
-    def self.deprecated_ext_value?(arguments)
+    def self.invalid_ext_value?(arguments)
       index = arguments.index("--ext")
       next_argument = arguments[index + 1]
 
@@ -685,15 +717,15 @@ module Bundler
       # for example `bundle gem hello --ext c`
       return false if EXTENSIONS.include?(next_argument)
 
-      # deprecated call when --ext is called with no value in last position
+      # invalid call when --ext is called with no value in last position
       # for example `bundle gem hello_gem --ext`
       return true if next_argument.nil?
 
-      # deprecated call when --ext is followed by other parameter
+      # invalid call when --ext is followed by other parameter
       # for example `bundle gem --ext --no-ci hello_gem`
       return true if next_argument.start_with?("-")
 
-      # deprecated call when --ext is followed by gem name
+      # invalid call when --ext is followed by gem name
       # for example `bundle gem --ext hello_gem`
       return true if next_argument
 
@@ -707,6 +739,19 @@ module Bundler
       config[:current_command]
     end
 
+    def invoke_other_command(name)
+      _, _, config = @_initializer
+      original_command = config[:current_command]
+      command = self.class.all_commands[name]
+      config[:current_command] = command
+      send(name)
+    ensure
+      config[:current_command] = original_command
+    end
+
+    def current_command=(command)
+    end
+
     def print_command
       return unless Bundler.ui.debug?
       cmd = current_command
@@ -720,7 +765,7 @@ module Bundler
       end
       command << Thor::Options.to_switches(options_to_print.sort_by(&:first)).strip
       command.reject!(&:empty?)
-      Bundler.ui.info "Running `#{command * " "}` with bundler #{Bundler::VERSION}"
+      Bundler.ui.info "Running `#{command * " "}` with bundler #{Bundler.verbose_version}"
     end
 
     def warn_on_outdated_bundler
@@ -747,44 +792,30 @@ module Bundler
       nil
     end
 
-    def remembered_negative_flag_deprecation(name)
-      positive_name = name.gsub(/\Ano-/, "")
-      option = current_command.options[positive_name]
-      flag_name = "--no-" + option.switch_name.gsub(/\A--/, "")
-
-      flag_deprecation(positive_name, flag_name, option)
-    end
-
-    def remembered_flag_deprecation(name)
+    def remembered_flag_deprecation(name, negative: false, option_name: nil)
       option = current_command.options[name]
       flag_name = option.switch_name
-
-      flag_deprecation(name, flag_name, option)
-    end
-
-    def flag_deprecation(name, flag_name, option)
-      name_index = ARGV.find {|arg| flag_name == arg.split("=")[0] }
-      return unless name_index
+      flag_name = "--no-" + flag_name.gsub(/\A--/, "") if negative
+      return unless flag_passed?(flag_name)
 
       value = options[name]
       value = value.join(" ").to_s if option.type == :array
       value = "'#{value}'" unless option.type == :boolean
 
-      print_remembered_flag_deprecation(flag_name, name.tr("-", "_"), value)
+      print_remembered_flag_deprecation(flag_name, option_name || name.tr("-", "_"), value)
     end
 
     def print_remembered_flag_deprecation(flag_name, option_name, option_value)
-      message =
-        "The `#{flag_name}` flag is deprecated because it relies on being " \
-        "remembered across bundler invocations, which bundler will no longer " \
-        "do in future versions. Instead please use `bundle config set #{option_name} " \
-        "#{option_value}`, and stop using this flag"
       removed_message =
         "The `#{flag_name}` flag has been removed because it relied on being " \
-        "remembered across bundler invocations, which bundler will no longer " \
-        "do. Instead please use `bundle config set #{option_name} " \
-        "#{option_value}`, and stop using this flag"
-      Bundler::SharedHelpers.major_deprecation 2, message, removed_message: removed_message
+        "remembered across bundler invocations, which bundler no longer does. " \
+        "Instead please use `bundle config set #{option_name} #{option_value}`, " \
+        "and stop using this flag"
+      raise InvalidOption, removed_message
+    end
+
+    def flag_passed?(name)
+      ARGV.any? {|arg| name == arg.split("=")[0] }
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/lib/bundler/cli/add.rb b/lib/bundler/cli/add.rb
index 12a681a816..9f17604096 100644
--- a/lib/bundler/cli/add.rb
+++ b/lib/bundler/cli/add.rb
@@ -36,6 +36,16 @@ module Bundler
     end
 
     def validate_options!
+      raise InvalidOption, "You cannot specify `--git` and `--github` at the same time." if options["git"] && options["github"]
+
+      unless options["git"] || options["github"]
+        raise InvalidOption, "You cannot specify `--branch` unless `--git` or `--github` is specified." if options["branch"]
+
+        raise InvalidOption, "You cannot specify `--ref` unless `--git` or `--github` is specified." if options["ref"]
+      end
+
+      raise InvalidOption, "You cannot specify `--branch` and `--ref` at the same time." if options["branch"] && options["ref"]
+
       raise InvalidOption, "You cannot specify `--strict` and `--optimistic` at the same time." if options[:strict] && options[:optimistic]
 
       # raise error when no gems are specified
diff --git a/lib/bundler/cli/cache.rb b/lib/bundler/cli/cache.rb
index 2e63a16ec3..59605df847 100644
--- a/lib/bundler/cli/cache.rb
+++ b/lib/bundler/cli/cache.rb
@@ -10,17 +10,12 @@ module Bundler
 
     def run
       Bundler.ui.level = "warn" if options[:quiet]
-      Bundler.settings.set_command_option_if_given :path, options[:path]
       Bundler.settings.set_command_option_if_given :cache_path, options["cache-path"]
 
-      setup_cache_all
       install
 
-      # TODO: move cache contents here now that all bundles are locked
-      custom_path = Bundler.settings[:path] if options[:path]
-
       Bundler.settings.temporary(cache_all_platforms: options["all-platforms"]) do
-        Bundler.load.cache(custom_path)
+        Bundler.load.cache
       end
     end
 
@@ -33,11 +28,5 @@ module Bundler
       options["no-cache"] = true
       Bundler::CLI::Install.new(options).run
     end
-
-    def setup_cache_all
-      all = options.fetch(:all, Bundler.feature_flag.cache_all? || nil)
-
-      Bundler.settings.set_command_option_if_given :cache_all, all
-    end
   end
 end
diff --git a/lib/bundler/cli/common.rb b/lib/bundler/cli/common.rb
index 7ef6deb2cf..2f332ff364 100644
--- a/lib/bundler/cli/common.rb
+++ b/lib/bundler/cli/common.rb
@@ -94,11 +94,14 @@ module Bundler
     end
 
     def self.gem_not_found_message(missing_gem_name, alternatives)
-      require_relative "../similarity_detector"
       message = "Could not find gem '#{missing_gem_name}'."
       alternate_names = alternatives.map {|a| a.respond_to?(:name) ? a.name : a }
-      suggestions = SimilarityDetector.new(alternate_names).similar_word_list(missing_gem_name)
-      message += "\nDid you mean #{suggestions}?" if suggestions
+      if alternate_names.include?(missing_gem_name.downcase)
+        message += "\nDid you mean '#{missing_gem_name.downcase}'?"
+      elsif defined?(DidYouMean::SpellChecker)
+        suggestions = DidYouMean::SpellChecker.new(dictionary: alternate_names).correct(missing_gem_name)
+        message += "\nDid you mean #{word_list(suggestions)}?" unless suggestions.empty?
+      end
       message
     end
 
@@ -130,9 +133,23 @@ module Bundler
     def self.clean_after_install?
       clean = Bundler.settings[:clean]
       return clean unless clean.nil?
-      clean ||= Bundler.feature_flag.auto_clean_without_path? && Bundler.settings[:path].nil?
+      clean ||= Bundler.feature_flag.bundler_5_mode? && Bundler.settings[:path].nil?
       clean &&= !Bundler.use_system_gems?
       clean
     end
+
+    def self.word_list(words)
+      if words.empty?
+        return ""
+      end
+
+      words = words.map {|word| "'#{word}'" }
+
+      if words.length == 1
+        return words[0]
+      end
+
+      [words[0..-2].join(", "), words[-1]].join(" or ")
+    end
   end
 end
diff --git a/lib/bundler/cli/config.rb b/lib/bundler/cli/config.rb
index 77b502fe60..6a77e4a65e 100644
--- a/lib/bundler/cli/config.rb
+++ b/lib/bundler/cli/config.rb
@@ -26,8 +26,7 @@ module Bundler
         end
 
       message = "Using the `config` command without a subcommand [list, get, set, unset] is deprecated and will be removed in the future. Use `bundle #{new_args.join(" ")}` instead."
-      removed_message = "Using the `config` command without a subcommand [list, get, set, unset] is has been removed. Use `bundle #{new_args.join(" ")}` instead."
-      SharedHelpers.major_deprecation 3, message, removed_message: removed_message
+      SharedHelpers.feature_deprecated! message
 
       Base.new(options, name, value, self).run
     end
diff --git a/lib/bundler/cli/console.rb b/lib/bundler/cli/console.rb
index f6389e8ea0..2d1a2ce458 100644
--- a/lib/bundler/cli/console.rb
+++ b/lib/bundler/cli/console.rb
@@ -21,6 +21,11 @@ module Bundler
       get_constant(name)
     rescue LoadError
       if name == "irb"
+        if defined?(Gem::BUNDLED_GEMS) && Gem::BUNDLED_GEMS.respond_to?(:force_activate)
+          Gem::BUNDLED_GEMS.force_activate "irb"
+          require name
+          return get_constant(name)
+        end
         Bundler.ui.error "#{name} is not available"
         exit 1
       else
diff --git a/lib/bundler/cli/exec.rb b/lib/bundler/cli/exec.rb
index 9428e9db3b..2fdc416286 100644
--- a/lib/bundler/cli/exec.rb
+++ b/lib/bundler/cli/exec.rb
@@ -19,11 +19,13 @@ module Bundler
       validate_cmd!
       SharedHelpers.set_bundle_environment
       if bin_path = Bundler.which(cmd)
-        if !Bundler.settings[:disable_exec_load] && ruby_shebang?(bin_path)
-          return kernel_load(bin_path, *args)
+        if !Bundler.settings[:disable_exec_load] && directly_loadable?(bin_path)
+          bin_path.delete_suffix!(".bat") if Gem.win_platform?
+          kernel_load(bin_path, *args)
+        else
+          bin_path = "./" + bin_path unless File.absolute_path?(bin_path)
+          kernel_exec(bin_path, *args)
         end
-        bin_path = "./" + bin_path unless File.absolute_path?(bin_path)
-        kernel_exec(bin_path, *args)
       else
         # exec using the given command
         kernel_exec(cmd, *args)
@@ -69,6 +71,29 @@ module Bundler
       "#{file} #{args.join(" ")}".strip
     end
 
+    def directly_loadable?(file)
+      if Gem.win_platform?
+        script_wrapper?(file)
+      else
+        ruby_shebang?(file)
+      end
+    end
+
+    def script_wrapper?(file)
+      script_file = file.delete_suffix(".bat")
+      return false unless File.exist?(script_file)
+
+      if File.zero?(script_file)
+        Bundler.ui.warn "#{script_file} is empty"
+        return false
+      end
+
+      header = File.open(file, "r") {|f| f.read(32) }
+      ruby_exe = "#{RbConfig::CONFIG["RUBY_INSTALL_NAME"]}#{RbConfig::CONFIG["EXEEXT"]}"
+      ruby_exe = "ruby.exe" if ruby_exe.empty?
+      header.include?(ruby_exe)
+    end
+
     def ruby_shebang?(file)
       possibilities = [
         "#!/usr/bin/env ruby\n",
diff --git a/lib/bundler/cli/gem.rb b/lib/bundler/cli/gem.rb
index b75ec9bc0f..236ce530ec 100644
--- a/lib/bundler/cli/gem.rb
+++ b/lib/bundler/cli/gem.rb
@@ -1,7 +1,5 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true
 
-require "pathname"
-
 module Bundler
   class CLI
     Bundler.require_thor_actions
@@ -15,6 +13,8 @@ module Bundler
       "test-unit" => "3.0",
     }.freeze
 
+    DEFAULT_GITHUB_USERNAME = "[USERNAME]"
+
     attr_reader :options, :gem_name, :thor, :name, :target, :extension
 
     def initialize(options, gem_name, thor)
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ module Bundler
       thor.destination_root = nil
 
       @name = @gem_name
-      @target = SharedHelpers.pwd.join(gem_name)
+      @target = Pathname.new(SharedHelpers.pwd).join(gem_name)
 
       @extension = options[:ext]
 
@@ -47,13 +47,16 @@ module Bundler
       git_author_name = use_git ? `git config user.name`.chomp : ""
       git_username = use_git ? `git config github.user`.chomp : ""
       git_user_email = use_git ? `git config user.email`.chomp : ""
+      github_username = github_username(git_username)
 
-      github_username = if options[:github_username].nil?
-        git_username
-      elsif options[:github_username] == false
-        ""
+      if github_username.empty?
+        homepage_uri = "TODO: Put your gem's website or public repo URL here."
+        source_code_uri = "TODO: Put your gem's public repo URL here."
+        changelog_uri = "TODO: Put your gem's CHANGELOG.md URL here."
       else
-        options[:github_username]
+        homepage_uri = "https://github.com/#{github_username}/#{name}"
+        source_code_uri = "https://github.com/#{github_username}/#{name}"
+        changelog_uri = "https://github.com/#{github_username}/#{name}/blob/main/CHANGELOG.md"
       end
 
       config = {
@@ -68,12 +71,17 @@ module Bundler
         test: options[:test],
         ext: extension,
         exe: options[:exe],
+        bundle: options[:bundle],
         bundler_version: bundler_dependency_version,
         git: use_git,
-        github_username: github_username.empty? ? "[USERNAME]" : github_username,
+        github_username: github_username.empty? ? DEFAULT_GITHUB_USERNAME : github_username,
         required_ruby_version: required_ruby_version,
         rust_builder_required_rubygems_version: rust_builder_required_rubygems_version,
         minitest_constant_name: minitest_constant_name,
+        ignore_paths: %w[bin/],
+        homepage_uri: homepage_uri,
+        source_code_uri: source_code_uri,
+        changelog_uri: changelog_uri,
       }
       ensure_safe_gem_name(name, constant_array)
 
@@ -94,7 +102,18 @@ module Bundler
         bin/setup
       ]
 
-      templates.merge!("gitignore.tt" => ".gitignore") if use_git
+      case Bundler.preferred_gemfile_name
+      when "Gemfile"
+        config[:ignore_paths] << "Gemfile"
+      when "gems.rb"
+        config[:ignore_paths] << "gems.rb"
+        config[:ignore_paths] << "gems.locked"
+      end
+
+      if use_git
+        templates.merge!("gitignore.tt" => ".gitignore")
+        config[:ignore_paths] << ".gitignore"
+      end
 
       if test_framework = ask_and_set_test_framework
         config[:test] = test_framework
@@ -108,6 +127,8 @@ module Bundler
             "spec/newgem_spec.rb.tt" => "spec/#{namespaced_path}_spec.rb"
           )
           config[:test_task] = :spec
+          config[:ignore_paths] << ".rspec"
+          config[:ignore_paths] << "spec/"
         when "minitest"
           # Generate path for minitest target file (FileList["test/**/test_*.rb"])
           #   foo     => test/test_foo.rb
@@ -122,12 +143,14 @@ module Bundler
             "test/minitest/test_newgem.rb.tt" => "test/#{minitest_namespaced_path}.rb"
           )
           config[:test_task] = :test
+          config[:ignore_paths] << "test/"
         when "test-unit"
           templates.merge!(
             "test/test-unit/test_helper.rb.tt" => "test/test_helper.rb",
             "test/test-unit/newgem_test.rb.tt" => "test/#{namespaced_path}_test.rb"
           )
           config[:test_task] = :test
+          config[:ignore_paths] << "test/"
         end
       end
 
@@ -135,19 +158,19 @@ module Bundler
       case config[:ci]
       when "github"
         templates.merge!("github/workflows/main.yml.tt" => ".github/workflows/main.yml")
-        config[:ci_config_path] = ".github "
+        config[:ignore_paths] << ".github/"
       when "gitlab"
         templates.merge!("gitlab-ci.yml.tt" => ".gitlab-ci.yml")
-        config[:ci_config_path] = ".gitlab-ci.yml "
+        config[:ignore_paths] << ".gitlab-ci.yml"
       when "circle"
         templates.merge!("circleci/config.yml.tt" => ".circleci/config.yml")
-        config[:ci_config_path] = ".circleci "
+        config[:ignore_paths] << ".circleci/"
       end
 
       if ask_and_set(:mit, "Do you want to license your code permissively under the MIT license?",
-        "This means that any other developer or company will be legally allowed to use your code " \
-        "for free as long as they admit you created it. You can read more about the MIT license " \
-        "at https://choosealicense.com/licenses/mit.")
+        "Using a MIT license means that any other developer or company will be legally allowed " \
+        "to use your code for free as long as they admit you created it. You can read more about " \
+        "the MIT license at https://choosealicense.com/licenses/mit.")
         config[:mit] = true
         Bundler.ui.info "MIT License enabled in config"
         templates.merge!("LICENSE.txt.tt" => "LICENSE.txt")
@@ -155,12 +178,8 @@ module Bundler
 
       if ask_and_set(:coc, "Do you want to include a code of conduct in gems you generate?",
         "Codes of conduct can increase contributions to your project by contributors who " \
-        "prefer collaborative, safe spaces. You can read more about the code of conduct at " \
-        "contributor-covenant.org. Having a code of conduct means agreeing to the responsibility " \
-        "of enforcing it, so be sure that you are prepared to do that. Be sure that your email " \
-        "address is specified as a contact in the generated code of conduct so that people know " \
-        "who to contact in case of a violation. For suggestions about " \
-        "how to enforce codes of conduct, see https://bit.ly/coc-enforcement.")
+        "prefer safe, respectful, productive, and collaborative spaces. \n" \
+        "See https://github.com/ruby/rubygems/blob/master/CODE_OF_CONDUCT.md")
         config[:coc] = true
         Bundler.ui.info "Code of conduct enabled in config"
         templates.merge!("CODE_OF_CONDUCT.md.tt" => "CODE_OF_CONDUCT.md")
@@ -184,10 +203,12 @@ module Bundler
         config[:linter_version] = rubocop_version
         Bundler.ui.info "RuboCop enabled in config"
         templates.merge!("rubocop.yml.tt" => ".rubocop.yml")
+        config[:ignore_paths] << ".rubocop.yml"
       when "standard"
         config[:linter_version] = standard_version
         Bundler.ui.info "Standard enabled in config"
         templates.merge!("standard.yml.tt" => ".standard.yml")
+        config[:ignore_paths] << ".standard.yml"
       end
 
       if config[:exe]
@@ -212,13 +233,25 @@ module Bundler
         )
       end
 
+      if extension == "go"
+        templates.merge!(
+          "ext/newgem/go.mod.tt" => "ext/#{name}/go.mod",
+          "ext/newgem/extconf-go.rb.tt" => "ext/#{name}/extconf.rb",
+          "ext/newgem/newgem.h.tt" => "ext/#{name}/#{underscored_name}.h",
+          "ext/newgem/newgem.go.tt" => "ext/#{name}/#{underscored_name}.go",
+          "ext/newgem/newgem-go.c.tt" => "ext/#{name}/#{underscored_name}.c",
+        )
+
+        config[:go_module_username] = config[:github_username] == DEFAULT_GITHUB_USERNAME ? "username" : config[:github_username]
+      end
+
       if target.exist? && !target.directory?
         Bundler.ui.error "Couldn't create a new gem named `#{gem_name}` because there's an existing file named `#{gem_name}`."
         exit Bundler::BundlerError.all_errors[Bundler::GenericSystemCallError]
       end
 
       if use_git
-        Bundler.ui.info "Initializing git repo in #{target}"
+        Bundler.ui.info "\nInitializing git repo in #{target}"
         require "shellwords"
         `git init #{target.to_s.shellescape}`
 
@@ -240,26 +273,33 @@ module Bundler
         IO.popen(%w[git add .], { chdir: target }, &:read)
       end
 
+      if config[:bundle]
+        Bundler.ui.info "Running bundle install in the new gem directory."
+        Dir.chdir(target) do
+          system("bundle install")
+        end
+      end
+
       # Open gemspec in editor
       open_editor(options["edit"], target.join("#{name}.gemspec")) if options[:edit]
 
-      Bundler.ui.info "Gem '#{name}' was successfully created. " \
+      Bundler.ui.info "\nGem '#{name}' was successfully created. " \
         "For more information on making a RubyGem visit https://bundler.io/guides/creating_gem.html"
     end
 
     private
 
     def resolve_name(name)
-      SharedHelpers.pwd.join(name).basename.to_s
+      Pathname.new(SharedHelpers.pwd).join(name).basename.to_s
     end
 
-    def ask_and_set(key, header, message)
+    def ask_and_set(key, prompt, explanation)
       choice = options[key]
       choice = Bundler.settings["gem.#{key}"] if choice.nil?
 
       if choice.nil?
-        Bundler.ui.confirm header
-        choice = Bundler.ui.yes? "#{message} y/(n):"
+        Bundler.ui.info "\n#{explanation}"
+        choice = Bundler.ui.yes? "#{prompt} y/(n):"
         Bundler.settings.set_global("gem.#{key}", choice)
       end
 
@@ -281,7 +321,7 @@ module Bundler
       test_framework = options[:test] || Bundler.settings["gem.test"]
 
       if test_framework.to_s.empty?
-        Bundler.ui.confirm "Do you want to generate tests with your gem?"
+        Bundler.ui.info "\nDo you want to generate tests with your gem?"
         Bundler.ui.info hint_text("test")
 
         result = Bundler.ui.ask "Enter a test framework. rspec/minitest/test-unit/(none):"
@@ -321,12 +361,11 @@ module Bundler
       ci_template = options[:ci] || Bundler.settings["gem.ci"]
 
       if ci_template.to_s.empty?
-        Bundler.ui.confirm "Do you want to set up continuous integration for your gem? " \
+        Bundler.ui.info "\nDo you want to set up continuous integration for your gem? " \
           "Supported services:\n" \
           "* CircleCI:       https://circleci.com/\n" \
           "* GitHub Actions: https://github.com/features/actions\n" \
-          "* GitLab CI:      https://docs.gitlab.com/ee/ci/\n" \
-          "\n"
+          "* GitLab CI:      https://docs.gitlab.com/ee/ci/\n"
         Bundler.ui.info hint_text("ci")
 
         result = Bundler.ui.ask "Enter a CI service. github/gitlab/circle/(none):"
@@ -351,14 +390,12 @@ module Bundler
     def ask_and_set_linter
       return if skip?(:linter)
       linter_template = options[:linter] || Bundler.settings["gem.linter"]
-      linter_template = deprecated_rubocop_option if linter_template.nil?
 
       if linter_template.to_s.empty?
-        Bundler.ui.confirm "Do you want to add a code linter and formatter to your gem? " \
+        Bundler.ui.info "\nDo you want to add a code linter and formatter to your gem? " \
           "Supported Linters:\n" \
           "* RuboCop:       https://rubocop.org\n" \
-          "* Standard:      https://github.com/standardrb/standard\n" \
-          "\n"
+          "* Standard:      https://github.com/standardrb/standard\n"
         Bundler.ui.info hint_text("linter")
 
         result = Bundler.ui.ask "Enter a linter. rubocop/standard/(none):"
@@ -385,27 +422,6 @@ module Bundler
       linter_template
     end
 
-    def deprecated_rubocop_option
-      if !options[:rubocop].nil?
-        if options[:rubocop]
-          Bundler::SharedHelpers.major_deprecation 2,
-            "--rubocop is deprecated, use --linter=rubocop",
-            removed_message: "--rubocop has been removed, use --linter=rubocop"
-          "rubocop"
-        else
-          Bundler::SharedHelpers.major_deprecation 2,
-            "--no-rubocop is deprecated, use --linter",
-            removed_message: "--no-rubocop has been removed, use --linter"
-          false
-        end
-      elsif !Bundler.settings["gem.rubocop"].nil?
-        Bundler::SharedHelpers.major_deprecation 2,
-          "config gem.rubocop is deprecated; we've updated your config to use gem.linter instead",
-          removed_message: "config gem.rubocop has been removed; we've updated your config to use gem.linter instead"
-        Bundler.settings["gem.rubocop"] ? "rubocop" : false
-      end
-    end
-
     def bundler_dependency_version
       v = Gem::Version.new(Bundler::VERSION)
       req = v.segments[0..1]
@@ -455,5 +471,15 @@ module Bundler
     def standard_version
       "1.3"
     end
+
+    def github_username(git_username)
+      if options[:github_username].nil?
+        git_username
+      elsif options[:github_username] == false
+        ""
+      else
+        options[:github_username]
+      end
+    end
   end
 end
diff --git a/lib/bundler/cli/inject.rb b/lib/bundler/cli/inject.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index a09d5c6bda..0000000000
--- a/lib/bundler/cli/inject.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,60 +0,0 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
-
-module Bundler
-  class CLI::Inject
-    attr_reader :options, :name, :version, :group, :source, :gems
-    def initialize(options, name, version)
-      @options = options
-      @name = name
-      @version = version || last_version_number
-      @group = options[:group].split(",") unless options[:group].nil?
-      @source = options[:source]
-      @gems = []
-    end
-
-    def run
-      # The required arguments allow Thor to give useful feedback when the arguments
-      # are incorrect. This adds those first two arguments onto the list as a whole.
-      gems.unshift(source).unshift(group).unshift(version).unshift(name)
-
-      # Build an array of Dependency objects out of the arguments
-      deps = []
-      # when `inject` support addition of more than one gem, then this loop will
-      # help. Currently this loop is running once.
-      gems.each_slice(4) do |gem_name, gem_version, gem_group, gem_source|
-        ops = Gem::Requirement::OPS.map {|key, _val| key }
-        has_op = ops.any? {|op| gem_version.start_with? op }
-        gem_version = "~> #{gem_version}" unless has_op
-        deps << Bundler::Dependency.new(gem_name, gem_version, "group" => gem_group, "source" => gem_source)
-      end
-
-      added = Injector.inject(deps, options)
-
-      if added.any?
-        Bundler.ui.confirm "Added to Gemfile:"
-        Bundler.ui.confirm(added.map do |d|
-          name = "'#{d.name}'"
-          requirement = ", '#{d.requirement}'"
-          group = ", group: #{d.groups.inspect}" if d.groups != Array(:default)
-          source = ", source: '#{d.source}'" unless d.source.nil?
-          %(gem #{name}#{requirement}#{group}#{source})
-        end.join("\n"))
-      else
-        Bundler.ui.confirm "All gems were already present in the Gemfile"
-      end
-    end
-
-    private
-
-    def last_version_number
-      definition = Bundler.definition(true)
-      definition.remotely!
-      specs = definition.index[name].sort_by(&:version)
-      unless options[:pre]
-        specs.delete_if {|b| b.respond_to?(:version) && b.version.prerelease? }
-      end
-      spec = specs.last
-      spec.version.to_s
-    end
-  end
-end
diff --git a/lib/bundler/cli/install.rb b/lib/bundler/cli/install.rb
index b0b354cf10..67feba84bd 100644
--- a/lib/bundler/cli/install.rb
+++ b/lib/bundler/cli/install.rb
@@ -20,54 +20,32 @@ module Bundler
 
       Bundler::SharedHelpers.set_env "RB_USER_INSTALL", "1" if Gem.freebsd_platform?
 
-      # Disable color in deployment mode
-      Bundler.ui.shell = Thor::Shell::Basic.new if options[:deployment]
-
       if target_rbconfig_path = options[:"target-rbconfig"]
         Bundler.rubygems.set_target_rbconfig(target_rbconfig_path)
       end
 
-      check_for_options_conflicts
-
       check_trust_policy
 
-      if options[:deployment] || options[:frozen] || Bundler.frozen_bundle?
-        unless Bundler.default_lockfile.exist?
-          flag = "--deployment flag" if options[:deployment]
-          flag ||= "--frozen flag" if options[:frozen]
-          flag ||= "deployment setting" if Bundler.settings[:deployment]
-          flag ||= "frozen setting" if Bundler.settings[:frozen]
-          raise ProductionError, "The #{flag} requires a lockfile. Please make " \
-                                 "sure you have checked your #{SharedHelpers.relative_lockfile_path} into version control " \
-                                 "before deploying."
-        end
-
-        options[:local] = true if Bundler.app_cache.exist?
-
-        Bundler.settings.set_command_option :deployment, true if options[:deployment]
-        Bundler.settings.set_command_option :frozen, true if options[:frozen]
-      end
-
-      # When install is called with --no-deployment, disable deployment mode
-      if options[:deployment] == false
-        Bundler.settings.set_command_option :frozen, nil
-        options[:system] = true
+      if Bundler.frozen_bundle? && !Bundler.default_lockfile.exist?
+        flag = "deployment setting" if Bundler.settings[:deployment]
+        flag = "frozen setting" if Bundler.settings[:frozen]
+        raise ProductionError, "The #{flag} requires a lockfile. Please make " \
+                               "sure you have checked your #{SharedHelpers.relative_lockfile_path} into version control " \
+                               "before deploying."
       end
 
       normalize_settings
 
       Bundler::Fetcher.disable_endpoint = options["full-index"]
 
-      if options["binstubs"]
-        Bundler::SharedHelpers.major_deprecation 2,
-          "The --binstubs option will be removed in favor of `bundle binstubs --all`",
-          removed_message: "The --binstubs option have been removed in favor of `bundle binstubs --all`"
-      end
-
-      Plugin.gemfile_install(Bundler.default_gemfile) if Bundler.feature_flag.plugins?
+      Plugin.gemfile_install(Bundler.default_gemfile) if Bundler.settings[:plugins]
 
-      definition = Bundler.definition
+      # For install we want to enable strict validation
+      # (rather than some optimizations we perform at app runtime).
+      definition = Bundler.definition(strict: true)
       definition.validate_runtime!
+      definition.lockfile = options["lockfile"] if options["lockfile"]
+      definition.lockfile = false if options["no-lock"]
 
       installer = Installer.install(Bundler.root, definition, options)
 
@@ -87,8 +65,6 @@ module Bundler
 
       Bundler::CLI::Common.output_post_install_messages installer.post_install_messages
 
-      warn_ambiguous_gems
-
       if CLI::Common.clean_after_install?
         require_relative "clean"
         Bundler::CLI::Clean.new(options).run
@@ -114,26 +90,10 @@ module Bundler
     end
 
     def gems_installed_for(definition)
-      count = definition.specs.count
+      count = definition.specs.count {|spec| spec.name != "bundler" }
       "#{count} #{count == 1 ? "gem" : "gems"} now installed"
     end
 
-    def check_for_group_conflicts_in_cli_options
-      conflicting_groups = Array(options[:without]) & Array(options[:with])
-      return if conflicting_groups.empty?
-      raise InvalidOption, "You can't list a group in both with and without." \
-        " The offending groups are: #{conflicting_groups.join(", ")}."
-    end
-
-    def check_for_options_conflicts
-      if (options[:path] || options[:deployment]) && options[:system]
-        error_message = String.new
-        error_message << "You have specified both --path as well as --system. Please choose only one option.\n" if options[:path]
-        error_message << "You have specified both --deployment as well as --system. Please choose only one option.\n" if options[:deployment]
-        raise InvalidOption.new(error_message)
-      end
-    end
-
     def check_trust_policy
       trust_policy = options["trust-policy"]
       unless Bundler.rubygems.security_policies.keys.unshift(nil).include?(trust_policy)
@@ -143,30 +103,11 @@ module Bundler
       Bundler.settings.set_command_option_if_given :"trust-policy", trust_policy
     end
 
-    def normalize_groups
-      check_for_group_conflicts_in_cli_options
-
-      # need to nil them out first to get around validation for backwards compatibility
-      Bundler.settings.set_command_option :without, nil
-      Bundler.settings.set_command_option :with,    nil
-      Bundler.settings.set_command_option :without, options[:without]
-      Bundler.settings.set_command_option :with,    options[:with]
-    end
-
     def normalize_settings
-      Bundler.settings.set_command_option :path, nil if options[:system]
-      Bundler.settings.set_command_option_if_given :path, options[:path]
-
       if options["standalone"] && Bundler.settings[:path].nil? && !options["local"]
-        Bundler.settings.temporary(path_relative_to_cwd: false) do
-          Bundler.settings.set_command_option :path, "bundle"
-        end
+        Bundler.settings.set_command_option :path, "bundle"
       end
 
-      bin_option = options["binstubs"]
-      bin_option = nil if bin_option&.empty?
-      Bundler.settings.set_command_option :bin, bin_option if options["binstubs"]
-
       Bundler.settings.set_command_option_if_given :shebang, options["shebang"]
 
       Bundler.settings.set_command_option_if_given :jobs, options["jobs"]
@@ -177,23 +118,7 @@ module Bundler
 
       Bundler.settings.set_command_option_if_given :clean, options["clean"]
 
-      normalize_groups if options[:without] || options[:with]
-
-      options[:force] = options[:redownload]
-    end
-
-    def warn_ambiguous_gems
-      # TODO: remove this when we drop Bundler 1.x support
-      Installer.ambiguous_gems.to_a.each do |name, installed_from_uri, *also_found_in_uris|
-        Bundler.ui.warn "Warning: the gem '#{name}' was found in multiple sources."
-        Bundler.ui.warn "Installed from: #{installed_from_uri}"
-        Bundler.ui.warn "Also found in:"
-        also_found_in_uris.each {|uri| Bundler.ui.warn "  * #{uri}" }
-        Bundler.ui.warn "You should add a source requirement to restrict this gem to your preferred source."
-        Bundler.ui.warn "For example:"
-        Bundler.ui.warn "    gem '#{name}', :source => '#{installed_from_uri}'"
-        Bundler.ui.warn "Then uninstall the gem '#{name}' (or delete all bundled gems) and then install again."
-      end
+      options[:force] = options[:redownload] if options[:redownload]
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/lib/bundler/cli/issue.rb b/lib/bundler/cli/issue.rb
index fbe9184d12..cbfb7da2d8 100644
--- a/lib/bundler/cli/issue.rb
+++ b/lib/bundler/cli/issue.rb
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ module Bundler
         be sure to check out these resources:
 
         1. Check out our troubleshooting guide for quick fixes to common issues:
-        https://github.com/rubygems/rubygems/blob/master/doc/bundler/TROUBLESHOOTING.md
+        https://github.com/ruby/rubygems/blob/master/doc/bundler/TROUBLESHOOTING.md
 
         2. Instructions for common Bundler uses can be found on the documentation
         site: https://bundler.io/
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ module Bundler
         still aren't working the way you expect them to, please let us know so
         that we can diagnose and help fix the problem you're having, by filling
         in the new issue form located at
-        https://github.com/rubygems/rubygems/issues/new?labels=Bundler&template=bundler-related-issue.md,
+        https://github.com/ruby/rubygems/issues/new?labels=Bundler&template=bundler-related-issue.md,
         and copy and pasting the information below.
 
       EOS
diff --git a/lib/bundler/cli/list.rb b/lib/bundler/cli/list.rb
index f56bf5b86a..6a467f45a9 100644
--- a/lib/bundler/cli/list.rb
+++ b/lib/bundler/cli/list.rb
@@ -1,11 +1,14 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true
 
+require "json"
+
 module Bundler
   class CLI::List
     def initialize(options)
       @options = options
       @without_group = options["without-group"].map(&:to_sym)
       @only_group = options["only-group"].map(&:to_sym)
+      @format = options["format"]
     end
 
     def run
@@ -25,6 +28,36 @@ module Bundler
         end
       end.reject {|s| s.name == "bundler" }.sort_by(&:name)
 
+      case @format
+      when "json"
+        print_json(specs: specs)
+      when nil
+        print_human(specs: specs)
+      else
+        raise InvalidOption, "Unknown option`--format=#{@format}`. Supported formats: `json`"
+      end
+    end
+
+    private
+
+    def print_json(specs:)
+      gems = if @options["name-only"]
+        specs.map {|s| { name: s.name } }
+      else
+        specs.map do |s|
+          {
+            name: s.name,
+            version: s.version.to_s,
+            git_version: s.git_version&.strip,
+          }.tap do |h|
+            h[:path] = s.full_gem_path if @options["paths"]
+          end
+        end
+      end
+      Bundler.ui.info({ gems: gems }.to_json)
+    end
+
+    def print_human(specs:)
       return Bundler.ui.info "No gems in the Gemfile" if specs.empty?
 
       return specs.each {|s| Bundler.ui.info s.name } if @options["name-only"]
@@ -37,8 +70,6 @@ module Bundler
       Bundler.ui.info "Use `bundle info` to print more detailed information about a gem"
     end
 
-    private
-
     def verify_group_exists(groups)
       (@without_group + @only_group).each do |group|
         raise InvalidOption, "`#{group}` group could not be found." unless groups.include?(group)
diff --git a/lib/bundler/cli/lock.rb b/lib/bundler/cli/lock.rb
index b60c82e3a1..2f78868936 100644
--- a/lib/bundler/cli/lock.rb
+++ b/lib/bundler/cli/lock.rb
@@ -35,11 +35,8 @@ module Bundler
         update = { bundler: bundler }
       end
 
-      file = options[:lockfile]
-      file = file ? Pathname.new(file).expand_path : Bundler.default_lockfile
-
       Bundler.settings.temporary(frozen: false) do
-        definition = Bundler.definition(update, file)
+        definition = Bundler.definition(update, Bundler.default_lockfile)
         definition.add_checksums if options["add-checksums"]
 
         Bundler::CLI::Common.configure_gem_version_promoter(definition, options) if options[:update]
@@ -71,8 +68,11 @@ module Bundler
         if print
           puts definition.to_lock
         else
+          file = options[:lockfile]
+          file = file ? Pathname.new(file).expand_path : Bundler.default_lockfile
+
           puts "Writing lockfile to #{file}"
-          definition.lock
+          definition.write_lock(file, false)
         end
       end
 
diff --git a/lib/bundler/cli/outdated.rb b/lib/bundler/cli/outdated.rb
index 1be44ff4b4..0c8ba3ebf7 100644
--- a/lib/bundler/cli/outdated.rb
+++ b/lib/bundler/cli/outdated.rb
@@ -155,7 +155,7 @@ module Bundler
 
       return active_spec if strict
 
-      active_specs = active_spec.source.specs.search(current_spec.name).select {|spec| spec.match_platform(current_spec.platform) }.sort_by(&:version)
+      active_specs = active_spec.source.specs.search(current_spec.name).select {|spec| spec.installable_on_platform?(current_spec.platform) }.sort_by(&:version)
       if !current_spec.version.prerelease? && !options[:pre] && active_specs.size > 1
         active_specs.delete_if {|b| b.respond_to?(:version) && b.version.prerelease? }
       end
diff --git a/lib/bundler/cli/plugin.rb b/lib/bundler/cli/plugin.rb
index fd61ef0d95..32fa660fe0 100644
--- a/lib/bundler/cli/plugin.rb
+++ b/lib/bundler/cli/plugin.rb
@@ -10,11 +10,15 @@ module Bundler
     method_option "source", type: :string, default: nil, banner: "URL of the RubyGems source to fetch the plugin from"
     method_option "version", type: :string, default: nil, banner: "The version of the plugin to fetch"
     method_option "git", type: :string, default: nil, banner: "URL of the git repo to fetch from"
-    method_option "local_git", type: :string, default: nil, banner: "Path of the local git repo to fetch from (deprecated)"
+    method_option "local_git", type: :string, default: nil, banner: "Path of the local git repo to fetch from (removed)"
     method_option "branch", type: :string, default: nil, banner: "The git branch to checkout"
     method_option "ref", type: :string, default: nil, banner: "The git revision to check out"
     method_option "path", type: :string, default: nil, banner: "Path of a local gem to directly use"
     def install(*plugins)
+      if options.key?(:local_git)
+        raise InvalidOption, "--local_git has been removed, use --git"
+      end
+
       Bundler::Plugin.install(plugins, options)
     end
 
diff --git a/lib/bundler/cli/pristine.rb b/lib/bundler/cli/pristine.rb
index cfd4a995a3..b8545fe4c9 100644
--- a/lib/bundler/cli/pristine.rb
+++ b/lib/bundler/cli/pristine.rb
@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@ module Bundler
       definition = Bundler.definition
       definition.validate_runtime!
       installer = Bundler::Installer.new(Bundler.root, definition)
+      git_sources = []
 
       ProcessLock.lock do
         installed_specs = definition.specs.reject do |spec|
@@ -41,6 +42,9 @@ module Bundler
             end
             FileUtils.rm_rf spec.extension_dir
             FileUtils.rm_rf spec.full_gem_path
+
+            next if git_sources.include?(source)
+            git_sources << source
           else
             Bundler.ui.warn("Cannot pristine #{gem_name}. Gem is sourced from local path.")
             next
diff --git a/lib/bundler/cli/show.rb b/lib/bundler/cli/show.rb
index 13bb8b774b..67fdcc797e 100644
--- a/lib/bundler/cli/show.rb
+++ b/lib/bundler/cli/show.rb
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ module Bundler
     def initialize(options, gem_name)
       @options = options
       @gem_name = gem_name
-      @verbose = options[:verbose] || options[:outdated]
+      @verbose = options[:verbose]
       @latest_specs = fetch_latest_specs if @verbose
     end
 
@@ -57,12 +57,8 @@ module Bundler
 
     def fetch_latest_specs
       definition = Bundler.definition(true)
-      if options[:outdated]
-        Bundler.ui.info "Fetching remote specs for outdated check...\n\n"
-        Bundler.ui.silence { definition.remotely! }
-      else
-        definition.with_cache!
-      end
+      Bundler.ui.info "Fetching remote specs for outdated check...\n\n"
+      Bundler.ui.silence { definition.remotely! }
       Bundler.reset!
       definition.specs
     end
diff --git a/lib/bundler/cli/update.rb b/lib/bundler/cli/update.rb
index 985e8db051..9cc90acc58 100644
--- a/lib/bundler/cli/update.rb
+++ b/lib/bundler/cli/update.rb
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ module Bundler
 
       Bundler.self_manager.update_bundler_and_restart_with_it_if_needed(update_bundler) if update_bundler
 
-      Plugin.gemfile_install(Bundler.default_gemfile) if Bundler.feature_flag.plugins?
+      Plugin.gemfile_install(Bundler.default_gemfile) if Bundler.settings[:plugins]
 
       sources = Array(options[:source])
       groups  = Array(options[:group]).map(&:to_sym)
@@ -23,10 +23,10 @@ module Bundler
       full_update = gems.empty? && sources.empty? && groups.empty? && !options[:ruby] && !update_bundler
 
       if full_update && !options[:all]
-        if Bundler.feature_flag.update_requires_all_flag?
+        if Bundler.settings[:update_requires_all_flag]
           raise InvalidOption, "To update everything, pass the `--all` flag."
         end
-        SharedHelpers.major_deprecation 3, "Pass --all to `bundle update` to update everything"
+        SharedHelpers.feature_deprecated! "Pass --all to `bundle update` to update everything"
       elsif !full_update && options[:all]
         raise InvalidOption, "Cannot specify --all along with specific options."
       end
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ module Bundler
       opts = options.dup
       opts["update"] = true
       opts["local"] = options[:local]
-      opts["force"] = options[:redownload]
+      opts["force"] = options[:redownload] if options[:redownload]
 
       Bundler.settings.set_command_option_if_given :jobs, opts["jobs"]
 
@@ -92,7 +92,7 @@ module Bundler
           locked_spec = locked_info[:spec]
           new_spec = Bundler.definition.specs[name].first
           unless new_spec
-            unless locked_spec.match_platform(Bundler.local_platform)
+            unless locked_spec.installable_on_platform?(Bundler.local_platform)
               Bundler.ui.warn "Bundler attempted to update #{name} but it was not considered because it is for a different platform from the current one"
             end
 
diff --git a/lib/bundler/cli/viz.rb b/lib/bundler/cli/viz.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 5c09e00995..0000000000
--- a/lib/bundler/cli/viz.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,31 +0,0 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
-
-module Bundler
-  class CLI::Viz
-    attr_reader :options, :gem_name
-    def initialize(options)
-      @options = options
-    end
-
-    def run
-      # make sure we get the right `graphviz`. There is also a `graphviz`
-      # gem we're not built to support
-      gem "ruby-graphviz"
-      require "graphviz"
-
-      options[:without] = options[:without].join(":").tr(" ", ":").split(":")
-      output_file = File.expand_path(options[:file])
-
-      graph = Graph.new(Bundler.load, output_file, options[:version], options[:requirements], options[:format], options[:without])
-      graph.viz
-    rescue LoadError => e
-      Bundler.ui.error e.inspect
-      Bundler.ui.warn "Make sure you have the graphviz ruby gem. You can install it with:"
-      Bundler.ui.warn "`gem install ruby-graphviz`"
-    rescue StandardError => e
-      raise unless e.message.to_s.include?("GraphViz not installed or dot not in PATH")
-      Bundler.ui.error e.message
-      Bundler.ui.warn "Please install GraphViz. On a Mac with Homebrew, you can run `brew install graphviz`."
-    end
-  end
-end
diff --git a/lib/bundler/compact_index_client.rb b/lib/bundler/compact_index_client.rb
index 37e2ccced8..6865e30dbc 100644
--- a/lib/bundler/compact_index_client.rb
+++ b/lib/bundler/compact_index_client.rb
@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true
 
-require "pathname"
 require "set"
 
 module Bundler
diff --git a/lib/bundler/current_ruby.rb b/lib/bundler/current_ruby.rb
index e7c872031f..17c7655adb 100644
--- a/lib/bundler/current_ruby.rb
+++ b/lib/bundler/current_ruby.rb
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ module Bundler
   end
 
   class CurrentRuby
-    ALL_RUBY_VERSIONS = (18..27).to_a.concat((30..35).to_a).freeze
+    ALL_RUBY_VERSIONS = [*18..27, *30..34, *40..41].freeze
     KNOWN_MINOR_VERSIONS = ALL_RUBY_VERSIONS.map {|v| v.digits.reverse.join(".") }.freeze
     KNOWN_MAJOR_VERSIONS = ALL_RUBY_VERSIONS.map {|v| v.digits.last.to_s }.uniq.freeze
     PLATFORM_MAP = {
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ module Bundler
     end.freeze
 
     def ruby?
-      return true if Bundler::GemHelpers.generic_local_platform_is_ruby?
+      return true if Bundler::MatchPlatform.generic_local_platform_is_ruby?
 
       !windows? && (RUBY_ENGINE == "ruby" || RUBY_ENGINE == "rbx" || RUBY_ENGINE == "maglev" || RUBY_ENGINE == "truffleruby")
     end
@@ -50,19 +50,10 @@ module Bundler
     end
 
     def maglev?
-      message =
-        "`CurrentRuby#maglev?` is deprecated with no replacement. Please use the " \
-        "built-in Ruby `RUBY_ENGINE` constant to check the Ruby implementation you are running on."
       removed_message =
         "`CurrentRuby#maglev?` was removed with no replacement. Please use the " \
         "built-in Ruby `RUBY_ENGINE` constant to check the Ruby implementation you are running on."
-      internally_exempted = caller_locations(1, 1).first.path == __FILE__
-
-      unless internally_exempted
-        SharedHelpers.major_deprecation(2, message, removed_message: removed_message, print_caller_location: true)
-      end
-
-      RUBY_ENGINE == "maglev"
+      SharedHelpers.feature_removed!(removed_message)
     end
 
     def truffleruby?
@@ -90,14 +81,11 @@ module Bundler
       end
 
       define_method(:"maglev_#{trimmed_version}?") do
-        message =
-          "`CurrentRuby##{__method__}` is deprecated with no replacement. Please use the " \
-          "built-in Ruby `RUBY_ENGINE` and `RUBY_VERSION` constants to perform a similar check."
         removed_message =
           "`CurrentRuby##{__method__}` was removed with no replacement. Please use the " \
           "built-in Ruby `RUBY_ENGINE` and `RUBY_VERSION` constants to perform a similar check."
 
-        SharedHelpers.major_deprecation(2, message, removed_message: removed_message, print_caller_location: true)
+        SharedHelpers.feature_removed!(removed_message)
 
         send(:"maglev?") && send(:"on_#{trimmed_version}?")
       end
diff --git a/lib/bundler/definition.rb b/lib/bundler/definition.rb
index e9b67005a9..5ab577f504 100644
--- a/lib/bundler/definition.rb
+++ b/lib/bundler/definition.rb
@@ -1,16 +1,17 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true
 
 require_relative "lockfile_parser"
+require_relative "worker"
 
 module Bundler
   class Definition
-    include GemHelpers
-
     class << self
       # Do not create or modify a lockfile (Makes #lock a noop)
       attr_accessor :no_lock
     end
 
+    attr_writer :lockfile
+
     attr_reader(
       :dependencies,
       :locked_checksums,
@@ -62,6 +63,7 @@ module Bundler
 
       if unlock == true
         @unlocking_all = true
+        strict = false
         @unlocking_bundler = false
         @unlocking = unlock
         @sources_to_unlock = []
@@ -70,6 +72,7 @@ module Bundler
         conservative = false
       else
         @unlocking_all = false
+        strict = unlock.delete(:strict)
         @unlocking_bundler = unlock.delete(:bundler)
         @unlocking = unlock.any? {|_k, v| !Array(v).empty? }
         @sources_to_unlock = unlock.delete(:sources) || []
@@ -99,7 +102,7 @@ module Bundler
 
       if lockfile_exists?
         @lockfile_contents = Bundler.read_file(lockfile)
-        @locked_gems = LockfileParser.new(@lockfile_contents)
+        @locked_gems = LockfileParser.new(@lockfile_contents, strict: strict)
         @locked_platforms = @locked_gems.platforms
         @most_specific_locked_platform = @locked_gems.most_specific_locked_platform
         @platforms = @locked_platforms.dup
@@ -107,6 +110,7 @@ module Bundler
         @locked_ruby_version = @locked_gems.ruby_version
         @locked_deps = @locked_gems.dependencies
         @originally_locked_specs = SpecSet.new(@locked_gems.specs)
+        @originally_locked_sources = @locked_gems.sources
         @locked_checksums = @locked_gems.checksums
 
         if @unlocking_all
@@ -114,7 +118,16 @@ module Bundler
           @locked_sources = []
         else
           @locked_specs   = @originally_locked_specs
-          @locked_sources = @locked_gems.sources
+          @locked_sources = @originally_locked_sources
+        end
+
+        locked_gem_sources = @originally_locked_sources.select {|s| s.is_a?(Source::Rubygems) }
+        multisource_lockfile = locked_gem_sources.size == 1 && locked_gem_sources.first.multiple_remotes?
+
+        if multisource_lockfile
+          msg = "Your lockfile contains a single rubygems source section with multiple remotes, which is insecure. Make sure you run `bundle install` in non frozen mode and commit the result to make your lockfile secure."
+
+          Bundler::SharedHelpers.feature_removed! msg
         end
       else
         @locked_gems = nil
@@ -123,22 +136,10 @@ module Bundler
         @platforms      = []
         @locked_deps    = {}
         @locked_specs   = SpecSet.new([])
-        @originally_locked_specs = @locked_specs
         @locked_sources = []
-        @locked_checksums = Bundler.feature_flag.lockfile_checksums?
-      end
-
-      locked_gem_sources = @locked_sources.select {|s| s.is_a?(Source::Rubygems) }
-      @multisource_allowed = locked_gem_sources.size == 1 && locked_gem_sources.first.multiple_remotes? && Bundler.frozen_bundle?
-
-      if @multisource_allowed
-        unless sources.aggregate_global_source?
-          msg = "Your lockfile contains a single rubygems source section with multiple remotes, which is insecure. Make sure you run `bundle install` in non frozen mode and commit the result to make your lockfile secure."
-
-          Bundler::SharedHelpers.major_deprecation 2, msg
-        end
-
-        @sources.merged_gem_lockfile_sections!(locked_gem_sources.first)
+        @originally_locked_specs = @locked_specs
+        @originally_locked_sources = @locked_sources
+        @locked_checksums = Bundler.settings[:lockfile_checksums]
       end
 
       @unlocking_ruby ||= if @ruby_version && locked_ruby_version_object
@@ -189,12 +190,14 @@ module Bundler
     def setup_domain!(options = {})
       prefer_local! if options[:"prefer-local"]
 
+      sources.cached!
+
       if options[:add_checksums] || (!options[:local] && install_needed?)
-        remotely!
+        sources.remote!
         true
       else
         Bundler.settings.set_command_option(:jobs, 1) unless install_needed? # to avoid the overhead of Bundler::Worker
-        with_cache!
+        sources.local!
         false
       end
     end
@@ -282,12 +285,17 @@ module Bundler
     end
 
     def filter_relevant(dependencies)
-      platforms_array = [generic_local_platform].freeze
       dependencies.select do |d|
-        d.should_include? && !d.gem_platforms(platforms_array).empty?
+        relevant_deps?(d)
       end
     end
 
+    def relevant_deps?(dep)
+      platforms_array = [Bundler.generic_local_platform].freeze
+
+      dep.should_include? && !dep.gem_platforms(platforms_array).empty?
+    end
+
     def locked_dependencies
       @locked_deps.values
     end
@@ -367,12 +375,50 @@ module Bundler
 
         msg = "`Definition#lock` was passed a target file argument. #{suggestion}"
 
-        Bundler::SharedHelpers.major_deprecation 2, msg
+        Bundler::SharedHelpers.feature_removed! msg
       end
 
       write_lock(target_lockfile, preserve_unknown_sections)
     end
 
+    def write_lock(file, preserve_unknown_sections)
+      return if Definition.no_lock || !lockfile || file.nil?
+
+      contents = to_lock
+
+      # Convert to \r\n if the existing lock has them
+      # i.e., Windows with `git config core.autocrlf=true`
+      contents.gsub!(/\n/, "\r\n") if @lockfile_contents.match?("\r\n")
+
+      if @locked_bundler_version
+        locked_major = @locked_bundler_version.segments.first
+        current_major = bundler_version_to_lock.segments.first
+
+        updating_major = locked_major < current_major
+      end
+
+      preserve_unknown_sections ||= !updating_major && (Bundler.frozen_bundle? || !(unlocking? || @unlocking_bundler))
+
+      if File.exist?(file) && lockfiles_equal?(@lockfile_contents, contents, preserve_unknown_sections)
+        return if Bundler.frozen_bundle?
+        SharedHelpers.filesystem_access(file) { FileUtils.touch(file) }
+        return
+      end
+
+      if Bundler.frozen_bundle?
+        Bundler.ui.error "Cannot write a changed lockfile while frozen."
+        return
+      end
+
+      begin
+        SharedHelpers.filesystem_access(file) do |p|
+          File.open(p, "wb") {|f| f.puts(contents) }
+        end
+      rescue ReadOnlyFileSystemError
+        raise ProductionError, lockfile_changes_summary("file system is read-only")
+      end
+    end
+
     def locked_ruby_version
       return unless ruby_version
       if @unlocking_ruby || !@locked_ruby_version
@@ -456,8 +502,8 @@ module Bundler
       return if current_platform_locked? || @platforms.include?(Gem::Platform::RUBY)
 
       raise ProductionError, "Your bundle only supports platforms #{@platforms.map(&:to_s)} " \
-        "but your local platform is #{local_platform}. " \
-        "Add the current platform to the lockfile with\n`bundle lock --add-platform #{local_platform}` and try again."
+        "but your local platform is #{Bundler.local_platform}. " \
+        "Add the current platform to the lockfile with\n`bundle lock --add-platform #{Bundler.local_platform}` and try again."
     end
 
     def normalize_platforms
@@ -492,14 +538,25 @@ module Bundler
       @unlocking
     end
 
-    attr_writer :source_requirements
-
     def add_checksums
+      require "rubygems/package"
+
       @locked_checksums = true
 
       setup_domain!(add_checksums: true)
 
-      specs # force materialization to real specifications, so that checksums are fetched
+      # force materialization to real specifications, so that checksums are fetched
+      specs.each do |spec|
+        next unless spec.source.is_a?(Bundler::Source::Rubygems)
+        # Checksum was fetched from the compact index API.
+        next if !spec.source.checksum_store.missing?(spec) && !spec.source.checksum_store.empty?(spec)
+        # The gem isn't installed, can't compute the checksum.
+        next unless spec.loaded_from
+
+        package = Gem::Package.new(spec.source.cached_built_in_gem(spec))
+        checksum = Checksum.from_gem_package(package)
+        spec.source.checksum_store.register(spec, checksum)
+      end
     end
 
     private
@@ -533,7 +590,7 @@ module Bundler
 
       return unless added.any? || deleted.any? || changed.any? || resolve_needed?
 
-      msg = String.new("#{change_reason.capitalize.strip}, but ")
+      msg = String.new("#{change_reason[0].upcase}#{change_reason[1..-1].strip}, but ")
       msg << "the lockfile " unless msg.start_with?("Your lockfile")
       msg << "can't be updated because #{update_refused_reason}"
       msg << "\n\nYou have added to the Gemfile:\n" << added.join("\n") if added.any?
@@ -559,6 +616,7 @@ module Bundler
         @missing_lockfile_dep ||
         @unlocking_bundler ||
         @locked_spec_with_missing_checksums ||
+        @locked_spec_with_empty_checksums ||
         @locked_spec_with_missing_deps ||
         @locked_spec_with_invalid_deps
     end
@@ -568,53 +626,15 @@ module Bundler
     end
 
     def should_add_extra_platforms?
-      !lockfile_exists? && generic_local_platform_is_ruby? && !Bundler.settings[:force_ruby_platform]
+      !lockfile_exists? && Bundler::MatchPlatform.generic_local_platform_is_ruby? && !Bundler.settings[:force_ruby_platform]
     end
 
     def lockfile_exists?
       lockfile && File.exist?(lockfile)
     end
 
-    def write_lock(file, preserve_unknown_sections)
-      return if Definition.no_lock || file.nil?
-
-      contents = to_lock
-
-      # Convert to \r\n if the existing lock has them
-      # i.e., Windows with `git config core.autocrlf=true`
-      contents.gsub!(/\n/, "\r\n") if @lockfile_contents.match?("\r\n")
-
-      if @locked_bundler_version
-        locked_major = @locked_bundler_version.segments.first
-        current_major = bundler_version_to_lock.segments.first
-
-        updating_major = locked_major < current_major
-      end
-
-      preserve_unknown_sections ||= !updating_major && (Bundler.frozen_bundle? || !(unlocking? || @unlocking_bundler))
-
-      if File.exist?(file) && lockfiles_equal?(@lockfile_contents, contents, preserve_unknown_sections)
-        return if Bundler.frozen_bundle?
-        SharedHelpers.filesystem_access(file) { FileUtils.touch(file) }
-        return
-      end
-
-      if Bundler.frozen_bundle?
-        Bundler.ui.error "Cannot write a changed lockfile while frozen."
-        return
-      end
-
-      begin
-        SharedHelpers.filesystem_access(file) do |p|
-          File.open(p, "wb") {|f| f.puts(contents) }
-        end
-      rescue ReadOnlyFileSystemError
-        raise ProductionError, lockfile_changes_summary("file system is read-only")
-      end
-    end
-
     def resolver
-      @resolver ||= Resolver.new(resolution_base, gem_version_promoter, @most_specific_locked_platform)
+      @resolver ||= new_resolver(resolution_base)
     end
 
     def expanded_dependencies
@@ -632,8 +652,7 @@ module Bundler
       @resolution_base ||= begin
         last_resolve = converge_locked_specs
         remove_invalid_platforms!
-        new_resolution_platforms = @current_platform_missing ? @new_platforms + [local_platform] : @new_platforms
-        base = Resolver::Base.new(source_requirements, expanded_dependencies, last_resolve, @platforms, locked_specs: @originally_locked_specs, unlock: @unlocking_all || @gems_to_unlock, prerelease: gem_version_promoter.pre?, prefer_local: @prefer_local, new_platforms: new_resolution_platforms)
+        base = new_resolution_base(last_resolve: last_resolve, unlock: @unlocking_all || @gems_to_unlock)
         base = additional_base_requirements_to_prevent_downgrades(base)
         base = additional_base_requirements_to_force_updates(base)
         base
@@ -645,20 +664,12 @@ module Bundler
     end
 
     def materialize(dependencies)
-      # Tracks potential endless loops trying to re-resolve.
-      # TODO: Remove as dead code if not reports are received in a while
-      incorrect_spec = nil
-
       specs = begin
         resolve.materialize(dependencies)
       rescue IncorrectLockfileDependencies => e
         raise if Bundler.frozen_bundle?
 
-        spec = e.spec
-        raise "Infinite loop while fixing lockfile dependencies" if incorrect_spec == spec
-
-        incorrect_spec = spec
-        reresolve_without([spec])
+        reresolve_without([e.spec])
         retry
       end
 
@@ -738,9 +749,8 @@ module Bundler
     end
 
     def start_resolution
-      local_platform_needed_for_resolvability = @most_specific_non_local_locked_platform && !@platforms.include?(local_platform)
-      @platforms << local_platform if local_platform_needed_for_resolvability
-      add_platform(Gem::Platform::RUBY) if RUBY_ENGINE == "truffleruby"
+      local_platform_needed_for_resolvability = @most_specific_non_local_locked_platform && !@platforms.include?(Bundler.local_platform)
+      @platforms << Bundler.local_platform if local_platform_needed_for_resolvability
 
       result = SpecSet.new(resolver.start)
 
@@ -758,7 +768,7 @@ module Bundler
         if result.incomplete_for_platform?(current_dependencies, @most_specific_non_local_locked_platform)
           @platforms.delete(@most_specific_non_local_locked_platform)
         elsif local_platform_needed_for_resolvability
-          @platforms.delete(local_platform)
+          @platforms.delete(Bundler.local_platform)
         end
       end
 
@@ -772,22 +782,22 @@ module Bundler
     end
 
     def precompute_source_requirements_for_indirect_dependencies?
-      sources.non_global_rubygems_sources.all?(&:dependency_api_available?) && !sources.aggregate_global_source?
+      sources.non_global_rubygems_sources.all?(&:dependency_api_available?)
     end
 
     def current_platform_locked?
       @platforms.any? do |bundle_platform|
-        generic_local_platform == bundle_platform || local_platform === bundle_platform
+        Bundler.generic_local_platform == bundle_platform || Bundler.local_platform === bundle_platform
       end
     end
 
     def add_current_platform
-      return if @platforms.include?(local_platform)
+      return if @platforms.include?(Bundler.local_platform)
 
       @most_specific_non_local_locked_platform = find_most_specific_locked_platform
       return if @most_specific_non_local_locked_platform
 
-      @platforms << local_platform
+      @platforms << Bundler.local_platform
       true
     end
 
@@ -848,6 +858,7 @@ module Bundler
         [@missing_lockfile_dep, "your lockfile is missing \"#{@missing_lockfile_dep}\""],
         [@unlocking_bundler, "an update to the version of Bundler itself was requested"],
         [@locked_spec_with_missing_checksums, "your lockfile is missing a CHECKSUMS entry for \"#{@locked_spec_with_missing_checksums}\""],
+        [@locked_spec_with_empty_checksums, "your lockfile has an empty CHECKSUMS entry for \"#{@locked_spec_with_empty_checksums}\""],
         [@locked_spec_with_missing_deps, "your lockfile includes \"#{@locked_spec_with_missing_deps}\" but not some of its dependencies"],
         [@locked_spec_with_invalid_deps, "your lockfile does not satisfy dependencies of \"#{@locked_spec_with_invalid_deps}\""],
       ].select(&:first).map(&:last).join(", ")
@@ -907,13 +918,23 @@ module Bundler
       @locked_spec_with_invalid_deps = nil
       @locked_spec_with_missing_deps = nil
       @locked_spec_with_missing_checksums = nil
+      @locked_spec_with_empty_checksums = nil
 
       missing_deps = []
       missing_checksums = []
+      empty_checksums = []
       invalid = []
 
       @locked_specs.each do |s|
-        missing_checksums << s if @locked_checksums && s.source.checksum_store.missing?(s)
+        if @locked_checksums
+          checksum_store = s.source.checksum_store
+
+          if checksum_store.missing?(s)
+            missing_checksums << s
+          elsif checksum_store.empty?(s)
+            empty_checksums << s
+          end
+        end
 
         validation = @locked_specs.validate_deps(s)
 
@@ -922,6 +943,7 @@ module Bundler
       end
 
       @locked_spec_with_missing_checksums = missing_checksums.first.name if missing_checksums.any?
+      @locked_spec_with_empty_checksums = empty_checksums.first.name if empty_checksums.any?
 
       if missing_deps.any?
         @locked_specs.delete(missing_deps)
@@ -951,7 +973,7 @@ module Bundler
       sources.all_sources.each do |source|
         # has to be done separately, because we want to keep the locked checksum
         # store for a source, even when doing a full update
-        if @locked_checksums && @locked_gems && locked_source = @locked_gems.sources.find {|s| s == source && !s.equal?(source) }
+        if @locked_checksums && @locked_gems && locked_source = @originally_locked_sources.find {|s| s == source && !s.equal?(source) }
           source.checksum_store.merge!(locked_source.checksum_store)
         end
         # If the source is unlockable and the current command allows an unlock of
@@ -972,10 +994,11 @@ module Bundler
       @missing_lockfile_dep = nil
       @changed_dependencies = []
 
-      current_dependencies.each do |dep|
+      @dependencies.each do |dep|
         if dep.source
           dep.source = sources.get(dep.source)
         end
+        next unless relevant_deps?(dep)
 
         name = dep.name
 
@@ -1033,26 +1056,43 @@ module Bundler
 
       specs.each do |s|
         name = s.name
+        next if @gems_to_unlock.include?(name)
+
         dep = @dependencies.find {|d| s.satisfies?(d) }
         lockfile_source = s.source
 
         if dep
-          gemfile_source = dep.source || default_source
+          replacement_source = dep.source
 
-          deps << dep if !dep.source || lockfile_source.include?(dep.source) || new_deps.include?(dep)
-
-          # Replace the locked dependency's source with the equivalent source from the Gemfile
-          s.source = gemfile_source
+          deps << dep if !replacement_source || lockfile_source.include?(replacement_source) || new_deps.include?(dep)
         else
-          # Replace the locked dependency's source with the default source, if the locked source is no longer in the Gemfile
-          s.source = default_source unless sources.get(lockfile_source)
+          parent_dep = @dependencies.find do |d|
+            next unless d.source && d.source != lockfile_source
+            next if d.source.is_a?(Source::Gemspec)
+
+            parent_locked_specs = @originally_locked_specs[d.name]
+
+            parent_locked_specs.any? do |parent_spec|
+              parent_spec.runtime_dependencies.any? {|rd| rd.name == s.name }
+            end
+          end
+
+          if parent_dep
+            replacement_source = parent_dep.source
+          else
+            replacement_source = sources.get(lockfile_source)
+          end
         end
 
+        # Replace the locked dependency's source with the equivalent source from the Gemfile
+        s.source = replacement_source || default_source
+        next if s.source_changed?
+
         source = s.source
         next if @sources_to_unlock.include?(source.name)
 
         # Path sources have special logic
-        if source.instance_of?(Source::Path) || source.instance_of?(Source::Gemspec) || (source.instance_of?(Source::Git) && !@gems_to_unlock.include?(name) && deps.include?(dep))
+        if source.is_a?(Source::Path)
           new_spec = source.specs[s].first
           if new_spec
             s.runtime_dependencies.replace(new_spec.runtime_dependencies)
@@ -1080,7 +1120,23 @@ module Bundler
       @source_requirements ||= find_source_requirements
     end
 
+    def preload_git_source_worker
+      @preload_git_source_worker ||= Bundler::Worker.new(5, "Git source preloading", ->(source, _) { source.specs })
+    end
+
+    def preload_git_sources
+      sources.git_sources.each {|source| preload_git_source_worker.enq(source) }
+    ensure
+      preload_git_source_worker.stop
+    end
+
     def find_source_requirements
+      if Gem.ruby_version >= Gem::Version.new("3.3")
+        # Ruby 3.2 has a bug that incorrectly triggers a circular dependency warning. This version will continue to
+        # fetch git repositories one by one.
+        preload_git_sources
+      end
+
       # Record the specs available in each gem's source, so that those
       # specs will be available later when the resolver knows where to
       # look for that gemspec (or its dependencies)
@@ -1132,9 +1188,9 @@ module Bundler
     end
 
     def additional_base_requirements_to_prevent_downgrades(resolution_base)
-      return resolution_base unless @locked_gems && !sources.expired_sources?(@locked_gems.sources)
+      return resolution_base unless @locked_gems
       @originally_locked_specs.each do |locked_spec|
-        next if locked_spec.source.is_a?(Source::Path)
+        next if locked_spec.source.is_a?(Source::Path) || locked_spec.source_changed?
 
         name = locked_spec.name
         next if @changed_dependencies.include?(name)
@@ -1146,7 +1202,7 @@ module Bundler
 
     def additional_base_requirements_to_force_updates(resolution_base)
       return resolution_base if @explicit_unlocks.empty?
-      full_update = dup_for_full_unlock.resolve
+      full_update = SpecSet.new(new_resolver_for_full_update.start)
       @explicit_unlocks.each do |name|
         version = full_update.version_for(name)
         resolution_base.base_requirements[name] = Gem::Requirement.new("= #{version}") if version
@@ -1154,21 +1210,10 @@ module Bundler
       resolution_base
     end
 
-    def dup_for_full_unlock
-      unlocked_definition = self.class.new(@lockfile, @dependencies, @sources, true, @ruby_version, @optional_groups, @gemfiles)
-      unlocked_definition.source_requirements = source_requirements
-      unlocked_definition.gem_version_promoter.tap do |gvp|
-        gvp.level = gem_version_promoter.level
-        gvp.strict = gem_version_promoter.strict
-        gvp.pre = gem_version_promoter.pre
-      end
-      unlocked_definition
-    end
-
     def remove_invalid_platforms!
       return if Bundler.frozen_bundle?
 
-      skips = (@new_platforms + [local_platform]).uniq
+      skips = (@new_platforms + [Bundler.local_platform]).uniq
 
       # We should probably avoid removing non-ruby platforms, since that means
       # lockfile will no longer install on those platforms, so a error to give
@@ -1183,5 +1228,22 @@ module Bundler
     def source_map
       @source_map ||= SourceMap.new(sources, dependencies, @locked_specs)
     end
+
+    def new_resolver_for_full_update
+      new_resolver(unlocked_resolution_base)
+    end
+
+    def unlocked_resolution_base
+      new_resolution_base(last_resolve: SpecSet.new([]), unlock: true)
+    end
+
+    def new_resolution_base(last_resolve:, unlock:)
+      new_resolution_platforms = @current_platform_missing ? @new_platforms + [Bundler.local_platform] : @new_platforms
+      Resolver::Base.new(source_requirements, expanded_dependencies, last_resolve, @platforms, locked_specs: @originally_locked_specs, unlock: unlock, prerelease: gem_version_promoter.pre?, prefer_local: @prefer_local, new_platforms: new_resolution_platforms)
+    end
+
+    def new_resolver(base)
+      Resolver.new(base, gem_version_promoter, @most_specific_locked_platform)
+    end
   end
 end
diff --git a/lib/bundler/dependency.rb b/lib/bundler/dependency.rb
index e81696ff42..cb9c7a76ea 100644
--- a/lib/bundler/dependency.rb
+++ b/lib/bundler/dependency.rb
@@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ module Bundler
       return RUBY_PLATFORM_ARRAY if force_ruby_platform
       return valid_platforms if platforms.empty?
 
-      valid_platforms.select {|p| expanded_platforms.include?(GemHelpers.generic(p)) }
+      valid_platforms.select {|p| expanded_platforms.include?(Gem::Platform.generic(p)) }
     end
 
     def expanded_platforms
diff --git a/lib/bundler/deployment.rb b/lib/bundler/deployment.rb
index b432ae6ae1..3344449e82 100644
--- a/lib/bundler/deployment.rb
+++ b/lib/bundler/deployment.rb
@@ -1,69 +1,6 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true
 
 require_relative "shared_helpers"
-Bundler::SharedHelpers.major_deprecation 2, "Bundler no longer integrates with " \
+Bundler::SharedHelpers.feature_removed! "Bundler no longer integrates with " \
   "Capistrano, but Capistrano provides its own integration with " \
   "Bundler via the capistrano-bundler gem. Use it instead."
-
-module Bundler
-  class Deployment
-    def self.define_task(context, task_method = :task, opts = {})
-      if defined?(Capistrano) && context.is_a?(Capistrano::Configuration)
-        context_name = "capistrano"
-        role_default = "{:except => {:no_release => true}}"
-        error_type = ::Capistrano::CommandError
-      else
-        context_name = "vlad"
-        role_default = "[:app]"
-        error_type = ::Rake::CommandFailedError
-      end
-
-      roles = context.fetch(:bundle_roles, false)
-      opts[:roles] = roles if roles
-
-      context.send :namespace, :bundle do
-        send :desc, <<-DESC
-          Install the current Bundler environment. By default, gems will be \
-          installed to the shared/bundle path. Gems in the development and \
-          test group will not be installed. The install command is executed \
-          with the --deployment and --quiet flags. If the bundle cmd cannot \
-          be found then you can override the bundle_cmd variable to specify \
-          which one it should use. The base path to the app is fetched from \
-          the :latest_release variable. Set it for custom deploy layouts.
-
-          You can override any of these defaults by setting the variables shown below.
-
-          N.B. bundle_roles must be defined before you require 'bundler/#{context_name}' \
-          in your deploy.rb file.
-
-            set :bundle_gemfile,  "Gemfile"
-            set :bundle_dir,      File.join(fetch(:shared_path), 'bundle')
-            set :bundle_flags,    "--deployment --quiet"
-            set :bundle_without,  [:development, :test]
-            set :bundle_with,     [:mysql]
-            set :bundle_cmd,      "bundle" # e.g. "/opt/ruby/bin/bundle"
-            set :bundle_roles,    #{role_default} # e.g. [:app, :batch]
-        DESC
-        send task_method, :install, opts do
-          bundle_cmd     = context.fetch(:bundle_cmd, "bundle")
-          bundle_flags   = context.fetch(:bundle_flags, "--deployment --quiet")
-          bundle_dir     = context.fetch(:bundle_dir, File.join(context.fetch(:shared_path), "bundle"))
-          bundle_gemfile = context.fetch(:bundle_gemfile, "Gemfile")
-          bundle_without = [*context.fetch(:bundle_without, [:development, :test])].compact
-          bundle_with    = [*context.fetch(:bundle_with, [])].compact
-          app_path = context.fetch(:latest_release)
-          if app_path.to_s.empty?
-            raise error_type.new("Cannot detect current release path - make sure you have deployed at least once.")
-          end
-          args = ["--gemfile #{File.join(app_path, bundle_gemfile)}"]
-          args << "--path #{bundle_dir}" unless bundle_dir.to_s.empty?
-          args << bundle_flags.to_s
-          args << "--without #{bundle_without.join(" ")}" unless bundle_without.empty?
-          args << "--with #{bundle_with.join(" ")}" unless bundle_with.empty?
-
-          run "cd #{app_path} && #{bundle_cmd} install #{args.join(" ")}"
-        end
-      end
-    end
-  end
-end
diff --git a/lib/bundler/digest.rb b/lib/bundler/digest.rb
index 2c6d971f1b..158803033d 100644
--- a/lib/bundler/digest.rb
+++ b/lib/bundler/digest.rb
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ module Bundler
           end
           a, b, c, d, e = *words
           (16..79).each do |i|
-            w[i] = SHA1_MASK & rotate((w[i - 3] ^ w[i - 8] ^ w[i - 14] ^ w[i - 16]), 1)
+            w[i] = SHA1_MASK & rotate(w[i - 3] ^ w[i - 8] ^ w[i - 14] ^ w[i - 16], 1)
           end
           0.upto(79) do |i|
             case i
diff --git a/lib/bundler/dsl.rb b/lib/bundler/dsl.rb
index 32f45d97ec..6f06c4e918 100644
--- a/lib/bundler/dsl.rb
+++ b/lib/bundler/dsl.rb
@@ -9,8 +9,9 @@ module Bundler
 
     def self.evaluate(gemfile, lockfile, unlock)
       builder = new
+      builder.lockfile(lockfile)
       builder.eval_gemfile(gemfile)
-      builder.to_definition(lockfile, unlock)
+      builder.to_definition(builder.lockfile_path, unlock)
     end
 
     VALID_PLATFORMS = Bundler::CurrentRuby::PLATFORM_MAP.keys.freeze
@@ -38,6 +39,7 @@ module Bundler
       @gemspecs             = []
       @gemfile              = nil
       @gemfiles             = []
+      @lockfile             = nil
       add_git_sources
     end
 
@@ -73,7 +75,7 @@ module Bundler
       case specs_by_name_and_version.size
       when 1
         specs = specs_by_name_and_version.values.first
-        spec = specs.find {|s| s.match_platform(Bundler.local_platform) } || specs.first
+        spec = specs.find {|s| s.installable_on_platform?(Bundler.local_platform) } || specs.first
 
         @gemspecs << spec
 
@@ -101,6 +103,15 @@ module Bundler
       add_dependency(name, version, options)
     end
 
+    # For usage in Dsl.evaluate, since lockfile is used as part of the Gemfile.
+    def lockfile_path
+      @lockfile
+    end
+
+    def lockfile(file)
+      @lockfile = file
+    end
+
     def source(source, *args, &blk)
       options = args.last.is_a?(Hash) ? args.pop.dup : {}
       options = normalize_hash(options)
@@ -175,6 +186,7 @@ module Bundler
 
     def to_definition(lockfile, unlock)
       check_primary_source_safety
+      lockfile = @lockfile unless @lockfile.nil?
       Definition.new(lockfile, @dependencies, @sources, unlock, @ruby_version, @optional_groups, @gemfiles)
     end
 
@@ -290,7 +302,7 @@ module Bundler
             @dependencies.delete(current)
           elsif dep.gemspec_dev_dep?
             return
-          elsif current.source != dep.source
+          elsif current.source.to_s != dep.source.to_s
             raise GemfileError, "You cannot specify the same gem twice coming from different sources.\n" \
                             "You specified that #{name} (#{dep.requirement}) should come from " \
                             "#{current.source || "an unspecified source"} and #{dep.source}\n"
@@ -411,7 +423,13 @@ module Bundler
         next if VALID_PLATFORMS.include?(p)
         raise GemfileError, "`#{p}` is not a valid platform. The available options are: #{VALID_PLATFORMS.inspect}"
       end
-      deprecate_legacy_windows_platforms(platforms)
+
+      windows_platforms = platforms.select {|pl| pl.to_s.match?(/mingw|mswin/) }
+      if windows_platforms.any?
+        windows_platforms = windows_platforms.map! {|pl| ":#{pl}" }.join(", ")
+        deprecated_message = "Platform #{windows_platforms} will be removed in the future. Please use platform :windows instead."
+        Bundler::SharedHelpers.feature_deprecated! deprecated_message
+      end
 
       # Save sources passed in a key
       if opts.key?("source")
@@ -477,14 +495,10 @@ module Bundler
     def normalize_source(source)
       case source
       when :gemcutter, :rubygems, :rubyforge
-        message =
-          "The source :#{source} is deprecated because HTTP requests are insecure.\n" \
-          "Please change your source to 'https://rubygems.org' if possible, or 'http://rubygems.org' if not."
         removed_message =
           "The source :#{source} is disallowed because HTTP requests are insecure.\n" \
           "Please change your source to 'https://rubygems.org' if possible, or 'http://rubygems.org' if not."
-        Bundler::SharedHelpers.major_deprecation 2, message, removed_message: removed_message
-        "http://rubygems.org"
+        Bundler::SharedHelpers.feature_removed! removed_message
       when String
         source
       else
@@ -492,16 +506,6 @@ module Bundler
       end
     end
 
-    def deprecate_legacy_windows_platforms(platforms)
-      windows_platforms = platforms.select {|pl| pl.to_s.match?(/mingw|mswin/) }
-      return if windows_platforms.empty?
-
-      windows_platforms = windows_platforms.map! {|pl| ":#{pl}" }.join(", ")
-      message = "Platform #{windows_platforms} is deprecated. Please use platform :windows instead."
-      removed_message = "Platform #{windows_platforms} has been removed. Please use platform :windows instead."
-      Bundler::SharedHelpers.major_deprecation 2, message, removed_message: removed_message
-    end
-
     def check_path_source_safety
       return if @sources.global_path_source.nil?
 
@@ -513,7 +517,7 @@ module Bundler
               "      gem 'rails'\n" \
               "    end\n\n"
 
-      SharedHelpers.major_deprecation(2, msg.strip)
+      SharedHelpers.feature_removed! msg.strip
     end
 
     def check_rubygems_source_safety
@@ -521,24 +525,10 @@ module Bundler
     end
 
     def multiple_global_source_warning
-      if Bundler.feature_flag.bundler_3_mode?
-        msg = "This Gemfile contains multiple global sources. " \
-          "Each source after the first must include a block to indicate which gems " \
-          "should come from that source"
-        raise GemfileEvalError, msg
-      else
-        message =
-          "Your Gemfile contains multiple global sources. " \
-          "Using `source` more than once without a block is a security risk, and " \
-          "may result in installing unexpected gems. To resolve this warning, use " \
-          "a block to indicate which gems should come from the secondary source."
-        removed_message =
-          "Your Gemfile contains multiple global sources. " \
-          "Using `source` more than once without a block is a security risk, and " \
-          "may result in installing unexpected gems. To resolve this error, use " \
-          "a block to indicate which gems should come from the secondary source."
-        Bundler::SharedHelpers.major_deprecation 2, message, removed_message: removed_message
-      end
+      msg = "This Gemfile contains multiple global sources. " \
+        "Each source after the first must include a block to indicate which gems " \
+        "should come from that source"
+      raise GemfileEvalError, msg
     end
 
     class DSLError < GemfileError
diff --git a/lib/bundler/environment_preserver.rb b/lib/bundler/environment_preserver.rb
index 444ab6fd37..bf9478a299 100644
--- a/lib/bundler/environment_preserver.rb
+++ b/lib/bundler/environment_preserver.rb
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ module Bundler
     BUNDLER_KEYS = %w[
       BUNDLE_BIN_PATH
       BUNDLE_GEMFILE
+      BUNDLE_LOCKFILE
       BUNDLER_VERSION
       BUNDLER_SETUP
       GEM_HOME
diff --git a/lib/bundler/errors.rb b/lib/bundler/errors.rb
index 4d1bface51..d8df4d6ec5 100644
--- a/lib/bundler/errors.rb
+++ b/lib/bundler/errors.rb
@@ -25,6 +25,7 @@ module Bundler
 
   class GemNotFound < BundlerError; status_code(7); end
   class InstallHookError < BundlerError; status_code(8); end
+  class RemovedError < BundlerError; status_code(9); end
   class GemfileNotFound < BundlerError; status_code(10); end
   class GitError < BundlerError; status_code(11); end
   class DeprecatedError < BundlerError; status_code(12); end
@@ -76,11 +77,6 @@ module Bundler
     def mismatch_resolution_instructions
       removable, remote = [@existing, @checksum].partition(&:removable?)
       case removable.size
-      when 0
-        msg = +"Mismatched checksums each have an authoritative source:\n"
-        msg << "  1. #{@existing.sources.reject(&:removable?).map(&:to_s).join(" and ")}\n"
-        msg << "  2. #{@checksum.sources.reject(&:removable?).map(&:to_s).join(" and ")}\n"
-        msg << "You may need to alter your Gemfile sources to resolve this issue.\n"
       when 1
         msg = +"If you trust #{remote.first.sources.first}, to resolve this issue you can:\n"
         msg << removable.first.removal_instructions
@@ -135,7 +131,8 @@ module Bundler
     attr_reader :orig_exception
 
     def initialize(orig_exception, msg)
-      full_message = msg + "\nGem Load Error is: #{orig_exception.message}\n"\
+      full_message = msg + "\nGem Load Error is:
+                      #{orig_exception.full_message(highlight: false)}\n"\
                       "Backtrace for gem load error is:\n"\
                       "#{orig_exception.backtrace.join("\n")}\n"\
                       "Bundler Error Backtrace:\n"
@@ -225,7 +222,9 @@ module Bundler
   class DirectoryRemovalError < BundlerError
     def initialize(orig_exception, msg)
       full_message = "#{msg}.\n" \
-                     "The underlying error was #{orig_exception.class}: #{orig_exception.message}, with backtrace:\n" \
+                     "The underlying error was #{orig_exception.class}:
+                     #{orig_exception.full_message(highlight: false)},
+                     with backtrace:\n" \
                      "  #{orig_exception.backtrace.join("\n  ")}\n\n" \
                      "Bundler Error Backtrace:"
       super(full_message)
diff --git a/lib/bundler/feature_flag.rb b/lib/bundler/feature_flag.rb
index b19cf42cc3..dea8abedba 100644
--- a/lib/bundler/feature_flag.rb
+++ b/lib/bundler/feature_flag.rb
@@ -2,45 +2,15 @@
 
 module Bundler
   class FeatureFlag
-    def self.settings_flag(flag, &default)
-      unless Bundler::Settings::BOOL_KEYS.include?(flag.to_s)
-        raise "Cannot use `#{flag}` as a settings feature flag since it isn't a bool key"
-      end
-
-      settings_method("#{flag}?", flag, &default)
-    end
-    private_class_method :settings_flag
+    (1..10).each {|v| define_method("bundler_#{v}_mode?") { @major_version >= v } }
 
-    def self.settings_option(key, &default)
-      settings_method(key, key, &default)
+    def removed_major?(target_major_version)
+      @major_version > target_major_version
     end
-    private_class_method :settings_option
 
-    def self.settings_method(name, key, &default)
-      define_method(name) do
-        value = Bundler.settings[key]
-        value = instance_eval(&default) if value.nil?
-        value
-      end
+    def deprecated_major?(target_major_version)
+      @major_version >= target_major_version
     end
-    private_class_method :settings_method
-
-    (1..10).each {|v| define_method("bundler_#{v}_mode?") { @major_version >= v } }
-
-    settings_flag(:allow_offline_install) { bundler_3_mode? }
-    settings_flag(:auto_clean_without_path) { bundler_3_mode? }
-    settings_flag(:cache_all) { bundler_3_mode? }
-    settings_flag(:default_install_uses_path) { bundler_3_mode? }
-    settings_flag(:forget_cli_options) { bundler_3_mode? }
-    settings_flag(:global_gem_cache) { bundler_3_mode? }
-    settings_flag(:lockfile_checksums) { bundler_3_mode? }
-    settings_flag(:path_relative_to_cwd) { bundler_3_mode? }
-    settings_flag(:plugins) { @bundler_version >= Gem::Version.new("1.14") }
-    settings_flag(:print_only_version_number) { bundler_3_mode? }
-    settings_flag(:setup_makes_kernel_gem_public) { !bundler_3_mode? }
-    settings_flag(:update_requires_all_flag) { bundler_4_mode? }
-
-    settings_option(:default_cli_command) { bundler_3_mode? ? :cli_help : :install }
 
     def initialize(bundler_version)
       @bundler_version = Gem::Version.create(bundler_version)
diff --git a/lib/bundler/fetcher.rb b/lib/bundler/fetcher.rb
index 9992b20c47..0b6ced6f39 100644
--- a/lib/bundler/fetcher.rb
+++ b/lib/bundler/fetcher.rb
@@ -72,19 +72,57 @@ module Bundler
       end
     end
 
+    HTTP_ERRORS = (Downloader::HTTP_RETRYABLE_ERRORS + Downloader::HTTP_NON_RETRYABLE_ERRORS).freeze
+    deprecate_constant :HTTP_ERRORS
+
+    NET_ERRORS = [
+      :HTTPBadGateway,
+      :HTTPBadRequest,
+      :HTTPFailedDependency,
+      :HTTPForbidden,
+      :HTTPInsufficientStorage,
+      :HTTPMethodNotAllowed,
+      :HTTPMovedPermanently,
+      :HTTPNoContent,
+      :HTTPNotFound,
+      :HTTPNotImplemented,
+      :HTTPPreconditionFailed,
+      :HTTPRequestEntityTooLarge,
+      :HTTPRequestURITooLong,
+      :HTTPUnauthorized,
+      :HTTPUnprocessableEntity,
+      :HTTPUnsupportedMediaType,
+      :HTTPVersionNotSupported,
+    ].freeze
+    deprecate_constant :NET_ERRORS
+
     # Exceptions classes that should bypass retry attempts. If your password didn't work the
     # first time, it's not going to the third time.
-    NET_ERRORS = [:HTTPBadGateway, :HTTPBadRequest, :HTTPFailedDependency,
-                  :HTTPForbidden, :HTTPInsufficientStorage, :HTTPMethodNotAllowed,
-                  :HTTPMovedPermanently, :HTTPNoContent, :HTTPNotFound,
-                  :HTTPNotImplemented, :HTTPPreconditionFailed, :HTTPRequestEntityTooLarge,
-                  :HTTPRequestURITooLong, :HTTPUnauthorized, :HTTPUnprocessableEntity,
-                  :HTTPUnsupportedMediaType, :HTTPVersionNotSupported].freeze
-    FAIL_ERRORS = begin
-      fail_errors = [AuthenticationRequiredError, BadAuthenticationError, AuthenticationForbiddenError, FallbackError, SecurityError]
-      fail_errors << Gem::Requirement::BadRequirementError
-      fail_errors.concat(NET_ERRORS.map {|e| Gem::Net.const_get(e) })
-    end.freeze
+    FAIL_ERRORS = [
+      AuthenticationRequiredError,
+      BadAuthenticationError,
+      AuthenticationForbiddenError,
+      FallbackError,
+      SecurityError,
+      Gem::Requirement::BadRequirementError,
+      Gem::Net::HTTPBadGateway,
+      Gem::Net::HTTPBadRequest,
+      Gem::Net::HTTPFailedDependency,
+      Gem::Net::HTTPForbidden,
+      Gem::Net::HTTPInsufficientStorage,
+      Gem::Net::HTTPMethodNotAllowed,
+      Gem::Net::HTTPMovedPermanently,
+      Gem::Net::HTTPNoContent,
+      Gem::Net::HTTPNotFound,
+      Gem::Net::HTTPNotImplemented,
+      Gem::Net::HTTPPreconditionFailed,
+      Gem::Net::HTTPRequestEntityTooLarge,
+      Gem::Net::HTTPRequestURITooLong,
+      Gem::Net::HTTPUnauthorized,
+      Gem::Net::HTTPUnprocessableEntity,
+      Gem::Net::HTTPUnsupportedMediaType,
+      Gem::Net::HTTPVersionNotSupported,
+    ].freeze
 
     class << self
       attr_accessor :disable_endpoint, :api_timeout, :redirect_limit, :max_retries
@@ -293,13 +331,6 @@ module Bundler
       paths.find {|path| File.file? path }
     end
 
-    HTTP_ERRORS = [
-      Gem::Timeout::Error, EOFError, SocketError, Errno::ENETDOWN, Errno::ENETUNREACH,
-      Errno::EINVAL, Errno::ECONNRESET, Errno::ETIMEDOUT, Errno::EAGAIN,
-      Gem::Net::HTTPBadResponse, Gem::Net::HTTPHeaderSyntaxError, Gem::Net::ProtocolError,
-      Gem::Net::HTTP::Persistent::Error, Zlib::BufError, Errno::EHOSTUNREACH
-    ].freeze
-
     def bundler_cert_store
       store = OpenSSL::X509::Store.new
       ssl_ca_cert = Bundler.settings[:ssl_ca_cert] ||
diff --git a/lib/bundler/fetcher/compact_index.rb b/lib/bundler/fetcher/compact_index.rb
index 6c82d57011..52168111fe 100644
--- a/lib/bundler/fetcher/compact_index.rb
+++ b/lib/bundler/fetcher/compact_index.rb
@@ -110,7 +110,7 @@ module Bundler
         def call(path, headers)
           fetcher.downloader.fetch(fetcher.fetch_uri + path, headers)
         rescue NetworkDownError => e
-          raise unless Bundler.feature_flag.allow_offline_install? && headers["If-None-Match"]
+          raise unless headers["If-None-Match"]
           ui.warn "Using the cached data for the new index because of a network error: #{e}"
           Gem::Net::HTTPNotModified.new(nil, nil, nil)
         end
diff --git a/lib/bundler/fetcher/downloader.rb b/lib/bundler/fetcher/downloader.rb
index 868b39b959..2eac6e7975 100644
--- a/lib/bundler/fetcher/downloader.rb
+++ b/lib/bundler/fetcher/downloader.rb
@@ -3,6 +3,28 @@
 module Bundler
   class Fetcher
     class Downloader
+      HTTP_NON_RETRYABLE_ERRORS = [
+        SocketError,
+        Errno::EADDRNOTAVAIL,
+        Errno::ENETDOWN,
+        Errno::ENETUNREACH,
+        Gem::Net::HTTP::Persistent::Error,
+        Errno::EHOSTUNREACH,
+      ].freeze
+
+      HTTP_RETRYABLE_ERRORS = [
+        Gem::Timeout::Error,
+        EOFError,
+        Errno::EINVAL,
+        Errno::ECONNRESET,
+        Errno::ETIMEDOUT,
+        Errno::EAGAIN,
+        Gem::Net::HTTPBadResponse,
+        Gem::Net::HTTPHeaderSyntaxError,
+        Gem::Net::ProtocolError,
+        Zlib::BufError,
+      ].freeze
+
       attr_reader :connection
       attr_reader :redirect_limit
 
@@ -67,15 +89,19 @@ module Bundler
         connection.request(uri, req)
       rescue OpenSSL::SSL::SSLError
         raise CertificateFailureError.new(uri)
-      rescue *HTTP_ERRORS => e
+      rescue *HTTP_NON_RETRYABLE_ERRORS => e
         Bundler.ui.trace e
-        if e.is_a?(SocketError) || e.message.to_s.include?("host down:")
-          raise NetworkDownError, "Could not reach host #{uri.host}. Check your network " \
-            "connection and try again."
-        else
-          raise HTTPError, "Network error while fetching #{filtered_uri}" \
+
+        host = uri.host
+        host_port = "#{host}:#{uri.port}"
+        host = host_port if filtered_uri.to_s.include?(host_port)
+        raise NetworkDownError, "Could not reach host #{host}. Check your network " \
+          "connection and try again."
+      rescue *HTTP_RETRYABLE_ERRORS => e
+        Bundler.ui.trace e
+
+        raise HTTPError, "Network error while fetching #{filtered_uri}" \
             " (#{e})"
-        end
       end
 
       private
diff --git a/lib/bundler/fetcher/gem_remote_fetcher.rb b/lib/bundler/fetcher/gem_remote_fetcher.rb
index 3fc7b68263..3c3c1826a1 100644
--- a/lib/bundler/fetcher/gem_remote_fetcher.rb
+++ b/lib/bundler/fetcher/gem_remote_fetcher.rb
@@ -5,6 +5,12 @@ require "rubygems/remote_fetcher"
 module Bundler
   class Fetcher
     class GemRemoteFetcher < Gem::RemoteFetcher
+      def initialize(*)
+        super
+
+        @pool_size = 5
+      end
+
       def request(*args)
         super do |req|
           req.delete("User-Agent") if headers["User-Agent"]
diff --git a/lib/bundler/friendly_errors.rb b/lib/bundler/friendly_errors.rb
index 8a5ab2e025..5e8eaee6bb 100644
--- a/lib/bundler/friendly_errors.rb
+++ b/lib/bundler/friendly_errors.rb
@@ -104,12 +104,12 @@ module Bundler
       message = message.split("-").first if exception.is_a?(Errno)
       require "cgi/escape"
       require "cgi/util" unless defined?(CGI::EscapeExt)
-      "https://github.com/rubygems/rubygems/search?q=" \
+      "https://github.com/ruby/rubygems/search?q=" \
         "#{CGI.escape(message)}&type=Issues"
     end
 
     def new_issue_url
-      "https://github.com/rubygems/rubygems/issues/new?labels=Bundler&template=bundler-related-issue.md"
+      "https://github.com/ruby/rubygems/issues/new?labels=Bundler&template=bundler-related-issue.md"
     end
   end
 
diff --git a/lib/bundler/gem_helpers.rb b/lib/bundler/gem_helpers.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index ad12bf89a4..0000000000
--- a/lib/bundler/gem_helpers.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,144 +0,0 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
-
-module Bundler
-  module GemHelpers
-    GENERIC_CACHE = { Gem::Platform::RUBY => Gem::Platform::RUBY } # rubocop:disable Style/MutableConstant
-    GENERICS = [
-      Gem::Platform::JAVA,
-      *Gem::Platform::WINDOWS,
-    ].freeze
-
-    def generic(p)
-      GENERIC_CACHE[p] ||= begin
-        found = GENERICS.find do |match|
-          p === match
-        end
-        found || Gem::Platform::RUBY
-      end
-    end
-    module_function :generic
-
-    def generic_local_platform
-      generic(local_platform)
-    end
-    module_function :generic_local_platform
-
-    def local_platform
-      Bundler.local_platform
-    end
-    module_function :local_platform
-
-    def generic_local_platform_is_ruby?
-      generic_local_platform == Gem::Platform::RUBY
-    end
-    module_function :generic_local_platform_is_ruby?
-
-    def platform_specificity_match(spec_platform, user_platform)
-      spec_platform = Gem::Platform.new(spec_platform)
-
-      PlatformMatch.specificity_score(spec_platform, user_platform)
-    end
-    module_function :platform_specificity_match
-
-    def select_all_platform_match(specs, platform, force_ruby: false, prefer_locked: false)
-      matching = if force_ruby
-        specs.select {|spec| spec.match_platform(Gem::Platform::RUBY) && spec.force_ruby_platform! }
-      else
-        specs.select {|spec| spec.match_platform(platform) }
-      end
-
-      if prefer_locked
-        locked_originally = matching.select {|spec| spec.is_a?(LazySpecification) }
-        return locked_originally if locked_originally.any?
-      end
-
-      matching
-    end
-    module_function :select_all_platform_match
-
-    def select_best_platform_match(specs, platform, force_ruby: false, prefer_locked: false)
-      matching = select_all_platform_match(specs, platform, force_ruby: force_ruby, prefer_locked: prefer_locked)
-
-      sort_and_filter_best_platform_match(matching, platform)
-    end
-    module_function :select_best_platform_match
-
-    def select_best_local_platform_match(specs, force_ruby: false)
-      matching = select_all_platform_match(specs, local_platform, force_ruby: force_ruby).filter_map(&:materialized_for_installation)
-
-      sort_best_platform_match(matching, local_platform)
-    end
-    module_function :select_best_local_platform_match
-
-    def sort_and_filter_best_platform_match(matching, platform)
-      return matching if matching.one?
-
-      exact = matching.select {|spec| spec.platform == platform }
-      return exact if exact.any?
-
-      sorted_matching = sort_best_platform_match(matching, platform)
-      exemplary_spec = sorted_matching.first
-
-      sorted_matching.take_while {|spec| same_specificity(platform, spec, exemplary_spec) && same_deps(spec, exemplary_spec) }
-    end
-    module_function :sort_and_filter_best_platform_match
-
-    def sort_best_platform_match(matching, platform)
-      matching.sort_by {|spec| platform_specificity_match(spec.platform, platform) }
-    end
-    module_function :sort_best_platform_match
-
-    class PlatformMatch
-      def self.specificity_score(spec_platform, user_platform)
-        return -1 if spec_platform == user_platform
-        return 1_000_000 if spec_platform.nil? || spec_platform == Gem::Platform::RUBY || user_platform == Gem::Platform::RUBY
-
-        os_match(spec_platform, user_platform) +
-          cpu_match(spec_platform, user_platform) * 10 +
-          platform_version_match(spec_platform, user_platform) * 100
-      end
-
-      def self.os_match(spec_platform, user_platform)
-        if spec_platform.os == user_platform.os
-          0
-        else
-          1
-        end
-      end
-
-      def self.cpu_match(spec_platform, user_platform)
-        if spec_platform.cpu == user_platform.cpu
-          0
-        elsif spec_platform.cpu == "arm" && user_platform.cpu.to_s.start_with?("arm")
-          0
-        elsif spec_platform.cpu.nil? || spec_platform.cpu == "universal"
-          1
-        else
-          2
-        end
-      end
-
-      def self.platform_version_match(spec_platform, user_platform)
-        if spec_platform.version == user_platform.version
-          0
-        elsif spec_platform.version.nil?
-          1
-        else
-          2
-        end
-      end
-    end
-
-    def same_specificity(platform, spec, exemplary_spec)
-      platform_specificity_match(spec.platform, platform) == platform_specificity_match(exemplary_spec.platform, platform)
-    end
-    module_function :same_specificity
-
-    def same_deps(spec, exemplary_spec)
-      same_runtime_deps = spec.dependencies.sort == exemplary_spec.dependencies.sort
-      same_metadata_deps = spec.required_ruby_version == exemplary_spec.required_ruby_version && spec.required_rubygems_version == exemplary_spec.required_rubygems_version
-      same_runtime_deps && same_metadata_deps
-    end
-    module_function :same_deps
-  end
-end
diff --git a/lib/bundler/graph.rb b/lib/bundler/graph.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index b22b17a453..0000000000
--- a/lib/bundler/graph.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,152 +0,0 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
-
-require "set"
-module Bundler
-  class Graph
-    GRAPH_NAME = :Gemfile
-
-    def initialize(env, output_file, show_version = false, show_requirements = false, output_format = "png", without = [])
-      @env               = env
-      @output_file       = output_file
-      @show_version      = show_version
-      @show_requirements = show_requirements
-      @output_format     = output_format
-      @without_groups    = without.map(&:to_sym)
-
-      @groups            = []
-      @relations         = Hash.new {|h, k| h[k] = Set.new }
-      @node_options      = {}
-      @edge_options      = {}
-
-      _populate_relations
-    end
-
-    attr_reader :groups, :relations, :node_options, :edge_options, :output_file, :output_format
-
-    def viz
-      GraphVizClient.new(self).run
-    end
-
-    private
-
-    def _populate_relations
-      parent_dependencies = _groups.values.to_set.flatten
-      loop do
-        break if parent_dependencies.empty?
-
-        tmp = Set.new
-        parent_dependencies.each do |dependency|
-          child_dependencies = spec_for_dependency(dependency).runtime_dependencies.to_set
-          @relations[dependency.name] += child_dependencies.map(&:name).to_set
-          tmp += child_dependencies
-
-          @node_options[dependency.name] = _make_label(dependency, :node)
-          child_dependencies.each do |c_dependency|
-            @edge_options["#{dependency.name}_#{c_dependency.name}"] = _make_label(c_dependency, :edge)
-          end
-        end
-        parent_dependencies = tmp
-      end
-    end
-
-    def _groups
-      relations = Hash.new {|h, k| h[k] = Set.new }
-      @env.current_dependencies.each do |dependency|
-        dependency.groups.each do |group|
-          next if @without_groups.include?(group)
-
-          relations[group.to_s].add(dependency)
-          @relations[group.to_s].add(dependency.name)
-
-          @node_options[group.to_s] ||= _make_label(group, :node)
-          @edge_options["#{group}_#{dependency.name}"] = _make_label(dependency, :edge)
-        end
-      end
-      @groups = relations.keys
-      relations
-    end
-
-    def _make_label(symbol_or_string_or_dependency, element_type)
-      case element_type.to_sym
-      when :node
-        if symbol_or_string_or_dependency.is_a?(Gem::Dependency)
-          label = symbol_or_string_or_dependency.name.dup
-          label << "\n#{spec_for_dependency(symbol_or_string_or_dependency).version}" if @show_version
-        else
-          label = symbol_or_string_or_dependency.to_s
-        end
-      when :edge
-        label = nil
-        if symbol_or_string_or_dependency.respond_to?(:requirements_list) && @show_requirements
-          tmp = symbol_or_string_or_dependency.requirements_list.join(", ")
-          label = tmp if tmp != ">= 0"
-        end
-      else
-        raise ArgumentError, "2nd argument is invalid"
-      end
-      label.nil? ? {} : { label: label }
-    end
-
-    def spec_for_dependency(dependency)
-      @env.requested_specs.find {|s| s.name == dependency.name }
-    end
-
-    class GraphVizClient
-      def initialize(graph_instance)
-        @graph_name    = graph_instance.class::GRAPH_NAME
-        @groups        = graph_instance.groups
-        @relations     = graph_instance.relations
-        @node_options  = graph_instance.node_options
-        @edge_options  = graph_instance.edge_options
-        @output_file   = graph_instance.output_file
-        @output_format = graph_instance.output_format
-      end
-
-      def g
-        @g ||= ::GraphViz.digraph(@graph_name, concentrate: true, normalize: true, nodesep: 0.55) do |g|
-          g.edge[:weight]   = 2
-          g.edge[:fontname] = g.node[:fontname] = "Arial, Helvetica, SansSerif"
-          g.edge[:fontsize] = 12
-        end
-      end
-
-      def run
-        @groups.each do |group|
-          g.add_nodes(
-            group, {
-              style: "filled",
-              fillcolor: "#B9B9D5",
-              shape: "box3d",
-              fontsize: 16,
-            }.merge(@node_options[group])
-          )
-        end
-
-        @relations.each do |parent, children|
-          children.each do |child|
-            if @groups.include?(parent)
-              g.add_nodes(child, { style: "filled", fillcolor: "#B9B9D5" }.merge(@node_options[child]))
-              g.add_edges(parent, child, { constraint: false }.merge(@edge_options["#{parent}_#{child}"]))
-            else
-              g.add_nodes(child, @node_options[child])
-              g.add_edges(parent, child, @edge_options["#{parent}_#{child}"])
-            end
-          end
-        end
-
-        if @output_format.to_s == "debug"
-          $stdout.puts g.output none: String
-          Bundler.ui.info "debugging bundle viz..."
-        else
-          begin
-            g.output @output_format.to_sym => "#{@output_file}.#{@output_format}"
-            Bundler.ui.info "#{@output_file}.#{@output_format}"
-          rescue ArgumentError => e
-            warn "Unsupported output format. See Ruby-Graphviz/lib/graphviz/constants.rb"
-            raise e
-          end
-        end
-      end
-    end
-  end
-end
diff --git a/lib/bundler/index.rb b/lib/bundler/index.rb
index df46facc88..9aef2dfa12 100644
--- a/lib/bundler/index.rb
+++ b/lib/bundler/index.rb
@@ -46,13 +46,6 @@ module Bundler
       true
     end
 
-    def search_all(name, &blk)
-      return enum_for(:search_all, name) unless blk
-      specs_by_name(name).each(&blk)
-      @duplicates[name]&.each(&blk)
-      @sources.each {|source| source.search_all(name, &blk) }
-    end
-
     # Search this index's specs, and any source indexes that this index knows
     # about, returning all of the results.
     def search(query)
@@ -131,6 +124,11 @@ module Bundler
       return unless other
       other.each do |spec|
         if existing = find_by_spec(spec)
+          unless dependencies_eql?(existing, spec)
+            Bundler.ui.warn "Local specification for #{spec.full_name} has different dependencies than the remote gem, ignoring it"
+            next
+          end
+
           add_duplicate(existing)
         end
         add spec
@@ -153,8 +151,8 @@ module Bundler
     end
 
     def dependencies_eql?(spec, other_spec)
-      deps       = spec.dependencies.select {|d| d.type != :development }
-      other_deps = other_spec.dependencies.select {|d| d.type != :development }
+      deps       = spec.runtime_dependencies
+      other_deps = other_spec.runtime_dependencies
       deps.sort == other_deps.sort
     end
 
diff --git a/lib/bundler/inline.rb b/lib/bundler/inline.rb
index f2f5b22cd3..c861bee149 100644
--- a/lib/bundler/inline.rb
+++ b/lib/bundler/inline.rb
@@ -44,14 +44,16 @@ def gemfile(force_latest_compatible = false, options = {}, &gemfile)
   raise ArgumentError, "Unknown options: #{opts.keys.join(", ")}" unless opts.empty?
 
   old_gemfile = ENV["BUNDLE_GEMFILE"]
+  old_lockfile = ENV["BUNDLE_LOCKFILE"]
 
   Bundler.unbundle_env!
 
   begin
     Bundler.instance_variable_set(:@bundle_path, Pathname.new(Gem.dir))
     Bundler::SharedHelpers.set_env "BUNDLE_GEMFILE", "Gemfile"
+    Bundler::SharedHelpers.set_env "BUNDLE_LOCKFILE", "Gemfile.lock"
 
-    Bundler::Plugin.gemfile_install(&gemfile) if Bundler.feature_flag.plugins?
+    Bundler::Plugin.gemfile_install(&gemfile) if Bundler.settings[:plugins]
     builder = Bundler::Dsl.new
     builder.instance_eval(&gemfile)
 
@@ -94,5 +96,11 @@ def gemfile(force_latest_compatible = false, options = {}, &gemfile)
     else
       ENV["BUNDLE_GEMFILE"] = ""
     end
+
+    if old_lockfile
+      ENV["BUNDLE_LOCKFILE"] = old_lockfile
+    else
+      ENV["BUNDLE_LOCKFILE"] = ""
+    end
   end
 end
diff --git a/lib/bundler/installer.rb b/lib/bundler/installer.rb
index d41740a411..c5fd75431f 100644
--- a/lib/bundler/installer.rb
+++ b/lib/bundler/installer.rb
@@ -7,12 +7,6 @@ require_relative "installer/gem_installer"
 
 module Bundler
   class Installer
-    class << self
-      attr_accessor :ambiguous_gems
-
-      Installer.ambiguous_gems = []
-    end
-
     attr_reader :post_install_messages, :definition
 
     # Begins the installation process for Bundler.
diff --git a/lib/bundler/installer/gem_installer.rb b/lib/bundler/installer/gem_installer.rb
index 1da91857bd..5c4fa78253 100644
--- a/lib/bundler/installer/gem_installer.rb
+++ b/lib/bundler/installer/gem_installer.rb
@@ -16,7 +16,6 @@ module Bundler
     def install_from_spec
       post_install_message = install
       Bundler.ui.debug "#{worker}:  #{spec.name} (#{spec.version}) from #{spec.loaded_from}"
-      generate_executable_stubs
       [true, post_install_message]
     rescue Bundler::InstallHookError, Bundler::SecurityError, Bundler::APIResponseMismatchError, Bundler::InsecureInstallPathError
       raise
@@ -71,15 +70,5 @@ module Bundler
     def out_of_space_message
       "#{install_error_message}\nYour disk is out of space. Free some space to be able to install your bundle."
     end
-
-    def generate_executable_stubs
-      return if Bundler.feature_flag.forget_cli_options?
-      return if Bundler.settings[:inline]
-      if Bundler.settings[:bin] && standalone
-        installer.generate_standalone_bundler_executable_stubs(spec)
-      elsif Bundler.settings[:bin]
-        installer.generate_bundler_executable_stubs(spec, force: true)
-      end
-    end
   end
 end
diff --git a/lib/bundler/lazy_specification.rb b/lib/bundler/lazy_specification.rb
index 061e4bb91e..786dbcae65 100644
--- a/lib/bundler/lazy_specification.rb
+++ b/lib/bundler/lazy_specification.rb
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ module Bundler
       lazy_spec
     end
 
-    def initialize(name, version, platform, source = nil)
+    def initialize(name, version, platform, source = nil, **materialization_options)
       @name          = name
       @version       = version
       @dependencies  = []
@@ -43,6 +43,7 @@ module Bundler
 
       @original_source = source
       @source = source
+      @materialization_options = materialization_options
 
       @force_ruby_platform = default_force_ruby_platform
       @most_specific_locked_platform = nil
@@ -137,24 +138,16 @@ module Bundler
       source.local!
 
       if use_exact_resolved_specifications?
-        materialize(self) do |matching_specs|
-          choose_compatible(matching_specs)
-        end
-      else
-        materialize([name, version]) do |matching_specs|
-          target_platform = source.is_a?(Source::Path) ? platform : local_platform
-
-          installable_candidates = GemHelpers.select_best_platform_match(matching_specs, target_platform)
-
-          specification = choose_compatible(installable_candidates, fallback_to_non_installable: false)
-          return specification unless specification.nil?
+        spec = materialize(self) {|specs| choose_compatible(specs, fallback_to_non_installable: false) }
+        return spec if spec
 
-          if target_platform != platform
-            installable_candidates = GemHelpers.select_best_platform_match(matching_specs, platform)
-          end
-
-          choose_compatible(installable_candidates)
+        # Exact spec is incompatible; in frozen mode, try to find a compatible platform variant
+        # In non-frozen mode, return nil to trigger re-resolution and lockfile update
+        if Bundler.frozen_bundle?
+          materialize([name, version]) {|specs| resolve_best_platform(specs) }
         end
+      else
+        materialize([name, version]) {|specs| resolve_best_platform(specs) }
       end
     end
 
@@ -189,8 +182,41 @@ module Bundler
       !source.is_a?(Source::Path) && ruby_platform_materializes_to_ruby_platform?
     end
 
+    # Try platforms in order of preference until finding a compatible spec.
+    # Used for legacy lockfiles and as a fallback when the exact locked spec
+    # is incompatible. Falls back to frozen bundle behavior if none match.
+    def resolve_best_platform(specs)
+      find_compatible_platform_spec(specs) || frozen_bundle_fallback(specs)
+    end
+
+    def find_compatible_platform_spec(specs)
+      candidate_platforms.each do |plat|
+        candidates = MatchPlatform.select_best_platform_match(specs, plat)
+        spec = choose_compatible(candidates, fallback_to_non_installable: false)
+        return spec if spec
+      end
+      nil
+    end
+
+    # Platforms to try in order of preference. Ruby platform is last since it
+    # requires compilation, but works when precompiled gems are incompatible.
+    def candidate_platforms
+      target = source.is_a?(Source::Path) ? platform : Bundler.local_platform
+      [target, platform, Gem::Platform::RUBY].uniq
+    end
+
+    # In frozen mode, accept any candidate. Will error at install time.
+    # When target differs from locked platform, prefer locked platform's candidates
+    # to preserve lockfile integrity.
+    def frozen_bundle_fallback(specs)
+      target = source.is_a?(Source::Path) ? platform : Bundler.local_platform
+      fallback_platform = target == platform ? target : platform
+      candidates = MatchPlatform.select_best_platform_match(specs, fallback_platform)
+      choose_compatible(candidates)
+    end
+
     def ruby_platform_materializes_to_ruby_platform?
-      generic_platform = generic_local_platform == Gem::Platform::JAVA ? Gem::Platform::JAVA : Gem::Platform::RUBY
+      generic_platform = Bundler.generic_local_platform == Gem::Platform::JAVA ? Gem::Platform::JAVA : Gem::Platform::RUBY
 
       (most_specific_locked_platform != generic_platform) || force_ruby_platform || Bundler.settings[:force_ruby_platform]
     end
@@ -226,12 +252,13 @@ module Bundler
     # Validate dependencies of this locked spec are consistent with dependencies
     # of the actual spec that was materialized.
     #
-    # Note that we don't validate dependencies of locally installed gems but
+    # Note that unless we are in strict mode (which we set during installation)
+    # we don't validate dependencies of locally installed gems but
     # accept what's in the lockfile instead for performance, since loading
     # dependencies of locally installed gems would mean evaluating all gemspecs,
     # which would affect `bundler/setup` performance.
     def validate_dependencies(spec)
-      if spec.is_a?(StubSpecification)
+      if !@materialization_options[:strict] && spec.is_a?(StubSpecification)
         spec.dependencies = dependencies
       else
         if !source.is_a?(Source::Path) && spec.runtime_dependencies.sort != dependencies.sort
diff --git a/lib/bundler/lockfile_generator.rb b/lib/bundler/lockfile_generator.rb
index 904552fa0c..6b6cf9d9ea 100644
--- a/lib/bundler/lockfile_generator.rb
+++ b/lib/bundler/lockfile_generator.rb
@@ -95,7 +95,7 @@ module Bundler
           out << "  #{key}: #{val}\n"
         end
       when String
-        out << "   #{value}\n"
+        out << "  #{value}\n"
       else
         raise ArgumentError, "#{value.inspect} can't be serialized in a lockfile"
       end
diff --git a/lib/bundler/lockfile_parser.rb b/lib/bundler/lockfile_parser.rb
index 7d57ec724d..ac0ce1ef3d 100644
--- a/lib/bundler/lockfile_parser.rb
+++ b/lib/bundler/lockfile_parser.rb
@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true
 
+require_relative "shared_helpers"
+
 module Bundler
   class LockfileParser
-    include GemHelpers
-
     class Position
       attr_reader :line, :column
       def initialize(line, column)
@@ -94,7 +94,7 @@ module Bundler
       lockfile_contents.split(BUNDLED).last.strip
     end
 
-    def initialize(lockfile)
+    def initialize(lockfile, strict: false)
       @platforms    = []
       @sources      = []
       @dependencies = {}
@@ -106,6 +106,7 @@ module Bundler
         "Gemfile.lock"
       end
       @pos = Position.new(1, 1)
+      @strict = strict
 
       if lockfile.match?(/<<<<<<<|=======|>>>>>>>|\|\|\|\|\|\|\|/)
         raise LockfileError, "Your #{@lockfile_path} contains merge conflicts.\n" \
@@ -139,8 +140,13 @@ module Bundler
         end
         @pos.advance!(line)
       end
+
+      if @platforms.include?(Gem::Platform::X64_MINGW_LEGACY)
+        SharedHelpers.feature_deprecated!("Found x64-mingw32 in lockfile, which is deprecated and will be removed in the future.")
+      end
+
       @most_specific_locked_platform = @platforms.min_by do |bundle_platform|
-        platform_specificity_match(bundle_platform, local_platform)
+        Gem::Platform.platform_specificity_match(bundle_platform, Bundler.local_platform)
       end
       @specs = @specs.values.sort_by!(&:full_name).each do |spec|
         spec.most_specific_locked_platform = @most_specific_locked_platform
@@ -271,7 +277,7 @@ module Bundler
 
         version = Gem::Version.new(version)
         platform = platform ? Gem::Platform.new(platform) : Gem::Platform::RUBY
-        @current_spec = LazySpecification.new(name, version, platform, @current_source)
+        @current_spec = LazySpecification.new(name, version, platform, @current_source, strict: @strict)
         @current_source.add_dependency_names(name)
 
         @specs[@current_spec.full_name] = @current_spec
diff --git a/lib/bundler/man/bundle-add.1 b/lib/bundler/man/bundle-add.1
index 176e8b117e..4474969db6 100644
--- a/lib/bundler/man/bundle-add.1
+++ b/lib/bundler/man/bundle-add.1
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 .\" generated with Ronn-NG/v0.10.1
 .\" http://github.com/apjanke/ronn-ng/tree/0.10.1
-.TH "BUNDLE\-ADD" "1" "March 2025" ""
+.TH "BUNDLE\-ADD" "1" "September 2025" ""
 .SH "NAME"
 \fBbundle\-add\fR \- Add gem to the Gemfile and run bundle install
 .SH "SYNOPSIS"
diff --git a/lib/bundler/man/bundle-binstubs.1 b/lib/bundler/man/bundle-binstubs.1
index 146c1c021e..b8c153696b 100644
--- a/lib/bundler/man/bundle-binstubs.1
+++ b/lib/bundler/man/bundle-binstubs.1
@@ -1,24 +1,21 @@
 .\" generated with Ronn-NG/v0.10.1
 .\" http://github.com/apjanke/ronn-ng/tree/0.10.1
-.TH "BUNDLE\-BINSTUBS" "1" "March 2025" ""
+.TH "BUNDLE\-BINSTUBS" "1" "September 2025" ""
 .SH "NAME"
 \fBbundle\-binstubs\fR \- Install the binstubs of the listed gems
 .SH "SYNOPSIS"
-\fBbundle binstubs\fR \fIGEM_NAME\fR [\-\-force] [\-\-path PATH] [\-\-standalone] [\-\-all\-platforms]
+\fBbundle binstubs\fR \fIGEM_NAME\fR [\-\-force] [\-\-standalone] [\-\-all\-platforms]
 .SH "DESCRIPTION"
 Binstubs are scripts that wrap around executables\. Bundler creates a small Ruby file (a binstub) that loads Bundler, runs the command, and puts it into \fBbin/\fR\. Binstubs are a shortcut\-or alternative\- to always using \fBbundle exec\fR\. This gives you a file that can be run directly, and one that will always run the correct gem version used by the application\.
 .P
 For example, if you run \fBbundle binstubs rspec\-core\fR, Bundler will create the file \fBbin/rspec\fR\. That file will contain enough code to load Bundler, tell it to load the bundled gems, and then run rspec\.
 .P
-This command generates binstubs for executables in \fBGEM_NAME\fR\. Binstubs are put into \fBbin\fR, or the \fB\-\-path\fR directory if one has been set\. Calling binstubs with [GEM [GEM]] will create binstubs for all given gems\.
+This command generates binstubs for executables in \fBGEM_NAME\fR\. Binstubs are put into \fBbin\fR, or the directory specified by \fBbin\fR setting if it has been configured\. Calling binstubs with [GEM [GEM]] will create binstubs for all given gems\.
 .SH "OPTIONS"
 .TP
 \fB\-\-force\fR
 Overwrite existing binstubs if they exist\.
 .TP
-\fB\-\-path[=PATH]\fR
-The location to install the specified binstubs to\. This defaults to \fBbin\fR\.
-.TP
 \fB\-\-standalone\fR
 Makes binstubs that can work without depending on Rubygems or Bundler at runtime\.
 .TP
diff --git a/lib/bundler/man/bundle-binstubs.1.ronn b/lib/bundler/man/bundle-binstubs.1.ronn
index ec2cfd80db..cbe5983f4d 100644
--- a/lib/bundler/man/bundle-binstubs.1.ronn
+++ b/lib/bundler/man/bundle-binstubs.1.ronn
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ bundle-binstubs(1) -- Install the binstubs of the listed gems
 
 ## SYNOPSIS
 
-`bundle binstubs` <GEM_NAME> [--force] [--path PATH] [--standalone] [--all-platforms]
+`bundle binstubs` <GEM_NAME> [--force] [--standalone] [--all-platforms]
 
 ## DESCRIPTION
 
@@ -19,17 +19,15 @@ the file `bin/rspec`. That file will contain enough code to load Bundler,
 tell it to load the bundled gems, and then run rspec.
 
 This command generates binstubs for executables in `GEM_NAME`.
-Binstubs are put into `bin`, or the `--path` directory if one has been set.
-Calling binstubs with [GEM [GEM]] will create binstubs for all given gems.
+Binstubs are put into `bin`, or the directory specified by `bin` setting if it
+has been configured. Calling binstubs with [GEM [GEM]] will create binstubs for
+all given gems.
 
 ## OPTIONS
 
 * `--force`:
   Overwrite existing binstubs if they exist.
 
-* `--path[=PATH]`:
-  The location to install the specified binstubs to. This defaults to `bin`.
-
 * `--standalone`:
   Makes binstubs that can work without depending on Rubygems or Bundler at
   runtime.
diff --git a/lib/bundler/man/bundle-cache.1 b/lib/bundler/man/bundle-cache.1
index 64e806029b..c1dafbf070 100644
--- a/lib/bundler/man/bundle-cache.1
+++ b/lib/bundler/man/bundle-cache.1
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 .\" generated with Ronn-NG/v0.10.1
 .\" http://github.com/apjanke/ronn-ng/tree/0.10.1
-.TH "BUNDLE\-CACHE" "1" "March 2025" ""
+.TH "BUNDLE\-CACHE" "1" "September 2025" ""
 .SH "NAME"
 \fBbundle\-cache\fR \- Package your needed \fB\.gem\fR files into your application
 .SH "SYNOPSIS"
@@ -11,9 +11,6 @@ alias: \fBpackage\fR, \fBpack\fR
 Copy all of the \fB\.gem\fR files needed to run the application into the \fBvendor/cache\fR directory\. In the future, when running \fBbundle install(1)\fR \fIbundle\-install\.1\.html\fR, use the gems in the cache in preference to the ones on \fBrubygems\.org\fR\.
 .SH "OPTIONS"
 .TP
-\fB\-\-all\fR
-Include all sources (including path and git)\.
-.TP
 \fB\-\-all\-platforms\fR
 Include gems for all platforms present in the lockfile, not only the current one\.
 .TP
@@ -26,19 +23,10 @@ Use the specified gemfile instead of Gemfile\.
 \fB\-\-no\-install\fR
 Don't install the gems, only update the cache\.
 .TP
-\fB\-\-no\-prune\fR
-Don't remove stale gems from the cache\.
-.TP
-\fB\-\-path=PATH\fR
-Specify a different path than the system default ($BUNDLE_PATH or $GEM_HOME)\.
-.TP
 \fB\-\-quiet\fR
 Only output warnings and errors\.
-.TP
-\fB\-\-frozen\fR
-Do not allow the Gemfile\.lock to be updated after this bundle cache operation's install\.
 .SH "GIT AND PATH GEMS"
-The \fBbundle cache\fR command can also package \fB:git\fR and \fB:path\fR dependencies besides \.gem files\. This needs to be explicitly enabled via the \fB\-\-all\fR option\. Once used, the \fB\-\-all\fR option will be remembered\.
+The \fBbundle cache\fR command can also package \fB:git\fR and \fB:path\fR dependencies besides \.gem files\. This can be disabled setting \fBcache_all\fR to false\.
 .SH "SUPPORT FOR MULTIPLE PLATFORMS"
 When using gems that have different packages for different platforms, Bundler supports caching of gems for other platforms where the Gemfile has been resolved (i\.e\. present in the lockfile) in \fBvendor/cache\fR\. This needs to be enabled via the \fB\-\-all\-platforms\fR option\. This setting will be remembered in your local bundler configuration\.
 .SH "REMOTE FETCHING"
diff --git a/lib/bundler/man/bundle-cache.1.ronn b/lib/bundler/man/bundle-cache.1.ronn
index ffcc07c7b1..51846c96b4 100644
--- a/lib/bundler/man/bundle-cache.1.ronn
+++ b/lib/bundler/man/bundle-cache.1.ronn
@@ -15,9 +15,6 @@ use the gems in the cache in preference to the ones on `rubygems.org`.
 
 ## OPTIONS
 
-* `--all`:
-  Include all sources (including path and git).
-
 * `--all-platforms`:
   Include gems for all platforms present in the lockfile, not only the current one.
 
@@ -30,23 +27,13 @@ use the gems in the cache in preference to the ones on `rubygems.org`.
 * `--no-install`:
   Don't install the gems, only update the cache.
 
-* `--no-prune`:
-  Don't remove stale gems from the cache.
-
-* `--path=PATH`:
-  Specify a different path than the system default ($BUNDLE_PATH or $GEM_HOME).
-
 * `--quiet`:
   Only output warnings and errors.
 
-* `--frozen`:
-  Do not allow the Gemfile.lock to be updated after this bundle cache operation's install.
-
 ## GIT AND PATH GEMS
 
 The `bundle cache` command can also package `:git` and `:path` dependencies
-besides .gem files. This needs to be explicitly enabled via the `--all` option.
-Once used, the `--all` option will be remembered.
+besides .gem files. This can be disabled setting `cache_all` to false.
 
 ## SUPPORT FOR MULTIPLE PLATFORMS
 
diff --git a/lib/bundler/man/bundle-check.1 b/lib/bundler/man/bundle-check.1
index bf16a22461..f83af1eb55 100644
--- a/lib/bundler/man/bundle-check.1
+++ b/lib/bundler/man/bundle-check.1
@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
 .\" generated with Ronn-NG/v0.10.1
 .\" http://github.com/apjanke/ronn-ng/tree/0.10.1
-.TH "BUNDLE\-CHECK" "1" "March 2025" ""
+.TH "BUNDLE\-CHECK" "1" "September 2025" ""
 .SH "NAME"
 \fBbundle\-check\fR \- Verifies if dependencies are satisfied by installed gems
 .SH "SYNOPSIS"
-\fBbundle check\fR [\-\-dry\-run] [\-\-gemfile=FILE] [\-\-path=PATH]
+\fBbundle check\fR [\-\-dry\-run] [\-\-gemfile=FILE]
 .SH "DESCRIPTION"
 \fBcheck\fR searches the local machine for each of the gems requested in the Gemfile\. If all gems are found, Bundler prints a success message and exits with a status of 0\.
 .P
@@ -18,7 +18,4 @@ Locks the [\fBGemfile(5)\fR][Gemfile(5)] before running the command\.
 .TP
 \fB\-\-gemfile=GEMFILE\fR
 Use the specified gemfile instead of the [\fBGemfile(5)\fR][Gemfile(5)]\.
-.TP
-\fB\-\-path=PATH\fR
-Specify a different path than the system default (\fB$BUNDLE_PATH\fR or \fB$GEM_HOME\fR)\. Bundler will remember this value for future installs on this machine\.
 
diff --git a/lib/bundler/man/bundle-check.1.ronn b/lib/bundler/man/bundle-check.1.ronn
index 23bb6f3eb8..92589159c9 100644
--- a/lib/bundler/man/bundle-check.1.ronn
+++ b/lib/bundler/man/bundle-check.1.ronn
@@ -5,7 +5,6 @@ bundle-check(1) -- Verifies if dependencies are satisfied by installed gems
 
 `bundle check` [--dry-run]
                [--gemfile=FILE]
-               [--path=PATH]
 
 ## DESCRIPTION
 
@@ -25,7 +24,3 @@ installed on the local machine, if they satisfy the requirements.
 
 * `--gemfile=GEMFILE`:
   Use the specified gemfile instead of the [`Gemfile(5)`][Gemfile(5)].
-
-* `--path=PATH`:
-  Specify a different path than the system default (`$BUNDLE_PATH` or `$GEM_HOME`).
-  Bundler will remember this value for future installs on this machine.
diff --git a/lib/bundler/man/bundle-clean.1 b/lib/bundler/man/bundle-clean.1
index 83f7661482..c4d148c5df 100644
--- a/lib/bundler/man/bundle-clean.1
+++ b/lib/bundler/man/bundle-clean.1
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 .\" generated with Ronn-NG/v0.10.1
 .\" http://github.com/apjanke/ronn-ng/tree/0.10.1
-.TH "BUNDLE\-CLEAN" "1" "March 2025" ""
+.TH "BUNDLE\-CLEAN" "1" "September 2025" ""
 .SH "NAME"
 \fBbundle\-clean\fR \- Cleans up unused gems in your bundler directory
 .SH "SYNOPSIS"
diff --git a/lib/bundler/man/bundle-config.1 b/lib/bundler/man/bundle-config.1
index 190177eb37..05c13e2d0f 100644
--- a/lib/bundler/man/bundle-config.1
+++ b/lib/bundler/man/bundle-config.1
@@ -1,16 +1,16 @@
 .\" generated with Ronn-NG/v0.10.1
 .\" http://github.com/apjanke/ronn-ng/tree/0.10.1
-.TH "BUNDLE\-CONFIG" "1" "March 2025" ""
+.TH "BUNDLE\-CONFIG" "1" "September 2025" ""
 .SH "NAME"
 \fBbundle\-config\fR \- Set bundler configuration options
 .SH "SYNOPSIS"
-\fBbundle config\fR list
+\fBbundle config\fR [list]
 .br
-\fBbundle config\fR [get] NAME
+\fBbundle config\fR [get [\-\-local|\-\-global]] NAME
 .br
-\fBbundle config\fR [set] NAME VALUE
+\fBbundle config\fR [set [\-\-local|\-\-global]] NAME VALUE
 .br
-\fBbundle config\fR unset NAME
+\fBbundle config\fR unset [\-\-local|\-\-global] NAME
 .SH "DESCRIPTION"
 This command allows you to interact with Bundler's configuration system\.
 .P
@@ -25,47 +25,203 @@ Global config (\fB~/\.bundle/config\fR)
 Bundler default config
 .IP "" 0
 .P
+Executing \fBbundle\fR with the \fBBUNDLE_IGNORE_CONFIG\fR environment variable set will cause it to ignore all configuration\.
+.SH "SUB\-COMMANDS"
+.SS "list (default command)"
 Executing \fBbundle config list\fR will print a list of all bundler configuration for the current bundle, and where that configuration was set\.
+.SS "get"
+Executing \fBbundle config get <name>\fR will print the value of that configuration setting, and all locations where it was set\.
 .P
-Executing \fBbundle config get <name>\fR will print the value of that configuration setting, and where it was set\.
-.P
-Executing \fBbundle config set <name> <value>\fR defaults to setting \fBlocal\fR configuration if executing from within a local application, otherwise it will set \fBglobal\fR configuration\. See \fB\-\-local\fR and \fB\-\-global\fR options below\.
+\fBOPTIONS\fR
+.TP
+\fB\-\-local\fR
+Get configuration from configuration file for the local application, namely, \fB<project_root>/\.bundle/config\fR, or \fB$BUNDLE_APP_CONFIG/config\fR if \fBBUNDLE_APP_CONFIG\fR is set\.
+.TP
+\fB\-\-global\fR
+Get configuration from configuration file global to all bundles executed as the current user, namely, from \fB~/\.bundle/config\fR\.
+.SS "set"
+Executing \fBbundle config set <name> <value>\fR defaults to setting \fBlocal\fR configuration if executing from within a local application, otherwise it will set \fBglobal\fR configuration\.
 .P
+\fBOPTIONS\fR
+.TP
+\fB\-\-local\fR
 Executing \fBbundle config set \-\-local <name> <value>\fR will set that configuration in the directory for the local application\. The configuration will be stored in \fB<project_root>/\.bundle/config\fR\. If \fBBUNDLE_APP_CONFIG\fR is set, the configuration will be stored in \fB$BUNDLE_APP_CONFIG/config\fR\.
-.P
+.TP
+\fB\-\-global\fR
 Executing \fBbundle config set \-\-global <name> <value>\fR will set that configuration to the value specified for all bundles executed as the current user\. The configuration will be stored in \fB~/\.bundle/config\fR\. If \fIname\fR already is set, \fIname\fR will be overridden and user will be warned\.
-.P
+.SS "unset"
 Executing \fBbundle config unset <name>\fR will delete the configuration in both local and global sources\.
 .P
-Executing \fBbundle config unset \-\-global <name>\fR will delete the configuration only from the user configuration\.
-.P
+\fBOPTIONS\fR
+.TP
+\fB\-\-local\fR
 Executing \fBbundle config unset \-\-local <name>\fR will delete the configuration only from the local application\.
+.TP
+\fB\-\-global\fR
+Executing \fBbundle config unset \-\-global <name>\fR will delete the configuration only from the user configuration\.
+.SH "CONFIGURATION KEYS"
+Configuration keys in bundler have two forms: the canonical form and the environment variable form\.
 .P
-Executing bundle with the \fBBUNDLE_IGNORE_CONFIG\fR environment variable set will cause it to ignore all configuration\.
-.SH "REMEMBERING OPTIONS"
-Flags passed to \fBbundle install\fR or the Bundler runtime, such as \fB\-\-path foo\fR or \fB\-\-without production\fR, are remembered between commands and saved to your local application's configuration (normally, \fB\./\.bundle/config\fR)\.
+For instance, passing the \fB\-\-without\fR flag to bundle install(1) \fIbundle\-install\.1\.html\fR prevents Bundler from installing certain groups specified in the Gemfile(5)\. Bundler persists this value in \fBapp/\.bundle/config\fR so that calls to \fBBundler\.setup\fR do not try to find gems from the \fBGemfile\fR that you didn't install\. Additionally, subsequent calls to bundle install(1) \fIbundle\-install\.1\.html\fR remember this setting and skip those groups\.
 .P
-However, this will be changed in bundler 3, so it's better not to rely on this behavior\. If these options must be remembered, it's better to set them using \fBbundle config\fR (e\.g\., \fBbundle config set \-\-local path foo\fR)\.
+The canonical form of this configuration is \fB"without"\fR\. To convert the canonical form to the environment variable form, capitalize it, and prepend \fBBUNDLE_\fR\. The environment variable form of \fB"without"\fR is \fBBUNDLE_WITHOUT\fR\.
 .P
-The options that can be configured are:
+Any periods in the configuration keys must be replaced with two underscores when setting it via environment variables\. The configuration key \fBlocal\.rack\fR becomes the environment variable \fBBUNDLE_LOCAL__RACK\fR\.
+.SH "LIST OF AVAILABLE KEYS"
+The following is a list of all configuration keys and their purpose\. You can learn more about their operation in bundle install(1) \fIbundle\-install\.1\.html\fR\.
+.TP
+\fBauto_install\fR (\fBBUNDLE_AUTO_INSTALL\fR)
+Automatically run \fBbundle install\fR when gems are missing\.
+.TP
+\fBbin\fR (\fBBUNDLE_BIN\fR)
+If configured, \fBbundle binstubs\fR will install executables from gems in the bundle to the specified directory\. Otherwise it will create them in a \fBbin\fR directory relative to the Gemfile directory\. These executables run in Bundler's context\. If used, you might add this directory to your environment's \fBPATH\fR variable\. For instance, if the \fBrails\fR gem comes with a \fBrails\fR executable, \fBbundle binstubs\fR will create a \fBbin/rails\fR executable that ensures that all referred dependencies will be resolved using the bundled gems\.
+.TP
+\fBcache_all\fR (\fBBUNDLE_CACHE_ALL\fR)
+Cache all gems, including path and git gems\. This needs to be explicitly before bundler 4, but will be the default on bundler 4\.
+.TP
+\fBcache_all_platforms\fR (\fBBUNDLE_CACHE_ALL_PLATFORMS\fR)
+Cache gems for all platforms\.
+.TP
+\fBcache_path\fR (\fBBUNDLE_CACHE_PATH\fR)
+The directory that bundler will place cached gems in when running \fBbundle package\fR, and that bundler will look in when installing gems\. Defaults to \fBvendor/cache\fR\.
+.TP
+\fBclean\fR (\fBBUNDLE_CLEAN\fR)
+Whether Bundler should run \fBbundle clean\fR automatically after \fBbundle install\fR\. Defaults to \fBtrue\fR in Bundler 4, as long as \fBpath\fR is not explicitly configured\.
+.TP
+\fBconsole\fR (\fBBUNDLE_CONSOLE\fR)
+The console that \fBbundle console\fR starts\. Defaults to \fBirb\fR\.
+.TP
+\fBdefault_cli_command\fR (\fBBUNDLE_DEFAULT_CLI_COMMAND\fR)
+The command that running \fBbundle\fR without arguments should run\. Defaults to \fBcli_help\fR since Bundler 4, but can also be \fBinstall\fR which was the previous default\.
+.TP
+\fBdeployment\fR (\fBBUNDLE_DEPLOYMENT\fR)
+Equivalent to setting \fBfrozen\fR to \fBtrue\fR and \fBpath\fR to \fBvendor/bundle\fR\.
+.TP
+\fBdisable_checksum_validation\fR (\fBBUNDLE_DISABLE_CHECKSUM_VALIDATION\fR)
+Allow installing gems even if they do not match the checksum provided by RubyGems\.
+.TP
+\fBdisable_exec_load\fR (\fBBUNDLE_DISABLE_EXEC_LOAD\fR)
+Stop Bundler from using \fBload\fR to launch an executable in\-process in \fBbundle exec\fR\.
+.TP
+\fBdisable_local_branch_check\fR (\fBBUNDLE_DISABLE_LOCAL_BRANCH_CHECK\fR)
+Allow Bundler to use a local git override without a branch specified in the Gemfile\.
+.TP
+\fBdisable_local_revision_check\fR (\fBBUNDLE_DISABLE_LOCAL_REVISION_CHECK\fR)
+Allow Bundler to use a local git override without checking if the revision present in the lockfile is present in the repository\.
+.TP
+\fBdisable_shared_gems\fR (\fBBUNDLE_DISABLE_SHARED_GEMS\fR)
+Stop Bundler from accessing gems installed to RubyGems' normal location\.
+.TP
+\fBdisable_version_check\fR (\fBBUNDLE_DISABLE_VERSION_CHECK\fR)
+Stop Bundler from checking if a newer Bundler version is available on rubygems\.org\.
+.TP
+\fBforce_ruby_platform\fR (\fBBUNDLE_FORCE_RUBY_PLATFORM\fR)
+Ignore the current machine's platform and install only \fBruby\fR platform gems\. As a result, gems with native extensions will be compiled from source\.
+.TP
+\fBfrozen\fR (\fBBUNDLE_FROZEN\fR)
+Disallow any automatic changes to \fBGemfile\.lock\fR\. Bundler commands will be blocked unless the lockfile can be installed exactly as written\. Usually this will happen when changing the \fBGemfile\fR manually and forgetting to update the lockfile through \fBbundle lock\fR or \fBbundle install\fR\.
+.TP
+\fBgem\.github_username\fR (\fBBUNDLE_GEM__GITHUB_USERNAME\fR)
+Sets a GitHub username or organization to be used in the \fBREADME\fR and \fB\.gemspec\fR files when you create a new gem via \fBbundle gem\fR command\. It can be overridden by passing an explicit \fB\-\-github\-username\fR flag to \fBbundle gem\fR\.
+.TP
+\fBgem\.push_key\fR (\fBBUNDLE_GEM__PUSH_KEY\fR)
+Sets the \fB\-\-key\fR parameter for \fBgem push\fR when using the \fBrake release\fR command with a private gemstash server\.
+.TP
+\fBgemfile\fR (\fBBUNDLE_GEMFILE\fR)
+The name of the file that bundler should use as the \fBGemfile\fR\. This location of this file also sets the root of the project, which is used to resolve relative paths in the \fBGemfile\fR, among other things\. By default, bundler will search up from the current working directory until it finds a \fBGemfile\fR\.
+.TP
+\fBglobal_gem_cache\fR (\fBBUNDLE_GLOBAL_GEM_CACHE\fR)
+Whether Bundler should cache all gems and compiled extensions globally, rather than locally to the configured installation path\.
+.TP
+\fBignore_funding_requests\fR (\fBBUNDLE_IGNORE_FUNDING_REQUESTS\fR)
+When set, no funding requests will be printed\.
+.TP
+\fBignore_messages\fR (\fBBUNDLE_IGNORE_MESSAGES\fR)
+When set, no post install messages will be printed\. To silence a single gem, use dot notation like \fBignore_messages\.httparty true\fR\.
+.TP
+\fBinit_gems_rb\fR (\fBBUNDLE_INIT_GEMS_RB\fR)
+Generate a \fBgems\.rb\fR instead of a \fBGemfile\fR when running \fBbundle init\fR\.
+.TP
+\fBjobs\fR (\fBBUNDLE_JOBS\fR)
+The number of gems Bundler can install in parallel\. Defaults to the number of available processors\.
+.TP
+\fBlockfile\fR (\fBBUNDLE_LOCKFILE\fR)
+The path to the lockfile that bundler should use\. By default, Bundler adds \fB\.lock\fR to the end of the \fBgemfile\fR entry\. Can be set to \fBfalse\fR in the Gemfile to disable lockfile creation entirely (see gemfile(5))\.
+.TP
+\fBlockfile_checksums\fR (\fBBUNDLE_LOCKFILE_CHECKSUMS\fR)
+Whether Bundler should include a checksums section in new lockfiles, to protect from compromised gem sources\. Defaults to true\.
+.TP
+\fBno_install\fR (\fBBUNDLE_NO_INSTALL\fR)
+Whether \fBbundle package\fR should skip installing gems\.
+.TP
+\fBno_prune\fR (\fBBUNDLE_NO_PRUNE\fR)
+Whether Bundler should leave outdated gems unpruned when caching\.
+.TP
+\fBonly\fR (\fBBUNDLE_ONLY\fR)
+A space\-separated list of groups to install only gems of the specified groups\. Please check carefully if you want to install also gems without a group, because they get put inside \fBdefault\fR group\. For example \fBonly test:default\fR will install all gems specified in test group and without one\.
+.TP
+\fBpath\fR (\fBBUNDLE_PATH\fR)
+The location on disk where all gems in your bundle will be located regardless of \fB$GEM_HOME\fR or \fB$GEM_PATH\fR values\. Bundle gems not found in this location will be installed by \fBbundle install\fR\. When not set, Bundler install by default to a \fB\.bundle\fR directory relative to repository root in Bundler 4, and to the default system path (\fBGem\.dir\fR) before Bundler 4\. That means that before Bundler 4, Bundler shares this location with Rubygems, and \fBgem install \|\.\|\.\|\.\fR will have gems installed in the same location and therefore, gems installed without \fBpath\fR set will show up by calling \fBgem list\fR\. This will not be the case in Bundler 4\.
+.TP
+\fBpath\.system\fR (\fBBUNDLE_PATH__SYSTEM\fR)
+Whether Bundler will install gems into the default system path (\fBGem\.dir\fR)\.
+.TP
+\fBplugins\fR (\fBBUNDLE_PLUGINS\fR)
+Enable Bundler's experimental plugin system\.
+.TP
+\fBprefer_patch\fR (BUNDLE_PREFER_PATCH)
+Prefer updating only to next patch version during updates\. Makes \fBbundle update\fR calls equivalent to \fBbundler update \-\-patch\fR\.
+.TP
+\fBredirect\fR (\fBBUNDLE_REDIRECT\fR)
+The number of redirects allowed for network requests\. Defaults to \fB5\fR\.
+.TP
+\fBretry\fR (\fBBUNDLE_RETRY\fR)
+The number of times to retry failed network requests\. Defaults to \fB3\fR\.
+.TP
+\fBshebang\fR (\fBBUNDLE_SHEBANG\fR)
+The program name that should be invoked for generated binstubs\. Defaults to the ruby install name used to generate the binstub\.
+.TP
+\fBsilence_deprecations\fR (\fBBUNDLE_SILENCE_DEPRECATIONS\fR)
+Whether Bundler should silence deprecation warnings for behavior that will be changed in the next major version\.
+.TP
+\fBsilence_root_warning\fR (\fBBUNDLE_SILENCE_ROOT_WARNING\fR)
+Silence the warning Bundler prints when installing gems as root\.
+.TP
+\fBsimulate_version\fR (\fBBUNDLE_SIMULATE_VERSION\fR)
+The virtual version Bundler should use for activating feature flags\. Can be used to simulate all the new functionality that will be enabled in a future major version\.
+.TP
+\fBssl_ca_cert\fR (\fBBUNDLE_SSL_CA_CERT\fR)
+Path to a designated CA certificate file or folder containing multiple certificates for trusted CAs in PEM format\.
+.TP
+\fBssl_client_cert\fR (\fBBUNDLE_SSL_CLIENT_CERT\fR)
+Path to a designated file containing a X\.509 client certificate and key in PEM format\.
+.TP
+\fBssl_verify_mode\fR (\fBBUNDLE_SSL_VERIFY_MODE\fR)
+The SSL verification mode Bundler uses when making HTTPS requests\. Defaults to verify peer\.
+.TP
+\fBsystem_bindir\fR (\fBBUNDLE_SYSTEM_BINDIR\fR)
+The location where RubyGems installs binstubs\. Defaults to \fBGem\.bindir\fR\.
+.TP
+\fBtimeout\fR (\fBBUNDLE_TIMEOUT\fR)
+The seconds allowed before timing out for network requests\. Defaults to \fB10\fR\.
 .TP
-\fBbin\fR
-Creates a directory (defaults to \fB~/bin\fR) and place any executables from the gem there\. These executables run in Bundler's context\. If used, you might add this directory to your environment's \fBPATH\fR variable\. For instance, if the \fBrails\fR gem comes with a \fBrails\fR executable, this flag will create a \fBbin/rails\fR executable that ensures that all referred dependencies will be resolved using the bundled gems\.
+\fBupdate_requires_all_flag\fR (\fBBUNDLE_UPDATE_REQUIRES_ALL_FLAG\fR)
+Require passing \fB\-\-all\fR to \fBbundle update\fR when everything should be updated, and disallow passing no options to \fBbundle update\fR\.
 .TP
-\fBdeployment\fR
-In deployment mode, Bundler will 'roll\-out' the bundle for \fBproduction\fR use\. Please check carefully if you want to have this option enabled in \fBdevelopment\fR or \fBtest\fR environments\.
+\fBuser_agent\fR (\fBBUNDLE_USER_AGENT\fR)
+The custom user agent fragment Bundler includes in API requests\.
 .TP
-\fBonly\fR
-A space\-separated list of groups to install only gems of the specified groups\. Please check carefully if you want to install also gems without a group, cause they get put inside \fBdefault\fR group\. For example \fBonly test:default\fR will install all gems specified in test group and without one\.
+\fBverbose\fR (\fBBUNDLE_VERBOSE\fR)
+Whether Bundler should print verbose output\. Defaults to \fBfalse\fR, unless the \fB\-\-verbose\fR CLI flag is used\.
 .TP
-\fBpath\fR
-The location to install the specified gems to\. This defaults to Rubygems' setting\. Bundler shares this location with Rubygems, \fBgem install \|\.\|\.\|\.\fR will have gem installed there, too\. Therefore, gems installed without a \fB\-\-path \|\.\|\.\|\.\fR setting will show up by calling \fBgem list\fR\. Accordingly, gems installed to other locations will not get listed\.
+\fBversion\fR (\fBBUNDLE_VERSION\fR)
+The version of Bundler to use when running under Bundler environment\. Defaults to \fBlockfile\fR\. You can also specify \fBsystem\fR or \fBx\.y\.z\fR\. \fBlockfile\fR will use the Bundler version specified in the \fBGemfile\.lock\fR, \fBsystem\fR will use the system version of Bundler, and \fBx\.y\.z\fR will use the specified version of Bundler\.
 .TP
-\fBwithout\fR
-A space\-separated or \fB:\fR\-separated list of groups referencing gems to skip during installation\.
+\fBwith\fR (\fBBUNDLE_WITH\fR)
+A space\-separated or \fB:\fR\-separated list of groups whose gems bundler should install\.
 .TP
-\fBwith\fR
-A space\-separated or \fB:\fR\-separated list of \fBoptional\fR groups referencing gems to include during installation\.
+\fBwithout\fR (\fBBUNDLE_WITHOUT\fR)
+A space\-separated or \fB:\fR\-separated list of groups whose gems bundler should not install\.
 .SH "BUILD OPTIONS"
 You can use \fBbundle config\fR to give Bundler the flags to pass to the gem installer every time bundler tries to install a particular gem\.
 .P
@@ -84,123 +240,6 @@ bundle config set \-\-global build\.mysql \-\-with\-mysql\-config=/usr/local/mys
 .IP "" 0
 .P
 After running this command, every time bundler needs to install the \fBmysql\fR gem, it will pass along the flags you specified\.
-.SH "CONFIGURATION KEYS"
-Configuration keys in bundler have two forms: the canonical form and the environment variable form\.
-.P
-For instance, passing the \fB\-\-without\fR flag to bundle install(1) \fIbundle\-install\.1\.html\fR prevents Bundler from installing certain groups specified in the Gemfile(5)\. Bundler persists this value in \fBapp/\.bundle/config\fR so that calls to \fBBundler\.setup\fR do not try to find gems from the \fBGemfile\fR that you didn't install\. Additionally, subsequent calls to bundle install(1) \fIbundle\-install\.1\.html\fR remember this setting and skip those groups\.
-.P
-The canonical form of this configuration is \fB"without"\fR\. To convert the canonical form to the environment variable form, capitalize it, and prepend \fBBUNDLE_\fR\. The environment variable form of \fB"without"\fR is \fBBUNDLE_WITHOUT\fR\.
-.P
-Any periods in the configuration keys must be replaced with two underscores when setting it via environment variables\. The configuration key \fBlocal\.rack\fR becomes the environment variable \fBBUNDLE_LOCAL__RACK\fR\.
-.SH "LIST OF AVAILABLE KEYS"
-The following is a list of all configuration keys and their purpose\. You can learn more about their operation in bundle install(1) \fIbundle\-install\.1\.html\fR\.
-.IP "\(bu" 4
-\fBallow_offline_install\fR (\fBBUNDLE_ALLOW_OFFLINE_INSTALL\fR): Allow Bundler to use cached data when installing without network access\.
-.IP "\(bu" 4
-\fBauto_clean_without_path\fR (\fBBUNDLE_AUTO_CLEAN_WITHOUT_PATH\fR): Automatically run \fBbundle clean\fR after installing when an explicit \fBpath\fR has not been set and Bundler is not installing into the system gems\.
-.IP "\(bu" 4
-\fBauto_install\fR (\fBBUNDLE_AUTO_INSTALL\fR): Automatically run \fBbundle install\fR when gems are missing\.
-.IP "\(bu" 4
-\fBbin\fR (\fBBUNDLE_BIN\fR): Install executables from gems in the bundle to the specified directory\. Defaults to \fBfalse\fR\.
-.IP "\(bu" 4
-\fBcache_all\fR (\fBBUNDLE_CACHE_ALL\fR): Cache all gems, including path and git gems\. This needs to be explicitly configured on bundler 1 and bundler 2, but will be the default on bundler 3\.
-.IP "\(bu" 4
-\fBcache_all_platforms\fR (\fBBUNDLE_CACHE_ALL_PLATFORMS\fR): Cache gems for all platforms\.
-.IP "\(bu" 4
-\fBcache_path\fR (\fBBUNDLE_CACHE_PATH\fR): The directory that bundler will place cached gems in when running \fBbundle package\fR, and that bundler will look in when installing gems\. Defaults to \fBvendor/cache\fR\.
-.IP "\(bu" 4
-\fBclean\fR (\fBBUNDLE_CLEAN\fR): Whether Bundler should run \fBbundle clean\fR automatically after \fBbundle install\fR\.
-.IP "\(bu" 4
-\fBconsole\fR (\fBBUNDLE_CONSOLE\fR): The console that \fBbundle console\fR starts\. Defaults to \fBirb\fR\.
-.IP "\(bu" 4
-\fBdefault_install_uses_path\fR (\fBBUNDLE_DEFAULT_INSTALL_USES_PATH\fR): Whether a \fBbundle install\fR without an explicit \fB\-\-path\fR argument defaults to installing gems in \fB\.bundle\fR\.
-.IP "\(bu" 4
-\fBdeployment\fR (\fBBUNDLE_DEPLOYMENT\fR): Disallow changes to the \fBGemfile\fR\. When the \fBGemfile\fR is changed and the lockfile has not been updated, running Bundler commands will be blocked\.
-.IP "\(bu" 4
-\fBdisable_checksum_validation\fR (\fBBUNDLE_DISABLE_CHECKSUM_VALIDATION\fR): Allow installing gems even if they do not match the checksum provided by RubyGems\.
-.IP "\(bu" 4
-\fBdisable_exec_load\fR (\fBBUNDLE_DISABLE_EXEC_LOAD\fR): Stop Bundler from using \fBload\fR to launch an executable in\-process in \fBbundle exec\fR\.
-.IP "\(bu" 4
-\fBdisable_local_branch_check\fR (\fBBUNDLE_DISABLE_LOCAL_BRANCH_CHECK\fR): Allow Bundler to use a local git override without a branch specified in the Gemfile\.
-.IP "\(bu" 4
-\fBdisable_local_revision_check\fR (\fBBUNDLE_DISABLE_LOCAL_REVISION_CHECK\fR): Allow Bundler to use a local git override without checking if the revision present in the lockfile is present in the repository\.
-.IP "\(bu" 4
-\fBdisable_shared_gems\fR (\fBBUNDLE_DISABLE_SHARED_GEMS\fR): Stop Bundler from accessing gems installed to RubyGems' normal location\.
-.IP "\(bu" 4
-\fBdisable_version_check\fR (\fBBUNDLE_DISABLE_VERSION_CHECK\fR): Stop Bundler from checking if a newer Bundler version is available on rubygems\.org\.
-.IP "\(bu" 4
-\fBforce_ruby_platform\fR (\fBBUNDLE_FORCE_RUBY_PLATFORM\fR): Ignore the current machine's platform and install only \fBruby\fR platform gems\. As a result, gems with native extensions will be compiled from source\.
-.IP "\(bu" 4
-\fBfrozen\fR (\fBBUNDLE_FROZEN\fR): Disallow changes to the \fBGemfile\fR\. When the \fBGemfile\fR is changed and the lockfile has not been updated, running Bundler commands will be blocked\. Defaults to \fBtrue\fR when \fB\-\-deployment\fR is used\.
-.IP "\(bu" 4
-\fBgem\.github_username\fR (\fBBUNDLE_GEM__GITHUB_USERNAME\fR): Sets a GitHub username or organization to be used in \fBREADME\fR file when you create a new gem via \fBbundle gem\fR command\. It can be overridden by passing an explicit \fB\-\-github\-username\fR flag to \fBbundle gem\fR\.
-.IP "\(bu" 4
-\fBgem\.push_key\fR (\fBBUNDLE_GEM__PUSH_KEY\fR): Sets the \fB\-\-key\fR parameter for \fBgem push\fR when using the \fBrake release\fR command with a private gemstash server\.
-.IP "\(bu" 4
-\fBgemfile\fR (\fBBUNDLE_GEMFILE\fR): The name of the file that bundler should use as the \fBGemfile\fR\. This location of this file also sets the root of the project, which is used to resolve relative paths in the \fBGemfile\fR, among other things\. By default, bundler will search up from the current working directory until it finds a \fBGemfile\fR\.
-.IP "\(bu" 4
-\fBglobal_gem_cache\fR (\fBBUNDLE_GLOBAL_GEM_CACHE\fR): Whether Bundler should cache all gems globally, rather than locally to the installing Ruby installation\.
-.IP "\(bu" 4
-\fBignore_funding_requests\fR (\fBBUNDLE_IGNORE_FUNDING_REQUESTS\fR): When set, no funding requests will be printed\.
-.IP "\(bu" 4
-\fBignore_messages\fR (\fBBUNDLE_IGNORE_MESSAGES\fR): When set, no post install messages will be printed\. To silence a single gem, use dot notation like \fBignore_messages\.httparty true\fR\.
-.IP "\(bu" 4
-\fBinit_gems_rb\fR (\fBBUNDLE_INIT_GEMS_RB\fR): Generate a \fBgems\.rb\fR instead of a \fBGemfile\fR when running \fBbundle init\fR\.
-.IP "\(bu" 4
-\fBjobs\fR (\fBBUNDLE_JOBS\fR): The number of gems Bundler can install in parallel\. Defaults to the number of available processors\.
-.IP "\(bu" 4
-\fBlockfile_checksums\fR (\fBBUNDLE_LOCKFILE_CHECKSUMS\fR): Whether Bundler should include a checksums section in new lockfiles, to protect from compromised gem sources\.
-.IP "\(bu" 4
-\fBno_install\fR (\fBBUNDLE_NO_INSTALL\fR): Whether \fBbundle package\fR should skip installing gems\.
-.IP "\(bu" 4
-\fBno_prune\fR (\fBBUNDLE_NO_PRUNE\fR): Whether Bundler should leave outdated gems unpruned when caching\.
-.IP "\(bu" 4
-\fBonly\fR (\fBBUNDLE_ONLY\fR): A space\-separated list of groups to install only gems of the specified groups\.
-.IP "\(bu" 4
-\fBpath\fR (\fBBUNDLE_PATH\fR): The location on disk where all gems in your bundle will be located regardless of \fB$GEM_HOME\fR or \fB$GEM_PATH\fR values\. Bundle gems not found in this location will be installed by \fBbundle install\fR\. Defaults to \fBGem\.dir\fR\. When \-\-deployment is used, defaults to vendor/bundle\.
-.IP "\(bu" 4
-\fBpath\.system\fR (\fBBUNDLE_PATH__SYSTEM\fR): Whether Bundler will install gems into the default system path (\fBGem\.dir\fR)\.
-.IP "\(bu" 4
-\fBpath_relative_to_cwd\fR (\fBBUNDLE_PATH_RELATIVE_TO_CWD\fR) Makes \fB\-\-path\fR relative to the CWD instead of the \fBGemfile\fR\.
-.IP "\(bu" 4
-\fBplugins\fR (\fBBUNDLE_PLUGINS\fR): Enable Bundler's experimental plugin system\.
-.IP "\(bu" 4
-\fBprefer_patch\fR (BUNDLE_PREFER_PATCH): Prefer updating only to next patch version during updates\. Makes \fBbundle update\fR calls equivalent to \fBbundler update \-\-patch\fR\.
-.IP "\(bu" 4
-\fBprint_only_version_number\fR (\fBBUNDLE_PRINT_ONLY_VERSION_NUMBER\fR): Print only version number from \fBbundler \-\-version\fR\.
-.IP "\(bu" 4
-\fBredirect\fR (\fBBUNDLE_REDIRECT\fR): The number of redirects allowed for network requests\. Defaults to \fB5\fR\.
-.IP "\(bu" 4
-\fBretry\fR (\fBBUNDLE_RETRY\fR): The number of times to retry failed network requests\. Defaults to \fB3\fR\.
-.IP "\(bu" 4
-\fBsetup_makes_kernel_gem_public\fR (\fBBUNDLE_SETUP_MAKES_KERNEL_GEM_PUBLIC\fR): Have \fBBundler\.setup\fR make the \fBKernel#gem\fR method public, even though RubyGems declares it as private\.
-.IP "\(bu" 4
-\fBshebang\fR (\fBBUNDLE_SHEBANG\fR): The program name that should be invoked for generated binstubs\. Defaults to the ruby install name used to generate the binstub\.
-.IP "\(bu" 4
-\fBsilence_deprecations\fR (\fBBUNDLE_SILENCE_DEPRECATIONS\fR): Whether Bundler should silence deprecation warnings for behavior that will be changed in the next major version\.
-.IP "\(bu" 4
-\fBsilence_root_warning\fR (\fBBUNDLE_SILENCE_ROOT_WARNING\fR): Silence the warning Bundler prints when installing gems as root\.
-.IP "\(bu" 4
-\fBssl_ca_cert\fR (\fBBUNDLE_SSL_CA_CERT\fR): Path to a designated CA certificate file or folder containing multiple certificates for trusted CAs in PEM format\.
-.IP "\(bu" 4
-\fBssl_client_cert\fR (\fBBUNDLE_SSL_CLIENT_CERT\fR): Path to a designated file containing a X\.509 client certificate and key in PEM format\.
-.IP "\(bu" 4
-\fBssl_verify_mode\fR (\fBBUNDLE_SSL_VERIFY_MODE\fR): The SSL verification mode Bundler uses when making HTTPS requests\. Defaults to verify peer\.
-.IP "\(bu" 4
-\fBsystem_bindir\fR (\fBBUNDLE_SYSTEM_BINDIR\fR): The location where RubyGems installs binstubs\. Defaults to \fBGem\.bindir\fR\.
-.IP "\(bu" 4
-\fBtimeout\fR (\fBBUNDLE_TIMEOUT\fR): The seconds allowed before timing out for network requests\. Defaults to \fB10\fR\.
-.IP "\(bu" 4
-\fBupdate_requires_all_flag\fR (\fBBUNDLE_UPDATE_REQUIRES_ALL_FLAG\fR): Require passing \fB\-\-all\fR to \fBbundle update\fR when everything should be updated, and disallow passing no options to \fBbundle update\fR\.
-.IP "\(bu" 4
-\fBuser_agent\fR (\fBBUNDLE_USER_AGENT\fR): The custom user agent fragment Bundler includes in API requests\.
-.IP "\(bu" 4
-\fBversion\fR (\fBBUNDLE_VERSION\fR): The version of Bundler to use when running under Bundler environment\. Defaults to \fBlockfile\fR\. You can also specify \fBsystem\fR or \fBx\.y\.z\fR\. \fBlockfile\fR will use the Bundler version specified in the \fBGemfile\.lock\fR, \fBsystem\fR will use the system version of Bundler, and \fBx\.y\.z\fR will use the specified version of Bundler\.
-.IP "\(bu" 4
-\fBwith\fR (\fBBUNDLE_WITH\fR): A space\-separated or \fB:\fR\-separated list of groups whose gems bundler should install\.
-.IP "\(bu" 4
-\fBwithout\fR (\fBBUNDLE_WITHOUT\fR): A space\-separated or \fB:\fR\-separated list of groups whose gems bundler should not install\.
-.IP "" 0
 .SH "LOCAL GIT REPOS"
 Bundler also allows you to work against a git repository locally instead of using the remote version\. This can be achieved by setting up a local override:
 .IP "" 4
@@ -276,7 +315,7 @@ export BUNDLE_GEMS__LONGEROUS__COM="claudette:s00pers3krit"
 For gems with a git source with HTTP(S) URL you can specify credentials like so:
 .IP "" 4
 .nf
-bundle config set \-\-global https://github\.com/rubygems/rubygems\.git username:password
+bundle config set \-\-global https://github\.com/ruby/rubygems\.git username:password
 .fi
 .IP "" 0
 .P
diff --git a/lib/bundler/man/bundle-config.1.ronn b/lib/bundler/man/bundle-config.1.ronn
index 44c31cd10d..7c34f1d1af 100644
--- a/lib/bundler/man/bundle-config.1.ronn
+++ b/lib/bundler/man/bundle-config.1.ronn
@@ -3,10 +3,10 @@ bundle-config(1) -- Set bundler configuration options
 
 ## SYNOPSIS
 
-`bundle config` list<br>
-`bundle config` [get] NAME<br>
-`bundle config` [set] NAME VALUE<br>
-`bundle config` unset NAME
+`bundle config` [list]<br>
+`bundle config` [get [--local|--global]] NAME<br>
+`bundle config` [set [--local|--global]] NAME VALUE<br>
+`bundle config` unset [--local|--global] NAME
 
 ## DESCRIPTION
 
@@ -19,103 +19,67 @@ Bundler loads configuration settings in this order:
 3. Global config (`~/.bundle/config`)
 4. Bundler default config
 
-Executing `bundle config list` will print a list of all bundler
-configuration for the current bundle, and where that configuration
-was set.
-
-Executing `bundle config get <name>` will print the value of that configuration
-setting, and where it was set.
-
-Executing `bundle config set <name> <value>` defaults to setting `local`
-configuration if executing from within a local application, otherwise it will
-set `global` configuration. See `--local` and `--global` options below.
-
-Executing `bundle config set --local <name> <value>` will set that configuration
-in the directory for the local application. The configuration will be stored in
-`<project_root>/.bundle/config`. If `BUNDLE_APP_CONFIG` is set, the configuration
-will be stored in `$BUNDLE_APP_CONFIG/config`.
-
-Executing `bundle config set --global <name> <value>` will set that
-configuration to the value specified for all bundles executed as the current
-user. The configuration will be stored in `~/.bundle/config`. If <name> already
-is set, <name> will be overridden and user will be warned.
-
-Executing `bundle config unset <name>` will delete the configuration in both
-local and global sources.
-
-Executing `bundle config unset --global <name>` will delete the configuration
-only from the user configuration.
-
-Executing `bundle config unset --local <name>` will delete the configuration
-only from the local application.
-
-Executing bundle with the `BUNDLE_IGNORE_CONFIG` environment variable set will
+Executing `bundle` with the `BUNDLE_IGNORE_CONFIG` environment variable set will
 cause it to ignore all configuration.
 
-## REMEMBERING OPTIONS
+## SUB-COMMANDS
 
-Flags passed to `bundle install` or the Bundler runtime, such as `--path foo` or
-`--without production`, are remembered between commands and saved to your local
-application's configuration (normally, `./.bundle/config`).
+### list (default command)
 
-However, this will be changed in bundler 3, so it's better not to rely on this
-behavior. If these options must be remembered, it's better to set them using
-`bundle config` (e.g., `bundle config set --local path foo`).
+Executing `bundle config list` will print a list of all bundler
+configuration for the current bundle, and where that configuration
+was set.
 
-The options that can be configured are:
+### get
 
-* `bin`:
-   Creates a directory (defaults to `~/bin`) and place any executables from the
-   gem there. These executables run in Bundler's context. If used, you might add
-   this directory to your environment's `PATH` variable. For instance, if the
-   `rails` gem comes with a `rails` executable, this flag will create a
-   `bin/rails` executable that ensures that all referred dependencies will be
-   resolved using the bundled gems.
+Executing `bundle config get <name>` will print the value of that configuration
+setting, and all locations where it was set.
 
-* `deployment`:
-   In deployment mode, Bundler will 'roll-out' the bundle for
-   `production` use. Please check carefully if you want to have this option
-   enabled in `development` or `test` environments.
+**OPTIONS**
 
-* `only`:
-   A space-separated list of groups to install only gems of the specified groups.
-   Please check carefully if you want to install also gems without a group, cause
-   they get put inside `default` group. For example `only test:default` will install
-   all gems specified in test group and without one.
+* `--local`:
+  Get configuration from configuration file for the local application, namely,
+  `<project_root>/.bundle/config`, or `$BUNDLE_APP_CONFIG/config` if
+  `BUNDLE_APP_CONFIG` is set.
 
-* `path`:
-   The location to install the specified gems to. This defaults to Rubygems'
-   setting. Bundler shares this location with Rubygems, `gem install ...` will
-   have gem installed there, too. Therefore, gems installed without a
-   `--path ...` setting will show up by calling `gem list`. Accordingly, gems
-   installed to other locations will not get listed.
+* `--global`:
+  Get configuration from configuration file global to all bundles executed as
+  the current user, namely, from `~/.bundle/config`.
 
-* `without`:
-   A space-separated or `:`-separated list of groups referencing gems to skip during
-   installation.
+### set
 
-* `with`:
-   A space-separated or `:`-separated list of **optional** groups referencing gems to
-   include during installation.
+Executing `bundle config set <name> <value>` defaults to setting `local`
+configuration if executing from within a local application, otherwise it will
+set `global` configuration.
 
-## BUILD OPTIONS
+**OPTIONS**
 
-You can use `bundle config` to give Bundler the flags to pass to the gem
-installer every time bundler tries to install a particular gem.
+* `--local`:
+  Executing `bundle config set --local <name> <value>` will set that configuration
+  in the directory for the local application. The configuration will be stored in
+  `<project_root>/.bundle/config`. If `BUNDLE_APP_CONFIG` is set, the configuration
+  will be stored in `$BUNDLE_APP_CONFIG/config`.
 
-A very common example, the `mysql` gem, requires Snow Leopard users to
-pass configuration flags to `gem install` to specify where to find the
-`mysql_config` executable.
+* `--global`:
+  Executing `bundle config set --global <name> <value>` will set that
+  configuration to the value specified for all bundles executed as the current
+  user. The configuration will be stored in `~/.bundle/config`. If <name> already
+  is set, <name> will be overridden and user will be warned.
 
-    gem install mysql -- --with-mysql-config=/usr/local/mysql/bin/mysql_config
+### unset
 
-Since the specific location of that executable can change from machine
-to machine, you can specify these flags on a per-machine basis.
+Executing `bundle config unset <name>` will delete the configuration in both
+local and global sources.
 
-    bundle config set --global build.mysql --with-mysql-config=/usr/local/mysql/bin/mysql_config
+**OPTIONS**
 
-After running this command, every time bundler needs to install the
-`mysql` gem, it will pass along the flags you specified.
+* `--local`:
+  Executing `bundle config unset --local <name>` will delete the configuration
+  only from the local application.
+
+* `--global`:
+  Executing `bundle config unset --global <name>` will delete the configuration
+  only from the user configuration.
 
 ## CONFIGURATION KEYS
 
@@ -142,19 +106,20 @@ the environment variable `BUNDLE_LOCAL__RACK`.
 The following is a list of all configuration keys and their purpose. You can
 learn more about their operation in [bundle install(1)](bundle-install.1.html).
 
-* `allow_offline_install` (`BUNDLE_ALLOW_OFFLINE_INSTALL`):
-   Allow Bundler to use cached data when installing without network access.
-* `auto_clean_without_path` (`BUNDLE_AUTO_CLEAN_WITHOUT_PATH`):
-   Automatically run `bundle clean` after installing when an explicit `path`
-   has not been set and Bundler is not installing into the system gems.
 * `auto_install` (`BUNDLE_AUTO_INSTALL`):
    Automatically run `bundle install` when gems are missing.
 * `bin` (`BUNDLE_BIN`):
-   Install executables from gems in the bundle to the specified directory.
-   Defaults to `false`.
+   If configured, `bundle binstubs` will install executables from gems in the
+   bundle to the specified directory. Otherwise it will create them in a `bin`
+   directory relative to the Gemfile directory. These executables run in
+   Bundler's context. If used, you might add this directory to your
+   environment's `PATH` variable. For instance, if the `rails` gem comes with a
+   `rails` executable, `bundle binstubs` will create a `bin/rails` executable
+   that ensures that all referred dependencies will be resolved using the
+   bundled gems.
 * `cache_all` (`BUNDLE_CACHE_ALL`):
    Cache all gems, including path and git gems. This needs to be explicitly
-   configured on bundler 1 and bundler 2, but will be the default on bundler 3.
+   before bundler 4, but will be the default on bundler 4.
 * `cache_all_platforms` (`BUNDLE_CACHE_ALL_PLATFORMS`):
    Cache gems for all platforms.
 * `cache_path` (`BUNDLE_CACHE_PATH`):
@@ -163,15 +128,16 @@ learn more about their operation in [bundle install(1)](bundle-install.1.html).
    Defaults to `vendor/cache`.
 * `clean` (`BUNDLE_CLEAN`):
    Whether Bundler should run `bundle clean` automatically after
-   `bundle install`.
+   `bundle install`. Defaults to `true` in Bundler 4, as long as `path` is not
+   explicitly configured.
 * `console` (`BUNDLE_CONSOLE`):
    The console that `bundle console` starts. Defaults to `irb`.
-* `default_install_uses_path` (`BUNDLE_DEFAULT_INSTALL_USES_PATH`):
-   Whether a `bundle install` without an explicit `--path` argument defaults
-   to installing gems in `.bundle`.
+* `default_cli_command` (`BUNDLE_DEFAULT_CLI_COMMAND`):
+   The command that running `bundle` without arguments should run. Defaults to
+   `cli_help` since Bundler 4, but can also be `install` which was the previous
+   default.
 * `deployment` (`BUNDLE_DEPLOYMENT`):
-   Disallow changes to the `Gemfile`. When the `Gemfile` is changed and the
-   lockfile has not been updated, running Bundler commands will be blocked.
+   Equivalent to setting `frozen` to `true` and `path` to `vendor/bundle`.
 * `disable_checksum_validation` (`BUNDLE_DISABLE_CHECKSUM_VALIDATION`):
    Allow installing gems even if they do not match the checksum provided by
    RubyGems.
@@ -193,12 +159,13 @@ learn more about their operation in [bundle install(1)](bundle-install.1.html).
    Ignore the current machine's platform and install only `ruby` platform gems.
    As a result, gems with native extensions will be compiled from source.
 * `frozen` (`BUNDLE_FROZEN`):
-   Disallow changes to the `Gemfile`. When the `Gemfile` is changed and the
-   lockfile has not been updated, running Bundler commands will be blocked.
-   Defaults to `true` when `--deployment` is used.
+   Disallow any automatic changes to `Gemfile.lock`. Bundler commands will
+   be blocked unless the lockfile can be installed exactly as written.
+   Usually this will happen when changing the `Gemfile` manually and forgetting
+   to update the lockfile through `bundle lock` or `bundle install`.
 * `gem.github_username` (`BUNDLE_GEM__GITHUB_USERNAME`):
-   Sets a GitHub username or organization to be used in `README` file when you
-   create a new gem via `bundle gem` command. It can be overridden by passing an
+   Sets a GitHub username or organization to be used in the `README` and `.gemspec` files
+   when you create a new gem via `bundle gem` command. It can be overridden by passing an
    explicit `--github-username` flag to `bundle gem`.
 * `gem.push_key` (`BUNDLE_GEM__PUSH_KEY`):
    Sets the `--key` parameter for `gem push` when using the `rake release`
@@ -210,8 +177,8 @@ learn more about their operation in [bundle install(1)](bundle-install.1.html).
    will search up from the current working directory until it finds a
    `Gemfile`.
 * `global_gem_cache` (`BUNDLE_GLOBAL_GEM_CACHE`):
-   Whether Bundler should cache all gems globally, rather than locally to the
-   installing Ruby installation.
+   Whether Bundler should cache all gems and compiled extensions globally,
+   rather than locally to the configured installation path.
 * `ignore_funding_requests` (`BUNDLE_IGNORE_FUNDING_REQUESTS`):
    When set, no funding requests will be printed.
 * `ignore_messages` (`BUNDLE_IGNORE_MESSAGES`):
@@ -222,36 +189,41 @@ learn more about their operation in [bundle install(1)](bundle-install.1.html).
 * `jobs` (`BUNDLE_JOBS`):
    The number of gems Bundler can install in parallel. Defaults to the number of
    available processors.
+* `lockfile` (`BUNDLE_LOCKFILE`):
+   The path to the lockfile that bundler should use. By default, Bundler adds
+   `.lock` to the end of the `gemfile` entry. Can be set to `false` in the
+   Gemfile to disable lockfile creation entirely (see gemfile(5)).
 * `lockfile_checksums` (`BUNDLE_LOCKFILE_CHECKSUMS`):
-   Whether Bundler should include a checksums section in new lockfiles, to protect from compromised gem sources.
+   Whether Bundler should include a checksums section in new lockfiles, to protect from compromised gem sources. Defaults to true.
 * `no_install` (`BUNDLE_NO_INSTALL`):
    Whether `bundle package` should skip installing gems.
 * `no_prune` (`BUNDLE_NO_PRUNE`):
    Whether Bundler should leave outdated gems unpruned when caching.
 * `only` (`BUNDLE_ONLY`):
    A space-separated list of groups to install only gems of the specified groups.
+   Please check carefully if you want to install also gems without a group, because
+   they get put inside `default` group. For example `only test:default` will install
+   all gems specified in test group and without one.
 * `path` (`BUNDLE_PATH`):
    The location on disk where all gems in your bundle will be located regardless
    of `$GEM_HOME` or `$GEM_PATH` values. Bundle gems not found in this location
-   will be installed by `bundle install`. Defaults to `Gem.dir`. When --deployment
-   is used, defaults to vendor/bundle.
+   will be installed by `bundle install`. When not set, Bundler install by
+   default to a `.bundle` directory relative to repository root in Bundler 4,
+   and to the default system path (`Gem.dir`) before Bundler 4. That means that
+   before Bundler 4, Bundler shares this location with Rubygems, and `gem
+   install ...` will have gems installed in the same location and therefore,
+   gems installed without `path` set will show up by calling `gem list`. This
+   will not be the case in Bundler 4.
 * `path.system` (`BUNDLE_PATH__SYSTEM`):
    Whether Bundler will install gems into the default system path (`Gem.dir`).
-* `path_relative_to_cwd` (`BUNDLE_PATH_RELATIVE_TO_CWD`)
-   Makes `--path` relative to the CWD instead of the `Gemfile`.
 * `plugins` (`BUNDLE_PLUGINS`):
    Enable Bundler's experimental plugin system.
 * `prefer_patch` (BUNDLE_PREFER_PATCH):
    Prefer updating only to next patch version during updates. Makes `bundle update` calls equivalent to `bundler update --patch`.
-* `print_only_version_number` (`BUNDLE_PRINT_ONLY_VERSION_NUMBER`):
-   Print only version number from `bundler --version`.
 * `redirect` (`BUNDLE_REDIRECT`):
    The number of redirects allowed for network requests. Defaults to `5`.
 * `retry` (`BUNDLE_RETRY`):
    The number of times to retry failed network requests. Defaults to `3`.
-* `setup_makes_kernel_gem_public` (`BUNDLE_SETUP_MAKES_KERNEL_GEM_PUBLIC`):
-   Have `Bundler.setup` make the `Kernel#gem` method public, even though
-   RubyGems declares it as private.
 * `shebang` (`BUNDLE_SHEBANG`):
    The program name that should be invoked for generated binstubs. Defaults to
    the ruby install name used to generate the binstub.
@@ -260,6 +232,10 @@ learn more about their operation in [bundle install(1)](bundle-install.1.html).
    be changed in the next major version.
 * `silence_root_warning` (`BUNDLE_SILENCE_ROOT_WARNING`):
    Silence the warning Bundler prints when installing gems as root.
+* `simulate_version` (`BUNDLE_SIMULATE_VERSION`):
+   The virtual version Bundler should use for activating feature flags. Can be
+   used to simulate all the new functionality that will be enabled in a future
+   major version.
 * `ssl_ca_cert` (`BUNDLE_SSL_CA_CERT`):
    Path to a designated CA certificate file or folder containing multiple
    certificates for trusted CAs in PEM format.
@@ -278,6 +254,9 @@ learn more about their operation in [bundle install(1)](bundle-install.1.html).
    and disallow passing no options to `bundle update`.
 * `user_agent` (`BUNDLE_USER_AGENT`):
    The custom user agent fragment Bundler includes in API requests.
+* `verbose` (`BUNDLE_VERBOSE`):
+   Whether Bundler should print verbose output. Defaults to `false`, unless the
+   `--verbose` CLI flag is used.
 * `version` (`BUNDLE_VERSION`):
    The version of Bundler to use when running under Bundler environment.
    Defaults to `lockfile`. You can also specify `system` or `x.y.z`.
@@ -289,6 +268,25 @@ learn more about their operation in [bundle install(1)](bundle-install.1.html).
 * `without` (`BUNDLE_WITHOUT`):
    A space-separated or `:`-separated list of groups whose gems bundler should not install.
 
+## BUILD OPTIONS
+
+You can use `bundle config` to give Bundler the flags to pass to the gem
+installer every time bundler tries to install a particular gem.
+
+A very common example, the `mysql` gem, requires Snow Leopard users to
+pass configuration flags to `gem install` to specify where to find the
+`mysql_config` executable.
+
+    gem install mysql -- --with-mysql-config=/usr/local/mysql/bin/mysql_config
+
+Since the specific location of that executable can change from machine
+to machine, you can specify these flags on a per-machine basis.
+
+    bundle config set --global build.mysql --with-mysql-config=/usr/local/mysql/bin/mysql_config
+
+After running this command, every time bundler needs to install the
+`mysql` gem, it will pass along the flags you specified.
+
 ## LOCAL GIT REPOS
 
 Bundler also allows you to work against a git repository locally
@@ -366,7 +364,7 @@ Or you can set the credentials as an environment variable like this:
 
 For gems with a git source with HTTP(S) URL you can specify credentials like so:
 
-    bundle config set --global https://github.com/rubygems/rubygems.git username:password
+    bundle config set --global https://github.com/ruby/rubygems.git username:password
 
 Or you can set the credentials as an environment variable like so:
 
diff --git a/lib/bundler/man/bundle-console.1 b/lib/bundler/man/bundle-console.1
index de9eeac907..5ab15668be 100644
--- a/lib/bundler/man/bundle-console.1
+++ b/lib/bundler/man/bundle-console.1
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 .\" generated with Ronn-NG/v0.10.1
 .\" http://github.com/apjanke/ronn-ng/tree/0.10.1
-.TH "BUNDLE\-CONSOLE" "1" "March 2025" ""
+.TH "BUNDLE\-CONSOLE" "1" "September 2025" ""
 .SH "NAME"
 \fBbundle\-console\fR \- Open an IRB session with the bundle pre\-loaded
 .SH "SYNOPSIS"
diff --git a/lib/bundler/man/bundle-doctor.1 b/lib/bundler/man/bundle-doctor.1
index cd831f2fee..a0329dfc48 100644
--- a/lib/bundler/man/bundle-doctor.1
+++ b/lib/bundler/man/bundle-doctor.1
@@ -1,14 +1,21 @@
 .\" generated with Ronn-NG/v0.10.1
 .\" http://github.com/apjanke/ronn-ng/tree/0.10.1
-.TH "BUNDLE\-DOCTOR" "1" "March 2025" ""
+.TH "BUNDLE\-DOCTOR" "1" "September 2025" ""
 .SH "NAME"
 \fBbundle\-doctor\fR \- Checks the bundle for common problems
 .SH "SYNOPSIS"
-\fBbundle doctor\fR [\-\-quiet] [\-\-gemfile=GEMFILE]
+\fBbundle doctor [diagnose]\fR [\-\-quiet] [\-\-gemfile=GEMFILE] [\-\-ssl]
+.br
+\fBbundle doctor ssl\fR [\-\-host=HOST] [\-\-tls\-version=TLS\-VERSION] [\-\-verify\-mode=VERIFY\-MODE]
+.br
+\fBbundle doctor\fR help [COMMAND]
 .SH "DESCRIPTION"
+You can diagnose common Bundler problems with this command such as checking gem environment or SSL/TLS issue\.
+.SH "SUB\-COMMANDS"
+.SS "diagnose (default command)"
 Checks your Gemfile and gem environment for common problems\. If issues are detected, Bundler prints them and exits status 1\. Otherwise, Bundler prints a success message and exits status 0\.
 .P
-Examples of common problems caught by bundle\-doctor include:
+Examples of common problems caught include:
 .IP "\(bu" 4
 Invalid Bundler settings
 .IP "\(bu" 4
@@ -20,11 +27,43 @@ Uninstalled gems
 .IP "\(bu" 4
 Missing dependencies
 .IP "" 0
-.SH "OPTIONS"
+.P
+\fBOPTIONS\fR
 .TP
 \fB\-\-quiet\fR
 Only output warnings and errors\.
 .TP
 \fB\-\-gemfile=GEMFILE\fR
 The location of the Gemfile(5) which Bundler should use\. This defaults to a Gemfile(5) in the current working directory\. In general, Bundler will assume that the location of the Gemfile(5) is also the project's root and will try to find \fBGemfile\.lock\fR and \fBvendor/cache\fR relative to this location\.
+.TP
+\fB\-\-ssl\fR
+Diagnose common SSL problems when connecting to https://rubygems\.org\.
+.IP
+This flag runs the \fBbundle doctor ssl\fR subcommand with default values underneath\.
+.SS "ssl"
+If you've experienced issues related to SSL certificates and/or TLS versions while connecting to https://rubygems\.org, this command can help troubleshoot common problems\. The diagnostic will perform a few checks such as:
+.IP "\(bu" 4
+Verify the Ruby OpenSSL version installed on your system\.
+.IP "\(bu" 4
+Check the OpenSSL library version used for compilation\.
+.IP "\(bu" 4
+Ensure CA certificates are correctly setup on your machine\.
+.IP "\(bu" 4
+Open a TLS connection and verify the outcome\.
+.IP "" 0
+.P
+\fBOPTIONS\fR
+.TP
+\fB\-\-host=HOST\fR
+Perform the diagnostic on HOST\. Defaults to \fBrubygems\.org\fR\.
+.TP
+\fB\-\-tls\-version=TLS\-VERSION\fR
+Specify the TLS version when opening the connection to HOST\.
+.IP
+Accepted values are: \fB1\.1\fR or \fB1\.2\fR\.
+.TP
+\fB\-\-verify\-mode=VERIFY\-MODE\fR
+Specify the TLS verify mode when opening the connection to HOST\. Defaults to \fBSSL_VERIFY_PEER\fR\.
+.IP
+Accepted values are: \fBCLIENT_ONCE\fR, \fBFAIL_IF_NO_PEER_CERT\fR, \fBNONE\fR, \fBPEER\fR\.
 
diff --git a/lib/bundler/man/bundle-doctor.1.ronn b/lib/bundler/man/bundle-doctor.1.ronn
index 5970f6188b..7495099ff5 100644
--- a/lib/bundler/man/bundle-doctor.1.ronn
+++ b/lib/bundler/man/bundle-doctor.1.ronn
@@ -3,16 +3,27 @@ bundle-doctor(1) -- Checks the bundle for common problems
 
 ## SYNOPSIS
 
-`bundle doctor` [--quiet]
-                [--gemfile=GEMFILE]
+`bundle doctor [diagnose]` [--quiet]
+                           [--gemfile=GEMFILE]
+                           [--ssl]<br>
+`bundle doctor ssl` [--host=HOST]
+                    [--tls-version=TLS-VERSION]
+                    [--verify-mode=VERIFY-MODE]<br>
+`bundle doctor` help [COMMAND]
 
 ## DESCRIPTION
 
+You can diagnose common Bundler problems with this command such as checking gem environment or SSL/TLS issue.
+
+## SUB-COMMANDS
+
+### diagnose (default command)
+
 Checks your Gemfile and gem environment for common problems. If issues
 are detected, Bundler prints them and exits status 1. Otherwise,
 Bundler prints a success message and exits status 0.
 
-Examples of common problems caught by bundle-doctor include:
+Examples of common problems caught include:
 
 * Invalid Bundler settings
 * Mismatched Ruby versions
@@ -20,7 +31,7 @@ Examples of common problems caught by bundle-doctor include:
 * Uninstalled gems
 * Missing dependencies
 
-## OPTIONS
+**OPTIONS**
 
 * `--quiet`:
   Only output warnings and errors.
@@ -31,3 +42,36 @@ Examples of common problems caught by bundle-doctor include:
   will assume that the location of the Gemfile(5) is also the project's
   root and will try to find `Gemfile.lock` and `vendor/cache` relative
   to this location.
+
+* `--ssl`:
+  Diagnose common SSL problems when connecting to https://rubygems.org.
+
+  This flag runs the `bundle doctor ssl` subcommand with default values
+  underneath.
+
+### ssl
+
+If you've experienced issues related to SSL certificates and/or TLS versions while connecting
+to https://rubygems.org, this command can help troubleshoot common problems.
+The diagnostic will perform a few checks such as:
+
+* Verify the Ruby OpenSSL version installed on your system.
+* Check the OpenSSL library version used for compilation.
+* Ensure CA certificates are correctly setup on your machine.
+* Open a TLS connection and verify the outcome.
+
+**OPTIONS**
+
+* `--host=HOST`:
+  Perform the diagnostic on HOST. Defaults to `rubygems.org`.
+
+* `--tls-version=TLS-VERSION`:
+  Specify the TLS version when opening the connection to HOST.
+
+  Accepted values are: `1.1` or `1.2`.
+
+* `--verify-mode=VERIFY-MODE`:
+  Specify the TLS verify mode when opening the connection to HOST.
+  Defaults to `SSL_VERIFY_PEER`.
+
+  Accepted values are: `CLIENT_ONCE`, `FAIL_IF_NO_PEER_CERT`, `NONE`, `PEER`.
diff --git a/lib/bundler/man/bundle-env.1 b/lib/bundler/man/bundle-env.1
index c936294827..eee3ca05d0 100644
--- a/lib/bundler/man/bundle-env.1
+++ b/lib/bundler/man/bundle-env.1
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 .\" generated with Ronn-NG/v0.10.1
 .\" http://github.com/apjanke/ronn-ng/tree/0.10.1
-.TH "BUNDLE\-ENV" "1" "March 2025" ""
+.TH "BUNDLE\-ENV" "1" "September 2025" ""
 .SH "NAME"
 \fBbundle\-env\fR \- Print information about the environment Bundler is running under
 .SH "SYNOPSIS"
diff --git a/lib/bundler/man/bundle-exec.1 b/lib/bundler/man/bundle-exec.1
index 0ebbb4c198..24c84889b5 100644
--- a/lib/bundler/man/bundle-exec.1
+++ b/lib/bundler/man/bundle-exec.1
@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
 .\" generated with Ronn-NG/v0.10.1
 .\" http://github.com/apjanke/ronn-ng/tree/0.10.1
-.TH "BUNDLE\-EXEC" "1" "March 2025" ""
+.TH "BUNDLE\-EXEC" "1" "September 2025" ""
 .SH "NAME"
 \fBbundle\-exec\fR \- Execute a command in the context of the bundle
 .SH "SYNOPSIS"
-\fBbundle exec\fR [\-\-keep\-file\-descriptors] [\-\-gemfile=GEMFILE] \fIcommand\fR
+\fBbundle exec\fR [\-\-gemfile=GEMFILE] \fIcommand\fR
 .SH "DESCRIPTION"
 This command executes the command, making all gems specified in the [\fBGemfile(5)\fR][Gemfile(5)] available to \fBrequire\fR in Ruby programs\.
 .P
@@ -13,9 +13,6 @@ Essentially, if you would normally have run something like \fBrspec spec/my_spec
 Note that \fBbundle exec\fR does not require that an executable is available on your shell's \fB$PATH\fR\.
 .SH "OPTIONS"
 .TP
-\fB\-\-keep\-file\-descriptors\fR
-Passes all file descriptors to the new processes\. Default is true from bundler version 2\.2\.26\. Setting it to false is now deprecated\.
-.TP
 \fB\-\-gemfile=GEMFILE\fR
 Use the specified gemfile instead of [\fBGemfile(5)\fR][Gemfile(5)]\.
 .SH "BUNDLE INSTALL \-\-BINSTUBS"
diff --git a/lib/bundler/man/bundle-exec.1.ronn b/lib/bundler/man/bundle-exec.1.ronn
index 3d3f0eed7b..e51a66a084 100644
--- a/lib/bundler/man/bundle-exec.1.ronn
+++ b/lib/bundler/man/bundle-exec.1.ronn
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ bundle-exec(1) -- Execute a command in the context of the bundle
 
 ## SYNOPSIS
 
-`bundle exec` [--keep-file-descriptors] [--gemfile=GEMFILE] <command>
+`bundle exec` [--gemfile=GEMFILE] <command>
 
 ## DESCRIPTION
 
@@ -20,10 +20,6 @@ available on your shell's `$PATH`.
 
 ## OPTIONS
 
-* `--keep-file-descriptors`:
-  Passes all file descriptors to the new processes. Default is true from
-  bundler version 2.2.26. Setting it to false is now deprecated.
-
 * `--gemfile=GEMFILE`:
   Use the specified gemfile instead of [`Gemfile(5)`][Gemfile(5)].
 
diff --git a/lib/bundler/man/bundle-fund.1 b/lib/bundler/man/bundle-fund.1
index 641d8cf864..fe24a25ca1 100644
--- a/lib/bundler/man/bundle-fund.1
+++ b/lib/bundler/man/bundle-fund.1
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 .\" generated with Ronn-NG/v0.10.1
 .\" http://github.com/apjanke/ronn-ng/tree/0.10.1
-.TH "BUNDLE\-FUND" "1" "March 2025" ""
+.TH "BUNDLE\-FUND" "1" "September 2025" ""
 .SH "NAME"
 \fBbundle\-fund\fR \- Lists information about gems seeking funding assistance
 .SH "SYNOPSIS"
diff --git a/lib/bundler/man/bundle-gem.1 b/lib/bundler/man/bundle-gem.1
index 65882afa4f..85c0f57674 100644
--- a/lib/bundler/man/bundle-gem.1
+++ b/lib/bundler/man/bundle-gem.1
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 .\" generated with Ronn-NG/v0.10.1
 .\" http://github.com/apjanke/ronn-ng/tree/0.10.1
-.TH "BUNDLE\-GEM" "1" "March 2025" ""
+.TH "BUNDLE\-GEM" "1" "September 2025" ""
 .SH "NAME"
 \fBbundle\-gem\fR \- Generate a project skeleton for creating a rubygem
 .SH "SYNOPSIS"
@@ -19,67 +19,87 @@ The generated project skeleton can be customized with OPTIONS, as explained belo
 \fBgem\.test\fR
 .IP "" 0
 .SH "OPTIONS"
-.IP "\(bu" 4
-\fB\-\-exe\fR, \fB\-\-bin\fR, \fB\-b\fR: Specify that Bundler should create a binary executable (as \fBexe/GEM_NAME\fR) in the generated rubygem project\. This binary will also be added to the \fBGEM_NAME\.gemspec\fR manifest\. This behavior is disabled by default\.
-.IP "\(bu" 4
-\fB\-\-no\-exe\fR: Do not create a binary (overrides \fB\-\-exe\fR specified in the global config)\.
-.IP "\(bu" 4
-\fB\-\-coc\fR: Add a \fBCODE_OF_CONDUCT\.md\fR file to the root of the generated project\. If this option is unspecified, an interactive prompt will be displayed and the answer will be saved in Bundler's global config for future \fBbundle gem\fR use\.
-.IP "\(bu" 4
-\fB\-\-no\-coc\fR: Do not create a \fBCODE_OF_CONDUCT\.md\fR (overrides \fB\-\-coc\fR specified in the global config)\.
-.IP "\(bu" 4
-\fB\-\-changelog\fR Add a \fBCHANGELOG\.md\fR file to the root of the generated project\. If this option is unspecified, an interactive prompt will be displayed and the answer will be saved in Bundler's global config for future \fBbundle gem\fR use\.
-.IP "\(bu" 4
-\fB\-\-no\-changelog\fR: Do not create a \fBCHANGELOG\.md\fR (overrides \fB\-\-changelog\fR specified in the global config)\.
-.IP "\(bu" 4
-\fB\-\-ext=c\fR, \fB\-\-ext=rust\fR: Add boilerplate for C or Rust (currently magnus \fIhttps://docs\.rs/magnus\fR based) extension code to the generated project\. This behavior is disabled by default\.
-.IP "\(bu" 4
-\fB\-\-no\-ext\fR: Do not add extension code (overrides \fB\-\-ext\fR specified in the global config)\.
-.IP "\(bu" 4
-\fB\-\-git\fR: Initialize a git repo inside your library\.
-.IP "\(bu" 4
-\fB\-\-github\-username=GITHUB_USERNAME\fR: Fill in GitHub username on README so that you don't have to do it manually\. Set a default with \fBbundle config set \-\-global gem\.github_username <your_username>\fR\.
-.IP "\(bu" 4
-\fB\-\-mit\fR: Add an MIT license to a \fBLICENSE\.txt\fR file in the root of the generated project\. Your name from the global git config is used for the copyright statement\. If this option is unspecified, an interactive prompt will be displayed and the answer will be saved in Bundler's global config for future \fBbundle gem\fR use\.
-.IP "\(bu" 4
-\fB\-\-no\-mit\fR: Do not create a \fBLICENSE\.txt\fR (overrides \fB\-\-mit\fR specified in the global config)\.
-.IP "\(bu" 4
-\fB\-t\fR, \fB\-\-test=minitest\fR, \fB\-\-test=rspec\fR, \fB\-\-test=test\-unit\fR: Specify the test framework that Bundler should use when generating the project\. Acceptable values are \fBminitest\fR, \fBrspec\fR and \fBtest\-unit\fR\. The \fBGEM_NAME\.gemspec\fR will be configured and a skeleton test/spec directory will be created based on this option\. Given no option is specified:
+.TP
+\fB\-\-exe\fR, \fB\-\-bin\fR, \fB\-b\fR
+Specify that Bundler should create a binary executable (as \fBexe/GEM_NAME\fR) in the generated rubygem project\. This binary will also be added to the \fBGEM_NAME\.gemspec\fR manifest\. This behavior is disabled by default\.
+.TP
+\fB\-\-no\-exe\fR
+Do not create a binary (overrides \fB\-\-exe\fR specified in the global config)\.
+.TP
+\fB\-\-coc\fR
+Add a \fBCODE_OF_CONDUCT\.md\fR file to the root of the generated project\. If this option is unspecified, an interactive prompt will be displayed and the answer will be saved in Bundler's global config for future \fBbundle gem\fR use\.
+.TP
+\fB\-\-no\-coc\fR
+Do not create a \fBCODE_OF_CONDUCT\.md\fR (overrides \fB\-\-coc\fR specified in the global config)\.
+.TP
+\fB\-\-changelog\fR
+Add a \fBCHANGELOG\.md\fR file to the root of the generated project\. If this option is unspecified, an interactive prompt will be displayed and the answer will be saved in Bundler's global config for future \fBbundle gem\fR use\. Update the default with \fBbundle config set \-\-global gem\.changelog <true|false>\fR\.
+.TP
+\fB\-\-no\-changelog\fR
+Do not create a \fBCHANGELOG\.md\fR (overrides \fB\-\-changelog\fR specified in the global config)\.
+.TP
+\fB\-\-ext=c\fR, \fB\-\-ext=go\fR, \fB\-\-ext=rust\fR
+Add boilerplate for C, Go (currently go\-gem\-wrapper \fIhttps://github\.com/ruby\-go\-gem/go\-gem\-wrapper\fR based) or Rust (currently magnus \fIhttps://docs\.rs/magnus\fR based) extension code to the generated project\. This behavior is disabled by default\.
+.TP
+\fB\-\-no\-ext\fR
+Do not add extension code (overrides \fB\-\-ext\fR specified in the global config)\.
+.TP
+\fB\-\-git\fR
+Initialize a git repo inside your library\.
+.TP
+\fB\-\-github\-username=GITHUB_USERNAME\fR
+Fill in GitHub username on README so that you don't have to do it manually\. Set a default with \fBbundle config set \-\-global gem\.github_username <your_username>\fR\.
+.TP
+\fB\-\-mit\fR
+Add an MIT license to a \fBLICENSE\.txt\fR file in the root of the generated project\. Your name from the global git config is used for the copyright statement\. If this option is unspecified, an interactive prompt will be displayed and the answer will be saved in Bundler's global config for future \fBbundle gem\fR use\.
+.TP
+\fB\-\-no\-mit\fR
+Do not create a \fBLICENSE\.txt\fR (overrides \fB\-\-mit\fR specified in the global config)\.
+.TP
+\fB\-t\fR, \fB\-\-test=minitest\fR, \fB\-\-test=rspec\fR, \fB\-\-test=test\-unit\fR
+Specify the test framework that Bundler should use when generating the project\. Acceptable values are \fBminitest\fR, \fBrspec\fR and \fBtest\-unit\fR\. The \fBGEM_NAME\.gemspec\fR will be configured and a skeleton test/spec directory will be created based on this option\. Given no option is specified:
 .IP
 When Bundler is configured to generate tests, this defaults to Bundler's global config setting \fBgem\.test\fR\.
 .IP
 When Bundler is configured to not generate tests, an interactive prompt will be displayed and the answer will be used for the current rubygem project\.
 .IP
 When Bundler is unconfigured, an interactive prompt will be displayed and the answer will be saved in Bundler's global config for future \fBbundle gem\fR use\.
-.IP "\(bu" 4
-\fB\-\-no\-test\fR: Do not use a test framework (overrides \fB\-\-test\fR specified in the global config)\.
-.IP "\(bu" 4
-\fB\-\-changelog\fR: Generate changelog file\. Set a default with \fBbundle config set \-\-global gem\.changelog true\fR\.
-.IP "\(bu" 4
-\fB\-\-ci\fR, \fB\-\-ci=circle\fR, \fB\-\-ci=github\fR, \fB\-\-ci=gitlab\fR: Specify the continuous integration service that Bundler should use when generating the project\. Acceptable values are \fBgithub\fR, \fBgitlab\fR and \fBcircle\fR\. A configuration file will be generated in the project directory\. Given no option is specified:
+.TP
+\fB\-\-no\-test\fR
+Do not use a test framework (overrides \fB\-\-test\fR specified in the global config)\.
+.TP
+\fB\-\-ci\fR, \fB\-\-ci=circle\fR, \fB\-\-ci=github\fR, \fB\-\-ci=gitlab\fR
+Specify the continuous integration service that Bundler should use when generating the project\. Acceptable values are \fBgithub\fR, \fBgitlab\fR and \fBcircle\fR\. A configuration file will be generated in the project directory\. Given no option is specified:
 .IP
 When Bundler is configured to generate CI files, this defaults to Bundler's global config setting \fBgem\.ci\fR\.
 .IP
 When Bundler is configured to not generate CI files, an interactive prompt will be displayed and the answer will be used for the current rubygem project\.
 .IP
 When Bundler is unconfigured, an interactive prompt will be displayed and the answer will be saved in Bundler's global config for future \fBbundle gem\fR use\.
-.IP "\(bu" 4
-\fB\-\-no\-ci\fR: Do not use a continuous integration service (overrides \fB\-\-ci\fR specified in the global config)\.
-.IP "\(bu" 4
-\fB\-\-linter\fR, \fB\-\-linter=rubocop\fR, \fB\-\-linter=standard\fR: Specify the linter and code formatter that Bundler should add to the project's development dependencies\. Acceptable values are \fBrubocop\fR and \fBstandard\fR\. A configuration file will be generated in the project directory\. Given no option is specified:
+.TP
+\fB\-\-no\-ci\fR
+Do not use a continuous integration service (overrides \fB\-\-ci\fR specified in the global config)\.
+.TP
+\fB\-\-linter\fR, \fB\-\-linter=rubocop\fR, \fB\-\-linter=standard\fR
+Specify the linter and code formatter that Bundler should add to the project's development dependencies\. Acceptable values are \fBrubocop\fR and \fBstandard\fR\. A configuration file will be generated in the project directory\. Given no option is specified:
 .IP
 When Bundler is configured to add a linter, this defaults to Bundler's global config setting \fBgem\.linter\fR\.
 .IP
 When Bundler is configured not to add a linter, an interactive prompt will be displayed and the answer will be used for the current rubygem project\.
 .IP
 When Bundler is unconfigured, an interactive prompt will be displayed and the answer will be saved in Bundler's global config for future \fBbundle gem\fR use\.
-.IP "\(bu" 4
-\fB\-\-no\-linter\fR: Do not add a linter (overrides \fB\-\-linter\fR specified in the global config)\.
-.IP "\(bu" 4
-\fB\-\-rubocop\fR: Add rubocop to the generated Rakefile and gemspec\. Set a default with \fBbundle config set \-\-global gem\.rubocop true\fR\.
-.IP "\(bu" 4
-\fB\-\-edit=EDIT\fR, \fB\-e=EDIT\fR: Open the resulting GEM_NAME\.gemspec in EDIT, or the default editor if not specified\. The default is \fB$BUNDLER_EDITOR\fR, \fB$VISUAL\fR, or \fB$EDITOR\fR\.
-.IP "" 0
+.TP
+\fB\-\-no\-linter\fR
+Do not add a linter (overrides \fB\-\-linter\fR specified in the global config)\.
+.TP
+\fB\-\-edit=EDIT\fR, \fB\-e=EDIT\fR
+Open the resulting GEM_NAME\.gemspec in EDIT, or the default editor if not specified\. The default is \fB$BUNDLER_EDITOR\fR, \fB$VISUAL\fR, or \fB$EDITOR\fR\.
+.TP
+\fB\-\-bundle\fR
+Run \fBbundle install\fR after creating the gem\.
+.TP
+\fB\-\-no\-bundle\fR
+Do not run \fBbundle install\fR after creating the gem\.
 .SH "SEE ALSO"
 .IP "\(bu" 4
 bundle config(1) \fIbundle\-config\.1\.html\fR
diff --git a/lib/bundler/man/bundle-gem.1.ronn b/lib/bundler/man/bundle-gem.1.ronn
index 13dc55c310..488c8113e4 100644
--- a/lib/bundler/man/bundle-gem.1.ronn
+++ b/lib/bundler/man/bundle-gem.1.ronn
@@ -41,17 +41,18 @@ configuration file using the following names:
   Do not create a `CODE_OF_CONDUCT.md` (overrides `--coc` specified in the
   global config).
 
-* `--changelog`
+* `--changelog`:
   Add a `CHANGELOG.md` file to the root of the generated project. If
   this option is unspecified, an interactive prompt will be displayed and the
   answer will be saved in Bundler's global config for future `bundle gem` use.
+  Update the default with `bundle config set --global gem.changelog <true|false>`.
 
 * `--no-changelog`:
   Do not create a `CHANGELOG.md` (overrides `--changelog` specified in the
   global config).
 
-* `--ext=c`, `--ext=rust`:
-  Add boilerplate for C or Rust (currently [magnus](https://docs.rs/magnus) based) extension code to the generated project. This behavior
+* `--ext=c`, `--ext=go`, `--ext=rust`:
+  Add boilerplate for C, Go (currently [go-gem-wrapper](https://github.com/ruby-go-gem/go-gem-wrapper) based) or Rust (currently [magnus](https://docs.rs/magnus) based) extension code to the generated project. This behavior
   is disabled by default.
 
 * `--no-ext`:
@@ -95,9 +96,6 @@ configuration file using the following names:
   Do not use a test framework (overrides `--test` specified in the global
   config).
 
-* `--changelog`:
-  Generate changelog file. Set a default with `bundle config set --global gem.changelog true`.
-
 * `--ci`, `--ci=circle`, `--ci=github`, `--ci=gitlab`:
   Specify the continuous integration service that Bundler should use when
   generating the project. Acceptable values are `github`, `gitlab`
@@ -137,13 +135,16 @@ configuration file using the following names:
 * `--no-linter`:
   Do not add a linter (overrides `--linter` specified in the global config).
 
-* `--rubocop`:
-  Add rubocop to the generated Rakefile and gemspec. Set a default with `bundle config set --global gem.rubocop true`.
-
 * `--edit=EDIT`, `-e=EDIT`:
   Open the resulting GEM_NAME.gemspec in EDIT, or the default editor if not
   specified. The default is `$BUNDLER_EDITOR`, `$VISUAL`, or `$EDITOR`.
 
+* `--bundle`:
+  Run `bundle install` after creating the gem.
+
+* `--no-bundle`:
+  Do not run `bundle install` after creating the gem.
+
 ## SEE ALSO
 
 * [bundle config(1)](bundle-config.1.html)
diff --git a/lib/bundler/man/bundle-help.1 b/lib/bundler/man/bundle-help.1
index d8dd4660dc..05fd5a7c48 100644
--- a/lib/bundler/man/bundle-help.1
+++ b/lib/bundler/man/bundle-help.1
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 .\" generated with Ronn-NG/v0.10.1
 .\" http://github.com/apjanke/ronn-ng/tree/0.10.1
-.TH "BUNDLE\-HELP" "1" "March 2025" ""
+.TH "BUNDLE\-HELP" "1" "September 2025" ""
 .SH "NAME"
 \fBbundle\-help\fR \- Displays detailed help for each subcommand
 .SH "SYNOPSIS"
diff --git a/lib/bundler/man/bundle-info.1 b/lib/bundler/man/bundle-info.1
index 8124836519..96c7d876f6 100644
--- a/lib/bundler/man/bundle-info.1
+++ b/lib/bundler/man/bundle-info.1
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 .\" generated with Ronn-NG/v0.10.1
 .\" http://github.com/apjanke/ronn-ng/tree/0.10.1
-.TH "BUNDLE\-INFO" "1" "March 2025" ""
+.TH "BUNDLE\-INFO" "1" "September 2025" ""
 .SH "NAME"
 \fBbundle\-info\fR \- Show information for the given gem in your bundle
 .SH "SYNOPSIS"
diff --git a/lib/bundler/man/bundle-init.1 b/lib/bundler/man/bundle-init.1
index 2e4b99b28a..83dad5c050 100644
--- a/lib/bundler/man/bundle-init.1
+++ b/lib/bundler/man/bundle-init.1
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 .\" generated with Ronn-NG/v0.10.1
 .\" http://github.com/apjanke/ronn-ng/tree/0.10.1
-.TH "BUNDLE\-INIT" "1" "March 2025" ""
+.TH "BUNDLE\-INIT" "1" "September 2025" ""
 .SH "NAME"
 \fBbundle\-init\fR \- Generates a Gemfile into the current working directory
 .SH "SYNOPSIS"
diff --git a/lib/bundler/man/bundle-inject.1 b/lib/bundler/man/bundle-inject.1
deleted file mode 100644
index 54cacaa56d..0000000000
--- a/lib/bundler/man/bundle-inject.1
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,31 +0,0 @@
-.\" generated with Ronn-NG/v0.10.1
-.\" http://github.com/apjanke/ronn-ng/tree/0.10.1
-.TH "BUNDLE\-INJECT" "1" "March 2025" ""
-.SH "NAME"
-\fBbundle\-inject\fR \- Add named gem(s) with version requirements to Gemfile
-.SH "SYNOPSIS"
-\fBbundle inject\fR [GEM] [VERSION] [\-\-source=SOURCE] [\-\-group=GROUP]
-.SH "DESCRIPTION"
-Adds the named gem(s) with their version requirements to the resolved [\fBGemfile(5)\fR][Gemfile(5)]\.
-.P
-This command will add the gem to both your [\fBGemfile(5)\fR][Gemfile(5)] and Gemfile\.lock if it isn't listed yet\.
-.P
-Example:
-.IP "" 4
-.nf
-bundle install
-bundle inject 'rack' '> 0'
-.fi
-.IP "" 0
-.P
-This will inject the 'rack' gem with a version greater than 0 in your [\fBGemfile(5)\fR][Gemfile(5)] and Gemfile\.lock\.
-.P
-The \fBbundle inject\fR command was deprecated in Bundler 2\.1 and will be removed in Bundler 3\.0\.
-.SH "OPTIONS"
-.TP
-\fB\-\-source=SOURCE\fR
-Install gem from the given source\.
-.TP
-\fB\-\-group=GROUP\fR
-Install gem into a bundler group\.
-
diff --git a/lib/bundler/man/bundle-inject.1.ronn b/lib/bundler/man/bundle-inject.1.ronn
deleted file mode 100644
index e2a911b6d8..0000000000
--- a/lib/bundler/man/bundle-inject.1.ronn
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,32 +0,0 @@
-bundle-inject(1) -- Add named gem(s) with version requirements to Gemfile
-=========================================================================
-
-## SYNOPSIS
-
-`bundle inject` [GEM] [VERSION] [--source=SOURCE] [--group=GROUP]
-
-## DESCRIPTION
-
-Adds the named gem(s) with their version requirements to the resolved
-[`Gemfile(5)`][Gemfile(5)].
-
-This command will add the gem to both your [`Gemfile(5)`][Gemfile(5)] and Gemfile.lock if it
-isn't listed yet.
-
-Example:
-
-    bundle install
-    bundle inject 'rack' '> 0'
-
-This will inject the 'rack' gem with a version greater than 0 in your
-[`Gemfile(5)`][Gemfile(5)] and Gemfile.lock.
-
-The `bundle inject` command was deprecated in Bundler 2.1 and will be removed in Bundler 3.0.
-
-## OPTIONS
-
-* `--source=SOURCE`:
-  Install gem from the given source.
-
-* `--group=GROUP`:
-  Install gem into a bundler group.
diff --git a/lib/bundler/man/bundle-install.1 b/lib/bundler/man/bundle-install.1
index 272f4187ed..68530f3ebb 100644
--- a/lib/bundler/man/bundle-install.1
+++ b/lib/bundler/man/bundle-install.1
@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
 .\" generated with Ronn-NG/v0.10.1
 .\" http://github.com/apjanke/ronn-ng/tree/0.10.1
-.TH "BUNDLE\-INSTALL" "1" "March 2025" ""
+.TH "BUNDLE\-INSTALL" "1" "September 2025" ""
 .SH "NAME"
 \fBbundle\-install\fR \- Install the dependencies specified in your Gemfile
 .SH "SYNOPSIS"
-\fBbundle install\fR [\-\-binstubs[=DIRECTORY]] [\-\-clean] [\-\-deployment] [\-\-frozen] [\-\-full\-index] [\-\-gemfile=GEMFILE] [\-\-jobs=NUMBER] [\-\-local] [\-\-no\-cache] [\-\-no\-prune] [\-\-path PATH] [\-\-prefer\-local] [\-\-quiet] [\-\-redownload] [\-\-retry=NUMBER] [\-\-shebang=SHEBANG] [\-\-standalone[=GROUP[ GROUP\|\.\|\.\|\.]]] [\-\-system] [\-\-trust\-policy=TRUST\-POLICY] [\-\-target\-rbconfig=TARGET\-RBCONFIG] [\-\-with=GROUP[ GROUP\|\.\|\.\|\.]] [\-\-without=GROUP[ GROUP\|\.\|\.\|\.]]
+\fBbundle install\fR [\-\-force] [\-\-full\-index] [\-\-gemfile=GEMFILE] [\-\-jobs=NUMBER] [\-\-local] [\-\-lockfile=LOCKFILE] [\-\-no\-cache] [\-\-no\-lock] [\-\-prefer\-local] [\-\-quiet] [\-\-retry=NUMBER] [\-\-standalone[=GROUP[ GROUP\|\.\|\.\|\.]]] [\-\-trust\-policy=TRUST\-POLICY] [\-\-target\-rbconfig=TARGET\-RBCONFIG]
 .SH "DESCRIPTION"
 Install the gems specified in your Gemfile(5)\. If this is the first time you run bundle install (and a \fBGemfile\.lock\fR does not exist), Bundler will fetch all remote sources, resolve dependencies and install all needed gems\.
 .P
@@ -12,30 +12,9 @@ If a \fBGemfile\.lock\fR does exist, and you have not updated your Gemfile(5), B
 .P
 If a \fBGemfile\.lock\fR does exist, and you have updated your Gemfile(5), Bundler will use the dependencies in the \fBGemfile\.lock\fR for all gems that you did not update, but will re\-resolve the dependencies of gems that you did update\. You can find more information about this update process below under \fICONSERVATIVE UPDATING\fR\.
 .SH "OPTIONS"
-The \fB\-\-clean\fR, \fB\-\-deployment\fR, \fB\-\-frozen\fR, \fB\-\-no\-prune\fR, \fB\-\-path\fR, \fB\-\-shebang\fR, \fB\-\-system\fR, \fB\-\-without\fR and \fB\-\-with\fR options are deprecated because they only make sense if they are applied to every subsequent \fBbundle install\fR run automatically and that requires \fBbundler\fR to silently remember them\. Since \fBbundler\fR will no longer remember CLI flags in future versions, \fBbundle config\fR (see bundle\-config(1)) should be used to apply them permanently\.
 .TP
-\fB\-\-binstubs[=BINSTUBS]\fR
-Binstubs are scripts that wrap around executables\. Bundler creates a small Ruby file (a binstub) that loads Bundler, runs the command, and puts it in \fBbin/\fR\. This lets you link the binstub inside of an application to the exact gem version the application needs\.
-.IP
-Creates a directory (defaults to \fB~/bin\fR when the option is used without a value, or to the given \fB<BINSTUBS>\fR directory otherwise) and places any executables from the gem there\. These executables run in Bundler's context\. If used, you might add this directory to your environment's \fBPATH\fR variable\. For instance, if the \fBrails\fR gem comes with a \fBrails\fR executable, this flag will create a \fBbin/rails\fR executable that ensures that all referred dependencies will be resolved using the bundled gems\.
-.TP
-\fB\-\-clean\fR
-On finishing the installation Bundler is going to remove any gems not present in the current Gemfile(5)\. Don't worry, gems currently in use will not be removed\.
-.IP
-This option is deprecated in favor of the \fBclean\fR setting\.
-.TP
-\fB\-\-deployment\fR
-In \fIdeployment mode\fR, Bundler will 'roll\-out' the bundle for production or CI use\. Please check carefully if you want to have this option enabled in your development environment\.
-.IP
-This option is deprecated in favor of the \fBdeployment\fR setting\.
-.TP
-\fB\-\-redownload\fR, \fB\-\-force\fR
-Force download every gem, even if the required versions are already available locally\.
-.TP
-\fB\-\-frozen\fR
-Do not allow the Gemfile\.lock to be updated after this install\. Exits non\-zero if there are going to be changes to the Gemfile\.lock\.
-.IP
-This option is deprecated in favor of the \fBfrozen\fR setting\.
+\fB\-\-force\fR, \fB\-\-redownload\fR
+Force reinstalling every gem, even if already installed\.
 .TP
 \fB\-\-full\-index\fR
 Bundler will not call Rubygems' API endpoint (default) but download and cache a (currently big) index file of all gems\. Performance can be improved for large bundles that seldom change by enabling this option\.
@@ -49,21 +28,19 @@ The maximum number of parallel download and install jobs\. The default is the nu
 \fB\-\-local\fR
 Do not attempt to connect to \fBrubygems\.org\fR\. Instead, Bundler will use the gems already present in Rubygems' cache or in \fBvendor/cache\fR\. Note that if an appropriate platform\-specific gem exists on \fBrubygems\.org\fR it will not be found\.
 .TP
+\fB\-\-lockfile=LOCKFILE\fR
+The location of the lockfile which Bundler should use\. This defaults to the Gemfile location with \fB\.lock\fR appended\.
+.TP
 \fB\-\-prefer\-local\fR
 Force using locally installed gems, or gems already present in Rubygems' cache or in \fBvendor/cache\fR, when resolving, even if newer versions are available remotely\. Only attempt to connect to \fBrubygems\.org\fR for gems that are not present locally\.
 .TP
 \fB\-\-no\-cache\fR
 Do not update the cache in \fBvendor/cache\fR with the newly bundled gems\. This does not remove any gems in the cache but keeps the newly bundled gems from being cached during the install\.
 .TP
-\fB\-\-no\-prune\fR
-Don't remove stale gems from the cache when the installation finishes\.
+\fB\-\-no\-lock\fR
+Do not create a lockfile\. Useful if you want to install dependencies but not lock versions of gems\. Recommended for library development, and other situations where the code is expected to work with a range of dependency versions\.
 .IP
-This option is deprecated in favor of the \fBno_prune\fR setting\.
-.TP
-\fB\-\-path=PATH\fR
-The location to install the specified gems to\. This defaults to Rubygems' setting\. Bundler shares this location with Rubygems, \fBgem install \|\.\|\.\|\.\fR will have gem installed there, too\. Therefore, gems installed without a \fB\-\-path \|\.\|\.\|\.\fR setting will show up by calling \fBgem list\fR\. Accordingly, gems installed to other locations will not get listed\.
-.IP
-This option is deprecated in favor of the \fBpath\fR setting\.
+This has the same effect as using \fBlockfile false\fR in the Gemfile\. See gemfile(5) for more information\.
 .TP
 \fB\-\-quiet\fR
 Do not print progress information to the standard output\.
@@ -71,36 +48,16 @@ Do not print progress information to the standard output\.
 \fB\-\-retry=[<number>]\fR
 Retry failed network or git requests for \fInumber\fR times\.
 .TP
-\fB\-\-shebang=SHEBANG\fR
-Uses the specified ruby executable (usually \fBruby\fR) to execute the scripts created with \fB\-\-binstubs\fR\. In addition, if you use \fB\-\-binstubs\fR together with \fB\-\-shebang jruby\fR these executables will be changed to execute \fBjruby\fR instead\.
-.IP
-This option is deprecated in favor of the \fBshebang\fR setting\.
-.TP
 \fB\-\-standalone[=<list>]\fR
-Makes a bundle that can work without depending on Rubygems or Bundler at runtime\. A space separated list of groups to install can be specified\. Bundler creates a directory named \fBbundle\fR and installs the bundle there\. It also generates a \fBbundle/bundler/setup\.rb\fR file to replace Bundler's own setup in the manner required\. Using this option implicitly sets \fBpath\fR, which is a [remembered option][REMEMBERED OPTIONS]\.
-.TP
-\fB\-\-system\fR
-Installs the gems specified in the bundle to the system's Rubygems location\. This overrides any previous configuration of \fB\-\-path\fR\.
-.IP
-This option is deprecated in favor of the \fBsystem\fR setting\.
+Makes a bundle that can work without depending on Rubygems or Bundler at runtime\. A space separated list of groups to install can be specified\. Bundler creates a directory named \fBbundle\fR and installs the bundle there\. It also generates a \fBbundle/bundler/setup\.rb\fR file to replace Bundler's own setup in the manner required\.
 .TP
 \fB\-\-trust\-policy=TRUST\-POLICY\fR
 Apply the Rubygems security policy \fIpolicy\fR, where policy is one of \fBHighSecurity\fR, \fBMediumSecurity\fR, \fBLowSecurity\fR, \fBAlmostNoSecurity\fR, or \fBNoSecurity\fR\. For more details, please see the Rubygems signing documentation linked below in \fISEE ALSO\fR\.
 .TP
 \fB\-\-target\-rbconfig=TARGET\-RBCONFIG\fR
 Path to rbconfig\.rb for the deployment target platform\.
-.TP
-\fB\-\-with=<list>\fR
-A space\-separated list of groups referencing gems to install\. If an optional group is given it is installed\. If a group is given that is in the remembered list of groups given to \-\-without, it is removed from that list\.
-.IP
-This option is deprecated in favor of the \fBwith\fR setting\.
-.TP
-\fB\-\-without=<list>\fR
-A space\-separated list of groups referencing gems to skip during installation\. If a group is given that is in the remembered list of groups given to \-\-with, it is removed from that list\.
-.IP
-This option is deprecated in favor of the \fBwithout\fR setting\.
 .SH "DEPLOYMENT MODE"
-Bundler's defaults are optimized for development\. To switch to defaults optimized for deployment and for CI, use the \fB\-\-deployment\fR flag\. Do not activate deployment mode on development machines, as it will cause an error when the Gemfile(5) is modified\.
+Bundler's defaults are optimized for development\. To switch to defaults optimized for deployment and for CI, use the \fBdeployment\fR setting\. Do not activate deployment mode on development machines, as it will cause an error when the Gemfile(5) is modified\.
 .IP "1." 4
 A \fBGemfile\.lock\fR is required\.
 .IP
@@ -120,14 +77,14 @@ In development, it's convenient to share the gems used in your application with
 .IP
 In deployment, isolation is a more important default\. In addition, the user deploying the application may not have permission to install gems to the system, or the web server may not have permission to read them\.
 .IP
-As a result, \fBbundle install \-\-deployment\fR installs gems to the \fBvendor/bundle\fR directory in the application\. This may be overridden using the \fB\-\-path\fR option\.
+As a result, when \fBdeployment\fR is configured, \fBbundle install\fR installs gems to the \fBvendor/bundle\fR directory in the application\. This may be overridden using the \fBpath\fR setting\.
 .IP "" 0
 .SH "INSTALLING GROUPS"
 By default, \fBbundle install\fR will install all gems in all groups in your Gemfile(5), except those declared for a different platform\.
 .P
-However, you can explicitly tell Bundler to skip installing certain groups with the \fB\-\-without\fR option\. This option takes a space\-separated list of groups\.
+However, you can explicitly tell Bundler to skip installing certain groups with the \fBwithout\fR setting\. This setting takes a space\-separated list of groups\.
 .P
-While the \fB\-\-without\fR option will skip \fIinstalling\fR the gems in the specified groups, it will still \fIdownload\fR those gems and use them to resolve the dependencies of every gem in your Gemfile(5)\.
+While the \fBwithout\fR setting will skip \fIinstalling\fR the gems in the specified groups, \fBbundle install\fR will still \fIdownload\fR those gems and use them to resolve the dependencies of every gem in your Gemfile(5)\.
 .P
 This is so that installing a different set of groups on another machine (such as a production server) will not change the gems and versions that you have already developed and tested against\.
 .P
@@ -148,7 +105,7 @@ end
 .P
 In this case, \fBsinatra\fR depends on any version of Rack (\fB>= 1\.0\fR), while \fBrack\-perftools\-profiler\fR depends on 1\.x (\fB~> 1\.0\fR)\.
 .P
-When you run \fBbundle install \-\-without production\fR in development, we look at the dependencies of \fBrack\-perftools\-profiler\fR as well\. That way, you do not spend all your time developing against Rack 2\.0, using new APIs unavailable in Rack 1\.x, only to have Bundler switch to Rack 1\.2 when the \fBproduction\fR group \fIis\fR used\.
+When you configure \fBbundle config without production\fR in development, we look at the dependencies of \fBrack\-perftools\-profiler\fR as well\. That way, you do not spend all your time developing against Rack 2\.0, using new APIs unavailable in Rack 1\.x, only to have Bundler switch to Rack 1\.2 when the \fBproduction\fR group \fIis\fR used\.
 .P
 This should not cause any problems in practice, because we do not attempt to \fBinstall\fR the gems in the excluded groups, and only evaluate as part of the dependency resolution process\.
 .P
diff --git a/lib/bundler/man/bundle-install.1.ronn b/lib/bundler/man/bundle-install.1.ronn
index a3606826df..c7d88bfb73 100644
--- a/lib/bundler/man/bundle-install.1.ronn
+++ b/lib/bundler/man/bundle-install.1.ronn
@@ -3,28 +3,20 @@ bundle-install(1) -- Install the dependencies specified in your Gemfile
 
 ## SYNOPSIS
 
-`bundle install` [--binstubs[=DIRECTORY]]
-                 [--clean]
-                 [--deployment]
-                 [--frozen]
+`bundle install` [--force]
                  [--full-index]
                  [--gemfile=GEMFILE]
                  [--jobs=NUMBER]
                  [--local]
+                 [--lockfile=LOCKFILE]
                  [--no-cache]
-                 [--no-prune]
-                 [--path PATH]
+                 [--no-lock]
                  [--prefer-local]
                  [--quiet]
-                 [--redownload]
                  [--retry=NUMBER]
-                 [--shebang=SHEBANG]
                  [--standalone[=GROUP[ GROUP...]]]
-                 [--system]
                  [--trust-policy=TRUST-POLICY]
                  [--target-rbconfig=TARGET-RBCONFIG]
-                 [--with=GROUP[ GROUP...]]
-                 [--without=GROUP[ GROUP...]]
 
 ## DESCRIPTION
 
@@ -45,50 +37,8 @@ update process below under [CONSERVATIVE UPDATING][].
 
 ## OPTIONS
 
-The `--clean`, `--deployment`, `--frozen`, `--no-prune`, `--path`, `--shebang`,
-`--system`, `--without` and `--with` options are deprecated because they only
-make sense if they are applied to every subsequent `bundle install` run
-automatically and that requires `bundler` to silently remember them. Since
-`bundler` will no longer remember CLI flags in future versions, `bundle config`
-(see bundle-config(1)) should be used to apply them permanently.
-
-* `--binstubs[=BINSTUBS]`:
-  Binstubs are scripts that wrap around executables. Bundler creates a small Ruby
-  file (a binstub) that loads Bundler, runs the command, and puts it in `bin/`.
-  This lets you link the binstub inside of an application to the exact gem
-  version the application needs.
-
-  Creates a directory (defaults to `~/bin` when the option is used without a
-  value, or to the given `<BINSTUBS>` directory otherwise) and places any
-  executables from the gem there. These executables run in Bundler's context. If
-  used, you might add this directory to your environment's `PATH` variable. For
-  instance, if the `rails` gem comes with a `rails` executable, this flag will
-  create a `bin/rails` executable that ensures that all referred dependencies
-  will be resolved using the bundled gems.
-
-* `--clean`:
-  On finishing the installation Bundler is going to remove any gems not present
-  in the current Gemfile(5). Don't worry, gems currently in use will not be
-  removed.
-
-  This option is deprecated in favor of the `clean` setting.
-
-* `--deployment`:
-  In [deployment mode][DEPLOYMENT MODE], Bundler will 'roll-out' the bundle for
-  production or CI use. Please check carefully if you want to have this option
-  enabled in your development environment.
-
-  This option is deprecated in favor of the `deployment` setting.
-
-* `--redownload`, `--force`:
-  Force download every gem, even if the required versions are already available
-  locally.
-
-* `--frozen`:
-  Do not allow the Gemfile.lock to be updated after this install. Exits
-  non-zero if there are going to be changes to the Gemfile.lock.
-
-  This option is deprecated in favor of the `frozen` setting.
+* `--force`, `--redownload`:
+  Force reinstalling every gem, even if already installed.
 
 * `--full-index`:
   Bundler will not call Rubygems' API endpoint (default) but download and cache
@@ -112,6 +62,10 @@ automatically and that requires `bundler` to silently remember them. Since
   appropriate platform-specific gem exists on `rubygems.org` it will not be
   found.
 
+* `--lockfile=LOCKFILE`:
+  The location of the lockfile which Bundler should use. This defaults
+  to the Gemfile location with `.lock` appended.
+
 * `--prefer-local`:
   Force using locally installed gems, or gems already present in Rubygems' cache
   or in `vendor/cache`, when resolving, even if newer versions are available
@@ -123,19 +77,14 @@ automatically and that requires `bundler` to silently remember them. Since
   does not remove any gems in the cache but keeps the newly bundled gems from
   being cached during the install.
 
-* `--no-prune`:
-  Don't remove stale gems from the cache when the installation finishes.
+* `--no-lock`:
+  Do not create a lockfile. Useful if you want to install dependencies but not
+  lock versions of gems. Recommended for library development, and other
+  situations where the code is expected to work with a range of dependency
+  versions.
 
-  This option is deprecated in favor of the `no_prune` setting.
-
-* `--path=PATH`:
-  The location to install the specified gems to. This defaults to Rubygems'
-  setting. Bundler shares this location with Rubygems, `gem install ...` will
-  have gem installed there, too. Therefore, gems installed without a
-  `--path ...` setting will show up by calling `gem list`. Accordingly, gems
-  installed to other locations will not get listed.
-
-  This option is deprecated in favor of the `path` setting.
+  This has the same effect as using `lockfile false` in the Gemfile.
+  See gemfile(5) for more information.
 
 * `--quiet`:
   Do not print progress information to the standard output.
@@ -143,27 +92,12 @@ automatically and that requires `bundler` to silently remember them. Since
 * `--retry=[<number>]`:
   Retry failed network or git requests for <number> times.
 
-* `--shebang=SHEBANG`:
-  Uses the specified ruby executable (usually `ruby`) to execute the scripts
-  created with `--binstubs`. In addition, if you use `--binstubs` together with
-  `--shebang jruby` these executables will be changed to execute `jruby`
-  instead.
-
-  This option is deprecated in favor of the `shebang` setting.
-
 * `--standalone[=<list>]`:
   Makes a bundle that can work without depending on Rubygems or Bundler at
   runtime. A space separated list of groups to install can be specified.
   Bundler creates a directory named `bundle` and installs the bundle there. It
   also generates a `bundle/bundler/setup.rb` file to replace Bundler's own setup
-  in the manner required. Using this option implicitly sets `path`, which is a
-  [remembered option][REMEMBERED OPTIONS].
-
-* `--system`:
-  Installs the gems specified in the bundle to the system's Rubygems location.
-  This overrides any previous configuration of `--path`.
-
-  This option is deprecated in favor of the `system` setting.
+  in the manner required.
 
 * `--trust-policy=TRUST-POLICY`:
   Apply the Rubygems security policy <policy>, where policy is one of
@@ -174,26 +108,11 @@ automatically and that requires `bundler` to silently remember them. Since
 * `--target-rbconfig=TARGET-RBCONFIG`:
   Path to rbconfig.rb for the deployment target platform.
 
-* `--with=<list>`:
-  A space-separated list of groups referencing gems to install. If an
-  optional group is given it is installed. If a group is given that is
-  in the remembered list of groups given to --without, it is removed
-  from that list.
-
-  This option is deprecated in favor of the `with` setting.
-
-* `--without=<list>`:
-  A space-separated list of groups referencing gems to skip during installation.
-  If a group is given that is in the remembered list of groups given
-  to --with, it is removed from that list.
-
-  This option is deprecated in favor of the `without` setting.
-
 ## DEPLOYMENT MODE
 
 Bundler's defaults are optimized for development. To switch to
-defaults optimized for deployment and for CI, use the `--deployment`
-flag. Do not activate deployment mode on development machines, as it
+defaults optimized for deployment and for CI, use the `deployment`
+setting. Do not activate deployment mode on development machines, as it
 will cause an error when the Gemfile(5) is modified.
 
 1. A `Gemfile.lock` is required.
@@ -225,9 +144,9 @@ will cause an error when the Gemfile(5) is modified.
    gems to the system, or the web server may not have permission to
    read them.
 
-   As a result, `bundle install --deployment` installs gems to
-   the `vendor/bundle` directory in the application. This may be
-   overridden using the `--path` option.
+   As a result, when `deployment` is configured, `bundle install` installs gems
+   to the `vendor/bundle` directory in the application. This may be
+   overridden using the `path` setting.
 
 ## INSTALLING GROUPS
 
@@ -235,12 +154,12 @@ By default, `bundle install` will install all gems in all groups
 in your Gemfile(5), except those declared for a different platform.
 
 However, you can explicitly tell Bundler to skip installing
-certain groups with the `--without` option. This option takes
+certain groups with the `without` setting. This setting takes
 a space-separated list of groups.
 
-While the `--without` option will skip _installing_ the gems in the
-specified groups, it will still _download_ those gems and use them to
-resolve the dependencies of every gem in your Gemfile(5).
+While the `without` setting will skip _installing_ the gems in the
+specified groups, `bundle install` will still _download_ those gems and use them
+to resolve the dependencies of every gem in your Gemfile(5).
 
 This is so that installing a different set of groups on another
  machine (such as a production server) will not change the
@@ -266,7 +185,7 @@ For a simple illustration, consider the following Gemfile(5):
 In this case, `sinatra` depends on any version of Rack (`>= 1.0`), while
 `rack-perftools-profiler` depends on 1.x (`~> 1.0`).
 
-When you run `bundle install --without production` in development, we
+When you configure `bundle config without production` in development, we
 look at the dependencies of `rack-perftools-profiler` as well. That way,
 you do not spend all your time developing against Rack 2.0, using new
 APIs unavailable in Rack 1.x, only to have Bundler switch to Rack 1.2
diff --git a/lib/bundler/man/bundle-issue.1 b/lib/bundler/man/bundle-issue.1
index 02d28c91ba..394d6c5469 100644
--- a/lib/bundler/man/bundle-issue.1
+++ b/lib/bundler/man/bundle-issue.1
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 .\" generated with Ronn-NG/v0.10.1
 .\" http://github.com/apjanke/ronn-ng/tree/0.10.1
-.TH "BUNDLE\-ISSUE" "1" "March 2025" ""
+.TH "BUNDLE\-ISSUE" "1" "September 2025" ""
 .SH "NAME"
 \fBbundle\-issue\fR \- Get help reporting Bundler issues
 .SH "SYNOPSIS"
diff --git a/lib/bundler/man/bundle-licenses.1 b/lib/bundler/man/bundle-licenses.1
index d0dbf3913c..2931e42dd7 100644
--- a/lib/bundler/man/bundle-licenses.1
+++ b/lib/bundler/man/bundle-licenses.1
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 .\" generated with Ronn-NG/v0.10.1
 .\" http://github.com/apjanke/ronn-ng/tree/0.10.1
-.TH "BUNDLE\-LICENSES" "1" "March 2025" ""
+.TH "BUNDLE\-LICENSES" "1" "September 2025" ""
 .SH "NAME"
 \fBbundle\-licenses\fR \- Print the license of all gems in the bundle
 .SH "SYNOPSIS"
diff --git a/lib/bundler/man/bundle-list.1 b/lib/bundler/man/bundle-list.1
index cd09ccab31..d8bcf20585 100644
--- a/lib/bundler/man/bundle-list.1
+++ b/lib/bundler/man/bundle-list.1
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 .\" generated with Ronn-NG/v0.10.1
 .\" http://github.com/apjanke/ronn-ng/tree/0.10.1
-.TH "BUNDLE\-LIST" "1" "March 2025" ""
+.TH "BUNDLE\-LIST" "1" "September 2025" ""
 .SH "NAME"
 \fBbundle\-list\fR \- List all the gems in the bundle
 .SH "SYNOPSIS"
@@ -19,6 +19,8 @@ bundle list \-\-without\-group test
 bundle list \-\-only\-group dev
 .P
 bundle list \-\-only\-group dev test \-\-paths
+.P
+bundle list \-\-format json
 .SH "OPTIONS"
 .TP
 \fB\-\-name\-only\fR
@@ -32,4 +34,7 @@ A space\-separated list of groups of gems to skip during printing\.
 .TP
 \fB\-\-only\-group=<list>\fR
 A space\-separated list of groups of gems to print\.
+.TP
+\fB\-\-format=FORMAT\fR
+Format output ('json' is the only supported format)
 
diff --git a/lib/bundler/man/bundle-list.1.ronn b/lib/bundler/man/bundle-list.1.ronn
index 81bee0ac33..9ec2b13282 100644
--- a/lib/bundler/man/bundle-list.1.ronn
+++ b/lib/bundler/man/bundle-list.1.ronn
@@ -21,6 +21,8 @@ bundle list --only-group dev
 
 bundle list --only-group dev test --paths
 
+bundle list --format json
+
 ## OPTIONS
 
 * `--name-only`:
@@ -34,3 +36,6 @@ bundle list --only-group dev test --paths
 
 * `--only-group=<list>`:
   A space-separated list of groups of gems to print.
+
+* `--format=FORMAT`:
+  Format output ('json' is the only supported format)
diff --git a/lib/bundler/man/bundle-lock.1 b/lib/bundler/man/bundle-lock.1
index 8c9b94e8e2..478d173535 100644
--- a/lib/bundler/man/bundle-lock.1
+++ b/lib/bundler/man/bundle-lock.1
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 .\" generated with Ronn-NG/v0.10.1
 .\" http://github.com/apjanke/ronn-ng/tree/0.10.1
-.TH "BUNDLE\-LOCK" "1" "March 2025" ""
+.TH "BUNDLE\-LOCK" "1" "September 2025" ""
 .SH "NAME"
 \fBbundle\-lock\fR \- Creates / Updates a lockfile without installing
 .SH "SYNOPSIS"
diff --git a/lib/bundler/man/bundle-open.1 b/lib/bundler/man/bundle-open.1
index eb4ac2e859..2f13b1329f 100644
--- a/lib/bundler/man/bundle-open.1
+++ b/lib/bundler/man/bundle-open.1
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 .\" generated with Ronn-NG/v0.10.1
 .\" http://github.com/apjanke/ronn-ng/tree/0.10.1
-.TH "BUNDLE\-OPEN" "1" "March 2025" ""
+.TH "BUNDLE\-OPEN" "1" "September 2025" ""
 .SH "NAME"
 \fBbundle\-open\fR \- Opens the source directory for a gem in your bundle
 .SH "SYNOPSIS"
diff --git a/lib/bundler/man/bundle-outdated.1 b/lib/bundler/man/bundle-outdated.1
index 4f8a2cc56f..7e10d202be 100644
--- a/lib/bundler/man/bundle-outdated.1
+++ b/lib/bundler/man/bundle-outdated.1
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 .\" generated with Ronn-NG/v0.10.1
 .\" http://github.com/apjanke/ronn-ng/tree/0.10.1
-.TH "BUNDLE\-OUTDATED" "1" "March 2025" ""
+.TH "BUNDLE\-OUTDATED" "1" "September 2025" ""
 .SH "NAME"
 \fBbundle\-outdated\fR \- List installed gems with newer versions available
 .SH "SYNOPSIS"
diff --git a/lib/bundler/man/bundle-platform.1 b/lib/bundler/man/bundle-platform.1
index bdac52f937..6a3a08c3a9 100644
--- a/lib/bundler/man/bundle-platform.1
+++ b/lib/bundler/man/bundle-platform.1
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 .\" generated with Ronn-NG/v0.10.1
 .\" http://github.com/apjanke/ronn-ng/tree/0.10.1
-.TH "BUNDLE\-PLATFORM" "1" "March 2025" ""
+.TH "BUNDLE\-PLATFORM" "1" "September 2025" ""
 .SH "NAME"
 \fBbundle\-platform\fR \- Displays platform compatibility information
 .SH "SYNOPSIS"
diff --git a/lib/bundler/man/bundle-plugin.1 b/lib/bundler/man/bundle-plugin.1
index ded328dbd8..25da562475 100644
--- a/lib/bundler/man/bundle-plugin.1
+++ b/lib/bundler/man/bundle-plugin.1
@@ -1,12 +1,12 @@
 .\" generated with Ronn-NG/v0.10.1
 .\" http://github.com/apjanke/ronn-ng/tree/0.10.1
-.TH "BUNDLE\-PLUGIN" "1" "March 2025" ""
+.TH "BUNDLE\-PLUGIN" "1" "September 2025" ""
 .SH "NAME"
 \fBbundle\-plugin\fR \- Manage Bundler plugins
 .SH "SYNOPSIS"
-\fBbundle plugin\fR install PLUGINS [\-\-source=\fISOURCE\fR] [\-\-version=\fIversion\fR] [\-\-git=\fIgit\-url\fR] [\-\-branch=\fIbranch\fR|\-\-ref=\fIrev\fR] [\-\-path=\fIpath\fR]
+\fBbundle plugin\fR install PLUGINS [\-\-source=SOURCE] [\-\-version=VERSION] [\-\-git=GIT] [\-\-branch=BRANCH|\-\-ref=REF] [\-\-path=PATH]
 .br
-\fBbundle plugin\fR uninstall PLUGINS
+\fBbundle plugin\fR uninstall PLUGINS [\-\-all]
 .br
 \fBbundle plugin\fR list
 .br
@@ -16,18 +16,23 @@ You can install, uninstall, and list plugin(s) with this command to extend funct
 .SH "SUB\-COMMANDS"
 .SS "install"
 Install the given plugin(s)\.
+.P
+For example, \fBbundle plugin install bundler\-graph\fR will install bundler\-graph gem from globally configured sources (defaults to RubyGems\.org)\. Note that the global source specified in Gemfile is ignored\.
+.P
+\fBOPTIONS\fR
 .TP
-\fBbundle plugin install bundler\-graph\fR
-Install bundler\-graph gem from globally configured sources (defaults to RubyGems\.org)\. The global source, specified in source in Gemfile is ignored\.
-.TP
-\fBbundle plugin install bundler\-graph \-\-source https://example\.com\fR
-Install bundler\-graph gem from example\.com\. The global source, specified in source in Gemfile is not considered\.
+\fB\-\-source=SOURCE\fR
+Install the plugin gem from a specific source, rather than from globally configured sources\.
+.IP
+Example: \fBbundle plugin install bundler\-graph \-\-source https://example\.com\fR
 .TP
-\fBbundle plugin install bundler\-graph \-\-version 0\.2\.1\fR
-You can specify the version of the gem via \fB\-\-version\fR\.
+\fB\-\-version=VERSION\fR
+Specify a version of the plugin gem to install via \fB\-\-version\fR\.
+.IP
+Example: \fBbundle plugin install bundler\-graph \-\-version 0\.2\.1\fR
 .TP
-\fBbundle plugin install bundler\-graph \-\-git https://github\.com/rubygems/bundler\-graph\fR
-Install bundler\-graph gem from Git repository\. You can use standard Git URLs like:
+\fB\-\-git=GIT\fR
+Install the plugin gem from a Git repository\. You can use standard Git URLs like:
 .IP
 \fBssh://[user@]host\.xz[:port]/path/to/repo\.git\fR
 .br
@@ -37,12 +42,25 @@ Install bundler\-graph gem from Git repository\. You can use standard Git URLs l
 .br
 \fBfile:///path/to/repo\fR
 .IP
-When you specify \fB\-\-git\fR, you can use \fB\-\-branch\fR or \fB\-\-ref\fR to specify any branch, tag, or commit hash (revision) to use\.
+Example: \fBbundle plugin install bundler\-graph \-\-git https://github\.com/rubygems/bundler\-graph\fR
 .TP
-\fBbundle plugin install bundler\-graph \-\-path \.\./bundler\-graph\fR
-Install bundler\-graph gem from a local path\.
+\fB\-\-branch=BRANCH\fR
+When you specify \fB\-\-git\fR, you can use \fB\-\-branch\fR to use\.
+.TP
+\fB\-\-ref=REF\fR
+When you specify \fB\-\-git\fR, you can use \fB\-\-ref\fR to specify any tag, or commit hash (revision) to use\.
+.TP
+\fB\-\-path=PATH\fR
+Install the plugin gem from a local path\.
+.IP
+Example: \fBbundle plugin install bundler\-graph \-\-path \.\./bundler\-graph\fR
 .SS "uninstall"
 Uninstall the plugin(s) specified in PLUGINS\.
+.P
+\fBOPTIONS\fR
+.TP
+\fB\-\-all\fR
+Uninstall all the installed plugins\. If no plugin is installed, then it does nothing\.
 .SS "list"
 List the installed plugins and available commands\.
 .P
diff --git a/lib/bundler/man/bundle-plugin.1.ronn b/lib/bundler/man/bundle-plugin.1.ronn
index b0a34660ea..b54e0c08b4 100644
--- a/lib/bundler/man/bundle-plugin.1.ronn
+++ b/lib/bundler/man/bundle-plugin.1.ronn
@@ -3,10 +3,10 @@ bundle-plugin(1) -- Manage Bundler plugins
 
 ## SYNOPSIS
 
-`bundle plugin` install PLUGINS [--source=<SOURCE>] [--version=<version>]
-                              [--git=<git-url>] [--branch=<branch>|--ref=<rev>]
-                              [--path=<path>]<br>
-`bundle plugin` uninstall PLUGINS<br>
+`bundle plugin` install PLUGINS [--source=SOURCE] [--version=VERSION]
+                              [--git=GIT] [--branch=BRANCH|--ref=REF]
+                              [--path=PATH]<br>
+`bundle plugin` uninstall PLUGINS [--all]<br>
 `bundle plugin` list<br>
 `bundle plugin` help [COMMAND]
 
@@ -20,32 +20,53 @@ You can install, uninstall, and list plugin(s) with this command to extend funct
 
 Install the given plugin(s).
 
-* `bundle plugin install bundler-graph`:
-  Install bundler-graph gem from globally configured sources (defaults to RubyGems.org). The global source, specified in source in Gemfile is ignored.
+For example, `bundle plugin install bundler-graph` will install bundler-graph
+gem from globally configured sources (defaults to RubyGems.org). Note that the
+global source specified in Gemfile is ignored.
 
-* `bundle plugin install bundler-graph --source https://example.com`:
-  Install bundler-graph gem from example.com. The global source, specified in source in Gemfile is not considered.
+**OPTIONS**
 
-* `bundle plugin install bundler-graph --version 0.2.1`:
-  You can specify the version of the gem via `--version`.
+* `--source=SOURCE`:
+  Install the plugin gem from a specific source, rather than from globally configured sources.
 
-* `bundle plugin install bundler-graph --git https://github.com/rubygems/bundler-graph`:
-  Install bundler-graph gem from Git repository. You can use standard Git URLs like:
+  Example: `bundle plugin install bundler-graph --source https://example.com`
+
+* `--version=VERSION`:
+  Specify a version of the plugin gem to install via `--version`.
+
+  Example: `bundle plugin install bundler-graph --version 0.2.1`
+
+* `--git=GIT`:
+  Install the plugin gem from a Git repository. You can use standard Git URLs like:
 
   `ssh://[user@]host.xz[:port]/path/to/repo.git`<br>
   `http[s]://host.xz[:port]/path/to/repo.git`<br>
   `/path/to/repo`<br>
   `file:///path/to/repo`
 
-  When you specify `--git`, you can use `--branch` or `--ref` to specify any branch, tag, or commit hash (revision) to use.
+  Example: `bundle plugin install bundler-graph --git https://github.com/rubygems/bundler-graph`
+
+* `--branch=BRANCH`:
+  When you specify `--git`, you can use `--branch`  to use.
 
-* `bundle plugin install bundler-graph --path ../bundler-graph`:
-  Install bundler-graph gem from a local path.
+* `--ref=REF`:
+  When you specify `--git`, you can use `--ref` to specify any tag, or commit
+  hash (revision) to use.
+
+* `--path=PATH`:
+  Install the plugin gem from a local path.
+
+  Example: `bundle plugin install bundler-graph --path ../bundler-graph`
 
 ### uninstall
 
 Uninstall the plugin(s) specified in PLUGINS.
 
+**OPTIONS**
+
+* `--all`:
+  Uninstall all the installed plugins. If no plugin is installed, then it does nothing.
+
 ### list
 
 List the installed plugins and available commands.
diff --git a/lib/bundler/man/bundle-pristine.1 b/lib/bundler/man/bundle-pristine.1
index 294ef179a7..a8316b5cca 100644
--- a/lib/bundler/man/bundle-pristine.1
+++ b/lib/bundler/man/bundle-pristine.1
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 .\" generated with Ronn-NG/v0.10.1
 .\" http://github.com/apjanke/ronn-ng/tree/0.10.1
-.TH "BUNDLE\-PRISTINE" "1" "March 2025" ""
+.TH "BUNDLE\-PRISTINE" "1" "September 2025" ""
 .SH "NAME"
 \fBbundle\-pristine\fR \- Restores installed gems to their pristine condition
 .SH "SYNOPSIS"
diff --git a/lib/bundler/man/bundle-remove.1 b/lib/bundler/man/bundle-remove.1
index 2e42a12de3..4dc7a03b9f 100644
--- a/lib/bundler/man/bundle-remove.1
+++ b/lib/bundler/man/bundle-remove.1
@@ -1,21 +1,15 @@
 .\" generated with Ronn-NG/v0.10.1
 .\" http://github.com/apjanke/ronn-ng/tree/0.10.1
-.TH "BUNDLE\-REMOVE" "1" "March 2025" ""
+.TH "BUNDLE\-REMOVE" "1" "September 2025" ""
 .SH "NAME"
 \fBbundle\-remove\fR \- Removes gems from the Gemfile
 .SH "SYNOPSIS"
-\fBbundle remove [GEM [GEM \|\.\|\.\|\.]] [\-\-install]\fR
+`bundle remove [GEM [GEM \|\.\|\.\|\.]]
 .SH "DESCRIPTION"
 Removes the given gems from the Gemfile while ensuring that the resulting Gemfile is still valid\. If a gem cannot be removed, a warning is printed\. If a gem is already absent from the Gemfile, and error is raised\.
-.SH "OPTIONS"
-.TP
-\fB\-\-install\fR
-Runs \fBbundle install\fR after the given gems have been removed from the Gemfile, which ensures that both the lockfile and the installed gems on disk are also updated to remove the given gem(s)\.
 .P
 Example:
 .P
 bundle remove rails
 .P
 bundle remove rails rack
-.P
-bundle remove rails rack \-\-install
diff --git a/lib/bundler/man/bundle-remove.1.ronn b/lib/bundler/man/bundle-remove.1.ronn
index ceb1a980be..49cb4dc1fd 100644
--- a/lib/bundler/man/bundle-remove.1.ronn
+++ b/lib/bundler/man/bundle-remove.1.ronn
@@ -3,21 +3,14 @@ bundle-remove(1) -- Removes gems from the Gemfile
 
 ## SYNOPSIS
 
-`bundle remove [GEM [GEM ...]] [--install]`
+`bundle remove [GEM [GEM ...]]
 
 ## DESCRIPTION
 
 Removes the given gems from the Gemfile while ensuring that the resulting Gemfile is still valid. If a gem cannot be removed, a warning is printed. If a gem is already absent from the Gemfile, and error is raised.
 
-## OPTIONS
-
-* `--install`:
-  Runs `bundle install` after the given gems have been removed from the Gemfile, which ensures that both the lockfile and the installed gems on disk are also updated to remove the given gem(s).
-
 Example:
 
 bundle remove rails
 
 bundle remove rails rack
-
-bundle remove rails rack --install
diff --git a/lib/bundler/man/bundle-show.1 b/lib/bundler/man/bundle-show.1
index d460e7a256..901460962c 100644
--- a/lib/bundler/man/bundle-show.1
+++ b/lib/bundler/man/bundle-show.1
@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
 .\" generated with Ronn-NG/v0.10.1
 .\" http://github.com/apjanke/ronn-ng/tree/0.10.1
-.TH "BUNDLE\-SHOW" "1" "March 2025" ""
+.TH "BUNDLE\-SHOW" "1" "September 2025" ""
 .SH "NAME"
 \fBbundle\-show\fR \- Shows all the gems in your bundle, or the path to a gem
 .SH "SYNOPSIS"
-\fBbundle show\fR [GEM] [\-\-paths] [\-\-outdated]
+\fBbundle show\fR [GEM] [\-\-paths]
 .SH "DESCRIPTION"
 Without the [GEM] option, \fBshow\fR will print a list of the names and versions of all gems that are required by your [\fBGemfile(5)\fR][Gemfile(5)], sorted by name\.
 .P
@@ -13,7 +13,4 @@ Calling show with [GEM] will list the exact location of that gem on your machine
 .TP
 \fB\-\-paths\fR
 List the paths of all gems that are required by your [\fBGemfile(5)\fR][Gemfile(5)], sorted by gem name\.
-.TP
-\fB\-\-outdated\fR
-Show verbose output including whether gems are outdated\.
 
diff --git a/lib/bundler/man/bundle-show.1.ronn b/lib/bundler/man/bundle-show.1.ronn
index 6e80b04696..a6a59a1445 100644
--- a/lib/bundler/man/bundle-show.1.ronn
+++ b/lib/bundler/man/bundle-show.1.ronn
@@ -5,7 +5,6 @@ bundle-show(1) -- Shows all the gems in your bundle, or the path to a gem
 
 `bundle show` [GEM]
               [--paths]
-              [--outdated]
 
 ## DESCRIPTION
 
@@ -20,6 +19,3 @@ machine.
 * `--paths`:
   List the paths of all gems that are required by your [`Gemfile(5)`][Gemfile(5)],
   sorted by gem name.
-
-* `--outdated`:
-  Show verbose output including whether gems are outdated.
diff --git a/lib/bundler/man/bundle-update.1 b/lib/bundler/man/bundle-update.1
index 855a5049aa..2f9932dc1e 100644
--- a/lib/bundler/man/bundle-update.1
+++ b/lib/bundler/man/bundle-update.1
@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
 .\" generated with Ronn-NG/v0.10.1
 .\" http://github.com/apjanke/ronn-ng/tree/0.10.1
-.TH "BUNDLE\-UPDATE" "1" "March 2025" ""
+.TH "BUNDLE\-UPDATE" "1" "September 2025" ""
 .SH "NAME"
 \fBbundle\-update\fR \- Update your gems to the latest available versions
 .SH "SYNOPSIS"
-\fBbundle update\fR \fI*gems\fR [\-\-all] [\-\-group=NAME] [\-\-source=NAME] [\-\-local] [\-\-ruby] [\-\-bundler[=VERSION]] [\-\-full\-index] [\-\-gemfile=GEMFILE] [\-\-jobs=NUMBER] [\-\-quiet] [\-\-patch|\-\-minor|\-\-major] [\-\-pre] [\-\-redownload] [\-\-strict] [\-\-conservative]
+\fBbundle update\fR \fI*gems\fR [\-\-all] [\-\-group=NAME] [\-\-source=NAME] [\-\-local] [\-\-ruby] [\-\-bundler[=VERSION]] [\-\-force] [\-\-full\-index] [\-\-gemfile=GEMFILE] [\-\-jobs=NUMBER] [\-\-quiet] [\-\-patch|\-\-minor|\-\-major] [\-\-pre] [\-\-strict] [\-\-conservative]
 .SH "DESCRIPTION"
 Update the gems specified (all gems, if \fB\-\-all\fR flag is used), ignoring the previously installed gems specified in the \fBGemfile\.lock\fR\. In general, you should use bundle install(1) \fIbundle\-install\.1\.html\fR to install the same exact gems and versions across machines\.
 .P
@@ -29,6 +29,9 @@ Update the locked version of Ruby to the current version of Ruby\.
 \fB\-\-bundler[=BUNDLER]\fR
 Update the locked version of bundler to the invoked bundler version\.
 .TP
+\fB\-\-force\fR, \fB\-\-redownload\fR
+Force reinstalling every gem, even if already installed\.
+.TP
 \fB\-\-full\-index\fR
 Fall back to using the single\-file index of all gems\.
 .TP
@@ -44,9 +47,6 @@ Retry failed network or git requests for \fInumber\fR times\.
 \fB\-\-quiet\fR
 Only output warnings and errors\.
 .TP
-\fB\-\-redownload\fR, \fB\-\-force\fR
-Force downloading every gem\.
-.TP
 \fB\-\-patch\fR
 Prefer updating only to next patch version\.
 .TP
diff --git a/lib/bundler/man/bundle-update.1.ronn b/lib/bundler/man/bundle-update.1.ronn
index 1b8b31951d..bfe381677c 100644
--- a/lib/bundler/man/bundle-update.1.ronn
+++ b/lib/bundler/man/bundle-update.1.ronn
@@ -9,13 +9,13 @@ bundle-update(1) -- Update your gems to the latest available versions
                         [--local]
                         [--ruby]
                         [--bundler[=VERSION]]
+                        [--force]
                         [--full-index]
                         [--gemfile=GEMFILE]
                         [--jobs=NUMBER]
                         [--quiet]
                         [--patch|--minor|--major]
                         [--pre]
-                        [--redownload]
                         [--strict]
                         [--conservative]
 
@@ -54,6 +54,9 @@ gem.
 * `--bundler[=BUNDLER]`:
   Update the locked version of bundler to the invoked bundler version.
 
+* `--force`, `--redownload`:
+  Force reinstalling every gem, even if already installed.
+
 * `--full-index`:
   Fall back to using the single-file index of all gems.
 
@@ -70,9 +73,6 @@ gem.
 * `--quiet`:
   Only output warnings and errors.
 
-* `--redownload`, `--force`:
-  Force downloading every gem.
-
 * `--patch`:
   Prefer updating only to next patch version.
 
diff --git a/lib/bundler/man/bundle-version.1 b/lib/bundler/man/bundle-version.1
index 17add566d8..6462ec7958 100644
--- a/lib/bundler/man/bundle-version.1
+++ b/lib/bundler/man/bundle-version.1
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 .\" generated with Ronn-NG/v0.10.1
 .\" http://github.com/apjanke/ronn-ng/tree/0.10.1
-.TH "BUNDLE\-VERSION" "1" "March 2025" ""
+.TH "BUNDLE\-VERSION" "1" "September 2025" ""
 .SH "NAME"
 \fBbundle\-version\fR \- Prints Bundler version information
 .SH "SYNOPSIS"
diff --git a/lib/bundler/man/bundle-viz.1 b/lib/bundler/man/bundle-viz.1
deleted file mode 100644
index 17e6f90cca..0000000000
--- a/lib/bundler/man/bundle-viz.1
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,30 +0,0 @@
-.\" generated with Ronn-NG/v0.10.1
-.\" http://github.com/apjanke/ronn-ng/tree/0.10.1
-.TH "BUNDLE\-VIZ" "1" "March 2025" ""
-.SH "NAME"
-\fBbundle\-viz\fR \- Generates a visual dependency graph for your Gemfile
-.SH "SYNOPSIS"
-\fBbundle viz\fR [\-\-file=FILE] [\-\-format=FORMAT] [\-\-requirements] [\-\-version] [\-\-without=GROUP GROUP]
-.SH "DESCRIPTION"
-\fBviz\fR generates a PNG file of the current \fBGemfile(5)\fR as a dependency graph\. \fBviz\fR requires the ruby\-graphviz gem (and its dependencies)\.
-.P
-The associated gems must also be installed via \fBbundle install(1)\fR \fIbundle\-install\.1\.html\fR\.
-.P
-\fBviz\fR command was deprecated in Bundler 2\.2\. Use bundler\-graph plugin \fIhttps://github\.com/rubygems/bundler\-graph\fR instead\.
-.SH "OPTIONS"
-.TP
-\fB\-\-file=FILE\fR, \fB\-f=FILE\fR
-The name to use for the generated file\. See \fB\-\-format\fR option
-.TP
-\fB\-\-format=FORMAT\fR, \fB\-F=FORMAT\fR
-This is output format option\. Supported format is png, jpg, svg, dot \|\.\|\.\|\.
-.TP
-\fB\-\-requirements\fR, \fB\-R\fR
-Set to show the version of each required dependency\.
-.TP
-\fB\-\-version\fR, \fB\-v\fR
-Set to show each gem version\.
-.TP
-\fB\-\-without=<list>\fR, \fB\-W=<list>\fR
-Exclude gems that are part of the specified named group\.
-
diff --git a/lib/bundler/man/bundle-viz.1.ronn b/lib/bundler/man/bundle-viz.1.ronn
deleted file mode 100644
index 730b0eed22..0000000000
--- a/lib/bundler/man/bundle-viz.1.ronn
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,36 +0,0 @@
-bundle-viz(1) -- Generates a visual dependency graph for your Gemfile
-=====================================================================
-
-## SYNOPSIS
-
-`bundle viz` [--file=FILE]
-             [--format=FORMAT]
-             [--requirements]
-             [--version]
-             [--without=GROUP GROUP]
-
-## DESCRIPTION
-
-`viz` generates a PNG file of the current `Gemfile(5)` as a dependency graph.
-`viz` requires the ruby-graphviz gem (and its dependencies).
-
-The associated gems must also be installed via [`bundle install(1)`](bundle-install.1.html).
-
-`viz` command was deprecated in Bundler 2.2. Use [bundler-graph plugin](https://github.com/rubygems/bundler-graph) instead.
-
-## OPTIONS
-
-* `--file=FILE`, `-f=FILE`:
-  The name to use for the generated file. See `--format` option
-
-* `--format=FORMAT`, `-F=FORMAT`:
-  This is output format option. Supported format is png, jpg, svg, dot ...
-
-* `--requirements`, `-R`:
-  Set to show the version of each required dependency.
-
-* `--version`, `-v`:
-  Set to show each gem version.
-
-* `--without=<list>`, `-W=<list>`:
-  Exclude gems that are part of the specified named group.
diff --git a/lib/bundler/man/bundle.1 b/lib/bundler/man/bundle.1
index 3b40f58210..9f7feb4133 100644
--- a/lib/bundler/man/bundle.1
+++ b/lib/bundler/man/bundle.1
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 .\" generated with Ronn-NG/v0.10.1
 .\" http://github.com/apjanke/ronn-ng/tree/0.10.1
-.TH "BUNDLE" "1" "March 2025" ""
+.TH "BUNDLE" "1" "September 2025" ""
 .SH "NAME"
 \fBbundle\fR \- Ruby Dependency Management
 .SH "SYNOPSIS"
@@ -66,9 +66,6 @@ Open an installed gem in the editor
 \fBbundle lock(1)\fR \fIbundle\-lock\.1\.html\fR
 Generate a lockfile for your dependencies
 .TP
-\fBbundle viz(1)\fR \fIbundle\-viz\.1\.html\fR (deprecated)
-Generate a visual representation of your dependencies
-.TP
 \fBbundle init(1)\fR \fIbundle\-init\.1\.html\fR
 Generate a simple \fBGemfile\fR, placed in the current directory
 .TP
@@ -94,9 +91,3 @@ Manage Bundler plugins
 Prints Bundler version information
 .SH "PLUGINS"
 When running a command that isn't listed in PRIMARY COMMANDS or UTILITIES, Bundler will try to find an executable on your path named \fBbundler\-<command>\fR and execute it, passing down any extra arguments to it\.
-.SH "OBSOLETE"
-These commands are obsolete and should no longer be used:
-.IP "\(bu" 4
-\fBbundle inject(1)\fR
-.IP "" 0
-
diff --git a/lib/bundler/man/bundle.1.ronn b/lib/bundler/man/bundle.1.ronn
index 8245effabd..1c2b3df7af 100644
--- a/lib/bundler/man/bundle.1.ronn
+++ b/lib/bundler/man/bundle.1.ronn
@@ -76,9 +76,6 @@ We divide `bundle` subcommands into primary commands and utilities:
 * [`bundle lock(1)`](bundle-lock.1.html):
   Generate a lockfile for your dependencies
 
-* [`bundle viz(1)`](bundle-viz.1.html) (deprecated):
-  Generate a visual representation of your dependencies
-
 * [`bundle init(1)`](bundle-init.1.html):
   Generate a simple `Gemfile`, placed in the current directory
 
@@ -108,9 +105,3 @@ We divide `bundle` subcommands into primary commands and utilities:
 When running a command that isn't listed in PRIMARY COMMANDS or UTILITIES,
 Bundler will try to find an executable on your path named `bundler-<command>`
 and execute it, passing down any extra arguments to it.
-
-## OBSOLETE
-
-These commands are obsolete and should no longer be used:
-
-* `bundle inject(1)`
diff --git a/lib/bundler/man/gemfile.5 b/lib/bundler/man/gemfile.5
index f52864a2bf..a8c055a0c1 100644
--- a/lib/bundler/man/gemfile.5
+++ b/lib/bundler/man/gemfile.5
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 .\" generated with Ronn-NG/v0.10.1
 .\" http://github.com/apjanke/ronn-ng/tree/0.10.1
-.TH "GEMFILE" "5" "March 2025" ""
+.TH "GEMFILE" "5" "September 2025" ""
 .SH "NAME"
 \fBGemfile\fR \- A format for describing gem dependencies for Ruby programs
 .SH "SYNOPSIS"
@@ -469,4 +469,35 @@ For implicit gems (dependencies of explicit gems), any source, git, or path repo
 .IP "3." 4
 If neither of the above conditions are met, the global source will be used\. If multiple global sources are specified, they will be prioritized from last to first, but this is deprecated since Bundler 1\.13, so Bundler prints a warning and will abort with an error in the future\.
 .IP "" 0
+.SH "LOCKFILE"
+By default, Bundler will create a lockfile by adding \fB\.lock\fR to the end of the Gemfile name\. To change this, use the \fBlockfile\fR method:
+.IP "" 4
+.nf
+lockfile "/path/to/lockfile\.lock"
+.fi
+.IP "" 0
+.P
+This is useful when you want to use different lockfiles per ruby version or platform\.
+.P
+To avoid writing a lock file, use \fBfalse\fR as the argument:
+.IP "" 4
+.nf
+lockfile false
+.fi
+.IP "" 0
+.P
+This is useful for library development and other situations where the code is expected to work with a range of dependency versions\.
+.SS "LOCKFILE PRECEDENCE"
+When determining path to the lockfile or whether to create a lockfile, the following precedence is used:
+.IP "1." 4
+The \fBbundle install\fR \fB\-\-no\-lock\fR option (which disables lockfile creation)\.
+.IP "2." 4
+The \fBbundle install\fR \fB\-\-lockfile\fR option\.
+.IP "3." 4
+The \fBBUNDLE_LOCKFILE\fR environment variable\.
+.IP "4." 4
+The \fBlockfile\fR method in the Gemfile\.
+.IP "5." 4
+The default behavior of adding \fB\.lock\fR to the end of the Gemfile name\.
+.IP "" 0
 
diff --git a/lib/bundler/man/gemfile.5.ronn b/lib/bundler/man/gemfile.5.ronn
index 802549737e..18d7bb826e 100644
--- a/lib/bundler/man/gemfile.5.ronn
+++ b/lib/bundler/man/gemfile.5.ronn
@@ -556,3 +556,31 @@ bundler uses the following priority order:
      If multiple global sources are specified, they will be prioritized from
      last to first, but this is deprecated since Bundler 1.13, so Bundler prints
      a warning and will abort with an error in the future.
+
+## LOCKFILE
+
+By default, Bundler will create a lockfile by adding `.lock` to the end of the
+Gemfile name. To change this, use the `lockfile` method:
+
+    lockfile "/path/to/lockfile.lock"
+
+This is useful when you want to use different lockfiles per ruby version or
+platform.
+
+To avoid writing a lock file, use `false` as the argument:
+
+    lockfile false
+
+This is useful for library development and other situations where the code is
+expected to work with a range of dependency versions.
+
+### LOCKFILE PRECEDENCE
+
+When determining path to the lockfile or whether to create a lockfile, the
+following precedence is used:
+
+1. The `bundle install` `--no-lock` option (which disables lockfile creation).
+1. The `bundle install` `--lockfile` option.
+1. The `BUNDLE_LOCKFILE` environment variable.
+1. The `lockfile` method in the Gemfile.
+1. The default behavior of adding `.lock` to the end of the Gemfile name.
diff --git a/lib/bundler/man/index.txt b/lib/bundler/man/index.txt
index 3ea3495f1b..f610ba852a 100644
--- a/lib/bundler/man/index.txt
+++ b/lib/bundler/man/index.txt
@@ -15,7 +15,6 @@ bundle-gem(1)         bundle-gem.1
 bundle-help(1)        bundle-help.1
 bundle-info(1)        bundle-info.1
 bundle-init(1)        bundle-init.1
-bundle-inject(1)      bundle-inject.1
 bundle-install(1)     bundle-install.1
 bundle-issue(1)       bundle-issue.1
 bundle-licenses(1)    bundle-licenses.1
@@ -30,4 +29,3 @@ bundle-remove(1)      bundle-remove.1
 bundle-show(1)        bundle-show.1
 bundle-update(1)      bundle-update.1
 bundle-version(1)     bundle-version.1
-bundle-viz(1)         bundle-viz.1
diff --git a/lib/bundler/match_platform.rb b/lib/bundler/match_platform.rb
index ece9fb8679..479818e5ec 100644
--- a/lib/bundler/match_platform.rb
+++ b/lib/bundler/match_platform.rb
@@ -1,23 +1,42 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true
 
-require_relative "gem_helpers"
-
 module Bundler
   module MatchPlatform
-    include GemHelpers
+    def installable_on_platform?(target_platform) # :nodoc:
+      return true if [Gem::Platform::RUBY, nil, target_platform].include?(platform)
+      return true if Gem::Platform.new(platform) === target_platform
 
-    def match_platform(p)
-      MatchPlatform.platforms_match?(platform, p)
+      false
     end
 
-    def self.platforms_match?(gemspec_platform, local_platform)
-      return true if gemspec_platform.nil?
-      return true if gemspec_platform == Gem::Platform::RUBY
-      return true if local_platform == gemspec_platform
-      gemspec_platform = Gem::Platform.new(gemspec_platform)
-      return true if gemspec_platform === local_platform
+    def self.select_best_platform_match(specs, platform, force_ruby: false, prefer_locked: false)
+      matching = select_all_platform_match(specs, platform, force_ruby: force_ruby, prefer_locked: prefer_locked)
 
-      false
+      Gem::Platform.sort_and_filter_best_platform_match(matching, platform)
+    end
+
+    def self.select_best_local_platform_match(specs, force_ruby: false)
+      local = Bundler.local_platform
+      matching = select_all_platform_match(specs, local, force_ruby: force_ruby).filter_map(&:materialized_for_installation)
+
+      Gem::Platform.sort_best_platform_match(matching, local)
+    end
+
+    def self.select_all_platform_match(specs, platform, force_ruby: false, prefer_locked: false)
+      matching = specs.select {|spec| spec.installable_on_platform?(force_ruby ? Gem::Platform::RUBY : platform) }
+
+      specs.each(&:force_ruby_platform!) if force_ruby
+
+      if prefer_locked
+        locked_originally = matching.select {|spec| spec.is_a?(::Bundler::LazySpecification) }
+        return locked_originally if locked_originally.any?
+      end
+
+      matching
+    end
+
+    def self.generic_local_platform_is_ruby?
+      Bundler.generic_local_platform == Gem::Platform::RUBY
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/lib/bundler/materialization.rb b/lib/bundler/materialization.rb
index 6542c07649..82e48464a7 100644
--- a/lib/bundler/materialization.rb
+++ b/lib/bundler/materialization.rb
@@ -22,14 +22,14 @@ module Bundler
       @specs ||= if @candidates.nil?
         []
       elsif platform
-        GemHelpers.select_best_platform_match(@candidates, platform, force_ruby: dep.force_ruby_platform)
+        MatchPlatform.select_best_platform_match(@candidates, platform, force_ruby: dep.force_ruby_platform)
       else
-        GemHelpers.select_best_local_platform_match(@candidates, force_ruby: dep.force_ruby_platform || dep.default_force_ruby_platform)
+        MatchPlatform.select_best_local_platform_match(@candidates, force_ruby: dep.force_ruby_platform || dep.default_force_ruby_platform)
       end
     end
 
     def dependencies
-      specs.first.runtime_dependencies.map {|d| [d, platform] }
+      (materialized_spec || specs.first).runtime_dependencies.map {|d| [d, platform] }
     end
 
     def materialized_spec
diff --git a/lib/bundler/plugin.rb b/lib/bundler/plugin.rb
index 44129cc0ff..fd6da6cf6d 100644
--- a/lib/bundler/plugin.rb
+++ b/lib/bundler/plugin.rb
@@ -220,7 +220,7 @@ module Bundler
     #
     # @param [String] event
     def hook(event, *args, &arg_blk)
-      return unless Bundler.feature_flag.plugins?
+      return unless Bundler.settings[:plugins]
       unless Events.defined_event?(event)
         raise ArgumentError, "Event '#{event}' not defined in Bundler::Plugin::Events"
       end
diff --git a/lib/bundler/plugin/installer.rb b/lib/bundler/plugin/installer.rb
index ac3c3ea7f3..853ad9edca 100644
--- a/lib/bundler/plugin/installer.rb
+++ b/lib/bundler/plugin/installer.rb
@@ -43,16 +43,6 @@ module Bundler
       private
 
       def check_sources_consistency!(options)
-        if options.key?(:git) && options.key?(:local_git)
-          raise InvalidOption, "Remote and local plugin git sources can't be both specified"
-        end
-
-        # back-compat; local_git is an alias for git
-        if options.key?(:local_git)
-          Bundler::SharedHelpers.major_deprecation(2, "--local_git is deprecated, use --git")
-          options[:git] = options.delete(:local_git)
-        end
-
         if (options.keys & [:source, :git, :path]).length > 1
           raise InvalidOption, "Only one of --source, --git, or --path may be specified"
         end
diff --git a/lib/bundler/plugin/source_list.rb b/lib/bundler/plugin/source_list.rb
index 746996de55..d929ade29e 100644
--- a/lib/bundler/plugin/source_list.rb
+++ b/lib/bundler/plugin/source_list.rb
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ module Bundler
 
       private
 
-      def rubygems_aggregate_class
+      def source_class
         Plugin::Installer::Rubygems
       end
     end
diff --git a/lib/bundler/resolver.rb b/lib/bundler/resolver.rb
index f5d1c57a11..1dbf565d46 100644
--- a/lib/bundler/resolver.rb
+++ b/lib/bundler/resolver.rb
@@ -14,8 +14,6 @@ module Bundler
     require_relative "resolver/root"
     require_relative "resolver/strategy"
 
-    include GemHelpers
-
     def initialize(base, gem_version_promoter, most_specific_locked_platform = nil)
       @source_requirements = base.source_requirements
       @base = base
@@ -167,7 +165,7 @@ module Bundler
       PubGrub::VersionConstraint.new(package, range: range)
     end
 
-    def versions_for(package, range=VersionRange.any)
+    def versions_for(package, range = VersionRange.any)
       range.select_versions(@sorted_versions[package])
     end
 
@@ -273,7 +271,7 @@ module Bundler
           next groups if platform_specs.all?(&:empty?)
         end
 
-        ruby_specs = select_best_platform_match(specs, Gem::Platform::RUBY)
+        ruby_specs = MatchPlatform.select_best_platform_match(specs, Gem::Platform::RUBY)
         ruby_group = Resolver::SpecGroup.new(ruby_specs)
 
         unless ruby_group.empty?
diff --git a/lib/bundler/resolver/package.rb b/lib/bundler/resolver/package.rb
index 0e86a4f84d..3906be3f57 100644
--- a/lib/bundler/resolver/package.rb
+++ b/lib/bundler/resolver/package.rb
@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@ module Bundler
         @locked_version = locked_specs.version_for(name)
         @unlock = unlock
         @dependency = dependency || Dependency.new(name, @locked_version)
+        @platforms |= [Gem::Platform::RUBY] if @dependency.default_force_ruby_platform
         @top_level = !dependency.nil?
         @prerelease = @dependency.prerelease? || @locked_version&.prerelease? || prerelease ? :consider_first : :ignore
         @prefer_local = prefer_local
@@ -30,7 +31,7 @@ module Bundler
       def platform_specs(specs)
         platforms.map do |platform|
           prefer_locked = @new_platforms.include?(platform) ? false : !unlock?
-          GemHelpers.select_best_platform_match(specs, platform, prefer_locked: prefer_locked)
+          MatchPlatform.select_best_platform_match(specs, platform, prefer_locked: prefer_locked)
         end
       end
 
diff --git a/lib/bundler/ruby_dsl.rb b/lib/bundler/ruby_dsl.rb
index cd88253f46..5e52f38c8f 100644
--- a/lib/bundler/ruby_dsl.rb
+++ b/lib/bundler/ruby_dsl.rb
@@ -42,21 +42,26 @@ module Bundler
     # Loads the file relative to the dirname of the Gemfile itself.
     def normalize_ruby_file(filename)
       file_content = Bundler.read_file(gemfile.dirname.join(filename))
-      # match "ruby-3.2.2", ruby = "3.2.2" or "ruby   3.2.2" capturing version string up to the first space or comment
-      if /^                    # Start of line
-         ruby                  # Literal "ruby"
-         [\s-]*                # Optional whitespace or hyphens (for "ruby-3.2.2" format)
-         (?:=\s*)?             # Optional equals sign with whitespace (for ruby = "3.2.2" format)
-         "?                    # Optional opening quote
-         (                     # Start capturing group
-           [^\s#"]+            # One or more chars that aren't spaces, #, or quotes
-         )                     # End capturing group
-         "?                    # Optional closing quote
-         /x.match(file_content)
-        $1
+      # match "ruby-3.2.2", ruby = "3.2.2", ruby = '3.2.2' or "ruby   3.2.2" capturing version string up to the first space or comment
+      version_match = /^               # Start of line
+                      ruby             # Literal "ruby"
+                      [\s-]*           # Optional whitespace or hyphens (for "ruby-3.2.2" format)
+                      (?:=\s*)?        # Optional equals sign with whitespace (for ruby = "3.2.2" format)
+                      (?:
+                        "([^"]+)"      # Double quoted version
+                        |
+                        '([^']+)'      # Single quoted version
+                        |
+                        ([^\s#"']+)    # Unquoted version
+                      )
+                      /x.match(file_content)
+      if version_match
+        version_match[1] || version_match[2] || version_match[3]
       else
         file_content.strip
       end
+    rescue Errno::ENOENT
+      raise GemfileError, "Could not find version file #{filename}"
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/lib/bundler/ruby_version.rb b/lib/bundler/ruby_version.rb
index 0ed5cbc6ca..7f60dde476 100644
--- a/lib/bundler/ruby_version.rb
+++ b/lib/bundler/ruby_version.rb
@@ -43,7 +43,6 @@ module Bundler
 
     def to_s(versions = self.versions)
       output = String.new("ruby #{versions_string(versions)}")
-      output << "p#{patchlevel}" if patchlevel && patchlevel != "-1"
       output << " (#{engine} #{versions_string(engine_versions)})" unless engine == "ruby"
 
       output
@@ -72,8 +71,7 @@ module Bundler
     def ==(other)
       versions == other.versions &&
         engine == other.engine &&
-        engine_versions == other.engine_versions &&
-        patchlevel == other.patchlevel
+        engine_versions == other.engine_versions
     end
 
     def host
diff --git a/lib/bundler/rubygems_ext.rb b/lib/bundler/rubygems_ext.rb
index 31bdf8afcb..fedf44b0e6 100644
--- a/lib/bundler/rubygems_ext.rb
+++ b/lib/bundler/rubygems_ext.rb
@@ -52,16 +52,123 @@ module Gem
   require "rubygems/platform"
 
   class Platform
-    JAVA  = Gem::Platform.new("java")
-    MSWIN = Gem::Platform.new("mswin32")
-    MSWIN64 = Gem::Platform.new("mswin64")
-    MINGW = Gem::Platform.new("x86-mingw32")
-    X64_MINGW = [Gem::Platform.new("x64-mingw32"),
-                 Gem::Platform.new("x64-mingw-ucrt")].freeze
-    UNIVERSAL_MINGW = Gem::Platform.new("universal-mingw")
-    WINDOWS = [MSWIN, MSWIN64, UNIVERSAL_MINGW].flatten.freeze
-    X64_LINUX = Gem::Platform.new("x86_64-linux")
-    X64_LINUX_MUSL = Gem::Platform.new("x86_64-linux-musl")
+    # Can be removed once RubyGems 3.6.9 support is dropped
+    unless respond_to?(:generic)
+      JAVA  = Gem::Platform.new("java") # :nodoc:
+      MSWIN = Gem::Platform.new("mswin32") # :nodoc:
+      MSWIN64 = Gem::Platform.new("mswin64") # :nodoc:
+      MINGW = Gem::Platform.new("x86-mingw32") # :nodoc:
+      X64_MINGW_LEGACY = Gem::Platform.new("x64-mingw32") # :nodoc:
+      X64_MINGW = Gem::Platform.new("x64-mingw-ucrt") # :nodoc:
+      UNIVERSAL_MINGW = Gem::Platform.new("universal-mingw") # :nodoc:
+      WINDOWS = [MSWIN, MSWIN64, UNIVERSAL_MINGW].freeze # :nodoc:
+      X64_LINUX = Gem::Platform.new("x86_64-linux") # :nodoc:
+      X64_LINUX_MUSL = Gem::Platform.new("x86_64-linux-musl") # :nodoc:
+
+      GENERICS = [JAVA, *WINDOWS].freeze # :nodoc:
+      private_constant :GENERICS
+
+      GENERIC_CACHE = GENERICS.each_with_object({}) {|g, h| h[g] = g } # :nodoc:
+      private_constant :GENERIC_CACHE
+
+      class << self
+        ##
+        # Returns the generic platform for the given platform.
+
+        def generic(platform)
+          return Gem::Platform::RUBY if platform.nil? || platform == Gem::Platform::RUBY
+
+          GENERIC_CACHE[platform] ||= begin
+            found = GENERICS.find do |match|
+              platform === match
+            end
+            found || Gem::Platform::RUBY
+          end
+        end
+
+        ##
+        # Returns the platform specificity match for the given spec platform and user platform.
+
+        def platform_specificity_match(spec_platform, user_platform)
+          return -1 if spec_platform == user_platform
+          return 1_000_000 if spec_platform.nil? || spec_platform == Gem::Platform::RUBY || user_platform == Gem::Platform::RUBY
+
+          os_match(spec_platform, user_platform) +
+            cpu_match(spec_platform, user_platform) * 10 +
+            version_match(spec_platform, user_platform) * 100
+        end
+
+        ##
+        # Sorts and filters the best platform match for the given matching specs and platform.
+
+        def sort_and_filter_best_platform_match(matching, platform)
+          return matching if matching.one?
+
+          exact = matching.select {|spec| spec.platform == platform }
+          return exact if exact.any?
+
+          sorted_matching = sort_best_platform_match(matching, platform)
+          exemplary_spec = sorted_matching.first
+
+          sorted_matching.take_while {|spec| same_specificity?(platform, spec, exemplary_spec) && same_deps?(spec, exemplary_spec) }
+        end
+
+        ##
+        # Sorts the best platform match for the given matching specs and platform.
+
+        def sort_best_platform_match(matching, platform)
+          matching.sort_by.with_index do |spec, i|
+            [
+              platform_specificity_match(spec.platform, platform),
+              i, # for stable sort
+            ]
+          end
+        end
+
+        private
+
+        def same_specificity?(platform, spec, exemplary_spec)
+          platform_specificity_match(spec.platform, platform) == platform_specificity_match(exemplary_spec.platform, platform)
+        end
+
+        def same_deps?(spec, exemplary_spec)
+          spec.required_ruby_version == exemplary_spec.required_ruby_version &&
+            spec.required_rubygems_version == exemplary_spec.required_rubygems_version &&
+            spec.dependencies.sort == exemplary_spec.dependencies.sort
+        end
+
+        def os_match(spec_platform, user_platform)
+          if spec_platform.os == user_platform.os
+            0
+          else
+            1
+          end
+        end
+
+        def cpu_match(spec_platform, user_platform)
+          if spec_platform.cpu == user_platform.cpu
+            0
+          elsif spec_platform.cpu == "arm" && user_platform.cpu.to_s.start_with?("arm")
+            0
+          elsif spec_platform.cpu.nil? || spec_platform.cpu == "universal"
+            1
+          else
+            2
+          end
+        end
+
+        def version_match(spec_platform, user_platform)
+          if spec_platform.version == user_platform.version
+            0
+          elsif spec_platform.version.nil?
+            1
+          else
+            2
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+    end
   end
 
   require "rubygems/specification"
@@ -80,7 +187,6 @@ module Gem
     require_relative "match_platform"
 
     include ::Bundler::MatchMetadata
-    include ::Bundler::MatchPlatform
 
     attr_accessor :remote, :relative_loaded_from
 
@@ -177,6 +283,18 @@ module Gem
       end
     end
 
+    if Gem.rubygems_version < Gem::Version.new("3.5.22")
+      module FixPathSourceMissingExtensions
+        def missing_extensions?
+          return false if %w[Bundler::Source::Path Bundler::Source::Gemspec].include?(source.class.name)
+
+          super
+        end
+      end
+
+      prepend FixPathSourceMissingExtensions
+    end
+
     private
 
     def dependencies_to_gemfile(dependencies, group = nil)
@@ -285,6 +403,11 @@ module Gem
         @ignored = missing_extensions?
       end
     end
+
+    # Can be removed once RubyGems 3.6.9 support is dropped
+    unless new.respond_to?(:installable_on_platform?)
+      include(::Bundler::MatchPlatform)
+    end
   end
 
   require "rubygems/name_tuple"
@@ -294,7 +417,7 @@ module Gem
     unless Gem::NameTuple.new("a", Gem::Version.new("1"), Gem::Platform.new("x86_64-linux")).platform.is_a?(String)
       alias_method :initialize_with_platform, :initialize
 
-      def initialize(name, version, platform=Gem::Platform::RUBY)
+      def initialize(name, version, platform = Gem::Platform::RUBY)
         if Gem::Platform === platform
           initialize_with_platform(name, version, platform.to_s)
         else
diff --git a/lib/bundler/rubygems_gem_installer.rb b/lib/bundler/rubygems_gem_installer.rb
index 1af1b85ff0..64ce6193d3 100644
--- a/lib/bundler/rubygems_gem_installer.rb
+++ b/lib/bundler/rubygems_gem_installer.rb
@@ -69,7 +69,7 @@ module Bundler
     end
 
     def generate_plugins
-      return unless Gem::Installer.instance_methods(false).include?(:generate_plugins)
+      return unless Gem::Installer.method_defined?(:generate_plugins, false)
 
       latest = Gem::Specification.stubs_for(spec.name).first
       return if latest && latest.version > spec.version
@@ -103,6 +103,10 @@ module Bundler
       end
     end
 
+    def build_jobs
+      Bundler.settings[:jobs] || super
+    end
+
     def build_extensions
       extension_cache_path = options[:bundler_extension_cache_path]
       extension_dir = spec.extension_dir
diff --git a/lib/bundler/rubygems_integration.rb b/lib/bundler/rubygems_integration.rb
index eddf36278c..e04ef23259 100644
--- a/lib/bundler/rubygems_integration.rb
+++ b/lib/bundler/rubygems_integration.rb
@@ -214,16 +214,11 @@ module Bundler
           e.requirement = dep.requirement
           raise e
         end
-
-        # backwards compatibility shim, see https://github.com/rubygems/bundler/issues/5102
-        kernel_class.send(:public, :gem) if Bundler.feature_flag.setup_makes_kernel_gem_public?
       end
     end
 
     # Used to give better error messages when activating specs outside of the current bundle
     def replace_bin_path(specs_by_name)
-      gem_class = (class << Gem; self; end)
-
       redefine_method(gem_class, :find_spec_for_exe) do |gem_name, *args|
         exec_name = args.first
         raise ArgumentError, "you must supply exec_name" unless exec_name
@@ -345,9 +340,13 @@ module Bundler
         Gem::Specification.all = specs
       end
 
-      redefine_method((class << Gem; self; end), :finish_resolve) do |*|
+      redefine_method(gem_class, :finish_resolve) do |*|
         []
       end
+
+      redefine_method(gem_class, :load_plugins) do |*|
+        load_plugin_files specs.flat_map(&:plugins)
+      end
     end
 
     def plain_specs
@@ -417,11 +416,7 @@ module Bundler
     end
 
     def all_specs
-      SharedHelpers.major_deprecation 2, "Bundler.rubygems.all_specs has been removed in favor of Bundler.rubygems.installed_specs"
-
-      Gem::Specification.stubs.map do |stub|
-        StubSpecification.from_stub(stub)
-      end
+      SharedHelpers.feature_removed! "Bundler.rubygems.all_specs has been removed in favor of Bundler.rubygems.installed_specs"
     end
 
     def installed_specs
@@ -437,7 +432,7 @@ module Bundler
     end
 
     def find_bundler(version)
-      find_name("bundler").find {|s| s.version.to_s == version }
+      find_name("bundler").find {|s| s.version.to_s == version.to_s }
     end
 
     def find_name(name)
@@ -447,6 +442,12 @@ module Bundler
     def default_stubs
       Gem::Specification.default_stubs("*.gemspec")
     end
+
+    private
+
+    def gem_class
+      class << Gem; self; end
+    end
   end
 
   def self.rubygems
diff --git a/lib/bundler/runtime.rb b/lib/bundler/runtime.rb
index 444b085bed..5280e72aa2 100644
--- a/lib/bundler/runtime.rb
+++ b/lib/bundler/runtime.rb
@@ -71,7 +71,7 @@ module Bundler
               raise Bundler::GemRequireError.new e,
                 "There was an error while trying to load the gem '#{file}'."
             end
-          rescue RuntimeError => e
+          rescue StandardError => e
             raise Bundler::GemRequireError.new e,
               "There was an error while trying to load the gem '#{file}'."
           end
@@ -174,7 +174,14 @@ module Bundler
       spec_cache_paths     = []
       spec_gemspec_paths   = []
       spec_extension_paths = []
-      Bundler.rubygems.add_default_gems_to(specs).values.each do |spec|
+      specs_to_keep = Bundler.rubygems.add_default_gems_to(specs).values
+
+      current_bundler = Bundler.rubygems.find_bundler(Bundler.gem_version)
+      if current_bundler
+        specs_to_keep << current_bundler
+      end
+
+      specs_to_keep.each do |spec|
         spec_gem_paths << spec.full_gem_path
         # need to check here in case gems are nested like for the rails git repo
         md = %r{(.+bundler/gems/.+-[a-f0-9]{7,12})}.match(spec.full_gem_path)
@@ -240,7 +247,11 @@ module Bundler
 
         cached.each do |path|
           Bundler.ui.info "  * #{File.basename(path)}"
-          File.delete(path)
+
+          begin
+            File.delete(path)
+          rescue Errno::ENOENT
+          end
         end
       end
     end
diff --git a/lib/bundler/self_manager.rb b/lib/bundler/self_manager.rb
index 2aeac6be52..1db77fd46b 100644
--- a/lib/bundler/self_manager.rb
+++ b/lib/bundler/self_manager.rb
@@ -7,13 +7,15 @@ module Bundler
   #
   class SelfManager
     def restart_with_locked_bundler_if_needed
-      return unless needs_switching? && installed?
+      restart_version = find_restart_version
+      return unless restart_version && installed?(restart_version)
 
       restart_with(restart_version)
     end
 
     def install_locked_bundler_and_restart_with_it_if_needed
-      return unless needs_switching?
+      restart_version = find_restart_version
+      return unless restart_version
 
       if restart_version == lockfile_version
         Bundler.ui.info \
@@ -29,8 +31,6 @@ module Bundler
     end
 
     def update_bundler_and_restart_with_it_if_needed(target)
-      return unless autoswitching_applies?
-
       spec = resolve_update_version_from(target)
       return unless spec
 
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ module Bundler
 
       Bundler.ui.info "Updating bundler to #{version}."
 
-      install(spec)
+      install(spec) unless installed?(version)
 
       restart_with(version)
     end
@@ -68,47 +68,37 @@ module Bundler
 
     def restart_with(version)
       configured_gem_home = ENV["GEM_HOME"]
+      configured_orig_gem_home = ENV["BUNDLER_ORIG_GEM_HOME"]
       configured_gem_path = ENV["GEM_PATH"]
+      configured_orig_gem_path = ENV["BUNDLER_ORIG_GEM_PATH"]
 
-      # Bundler specs need some stuff to be required before Bundler starts
-      # running, for example, for faking the compact index API. However, these
-      # flags are lost when we reexec to a different version of Bundler. In the
-      # future, we may be able to properly reconstruct the original Ruby
-      # invocation (see https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/6648), but for now
-      # there's no way to do it, so we need to be explicit about how to re-exec.
-      # This may be a feature end users request at some point, but maybe by that
-      # time, we have builtin tools to do. So for now, we use an undocumented
-      # ENV variable only for our specs.
-      bundler_spec_original_cmd = ENV["BUNDLER_SPEC_ORIGINAL_CMD"]
-      if bundler_spec_original_cmd
-        require "shellwords"
-        cmd = [*Shellwords.shellsplit(bundler_spec_original_cmd), *ARGV]
-      else
-        argv0 = File.exist?($PROGRAM_NAME) ? $PROGRAM_NAME : Process.argv0
-        cmd = [argv0, *ARGV]
-        cmd.unshift(Gem.ruby) unless File.executable?(argv0)
-      end
+      argv0 = File.exist?($PROGRAM_NAME) ? $PROGRAM_NAME : Process.argv0
+      cmd = [argv0, *ARGV]
+      cmd.unshift(Gem.ruby) unless File.executable?(argv0)
 
       Bundler.with_original_env do
         Kernel.exec(
-          { "GEM_HOME" => configured_gem_home, "GEM_PATH" => configured_gem_path, "BUNDLER_VERSION" => version.to_s },
+          {
+            "GEM_HOME" => configured_gem_home,
+            "BUNDLER_ORIG_GEM_HOME" => configured_orig_gem_home,
+            "GEM_PATH" => configured_gem_path,
+            "BUNDLER_ORIG_GEM_PATH" => configured_orig_gem_path,
+            "BUNDLER_VERSION" => version.to_s,
+          },
           *cmd
         )
       end
     end
 
-    def needs_switching?
+    def needs_switching?(restart_version)
       autoswitching_applies? &&
-        Bundler.settings[:version] != "system" &&
         released?(restart_version) &&
-        !running?(restart_version) &&
-        !updating?
+        !running?(restart_version)
     end
 
     def autoswitching_applies?
-      ENV["BUNDLER_VERSION"].nil? &&
+      (ENV["BUNDLER_VERSION"].nil? || ENV["BUNDLER_VERSION"].empty?) &&
         ruby_can_restart_with_same_arguments? &&
-        SharedHelpers.in_bundle? &&
         lockfile_version
     end
 
@@ -142,6 +132,7 @@ module Bundler
     end
 
     def find_latest_matching_spec(requirement)
+      Bundler.configure
       local_result = find_latest_matching_spec_from_collection(local_specs, requirement)
       return local_result if local_result && requirement.specific?
 
@@ -171,18 +162,14 @@ module Bundler
       $PROGRAM_NAME != "-e"
     end
 
-    def updating?
-      "update".start_with?(ARGV.first || " ") && ARGV[1..-1].any? {|a| a.start_with?("--bundler") }
-    end
-
-    def installed?
+    def installed?(restart_version)
       Bundler.configure
 
       Bundler.rubygems.find_bundler(restart_version.to_s)
     end
 
     def current_version
-      @current_version ||= Gem::Version.new(Bundler::VERSION)
+      @current_version ||= Bundler.gem_version
     end
 
     def lockfile_version
@@ -194,13 +181,16 @@ module Bundler
       @lockfile_version = nil
     end
 
-    def restart_version
-      return @restart_version if defined?(@restart_version)
-      # BUNDLE_VERSION=x.y.z
-      @restart_version = Gem::Version.new(Bundler.settings[:version])
-    rescue ArgumentError
-      # BUNDLE_VERSION=lockfile
-      @restart_version = lockfile_version
+    def find_restart_version
+      return unless SharedHelpers.in_bundle?
+
+      configured_version = Bundler.settings[:version]
+      return if configured_version == "system"
+
+      restart_version = configured_version == "lockfile" ? lockfile_version : Gem::Version.new(configured_version)
+      return unless needs_switching?(restart_version)
+
+      restart_version
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/lib/bundler/settings.rb b/lib/bundler/settings.rb
index cde01e0181..d00a4bb916 100644
--- a/lib/bundler/settings.rb
+++ b/lib/bundler/settings.rb
@@ -7,13 +7,10 @@ module Bundler
     autoload :Validator, File.expand_path("settings/validator", __dir__)
 
     BOOL_KEYS = %w[
-      allow_offline_install
-      auto_clean_without_path
       auto_install
       cache_all
       cache_all_platforms
       clean
-      default_install_uses_path
       deployment
       disable_checksum_validation
       disable_exec_load
@@ -22,11 +19,11 @@ module Bundler
       disable_shared_gems
       disable_version_check
       force_ruby_platform
-      forget_cli_options
       frozen
       gem.changelog
       gem.coc
       gem.mit
+      gem.bundle
       git.allow_insecure
       global_gem_cache
       ignore_messages
@@ -35,29 +32,13 @@ module Bundler
       lockfile_checksums
       no_install
       no_prune
-      path_relative_to_cwd
       path.system
       plugins
       prefer_patch
-      print_only_version_number
-      setup_makes_kernel_gem_public
       silence_deprecations
       silence_root_warning
       update_requires_all_flag
-    ].freeze
-
-    REMEMBERED_KEYS = %w[
-      bin
-      cache_all
-      clean
-      deployment
-      frozen
-      no_prune
-      path
-      shebang
-      path.system
-      without
-      with
+      verbose
     ].freeze
 
     NUMBER_KEYS = %w[
@@ -84,8 +65,10 @@ module Bundler
       gem.rubocop
       gem.test
       gemfile
+      lockfile
       path
       shebang
+      simulate_version
       system_bindir
       trust-policy
       version
@@ -99,6 +82,11 @@ module Bundler
       "BUNDLE_RETRY" => 3,
       "BUNDLE_TIMEOUT" => 10,
       "BUNDLE_VERSION" => "lockfile",
+      "BUNDLE_LOCKFILE_CHECKSUMS" => true,
+      "BUNDLE_CACHE_ALL" => true,
+      "BUNDLE_PLUGINS" => true,
+      "BUNDLE_GLOBAL_GEM_CACHE" => false,
+      "BUNDLE_UPDATE_REQUIRES_ALL_FLAG" => false,
     }.freeze
 
     def initialize(root = nil)
@@ -130,12 +118,8 @@ module Bundler
     end
 
     def set_command_option(key, value)
-      if !is_remembered(key) || Bundler.feature_flag.forget_cli_options?
-        temporary(key => value)
-        value
-      else
-        set_local(key, value)
-      end
+      temporary(key => value)
+      value
     end
 
     def set_command_option_if_given(key, value)
@@ -274,7 +258,7 @@ module Bundler
       def use_system_gems?
         return true if system_path
         return false if explicit_path
-        !Bundler.feature_flag.default_install_uses_path?
+        !Bundler.feature_flag.bundler_5_mode?
       end
 
       def base_path
@@ -389,10 +373,6 @@ module Bundler
       ARRAY_KEYS.include?(self.class.key_to_s(key))
     end
 
-    def is_remembered(key)
-      REMEMBERED_KEYS.include?(self.class.key_to_s(key))
-    end
-
     def is_credential(key)
       key == "gem.push_key"
     end
diff --git a/lib/bundler/settings/validator.rb b/lib/bundler/settings/validator.rb
index 0a57ea7f03..9aa1627fb2 100644
--- a/lib/bundler/settings/validator.rb
+++ b/lib/bundler/settings/validator.rb
@@ -74,29 +74,6 @@ module Bundler
           fail!(key, value, "`#{other_key}` is current set to #{other_setting.inspect}", "the `#{conflicting.join("`, `")}` groups conflict")
         end
       end
-
-      rule %w[path], "relative paths are expanded relative to the current working directory" do |key, value, settings|
-        next if value.nil?
-
-        path = Pathname.new(value)
-        next if !path.relative? || !Bundler.feature_flag.path_relative_to_cwd?
-
-        path = path.expand_path
-
-        root = begin
-                 Bundler.root
-               rescue GemfileNotFound
-                 Pathname.pwd.expand_path
-               end
-
-        path = begin
-                 path.relative_path_from(root)
-               rescue ArgumentError
-                 path
-               end
-
-        set(settings, key, path.to_s)
-      end
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/lib/bundler/shared_helpers.rb b/lib/bundler/shared_helpers.rb
index 1ef9d61361..2aa8abe0a0 100644
--- a/lib/bundler/shared_helpers.rb
+++ b/lib/bundler/shared_helpers.rb
@@ -4,8 +4,6 @@ require_relative "version"
 require_relative "rubygems_integration"
 require_relative "current_ruby"
 
-autoload :Pathname, "pathname"
-
 module Bundler
   autoload :WINDOWS, File.expand_path("constants", __dir__)
   autoload :FREEBSD, File.expand_path("constants", __dir__)
@@ -25,6 +23,9 @@ module Bundler
     end
 
     def default_lockfile
+      given = ENV["BUNDLE_LOCKFILE"]
+      return Pathname.new(given) if given && !given.empty?
+
       gemfile = default_gemfile
 
       case gemfile.basename.to_s
@@ -57,7 +58,7 @@ module Bundler
 
     def pwd
       Bundler.rubygems.ext_lock.synchronize do
-        Pathname.pwd
+        Dir.pwd
       end
     end
 
@@ -104,7 +105,8 @@ module Bundler
     def filesystem_access(path, action = :write, &block)
       yield(path.dup)
     rescue Errno::EACCES => e
-      raise unless e.message.include?(path.to_s) || action == :create
+      path_basename = File.basename(path.to_s)
+      raise unless e.message.include?(path_basename) || action == :create
 
       raise PermissionError.new(path, action)
     rescue Errno::EAGAIN
@@ -125,24 +127,17 @@ module Bundler
       raise GenericSystemCallError.new(e, "There was an error #{[:create, :write].include?(action) ? "creating" : "accessing"} `#{path}`.")
     end
 
-    def major_deprecation(major_version, message, removed_message: nil, print_caller_location: false)
-      if print_caller_location
-        caller_location = caller_locations(2, 2).first
-        suffix = " (called at #{caller_location.path}:#{caller_location.lineno})"
-        message += suffix
-        removed_message += suffix if removed_message
-      end
+    def feature_deprecated!(message)
+      return unless prints_major_deprecations?
 
-      bundler_major_version = Bundler.bundler_major_version
-      if bundler_major_version > major_version
-        require_relative "errors"
-        raise DeprecatedError, "[REMOVED] #{removed_message || message}"
-      end
-
-      return unless bundler_major_version >= major_version && prints_major_deprecations?
       Bundler.ui.warn("[DEPRECATED] #{message}")
     end
 
+    def feature_removed!(message)
+      require_relative "errors"
+      raise RemovedError, "[REMOVED] #{message}"
+    end
+
     def print_major_deprecations!
       multiple_gemfiles = search_up(".") do |dir|
         gemfiles = gemfile_names.select {|gf| File.file? File.expand_path(gf, dir) }
@@ -306,6 +301,7 @@ module Bundler
     def set_bundle_variables
       Bundler::SharedHelpers.set_env "BUNDLE_BIN_PATH", bundle_bin_path
       Bundler::SharedHelpers.set_env "BUNDLE_GEMFILE", find_gemfile.to_s
+      Bundler::SharedHelpers.set_env "BUNDLE_LOCKFILE", default_lockfile.to_s
       Bundler::SharedHelpers.set_env "BUNDLER_VERSION", Bundler::VERSION
       Bundler::SharedHelpers.set_env "BUNDLER_SETUP", File.expand_path("setup", __dir__)
     end
@@ -386,7 +382,6 @@ module Bundler
     end
 
     def prints_major_deprecations?
-      require_relative "../bundler"
       return false if Bundler.settings[:silence_deprecations]
       require_relative "deprecate"
       return false if Bundler::Deprecate.skip
diff --git a/lib/bundler/similarity_detector.rb b/lib/bundler/similarity_detector.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 50e66b9cab..0000000000
--- a/lib/bundler/similarity_detector.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,63 +0,0 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
-
-module Bundler
-  class SimilarityDetector
-    SimilarityScore = Struct.new(:string, :distance)
-
-    # initialize with an array of words to be matched against
-    def initialize(corpus)
-      @corpus = corpus
-    end
-
-    # return an array of words similar to 'word' from the corpus
-    def similar_words(word, limit = 3)
-      words_by_similarity = @corpus.map {|w| SimilarityScore.new(w, levenshtein_distance(word, w)) }
-      words_by_similarity.select {|s| s.distance <= limit }.sort_by(&:distance).map(&:string)
-    end
-
-    # return the result of 'similar_words', concatenated into a list
-    # (eg "a, b, or c")
-    def similar_word_list(word, limit = 3)
-      words = similar_words(word, limit)
-      if words.length == 1
-        words[0]
-      elsif words.length > 1
-        [words[0..-2].join(", "), words[-1]].join(" or ")
-      end
-    end
-
-    protected
-
-    # https://www.informit.com/articles/article.aspx?p=683059&seqNum=36
-    def levenshtein_distance(this, that, ins = 2, del = 2, sub = 1)
-      # ins, del, sub are weighted costs
-      return nil if this.nil?
-      return nil if that.nil?
-      dm = [] # distance matrix
-
-      # Initialize first row values
-      dm[0] = (0..this.length).collect {|i| i * ins }
-      fill = [0] * (this.length - 1)
-
-      # Initialize first column values
-      (1..that.length).each do |i|
-        dm[i] = [i * del, fill.flatten]
-      end
-
-      # populate matrix
-      (1..that.length).each do |i|
-        (1..this.length).each do |j|
-          # critical comparison
-          dm[i][j] = [
-            dm[i - 1][j - 1] + (this[j - 1] == that[i - 1] ? 0 : sub),
-            dm[i][j - 1] + ins,
-            dm[i - 1][j] + del,
-          ].min
-        end
-      end
-
-      # The last value in matrix is the Levenshtein distance between the strings
-      dm[that.length][this.length]
-    end
-  end
-end
diff --git a/lib/bundler/source.rb b/lib/bundler/source.rb
index 232873503b..2b90a0eff1 100644
--- a/lib/bundler/source.rb
+++ b/lib/bundler/source.rb
@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@ module Bundler
     end
 
     def extension_cache_path(spec)
-      return unless Bundler.feature_flag.global_gem_cache?
+      return unless Bundler.settings[:global_gem_cache]
       return unless source_slug = extension_cache_slug(spec)
       Bundler.user_cache.join(
         "extensions", Gem::Platform.local.to_s, Bundler.ruby_scope,
diff --git a/lib/bundler/source/gemspec.rb b/lib/bundler/source/gemspec.rb
index b59dce1d09..ed766dbe74 100644
--- a/lib/bundler/source/gemspec.rb
+++ b/lib/bundler/source/gemspec.rb
@@ -10,6 +10,10 @@ module Bundler
         super
         @gemspec = options["gemspec"]
       end
+
+      def to_s
+        "gemspec at `#{@path}`"
+      end
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/lib/bundler/source/git.rb b/lib/bundler/source/git.rb
index d57944ee12..bb669ebba3 100644
--- a/lib/bundler/source/git.rb
+++ b/lib/bundler/source/git.rb
@@ -238,7 +238,7 @@ module Bundler
       # across different projects, this cache will be shared.
       # When using local git repos, this is set to the local repo.
       def cache_path
-        @cache_path ||= if Bundler.feature_flag.global_gem_cache?
+        @cache_path ||= if Bundler.settings[:global_gem_cache]
           Bundler.user_cache
         else
           Bundler.bundle_path.join("cache", "bundler")
@@ -268,7 +268,7 @@ module Bundler
       private
 
       def cache_to(custom_path, try_migrate: false)
-        return unless Bundler.feature_flag.cache_all?
+        return unless Bundler.settings[:cache_all]
 
         app_cache_path = app_cache_path(custom_path)
 
@@ -416,7 +416,6 @@ module Bundler
       def fetch
         git_proxy.checkout
       rescue GitError => e
-        raise unless Bundler.feature_flag.allow_offline_install?
         Bundler.ui.warn "Using cached git data because of network errors:\n#{e}"
       end
 
diff --git a/lib/bundler/source/git/git_proxy.rb b/lib/bundler/source/git/git_proxy.rb
index 8230584260..cd352c22a7 100644
--- a/lib/bundler/source/git/git_proxy.rb
+++ b/lib/bundler/source/git/git_proxy.rb
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ module Bundler
         def initialize(command)
           msg = String.new
           msg << "Bundler is trying to run `#{command}` at runtime. You probably need to run `bundle install`. However, "
-          msg << "this error message could probably be more useful. Please submit a ticket at https://github.com/rubygems/rubygems/issues/new?labels=Bundler&template=bundler-related-issue.md "
+          msg << "this error message could probably be more useful. Please submit a ticket at https://github.com/ruby/rubygems/issues/new?labels=Bundler&template=bundler-related-issue.md "
           msg << "with steps to reproduce as well as the following\n\nCALLER: #{caller.join("\n")}"
           super msg
         end
@@ -121,7 +121,7 @@ module Bundler
                 FileUtils.rm_rf(p)
               end
               git "clone", "--no-checkout", "--quiet", path.to_s, destination.to_s
-              File.chmod(((File.stat(destination).mode | 0o777) & ~File.umask), destination)
+              File.chmod((File.stat(destination).mode | 0o777) & ~File.umask, destination)
             rescue Errno::EEXIST => e
               file_path = e.message[%r{.*?((?:[a-zA-Z]:)?/.*)}, 1]
               raise GitError, "Bundler could not install a gem because it needs to " \
@@ -305,8 +305,8 @@ module Bundler
         end
 
         def has_revision_cached?
-          return unless @revision && path.exist?
-          git("cat-file", "-e", @revision, dir: path)
+          return unless commit && path.exist?
+          git("cat-file", "-e", commit, dir: path)
           true
         rescue GitError
           false
@@ -408,11 +408,7 @@ module Bundler
         def capture3_args_for(cmd, dir)
           return ["git", *cmd] unless dir
 
-          if Bundler.feature_flag.bundler_3_mode? || supports_minus_c?
-            ["git", "-C", dir.to_s, *cmd]
-          else
-            ["git", *cmd, { chdir: dir.to_s }]
-          end
+          ["git", "-C", dir.to_s, *cmd]
         end
 
         def extra_clone_args
@@ -451,10 +447,6 @@ module Bundler
           depth.nil?
         end
 
-        def supports_minus_c?
-          @supports_minus_c ||= Gem::Version.new(version) >= Gem::Version.new("1.8.5")
-        end
-
         def needs_allow_any_sha1_in_want?
           @needs_allow_any_sha1_in_want ||= Gem::Version.new(version) <= Gem::Version.new("2.13.7")
         end
diff --git a/lib/bundler/source/path.rb b/lib/bundler/source/path.rb
index 885dd96d85..82e782ba25 100644
--- a/lib/bundler/source/path.rb
+++ b/lib/bundler/source/path.rb
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ module Bundler
           @path = Pathname.new(options["path"])
           expanded_path = expand(@path)
           @path = if @path.relative?
-            expanded_path.relative_path_from(root_path.expand_path)
+            expanded_path.relative_path_from(File.expand_path(root_path))
           else
             expanded_path
           end
@@ -53,6 +53,8 @@ module Bundler
         "source at `#{@path}`"
       end
 
+      alias_method :identifier, :to_s
+
       alias_method :to_gemfile, :path
 
       def hash
@@ -81,7 +83,7 @@ module Bundler
 
       def cache(spec, custom_path = nil)
         app_cache_path = app_cache_path(custom_path)
-        return unless Bundler.feature_flag.cache_all?
+        return unless Bundler.settings[:cache_all]
         return if expand(@original_path).to_s.index(root_path.to_s + "/") == 0
 
         unless @original_path.exist?
@@ -124,11 +126,7 @@ module Bundler
       end
 
       def expand(somepath)
-        if Bundler.current_ruby.jruby? # TODO: Unify when https://github.com/rubygems/bundler/issues/7598 fixed upstream and all supported jrubies include the fix
-          somepath.expand_path(root_path).expand_path
-        else
-          somepath.expand_path(root_path)
-        end
+        somepath.expand_path(root_path)
       rescue ArgumentError => e
         Bundler.ui.debug(e)
         raise PathError, "There was an error while trying to use the path " \
@@ -167,6 +165,13 @@ module Bundler
             next unless spec = load_gemspec(file)
             spec.source = self
 
+            # The ignore attribute is for ignoring installed gems that don't
+            # have extensions correctly compiled for activation. In the case of
+            # path sources, there's a single version of each gem in the path
+            # source available to Bundler, so we always certainly want to
+            # consider that for activation and never makes sense to ignore it.
+            spec.ignored = false
+
             # Validation causes extension_dir to be calculated, which depends
             # on #source, so we validate here instead of load_gemspec
             validate_spec(spec)
diff --git a/lib/bundler/source/rubygems.rb b/lib/bundler/source/rubygems.rb
index 19800e9c58..e1e030ffc8 100644
--- a/lib/bundler/source/rubygems.rb
+++ b/lib/bundler/source/rubygems.rb
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ module Bundler
       autoload :Remote, File.expand_path("rubygems/remote", __dir__)
 
       # Ask for X gems per API request
-      API_REQUEST_SIZE = 50
+      API_REQUEST_SIZE = 100
 
       attr_accessor :remotes
 
@@ -168,12 +168,6 @@ module Bundler
           return nil # no post-install message
         end
 
-        if spec.remote
-          # Check for this spec from other sources
-          uris = [spec.remote, *remotes_for_spec(spec)].map(&:anonymized_uri).uniq
-          Installer.ambiguous_gems << [spec.name, *uris] if uris.length > 1
-        end
-
         path = fetch_gem_if_possible(spec, options[:previous_spec])
         raise GemNotFound, "Could not find #{spec.file_name} for installation" unless path
 
@@ -217,7 +211,11 @@ module Bundler
         message += " with native extensions" if spec.extensions.any?
         Bundler.ui.confirm message
 
-        installed_spec = installer.install
+        installed_spec = nil
+
+        Gem.time("Installed #{spec.name} in", 0, true) do
+          installed_spec = installer.install
+        end
 
         spec.full_gem_path = installed_spec.full_gem_path
         spec.loaded_from = installed_spec.loaded_from
@@ -332,13 +330,6 @@ module Bundler
         remotes.map(&method(:remove_auth))
       end
 
-      def remotes_for_spec(spec)
-        specs.search_all(spec.name).inject([]) do |uris, s|
-          uris << s.remote if s.remote
-          uris
-        end
-      end
-
       def cached_gem(spec)
         global_cache_path = download_cache_path(spec)
         caches << global_cache_path if global_cache_path
@@ -491,7 +482,10 @@ module Bundler
         uri = spec.remote.uri
         Bundler.ui.confirm("Fetching #{version_message(spec, previous_spec)}")
         gem_remote_fetcher = remote_fetchers.fetch(spec.remote).gem_remote_fetcher
-        Bundler.rubygems.download_gem(spec, uri, download_cache_path, gem_remote_fetcher)
+
+        Gem.time("Downloaded #{spec.name} in", 0, true) do
+          Bundler.rubygems.download_gem(spec, uri, download_cache_path, gem_remote_fetcher)
+        end
       end
 
       # Returns the global cache path of the calling Rubygems::Source object.
@@ -506,7 +500,7 @@ module Bundler
       # @return [Pathname] The global cache path.
       #
       def download_cache_path(spec)
-        return unless Bundler.feature_flag.global_gem_cache?
+        return unless Bundler.settings[:global_gem_cache]
         return unless remote = spec.remote
         return unless cache_slug = remote.cache_slug
 
diff --git a/lib/bundler/source_list.rb b/lib/bundler/source_list.rb
index d1308b1dfb..38fa0972e6 100644
--- a/lib/bundler/source_list.rb
+++ b/lib/bundler/source_list.rb
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ module Bundler
       :metadata_source
 
     def global_rubygems_source
-      @global_rubygems_source ||= rubygems_aggregate_class.new("allow_local" => true)
+      @global_rubygems_source ||= source_class.new("allow_local" => true)
     end
 
     def initialize
@@ -21,19 +21,9 @@ module Bundler
       @rubygems_sources       = []
       @metadata_source        = Source::Metadata.new
 
-      @merged_gem_lockfile_sections = false
       @local_mode = true
     end
 
-    def merged_gem_lockfile_sections?
-      @merged_gem_lockfile_sections
-    end
-
-    def merged_gem_lockfile_sections!(replacement_source)
-      @merged_gem_lockfile_sections = true
-      @global_rubygems_source = replacement_source
-    end
-
     def aggregate_global_source?
       global_rubygems_source.multiple_remotes?
     end
@@ -90,10 +80,6 @@ module Bundler
       @rubygems_sources
     end
 
-    def rubygems_remotes
-      rubygems_sources.flat_map(&:remotes).uniq
-    end
-
     def all_sources
       path_sources + git_sources + plugin_sources + rubygems_sources + [metadata_source]
     end
@@ -103,7 +89,7 @@ module Bundler
     end
 
     def get(source)
-      source_list_for(source).find {|s| equivalent_source?(source, s) }
+      source_list_for(source).find {|s| s.include?(source) }
     end
 
     def lock_sources
@@ -115,11 +101,7 @@ module Bundler
     end
 
     def lock_rubygems_sources
-      if merged_gem_lockfile_sections?
-        [combine_rubygems_sources]
-      else
-        rubygems_sources.sort_by(&:identifier)
-      end
+      rubygems_sources.sort_by(&:identifier)
     end
 
     # Returns true if there are changes
@@ -129,16 +111,7 @@ module Bundler
       @rubygems_sources, @path_sources, @git_sources, @plugin_sources = map_sources(replacement_sources)
       @global_rubygems_source = global_replacement_source(replacement_sources)
 
-      different_sources?(lock_sources, replacement_sources)
-    end
-
-    # Returns true if there are changes
-    def expired_sources?(replacement_sources)
-      return false if replacement_sources.empty?
-
-      lock_sources = dup_with_replaced_sources(replacement_sources).lock_sources
-
-      different_sources?(lock_sources, replacement_sources)
+      !equivalent_sources?(lock_sources, replacement_sources)
     end
 
     def prefer_local!
@@ -165,12 +138,6 @@ module Bundler
 
     private
 
-    def dup_with_replaced_sources(replacement_sources)
-      new_source_list = dup
-      new_source_list.replace_sources!(replacement_sources)
-      new_source_list
-    end
-
     def map_sources(replacement_sources)
       rubygems = @rubygems_sources.map do |source|
         replace_rubygems_source(replacement_sources, source)
@@ -224,11 +191,7 @@ module Bundler
       end
     end
 
-    def different_sources?(lock_sources, replacement_sources)
-      !equivalent_sources?(lock_sources, replacement_sources)
-    end
-
-    def rubygems_aggregate_class
+    def source_class
       Source::Rubygems
     end
 
@@ -247,10 +210,6 @@ module Bundler
       end
     end
 
-    def combine_rubygems_sources
-      Source::Rubygems.new("remotes" => rubygems_remotes)
-    end
-
     def warn_on_git_protocol(source)
       return if Bundler.settings["git.allow_insecure"]
 
@@ -265,9 +224,5 @@ module Bundler
     def equivalent_sources?(lock_sources, replacement_sources)
       lock_sources.sort_by(&:identifier) == replacement_sources.sort_by(&:identifier)
     end
-
-    def equivalent_source?(source, other_source)
-      source == other_source
-    end
   end
 end
diff --git a/lib/bundler/source_map.rb b/lib/bundler/source_map.rb
index ca73e01f9d..cb88caf1bd 100644
--- a/lib/bundler/source_map.rb
+++ b/lib/bundler/source_map.rb
@@ -23,15 +23,12 @@ module Bundler
           if previous_source.nil?
             requirements[indirect_dependency_name] = source
           else
-            no_ambiguous_sources = Bundler.feature_flag.bundler_3_mode?
-
             msg = ["The gem '#{indirect_dependency_name}' was found in multiple relevant sources."]
             msg.concat [previous_source, source].map {|s| "  * #{s}" }.sort
-            msg << "You #{no_ambiguous_sources ? :must : :should} add this gem to the source block for the source you wish it to be installed from."
+            msg << "You must add this gem to the source block for the source you wish it to be installed from."
             msg = msg.join("\n")
 
-            raise SecurityError, msg if no_ambiguous_sources
-            Bundler.ui.warn "Warning: #{msg}"
+            raise SecurityError, msg
           end
         end
 
diff --git a/lib/bundler/spec_set.rb b/lib/bundler/spec_set.rb
index 5fa179b978..f9179e7a06 100644
--- a/lib/bundler/spec_set.rb
+++ b/lib/bundler/spec_set.rb
@@ -11,16 +11,11 @@ module Bundler
       @specs = specs
     end
 
-    def for(dependencies, platforms_or_legacy_check = [nil], legacy_platforms = [nil], skips: [])
-      platforms = if [true, false].include?(platforms_or_legacy_check)
-        Bundler::SharedHelpers.major_deprecation 2,
+    def for(dependencies, platforms = [nil], legacy_platforms = [nil], skips: [])
+      if [true, false].include?(platforms)
+        Bundler::SharedHelpers.feature_removed! \
           "SpecSet#for received a `check` parameter, but that's no longer used and deprecated. " \
-          "SpecSet#for always implicitly performs validation. Please remove this parameter",
-          print_caller_location: true
-
-        legacy_platforms
-      else
-        platforms_or_legacy_check
+          "SpecSet#for always implicitly performs validation. Please remove this parameter"
       end
 
       materialize_dependencies(dependencies, platforms, skips: skips)
@@ -76,7 +71,7 @@ module Bundler
 
       new_platforms = all_platforms.select do |platform|
         next if platforms.include?(platform)
-        next unless GemHelpers.generic(platform) == Gem::Platform::RUBY
+        next unless Gem::Platform.generic(platform) == Gem::Platform::RUBY
 
         complete_platform(platform)
       end
@@ -179,11 +174,11 @@ module Bundler
     end
 
     def -(other)
-      SpecSet.new(to_a - other.to_a)
+      SharedHelpers.feature_removed! "SpecSet#- has been removed with no replacement"
     end
 
     def find_by_name_and_platform(name, platform)
-      @specs.detect {|spec| spec.name == name && spec.match_platform(platform) }
+      @specs.detect {|spec| spec.name == name && spec.installable_on_platform?(platform) }
     end
 
     def specs_with_additional_variants_from(other)
@@ -210,7 +205,7 @@ module Bundler
     end
 
     def <<(spec)
-      @specs << spec
+      SharedHelpers.feature_removed! "SpecSet#<< has been removed with no replacement"
     end
 
     def length
@@ -280,7 +275,7 @@ module Bundler
       valid_platform = lookup.all? do |_, specs|
         spec = specs.first
         matching_specs = spec.source.specs.search([spec.name, spec.version])
-        platform_spec = GemHelpers.select_best_platform_match(matching_specs, platform).find do |s|
+        platform_spec = MatchPlatform.select_best_platform_match(matching_specs, platform).find do |s|
           valid?(s)
         end
 
diff --git a/lib/bundler/templates/newgem/CODE_OF_CONDUCT.md.tt b/lib/bundler/templates/newgem/CODE_OF_CONDUCT.md.tt
index 67fe8cee79..633baebdd5 100644
--- a/lib/bundler/templates/newgem/CODE_OF_CONDUCT.md.tt
+++ b/lib/bundler/templates/newgem/CODE_OF_CONDUCT.md.tt
@@ -1,132 +1,10 @@
-# Contributor Covenant Code of Conduct
+# Code of Conduct
 
-## Our Pledge
+<%= config[:name].inspect %> follows [The Ruby Community Conduct Guideline](https://www.ruby-lang.org/en/conduct) in all "collaborative space", which is defined as community communications channels (such as mailing lists, submitted patches, commit comments, etc.):
 
-We as members, contributors, and leaders pledge to make participation in our
-community a harassment-free experience for everyone, regardless of age, body
-size, visible or invisible disability, ethnicity, sex characteristics, gender
-identity and expression, level of experience, education, socio-economic status,
-nationality, personal appearance, race, caste, color, religion, or sexual
-identity and orientation.
+* Participants will be tolerant of opposing views.
+* Participants must ensure that their language and actions are free of personal attacks and disparaging personal remarks.
+* When interpreting the words and actions of others, participants should always assume good intentions.
+* Behaviour which can be reasonably considered harassment will not be tolerated.
 
-We pledge to act and interact in ways that contribute to an open, welcoming,
-diverse, inclusive, and healthy community.
-
-## Our Standards
-
-Examples of behavior that contributes to a positive environment for our
-community include:
-
-* Demonstrating empathy and kindness toward other people
-* Being respectful of differing opinions, viewpoints, and experiences
-* Giving and gracefully accepting constructive feedback
-* Accepting responsibility and apologizing to those affected by our mistakes,
-  and learning from the experience
-* Focusing on what is best not just for us as individuals, but for the overall
-  community
-
-Examples of unacceptable behavior include:
-
-* The use of sexualized language or imagery, and sexual attention or advances of
-  any kind
-* Trolling, insulting or derogatory comments, and personal or political attacks
-* Public or private harassment
-* Publishing others' private information, such as a physical or email address,
-  without their explicit permission
-* Other conduct which could reasonably be considered inappropriate in a
-  professional setting
-
-## Enforcement Responsibilities
-
-Community leaders are responsible for clarifying and enforcing our standards of
-acceptable behavior and will take appropriate and fair corrective action in
-response to any behavior that they deem inappropriate, threatening, offensive,
-or harmful.
-
-Community leaders have the right and responsibility to remove, edit, or reject
-comments, commits, code, wiki edits, issues, and other contributions that are
-not aligned to this Code of Conduct, and will communicate reasons for moderation
-decisions when appropriate.
-
-## Scope
-
-This Code of Conduct applies within all community spaces, and also applies when
-an individual is officially representing the community in public spaces.
-Examples of representing our community include using an official email address,
-posting via an official social media account, or acting as an appointed
-representative at an online or offline event.
-
-## Enforcement
-
-Instances of abusive, harassing, or otherwise unacceptable behavior may be
-reported to the community leaders responsible for enforcement at
-[INSERT CONTACT METHOD].
-All complaints will be reviewed and investigated promptly and fairly.
-
-All community leaders are obligated to respect the privacy and security of the
-reporter of any incident.
-
-## Enforcement Guidelines
-
-Community leaders will follow these Community Impact Guidelines in determining
-the consequences for any action they deem in violation of this Code of Conduct:
-
-### 1. Correction
-
-**Community Impact**: Use of inappropriate language or other behavior deemed
-unprofessional or unwelcome in the community.
-
-**Consequence**: A private, written warning from community leaders, providing
-clarity around the nature of the violation and an explanation of why the
-behavior was inappropriate. A public apology may be requested.
-
-### 2. Warning
-
-**Community Impact**: A violation through a single incident or series of
-actions.
-
-**Consequence**: A warning with consequences for continued behavior. No
-interaction with the people involved, including unsolicited interaction with
-those enforcing the Code of Conduct, for a specified period of time. This
-includes avoiding interactions in community spaces as well as external channels
-like social media. Violating these terms may lead to a temporary or permanent
-ban.
-
-### 3. Temporary Ban
-
-**Community Impact**: A serious violation of community standards, including
-sustained inappropriate behavior.
-
-**Consequence**: A temporary ban from any sort of interaction or public
-communication with the community for a specified period of time. No public or
-private interaction with the people involved, including unsolicited interaction
-with those enforcing the Code of Conduct, is allowed during this period.
-Violating these terms may lead to a permanent ban.
-
-### 4. Permanent Ban
-
-**Community Impact**: Demonstrating a pattern of violation of community
-standards, including sustained inappropriate behavior, harassment of an
-individual, or aggression toward or disparagement of classes of individuals.
-
-**Consequence**: A permanent ban from any sort of public interaction within the
-community.
-
-## Attribution
-
-This Code of Conduct is adapted from the [Contributor Covenant][homepage],
-version 2.1, available at
-[https://www.contributor-covenant.org/version/2/1/code_of_conduct.html][v2.1].
-
-Community Impact Guidelines were inspired by
-[Mozilla's code of conduct enforcement ladder][Mozilla CoC].
-
-For answers to common questions about this code of conduct, see the FAQ at
-[https://www.contributor-covenant.org/faq][FAQ]. Translations are available at
-[https://www.contributor-covenant.org/translations][translations].
-
-[homepage]: https://www.contributor-covenant.org
-[v2.1]: https://www.contributor-covenant.org/version/2/1/code_of_conduct.html
-[Mozilla CoC]: https://github.com/mozilla/diversity
-[FAQ]: https://www.contributor-covenant.org/faq
-[translations]: https://www.contributor-covenant.org/translations
+If you have any concerns about behaviour within this project, please contact us at [<%= config[:email].inspect %>](mailto:<%= config[:email].inspect %>).
diff --git a/lib/bundler/templates/newgem/Rakefile.tt b/lib/bundler/templates/newgem/Rakefile.tt
index 172183d4b4..83f10009c7 100644
--- a/lib/bundler/templates/newgem/Rakefile.tt
+++ b/lib/bundler/templates/newgem/Rakefile.tt
@@ -59,6 +59,11 @@ Rake::ExtensionTask.new("<%= config[:underscored_name] %>", GEMSPEC) do |ext|
 end
 <% end -%>
 
+<% if config[:ext] == "go" -%>
+require "go_gem/rake_task"
+
+GoGem::RakeTask.new("<%= config[:underscored_name] %>")
+<% end -%>
 <% end -%>
 <% if default_task_names.size == 1 -%>
 task default: <%= default_task_names.first.inspect %>
diff --git a/lib/bundler/templates/newgem/circleci/config.yml.tt b/lib/bundler/templates/newgem/circleci/config.yml.tt
index f40f029bf1..c4dd9d0647 100644
--- a/lib/bundler/templates/newgem/circleci/config.yml.tt
+++ b/lib/bundler/templates/newgem/circleci/config.yml.tt
@@ -7,6 +7,10 @@ jobs:
     environment:
       RB_SYS_FORCE_INSTALL_RUST_TOOLCHAIN: 'true'
 <%- end -%>
+<%- if config[:ext] == 'go' -%>
+    environment:
+      GO_VERSION: '1.23.0'
+<%- end -%>
     steps:
       - checkout
 <%- if config[:ext] == 'rust' -%>
@@ -17,6 +21,14 @@ jobs:
           name: Install a RubyGems version that can compile rust extensions
           command: gem update --system '<%= ::Gem.rubygems_version %>'
 <%- end -%>
+<%- if config[:ext] == 'go' -%>
+      - run:
+          name: Install Go
+          command: |
+            wget https://go.dev/dl/go$GO_VERSION.linux-amd64.tar.gz -O /tmp/go.tar.gz
+            tar -C /usr/local -xzf /tmp/go.tar.gz
+            echo 'export PATH=/usr/local/go/bin:"$PATH"' >> "$BASH_ENV"
+<%- end -%>
       - run:
           name: Run the default task
           command: |
diff --git a/lib/bundler/templates/newgem/ext/newgem/Cargo.toml.tt b/lib/bundler/templates/newgem/ext/newgem/Cargo.toml.tt
index 0ebce0e4a0..c0dc63fbfa 100644
--- a/lib/bundler/templates/newgem/ext/newgem/Cargo.toml.tt
+++ b/lib/bundler/templates/newgem/ext/newgem/Cargo.toml.tt
@@ -12,4 +12,4 @@ publish = false
 crate-type = ["cdylib"]
 
 [dependencies]
-magnus = { version = "0.6.2" }
+magnus = { version = "0.8.2" }
diff --git a/lib/bundler/templates/newgem/ext/newgem/extconf-go.rb.tt b/lib/bundler/templates/newgem/ext/newgem/extconf-go.rb.tt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a689e21ebe
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/templates/newgem/ext/newgem/extconf-go.rb.tt
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require "mkmf"
+require "go_gem/mkmf"
+
+# Makes all symbols private by default to avoid unintended conflict
+# with other gems. To explicitly export symbols you can use RUBY_FUNC_EXPORTED
+# selectively, or entirely remove this flag.
+append_cflags("-fvisibility=hidden")
+
+create_go_makefile(<%= config[:makefile_path].inspect %>)
diff --git a/lib/bundler/templates/newgem/ext/newgem/go.mod.tt b/lib/bundler/templates/newgem/ext/newgem/go.mod.tt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..3f4819d004
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/templates/newgem/ext/newgem/go.mod.tt
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+module github.com/<%= config[:go_module_username] %>/<%= config[:underscored_name] %>
+
+go 1.23
+
+require github.com/ruby-go-gem/go-gem-wrapper latest
diff --git a/lib/bundler/templates/newgem/ext/newgem/newgem-go.c.tt b/lib/bundler/templates/newgem/ext/newgem/newgem-go.c.tt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..119c0c96ea
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/templates/newgem/ext/newgem/newgem-go.c.tt
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+#include "<%= config[:underscored_name] %>.h"
+#include "_cgo_export.h"
diff --git a/lib/bundler/templates/newgem/ext/newgem/newgem.go.tt b/lib/bundler/templates/newgem/ext/newgem/newgem.go.tt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..f19b750e58
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/templates/newgem/ext/newgem/newgem.go.tt
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+package main
+
+/*
+#include "<%= config[:underscored_name] %>.h"
+
+VALUE rb_<%= config[:underscored_name] %>_sum(VALUE self, VALUE a, VALUE b);
+*/
+import "C"
+
+import (
+	"github.com/ruby-go-gem/go-gem-wrapper/ruby"
+)
+
+//export rb_<%= config[:underscored_name] %>_sum
+func rb_<%= config[:underscored_name] %>_sum(_ C.VALUE, a C.VALUE, b C.VALUE) C.VALUE {
+	longA := ruby.NUM2LONG(ruby.VALUE(a))
+	longB := ruby.NUM2LONG(ruby.VALUE(b))
+
+	sum := longA + longB
+
+	return C.VALUE(ruby.LONG2NUM(sum))
+}
+
+//export Init_<%= config[:underscored_name] %>
+func Init_<%= config[:underscored_name] %>() {
+	rb_m<%= config[:constant_array].join %> := ruby.RbDefineModule(<%= config[:constant_name].inspect %>)
+	ruby.RbDefineSingletonMethod(rb_m<%= config[:constant_array].join %>, "sum", C.rb_<%= config[:underscored_name] %>_sum, 2)
+}
+
+func main() {
+}
diff --git a/lib/bundler/templates/newgem/github/workflows/main.yml.tt b/lib/bundler/templates/newgem/github/workflows/main.yml.tt
index d1b5ae0534..7f3e3a5b66 100644
--- a/lib/bundler/templates/newgem/github/workflows/main.yml.tt
+++ b/lib/bundler/templates/newgem/github/workflows/main.yml.tt
@@ -18,6 +18,8 @@ jobs:
 
     steps:
       - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+        with:
+          persist-credentials: false
 <%- if config[:ext] == 'rust' -%>
       - name: Set up Ruby & Rust
         uses: oxidize-rb/actions/setup-ruby-and-rust@v1
@@ -33,5 +35,11 @@ jobs:
           ruby-version: ${{ matrix.ruby }}
           bundler-cache: true
 <%- end -%>
+<%- if config[:ext] == 'go' -%>
+      - name: Setup Go
+        uses: actions/setup-go@v5
+        with:
+          go-version-file: ext/<%= config[:underscored_name] %>/go.mod
+<%- end -%>
       - name: Run the default task
         run: bundle exec rake
diff --git a/lib/bundler/templates/newgem/gitlab-ci.yml.tt b/lib/bundler/templates/newgem/gitlab-ci.yml.tt
index d2e1f33736..adbd70cbc0 100644
--- a/lib/bundler/templates/newgem/gitlab-ci.yml.tt
+++ b/lib/bundler/templates/newgem/gitlab-ci.yml.tt
@@ -6,6 +6,11 @@ default:
     - apt-get update && apt-get install -y clang
     - gem update --system '<%= ::Gem.rubygems_version %>'
 <%- end -%>
+<%- if config[:ext] == 'go' -%>
+    - wget https://go.dev/dl/go$GO_VERSION.linux-amd64.tar.gz -O /tmp/go.tar.gz
+    - tar -C /usr/local -xzf /tmp/go.tar.gz
+    - export PATH=/usr/local/go/bin:$PATH
+<%- end -%>
     - gem install bundler -v <%= Bundler::VERSION %>
     - bundle install
 
@@ -14,5 +19,9 @@ example_job:
   variables:
     RB_SYS_FORCE_INSTALL_RUST_TOOLCHAIN: 'true'
 <%- end -%>
+<%- if config[:ext] == 'go' -%>
+  variables:
+    GO_VERSION: '1.23.0'
+<%- end -%>
   script:
     - bundle exec rake
diff --git a/lib/bundler/templates/newgem/lib/newgem.rb.tt b/lib/bundler/templates/newgem/lib/newgem.rb.tt
index caf6e32f4a..3aedee0d25 100644
--- a/lib/bundler/templates/newgem/lib/newgem.rb.tt
+++ b/lib/bundler/templates/newgem/lib/newgem.rb.tt
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 
 require_relative "<%= File.basename(config[:namespaced_path]) %>/version"
 <%- if config[:ext] -%>
-require_relative "<%= File.basename(config[:namespaced_path]) %>/<%= config[:underscored_name] %>"
+require "<%= File.basename(config[:namespaced_path]) %>/<%= config[:underscored_name] %>"
 <%- end -%>
 
 <%- config[:constant_array].each_with_index do |c, i| -%>
diff --git a/lib/bundler/templates/newgem/newgem.gemspec.tt b/lib/bundler/templates/newgem/newgem.gemspec.tt
index ced300f379..513875fd63 100644
--- a/lib/bundler/templates/newgem/newgem.gemspec.tt
+++ b/lib/bundler/templates/newgem/newgem.gemspec.tt
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ Gem::Specification.new do |spec|
 
   spec.summary = "TODO: Write a short summary, because RubyGems requires one."
   spec.description = "TODO: Write a longer description or delete this line."
-  spec.homepage = "TODO: Put your gem's website or public repo URL here."
+  spec.homepage = "<%= config[:homepage_uri] %>"
 <%- if config[:mit] -%>
   spec.license = "MIT"
 <%- end -%>
@@ -20,10 +20,11 @@ Gem::Specification.new do |spec|
 <%- end -%>
 
   spec.metadata["allowed_push_host"] = "TODO: Set to your gem server 'https://example.com'"
-
   spec.metadata["homepage_uri"] = spec.homepage
-  spec.metadata["source_code_uri"] = "TODO: Put your gem's public repo URL here."
-  spec.metadata["changelog_uri"] = "TODO: Put your gem's CHANGELOG.md URL here."
+  spec.metadata["source_code_uri"] = "<%= config[:source_code_uri] %>"
+<%- if config[:changelog] -%>
+  spec.metadata["changelog_uri"] = "<%= config[:changelog_uri] %>"
+<%- end -%>
 
   # Specify which files should be added to the gem when it is released.
   # The `git ls-files -z` loads the files in the RubyGem that have been added into git.
@@ -31,13 +32,13 @@ Gem::Specification.new do |spec|
   spec.files = IO.popen(%w[git ls-files -z], chdir: __dir__, err: IO::NULL) do |ls|
     ls.readlines("\x0", chomp: true).reject do |f|
       (f == gemspec) ||
-        f.start_with?(*%w[bin/ test/ spec/ features/ .git <%= config[:ci_config_path] %>appveyor Gemfile])
+        f.start_with?(*%w[<%= config[:ignore_paths].join(" ") %>])
     end
   end
   spec.bindir = "exe"
   spec.executables = spec.files.grep(%r{\Aexe/}) { |f| File.basename(f) }
   spec.require_paths = ["lib"]
-<%- if config[:ext] == 'c' || config[:ext] == 'rust' -%>
+<%- if %w(c rust go).include?(config[:ext]) -%>
   spec.extensions = ["ext/<%= config[:underscored_name] %>/extconf.rb"]
 <%- end -%>
 
@@ -46,6 +47,9 @@ Gem::Specification.new do |spec|
 <%- if config[:ext] == 'rust' -%>
   spec.add_dependency "rb_sys", "~> 0.9.91"
 <%- end -%>
+<%- if config[:ext] == 'go' -%>
+  spec.add_dependency "go_gem", "~> 0.2"
+<%- end -%>
 
   # For more information and examples about making a new gem, check out our
   # guide at: https://bundler.io/guides/creating_gem.html
diff --git a/lib/bundler/ui/shell.rb b/lib/bundler/ui/shell.rb
index 6df1512a5b..b836208da8 100644
--- a/lib/bundler/ui/shell.rb
+++ b/lib/bundler/ui/shell.rb
@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@ module Bundler
         @level = ENV["DEBUG"] ? "debug" : "info"
         @warning_history = []
         @output_stream = :stdout
+        @thread_safe_logger_key = "logger_level_#{object_id}"
       end
 
       def add_color(string, *color)
@@ -80,11 +81,11 @@ module Bundler
       end
 
       def ask(msg)
-        @shell.ask(msg)
+        @shell.ask(msg, :green)
       end
 
       def yes?(msg)
-        @shell.yes?(msg)
+        @shell.yes?(msg, :green)
       end
 
       def no?(msg)
@@ -97,11 +98,13 @@ module Bundler
       end
 
       def level(name = nil)
-        return @level unless name
+        current_level = Thread.current.thread_variable_get(@thread_safe_logger_key) || @level
+        return current_level unless name
+
         unless index = LEVELS.index(name)
           raise "#{name.inspect} is not a valid level"
         end
-        index <= LEVELS.index(@level)
+        index <= LEVELS.index(current_level)
       end
 
       def output_stream=(symbol)
@@ -167,12 +170,13 @@ module Bundler
         end * "\n"
       end
 
-      def with_level(level)
-        original = @level
-        @level = level
+      def with_level(desired_level)
+        old_level = level
+        Thread.current.thread_variable_set(@thread_safe_logger_key, desired_level)
+
         yield
       ensure
-        @level = original
+        Thread.current.thread_variable_set(@thread_safe_logger_key, old_level)
       end
 
       def with_output_stream(symbol)
diff --git a/lib/bundler/vendor/connection_pool/lib/connection_pool.rb b/lib/bundler/vendor/connection_pool/lib/connection_pool.rb
index cb4485e463..e8aaf70016 100644
--- a/lib/bundler/vendor/connection_pool/lib/connection_pool.rb
+++ b/lib/bundler/vendor/connection_pool/lib/connection_pool.rb
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ end
 # - :auto_reload_after_fork - automatically drop all connections after fork, defaults to true
 #
 class Bundler::ConnectionPool
-  DEFAULTS = {size: 5, timeout: 5, auto_reload_after_fork: true}
+  DEFAULTS = {size: 5, timeout: 5, auto_reload_after_fork: true}.freeze
 
   def self.wrap(options, &block)
     Wrapper.new(options, &block)
@@ -99,10 +99,14 @@ class Bundler::ConnectionPool
     @available = TimedStack.new(@size, &block)
     @key = :"pool-#{@available.object_id}"
     @key_count = :"pool-#{@available.object_id}-count"
-    INSTANCES[self] = self if INSTANCES
+    @discard_key = :"pool-#{@available.object_id}-discard"
+    INSTANCES[self] = self if @auto_reload_after_fork && INSTANCES
   end
 
   def with(options = {})
+    # We need to manage exception handling manually here in order
+    # to work correctly with `Gem::Timeout.timeout` and `Thread#raise`.
+    # Otherwise an interrupted Thread can leak connections.
     Thread.handle_interrupt(Exception => :never) do
       conn = checkout(options)
       begin
@@ -116,20 +120,65 @@ class Bundler::ConnectionPool
   end
   alias_method :then, :with
 
+  ##
+  # Marks the current thread's checked-out connection for discard.
+  #
+  # When a connection is marked for discard, it will not be returned to the pool
+  # when checked in. Instead, the connection will be discarded.
+  # This is useful when a connection has become invalid or corrupted
+  # and should not be reused.
+  #
+  # Takes an optional block that will be called with the connection to be discarded.
+  # The block should perform any necessary clean-up on the connection.
+  #
+  # @yield [conn]
+  # @yieldparam conn [Object] The connection to be discarded.
+  # @yieldreturn [void]
+  #
+  #
+  # Note: This only affects the connection currently checked out by the calling thread.
+  # The connection will be discarded when +checkin+ is called.
+  #
+  # @return [void]
+  #
+  # @example
+  #   pool.with do |conn|
+  #     begin
+  #       conn.execute("SELECT 1")
+  #     rescue SomeConnectionError
+  #       pool.discard_current_connection  # Mark connection as bad
+  #       raise
+  #     end
+  #   end
+  def discard_current_connection(&block)
+    ::Thread.current[@discard_key] = block || proc { |conn| conn }
+  end
+
   def checkout(options = {})
     if ::Thread.current[@key]
       ::Thread.current[@key_count] += 1
       ::Thread.current[@key]
     else
       ::Thread.current[@key_count] = 1
-      ::Thread.current[@key] = @available.pop(options[:timeout] || @timeout)
+      ::Thread.current[@key] = @available.pop(options[:timeout] || @timeout, options)
     end
   end
 
   def checkin(force: false)
     if ::Thread.current[@key]
       if ::Thread.current[@key_count] == 1 || force
-        @available.push(::Thread.current[@key])
+        if ::Thread.current[@discard_key]
+          begin
+            @available.decrement_created
+            ::Thread.current[@discard_key].call(::Thread.current[@key])
+          rescue
+            nil
+          ensure
+            ::Thread.current[@discard_key] = nil
+          end
+        else
+          @available.push(::Thread.current[@key])
+        end
         ::Thread.current[@key] = nil
         ::Thread.current[@key_count] = nil
       else
@@ -146,7 +195,6 @@ class Bundler::ConnectionPool
   # Shuts down the Bundler::ConnectionPool by passing each connection to +block+ and
   # then removing it from the pool. Attempting to checkout a connection after
   # shutdown will raise +Bundler::ConnectionPool::PoolShuttingDownError+.
-
   def shutdown(&block)
     @available.shutdown(&block)
   end
@@ -155,7 +203,6 @@ class Bundler::ConnectionPool
   # Reloads the Bundler::ConnectionPool by passing each connection to +block+ and then
   # removing it the pool. Subsequent checkouts will create new connections as
   # needed.
-
   def reload(&block)
     @available.shutdown(reload: true, &block)
   end
diff --git a/lib/bundler/vendor/connection_pool/lib/connection_pool/timed_stack.rb b/lib/bundler/vendor/connection_pool/lib/connection_pool/timed_stack.rb
index 02e4485eb2..026d2c5be2 100644
--- a/lib/bundler/vendor/connection_pool/lib/connection_pool/timed_stack.rb
+++ b/lib/bundler/vendor/connection_pool/lib/connection_pool/timed_stack.rb
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 ##
 # The TimedStack manages a pool of homogeneous connections (or any resource
-# you wish to manage).  Connections are created lazily up to a given maximum
+# you wish to manage). Connections are created lazily up to a given maximum
 # number.
-
+#
 # Examples:
 #
 #    ts = TimedStack.new(1) { MyConnection.new }
@@ -16,14 +16,12 @@
 #    conn = ts.pop
 #    ts.pop timeout: 5
 #    #=> raises Bundler::ConnectionPool::TimeoutError after 5 seconds
-
 class Bundler::ConnectionPool::TimedStack
   attr_reader :max
 
   ##
   # Creates a new pool with +size+ connections that are created from the given
   # +block+.
-
   def initialize(size = 0, &block)
     @create_block = block
     @created = 0
@@ -35,9 +33,8 @@ class Bundler::ConnectionPool::TimedStack
   end
 
   ##
-  # Returns +obj+ to the stack.  +options+ is ignored in TimedStack but may be
+  # Returns +obj+ to the stack. +options+ is ignored in TimedStack but may be
   # used by subclasses that extend TimedStack.
-
   def push(obj, options = {})
     @mutex.synchronize do
       if @shutdown_block
@@ -53,14 +50,16 @@ class Bundler::ConnectionPool::TimedStack
   alias_method :<<, :push
 
   ##
-  # Retrieves a connection from the stack.  If a connection is available it is
-  # immediately returned.  If no connection is available within the given
+  # Retrieves a connection from the stack. If a connection is available it is
+  # immediately returned. If no connection is available within the given
   # timeout a Bundler::ConnectionPool::TimeoutError is raised.
   #
-  # +:timeout+ is the only checked entry in +options+ and is preferred over
-  # the +timeout+ argument (which will be removed in a future release).  Other
-  # options may be used by subclasses that extend TimedStack.
-
+  # @option options [Float] :timeout (0.5) Wait this many seconds for an available entry
+  # @option options [Class] :exception (Bundler::ConnectionPool::TimeoutError) Exception class to raise
+  #   if an entry was not available within the timeout period. Use `exception: false` to return nil.
+  #
+  # The +timeout+ argument will be removed in 3.0.
+  # Other options may be used by subclasses that extend TimedStack.
   def pop(timeout = 0.5, options = {})
     options, timeout = timeout, 0.5 if Hash === timeout
     timeout = options.fetch :timeout, timeout
@@ -69,13 +68,22 @@ class Bundler::ConnectionPool::TimedStack
     @mutex.synchronize do
       loop do
         raise Bundler::ConnectionPool::PoolShuttingDownError if @shutdown_block
-        return fetch_connection(options) if connection_stored?(options)
+        if (conn = try_fetch_connection(options))
+          return conn
+        end
 
         connection = try_create(options)
         return connection if connection
 
         to_wait = deadline - current_time
-        raise Bundler::ConnectionPool::TimeoutError, "Waited #{timeout} sec, #{length}/#{@max} available" if to_wait <= 0
+        if to_wait <= 0
+          exc = options.fetch(:exception, Bundler::ConnectionPool::TimeoutError)
+          if exc
+            raise Bundler::ConnectionPool::TimeoutError, "Waited #{timeout} sec, #{length}/#{@max} available"
+          else
+            return nil
+          end
+        end
         @resource.wait(@mutex, to_wait)
       end
     end
@@ -86,7 +94,6 @@ class Bundler::ConnectionPool::TimedStack
   # removing it from the pool. Attempting to checkout a connection after
   # shutdown will raise +Bundler::ConnectionPool::PoolShuttingDownError+ unless
   # +:reload+ is +true+.
-
   def shutdown(reload: false, &block)
     raise ArgumentError, "shutdown must receive a block" unless block
 
@@ -121,14 +128,12 @@ class Bundler::ConnectionPool::TimedStack
 
   ##
   # Returns +true+ if there are no available connections.
-
   def empty?
     (@created - @que.length) >= @max
   end
 
   ##
   # The number of connections available on the stack.
-
   def length
     @max - @created + @que.length
   end
@@ -139,6 +144,12 @@ class Bundler::ConnectionPool::TimedStack
     @que.length
   end
 
+  ##
+  # Reduce the created count
+  def decrement_created
+    @created -= 1 unless @created == 0
+  end
+
   private
 
   def current_time
@@ -148,8 +159,17 @@ class Bundler::ConnectionPool::TimedStack
   ##
   # This is an extension point for TimedStack and is called with a mutex.
   #
-  # This method must returns true if a connection is available on the stack.
+  # This method must returns a connection from the stack if one exists. Allows
+  # subclasses with expensive match/search algorithms to avoid double-handling
+  # their stack.
+  def try_fetch_connection(options = nil)
+    connection_stored?(options) && fetch_connection(options)
+  end
 
+  ##
+  # This is an extension point for TimedStack and is called with a mutex.
+  #
+  # This method must returns true if a connection is available on the stack.
   def connection_stored?(options = nil)
     !@que.empty?
   end
@@ -158,7 +178,6 @@ class Bundler::ConnectionPool::TimedStack
   # This is an extension point for TimedStack and is called with a mutex.
   #
   # This method must return a connection from the stack.
-
   def fetch_connection(options = nil)
     @que.pop&.first
   end
@@ -167,10 +186,8 @@ class Bundler::ConnectionPool::TimedStack
   # This is an extension point for TimedStack and is called with a mutex.
   #
   # This method must shut down all connections on the stack.
-
   def shutdown_connections(options = nil)
-    while connection_stored?(options)
-      conn = fetch_connection(options)
+    while (conn = try_fetch_connection(options))
       @created -= 1 unless @created == 0
       @shutdown_block.call(conn)
     end
@@ -181,7 +198,6 @@ class Bundler::ConnectionPool::TimedStack
   #
   # This method returns the oldest idle connection if it has been idle for more than idle_seconds.
   # This requires that the stack is kept in order of checked in time (oldest first).
-
   def reserve_idle_connection(idle_seconds)
     return unless idle_connections?(idle_seconds)
 
@@ -194,7 +210,6 @@ class Bundler::ConnectionPool::TimedStack
   # This is an extension point for TimedStack and is called with a mutex.
   #
   # Returns true if the first connection in the stack has been idle for more than idle_seconds
-
   def idle_connections?(idle_seconds)
     connection_stored? && (current_time - @que.first.last > idle_seconds)
   end
@@ -203,7 +218,6 @@ class Bundler::ConnectionPool::TimedStack
   # This is an extension point for TimedStack and is called with a mutex.
   #
   # This method must return +obj+ to the stack.
-
   def store_connection(obj, options = nil)
     @que.push [obj, current_time]
   end
@@ -213,7 +227,6 @@ class Bundler::ConnectionPool::TimedStack
   #
   # This method must create a connection if and only if the total number of
   # connections allowed has not been met.
-
   def try_create(options = nil)
     unless @created == @max
       object = @create_block.call
diff --git a/lib/bundler/vendor/connection_pool/lib/connection_pool/version.rb b/lib/bundler/vendor/connection_pool/lib/connection_pool/version.rb
index 88a3714fb8..2e9eebdbb6 100644
--- a/lib/bundler/vendor/connection_pool/lib/connection_pool/version.rb
+++ b/lib/bundler/vendor/connection_pool/lib/connection_pool/version.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,3 @@
 class Bundler::ConnectionPool
-  VERSION = "2.5.0"
+  VERSION = "2.5.5"
 end
diff --git a/lib/bundler/vendor/fileutils/lib/fileutils.rb b/lib/bundler/vendor/fileutils/lib/fileutils.rb
index 4d7619ddcf..a11fdc7176 100644
--- a/lib/bundler/vendor/fileutils/lib/fileutils.rb
+++ b/lib/bundler/vendor/fileutils/lib/fileutils.rb
@@ -181,7 +181,7 @@ end
 #
 module Bundler::FileUtils
   # The version number.
-  VERSION = "1.7.3"
+  VERSION = "1.8.0"
 
   def self.private_module_function(name)   #:nodoc:
     module_function name
@@ -706,11 +706,12 @@ module Bundler::FileUtils
   #
   def ln_s(src, dest, force: nil, relative: false, target_directory: true, noop: nil, verbose: nil)
     if relative
-      return ln_sr(src, dest, force: force, noop: noop, verbose: verbose)
+      return ln_sr(src, dest, force: force, target_directory: target_directory, noop: noop, verbose: verbose)
     end
-    fu_output_message "ln -s#{force ? 'f' : ''} #{[src,dest].flatten.join ' '}" if verbose
+    fu_output_message "ln -s#{force ? 'f' : ''}#{
+      target_directory ? '' : 'T'} #{[src,dest].flatten.join ' '}" if verbose
     return if noop
-    fu_each_src_dest0(src, dest) do |s,d|
+    fu_each_src_dest0(src, dest, target_directory) do |s,d|
       remove_file d, true if force
       File.symlink s, d
     end
@@ -730,42 +731,37 @@ module Bundler::FileUtils
   # Like Bundler::FileUtils.ln_s, but create links relative to +dest+.
   #
   def ln_sr(src, dest, target_directory: true, force: nil, noop: nil, verbose: nil)
-    options = "#{force ? 'f' : ''}#{target_directory ? '' : 'T'}"
-    dest = File.path(dest)
-    srcs = Array(src)
-    link = proc do |s, target_dir_p = true|
-      s = File.path(s)
-      if target_dir_p
-        d = File.join(destdirs = dest, File.basename(s))
+    cmd = "ln -s#{force ? 'f' : ''}#{target_directory ? '' : 'T'}" if verbose
+    fu_each_src_dest0(src, dest, target_directory) do |s,d|
+      if target_directory
+        parent = File.dirname(d)
+        destdirs = fu_split_path(parent)
+        real_ddirs = fu_split_path(File.realpath(parent))
       else
-        destdirs = File.dirname(d = dest)
+        destdirs ||= fu_split_path(dest)
+        real_ddirs ||= fu_split_path(File.realdirpath(dest))
       end
-      destdirs = fu_split_path(File.realpath(destdirs))
-      if fu_starting_path?(s)
-        srcdirs = fu_split_path((File.realdirpath(s) rescue File.expand_path(s)))
-        base = fu_relative_components_from(srcdirs, destdirs)
-        s = File.join(*base)
+      srcdirs = fu_split_path(s)
+      i = fu_common_components(srcdirs, destdirs)
+      n = destdirs.size - i
+      n -= 1 unless target_directory
+      link1 = fu_clean_components(*Array.new([n, 0].max, '..'), *srcdirs[i..-1])
+      begin
+        real_sdirs = fu_split_path(File.realdirpath(s)) rescue nil
+      rescue
       else
-        srcdirs = fu_clean_components(*fu_split_path(s))
-        base = fu_relative_components_from(fu_split_path(Dir.pwd), destdirs)
-        while srcdirs.first&. == ".." and base.last&.!=("..") and !fu_starting_path?(base.last)
-          srcdirs.shift
-          base.pop
-        end
-        s = File.join(*base, *srcdirs)
+        i = fu_common_components(real_sdirs, real_ddirs)
+        n = real_ddirs.size - i
+        n -= 1 unless target_directory
+        link2 = fu_clean_components(*Array.new([n, 0].max, '..'), *real_sdirs[i..-1])
+        link1 = link2 if link1.size > link2.size
       end
-      fu_output_message "ln -s#{options} #{s} #{d}" if verbose
+      s = File.join(link1)
+      fu_output_message [cmd, s, d].flatten.join(' ') if verbose
       next if noop
       remove_file d, true if force
       File.symlink s, d
     end
-    case srcs.size
-    when 0
-    when 1
-      link[srcs[0], target_directory && File.directory?(dest)]
-    else
-      srcs.each(&link)
-    end
   end
   module_function :ln_sr
 
@@ -800,13 +796,13 @@ module Bundler::FileUtils
   #   File.file?('dest1/dir1/t2.txt') # => true
   #   File.file?('dest1/dir1/t3.txt') # => true
   #
-  # Keyword arguments:
+  # Optional arguments:
   #
-  # - <tt>dereference_root: true</tt> - dereferences +src+ if it is a symbolic link.
-  # - <tt>remove_destination: true</tt> - removes +dest+ before creating links.
+  # - +dereference_root+ - dereferences +src+ if it is a symbolic link (+false+ by default).
+  # - +remove_destination+ - removes +dest+ before creating links (+false+ by default).
   #
   # Raises an exception if +dest+ is the path to an existing file or directory
-  # and keyword argument <tt>remove_destination: true</tt> is not given.
+  # and optional argument +remove_destination+ is not given.
   #
   # Related: Bundler::FileUtils.ln (has different options).
   #
@@ -1029,12 +1025,12 @@ module Bundler::FileUtils
   # directories, and symbolic links;
   # other file types (FIFO streams, device files, etc.) are not supported.
   #
-  # Keyword arguments:
+  # Optional arguments:
   #
-  # - <tt>dereference_root: true</tt> - if +src+ is a symbolic link,
-  #   follows the link.
-  # - <tt>preserve: true</tt> - preserves file times.
-  # - <tt>remove_destination: true</tt> - removes +dest+ before copying files.
+  # - +dereference_root+ - if +src+ is a symbolic link,
+  #   follows the link (+false+ by default).
+  # - +preserve+ - preserves file times (+false+ by default).
+  # - +remove_destination+ - removes +dest+ before copying files (+false+ by default).
   #
   # Related: {methods for copying}[rdoc-ref:FileUtils@Copying].
   #
@@ -1065,12 +1061,12 @@ module Bundler::FileUtils
   #   Bundler::FileUtils.copy_file('src0.txt', 'dest0.txt')
   #   File.file?('dest0.txt') # => true
   #
-  # Keyword arguments:
+  # Optional arguments:
   #
-  # - <tt>dereference: false</tt> - if +src+ is a symbolic link,
-  #   does not follow the link.
-  # - <tt>preserve: true</tt> - preserves file times.
-  # - <tt>remove_destination: true</tt> - removes +dest+ before copying files.
+  # - +dereference+ - if +src+ is a symbolic link,
+  #   follows the link (+true+ by default).
+  # - +preserve+ - preserves file times (+false+ by default).
+  # - +remove_destination+ - removes +dest+ before copying files (+false+ by default).
   #
   # Related: {methods for copying}[rdoc-ref:FileUtils@Copying].
   #
@@ -1491,7 +1487,8 @@ module Bundler::FileUtils
   # Related: {methods for deleting}[rdoc-ref:FileUtils@Deleting].
   #
   def remove_dir(path, force = false)
-    remove_entry path, force   # FIXME?? check if it is a directory
+    raise Errno::ENOTDIR, path unless force or File.directory?(path)
+    remove_entry path, force
   end
   module_function :remove_dir
 
@@ -2475,6 +2472,10 @@ module Bundler::FileUtils
 
   def fu_each_src_dest0(src, dest, target_directory = true)   #:nodoc:
     if tmp = Array.try_convert(src)
+      unless target_directory or tmp.size <= 1
+        tmp = tmp.map {|f| File.path(f)} # A workaround for RBS
+        raise ArgumentError, "extra target #{tmp}"
+      end
       tmp.each do |s|
         s = File.path(s)
         yield s, (target_directory ? File.join(dest, File.basename(s)) : dest)
@@ -2509,7 +2510,11 @@ module Bundler::FileUtils
     path = File.path(path)
     list = []
     until (parent, base = File.split(path); parent == path or parent == ".")
-      list << base
+      if base != '..' and list.last == '..' and !(fu_have_symlink? && File.symlink?(path))
+        list.pop
+      else
+        list << base
+      end
       path = parent
     end
     list << path
@@ -2517,14 +2522,14 @@ module Bundler::FileUtils
   end
   private_module_function :fu_split_path
 
-  def fu_relative_components_from(target, base) #:nodoc:
+  def fu_common_components(target, base) #:nodoc:
     i = 0
     while target[i]&.== base[i]
       i += 1
     end
-    Array.new(base.size-i, '..').concat(target[i..-1])
+    i
   end
-  private_module_function :fu_relative_components_from
+  private_module_function :fu_common_components
 
   def fu_clean_components(*comp) #:nodoc:
     comp.shift while comp.first == "."
@@ -2534,7 +2539,7 @@ module Bundler::FileUtils
     while c = comp.shift
       if c == ".." and clean.last != ".." and !(fu_have_symlink? && File.symlink?(path))
         clean.pop
-        path.chomp!(%r((?<=\A|/)[^/]+/\z), "")
+        path.sub!(%r((?<=\A|/)[^/]+/\z), "")
       else
         clean << c
         path << c << "/"
diff --git a/lib/bundler/vendor/net-http-persistent/lib/net/http/persistent.rb b/lib/bundler/vendor/net-http-persistent/lib/net/http/persistent.rb
index 03909a298b..93e403a5bb 100644
--- a/lib/bundler/vendor/net-http-persistent/lib/net/http/persistent.rb
+++ b/lib/bundler/vendor/net-http-persistent/lib/net/http/persistent.rb
@@ -1,7 +1,10 @@
 require_relative '../../../../../vendored_net_http'
 require_relative '../../../../../vendored_uri'
-require 'cgi/escape'
-require 'cgi/util' unless defined?(CGI::EscapeExt)
+begin
+  require 'cgi/escape'
+rescue LoadError
+  require 'cgi/util' # for escaping
+end
 require_relative '../../../../connection_pool/lib/connection_pool'
 
 autoload :OpenSSL, 'openssl'
diff --git a/lib/bundler/vendor/thor/lib/thor.rb b/lib/bundler/vendor/thor/lib/thor.rb
index bfd9f5c914..945bdbd551 100644
--- a/lib/bundler/vendor/thor/lib/thor.rb
+++ b/lib/bundler/vendor/thor/lib/thor.rb
@@ -625,7 +625,7 @@ class Bundler::Thor
     # alias name.
     def find_command_possibilities(meth)
       len = meth.to_s.length
-      possibilities = all_commands.merge(map).keys.select { |n| meth == n[0, len] }.sort
+      possibilities = all_commands.reject { |_k, c| c.hidden? }.merge(map).keys.select { |n| meth == n[0, len] }.sort
       unique_possibilities = possibilities.map { |k| map[k] || k }.uniq
 
       if possibilities.include?(meth)
diff --git a/lib/bundler/vendor/thor/lib/thor/actions/file_manipulation.rb b/lib/bundler/vendor/thor/lib/thor/actions/file_manipulation.rb
index bccfbb6b85..d8c9863054 100644
--- a/lib/bundler/vendor/thor/lib/thor/actions/file_manipulation.rb
+++ b/lib/bundler/vendor/thor/lib/thor/actions/file_manipulation.rb
@@ -242,6 +242,35 @@ class Bundler::Thor
       insert_into_file(path, *(args << config), &block)
     end
 
+    # Run a regular expression replacement on a file, raising an error if the
+    # contents of the file are not changed.
+    #
+    # ==== Parameters
+    # path<String>:: path of the file to be changed
+    # flag<Regexp|String>:: the regexp or string to be replaced
+    # replacement<String>:: the replacement, can be also given as a block
+    # config<Hash>:: give :verbose => false to not log the status, and
+    #                :force => true, to force the replacement regardless of runner behavior.
+    #
+    # ==== Example
+    #
+    #   gsub_file! 'app/controllers/application_controller.rb', /#\s*(filter_parameter_logging :password)/, '\1'
+    #
+    #   gsub_file! 'README', /rake/, :green do |match|
+    #     match << " no more. Use thor!"
+    #   end
+    #
+    def gsub_file!(path, flag, *args, &block)
+      config = args.last.is_a?(Hash) ? args.pop : {}
+
+      return unless behavior == :invoke || config.fetch(:force, false)
+
+      path = File.expand_path(path, destination_root)
+      say_status :gsub, relative_to_original_destination_root(path), config.fetch(:verbose, true)
+
+      actually_gsub_file(path, flag, args, true, &block) unless options[:pretend]
+    end
+
     # Run a regular expression replacement on a file.
     #
     # ==== Parameters
@@ -267,11 +296,7 @@ class Bundler::Thor
       path = File.expand_path(path, destination_root)
       say_status :gsub, relative_to_original_destination_root(path), config.fetch(:verbose, true)
 
-      unless options[:pretend]
-        content = File.binread(path)
-        content.gsub!(flag, *args, &block)
-        File.open(path, "wb") { |file| file.write(content) }
-      end
+      actually_gsub_file(path, flag, args, false, &block) unless options[:pretend]
     end
 
     # Uncomment all lines matching a given regex. Preserves indentation before
@@ -348,7 +373,7 @@ class Bundler::Thor
     end
 
     def with_output_buffer(buf = "".dup) #:nodoc:
-      raise ArgumentError, "Buffer can not be a frozen object" if buf.frozen?
+      raise ArgumentError, "Buffer cannot be a frozen object" if buf.frozen?
       old_buffer = output_buffer
       self.output_buffer = buf
       yield
@@ -357,6 +382,17 @@ class Bundler::Thor
       self.output_buffer = old_buffer
     end
 
+    def actually_gsub_file(path, flag, args, error_on_no_change, &block)
+      content = File.binread(path)
+      success = content.gsub!(flag, *args, &block)
+
+      if success.nil? && error_on_no_change
+        raise Bundler::Thor::Error, "The content of #{path} did not change"
+      end
+
+      File.open(path, "wb") { |file| file.write(content) }
+    end
+
     # Bundler::Thor::Actions#capture depends on what kind of buffer is used in ERB.
     # Thus CapturableERB fixes ERB to use String buffer.
     class CapturableERB < ERB
diff --git a/lib/bundler/vendor/thor/lib/thor/parser/options.rb b/lib/bundler/vendor/thor/lib/thor/parser/options.rb
index 734f5fe7e3..fe22d989e5 100644
--- a/lib/bundler/vendor/thor/lib/thor/parser/options.rb
+++ b/lib/bundler/vendor/thor/lib/thor/parser/options.rb
@@ -144,7 +144,7 @@ class Bundler::Thor
     def check_exclusive!
       opts = @assigns.keys
       # When option A and B are exclusive, if A and B are given at the same time,
-      # the diffrence of argument array size will decrease.
+      # the difference of argument array size will decrease.
       found = @exclusives.find{ |ex| (ex - opts).size < ex.size - 1 }
       if found
         names = names_to_switch_names(found & opts).map{|n| "'#{n}'"}
diff --git a/lib/bundler/vendor/thor/lib/thor/runner.rb b/lib/bundler/vendor/thor/lib/thor/runner.rb
index c7cc873131..f0ce6df96c 100644
--- a/lib/bundler/vendor/thor/lib/thor/runner.rb
+++ b/lib/bundler/vendor/thor/lib/thor/runner.rb
@@ -1,9 +1,8 @@
 require_relative "../thor"
 require_relative "group"
 
-require "yaml"
 require "digest/sha2"
-require "pathname"
+require "pathname" unless defined?(Pathname)
 
 class Bundler::Thor::Runner < Bundler::Thor #:nodoc:
   map "-T" => :list, "-i" => :install, "-u" => :update, "-v" => :version
@@ -195,6 +194,7 @@ private
   def thor_yaml
     @thor_yaml ||= begin
       yaml_file = File.join(thor_root, "thor.yml")
+      require "yaml"
       yaml = YAML.load_file(yaml_file) if File.exist?(yaml_file)
       yaml || {}
     end
diff --git a/lib/bundler/vendor/thor/lib/thor/shell/basic.rb b/lib/bundler/vendor/thor/lib/thor/shell/basic.rb
index b3e85733cb..da02b94227 100644
--- a/lib/bundler/vendor/thor/lib/thor/shell/basic.rb
+++ b/lib/bundler/vendor/thor/lib/thor/shell/basic.rb
@@ -314,7 +314,7 @@ class Bundler::Thor
         diff_cmd = ENV["THOR_DIFF"] || ENV["RAILS_DIFF"] || "diff -u"
 
         require "tempfile"
-        Tempfile.open(File.basename(destination), File.dirname(destination)) do |temp|
+        Tempfile.open(File.basename(destination), File.dirname(destination), binmode: true) do |temp|
           temp.write content
           temp.rewind
           system %(#{diff_cmd} "#{destination}" "#{temp.path}")
@@ -372,16 +372,12 @@ class Bundler::Thor
         Tempfile.open([File.basename(destination), File.extname(destination)], File.dirname(destination)) do |temp|
           temp.write content
           temp.rewind
-          system %(#{merge_tool} "#{temp.path}" "#{destination}")
+          system(merge_tool, temp.path, destination)
         end
       end
 
       def merge_tool #:nodoc:
-        @merge_tool ||= ENV["THOR_MERGE"] || git_merge_tool
-      end
-
-      def git_merge_tool #:nodoc:
-        `git config merge.tool`.rstrip rescue ""
+        @merge_tool ||= ENV["THOR_MERGE"] || "git difftool --no-index"
       end
     end
   end
diff --git a/lib/bundler/vendor/thor/lib/thor/version.rb b/lib/bundler/vendor/thor/lib/thor/version.rb
index cd7b4f060e..5474a2f71b 100644
--- a/lib/bundler/vendor/thor/lib/thor/version.rb
+++ b/lib/bundler/vendor/thor/lib/thor/version.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,3 @@
 class Bundler::Thor
-  VERSION = "1.3.2"
+  VERSION = "1.4.0"
 end
diff --git a/lib/bundler/vendor/uri/lib/uri/common.rb b/lib/bundler/vendor/uri/lib/uri/common.rb
index 186da24fa8..38339119c5 100644
--- a/lib/bundler/vendor/uri/lib/uri/common.rb
+++ b/lib/bundler/vendor/uri/lib/uri/common.rb
@@ -30,6 +30,9 @@ module Bundler::URI
     remove_const(:Parser) if defined?(::Bundler::URI::Parser)
     const_set("Parser", parser.class)
 
+    remove_const(:PARSER) if defined?(::Bundler::URI::PARSER)
+    const_set("PARSER", parser)
+
     remove_const(:REGEXP) if defined?(::Bundler::URI::REGEXP)
     remove_const(:PATTERN) if defined?(::Bundler::URI::PATTERN)
     if Parser == RFC2396_Parser
@@ -49,10 +52,10 @@ module Bundler::URI
       warn "Bundler::URI::REGEXP is obsolete. Use Bundler::URI::RFC2396_REGEXP explicitly.", uplevel: 1 if $VERBOSE
       Bundler::URI::RFC2396_REGEXP
     elsif value = RFC2396_PARSER.regexp[const]
-      warn "Bundler::URI::#{const} is obsolete. Use RFC2396_PARSER.regexp[#{const.inspect}] explicitly.", uplevel: 1 if $VERBOSE
+      warn "Bundler::URI::#{const} is obsolete. Use Bundler::URI::RFC2396_PARSER.regexp[#{const.inspect}] explicitly.", uplevel: 1 if $VERBOSE
       value
     elsif value = RFC2396_Parser.const_get(const)
-      warn "Bundler::URI::#{const} is obsolete. Use RFC2396_Parser::#{const} explicitly.", uplevel: 1 if $VERBOSE
+      warn "Bundler::URI::#{const} is obsolete. Use Bundler::URI::RFC2396_Parser::#{const} explicitly.", uplevel: 1 if $VERBOSE
       value
     else
       super
@@ -92,6 +95,40 @@ module Bundler::URI
   end
 
   module Schemes # :nodoc:
+    class << self
+      ReservedChars = ".+-"
+      EscapedChars = "\u01C0\u01C1\u01C2"
+      # Use Lo category chars as escaped chars for TruffleRuby, which
+      # does not allow Symbol categories as identifiers.
+
+      def escape(name)
+        unless name and name.ascii_only?
+          return nil
+        end
+        name.upcase.tr(ReservedChars, EscapedChars)
+      end
+
+      def unescape(name)
+        name.tr(EscapedChars, ReservedChars).encode(Encoding::US_ASCII).upcase
+      end
+
+      def find(name)
+        const_get(name, false) if name and const_defined?(name, false)
+      end
+
+      def register(name, klass)
+        unless scheme = escape(name)
+          raise ArgumentError, "invalid character as scheme - #{name}"
+        end
+        const_set(scheme, klass)
+      end
+
+      def list
+        constants.map { |name|
+          [unescape(name.to_s), const_get(name)]
+        }.to_h
+      end
+    end
   end
   private_constant :Schemes
 
@@ -104,7 +141,7 @@ module Bundler::URI
   # Note that after calling String#upcase on +scheme+, it must be a valid
   # constant name.
   def self.register_scheme(scheme, klass)
-    Schemes.const_set(scheme.to_s.upcase, klass)
+    Schemes.register(scheme, klass)
   end
 
   # Returns a hash of the defined schemes:
@@ -122,14 +159,14 @@ module Bundler::URI
   #
   # Related: Bundler::URI.register_scheme.
   def self.scheme_list
-    Schemes.constants.map { |name|
-      [name.to_s.upcase, Schemes.const_get(name)]
-    }.to_h
+    Schemes.list
   end
 
+  # :stopdoc:
   INITIAL_SCHEMES = scheme_list
   private_constant :INITIAL_SCHEMES
   Ractor.make_shareable(INITIAL_SCHEMES) if defined?(Ractor)
+  # :startdoc:
 
   # Returns a new object constructed from the given +scheme+, +arguments+,
   # and +default+:
@@ -148,12 +185,10 @@ module Bundler::URI
   #   # => #<Bundler::URI::HTTP foo://john.doe@www.example.com:123/forum/questions/?tag=networking&order=newest#top>
   #
   def self.for(scheme, *arguments, default: Generic)
-    const_name = scheme.to_s.upcase
+    const_name = Schemes.escape(scheme)
 
     uri_class = INITIAL_SCHEMES[const_name]
-    uri_class ||= if /\A[A-Z]\w*\z/.match?(const_name) && Schemes.const_defined?(const_name, false)
-      Schemes.const_get(const_name, false)
-    end
+    uri_class ||= Schemes.find(const_name)
     uri_class ||= default
 
     return uri_class.new(scheme, *arguments)
@@ -195,7 +230,7 @@ module Bundler::URI
   #    ["fragment", "top"]]
   #
   def self.split(uri)
-    DEFAULT_PARSER.split(uri)
+    PARSER.split(uri)
   end
 
   # Returns a new \Bundler::URI object constructed from the given string +uri+:
@@ -205,11 +240,11 @@ module Bundler::URI
   #   Bundler::URI.parse('http://john.doe@www.example.com:123/forum/questions/?tag=networking&order=newest#top')
   #   # => #<Bundler::URI::HTTP http://john.doe@www.example.com:123/forum/questions/?tag=networking&order=newest#top>
   #
-  # It's recommended to first ::escape string +uri+
+  # It's recommended to first Bundler::URI::RFC2396_PARSER.escape string +uri+
   # if it may contain invalid Bundler::URI characters.
   #
   def self.parse(uri)
-    DEFAULT_PARSER.parse(uri)
+    PARSER.parse(uri)
   end
 
   # Merges the given Bundler::URI strings +str+
@@ -265,7 +300,7 @@ module Bundler::URI
   #
   def self.extract(str, schemes = nil, &block) # :nodoc:
     warn "Bundler::URI.extract is obsolete", uplevel: 1 if $VERBOSE
-    DEFAULT_PARSER.extract(str, schemes, &block)
+    PARSER.extract(str, schemes, &block)
   end
 
   #
@@ -302,7 +337,7 @@ module Bundler::URI
   #
   def self.regexp(schemes = nil)# :nodoc:
     warn "Bundler::URI.regexp is obsolete", uplevel: 1 if $VERBOSE
-    DEFAULT_PARSER.make_regexp(schemes)
+    PARSER.make_regexp(schemes)
   end
 
   TBLENCWWWCOMP_ = {} # :nodoc:
@@ -407,6 +442,8 @@ module Bundler::URI
     _decode_uri_component(/%\h\h/, str, enc)
   end
 
+  # Returns a string derived from the given string +str+ with
+  # Bundler::URI-encoded characters matching +regexp+ according to +table+.
   def self._encode_uri_component(regexp, table, str, enc)
     str = str.to_s.dup
     if str.encoding != Encoding::ASCII_8BIT
@@ -421,6 +458,8 @@ module Bundler::URI
   end
   private_class_method :_encode_uri_component
 
+  # Returns a string decoding characters matching +regexp+ from the
+  # given \URL-encoded string +str+.
   def self._decode_uri_component(regexp, str, enc)
     raise ArgumentError, "invalid %-encoding (#{str})" if /%(?!\h\h)/.match?(str)
     str.b.gsub(regexp, TBLDECWWWCOMP_).force_encoding(enc)
@@ -859,6 +898,7 @@ module Bundler
   # Returns a \Bundler::URI object derived from the given +uri+,
   # which may be a \Bundler::URI string or an existing \Bundler::URI object:
   #
+  #   require 'bundler/vendor/uri/lib/uri'
   #   # Returns a new Bundler::URI.
   #   uri = Bundler::URI('http://github.com/ruby/ruby')
   #   # => #<Bundler::URI::HTTP http://github.com/ruby/ruby>
@@ -866,6 +906,8 @@ module Bundler
   #   Bundler::URI(uri)
   #   # => #<Bundler::URI::HTTP http://github.com/ruby/ruby>
   #
+  # You must require 'bundler/vendor/uri/lib/uri' to use this method.
+  #
   def URI(uri)
     if uri.is_a?(Bundler::URI::Generic)
       uri
diff --git a/lib/bundler/vendor/uri/lib/uri/file.rb b/lib/bundler/vendor/uri/lib/uri/file.rb
index de347af6eb..21dd9ee535 100644
--- a/lib/bundler/vendor/uri/lib/uri/file.rb
+++ b/lib/bundler/vendor/uri/lib/uri/file.rb
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ module Bundler::URI
     #       :path => '/ruby/src'})
     #     uri2.to_s  # => "file://host.example.com/ruby/src"
     #
-    #     uri3 = Bundler::URI::File.build({:path => Bundler::URI::escape('/path/my file.txt')})
+    #     uri3 = Bundler::URI::File.build({:path => Bundler::URI::RFC2396_PARSER.escape('/path/my file.txt')})
     #     uri3.to_s  # => "file:///path/my%20file.txt"
     #
     def self.build(args)
diff --git a/lib/bundler/vendor/uri/lib/uri/generic.rb b/lib/bundler/vendor/uri/lib/uri/generic.rb
index 6abb171d14..30dab60903 100644
--- a/lib/bundler/vendor/uri/lib/uri/generic.rb
+++ b/lib/bundler/vendor/uri/lib/uri/generic.rb
@@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ module Bundler::URI
     #
     # At first, tries to create a new Bundler::URI::Generic instance using
     # Bundler::URI::Generic::build. But, if exception Bundler::URI::InvalidComponentError is raised,
-    # then it does Bundler::URI::Escape.escape all Bundler::URI components and tries again.
+    # then it does Bundler::URI::RFC2396_PARSER.escape all Bundler::URI components and tries again.
     #
     def self.build2(args)
       begin
@@ -126,9 +126,9 @@ module Bundler::URI
           end
         end
       else
-        component = self.class.component rescue ::Bundler::URI::Generic::COMPONENT
+        component = self.component rescue ::Bundler::URI::Generic::COMPONENT
         raise ArgumentError,
-        "expected Array of or Hash of components of #{self.class} (#{component.join(', ')})"
+              "expected Array of or Hash of components of #{self} (#{component.join(', ')})"
       end
 
       tmp << nil
@@ -186,18 +186,18 @@ module Bundler::URI
 
       if arg_check
         self.scheme = scheme
-        self.userinfo = userinfo
         self.hostname = host
         self.port = port
+        self.userinfo = userinfo
         self.path = path
         self.query = query
         self.opaque = opaque
         self.fragment = fragment
       else
         self.set_scheme(scheme)
-        self.set_userinfo(userinfo)
         self.set_host(host)
         self.set_port(port)
+        self.set_userinfo(userinfo)
         self.set_path(path)
         self.query = query
         self.set_opaque(opaque)
@@ -284,7 +284,7 @@ module Bundler::URI
 
     # Returns the parser to be used.
     #
-    # Unless a Bundler::URI::Parser is defined, DEFAULT_PARSER is used.
+    # Unless the +parser+ is defined, DEFAULT_PARSER is used.
     #
     def parser
       if !defined?(@parser) || !@parser
@@ -315,7 +315,7 @@ module Bundler::URI
     end
 
     #
-    # Checks the scheme +v+ component against the Bundler::URI::Parser Regexp for :SCHEME.
+    # Checks the scheme +v+ component against the +parser+ Regexp for :SCHEME.
     #
     def check_scheme(v)
       if v && parser.regexp[:SCHEME] !~ v
@@ -385,7 +385,7 @@ module Bundler::URI
 
     #
     # Checks the user +v+ component for RFC2396 compliance
-    # and against the Bundler::URI::Parser Regexp for :USERINFO.
+    # and against the +parser+ Regexp for :USERINFO.
     #
     # Can not have a registry or opaque component defined,
     # with a user component defined.
@@ -409,7 +409,7 @@ module Bundler::URI
 
     #
     # Checks the password +v+ component for RFC2396 compliance
-    # and against the Bundler::URI::Parser Regexp for :USERINFO.
+    # and against the +parser+ Regexp for :USERINFO.
     #
     # Can not have a registry or opaque component defined,
     # with a user component defined.
@@ -511,7 +511,7 @@ module Bundler::URI
         user, password = split_userinfo(user)
       end
       @user     = user
-      @password = password if password
+      @password = password
 
       [@user, @password]
     end
@@ -522,7 +522,7 @@ module Bundler::URI
     # See also Bundler::URI::Generic.user=.
     #
     def set_user(v)
-      set_userinfo(v, @password)
+      set_userinfo(v, nil)
       v
     end
     protected :set_user
@@ -574,6 +574,12 @@ module Bundler::URI
       @password
     end
 
+    # Returns the authority info (array of user, password, host and
+    # port), if any is set.  Or returns +nil+.
+    def authority
+      return @user, @password, @host, @port if @user || @password || @host || @port
+    end
+
     # Returns the user component after Bundler::URI decoding.
     def decoded_user
       Bundler::URI.decode_uri_component(@user) if @user
@@ -586,7 +592,7 @@ module Bundler::URI
 
     #
     # Checks the host +v+ component for RFC2396 compliance
-    # and against the Bundler::URI::Parser Regexp for :HOST.
+    # and against the +parser+ Regexp for :HOST.
     #
     # Can not have a registry or opaque component defined,
     # with a host component defined.
@@ -615,6 +621,13 @@ module Bundler::URI
     end
     protected :set_host
 
+    # Protected setter for the authority info (+user+, +password+, +host+
+    # and +port+).  If +port+ is +nil+, +default_port+ will be set.
+    #
+    protected def set_authority(user, password, host, port = nil)
+      @user, @password, @host, @port = user, password, host, port || self.default_port
+    end
+
     #
     # == Args
     #
@@ -639,6 +652,7 @@ module Bundler::URI
     def host=(v)
       check_host(v)
       set_host(v)
+      set_userinfo(nil)
       v
     end
 
@@ -675,7 +689,7 @@ module Bundler::URI
 
     #
     # Checks the port +v+ component for RFC2396 compliance
-    # and against the Bundler::URI::Parser Regexp for :PORT.
+    # and against the +parser+ Regexp for :PORT.
     #
     # Can not have a registry or opaque component defined,
     # with a port component defined.
@@ -729,6 +743,7 @@ module Bundler::URI
     def port=(v)
       check_port(v)
       set_port(v)
+      set_userinfo(nil)
       port
     end
 
@@ -748,7 +763,7 @@ module Bundler::URI
 
     #
     # Checks the path +v+ component for RFC2396 compliance
-    # and against the Bundler::URI::Parser Regexp
+    # and against the +parser+ Regexp
     # for :ABS_PATH and :REL_PATH.
     #
     # Can not have a opaque component defined,
@@ -853,7 +868,7 @@ module Bundler::URI
 
     #
     # Checks the opaque +v+ component for RFC2396 compliance and
-    # against the Bundler::URI::Parser Regexp for :OPAQUE.
+    # against the +parser+ Regexp for :OPAQUE.
     #
     # Can not have a host, port, user, or path component defined,
     # with an opaque component defined.
@@ -905,7 +920,7 @@ module Bundler::URI
     end
 
     #
-    # Checks the fragment +v+ component against the Bundler::URI::Parser Regexp for :FRAGMENT.
+    # Checks the fragment +v+ component against the +parser+ Regexp for :FRAGMENT.
     #
     #
     # == Args
@@ -1121,7 +1136,7 @@ module Bundler::URI
 
       base = self.dup
 
-      authority = rel.userinfo || rel.host || rel.port
+      authority = rel.authority
 
       # RFC2396, Section 5.2, 2)
       if (rel.path.nil? || rel.path.empty?) && !authority && !rel.query
@@ -1134,9 +1149,7 @@ module Bundler::URI
 
       # RFC2396, Section 5.2, 4)
       if authority
-        base.set_userinfo(rel.userinfo)
-        base.set_host(rel.host)
-        base.set_port(rel.port || base.default_port)
+        base.set_authority(*authority)
         base.set_path(rel.path)
       elsif base.path && rel.path
         base.set_path(merge_path(base.path, rel.path))
@@ -1527,7 +1540,7 @@ module Bundler::URI
         else
           unless proxy_uri = env[name]
             if proxy_uri = env[name.upcase]
-              warn 'The environment variable HTTP_PROXY is discouraged.  Use http_proxy.', uplevel: 1
+              warn 'The environment variable HTTP_PROXY is discouraged.  Please use http_proxy instead.', uplevel: 1
             end
           end
         end
diff --git a/lib/bundler/vendor/uri/lib/uri/http.rb b/lib/bundler/vendor/uri/lib/uri/http.rb
index 6c34a469b7..9b217ee266 100644
--- a/lib/bundler/vendor/uri/lib/uri/http.rb
+++ b/lib/bundler/vendor/uri/lib/uri/http.rb
@@ -61,6 +61,18 @@ module Bundler::URI
       super(tmp)
     end
 
+    # Do not allow empty host names, as they are not allowed by RFC 3986.
+    def check_host(v)
+      ret = super
+
+      if ret && v.empty?
+        raise InvalidComponentError,
+          "bad component(expected host component): #{v}"
+      end
+
+      ret
+    end
+
     #
     # == Description
     #
diff --git a/lib/bundler/vendor/uri/lib/uri/rfc2396_parser.rb b/lib/bundler/vendor/uri/lib/uri/rfc2396_parser.rb
index 229971f73c..522113fe67 100644
--- a/lib/bundler/vendor/uri/lib/uri/rfc2396_parser.rb
+++ b/lib/bundler/vendor/uri/lib/uri/rfc2396_parser.rb
@@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ module Bundler::URI
     #
     # == Synopsis
     #
-    #   Bundler::URI::Parser.new([opts])
+    #   Bundler::URI::RFC2396_Parser.new([opts])
     #
     # == Args
     #
@@ -86,7 +86,7 @@ module Bundler::URI
     #
     # == Examples
     #
-    #   p = Bundler::URI::Parser.new(:ESCAPED => "(?:%[a-fA-F0-9]{2}|%u[a-fA-F0-9]{4})")
+    #   p = Bundler::URI::RFC2396_Parser.new(:ESCAPED => "(?:%[a-fA-F0-9]{2}|%u[a-fA-F0-9]{4})")
     #   u = p.parse("http://example.jp/%uABCD") #=> #<Bundler::URI::HTTP http://example.jp/%uABCD>
     #   Bundler::URI.parse(u.to_s) #=> raises Bundler::URI::InvalidURIError
     #
@@ -108,12 +108,12 @@ module Bundler::URI
 
     # The Hash of patterns.
     #
-    # See also Bundler::URI::Parser.initialize_pattern.
+    # See also #initialize_pattern.
     attr_reader :pattern
 
     # The Hash of Regexp.
     #
-    # See also Bundler::URI::Parser.initialize_regexp.
+    # See also #initialize_regexp.
     attr_reader :regexp
 
     # Returns a split Bundler::URI against +regexp[:ABS_URI]+.
@@ -202,8 +202,7 @@ module Bundler::URI
     #
     # == Usage
     #
-    #   p = Bundler::URI::Parser.new
-    #   p.parse("ldap://ldap.example.com/dc=example?user=john")
+    #   Bundler::URI::RFC2396_PARSER.parse("ldap://ldap.example.com/dc=example?user=john")
     #   #=> #<Bundler::URI::LDAP ldap://ldap.example.com/dc=example?user=john>
     #
     def parse(uri)
@@ -244,7 +243,7 @@ module Bundler::URI
     # If no +block+ given, then returns the result,
     # else it calls +block+ for each element in result.
     #
-    # See also Bundler::URI::Parser.make_regexp.
+    # See also #make_regexp.
     #
     def extract(str, schemes = nil)
       if block_given?
@@ -263,7 +262,7 @@ module Bundler::URI
       unless schemes
         @regexp[:ABS_URI_REF]
       else
-        /(?=#{Regexp.union(*schemes)}:)#{@pattern[:X_ABS_URI]}/x
+        /(?=(?i:#{Regexp.union(*schemes).source}):)#{@pattern[:X_ABS_URI]}/x
       end
     end
 
@@ -524,6 +523,8 @@ module Bundler::URI
       ret
     end
 
+    # Returns +uri+ as-is if it is Bundler::URI, or convert it to Bundler::URI if it is
+    # a String.
     def convert_to_uri(uri)
       if uri.is_a?(Bundler::URI::Generic)
         uri
diff --git a/lib/bundler/vendor/uri/lib/uri/version.rb b/lib/bundler/vendor/uri/lib/uri/version.rb
index d4996a12e2..ad76308e81 100644
--- a/lib/bundler/vendor/uri/lib/uri/version.rb
+++ b/lib/bundler/vendor/uri/lib/uri/version.rb
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 module Bundler::URI
   # :stopdoc:
-  VERSION_CODE = '010003'.freeze
-  VERSION = VERSION_CODE.scan(/../).collect{|n| n.to_i}.join('.').freeze
+  VERSION = '1.1.1'.freeze
+  VERSION_CODE = VERSION.split('.').map{|s| s.rjust(2, '0')}.join.freeze
   # :startdoc:
 end
diff --git a/lib/bundler/version.rb b/lib/bundler/version.rb
index fa24b4966e..ca7bb0719a 100644
--- a/lib/bundler/version.rb
+++ b/lib/bundler/version.rb
@@ -1,13 +1,21 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: false
 
 module Bundler
-  VERSION = "2.7.0.dev".freeze
+  VERSION = "4.1.0.dev".freeze
 
   def self.bundler_major_version
-    @bundler_major_version ||= VERSION.split(".").first.to_i
+    @bundler_major_version ||= gem_version.segments.first
   end
 
   def self.gem_version
     @gem_version ||= Gem::Version.create(VERSION)
   end
+
+  def self.verbose_version
+    @verbose_version ||= "#{VERSION}#{simulated_version ? " (simulating Bundler #{simulated_version})" : ""}"
+  end
+
+  def self.simulated_version
+    @simulated_version ||= Bundler.settings[:simulate_version]
+  end
 end
diff --git a/lib/bundler/vlad.rb b/lib/bundler/vlad.rb
index 6179d0e4eb..c3a3d949a6 100644
--- a/lib/bundler/vlad.rb
+++ b/lib/bundler/vlad.rb
@@ -1,17 +1,4 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true
 
 require_relative "shared_helpers"
-Bundler::SharedHelpers.major_deprecation 2,
-  "The Bundler task for Vlad"
-
-# Vlad task for Bundler.
-#
-# Add "require 'bundler/vlad'" in your Vlad deploy.rb, and
-# include the vlad:bundle:install task in your vlad:deploy task.
-require_relative "deployment"
-
-include Rake::DSL if defined? Rake::DSL
-
-namespace :vlad do
-  Bundler::Deployment.define_task(Rake::RemoteTask, :remote_task, roles: :app)
-end
+Bundler::SharedHelpers.feature_removed! "The Bundler task for Vlad"
diff --git a/lib/cgi.rb b/lib/cgi.rb
index b041c1bed1..bb306d2e06 100644
--- a/lib/cgi.rb
+++ b/lib/cgi.rb
@@ -2,6 +2,6 @@
 
 require "cgi/escape"
 warn <<-WARNING, uplevel: Gem::BUNDLED_GEMS.uplevel if $VERBOSE
-CGI library is removed from Ruby 3.5. Please use cgi/escape instead for CGI.escape and CGI.unescape features.
+CGI library is removed from Ruby 4.0. Please use cgi/escape instead for CGI.escape and CGI.unescape features.
 If you need to use the full features of CGI library, Please install cgi gem.
 WARNING
diff --git a/lib/cgi/escape.rb b/lib/cgi/escape.rb
index 59a310b32d..555d24a5da 100644
--- a/lib/cgi/escape.rb
+++ b/lib/cgi/escape.rb
@@ -1,16 +1,28 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true
 
+# Since Ruby 4.0, \CGI is a small holder for various escaping methods, included from CGI::Escape
+#
+#    require 'cgi/escape'
+#
+#    CGI.escape("Ruby programming language")
+#    #=> "Ruby+programming+language"
+#    CGI.escapeURIComponent("Ruby programming language")
+#    #=> "Ruby%20programming%20language"
+#
+# See CGI::Escape module for methods list and their description.
 class CGI
   module Escape; end
   include Escape
   extend Escape
+  module EscapeExt; end # :nodoc:
 end
 
+# Web-related escape/unescape functionality.
 module CGI::Escape
   @@accept_charset = Encoding::UTF_8 unless defined?(@@accept_charset)
 
   # URL-encode a string into application/x-www-form-urlencoded.
-  # Space characters (+" "+) are encoded with plus signs (+"+"+)
+  # Space characters (<tt>" "</tt>) are encoded with plus signs (<tt>"+"</tt>)
   #   url_encoded_string = CGI.escape("'Stop!' said Fred")
   #      # => "%27Stop%21%27+said+Fred"
   def escape(string)
@@ -37,7 +49,7 @@ module CGI::Escape
   end
 
   # URL-encode a string following RFC 3986
-  # Space characters (+" "+) are encoded with (+"%20"+)
+  # Space characters (<tt>" "</tt>) are encoded with (<tt>"%20"</tt>)
   #   url_encoded_string = CGI.escapeURIComponent("'Stop!' said Fred")
   #      # => "%27Stop%21%27%20said%20Fred"
   def escapeURIComponent(string)
@@ -65,7 +77,7 @@ module CGI::Escape
   alias unescape_uri_component unescapeURIComponent
 
   # The set of special characters and their escaped values
-  TABLE_FOR_ESCAPE_HTML__ = {
+  TABLE_FOR_ESCAPE_HTML__ = { # :nodoc:
     "'" => '&#39;',
     '&' => '&amp;',
     '"' => '&quot;',
@@ -73,7 +85,7 @@ module CGI::Escape
     '>' => '&gt;',
   }
 
-  # Escape special characters in HTML, namely '&\"<>
+  # \Escape special characters in HTML, namely <tt>'&\"<></tt>
   #   CGI.escapeHTML('Usage: foo "bar" <baz>')
   #      # => "Usage: foo &quot;bar&quot; &lt;baz&gt;"
   def escapeHTML(string)
@@ -156,11 +168,9 @@ module CGI::Escape
     string.force_encoding enc
   end
 
-  # Synonym for CGI.escapeHTML(str)
   alias escape_html escapeHTML
   alias h escapeHTML
 
-  # Synonym for CGI.unescapeHTML(str)
   alias unescape_html unescapeHTML
 
   # TruffleRuby runs the pure-Ruby variant faster, do not use the C extension there
@@ -171,7 +181,7 @@ module CGI::Escape
     end
   end
 
-  # Escape only the tags of certain HTML elements in +string+.
+  # \Escape only the tags of certain HTML elements in +string+.
   #
   # Takes an element or elements or array of elements.  Each element
   # is specified by the name of the element, without angle brackets.
@@ -195,7 +205,7 @@ module CGI::Escape
     end
   end
 
-  # Undo escaping such as that done by CGI.escapeElement()
+  # Undo escaping such as that done by CGI.escapeElement
   #
   #   print CGI.unescapeElement(
   #           CGI.escapeHTML('<BR><A HREF="url"></A>'), "A", "IMG")
@@ -215,10 +225,8 @@ module CGI::Escape
     end
   end
 
-  # Synonym for CGI.escapeElement(str)
   alias escape_element escapeElement
 
-  # Synonym for CGI.unescapeElement(str)
   alias unescape_element unescapeElement
 
 end
diff --git a/lib/cgi/util.rb b/lib/cgi/util.rb
index 07deeda266..50a2e91665 100644
--- a/lib/cgi/util.rb
+++ b/lib/cgi/util.rb
@@ -2,5 +2,6 @@
 
 require "cgi/escape"
 warn <<-WARNING, uplevel: Gem::BUNDLED_GEMS.uplevel if $VERBOSE
-CGI::Util is removed from Ruby 3.5. Please use cgi/escape instead for CGI.escape and CGI.unescape features.
+CGI::Util is removed from Ruby 4.0. Please use cgi/escape instead for CGI.escape and CGI.unescape features.
+If you are using CGI.parse, please install and use the cgi gem instead.
 WARNING
diff --git a/lib/delegate.rb b/lib/delegate.rb
index 824d02f28b..0cc3ddb1b0 100644
--- a/lib/delegate.rb
+++ b/lib/delegate.rb
@@ -39,7 +39,8 @@
 # Be advised, RDoc will not detect delegated methods.
 #
 class Delegator < BasicObject
-  VERSION = "0.4.0"
+  # The version string
+  VERSION = "0.6.1"
 
   kernel = ::Kernel.dup
   kernel.class_eval do
@@ -77,7 +78,7 @@ class Delegator < BasicObject
   end
 
   #
-  # Handles the magic of delegation through \_\_getobj\_\_.
+  # Handles the magic of delegation through +__getobj__+.
   #
   ruby2_keywords def method_missing(m, *args, &block)
     r = true
@@ -94,7 +95,7 @@ class Delegator < BasicObject
 
   #
   # Checks for a method provided by this the delegate object by forwarding the
-  # call through \_\_getobj\_\_.
+  # call through +__getobj__+.
   #
   def respond_to_missing?(m, include_private)
     r = true
@@ -107,7 +108,7 @@ class Delegator < BasicObject
     r
   end
 
-  KERNEL_RESPOND_TO = ::Kernel.instance_method(:respond_to?)
+  KERNEL_RESPOND_TO = ::Kernel.instance_method(:respond_to?) # :nodoc:
   private_constant :KERNEL_RESPOND_TO
 
   # Handle BasicObject instances
@@ -126,7 +127,7 @@ class Delegator < BasicObject
 
   #
   # Returns the methods available to this delegate object as the union
-  # of this object's and \_\_getobj\_\_ methods.
+  # of this object's and +__getobj__+ methods.
   #
   def methods(all=true)
     __getobj__.methods(all) | super
@@ -134,7 +135,7 @@ class Delegator < BasicObject
 
   #
   # Returns the methods available to this delegate object as the union
-  # of this object's and \_\_getobj\_\_ public methods.
+  # of this object's and +__getobj__+ public methods.
   #
   def public_methods(all=true)
     __getobj__.public_methods(all) | super
@@ -142,7 +143,7 @@ class Delegator < BasicObject
 
   #
   # Returns the methods available to this delegate object as the union
-  # of this object's and \_\_getobj\_\_ protected methods.
+  # of this object's and +__getobj__+ protected methods.
   #
   def protected_methods(all=true)
     __getobj__.protected_methods(all) | super
@@ -175,7 +176,7 @@ class Delegator < BasicObject
   end
 
   #
-  # Delegates ! to the \_\_getobj\_\_
+  # Delegates ! to the +__getobj__+
   #
   def !
     !__getobj__
@@ -198,7 +199,7 @@ class Delegator < BasicObject
   end
 
   #
-  # Serialization support for the object returned by \_\_getobj\_\_.
+  # Serialization support for the object returned by +__getobj__+.
   #
   def marshal_dump
     ivars = instance_variables.reject {|var| /\A@delegate_/ =~ var}
@@ -232,7 +233,7 @@ class Delegator < BasicObject
 
   ##
   # :method: freeze
-  # Freeze both the object returned by \_\_getobj\_\_ and self.
+  # Freeze both the object returned by +__getobj__+ and self.
   #
   def freeze
     __getobj__.freeze
@@ -398,6 +399,17 @@ def DelegateClass(superclass, &block)
   protected_instance_methods -= ignores
   public_instance_methods = superclass.public_instance_methods
   public_instance_methods -= ignores
+
+  normal, special = public_instance_methods.partition { |m| m.match?(/\A[a-zA-Z]\w*[!\?]?\z/) }
+
+  source = normal.map do |method|
+    "def #{method}(...); __getobj__.#{method}(...); end"
+  end
+
+  protected_instance_methods.each do |method|
+    source << "def #{method}(...); __getobj__.__send__(#{method.inspect}, ...); end"
+  end
+
   klass.module_eval do
     def __getobj__ # :nodoc:
       unless defined?(@delegate_dc_obj)
@@ -406,18 +418,21 @@ def DelegateClass(superclass, &block)
       end
       @delegate_dc_obj
     end
+
     def __setobj__(obj)  # :nodoc:
       __raise__ ::ArgumentError, "cannot delegate to self" if self.equal?(obj)
       @delegate_dc_obj = obj
     end
-    protected_instance_methods.each do |method|
-      define_method(method, Delegator.delegating_block(method))
-      protected method
-    end
-    public_instance_methods.each do |method|
+
+    class_eval(source.join(";"), __FILE__, __LINE__)
+
+    special.each do |method|
       define_method(method, Delegator.delegating_block(method))
     end
+
+    protected(*protected_instance_methods)
   end
+
   klass.define_singleton_method :public_instance_methods do |all=true|
     super(all) | superclass.public_instance_methods
   end
diff --git a/lib/erb.rb b/lib/erb.rb
index ebf91e4792..445d4795b0 100644
--- a/lib/erb.rb
+++ b/lib/erb.rb
@@ -12,339 +12,824 @@
 #
 # You can redistribute it and/or modify it under the same terms as Ruby.
 
+# A NOTE ABOUT TERMS:
+#
+# Formerly: The documentation in this file used the term _template_ to refer to an ERB object.
+#
+# Now: The documentation in this file uses the term _template_
+# to refer to the string input to ERB.new.
+#
+# The reason for the change:  When documenting the ERB executable erb,
+# we need a term that refers to its string input;
+# _source_ is not a good idea, because ERB#src means something entirely different;
+# the two different sorts of sources would bring confusion.
+#
+# Therefore we use the term _template_ to refer to:
+#
+# - The string input to ERB.new
+# - The string input to executable erb.
+#
+
 require 'erb/version'
 require 'erb/compiler'
 require 'erb/def_method'
 require 'erb/util'
 
+# :markup: markdown
 #
-# = ERB -- Ruby Templating
+# Class **ERB** (the name stands for **Embedded Ruby**)
+# is an easy-to-use, but also very powerful, [template processor][template processor].
 #
-# == Introduction
+# ## Usage
 #
-# ERB provides an easy to use but powerful templating system for Ruby.  Using
-# ERB, actual Ruby code can be added to any plain text document for the
-# purposes of generating document information details and/or flow control.
+# Before you can use \ERB, you must first require it
+# (examples on this page assume that this has been done):
 #
-# A very simple example is this:
+# ```
+# require 'erb'
+# ```
 #
-#   require 'erb'
+# ## In Brief
 #
-#   x = 42
-#   template = ERB.new <<-EOF
-#     The value of x is: <%= x %>
-#   EOF
-#   puts template.result(binding)
+# Here's how \ERB works:
 #
-# <em>Prints:</em> The value of x is: 42
+# - You can create a *template*: a plain-text string that includes specially formatted *tags*..
+# - You can create an \ERB object to store the template.
+# - You can call instance method ERB#result to get the *result*.
 #
-# More complex examples are given below.
+# \ERB supports tags of three kinds:
 #
+# - [Expression tags][expression tags]:
+#   each begins with `'<%='`, ends with `'%>'`; contains a Ruby expression;
+#   in the result, the value of the expression replaces the entire tag:
 #
-# == Recognized Tags
+#         template = 'The magic word is <%= magic_word %>.'
+#         erb = ERB.new(template)
+#         magic_word = 'xyzzy'
+#         erb.result(binding) # => "The magic word is xyzzy."
 #
-# ERB recognizes certain tags in the provided template and converts them based
-# on the rules below:
+#     The above call to #result passes argument `binding`,
+#     which contains the binding of variable `magic_word` to its string value `'xyzzy'`.
 #
-#   <% Ruby code -- inline with output %>
-#   <%= Ruby expression -- replace with result %>
-#   <%# comment -- ignored -- useful in testing %> (`<% #` doesn't work. Don't use Ruby comments.)
-#   % a line of Ruby code -- treated as <% line %> (optional -- see ERB.new)
-#   %% replaced with % if first thing on a line and % processing is used
-#   <%% or %%> -- replace with <% or %> respectively
+#     The below call to #result need not pass a binding,
+#     because its expression `Date::DAYNAMES` is globally defined.
 #
-# All other text is passed through ERB filtering unchanged.
+#         ERB.new('Today is <%= Date::DAYNAMES[Date.today.wday] %>.').result # => "Today is Monday."
 #
+# - [Execution tags][execution tags]:
+#   each begins with `'<%'`, ends with `'%>'`; contains Ruby code to be executed:
 #
-# == Options
+#          template = '<% File.write("t.txt", "Some stuff.") %>'
+#          ERB.new(template).result
+#          File.read('t.txt') # => "Some stuff."
 #
-# There are several settings you can change when you use ERB:
-# * the nature of the tags that are recognized;
-# * the binding used to resolve local variables in the template.
+# - [Comment tags][comment tags]:
+#   each begins with `'<%#'`, ends with `'%>'`; contains comment text;
+#   in the result, the entire tag is omitted.
 #
-# See the ERB.new and ERB#result methods for more detail.
+#          template = 'Some stuff;<%# Note to self: figure out what the stuff is. %> more stuff.'
+#          ERB.new(template).result # => "Some stuff; more stuff."
 #
-# == Character encodings
+# ## Some Simple Examples
 #
-# ERB (or Ruby code generated by ERB) returns a string in the same
-# character encoding as the input string.  When the input string has
-# a magic comment, however, it returns a string in the encoding specified
-# by the magic comment.
+# Here's a simple example of \ERB in action:
 #
-#   # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
-#   require 'erb'
+# ```
+# template = 'The time is <%= Time.now %>.'
+# erb = ERB.new(template)
+# erb.result
+# # => "The time is 2025-09-09 10:49:26 -0500."
+# ```
 #
-#   template = ERB.new <<EOF
-#   <%#-*- coding: Big5 -*-%>
-#     \_\_ENCODING\_\_ is <%= \_\_ENCODING\_\_ %>.
-#   EOF
-#   puts template.result
+# Details:
 #
-# <em>Prints:</em> \_\_ENCODING\_\_ is Big5.
+# 1. A plain-text string is assigned to variable `template`.
+#    Its embedded [expression tag][expression tags] `'<%= Time.now %>'` includes a Ruby expression, `Time.now`.
+# 2. The string is put into a new \ERB object, and stored in variable `erb`.
+# 4. Method call `erb.result` generates a string that contains the run-time value of `Time.now`,
+#    as computed at the time of the call.
 #
+# The
+# \ERB object may be re-used:
 #
-# == Examples
+# ```
+# erb.result
+# # => "The time is 2025-09-09 10:49:33 -0500."
+# ```
 #
-# === Plain Text
+# Another example:
 #
-# ERB is useful for any generic templating situation.  Note that in this example, we use the
-# convenient "% at start of line" tag, and we quote the template literally with
-# <tt>%q{...}</tt> to avoid trouble with the backslash.
+# ```
+# template = 'The magic word is <%= magic_word %>.'
+# erb = ERB.new(template)
+# magic_word = 'abracadabra'
+# erb.result(binding)
+# # => "The magic word is abracadabra."
+# ```
 #
-#   require "erb"
+# Details:
 #
-#   # Create template.
-#   template = %q{
-#     From:  James Edward Gray II <james@grayproductions.net>
-#     To:  <%= to %>
-#     Subject:  Addressing Needs
+# 1. As before, a plain-text string is assigned to variable `template`.
+#    Its embedded [expression tag][expression tags] `'<%= magic_word %>'` has a variable *name*, `magic_word`.
+# 2. The string is put into a new \ERB object, and stored in variable `erb`;
+#    note that `magic_word` need not be defined before the \ERB object is created.
+# 3. `magic_word = 'abracadabra'` assigns a value to variable `magic_word`.
+# 4. Method call `erb.result(binding)` generates a string
+#    that contains the *value* of `magic_word`.
 #
-#     <%= to[/\w+/] %>:
+# As before, the \ERB object may be re-used:
 #
-#     Just wanted to send a quick note assuring that your needs are being
-#     addressed.
+# ```
+# magic_word = 'xyzzy'
+# erb.result(binding)
+# # => "The magic word is xyzzy."
+# ```
 #
-#     I want you to know that my team will keep working on the issues,
-#     especially:
+# ## Bindings
 #
-#     <%# ignore numerous minor requests -- focus on priorities %>
-#     % priorities.each do |priority|
-#       * <%= priority %>
-#     % end
+# A call to method #result, which produces the formatted result string,
+# requires a [Binding object][binding object] as its argument.
+#
+# The binding object provides the bindings for expressions in [expression tags][expression tags].
+#
+# There are three ways to provide the required binding:
+#
+# - [Default binding][default binding].
+# - [Local binding][local binding].
+# - [Augmented binding][augmented binding]
+#
+# ### Default Binding
+#
+# When you pass no `binding` argument to method #result,
+# the method uses its default binding: the one returned by method #new_toplevel.
+# This binding has the bindings defined by Ruby itself,
+# which are those for Ruby's constants and variables.
+#
+# That binding is sufficient for an expression tag that refers only to Ruby's constants and variables;
+# these expression tags refer only to Ruby's global constant `RUBY_COPYRIGHT` and global variable `$0`:
 #
-#     Thanks for your patience.
+# ```
+# template = <<TEMPLATE
+# The Ruby copyright is <%= RUBY_COPYRIGHT.inspect %>.
+# The current process is <%= $0 %>.
+# TEMPLATE
+# puts ERB.new(template).result
+# The Ruby copyright is "ruby - Copyright (C) 1993-2025 Yukihiro Matsumoto".
+# The current process is irb.
+# ```
+#
+# (The current process is `irb` because that's where we're doing these examples!)
+#
+# ### Local Binding
+#
+# The default binding is *not* sufficient for an expression
+# that refers to a a constant or variable that is not defined there:
+#
+# ```
+# Foo = 1 # Defines local constant Foo.
+# foo = 2 # Defines local variable foo.
+# template = <<TEMPLATE
+# The current value of constant Foo is <%= Foo %>.
+# The current value of variable foo is <%= foo %>.
+# The Ruby copyright is <%= RUBY_COPYRIGHT.inspect %>.
+# The current process is <%= $0 %>.
+# TEMPLATE
+# erb = ERB.new(template)
+# ```
+#
+# This call below raises `NameError` because although `Foo` and `foo` are defined locally,
+# they are not defined in the default binding:
+#
+# ```
+# erb.result # Raises NameError.
+# ```
+#
+# To make the locally-defined constants and variables available,
+# you can call #result with the local binding:
+#
+# ```
+# puts erb.result(binding)
+# The current value of constant Foo is 1.
+# The current value of variable foo is 2.
+# The Ruby copyright is "ruby - Copyright (C) 1993-2025 Yukihiro Matsumoto".
+# The current process is irb.
+# ```
+#
+# ### Augmented Binding
+#
+# Another way to make variable bindings (but not constant bindings) available
+# is to use method #result_with_hash(hash);
+# the passed hash has name/value pairs that are to be used to define and assign variables
+# in a copy of the default binding:
+#
+# ```
+# template = <<TEMPLATE
+# The current value of variable bar is <%= bar %>.
+# The current value of variable baz is <%= baz %>.
+# The Ruby copyright is <%= RUBY_COPYRIGHT.inspect %>.
+# The current process is <%= $0 %>.
+# TEMPLATE
+# erb = ERB.new(template)
+# ```
+#
+# Both of these calls raise `NameError`, because `bar` and `baz`
+# are not defined in either the default binding or the local binding.
+#
+# ```
+# puts erb.result          # Raises NameError.
+# puts erb.result(binding) # Raises NameError.
+# ```
+#
+# This call passes a hash that causes `bar` and `baz` to be defined
+# in a new binding (derived from #new_toplevel):
+#
+# ```
+# hash = {bar: 3, baz: 4}
+# puts erb.result_with_hash(hash)
+# The current value of variable bar is 3.
+# The current value of variable baz is 4.
+# The Ruby copyright is "ruby - Copyright (C) 1993-2025 Yukihiro Matsumoto".
+# The current process is irb.
+# ```
+#
+# ## Tags
+#
+# The examples above use expression tags.
+# These are the tags available in \ERB:
+#
+# - [Expression tag][expression tags]: the tag contains a Ruby expression;
+#   in the result, the entire tag is to be replaced with the run-time value of the expression.
+# - [Execution tag][execution tags]: the tag contains Ruby code;
+#   in the result, the entire tag is to be replaced with the run-time value of the code.
+# - [Comment tag][comment tags]: the tag contains comment code;
+#   in the result, the entire tag is to be omitted.
+#
+# ### Expression Tags
+#
+# You can embed a Ruby expression in a template using an *expression tag*.
+#
+# Its syntax is `<%= _expression_ %>`,
+# where *expression* is any valid Ruby expression.
+#
+# When you call method #result,
+# the method evaluates the expression and replaces the entire expression tag with the expression's value:
+#
+# ```
+# ERB.new('Today is <%= Date::DAYNAMES[Date.today.wday] %>.').result
+# # => "Today is Monday."
+# ERB.new('Tomorrow will be <%= Date::DAYNAMES[Date.today.wday + 1] %>.').result
+# # => "Tomorrow will be Tuesday."
+# ERB.new('Yesterday was <%= Date::DAYNAMES[Date.today.wday - 1] %>.').result
+# # => "Yesterday was Sunday."
+# ```
+#
+# Note that whitespace before and after the expression
+# is allowed but not required,
+# and that such whitespace is stripped from the result.
+#
+# ```
+# ERB.new('My appointment is on <%=Date::DAYNAMES[Date.today.wday + 2]%>.').result
+# # => "My appointment is on Wednesday."
+# ERB.new('My appointment is on <%=     Date::DAYNAMES[Date.today.wday + 2]    %>.').result
+# # => "My appointment is on Wednesday."
+# ```
+#
+# ### Execution Tags
+#
+# You can embed Ruby executable code in template using an *execution tag*.
+#
+# Its syntax is `<% _code_ %>`,
+# where *code* is any valid Ruby code.
+#
+# When you call method #result,
+# the method executes the code and removes the entire execution tag
+# (generating no text in the result):
+#
+# ```
+# ERB.new('foo <% Dir.chdir("C:/") %> bar').result # => "foo  bar"
+# ```
+#
+# Whitespace before and after the embedded code is optional:
+#
+# ```
+# ERB.new('foo <%Dir.chdir("C:/")%> bar').result   # => "foo  bar"
+# ```
+#
+# You can interleave text with execution tags to form a control structure
+# such as a conditional, a loop, or a `case` statements.
+#
+# Conditional:
+#
+# ```
+# template = <<TEMPLATE
+# <% if verbosity %>
+# An error has occurred.
+# <% else %>
+# Oops!
+# <% end %>
+# TEMPLATE
+# erb = ERB.new(template)
+# verbosity = true
+# erb.result(binding)
+# # => "\nAn error has occurred.\n\n"
+# verbosity = false
+# erb.result(binding)
+# # => "\nOops!\n\n"
+# ```
+#
+# Note that the interleaved text may itself contain expression tags:
+#
+# Loop:
+#
+# ```
+# template = <<TEMPLATE
+# <% Date::ABBR_DAYNAMES.each do |dayname| %>
+# <%= dayname %>
+# <% end %>
+# TEMPLATE
+# ERB.new(template).result
+# # => "\nSun\n\nMon\n\nTue\n\nWed\n\nThu\n\nFri\n\nSat\n\n"
+# ```
+#
+# Other, non-control, lines of Ruby code may be interleaved with the text,
+# and the Ruby code may itself contain regular Ruby comments:
+#
+# ```
+# template = <<TEMPLATE
+# <% 3.times do %>
+# <%= Time.now %>
+# <% sleep(1) # Let's make the times different. %>
+# <% end %>
+# TEMPLATE
+# ERB.new(template).result
+# # => "\n2025-09-09 11:36:02 -0500\n\n\n2025-09-09 11:36:03 -0500\n\n\n2025-09-09 11:36:04 -0500\n\n\n"
+# ```
+#
+# The execution tag may also contain multiple lines of code:
+#
+# ```
+# template = <<TEMPLATE
+# <%
+#   (0..2).each do |i|
+#     (0..2).each do |j|
+# %>
+# * <%=i%>,<%=j%>
+# <%
+#     end
+#   end
+# %>
+# TEMPLATE
+# ERB.new(template).result
+# # => "\n* 0,0\n\n* 0,1\n\n* 0,2\n\n* 1,0\n\n* 1,1\n\n* 1,2\n\n* 2,0\n\n* 2,1\n\n* 2,2\n\n"
+# ```
+#
+# #### Shorthand Format for Execution Tags
+#
+# You can use keyword argument `trim_mode: '%'` to enable a shorthand format for execution tags;
+# this example uses the shorthand format `% _code_` instead of `<% _code_ %>`:
+#
+# ```
+# template = <<TEMPLATE
+# % priorities.each do |priority|
+#   * <%= priority %>
+# % end
+# TEMPLATE
+# erb = ERB.new(template, trim_mode: '%')
+# priorities = [ 'Run Ruby Quiz',
+#                'Document Modules',
+#                'Answer Questions on Ruby Talk' ]
+# puts erb.result(binding)
+#   * Run Ruby Quiz
+#   * Document Modules
+#   * Answer Questions on Ruby Talk
+# ```
+#
+# Note that in the shorthand format, the character `'%'` must be the first character in the code line
+# (no leading whitespace).
+#
+# #### Suppressing Unwanted Blank Lines
+#
+# With keyword argument `trim_mode` not given,
+# all blank lines go into the result:
+#
+# ```
+# template = <<TEMPLATE
+# <% if true %>
+# <%= RUBY_VERSION %>
+# <% end %>
+# TEMPLATE
+# ERB.new(template).result.lines.each {|line| puts line.inspect }
+# "\n"
+# "3.4.5\n"
+# "\n"
+# ```
+#
+# You can give `trim_mode: '-'`, you can suppress each blank line
+# whose source line ends with `-%>` (instead of `%>`):
+#
+# ```
+# template = <<TEMPLATE
+# <% if true -%>
+# <%= RUBY_VERSION %>
+# <% end -%>
+# TEMPLATE
+# ERB.new(template, trim_mode: '-').result.lines.each {|line| puts line.inspect }
+# "3.4.5\n"
+# ```
+#
+# It is an error to use the trailing `'-%>'` notation without `trim_mode: '-'`:
+#
+# ```
+# ERB.new(template).result.lines.each {|line| puts line.inspect } # Raises SyntaxError.
+# ```
+#
+# #### Suppressing Unwanted Newlines
+#
+# Consider this template:
+#
+# ```
+# template = <<TEMPLATE
+# <% RUBY_VERSION %>
+# <%= RUBY_VERSION %>
+# foo <% RUBY_VERSION %>
+# foo <%= RUBY_VERSION %>
+# TEMPLATE
+# ```
+#
+# With keyword argument `trim_mode` not given, all newlines go into the result:
+#
+# ```
+# ERB.new(template).result.lines.each {|line| puts line.inspect }
+# "\n"
+# "3.4.5\n"
+# "foo \n"
+# "foo 3.4.5\n"
+# ```
+#
+# You can give `trim_mode: '>'` to suppress the trailing newline
+# for each line that ends with `'%>'` (regardless of its beginning):
+#
+# ```
+# ERB.new(template, trim_mode: '>').result.lines.each {|line| puts line.inspect }
+# "3.4.5foo foo 3.4.5"
+# ```
+#
+# You can give `trim_mode: '<>'` to suppress the trailing newline
+# for each line that both begins with `'<%'` and ends with `'%>'`:
+#
+# ```
+# ERB.new(template, trim_mode: '<>').result.lines.each {|line| puts line.inspect }
+# "3.4.5foo \n"
+# "foo 3.4.5\n"
+# ```
+#
+# #### Combining Trim Modes
+#
+# You can combine certain trim modes:
+#
+# - `'%-'`: Enable shorthand and omit each blank line ending with `'-%>'`.
+# - `'%>'`: Enable shorthand and omit newline for each line ending with `'%>'`.
+# - `'%<>'`: Enable shorthand and omit newline for each line starting with `'<%'` and ending with `'%>'`.
+#
+# ### Comment Tags
+#
+# You can embed a comment in a template using a *comment tag*;
+# its syntax is `<%# _text_ %>`,
+# where *text* is the text of the comment.
+#
+# When you call method #result,
+# it removes the entire comment tag
+# (generating no text in the result).
+#
+# Example:
+#
+# ```
+# template = 'Some stuff;<%# Note to self: figure out what the stuff is. %> more stuff.'
+# ERB.new(template).result # => "Some stuff; more stuff."
+# ```
+#
+# A comment tag may appear anywhere in the template.
+#
+# Note that the beginning of the tag must be `'<%#'`, not `'<% #'`.
+#
+# In this example, the tag begins with `'<% #'`, and so is an execution tag, not a comment tag;
+# the cited code consists entirely of a Ruby-style comment (which is of course ignored):
+#
+# ```
+# ERB.new('Some stuff;<% # Note to self: figure out what the stuff is. %> more stuff.').result
+# # => "Some stuff;"
+# ```
+#
+# ## Encodings
+#
+# An \ERB object has an [encoding][encoding],
+# which is by default the encoding of the template string;
+# the result string will also have that encoding.
 #
-#     James Edward Gray II
-#   }.gsub(/^  /, '')
+# ```
+# template = <<TEMPLATE
+# <%# Comment. %>
+# TEMPLATE
+# erb = ERB.new(template)
+# template.encoding   # => #<Encoding:UTF-8>
+# erb.encoding        # => #<Encoding:UTF-8>
+# erb.result.encoding # => #<Encoding:UTF-8>
+# ```
 #
-#   message = ERB.new(template, trim_mode: "%<>")
+# You can specify a different encoding by adding a [magic comment][magic comments]
+# at the top of the given template:
 #
-#   # Set up template data.
-#   to = "Community Spokesman <spokesman@ruby_community.org>"
-#   priorities = [ "Run Ruby Quiz",
-#                  "Document Modules",
-#                  "Answer Questions on Ruby Talk" ]
+# ```
+# template = <<TEMPLATE
+# <%#-*- coding: Big5 -*-%>
+# <%# Comment. %>
+# TEMPLATE
+# erb = ERB.new(template)
+# template.encoding   # => #<Encoding:UTF-8>
+# erb.encoding        # => #<Encoding:Big5>
+# erb.result.encoding # => #<Encoding:Big5>
+# ```
 #
-#   # Produce result.
-#   email = message.result
-#   puts email
+# ## Error Reporting
 #
-# <i>Generates:</i>
+# Consider this template (containing an error):
 #
-#   From:  James Edward Gray II <james@grayproductions.net>
-#   To:  Community Spokesman <spokesman@ruby_community.org>
-#   Subject:  Addressing Needs
+# ```
+# template = '<%= nosuch %>'
+# erb = ERB.new(template)
+# ```
 #
-#   Community:
+# When \ERB reports an error,
+# it includes a file name (if available) and a line number;
+# the file name comes from method #filename, the line number from method #lineno.
 #
-#   Just wanted to send a quick note assuring that your needs are being addressed.
+# Initially, those values are `nil` and `0`, respectively;
+# these initial values are reported as `'(erb)'` and `1`, respectively:
 #
-#   I want you to know that my team will keep working on the issues, especially:
+# ```
+# erb.filename # => nil
+# erb.lineno   # => 0
+# erb.result
+# (erb):1:in '<main>': undefined local variable or method 'nosuch' for main (NameError)
+# ```
 #
-#       * Run Ruby Quiz
-#       * Document Modules
-#       * Answer Questions on Ruby Talk
+# You can use methods #filename= and #lineno= to assign values
+# that are more meaningful in your context:
 #
-#   Thanks for your patience.
+# ```
+# erb.filename = 't.txt'
+# erb.lineno = 555
+# erb.result
+# t.txt:556:in '<main>': undefined local variable or method 'nosuch' for main (NameError)
+# ```
 #
-#   James Edward Gray II
+# You can use method #location= to set both values:
 #
-# === Ruby in HTML
+# ```
+# erb.location = ['u.txt', 999]
+# erb.result
+# u.txt:1000:in '<main>': undefined local variable or method 'nosuch' for main (NameError)
+# ```
 #
-# ERB is often used in <tt>.rhtml</tt> files (HTML with embedded Ruby).  Notice the need in
-# this example to provide a special binding when the template is run, so that the instance
-# variables in the Product object can be resolved.
+# ## Plain Text with Embedded Ruby
 #
-#   require "erb"
+# Here's a plain-text template;
+# it uses the literal notation `'%q{ ... }'` to define the template
+# (see [%q literals][%q literals]);
+# this avoids problems with backslashes.
 #
-#   # Build template data class.
-#   class Product
-#     def initialize( code, name, desc, cost )
-#       @code = code
-#       @name = name
-#       @desc = desc
-#       @cost = cost
+# ```
+# template = %q{
+# From:  James Edward Gray II <james@grayproductions.net>
+# To:  <%= to %>
+# Subject:  Addressing Needs
 #
-#       @features = [ ]
-#     end
+# <%= to[/\w+/] %>:
 #
-#     def add_feature( feature )
-#       @features << feature
-#     end
+# Just wanted to send a quick note assuring that your needs are being
+# addressed.
 #
-#     # Support templating of member data.
-#     def get_binding
-#       binding
-#     end
+# I want you to know that my team will keep working on the issues,
+# especially:
 #
-#     # ...
-#   end
+# <%# ignore numerous minor requests -- focus on priorities %>
+# % priorities.each do |priority|
+#   * <%= priority %>
+# % end
 #
-#   # Create template.
-#   template = %{
-#     <html>
-#       <head><title>Ruby Toys -- <%= @name %></title></head>
-#       <body>
+# Thanks for your patience.
 #
-#         <h1><%= @name %> (<%= @code %>)</h1>
-#         <p><%= @desc %></p>
+# James Edward Gray II
+# }
+# ```
 #
-#         <ul>
-#           <% @features.each do |f| %>
-#             <li><b><%= f %></b></li>
-#           <% end %>
-#         </ul>
+# The template will need these:
 #
-#         <p>
-#           <% if @cost < 10 %>
-#             <b>Only <%= @cost %>!!!</b>
-#           <% else %>
-#              Call for a price, today!
-#           <% end %>
-#         </p>
+# ```
+# to = 'Community Spokesman <spokesman@ruby_community.org>'
+# priorities = [ 'Run Ruby Quiz',
+#                'Document Modules',
+#                'Answer Questions on Ruby Talk' ]
+# ```
 #
-#       </body>
-#     </html>
-#   }.gsub(/^  /, '')
+# Finally, create the \ERB object and get the result
 #
-#   rhtml = ERB.new(template)
+# ```
+# erb = ERB.new(template, trim_mode: '%<>')
+# puts erb.result(binding)
 #
-#   # Set up template data.
-#   toy = Product.new( "TZ-1002",
-#                      "Rubysapien",
-#                      "Geek's Best Friend!  Responds to Ruby commands...",
-#                      999.95 )
-#   toy.add_feature("Listens for verbal commands in the Ruby language!")
-#   toy.add_feature("Ignores Perl, Java, and all C variants.")
-#   toy.add_feature("Karate-Chop Action!!!")
-#   toy.add_feature("Matz signature on left leg.")
-#   toy.add_feature("Gem studded eyes... Rubies, of course!")
+# From:  James Edward Gray II <james@grayproductions.net>
+# To:  Community Spokesman <spokesman@ruby_community.org>
+# Subject:  Addressing Needs
 #
-#   # Produce result.
-#   rhtml.run(toy.get_binding)
+# Community:
 #
-# <i>Generates (some blank lines removed):</i>
+# Just wanted to send a quick note assuring that your needs are being
+# addressed.
 #
-#    <html>
-#      <head><title>Ruby Toys -- Rubysapien</title></head>
-#      <body>
+# I want you to know that my team will keep working on the issues,
+# especially:
 #
-#        <h1>Rubysapien (TZ-1002)</h1>
-#        <p>Geek's Best Friend!  Responds to Ruby commands...</p>
+# * Run Ruby Quiz
+# * Document Modules
+# * Answer Questions on Ruby Talk
 #
-#        <ul>
-#            <li><b>Listens for verbal commands in the Ruby language!</b></li>
-#            <li><b>Ignores Perl, Java, and all C variants.</b></li>
-#            <li><b>Karate-Chop Action!!!</b></li>
-#            <li><b>Matz signature on left leg.</b></li>
-#            <li><b>Gem studded eyes... Rubies, of course!</b></li>
-#        </ul>
+# Thanks for your patience.
 #
-#        <p>
-#             Call for a price, today!
-#        </p>
+# James Edward Gray II
+# ```
 #
-#      </body>
-#    </html>
+# ## HTML with Embedded Ruby
 #
+# This example shows an HTML template.
 #
-# == Notes
+# First, here's a custom class, `Product`:
 #
-# There are a variety of templating solutions available in various Ruby projects.
-# For example, RDoc, distributed with Ruby, uses its own template engine, which
-# can be reused elsewhere.
+# ```
+# class Product
+#   def initialize(code, name, desc, cost)
+#     @code = code
+#     @name = name
+#     @desc = desc
+#     @cost = cost
+#     @features = []
+#   end
 #
-# Other popular engines could be found in the corresponding
-# {Category}[https://www.ruby-toolbox.com/categories/template_engines] of
-# The Ruby Toolbox.
+#   def add_feature(feature)
+#     @features << feature
+#   end
+#
+#   # Support templating of member data.
+#   def get_binding
+#     binding
+#   end
+#
+# end
+# ```
+#
+# The template below will need these values:
+#
+# ```
+# toy = Product.new('TZ-1002',
+#                   'Rubysapien',
+#                   "Geek's Best Friend!  Responds to Ruby commands...",
+#                   999.95
+#                   )
+# toy.add_feature('Listens for verbal commands in the Ruby language!')
+# toy.add_feature('Ignores Perl, Java, and all C variants.')
+# toy.add_feature('Karate-Chop Action!!!')
+# toy.add_feature('Matz signature on left leg.')
+# toy.add_feature('Gem studded eyes... Rubies, of course!')
+# ```
+#
+# Here's the HTML:
+#
+# ```
+# template = <<TEMPLATE
+# <html>
+#   <head><title>Ruby Toys -- <%= @name %></title></head>
+#   <body>
+#     <h1><%= @name %> (<%= @code %>)</h1>
+#     <p><%= @desc %></p>
+#     <ul>
+#       <% @features.each do |f| %>
+#         <li><b><%= f %></b></li>
+#       <% end %>
+#     </ul>
+#     <p>
+#       <% if @cost < 10 %>
+#         <b>Only <%= @cost %>!!!</b>
+#       <% else %>
+#          Call for a price, today!
+#       <% end %>
+#     </p>
+#   </body>
+# </html>
+# TEMPLATE
+# ```
+#
+# Finally, create the \ERB object and get the result (omitting some blank lines):
+#
+# ```
+# erb = ERB.new(template)
+# puts erb.result(toy.get_binding)
+# <html>
+#   <head><title>Ruby Toys -- Rubysapien</title></head>
+#   <body>
+#     <h1>Rubysapien (TZ-1002)</h1>
+#     <p>Geek's Best Friend!  Responds to Ruby commands...</p>
+#     <ul>
+#         <li><b>Listens for verbal commands in the Ruby language!</b></li>
+#         <li><b>Ignores Perl, Java, and all C variants.</b></li>
+#         <li><b>Karate-Chop Action!!!</b></li>
+#         <li><b>Matz signature on left leg.</b></li>
+#         <li><b>Gem studded eyes... Rubies, of course!</b></li>
+#     </ul>
+#     <p>
+#          Call for a price, today!
+#     </p>
+#   </body>
+# </html>
+# ```
+#
+#
+# ## Other Template Processors
+#
+# Various Ruby projects have their own template processors.
+# The Ruby Processing System [RDoc][rdoc], for example, has one that can be used elsewhere.
+#
+# Other popular template processors may found in the [Template Engines][template engines] page
+# of the Ruby Toolbox.
+#
+# [%q literals]: https://docs.ruby-lang.org/en/master/syntax/literals_rdoc.html#label-25q-3A+Non-Interpolable+String+Literals
+# [augmented binding]: rdoc-ref:ERB@Augmented+Binding
+# [binding object]: https://docs.ruby-lang.org/en/master/Binding.html
+# [comment tags]: rdoc-ref:ERB@Comment+Tags
+# [default binding]: rdoc-ref:ERB@Default+Binding
+# [encoding]: https://docs.ruby-lang.org/en/master/Encoding.html
+# [execution tags]: rdoc-ref:ERB@Execution+Tags
+# [expression tags]: rdoc-ref:ERB@Expression+Tags
+# [kernel#binding]: https://docs.ruby-lang.org/en/master/Kernel.html#method-i-binding
+# [local binding]: rdoc-ref:ERB@Local+Binding
+# [magic comments]: https://docs.ruby-lang.org/en/master/syntax/comments_rdoc.html#label-Magic+Comments
+# [rdoc]: https://ruby.github.io/rdoc
+# [sprintf]: https://docs.ruby-lang.org/en/master/Kernel.html#method-i-sprintf
+# [template engines]: https://www.ruby-toolbox.com/categories/template_engines
+# [template processor]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_processor
 #
 class ERB
-  Revision = '$Date::                           $' # :nodoc: #'
-  deprecate_constant :Revision
-
-  # Returns revision information for the erb.rb module.
+  # :markup: markdown
+  #
+  # :call-seq:
+  #   self.version -> string
+  #
+  # Returns the string \ERB version.
   def self.version
     VERSION
   end
 
+  # :markup: markdown
   #
-  # Constructs a new ERB object with the template specified in _str_.
+  # :call-seq:
+  #   ERB.new(template, trim_mode: nil, eoutvar: '_erbout')
   #
-  # An ERB object works by building a chunk of Ruby code that will output
-  # the completed template when run.
+  # Returns a new \ERB object containing the given string +template+.
   #
-  # If _trim_mode_ is passed a String containing one or more of the following
-  # modifiers, ERB will adjust its code generation as listed:
+  # For details about `template`, its embedded tags, and generated results, see ERB.
   #
-  #     %  enables Ruby code processing for lines beginning with %
-  #     <> omit newline for lines starting with <% and ending in %>
-  #     >  omit newline for lines ending in %>
-  #     -  omit blank lines ending in -%>
+  # **Keyword Argument `trim_mode`**
   #
-  # _eoutvar_ can be used to set the name of the variable ERB will build up
-  # its output in.  This is useful when you need to run multiple ERB
-  # templates through the same binding and/or when you want to control where
-  # output ends up.  Pass the name of the variable to be used inside a String.
+  # You can use keyword argument `trim_mode: '%'`
+  # to enable the [shorthand format][shorthand format] for execution tags.
   #
-  # === Example
+  # This value allows [blank line control][blank line control]:
   #
-  #  require "erb"
+  # - `'-'`: Omit each blank line ending with `'%>'`.
   #
-  #  # build data class
-  #  class Listings
-  #    PRODUCT = { :name => "Chicken Fried Steak",
-  #                :desc => "A well messaged pattie, breaded and fried.",
-  #                :cost => 9.95 }
+  # Other values allow [newline control][newline control]:
   #
-  #    attr_reader :product, :price
+  # - `'>'`: Omit newline for each line ending with `'%>'`.
+  # - `'<>'`: Omit newline for each line starting with `'<%'` and ending with `'%>'`.
   #
-  #    def initialize( product = "", price = "" )
-  #      @product = product
-  #      @price = price
-  #    end
+  # You can also [combine trim modes][combine trim modes].
   #
-  #    def build
-  #      b = binding
-  #      # create and run templates, filling member data variables
-  #      ERB.new(<<~'END_PRODUCT', trim_mode: "", eoutvar: "@product").result b
-  #        <%= PRODUCT[:name] %>
-  #        <%= PRODUCT[:desc] %>
-  #      END_PRODUCT
-  #      ERB.new(<<~'END_PRICE', trim_mode: "", eoutvar: "@price").result b
-  #        <%= PRODUCT[:name] %> -- <%= PRODUCT[:cost] %>
-  #        <%= PRODUCT[:desc] %>
-  #      END_PRICE
-  #    end
-  #  end
+  # **Keyword Argument `eoutvar`**
   #
-  #  # setup template data
-  #  listings = Listings.new
-  #  listings.build
+  # The string value of keyword argument `eoutvar` specifies the name of the variable
+  # that method #result uses to construct its result string;
+  # see #src.
   #
-  #  puts listings.product + "\n" + listings.price
+  # This is useful when you need to run multiple \ERB templates through the same binding
+  # and/or when you want to control where output ends up.
   #
-  # _Generates_
+  # It's good practice to choose a variable name that begins with an underscore: `'_'`.
   #
-  #  Chicken Fried Steak
-  #  A well massaged pattie, breaded and fried.
+  # [blank line control]: rdoc-ref:ERB@Suppressing+Unwanted+Blank+Lines
+  # [combine trim modes]: rdoc-ref:ERB@Combining+Trim+Modes
+  # [newline control]: rdoc-ref:ERB@Suppressing+Unwanted+Newlines
+  # [shorthand format]: rdoc-ref:ERB@Shorthand+Format+for+Execution+Tags
   #
-  #  Chicken Fried Steak -- 9.95
-  #  A well massaged pattie, breaded and fried.
-  #
-  def initialize(str, safe_level=NOT_GIVEN, legacy_trim_mode=NOT_GIVEN, legacy_eoutvar=NOT_GIVEN, trim_mode: nil, eoutvar: '_erbout')
-    # Complex initializer for $SAFE deprecation at [Feature #14256]. Use keyword arguments to pass trim_mode or eoutvar.
-    if safe_level != NOT_GIVEN
-      warn 'Passing safe_level with the 2nd argument of ERB.new is deprecated. Do not use it, and specify other arguments as keyword arguments.', uplevel: 1
-    end
-    if legacy_trim_mode != NOT_GIVEN
-      warn 'Passing trim_mode with the 3rd argument of ERB.new is deprecated. Use keyword argument like ERB.new(str, trim_mode: ...) instead.', uplevel: 1
-      trim_mode = legacy_trim_mode
-    end
-    if legacy_eoutvar != NOT_GIVEN
-      warn 'Passing eoutvar with the 4th argument of ERB.new is deprecated. Use keyword argument like ERB.new(str, eoutvar: ...) instead.', uplevel: 1
-      eoutvar = legacy_eoutvar
-    end
-
+  def initialize(str, trim_mode: nil, eoutvar: '_erbout')
     compiler = make_compiler(trim_mode)
     set_eoutvar(compiler, eoutvar)
     @src, @encoding, @frozen_string = *compiler.compile(str)
@@ -352,54 +837,137 @@ class ERB
     @lineno = 0
     @_init = self.class.singleton_class
   end
-  NOT_GIVEN = defined?(Ractor) ? Ractor.make_shareable(Object.new) : Object.new
-  private_constant :NOT_GIVEN
-
-  ##
-  # Creates a new compiler for ERB.  See ERB::Compiler.new for details
 
+  # :markup: markdown
+  #
+  # :call-seq:
+  #   make_compiler -> erb_compiler
+  #
+  # Returns a new ERB::Compiler with the given `trim_mode`;
+  # for `trim_mode` values, see ERB.new:
+  #
+  # ```
+  # ERB.new('').make_compiler(nil)
+  # # => #<ERB::Compiler:0x000001cff9467678 @insert_cmd="print", @percent=false, @post_cmd=[], @pre_cmd=[], @put_cmd="print", @trim_mode=nil>
+  # ```
+  #
   def make_compiler(trim_mode)
     ERB::Compiler.new(trim_mode)
   end
 
-  # The Ruby code generated by ERB
+  # :markup: markdown
+  #
+  # Returns the Ruby code that, when executed, generates the result;
+  # the code is executed by method #result,
+  # and by its wrapper methods #result_with_hash and #run:
+  #
+  # ```
+  # template = 'The time is <%= Time.now %>.'
+  # erb = ERB.new(template)
+  # erb.src
+  # # => "#coding:UTF-8\n_erbout = +''; _erbout.<< \"The time is \".freeze; _erbout.<<(( Time.now ).to_s); _erbout.<< \".\".freeze; _erbout"
+  # erb.result
+  # # => "The time is 2025-09-18 15:58:08 -0500."
+  # ```
+  #
+  # In a more readable format:
+  #
+  # ```
+  #   # puts erb.src.split('; ')
+  #   # #coding:UTF-8
+  #   # _erbout = +''
+  #   # _erbout.<< "The time is ".freeze
+  #   # _erbout.<<(( Time.now ).to_s)
+  #   # _erbout.<< ".".freeze
+  #   # _erbout
+  # ```
+  #
+  # Variable `_erbout` is used to store the intermediate results in the code;
+  # the name `_erbout` is the default in ERB.new,
+  # and can be changed via keyword argument `eoutvar`:
+  #
+  # ```
+  # erb = ERB.new(template, eoutvar: '_foo')
+  # puts template.src.split('; ')
+  # #coding:UTF-8
+  # _foo = +''
+  # _foo.<< "The time is ".freeze
+  # _foo.<<(( Time.now ).to_s)
+  # _foo.<< ".".freeze
+  # _foo
+  # ```
+  #
   attr_reader :src
 
-  # The encoding to eval
+  # :markup: markdown
+  #
+  # Returns the encoding of `self`;
+  # see [Encodings][encodings]:
+  #
+  # [encodings]: rdoc-ref:ERB@Encodings
+  #
   attr_reader :encoding
 
-  # The optional _filename_ argument passed to Kernel#eval when the ERB code
-  # is run
+  # :markup: markdown
+  #
+  # Sets or returns the file name to be used in reporting errors;
+  # see [Error Reporting][error reporting].
+  #
+  # [error reporting]: rdoc-ref:ERB@Error+Reporting
   attr_accessor :filename
 
-  # The optional _lineno_ argument passed to Kernel#eval when the ERB code
-  # is run
+  # :markup: markdown
+  #
+  # Sets or returns the line number to be used in reporting errors;
+  # see [Error Reporting][error reporting].
+  #
+  # [error reporting]: rdoc-ref:ERB@Error+Reporting
   attr_accessor :lineno
 
+  # :markup: markdown
   #
-  # Sets optional filename and line number that will be used in ERB code
-  # evaluation and error reporting. See also #filename= and #lineno=
-  #
-  #   erb = ERB.new('<%= some_x %>')
-  #   erb.render
-  #   # undefined local variable or method `some_x'
-  #   #   from (erb):1
+  # :call-seq:
+  #   location = [filename, lineno] => [filename, lineno]
+  #   location = filename -> filename
   #
-  #   erb.location = ['file.erb', 3]
-  #   # All subsequent error reporting would use new location
-  #   erb.render
-  #   # undefined local variable or method `some_x'
-  #   #   from file.erb:4
+  # Sets the values of #filename and, if given, #lineno;
+  # see [Error Reporting][error reporting].
   #
+  # [error reporting]: rdoc-ref:ERB@Error+Reporting
   def location=((filename, lineno))
     @filename = filename
     @lineno = lineno if lineno
   end
 
+  # :markup: markdown
   #
-  # Can be used to set _eoutvar_ as described in ERB::new.  It's probably
-  # easier to just use the constructor though, since calling this method
-  # requires the setup of an ERB _compiler_ object.
+  # :call-seq:
+  #   set_eoutvar(compiler, eoutvar = '_erbout') -> [eoutvar]
+  #
+  # Sets the `eoutvar` value in the ERB::Compiler object `compiler`;
+  # returns a 1-element array containing the value of `eoutvar`:
+  #
+  # ```
+  # template = ERB.new('')
+  # compiler = template.make_compiler(nil)
+  # pp compiler
+  # #<ERB::Compiler:0x000001cff8a9aa00
+  #  @insert_cmd="print",
+  #  @percent=false,
+  #  @post_cmd=[],
+  #  @pre_cmd=[],
+  #  @put_cmd="print",
+  #  @trim_mode=nil>
+  # template.set_eoutvar(compiler, '_foo') # => ["_foo"]
+  # pp compiler
+  # #<ERB::Compiler:0x000001cff8a9aa00
+  #  @insert_cmd="_foo.<<",
+  #  @percent=false,
+  #  @post_cmd=["_foo"],
+  #  @pre_cmd=["_foo = +''"],
+  #  @put_cmd="_foo.<<",
+  #  @trim_mode=nil>
+  # ```
   #
   def set_eoutvar(compiler, eoutvar = '_erbout')
     compiler.put_cmd = "#{eoutvar}.<<"
@@ -408,17 +976,34 @@ class ERB
     compiler.post_cmd = [eoutvar]
   end
 
-  # Generate results and print them. (see ERB#result)
+  # :markup: markdown
+  #
+  # :call-seq:
+  #   run(binding = new_toplevel) -> nil
+  #
+  # Like #result, but prints the result string (instead of returning it);
+  # returns `nil`.
   def run(b=new_toplevel)
     print self.result(b)
   end
 
+  # :markup: markdown
+  #
+  # :call-seq:
+  #   result(binding = new_toplevel) -> new_string
+  #
+  # Returns the string result formed by processing \ERB tags found in the stored template in `self`.
+  #
+  # With no argument given, uses the default binding;
+  # see [Default Binding][default binding].
+  #
+  # With argument `binding` given, uses the local binding;
+  # see [Local Binding][local binding].
   #
-  # Executes the generated ERB code to produce a completed template, returning
-  # the results of that code.
+  # See also #result_with_hash.
   #
-  # _b_ accepts a Binding object which is used to set the context of
-  # code evaluation.
+  # [default binding]: rdoc-ref:ERB@Default+Binding
+  # [local binding]: rdoc-ref:ERB@Local+Binding
   #
   def result(b=new_toplevel)
     unless @_init.equal?(self.class.singleton_class)
@@ -427,8 +1012,18 @@ class ERB
     eval(@src, b, (@filename || '(erb)'), @lineno)
   end
 
-  # Render a template on a new toplevel binding with local variables specified
-  # by a Hash object.
+  # :markup: markdown
+  #
+  # :call-seq:
+  #   result_with_hash(hash) -> new_string
+  #
+  # Returns the string result formed by processing \ERB tags found in the stored string in `self`;
+  # see [Augmented Binding][augmented binding].
+  #
+  # See also #result.
+  #
+  # [augmented binding]: rdoc-ref:ERB@Augmented+Binding
+  #
   def result_with_hash(hash)
     b = new_toplevel(hash.keys)
     hash.each_pair do |key, value|
@@ -437,10 +1032,22 @@ class ERB
     result(b)
   end
 
-  ##
-  # Returns a new binding each time *near* TOPLEVEL_BINDING for runs that do
-  # not specify a binding.
-
+  # :markup: markdown
+  #
+  # :call-seq:
+  #   new_toplevel(symbols) -> new_binding
+  #
+  # Returns a new binding based on `TOPLEVEL_BINDING`;
+  # used to create a default binding for a call to #result.
+  #
+  # See [Default Binding][default binding].
+  #
+  # Argument `symbols` is an array of symbols;
+  # each symbol `symbol` is defined as a new variable to hide and
+  # prevent it from overwriting a variable of the same name already
+  # defined within the binding.
+  #
+  # [default binding]: rdoc-ref:ERB@Default+Binding
   def new_toplevel(vars = nil)
     b = TOPLEVEL_BINDING
     if vars
@@ -453,13 +1060,31 @@ class ERB
   end
   private :new_toplevel
 
-  # Define _methodname_ as instance method of _mod_ from compiled Ruby source.
+  # :markup: markdown
+  #
+  # :call-seq:
+  #   def_method(module, method_signature, filename = '(ERB)') -> method_name
+  #
+  # Creates and returns a new instance method in the given module `module`;
+  # returns the method name as a symbol.
+  #
+  # The method is created from the given `method_signature`,
+  # which consists of the method name and its argument names (if any).
+  #
+  # The `filename` sets the value of #filename;
+  # see [Error Reporting][error reporting].
+  #
+  # [error reporting]: rdoc-ref:ERB@Error+Reporting
+  #
+  # ```
+  # template = '<%= arg1 %> <%= arg2 %>'
+  # erb = ERB.new(template)
+  # MyModule = Module.new
+  # erb.def_method(MyModule, 'render(arg1, arg2)') # => :render
+  # class MyClass; include MyModule; end
+  # MyClass.new.render('foo', 123)                      # => "foo 123"
+  # ```
   #
-  # example:
-  #   filename = 'example.rhtml'   # 'arg1' and 'arg2' are used in example.rhtml
-  #   erb = ERB.new(File.read(filename))
-  #   erb.def_method(MyClass, 'render(arg1, arg2)', filename)
-  #   print MyClass.new.render('foo', 123)
   def def_method(mod, methodname, fname='(ERB)')
     src = self.src.sub(/^(?!#|$)/) {"def #{methodname}\n"} << "\nend\n"
     mod.module_eval do
@@ -467,35 +1092,81 @@ class ERB
     end
   end
 
-  # Create unnamed module, define _methodname_ as instance method of it, and return it.
-  #
-  # example:
-  #   filename = 'example.rhtml'   # 'arg1' and 'arg2' are used in example.rhtml
-  #   erb = ERB.new(File.read(filename))
-  #   erb.filename = filename
-  #   MyModule = erb.def_module('render(arg1, arg2)')
-  #   class MyClass
-  #     include MyModule
-  #   end
+  # :markup: markdown
+  #
+  # :call-seq:
+  #    def_module(method_name = 'erb') -> new_module
+  #
+  # Returns a new nameless module that has instance method `method_name`.
+  #
+  # ```
+  # template = '<%= arg1 %> <%= arg2 %>'
+  # erb = ERB.new(template)
+  # MyModule = template.def_module('render(arg1, arg2)')
+  # class MyClass
+  #   include MyModule
+  # end
+  # MyClass.new.render('foo', 123)
+  # # => "foo 123"
+  # ```
+  #
   def def_module(methodname='erb')
     mod = Module.new
     def_method(mod, methodname, @filename || '(ERB)')
     mod
   end
 
-  # Define unnamed class which has _methodname_ as instance method, and return it.
+  # :markup: markdown
   #
-  # example:
-  #   class MyClass_
-  #     def initialize(arg1, arg2)
-  #       @arg1 = arg1;  @arg2 = arg2
-  #     end
+  # :call-seq:
+  #   def_class(super_class = Object, method_name = 'result') -> new_class
+  #
+  # Returns a new nameless class whose superclass is `super_class`,
+  # and which has instance method `method_name`.
+  #
+  # Create a template from HTML that has embedded expression tags that use `@arg1` and `@arg2`:
+  #
+  # ```
+  # html = <<TEMPLATE
+  # <html>
+  # <body>
+  #   <p><%= @arg1 %></p>
+  #   <p><%= @arg2 %></p>
+  # </body>
+  # </html>
+  # TEMPLATE
+  # template = ERB.new(html)
+  # ```
+  #
+  # Create a base class that has `@arg1` and `@arg2`:
+  #
+  # ```
+  # class MyBaseClass
+  #   def initialize(arg1, arg2)
+  #     @arg1 = arg1
+  #     @arg2 = arg2
   #   end
-  #   filename = 'example.rhtml'  # @arg1 and @arg2 are used in example.rhtml
-  #   erb = ERB.new(File.read(filename))
-  #   erb.filename = filename
-  #   MyClass = erb.def_class(MyClass_, 'render()')
-  #   print MyClass.new('foo', 123).render()
+  # end
+  # ```
+  #
+  # Use method #def_class to create a subclass that has method `:render`:
+  #
+  # ```
+  # MySubClass = template.def_class(MyBaseClass, :render)
+  # ```
+  #
+  # Generate the result:
+  #
+  # ```
+  # puts MySubClass.new('foo', 123).render
+  # <html>
+  # <body>
+  #   <p>foo</p>
+  #   <p>123</p>
+  # </body>
+  # </html>
+  # ```
+  #
   def def_class(superklass=Object, methodname='result')
     cls = Class.new(superklass)
     def_method(cls, methodname, @filename || '(ERB)')
diff --git a/lib/erb/compiler.rb b/lib/erb/compiler.rb
index 08b5eb4ee1..6d70288b4f 100644
--- a/lib/erb/compiler.rb
+++ b/lib/erb/compiler.rb
@@ -225,7 +225,7 @@ class ERB::Compiler # :nodoc:
       end
     end
 
-    ERB_STAG = %w(<%= <%# <%)
+    ERB_STAG = %w(<%= <%# <%).freeze
     def is_erb_stag?(s)
       ERB_STAG.member?(s)
     end
@@ -480,7 +480,6 @@ class ERB::Compiler # :nodoc:
     end
   }.new(caller(0)).c
   private_constant :WARNING_UPLEVEL
-  # :startdoc:
 
   def warn_invalid_trim_mode(mode, uplevel:)
     warn "Invalid ERB trim mode: #{mode.inspect} (trim_mode: nil, 0, 1, 2, or String composed of '%' and/or '-', '>', '<>')", uplevel: uplevel + WARNING_UPLEVEL
diff --git a/lib/erb.gemspec b/lib/erb/erb.gemspec
index 0a59abad53..3793e5d70f 100644
--- a/lib/erb.gemspec
+++ b/lib/erb/erb.gemspec
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ begin
   require_relative 'lib/erb/version'
 rescue LoadError
   # for Ruby core repository
-  require_relative 'erb/version'
+  require_relative 'version'
 end
 
 Gem::Specification.new do |spec|
@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@ Gem::Specification.new do |spec|
 
   spec.metadata['homepage_uri'] = spec.homepage
   spec.metadata['source_code_uri'] = spec.homepage
+  spec.metadata['changelog_uri'] = "https://github.com/ruby/erb/blob/v#{spec.version}/NEWS.md"
 
   spec.files         = Dir.chdir(File.expand_path('..', __FILE__)) do
     `git ls-files -z`.split("\x0").reject { |f| f.match(%r{^(test|spec|features)/}) }
diff --git a/lib/erb/util.rb b/lib/erb/util.rb
index 42c7a57622..d7d69eb4f1 100644
--- a/lib/erb/util.rb
+++ b/lib/erb/util.rb
@@ -2,14 +2,14 @@
 
 # Load CGI.escapeHTML and CGI.escapeURIComponent.
 # CRuby:
-#   cgi.gem v0.1.0+ (Ruby 2.7-3.4) and Ruby 3.5+ stdlib have 'cgi/escape' and CGI.escapeHTML.
-#   cgi.gem v0.3.3+ (Ruby 3.2-3.4) and Ruby 3.5+ stdlib have CGI.escapeURIComponent.
+#   cgi.gem v0.1.0+ (Ruby 2.7-3.4) and Ruby 4.0+ stdlib have 'cgi/escape' and CGI.escapeHTML.
+#   cgi.gem v0.3.3+ (Ruby 3.2-3.4) and Ruby 4.0+ stdlib have CGI.escapeURIComponent.
 # JRuby: cgi.gem has a Java extension 'cgi/escape'.
 # TruffleRuby: lib/truffle/cgi/escape.rb requires 'cgi/util'.
 require 'cgi/escape'
 
 # Load or define ERB::Escape#html_escape.
-# We don't build the C extention 'cgi/escape' for JRuby, TruffleRuby, and WASM.
+# We don't build the C extension 'cgi/escape' for JRuby, TruffleRuby, and WASM.
 # miniruby (used by CRuby build scripts) also fails to load erb/escape.so.
 begin
   require 'erb/escape'
@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@ rescue LoadError
   # A subset of ERB::Util. Unlike ERB::Util#html_escape, we expect/hope
   # Rails will not monkey-patch ERB::Escape#html_escape.
   module ERB::Escape
+    # :stopdoc:
     def html_escape(s)
       CGI.escapeHTML(s.to_s)
     end
@@ -47,19 +48,19 @@ module ERB::Util
   alias h html_escape
   module_function :h
 
-  #
-  # A utility method for encoding the String _s_ as a URL.
-  #
-  #   require "erb"
-  #   include ERB::Util
-  #
-  #   puts url_encode("Programming Ruby:  The Pragmatic Programmer's Guide")
-  #
-  # _Generates_
-  #
-  #   Programming%20Ruby%3A%20%20The%20Pragmatic%20Programmer%27s%20Guide
-  #
   if CGI.respond_to?(:escapeURIComponent)
+    #
+    # A utility method for encoding the String _s_ as a URL.
+    #
+    #   require "erb"
+    #   include ERB::Util
+    #
+    #   puts url_encode("Programming Ruby:  The Pragmatic Programmer's Guide")
+    #
+    # _Generates_
+    #
+    #   Programming%20Ruby%3A%20%20The%20Pragmatic%20Programmer%27s%20Guide
+    #
     def url_encode(s)
       CGI.escapeURIComponent(s.to_s)
     end
diff --git a/lib/erb/version.rb b/lib/erb/version.rb
index 3d0cedcd48..e367a1b5c7 100644
--- a/lib/erb/version.rb
+++ b/lib/erb/version.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true
 class ERB
-  VERSION = '5.0.1'
+  # The string \ERB version.
+  VERSION = '6.0.1'
 end
diff --git a/lib/error_highlight/base.rb b/lib/error_highlight/base.rb
index 14e0ce5785..bc4a62c9d6 100644
--- a/lib/error_highlight/base.rb
+++ b/lib/error_highlight/base.rb
@@ -1,13 +1,13 @@
 require_relative "version"
 
 module ErrorHighlight
-  # Identify the code fragment at that a given exception occurred.
+  # Identify the code fragment where a given exception occurred.
   #
   # Options:
   #
   # point_type: :name | :args
-  #   :name (default) points the method/variable name that the exception occurred.
-  #   :args points the arguments of the method call that the exception occurred.
+  #   :name (default) points to the method/variable name where the exception occurred.
+  #   :args points to the arguments of the method call where the exception occurred.
   #
   # backtrace_location: Thread::Backtrace::Location
   #   It locates the code fragment of the given backtrace_location.
@@ -113,7 +113,7 @@ module ErrorHighlight
         snippet = @node.script_lines[lineno - 1 .. last_lineno - 1].join("")
         snippet += "\n" unless snippet.end_with?("\n")
 
-        # It require some work to support Unicode (or multibyte) characters.
+        # It requires some work to support Unicode (or multibyte) characters.
         # Tentatively, we stop highlighting if the code snippet has non-ascii characters.
         # See https://github.com/ruby/error_highlight/issues/4
         raise NonAscii unless snippet.ascii_only?
@@ -122,56 +122,51 @@ module ErrorHighlight
       end
     end
 
-    OPT_GETCONSTANT_PATH = (RUBY_VERSION.split(".").map {|s| s.to_i } <=> [3, 2]) >= 0
-    private_constant :OPT_GETCONSTANT_PATH
-
     def spot
       return nil unless @node
 
-      if OPT_GETCONSTANT_PATH
-        # In Ruby 3.2 or later, a nested constant access (like `Foo::Bar::Baz`)
-        # is compiled to one instruction (opt_getconstant_path).
-        # @node points to the node of the whole `Foo::Bar::Baz` even if `Foo`
-        # or `Foo::Bar` causes NameError.
-        # So we try to spot the sub-node that causes the NameError by using
-        # `NameError#name`.
-        case @node.type
-        when :COLON2
-          subnodes = []
-          node = @node
-          while node.type == :COLON2
-            node2, const = node.children
-            subnodes << node if const == @name
-            node = node2
-          end
-          if node.type == :CONST || node.type == :COLON3
-            if node.children.first == @name
-              subnodes << node
-            end
-
-            # If we found only one sub-node whose name is equal to @name, use it
-            return nil if subnodes.size != 1
-            @node = subnodes.first
-          else
-            # Do nothing; opt_getconstant_path is used only when the const base is
-            # NODE_CONST (`Foo`) or NODE_COLON3 (`::Foo`)
-          end
-        when :constant_path_node
-          subnodes = []
-          node = @node
-
-          begin
-            subnodes << node if node.name == @name
-          end while (node = node.parent).is_a?(Prism::ConstantPathNode)
-
-          if node.is_a?(Prism::ConstantReadNode) && node.name == @name
+      # In Ruby 3.2 or later, a nested constant access (like `Foo::Bar::Baz`)
+      # is compiled to one instruction (opt_getconstant_path).
+      # @node points to the node of the whole `Foo::Bar::Baz` even if `Foo`
+      # or `Foo::Bar` causes NameError.
+      # So we try to spot the sub-node that causes the NameError by using
+      # `NameError#name`.
+      case @node.type
+      when :COLON2
+        subnodes = []
+        node = @node
+        while node.type == :COLON2
+          node2, const = node.children
+          subnodes << node if const == @name
+          node = node2
+        end
+        if node.type == :CONST || node.type == :COLON3
+          if node.children.first == @name
             subnodes << node
           end
 
           # If we found only one sub-node whose name is equal to @name, use it
           return nil if subnodes.size != 1
           @node = subnodes.first
+        else
+          # Do nothing; opt_getconstant_path is used only when the const base is
+          # NODE_CONST (`Foo`) or NODE_COLON3 (`::Foo`)
         end
+      when :constant_path_node
+        subnodes = []
+        node = @node
+
+        begin
+          subnodes << node if node.name == @name
+        end while (node = node.parent).is_a?(Prism::ConstantPathNode)
+
+        if node.is_a?(Prism::ConstantReadNode) && node.name == @name
+          subnodes << node
+        end
+
+        # If we found only one sub-node whose name is equal to @name, use it
+        return nil if subnodes.size != 1
+        @node = subnodes.first
       end
 
       case @node.type
@@ -239,6 +234,20 @@ module ErrorHighlight
       when :OP_CDECL
         spot_op_cdecl
 
+      when :DEFN
+        raise NotImplementedError if @point_type != :name
+        spot_defn
+
+      when :DEFS
+        raise NotImplementedError if @point_type != :name
+        spot_defs
+
+      when :LAMBDA
+        spot_lambda
+
+      when :ITER
+        spot_iter
+
       when :call_node
         case @point_type
         when :name
@@ -280,6 +289,30 @@ module ErrorHighlight
       when :constant_path_operator_write_node
         prism_spot_constant_path_operator_write
 
+      when :def_node
+        case @point_type
+        when :name
+          prism_spot_def_for_name
+        when :args
+          raise NotImplementedError
+        end
+
+      when :lambda_node
+        case @point_type
+        when :name
+          prism_spot_lambda_for_name
+        when :args
+          raise NotImplementedError
+        end
+
+      when :block_node
+        case @point_type
+        when :name
+          prism_spot_block_for_name
+        when :args
+          raise NotImplementedError
+        end
+
       end
 
       if @snippet && @beg_column && @end_column && @beg_column < @end_column
@@ -471,7 +504,6 @@ module ErrorHighlight
     def spot_fcall_for_args
       _mid, nd_args = @node.children
       if nd_args && nd_args.first_lineno == nd_args.last_lineno
-        # binary operator
         fetch_line(nd_args.first_lineno)
         @beg_column = nd_args.first_column
         @end_column = nd_args.last_column
@@ -621,6 +653,55 @@ module ErrorHighlight
       end
     end
 
+    # Example:
+    #   def bar; end
+    #       ^^^
+    def spot_defn
+      mid, = @node.children
+      fetch_line(@node.first_lineno)
+      if @snippet.match(/\Gdef\s+(#{ Regexp.quote(mid) }\b)/, @node.first_column)
+        @beg_column = $~.begin(1)
+        @end_column = $~.end(1)
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Example:
+    #   def Foo.bar; end
+    #          ^^^^
+    def spot_defs
+      nd_recv, mid, = @node.children
+      fetch_line(nd_recv.last_lineno)
+      if @snippet.match(/\G\s*(\.\s*#{ Regexp.quote(mid) }\b)/, nd_recv.last_column)
+        @beg_column = $~.begin(1)
+        @end_column = $~.end(1)
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Example:
+    #   -> { ... }
+    #   ^^
+    def spot_lambda
+      fetch_line(@node.first_lineno)
+      if @snippet.match(/\G->/, @node.first_column)
+        @beg_column = $~.begin(0)
+        @end_column = $~.end(0)
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Example:
+    #   lambda { ... }
+    #          ^
+    #   define_method :foo do
+    #                      ^^
+    def spot_iter
+      _nd_fcall, nd_scope = @node.children
+      fetch_line(nd_scope.first_lineno)
+      if @snippet.match(/\G(?:do\b|\{)/, nd_scope.first_column)
+        @beg_column = $~.begin(0)
+        @end_column = $~.end(0)
+      end
+    end
+
     def fetch_line(lineno)
       @beg_lineno = @end_lineno = lineno
       @snippet = @fetch[lineno]
@@ -826,6 +907,31 @@ module ErrorHighlight
         prism_location(@node.binary_operator_loc.chop)
       end
     end
+
+    # Example:
+    #   def foo()
+    #       ^^^
+    def prism_spot_def_for_name
+      location = @node.name_loc
+      location = @node.operator_loc.join(location) if @node.operator_loc
+      prism_location(location)
+    end
+
+    # Example:
+    #   -> x, y { }
+    #   ^^
+    def prism_spot_lambda_for_name
+      prism_location(@node.operator_loc)
+    end
+
+    # Example:
+    #   lambda { }
+    #          ^
+    #   define_method :foo do |x, y|
+    #                      ^
+    def prism_spot_block_for_name
+      prism_location(@node.opening_loc)
+    end
   end
 
   private_constant :Spotter
diff --git a/lib/error_highlight/core_ext.rb b/lib/error_highlight/core_ext.rb
index b69093f74e..c3354f46cd 100644
--- a/lib/error_highlight/core_ext.rb
+++ b/lib/error_highlight/core_ext.rb
@@ -3,9 +3,38 @@ require_relative "formatter"
 module ErrorHighlight
   module CoreExt
     private def generate_snippet
-      spot = ErrorHighlight.spot(self)
-      return "" unless spot
-      return ErrorHighlight.formatter.message_for(spot)
+      if ArgumentError === self && message =~ /\A(?:wrong number of arguments|missing keyword[s]?|unknown keyword[s]?|no keywords accepted)\b/
+        locs = self.backtrace_locations
+        return "" if locs.size < 2
+        callee_loc, caller_loc = locs
+        callee_spot = ErrorHighlight.spot(self, backtrace_location: callee_loc, point_type: :name)
+        caller_spot = ErrorHighlight.spot(self, backtrace_location: caller_loc, point_type: :name)
+        if caller_spot && callee_spot &&
+            caller_loc.path == callee_loc.path &&
+            caller_loc.lineno == callee_loc.lineno &&
+            caller_spot == callee_spot
+          callee_loc = callee_spot = nil
+        end
+        ret = +"\n"
+        [["caller", caller_loc, caller_spot], ["callee", callee_loc, callee_spot]].each do |header, loc, spot|
+          out = nil
+          if loc
+            out = "    #{ header }: #{ loc.path }:#{ loc.lineno }"
+            if spot
+              _, _, snippet, highlight = ErrorHighlight.formatter.message_for(spot).lines
+              out += "\n    | #{ snippet }      #{ highlight }"
+            else
+              # do nothing
+            end
+          end
+          ret << "\n" + out if out
+        end
+        ret
+      else
+        spot = ErrorHighlight.spot(self)
+        return "" unless spot
+        return ErrorHighlight.formatter.message_for(spot)
+      end
     end
 
     if Exception.method_defined?(:detailed_message)
diff --git a/lib/error_highlight/error_highlight.gemspec b/lib/error_highlight/error_highlight.gemspec
index b2da18df83..edfc4b776f 100644
--- a/lib/error_highlight/error_highlight.gemspec
+++ b/lib/error_highlight/error_highlight.gemspec
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ Gem::Specification.new do |spec|
   spec.homepage      = "https://github.com/ruby/error_highlight"
 
   spec.license       = "MIT"
-  spec.required_ruby_version = Gem::Requirement.new(">= 3.1.0.dev")
+  spec.required_ruby_version = Gem::Requirement.new(">= 3.2.0")
 
   spec.files = Dir.chdir(File.expand_path(__dir__)) do
     `git ls-files -z`.split("\x0").reject { |f| f.match(%r{\A(?:test|spec|features)/}) }
diff --git a/lib/error_highlight/formatter.rb b/lib/error_highlight/formatter.rb
index 5180576405..d2fad9e75c 100644
--- a/lib/error_highlight/formatter.rb
+++ b/lib/error_highlight/formatter.rb
@@ -56,11 +56,11 @@ module ErrorHighlight
     end
 
     def self.terminal_width
-      # lazy load io/console, so it's not loaded when 'max_snippet_width' is set
+      # lazy load io/console to avoid loading it when 'max_snippet_width' is manually set
       require "io/console"
       $stderr.winsize[1] if $stderr.tty?
     rescue LoadError, NoMethodError, SystemCallError
-      # do not truncate when window size is not available
+      # skip truncation when terminal window size is unavailable
     end
   end
 
diff --git a/lib/error_highlight/version.rb b/lib/error_highlight/version.rb
index d7a29c7c1e..f0a5376b14 100644
--- a/lib/error_highlight/version.rb
+++ b/lib/error_highlight/version.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,3 @@
 module ErrorHighlight
-  VERSION = "0.7.0"
+  VERSION = "0.7.1"
 end
diff --git a/lib/fileutils.rb b/lib/fileutils.rb
index b9d683797a..0706e007ca 100644
--- a/lib/fileutils.rb
+++ b/lib/fileutils.rb
@@ -181,7 +181,7 @@ end
 #
 module FileUtils
   # The version number.
-  VERSION = "1.7.3"
+  VERSION = "1.8.0"
 
   def self.private_module_function(name)   #:nodoc:
     module_function name
@@ -706,11 +706,12 @@ module FileUtils
   #
   def ln_s(src, dest, force: nil, relative: false, target_directory: true, noop: nil, verbose: nil)
     if relative
-      return ln_sr(src, dest, force: force, noop: noop, verbose: verbose)
+      return ln_sr(src, dest, force: force, target_directory: target_directory, noop: noop, verbose: verbose)
     end
-    fu_output_message "ln -s#{force ? 'f' : ''} #{[src,dest].flatten.join ' '}" if verbose
+    fu_output_message "ln -s#{force ? 'f' : ''}#{
+      target_directory ? '' : 'T'} #{[src,dest].flatten.join ' '}" if verbose
     return if noop
-    fu_each_src_dest0(src, dest) do |s,d|
+    fu_each_src_dest0(src, dest, target_directory) do |s,d|
       remove_file d, true if force
       File.symlink s, d
     end
@@ -730,42 +731,37 @@ module FileUtils
   # Like FileUtils.ln_s, but create links relative to +dest+.
   #
   def ln_sr(src, dest, target_directory: true, force: nil, noop: nil, verbose: nil)
-    options = "#{force ? 'f' : ''}#{target_directory ? '' : 'T'}"
-    dest = File.path(dest)
-    srcs = Array(src)
-    link = proc do |s, target_dir_p = true|
-      s = File.path(s)
-      if target_dir_p
-        d = File.join(destdirs = dest, File.basename(s))
+    cmd = "ln -s#{force ? 'f' : ''}#{target_directory ? '' : 'T'}" if verbose
+    fu_each_src_dest0(src, dest, target_directory) do |s,d|
+      if target_directory
+        parent = File.dirname(d)
+        destdirs = fu_split_path(parent)
+        real_ddirs = fu_split_path(File.realpath(parent))
       else
-        destdirs = File.dirname(d = dest)
+        destdirs ||= fu_split_path(dest)
+        real_ddirs ||= fu_split_path(File.realdirpath(dest))
       end
-      destdirs = fu_split_path(File.realpath(destdirs))
-      if fu_starting_path?(s)
-        srcdirs = fu_split_path((File.realdirpath(s) rescue File.expand_path(s)))
-        base = fu_relative_components_from(srcdirs, destdirs)
-        s = File.join(*base)
+      srcdirs = fu_split_path(s)
+      i = fu_common_components(srcdirs, destdirs)
+      n = destdirs.size - i
+      n -= 1 unless target_directory
+      link1 = fu_clean_components(*Array.new([n, 0].max, '..'), *srcdirs[i..-1])
+      begin
+        real_sdirs = fu_split_path(File.realdirpath(s)) rescue nil
+      rescue
       else
-        srcdirs = fu_clean_components(*fu_split_path(s))
-        base = fu_relative_components_from(fu_split_path(Dir.pwd), destdirs)
-        while srcdirs.first&. == ".." and base.last&.!=("..") and !fu_starting_path?(base.last)
-          srcdirs.shift
-          base.pop
-        end
-        s = File.join(*base, *srcdirs)
+        i = fu_common_components(real_sdirs, real_ddirs)
+        n = real_ddirs.size - i
+        n -= 1 unless target_directory
+        link2 = fu_clean_components(*Array.new([n, 0].max, '..'), *real_sdirs[i..-1])
+        link1 = link2 if link1.size > link2.size
       end
-      fu_output_message "ln -s#{options} #{s} #{d}" if verbose
+      s = File.join(link1)
+      fu_output_message [cmd, s, d].flatten.join(' ') if verbose
       next if noop
       remove_file d, true if force
       File.symlink s, d
     end
-    case srcs.size
-    when 0
-    when 1
-      link[srcs[0], target_directory && File.directory?(dest)]
-    else
-      srcs.each(&link)
-    end
   end
   module_function :ln_sr
 
@@ -800,13 +796,13 @@ module FileUtils
   #   File.file?('dest1/dir1/t2.txt') # => true
   #   File.file?('dest1/dir1/t3.txt') # => true
   #
-  # Keyword arguments:
+  # Optional arguments:
   #
-  # - <tt>dereference_root: true</tt> - dereferences +src+ if it is a symbolic link.
-  # - <tt>remove_destination: true</tt> - removes +dest+ before creating links.
+  # - +dereference_root+ - dereferences +src+ if it is a symbolic link (+false+ by default).
+  # - +remove_destination+ - removes +dest+ before creating links (+false+ by default).
   #
   # Raises an exception if +dest+ is the path to an existing file or directory
-  # and keyword argument <tt>remove_destination: true</tt> is not given.
+  # and optional argument +remove_destination+ is not given.
   #
   # Related: FileUtils.ln (has different options).
   #
@@ -1029,12 +1025,12 @@ module FileUtils
   # directories, and symbolic links;
   # other file types (FIFO streams, device files, etc.) are not supported.
   #
-  # Keyword arguments:
+  # Optional arguments:
   #
-  # - <tt>dereference_root: true</tt> - if +src+ is a symbolic link,
-  #   follows the link.
-  # - <tt>preserve: true</tt> - preserves file times.
-  # - <tt>remove_destination: true</tt> - removes +dest+ before copying files.
+  # - +dereference_root+ - if +src+ is a symbolic link,
+  #   follows the link (+false+ by default).
+  # - +preserve+ - preserves file times (+false+ by default).
+  # - +remove_destination+ - removes +dest+ before copying files (+false+ by default).
   #
   # Related: {methods for copying}[rdoc-ref:FileUtils@Copying].
   #
@@ -1065,12 +1061,12 @@ module FileUtils
   #   FileUtils.copy_file('src0.txt', 'dest0.txt')
   #   File.file?('dest0.txt') # => true
   #
-  # Keyword arguments:
+  # Optional arguments:
   #
-  # - <tt>dereference: false</tt> - if +src+ is a symbolic link,
-  #   does not follow the link.
-  # - <tt>preserve: true</tt> - preserves file times.
-  # - <tt>remove_destination: true</tt> - removes +dest+ before copying files.
+  # - +dereference+ - if +src+ is a symbolic link,
+  #   follows the link (+true+ by default).
+  # - +preserve+ - preserves file times (+false+ by default).
+  # - +remove_destination+ - removes +dest+ before copying files (+false+ by default).
   #
   # Related: {methods for copying}[rdoc-ref:FileUtils@Copying].
   #
@@ -1491,7 +1487,8 @@ module FileUtils
   # Related: {methods for deleting}[rdoc-ref:FileUtils@Deleting].
   #
   def remove_dir(path, force = false)
-    remove_entry path, force   # FIXME?? check if it is a directory
+    raise Errno::ENOTDIR, path unless force or File.directory?(path)
+    remove_entry path, force
   end
   module_function :remove_dir
 
@@ -2475,6 +2472,10 @@ module FileUtils
 
   def fu_each_src_dest0(src, dest, target_directory = true)   #:nodoc:
     if tmp = Array.try_convert(src)
+      unless target_directory or tmp.size <= 1
+        tmp = tmp.map {|f| File.path(f)} # A workaround for RBS
+        raise ArgumentError, "extra target #{tmp}"
+      end
       tmp.each do |s|
         s = File.path(s)
         yield s, (target_directory ? File.join(dest, File.basename(s)) : dest)
@@ -2509,7 +2510,11 @@ module FileUtils
     path = File.path(path)
     list = []
     until (parent, base = File.split(path); parent == path or parent == ".")
-      list << base
+      if base != '..' and list.last == '..' and !(fu_have_symlink? && File.symlink?(path))
+        list.pop
+      else
+        list << base
+      end
       path = parent
     end
     list << path
@@ -2517,14 +2522,14 @@ module FileUtils
   end
   private_module_function :fu_split_path
 
-  def fu_relative_components_from(target, base) #:nodoc:
+  def fu_common_components(target, base) #:nodoc:
     i = 0
     while target[i]&.== base[i]
       i += 1
     end
-    Array.new(base.size-i, '..').concat(target[i..-1])
+    i
   end
-  private_module_function :fu_relative_components_from
+  private_module_function :fu_common_components
 
   def fu_clean_components(*comp) #:nodoc:
     comp.shift while comp.first == "."
@@ -2534,7 +2539,7 @@ module FileUtils
     while c = comp.shift
       if c == ".." and clean.last != ".." and !(fu_have_symlink? && File.symlink?(path))
         clean.pop
-        path.chomp!(%r((?<=\A|/)[^/]+/\z), "")
+        path.sub!(%r((?<=\A|/)[^/]+/\z), "")
       else
         clean << c
         path << c << "/"
diff --git a/lib/find.rb b/lib/find.rb
index 98a79cc76d..8223eea456 100644
--- a/lib/find.rb
+++ b/lib/find.rb
@@ -27,6 +27,7 @@
 #
 module Find
 
+  # The version string
   VERSION = "0.2.0"
 
   #
diff --git a/lib/forwardable.rb b/lib/forwardable.rb
index 71b4e6adad..175d6d9c6b 100644
--- a/lib/forwardable.rb
+++ b/lib/forwardable.rb
@@ -109,11 +109,11 @@
 # +delegate.rb+.
 #
 module Forwardable
-  require 'forwardable/impl'
-
   # Version of +forwardable.rb+
-  VERSION = "1.3.3"
+  VERSION = "1.4.0"
   VERSION.freeze
+
+  # Version for backward compatibility
   FORWARDABLE_VERSION = VERSION
   FORWARDABLE_VERSION.freeze
 
@@ -190,9 +190,7 @@ module Forwardable
 
     # If it's not a class or module, it's an instance
     mod = Module === self ? self : singleton_class
-    ret = mod.module_eval(&gen)
-    mod.__send__(:ruby2_keywords, ali) if RUBY_VERSION >= '2.7'
-    ret
+    mod.module_eval(&gen)
   end
 
   alias delegate instance_delegate
@@ -206,36 +204,33 @@ module Forwardable
     if Module === obj ?
          obj.method_defined?(accessor) || obj.private_method_defined?(accessor) :
          obj.respond_to?(accessor, true)
-      accessor = "#{accessor}()"
+      accessor = "(#{accessor}())"
     end
 
-    method_call = ".__send__(:#{method}, *args, &block)"
-    if _valid_method?(method)
+    args = RUBY_VERSION >= '2.7' ? '...' : '*args, &block'
+    method_call = ".__send__(:#{method}, #{args})"
+    if method.match?(/\A[_a-zA-Z]\w*[?!]?\z/)
       loc, = caller_locations(2,1)
       pre = "_ ="
       mesg = "#{Module === obj ? obj : obj.class}\##{ali} at #{loc.path}:#{loc.lineno} forwarding to private method "
-      method_call = "#{<<-"begin;"}\n#{<<-"end;".chomp}"
-        begin;
-          unless defined? _.#{method}
-            ::Kernel.warn #{mesg.dump}"\#{_.class}"'##{method}', uplevel: 1
-            _#{method_call}
-          else
-            _.#{method}(*args, &block)
-          end
-        end;
+      method_call = <<~RUBY.chomp
+        if defined?(_.#{method})
+          _.#{method}(#{args})
+        else
+          ::Kernel.warn #{mesg.dump}"\#{_.class}"'##{method}', uplevel: 1
+          _#{method_call}
+        end
+      RUBY
     end
 
-    _compile_method("#{<<-"begin;"}\n#{<<-"end;"}", __FILE__, __LINE__+1)
-    begin;
+    eval(<<~RUBY, nil, __FILE__, __LINE__ + 1)
       proc do
-        def #{ali}(*args, &block)
-          #{pre}
-          begin
-            #{accessor}
-          end#{method_call}
+        def #{ali}(#{args})
+          #{pre}#{accessor}
+          #{method_call}
         end
       end
-    end;
+    RUBY
   end
 end
 
@@ -310,9 +305,7 @@ module SingleForwardable
   def def_single_delegator(accessor, method, ali = method)
     gen = Forwardable._delegator_method(self, accessor, method, ali)
 
-    ret = instance_eval(&gen)
-    singleton_class.__send__(:ruby2_keywords, ali) if RUBY_VERSION >= '2.7'
-    ret
+    instance_eval(&gen)
   end
 
   alias delegate single_delegate
diff --git a/lib/forwardable/forwardable.gemspec b/lib/forwardable/forwardable.gemspec
index 9ad59c5f8a..1b539bcfcb 100644
--- a/lib/forwardable/forwardable.gemspec
+++ b/lib/forwardable/forwardable.gemspec
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ Gem::Specification.new do |spec|
   spec.licenses      = ["Ruby", "BSD-2-Clause"]
 
   spec.required_ruby_version = '>= 2.4.0'
-  spec.files         = ["forwardable.gemspec", "lib/forwardable.rb", "lib/forwardable/impl.rb"]
+  spec.files         = ["forwardable.gemspec", "lib/forwardable.rb"]
   spec.bindir        = "exe"
   spec.executables   = []
   spec.require_paths = ["lib"]
diff --git a/lib/forwardable/impl.rb b/lib/forwardable/impl.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 0322c136db..0000000000
--- a/lib/forwardable/impl.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,17 +0,0 @@
-module Forwardable
-  # :stopdoc:
-
-  def self._valid_method?(method)
-    catch {|tag|
-      eval("BEGIN{throw tag}; ().#{method}", binding, __FILE__, __LINE__)
-    }
-  rescue SyntaxError
-    false
-  else
-    true
-  end
-
-  def self._compile_method(src, file, line)
-    eval(src, nil, file, line)
-  end
-end
diff --git a/lib/ipaddr.gemspec b/lib/ipaddr.gemspec
index 5719f83fc4..cabc9161ba 100644
--- a/lib/ipaddr.gemspec
+++ b/lib/ipaddr.gemspec
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ Both IPv4 and IPv6 are supported.
   spec.homepage      = "https://github.com/ruby/ipaddr"
   spec.licenses      = ["Ruby", "BSD-2-Clause"]
 
-  spec.files         = ["LICENSE.txt", "README.md", "ipaddr.gemspec", "lib/ipaddr.rb"]
+  spec.files         = ["LICENSE.txt", "README.md", "lib/ipaddr.rb"]
   spec.require_paths = ["lib"]
 
   spec.required_ruby_version = ">= 2.4"
diff --git a/lib/ipaddr.rb b/lib/ipaddr.rb
index 525466bbd9..6b67d7eec6 100644
--- a/lib/ipaddr.rb
+++ b/lib/ipaddr.rb
@@ -40,7 +40,8 @@ require 'socket'
 #   p ipaddr3                   #=> #<IPAddr: IPv4:192.168.2.0/255.255.255.0>
 
 class IPAddr
-  VERSION = "1.2.7"
+  # The version string
+  VERSION = "1.2.8"
 
   # 32 bit mask for IPv4
   IN4MASK = 0xffffffff
@@ -353,7 +354,7 @@ class IPAddr
     _ipv4_compat?
   end
 
-  def _ipv4_compat?
+  def _ipv4_compat?             # :nodoc:
     if !ipv6? || (@addr >> 32) != 0
       return false
     end
@@ -367,7 +368,7 @@ class IPAddr
   # into an IPv4-mapped IPv6 address.
   def ipv4_mapped
     if !ipv4?
-      raise InvalidAddressError, "not an IPv4 address: #{@addr}"
+      raise InvalidAddressError, "not an IPv4 address: #{to_s}"
     end
     clone = self.clone.set(@addr | 0xffff00000000, Socket::AF_INET6)
     clone.instance_variable_set(:@mask_addr, @mask_addr | 0xffffffffffffffffffffffff00000000)
@@ -379,9 +380,11 @@ class IPAddr
   def ipv4_compat
     warn "IPAddr\##{__callee__} is obsolete", uplevel: 1 if $VERBOSE
     if !ipv4?
-      raise InvalidAddressError, "not an IPv4 address: #{@addr}"
+      raise InvalidAddressError, "not an IPv4 address: #{to_s}"
     end
-    return self.clone.set(@addr, Socket::AF_INET6)
+    clone = self.clone.set(@addr, Socket::AF_INET6)
+    clone.instance_variable_set(:@mask_addr, @mask_addr | 0xffffffffffffffffffffffff00000000)
+    clone
   end
 
   # Returns a new ipaddr built by converting the IPv6 address into a
@@ -410,7 +413,7 @@ class IPAddr
   # Returns a string for DNS reverse lookup compatible with RFC3172.
   def ip6_arpa
     if !ipv6?
-      raise InvalidAddressError, "not an IPv6 address: #{@addr}"
+      raise InvalidAddressError, "not an IPv6 address: #{to_s}"
     end
     return _reverse + ".ip6.arpa"
   end
@@ -418,7 +421,7 @@ class IPAddr
   # Returns a string for DNS reverse lookup compatible with RFC1886.
   def ip6_int
     if !ipv6?
-      raise InvalidAddressError, "not an IPv6 address: #{@addr}"
+      raise InvalidAddressError, "not an IPv6 address: #{to_s}"
     end
     return _reverse + ".ip6.int"
   end
@@ -543,6 +546,7 @@ class IPAddr
   end
 
   protected
+  # :stopdoc:
 
   def begin_addr
     @addr & @mask_addr
@@ -558,6 +562,7 @@ class IPAddr
       raise AddressFamilyError, "unsupported address family"
     end
   end
+  #:startdoc:
 
   # Set +@addr+, the internal stored ip address, to given +addr+. The
   # parameter +addr+ is validated using the first +family+ member,
@@ -699,6 +704,7 @@ class IPAddr
     end
   end
 
+  # :stopdoc:
   def coerce_other(other)
     case other
     when IPAddr
@@ -719,8 +725,8 @@ class IPAddr
       octets = addr.split('.')
     end
     octets.inject(0) { |i, s|
-      (n = s.to_i) < 256 or raise InvalidAddressError, "invalid address: #{@addr}"
-      (s != '0') && s.start_with?('0') and raise InvalidAddressError, "zero-filled number in IPv4 address is ambiguous: #{@addr}"
+      (n = s.to_i) < 256 or raise InvalidAddressError, "invalid address: #{addr}"
+      (s != '0') && s.start_with?('0') and raise InvalidAddressError, "zero-filled number in IPv4 address is ambiguous: #{addr}"
       i << 8 | n
     }
   end
@@ -737,19 +743,19 @@ class IPAddr
       right = ''
     when RE_IPV6ADDRLIKE_COMPRESSED
       if $4
-        left.count(':') <= 6 or raise InvalidAddressError, "invalid address: #{@addr}"
+        left.count(':') <= 6 or raise InvalidAddressError, "invalid address: #{left}"
         addr = in_addr($~[4,4])
         left = $1
         right = $3 + '0:0'
       else
         left.count(':') <= ($1.empty? || $2.empty? ? 8 : 7) or
-          raise InvalidAddressError, "invalid address: #{@addr}"
+          raise InvalidAddressError, "invalid address: #{left}"
         left = $1
         right = $2
         addr = 0
       end
     else
-      raise InvalidAddressError, "invalid address: #{@addr}"
+      raise InvalidAddressError, "invalid address: #{left}"
     end
     l = left.split(':')
     r = right.split(':')
@@ -810,7 +816,7 @@ unless Socket.const_defined? :AF_INET6
   class << IPSocket
     private
 
-    def valid_v6?(addr)
+    def valid_v6?(addr) # :nodoc:
       case addr
       when IPAddr::RE_IPV6ADDRLIKE_FULL
         if $2
diff --git a/lib/mkmf.rb b/lib/mkmf.rb
index 7ac4f916b8..38a5a15fb5 100644
--- a/lib/mkmf.rb
+++ b/lib/mkmf.rb
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ class Array # :nodoc:
 end
 
 ##
-# mkmf.rb is used by Ruby C extensions to generate a Makefile which will
+# \Module \MakeMakefile is used by Ruby C extensions to generate a Makefile which will
 # correctly compile and link the C extension to Ruby and a third-party
 # library.
 module MakeMakefile
@@ -419,7 +419,7 @@ MESSAGE
 
     # disable ASAN leak reporting - conftest programs almost always don't bother
     # to free their memory.
-    envs['ASAN_OPTIONS'] = "detect_leaks=0" unless ENV.key?('ASAN_OPTIONS')
+    envs['LSAN_OPTIONS'] = "detect_leaks=0" unless ENV.key?('LSAN_OPTIONS')
 
     return envs, expand[commands]
   end
@@ -860,7 +860,7 @@ int main() {printf("%"PRI_CONFTEST_PREFIX"#{neg ? 'd' : 'u'}\\n", conftest_const
         v
       }
       unless strvars.empty?
-        prepare << "char " << strvars.map {|v| "#{v}[1024]"}.join(", ") << "; "
+        prepare << "char " << strvars.map {|v| %[#{v}[1024] = ""]}.join(", ") << "; "
       end
     when nil
       call = ""
diff --git a/lib/net/http.rb b/lib/net/http.rb
index 85051a4468..98d6793aee 100644
--- a/lib/net/http.rb
+++ b/lib/net/http.rb
@@ -724,7 +724,7 @@ module Net   #:nodoc:
   class HTTP < Protocol
 
     # :stopdoc:
-    VERSION = "0.6.0"
+    VERSION = "0.9.1"
     HTTPVersion = '1.1'
     begin
       require 'zlib'
@@ -1179,6 +1179,7 @@ module Net   #:nodoc:
       @debug_output = options[:debug_output]
       @response_body_encoding = options[:response_body_encoding]
       @ignore_eof = options[:ignore_eof]
+      @tcpsocket_supports_open_timeout = nil
 
       @proxy_from_env = false
       @proxy_uri      = nil
@@ -1321,6 +1322,9 @@ module Net   #:nodoc:
     # Sets the proxy password;
     # see {Proxy Server}[rdoc-ref:Net::HTTP@Proxy+Server].
     attr_writer :proxy_pass
+
+    # Sets whether the proxy uses SSL;
+    # see {Proxy Server}[rdoc-ref:Net::HTTP@Proxy+Server].
     attr_writer :proxy_use_ssl
 
     # Returns the IP address for the connection.
@@ -1527,7 +1531,7 @@ module Net   #:nodoc:
       :verify_depth,
       :verify_mode,
       :verify_hostname,
-    ] # :nodoc:
+    ].freeze # :nodoc:
 
     SSL_IVNAMES = SSL_ATTRIBUTES.map { |a| "@#{a}".to_sym }.freeze # :nodoc:
 
@@ -1632,6 +1636,21 @@ module Net   #:nodoc:
       self
     end
 
+    # Finishes the \HTTP session:
+    #
+    #   http = Net::HTTP.new(hostname)
+    #   http.start
+    #   http.started? # => true
+    #   http.finish   # => nil
+    #   http.started? # => false
+    #
+    # Raises IOError if not in a session.
+    def finish
+      raise IOError, 'HTTP session not yet started' unless started?
+      do_finish
+    end
+
+    # :stopdoc:
     def do_start
       connect
       @started = true
@@ -1654,14 +1673,15 @@ module Net   #:nodoc:
       end
 
       debug "opening connection to #{conn_addr}:#{conn_port}..."
-      s = Timeout.timeout(@open_timeout, Net::OpenTimeout) {
-        begin
-          TCPSocket.open(conn_addr, conn_port, @local_host, @local_port)
-        rescue => e
-          raise e, "Failed to open TCP connection to " +
-            "#{conn_addr}:#{conn_port} (#{e.message})"
+      begin
+        s = timeouted_connect(conn_addr, conn_port)
+      rescue => e
+        if (defined?(IO::TimeoutError) && e.is_a?(IO::TimeoutError)) || e.is_a?(Errno::ETIMEDOUT)  # for compatibility with previous versions
+          e = Net::OpenTimeout.new(e)
         end
-      }
+        raise e, "Failed to open TCP connection to " +
+          "#{conn_addr}:#{conn_port} (#{e.message})"
+      end
       s.setsockopt(Socket::IPPROTO_TCP, Socket::TCP_NODELAY, 1)
       debug "opened"
       if use_ssl?
@@ -1754,23 +1774,30 @@ module Net   #:nodoc:
     end
     private :connect
 
-    def on_connect
+    tcp_socket_parameters = TCPSocket.instance_method(:initialize).parameters
+    TCP_SOCKET_NEW_HAS_OPEN_TIMEOUT = if tcp_socket_parameters != [[:rest]]
+      tcp_socket_parameters.include?([:key, :open_timeout])
+    else
+      # Use Socket.tcp to find out since there is no parameters information for TCPSocket#initialize
+      # See discussion in https://github.com/ruby/net-http/pull/224
+      Socket.method(:tcp).parameters.include?([:key, :open_timeout])
     end
-    private :on_connect
+    private_constant :TCP_SOCKET_NEW_HAS_OPEN_TIMEOUT
 
-    # Finishes the \HTTP session:
-    #
-    #   http = Net::HTTP.new(hostname)
-    #   http.start
-    #   http.started? # => true
-    #   http.finish   # => nil
-    #   http.started? # => false
-    #
-    # Raises IOError if not in a session.
-    def finish
-      raise IOError, 'HTTP session not yet started' unless started?
-      do_finish
+    def timeouted_connect(conn_addr, conn_port)
+      if TCP_SOCKET_NEW_HAS_OPEN_TIMEOUT
+        TCPSocket.open(conn_addr, conn_port, @local_host, @local_port, open_timeout: @open_timeout)
+      else
+        Timeout.timeout(@open_timeout, Net::OpenTimeout) {
+          TCPSocket.open(conn_addr, conn_port, @local_host, @local_port)
+        }
+      end
+    end
+    private :timeouted_connect
+
+    def on_connect
     end
+    private :on_connect
 
     def do_finish
       @started = false
@@ -1821,6 +1848,8 @@ module Net   #:nodoc:
       }
     end
 
+    # :startdoc:
+
     class << HTTP
       # Returns true if self is a class which was created by HTTP::Proxy.
       def proxy_class?
@@ -1915,6 +1944,7 @@ module Net   #:nodoc:
     alias proxyport proxy_port      #:nodoc: obsolete
 
     private
+    # :stopdoc:
 
     def unescape(value)
       require 'cgi/escape'
@@ -1943,6 +1973,7 @@ module Net   #:nodoc:
         path
       end
     end
+    # :startdoc:
 
     #
     # HTTP operations
@@ -2397,7 +2428,9 @@ module Net   #:nodoc:
       res
     end
 
-    IDEMPOTENT_METHODS_ = %w/GET HEAD PUT DELETE OPTIONS TRACE/ # :nodoc:
+    # :stopdoc:
+
+    IDEMPOTENT_METHODS_ = %w/GET HEAD PUT DELETE OPTIONS TRACE/.freeze # :nodoc:
 
     def transport_request(req)
       count = 0
@@ -2554,7 +2587,7 @@ module Net   #:nodoc:
     alias_method :D, :debug
   end
 
-  # for backward compatibility until Ruby 3.5
+  # for backward compatibility until Ruby 4.0
   # https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/20900
   # https://github.com/bblimke/webmock/pull/1081
   HTTPSession = HTTP
diff --git a/lib/net/http/exceptions.rb b/lib/net/http/exceptions.rb
index ceec8f7b0a..4342cfc0ef 100644
--- a/lib/net/http/exceptions.rb
+++ b/lib/net/http/exceptions.rb
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ module Net
   # Net::HTTP exception class.
   # You cannot use Net::HTTPExceptions directly; instead, you must use
   # its subclasses.
-  module HTTPExceptions
+  module HTTPExceptions # :nodoc:
     def initialize(msg, res)   #:nodoc:
       super msg
       @response = res
@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@ module Net
     alias data response    #:nodoc: obsolete
   end
 
+  # :stopdoc:
   class HTTPError < ProtocolError
     include HTTPExceptions
   end
diff --git a/lib/net/http/generic_request.rb b/lib/net/http/generic_request.rb
index 44e329a0c8..5b01ea4abd 100644
--- a/lib/net/http/generic_request.rb
+++ b/lib/net/http/generic_request.rb
@@ -19,16 +19,13 @@ class Net::HTTPGenericRequest
 
     if URI === uri_or_path then
       raise ArgumentError, "not an HTTP URI" unless URI::HTTP === uri_or_path
-      hostname = uri_or_path.hostname
+      hostname = uri_or_path.host
       raise ArgumentError, "no host component for URI" unless (hostname && hostname.length > 0)
       @uri = uri_or_path.dup
-      host = @uri.hostname.dup
-      host << ":" << @uri.port.to_s if @uri.port != @uri.default_port
       @path = uri_or_path.request_uri
       raise ArgumentError, "no HTTP request path given" unless @path
     else
       @uri = nil
-      host = nil
       raise ArgumentError, "no HTTP request path given" unless uri_or_path
       raise ArgumentError, "HTTP request path is empty" if uri_or_path.empty?
       @path = uri_or_path.dup
@@ -51,7 +48,7 @@ class Net::HTTPGenericRequest
     initialize_http_header initheader
     self['Accept'] ||= '*/*'
     self['User-Agent'] ||= 'Ruby'
-    self['Host'] ||= host if host
+    self['Host'] ||= @uri.authority if @uri
     @body = nil
     @body_stream = nil
     @body_data = nil
@@ -102,6 +99,31 @@ class Net::HTTPGenericRequest
     "\#<#{self.class} #{@method}>"
   end
 
+  # Returns a string representation of the request with the details for pp:
+  #
+  #   require 'pp'
+  #   post = Net::HTTP::Post.new(uri)
+  #   post.inspect # => "#<Net::HTTP::Post POST>"
+  #   post.pretty_inspect
+  #   # => #<Net::HTTP::Post
+  #         POST
+  #         path="/"
+  #         headers={"accept-encoding" => ["gzip;q=1.0,deflate;q=0.6,identity;q=0.3"],
+  #          "accept" => ["*/*"],
+  #          "user-agent" => ["Ruby"],
+  #          "host" => ["www.ruby-lang.org"]}>
+  #
+  def pretty_print(q)
+    q.object_group(self) {
+      q.breakable
+      q.text @method
+      q.breakable
+      q.text "path="; q.pp @path
+      q.breakable
+      q.text "headers="; q.pp to_hash
+    }
+  end
+
   ##
   # Don't automatically decode response content-encoding if the user indicates
   # they want to handle it.
@@ -220,7 +242,7 @@ class Net::HTTPGenericRequest
     end
 
     if host = self['host']
-      host.sub!(/:.*/m, '')
+      host = URI.parse("//#{host}").host # Remove a port component from the existing Host header
     elsif host = @uri.host
     else
      host = addr
@@ -239,6 +261,8 @@ class Net::HTTPGenericRequest
 
   private
 
+  # :stopdoc:
+
   class Chunker #:nodoc:
     def initialize(sock)
       @sock = sock
@@ -260,7 +284,6 @@ class Net::HTTPGenericRequest
   def send_request_with_body(sock, ver, path, body)
     self.content_length = body.bytesize
     delete 'Transfer-Encoding'
-    supply_default_content_type
     write_header sock, ver, path
     wait_for_continue sock, ver if sock.continue_timeout
     sock.write body
@@ -271,7 +294,6 @@ class Net::HTTPGenericRequest
       raise ArgumentError,
           "Content-Length not given and Transfer-Encoding is not `chunked'"
     end
-    supply_default_content_type
     write_header sock, ver, path
     wait_for_continue sock, ver if sock.continue_timeout
     if chunked?
@@ -373,12 +395,6 @@ class Net::HTTPGenericRequest
     buf.clear
   end
 
-  def supply_default_content_type
-    return if content_type()
-    warn 'net/http: Content-Type did not set; using application/x-www-form-urlencoded', uplevel: 1 if $VERBOSE
-    set_content_type 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded'
-  end
-
   ##
   # Waits up to the continue timeout for a response from the server provided
   # we're speaking HTTP 1.1 and are expecting a 100-continue response.
@@ -411,4 +427,3 @@ class Net::HTTPGenericRequest
   end
 
 end
-
diff --git a/lib/net/http/header.rb b/lib/net/http/header.rb
index f6c36f1b5e..5dcdcc7d74 100644
--- a/lib/net/http/header.rb
+++ b/lib/net/http/header.rb
@@ -179,7 +179,9 @@
 # - #each_value: Passes each string field value to the block.
 #
 module Net::HTTPHeader
+  # The maximum length of HTTP header keys.
   MAX_KEY_LENGTH = 1024
+  # The maximum length of HTTP header values.
   MAX_FIELD_LENGTH = 65536
 
   def initialize_http_header(initheader) #:nodoc:
@@ -267,6 +269,7 @@ module Net::HTTPHeader
     end
   end
 
+  # :stopdoc:
   private def set_field(key, val)
     case val
     when Enumerable
@@ -294,6 +297,7 @@ module Net::HTTPHeader
       ary.push val
     end
   end
+  # :startdoc:
 
   # Returns the array field value for the given +key+,
   # or +nil+ if there is no such field;
@@ -490,7 +494,7 @@ module Net::HTTPHeader
 
   alias canonical_each each_capitalized
 
-  def capitalize(name)
+  def capitalize(name)  # :nodoc:
     name.to_s.split('-'.freeze).map {|s| s.capitalize }.join('-'.freeze)
   end
   private :capitalize
@@ -957,12 +961,12 @@ module Net::HTTPHeader
     @header['proxy-authorization'] = [basic_encode(account, password)]
   end
 
-  def basic_encode(account, password)
+  def basic_encode(account, password)   # :nodoc:
     'Basic ' + ["#{account}:#{password}"].pack('m0')
   end
   private :basic_encode
 
-# Returns whether the HTTP session is to be closed.
+  # Returns whether the HTTP session is to be closed.
   def connection_close?
     token = /(?:\A|,)\s*close\s*(?:\z|,)/i
     @header['connection']&.grep(token) {return true}
@@ -970,7 +974,7 @@ module Net::HTTPHeader
     false
   end
 
-# Returns whether the HTTP session is to be kept alive.
+  # Returns whether the HTTP session is to be kept alive.
   def connection_keep_alive?
     token = /(?:\A|,)\s*keep-alive\s*(?:\z|,)/i
     @header['connection']&.grep(token) {return true}
diff --git a/lib/net/http/net-http.gemspec b/lib/net/http/net-http.gemspec
index 70528d58cb..80e94c7bb6 100644
--- a/lib/net/http/net-http.gemspec
+++ b/lib/net/http/net-http.gemspec
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ Gem::Specification.new do |spec|
   spec.summary       = %q{HTTP client api for Ruby.}
   spec.description   = %q{HTTP client api for Ruby.}
   spec.homepage      = "https://github.com/ruby/net-http"
-  spec.required_ruby_version = Gem::Requirement.new(">= 2.6.0")
+  spec.required_ruby_version = Gem::Requirement.new(">= 2.7.0")
   spec.licenses      = ["Ruby", "BSD-2-Clause"]
 
   spec.metadata["changelog_uri"] = spec.homepage + "/releases"
@@ -30,11 +30,10 @@ Gem::Specification.new do |spec|
 
   # Specify which files should be added to the gem when it is released.
   # The `git ls-files -z` loads the files in the RubyGem that have been added into git.
-  spec.files         = Dir.chdir(File.expand_path('..', __FILE__)) do
-    `git ls-files -z 2>#{IO::NULL}`.split("\x0").reject { |f| f.match(%r{\A(?:(?:test|spec|features)/|\.git)}) }
-  end
+  excludes = %W[/.git* /bin /test /*file /#{File.basename(__FILE__)}]
+  spec.files = IO.popen(%W[git -C #{__dir__} ls-files -z --] + excludes.map {|e| ":^#{e}"}, &:read).split("\x0")
   spec.bindir        = "exe"
   spec.require_paths = ["lib"]
 
-  spec.add_dependency "uri"
+  spec.add_dependency "uri", ">= 0.11.1"
 end
diff --git a/lib/net/http/requests.rb b/lib/net/http/requests.rb
index e58057adf1..939d413f91 100644
--- a/lib/net/http/requests.rb
+++ b/lib/net/http/requests.rb
@@ -29,6 +29,7 @@
 # - Net::HTTP#get: sends +GET+ request, returns response object.
 #
 class Net::HTTP::Get < Net::HTTPRequest
+  # :stopdoc:
   METHOD = 'GET'
   REQUEST_HAS_BODY  = false
   RESPONSE_HAS_BODY = true
@@ -60,6 +61,7 @@ end
 # - Net::HTTP#head: sends +HEAD+ request, returns response object.
 #
 class Net::HTTP::Head < Net::HTTPRequest
+  # :stopdoc:
   METHOD = 'HEAD'
   REQUEST_HAS_BODY = false
   RESPONSE_HAS_BODY = false
@@ -95,6 +97,7 @@ end
 # - Net::HTTP#post: sends +POST+ request, returns response object.
 #
 class Net::HTTP::Post < Net::HTTPRequest
+  # :stopdoc:
   METHOD = 'POST'
   REQUEST_HAS_BODY = true
   RESPONSE_HAS_BODY = true
@@ -130,6 +133,7 @@ end
 # - Net::HTTP#put: sends +PUT+ request, returns response object.
 #
 class Net::HTTP::Put < Net::HTTPRequest
+  # :stopdoc:
   METHOD = 'PUT'
   REQUEST_HAS_BODY = true
   RESPONSE_HAS_BODY = true
@@ -162,6 +166,7 @@ end
 # - Net::HTTP#delete: sends +DELETE+ request, returns response object.
 #
 class Net::HTTP::Delete < Net::HTTPRequest
+  # :stopdoc:
   METHOD = 'DELETE'
   REQUEST_HAS_BODY = false
   RESPONSE_HAS_BODY = true
@@ -193,6 +198,7 @@ end
 # - Net::HTTP#options: sends +OPTIONS+ request, returns response object.
 #
 class Net::HTTP::Options < Net::HTTPRequest
+  # :stopdoc:
   METHOD = 'OPTIONS'
   REQUEST_HAS_BODY = false
   RESPONSE_HAS_BODY = true
@@ -224,6 +230,7 @@ end
 # - Net::HTTP#trace: sends +TRACE+ request, returns response object.
 #
 class Net::HTTP::Trace < Net::HTTPRequest
+  # :stopdoc:
   METHOD = 'TRACE'
   REQUEST_HAS_BODY = false
   RESPONSE_HAS_BODY = true
@@ -258,6 +265,7 @@ end
 # - Net::HTTP#patch: sends +PATCH+ request, returns response object.
 #
 class Net::HTTP::Patch < Net::HTTPRequest
+  # :stopdoc:
   METHOD = 'PATCH'
   REQUEST_HAS_BODY = true
   RESPONSE_HAS_BODY = true
@@ -285,6 +293,7 @@ end
 # - Net::HTTP#propfind: sends +PROPFIND+ request, returns response object.
 #
 class Net::HTTP::Propfind < Net::HTTPRequest
+  # :stopdoc:
   METHOD = 'PROPFIND'
   REQUEST_HAS_BODY = true
   RESPONSE_HAS_BODY = true
@@ -308,6 +317,7 @@ end
 # - Net::HTTP#proppatch: sends +PROPPATCH+ request, returns response object.
 #
 class Net::HTTP::Proppatch < Net::HTTPRequest
+  # :stopdoc:
   METHOD = 'PROPPATCH'
   REQUEST_HAS_BODY = true
   RESPONSE_HAS_BODY = true
@@ -331,6 +341,7 @@ end
 # - Net::HTTP#mkcol: sends +MKCOL+ request, returns response object.
 #
 class Net::HTTP::Mkcol < Net::HTTPRequest
+  # :stopdoc:
   METHOD = 'MKCOL'
   REQUEST_HAS_BODY = true
   RESPONSE_HAS_BODY = true
@@ -354,6 +365,7 @@ end
 # - Net::HTTP#copy: sends +COPY+ request, returns response object.
 #
 class Net::HTTP::Copy < Net::HTTPRequest
+  # :stopdoc:
   METHOD = 'COPY'
   REQUEST_HAS_BODY = false
   RESPONSE_HAS_BODY = true
@@ -377,6 +389,7 @@ end
 # - Net::HTTP#move: sends +MOVE+ request, returns response object.
 #
 class Net::HTTP::Move < Net::HTTPRequest
+  # :stopdoc:
   METHOD = 'MOVE'
   REQUEST_HAS_BODY = false
   RESPONSE_HAS_BODY = true
@@ -400,6 +413,7 @@ end
 # - Net::HTTP#lock: sends +LOCK+ request, returns response object.
 #
 class Net::HTTP::Lock < Net::HTTPRequest
+  # :stopdoc:
   METHOD = 'LOCK'
   REQUEST_HAS_BODY = true
   RESPONSE_HAS_BODY = true
@@ -423,8 +437,8 @@ end
 # - Net::HTTP#unlock: sends +UNLOCK+ request, returns response object.
 #
 class Net::HTTP::Unlock < Net::HTTPRequest
+  # :stopdoc:
   METHOD = 'UNLOCK'
   REQUEST_HAS_BODY = true
   RESPONSE_HAS_BODY = true
 end
-
diff --git a/lib/net/http/response.rb b/lib/net/http/response.rb
index 40de963868..8804a99c9e 100644
--- a/lib/net/http/response.rb
+++ b/lib/net/http/response.rb
@@ -153,6 +153,7 @@ class Net::HTTPResponse
     end
 
     private
+    # :stopdoc:
 
     def read_status_line(sock)
       str = sock.readline
@@ -259,7 +260,7 @@ class Net::HTTPResponse
   # header.
   attr_accessor :ignore_eof
 
-  def inspect
+  def inspect   # :nodoc:
     "#<#{self.class} #{@code} #{@message} readbody=#{@read}>"
   end
 
diff --git a/lib/net/http/responses.rb b/lib/net/http/responses.rb
index 5e2f8ce1aa..941a6fed80 100644
--- a/lib/net/http/responses.rb
+++ b/lib/net/http/responses.rb
@@ -4,7 +4,9 @@
 
 module Net
 
+  # Unknown HTTP response
   class HTTPUnknownResponse < HTTPResponse
+    # :stopdoc:
     HAS_BODY = true
     EXCEPTION_TYPE = HTTPError                  #
   end
@@ -19,6 +21,7 @@ module Net
   # - {Wikipedia}[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_HTTP_status_codes#1xx_informational_response].
   #
   class HTTPInformation < HTTPResponse
+    # :stopdoc:
     HAS_BODY = false
     EXCEPTION_TYPE = HTTPError                  #
   end
@@ -34,6 +37,7 @@ module Net
   # - {Wikipedia}[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_HTTP_status_codes#2xx_success].
   #
   class HTTPSuccess < HTTPResponse
+    # :stopdoc:
     HAS_BODY = true
     EXCEPTION_TYPE = HTTPError                  #
   end
@@ -49,6 +53,7 @@ module Net
   # - {Wikipedia}[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_HTTP_status_codes#3xx_redirection].
   #
   class HTTPRedirection < HTTPResponse
+    # :stopdoc:
     HAS_BODY = true
     EXCEPTION_TYPE = HTTPRetriableError         #
   end
@@ -63,6 +68,7 @@ module Net
   # - {Wikipedia}[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_HTTP_status_codes#4xx_client_errors].
   #
   class HTTPClientError < HTTPResponse
+    # :stopdoc:
     HAS_BODY = true
     EXCEPTION_TYPE = HTTPClientException        #
   end
@@ -77,6 +83,7 @@ module Net
   # - {Wikipedia}[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_HTTP_status_codes#5xx_server_errors].
   #
   class HTTPServerError < HTTPResponse
+    # :stopdoc:
     HAS_BODY = true
     EXCEPTION_TYPE = HTTPFatalError             #
   end
@@ -94,6 +101,7 @@ module Net
   # - {Wikipedia}[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_HTTP_status_codes#100].
   #
   class HTTPContinue < HTTPInformation
+    # :stopdoc:
     HAS_BODY = false
   end
 
@@ -111,6 +119,7 @@ module Net
   # - {Wikipedia}[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_HTTP_status_codes#101].
   #
   class HTTPSwitchProtocol < HTTPInformation
+    # :stopdoc:
     HAS_BODY = false
   end
 
@@ -127,6 +136,7 @@ module Net
   # - {Wikipedia}[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_HTTP_status_codes#102].
   #
   class HTTPProcessing < HTTPInformation
+    # :stopdoc:
     HAS_BODY = false
   end
 
@@ -145,6 +155,7 @@ module Net
   # - {Wikipedia}[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_HTTP_status_codes#103].
   #
   class HTTPEarlyHints < HTTPInformation
+    # :stopdoc:
     HAS_BODY = false
   end
 
@@ -162,6 +173,7 @@ module Net
   # - {Wikipedia}[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_HTTP_status_codes#200].
   #
   class HTTPOK < HTTPSuccess
+    # :stopdoc:
     HAS_BODY = true
   end
 
@@ -179,6 +191,7 @@ module Net
   # - {Wikipedia}[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_HTTP_status_codes#201].
   #
   class HTTPCreated < HTTPSuccess
+    # :stopdoc:
     HAS_BODY = true
   end
 
@@ -196,6 +209,7 @@ module Net
   # - {Wikipedia}[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_HTTP_status_codes#202].
   #
   class HTTPAccepted < HTTPSuccess
+    # :stopdoc:
     HAS_BODY = true
   end
 
@@ -215,6 +229,7 @@ module Net
   # - {Wikipedia}[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_HTTP_status_codes#203].
   #
   class HTTPNonAuthoritativeInformation < HTTPSuccess
+    # :stopdoc:
     HAS_BODY = true
   end
 
@@ -232,6 +247,7 @@ module Net
   # - {Wikipedia}[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_HTTP_status_codes#204].
   #
   class HTTPNoContent < HTTPSuccess
+    # :stopdoc:
     HAS_BODY = false
   end
 
@@ -250,6 +266,7 @@ module Net
   # - {Wikipedia}[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_HTTP_status_codes#205].
   #
   class HTTPResetContent < HTTPSuccess
+    # :stopdoc:
     HAS_BODY = false
   end
 
@@ -268,6 +285,7 @@ module Net
   # - {Wikipedia}[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_HTTP_status_codes#206].
   #
   class HTTPPartialContent < HTTPSuccess
+    # :stopdoc:
     HAS_BODY = true
   end
 
@@ -285,6 +303,7 @@ module Net
   # - {Wikipedia}[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_HTTP_status_codes#207].
   #
   class HTTPMultiStatus < HTTPSuccess
+    # :stopdoc:
     HAS_BODY = true
   end
 
@@ -304,6 +323,7 @@ module Net
   # - {Wikipedia}[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_HTTP_status_codes#208].
   #
   class HTTPAlreadyReported < HTTPSuccess
+    # :stopdoc:
     HAS_BODY = true
   end
 
@@ -321,6 +341,7 @@ module Net
   # - {Wikipedia}[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_HTTP_status_codes#226].
   #
   class HTTPIMUsed < HTTPSuccess
+    # :stopdoc:
     HAS_BODY = true
   end
 
@@ -338,6 +359,7 @@ module Net
   # - {Wikipedia}[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_HTTP_status_codes#300].
   #
   class HTTPMultipleChoices < HTTPRedirection
+    # :stopdoc:
     HAS_BODY = true
   end
   HTTPMultipleChoice = HTTPMultipleChoices
@@ -356,6 +378,7 @@ module Net
   # - {Wikipedia}[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_HTTP_status_codes#301].
   #
   class HTTPMovedPermanently < HTTPRedirection
+    # :stopdoc:
     HAS_BODY = true
   end
 
@@ -373,6 +396,7 @@ module Net
   # - {Wikipedia}[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_HTTP_status_codes#302].
   #
   class HTTPFound < HTTPRedirection
+    # :stopdoc:
     HAS_BODY = true
   end
   HTTPMovedTemporarily = HTTPFound
@@ -390,6 +414,7 @@ module Net
   # - {Wikipedia}[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_HTTP_status_codes#303].
   #
   class HTTPSeeOther < HTTPRedirection
+    # :stopdoc:
     HAS_BODY = true
   end
 
@@ -407,6 +432,7 @@ module Net
   # - {Wikipedia}[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_HTTP_status_codes#304].
   #
   class HTTPNotModified < HTTPRedirection
+    # :stopdoc:
     HAS_BODY = false
   end
 
@@ -423,6 +449,7 @@ module Net
   # - {Wikipedia}[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_HTTP_status_codes#305].
   #
   class HTTPUseProxy < HTTPRedirection
+    # :stopdoc:
     HAS_BODY = false
   end
 
@@ -440,6 +467,7 @@ module Net
   # - {Wikipedia}[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_HTTP_status_codes#307].
   #
   class HTTPTemporaryRedirect < HTTPRedirection
+    # :stopdoc:
     HAS_BODY = true
   end
 
@@ -456,6 +484,7 @@ module Net
   # - {Wikipedia}[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_HTTP_status_codes#308].
   #
   class HTTPPermanentRedirect < HTTPRedirection
+    # :stopdoc:
     HAS_BODY = true
   end
 
@@ -472,6 +501,7 @@ module Net
   # - {Wikipedia}[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_HTTP_status_codes#400].
   #
   class HTTPBadRequest < HTTPClientError
+    # :stopdoc:
     HAS_BODY = true
   end
 
@@ -488,6 +518,7 @@ module Net
   # - {Wikipedia}[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_HTTP_status_codes#401].
   #
   class HTTPUnauthorized < HTTPClientError
+    # :stopdoc:
     HAS_BODY = true
   end
 
@@ -504,6 +535,7 @@ module Net
   # - {Wikipedia}[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_HTTP_status_codes#402].
   #
   class HTTPPaymentRequired < HTTPClientError
+    # :stopdoc:
     HAS_BODY = true
   end
 
@@ -521,6 +553,7 @@ module Net
   # - {Wikipedia}[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_HTTP_status_codes#403].
   #
   class HTTPForbidden < HTTPClientError
+    # :stopdoc:
     HAS_BODY = true
   end
 
@@ -537,6 +570,7 @@ module Net
   # - {Wikipedia}[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_HTTP_status_codes#404].
   #
   class HTTPNotFound < HTTPClientError
+    # :stopdoc:
     HAS_BODY = true
   end
 
@@ -553,6 +587,7 @@ module Net
   # - {Wikipedia}[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_HTTP_status_codes#405].
   #
   class HTTPMethodNotAllowed < HTTPClientError
+    # :stopdoc:
     HAS_BODY = true
   end
 
@@ -570,6 +605,7 @@ module Net
   # - {Wikipedia}[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_HTTP_status_codes#406].
   #
   class HTTPNotAcceptable < HTTPClientError
+    # :stopdoc:
     HAS_BODY = true
   end
 
@@ -586,6 +622,7 @@ module Net
   # - {Wikipedia}[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_HTTP_status_codes#407].
   #
   class HTTPProxyAuthenticationRequired < HTTPClientError
+    # :stopdoc:
     HAS_BODY = true
   end
 
@@ -602,6 +639,7 @@ module Net
   # - {Wikipedia}[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_HTTP_status_codes#408].
   #
   class HTTPRequestTimeout < HTTPClientError
+    # :stopdoc:
     HAS_BODY = true
   end
   HTTPRequestTimeOut = HTTPRequestTimeout
@@ -619,6 +657,7 @@ module Net
   # - {Wikipedia}[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_HTTP_status_codes#409].
   #
   class HTTPConflict < HTTPClientError
+    # :stopdoc:
     HAS_BODY = true
   end
 
@@ -636,6 +675,7 @@ module Net
   # - {Wikipedia}[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_HTTP_status_codes#410].
   #
   class HTTPGone < HTTPClientError
+    # :stopdoc:
     HAS_BODY = true
   end
 
@@ -653,6 +693,7 @@ module Net
   # - {Wikipedia}[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_HTTP_status_codes#411].
   #
   class HTTPLengthRequired < HTTPClientError
+    # :stopdoc:
     HAS_BODY = true
   end
 
@@ -670,6 +711,7 @@ module Net
   # - {Wikipedia}[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_HTTP_status_codes#412].
   #
   class HTTPPreconditionFailed < HTTPClientError
+    # :stopdoc:
     HAS_BODY = true
   end
 
@@ -686,6 +728,7 @@ module Net
   # - {Wikipedia}[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_HTTP_status_codes#413].
   #
   class HTTPPayloadTooLarge < HTTPClientError
+    # :stopdoc:
     HAS_BODY = true
   end
   HTTPRequestEntityTooLarge = HTTPPayloadTooLarge
@@ -703,6 +746,7 @@ module Net
   # - {Wikipedia}[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_HTTP_status_codes#414].
   #
   class HTTPURITooLong < HTTPClientError
+    # :stopdoc:
     HAS_BODY = true
   end
   HTTPRequestURITooLong = HTTPURITooLong
@@ -721,6 +765,7 @@ module Net
   # - {Wikipedia}[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_HTTP_status_codes#415].
   #
   class HTTPUnsupportedMediaType < HTTPClientError
+    # :stopdoc:
     HAS_BODY = true
   end
 
@@ -737,6 +782,7 @@ module Net
   # - {Wikipedia}[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_HTTP_status_codes#416].
   #
   class HTTPRangeNotSatisfiable < HTTPClientError
+    # :stopdoc:
     HAS_BODY = true
   end
   HTTPRequestedRangeNotSatisfiable = HTTPRangeNotSatisfiable
@@ -754,6 +800,7 @@ module Net
   # - {Wikipedia}[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_HTTP_status_codes#417].
   #
   class HTTPExpectationFailed < HTTPClientError
+    # :stopdoc:
     HAS_BODY = true
   end
 
@@ -774,6 +821,7 @@ module Net
   # - {Wikipedia}[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_HTTP_status_codes#421].
   #
   class HTTPMisdirectedRequest < HTTPClientError
+    # :stopdoc:
     HAS_BODY = true
   end
 
@@ -790,6 +838,7 @@ module Net
   # - {Wikipedia}[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_HTTP_status_codes#422].
   #
   class HTTPUnprocessableEntity < HTTPClientError
+    # :stopdoc:
     HAS_BODY = true
   end
 
@@ -805,6 +854,7 @@ module Net
   # - {Wikipedia}[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_HTTP_status_codes#423].
   #
   class HTTPLocked < HTTPClientError
+    # :stopdoc:
     HAS_BODY = true
   end
 
@@ -821,6 +871,7 @@ module Net
   # - {Wikipedia}[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_HTTP_status_codes#424].
   #
   class HTTPFailedDependency < HTTPClientError
+    # :stopdoc:
     HAS_BODY = true
   end
 
@@ -840,6 +891,7 @@ module Net
   # - {Wikipedia}[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_HTTP_status_codes#426].
   #
   class HTTPUpgradeRequired < HTTPClientError
+    # :stopdoc:
     HAS_BODY = true
   end
 
@@ -856,6 +908,7 @@ module Net
   # - {Wikipedia}[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_HTTP_status_codes#428].
   #
   class HTTPPreconditionRequired < HTTPClientError
+    # :stopdoc:
     HAS_BODY = true
   end
 
@@ -872,6 +925,7 @@ module Net
   # - {Wikipedia}[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_HTTP_status_codes#429].
   #
   class HTTPTooManyRequests < HTTPClientError
+    # :stopdoc:
     HAS_BODY = true
   end
 
@@ -889,6 +943,7 @@ module Net
   # - {Wikipedia}[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_HTTP_status_codes#431].
   #
   class HTTPRequestHeaderFieldsTooLarge < HTTPClientError
+    # :stopdoc:
     HAS_BODY = true
   end
 
@@ -906,6 +961,7 @@ module Net
   # - {Wikipedia}[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_HTTP_status_codes#451].
   #
   class HTTPUnavailableForLegalReasons < HTTPClientError
+    # :stopdoc:
     HAS_BODY = true
   end
   # 444 No Response - Nginx
@@ -926,6 +982,7 @@ module Net
   # - {Wikipedia}[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_HTTP_status_codes#500].
   #
   class HTTPInternalServerError < HTTPServerError
+    # :stopdoc:
     HAS_BODY = true
   end
 
@@ -943,6 +1000,7 @@ module Net
   # - {Wikipedia}[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_HTTP_status_codes#501].
   #
   class HTTPNotImplemented < HTTPServerError
+    # :stopdoc:
     HAS_BODY = true
   end
 
@@ -960,6 +1018,7 @@ module Net
   # - {Wikipedia}[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_HTTP_status_codes#502].
   #
   class HTTPBadGateway < HTTPServerError
+    # :stopdoc:
     HAS_BODY = true
   end
 
@@ -977,6 +1036,7 @@ module Net
   # - {Wikipedia}[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_HTTP_status_codes#503].
   #
   class HTTPServiceUnavailable < HTTPServerError
+    # :stopdoc:
     HAS_BODY = true
   end
 
@@ -994,6 +1054,7 @@ module Net
   # - {Wikipedia}[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_HTTP_status_codes#504].
   #
   class HTTPGatewayTimeout < HTTPServerError
+    # :stopdoc:
     HAS_BODY = true
   end
   HTTPGatewayTimeOut = HTTPGatewayTimeout
@@ -1011,6 +1072,7 @@ module Net
   # - {Wikipedia}[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_HTTP_status_codes#505].
   #
   class HTTPVersionNotSupported < HTTPServerError
+    # :stopdoc:
     HAS_BODY = true
   end
 
@@ -1027,6 +1089,7 @@ module Net
   # - {Wikipedia}[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_HTTP_status_codes#506].
   #
   class HTTPVariantAlsoNegotiates < HTTPServerError
+    # :stopdoc:
     HAS_BODY = true
   end
 
@@ -1043,6 +1106,7 @@ module Net
   # - {Wikipedia}[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_HTTP_status_codes#507].
   #
   class HTTPInsufficientStorage < HTTPServerError
+    # :stopdoc:
     HAS_BODY = true
   end
 
@@ -1059,6 +1123,7 @@ module Net
   # - {Wikipedia}[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_HTTP_status_codes#508].
   #
   class HTTPLoopDetected < HTTPServerError
+    # :stopdoc:
     HAS_BODY = true
   end
   # 509 Bandwidth Limit Exceeded - Apache bw/limited extension
@@ -1076,6 +1141,7 @@ module Net
   # - {Wikipedia}[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_HTTP_status_codes#510].
   #
   class HTTPNotExtended < HTTPServerError
+    # :stopdoc:
     HAS_BODY = true
   end
 
@@ -1092,12 +1158,14 @@ module Net
   # - {Wikipedia}[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_HTTP_status_codes#511].
   #
   class HTTPNetworkAuthenticationRequired < HTTPServerError
+    # :stopdoc:
     HAS_BODY = true
   end
 
 end
 
 class Net::HTTPResponse
+  # :stopdoc:
   CODE_CLASS_TO_OBJ = {
     '1' => Net::HTTPInformation,
     '2' => Net::HTTPSuccess,
diff --git a/lib/net/net-protocol.gemspec b/lib/net/net-protocol.gemspec
index f9fd83f12b..2d911a966c 100644
--- a/lib/net/net-protocol.gemspec
+++ b/lib/net/net-protocol.gemspec
@@ -25,9 +25,8 @@ Gem::Specification.new do |spec|
 
   # Specify which files should be added to the gem when it is released.
   # The `git ls-files -z` loads the files in the RubyGem that have been added into git.
-  spec.files         = Dir.chdir(File.expand_path('..', __FILE__)) do
-    `git ls-files -z 2>#{IO::NULL}`.split("\x0").reject { |f| f.match(%r{^(test|spec|features)/}) }
-  end
+  excludes = %W[/.git* /bin /test /*file /#{File.basename(__FILE__)}]
+  spec.files = IO.popen(%W[git -C #{__dir__} ls-files -z --] + excludes.map {|e| ":^#{e}"}, &:read).split("\x0")
   spec.require_paths = ["lib"]
 
   spec.add_dependency "timeout"
diff --git a/lib/net/protocol.rb b/lib/net/protocol.rb
index 197ea09089..8c81298c0e 100644
--- a/lib/net/protocol.rb
+++ b/lib/net/protocol.rb
@@ -54,9 +54,20 @@ module Net # :nodoc:
         s.connect
       end
     end
+
+    tcp_socket_parameters = TCPSocket.instance_method(:initialize).parameters
+    TCP_SOCKET_NEW_HAS_OPEN_TIMEOUT = if tcp_socket_parameters != [[:rest]]
+      tcp_socket_parameters.include?([:key, :open_timeout])
+    else
+      # Use Socket.tcp to find out since there is no parameters information for TCPSocket#initialize
+      # See discussion in https://github.com/ruby/net-http/pull/224
+      Socket.method(:tcp).parameters.include?([:key, :open_timeout])
+    end
+    private_constant :TCP_SOCKET_NEW_HAS_OPEN_TIMEOUT
   end
 
 
+  # :stopdoc:
   class ProtocolError          < StandardError; end
   class ProtoSyntaxError       < ProtocolError; end
   class ProtoFatalError        < ProtocolError; end
@@ -66,6 +77,7 @@ module Net # :nodoc:
   class ProtoCommandError      < ProtocolError; end
   class ProtoRetriableError    < ProtocolError; end
   ProtocRetryError = ProtoRetriableError
+  # :startdoc:
 
   ##
   # OpenTimeout, a subclass of Timeout::Error, is raised if a connection cannot
@@ -78,6 +90,7 @@ module Net # :nodoc:
   # response cannot be read within the read_timeout.
 
   class ReadTimeout < Timeout::Error
+    # :stopdoc:
     def initialize(io = nil)
       @io = io
     end
@@ -97,6 +110,7 @@ module Net # :nodoc:
   # response cannot be written within the write_timeout.  Not raised on Windows.
 
   class WriteTimeout < Timeout::Error
+    # :stopdoc:
     def initialize(io = nil)
       @io = io
     end
@@ -484,6 +498,7 @@ module Net # :nodoc:
   # The writer adapter class
   #
   class WriteAdapter
+    # :stopdoc:
     def initialize(writer)
       @writer = writer
     end
diff --git a/lib/open-uri.rb b/lib/open-uri.rb
index de710af261..5983c7368b 100644
--- a/lib/open-uri.rb
+++ b/lib/open-uri.rb
@@ -91,8 +91,10 @@ end
 
 module OpenURI
 
+  # The version string
   VERSION = "0.5.0"
 
+  # The default options
   Options = {
     :proxy => true,
     :proxy_http_basic_authentication => true,
@@ -394,24 +396,28 @@ module OpenURI
     end
   end
 
+  # Raised on HTTP session failure
   class HTTPError < StandardError
-    def initialize(message, io)
+    def initialize(message, io) # :nodoc:
       super(message)
       @io = io
     end
+    # StringIO having the received data
     attr_reader :io
   end
 
   # Raised on redirection,
   # only occurs when +redirect+ option for HTTP is +false+.
   class HTTPRedirect < HTTPError
-    def initialize(message, io, uri)
+    def initialize(message, io, uri) # :nodoc:
       super(message, io)
       @uri = uri
     end
+    # URI to redirect
     attr_reader :uri
   end
 
+  # Raised on too many redirection,
   class TooManyRedirects < HTTPError
   end
 
diff --git a/lib/open3/version.rb b/lib/open3/version.rb
index bfcec44ccc..322dd71e2a 100644
--- a/lib/open3/version.rb
+++ b/lib/open3/version.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
 module Open3
+  # The version string
   VERSION = "0.2.1"
 end
diff --git a/lib/optparse.rb b/lib/optparse.rb
index e1069b3505..97178e284b 100644
--- a/lib/optparse.rb
+++ b/lib/optparse.rb
@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@
 #
 # See OptionParser for documentation.
 #
+require 'set' unless defined?(Set)
 
 #--
 # == Developer Documentation (not for RDoc output)
@@ -425,7 +426,9 @@
 #
 class OptionParser
   # The version string
-  OptionParser::Version = "0.7.0.dev.2"
+  VERSION = "0.8.1"
+  # An alias for compatibility
+  Version = VERSION
 
   # :stopdoc:
   NoArgument = [NO_ARGUMENT = :NONE, nil].freeze
@@ -469,7 +472,6 @@ class OptionParser
       Completion.candidate(key, icase, pat, &method(:each))
     end
 
-    public
     def complete(key, icase = false, pat = nil)
       candidates = candidate(key, icase, pat, &method(:each)).sort_by {|k, v, kn| kn.size}
       if candidates.size == 1
@@ -559,7 +561,7 @@ class OptionParser
     # Parses +arg+ and returns rest of +arg+ and matched portion to the
     # argument pattern. Yields when the pattern doesn't match substring.
     #
-    def parse_arg(arg) # :nodoc:
+    private def parse_arg(arg) # :nodoc:
       pattern or return nil, [arg]
       unless m = pattern.match(arg)
         yield(InvalidArgument, arg)
@@ -577,14 +579,13 @@ class OptionParser
       yield(InvalidArgument, arg) # didn't match whole arg
       return arg[s.length..-1], m
     end
-    private :parse_arg
 
     #
     # Parses argument, converts and returns +arg+, +block+ and result of
     # conversion. Yields at semi-error condition instead of raising an
     # exception.
     #
-    def conv_arg(arg, val = []) # :nodoc:
+    private def conv_arg(arg, val = []) # :nodoc:
       v, = *val
       if conv
         val = conv.call(*val)
@@ -596,7 +597,6 @@ class OptionParser
       end
       return arg, block, val
     end
-    private :conv_arg
 
     #
     # Produces the summary text. Each line of the summary is yielded to the
@@ -880,14 +880,13 @@ class OptionParser
     # +lopts+::  Long style option list.
     # +nlopts+:: Negated long style options list.
     #
-    def update(sw, sopts, lopts, nsw = nil, nlopts = nil) # :nodoc:
+    private def update(sw, sopts, lopts, nsw = nil, nlopts = nil) # :nodoc:
       sopts.each {|o| @short[o] = sw} if sopts
       lopts.each {|o| @long[o] = sw} if lopts
       nlopts.each {|o| @long[o] = nsw} if nsw and nlopts
       used = @short.invert.update(@long.invert)
       @list.delete_if {|o| Switch === o and !used[o]}
     end
-    private :update
 
     #
     # Inserts +switch+ at the head of the list, and associates short, long
@@ -1293,7 +1292,15 @@ XXX
   # to $0.
   #
   def program_name
-    @program_name || File.basename($0, '.*')
+    @program_name || strip_ext(File.basename($0))
+  end
+
+  private def strip_ext(name)  # :nodoc:
+    exts = /#{
+      require "rbconfig"
+      Regexp.union(*RbConfig::CONFIG["EXECUTABLE_EXTS"]&.split(" "))
+    }\z/o
+    name.sub(exts, "")
   end
 
   # for experimental cascading :-)
@@ -1448,14 +1455,13 @@ XXX
   # +prv+:: Previously specified argument.
   # +msg+:: Exception message.
   #
-  def notwice(obj, prv, msg) # :nodoc:
+  private def notwice(obj, prv, msg) # :nodoc:
     unless !prv or prv == obj
       raise(ArgumentError, "argument #{msg} given twice: #{obj}",
             ParseError.filter_backtrace(caller(2)))
     end
     obj
   end
-  private :notwice
 
   SPLAT_PROC = proc {|*a| a.length <= 1 ? a.first : a} # :nodoc:
 
@@ -1500,7 +1506,7 @@ XXX
       case o
       when Proc, Method
         block = notwice(o, block, 'block')
-      when Array, Hash
+      when Array, Hash, Set
         if Array === o
           o, v = o.partition {|v,| Completion.completable?(v)}
           values = notwice(v, values, 'values') unless v.empty?
@@ -1722,7 +1728,7 @@ XXX
     parse_in_order(argv, setter, **keywords, &nonopt)
   end
 
-  def parse_in_order(argv = default_argv, setter = nil, exact: require_exact, **, &nonopt)  # :nodoc:
+  private def parse_in_order(argv = default_argv, setter = nil, exact: require_exact, **, &nonopt)  # :nodoc:
     opt, arg, val, rest = nil
     nonopt ||= proc {|a| throw :terminate, a}
     argv.unshift(arg) if arg = catch(:terminate) {
@@ -1813,10 +1819,9 @@ XXX
 
     argv
   end
-  private :parse_in_order
 
   # Calls callback with _val_.
-  def callback!(cb, max_arity, *args) # :nodoc:
+  private def callback!(cb, max_arity, *args) # :nodoc:
     args.compact!
 
     if (size = args.size) < max_arity and cb.to_proc.lambda?
@@ -1826,7 +1831,6 @@ XXX
     end
     cb.call(*args)
   end
-  private :callback!
 
   #
   # Parses command line arguments +argv+ in permutation mode and returns
@@ -1846,7 +1850,7 @@ XXX
   #
   def permute!(argv = default_argv, **keywords)
     nonopts = []
-    order!(argv, **keywords, &nonopts.method(:<<))
+    order!(argv, **keywords) {|nonopt| nonopts << nonopt}
     argv[0, 0] = nonopts
     argv
   end
@@ -1899,13 +1903,16 @@ XXX
     single_options, *long_options = *args
 
     result = {}
+    setter = (symbolize_names ?
+                ->(name, val) {result[name.to_sym] = val}
+              : ->(name, val) {result[name] = val})
 
     single_options.scan(/(.)(:)?/) do |opt, val|
       if val
-        result[opt] = nil
+        setter[opt, nil]
         define("-#{opt} VAL")
       else
-        result[opt] = false
+        setter[opt, false]
         define("-#{opt}")
       end
     end if single_options
@@ -1914,16 +1921,16 @@ XXX
       arg, desc = arg.split(';', 2)
       opt, val = arg.split(':', 2)
       if val
-        result[opt] = val.empty? ? nil : val
+        setter[opt, (val unless val.empty?)]
         define("--#{opt}=#{result[opt] || "VAL"}", *[desc].compact)
       else
-        result[opt] = false
+        setter[opt, false]
         define("--#{opt}", *[desc].compact)
       end
     end
 
-    parse_in_order(argv, result.method(:[]=), **keywords)
-    symbolize_names ? result.transform_keys(&:to_sym) : result
+    parse_in_order(argv, setter, **keywords)
+    result
   end
 
   #
@@ -1937,24 +1944,22 @@ XXX
   # Traverses @stack, sending each element method +id+ with +args+ and
   # +block+.
   #
-  def visit(id, *args, &block) # :nodoc:
+  private def visit(id, *args, &block) # :nodoc:
     @stack.reverse_each do |el|
       el.__send__(id, *args, &block)
     end
     nil
   end
-  private :visit
 
   #
   # Searches +key+ in @stack for +id+ hash and returns or yields the result.
   #
-  def search(id, key) # :nodoc:
+  private def search(id, key) # :nodoc:
     block_given = block_given?
     visit(:search, id, key) do |k|
       return block_given ? yield(k) : k
     end
   end
-  private :search
 
   #
   # Completes shortened long style option switch and returns pair of
@@ -1965,7 +1970,7 @@ XXX
   # +icase+:: Search case insensitive if true.
   # +pat+::   Optional pattern for completion.
   #
-  def complete(typ, opt, icase = false, *pat) # :nodoc:
+  private def complete(typ, opt, icase = false, *pat) # :nodoc:
     if pat.empty?
       search(typ, opt) {|sw| return [sw, opt]} # exact match or...
     end
@@ -1973,9 +1978,8 @@ XXX
       visit(:complete, typ, opt, icase, *pat) {|o, *sw| return sw}
     }
     exc = ambiguous ? AmbiguousOption : InvalidOption
-    raise exc.new(opt, additional: self.method(:additional_message).curry[typ])
+    raise exc.new(opt, additional: proc {|o| additional_message(typ, o)})
   end
-  private :complete
 
   #
   # Returns additional info.
@@ -2038,19 +2042,27 @@ XXX
   def load(filename = nil, **keywords)
     unless filename
       basename = File.basename($0, '.*')
-      return true if load(File.expand_path(basename, '~/.options'), **keywords) rescue nil
+      return true if load(File.expand_path("~/.options/#{basename}"), **keywords) rescue nil
       basename << ".options"
+      if !(xdg = ENV['XDG_CONFIG_HOME']) or xdg.empty?
+        # https://specifications.freedesktop.org/basedir-spec/latest/#variables
+        #
+        # If $XDG_CONFIG_HOME is either not set or empty, a default
+        # equal to $HOME/.config should be used.
+        xdg = ['~/.config', true]
+      end
       return [
-        # XDG
-        ENV['XDG_CONFIG_HOME'],
-        '~/.config',
+        xdg,
+
         *ENV['XDG_CONFIG_DIRS']&.split(File::PATH_SEPARATOR),
 
         # Haiku
-        '~/config/settings',
-      ].any? {|dir|
+        ['~/config/settings', true],
+      ].any? {|dir, expand|
         next if !dir or dir.empty?
-        load(File.expand_path(basename, dir), **keywords) rescue nil
+        filename = File.join(dir, basename)
+        filename = File.expand_path(filename) if expand
+        load(filename, **keywords) rescue nil
       }
     end
     begin
@@ -2256,9 +2268,10 @@ XXX
       argv
     end
 
+    DIR = File.join(__dir__, '')
     def self.filter_backtrace(array)
       unless $DEBUG
-        array.delete_if(&%r"\A#{Regexp.quote(__FILE__)}:"o.method(:=~))
+        array.delete_if {|bt| bt.start_with?(DIR)}
       end
       array
     end
@@ -2301,42 +2314,42 @@ XXX
   # Raises when ambiguously completable string is encountered.
   #
   class AmbiguousOption < ParseError
-    const_set(:Reason, 'ambiguous option')
+    Reason = 'ambiguous option'    # :nodoc:
   end
 
   #
   # Raises when there is an argument for a switch which takes no argument.
   #
   class NeedlessArgument < ParseError
-    const_set(:Reason, 'needless argument')
+    Reason = 'needless argument'    # :nodoc:
   end
 
   #
   # Raises when a switch with mandatory argument has no argument.
   #
   class MissingArgument < ParseError
-    const_set(:Reason, 'missing argument')
+    Reason = 'missing argument'    # :nodoc:
   end
 
   #
   # Raises when switch is undefined.
   #
   class InvalidOption < ParseError
-    const_set(:Reason, 'invalid option')
+    Reason = 'invalid option'    # :nodoc:
   end
 
   #
   # Raises when the given argument does not match required format.
   #
   class InvalidArgument < ParseError
-    const_set(:Reason, 'invalid argument')
+    Reason = 'invalid argument'    # :nodoc:
   end
 
   #
   # Raises when the given argument word can't be completed uniquely.
   #
   class AmbiguousArgument < InvalidArgument
-    const_set(:Reason, 'ambiguous argument')
+    Reason = 'ambiguous argument'    # :nodoc:
   end
 
   #
@@ -2435,9 +2448,11 @@ XXX
   # and DecimalNumeric. See Acceptable argument classes (in source code).
   #
   module Acceptables
-    const_set(:DecimalInteger, OptionParser::DecimalInteger)
-    const_set(:OctalInteger, OptionParser::OctalInteger)
-    const_set(:DecimalNumeric, OptionParser::DecimalNumeric)
+    # :stopdoc:
+    DecimalInteger = OptionParser::DecimalInteger
+    OctalInteger = OptionParser::OctalInteger
+    DecimalNumeric = OptionParser::DecimalNumeric
+    # :startdoc:
   end
 end
 
diff --git a/lib/optparse/optparse.gemspec b/lib/optparse/optparse.gemspec
index 8589f1857c..885b0ec380 100644
--- a/lib/optparse/optparse.gemspec
+++ b/lib/optparse/optparse.gemspec
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 name = File.basename(__FILE__, ".gemspec")
 version = ["lib", Array.new(name.count("-")+1, "..").join("/")].find do |dir|
   break File.foreach(File.join(__dir__, dir, "#{name.tr('-', '/')}.rb")) do |line|
-    /^\s*OptionParser::Version\s*=\s*"(.*)"/ =~ line and break $1
+    /^\s*VERSION\s*=\s*"(.*)"/ =~ line and break $1
   end rescue nil
 end
 
@@ -25,8 +25,9 @@ Gem::Specification.new do |spec|
   spec.metadata["homepage_uri"] = spec.homepage
   spec.metadata["source_code_uri"] = spec.homepage
 
-  spec.files         = Dir["{doc,lib,misc}/**/{*,.document}"] +
-                       %w[README.md ChangeLog COPYING .document .rdoc_options]
+  dir, gemspec = File.split(__FILE__)
+  excludes = %W[#{gemspec} rakelib test/ Gemfile Rakefile .git* .editor*].map {|n| ":^"+n}
+  spec.files = IO.popen(%w[git ls-files -z --] + excludes, chdir: dir, &:read).split("\x0")
   spec.bindir        = "exe"
   spec.executables   = []
   spec.require_paths = ["lib"]
diff --git a/lib/pathname.rb b/lib/pathname.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..b19e379cd4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/pathname.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,74 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+#
+# = pathname.rb
+#
+# Object-Oriented Pathname Class
+#
+# Author:: Tanaka Akira <akr@m17n.org>
+# Documentation:: Author and Gavin Sinclair
+#
+# For documentation, see class Pathname.
+#
+
+class Pathname    # * Find *
+  #
+  # Iterates over the directory tree in a depth first manner, yielding a
+  # Pathname for each file under "this" directory.
+  #
+  # Note that you need to require 'pathname' to use this method.
+  #
+  # Returns an Enumerator if no block is given.
+  #
+  # Since it is implemented by the standard library module Find, Find.prune can
+  # be used to control the traversal.
+  #
+  # If +self+ is +.+, yielded pathnames begin with a filename in the
+  # current directory, not +./+.
+  #
+  # See Find.find
+  #
+  def find(ignore_error: true) # :yield: pathname
+    return to_enum(__method__, ignore_error: ignore_error) unless block_given?
+    require 'find'
+    if @path == '.'
+      Find.find(@path, ignore_error: ignore_error) {|f| yield self.class.new(f.delete_prefix('./')) }
+    else
+      Find.find(@path, ignore_error: ignore_error) {|f| yield self.class.new(f) }
+    end
+  end
+end
+
+
+class Pathname    # * FileUtils *
+  # Recursively deletes a directory, including all directories beneath it.
+  #
+  # Note that you need to require 'pathname' to use this method.
+  #
+  # See FileUtils.rm_rf
+  def rmtree(noop: nil, verbose: nil, secure: nil)
+    # The name "rmtree" is borrowed from File::Path of Perl.
+    # File::Path provides "mkpath" and "rmtree".
+    require 'fileutils'
+    FileUtils.rm_rf(@path, noop: noop, verbose: verbose, secure: secure)
+    self
+  end
+end
+
+class Pathname    # * tmpdir *
+  # Creates a tmp directory and wraps the returned path in a Pathname object.
+  #
+  # Note that you need to require 'pathname' to use this method.
+  #
+  # See Dir.mktmpdir
+  def self.mktmpdir
+    require 'tmpdir' unless defined?(Dir.mktmpdir)
+    if block_given?
+      Dir.mktmpdir do |dir|
+        dir = self.new(dir)
+        yield dir
+      end
+    else
+      self.new(Dir.mktmpdir)
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/lib/pp.rb b/lib/pp.rb
index 5318395631..5fd29a373a 100644
--- a/lib/pp.rb
+++ b/lib/pp.rb
@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ require 'prettyprint'
 class PP < PrettyPrint
 
   # The version string
-  VERSION = "0.6.2"
+  VERSION = "0.6.3"
 
   # Returns the usable width for +out+.
   # As the width of +out+:
@@ -145,21 +145,13 @@ class PP < PrettyPrint
     # Yields to a block
     # and preserves the previous set of objects being printed.
     def guard_inspect_key
-      if Thread.current[:__recursive_key__] == nil
-        Thread.current[:__recursive_key__] = {}.compare_by_identity
-      end
-
-      if Thread.current[:__recursive_key__][:inspect] == nil
-        Thread.current[:__recursive_key__][:inspect] = {}.compare_by_identity
-      end
-
-      save = Thread.current[:__recursive_key__][:inspect]
-
+      recursive_state = Thread.current[:__recursive_key__] ||= {}.compare_by_identity
+      save = recursive_state[:inspect] ||= {}.compare_by_identity
       begin
-        Thread.current[:__recursive_key__][:inspect] = {}.compare_by_identity
+        recursive_state[:inspect] = {}.compare_by_identity
         yield
       ensure
-        Thread.current[:__recursive_key__][:inspect] = save
+        recursive_state[:inspect] = save
       end
     end
 
@@ -167,9 +159,8 @@ class PP < PrettyPrint
     # to be pretty printed. Used to break cycles in chains of objects to be
     # pretty printed.
     def check_inspect_key(id)
-      Thread.current[:__recursive_key__] &&
-      Thread.current[:__recursive_key__][:inspect] &&
-      Thread.current[:__recursive_key__][:inspect].include?(id)
+      recursive_state = Thread.current[:__recursive_key__] or return false
+      recursive_state[:inspect]&.include?(id)
     end
 
     # Adds the object_id +id+ to the set of objects being pretty printed, so
@@ -183,10 +174,10 @@ class PP < PrettyPrint
       Thread.current[:__recursive_key__][:inspect].delete id
     end
 
-    private def guard_inspect(object)
+    private def guard_inspect(object) # :nodoc:
       recursive_state = Thread.current[:__recursive_key__]
 
-      if recursive_state && recursive_state.key?(:inspect)
+      if recursive_state&.key?(:inspect)
         begin
           push_inspect_key(object)
           yield
@@ -286,7 +277,7 @@ class PP < PrettyPrint
         kwsplat ? yield(*v, **kwsplat) : yield(*v)
       }
     end
-    EMPTY_KWHASH = if RUBY_VERSION >= "3.0"
+    EMPTY_KWHASH = if RUBY_VERSION >= "3.0" # :nodoc:
       {}.freeze
     end
     private_constant :EMPTY_KWHASH
@@ -322,12 +313,10 @@ class PP < PrettyPrint
       # A pretty print for a pair of Hash
       def pp_hash_pair(k, v)
         if Symbol === k
-          sym_s = k.inspect
-          if sym_s[1].match?(/["$@!]/) || sym_s[-1].match?(/[%&*+\-\/<=>@\]^`|~]/)
-            text "#{k.to_s.inspect}:"
-          else
-            text "#{k}:"
+          if k.inspect.match?(%r[\A:["$@!]|[%&*+\-\/<=>@\]^`|~]\z])
+            k = k.to_s.inspect
           end
+          text "#{k}:"
         else
           pp k
           text ' '
@@ -399,7 +388,8 @@ class PP < PrettyPrint
     # This method should return an array of names of instance variables as symbols or strings as:
     # +[:@a, :@b]+.
     def pretty_print_instance_variables
-      instance_variables.sort
+      ivars = respond_to?(:instance_variables_to_inspect, true) ? instance_variables_to_inspect || instance_variables : instance_variables
+      ivars.sort
     end
 
     # Is #inspect implementation using #pretty_print.
@@ -442,22 +432,27 @@ class Hash # :nodoc:
   end
 end
 
+if defined?(Set)
+  if set_pp = Set.instance_method(:initialize).source_location
+    set_pp = !set_pp.first.end_with?("/set.rb") # not defined in set.rb
+  else
+    set_pp = true               # defined in C
+  end
+end
 class Set # :nodoc:
   def pretty_print(pp)  # :nodoc:
-    pp.group(1, '#<Set:', '>') {
-      pp.breakable
-      pp.group(1, '{', '}') {
-        pp.seplist(self) { |o|
-          pp.pp o
-        }
+    pp.group(1, "#{self.class.name}[", ']') {
+      pp.seplist(self) { |o|
+        pp.pp o
       }
     }
   end
 
   def pretty_print_cycle(pp)    # :nodoc:
-    pp.text sprintf('#<Set: {%s}>', empty? ? '' : '...')
+    name = self.class.name
+    pp.text(empty? ? "#{name}[]" : "#{name}[...]")
   end
-end
+end if set_pp
 
 class << ENV # :nodoc:
   def pretty_print(q) # :nodoc:
@@ -489,6 +484,13 @@ class Struct # :nodoc:
   end
 end
 
+verbose, $VERBOSE = $VERBOSE, nil
+begin
+  has_data_define = defined?(Data.define)
+ensure
+  $VERBOSE = verbose
+end
+
 class Data # :nodoc:
   def pretty_print(q) # :nodoc:
     class_name = PP.mcall(self, Kernel, :class).name
@@ -521,7 +523,7 @@ class Data # :nodoc:
   def pretty_print_cycle(q) # :nodoc:
     q.text sprintf("#<data %s:...>", PP.mcall(self, Kernel, :class).name)
   end
-end if defined?(Data.define)
+end if has_data_define
 
 class Range # :nodoc:
   def pretty_print(q) # :nodoc:
diff --git a/lib/prettyprint.rb b/lib/prettyprint.rb
index 6f50192f5d..a65407c130 100644
--- a/lib/prettyprint.rb
+++ b/lib/prettyprint.rb
@@ -33,6 +33,7 @@
 #
 class PrettyPrint
 
+  # The version string
   VERSION = "0.2.0"
 
   # This is a convenience method which is same as follows:
diff --git a/lib/prism.rb b/lib/prism.rb
index dceba4b1f5..d809557fce 100644
--- a/lib/prism.rb
+++ b/lib/prism.rb
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ module Prism
   autoload :DSL, "prism/dsl"
   autoload :InspectVisitor, "prism/inspect_visitor"
   autoload :LexCompat, "prism/lex_compat"
-  autoload :LexRipper, "prism/lex_compat"
+  autoload :LexRipper, "prism/lex_ripper"
   autoload :MutationCompiler, "prism/mutation_compiler"
   autoload :Pack, "prism/pack"
   autoload :Pattern, "prism/pattern"
@@ -37,6 +37,26 @@ module Prism
   private_constant :LexCompat
   private_constant :LexRipper
 
+  # Raised when requested to parse as the currently running Ruby version but Prism has no support for it.
+  class CurrentVersionError < ArgumentError
+    # Initialize a new exception for the given ruby version string.
+    def initialize(version)
+      message = +"invalid version: Requested to parse as `version: 'current'`; "
+      segments =
+        if version.match?(/\A\d+\.\d+.\d+\z/)
+          version.split(".").map(&:to_i)
+        end
+
+      if segments && ((segments[0] < 3) || (segments[0] == 3 && segments[1] < 3))
+        message << " #{version} is below the minimum supported syntax."
+      else
+        message << " #{version} is unknown. Please update the `prism` gem."
+      end
+
+      super(message)
+    end
+  end
+
   # :call-seq:
   #   Prism::lex_compat(source, **options) -> LexCompat::Result
   #
diff --git a/lib/prism/ffi.rb b/lib/prism/ffi.rb
index 5a4ba09a4f..d4c9d60c9a 100644
--- a/lib/prism/ffi.rb
+++ b/lib/prism/ffi.rb
@@ -86,6 +86,7 @@ module Prism
     end
 
     callback :pm_parse_stream_fgets_t, [:pointer, :int, :pointer], :pointer
+    callback :pm_parse_stream_feof_t, [:pointer], :int
     enum :pm_string_init_result_t, %i[PM_STRING_INIT_SUCCESS PM_STRING_INIT_ERROR_GENERIC PM_STRING_INIT_ERROR_DIRECTORY]
     enum :pm_string_query_t, [:PM_STRING_QUERY_ERROR, -1, :PM_STRING_QUERY_FALSE, :PM_STRING_QUERY_TRUE]
 
@@ -101,7 +102,7 @@ module Prism
       "pm_string_query_local",
       "pm_string_query_constant",
       "pm_string_query_method_name",
-      [:pm_parse_stream_fgets_t]
+      [:pm_parse_stream_fgets_t, :pm_parse_stream_feof_t]
     )
 
     load_exported_functions_from(
@@ -281,12 +282,14 @@ module Prism
           end
         }
 
+        eof_callback = -> (_) { stream.eof?  }
+
         # In the pm_serialize_parse_stream function it accepts a pointer to the
         # IO object as a void* and then passes it through to the callback as the
         # third argument, but it never touches it itself. As such, since we have
         # access to the IO object already through the closure of the lambda, we
         # can pass a null pointer here and not worry.
-        LibRubyParser.pm_serialize_parse_stream(buffer.pointer, nil, callback, dump_options(options))
+        LibRubyParser.pm_serialize_parse_stream(buffer.pointer, nil, callback, eof_callback, dump_options(options))
         Prism.load(source, buffer.read, options.fetch(:freeze, false))
       end
     end
@@ -420,17 +423,25 @@ module Prism
 
     # Return the value that should be dumped for the version option.
     def dump_options_version(version)
-      case version
+      current = version == "current"
+
+      case current ? RUBY_VERSION : version
       when nil, "latest"
-        0
+        0 # Handled in pm_parser_init
       when /\A3\.3(\.\d+)?\z/
         1
       when /\A3\.4(\.\d+)?\z/
         2
-      when /\A3\.5(\.\d+)?\z/
-        0
+      when /\A3\.5(\.\d+)?\z/, /\A4\.0(\.\d+)?\z/
+        3
+      when /\A4\.1(\.\d+)?\z/
+        4
       else
-        raise ArgumentError, "invalid version: #{version}"
+        if current
+          raise CurrentVersionError, RUBY_VERSION
+        else
+          raise ArgumentError, "invalid version: #{version}"
+        end
       end
     end
 
diff --git a/lib/prism/lex_compat.rb b/lib/prism/lex_compat.rb
index 9b3f025ab6..b7c54178ac 100644
--- a/lib/prism/lex_compat.rb
+++ b/lib/prism/lex_compat.rb
@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@
 # :markup: markdown
 
 require "delegate"
-require "ripper"
 
 module Prism
   # This class is responsible for lexing the source using prism and then
@@ -226,14 +225,6 @@ module Prism
       end
     end
 
-    # Ripper doesn't include the rest of the token in the event, so we need to
-    # trim it down to just the content on the first line when comparing.
-    class EndContentToken < Token
-      def ==(other) # :nodoc:
-        [self[0], self[1], self[2][0..self[2].index("\n")], self[3]] == other
-      end
-    end
-
     # Tokens where state should be ignored
     # used for :on_comment, :on_heredoc_end, :on_embexpr_end
     class IgnoreStateToken < Token
@@ -249,8 +240,8 @@ module Prism
     class IdentToken < Token
       def ==(other) # :nodoc:
         (self[0...-1] == other[0...-1]) && (
-          (other[3] == Ripper::EXPR_LABEL | Ripper::EXPR_END) ||
-          (other[3] & Ripper::EXPR_ARG_ANY != 0)
+          (other[3] == Translation::Ripper::EXPR_LABEL | Translation::Ripper::EXPR_END) ||
+          (other[3] & (Translation::Ripper::EXPR_ARG | Translation::Ripper::EXPR_CMDARG) != 0)
         )
       end
     end
@@ -261,8 +252,8 @@ module Prism
       def ==(other) # :nodoc:
         return false unless self[0...-1] == other[0...-1]
 
-        if self[3] == Ripper::EXPR_ARG | Ripper::EXPR_LABELED
-          other[3] & Ripper::EXPR_ARG | Ripper::EXPR_LABELED != 0
+        if self[3] == Translation::Ripper::EXPR_ARG | Translation::Ripper::EXPR_LABELED
+          other[3] & Translation::Ripper::EXPR_ARG | Translation::Ripper::EXPR_LABELED != 0
         else
           self[3] == other[3]
         end
@@ -280,8 +271,8 @@ module Prism
     class ParamToken < Token
       def ==(other) # :nodoc:
         (self[0...-1] == other[0...-1]) && (
-          (other[3] == Ripper::EXPR_END) ||
-          (other[3] == Ripper::EXPR_END | Ripper::EXPR_LABEL)
+          (other[3] == Translation::Ripper::EXPR_END) ||
+          (other[3] == Translation::Ripper::EXPR_END | Translation::Ripper::EXPR_LABEL)
         )
       end
     end
@@ -615,6 +606,11 @@ module Prism
 
     private_constant :Heredoc
 
+    # In previous versions of Ruby, Ripper wouldn't flush the bom before the
+    # first token, so we had to have a hack in place to account for that.
+    BOM_FLUSHED = RUBY_VERSION >= "3.3.0"
+    private_constant :BOM_FLUSHED
+
     attr_reader :source, :options
 
     def initialize(source, **options)
@@ -630,13 +626,9 @@ module Prism
 
       result = Prism.lex(source, **options)
       result_value = result.value
-      previous_state = nil #: Ripper::Lexer::State?
+      previous_state = nil #: State?
       last_heredoc_end = nil #: Integer?
 
-      # In previous versions of Ruby, Ripper wouldn't flush the bom before the
-      # first token, so we had to have a hack in place to account for that. This
-      # checks for that behavior.
-      bom_flushed = Ripper.lex("\xEF\xBB\xBF# test")[0][0][1] == 0
       bom = source.byteslice(0..2) == "\xEF\xBB\xBF"
 
       result_value.each_with_index do |(token, lex_state), index|
@@ -651,7 +643,7 @@ module Prism
         if bom && lineno == 1
           column -= 3
 
-          if index == 0 && column == 0 && !bom_flushed
+          if index == 0 && column == 0 && !BOM_FLUSHED
             flushed =
               case token.type
               when :BACK_REFERENCE, :INSTANCE_VARIABLE, :CLASS_VARIABLE,
@@ -675,12 +667,15 @@ module Prism
 
         event = RIPPER.fetch(token.type)
         value = token.value
-        lex_state = Ripper::Lexer::State.new(lex_state)
+        lex_state = Translation::Ripper::Lexer::State.new(lex_state)
 
         token =
           case event
           when :on___end__
-            EndContentToken.new([[lineno, column], event, value, lex_state])
+            # Ripper doesn't include the rest of the token in the event, so we need to
+            # trim it down to just the content on the first line.
+            value = value[0..value.index("\n")]
+            Token.new([[lineno, column], event, value, lex_state])
           when :on_comment
             IgnoreStateToken.new([[lineno, column], event, value, lex_state])
           when :on_heredoc_end
@@ -689,7 +684,7 @@ module Prism
             last_heredoc_end = token.location.end_offset
             IgnoreStateToken.new([[lineno, column], event, value, lex_state])
           when :on_ident
-            if lex_state == Ripper::EXPR_END
+            if lex_state == Translation::Ripper::EXPR_END
               # If we have an identifier that follows a method name like:
               #
               #     def foo bar
@@ -699,7 +694,7 @@ module Prism
               # yet. We do this more accurately, so we need to allow comparing
               # against both END and END|LABEL.
               ParamToken.new([[lineno, column], event, value, lex_state])
-            elsif lex_state == Ripper::EXPR_END | Ripper::EXPR_LABEL
+            elsif lex_state == Translation::Ripper::EXPR_END | Translation::Ripper::EXPR_LABEL
               # In the event that we're comparing identifiers, we're going to
               # allow a little divergence. Ripper doesn't account for local
               # variables introduced through named captures in regexes, and we
@@ -739,7 +734,7 @@ module Prism
                   counter += { on_embexpr_beg: -1, on_embexpr_end: 1 }[current_event] || 0
                 end
 
-                Ripper::Lexer::State.new(result_value[current_index][1])
+                Translation::Ripper::Lexer::State.new(result_value[current_index][1])
               else
                 previous_state
               end
@@ -867,62 +862,4 @@ module Prism
   end
 
   private_constant :LexCompat
-
-  # This is a class that wraps the Ripper lexer to produce almost exactly the
-  # same tokens.
-  class LexRipper # :nodoc:
-    attr_reader :source
-
-    def initialize(source)
-      @source = source
-    end
-
-    def result
-      previous = [] #: [[Integer, Integer], Symbol, String, untyped] | []
-      results = [] #: Array[[[Integer, Integer], Symbol, String, untyped]]
-
-      lex(source).each do |token|
-        case token[1]
-        when :on_sp
-          # skip
-        when :on_tstring_content
-          if previous[1] == :on_tstring_content && (token[2].start_with?("\#$") || token[2].start_with?("\#@"))
-            previous[2] << token[2]
-          else
-            results << token
-            previous = token
-          end
-        when :on_words_sep
-          if previous[1] == :on_words_sep
-            previous[2] << token[2]
-          else
-            results << token
-            previous = token
-          end
-        else
-          results << token
-          previous = token
-        end
-      end
-
-      results
-    end
-
-    private
-
-    if Ripper.method(:lex).parameters.assoc(:keyrest)
-      def lex(source)
-        Ripper.lex(source, raise_errors: true)
-      end
-    else
-      def lex(source)
-        ripper = Ripper::Lexer.new(source)
-        ripper.lex.tap do |result|
-          raise SyntaxError, ripper.errors.map(&:message).join(' ;') if ripper.errors.any?
-        end
-      end
-    end
-  end
-
-  private_constant :LexRipper
 end
diff --git a/lib/prism/lex_ripper.rb b/lib/prism/lex_ripper.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..4b5c3b77fd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/prism/lex_ripper.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,64 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+# :markup: markdown
+
+require "ripper"
+
+module Prism
+  # This is a class that wraps the Ripper lexer to produce almost exactly the
+  # same tokens.
+  class LexRipper # :nodoc:
+    attr_reader :source
+
+    def initialize(source)
+      @source = source
+    end
+
+    def result
+      previous = [] #: [[Integer, Integer], Symbol, String, untyped] | []
+      results = [] #: Array[[[Integer, Integer], Symbol, String, untyped]]
+
+      lex(source).each do |token|
+        case token[1]
+        when :on_sp
+          # skip
+        when :on_tstring_content
+          if previous[1] == :on_tstring_content && (token[2].start_with?("\#$") || token[2].start_with?("\#@"))
+            previous[2] << token[2]
+          else
+            results << token
+            previous = token
+          end
+        when :on_words_sep
+          if previous[1] == :on_words_sep
+            previous[2] << token[2]
+          else
+            results << token
+            previous = token
+          end
+        else
+          results << token
+          previous = token
+        end
+      end
+
+      results
+    end
+
+    private
+
+    if Ripper.method(:lex).parameters.assoc(:keyrest)
+      def lex(source)
+        Ripper.lex(source, raise_errors: true)
+      end
+    else
+      def lex(source)
+        ripper = Ripper::Lexer.new(source)
+        ripper.lex.tap do |result|
+          raise SyntaxError, ripper.errors.map(&:message).join(' ;') if ripper.errors.any?
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  private_constant :LexRipper
+end
diff --git a/lib/prism/parse_result.rb b/lib/prism/parse_result.rb
index 05c14e33f5..12d19da562 100644
--- a/lib/prism/parse_result.rb
+++ b/lib/prism/parse_result.rb
@@ -76,6 +76,15 @@ module Prism
       source.byteslice(byte_offset, length) or raise
     end
 
+    # Converts the line number to a byte offset corresponding to the start of that line
+    def line_to_byte_offset(line)
+      l = line - @start_line
+      if l < 0 || l >= offsets.size
+        raise ArgumentError, "line #{line} is out of range"
+      end
+      offsets[l]
+    end
+
     # Binary search through the offsets to find the line number for the given
     # byte offset.
     def line(byte_offset)
@@ -155,21 +164,8 @@ module Prism
     # Binary search through the offsets to find the line number for the given
     # byte offset.
     def find_line(byte_offset)
-      left = 0
-      right = offsets.length - 1
-
-      while left <= right
-        mid = left + (right - left) / 2
-        return mid if (offset = offsets[mid]) == byte_offset
-
-        if offset < byte_offset
-          left = mid + 1
-        else
-          right = mid - 1
-        end
-      end
-
-      left - 1
+      index = offsets.bsearch_index { |offset| offset > byte_offset } || offsets.length
+      index - 1
     end
   end
 
diff --git a/lib/prism/polyfill/scan_byte.rb b/lib/prism/polyfill/scan_byte.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..9276e509fc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/prism/polyfill/scan_byte.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require "strscan"
+
+# Polyfill for StringScanner#scan_byte, which didn't exist until Ruby 3.4.
+if !(StringScanner.method_defined?(:scan_byte))
+  StringScanner.include(
+    Module.new {
+      def scan_byte # :nodoc:
+        get_byte&.b&.ord
+      end
+    }
+  )
+end
diff --git a/lib/prism/polyfill/warn.rb b/lib/prism/polyfill/warn.rb
index 560380d308..76a4264623 100644
--- a/lib/prism/polyfill/warn.rb
+++ b/lib/prism/polyfill/warn.rb
@@ -7,17 +7,14 @@ if (method = Kernel.instance_method(:warn)).respond_to?(:parameters) ? method.pa
   Kernel.prepend(
     Module.new {
       def warn(*msgs, uplevel: nil, category: nil) # :nodoc:
-        uplevel =
-          case uplevel
-          when nil
-            1
-          when Integer
-            uplevel + 1
-          else
-            uplevel.to_int + 1
-          end
-
-        super(*msgs, uplevel: uplevel)
+        case uplevel
+        when nil
+          super(*msgs)
+        when Integer
+          super(*msgs, uplevel: uplevel + 1)
+        else
+          super(*msgs, uplevel: uplevel.to_int + 1)
+        end
       end
     }
   )
@@ -25,17 +22,14 @@ if (method = Kernel.instance_method(:warn)).respond_to?(:parameters) ? method.pa
   Object.prepend(
     Module.new {
       def warn(*msgs, uplevel: nil, category: nil) # :nodoc:
-        uplevel =
-          case uplevel
-          when nil
-            1
-          when Integer
-            uplevel + 1
-          else
-            uplevel.to_int + 1
-          end
-
-        super(*msgs, uplevel: uplevel)
+        case uplevel
+        when nil
+          super(*msgs)
+        when Integer
+          super(*msgs, uplevel: uplevel + 1)
+        else
+          super(*msgs, uplevel: uplevel.to_int + 1)
+        end
       end
     }
   )
diff --git a/lib/prism/prism.gemspec b/lib/prism/prism.gemspec
index 5cb5a98057..283c7b04aa 100644
--- a/lib/prism/prism.gemspec
+++ b/lib/prism/prism.gemspec
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 
 Gem::Specification.new do |spec|
   spec.name = "prism"
-  spec.version = "1.4.0"
+  spec.version = "1.8.0"
   spec.authors = ["Shopify"]
   spec.email = ["ruby@shopify.com"]
 
@@ -77,6 +77,7 @@ Gem::Specification.new do |spec|
     "lib/prism/ffi.rb",
     "lib/prism/inspect_visitor.rb",
     "lib/prism/lex_compat.rb",
+    "lib/prism/lex_ripper.rb",
     "lib/prism/mutation_compiler.rb",
     "lib/prism/node_ext.rb",
     "lib/prism/node.rb",
@@ -88,6 +89,7 @@ Gem::Specification.new do |spec|
     "lib/prism/pattern.rb",
     "lib/prism/polyfill/append_as_bytes.rb",
     "lib/prism/polyfill/byteindex.rb",
+    "lib/prism/polyfill/scan_byte.rb",
     "lib/prism/polyfill/unpack1.rb",
     "lib/prism/polyfill/warn.rb",
     "lib/prism/reflection.rb",
@@ -97,13 +99,13 @@ Gem::Specification.new do |spec|
     "lib/prism/translation.rb",
     "lib/prism/translation/parser.rb",
     "lib/prism/translation/parser_current.rb",
-    "lib/prism/translation/parser33.rb",
-    "lib/prism/translation/parser34.rb",
-    "lib/prism/translation/parser35.rb",
+    "lib/prism/translation/parser_versions.rb",
     "lib/prism/translation/parser/builder.rb",
     "lib/prism/translation/parser/compiler.rb",
     "lib/prism/translation/parser/lexer.rb",
     "lib/prism/translation/ripper.rb",
+    "lib/prism/translation/ripper/filter.rb",
+    "lib/prism/translation/ripper/lexer.rb",
     "lib/prism/translation/ripper/sexp.rb",
     "lib/prism/translation/ripper/shim.rb",
     "lib/prism/translation/ruby_parser.rb",
@@ -119,9 +121,7 @@ Gem::Specification.new do |spec|
     "rbi/prism/reflection.rbi",
     "rbi/prism/string_query.rbi",
     "rbi/prism/translation/parser.rbi",
-    "rbi/prism/translation/parser33.rbi",
-    "rbi/prism/translation/parser34.rbi",
-    "rbi/prism/translation/parser35.rbi",
+    "rbi/prism/translation/parser_versions.rbi",
     "rbi/prism/translation/ripper.rbi",
     "rbi/prism/visitor.rbi",
     "sig/prism.rbs",
diff --git a/lib/prism/translation.rb b/lib/prism/translation.rb
index d127f2006c..57b57135bc 100644
--- a/lib/prism/translation.rb
+++ b/lib/prism/translation.rb
@@ -7,9 +7,11 @@ module Prism
   module Translation # steep:ignore
     autoload :Parser, "prism/translation/parser"
     autoload :ParserCurrent, "prism/translation/parser_current"
-    autoload :Parser33, "prism/translation/parser33"
-    autoload :Parser34, "prism/translation/parser34"
-    autoload :Parser35, "prism/translation/parser35"
+    autoload :Parser33, "prism/translation/parser_versions"
+    autoload :Parser34, "prism/translation/parser_versions"
+    autoload :Parser35, "prism/translation/parser_versions"
+    autoload :Parser40, "prism/translation/parser_versions"
+    autoload :Parser41, "prism/translation/parser_versions"
     autoload :Ripper, "prism/translation/ripper"
     autoload :RubyParser, "prism/translation/ruby_parser"
   end
diff --git a/lib/prism/translation/parser.rb b/lib/prism/translation/parser.rb
index a7888f77ec..fed4ac4cd1 100644
--- a/lib/prism/translation/parser.rb
+++ b/lib/prism/translation/parser.rb
@@ -19,6 +19,13 @@ module Prism
     # whitequark/parser gem's syntax tree. It inherits from the base parser for
     # the parser gem, and overrides the parse* methods to parse with prism and
     # then translate.
+    #
+    # Note that this version of the parser always parses using the latest
+    # version of Ruby syntax supported by Prism. If you want specific version
+    # support, use one of the version-specific subclasses, such as
+    # `Prism::Translation::Parser34`. If you want to parse using the same
+    # version of Ruby syntax as the currently running version of Ruby, use
+    # `Prism::Translation::ParserCurrent`.
     class Parser < ::Parser::Base
       Diagnostic = ::Parser::Diagnostic # :nodoc:
       private_constant :Diagnostic
@@ -77,7 +84,7 @@ module Prism
       end
 
       def version # :nodoc:
-        34
+        41
       end
 
       # The default encoding for Ruby files is UTF-8.
@@ -349,8 +356,10 @@ module Prism
           "3.3.1"
         when 34
           "3.4.0"
-        when 35
-          "3.5.0"
+        when 35, 40
+          "4.0.0"
+        when 41
+          "4.1.0"
         else
           "latest"
         end
diff --git a/lib/prism/translation/parser/compiler.rb b/lib/prism/translation/parser/compiler.rb
index 6e0618890d..8805614603 100644
--- a/lib/prism/translation/parser/compiler.rb
+++ b/lib/prism/translation/parser/compiler.rb
@@ -217,7 +217,7 @@ module Prism
                 rescue_clause.exceptions.any? ? builder.array(nil, visit_all(rescue_clause.exceptions), nil) : nil,
                 token(rescue_clause.operator_loc),
                 visit(rescue_clause.reference),
-                srange_find(find_start_offset, find_end_offset, ";"),
+                srange_semicolon(find_start_offset, find_end_offset),
                 visit(rescue_clause.statements)
               )
             end until (rescue_clause = rescue_clause.subsequent).nil?
@@ -323,7 +323,7 @@ module Prism
                       visit_all(arguments),
                       token(node.closing_loc),
                     ),
-                    srange_find(node.message_loc.end_offset, node.arguments.arguments.last.location.start_offset, "="),
+                    token(node.equal_loc),
                     visit(node.arguments.arguments.last)
                   ),
                   block
@@ -340,7 +340,7 @@ module Prism
             if name.end_with?("=") && !message_loc.slice.end_with?("=") && node.arguments && block.nil?
               builder.assign(
                 builder.attr_asgn(visit(node.receiver), call_operator, token(message_loc)),
-                srange_find(message_loc.end_offset, node.arguments.location.start_offset, "="),
+                token(node.equal_loc),
                 visit(node.arguments.arguments.last)
               )
             else
@@ -789,7 +789,7 @@ module Prism
             if (do_keyword_loc = node.do_keyword_loc)
               token(do_keyword_loc)
             else
-              srange_find(node.collection.location.end_offset, (node.statements&.location || node.end_keyword_loc).start_offset, ";")
+              srange_semicolon(node.collection.location.end_offset, (node.statements&.location || node.end_keyword_loc).start_offset)
             end,
             visit(node.statements),
             token(node.end_keyword_loc)
@@ -921,7 +921,7 @@ module Prism
               if (then_keyword_loc = node.then_keyword_loc)
                 token(then_keyword_loc)
               else
-                srange_find(node.predicate.location.end_offset, (node.statements&.location || node.subsequent&.location || node.end_keyword_loc).start_offset, ";")
+                srange_semicolon(node.predicate.location.end_offset, (node.statements&.location || node.subsequent&.location || node.end_keyword_loc).start_offset)
               end,
               visit(node.statements),
               case node.subsequent
@@ -987,7 +987,7 @@ module Prism
             if (then_loc = node.then_loc)
               token(then_loc)
             else
-              srange_find(node.pattern.location.end_offset, node.statements&.location&.start_offset, ";")
+              srange_semicolon(node.pattern.location.end_offset, node.statements&.location&.start_offset)
             end,
             visit(node.statements)
           )
@@ -1808,7 +1808,7 @@ module Prism
               if (then_keyword_loc = node.then_keyword_loc)
                 token(then_keyword_loc)
               else
-                srange_find(node.predicate.location.end_offset, (node.statements&.location || node.else_clause&.location || node.end_keyword_loc).start_offset, ";")
+                srange_semicolon(node.predicate.location.end_offset, (node.statements&.location || node.else_clause&.location || node.end_keyword_loc).start_offset)
               end,
               visit(node.else_clause),
               token(node.else_clause&.else_keyword_loc),
@@ -1839,7 +1839,7 @@ module Prism
               if (do_keyword_loc = node.do_keyword_loc)
                 token(do_keyword_loc)
               else
-                srange_find(node.predicate.location.end_offset, (node.statements&.location || node.closing_loc).start_offset, ";")
+                srange_semicolon(node.predicate.location.end_offset, (node.statements&.location || node.closing_loc).start_offset)
               end,
               visit(node.statements),
               token(node.closing_loc)
@@ -1863,7 +1863,7 @@ module Prism
             if (then_keyword_loc = node.then_keyword_loc)
               token(then_keyword_loc)
             else
-              srange_find(node.conditions.last.location.end_offset, node.statements&.location&.start_offset, ";")
+              srange_semicolon(node.conditions.last.location.end_offset, node.statements&.location&.start_offset)
             end,
             visit(node.statements)
           )
@@ -1883,7 +1883,7 @@ module Prism
               if (do_keyword_loc = node.do_keyword_loc)
                 token(do_keyword_loc)
               else
-                srange_find(node.predicate.location.end_offset, (node.statements&.location || node.closing_loc).start_offset, ";")
+                srange_semicolon(node.predicate.location.end_offset, (node.statements&.location || node.closing_loc).start_offset)
               end,
               visit(node.statements),
               token(node.closing_loc)
@@ -2012,16 +2012,16 @@ module Prism
           Range.new(source_buffer, offset_cache[start_offset], offset_cache[end_offset])
         end
 
-        # Constructs a new source range by finding the given character between
-        # the given start offset and end offset. If the needle is not found, it
-        # returns nil. Importantly it does not search past newlines or comments.
+        # Constructs a new source range by finding a semicolon between the given
+        # start offset and end offset. If the semicolon is not found, it returns
+        # nil. Importantly it does not search past newlines or comments.
         #
         # Note that end_offset is allowed to be nil, in which case this will
         # search until the end of the string.
-        def srange_find(start_offset, end_offset, character)
-          if (match = source_buffer.source.byteslice(start_offset...end_offset)[/\A\s*#{character}/])
+        def srange_semicolon(start_offset, end_offset)
+          if (match = source_buffer.source.byteslice(start_offset...end_offset)[/\A\s*;/])
             final_offset = start_offset + match.bytesize
-            [character, Range.new(source_buffer, offset_cache[final_offset - character.bytesize], offset_cache[final_offset])]
+            [";", Range.new(source_buffer, offset_cache[final_offset - 1], offset_cache[final_offset])]
           end
         end
 
diff --git a/lib/prism/translation/parser/lexer.rb b/lib/prism/translation/parser/lexer.rb
index 349a0b257f..75c48ef667 100644
--- a/lib/prism/translation/parser/lexer.rb
+++ b/lib/prism/translation/parser/lexer.rb
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@
 
 require "strscan"
 require_relative "../../polyfill/append_as_bytes"
+require_relative "../../polyfill/scan_byte"
 
 module Prism
   module Translation
@@ -202,7 +203,7 @@ module Prism
         # The following token types are listed as those classified as `tLPAREN`.
         LPAREN_CONVERSION_TOKEN_TYPES = Set.new([
           :kBREAK, :tCARET, :kCASE, :tDIVIDE, :kFOR, :kIF, :kNEXT, :kRETURN, :kUNTIL, :kWHILE, :tAMPER, :tANDOP, :tBANG, :tCOMMA, :tDOT2, :tDOT3,
-          :tEQL, :tLPAREN, :tLPAREN2, :tLPAREN_ARG, :tLSHFT, :tNL, :tOP_ASGN, :tOROP, :tPIPE, :tSEMI, :tSTRING_DBEG, :tUMINUS, :tUPLUS
+          :tEQL, :tLPAREN, :tLPAREN2, :tLPAREN_ARG, :tLSHFT, :tNL, :tOP_ASGN, :tOROP, :tPIPE, :tSEMI, :tSTRING_DBEG, :tUMINUS, :tUPLUS, :tLCURLY
         ])
 
         # Types of tokens that are allowed to continue a method call with comments in-between.
@@ -276,20 +277,20 @@ module Prism
             when :tCOMMENT
               if token.type == :EMBDOC_BEGIN
 
-                while !((next_token = lexed[index][0]) && next_token.type == :EMBDOC_END) && (index < length - 1)
+                while !((next_token = lexed[index]&.first) && next_token.type == :EMBDOC_END) && (index < length - 1)
                   value += next_token.value
                   index += 1
                 end
 
                 value += next_token.value
-                location = range(token.location.start_offset, lexed[index][0].location.end_offset)
+                location = range(token.location.start_offset, next_token.location.end_offset)
                 index += 1
               else
                 is_at_eol = value.chomp!.nil?
                 location = range(token.location.start_offset, token.location.end_offset + (is_at_eol ? 0 : -1))
 
-                prev_token = lexed[index - 2][0] if index - 2 >= 0
-                next_token = lexed[index][0]
+                prev_token, _ = lexed[index - 2] if index - 2 >= 0
+                next_token, _ = lexed[index]
 
                 is_inline_comment = prev_token&.location&.start_line == token.location.start_line
                 if is_inline_comment && !is_at_eol && !COMMENT_CONTINUATION_TYPES.include?(next_token&.type)
@@ -308,7 +309,7 @@ module Prism
                 end
               end
             when :tNL
-              next_token = next_token = lexed[index][0]
+              next_token, _ = lexed[index]
               # Newlines after comments are emitted out of order.
               if next_token&.type == :COMMENT
                 comment_newline_location = location
@@ -345,8 +346,8 @@ module Prism
               location = range(token.location.start_offset, token.location.start_offset + percent_array_leading_whitespace(value))
               value = nil
             when :tSTRING_BEG
-              next_token = lexed[index][0]
-              next_next_token = lexed[index + 1][0]
+              next_token, _ = lexed[index]
+              next_next_token, _ = lexed[index + 1]
               basic_quotes = value == '"' || value == "'"
 
               if basic_quotes && next_token&.type == :STRING_END
@@ -414,7 +415,8 @@ module Prism
                 while token.type == :STRING_CONTENT
                   current_length += token.value.bytesize
                   # Heredoc interpolation can have multiple STRING_CONTENT nodes on the same line.
-                  is_first_token_on_line = lexed[index - 1] && token.location.start_line != lexed[index - 2][0].location&.start_line
+                  prev_token, _ = lexed[index - 2] if index - 2 >= 0
+                  is_first_token_on_line = prev_token && token.location.start_line != prev_token.location.start_line
                   # The parser gem only removes indentation when the heredoc is not nested
                   not_nested = heredoc_stack.size == 1
                   if is_percent_array
@@ -424,11 +426,16 @@ module Prism
                   end
 
                   current_string << unescape_string(value, quote_stack.last)
-                  if (backslash_count = token.value[/(\\{1,})\n/, 1]&.length).nil? || backslash_count.even? || !interpolation?(quote_stack.last)
+                  relevant_backslash_count = if quote_stack.last.start_with?("%W", "%I")
+                                               0 # the last backslash escapes the newline
+                                             else
+                                               token.value[/(\\{1,})\n/, 1]&.length || 0
+                                             end
+                  if relevant_backslash_count.even? || !interpolation?(quote_stack.last)
                     tokens << [:tSTRING_CONTENT, [current_string, range(start_offset, start_offset + current_length)]]
                     break
                   end
-                  token = lexed[index][0]
+                  token, _ = lexed[index]
                   index += 1
                 end
               else
@@ -483,7 +490,7 @@ module Prism
               end
 
               if percent_array?(quote_stack.pop)
-                prev_token = lexed[index - 2][0] if index - 2 >= 0
+                prev_token, _ = lexed[index - 2] if index - 2 >= 0
                 empty = %i[PERCENT_LOWER_I PERCENT_LOWER_W PERCENT_UPPER_I PERCENT_UPPER_W].include?(prev_token&.type)
                 ends_with_whitespace = prev_token&.type == :WORDS_SEP
                 # parser always emits a space token after content in a percent array, even if no actual whitespace is present.
@@ -492,7 +499,7 @@ module Prism
                 end
               end
             when :tSYMBEG
-              if (next_token = lexed[index][0]) && next_token.type != :STRING_CONTENT && next_token.type != :EMBEXPR_BEGIN && next_token.type != :EMBVAR && next_token.type != :STRING_END
+              if (next_token = lexed[index]&.first) && next_token.type != :STRING_CONTENT && next_token.type != :EMBEXPR_BEGIN && next_token.type != :EMBVAR && next_token.type != :STRING_END
                 next_location = token.location.join(next_token.location)
                 type = :tSYMBOL
                 value = next_token.value
@@ -507,13 +514,13 @@ module Prism
                 type = :tIDENTIFIER
               end
             when :tXSTRING_BEG
-              if (next_token = lexed[index][0]) && !%i[STRING_CONTENT STRING_END EMBEXPR_BEGIN].include?(next_token.type)
+              if (next_token = lexed[index]&.first) && !%i[STRING_CONTENT STRING_END EMBEXPR_BEGIN].include?(next_token.type)
                 # self.`()
                 type = :tBACK_REF2
               end
               quote_stack.push(value)
             when :tSYMBOLS_BEG, :tQSYMBOLS_BEG, :tWORDS_BEG, :tQWORDS_BEG
-              if (next_token = lexed[index][0]) && next_token.type == :WORDS_SEP
+              if (next_token = lexed[index]&.first) && next_token.type == :WORDS_SEP
                 index += 1
               end
 
@@ -589,9 +596,9 @@ module Prism
           previous_line = -1
           result = Float::MAX
 
-          while (lexed[next_token_index] && next_token = lexed[next_token_index][0])
+          while (next_token = lexed[next_token_index]&.first)
             next_token_index += 1
-            next_next_token = lexed[next_token_index] && lexed[next_token_index][0]
+            next_next_token, _ = lexed[next_token_index]
             first_token_on_line = next_token.location.start_column == 0
 
             # String content inside nested heredocs and interpolation is ignored
@@ -762,12 +769,12 @@ module Prism
           elsif (value = scanner.scan(/M-\\?(?=[[:print:]])/))
             # \M-x where x is an ASCII printable character
             escape_read(result, scanner, control, true)
-          elsif (byte = scanner.get_byte)
+          elsif (byte = scanner.scan_byte)
             # Something else after an escape.
-            if control && byte == "?"
+            if control && byte == 0x3f # ASCII '?'
               result.append_as_bytes(escape_build(0x7f, false, meta))
             else
-              result.append_as_bytes(escape_build(byte.ord, control, meta))
+              result.append_as_bytes(escape_build(byte, control, meta))
             end
           end
         end
diff --git a/lib/prism/translation/parser33.rb b/lib/prism/translation/parser33.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 0a59669465..0000000000
--- a/lib/prism/translation/parser33.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,13 +0,0 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
-# :markup: markdown
-
-module Prism
-  module Translation
-    # This class is the entry-point for Ruby 3.3 of `Prism::Translation::Parser`.
-    class Parser33 < Parser
-      def version # :nodoc:
-        33
-      end
-    end
-  end
-end
diff --git a/lib/prism/translation/parser34.rb b/lib/prism/translation/parser34.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 566a23fadb..0000000000
--- a/lib/prism/translation/parser34.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,13 +0,0 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
-# :markup: markdown
-
-module Prism
-  module Translation
-    # This class is the entry-point for Ruby 3.4 of `Prism::Translation::Parser`.
-    class Parser34 < Parser
-      def version # :nodoc:
-        34
-      end
-    end
-  end
-end
diff --git a/lib/prism/translation/parser35.rb b/lib/prism/translation/parser35.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 79cd59cbd9..0000000000
--- a/lib/prism/translation/parser35.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,13 +0,0 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
-# :markup: markdown
-
-module Prism
-  module Translation
-    # This class is the entry-point for Ruby 3.5 of `Prism::Translation::Parser`.
-    class Parser35 < Parser
-      def version # :nodoc:
-        35
-      end
-    end
-  end
-end
diff --git a/lib/prism/translation/parser_current.rb b/lib/prism/translation/parser_current.rb
index 1b1794abbe..f13eff6bbe 100644
--- a/lib/prism/translation/parser_current.rb
+++ b/lib/prism/translation/parser_current.rb
@@ -10,11 +10,13 @@ module Prism
       ParserCurrent = Parser33
     when /^3\.4\./
       ParserCurrent = Parser34
-    when /^3\.5\./
-      ParserCurrent = Parser35
+    when /^3\.5\./, /^4\.0\./
+      ParserCurrent = Parser40
+    when /^4\.1\./
+      ParserCurrent = Parser41
     else
       # Keep this in sync with released Ruby.
-      parser = Parser34
+      parser = Parser40
       major, minor, _patch = Gem::Version.new(RUBY_VERSION).segments
       warn "warning: `Prism::Translation::Current` is loading #{parser.name}, " \
            "but you are running #{major}.#{minor}."
diff --git a/lib/prism/translation/parser_versions.rb b/lib/prism/translation/parser_versions.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..720c7d548c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/prism/translation/parser_versions.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+# :markup: markdown
+
+module Prism
+  module Translation
+    # This class is the entry-point for Ruby 3.3 of `Prism::Translation::Parser`.
+    class Parser33 < Parser
+      def version # :nodoc:
+        33
+      end
+    end
+
+    # This class is the entry-point for Ruby 3.4 of `Prism::Translation::Parser`.
+    class Parser34 < Parser
+      def version # :nodoc:
+        34
+      end
+    end
+
+    # This class is the entry-point for Ruby 4.0 of `Prism::Translation::Parser`.
+    class Parser40 < Parser
+      def version # :nodoc:
+        40
+      end
+    end
+
+    Parser35 = Parser40 # :nodoc:
+
+    # This class is the entry-point for Ruby 4.1 of `Prism::Translation::Parser`.
+    class Parser41 < Parser
+      def version # :nodoc:
+        41
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/lib/prism/translation/ripper.rb b/lib/prism/translation/ripper.rb
index 6ea98fc1ea..c8f9fa7731 100644
--- a/lib/prism/translation/ripper.rb
+++ b/lib/prism/translation/ripper.rb
@@ -1,8 +1,6 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true
 # :markup: markdown
 
-require "ripper"
-
 module Prism
   module Translation
     # This class provides a compatibility layer between prism and Ripper. It
@@ -71,7 +69,7 @@ module Prism
       #          [[1, 13], :on_kw,     "end", END      ]]
       #
       def self.lex(src, filename = "-", lineno = 1, raise_errors: false)
-        result = Prism.lex_compat(src, filepath: filename, line: lineno)
+        result = Prism.lex_compat(src, filepath: filename, line: lineno, version: "current")
 
         if result.failure? && raise_errors
           raise SyntaxError, result.errors.first.message
@@ -80,6 +78,19 @@ module Prism
         end
       end
 
+      # Tokenizes the Ruby program and returns an array of strings.
+      # The +filename+ and +lineno+ arguments are mostly ignored, since the
+      # return value is just the tokenized input.
+      # By default, this method does not handle syntax errors in +src+,
+      # use the +raise_errors+ keyword to raise a SyntaxError for an error in +src+.
+      #
+      #   p Ripper.tokenize("def m(a) nil end")
+      #      # => ["def", " ", "m", "(", "a", ")", " ", "nil", " ", "end"]
+      #
+      def self.tokenize(...)
+        lex(...).map(&:value)
+      end
+
       # This contains a table of all of the parser events and their
       # corresponding arity.
       PARSER_EVENT_TABLE = {
@@ -426,9 +437,35 @@ module Prism
         end
       end
 
+      autoload :Filter, "prism/translation/ripper/filter"
+      autoload :Lexer, "prism/translation/ripper/lexer"
       autoload :SexpBuilder, "prism/translation/ripper/sexp"
       autoload :SexpBuilderPP, "prism/translation/ripper/sexp"
 
+      # :stopdoc:
+      # This is not part of the public API but used by some gems.
+
+      # Ripper-internal bitflags.
+      LEX_STATE_NAMES = %i[
+        BEG END ENDARG ENDFN ARG CMDARG MID FNAME DOT CLASS LABEL LABELED FITEM
+      ].map.with_index.to_h { |name, i| [2 ** i, name] }.freeze
+      private_constant :LEX_STATE_NAMES
+
+      LEX_STATE_NAMES.each do |value, key|
+        const_set("EXPR_#{key}", value)
+      end
+      EXPR_NONE = 0
+      EXPR_VALUE = EXPR_BEG
+      EXPR_BEG_ANY = EXPR_BEG | EXPR_MID | EXPR_CLASS
+      EXPR_ARG_ANY = EXPR_ARG | EXPR_CMDARG
+      EXPR_END_ANY = EXPR_END | EXPR_ENDARG | EXPR_ENDFN
+
+      def self.lex_state_name(state)
+        LEX_STATE_NAMES.filter_map { |flag, name| name if state & flag != 0  }.join("|")
+      end
+
+      # :startdoc:
+
       # The source that is being parsed.
       attr_reader :source
 
@@ -3295,7 +3332,7 @@ module Prism
 
       # Lazily initialize the parse result.
       def result
-        @result ||= Prism.parse(source, partial_script: true)
+        @result ||= Prism.parse(source, partial_script: true, version: "current")
       end
 
       ##########################################################################
diff --git a/lib/prism/translation/ripper/filter.rb b/lib/prism/translation/ripper/filter.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..19deef2d37
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/prism/translation/ripper/filter.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+module Prism
+  module Translation
+    class Ripper
+      class Filter # :nodoc:
+        # :stopdoc:
+        def initialize(src, filename = '-', lineno = 1)
+          @__lexer = Lexer.new(src, filename, lineno)
+          @__line = nil
+          @__col = nil
+          @__state = nil
+        end
+
+        def filename
+          @__lexer.filename
+        end
+
+        def lineno
+          @__line
+        end
+
+        def column
+          @__col
+        end
+
+        def state
+          @__state
+        end
+
+        def parse(init = nil)
+          data = init
+          @__lexer.lex.each do |pos, event, tok, state|
+            @__line, @__col = *pos
+            @__state = state
+            data = if respond_to?(event, true)
+                  then __send__(event, tok, data)
+                  else on_default(event, tok, data)
+                  end
+          end
+          data
+        end
+
+        private
+
+        def on_default(event, token, data)
+          data
+        end
+        # :startdoc:
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/lib/prism/translation/ripper/lexer.rb b/lib/prism/translation/ripper/lexer.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..bd40fb4c5a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/prism/translation/ripper/lexer.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,128 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+# :markup: markdown
+
+require_relative "../ripper"
+
+module Prism
+  module Translation
+    class Ripper
+      class Lexer < Ripper # :nodoc:
+        # :stopdoc:
+        class State
+
+          attr_reader :to_int, :to_s
+
+          def initialize(i)
+            @to_int = i
+            @to_s = Ripper.lex_state_name(i)
+            freeze
+          end
+
+          def [](index)
+            case index
+            when 0, :to_int
+              @to_int
+            when 1, :to_s
+              @to_s
+            else
+              nil
+            end
+          end
+
+          alias to_i to_int
+          alias inspect to_s
+          def pretty_print(q) q.text(to_s) end
+          def ==(i) super or to_int == i end
+          def &(i) self.class.new(to_int & i) end
+          def |(i) self.class.new(to_int | i) end
+          def allbits?(i) to_int.allbits?(i) end
+          def anybits?(i) to_int.anybits?(i) end
+          def nobits?(i) to_int.nobits?(i) end
+        end
+
+        class Elem
+          attr_accessor :pos, :event, :tok, :state, :message
+
+          def initialize(pos, event, tok, state, message = nil)
+            @pos = pos
+            @event = event
+            @tok = tok
+            @state = State.new(state)
+            @message = message
+          end
+
+          def [](index)
+            case index
+            when 0, :pos
+              @pos
+            when 1, :event
+              @event
+            when 2, :tok
+              @tok
+            when 3, :state
+              @state
+            when 4, :message
+              @message
+            else
+              nil
+            end
+          end
+
+          def inspect
+            "#<#{self.class}: #{event}@#{pos[0]}:#{pos[1]}:#{state}: #{tok.inspect}#{": " if message}#{message}>"
+          end
+
+          alias to_s inspect
+
+          def pretty_print(q)
+            q.group(2, "#<#{self.class}:", ">") {
+              q.breakable
+              q.text("#{event}@#{pos[0]}:#{pos[1]}")
+              q.breakable
+              state.pretty_print(q)
+              q.breakable
+              q.text("token: ")
+              tok.pretty_print(q)
+              if message
+                q.breakable
+                q.text("message: ")
+                q.text(message)
+              end
+            }
+          end
+
+          def to_a
+            if @message
+              [@pos, @event, @tok, @state, @message]
+            else
+              [@pos, @event, @tok, @state]
+            end
+          end
+        end
+
+        # Pretty much just the same as Prism.lex_compat.
+        def lex(raise_errors: false)
+          Ripper.lex(@source, filename, lineno, raise_errors: raise_errors)
+        end
+
+        # Returns the lex_compat result wrapped in `Elem`. Errors are omitted.
+        # Since ripper is a streaming parser, tokens are expected to be emitted in the order
+        # that the parser encounters them. This is not implemented.
+        def parse(...)
+          lex(...).map do |position, event, token, state|
+            Elem.new(position, event, token, state.to_int)
+          end
+        end
+
+        # Similar to parse but ripper sorts the elements by position in the source. Also
+        # includes errors. Since prism does error recovery, in cases of syntax errors
+        # the result may differ greatly compared to ripper.
+        def scan(...)
+          parse(...)
+        end
+
+        # :startdoc:
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/lib/prism/translation/ruby_parser.rb b/lib/prism/translation/ruby_parser.rb
index 3808cd3130..c026c4ad9c 100644
--- a/lib/prism/translation/ruby_parser.rb
+++ b/lib/prism/translation/ruby_parser.rb
@@ -2,12 +2,17 @@
 # :markup: markdown
 
 begin
-  require "ruby_parser"
+  require "sexp"
 rescue LoadError
-  warn(%q{Error: Unable to load ruby_parser. Add `gem "ruby_parser"` to your Gemfile.})
+  warn(%q{Error: Unable to load sexp. Add `gem "sexp_processor"` to your Gemfile.})
   exit(1)
 end
 
+class RubyParser # :nodoc:
+  class SyntaxError < RuntimeError # :nodoc:
+  end
+end
+
 module Prism
   module Translation
     # This module is the entry-point for converting a prism syntax tree into the
@@ -152,7 +157,7 @@ module Prism
         # ^^
         # ```
         def visit_back_reference_read_node(node)
-          s(node, :back_ref, node.name.name.delete_prefix("$").to_sym)
+          s(node, :back_ref, node.name.to_s.delete_prefix("$").to_sym)
         end
 
         # ```
@@ -415,14 +420,18 @@ module Prism
               visit(node.constant_path)
             end
 
-          if node.body.nil?
-            s(node, :class, name, visit(node.superclass))
-          elsif node.body.is_a?(StatementsNode)
-            compiler = copy_compiler(in_def: false)
-            s(node, :class, name, visit(node.superclass)).concat(node.body.body.map { |child| child.accept(compiler) })
-          else
-            s(node, :class, name, visit(node.superclass), node.body.accept(copy_compiler(in_def: false)))
-          end
+          result =
+            if node.body.nil?
+              s(node, :class, name, visit(node.superclass))
+            elsif node.body.is_a?(StatementsNode)
+              compiler = copy_compiler(in_def: false)
+              s(node, :class, name, visit(node.superclass)).concat(node.body.body.map { |child| child.accept(compiler) })
+            else
+              s(node, :class, name, visit(node.superclass), node.body.accept(copy_compiler(in_def: false)))
+            end
+
+          attach_comments(result, node)
+          result
         end
 
         # ```
@@ -611,7 +620,9 @@ module Prism
               s(node, :defs, visit(node.receiver), name)
             end
 
+          attach_comments(result, node)
           result.line(node.name_loc.start_line)
+
           if node.parameters.nil?
             result << s(node, :args).line(node.name_loc.start_line)
           else
@@ -1151,8 +1162,8 @@ module Prism
         def visit_lambda_node(node)
           parameters =
             case node.parameters
-            when nil, NumberedParametersNode
-              s(node, :args)
+            when nil, ItParametersNode, NumberedParametersNode
+              0
             else
               visit(node.parameters)
             end
@@ -1270,14 +1281,18 @@ module Prism
               visit(node.constant_path)
             end
 
-          if node.body.nil?
-            s(node, :module, name)
-          elsif node.body.is_a?(StatementsNode)
-            compiler = copy_compiler(in_def: false)
-            s(node, :module, name).concat(node.body.body.map { |child| child.accept(compiler) })
-          else
-            s(node, :module, name, node.body.accept(copy_compiler(in_def: false)))
-          end
+          result =
+            if node.body.nil?
+              s(node, :module, name)
+            elsif node.body.is_a?(StatementsNode)
+              compiler = copy_compiler(in_def: false)
+              s(node, :module, name).concat(node.body.body.map { |child| child.accept(compiler) })
+            else
+              s(node, :module, name, node.body.accept(copy_compiler(in_def: false)))
+            end
+
+          attach_comments(result, node)
+          result
         end
 
         # ```
@@ -1407,7 +1422,7 @@ module Prism
         # ```
         def visit_parameters_node(node)
           children =
-            node.compact_child_nodes.map do |element|
+            node.each_child_node.map do |element|
               if element.is_a?(MultiTargetNode)
                 visit_destructured_parameter(element)
               else
@@ -1820,6 +1835,17 @@ module Prism
 
         private
 
+        # Attach prism comments to the given sexp.
+        def attach_comments(sexp, node)
+          return unless node.comments
+          return if node.comments.empty?
+
+          extra = node.location.start_line - node.comments.last.location.start_line
+          comments = node.comments.map(&:slice)
+          comments.concat([nil] * [0, extra].max)
+          sexp.comments = comments.join("\n")
+        end
+
         # Create a new compiler with the given options.
         def copy_compiler(in_def: self.in_def, in_pattern: self.in_pattern)
           Compiler.new(file, in_def: in_def, in_pattern: in_pattern)
@@ -1898,6 +1924,14 @@ module Prism
         translate(Prism.parse_file(filepath, partial_script: true), filepath)
       end
 
+      # Parse the give file and translate it into the
+      # seattlerb/ruby_parser gem's Sexp format. This method is
+      # provided for API compatibility to RubyParser and takes an
+      # optional +timeout+ argument.
+      def process(ruby, file = "(string)", timeout = nil)
+        Timeout.timeout(timeout) { parse(ruby, file) }
+      end
+
       class << self
         # Parse the given source and translate it into the seattlerb/ruby_parser
         # gem's Sexp format.
@@ -1922,6 +1956,7 @@ module Prism
           raise ::RubyParser::SyntaxError, "#{filepath}:#{error.location.start_line} :: #{error.message}"
         end
 
+        result.attach_comments!
         result.value.accept(Compiler.new(filepath))
       end
     end
diff --git a/lib/resolv.gemspec b/lib/resolv.gemspec
index bfa2f9ff31..66aed34e01 100644
--- a/lib/resolv.gemspec
+++ b/lib/resolv.gemspec
@@ -21,9 +21,8 @@ Gem::Specification.new do |spec|
   spec.metadata["homepage_uri"] = spec.homepage
   spec.metadata["source_code_uri"] = spec.homepage
 
-  spec.files         = Dir.chdir(File.expand_path('..', __FILE__)) do
-    `git ls-files -z`.split("\x0").reject { |f| f.match(%r{^(test|spec|features)/}) }
-  end
+  excludes = %W[/.git* /bin /test /*file /#{File.basename(__FILE__)}]
+  spec.files = IO.popen(%W[git -C #{__dir__} ls-files -z --] + excludes.map {|e| ":^#{e}"}, &:read).split("\x0")
   spec.bindir        = "exe"
   spec.executables   = []
   spec.require_paths = ["lib"]
diff --git a/lib/resolv.rb b/lib/resolv.rb
index 2c97cb0028..fa7d4e2e47 100644
--- a/lib/resolv.rb
+++ b/lib/resolv.rb
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ require 'socket'
 require 'timeout'
 require 'io/wait'
 require 'securerandom'
+require 'rbconfig'
 
 # Resolv is a thread-aware DNS resolver library written in Ruby.  Resolv can
 # handle multiple DNS requests concurrently without blocking the entire Ruby
@@ -33,7 +34,8 @@ require 'securerandom'
 
 class Resolv
 
-  VERSION = "0.6.0"
+  # The version string
+  VERSION = "0.7.0"
 
   ##
   # Looks up the first IP address for +name+.
@@ -173,21 +175,19 @@ class Resolv
 
   class ResolvTimeout < Timeout::Error; end
 
-  WINDOWS = /mswin|cygwin|mingw|bccwin/ =~ RUBY_PLATFORM || ::RbConfig::CONFIG['host_os'] =~ /mswin/
-  private_constant :WINDOWS
-
   ##
   # Resolv::Hosts is a hostname resolver that uses the system hosts file.
 
   class Hosts
-    if WINDOWS
+    if /mswin|cygwin|mingw|bccwin/ =~ RUBY_PLATFORM || ::RbConfig::CONFIG['host_os'] =~ /mswin/
       begin
         require 'win32/resolv' unless defined?(Win32::Resolv)
-        DefaultFileName = Win32::Resolv.get_hosts_path || IO::NULL
+        hosts = Win32::Resolv.get_hosts_path || IO::NULL
       rescue LoadError
       end
     end
-    DefaultFileName ||= '/etc/hosts'
+    # The default file name for host names
+    DefaultFileName = hosts || '/etc/hosts'
 
     ##
     # Creates a new Resolv::Hosts, using +filename+ for its data source.
@@ -525,6 +525,8 @@ class Resolv
       }
     end
 
+    # :stopdoc:
+
     def fetch_resource(name, typeclass)
       lazy_initialize
       truncated = {}
@@ -719,7 +721,8 @@ class Resolv
           begin
             reply, from = recv_reply(select_result[0])
           rescue Errno::ECONNREFUSED, # GNU/Linux, FreeBSD
-                 Errno::ECONNRESET # Windows
+                 Errno::ECONNRESET, # Windows
+                 EOFError
             # No name server running on the server?
             # Don't wait anymore.
             raise ResolvTimeout
@@ -928,8 +931,11 @@ class Resolv
         end
 
         def recv_reply(readable_socks)
-          len = readable_socks[0].read(2).unpack('n')[0]
+          len_data = readable_socks[0].read(2)
+          raise EOFError if len_data.nil? || len_data.bytesize != 2
+          len = len_data.unpack('n')[0]
           reply = @socks[0].read(len)
+          raise EOFError if reply.nil? || reply.bytesize != len
           return reply, nil
         end
 
@@ -1021,8 +1027,7 @@ class Resolv
       def Config.default_config_hash(filename="/etc/resolv.conf")
         if File.exist? filename
           Config.parse_resolv_conf(filename)
-        elsif WINDOWS
-          require 'win32/resolv' unless defined?(Win32::Resolv)
+        elsif defined?(Win32::Resolv)
           search, nameserver = Win32::Resolv.get_resolv_info
           config_hash = {}
           config_hash[:nameserver] = nameserver if nameserver
@@ -1679,6 +1684,7 @@ class Resolv
           prev_index = @index
           save_index = nil
           d = []
+          size = -1
           while true
             raise DecodeError.new("limit exceeded") if @limit <= @index
             case @data.getbyte(@index)
@@ -1699,7 +1705,10 @@ class Resolv
               end
               @index = idx
             else
-              d << self.get_label
+              l = self.get_label
+              d << l
+              size += 1 + l.string.bytesize
+              raise DecodeError.new("name label data exceed 255 octets") if size > 255
             end
           end
         end
@@ -2922,15 +2931,21 @@ class Resolv
 
   class IPv4
 
-    ##
-    # Regular expression IPv4 addresses must match.
-
     Regex256 = /0
                |1(?:[0-9][0-9]?)?
                |2(?:[0-4][0-9]?|5[0-5]?|[6-9])?
-               |[3-9][0-9]?/x
+               |[3-9][0-9]?/x # :nodoc:
+
+    ##
+    # Regular expression IPv4 addresses must match.
     Regex = /\A(#{Regex256})\.(#{Regex256})\.(#{Regex256})\.(#{Regex256})\z/
 
+    ##
+    # Creates a new IPv4 address from +arg+ which may be:
+    #
+    # IPv4:: returns +arg+.
+    # String:: +arg+ must match the IPv4::Regex constant
+
     def self.create(arg)
       case arg
       when IPv4
@@ -3239,13 +3254,15 @@ class Resolv
 
   end
 
-  module LOC
+  module LOC # :nodoc:
 
     ##
     # A Resolv::LOC::Size
 
     class Size
 
+      # Regular expression LOC size must match.
+
       Regex = /^(\d+\.*\d*)[m]$/
 
       ##
@@ -3271,6 +3288,7 @@ class Resolv
         end
       end
 
+      # Internal use; use self.create.
       def initialize(scalar)
         @scalar = scalar
       end
@@ -3308,6 +3326,8 @@ class Resolv
 
     class Coord
 
+      # Regular expression LOC Coord must match.
+
       Regex = /^(\d+)\s(\d+)\s(\d+\.\d+)\s([NESW])$/
 
       ##
@@ -3337,6 +3357,7 @@ class Resolv
         end
       end
 
+      # Internal use; use self.create.
       def initialize(coordinates,orientation)
         unless coordinates.kind_of?(String)
           raise ArgumentError.new("Coord must be a 32bit unsigned integer in hex format: #{coordinates.inspect}")
@@ -3399,6 +3420,8 @@ class Resolv
 
     class Alt
 
+      # Regular expression LOC Alt must match.
+
       Regex = /^([+-]*\d+\.*\d*)[m]$/
 
       ##
@@ -3424,6 +3447,7 @@ class Resolv
         end
       end
 
+      # Internal use; use self.create.
       def initialize(altitude)
         @altitude = altitude
       end
diff --git a/lib/rubygems.rb b/lib/rubygems.rb
index 1225cbe5cb..b52dd1b9d3 100644
--- a/lib/rubygems.rb
+++ b/lib/rubygems.rb
@@ -9,16 +9,15 @@
 require "rbconfig"
 
 module Gem
-  VERSION = "3.7.0.dev"
+  VERSION = "4.1.0.dev"
 end
 
-# Must be first since it unloads the prelude from 1.9.2
-require_relative "rubygems/compatibility"
-
 require_relative "rubygems/defaults"
 require_relative "rubygems/deprecate"
 require_relative "rubygems/errors"
 require_relative "rubygems/target_rbconfig"
+require_relative "rubygems/win_platform"
+require_relative "rubygems/util/atomic_file_writer"
 
 ##
 # RubyGems is the Ruby standard for publishing and managing third party
@@ -39,7 +38,7 @@ require_relative "rubygems/target_rbconfig"
 # Further RubyGems documentation can be found at:
 #
 # * {RubyGems Guides}[https://guides.rubygems.org]
-# * {RubyGems API}[https://www.rubydoc.info/github/rubygems/rubygems] (also available from
+# * {RubyGems API}[https://www.rubydoc.info/github/ruby/rubygems] (also available from
 #   <tt>gem server</tt>)
 #
 # == RubyGems Plugins
@@ -71,7 +70,7 @@ require_relative "rubygems/target_rbconfig"
 # == Bugs
 #
 # You can submit bugs to the
-# {RubyGems bug tracker}[https://github.com/rubygems/rubygems/issues]
+# {RubyGems bug tracker}[https://github.com/ruby/rubygems/issues]
 # on GitHub
 #
 # == Credits
@@ -107,7 +106,7 @@ require_relative "rubygems/target_rbconfig"
 #
 # == License
 #
-# See {LICENSE.txt}[https://github.com/rubygems/rubygems/blob/master/LICENSE.txt] for permissions.
+# See {LICENSE.txt}[https://github.com/ruby/rubygems/blob/master/LICENSE.txt] for permissions.
 #
 # Thanks!
 #
@@ -116,18 +115,6 @@ require_relative "rubygems/target_rbconfig"
 module Gem
   RUBYGEMS_DIR = __dir__
 
-  ##
-  # An Array of Regexps that match windows Ruby platforms.
-
-  WIN_PATTERNS = [
-    /bccwin/i,
-    /cygwin/i,
-    /djgpp/i,
-    /mingw/i,
-    /mswin/i,
-    /wince/i,
-  ].freeze
-
   GEM_DEP_FILES = %w[
     gem.deps.rb
     gems.rb
@@ -163,8 +150,6 @@ module Gem
 
   DEFAULT_SOURCE_DATE_EPOCH = 315_619_200
 
-  @@win_platform = nil
-
   @configuration = nil
   @gemdeps = nil
   @loaded_specs = {}
@@ -227,7 +212,7 @@ module Gem
     finish_resolve rs
   end
 
-  def self.finish_resolve(request_set=Gem::RequestSet.new)
+  def self.finish_resolve(request_set = Gem::RequestSet.new)
     request_set.import Gem::Specification.unresolved_deps.values
     request_set.import Gem.loaded_specs.values.map {|s| Gem::Dependency.new(s.name, s.version) }
 
@@ -249,6 +234,16 @@ module Gem
     find_spec_for_exe(name, exec_name, requirements).bin_file exec_name
   end
 
+  def self.find_and_activate_spec_for_exe(name, exec_name, requirements)
+    spec = find_spec_for_exe name, exec_name, requirements
+    Gem::LOADED_SPECS_MUTEX.synchronize do
+      spec.activate
+      finish_resolve
+    end
+    spec
+  end
+  private_class_method :find_and_activate_spec_for_exe
+
   def self.find_spec_for_exe(name, exec_name, requirements)
     raise ArgumentError, "you must supply exec_name" unless exec_name
 
@@ -274,6 +269,42 @@ module Gem
   private_class_method :find_spec_for_exe
 
   ##
+  # Find and load the full path to the executable for gem +name+.  If the
+  # +exec_name+ is not given, an exception will be raised, otherwise the
+  # specified executable's path is returned.  +requirements+ allows
+  # you to specify specific gem versions.
+  #
+  # A side effect of this method is that it will activate the gem that
+  # contains the executable.
+  #
+  # This method should *only* be used in bin stub files.
+
+  def self.activate_and_load_bin_path(name, exec_name = nil, *requirements)
+    spec = find_and_activate_spec_for_exe name, exec_name, requirements
+
+    if spec.name == "bundler"
+      # Old versions of Bundler need a workaround to support nested `bundle
+      # exec` invocations by overriding `Gem.activate_bin_path`. However,
+      # RubyGems now uses this new `Gem.activate_and_load_bin_path` helper in
+      # binstubs, which is of course not overridden in Bundler since it didn't
+      # exist at the time. So, include the override here to workaround that.
+      load ENV["BUNDLE_BIN_PATH"] if ENV["BUNDLE_BIN_PATH"] && spec.version <= Gem::Version.create("2.5.22")
+
+      # Make sure there's no version of Bundler in `$LOAD_PATH` that's different
+      # from the version we just activated. If that was the case (it happens
+      # when testing Bundler from ruby/ruby), we would load Bundler extensions
+      # to RubyGems from the copy in `$LOAD_PATH` but then load the binstub from
+      # an installed copy, causing those copies to be mixed and yet more
+      # redefinition warnings.
+      #
+      require_path = $LOAD_PATH.resolve_feature_path("bundler").last.delete_suffix("/bundler.rb")
+      Gem.load_bundler_extensions(spec.version) if spec.full_require_paths.include?(require_path)
+    end
+
+    load spec.bin_file(exec_name)
+  end
+
+  ##
   # Find the full path to the executable for gem +name+.  If the +exec_name+
   # is not given, an exception will be raised, otherwise the
   # specified executable's path is returned.  +requirements+ allows
@@ -285,12 +316,7 @@ module Gem
   # This method should *only* be used in bin stub files.
 
   def self.activate_bin_path(name, exec_name = nil, *requirements) # :nodoc:
-    spec = find_spec_for_exe name, exec_name, requirements
-    Gem::LOADED_SPECS_MUTEX.synchronize do
-      spec.activate
-      finish_resolve
-    end
-    spec.bin_file exec_name
+    find_and_activate_spec_for_exe(name, exec_name, requirements).bin_file exec_name
   end
 
   ##
@@ -303,7 +329,7 @@ module Gem
   ##
   # The path where gem executables are to be installed.
 
-  def self.bindir(install_dir=Gem.dir)
+  def self.bindir(install_dir = Gem.dir)
     return File.join install_dir, "bin" unless
       install_dir.to_s == Gem.default_dir.to_s
     Gem.default_bindir
@@ -312,7 +338,7 @@ module Gem
   ##
   # The path were rubygems plugins are to be installed.
 
-  def self.plugindir(install_dir=Gem.dir)
+  def self.plugindir(install_dir = Gem.dir)
     File.join install_dir, "plugins"
   end
 
@@ -496,7 +522,7 @@ An Array (#{env.inspect}) was passed in from #{caller[3]}
   # Note that find_files will return all files even if they are from different
   # versions of the same gem.  See also find_latest_files
 
-  def self.find_files(glob, check_load_path=true)
+  def self.find_files(glob, check_load_path = true)
     files = []
 
     files = find_files_from_load_path glob if check_load_path
@@ -533,7 +559,7 @@ An Array (#{env.inspect}) was passed in from #{caller[3]}
   # Unlike find_files, find_latest_files will return only files from the
   # latest version of a gem.
 
-  def self.find_latest_files(glob, check_load_path=true)
+  def self.find_latest_files(glob, check_load_path = true)
     files = []
 
     files = find_files_from_load_path glob if check_load_path
@@ -637,6 +663,30 @@ An Array (#{env.inspect}) was passed in from #{caller[3]}
   end
 
   ##
+  # Load Bundler extensions to RubyGems, making sure to avoid redefinition
+  # warnings in platform constants
+
+  def self.load_bundler_extensions(version)
+    return unless version <= Gem::Version.create("2.6.9")
+
+    previous_platforms = {}
+
+    platform_const_list = ["JAVA", "MSWIN", "MSWIN64", "MINGW", "X64_MINGW_LEGACY", "X64_MINGW", "UNIVERSAL_MINGW", "WINDOWS", "X64_LINUX", "X64_LINUX_MUSL"]
+
+    platform_const_list.each do |platform|
+      previous_platforms[platform] = Gem::Platform.const_get(platform)
+      Gem::Platform.send(:remove_const, platform)
+    end
+
+    require "bundler/rubygems_ext"
+
+    platform_const_list.each do |platform|
+      Gem::Platform.send(:remove_const, platform) if Gem::Platform.const_defined?(platform)
+      Gem::Platform.const_set(platform, previous_platforms[platform])
+    end
+  end
+
+  ##
   # The file name and line number of the caller of the caller of this method.
   #
   # +depth+ is how many layers up the call stack it should go.
@@ -784,14 +834,12 @@ An Array (#{env.inspect}) was passed in from #{caller[3]}
   end
 
   ##
-  # Safely write a file in binary mode on all platforms.
+  # Atomically write a file in binary mode on all platforms.
 
   def self.write_binary(path, data)
-    File.binwrite(path, data)
-  rescue Errno::ENOSPC
-    # If we ran out of space but the file exists, it's *guaranteed* to be corrupted.
-    File.delete(path) if File.exist?(path)
-    raise
+    Gem::AtomicFileWriter.open(path) do |file|
+      file.write(data)
+    end
   end
 
   ##
@@ -1030,18 +1078,6 @@ An Array (#{env.inspect}) was passed in from #{caller[3]}
   end
 
   ##
-  # Is this a windows platform?
-
-  def self.win_platform?
-    if @@win_platform.nil?
-      ruby_platform = RbConfig::CONFIG["host_os"]
-      @@win_platform = !WIN_PATTERNS.find {|r| ruby_platform =~ r }.nil?
-    end
-
-    @@win_platform
-  end
-
-  ##
   # Is this a java platform?
 
   def self.java_platform?
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/basic_specification.rb b/lib/rubygems/basic_specification.rb
index a09e8ed0e1..0ed7fc60bb 100644
--- a/lib/rubygems/basic_specification.rb
+++ b/lib/rubygems/basic_specification.rb
@@ -34,15 +34,6 @@ class Gem::BasicSpecification
     internal_init
   end
 
-  def self.default_specifications_dir
-    Gem.default_specifications_dir
-  end
-
-  class << self
-    extend Gem::Deprecate
-    rubygems_deprecate :default_specifications_dir, "Gem.default_specifications_dir"
-  end
-
   ##
   # The path to the gem.build_complete file within the extension install
   # directory.
@@ -199,6 +190,9 @@ class Gem::BasicSpecification
     File.expand_path(File.join(gems_dir, full_name, "data", name))
   end
 
+  extend Gem::Deprecate
+  rubygems_deprecate :datadir, :none, "4.1"
+
   ##
   # Full path of the target library file.
   # If the file is not in this gem, return nil.
@@ -256,6 +250,13 @@ class Gem::BasicSpecification
     raise NotImplementedError
   end
 
+  def installable_on_platform?(target_platform) # :nodoc:
+    return true if [Gem::Platform::RUBY, nil, target_platform].include?(platform)
+    return true if Gem::Platform.new(platform) === target_platform
+
+    false
+  end
+
   def raw_require_paths # :nodoc:
     raise NotImplementedError
   end
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/bundler_version_finder.rb b/lib/rubygems/bundler_version_finder.rb
index 4ebbad1c0c..c930c2e19c 100644
--- a/lib/rubygems/bundler_version_finder.rb
+++ b/lib/rubygems/bundler_version_finder.rb
@@ -2,7 +2,10 @@
 
 module Gem::BundlerVersionFinder
   def self.bundler_version
+    return if bundle_config_version == "system"
+
     v = ENV["BUNDLER_VERSION"]
+    v = nil if v&.empty?
 
     v ||= bundle_update_bundler_version
     return if v == true
@@ -64,9 +67,12 @@ module Gem::BundlerVersionFinder
 
     return unless gemfile
 
-    lockfile = case gemfile
-               when "gems.rb" then "gems.locked"
-               else "#{gemfile}.lock"
+    lockfile = ENV["BUNDLE_LOCKFILE"]
+    lockfile = nil if lockfile&.empty?
+
+    lockfile ||= case gemfile
+                 when "gems.rb" then "gems.locked"
+                 else "#{gemfile}.lock"
     end
 
     return unless File.file?(lockfile)
@@ -74,4 +80,33 @@ module Gem::BundlerVersionFinder
     File.read(lockfile)
   end
   private_class_method :lockfile_contents
+
+  def self.bundle_config_version
+    config_file = bundler_config_file
+    return unless config_file && File.file?(config_file)
+
+    contents = File.read(config_file)
+    contents =~ /^BUNDLE_VERSION:\s*["']?([^"'\s]+)["']?\s*$/
+
+    $1
+  end
+  private_class_method :bundle_config_version
+
+  def self.bundler_config_file
+    # see Bundler::Settings#global_config_file and local_config_file
+    # global
+    if ENV["BUNDLE_CONFIG"] && !ENV["BUNDLE_CONFIG"].empty?
+      ENV["BUNDLE_CONFIG"]
+    elsif ENV["BUNDLE_USER_CONFIG"] && !ENV["BUNDLE_USER_CONFIG"].empty?
+      ENV["BUNDLE_USER_CONFIG"]
+    elsif ENV["BUNDLE_USER_HOME"] && !ENV["BUNDLE_USER_HOME"].empty?
+      ENV["BUNDLE_USER_HOME"] + "config"
+    elsif Gem.user_home && !Gem.user_home.empty?
+      Gem.user_home + ".bundle/config"
+    else
+      # local
+      "config"
+    end
+  end
+  private_class_method :bundler_config_file
 end
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/command.rb b/lib/rubygems/command.rb
index 3a149ea38e..d38363f293 100644
--- a/lib/rubygems/command.rb
+++ b/lib/rubygems/command.rb
@@ -117,7 +117,7 @@ class Gem::Command
   # Unhandled arguments (gem names, files, etc.) are left in
   # <tt>options[:args]</tt>.
 
-  def initialize(command, summary=nil, defaults={})
+  def initialize(command, summary = nil, defaults = {})
     @command = command
     @summary = summary
     @program_name = "gem #{command}"
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/command_manager.rb b/lib/rubygems/command_manager.rb
index 15834ce4dd..76b2fba835 100644
--- a/lib/rubygems/command_manager.rb
+++ b/lib/rubygems/command_manager.rb
@@ -58,7 +58,6 @@ class Gem::CommandManager
     :owner,
     :pristine,
     :push,
-    :query,
     :rdoc,
     :rebuild,
     :search,
@@ -118,7 +117,7 @@ class Gem::CommandManager
   ##
   # Register the Symbol +command+ as a gem command.
 
-  def register_command(command, obj=false)
+  def register_command(command, obj = false)
     @commands[command] = obj
   end
 
@@ -148,7 +147,7 @@ class Gem::CommandManager
   ##
   # Run the command specified by +args+.
 
-  def run(args, build_args=nil)
+  def run(args, build_args = nil)
     process_args(args, build_args)
   rescue StandardError, Gem::Timeout::Error => ex
     if ex.respond_to?(:detailed_message)
@@ -165,7 +164,7 @@ class Gem::CommandManager
     terminate_interaction(1)
   end
 
-  def process_args(args, build_args=nil)
+  def process_args(args, build_args = nil)
     if args.empty?
       say Gem::Command::HELP
       terminate_interaction 1
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/commands/build_command.rb b/lib/rubygems/commands/build_command.rb
index 2ec8324141..cfe1f8ec3c 100644
--- a/lib/rubygems/commands/build_command.rb
+++ b/lib/rubygems/commands/build_command.rb
@@ -25,13 +25,6 @@ class Gem::Commands::BuildCommand < Gem::Command
     add_option "-o", "--output FILE", "output gem with the given filename" do |value, options|
       options[:output] = value
     end
-
-    add_option "-C PATH", "Run as if gem build was started in <PATH> instead of the current working directory." do |value, options|
-      options[:build_path] = value
-    end
-    deprecate_option "-C",
-                     version: "4.0",
-                     extra_msg: "-C is a global flag now. Use `gem -C PATH build GEMSPEC_FILE [options]` instead"
   end
 
   def arguments # :nodoc:
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/commands/cert_command.rb b/lib/rubygems/commands/cert_command.rb
index 72dcf1dd17..fe03841ddb 100644
--- a/lib/rubygems/commands/cert_command.rb
+++ b/lib/rubygems/commands/cert_command.rb
@@ -158,7 +158,7 @@ class Gem::Commands::CertCommand < Gem::Command
     cert = Gem::Security.create_cert_email(
       email,
       key,
-      (Gem::Security::ONE_DAY * expiration_length_days)
+      Gem::Security::ONE_DAY * expiration_length_days
     )
 
     Gem::Security.write cert, "gem-public_cert.pem"
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/commands/install_command.rb b/lib/rubygems/commands/install_command.rb
index 2888b6c55a..70d32013ba 100644
--- a/lib/rubygems/commands/install_command.rb
+++ b/lib/rubygems/commands/install_command.rb
@@ -239,11 +239,7 @@ You can use `i` command instead of `install`.
   # Loads post-install hooks
 
   def load_hooks # :nodoc:
-    if options[:install_as_default]
-      require_relative "../install_default_message"
-    else
-      require_relative "../install_message"
-    end
+    require_relative "../install_message"
     require_relative "../rdoc"
   end
 
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/commands/pristine_command.rb b/lib/rubygems/commands/pristine_command.rb
index 97f1646ba0..942b75fba1 100644
--- a/lib/rubygems/commands/pristine_command.rb
+++ b/lib/rubygems/commands/pristine_command.rb
@@ -88,6 +88,10 @@ If you have made modifications to an installed gem, the pristine command
 will revert them.  All extensions are rebuilt and all bin stubs for the gem
 are regenerated after checking for modifications.
 
+Rebuilding extensions also refreshes C-extension gems against updated system
+libraries (for example after OS or package upgrades) to avoid mismatches like
+outdated library version warnings.
+
 If the cached gem cannot be found it will be downloaded.
 
 If --no-extensions is provided pristine will not attempt to restore a gem
@@ -137,11 +141,14 @@ extensions will be restored.
     specs.group_by(&:full_name_with_location).values.each do |grouped_specs|
       spec = grouped_specs.find {|s| !s.default_gem? } || grouped_specs.first
 
-      unless only_executables_or_plugins?
+      only_executables = options[:only_executables]
+      only_plugins = options[:only_plugins]
+
+      unless only_executables || only_plugins
         # Default gemspecs include changes provided by ruby-core installer that
         # can't currently be pristined (inclusion of compiled extension targets in
         # the file list). So stick to resetting executables if it's a default gem.
-        options[:only_executables] = true if spec.default_gem?
+        only_executables = true if spec.default_gem?
       end
 
       if options.key? :skip
@@ -151,14 +158,14 @@ extensions will be restored.
         end
       end
 
-      unless spec.extensions.empty? || options[:extensions] || only_executables_or_plugins?
+      unless spec.extensions.empty? || options[:extensions] || only_executables || only_plugins
         say "Skipped #{spec.full_name_with_location}, it needs to compile an extension"
         next
       end
 
       gem = spec.cache_file
 
-      unless File.exist?(gem) || only_executables_or_plugins?
+      unless File.exist?(gem) || only_executables || only_plugins
         require_relative "../remote_fetcher"
 
         say "Cached gem for #{spec.full_name_with_location} not found, attempting to fetch..."
@@ -194,10 +201,10 @@ extensions will be restored.
         bin_dir: bin_dir,
       }
 
-      if options[:only_executables]
+      if only_executables
         installer = Gem::Installer.for_spec(spec, installer_options)
         installer.generate_bin
-      elsif options[:only_plugins]
+      elsif only_plugins
         installer = Gem::Installer.for_spec(spec, installer_options)
         installer.generate_plugins
       else
@@ -208,10 +215,4 @@ extensions will be restored.
       say "Restored #{spec.full_name_with_location}"
     end
   end
-
-  private
-
-  def only_executables_or_plugins?
-    options[:only_executables] || options[:only_plugins]
-  end
 end
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/commands/query_command.rb b/lib/rubygems/commands/query_command.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 3b527974a3..0000000000
--- a/lib/rubygems/commands/query_command.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,43 +0,0 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
-
-require_relative "../command"
-require_relative "../query_utils"
-require_relative "../deprecate"
-
-class Gem::Commands::QueryCommand < Gem::Command
-  extend Gem::Deprecate
-  rubygems_deprecate_command
-
-  include Gem::QueryUtils
-
-  alias_method :warning_without_suggested_alternatives, :deprecation_warning
-  def deprecation_warning
-    warning_without_suggested_alternatives
-
-    message = "It is recommended that you use `gem search` or `gem list` instead.\n"
-    alert_warning message unless Gem::Deprecate.skip
-  end
-
-  def initialize(name = "query", summary = "Query gem information in local or remote repositories")
-    super name, summary,
-         domain: :local, details: false, versions: true,
-         installed: nil, version: Gem::Requirement.default
-
-    add_option("-n", "--name-matches REGEXP",
-               "Name of gem(s) to query on matches the",
-               "provided REGEXP") do |value, options|
-      options[:name] = /#{value}/i
-    end
-
-    add_query_options
-  end
-
-  def description # :nodoc:
-    <<-EOF
-The query command is the basis for the list and search commands.
-
-You should really use the list and search commands instead.  This command
-is too hard to use.
-    EOF
-  end
-end
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/commands/rebuild_command.rb b/lib/rubygems/commands/rebuild_command.rb
index 77a474ef1d..23b9d7b3ba 100644
--- a/lib/rubygems/commands/rebuild_command.rb
+++ b/lib/rubygems/commands/rebuild_command.rb
@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true
 
-require "date"
 require "digest"
 require "fileutils"
 require "tmpdir"
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/commands/setup_command.rb b/lib/rubygems/commands/setup_command.rb
index 301ce25314..175599967c 100644
--- a/lib/rubygems/commands/setup_command.rb
+++ b/lib/rubygems/commands/setup_command.rb
@@ -7,8 +7,8 @@ require_relative "../command"
 # RubyGems checkout or tarball.
 
 class Gem::Commands::SetupCommand < Gem::Command
-  HISTORY_HEADER = %r{^#\s*[\d.a-zA-Z]+\s*/\s*\d{4}-\d{2}-\d{2}\s*$}
-  VERSION_MATCHER = %r{^#\s*([\d.a-zA-Z]+)\s*/\s*\d{4}-\d{2}-\d{2}\s*$}
+  HISTORY_HEADER = %r{^##\s*[\d.a-zA-Z]+\s*/\s*\d{4}-\d{2}-\d{2}\s*$}
+  VERSION_MATCHER = %r{^##\s*([\d.a-zA-Z]+)\s*/\s*\d{4}-\d{2}-\d{2}\s*$}
 
   ENV_PATHS = %w[/usr/bin/env /bin/env].freeze
 
@@ -393,16 +393,20 @@ By default, this RubyGems will install gem as:
     Dir.chdir("bundler") do
       built_gem = Gem::Package.build(new_bundler_spec)
       begin
-        Gem::Installer.at(
+        installer = Gem::Installer.at(
           built_gem,
           env_shebang: options[:env_shebang],
           format_executable: options[:format_executable],
           force: options[:force],
-          install_as_default: true,
           bin_dir: bin_dir,
           install_dir: default_dir,
           wrappers: true
-        ).install
+        )
+        # We need to install only executable and default spec files.
+        # lib/bundler.rb and lib/bundler/* are available under the site_ruby directory.
+        installer.extract_bin
+        installer.generate_bin
+        installer.write_default_spec
       ensure
         FileUtils.rm_f built_gem
       end
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/commands/sources_command.rb b/lib/rubygems/commands/sources_command.rb
index 976f4a4ea2..7e5c2a2465 100644
--- a/lib/rubygems/commands/sources_command.rb
+++ b/lib/rubygems/commands/sources_command.rb
@@ -18,6 +18,14 @@ class Gem::Commands::SourcesCommand < Gem::Command
       options[:add] = value
     end
 
+    add_option "--append SOURCE_URI", "Append source (can be used multiple times)" do |value, options|
+      options[:append] = value
+    end
+
+    add_option "-p", "--prepend SOURCE_URI", "Prepend source (can be used multiple times)" do |value, options|
+      options[:prepend] = value
+    end
+
     add_option "-l", "--list", "List sources" do |value, options|
       options[:list] = value
     end
@@ -26,8 +34,7 @@ class Gem::Commands::SourcesCommand < Gem::Command
       options[:remove] = value
     end
 
-    add_option "-c", "--clear-all",
-               "Remove all sources (clear the cache)" do |value, options|
+    add_option "-c", "--clear-all", "Remove all sources (clear the cache)" do |value, options|
       options[:clear_all] = value
     end
 
@@ -68,6 +75,60 @@ class Gem::Commands::SourcesCommand < Gem::Command
     end
   end
 
+  def append_source(source_uri) # :nodoc:
+    check_rubygems_https source_uri
+
+    source = Gem::Source.new source_uri
+
+    check_typo_squatting(source)
+
+    begin
+      source.load_specs :released
+      was_present = Gem.sources.include?(source)
+      Gem.sources.append source
+      Gem.configuration.write
+
+      if was_present
+        say "#{source_uri} moved to end of sources"
+      else
+        say "#{source_uri} added to sources"
+      end
+    rescue Gem::URI::Error, ArgumentError
+      say "#{source_uri} is not a URI"
+      terminate_interaction 1
+    rescue Gem::RemoteFetcher::FetchError => e
+      say "Error fetching #{Gem::Uri.redact(source.uri)}:\n\t#{e.message}"
+      terminate_interaction 1
+    end
+  end
+
+  def prepend_source(source_uri) # :nodoc:
+    check_rubygems_https source_uri
+
+    source = Gem::Source.new source_uri
+
+    check_typo_squatting(source)
+
+    begin
+      source.load_specs :released
+      was_present = Gem.sources.include?(source)
+      Gem.sources.prepend source
+      Gem.configuration.write
+
+      if was_present
+        say "#{source_uri} moved to top of sources"
+      else
+        say "#{source_uri} added to sources"
+      end
+    rescue Gem::URI::Error, ArgumentError
+      say "#{source_uri} is not a URI"
+      terminate_interaction 1
+    rescue Gem::RemoteFetcher::FetchError => e
+      say "Error fetching #{Gem::Uri.redact(source.uri)}:\n\t#{e.message}"
+      terminate_interaction 1
+    end
+  end
+
   def check_typo_squatting(source)
     if source.typo_squatting?("rubygems.org")
       question = <<-QUESTION.chomp
@@ -128,7 +189,7 @@ yourself to use your own gem server.
 Without any arguments the sources lists your currently configured sources:
 
   $ gem sources
-  *** CURRENT SOURCES ***
+  *** NO CONFIGURED SOURCES, DEFAULT SOURCES LISTED BELOW ***
 
   https://rubygems.org
 
@@ -147,33 +208,49 @@ Since all of these sources point to the same set of gems you only need one
 of them in your list.  https://rubygems.org is recommended as it brings the
 protections of an SSL connection to gem downloads.
 
-To add a source use the --add argument:
+To add a private gem source use the --prepend argument to insert it before
+the default source. This is usually the best place for private gem sources:
 
-    $ gem sources --add https://rubygems.org
-    https://rubygems.org added to sources
+    $ gem sources --prepend https://my.private.source
+    https://my.private.source added to sources
 
 RubyGems will check to see if gems can be installed from the source given
 before it is added.
 
+To add or move a source after all other sources, use --append:
+
+    $ gem sources --append https://rubygems.org
+    https://rubygems.org moved to end of sources
+
 To remove a source use the --remove argument:
 
-    $ gem sources --remove https://rubygems.org/
-    https://rubygems.org/ removed from sources
+    $ gem sources --remove https://my.private.source/
+    https://my.private.source/ removed from sources
 
     EOF
   end
 
   def list # :nodoc:
-    say "*** CURRENT SOURCES ***"
+    if configured_sources
+      header = "*** CURRENT SOURCES ***"
+      list = configured_sources
+    else
+      header = "*** NO CONFIGURED SOURCES, DEFAULT SOURCES LISTED BELOW ***"
+      list = Gem.sources
+    end
+
+    say header
     say
 
-    Gem.sources.each do |src|
+    list.each do |src|
       say src
     end
   end
 
   def list? # :nodoc:
     !(options[:add] ||
+      options[:prepend] ||
+      options[:append] ||
       options[:clear_all] ||
       options[:remove] ||
       options[:update])
@@ -182,11 +259,13 @@ To remove a source use the --remove argument:
   def execute
     clear_all if options[:clear_all]
 
-    source_uri = options[:add]
-    add_source source_uri if source_uri
+    add_source options[:add] if options[:add]
+
+    prepend_source options[:prepend] if options[:prepend]
+
+    append_source options[:append] if options[:append]
 
-    source_uri = options[:remove]
-    remove_source source_uri if source_uri
+    remove_source options[:remove] if options[:remove]
 
     update if options[:update]
 
@@ -194,13 +273,21 @@ To remove a source use the --remove argument:
   end
 
   def remove_source(source_uri) # :nodoc:
-    if Gem.sources.include? source_uri
-      Gem.sources.delete source_uri
+    source = Gem::Source.new source_uri
+
+    if configured_sources&.include? source
+      Gem.sources.delete source
       Gem.configuration.write
 
-      say "#{source_uri} removed from sources"
+      if default_sources.include?(source) && configured_sources.one?
+        alert_warning "Removing a default source when it is the only source has no effect. Add a different source to #{config_file_name} if you want to stop using it as a source."
+      else
+        say "#{source_uri} removed from sources"
+      end
+    elsif configured_sources
+      say "source #{source_uri} cannot be removed because it's not present in #{config_file_name}"
     else
-      say "source #{source_uri} not present in cache"
+      say "source #{source_uri} cannot be removed because there are no configured sources in #{config_file_name}"
     end
   end
 
@@ -224,4 +311,21 @@ To remove a source use the --remove argument:
       say "*** Unable to remove #{desc} source cache ***"
     end
   end
+
+  private
+
+  def default_sources
+    Gem::SourceList.from(Gem.default_sources)
+  end
+
+  def configured_sources
+    return @configured_sources if defined?(@configured_sources)
+
+    configuration_sources = Gem.configuration.sources
+    @configured_sources = Gem::SourceList.from(configuration_sources) if configuration_sources
+  end
+
+  def config_file_name
+    Gem.configuration.config_file_name
+  end
 end
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/compatibility.rb b/lib/rubygems/compatibility.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 0d9df56f8a..0000000000
--- a/lib/rubygems/compatibility.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,41 +0,0 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
-
-#--
-# This file contains all sorts of little compatibility hacks that we've
-# had to introduce over the years. Quarantining them into one file helps
-# us know when we can get rid of them.
-#
-# Ruby 1.9.x has introduced some things that are awkward, and we need to
-# support them, so we define some constants to use later.
-#
-# TODO remove at RubyGems 4
-#++
-
-module Gem
-  # :stopdoc:
-
-  RubyGemsVersion = VERSION
-  deprecate_constant(:RubyGemsVersion)
-
-  RbConfigPriorities = %w[
-    MAJOR
-    MINOR
-    TEENY
-    EXEEXT RUBY_SO_NAME arch bindir datadir libdir ruby_install_name
-    ruby_version rubylibprefix sitedir sitelibdir vendordir vendorlibdir
-    rubylibdir
-  ].freeze
-
-  if defined?(ConfigMap)
-    RbConfigPriorities.each do |key|
-      ConfigMap[key.to_sym] = RbConfig::CONFIG[key]
-    end
-  else
-    ##
-    # Configuration settings from ::RbConfig
-    ConfigMap = Hash.new do |cm, key|
-      cm[key] = RbConfig::CONFIG[key.to_s]
-    end
-    deprecate_constant(:ConfigMap)
-  end
-end
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/config_file.rb b/lib/rubygems/config_file.rb
index a2bcb6dfbc..e58a83f6b7 100644
--- a/lib/rubygems/config_file.rb
+++ b/lib/rubygems/config_file.rb
@@ -345,7 +345,7 @@ if you believe they were disclosed to a third party.
     require "fileutils"
     FileUtils.mkdir_p(dirname)
 
-    permissions = 0o600 & (~File.umask)
+    permissions = 0o600 & ~File.umask
     File.open(credentials_path, "w", permissions) do |f|
       f.write self.class.dump_with_rubygems_yaml(config)
     end
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/core_ext/kernel_require.rb b/lib/rubygems/core_ext/kernel_require.rb
index 073966b696..3a9bdbdc9d 100644
--- a/lib/rubygems/core_ext/kernel_require.rb
+++ b/lib/rubygems/core_ext/kernel_require.rb
@@ -64,8 +64,11 @@ module Kernel
           rp
         end
 
-        Kernel.send(:gem, name, Gem::Requirement.default_prerelease) unless
-          resolved_path
+        next if resolved_path
+
+        Kernel.send(:gem, name, Gem::Requirement.default_prerelease)
+
+        Gem.load_bundler_extensions(Gem.loaded_specs[name].version) if name == "bundler"
 
         next
       end
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/defaults.rb b/lib/rubygems/defaults.rb
index db07681a17..90f09fc191 100644
--- a/lib/rubygems/defaults.rb
+++ b/lib/rubygems/defaults.rb
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ module Gem
   # An Array of the default sources that come with RubyGems
 
   def self.default_sources
-    %w[https://rubygems.org/]
+    @default_sources ||= %w[https://rubygems.org/]
   end
 
   ##
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/dependency.rb b/lib/rubygems/dependency.rb
index d1ec9222af..1e91f493a6 100644
--- a/lib/rubygems/dependency.rb
+++ b/lib/rubygems/dependency.rb
@@ -217,7 +217,7 @@ class Gem::Dependency
   # NOTE:  Unlike #matches_spec? this method does not return true when the
   # version is a prerelease version unless this is a prerelease dependency.
 
-  def match?(obj, version=nil, allow_prerelease=false)
+  def match?(obj, version = nil, allow_prerelease = false)
     if !version
       name = obj.name
       version = obj.version
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/dependency_installer.rb b/lib/rubygems/dependency_installer.rb
index b119dca1cf..6a6dfa5c20 100644
--- a/lib/rubygems/dependency_installer.rb
+++ b/lib/rubygems/dependency_installer.rb
@@ -7,14 +7,12 @@ require_relative "installer"
 require_relative "spec_fetcher"
 require_relative "user_interaction"
 require_relative "available_set"
-require_relative "deprecate"
 
 ##
 # Installs a gem along with all its dependencies from local and remote gems.
 
 class Gem::DependencyInstaller
   include Gem::UserInteraction
-  extend Gem::Deprecate
 
   DEFAULT_OPTIONS = { # :nodoc:
     env_shebang: false,
@@ -28,7 +26,6 @@ class Gem::DependencyInstaller
     wrappers: true,
     build_args: nil,
     build_docs_in_background: false,
-    install_as_default: false,
   }.freeze
 
   ##
@@ -86,8 +83,8 @@ class Gem::DependencyInstaller
     @user_install        = options[:user_install]
     @wrappers            = options[:wrappers]
     @build_args          = options[:build_args]
+    @build_jobs          = options[:build_jobs]
     @build_docs_in_background = options[:build_docs_in_background]
-    @install_as_default = options[:install_as_default]
     @dir_mode = options[:dir_mode]
     @data_mode = options[:data_mode]
     @prog_mode = options[:prog_mode]
@@ -121,78 +118,6 @@ class Gem::DependencyInstaller
     @domain == :both || @domain == :remote
   end
 
-  ##
-  # Returns a list of pairs of gemspecs and source_uris that match
-  # Gem::Dependency +dep+ from both local (Dir.pwd) and remote (Gem.sources)
-  # sources.  Gems are sorted with newer gems preferred over older gems, and
-  # local gems preferred over remote gems.
-
-  def find_gems_with_sources(dep, best_only=false) # :nodoc:
-    set = Gem::AvailableSet.new
-
-    if consider_local?
-      sl = Gem::Source::Local.new
-
-      if spec = sl.find_gem(dep.name)
-        if dep.matches_spec? spec
-          set.add spec, sl
-        end
-      end
-    end
-
-    if consider_remote?
-      begin
-        # This is pulled from #spec_for_dependency to allow
-        # us to filter tuples before fetching specs.
-        tuples, errors = Gem::SpecFetcher.fetcher.search_for_dependency dep
-
-        if best_only && !tuples.empty?
-          tuples.sort! do |a,b|
-            if b[0].version == a[0].version
-              if b[0].platform != Gem::Platform::RUBY
-                1
-              else
-                -1
-              end
-            else
-              b[0].version <=> a[0].version
-            end
-          end
-          tuples = [tuples.first]
-        end
-
-        specs = []
-        tuples.each do |tup, source|
-          spec = source.fetch_spec(tup)
-        rescue Gem::RemoteFetcher::FetchError => e
-          errors << Gem::SourceFetchProblem.new(source, e)
-        else
-          specs << [spec, source]
-        end
-
-        if @errors
-          @errors += errors
-        else
-          @errors = errors
-        end
-
-        set << specs
-      rescue Gem::RemoteFetcher::FetchError => e
-        # FIX if there is a problem talking to the network, we either need to always tell
-        # the user (no really_verbose) or fail hard, not silently tell them that we just
-        # couldn't find their requested gem.
-        verbose do
-          "Error fetching remote data:\t\t#{e.message}\n" \
-            "Falling back to local-only install"
-        end
-        @domain = :local
-      end
-    end
-
-    set
-  end
-  rubygems_deprecate :find_gems_with_sources
-
   def in_background(what) # :nodoc:
     fork_happened = false
     if @build_docs_in_background && Process.respond_to?(:fork)
@@ -230,6 +155,7 @@ class Gem::DependencyInstaller
     options = {
       bin_dir: @bin_dir,
       build_args: @build_args,
+      build_jobs: @build_jobs,
       document: @document,
       env_shebang: @env_shebang,
       force: @force,
@@ -240,7 +166,6 @@ class Gem::DependencyInstaller
       user_install: @user_install,
       wrappers: @wrappers,
       build_root: @build_root,
-      install_as_default: @install_as_default,
       dir_mode: @dir_mode,
       data_mode: @data_mode,
       prog_mode: @prog_mode,
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/dependency_list.rb b/lib/rubygems/dependency_list.rb
index ad5e59e8c1..d50cfe2d54 100644
--- a/lib/rubygems/dependency_list.rb
+++ b/lib/rubygems/dependency_list.rb
@@ -7,7 +7,6 @@
 #++
 
 require_relative "vendored_tsort"
-require_relative "deprecate"
 
 ##
 # Gem::DependencyList is used for installing and uninstalling gems in the
@@ -140,7 +139,7 @@ class Gem::DependencyList
   # If removing the gemspec creates breaks a currently ok dependency, then it
   # is NOT ok to remove the gemspec.
 
-  def ok_to_remove?(full_name, check_dev=true)
+  def ok_to_remove?(full_name, check_dev = true)
     gem_to_remove = find_name full_name
 
     # If the state is inconsistent, at least don't crash
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/deprecate.rb b/lib/rubygems/deprecate.rb
index 7d24f9cbfc..eb503bb269 100644
--- a/lib/rubygems/deprecate.rb
+++ b/lib/rubygems/deprecate.rb
@@ -1,75 +1,75 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true
 
-##
-# Provides 3 methods for declaring when something is going away.
-#
-# +deprecate(name, repl, year, month)+:
-#     Indicate something may be removed on/after a certain date.
-#
-# +rubygems_deprecate(name, replacement=:none)+:
-#     Indicate something will be removed in the next major RubyGems version,
-#     and (optionally) a replacement for it.
-#
-# +rubygems_deprecate_command+:
-#     Indicate a RubyGems command (in +lib/rubygems/commands/*.rb+) will be
-#     removed in the next RubyGems version.
-#
-# Also provides +skip_during+ for temporarily turning off deprecation warnings.
-# This is intended to be used in the test suite, so deprecation warnings
-# don't cause test failures if you need to make sure stderr is otherwise empty.
-#
-#
-# Example usage of +deprecate+ and +rubygems_deprecate+:
-#
-#     class Legacy
-#       def self.some_class_method
-#         # ...
-#       end
-#
-#       def some_instance_method
-#         # ...
-#       end
-#
-#       def some_old_method
-#         # ...
-#       end
-#
-#       extend Gem::Deprecate
-#       deprecate :some_instance_method, "X.z", 2011, 4
-#       rubygems_deprecate :some_old_method, "Modern#some_new_method"
-#
-#       class << self
-#         extend Gem::Deprecate
-#         deprecate :some_class_method, :none, 2011, 4
-#       end
-#     end
-#
-#
-# Example usage of +rubygems_deprecate_command+:
-#
-#     class Gem::Commands::QueryCommand < Gem::Command
-#       extend Gem::Deprecate
-#       rubygems_deprecate_command
-#
-#       # ...
-#     end
-#
-#
-# Example usage of +skip_during+:
-#
-#     class TestSomething < Gem::Testcase
-#       def test_some_thing_with_deprecations
-#         Gem::Deprecate.skip_during do
-#           actual_stdout, actual_stderr = capture_output do
-#             Gem.something_deprecated
-#           end
-#           assert_empty actual_stdout
-#           assert_equal(expected, actual_stderr)
-#         end
-#       end
-#     end
-
 module Gem
+  ##
+  # Provides 3 methods for declaring when something is going away.
+  #
+  # <tt>deprecate(name, repl, year, month)</tt>:
+  #     Indicate something may be removed on/after a certain date.
+  #
+  # <tt>rubygems_deprecate(name, replacement=:none)</tt>:
+  #     Indicate something will be removed in the next major RubyGems version,
+  #     and (optionally) a replacement for it.
+  #
+  # +rubygems_deprecate_command+:
+  #     Indicate a RubyGems command (in +lib/rubygems/commands/*.rb+) will be
+  #     removed in the next RubyGems version.
+  #
+  # Also provides +skip_during+ for temporarily turning off deprecation warnings.
+  # This is intended to be used in the test suite, so deprecation warnings
+  # don't cause test failures if you need to make sure stderr is otherwise empty.
+  #
+  #
+  # Example usage of +deprecate+ and +rubygems_deprecate+:
+  #
+  #     class Legacy
+  #       def self.some_class_method
+  #         # ...
+  #       end
+  #
+  #       def some_instance_method
+  #         # ...
+  #       end
+  #
+  #       def some_old_method
+  #         # ...
+  #       end
+  #
+  #       extend Gem::Deprecate
+  #       deprecate :some_instance_method, "X.z", 2011, 4
+  #       rubygems_deprecate :some_old_method, "Modern#some_new_method"
+  #
+  #       class << self
+  #         extend Gem::Deprecate
+  #         deprecate :some_class_method, :none, 2011, 4
+  #       end
+  #     end
+  #
+  #
+  # Example usage of +rubygems_deprecate_command+:
+  #
+  #     class Gem::Commands::QueryCommand < Gem::Command
+  #       extend Gem::Deprecate
+  #       rubygems_deprecate_command
+  #
+  #       # ...
+  #     end
+  #
+  #
+  # Example usage of +skip_during+:
+  #
+  #     class TestSomething < Gem::Testcase
+  #       def test_some_thing_with_deprecations
+  #         Gem::Deprecate.skip_during do
+  #           actual_stdout, actual_stderr = capture_output do
+  #             Gem.something_deprecated
+  #           end
+  #           assert_empty actual_stdout
+  #           assert_equal(expected, actual_stderr)
+  #         end
+  #       end
+  #     end
+
   module Deprecate
     def self.skip # :nodoc:
       @skip ||= false
@@ -126,17 +126,18 @@ module Gem
     # telling the user of +repl+ (unless +repl+ is :none) and the
     # Rubygems version that it is planned to go away.
 
-    def rubygems_deprecate(name, replacement=:none)
+    def rubygems_deprecate(name, replacement = :none, version = nil)
       class_eval do
         old = "_deprecated_#{name}"
         alias_method old, name
         define_method name do |*args, &block|
           klass = is_a? Module
           target = klass ? "#{self}." : "#{self.class}#"
+          version ||= Gem::Deprecate.next_rubygems_major_version
           msg = [
             "NOTE: #{target}#{name} is deprecated",
             replacement == :none ? " with no replacement" : "; use #{replacement} instead",
-            ". It will be removed in Rubygems #{Gem::Deprecate.next_rubygems_major_version}",
+            ". It will be removed in Rubygems #{version}",
             "\n#{target}#{name} called from #{Gem.location_of_caller.join(":")}",
           ]
           warn "#{msg.join}." unless Gem::Deprecate.skip
@@ -147,13 +148,14 @@ module Gem
     end
 
     # Deprecation method to deprecate Rubygems commands
-    def rubygems_deprecate_command(version = Gem::Deprecate.next_rubygems_major_version)
+    def rubygems_deprecate_command(version = nil)
       class_eval do
         define_method "deprecated?" do
           true
         end
 
         define_method "deprecation_warning" do
+          version ||= Gem::Deprecate.next_rubygems_major_version
           msg = [
             "#{command} command is deprecated",
             ". It will be removed in Rubygems #{version}.\n",
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/doctor.rb b/lib/rubygems/doctor.rb
index 56b7c081eb..4f26260d83 100644
--- a/lib/rubygems/doctor.rb
+++ b/lib/rubygems/doctor.rb
@@ -113,7 +113,7 @@ class Gem::Doctor
       next if installed_specs.include? basename
       next if /^rubygems-\d/.match?(basename)
       next if sub_directory == "specifications" && basename == "default"
-      next if sub_directory == "plugins" && Gem.plugin_suffix_regexp =~ (basename)
+      next if sub_directory == "plugins" && Gem.plugin_suffix_regexp =~ basename
 
       type = File.directory?(child) ? "directory" : "file"
 
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/errors.rb b/lib/rubygems/errors.rb
index 57fb3eb120..4bbc5217e0 100644
--- a/lib/rubygems/errors.rb
+++ b/lib/rubygems/errors.rb
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ module Gem
   # system.  Instead of rescuing from this class, make sure to rescue from the
   # superclass Gem::LoadError to catch all types of load errors.
   class MissingSpecError < Gem::LoadError
-    def initialize(name, requirement, extra_message=nil)
+    def initialize(name, requirement, extra_message = nil)
       @name        = name
       @requirement = requirement
       @extra_message = extra_message
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/exceptions.rb b/lib/rubygems/exceptions.rb
index 793324b875..40485bbadf 100644
--- a/lib/rubygems/exceptions.rb
+++ b/lib/rubygems/exceptions.rb
@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true
 
-require_relative "deprecate"
 require_relative "unknown_command_spell_checker"
 
 ##
@@ -21,20 +20,11 @@ class Gem::UnknownCommandError < Gem::Exception
   end
 
   def self.attach_correctable
-    return if defined?(@attached)
+    return if method_defined?(:corrections)
 
-    if defined?(DidYouMean::SPELL_CHECKERS) && defined?(DidYouMean::Correctable)
-      if DidYouMean.respond_to?(:correct_error)
-        DidYouMean.correct_error(Gem::UnknownCommandError, Gem::UnknownCommandSpellChecker)
-      else
-        DidYouMean::SPELL_CHECKERS["Gem::UnknownCommandError"] =
-          Gem::UnknownCommandSpellChecker
-
-        prepend DidYouMean::Correctable
-      end
+    if defined?(DidYouMean) && DidYouMean.respond_to?(:correct_error)
+      DidYouMean.correct_error(Gem::UnknownCommandError, Gem::UnknownCommandSpellChecker)
     end
-
-    @attached = true
   end
 end
 
@@ -110,7 +100,7 @@ class Gem::SpecificGemNotFoundException < Gem::GemNotFoundException
   # and +version+.  Any +errors+ encountered when attempting to find the gem
   # are also stored.
 
-  def initialize(name, version, errors=nil)
+  def initialize(name, version, errors = nil)
     super "Could not find a valid gem '#{name}' (#{version}) locally or in a repository"
 
     @name = name
@@ -261,7 +251,7 @@ class Gem::UnsatisfiableDependencyError < Gem::DependencyError
   # Creates a new UnsatisfiableDependencyError for the unsatisfiable
   # Gem::Resolver::DependencyRequest +dep+
 
-  def initialize(dep, platform_mismatch=nil)
+  def initialize(dep, platform_mismatch = nil)
     if platform_mismatch && !platform_mismatch.empty?
       plats = platform_mismatch.map {|x| x.platform.to_s }.sort.uniq
       super "Unable to resolve dependency: No match for '#{dep}' on this platform. Found: #{plats.join(", ")}"
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/ext/builder.rb b/lib/rubygems/ext/builder.rb
index 05cd735bd9..350daf1e16 100644
--- a/lib/rubygems/ext/builder.rb
+++ b/lib/rubygems/ext/builder.rb
@@ -11,6 +11,9 @@ require_relative "../user_interaction"
 class Gem::Ext::Builder
   include Gem::UserInteraction
 
+  class NoMakefileError < Gem::InstallError
+  end
+
   attr_accessor :build_args # :nodoc:
 
   def self.class_name
@@ -19,9 +22,10 @@ class Gem::Ext::Builder
   end
 
   def self.make(dest_path, results, make_dir = Dir.pwd, sitedir = nil, targets = ["clean", "", "install"],
-    target_rbconfig: Gem.target_rbconfig)
+    target_rbconfig: Gem.target_rbconfig, n_jobs: nil)
     unless File.exist? File.join(make_dir, "Makefile")
-      raise Gem::InstallError, "Makefile not found"
+      # No makefile exists, nothing to do.
+      raise NoMakefileError, "No Makefile found in #{make_dir}"
     end
 
     # try to find make program from Ruby configure arguments first
@@ -30,8 +34,18 @@ class Gem::Ext::Builder
     make_program_name ||= RUBY_PLATFORM.include?("mswin") ? "nmake" : "make"
     make_program = shellsplit(make_program_name)
 
+    is_nmake = /\bnmake/i.match?(make_program_name)
     # The installation of the bundled gems is failed when DESTDIR is empty in mswin platform.
-    destdir = /\bnmake/i !~ make_program_name || ENV["DESTDIR"] && ENV["DESTDIR"] != "" ? format("DESTDIR=%s", ENV["DESTDIR"]) : ""
+    destdir = !is_nmake || ENV["DESTDIR"] && ENV["DESTDIR"] != "" ? format("DESTDIR=%s", ENV["DESTDIR"]) : ""
+
+    # nmake doesn't support parallel build
+    unless is_nmake
+      have_make_arguments = make_program.size > 1
+
+      if !have_make_arguments && !ENV["MAKEFLAGS"] && n_jobs
+        make_program << "-j#{n_jobs}"
+      end
+    end
 
     env = [destdir]
 
@@ -143,11 +157,12 @@ class Gem::Ext::Builder
   # have build arguments, saved, set +build_args+ which is an ARGV-style
   # array.
 
-  def initialize(spec, build_args = spec.build_args, target_rbconfig = Gem.target_rbconfig)
+  def initialize(spec, build_args = spec.build_args, target_rbconfig = Gem.target_rbconfig, build_jobs = nil)
     @spec       = spec
     @build_args = build_args
     @gem_dir    = spec.full_gem_path
     @target_rbconfig = target_rbconfig
+    @build_jobs = build_jobs
 
     @ran_rake = false
   end
@@ -165,7 +180,7 @@ class Gem::Ext::Builder
       @ran_rake = true
       Gem::Ext::RakeBuilder
     when /CMakeLists.txt/ then
-      Gem::Ext::CmakeBuilder
+      Gem::Ext::CmakeBuilder.new
     when /Cargo.toml/ then
       Gem::Ext::CargoBuilder.new
     else
@@ -204,7 +219,7 @@ EOF
       FileUtils.mkdir_p dest_path
 
       results = builder.build(extension, dest_path,
-                              results, @build_args, lib_dir, extension_dir, @target_rbconfig)
+                              results, @build_args, lib_dir, extension_dir, @target_rbconfig, n_jobs: @build_jobs)
 
       verbose { results.join("\n") }
 
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/ext/cargo_builder.rb b/lib/rubygems/ext/cargo_builder.rb
index 03024a640e..42dca3b102 100644
--- a/lib/rubygems/ext/cargo_builder.rb
+++ b/lib/rubygems/ext/cargo_builder.rb
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ class Gem::Ext::CargoBuilder < Gem::Ext::Builder
   end
 
   def build(extension, dest_path, results, args = [], lib_dir = nil, cargo_dir = Dir.pwd,
-    target_rbconfig=Gem.target_rbconfig)
+    target_rbconfig = Gem.target_rbconfig, n_jobs: nil)
     require "tempfile"
     require "fileutils"
 
@@ -158,6 +158,10 @@ class Gem::Ext::CargoBuilder < Gem::Ext::Builder
   # mkmf work properly.
   def linker_args
     cc_flag = self.class.shellsplit(makefile_config("CC"))
+    # Avoid to ccache like tool from Rust build
+    # see https://github.com/ruby/rubygems/pull/8521#issuecomment-2689854359
+    # ex. CC="ccache gcc" or CC="sccache clang --any --args"
+    cc_flag.shift if cc_flag.size >= 2 && !cc_flag[1].start_with?("-")
     linker = cc_flag.shift
     link_args = cc_flag.flat_map {|a| ["-C", "link-arg=#{a}"] }
 
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/ext/cmake_builder.rb b/lib/rubygems/ext/cmake_builder.rb
index 34564f668d..e660ed558b 100644
--- a/lib/rubygems/ext/cmake_builder.rb
+++ b/lib/rubygems/ext/cmake_builder.rb
@@ -1,21 +1,110 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true
 
+# This builder creates extensions defined using CMake. Its is invoked if a Gem's spec file
+# sets the `extension` property to a string that contains `CMakeLists.txt`.
+#
+# In general, CMake projects are built in two steps:
+#
+#  * configure
+#  * build
+#
+# The builder follow this convention. First it runs a configuration step and then it runs a build step.
+#
+# CMake projects can be quite configurable - it is likely you will want to specify options when
+# installing a gem. To pass options to CMake specify them after `--` in the gem install command. For example:
+#
+#   gem install <gem_name> -- --preset <preset_name>
+#
+# Note that options are ONLY sent to the configure step - it is not currently possible to specify
+# options for the build step. If this becomes and issue then the CMake builder can be updated to
+# support build options.
+#
+# Useful options to know are:
+#
+#  -G to specify a generator (-G Ninja is recommended)
+#  -D<CMAKE_VARIABLE> to set a CMake variable (for example -DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=Release)
+#  --preset <preset_name> to use a preset
+#
+# If the Gem author provides presets, via CMakePresets.json file, you will likely want to use one of them.
+# If not, you may wish to specify a generator. Ninja is recommended because it can build projects in parallel
+# and thus much faster than building them serially like Make does.
+
 class Gem::Ext::CmakeBuilder < Gem::Ext::Builder
-  def self.build(extension, dest_path, results, args=[], lib_dir=nil, cmake_dir=Dir.pwd,
-    target_rbconfig=Gem.target_rbconfig)
+  attr_accessor :runner, :profile
+  def initialize
+    @runner = self.class.method(:run)
+    @profile = :release
+  end
+
+  def build(extension, dest_path, results, args = [], lib_dir = nil, cmake_dir = Dir.pwd,
+    target_rbconfig = Gem.target_rbconfig, n_jobs: nil)
     if target_rbconfig.path
       warn "--target-rbconfig is not yet supported for CMake extensions. Ignoring"
     end
 
-    unless File.exist?(File.join(cmake_dir, "Makefile"))
-      require_relative "../command"
-      cmd = ["cmake", ".", "-DCMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX=#{dest_path}", *Gem::Command.build_args]
+    # Figure the build dir
+    build_dir = File.join(cmake_dir, "build")
 
-      run cmd, results, class_name, cmake_dir
-    end
+    # Check if the gem defined presets
+    check_presets(cmake_dir, args, results)
+
+    # Configure
+    configure(cmake_dir, build_dir, dest_path, args, results)
 
-    make dest_path, results, cmake_dir, target_rbconfig: target_rbconfig
+    # Compile
+    compile(cmake_dir, build_dir, args, results)
 
     results
   end
+
+  def configure(cmake_dir, build_dir, install_dir, args, results)
+    cmd = ["cmake",
+           cmake_dir,
+           "-B",
+           build_dir,
+           "-DCMAKE_RUNTIME_OUTPUT_DIRECTORY=#{install_dir}", # Windows
+           "-DCMAKE_LIBRARY_OUTPUT_DIRECTORY=#{install_dir}", # Not Windows
+           *Gem::Command.build_args,
+           *args]
+
+    runner.call(cmd, results, "cmake_configure", cmake_dir)
+  end
+
+  def compile(cmake_dir, build_dir, args, results)
+    cmd = ["cmake",
+           "--build",
+           build_dir.to_s,
+           "--config",
+           @profile.to_s]
+
+    runner.call(cmd, results, "cmake_compile", cmake_dir)
+  end
+
+  private
+
+  def check_presets(cmake_dir, args, results)
+    # Return if the user specified a preset
+    return unless args.grep(/--preset/i).empty?
+
+    cmd = ["cmake",
+           "--list-presets"]
+
+    presets = Array.new
+    begin
+      runner.call(cmd, presets, "cmake_presets", cmake_dir)
+
+      # Remove the first two lines of the array which is the current_directory and the command
+      # that was run
+      presets = presets[2..].join
+      results << <<~EOS
+        The gem author provided a list of presets that can be used to build the gem. To use a preset specify it on the command line:
+
+          gem install <gem_name> -- --preset <preset_name>
+
+        #{presets}
+      EOS
+    rescue Gem::InstallError
+      # Do nothing, CMakePresets.json was not included in the Gem
+    end
+  end
 end
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/ext/configure_builder.rb b/lib/rubygems/ext/configure_builder.rb
index d91b1ec5e8..230b214b3c 100644
--- a/lib/rubygems/ext/configure_builder.rb
+++ b/lib/rubygems/ext/configure_builder.rb
@@ -7,8 +7,8 @@
 #++
 
 class Gem::Ext::ConfigureBuilder < Gem::Ext::Builder
-  def self.build(extension, dest_path, results, args=[], lib_dir=nil, configure_dir=Dir.pwd,
-    target_rbconfig=Gem.target_rbconfig)
+  def self.build(extension, dest_path, results, args = [], lib_dir = nil, configure_dir = Dir.pwd,
+    target_rbconfig = Gem.target_rbconfig, n_jobs: nil)
     if target_rbconfig.path
       warn "--target-rbconfig is not yet supported for configure-based extensions. Ignoring"
     end
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ class Gem::Ext::ConfigureBuilder < Gem::Ext::Builder
       run cmd, results, class_name, configure_dir
     end
 
-    make dest_path, results, configure_dir, target_rbconfig: target_rbconfig
+    make dest_path, results, configure_dir, target_rbconfig: target_rbconfig, n_jobs: n_jobs
 
     results
   end
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/ext/ext_conf_builder.rb b/lib/rubygems/ext/ext_conf_builder.rb
index e652a221f8..822454355d 100644
--- a/lib/rubygems/ext/ext_conf_builder.rb
+++ b/lib/rubygems/ext/ext_conf_builder.rb
@@ -7,8 +7,8 @@
 #++
 
 class Gem::Ext::ExtConfBuilder < Gem::Ext::Builder
-  def self.build(extension, dest_path, results, args=[], lib_dir=nil, extension_dir=Dir.pwd,
-    target_rbconfig=Gem.target_rbconfig)
+  def self.build(extension, dest_path, results, args = [], lib_dir = nil, extension_dir = Dir.pwd,
+    target_rbconfig = Gem.target_rbconfig, n_jobs: nil)
     require "fileutils"
     require "tempfile"
 
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ class Gem::Ext::ExtConfBuilder < Gem::Ext::Builder
 
       ENV["DESTDIR"] = nil
 
-      make dest_path, results, extension_dir, tmp_dest_relative, target_rbconfig: target_rbconfig
+      make dest_path, results, extension_dir, tmp_dest_relative, target_rbconfig: target_rbconfig, n_jobs: n_jobs
 
       full_tmp_dest = File.join(extension_dir, tmp_dest_relative)
 
@@ -66,6 +66,10 @@ class Gem::Ext::ExtConfBuilder < Gem::Ext::Builder
     end
 
     results
+  rescue Gem::Ext::Builder::NoMakefileError => error
+    results << error.message
+    results << "Skipping make for #{extension} as no Makefile was found."
+    # We are good, do not re-raise the error.
   ensure
     FileUtils.rm_rf tmp_dest if tmp_dest
   end
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/ext/rake_builder.rb b/lib/rubygems/ext/rake_builder.rb
index 8edd8d1373..d702d7f339 100644
--- a/lib/rubygems/ext/rake_builder.rb
+++ b/lib/rubygems/ext/rake_builder.rb
@@ -7,8 +7,8 @@
 #++
 
 class Gem::Ext::RakeBuilder < Gem::Ext::Builder
-  def self.build(extension, dest_path, results, args=[], lib_dir=nil, extension_dir=Dir.pwd,
-    target_rbconfig=Gem.target_rbconfig)
+  def self.build(extension, dest_path, results, args = [], lib_dir = nil, extension_dir = Dir.pwd,
+    target_rbconfig = Gem.target_rbconfig, n_jobs: nil)
     if target_rbconfig.path
       warn "--target-rbconfig is not yet supported for Rake extensions. Ignoring"
     end
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/gem_runner.rb b/lib/rubygems/gem_runner.rb
index 4cb924677f..e60cebd0cb 100644
--- a/lib/rubygems/gem_runner.rb
+++ b/lib/rubygems/gem_runner.rb
@@ -8,7 +8,6 @@
 
 require_relative "../rubygems"
 require_relative "command_manager"
-require_relative "deprecate"
 
 ##
 # Run an instance of the gem program.
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/gemcutter_utilities.rb b/lib/rubygems/gemcutter_utilities.rb
index 8d9a9b2d35..afe7957f43 100644
--- a/lib/rubygems/gemcutter_utilities.rb
+++ b/lib/rubygems/gemcutter_utilities.rb
@@ -319,7 +319,7 @@ module Gem::GemcutterUtilities
   end
 
   def get_scope_params(scope)
-    scope_params = { index_rubygems: true }
+    scope_params = { index_rubygems: true, push_rubygem: true }
 
     if scope
       scope_params = { scope => true }
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/install_default_message.rb b/lib/rubygems/install_default_message.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 0640eaaf08..0000000000
--- a/lib/rubygems/install_default_message.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,13 +0,0 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
-
-require_relative "../rubygems"
-require_relative "user_interaction"
-
-##
-# A post-install hook that displays "Successfully installed
-# some_gem-1.0 as a default gem"
-
-Gem.post_install do |installer|
-  ui = Gem::DefaultUserInteraction.ui
-  ui.say "Successfully installed #{installer.spec.full_name} as a default gem"
-end
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/install_update_options.rb b/lib/rubygems/install_update_options.rb
index 0d0f0dc211..66cb5c049b 100644
--- a/lib/rubygems/install_update_options.rb
+++ b/lib/rubygems/install_update_options.rb
@@ -31,6 +31,15 @@ module Gem::InstallUpdateOptions
       options[:bin_dir] = File.expand_path(value)
     end
 
+    add_option(:"Install/Update", "-j", "--build-jobs VALUE", Integer,
+               "Specify the number of jobs to pass to `make` when installing",
+               "gems with native extensions.",
+               "Defaults to the number of processors.",
+               "This option is ignored on the mswin platform or",
+               "if the MAKEFLAGS environment variable is set.") do |value, options|
+      options[:build_jobs] = value
+    end
+
     add_option(:"Install/Update", "--document [TYPES]", Array,
                "Generate documentation for installed gems",
                "List the documentation types you wish to",
@@ -158,10 +167,9 @@ module Gem::InstallUpdateOptions
       options[:without_groups].concat v.map(&:intern)
     end
 
-    add_option(:"Install/Update", "--default",
+    add_option(:Deprecated, "--default",
                "Add the gem's full specification to",
                "specifications/default and extract only its bin") do |v,_o|
-      options[:install_as_default] = v
     end
 
     add_option(:"Install/Update", "--explain",
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/installer.rb b/lib/rubygems/installer.rb
index 7f5d913ac4..914e413677 100644
--- a/lib/rubygems/installer.rb
+++ b/lib/rubygems/installer.rb
@@ -8,7 +8,6 @@
 
 require_relative "installer_uninstaller_utils"
 require_relative "exceptions"
-require_relative "deprecate"
 require_relative "package"
 require_relative "ext"
 require_relative "user_interaction"
@@ -27,8 +26,6 @@ require_relative "user_interaction"
 # file.  See Gem.pre_install and Gem.post_install for details.
 
 class Gem::Installer
-  extend Gem::Deprecate
-
   ##
   # Paths where env(1) might live.  Some systems are broken and have it in
   # /bin
@@ -67,23 +64,6 @@ class Gem::Installer
   attr_reader :package
 
   class << self
-    #
-    # Changes in rubygems to lazily loading `rubygems/command` (in order to
-    # lazily load `optparse` as a side effect) affect bundler's custom installer
-    # which uses `Gem::Command` without requiring it (up until bundler 2.2.29).
-    # This hook is to compensate for that missing require.
-    #
-    # TODO: Remove when rubygems no longer supports running on bundler older
-    # than 2.2.29.
-
-    def inherited(klass)
-      if klass.name == "Bundler::RubyGemsGemInstaller"
-        require "rubygems/command"
-      end
-
-      super(klass)
-    end
-
     ##
     # Overrides the executable format.
     #
@@ -170,7 +150,7 @@ class Gem::Installer
   #               process. If not set, then Gem::Command.build_args is used
   # :post_install_message:: Print gem post install message if true
 
-  def initialize(package, options={})
+  def initialize(package, options = {})
     require "fileutils"
 
     @options = options
@@ -228,8 +208,7 @@ class Gem::Installer
       ruby_executable = true
       existing = io.read.slice(/
           ^\s*(
-            gem \s |
-            load \s Gem\.bin_path\( |
+            Gem\.activate_and_load_bin_path\( |
             load \s Gem\.activate_bin_path\(
           )
           (['"])(.*?)(\2),
@@ -292,11 +271,7 @@ class Gem::Installer
     run_pre_install_hooks
 
     # Set loaded_from to ensure extension_dir is correct
-    if @options[:install_as_default]
-      spec.loaded_from = default_spec_file
-    else
-      spec.loaded_from = spec_file
-    end
+    spec.loaded_from = spec_file
 
     # Completely remove any previous gem files
     FileUtils.rm_rf gem_dir
@@ -305,24 +280,17 @@ class Gem::Installer
     dir_mode = options[:dir_mode]
     FileUtils.mkdir_p gem_dir, mode: dir_mode && 0o755
 
-    if @options[:install_as_default]
-      extract_bin
-      write_default_spec
-    else
-      extract_files
+    extract_files
 
-      build_extensions
-      write_build_info_file
-      run_post_build_hooks
-    end
+    build_extensions
+    write_build_info_file
+    run_post_build_hooks
 
     generate_bin
     generate_plugins
 
-    unless @options[:install_as_default]
-      write_spec
-      write_cache_file
-    end
+    write_spec
+    write_cache_file
 
     File.chmod(dir_mode, gem_dir) if dir_mode
 
@@ -411,15 +379,6 @@ class Gem::Installer
   end
 
   ##
-  # Unpacks the gem into the given directory.
-
-  def unpack(directory)
-    @gem_dir = directory
-    extract_files
-  end
-  rubygems_deprecate :unpack
-
-  ##
   # The location of the spec file that is installed.
   #
 
@@ -427,12 +386,18 @@ class Gem::Installer
     File.join gem_home, "specifications", "#{spec.full_name}.gemspec"
   end
 
+  def default_spec_dir
+    dir = File.join(gem_home, "specifications", "default")
+    FileUtils.mkdir_p dir
+    dir
+  end
+
   ##
   # The location of the default spec file for default gems.
   #
 
   def default_spec_file
-    File.join gem_home, "specifications", "default", "#{spec.full_name}.gemspec"
+    File.join default_spec_dir, "#{spec.full_name}.gemspec"
   end
 
   ##
@@ -670,6 +635,7 @@ class Gem::Installer
     @build_root          = options[:build_root]
 
     @build_args = options[:build_args]
+    @build_jobs = options[:build_jobs]
 
     @gem_home = @install_dir || user_install_dir || Gem.dir
 
@@ -749,54 +715,53 @@ class Gem::Installer
   def app_script_text(bin_file_name)
     # NOTE: that the `load` lines cannot be indented, as old RG versions match
     # against the beginning of the line
-    <<-TEXT
-#{shebang bin_file_name}
-#
-# This file was generated by RubyGems.
-#
-# The application '#{spec.name}' is installed as part of a gem, and
-# this file is here to facilitate running it.
-#
-
-require 'rubygems'
-#{gemdeps_load(spec.name)}
-version = "#{Gem::Requirement.default_prerelease}"
-
-str = ARGV.first
-if str
-  str = str.b[/\\A_(.*)_\\z/, 1]
-  if str and Gem::Version.correct?(str)
-    #{explicit_version_requirement(spec.name)}
-    ARGV.shift
-  end
-end
+    <<~TEXT
+      #{shebang bin_file_name}
+      #
+      # This file was generated by RubyGems.
+      #
+      # The application '#{spec.name}' is installed as part of a gem, and
+      # this file is here to facilitate running it.
+      #
+
+      require 'rubygems'
+      #{gemdeps_load(spec.name)}
+      version = "#{Gem::Requirement.default_prerelease}"
+
+      str = ARGV.first
+      if str
+        str = str.b[/\\A_(.*)_\\z/, 1]
+        if str and Gem::Version.correct?(str)
+          #{explicit_version_requirement(spec.name)}
+          ARGV.shift
+        end
+      end
 
-if Gem.respond_to?(:activate_bin_path)
-load Gem.activate_bin_path('#{spec.name}', '#{bin_file_name}', version)
-else
-gem #{spec.name.dump}, version
-load Gem.bin_path(#{spec.name.dump}, #{bin_file_name.dump}, version)
-end
-TEXT
+      if Gem.respond_to?(:activate_and_load_bin_path)
+        Gem.activate_and_load_bin_path('#{spec.name}', '#{bin_file_name}', version)
+      else
+        load Gem.activate_bin_path('#{spec.name}', '#{bin_file_name}', version)
+      end
+    TEXT
   end
 
   def gemdeps_load(name)
     return "" if name == "bundler"
 
-    <<-TEXT
+    <<~TEXT
 
-Gem.use_gemdeps
-TEXT
+      Gem.use_gemdeps
+    TEXT
   end
 
   def explicit_version_requirement(name)
     code = "version = str"
     return code unless name == "bundler"
 
-    code += <<-TEXT
+    code += <<~TEXT
 
-    ENV['BUNDLER_VERSION'] = str
-TEXT
+      ENV['BUNDLER_VERSION'] = str
+    TEXT
   end
 
   ##
@@ -811,9 +776,9 @@ TEXT
 
     if File.exist?(File.join(bindir, ruby_exe))
       # stub & ruby.exe within same folder.  Portable
-      <<-TEXT
-@ECHO OFF
-@"%~dp0#{ruby_exe}" "%~dpn0" %*
+      <<~TEXT
+        @ECHO OFF
+        @"%~dp0#{ruby_exe}" "%~dpn0" %*
       TEXT
     elsif bindir.downcase.start_with? rb_topdir.downcase
       # stub within ruby folder, but not standard bin.  Portable
@@ -821,16 +786,16 @@ TEXT
       from = Pathname.new bindir
       to   = Pathname.new "#{rb_topdir}/bin"
       rel  = to.relative_path_from from
-      <<-TEXT
-@ECHO OFF
-@"%~dp0#{rel}/#{ruby_exe}" "%~dpn0" %*
+      <<~TEXT
+        @ECHO OFF
+        @"%~dp0#{rel}/#{ruby_exe}" "%~dpn0" %*
       TEXT
     else
       # outside ruby folder, maybe -user-install or bundler.  Portable, but ruby
       # is dependent on PATH
-      <<-TEXT
-@ECHO OFF
-@#{ruby_exe} "%~dpn0" %*
+      <<~TEXT
+        @ECHO OFF
+        @#{ruby_exe} "%~dpn0" %*
       TEXT
     end
   end
@@ -839,7 +804,7 @@ TEXT
   # configure scripts and rakefiles or mkrf_conf files.
 
   def build_extensions
-    builder = Gem::Ext::Builder.new spec, build_args, Gem.target_rbconfig
+    builder = Gem::Ext::Builder.new spec, build_args, Gem.target_rbconfig, build_jobs
 
     builder.build_extensions
   end
@@ -908,11 +873,7 @@ TEXT
 
     ensure_loadable_spec
 
-    if options[:install_as_default]
-      Gem.ensure_default_gem_subdirectories gem_home
-    else
-      Gem.ensure_gem_subdirectories gem_home
-    end
+    Gem.ensure_gem_subdirectories gem_home
 
     return true if @force
 
@@ -953,11 +914,8 @@ TEXT
   end
 
   def ensure_writable_dir(dir) # :nodoc:
-    begin
-      Dir.mkdir dir, *[options[:dir_mode] && 0o755].compact
-    rescue SystemCallError
-      raise unless File.directory? dir
-    end
+    require "fileutils"
+    FileUtils.mkdir_p dir, mode: options[:dir_mode] && 0o755
 
     raise Gem::FilePermissionError.new(dir) unless File.writable? dir
   end
@@ -984,6 +942,15 @@ TEXT
                     end
   end
 
+  def build_jobs
+    @build_jobs ||= begin
+                      require "etc"
+                      Etc.nprocessors + 1
+                    rescue LoadError
+                      1
+                    end
+  end
+
   def rb_config
     Gem.target_rbconfig
   end
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/name_tuple.rb b/lib/rubygems/name_tuple.rb
index 3f4a6fcf3d..cbdf4d7ac5 100644
--- a/lib/rubygems/name_tuple.rb
+++ b/lib/rubygems/name_tuple.rb
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
 # wrap the data returned from the indexes.
 
 class Gem::NameTuple
-  def initialize(name, version, platform=Gem::Platform::RUBY)
+  def initialize(name, version, platform = Gem::Platform::RUBY)
     @name = name
     @version = version
 
@@ -81,6 +81,12 @@ class Gem::NameTuple
     [@name, @version, @platform]
   end
 
+  alias_method :deconstruct, :to_a
+
+  def deconstruct_keys(keys)
+    { name: @name, version: @version, platform: @platform }
+  end
+
   def inspect # :nodoc:
     "#<Gem::NameTuple #{@name}, #{@version}, #{@platform}>"
   end
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/package.rb b/lib/rubygems/package.rb
index c855423ed7..6b21ff1b95 100644
--- a/lib/rubygems/package.rb
+++ b/lib/rubygems/package.rb
@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@
 
 # rubocop:enable Style/AsciiComments
 
+require_relative "win_platform"
 require_relative "security"
 require_relative "user_interaction"
 
@@ -267,7 +268,7 @@ class Gem::Package
 
       tar.add_file_simple file, stat.mode, stat.size do |dst_io|
         File.open file, "rb" do |src_io|
-          copy_stream(src_io, dst_io)
+          copy_stream(src_io, dst_io, stat.size)
         end
       end
     end
@@ -436,8 +437,6 @@ EOM
           symlinks << [full_name, link_target, destination, real_destination]
         end
 
-        FileUtils.rm_rf destination
-
         mkdir =
           if entry.directory?
             destination
@@ -451,8 +450,14 @@ EOM
         end
 
         if entry.file?
-          File.open(destination, "wb") {|out| copy_stream(entry, out) }
-          FileUtils.chmod file_mode(entry.header.mode) & ~File.umask, destination
+          File.open(destination, "wb") do |out|
+            copy_stream(tar.io, out, entry.size)
+            # Flush needs to happen before chmod because there could be data
+            # in the IO buffer that needs to be written, and that could be
+            # written after the chmod (on close) which would mess up the perms
+            out.flush
+            out.chmod file_mode(entry.header.mode) & ~File.umask
+          end
         end
 
         verbose destination
@@ -514,10 +519,12 @@ EOM
     destination
   end
 
-  def normalize_path(pathname)
-    if Gem.win_platform?
+  if Gem.win_platform?
+    def normalize_path(pathname) # :nodoc:
       pathname.downcase
-    else
+    end
+  else
+    def normalize_path(pathname) # :nodoc:
       pathname
     end
   end
@@ -635,6 +642,8 @@ EOM
     raise Gem::Package::FormatError.new e.message, @gem
   end
 
+  private
+
   ##
   # Verifies the +checksums+ against the +digests+.  This check is not
   # cryptographically secure.  Missing checksums are ignored.
@@ -715,12 +724,12 @@ EOM
   end
 
   if RUBY_ENGINE == "truffleruby"
-    def copy_stream(src, dst) # :nodoc:
-      dst.write src.read
+    def copy_stream(src, dst, size) # :nodoc:
+      dst.write src.read(size)
     end
   else
-    def copy_stream(src, dst) # :nodoc:
-      IO.copy_stream(src, dst)
+    def copy_stream(src, dst, size) # :nodoc:
+      IO.copy_stream(src, dst, size)
     end
   end
 
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/package/tar_header.rb b/lib/rubygems/package/tar_header.rb
index 0ebcbd789d..dd20d65080 100644
--- a/lib/rubygems/package/tar_header.rb
+++ b/lib/rubygems/package/tar_header.rb
@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ class Gem::Package::TarHeader
   ##
   # Pack format for a tar header
 
-  PACK_FORMAT = "a100" + # name
+  PACK_FORMAT = ("a100" + # name
                 "a8"   + # mode
                 "a8"   + # uid
                 "a8"   + # gid
@@ -71,12 +71,12 @@ class Gem::Package::TarHeader
                 "a32"  + # gname
                 "a8"   + # devmajor
                 "a8"   + # devminor
-                "a155"   # prefix
+                "a155").freeze # prefix
 
   ##
   # Unpack format for a tar header
 
-  UNPACK_FORMAT = "A100" + # name
+  UNPACK_FORMAT = ("A100" + # name
                   "A8"   + # mode
                   "A8"   + # uid
                   "A8"   + # gid
@@ -91,7 +91,7 @@ class Gem::Package::TarHeader
                   "A32"  + # gname
                   "A8"   + # devmajor
                   "A8"   + # devminor
-                  "A155"   # prefix
+                  "A155").freeze # prefix
 
   attr_reader(*FIELDS)
 
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/package/tar_reader.rb b/lib/rubygems/package/tar_reader.rb
index 25f9b2f945..b66a8a62bc 100644
--- a/lib/rubygems/package/tar_reader.rb
+++ b/lib/rubygems/package/tar_reader.rb
@@ -30,6 +30,8 @@ class Gem::Package::TarReader
     nil
   end
 
+  attr_reader :io # :nodoc:
+
   ##
   # Creates a new tar file reader on +io+ which needs to respond to #pos,
   # #eof?, #read, #getc and #pos=
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/package/tar_writer.rb b/lib/rubygems/package/tar_writer.rb
index 7dcb9737c0..39fed9e2af 100644
--- a/lib/rubygems/package/tar_writer.rb
+++ b/lib/rubygems/package/tar_writer.rb
@@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ class Gem::Package::TarWriter
   # Gem.source_date_epoch if not specified), and yields an IO for
   # writing the file to
 
-  def add_file(name, mode, mtime=nil) # :yields: io
+  def add_file(name, mode, mtime = nil) # :yields: io
     check_closed
 
     name, prefix = split_name name
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/platform.rb b/lib/rubygems/platform.rb
index 04d5776cc5..367b00e7e1 100644
--- a/lib/rubygems/platform.rb
+++ b/lib/rubygems/platform.rb
@@ -1,7 +1,5 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true
 
-require_relative "deprecate"
-
 ##
 # Available list of platforms for targeting Gem installations.
 #
@@ -21,15 +19,6 @@ class Gem::Platform
     end
   end
 
-  def self.match(platform)
-    match_platforms?(platform, Gem.platforms)
-  end
-
-  class << self
-    extend Gem::Deprecate
-    rubygems_deprecate :match, "Gem::Platform.match_spec? or match_gem?"
-  end
-
   def self.match_platforms?(platform, platforms)
     platform = Gem::Platform.new(platform) unless platform.is_a?(Gem::Platform)
     platforms.any? do |local_platform|
@@ -90,7 +79,7 @@ class Gem::Platform
     when String then
       cpu, os = arch.sub(/-+$/, "").split("-", 2)
 
-      @cpu = if cpu.match?(/i\d86/)
+      @cpu = if cpu&.match?(/i\d86/)
         "x86"
       else
         cpu
@@ -147,6 +136,37 @@ class Gem::Platform
   end
 
   ##
+  # Deconstructs the platform into an array for pattern matching.
+  # Returns [cpu, os, version].
+  #
+  #   Gem::Platform.new("x86_64-linux").deconstruct  #=> ["x86_64", "linux", nil]
+  #
+  # This enables array pattern matching:
+  #
+  #   case Gem::Platform.new("arm64-darwin-21")
+  #   in ["arm64", "darwin", version]
+  #     # version => "21"
+  #   end
+  alias_method :deconstruct, :to_a
+
+  ##
+  # Deconstructs the platform into a hash for pattern matching.
+  # Returns a hash with keys +:cpu+, +:os+, and +:version+.
+  #
+  #   Gem::Platform.new("x86_64-darwin-20").deconstruct_keys(nil)
+  #   #=> { cpu: "x86_64", os: "darwin", version: "20" }
+  #
+  # This enables hash pattern matching:
+  #
+  #   case Gem::Platform.new("x86_64-linux")
+  #   in cpu: "x86_64", os: "linux"
+  #     # Matches Linux on x86_64
+  #   end
+  def deconstruct_keys(keys)
+    { cpu: @cpu, os: @os, version: @version }
+  end
+
+  ##
   # Is +other+ equal to this platform?  Two platforms are equal if they have
   # the same CPU, OS and version.
 
@@ -255,4 +275,118 @@ class Gem::Platform
   # This will be replaced with Gem::Platform::local.
 
   CURRENT = "current"
+
+  JAVA  = Gem::Platform.new("java") # :nodoc:
+  MSWIN = Gem::Platform.new("mswin32") # :nodoc:
+  MSWIN64 = Gem::Platform.new("mswin64") # :nodoc:
+  MINGW = Gem::Platform.new("x86-mingw32") # :nodoc:
+  X64_MINGW_LEGACY = Gem::Platform.new("x64-mingw32") # :nodoc:
+  X64_MINGW = Gem::Platform.new("x64-mingw-ucrt") # :nodoc:
+  UNIVERSAL_MINGW = Gem::Platform.new("universal-mingw") # :nodoc:
+  WINDOWS = [MSWIN, MSWIN64, UNIVERSAL_MINGW].freeze # :nodoc:
+  X64_LINUX = Gem::Platform.new("x86_64-linux") # :nodoc:
+  X64_LINUX_MUSL = Gem::Platform.new("x86_64-linux-musl") # :nodoc:
+
+  GENERICS = [JAVA, *WINDOWS].freeze # :nodoc:
+  private_constant :GENERICS
+
+  GENERIC_CACHE = GENERICS.each_with_object({}) {|g, h| h[g] = g } # :nodoc:
+  private_constant :GENERIC_CACHE
+
+  class << self
+    ##
+    # Returns the generic platform for the given platform.
+
+    def generic(platform)
+      return Gem::Platform::RUBY if platform.nil? || platform == Gem::Platform::RUBY
+
+      GENERIC_CACHE[platform] ||= begin
+        found = GENERICS.find do |match|
+          platform === match
+        end
+        found || Gem::Platform::RUBY
+      end
+    end
+
+    ##
+    # Returns the platform specificity match for the given spec platform and user platform.
+
+    def platform_specificity_match(spec_platform, user_platform)
+      return -1 if spec_platform == user_platform
+      return 1_000_000 if spec_platform.nil? || spec_platform == Gem::Platform::RUBY || user_platform == Gem::Platform::RUBY
+
+      os_match(spec_platform, user_platform) +
+        cpu_match(spec_platform, user_platform) * 10 +
+        version_match(spec_platform, user_platform) * 100
+    end
+
+    ##
+    # Sorts and filters the best platform match for the given matching specs and platform.
+
+    def sort_and_filter_best_platform_match(matching, platform)
+      return matching if matching.one?
+
+      exact = matching.select {|spec| spec.platform == platform }
+      return exact if exact.any?
+
+      sorted_matching = sort_best_platform_match(matching, platform)
+      exemplary_spec = sorted_matching.first
+
+      sorted_matching.take_while {|spec| same_specificity?(platform, spec, exemplary_spec) && same_deps?(spec, exemplary_spec) }
+    end
+
+    ##
+    # Sorts the best platform match for the given matching specs and platform.
+
+    def sort_best_platform_match(matching, platform)
+      matching.sort_by.with_index do |spec, i|
+        [
+          platform_specificity_match(spec.platform, platform),
+          i, # for stable sort
+        ]
+      end
+    end
+
+    private
+
+    def same_specificity?(platform, spec, exemplary_spec)
+      platform_specificity_match(spec.platform, platform) == platform_specificity_match(exemplary_spec.platform, platform)
+    end
+
+    def same_deps?(spec, exemplary_spec)
+      spec.required_ruby_version == exemplary_spec.required_ruby_version &&
+        spec.required_rubygems_version == exemplary_spec.required_rubygems_version &&
+        spec.dependencies.sort == exemplary_spec.dependencies.sort
+    end
+
+    def os_match(spec_platform, user_platform)
+      if spec_platform.os == user_platform.os
+        0
+      else
+        1
+      end
+    end
+
+    def cpu_match(spec_platform, user_platform)
+      if spec_platform.cpu == user_platform.cpu
+        0
+      elsif spec_platform.cpu == "arm" && user_platform.cpu.to_s.start_with?("arm")
+        0
+      elsif spec_platform.cpu.nil? || spec_platform.cpu == "universal"
+        1
+      else
+        2
+      end
+    end
+
+    def version_match(spec_platform, user_platform)
+      if spec_platform.version == user_platform.version
+        0
+      elsif spec_platform.version.nil?
+        1
+      else
+        2
+      end
+    end
+  end
 end
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/psych_tree.rb b/lib/rubygems/psych_tree.rb
index 24857adb9d..8b4c425a33 100644
--- a/lib/rubygems/psych_tree.rb
+++ b/lib/rubygems/psych_tree.rb
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ module Gem
       def register(target, obj)
       end
 
-      # This is ported over from the yaml_tree in 1.9.3
+      # This is ported over from the YAMLTree implementation in Ruby 1.9.3
       def format_time(time)
         if time.utc?
           time.strftime("%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S.%9N Z")
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/remote_fetcher.rb b/lib/rubygems/remote_fetcher.rb
index 4b5c74e0ea..805f7aaf82 100644
--- a/lib/rubygems/remote_fetcher.rb
+++ b/lib/rubygems/remote_fetcher.rb
@@ -72,7 +72,7 @@ class Gem::RemoteFetcher
   # +headers+: A set of additional HTTP headers to be sent to the server when
   #            fetching the gem.
 
-  def initialize(proxy=nil, dns=nil, headers={})
+  def initialize(proxy = nil, dns = nil, headers = {})
     require_relative "core_ext/tcpsocket_init" if Gem.configuration.ipv4_fallback_enabled
     require_relative "vendored_net_http"
     require_relative "vendor/uri/lib/uri"
@@ -82,6 +82,7 @@ class Gem::RemoteFetcher
     @proxy = proxy
     @pools = {}
     @pool_lock = Thread::Mutex.new
+    @pool_size = 1
     @cert_files = Gem::Request.get_cert_files
 
     @headers = headers
@@ -245,11 +246,14 @@ class Gem::RemoteFetcher
   def fetch_path(uri, mtime = nil, head = false)
     uri = Gem::Uri.new uri
 
-    unless uri.scheme
-      raise ArgumentError, "uri scheme is invalid: #{uri.scheme.inspect}"
-    end
+    method = {
+      "http" => "fetch_http",
+      "https" => "fetch_http",
+      "s3" => "fetch_s3",
+      "file" => "fetch_file",
+    }.fetch(uri.scheme) { raise ArgumentError, "uri scheme is invalid: #{uri.scheme.inspect}" }
 
-    data = send "fetch_#{uri.scheme}", uri, mtime, head
+    data = send method, uri, mtime, head
 
     if data && !head && uri.to_s.end_with?(".gz")
       begin
@@ -267,7 +271,7 @@ class Gem::RemoteFetcher
 
   def fetch_s3(uri, mtime = nil, head = false)
     begin
-      public_uri = s3_uri_signer(uri).sign
+      public_uri = s3_uri_signer(uri, head ? "HEAD" : "GET").sign
     rescue Gem::S3URISigner::ConfigurationError, Gem::S3URISigner::InstanceProfileError => e
       raise FetchError.new(e.message, "s3://#{uri.host}")
     end
@@ -275,8 +279,8 @@ class Gem::RemoteFetcher
   end
 
   # we have our own signing code here to avoid a dependency on the aws-sdk gem
-  def s3_uri_signer(uri)
-    Gem::S3URISigner.new(uri)
+  def s3_uri_signer(uri, method)
+    Gem::S3URISigner.new(uri, method)
   end
 
   ##
@@ -335,7 +339,7 @@ class Gem::RemoteFetcher
 
   def pools_for(proxy)
     @pool_lock.synchronize do
-      @pools[proxy] ||= Gem::Request::ConnectionPools.new proxy, @cert_files
+      @pools[proxy] ||= Gem::Request::ConnectionPools.new proxy, @cert_files, @pool_size
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/request/connection_pools.rb b/lib/rubygems/request/connection_pools.rb
index 6c1b04ab65..01e7e0629a 100644
--- a/lib/rubygems/request/connection_pools.rb
+++ b/lib/rubygems/request/connection_pools.rb
@@ -7,11 +7,12 @@ class Gem::Request::ConnectionPools # :nodoc:
     attr_accessor :client
   end
 
-  def initialize(proxy_uri, cert_files)
+  def initialize(proxy_uri, cert_files, pool_size = 1)
     @proxy_uri  = proxy_uri
     @cert_files = cert_files
     @pools      = {}
     @pool_mutex = Thread::Mutex.new
+    @pool_size  = pool_size
   end
 
   def pool_for(uri)
@@ -20,9 +21,9 @@ class Gem::Request::ConnectionPools # :nodoc:
     @pool_mutex.synchronize do
       @pools[key] ||=
         if https? uri
-          Gem::Request::HTTPSPool.new(http_args, @cert_files, @proxy_uri)
+          Gem::Request::HTTPSPool.new(http_args, @cert_files, @proxy_uri, @pool_size)
         else
-          Gem::Request::HTTPPool.new(http_args, @cert_files, @proxy_uri)
+          Gem::Request::HTTPPool.new(http_args, @cert_files, @proxy_uri, @pool_size)
         end
     end
   end
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/request/http_pool.rb b/lib/rubygems/request/http_pool.rb
index 52543de41f..468502ca6b 100644
--- a/lib/rubygems/request/http_pool.rb
+++ b/lib/rubygems/request/http_pool.rb
@@ -9,12 +9,14 @@
 class Gem::Request::HTTPPool # :nodoc:
   attr_reader :cert_files, :proxy_uri
 
-  def initialize(http_args, cert_files, proxy_uri)
+  def initialize(http_args, cert_files, proxy_uri, pool_size)
     @http_args  = http_args
     @cert_files = cert_files
     @proxy_uri  = proxy_uri
-    @queue      = Thread::SizedQueue.new 1
-    @queue << nil
+    @pool_size  = pool_size
+
+    @queue      = Thread::SizedQueue.new @pool_size
+    setup_queue
   end
 
   def checkout
@@ -31,7 +33,8 @@ class Gem::Request::HTTPPool # :nodoc:
         connection.finish
       end
     end
-    @queue.push(nil)
+
+    setup_queue
   end
 
   private
@@ -44,4 +47,8 @@ class Gem::Request::HTTPPool # :nodoc:
     connection.start
     connection
   end
+
+  def setup_queue
+    @pool_size.times { @queue.push(nil) }
+  end
 end
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/request_set.rb b/lib/rubygems/request_set.rb
index 875df7e019..5a855fdb10 100644
--- a/lib/rubygems/request_set.rb
+++ b/lib/rubygems/request_set.rb
@@ -181,13 +181,10 @@ class Gem::RequestSet
 
     # Install requested gems after they have been downloaded
     sorted_requests.each do |req|
-      if req.installed?
+      if req.installed? && @always_install.none? {|spec| spec == req.spec.spec }
         req.spec.spec.build_extensions
-
-        if @always_install.none? {|spec| spec == req.spec.spec }
-          yield req, nil if block_given?
-          next
-        end
+        yield req, nil if block_given?
+        next
       end
 
       spec =
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/request_set/lockfile.rb b/lib/rubygems/request_set/lockfile.rb
index c446b3ae51..da6dd329bc 100644
--- a/lib/rubygems/request_set/lockfile.rb
+++ b/lib/rubygems/request_set/lockfile.rb
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ class Gem::RequestSet::Lockfile
   end
 
   ##
-  # Creates a new Lockfile for the given +request_set+ and +gem_deps_file+
+  # Creates a new Lockfile for the given Gem::RequestSet and +gem_deps_file+
   # location.
 
   def self.build(request_set, gem_deps_file, dependencies = nil)
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/resolver.rb b/lib/rubygems/resolver.rb
index 35d83abd2d..bc4fef893e 100644
--- a/lib/rubygems/resolver.rb
+++ b/lib/rubygems/resolver.rb
@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@
 
 require_relative "dependency"
 require_relative "exceptions"
-require_relative "util/list"
 
 ##
 # Given a set of Gem::Dependency objects as +needed+ and a way to query the
@@ -144,7 +143,7 @@ class Gem::Resolver
     [spec, activation_request]
   end
 
-  def requests(s, act, reqs=[]) # :nodoc:
+  def requests(s, act, reqs = []) # :nodoc:
     return reqs if @ignore_dependencies
 
     s.fetch_development_dependencies if @development
@@ -241,7 +240,7 @@ class Gem::Resolver
 
     sources.each do |source|
       groups[source].
-        sort_by {|spec| [spec.version, spec.platform =~ Gem::Platform.local ? 1 : 0] }. # rubocop:disable Performance/RegexpMatch
+        sort_by {|spec| [spec.version, -Gem::Platform.platform_specificity_match(spec.platform, Gem::Platform.local)] }.
         map {|spec| ActivationRequest.new spec, dependency }.
         each {|activation_request| activation_requests << activation_request }
     end
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/resolver/conflict.rb b/lib/rubygems/resolver/conflict.rb
index 367a36b43d..77c3add4b3 100644
--- a/lib/rubygems/resolver/conflict.rb
+++ b/lib/rubygems/resolver/conflict.rb
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ class Gem::Resolver::Conflict
   # Creates a new resolver conflict when +dependency+ is in conflict with an
   # already +activated+ specification.
 
-  def initialize(dependency, activated, failed_dep=dependency)
+  def initialize(dependency, activated, failed_dep = dependency)
     @dependency = dependency
     @activated = activated
     @failed_dep = failed_dep
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/s3_uri_signer.rb b/lib/rubygems/s3_uri_signer.rb
index 7c95a9d4f5..148cba38c4 100644
--- a/lib/rubygems/s3_uri_signer.rb
+++ b/lib/rubygems/s3_uri_signer.rb
@@ -1,11 +1,14 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true
 
 require_relative "openssl"
+require_relative "user_interaction"
 
 ##
 # S3URISigner implements AWS SigV4 for S3 Source to avoid a dependency on the aws-sdk-* gems
 # More on AWS SigV4: https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AmazonS3/latest/API/sig-v4-authenticating-requests.html
 class Gem::S3URISigner
+  include Gem::UserInteraction
+
   class ConfigurationError < Gem::Exception
     def initialize(message)
       super message
@@ -27,9 +30,11 @@ class Gem::S3URISigner
   end
 
   attr_accessor :uri
+  attr_accessor :method
 
-  def initialize(uri)
+  def initialize(uri, method)
     @uri = uri
+    @method = method
   end
 
   ##
@@ -38,7 +43,7 @@ class Gem::S3URISigner
     s3_config = fetch_s3_config
 
     current_time = Time.now.utc
-    date_time = current_time.strftime("%Y%m%dT%H%m%SZ")
+    date_time = current_time.strftime("%Y%m%dT%H%M%SZ")
     date = date_time[0,8]
 
     credential_info = "#{date}/#{s3_config.region}/s3/aws4_request"
@@ -73,7 +78,7 @@ class Gem::S3URISigner
 
   def generate_canonical_request(canonical_host, query_params)
     [
-      "GET",
+      method.upcase,
       uri.path,
       query_params,
       "host:#{canonical_host}",
@@ -145,17 +150,40 @@ class Gem::S3URISigner
     require_relative "request/connection_pools"
     require "json"
 
-    iam_info = ec2_metadata_request(EC2_IAM_INFO)
+    # First try V2 fallback to V1
+    res = nil
+    begin
+      res = ec2_metadata_credentials_imds_v2
+    rescue InstanceProfileError
+      alert_warning "Unable to access ec2 credentials via IMDSv2, falling back to IMDSv1"
+      res = ec2_metadata_credentials_imds_v1
+    end
+    res
+  end
+
+  def ec2_metadata_credentials_imds_v2
+    token = ec2_metadata_token
+    iam_info = ec2_metadata_request(EC2_IAM_INFO, token:)
     # Expected format: arn:aws:iam::<id>:instance-profile/<role_name>
     role_name = iam_info["InstanceProfileArn"].split("/").last
-    ec2_metadata_request(EC2_IAM_SECURITY_CREDENTIALS + role_name)
+    ec2_metadata_request(EC2_IAM_SECURITY_CREDENTIALS + role_name, token:)
   end
 
-  def ec2_metadata_request(url)
-    uri = Gem::URI(url)
-    @request_pool ||= create_request_pool(uri)
-    request = Gem::Request.new(uri, Gem::Net::HTTP::Get, nil, @request_pool)
-    response = request.fetch
+  def ec2_metadata_credentials_imds_v1
+    iam_info = ec2_metadata_request(EC2_IAM_INFO, token: nil)
+    # Expected format: arn:aws:iam::<id>:instance-profile/<role_name>
+    role_name = iam_info["InstanceProfileArn"].split("/").last
+    ec2_metadata_request(EC2_IAM_SECURITY_CREDENTIALS + role_name, token: nil)
+  end
+
+  def ec2_metadata_request(url, token:)
+    request = ec2_iam_request(Gem::URI(url), Gem::Net::HTTP::Get)
+
+    response = request.fetch do |req|
+      if token
+        req.add_field "X-aws-ec2-metadata-token", token
+      end
+    end
 
     case response
     when Gem::Net::HTTPOK then
@@ -165,6 +193,26 @@ class Gem::S3URISigner
     end
   end
 
+  def ec2_metadata_token
+    request = ec2_iam_request(Gem::URI(EC2_IAM_TOKEN), Gem::Net::HTTP::Put)
+
+    response = request.fetch do |req|
+      req.add_field "X-aws-ec2-metadata-token-ttl-seconds", 60
+    end
+
+    case response
+    when Gem::Net::HTTPOK then
+      response.body
+    else
+      raise InstanceProfileError.new("Unable to fetch AWS metadata from #{uri}: #{response.message} #{response.code}")
+    end
+  end
+
+  def ec2_iam_request(uri, verb)
+    @request_pool ||= create_request_pool(uri)
+    Gem::Request.new(uri, verb, nil, @request_pool)
+  end
+
   def create_request_pool(uri)
     proxy_uri = Gem::Request.proxy_uri(Gem::Request.get_proxy_from_env(uri.scheme))
     certs = Gem::Request.get_cert_files
@@ -172,6 +220,7 @@ class Gem::S3URISigner
   end
 
   BASE64_URI_TRANSLATE = { "+" => "%2B", "/" => "%2F", "=" => "%3D", "\n" => "" }.freeze
+  EC2_IAM_TOKEN = "http://169.254.169.254/latest/api/token"
   EC2_IAM_INFO = "http://169.254.169.254/latest/meta-data/iam/info"
   EC2_IAM_SECURITY_CREDENTIALS = "http://169.254.169.254/latest/meta-data/iam/security-credentials/"
 end
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/security/policy.rb b/lib/rubygems/security/policy.rb
index 7b86ac5763..128958ab80 100644
--- a/lib/rubygems/security/policy.rb
+++ b/lib/rubygems/security/policy.rb
@@ -143,7 +143,7 @@ class Gem::Security::Policy
   end
 
   ##
-  # Ensures the root of +chain+ has a trusted certificate in +trust_dir+ and
+  # Ensures the root of +chain+ has a trusted certificate in Gem::Security.trust_dir and
   # the digests of the two certificates match according to +digester+
 
   def check_trust(chain, digester, trust_dir)
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/security/signer.rb b/lib/rubygems/security/signer.rb
index 5732fb57fd..eeeeb52906 100644
--- a/lib/rubygems/security/signer.rb
+++ b/lib/rubygems/security/signer.rb
@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ class Gem::Security::Signer
     re_signed_cert = Gem::Security.re_sign(
       expired_cert,
       private_key,
-      (Gem::Security::ONE_DAY * Gem.configuration.cert_expiration_length_days)
+      Gem::Security::ONE_DAY * Gem.configuration.cert_expiration_length_days
     )
 
     Gem::Security.write(re_signed_cert, expired_cert_path)
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/source.rb b/lib/rubygems/source.rb
index 772ad04bc9..f203b7312b 100644
--- a/lib/rubygems/source.rb
+++ b/lib/rubygems/source.rb
@@ -102,7 +102,7 @@ class Gem::Source
   end
 
   ##
-  # Fetches a specification for the given +name_tuple+.
+  # Fetches a specification for the given Gem::NameTuple.
 
   def fetch_spec(name_tuple)
     fetcher = Gem::RemoteFetcher.fetcher
@@ -190,7 +190,7 @@ class Gem::Source
   # Downloads +spec+ and writes it to +dir+.  See also
   # Gem::RemoteFetcher#download.
 
-  def download(spec, dir=Dir.pwd)
+  def download(spec, dir = Dir.pwd)
     fetcher = Gem::RemoteFetcher.fetcher
     fetcher.download spec, uri.to_s, dir
   end
@@ -210,7 +210,7 @@ class Gem::Source
     end
   end
 
-  def typo_squatting?(host, distance_threshold=4)
+  def typo_squatting?(host, distance_threshold = 4)
     return if @uri.host.nil?
     levenshtein_distance(@uri.host, host).between? 1, distance_threshold
   end
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/source_list.rb b/lib/rubygems/source_list.rb
index 33db64fbc1..19bf4595c4 100644
--- a/lib/rubygems/source_list.rb
+++ b/lib/rubygems/source_list.rb
@@ -60,6 +60,42 @@ class Gem::SourceList
   end
 
   ##
+  # Prepends +obj+ to the beginning of the source list which may be a Gem::Source, Gem::URI or URI
+  # Moves +obj+ to the beginning of the list if already present.
+  # String.
+
+  def prepend(obj)
+    src = case obj
+          when Gem::Source
+            obj
+          else
+            Gem::Source.new(obj)
+    end
+
+    @sources.delete(src) if @sources.include?(src)
+    @sources.unshift(src)
+    src
+  end
+
+  ##
+  # Appends +obj+ to the end of the source list, moving it if already present.
+  # +obj+ may be a Gem::Source, Gem::URI or URI String.
+  # Moves +obj+ to the end of the list if already present.
+
+  def append(obj)
+    src = case obj
+          when Gem::Source
+            obj
+          else
+            Gem::Source.new(obj)
+    end
+
+    @sources.delete(src) if @sources.include?(src)
+    @sources << src
+    src
+  end
+
+  ##
   # Replaces this SourceList with the sources in +other+  See #<< for
   # acceptable items in +other+.
 
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/spec_fetcher.rb b/lib/rubygems/spec_fetcher.rb
index 285f117b39..835dedf948 100644
--- a/lib/rubygems/spec_fetcher.rb
+++ b/lib/rubygems/spec_fetcher.rb
@@ -83,7 +83,7 @@ class Gem::SpecFetcher
   #
   # If +matching_platform+ is false, gems for all platforms are returned.
 
-  def search_for_dependency(dependency, matching_platform=true)
+  def search_for_dependency(dependency, matching_platform = true)
     found = {}
 
     rejected_specs = {}
@@ -130,7 +130,7 @@ class Gem::SpecFetcher
   ##
   # Return all gem name tuples who's names match +obj+
 
-  def detect(type=:complete)
+  def detect(type = :complete)
     tuples = []
 
     list, _ = available_specs(type)
@@ -150,7 +150,7 @@ class Gem::SpecFetcher
   #
   # If +matching_platform+ is false, gems for all platforms are returned.
 
-  def spec_for_dependency(dependency, matching_platform=true)
+  def spec_for_dependency(dependency, matching_platform = true)
     tuples, errors = search_for_dependency(dependency, matching_platform)
 
     specs = []
@@ -280,7 +280,7 @@ class Gem::SpecFetcher
   # Retrieves NameTuples from +source+ of the given +type+ (:prerelease,
   # etc.).  If +gracefully_ignore+ is true, errors are ignored.
 
-  def tuples_for(source, type, gracefully_ignore=false) # :nodoc:
+  def tuples_for(source, type, gracefully_ignore = false) # :nodoc:
     @caches[type][source.uri] ||=
       source.load_specs(type).sort_by(&:name)
   rescue Gem::RemoteFetcher::FetchError
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/specification.rb b/lib/rubygems/specification.rb
index 0b905a7ea7..3d1f2dad91 100644
--- a/lib/rubygems/specification.rb
+++ b/lib/rubygems/specification.rb
@@ -7,12 +7,10 @@
 # See LICENSE.txt for permissions.
 #++
 
-require_relative "deprecate"
 require_relative "basic_specification"
 require_relative "stub_specification"
 require_relative "platform"
 require_relative "specification_record"
-require_relative "util/list"
 
 require "rbconfig"
 
@@ -38,8 +36,6 @@ require "rbconfig"
 # items you may add to a specification.
 
 class Gem::Specification < Gem::BasicSpecification
-  extend Gem::Deprecate
-
   # REFACTOR: Consider breaking out this version stuff into a separate
   # module. There's enough special stuff around it that it may justify
   # a separate class.
@@ -488,8 +484,6 @@ class Gem::Specification < Gem::BasicSpecification
     end
 
     @platform = @new_platform.to_s
-
-    invalidate_memoized_attributes
   end
 
   ##
@@ -738,14 +732,6 @@ class Gem::Specification < Gem::BasicSpecification
   attr_accessor :autorequire # :nodoc:
 
   ##
-  # Sets the default executable for this gem.
-  #
-  # Deprecated: You must now specify the executable name to  Gem.bin_path.
-
-  attr_writer :default_executable
-  rubygems_deprecate :default_executable=
-
-  ##
   # Allows deinstallation of gems with legacy platforms.
 
   attr_writer :original_platform # :nodoc:
@@ -1002,7 +988,7 @@ class Gem::Specification < Gem::BasicSpecification
   def self.find_in_unresolved_tree(path)
     unresolved_specs.each do |spec|
       spec.traverse do |_from_spec, _dep, to_spec, trail|
-        if to_spec.has_conflicts? || to_spec.conficts_when_loaded_with?(trail)
+        if to_spec.has_conflicts? || to_spec.conflicts_when_loaded_with?(trail)
           :next
         else
           return trail.reverse if to_spec.contains_requirable_file? path
@@ -1321,7 +1307,7 @@ class Gem::Specification < Gem::BasicSpecification
     spec.instance_variable_set :@authors,                   array[12]
     spec.instance_variable_set :@description,               array[13]
     spec.instance_variable_set :@homepage,                  array[14]
-    spec.instance_variable_set :@has_rdoc,                  array[15]
+    # offset due to has_rdoc removal
     spec.instance_variable_set :@licenses,                  array[17]
     spec.instance_variable_set :@metadata,                  array[18]
     spec.instance_variable_set :@loaded,                    false
@@ -1620,14 +1606,14 @@ class Gem::Specification < Gem::BasicSpecification
   # spec's cached gem.
 
   def cache_dir
-    @cache_dir ||= File.join base_dir, "cache"
+    File.join base_dir, "cache"
   end
 
   ##
   # Returns the full path to the cached gem for this spec.
 
   def cache_file
-    @cache_file ||= File.join cache_dir, "#{full_name}.gem"
+    File.join cache_dir, "#{full_name}.gem"
   end
 
   ##
@@ -1649,7 +1635,7 @@ class Gem::Specification < Gem::BasicSpecification
   ##
   # return true if there will be conflict when spec if loaded together with the list of specs.
 
-  def conficts_when_loaded_with?(list_of_specs) # :nodoc:
+  def conflicts_when_loaded_with?(list_of_specs) # :nodoc:
     result = list_of_specs.any? do |spec|
       spec.runtime_dependencies.any? {|dep| (dep.name == name) && !satisfies_requirement?(dep) }
     end
@@ -1717,24 +1703,6 @@ class Gem::Specification < Gem::BasicSpecification
   end
 
   ##
-  # The default executable for this gem.
-  #
-  # Deprecated: The name of the gem is assumed to be the name of the
-  # executable now.  See Gem.bin_path.
-
-  def default_executable # :nodoc:
-    if defined?(@default_executable) && @default_executable
-      result = @default_executable
-    elsif @executables && @executables.size == 1
-      result = Array(@executables).first
-    else
-      result = nil
-    end
-    result
-  end
-  rubygems_deprecate :default_executable
-
-  ##
   # The default value for specification attribute +name+
 
   def default_value(name)
@@ -1757,7 +1725,7 @@ class Gem::Specification < Gem::BasicSpecification
   #
   #   [depending_gem, dependency, [list_of_gems_that_satisfy_dependency]]
 
-  def dependent_gems(check_dev=true)
+  def dependent_gems(check_dev = true)
     out = []
     Gem::Specification.each do |spec|
       deps = check_dev ? spec.dependencies : spec.runtime_dependencies
@@ -1903,10 +1871,6 @@ class Gem::Specification < Gem::BasicSpecification
     spec
   end
 
-  def full_name
-    @full_name ||= super
-  end
-
   ##
   # Work around old bundler versions removing my methods
   # Can be removed once RubyGems can no longer install Bundler 2.5
@@ -1920,29 +1884,6 @@ class Gem::Specification < Gem::BasicSpecification
   end
 
   ##
-  # Deprecated and ignored, defaults to true.
-  #
-  # Formerly used to indicate this gem was RDoc-capable.
-
-  def has_rdoc # :nodoc:
-    true
-  end
-  rubygems_deprecate :has_rdoc
-
-  ##
-  # Deprecated and ignored.
-  #
-  # Formerly used to indicate this gem was RDoc-capable.
-
-  def has_rdoc=(ignored) # :nodoc:
-    @has_rdoc = true
-  end
-  rubygems_deprecate :has_rdoc=
-
-  alias_method :has_rdoc?, :has_rdoc # :nodoc:
-  rubygems_deprecate :has_rdoc?
-
-  ##
   # True if this gem has files in test_files
 
   def has_unit_tests? # :nodoc:
@@ -2044,17 +1985,6 @@ class Gem::Specification < Gem::BasicSpecification
     end
   end
 
-  ##
-  # Expire memoized instance variables that can incorrectly generate, replace
-  # or miss files due changes in certain attributes used to compute them.
-
-  def invalidate_memoized_attributes
-    @full_name = nil
-    @cache_file = nil
-  end
-
-  private :invalidate_memoized_attributes
-
   def inspect # :nodoc:
     if $DEBUG
       super
@@ -2093,8 +2023,6 @@ class Gem::Specification < Gem::BasicSpecification
   def internal_init # :nodoc:
     super
     @bin_dir       = nil
-    @cache_dir     = nil
-    @cache_file    = nil
     @doc_dir       = nil
     @ri_dir        = nil
     @spec_dir      = nil
@@ -2447,8 +2375,6 @@ class Gem::Specification < Gem::BasicSpecification
       :required_rubygems_version,
       :specification_version,
       :version,
-      :has_rdoc,
-      :default_executable,
       :metadata,
       :signing_key,
     ]
@@ -2586,29 +2512,11 @@ class Gem::Specification < Gem::BasicSpecification
     Gem::SpecificationPolicy.new(self).validate_for_resolution
   end
 
-  def validate_metadata
-    Gem::SpecificationPolicy.new(self).validate_metadata
-  end
-  rubygems_deprecate :validate_metadata
-
-  def validate_dependencies
-    Gem::SpecificationPolicy.new(self).validate_dependencies
-  end
-  rubygems_deprecate :validate_dependencies
-
-  def validate_permissions
-    Gem::SpecificationPolicy.new(self).validate_permissions
-  end
-  rubygems_deprecate :validate_permissions
-
   ##
   # Set the version to +version+.
 
   def version=(version)
-    @version = Gem::Version.create(version)
-    return if @version.nil?
-
-    invalidate_memoized_attributes
+    @version = version.nil? ? version : Gem::Version.create(version)
   end
 
   def stubbed?
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/specification_policy.rb b/lib/rubygems/specification_policy.rb
index d79ee7df92..e5008a24db 100644
--- a/lib/rubygems/specification_policy.rb
+++ b/lib/rubygems/specification_policy.rb
@@ -190,9 +190,6 @@ duplicate dependency on #{dep}, (#{prev.requirement}) use:
 
   ##
   # Checks that the gem does not depend on itself.
-  # Checks that dependencies use requirements as we recommend.  Warnings are
-  # issued when dependencies are open-ended or overly strict for semantic
-  # versioning.
 
   def validate_dependencies # :nodoc:
     warning_messages = []
@@ -200,39 +197,6 @@ duplicate dependency on #{dep}, (#{prev.requirement}) use:
       if dep.name == @specification.name # warn on self reference
         warning_messages << "Self referencing dependency is unnecessary and strongly discouraged."
       end
-
-      prerelease_dep = dep.requirements_list.any? do |req|
-        Gem::Requirement.new(req).prerelease?
-      end
-
-      warning_messages << "prerelease dependency on #{dep} is not recommended" if
-          prerelease_dep && !@specification.version.prerelease?
-
-      open_ended = dep.requirement.requirements.all? do |op, version|
-        !version.prerelease? && [">", ">="].include?(op)
-      end
-
-      next unless open_ended
-      op, dep_version = dep.requirement.requirements.first
-
-      segments = dep_version.segments
-
-      base = segments.first 2
-
-      recommendation = if [">", ">="].include?(op) && segments == [0]
-        "  use a bounded requirement, such as \"~> x.y\""
-      else
-        bugfix = if op == ">"
-          ", \"> #{dep_version}\""
-        elsif op == ">=" && base != segments
-          ", \">= #{dep_version}\""
-        end
-
-        "  if #{dep.name} is semantically versioned, use:\n" \
-        "    add_#{dep.type}_dependency \"#{dep.name}\", \"~> #{base.join "."}\"#{bugfix}"
-      end
-
-      warning_messages << ["open-ended dependency on #{dep} is not recommended", recommendation].join("\n") + "\n"
     end
     if warning_messages.any?
       warning_messages.each {|warning_message| warning warning_message }
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/specification_record.rb b/lib/rubygems/specification_record.rb
index 195a355496..d08410096f 100644
--- a/lib/rubygems/specification_record.rb
+++ b/lib/rubygems/specification_record.rb
@@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ module Gem
     end
 
     ##
-    # Adds +spec+ to the the record, keeping the collection properly sorted.
+    # Adds +spec+ to the record, keeping the collection properly sorted.
 
     def add_spec(spec)
       return if all.include? spec
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/ssl_certs/rubygems.org/GlobalSignRootCA_R3.pem b/lib/rubygems/ssl_certs/rubygems.org/GlobalSign.pem
index 8afb219058..8afb219058 100644
--- a/lib/rubygems/ssl_certs/rubygems.org/GlobalSignRootCA_R3.pem
+++ b/lib/rubygems/ssl_certs/rubygems.org/GlobalSign.pem
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/ssl_certs/rubygems.org/GlobalSignRootCA.pem b/lib/rubygems/ssl_certs/rubygems.org/GlobalSignRootCA.pem
deleted file mode 100644
index f4ce4ca43d..0000000000
--- a/lib/rubygems/ssl_certs/rubygems.org/GlobalSignRootCA.pem
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,21 +0,0 @@
------BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
-MIIDdTCCAl2gAwIBAgILBAAAAAABFUtaw5QwDQYJKoZIhvcNAQEFBQAwVzELMAkG
-A1UEBhMCQkUxGTAXBgNVBAoTEEdsb2JhbFNpZ24gbnYtc2ExEDAOBgNVBAsTB1Jv
-b3QgQ0ExGzAZBgNVBAMTEkdsb2JhbFNpZ24gUm9vdCBDQTAeFw05ODA5MDExMjAw
-MDBaFw0yODAxMjgxMjAwMDBaMFcxCzAJBgNVBAYTAkJFMRkwFwYDVQQKExBHbG9i
-YWxTaWduIG52LXNhMRAwDgYDVQQLEwdSb290IENBMRswGQYDVQQDExJHbG9iYWxT
-aWduIFJvb3QgQ0EwggEiMA0GCSqGSIb3DQEBAQUAA4IBDwAwggEKAoIBAQDaDuaZ
-jc6j40+Kfvvxi4Mla+pIH/EqsLmVEQS98GPR4mdmzxzdzxtIK+6NiY6arymAZavp
-xy0Sy6scTHAHoT0KMM0VjU/43dSMUBUc71DuxC73/OlS8pF94G3VNTCOXkNz8kHp
-1Wrjsok6Vjk4bwY8iGlbKk3Fp1S4bInMm/k8yuX9ifUSPJJ4ltbcdG6TRGHRjcdG
-snUOhugZitVtbNV4FpWi6cgKOOvyJBNPc1STE4U6G7weNLWLBYy5d4ux2x8gkasJ
-U26Qzns3dLlwR5EiUWMWea6xrkEmCMgZK9FGqkjWZCrXgzT/LCrBbBlDSgeF59N8
-9iFo7+ryUp9/k5DPAgMBAAGjQjBAMA4GA1UdDwEB/wQEAwIBBjAPBgNVHRMBAf8E
-BTADAQH/MB0GA1UdDgQWBBRge2YaRQ2XyolQL30EzTSo//z9SzANBgkqhkiG9w0B
-AQUFAAOCAQEA1nPnfE920I2/7LqivjTFKDK1fPxsnCwrvQmeU79rXqoRSLblCKOz
-yj1hTdNGCbM+w6DjY1Ub8rrvrTnhQ7k4o+YviiY776BQVvnGCv04zcQLcFGUl5gE
-38NflNUVyRRBnMRddWQVDf9VMOyGj/8N7yy5Y0b2qvzfvGn9LhJIZJrglfCm7ymP
-AbEVtQwdpf5pLGkkeB6zpxxxYu7KyJesF12KwvhHhm4qxFYxldBniYUr+WymXUad
-DKqC5JlR3XC321Y9YeRq4VzW9v493kHMB65jUr9TU/Qr6cf9tveCX4XSQRjbgbME
-HMUfpIBvFSDJ3gyICh3WZlXi/EjJKSZp4A==
------END CERTIFICATE-----
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/text.rb b/lib/rubygems/text.rb
index da0795b771..88d4ce59b4 100644
--- a/lib/rubygems/text.rb
+++ b/lib/rubygems/text.rb
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ module Gem::Text
   # Wraps +text+ to +wrap+ characters and optionally indents by +indent+
   # characters
 
-  def format_text(text, wrap, indent=0)
+  def format_text(text, wrap, indent = 0)
     result = []
     work = clean_text(text)
 
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/uninstaller.rb b/lib/rubygems/uninstaller.rb
index 991bc6fb95..fe4c3a80cf 100644
--- a/lib/rubygems/uninstaller.rb
+++ b/lib/rubygems/uninstaller.rb
@@ -42,10 +42,25 @@ class Gem::Uninstaller
   attr_reader :spec
 
   ##
-  # Constructs an uninstaller that will uninstall +gem+
+  # Constructs an uninstaller that will uninstall gem named +gem+.
+  # +options+ is a Hash with the following keys:
+  #
+  # :version:: Version requirement for the gem to uninstall. If not specified,
+  #            uses Gem::Requirement.default.
+  # :install_dir:: The directory where the gem is installed. If not specified,
+  #                uses Gem.dir.
+  # :executables:: Whether executables should be removed without confirmation or not. If nil, asks the user explicitly.
+  # :all:: If more than one version matches the requirement, whether to forcefully remove all matching versions or ask the user to select specific matching versions that should be removed.
+  # :ignore:: Ignore broken dependency checks when uninstalling.
+  # :bin_dir:: Directory containing executables to remove. If not specified,
+  #            uses Gem.bindir.
+  # :format_executable:: In order to find executables to be removed, format executable names using Gem::Installer.exec_format.
+  # :abort_on_dependent:: Directly abort uninstallation if dependencies would be broken, rather than asking the user for confirmation.
+  # :check_dev:: When checking if uninstalling gem would leave broken dependencies around, also consider development dependencies.
+  # :force:: Set both :all and :ignore to true for forced uninstallation.
+  # :user_install:: Uninstall from user gem directory instead of system directory.
 
   def initialize(gem, options = {})
-    # TODO: document the valid options
     @gem                = gem
     @version            = options[:version] || Gem::Requirement.default
     @install_dir        = options[:install_dir]
@@ -57,10 +72,6 @@ class Gem::Uninstaller
     @bin_dir            = options[:bin_dir]
     @format_executable  = options[:format_executable]
     @abort_on_dependent = options[:abort_on_dependent]
-
-    # Indicate if development dependencies should be checked when
-    # uninstalling. (default: false)
-    #
     @check_dev = options[:check_dev]
 
     if options[:force]
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/user_interaction.rb b/lib/rubygems/user_interaction.rb
index 0172c4ee89..9fe3e755c4 100644
--- a/lib/rubygems/user_interaction.rb
+++ b/lib/rubygems/user_interaction.rb
@@ -6,7 +6,6 @@
 # See LICENSE.txt for permissions.
 #++
 
-require_relative "deprecate"
 require_relative "text"
 
 ##
@@ -170,8 +169,6 @@ end
 # Gem::StreamUI implements a simple stream based user interface.
 
 class Gem::StreamUI
-  extend Gem::Deprecate
-
   ##
   # The input stream
 
@@ -193,7 +190,7 @@ class Gem::StreamUI
   # then special operations (like asking for passwords) will use the TTY
   # commands to disable character echo.
 
-  def initialize(in_stream, out_stream, err_stream=$stderr, usetty=true)
+  def initialize(in_stream, out_stream, err_stream = $stderr, usetty = true)
     @ins = in_stream
     @outs = out_stream
     @errs = err_stream
@@ -246,7 +243,7 @@ class Gem::StreamUI
   # to a tty, raises an exception if default is nil, otherwise returns
   # default.
 
-  def ask_yes_no(question, default=nil)
+  def ask_yes_no(question, default = nil)
     unless tty?
       if default.nil?
         raise Gem::OperationNotSupportedError,
@@ -325,14 +322,14 @@ class Gem::StreamUI
   ##
   # Display a statement.
 
-  def say(statement="")
+  def say(statement = "")
     @outs.puts statement
   end
 
   ##
   # Display an informational alert.  Will ask +question+ if it is not nil.
 
-  def alert(statement, question=nil)
+  def alert(statement, question = nil)
     @outs.puts "INFO:  #{statement}"
     ask(question) if question
   end
@@ -340,7 +337,7 @@ class Gem::StreamUI
   ##
   # Display a warning on stderr.  Will ask +question+ if it is not nil.
 
-  def alert_warning(statement, question=nil)
+  def alert_warning(statement, question = nil)
     @errs.puts "WARNING:  #{statement}"
     ask(question) if question
   end
@@ -349,7 +346,7 @@ class Gem::StreamUI
   # Display an error message in a location expected to get error messages.
   # Will ask +question+ if it is not nil.
 
-  def alert_error(statement, question=nil)
+  def alert_error(statement, question = nil)
     @errs.puts "ERROR:  #{statement}"
     ask(question) if question
   end
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/util.rb b/lib/rubygems/util.rb
index 51f9c2029f..ee4106c6ce 100644
--- a/lib/rubygems/util.rb
+++ b/lib/rubygems/util.rb
@@ -1,7 +1,5 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true
 
-require_relative "deprecate"
-
 ##
 # This module contains various utility methods as module methods.
 
@@ -57,26 +55,6 @@ module Gem::Util
   end
 
   ##
-  # Invokes system, but silences all output.
-
-  def self.silent_system(*command)
-    opt = { out: IO::NULL, err: [:child, :out] }
-    if Hash === command.last
-      opt.update(command.last)
-      cmds = command[0...-1]
-    else
-      cmds = command.dup
-    end
-    system(*(cmds << opt))
-  end
-
-  class << self
-    extend Gem::Deprecate
-
-    rubygems_deprecate :silent_system
-  end
-
-  ##
   # Enumerates the parents of +directory+.
 
   def self.traverse_parents(directory, &block)
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/util/atomic_file_writer.rb b/lib/rubygems/util/atomic_file_writer.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..32767c6a79
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/rubygems/util/atomic_file_writer.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,76 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+# Based on ActiveSupport's AtomicFile implementation
+# Copyright (c) David Heinemeier Hansson
+# https://github.com/rails/rails/blob/main/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/file/atomic.rb
+# Licensed under the MIT License
+
+module Gem
+  class AtomicFileWriter
+    ##
+    # Write to a file atomically. Useful for situations where you don't
+    # want other processes or threads to see half-written files.
+
+    def self.open(file_name)
+      require "securerandom" unless defined?(SecureRandom)
+
+      old_stat = begin
+                   File.stat(file_name)
+                 rescue SystemCallError
+                   nil
+                 end
+
+      # Names can't be longer than 255B
+      tmp_suffix = ".tmp.#{SecureRandom.hex}"
+      dirname = File.dirname(file_name)
+      basename = File.basename(file_name)
+      tmp_path = File.join(dirname, ".#{basename.byteslice(0, 254 - tmp_suffix.bytesize)}#{tmp_suffix}")
+
+      flags = File::RDWR | File::CREAT | File::EXCL | File::BINARY
+      flags |= File::SHARE_DELETE if defined?(File::SHARE_DELETE)
+
+      File.open(tmp_path, flags) do |temp_file|
+        temp_file.binmode
+        if old_stat
+          # Set correct permissions on new file
+          begin
+            File.chown(old_stat.uid, old_stat.gid, temp_file.path)
+            # This operation will affect filesystem ACL's
+            File.chmod(old_stat.mode, temp_file.path)
+          rescue Errno::EPERM, Errno::EACCES
+            # Changing file ownership failed, moving on.
+          end
+        end
+
+        return_val = yield temp_file
+      rescue StandardError => error
+        begin
+          temp_file.close
+        rescue StandardError
+          nil
+        end
+
+        begin
+          File.unlink(temp_file.path)
+        rescue StandardError
+          nil
+        end
+
+        raise error
+      else
+        begin
+          File.rename(temp_file.path, file_name)
+        rescue StandardError
+          begin
+            File.unlink(temp_file.path)
+          rescue StandardError
+          end
+
+          raise
+        end
+
+        return_val
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/util/licenses.rb b/lib/rubygems/util/licenses.rb
index 3d9df5ebcd..fbb7b55075 100644
--- a/lib/rubygems/util/licenses.rb
+++ b/lib/rubygems/util/licenses.rb
@@ -59,12 +59,15 @@ class Gem::Licenses
     Artistic-1.0-Perl
     Artistic-1.0-cl8
     Artistic-2.0
+    Artistic-dist
+    Aspell-RU
     BSD-1-Clause
     BSD-2-Clause
     BSD-2-Clause-Darwin
     BSD-2-Clause-Patent
     BSD-2-Clause-Views
     BSD-2-Clause-first-lines
+    BSD-2-Clause-pkgconf-disclaimer
     BSD-3-Clause
     BSD-3-Clause-Attribution
     BSD-3-Clause-Clear
@@ -205,6 +208,7 @@ class Gem::Licenses
     Cornell-Lossless-JPEG
     Cronyx
     Crossword
+    CryptoSwift
     CrystalStacker
     Cube
     D-FSL-1.0
@@ -215,6 +219,7 @@ class Gem::Licenses
     DRL-1.0
     DRL-1.1
     DSDP
+    DocBook-DTD
     DocBook-Schema
     DocBook-Stylesheet
     DocBook-XML
@@ -240,7 +245,10 @@ class Gem::Licenses
     FSFAP-no-warranty-disclaimer
     FSFUL
     FSFULLR
+    FSFULLRSD
     FSFULLRWD
+    FSL-1.1-ALv2
+    FSL-1.1-MIT
     FTL
     Fair
     Ferguson-Twofish
@@ -276,11 +284,13 @@ class Gem::Licenses
     GPL-2.0-or-later
     GPL-3.0-only
     GPL-3.0-or-later
+    Game-Programming-Gems
     Giftware
     Glide
     Glulxe
     Graphics-Gems
     Gutmann
+    HDF5
     HIDAPI
     HP-1986
     HP-1989
@@ -426,6 +436,7 @@ class Gem::Licenses
     NPL-1.1
     NPOSL-3.0
     NRL
+    NTIA-PD
     NTP
     NTP-0
     Naumen
@@ -528,11 +539,13 @@ class Gem::Licenses
     SMLNJ
     SMPPL
     SNIA
+    SOFA
     SPL-1.0
     SSH-OpenSSH
     SSH-short
     SSLeay-standalone
     SSPL-1.0
+    SUL-1.0
     SWL
     Saxpath
     SchemeReport
@@ -578,6 +591,8 @@ class Gem::Licenses
     Unicode-TOU
     UnixCrypt
     Unlicense
+    Unlicense-libtelnet
+    Unlicense-libwhirlpool
     VOSTROM
     VSL-1.0
     Vim
@@ -631,6 +646,8 @@ class Gem::Licenses
     gtkbook
     hdparm
     iMatix
+    jove
+    libpng-1.6.35
     libpng-2.0
     libselinux-1.0
     libtiff
@@ -638,10 +655,12 @@ class Gem::Licenses
     lsof
     magaz
     mailprio
+    man2html
     metamail
     mpi-permissive
     mpich2
     mplus
+    ngrep
     pkgconf
     pnmstitch
     psfrag
@@ -716,6 +735,7 @@ class Gem::Licenses
     CLISP-exception-2.0
     Classpath-exception-2.0
     DigiRule-FOSS-exception
+    Digia-Qt-LGPL-exception-1.1
     FLTK-exception
     Fawkes-Runtime-exception
     Font-exception-2.0
@@ -772,6 +792,7 @@ class Gem::Licenses
     mif-exception
     mxml-exception
     openvpn-openssl-exception
+    polyparse-exception
     romic-exception
     stunnel-exception
     u-boot-exception-2.0
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/util/list.rb b/lib/rubygems/util/list.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 2899e8a2b9..0000000000
--- a/lib/rubygems/util/list.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,40 +0,0 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
-
-module Gem
-  # The Gem::List class is currently unused and will be removed in the next major rubygems version
-  class List # :nodoc:
-    include Enumerable
-    attr_accessor :value, :tail
-
-    def initialize(value = nil, tail = nil)
-      @value = value
-      @tail = tail
-    end
-
-    def each
-      n = self
-      while n
-        yield n.value
-        n = n.tail
-      end
-    end
-
-    def to_a
-      super.reverse
-    end
-
-    def prepend(value)
-      List.new value, self
-    end
-
-    def pretty_print(q) # :nodoc:
-      q.pp to_a
-    end
-
-    def self.prepend(list, value)
-      return List.new(value) unless list
-      List.new value, list
-    end
-  end
-  deprecate_constant :List
-end
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/validator.rb b/lib/rubygems/validator.rb
index 57e0747eb4..eb5b513570 100644
--- a/lib/rubygems/validator.rb
+++ b/lib/rubygems/validator.rb
@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ class Gem::Validator
   #--
   # TODO needs further cleanup
 
-  def alien(gems=[])
+  def alien(gems = [])
     errors = Hash.new {|h,k| h[k] = {} }
 
     Gem::Specification.each do |spec|
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/vendor/net-http/lib/net/http.rb b/lib/rubygems/vendor/net-http/lib/net/http.rb
index 0e86056614..4800cd25f1 100644
--- a/lib/rubygems/vendor/net-http/lib/net/http.rb
+++ b/lib/rubygems/vendor/net-http/lib/net/http.rb
@@ -102,14 +102,14 @@ module Gem::Net   #:nodoc:
   #
   # == URIs
   #
-  # On the internet, a URI
+  # On the internet, a Gem::URI
   # ({Universal Resource Identifier}[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniform_Resource_Identifier])
   # is a string that identifies a particular resource.
   # It consists of some or all of: scheme, hostname, path, query, and fragment;
-  # see {URI syntax}[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniform_Resource_Identifier#Syntax].
+  # see {Gem::URI syntax}[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniform_Resource_Identifier#Syntax].
   #
-  # A Ruby {Gem::URI::Generic}[https://docs.ruby-lang.org/en/master/Gem/URI/Generic.html] object
-  # represents an internet URI.
+  # A Ruby {Gem::URI::Generic}[https://docs.ruby-lang.org/en/master/Gem::URI/Generic.html] object
+  # represents an internet Gem::URI.
   # It provides, among others, methods
   # +scheme+, +hostname+, +path+, +query+, and +fragment+.
   #
@@ -144,7 +144,7 @@ module Gem::Net   #:nodoc:
   #
   # === Queries
   #
-  # A host-specific query adds name/value pairs to the URI:
+  # A host-specific query adds name/value pairs to the Gem::URI:
   #
   #   _uri = uri.dup
   #   params = {userId: 1, completed: false}
@@ -154,7 +154,7 @@ module Gem::Net   #:nodoc:
   #
   # === Fragments
   #
-  # A {URI fragment}[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/URI_fragment] has no effect
+  # A {Gem::URI fragment}[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/URI_fragment] has no effect
   # in \Gem::Net::HTTP;
   # the same data is returned, regardless of whether a fragment is included.
   #
@@ -327,9 +327,9 @@ module Gem::Net   #:nodoc:
   #     res = http.request(req)
   #   end
   #
-  # Or if you simply want to make a GET request, you may pass in a URI
+  # Or if you simply want to make a GET request, you may pass in a Gem::URI
   # object that has an \HTTPS URL. \Gem::Net::HTTP automatically turns on TLS
-  # verification if the URI object has a 'https' :URI scheme:
+  # verification if the Gem::URI object has a 'https' Gem::URI scheme:
   #
   #   uri # => #<Gem::URI::HTTPS https://jsonplaceholder.typicode.com/>
   #   Gem::Net::HTTP.get(uri)
@@ -374,7 +374,7 @@ module Gem::Net   #:nodoc:
   #
   # When environment variable <tt>'http_proxy'</tt>
   # is set to a \Gem::URI string,
-  # the returned +http+ will have the server at that URI as its proxy;
+  # the returned +http+ will have the server at that Gem::URI as its proxy;
   # note that the \Gem::URI string must have a protocol
   # such as <tt>'http'</tt> or <tt>'https'</tt>:
   #
@@ -724,7 +724,7 @@ module Gem::Net   #:nodoc:
   class HTTP < Protocol
 
     # :stopdoc:
-    VERSION = "0.6.0"
+    VERSION = "0.9.1"
     HTTPVersion = '1.1'
     begin
       require 'zlib'
@@ -790,7 +790,7 @@ module Gem::Net   #:nodoc:
     #     "completed": false
     #   }
     #
-    # With URI object +uri+ and optional hash argument +headers+:
+    # With Gem::URI object +uri+ and optional hash argument +headers+:
     #
     #   uri = Gem::URI('https://jsonplaceholder.typicode.com/todos/1')
     #   headers = {'Content-type' => 'application/json; charset=UTF-8'}
@@ -863,7 +863,7 @@ module Gem::Net   #:nodoc:
 
     # Posts data to a host; returns a Gem::Net::HTTPResponse object.
     #
-    # Argument +url+ must be a URI;
+    # Argument +url+ must be a Gem::URI;
     # argument +data+ must be a hash:
     #
     #   _uri = uri.dup
@@ -1179,6 +1179,7 @@ module Gem::Net   #:nodoc:
       @debug_output = options[:debug_output]
       @response_body_encoding = options[:response_body_encoding]
       @ignore_eof = options[:ignore_eof]
+      @tcpsocket_supports_open_timeout = nil
 
       @proxy_from_env = false
       @proxy_uri      = nil
@@ -1321,6 +1322,9 @@ module Gem::Net   #:nodoc:
     # Sets the proxy password;
     # see {Proxy Server}[rdoc-ref:Gem::Net::HTTP@Proxy+Server].
     attr_writer :proxy_pass
+
+    # Sets whether the proxy uses SSL;
+    # see {Proxy Server}[rdoc-ref:Gem::Net::HTTP@Proxy+Server].
     attr_writer :proxy_use_ssl
 
     # Returns the IP address for the connection.
@@ -1527,9 +1531,9 @@ module Gem::Net   #:nodoc:
       :verify_depth,
       :verify_mode,
       :verify_hostname,
-    ] # :nodoc:
+    ].freeze # :nodoc:
 
-    SSL_IVNAMES = SSL_ATTRIBUTES.map { |a| "@#{a}".to_sym } # :nodoc:
+    SSL_IVNAMES = SSL_ATTRIBUTES.map { |a| "@#{a}".to_sym }.freeze # :nodoc:
 
     # Sets or returns the path to a CA certification file in PEM format.
     attr_accessor :ca_file
@@ -1632,6 +1636,21 @@ module Gem::Net   #:nodoc:
       self
     end
 
+    # Finishes the \HTTP session:
+    #
+    #   http = Gem::Net::HTTP.new(hostname)
+    #   http.start
+    #   http.started? # => true
+    #   http.finish   # => nil
+    #   http.started? # => false
+    #
+    # Raises IOError if not in a session.
+    def finish
+      raise IOError, 'HTTP session not yet started' unless started?
+      do_finish
+    end
+
+    # :stopdoc:
     def do_start
       connect
       @started = true
@@ -1654,14 +1673,15 @@ module Gem::Net   #:nodoc:
       end
 
       debug "opening connection to #{conn_addr}:#{conn_port}..."
-      s = Gem::Timeout.timeout(@open_timeout, Gem::Net::OpenTimeout) {
-        begin
-          TCPSocket.open(conn_addr, conn_port, @local_host, @local_port)
-        rescue => e
-          raise e, "Failed to open TCP connection to " +
-            "#{conn_addr}:#{conn_port} (#{e.message})"
+      begin
+        s = timeouted_connect(conn_addr, conn_port)
+      rescue => e
+        if (defined?(IO::TimeoutError) && e.is_a?(IO::TimeoutError)) || e.is_a?(Errno::ETIMEDOUT)  # for compatibility with previous versions
+          e = Gem::Net::OpenTimeout.new(e)
         end
-      }
+        raise e, "Failed to open TCP connection to " +
+          "#{conn_addr}:#{conn_port} (#{e.message})"
+      end
       s.setsockopt(Socket::IPPROTO_TCP, Socket::TCP_NODELAY, 1)
       debug "opened"
       if use_ssl?
@@ -1754,23 +1774,30 @@ module Gem::Net   #:nodoc:
     end
     private :connect
 
-    def on_connect
+    tcp_socket_parameters = TCPSocket.instance_method(:initialize).parameters
+    TCP_SOCKET_NEW_HAS_OPEN_TIMEOUT = if tcp_socket_parameters != [[:rest]]
+      tcp_socket_parameters.include?([:key, :open_timeout])
+    else
+      # Use Socket.tcp to find out since there is no parameters information for TCPSocket#initialize
+      # See discussion in https://github.com/ruby/net-http/pull/224
+      Socket.method(:tcp).parameters.include?([:key, :open_timeout])
     end
-    private :on_connect
+    private_constant :TCP_SOCKET_NEW_HAS_OPEN_TIMEOUT
 
-    # Finishes the \HTTP session:
-    #
-    #   http = Gem::Net::HTTP.new(hostname)
-    #   http.start
-    #   http.started? # => true
-    #   http.finish   # => nil
-    #   http.started? # => false
-    #
-    # Raises IOError if not in a session.
-    def finish
-      raise IOError, 'HTTP session not yet started' unless started?
-      do_finish
+    def timeouted_connect(conn_addr, conn_port)
+      if TCP_SOCKET_NEW_HAS_OPEN_TIMEOUT
+        TCPSocket.open(conn_addr, conn_port, @local_host, @local_port, open_timeout: @open_timeout)
+      else
+        Gem::Timeout.timeout(@open_timeout, Gem::Net::OpenTimeout) {
+          TCPSocket.open(conn_addr, conn_port, @local_host, @local_port)
+        }
+      end
+    end
+    private :timeouted_connect
+
+    def on_connect
     end
+    private :on_connect
 
     def do_finish
       @started = false
@@ -1821,6 +1848,8 @@ module Gem::Net   #:nodoc:
       }
     end
 
+    # :startdoc:
+
     class << HTTP
       # Returns true if self is a class which was created by HTTP::Proxy.
       def proxy_class?
@@ -1860,7 +1889,7 @@ module Gem::Net   #:nodoc:
       @proxy_from_env
     end
 
-    # The proxy URI determined from the environment for this connection.
+    # The proxy Gem::URI determined from the environment for this connection.
     def proxy_uri # :nodoc:
       return if @proxy_uri == false
       @proxy_uri ||= Gem::URI::HTTP.new(
@@ -1915,6 +1944,7 @@ module Gem::Net   #:nodoc:
     alias proxyport proxy_port      #:nodoc: obsolete
 
     private
+    # :stopdoc:
 
     def unescape(value)
       require 'cgi/escape'
@@ -1943,6 +1973,7 @@ module Gem::Net   #:nodoc:
         path
       end
     end
+    # :startdoc:
 
     #
     # HTTP operations
@@ -2397,7 +2428,9 @@ module Gem::Net   #:nodoc:
       res
     end
 
-    IDEMPOTENT_METHODS_ = %w/GET HEAD PUT DELETE OPTIONS TRACE/ # :nodoc:
+    # :stopdoc:
+
+    IDEMPOTENT_METHODS_ = %w/GET HEAD PUT DELETE OPTIONS TRACE/.freeze # :nodoc:
 
     def transport_request(req)
       count = 0
@@ -2554,7 +2587,7 @@ module Gem::Net   #:nodoc:
     alias_method :D, :debug
   end
 
-  # for backward compatibility until Ruby 3.5
+  # for backward compatibility until Ruby 4.0
   # https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/20900
   # https://github.com/bblimke/webmock/pull/1081
   HTTPSession = HTTP
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/vendor/net-http/lib/net/http/exceptions.rb b/lib/rubygems/vendor/net-http/lib/net/http/exceptions.rb
index c629c0113b..218df9a8bd 100644
--- a/lib/rubygems/vendor/net-http/lib/net/http/exceptions.rb
+++ b/lib/rubygems/vendor/net-http/lib/net/http/exceptions.rb
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ module Gem::Net
   # Gem::Net::HTTP exception class.
   # You cannot use Gem::Net::HTTPExceptions directly; instead, you must use
   # its subclasses.
-  module HTTPExceptions
+  module HTTPExceptions # :nodoc:
     def initialize(msg, res)   #:nodoc:
       super msg
       @response = res
@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@ module Gem::Net
     alias data response    #:nodoc: obsolete
   end
 
+  # :stopdoc:
   class HTTPError < ProtocolError
     include HTTPExceptions
   end
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/vendor/net-http/lib/net/http/generic_request.rb b/lib/rubygems/vendor/net-http/lib/net/http/generic_request.rb
index 5cfe75a7cd..d6496d4ac1 100644
--- a/lib/rubygems/vendor/net-http/lib/net/http/generic_request.rb
+++ b/lib/rubygems/vendor/net-http/lib/net/http/generic_request.rb
@@ -19,16 +19,13 @@ class Gem::Net::HTTPGenericRequest
 
     if Gem::URI === uri_or_path then
       raise ArgumentError, "not an HTTP Gem::URI" unless Gem::URI::HTTP === uri_or_path
-      hostname = uri_or_path.hostname
+      hostname = uri_or_path.host
       raise ArgumentError, "no host component for Gem::URI" unless (hostname && hostname.length > 0)
       @uri = uri_or_path.dup
-      host = @uri.hostname.dup
-      host << ":" << @uri.port.to_s if @uri.port != @uri.default_port
       @path = uri_or_path.request_uri
       raise ArgumentError, "no HTTP request path given" unless @path
     else
       @uri = nil
-      host = nil
       raise ArgumentError, "no HTTP request path given" unless uri_or_path
       raise ArgumentError, "HTTP request path is empty" if uri_or_path.empty?
       @path = uri_or_path.dup
@@ -51,7 +48,7 @@ class Gem::Net::HTTPGenericRequest
     initialize_http_header initheader
     self['Accept'] ||= '*/*'
     self['User-Agent'] ||= 'Ruby'
-    self['Host'] ||= host if host
+    self['Host'] ||= @uri.authority if @uri
     @body = nil
     @body_stream = nil
     @body_data = nil
@@ -102,6 +99,31 @@ class Gem::Net::HTTPGenericRequest
     "\#<#{self.class} #{@method}>"
   end
 
+  # Returns a string representation of the request with the details for pp:
+  #
+  #   require 'pp'
+  #   post = Gem::Net::HTTP::Post.new(uri)
+  #   post.inspect # => "#<Gem::Net::HTTP::Post POST>"
+  #   post.pretty_inspect
+  #   # => #<Gem::Net::HTTP::Post
+  #         POST
+  #         path="/"
+  #         headers={"accept-encoding" => ["gzip;q=1.0,deflate;q=0.6,identity;q=0.3"],
+  #          "accept" => ["*/*"],
+  #          "user-agent" => ["Ruby"],
+  #          "host" => ["www.ruby-lang.org"]}>
+  #
+  def pretty_print(q)
+    q.object_group(self) {
+      q.breakable
+      q.text @method
+      q.breakable
+      q.text "path="; q.pp @path
+      q.breakable
+      q.text "headers="; q.pp to_hash
+    }
+  end
+
   ##
   # Don't automatically decode response content-encoding if the user indicates
   # they want to handle it.
@@ -220,7 +242,7 @@ class Gem::Net::HTTPGenericRequest
     end
 
     if host = self['host']
-      host.sub!(/:.*/m, '')
+      host = Gem::URI.parse("//#{host}").host # Remove a port component from the existing Host header
     elsif host = @uri.host
     else
      host = addr
@@ -239,6 +261,8 @@ class Gem::Net::HTTPGenericRequest
 
   private
 
+  # :stopdoc:
+
   class Chunker #:nodoc:
     def initialize(sock)
       @sock = sock
@@ -260,7 +284,6 @@ class Gem::Net::HTTPGenericRequest
   def send_request_with_body(sock, ver, path, body)
     self.content_length = body.bytesize
     delete 'Transfer-Encoding'
-    supply_default_content_type
     write_header sock, ver, path
     wait_for_continue sock, ver if sock.continue_timeout
     sock.write body
@@ -271,7 +294,6 @@ class Gem::Net::HTTPGenericRequest
       raise ArgumentError,
           "Content-Length not given and Transfer-Encoding is not `chunked'"
     end
-    supply_default_content_type
     write_header sock, ver, path
     wait_for_continue sock, ver if sock.continue_timeout
     if chunked?
@@ -373,12 +395,6 @@ class Gem::Net::HTTPGenericRequest
     buf.clear
   end
 
-  def supply_default_content_type
-    return if content_type()
-    warn 'net/http: Content-Type did not set; using application/x-www-form-urlencoded', uplevel: 1 if $VERBOSE
-    set_content_type 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded'
-  end
-
   ##
   # Waits up to the continue timeout for a response from the server provided
   # we're speaking HTTP 1.1 and are expecting a 100-continue response.
@@ -411,4 +427,3 @@ class Gem::Net::HTTPGenericRequest
   end
 
 end
-
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/vendor/net-http/lib/net/http/header.rb b/lib/rubygems/vendor/net-http/lib/net/http/header.rb
index 5cb1da01ec..bc68cd2eef 100644
--- a/lib/rubygems/vendor/net-http/lib/net/http/header.rb
+++ b/lib/rubygems/vendor/net-http/lib/net/http/header.rb
@@ -179,7 +179,9 @@
 # - #each_value: Passes each string field value to the block.
 #
 module Gem::Net::HTTPHeader
+  # The maximum length of HTTP header keys.
   MAX_KEY_LENGTH = 1024
+  # The maximum length of HTTP header values.
   MAX_FIELD_LENGTH = 65536
 
   def initialize_http_header(initheader) #:nodoc:
@@ -267,6 +269,7 @@ module Gem::Net::HTTPHeader
     end
   end
 
+  # :stopdoc:
   private def set_field(key, val)
     case val
     when Enumerable
@@ -294,6 +297,7 @@ module Gem::Net::HTTPHeader
       ary.push val
     end
   end
+  # :startdoc:
 
   # Returns the array field value for the given +key+,
   # or +nil+ if there is no such field;
@@ -490,7 +494,7 @@ module Gem::Net::HTTPHeader
 
   alias canonical_each each_capitalized
 
-  def capitalize(name)
+  def capitalize(name)  # :nodoc:
     name.to_s.split('-'.freeze).map {|s| s.capitalize }.join('-'.freeze)
   end
   private :capitalize
@@ -957,12 +961,12 @@ module Gem::Net::HTTPHeader
     @header['proxy-authorization'] = [basic_encode(account, password)]
   end
 
-  def basic_encode(account, password)
+  def basic_encode(account, password)   # :nodoc:
     'Basic ' + ["#{account}:#{password}"].pack('m0')
   end
   private :basic_encode
 
-# Returns whether the HTTP session is to be closed.
+  # Returns whether the HTTP session is to be closed.
   def connection_close?
     token = /(?:\A|,)\s*close\s*(?:\z|,)/i
     @header['connection']&.grep(token) {return true}
@@ -970,7 +974,7 @@ module Gem::Net::HTTPHeader
     false
   end
 
-# Returns whether the HTTP session is to be kept alive.
+  # Returns whether the HTTP session is to be kept alive.
   def connection_keep_alive?
     token = /(?:\A|,)\s*keep-alive\s*(?:\z|,)/i
     @header['connection']&.grep(token) {return true}
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/vendor/net-http/lib/net/http/requests.rb b/lib/rubygems/vendor/net-http/lib/net/http/requests.rb
index 45727e7f61..f990761042 100644
--- a/lib/rubygems/vendor/net-http/lib/net/http/requests.rb
+++ b/lib/rubygems/vendor/net-http/lib/net/http/requests.rb
@@ -29,6 +29,7 @@
 # - Gem::Net::HTTP#get: sends +GET+ request, returns response object.
 #
 class Gem::Net::HTTP::Get < Gem::Net::HTTPRequest
+  # :stopdoc:
   METHOD = 'GET'
   REQUEST_HAS_BODY  = false
   RESPONSE_HAS_BODY = true
@@ -60,6 +61,7 @@ end
 # - Gem::Net::HTTP#head: sends +HEAD+ request, returns response object.
 #
 class Gem::Net::HTTP::Head < Gem::Net::HTTPRequest
+  # :stopdoc:
   METHOD = 'HEAD'
   REQUEST_HAS_BODY = false
   RESPONSE_HAS_BODY = false
@@ -95,6 +97,7 @@ end
 # - Gem::Net::HTTP#post: sends +POST+ request, returns response object.
 #
 class Gem::Net::HTTP::Post < Gem::Net::HTTPRequest
+  # :stopdoc:
   METHOD = 'POST'
   REQUEST_HAS_BODY = true
   RESPONSE_HAS_BODY = true
@@ -130,6 +133,7 @@ end
 # - Gem::Net::HTTP#put: sends +PUT+ request, returns response object.
 #
 class Gem::Net::HTTP::Put < Gem::Net::HTTPRequest
+  # :stopdoc:
   METHOD = 'PUT'
   REQUEST_HAS_BODY = true
   RESPONSE_HAS_BODY = true
@@ -162,6 +166,7 @@ end
 # - Gem::Net::HTTP#delete: sends +DELETE+ request, returns response object.
 #
 class Gem::Net::HTTP::Delete < Gem::Net::HTTPRequest
+  # :stopdoc:
   METHOD = 'DELETE'
   REQUEST_HAS_BODY = false
   RESPONSE_HAS_BODY = true
@@ -193,6 +198,7 @@ end
 # - Gem::Net::HTTP#options: sends +OPTIONS+ request, returns response object.
 #
 class Gem::Net::HTTP::Options < Gem::Net::HTTPRequest
+  # :stopdoc:
   METHOD = 'OPTIONS'
   REQUEST_HAS_BODY = false
   RESPONSE_HAS_BODY = true
@@ -224,6 +230,7 @@ end
 # - Gem::Net::HTTP#trace: sends +TRACE+ request, returns response object.
 #
 class Gem::Net::HTTP::Trace < Gem::Net::HTTPRequest
+  # :stopdoc:
   METHOD = 'TRACE'
   REQUEST_HAS_BODY = false
   RESPONSE_HAS_BODY = true
@@ -258,6 +265,7 @@ end
 # - Gem::Net::HTTP#patch: sends +PATCH+ request, returns response object.
 #
 class Gem::Net::HTTP::Patch < Gem::Net::HTTPRequest
+  # :stopdoc:
   METHOD = 'PATCH'
   REQUEST_HAS_BODY = true
   RESPONSE_HAS_BODY = true
@@ -285,6 +293,7 @@ end
 # - Gem::Net::HTTP#propfind: sends +PROPFIND+ request, returns response object.
 #
 class Gem::Net::HTTP::Propfind < Gem::Net::HTTPRequest
+  # :stopdoc:
   METHOD = 'PROPFIND'
   REQUEST_HAS_BODY = true
   RESPONSE_HAS_BODY = true
@@ -308,6 +317,7 @@ end
 # - Gem::Net::HTTP#proppatch: sends +PROPPATCH+ request, returns response object.
 #
 class Gem::Net::HTTP::Proppatch < Gem::Net::HTTPRequest
+  # :stopdoc:
   METHOD = 'PROPPATCH'
   REQUEST_HAS_BODY = true
   RESPONSE_HAS_BODY = true
@@ -331,6 +341,7 @@ end
 # - Gem::Net::HTTP#mkcol: sends +MKCOL+ request, returns response object.
 #
 class Gem::Net::HTTP::Mkcol < Gem::Net::HTTPRequest
+  # :stopdoc:
   METHOD = 'MKCOL'
   REQUEST_HAS_BODY = true
   RESPONSE_HAS_BODY = true
@@ -354,6 +365,7 @@ end
 # - Gem::Net::HTTP#copy: sends +COPY+ request, returns response object.
 #
 class Gem::Net::HTTP::Copy < Gem::Net::HTTPRequest
+  # :stopdoc:
   METHOD = 'COPY'
   REQUEST_HAS_BODY = false
   RESPONSE_HAS_BODY = true
@@ -377,6 +389,7 @@ end
 # - Gem::Net::HTTP#move: sends +MOVE+ request, returns response object.
 #
 class Gem::Net::HTTP::Move < Gem::Net::HTTPRequest
+  # :stopdoc:
   METHOD = 'MOVE'
   REQUEST_HAS_BODY = false
   RESPONSE_HAS_BODY = true
@@ -400,6 +413,7 @@ end
 # - Gem::Net::HTTP#lock: sends +LOCK+ request, returns response object.
 #
 class Gem::Net::HTTP::Lock < Gem::Net::HTTPRequest
+  # :stopdoc:
   METHOD = 'LOCK'
   REQUEST_HAS_BODY = true
   RESPONSE_HAS_BODY = true
@@ -423,8 +437,8 @@ end
 # - Gem::Net::HTTP#unlock: sends +UNLOCK+ request, returns response object.
 #
 class Gem::Net::HTTP::Unlock < Gem::Net::HTTPRequest
+  # :stopdoc:
   METHOD = 'UNLOCK'
   REQUEST_HAS_BODY = true
   RESPONSE_HAS_BODY = true
 end
-
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/vendor/net-http/lib/net/http/response.rb b/lib/rubygems/vendor/net-http/lib/net/http/response.rb
index cbbd191d87..dc164f1504 100644
--- a/lib/rubygems/vendor/net-http/lib/net/http/response.rb
+++ b/lib/rubygems/vendor/net-http/lib/net/http/response.rb
@@ -153,6 +153,7 @@ class Gem::Net::HTTPResponse
     end
 
     private
+    # :stopdoc:
 
     def read_status_line(sock)
       str = sock.readline
@@ -259,7 +260,7 @@ class Gem::Net::HTTPResponse
   # header.
   attr_accessor :ignore_eof
 
-  def inspect
+  def inspect   # :nodoc:
     "#<#{self.class} #{@code} #{@message} readbody=#{@read}>"
   end
 
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/vendor/net-http/lib/net/http/responses.rb b/lib/rubygems/vendor/net-http/lib/net/http/responses.rb
index 0f26ae6c26..62ce1cba1b 100644
--- a/lib/rubygems/vendor/net-http/lib/net/http/responses.rb
+++ b/lib/rubygems/vendor/net-http/lib/net/http/responses.rb
@@ -4,7 +4,9 @@
 
 module Gem::Net
 
+  # Unknown HTTP response
   class HTTPUnknownResponse < HTTPResponse
+    # :stopdoc:
     HAS_BODY = true
     EXCEPTION_TYPE = HTTPError                  #
   end
@@ -19,6 +21,7 @@ module Gem::Net
   # - {Wikipedia}[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_HTTP_status_codes#1xx_informational_response].
   #
   class HTTPInformation < HTTPResponse
+    # :stopdoc:
     HAS_BODY = false
     EXCEPTION_TYPE = HTTPError                  #
   end
@@ -34,6 +37,7 @@ module Gem::Net
   # - {Wikipedia}[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_HTTP_status_codes#2xx_success].
   #
   class HTTPSuccess < HTTPResponse
+    # :stopdoc:
     HAS_BODY = true
     EXCEPTION_TYPE = HTTPError                  #
   end
@@ -49,6 +53,7 @@ module Gem::Net
   # - {Wikipedia}[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_HTTP_status_codes#3xx_redirection].
   #
   class HTTPRedirection < HTTPResponse
+    # :stopdoc:
     HAS_BODY = true
     EXCEPTION_TYPE = HTTPRetriableError         #
   end
@@ -63,6 +68,7 @@ module Gem::Net
   # - {Wikipedia}[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_HTTP_status_codes#4xx_client_errors].
   #
   class HTTPClientError < HTTPResponse
+    # :stopdoc:
     HAS_BODY = true
     EXCEPTION_TYPE = HTTPClientException        #
   end
@@ -77,6 +83,7 @@ module Gem::Net
   # - {Wikipedia}[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_HTTP_status_codes#5xx_server_errors].
   #
   class HTTPServerError < HTTPResponse
+    # :stopdoc:
     HAS_BODY = true
     EXCEPTION_TYPE = HTTPFatalError             #
   end
@@ -94,6 +101,7 @@ module Gem::Net
   # - {Wikipedia}[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_HTTP_status_codes#100].
   #
   class HTTPContinue < HTTPInformation
+    # :stopdoc:
     HAS_BODY = false
   end
 
@@ -111,6 +119,7 @@ module Gem::Net
   # - {Wikipedia}[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_HTTP_status_codes#101].
   #
   class HTTPSwitchProtocol < HTTPInformation
+    # :stopdoc:
     HAS_BODY = false
   end
 
@@ -127,6 +136,7 @@ module Gem::Net
   # - {Wikipedia}[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_HTTP_status_codes#102].
   #
   class HTTPProcessing < HTTPInformation
+    # :stopdoc:
     HAS_BODY = false
   end
 
@@ -145,6 +155,7 @@ module Gem::Net
   # - {Wikipedia}[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_HTTP_status_codes#103].
   #
   class HTTPEarlyHints < HTTPInformation
+    # :stopdoc:
     HAS_BODY = false
   end
 
@@ -162,6 +173,7 @@ module Gem::Net
   # - {Wikipedia}[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_HTTP_status_codes#200].
   #
   class HTTPOK < HTTPSuccess
+    # :stopdoc:
     HAS_BODY = true
   end
 
@@ -179,6 +191,7 @@ module Gem::Net
   # - {Wikipedia}[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_HTTP_status_codes#201].
   #
   class HTTPCreated < HTTPSuccess
+    # :stopdoc:
     HAS_BODY = true
   end
 
@@ -196,6 +209,7 @@ module Gem::Net
   # - {Wikipedia}[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_HTTP_status_codes#202].
   #
   class HTTPAccepted < HTTPSuccess
+    # :stopdoc:
     HAS_BODY = true
   end
 
@@ -215,6 +229,7 @@ module Gem::Net
   # - {Wikipedia}[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_HTTP_status_codes#203].
   #
   class HTTPNonAuthoritativeInformation < HTTPSuccess
+    # :stopdoc:
     HAS_BODY = true
   end
 
@@ -232,6 +247,7 @@ module Gem::Net
   # - {Wikipedia}[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_HTTP_status_codes#204].
   #
   class HTTPNoContent < HTTPSuccess
+    # :stopdoc:
     HAS_BODY = false
   end
 
@@ -250,6 +266,7 @@ module Gem::Net
   # - {Wikipedia}[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_HTTP_status_codes#205].
   #
   class HTTPResetContent < HTTPSuccess
+    # :stopdoc:
     HAS_BODY = false
   end
 
@@ -268,6 +285,7 @@ module Gem::Net
   # - {Wikipedia}[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_HTTP_status_codes#206].
   #
   class HTTPPartialContent < HTTPSuccess
+    # :stopdoc:
     HAS_BODY = true
   end
 
@@ -285,6 +303,7 @@ module Gem::Net
   # - {Wikipedia}[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_HTTP_status_codes#207].
   #
   class HTTPMultiStatus < HTTPSuccess
+    # :stopdoc:
     HAS_BODY = true
   end
 
@@ -304,6 +323,7 @@ module Gem::Net
   # - {Wikipedia}[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_HTTP_status_codes#208].
   #
   class HTTPAlreadyReported < HTTPSuccess
+    # :stopdoc:
     HAS_BODY = true
   end
 
@@ -321,6 +341,7 @@ module Gem::Net
   # - {Wikipedia}[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_HTTP_status_codes#226].
   #
   class HTTPIMUsed < HTTPSuccess
+    # :stopdoc:
     HAS_BODY = true
   end
 
@@ -338,6 +359,7 @@ module Gem::Net
   # - {Wikipedia}[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_HTTP_status_codes#300].
   #
   class HTTPMultipleChoices < HTTPRedirection
+    # :stopdoc:
     HAS_BODY = true
   end
   HTTPMultipleChoice = HTTPMultipleChoices
@@ -356,6 +378,7 @@ module Gem::Net
   # - {Wikipedia}[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_HTTP_status_codes#301].
   #
   class HTTPMovedPermanently < HTTPRedirection
+    # :stopdoc:
     HAS_BODY = true
   end
 
@@ -373,6 +396,7 @@ module Gem::Net
   # - {Wikipedia}[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_HTTP_status_codes#302].
   #
   class HTTPFound < HTTPRedirection
+    # :stopdoc:
     HAS_BODY = true
   end
   HTTPMovedTemporarily = HTTPFound
@@ -390,6 +414,7 @@ module Gem::Net
   # - {Wikipedia}[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_HTTP_status_codes#303].
   #
   class HTTPSeeOther < HTTPRedirection
+    # :stopdoc:
     HAS_BODY = true
   end
 
@@ -407,6 +432,7 @@ module Gem::Net
   # - {Wikipedia}[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_HTTP_status_codes#304].
   #
   class HTTPNotModified < HTTPRedirection
+    # :stopdoc:
     HAS_BODY = false
   end
 
@@ -423,6 +449,7 @@ module Gem::Net
   # - {Wikipedia}[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_HTTP_status_codes#305].
   #
   class HTTPUseProxy < HTTPRedirection
+    # :stopdoc:
     HAS_BODY = false
   end
 
@@ -440,6 +467,7 @@ module Gem::Net
   # - {Wikipedia}[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_HTTP_status_codes#307].
   #
   class HTTPTemporaryRedirect < HTTPRedirection
+    # :stopdoc:
     HAS_BODY = true
   end
 
@@ -456,6 +484,7 @@ module Gem::Net
   # - {Wikipedia}[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_HTTP_status_codes#308].
   #
   class HTTPPermanentRedirect < HTTPRedirection
+    # :stopdoc:
     HAS_BODY = true
   end
 
@@ -472,6 +501,7 @@ module Gem::Net
   # - {Wikipedia}[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_HTTP_status_codes#400].
   #
   class HTTPBadRequest < HTTPClientError
+    # :stopdoc:
     HAS_BODY = true
   end
 
@@ -488,6 +518,7 @@ module Gem::Net
   # - {Wikipedia}[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_HTTP_status_codes#401].
   #
   class HTTPUnauthorized < HTTPClientError
+    # :stopdoc:
     HAS_BODY = true
   end
 
@@ -504,6 +535,7 @@ module Gem::Net
   # - {Wikipedia}[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_HTTP_status_codes#402].
   #
   class HTTPPaymentRequired < HTTPClientError
+    # :stopdoc:
     HAS_BODY = true
   end
 
@@ -521,6 +553,7 @@ module Gem::Net
   # - {Wikipedia}[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_HTTP_status_codes#403].
   #
   class HTTPForbidden < HTTPClientError
+    # :stopdoc:
     HAS_BODY = true
   end
 
@@ -537,6 +570,7 @@ module Gem::Net
   # - {Wikipedia}[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_HTTP_status_codes#404].
   #
   class HTTPNotFound < HTTPClientError
+    # :stopdoc:
     HAS_BODY = true
   end
 
@@ -553,6 +587,7 @@ module Gem::Net
   # - {Wikipedia}[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_HTTP_status_codes#405].
   #
   class HTTPMethodNotAllowed < HTTPClientError
+    # :stopdoc:
     HAS_BODY = true
   end
 
@@ -570,6 +605,7 @@ module Gem::Net
   # - {Wikipedia}[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_HTTP_status_codes#406].
   #
   class HTTPNotAcceptable < HTTPClientError
+    # :stopdoc:
     HAS_BODY = true
   end
 
@@ -586,6 +622,7 @@ module Gem::Net
   # - {Wikipedia}[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_HTTP_status_codes#407].
   #
   class HTTPProxyAuthenticationRequired < HTTPClientError
+    # :stopdoc:
     HAS_BODY = true
   end
 
@@ -602,6 +639,7 @@ module Gem::Net
   # - {Wikipedia}[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_HTTP_status_codes#408].
   #
   class HTTPRequestTimeout < HTTPClientError
+    # :stopdoc:
     HAS_BODY = true
   end
   HTTPRequestTimeOut = HTTPRequestTimeout
@@ -619,6 +657,7 @@ module Gem::Net
   # - {Wikipedia}[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_HTTP_status_codes#409].
   #
   class HTTPConflict < HTTPClientError
+    # :stopdoc:
     HAS_BODY = true
   end
 
@@ -636,6 +675,7 @@ module Gem::Net
   # - {Wikipedia}[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_HTTP_status_codes#410].
   #
   class HTTPGone < HTTPClientError
+    # :stopdoc:
     HAS_BODY = true
   end
 
@@ -653,6 +693,7 @@ module Gem::Net
   # - {Wikipedia}[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_HTTP_status_codes#411].
   #
   class HTTPLengthRequired < HTTPClientError
+    # :stopdoc:
     HAS_BODY = true
   end
 
@@ -670,6 +711,7 @@ module Gem::Net
   # - {Wikipedia}[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_HTTP_status_codes#412].
   #
   class HTTPPreconditionFailed < HTTPClientError
+    # :stopdoc:
     HAS_BODY = true
   end
 
@@ -686,6 +728,7 @@ module Gem::Net
   # - {Wikipedia}[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_HTTP_status_codes#413].
   #
   class HTTPPayloadTooLarge < HTTPClientError
+    # :stopdoc:
     HAS_BODY = true
   end
   HTTPRequestEntityTooLarge = HTTPPayloadTooLarge
@@ -703,6 +746,7 @@ module Gem::Net
   # - {Wikipedia}[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_HTTP_status_codes#414].
   #
   class HTTPURITooLong < HTTPClientError
+    # :stopdoc:
     HAS_BODY = true
   end
   HTTPRequestURITooLong = HTTPURITooLong
@@ -721,6 +765,7 @@ module Gem::Net
   # - {Wikipedia}[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_HTTP_status_codes#415].
   #
   class HTTPUnsupportedMediaType < HTTPClientError
+    # :stopdoc:
     HAS_BODY = true
   end
 
@@ -737,6 +782,7 @@ module Gem::Net
   # - {Wikipedia}[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_HTTP_status_codes#416].
   #
   class HTTPRangeNotSatisfiable < HTTPClientError
+    # :stopdoc:
     HAS_BODY = true
   end
   HTTPRequestedRangeNotSatisfiable = HTTPRangeNotSatisfiable
@@ -754,6 +800,7 @@ module Gem::Net
   # - {Wikipedia}[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_HTTP_status_codes#417].
   #
   class HTTPExpectationFailed < HTTPClientError
+    # :stopdoc:
     HAS_BODY = true
   end
 
@@ -774,6 +821,7 @@ module Gem::Net
   # - {Wikipedia}[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_HTTP_status_codes#421].
   #
   class HTTPMisdirectedRequest < HTTPClientError
+    # :stopdoc:
     HAS_BODY = true
   end
 
@@ -790,6 +838,7 @@ module Gem::Net
   # - {Wikipedia}[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_HTTP_status_codes#422].
   #
   class HTTPUnprocessableEntity < HTTPClientError
+    # :stopdoc:
     HAS_BODY = true
   end
 
@@ -805,6 +854,7 @@ module Gem::Net
   # - {Wikipedia}[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_HTTP_status_codes#423].
   #
   class HTTPLocked < HTTPClientError
+    # :stopdoc:
     HAS_BODY = true
   end
 
@@ -821,6 +871,7 @@ module Gem::Net
   # - {Wikipedia}[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_HTTP_status_codes#424].
   #
   class HTTPFailedDependency < HTTPClientError
+    # :stopdoc:
     HAS_BODY = true
   end
 
@@ -840,6 +891,7 @@ module Gem::Net
   # - {Wikipedia}[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_HTTP_status_codes#426].
   #
   class HTTPUpgradeRequired < HTTPClientError
+    # :stopdoc:
     HAS_BODY = true
   end
 
@@ -856,6 +908,7 @@ module Gem::Net
   # - {Wikipedia}[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_HTTP_status_codes#428].
   #
   class HTTPPreconditionRequired < HTTPClientError
+    # :stopdoc:
     HAS_BODY = true
   end
 
@@ -872,6 +925,7 @@ module Gem::Net
   # - {Wikipedia}[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_HTTP_status_codes#429].
   #
   class HTTPTooManyRequests < HTTPClientError
+    # :stopdoc:
     HAS_BODY = true
   end
 
@@ -889,6 +943,7 @@ module Gem::Net
   # - {Wikipedia}[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_HTTP_status_codes#431].
   #
   class HTTPRequestHeaderFieldsTooLarge < HTTPClientError
+    # :stopdoc:
     HAS_BODY = true
   end
 
@@ -906,6 +961,7 @@ module Gem::Net
   # - {Wikipedia}[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_HTTP_status_codes#451].
   #
   class HTTPUnavailableForLegalReasons < HTTPClientError
+    # :stopdoc:
     HAS_BODY = true
   end
   # 444 No Response - Nginx
@@ -926,6 +982,7 @@ module Gem::Net
   # - {Wikipedia}[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_HTTP_status_codes#500].
   #
   class HTTPInternalServerError < HTTPServerError
+    # :stopdoc:
     HAS_BODY = true
   end
 
@@ -943,6 +1000,7 @@ module Gem::Net
   # - {Wikipedia}[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_HTTP_status_codes#501].
   #
   class HTTPNotImplemented < HTTPServerError
+    # :stopdoc:
     HAS_BODY = true
   end
 
@@ -960,6 +1018,7 @@ module Gem::Net
   # - {Wikipedia}[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_HTTP_status_codes#502].
   #
   class HTTPBadGateway < HTTPServerError
+    # :stopdoc:
     HAS_BODY = true
   end
 
@@ -977,6 +1036,7 @@ module Gem::Net
   # - {Wikipedia}[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_HTTP_status_codes#503].
   #
   class HTTPServiceUnavailable < HTTPServerError
+    # :stopdoc:
     HAS_BODY = true
   end
 
@@ -994,6 +1054,7 @@ module Gem::Net
   # - {Wikipedia}[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_HTTP_status_codes#504].
   #
   class HTTPGatewayTimeout < HTTPServerError
+    # :stopdoc:
     HAS_BODY = true
   end
   HTTPGatewayTimeOut = HTTPGatewayTimeout
@@ -1011,6 +1072,7 @@ module Gem::Net
   # - {Wikipedia}[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_HTTP_status_codes#505].
   #
   class HTTPVersionNotSupported < HTTPServerError
+    # :stopdoc:
     HAS_BODY = true
   end
 
@@ -1027,6 +1089,7 @@ module Gem::Net
   # - {Wikipedia}[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_HTTP_status_codes#506].
   #
   class HTTPVariantAlsoNegotiates < HTTPServerError
+    # :stopdoc:
     HAS_BODY = true
   end
 
@@ -1043,6 +1106,7 @@ module Gem::Net
   # - {Wikipedia}[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_HTTP_status_codes#507].
   #
   class HTTPInsufficientStorage < HTTPServerError
+    # :stopdoc:
     HAS_BODY = true
   end
 
@@ -1059,6 +1123,7 @@ module Gem::Net
   # - {Wikipedia}[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_HTTP_status_codes#508].
   #
   class HTTPLoopDetected < HTTPServerError
+    # :stopdoc:
     HAS_BODY = true
   end
   # 509 Bandwidth Limit Exceeded - Apache bw/limited extension
@@ -1076,6 +1141,7 @@ module Gem::Net
   # - {Wikipedia}[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_HTTP_status_codes#510].
   #
   class HTTPNotExtended < HTTPServerError
+    # :stopdoc:
     HAS_BODY = true
   end
 
@@ -1092,19 +1158,21 @@ module Gem::Net
   # - {Wikipedia}[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_HTTP_status_codes#511].
   #
   class HTTPNetworkAuthenticationRequired < HTTPServerError
+    # :stopdoc:
     HAS_BODY = true
   end
 
 end
 
 class Gem::Net::HTTPResponse
+  # :stopdoc:
   CODE_CLASS_TO_OBJ = {
     '1' => Gem::Net::HTTPInformation,
     '2' => Gem::Net::HTTPSuccess,
     '3' => Gem::Net::HTTPRedirection,
     '4' => Gem::Net::HTTPClientError,
     '5' => Gem::Net::HTTPServerError
-  }
+  }.freeze
   CODE_TO_OBJ = {
     '100' => Gem::Net::HTTPContinue,
     '101' => Gem::Net::HTTPSwitchProtocol,
@@ -1170,5 +1238,5 @@ class Gem::Net::HTTPResponse
     '508' => Gem::Net::HTTPLoopDetected,
     '510' => Gem::Net::HTTPNotExtended,
     '511' => Gem::Net::HTTPNetworkAuthenticationRequired,
-  }
+  }.freeze
 end
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/vendor/optparse/lib/optparse.rb b/lib/rubygems/vendor/optparse/lib/optparse.rb
index 537d06f229..d39d9dd4e0 100644
--- a/lib/rubygems/vendor/optparse/lib/optparse.rb
+++ b/lib/rubygems/vendor/optparse/lib/optparse.rb
@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@
 #
 # See Gem::OptionParser for documentation.
 #
+require 'set' unless defined?(Set)
 
 #--
 # == Developer Documentation (not for RDoc output)
@@ -142,7 +143,7 @@
 # Used:
 #
 #   $ ruby optparse-test.rb -r
-#   optparse-test.rb:9:in `<main>': missing argument: -r (Gem::OptionParser::MissingArgument)
+#   optparse-test.rb:9:in '<main>': missing argument: -r (Gem::OptionParser::MissingArgument)
 #   $ ruby optparse-test.rb -r my-library
 #   You required my-library!
 #
@@ -235,7 +236,7 @@
 #   $ ruby optparse-test.rb --user 2
 #   #<struct User id=2, name="Gandalf">
 #   $ ruby optparse-test.rb --user 3
-#   optparse-test.rb:15:in `block in find_user': No User Found for id 3 (RuntimeError)
+#   optparse-test.rb:15:in 'block in find_user': No User Found for id 3 (RuntimeError)
 #
 # === Store options to a Hash
 #
@@ -425,7 +426,8 @@
 #
 class Gem::OptionParser
   # The version string
-  Gem::OptionParser::Version = "0.6.0"
+  VERSION = "0.8.0"
+  Version = VERSION # for compatibility
 
   # :stopdoc:
   NoArgument = [NO_ARGUMENT = :NONE, nil].freeze
@@ -461,6 +463,10 @@ class Gem::OptionParser
       candidates
     end
 
+    def self.completable?(key)
+      String.try_convert(key) or defined?(key.id2name)
+    end
+
     def candidate(key, icase = false, pat = nil, &_)
       Completion.candidate(key, icase, pat, &method(:each))
     end
@@ -496,7 +502,6 @@ class Gem::OptionParser
     end
   end
 
-
   #
   # Map from option/keyword string to object with completion.
   #
@@ -504,7 +509,6 @@ class Gem::OptionParser
     include Completion
   end
 
-
   #
   # Individual switch class.  Not important to the user.
   #
@@ -546,11 +550,11 @@ class Gem::OptionParser
 
     def initialize(pattern = nil, conv = nil,
                    short = nil, long = nil, arg = nil,
-                   desc = ([] if short or long), block = nil, &_block)
+                   desc = ([] if short or long), block = nil, values = nil, &_block)
       raise if Array === pattern
       block ||= _block
-      @pattern, @conv, @short, @long, @arg, @desc, @block =
-        pattern, conv, short, long, arg, desc, block
+      @pattern, @conv, @short, @long, @arg, @desc, @block, @values =
+        pattern, conv, short, long, arg, desc, block, values
     end
 
     #
@@ -583,11 +587,15 @@ class Gem::OptionParser
     # exception.
     #
     def conv_arg(arg, val = []) # :nodoc:
+      v, = *val
       if conv
         val = conv.call(*val)
       else
         val = proc {|v| v}.call(*val)
       end
+      if @values
+        @values.include?(val) or raise InvalidArgument, v
+      end
       return arg, block, val
     end
     private :conv_arg
@@ -668,7 +676,7 @@ class Gem::OptionParser
 
       (sopts+lopts).each do |opt|
         # "(-x -c -r)-l[left justify]"
-        if /^--\[no-\](.+)$/ =~ opt
+        if /\A--\[no-\](.+)$/ =~ opt
           o = $1
           yield("--#{o}", desc.join(""))
           yield("--no-#{o}", desc.join(""))
@@ -1032,7 +1040,6 @@ class Gem::OptionParser
   DefaultList.short['-'] = Switch::NoArgument.new {}
   DefaultList.long[''] = Switch::NoArgument.new {throw :terminate}
 
-
   COMPSYS_HEADER = <<'XXX'      # :nodoc:
 
 typeset -A opt_args
@@ -1051,16 +1058,16 @@ XXX
   end
 
   def help_exit
-    if STDOUT.tty? && (pager = ENV.values_at(*%w[RUBY_PAGER PAGER]).find {|e| e && !e.empty?})
+    if $stdout.tty? && (pager = ENV.values_at(*%w[RUBY_PAGER PAGER]).find {|e| e && !e.empty?})
       less = ENV["LESS"]
-      args = [{"LESS" => "#{!less || less.empty? ? '-' : less}Fe"}, pager, "w"]
+      args = [{"LESS" => "#{less} -Fe"}, pager, "w"]
       print = proc do |f|
         f.puts help
       rescue Errno::EPIPE
         # pager terminated
       end
       if Process.respond_to?(:fork) and false
-        IO.popen("-") {|f| f ? Process.exec(*args, in: f) : print.call(STDOUT)}
+        IO.popen("-") {|f| f ? Process.exec(*args, in: f) : print.call($stdout)}
         # unreachable
       end
       IO.popen(*args, &print)
@@ -1102,7 +1109,7 @@ XXX
   #
   Officious['*-completion-zsh'] = proc do |parser|
     Switch::OptionalArgument.new do |arg|
-      parser.compsys(STDOUT, arg)
+      parser.compsys($stdout, arg)
       exit
     end
   end
@@ -1288,7 +1295,15 @@ XXX
   # to $0.
   #
   def program_name
-    @program_name || File.basename($0, '.*')
+    @program_name || strip_ext(File.basename($0))
+  end
+
+  private def strip_ext(name)  # :nodoc:
+    exts = /#{
+      require "rbconfig"
+      Regexp.union(*RbConfig::CONFIG["EXECUTABLE_EXTS"]&.split(" "))
+    }\z/o
+    name.sub(exts, "")
   end
 
   # for experimental cascading :-)
@@ -1467,6 +1482,7 @@ XXX
     klass = nil
     q, a = nil
     has_arg = false
+    values = nil
 
     opts.each do |o|
       # argument class
@@ -1480,7 +1496,7 @@ XXX
       end
 
       # directly specified pattern(any object possible to match)
-      if (!(String === o || Symbol === o)) and o.respond_to?(:match)
+      if !Completion.completable?(o) and o.respond_to?(:match)
         pattern = notwice(o, pattern, 'pattern')
         if pattern.respond_to?(:convert)
           conv = pattern.method(:convert).to_proc
@@ -1494,7 +1510,12 @@ XXX
       case o
       when Proc, Method
         block = notwice(o, block, 'block')
-      when Array, Hash
+      when Array, Hash, Set
+        if Array === o
+          o, v = o.partition {|v,| Completion.completable?(v)}
+          values = notwice(v, values, 'values') unless v.empty?
+          next if o.empty?
+        end
         case pattern
         when CompletingHash
         when nil
@@ -1504,11 +1525,13 @@ XXX
           raise ArgumentError, "argument pattern given twice"
         end
         o.each {|pat, *v| pattern[pat] = v.fetch(0) {pat}}
+      when Range
+        values = notwice(o, values, 'values')
       when Module
         raise ArgumentError, "unsupported argument type: #{o}", ParseError.filter_backtrace(caller(4))
       when *ArgumentStyle.keys
         style = notwice(ArgumentStyle[o], style, 'style')
-      when /^--no-([^\[\]=\s]*)(.+)?/
+      when /\A--no-([^\[\]=\s]*)(.+)?/
         q, a = $1, $2
         o = notwice(a ? Object : TrueClass, klass, 'type')
         not_pattern, not_conv = search(:atype, o) unless not_style
@@ -1519,7 +1542,7 @@ XXX
         (q = q.downcase).tr!('_', '-')
         long << "no-#{q}"
         nolong << q
-      when /^--\[no-\]([^\[\]=\s]*)(.+)?/
+      when /\A--\[no-\]([^\[\]=\s]*)(.+)?/
         q, a = $1, $2
         o = notwice(a ? Object : TrueClass, klass, 'type')
         if a
@@ -1532,7 +1555,7 @@ XXX
         not_pattern, not_conv = search(:atype, FalseClass) unless not_style
         not_style = Switch::NoArgument
         nolong << "no-#{o}"
-      when /^--([^\[\]=\s]*)(.+)?/
+      when /\A--([^\[\]=\s]*)(.+)?/
         q, a = $1, $2
         if a
           o = notwice(NilClass, klass, 'type')
@@ -1542,7 +1565,7 @@ XXX
         ldesc << "--#{q}"
         (o = q.downcase).tr!('_', '-')
         long << o
-      when /^-(\[\^?\]?(?:[^\\\]]|\\.)*\])(.+)?/
+      when /\A-(\[\^?\]?(?:[^\\\]]|\\.)*\])(.+)?/
         q, a = $1, $2
         o = notwice(Object, klass, 'type')
         if a
@@ -1553,7 +1576,7 @@ XXX
         end
         sdesc << "-#{q}"
         short << Regexp.new(q)
-      when /^-(.)(.+)?/
+      when /\A-(.)(.+)?/
         q, a = $1, $2
         if a
           o = notwice(NilClass, klass, 'type')
@@ -1562,7 +1585,7 @@ XXX
         end
         sdesc << "-#{q}"
         short << q
-      when /^=/
+      when /\A=/
         style = notwice(default_style.guess(arg = o), style, 'style')
         default_pattern, conv = search(:atype, Object) unless default_pattern
       else
@@ -1571,12 +1594,18 @@ XXX
     end
 
     default_pattern, conv = search(:atype, default_style.pattern) unless default_pattern
+    if Range === values and klass
+      unless (!values.begin or klass === values.begin) and
+            (!values.end or klass === values.end)
+        raise ArgumentError, "range does not match class"
+      end
+    end
     if !(short.empty? and long.empty?)
       if has_arg and default_style == Switch::NoArgument
         default_style = Switch::RequiredArgument
       end
       s = (style || default_style).new(pattern || default_pattern,
-                                       conv, sdesc, ldesc, arg, desc, block)
+                                       conv, sdesc, ldesc, arg, desc, block, values)
     elsif !block
       if style or pattern
         raise ArgumentError, "no switch given", ParseError.filter_backtrace(caller)
@@ -1585,7 +1614,7 @@ XXX
     else
       short << pattern
       s = (style || default_style).new(pattern,
-                                       conv, nil, nil, arg, desc, block)
+                                       conv, nil, nil, arg, desc, block, values)
     end
     return s, short, long,
       (not_style.new(not_pattern, not_conv, sdesc, ldesc, nil, desc, block) if not_style),
@@ -1827,7 +1856,7 @@ XXX
   #
   def permute!(argv = default_argv, **keywords)
     nonopts = []
-    order!(argv, **keywords, &nonopts.method(:<<))
+    order!(argv, **keywords) {|nonopt| nonopts << nonopt}
     argv[0, 0] = nonopts
     argv
   end
@@ -1880,13 +1909,16 @@ XXX
     single_options, *long_options = *args
 
     result = {}
+    setter = (symbolize_names ?
+                ->(name, val) {result[name.to_sym] = val}
+              : ->(name, val) {result[name] = val})
 
     single_options.scan(/(.)(:)?/) do |opt, val|
       if val
-        result[opt] = nil
+        setter[opt, nil]
         define("-#{opt} VAL")
       else
-        result[opt] = false
+        setter[opt, false]
         define("-#{opt}")
       end
     end if single_options
@@ -1895,16 +1927,16 @@ XXX
       arg, desc = arg.split(';', 2)
       opt, val = arg.split(':', 2)
       if val
-        result[opt] = val.empty? ? nil : val
+        setter[opt, (val unless val.empty?)]
         define("--#{opt}=#{result[opt] || "VAL"}", *[desc].compact)
       else
-        result[opt] = false
+        setter[opt, false]
         define("--#{opt}", *[desc].compact)
       end
     end
 
-    parse_in_order(argv, result.method(:[]=), **keywords)
-    symbolize_names ? result.transform_keys(&:to_sym) : result
+    parse_in_order(argv, setter, **keywords)
+    result
   end
 
   #
@@ -1954,7 +1986,7 @@ XXX
       visit(:complete, typ, opt, icase, *pat) {|o, *sw| return sw}
     }
     exc = ambiguous ? AmbiguousOption : InvalidOption
-    raise exc.new(opt, additional: self.method(:additional_message).curry[typ])
+    raise exc.new(opt, additional: proc {|o| additional_message(typ, o)})
   end
   private :complete
 
@@ -2019,19 +2051,27 @@ XXX
   def load(filename = nil, **keywords)
     unless filename
       basename = File.basename($0, '.*')
-      return true if load(File.expand_path(basename, '~/.options'), **keywords) rescue nil
+      return true if load(File.expand_path("~/.options/#{basename}"), **keywords) rescue nil
       basename << ".options"
+      if !(xdg = ENV['XDG_CONFIG_HOME']) or xdg.empty?
+        # https://specifications.freedesktop.org/basedir-spec/latest/#variables
+        #
+        # If $XDG_CONFIG_HOME is either not set or empty, a default
+        # equal to $HOME/.config should be used.
+        xdg = ['~/.config', true]
+      end
       return [
-        # XDG
-        ENV['XDG_CONFIG_HOME'],
-        '~/.config',
+        xdg,
+
         *ENV['XDG_CONFIG_DIRS']&.split(File::PATH_SEPARATOR),
 
         # Haiku
-        '~/config/settings',
-      ].any? {|dir|
+        ['~/config/settings', true],
+      ].any? {|dir, expand|
         next if !dir or dir.empty?
-        load(File.expand_path(basename, dir), **keywords) rescue nil
+        filename = File.join(dir, basename)
+        filename = File.expand_path(filename) if expand
+        load(filename, **keywords) rescue nil
       }
     end
     begin
@@ -2237,9 +2277,10 @@ XXX
       argv
     end
 
+    DIR = File.join(__dir__, '')
     def self.filter_backtrace(array)
       unless $DEBUG
-        array.delete_if(&%r"\A#{Regexp.quote(__FILE__)}:"o.method(:=~))
+        array.delete_if {|bt| bt.start_with?(DIR)}
       end
       array
     end
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/vendor/resolv/lib/resolv.rb b/lib/rubygems/vendor/resolv/lib/resolv.rb
index 4d95e5fc7f..168df21f3e 100644
--- a/lib/rubygems/vendor/resolv/lib/resolv.rb
+++ b/lib/rubygems/vendor/resolv/lib/resolv.rb
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true
 
 require 'socket'
-require_relative '../../timeout/lib/timeout'
+require_relative '../../../vendored_timeout'
 require 'io/wait'
 require_relative '../../../vendored_securerandom'
 
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ require_relative '../../../vendored_securerandom'
 
 class Gem::Resolv
 
-  VERSION = "0.6.0"
+  VERSION = "0.6.2"
 
   ##
   # Looks up the first IP address for +name+.
@@ -173,13 +173,16 @@ class Gem::Resolv
 
   class ResolvTimeout < Gem::Timeout::Error; end
 
+  WINDOWS = /mswin|cygwin|mingw|bccwin/ =~ RUBY_PLATFORM || ::RbConfig::CONFIG['host_os'] =~ /mswin/
+  private_constant :WINDOWS
+
   ##
   # Gem::Resolv::Hosts is a hostname resolver that uses the system hosts file.
 
   class Hosts
-    if /mswin|mingw|cygwin/ =~ RUBY_PLATFORM and
+    if WINDOWS
       begin
-        require 'win32/resolv'
+        require 'win32/resolv' unless defined?(Win32::Resolv)
         DefaultFileName = Win32::Resolv.get_hosts_path || IO::NULL
       rescue LoadError
       end
@@ -659,8 +662,20 @@ class Gem::Resolv
       }
     end
 
-    def self.bind_random_port(udpsock, bind_host="0.0.0.0") # :nodoc:
-      begin
+    case RUBY_PLATFORM
+    when *[
+      # https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc6056.txt
+      # Appendix A. Survey of the Algorithms in Use by Some Popular Implementations
+      /freebsd/, /linux/, /netbsd/, /openbsd/, /solaris/,
+      /darwin/, # the same as FreeBSD
+    ] then
+      def self.bind_random_port(udpsock, bind_host="0.0.0.0") # :nodoc:
+        udpsock.bind(bind_host, 0)
+      end
+    else
+      # Sequential port assignment
+      def self.bind_random_port(udpsock, bind_host="0.0.0.0") # :nodoc:
+        # Ephemeral port number range recommended by RFC 6056
         port = random(1024..65535)
         udpsock.bind(bind_host, port)
       rescue Errno::EADDRINUSE, # POSIX
@@ -983,13 +998,13 @@ class Gem::Resolv
             next unless keyword
             case keyword
             when 'nameserver'
-              nameserver.concat(args)
+              nameserver.concat(args.each(&:freeze))
             when 'domain'
               next if args.empty?
-              search = [args[0]]
+              search = [args[0].freeze]
             when 'search'
               next if args.empty?
-              search = args
+              search = args.each(&:freeze)
             when 'options'
               args.each {|arg|
                 case arg
@@ -1000,22 +1015,22 @@ class Gem::Resolv
             end
           }
         }
-        return { :nameserver => nameserver, :search => search, :ndots => ndots }
+        return { :nameserver => nameserver.freeze, :search => search.freeze, :ndots => ndots.freeze }.freeze
       end
 
       def Config.default_config_hash(filename="/etc/resolv.conf")
         if File.exist? filename
-          config_hash = Config.parse_resolv_conf(filename)
+          Config.parse_resolv_conf(filename)
+        elsif WINDOWS
+          require 'win32/resolv' unless defined?(Win32::Resolv)
+          search, nameserver = Win32::Resolv.get_resolv_info
+          config_hash = {}
+          config_hash[:nameserver] = nameserver if nameserver
+          config_hash[:search] = [search].flatten if search
+          config_hash
         else
-          if /mswin|cygwin|mingw|bccwin/ =~ RUBY_PLATFORM
-            require 'win32/resolv'
-            search, nameserver = Win32::Resolv.get_resolv_info
-            config_hash = {}
-            config_hash[:nameserver] = nameserver if nameserver
-            config_hash[:search] = [search].flatten if search
-          end
+          {}
         end
-        config_hash || {}
       end
 
       def lazy_initialize
@@ -1664,6 +1679,7 @@ class Gem::Resolv
           prev_index = @index
           save_index = nil
           d = []
+          size = -1
           while true
             raise DecodeError.new("limit exceeded") if @limit <= @index
             case @data.getbyte(@index)
@@ -1684,7 +1700,10 @@ class Gem::Resolv
               end
               @index = idx
             else
-              d << self.get_label
+              l = self.get_label
+              d << l
+              size += 1 + l.string.bytesize
+              raise DecodeError.new("name label data exceed 255 octets") if size > 255
             end
           end
         end
@@ -2110,7 +2129,14 @@ class Gem::Resolv
 
       attr_reader :ttl
 
-      ClassHash = {} # :nodoc:
+      ClassHash = Module.new do
+        module_function
+
+        def []=(type_class_value, klass)
+          type_value, class_value = type_class_value
+          Resource.const_set(:"Type#{type_value}_Class#{class_value}", klass)
+        end
+      end
 
       def encode_rdata(msg) # :nodoc:
         raise NotImplementedError.new
@@ -2148,7 +2174,9 @@ class Gem::Resolv
       end
 
       def self.get_class(type_value, class_value) # :nodoc:
-        return ClassHash[[type_value, class_value]] ||
+        cache = :"Type#{type_value}_Class#{class_value}"
+
+        return (const_defined?(cache) && const_get(cache)) ||
                Generic.create(type_value, class_value)
       end
 
@@ -2577,7 +2605,7 @@ class Gem::Resolv
         end
 
         ##
-        # Flags for this proprty:
+        # Flags for this property:
         # - Bit 0 : 0 = not critical, 1 = critical
 
         attr_reader :flags
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/vendor/timeout/lib/timeout.rb b/lib/rubygems/vendor/timeout/lib/timeout.rb
index 455c504f47..376b8c0e2b 100644
--- a/lib/rubygems/vendor/timeout/lib/timeout.rb
+++ b/lib/rubygems/vendor/timeout/lib/timeout.rb
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@
 
 module Gem::Timeout
   # The version
-  VERSION = "0.4.3"
+  VERSION = "0.4.4"
 
   # Internal error raised to when a timeout is triggered.
   class ExitException < Exception
@@ -123,6 +123,9 @@ module Gem::Timeout
 
   def self.ensure_timeout_thread_created
     unless @timeout_thread and @timeout_thread.alive?
+      # If the Mutex is already owned we are in a signal handler.
+      # In that case, just return and let the main thread create the @timeout_thread.
+      return if TIMEOUT_THREAD_MUTEX.owned?
       TIMEOUT_THREAD_MUTEX.synchronize do
         unless @timeout_thread and @timeout_thread.alive?
           @timeout_thread = create_timeout_thread
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/vendor/uri/lib/uri/common.rb b/lib/rubygems/vendor/uri/lib/uri/common.rb
index f0755f5fdc..e9bdfa6a07 100644
--- a/lib/rubygems/vendor/uri/lib/uri/common.rb
+++ b/lib/rubygems/vendor/uri/lib/uri/common.rb
@@ -30,6 +30,9 @@ module Gem::URI
     remove_const(:Parser) if defined?(::Gem::URI::Parser)
     const_set("Parser", parser.class)
 
+    remove_const(:PARSER) if defined?(::Gem::URI::PARSER)
+    const_set("PARSER", parser)
+
     remove_const(:REGEXP) if defined?(::Gem::URI::REGEXP)
     remove_const(:PATTERN) if defined?(::Gem::URI::PATTERN)
     if Parser == RFC2396_Parser
@@ -49,10 +52,10 @@ module Gem::URI
       warn "Gem::URI::REGEXP is obsolete. Use Gem::URI::RFC2396_REGEXP explicitly.", uplevel: 1 if $VERBOSE
       Gem::URI::RFC2396_REGEXP
     elsif value = RFC2396_PARSER.regexp[const]
-      warn "Gem::URI::#{const} is obsolete. Use RFC2396_PARSER.regexp[#{const.inspect}] explicitly.", uplevel: 1 if $VERBOSE
+      warn "Gem::URI::#{const} is obsolete. Use Gem::URI::RFC2396_PARSER.regexp[#{const.inspect}] explicitly.", uplevel: 1 if $VERBOSE
       value
     elsif value = RFC2396_Parser.const_get(const)
-      warn "Gem::URI::#{const} is obsolete. Use RFC2396_Parser::#{const} explicitly.", uplevel: 1 if $VERBOSE
+      warn "Gem::URI::#{const} is obsolete. Use Gem::URI::RFC2396_Parser::#{const} explicitly.", uplevel: 1 if $VERBOSE
       value
     else
       super
@@ -92,6 +95,40 @@ module Gem::URI
   end
 
   module Schemes # :nodoc:
+    class << self
+      ReservedChars = ".+-"
+      EscapedChars = "\u01C0\u01C1\u01C2"
+      # Use Lo category chars as escaped chars for TruffleRuby, which
+      # does not allow Symbol categories as identifiers.
+
+      def escape(name)
+        unless name and name.ascii_only?
+          return nil
+        end
+        name.upcase.tr(ReservedChars, EscapedChars)
+      end
+
+      def unescape(name)
+        name.tr(EscapedChars, ReservedChars).encode(Encoding::US_ASCII).upcase
+      end
+
+      def find(name)
+        const_get(name, false) if name and const_defined?(name, false)
+      end
+
+      def register(name, klass)
+        unless scheme = escape(name)
+          raise ArgumentError, "invalid character as scheme - #{name}"
+        end
+        const_set(scheme, klass)
+      end
+
+      def list
+        constants.map { |name|
+          [unescape(name.to_s), const_get(name)]
+        }.to_h
+      end
+    end
   end
   private_constant :Schemes
 
@@ -104,7 +141,7 @@ module Gem::URI
   # Note that after calling String#upcase on +scheme+, it must be a valid
   # constant name.
   def self.register_scheme(scheme, klass)
-    Schemes.const_set(scheme.to_s.upcase, klass)
+    Schemes.register(scheme, klass)
   end
 
   # Returns a hash of the defined schemes:
@@ -122,14 +159,14 @@ module Gem::URI
   #
   # Related: Gem::URI.register_scheme.
   def self.scheme_list
-    Schemes.constants.map { |name|
-      [name.to_s.upcase, Schemes.const_get(name)]
-    }.to_h
+    Schemes.list
   end
 
+  # :stopdoc:
   INITIAL_SCHEMES = scheme_list
   private_constant :INITIAL_SCHEMES
   Ractor.make_shareable(INITIAL_SCHEMES) if defined?(Ractor)
+  # :startdoc:
 
   # Returns a new object constructed from the given +scheme+, +arguments+,
   # and +default+:
@@ -148,12 +185,10 @@ module Gem::URI
   #   # => #<Gem::URI::HTTP foo://john.doe@www.example.com:123/forum/questions/?tag=networking&order=newest#top>
   #
   def self.for(scheme, *arguments, default: Generic)
-    const_name = scheme.to_s.upcase
+    const_name = Schemes.escape(scheme)
 
     uri_class = INITIAL_SCHEMES[const_name]
-    uri_class ||= if /\A[A-Z]\w*\z/.match?(const_name) && Schemes.const_defined?(const_name, false)
-      Schemes.const_get(const_name, false)
-    end
+    uri_class ||= Schemes.find(const_name)
     uri_class ||= default
 
     return uri_class.new(scheme, *arguments)
@@ -195,7 +230,7 @@ module Gem::URI
   #    ["fragment", "top"]]
   #
   def self.split(uri)
-    DEFAULT_PARSER.split(uri)
+    PARSER.split(uri)
   end
 
   # Returns a new \Gem::URI object constructed from the given string +uri+:
@@ -205,11 +240,11 @@ module Gem::URI
   #   Gem::URI.parse('http://john.doe@www.example.com:123/forum/questions/?tag=networking&order=newest#top')
   #   # => #<Gem::URI::HTTP http://john.doe@www.example.com:123/forum/questions/?tag=networking&order=newest#top>
   #
-  # It's recommended to first ::escape string +uri+
+  # It's recommended to first Gem::URI::RFC2396_PARSER.escape string +uri+
   # if it may contain invalid Gem::URI characters.
   #
   def self.parse(uri)
-    DEFAULT_PARSER.parse(uri)
+    PARSER.parse(uri)
   end
 
   # Merges the given Gem::URI strings +str+
@@ -265,7 +300,7 @@ module Gem::URI
   #
   def self.extract(str, schemes = nil, &block) # :nodoc:
     warn "Gem::URI.extract is obsolete", uplevel: 1 if $VERBOSE
-    DEFAULT_PARSER.extract(str, schemes, &block)
+    PARSER.extract(str, schemes, &block)
   end
 
   #
@@ -302,7 +337,7 @@ module Gem::URI
   #
   def self.regexp(schemes = nil)# :nodoc:
     warn "Gem::URI.regexp is obsolete", uplevel: 1 if $VERBOSE
-    DEFAULT_PARSER.make_regexp(schemes)
+    PARSER.make_regexp(schemes)
   end
 
   TBLENCWWWCOMP_ = {} # :nodoc:
@@ -407,6 +442,8 @@ module Gem::URI
     _decode_uri_component(/%\h\h/, str, enc)
   end
 
+  # Returns a string derived from the given string +str+ with
+  # Gem::URI-encoded characters matching +regexp+ according to +table+.
   def self._encode_uri_component(regexp, table, str, enc)
     str = str.to_s.dup
     if str.encoding != Encoding::ASCII_8BIT
@@ -421,6 +458,8 @@ module Gem::URI
   end
   private_class_method :_encode_uri_component
 
+  # Returns a string decoding characters matching +regexp+ from the
+  # given \URL-encoded string +str+.
   def self._decode_uri_component(regexp, str, enc)
     raise ArgumentError, "invalid %-encoding (#{str})" if /%(?!\h\h)/.match?(str)
     str.b.gsub(regexp, TBLDECWWWCOMP_).force_encoding(enc)
@@ -859,6 +898,7 @@ module Gem
   # Returns a \Gem::URI object derived from the given +uri+,
   # which may be a \Gem::URI string or an existing \Gem::URI object:
   #
+  #   require 'rubygems/vendor/uri/lib/uri'
   #   # Returns a new Gem::URI.
   #   uri = Gem::URI('http://github.com/ruby/ruby')
   #   # => #<Gem::URI::HTTP http://github.com/ruby/ruby>
@@ -866,6 +906,8 @@ module Gem
   #   Gem::URI(uri)
   #   # => #<Gem::URI::HTTP http://github.com/ruby/ruby>
   #
+  # You must require 'rubygems/vendor/uri/lib/uri' to use this method.
+  #
   def URI(uri)
     if uri.is_a?(Gem::URI::Generic)
       uri
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/vendor/uri/lib/uri/file.rb b/lib/rubygems/vendor/uri/lib/uri/file.rb
index 768755fc2d..391c499716 100644
--- a/lib/rubygems/vendor/uri/lib/uri/file.rb
+++ b/lib/rubygems/vendor/uri/lib/uri/file.rb
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ module Gem::URI
     #       :path => '/ruby/src'})
     #     uri2.to_s  # => "file://host.example.com/ruby/src"
     #
-    #     uri3 = Gem::URI::File.build({:path => Gem::URI::escape('/path/my file.txt')})
+    #     uri3 = Gem::URI::File.build({:path => Gem::URI::RFC2396_PARSER.escape('/path/my file.txt')})
     #     uri3.to_s  # => "file:///path/my%20file.txt"
     #
     def self.build(args)
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/vendor/uri/lib/uri/generic.rb b/lib/rubygems/vendor/uri/lib/uri/generic.rb
index 2eabe2b4e3..d0bc77dfda 100644
--- a/lib/rubygems/vendor/uri/lib/uri/generic.rb
+++ b/lib/rubygems/vendor/uri/lib/uri/generic.rb
@@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ module Gem::URI
     #
     # At first, tries to create a new Gem::URI::Generic instance using
     # Gem::URI::Generic::build. But, if exception Gem::URI::InvalidComponentError is raised,
-    # then it does Gem::URI::Escape.escape all Gem::URI components and tries again.
+    # then it does Gem::URI::RFC2396_PARSER.escape all Gem::URI components and tries again.
     #
     def self.build2(args)
       begin
@@ -126,9 +126,9 @@ module Gem::URI
           end
         end
       else
-        component = self.class.component rescue ::Gem::URI::Generic::COMPONENT
+        component = self.component rescue ::Gem::URI::Generic::COMPONENT
         raise ArgumentError,
-        "expected Array of or Hash of components of #{self.class} (#{component.join(', ')})"
+              "expected Array of or Hash of components of #{self} (#{component.join(', ')})"
       end
 
       tmp << nil
@@ -186,18 +186,18 @@ module Gem::URI
 
       if arg_check
         self.scheme = scheme
-        self.userinfo = userinfo
         self.hostname = host
         self.port = port
+        self.userinfo = userinfo
         self.path = path
         self.query = query
         self.opaque = opaque
         self.fragment = fragment
       else
         self.set_scheme(scheme)
-        self.set_userinfo(userinfo)
         self.set_host(host)
         self.set_port(port)
+        self.set_userinfo(userinfo)
         self.set_path(path)
         self.query = query
         self.set_opaque(opaque)
@@ -284,7 +284,7 @@ module Gem::URI
 
     # Returns the parser to be used.
     #
-    # Unless a Gem::URI::Parser is defined, DEFAULT_PARSER is used.
+    # Unless the +parser+ is defined, DEFAULT_PARSER is used.
     #
     def parser
       if !defined?(@parser) || !@parser
@@ -315,7 +315,7 @@ module Gem::URI
     end
 
     #
-    # Checks the scheme +v+ component against the Gem::URI::Parser Regexp for :SCHEME.
+    # Checks the scheme +v+ component against the +parser+ Regexp for :SCHEME.
     #
     def check_scheme(v)
       if v && parser.regexp[:SCHEME] !~ v
@@ -385,7 +385,7 @@ module Gem::URI
 
     #
     # Checks the user +v+ component for RFC2396 compliance
-    # and against the Gem::URI::Parser Regexp for :USERINFO.
+    # and against the +parser+ Regexp for :USERINFO.
     #
     # Can not have a registry or opaque component defined,
     # with a user component defined.
@@ -409,7 +409,7 @@ module Gem::URI
 
     #
     # Checks the password +v+ component for RFC2396 compliance
-    # and against the Gem::URI::Parser Regexp for :USERINFO.
+    # and against the +parser+ Regexp for :USERINFO.
     #
     # Can not have a registry or opaque component defined,
     # with a user component defined.
@@ -511,7 +511,7 @@ module Gem::URI
         user, password = split_userinfo(user)
       end
       @user     = user
-      @password = password if password
+      @password = password
 
       [@user, @password]
     end
@@ -522,7 +522,7 @@ module Gem::URI
     # See also Gem::URI::Generic.user=.
     #
     def set_user(v)
-      set_userinfo(v, @password)
+      set_userinfo(v, nil)
       v
     end
     protected :set_user
@@ -574,6 +574,12 @@ module Gem::URI
       @password
     end
 
+    # Returns the authority info (array of user, password, host and
+    # port), if any is set.  Or returns +nil+.
+    def authority
+      return @user, @password, @host, @port if @user || @password || @host || @port
+    end
+
     # Returns the user component after Gem::URI decoding.
     def decoded_user
       Gem::URI.decode_uri_component(@user) if @user
@@ -586,7 +592,7 @@ module Gem::URI
 
     #
     # Checks the host +v+ component for RFC2396 compliance
-    # and against the Gem::URI::Parser Regexp for :HOST.
+    # and against the +parser+ Regexp for :HOST.
     #
     # Can not have a registry or opaque component defined,
     # with a host component defined.
@@ -615,6 +621,13 @@ module Gem::URI
     end
     protected :set_host
 
+    # Protected setter for the authority info (+user+, +password+, +host+
+    # and +port+).  If +port+ is +nil+, +default_port+ will be set.
+    #
+    protected def set_authority(user, password, host, port = nil)
+      @user, @password, @host, @port = user, password, host, port || self.default_port
+    end
+
     #
     # == Args
     #
@@ -639,6 +652,7 @@ module Gem::URI
     def host=(v)
       check_host(v)
       set_host(v)
+      set_userinfo(nil)
       v
     end
 
@@ -675,7 +689,7 @@ module Gem::URI
 
     #
     # Checks the port +v+ component for RFC2396 compliance
-    # and against the Gem::URI::Parser Regexp for :PORT.
+    # and against the +parser+ Regexp for :PORT.
     #
     # Can not have a registry or opaque component defined,
     # with a port component defined.
@@ -729,6 +743,7 @@ module Gem::URI
     def port=(v)
       check_port(v)
       set_port(v)
+      set_userinfo(nil)
       port
     end
 
@@ -748,7 +763,7 @@ module Gem::URI
 
     #
     # Checks the path +v+ component for RFC2396 compliance
-    # and against the Gem::URI::Parser Regexp
+    # and against the +parser+ Regexp
     # for :ABS_PATH and :REL_PATH.
     #
     # Can not have a opaque component defined,
@@ -853,7 +868,7 @@ module Gem::URI
 
     #
     # Checks the opaque +v+ component for RFC2396 compliance and
-    # against the Gem::URI::Parser Regexp for :OPAQUE.
+    # against the +parser+ Regexp for :OPAQUE.
     #
     # Can not have a host, port, user, or path component defined,
     # with an opaque component defined.
@@ -905,7 +920,7 @@ module Gem::URI
     end
 
     #
-    # Checks the fragment +v+ component against the Gem::URI::Parser Regexp for :FRAGMENT.
+    # Checks the fragment +v+ component against the +parser+ Regexp for :FRAGMENT.
     #
     #
     # == Args
@@ -1121,7 +1136,7 @@ module Gem::URI
 
       base = self.dup
 
-      authority = rel.userinfo || rel.host || rel.port
+      authority = rel.authority
 
       # RFC2396, Section 5.2, 2)
       if (rel.path.nil? || rel.path.empty?) && !authority && !rel.query
@@ -1134,9 +1149,7 @@ module Gem::URI
 
       # RFC2396, Section 5.2, 4)
       if authority
-        base.set_userinfo(rel.userinfo)
-        base.set_host(rel.host)
-        base.set_port(rel.port || base.default_port)
+        base.set_authority(*authority)
         base.set_path(rel.path)
       elsif base.path && rel.path
         base.set_path(merge_path(base.path, rel.path))
@@ -1527,7 +1540,7 @@ module Gem::URI
         else
           unless proxy_uri = env[name]
             if proxy_uri = env[name.upcase]
-              warn 'The environment variable HTTP_PROXY is discouraged.  Use http_proxy.', uplevel: 1
+              warn 'The environment variable HTTP_PROXY is discouraged.  Please use http_proxy instead.', uplevel: 1
             end
           end
         end
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/vendor/uri/lib/uri/http.rb b/lib/rubygems/vendor/uri/lib/uri/http.rb
index 658e9941dd..99c78358ac 100644
--- a/lib/rubygems/vendor/uri/lib/uri/http.rb
+++ b/lib/rubygems/vendor/uri/lib/uri/http.rb
@@ -61,6 +61,18 @@ module Gem::URI
       super(tmp)
     end
 
+    # Do not allow empty host names, as they are not allowed by RFC 3986.
+    def check_host(v)
+      ret = super
+
+      if ret && v.empty?
+        raise InvalidComponentError,
+          "bad component(expected host component): #{v}"
+      end
+
+      ret
+    end
+
     #
     # == Description
     #
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/vendor/uri/lib/uri/rfc2396_parser.rb b/lib/rubygems/vendor/uri/lib/uri/rfc2396_parser.rb
index 04a1d0c869..2bb4181649 100644
--- a/lib/rubygems/vendor/uri/lib/uri/rfc2396_parser.rb
+++ b/lib/rubygems/vendor/uri/lib/uri/rfc2396_parser.rb
@@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ module Gem::URI
     #
     # == Synopsis
     #
-    #   Gem::URI::Parser.new([opts])
+    #   Gem::URI::RFC2396_Parser.new([opts])
     #
     # == Args
     #
@@ -86,7 +86,7 @@ module Gem::URI
     #
     # == Examples
     #
-    #   p = Gem::URI::Parser.new(:ESCAPED => "(?:%[a-fA-F0-9]{2}|%u[a-fA-F0-9]{4})")
+    #   p = Gem::URI::RFC2396_Parser.new(:ESCAPED => "(?:%[a-fA-F0-9]{2}|%u[a-fA-F0-9]{4})")
     #   u = p.parse("http://example.jp/%uABCD") #=> #<Gem::URI::HTTP http://example.jp/%uABCD>
     #   Gem::URI.parse(u.to_s) #=> raises Gem::URI::InvalidURIError
     #
@@ -108,12 +108,12 @@ module Gem::URI
 
     # The Hash of patterns.
     #
-    # See also Gem::URI::Parser.initialize_pattern.
+    # See also #initialize_pattern.
     attr_reader :pattern
 
     # The Hash of Regexp.
     #
-    # See also Gem::URI::Parser.initialize_regexp.
+    # See also #initialize_regexp.
     attr_reader :regexp
 
     # Returns a split Gem::URI against +regexp[:ABS_URI]+.
@@ -202,8 +202,7 @@ module Gem::URI
     #
     # == Usage
     #
-    #   p = Gem::URI::Parser.new
-    #   p.parse("ldap://ldap.example.com/dc=example?user=john")
+    #   Gem::URI::RFC2396_PARSER.parse("ldap://ldap.example.com/dc=example?user=john")
     #   #=> #<Gem::URI::LDAP ldap://ldap.example.com/dc=example?user=john>
     #
     def parse(uri)
@@ -244,7 +243,7 @@ module Gem::URI
     # If no +block+ given, then returns the result,
     # else it calls +block+ for each element in result.
     #
-    # See also Gem::URI::Parser.make_regexp.
+    # See also #make_regexp.
     #
     def extract(str, schemes = nil)
       if block_given?
@@ -263,7 +262,7 @@ module Gem::URI
       unless schemes
         @regexp[:ABS_URI_REF]
       else
-        /(?=#{Regexp.union(*schemes)}:)#{@pattern[:X_ABS_URI]}/x
+        /(?=(?i:#{Regexp.union(*schemes).source}):)#{@pattern[:X_ABS_URI]}/x
       end
     end
 
@@ -524,6 +523,8 @@ module Gem::URI
       ret
     end
 
+    # Returns +uri+ as-is if it is Gem::URI, or convert it to Gem::URI if it is
+    # a String.
     def convert_to_uri(uri)
       if uri.is_a?(Gem::URI::Generic)
         uri
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/vendor/uri/lib/uri/version.rb b/lib/rubygems/vendor/uri/lib/uri/version.rb
index c2f617ce25..7ee577887b 100644
--- a/lib/rubygems/vendor/uri/lib/uri/version.rb
+++ b/lib/rubygems/vendor/uri/lib/uri/version.rb
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 module Gem::URI
   # :stopdoc:
-  VERSION_CODE = '010003'.freeze
-  VERSION = VERSION_CODE.scan(/../).collect{|n| n.to_i}.join('.').freeze
+  VERSION = '1.1.1'.freeze
+  VERSION_CODE = VERSION.split('.').map{|s| s.rjust(2, '0')}.join.freeze
   # :startdoc:
 end
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/version.rb b/lib/rubygems/version.rb
index 25c412be4b..90fe1b3c24 100644
--- a/lib/rubygems/version.rb
+++ b/lib/rubygems/version.rb
@@ -171,9 +171,7 @@ class Gem::Version
   # True if the +version+ string matches RubyGems' requirements.
 
   def self.correct?(version)
-    nil_versions_are_discouraged! if version.nil?
-
-    ANCHORED_VERSION_PATTERN.match?(version.to_s)
+    version.nil? || ANCHORED_VERSION_PATTERN.match?(version.to_s)
   end
 
   ##
@@ -182,15 +180,10 @@ class Gem::Version
   #
   #   ver1 = Version.create('1.3.17')   # -> (Version object)
   #   ver2 = Version.create(ver1)       # -> (ver1)
-  #   ver3 = Version.create(nil)        # -> nil
 
   def self.create(input)
     if self === input # check yourself before you wreck yourself
       input
-    elsif input.nil?
-      nil_versions_are_discouraged!
-
-      nil
     else
       new input
     end
@@ -206,14 +199,6 @@ class Gem::Version
     @@all[version] ||= super
   end
 
-  def self.nil_versions_are_discouraged!
-    unless Gem::Deprecate.skip
-      warn "nil versions are discouraged and will be deprecated in Rubygems 4"
-    end
-  end
-
-  private_class_method :nil_versions_are_discouraged!
-
   ##
   # Constructs a Version from the +version+ string.  A version string is a
   # series of digits or ASCII letters separated by dots.
@@ -224,7 +209,7 @@ class Gem::Version
     end
 
     # If version is an empty string convert it to 0
-    version = 0 if version.is_a?(String) && /\A\s*\Z/.match?(version)
+    version = 0 if version.nil? || (version.is_a?(String) && /\A\s*\Z/.match?(version))
 
     @version = version.to_s
 
@@ -354,11 +339,14 @@ class Gem::Version
   ##
   # Compares this version with +other+ returning -1, 0, or 1 if the
   # other version is larger, the same, or smaller than this
-  # one. Attempts to compare to something that's not a
-  # <tt>Gem::Version</tt> or a valid version String return +nil+.
+  # one. +other+ must be an instance of Gem::Version, comparing with
+  # other types may raise an exception.
 
   def <=>(other)
-    return self <=> self.class.new(other) if (String === other) && self.class.correct?(other)
+    if String === other
+      return unless self.class.correct?(other)
+      return self <=> self.class.new(other)
+    end
 
     return unless Gem::Version === other
     return 0 if @version == other.version || canonical_segments == other.canonical_segments
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/win_platform.rb b/lib/rubygems/win_platform.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..78e968fe49
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/rubygems/win_platform.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require "rbconfig"
+
+module Gem
+  ##
+  # An Array of Regexps that match windows Ruby platforms.
+
+  WIN_PATTERNS = [
+    /bccwin/i,
+    /cygwin/i,
+    /djgpp/i,
+    /mingw/i,
+    /mswin/i,
+    /wince/i,
+  ].freeze
+
+  @@win_platform = nil
+
+  ##
+  # Is this a windows platform?
+
+  def self.win_platform?
+    if @@win_platform.nil?
+      ruby_platform = RbConfig::CONFIG["host_os"]
+      @@win_platform = !WIN_PATTERNS.find {|r| ruby_platform =~ r }.nil?
+    end
+
+    @@win_platform
+  end
+end
diff --git a/lib/set/subclass_compatible.rb b/lib/set/subclass_compatible.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..f43c34f6a2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/set/subclass_compatible.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,347 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+# :markup: markdown
+#
+# set/subclass_compatible.rb - Provides compatibility for set subclasses
+#
+# Copyright (c) 2002-2024 Akinori MUSHA <knu@iDaemons.org>
+#
+# Documentation by Akinori MUSHA and Gavin Sinclair.
+#
+# All rights reserved.  You can redistribute and/or modify it under the same
+# terms as Ruby.
+
+
+class Set
+  # This module is automatically included in subclasses of Set, to
+  # make them backwards compatible with the pure-Ruby set implementation
+  # used before Ruby 4. Users who want to use Set subclasses without
+  # this compatibility layer should subclass from Set::CoreSet.
+  #
+  # Note that Set subclasses that access `@hash` are not compatible even
+  # with this support. Such subclasses must be updated to support Ruby 4.
+  module SubclassCompatible
+    module ClassMethods
+      def [](*ary)
+        new(ary)
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Creates a new set containing the elements of the given enumerable
+    # object.
+    #
+    # If a block is given, the elements of enum are preprocessed by the
+    # given block.
+    #
+    #     Set.new([1, 2])                       #=> #<Set: {1, 2}>
+    #     Set.new([1, 2, 1])                    #=> #<Set: {1, 2}>
+    #     Set.new([1, 'c', :s])                 #=> #<Set: {1, "c", :s}>
+    #     Set.new(1..5)                         #=> #<Set: {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}>
+    #     Set.new([1, 2, 3]) { |x| x * x }      #=> #<Set: {1, 4, 9}>
+    def initialize(enum = nil, &block) # :yields: o
+      enum.nil? and return
+
+      if block
+        do_with_enum(enum) { |o| add(block[o]) }
+      else
+        merge(enum)
+      end
+    end
+
+    def do_with_enum(enum, &block) # :nodoc:
+      if enum.respond_to?(:each_entry)
+        enum.each_entry(&block) if block
+      elsif enum.respond_to?(:each)
+        enum.each(&block) if block
+      else
+        raise ArgumentError, "value must be enumerable"
+      end
+    end
+    private :do_with_enum
+
+    def replace(enum)
+      if enum.instance_of?(self.class)
+        super
+      else
+        do_with_enum(enum)  # make sure enum is enumerable before calling clear
+        clear
+        merge(enum)
+      end
+    end
+
+    def to_set(&block)
+      return self if instance_of?(Set) && block.nil?
+      Set.new(self, &block)
+    end
+
+    def flatten_merge(set, seen = {}) # :nodoc:
+      set.each { |e|
+        if e.is_a?(Set)
+          case seen[e_id = e.object_id]
+          when true
+            raise ArgumentError, "tried to flatten recursive Set"
+          when false
+            next
+          end
+
+          seen[e_id] = true
+          flatten_merge(e, seen)
+          seen[e_id] = false
+        else
+          add(e)
+        end
+      }
+
+      self
+    end
+    protected :flatten_merge
+
+    def flatten
+      self.class.new.flatten_merge(self)
+    end
+
+    def flatten!
+      replace(flatten()) if any?(Set)
+    end
+
+    def superset?(set)
+      case
+      when set.instance_of?(self.class)
+        super
+      when set.is_a?(Set)
+        size >= set.size && set.all?(self)
+      else
+        raise ArgumentError, "value must be a set"
+      end
+    end
+    alias >= superset?
+
+    def proper_superset?(set)
+      case
+      when set.instance_of?(self.class)
+        super
+      when set.is_a?(Set)
+        size > set.size && set.all?(self)
+      else
+        raise ArgumentError, "value must be a set"
+      end
+    end
+    alias > proper_superset?
+
+    def subset?(set)
+      case
+      when set.instance_of?(self.class)
+        super
+      when set.is_a?(Set)
+        size <= set.size && all?(set)
+      else
+        raise ArgumentError, "value must be a set"
+      end
+    end
+    alias <= subset?
+
+    def proper_subset?(set)
+      case
+      when set.instance_of?(self.class)
+        super
+      when set.is_a?(Set)
+        size < set.size && all?(set)
+      else
+        raise ArgumentError, "value must be a set"
+      end
+    end
+    alias < proper_subset?
+
+    def <=>(set)
+      return unless set.is_a?(Set)
+
+      case size <=> set.size
+      when -1 then -1 if proper_subset?(set)
+      when +1 then +1 if proper_superset?(set)
+      else 0 if self.==(set)
+      end
+    end
+
+    def intersect?(set)
+      case set
+      when Set
+        if size < set.size
+          any?(set)
+        else
+          set.any?(self)
+        end
+      when Enumerable
+        set.any?(self)
+      else
+        raise ArgumentError, "value must be enumerable"
+      end
+    end
+
+    def disjoint?(set)
+      !intersect?(set)
+    end
+
+    def add?(o)
+      add(o) unless include?(o)
+    end
+
+    def delete?(o)
+      delete(o) if include?(o)
+    end
+
+    def delete_if(&block)
+      block_given? or return enum_for(__method__) { size }
+      select(&block).each { |o| delete(o) }
+      self
+    end
+
+    def keep_if(&block)
+      block_given? or return enum_for(__method__) { size }
+      reject(&block).each { |o| delete(o) }
+      self
+    end
+
+    def collect!
+      block_given? or return enum_for(__method__) { size }
+      set = self.class.new
+      each { |o| set << yield(o) }
+      replace(set)
+    end
+    alias map! collect!
+
+    def reject!(&block)
+      block_given? or return enum_for(__method__) { size }
+      n = size
+      delete_if(&block)
+      self if size != n
+    end
+
+    def select!(&block)
+      block_given? or return enum_for(__method__) { size }
+      n = size
+      keep_if(&block)
+      self if size != n
+    end
+
+    alias filter! select!
+
+    def merge(*enums, **nil)
+      enums.each do |enum|
+        if enum.instance_of?(self.class)
+          super(enum)
+        else
+          do_with_enum(enum) { |o| add(o) }
+        end
+      end
+
+      self
+    end
+
+    def subtract(enum)
+      do_with_enum(enum) { |o| delete(o) }
+      self
+    end
+
+    def |(enum)
+      dup.merge(enum)
+    end
+    alias + |
+    alias union |
+
+    def -(enum)
+      dup.subtract(enum)
+    end
+    alias difference -
+
+    def &(enum)
+      n = self.class.new
+      if enum.is_a?(Set)
+        if enum.size > size
+          each { |o| n.add(o) if enum.include?(o) }
+        else
+          enum.each { |o| n.add(o) if include?(o) }
+        end
+      else
+        do_with_enum(enum) { |o| n.add(o) if include?(o) }
+      end
+      n
+    end
+    alias intersection &
+
+    def ^(enum)
+      n = self.class.new(enum)
+      each { |o| n.add(o) unless n.delete?(o) }
+      n
+    end
+
+    def ==(other)
+      if self.equal?(other)
+        true
+      elsif other.instance_of?(self.class)
+        super
+      elsif other.is_a?(Set) && self.size == other.size
+        other.all? { |o| include?(o) }
+      else
+        false
+      end
+    end
+
+    def eql?(o)   # :nodoc:
+      return false unless o.is_a?(Set)
+      super
+    end
+
+    def classify
+      block_given? or return enum_for(__method__) { size }
+
+      h = {}
+
+      each { |i|
+        (h[yield(i)] ||= self.class.new).add(i)
+      }
+
+      h
+    end
+
+    def join(separator=nil)
+      to_a.join(separator)
+    end
+
+    InspectKey = :__inspect_key__         # :nodoc:
+
+    # Returns a string containing a human-readable representation of the
+    # set ("#<Set: {element1, element2, ...}>").
+    def inspect
+      ids = (Thread.current[InspectKey] ||= [])
+
+      if ids.include?(object_id)
+        return sprintf('#<%s: {...}>', self.class.name)
+      end
+
+      ids << object_id
+      begin
+        return sprintf('#<%s: {%s}>', self.class, to_a.inspect[1..-2])
+      ensure
+        ids.pop
+      end
+    end
+
+    alias to_s inspect
+
+    def pretty_print(pp)  # :nodoc:
+      pp.group(1, sprintf('#<%s:', self.class.name), '>') {
+        pp.breakable
+        pp.group(1, '{', '}') {
+          pp.seplist(self) { |o|
+            pp.pp o
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    end
+
+    def pretty_print_cycle(pp)    # :nodoc:
+      pp.text sprintf('#<%s: {%s}>', self.class.name, empty? ? '' : '...')
+    end
+  end
+  private_constant :SubclassCompatible
+end
diff --git a/lib/shellwords.gemspec b/lib/shellwords.gemspec
index 8d0c518ca5..b601508f94 100644
--- a/lib/shellwords.gemspec
+++ b/lib/shellwords.gemspec
@@ -25,7 +25,5 @@ Gem::Specification.new do |spec|
   spec.files         = Dir.chdir(srcdir) do
     `git ls-files -z`.split("\x0").reject { |f| f.match(%r{\A(?:(?:test|spec|features)/|\.git|Rake)}) || f ==  gemspec_file}
   end
-  spec.bindir        = "exe"
-  spec.executables   = spec.files.grep(%r{^exe/}) { |f| File.basename(f) }
   spec.require_paths = ["lib"]
 end
diff --git a/lib/singleton.rb b/lib/singleton.rb
index b8e43a7794..74aec8903c 100644
--- a/lib/singleton.rb
+++ b/lib/singleton.rb
@@ -92,9 +92,10 @@
 #    p a.strip #  => nil
 #
 module Singleton
+  # The version string
   VERSION = "0.3.0"
 
-  module SingletonInstanceMethods
+  module SingletonInstanceMethods # :nodoc:
     # Raises a TypeError to prevent cloning.
     def clone
       raise TypeError, "can't clone instance of singleton #{self.class}"
@@ -143,11 +144,11 @@ module Singleton
     end
   end
 
-  def self.module_with_class_methods
+  def self.module_with_class_methods # :nodoc:
     SingletonClassMethods
   end
 
-  module SingletonClassProperties
+  module SingletonClassProperties # :nodoc:
 
     def self.included(c)
       # extending an object with Singleton is a bad idea
@@ -196,10 +197,10 @@ module Singleton
 end
 
 if defined?(Ractor)
-  module RactorLocalSingleton
+  module RactorLocalSingleton # :nodoc:
     include Singleton::SingletonInstanceMethods
 
-    module RactorLocalSingletonClassMethods
+    module RactorLocalSingletonClassMethods # :nodoc:
       include Singleton::SingletonClassMethods
       def instance
         set_mutex(Thread::Mutex.new) if Ractor.current[mutex_key].nil?
diff --git a/lib/syntax_suggest/api.rb b/lib/syntax_suggest/api.rb
index 46c9c8adac..0f82d8362a 100644
--- a/lib/syntax_suggest/api.rb
+++ b/lib/syntax_suggest/api.rb
@@ -146,11 +146,7 @@ module SyntaxSuggest
   def self.valid_without?(without_lines:, code_lines:)
     lines = code_lines - Array(without_lines).flatten
 
-    if lines.empty?
-      true
-    else
-      valid?(lines)
-    end
+    lines.empty? || valid?(lines)
   end
 
   # SyntaxSuggest.invalid? [Private]
diff --git a/lib/tempfile.rb b/lib/tempfile.rb
index f3213c5684..cd512bb1c5 100644
--- a/lib/tempfile.rb
+++ b/lib/tempfile.rb
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ require 'tmpdir'
 #   require 'tempfile'
 #
 #   # Tempfile.create with a block
-#   # The filename are choosen automatically.
+#   # The filename are chosen automatically.
 #   # (You can specify the prefix and suffix of the filename by an optional argument.)
 #   Tempfile.create {|f|
 #     f.puts "foo"
@@ -550,8 +550,8 @@ end
 #
 # Implementation note:
 #
-# The keyword argument +anonymous=true+ is implemented using FILE_SHARE_DELETE on Windows.
-# O_TMPFILE is used on Linux.
+# The keyword argument <tt>anonymous=true</tt> is implemented using +FILE_SHARE_DELETE+ on Windows.
+# +O_TMPFILE+ is used on Linux.
 #
 # Related: Tempfile.new.
 #
@@ -564,6 +564,8 @@ def Tempfile.create(basename="", tmpdir=nil, mode: 0, anonymous: false, **option
 end
 
 class << Tempfile
+# :stopdoc:
+
 private def create_with_filename(basename="", tmpdir=nil, mode: 0, **options)
   tmpfile = nil
   Dir::Tmpname.create(basename, tmpdir, **options) do |tmpname, n, opts|
diff --git a/lib/time.gemspec b/lib/time.gemspec
index 4b9f9e1218..73650ab12e 100644
--- a/lib/time.gemspec
+++ b/lib/time.gemspec
@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@ Gem::Specification.new do |spec|
 
   spec.metadata["homepage_uri"] = spec.homepage
   spec.metadata["source_code_uri"] = spec.homepage
+  spec.metadata["changelog_uri"] = "https://github.com/ruby/time/releases"
 
   srcdir, gemspec = File.split(__FILE__)
   spec.files         = Dir.chdir(srcdir) do
diff --git a/lib/time.rb b/lib/time.rb
index a0fc7dfbf5..e6aab3fa5d 100644
--- a/lib/time.rb
+++ b/lib/time.rb
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ require 'date'
 # #
 class Time
 
-  VERSION = "0.4.1"             # :nodoc:
+  VERSION = "0.4.2"             # :nodoc:
 
   class << Time
 
@@ -80,7 +80,7 @@ class Time
     #
     # You must require 'time' to use this method.
     #
-    def zone_offset(zone, year=self.now.year)
+    def zone_offset(zone, year=nil)
       off = nil
       zone = zone.upcase
       if /\A([+-])(\d\d)(:?)(\d\d)(?:\3(\d\d))?\z/ =~ zone
@@ -89,10 +89,13 @@ class Time
         off = zone.to_i * 3600
       elsif ZoneOffset.include?(zone)
         off = ZoneOffset[zone] * 3600
-      elsif ((t = self.local(year, 1, 1)).zone.upcase == zone rescue false)
-        off = t.utc_offset
-      elsif ((t = self.local(year, 7, 1)).zone.upcase == zone rescue false)
-        off = t.utc_offset
+      else
+        year ||= self.now.year
+        if ((t = self.local(year, 1, 1)).zone.upcase == zone rescue false)
+          off = t.utc_offset
+        elsif ((t = self.local(year, 7, 1)).zone.upcase == zone rescue false)
+          off = t.utc_offset
+        end
       end
       off
     end
diff --git a/lib/timeout.rb b/lib/timeout.rb
index 4fd1fa46da..e293e3be7c 100644
--- a/lib/timeout.rb
+++ b/lib/timeout.rb
@@ -20,9 +20,9 @@
 
 module Timeout
   # The version
-  VERSION = "0.4.3"
+  VERSION = "0.6.0"
 
-  # Internal error raised to when a timeout is triggered.
+  # Internal exception raised to when a timeout is triggered.
   class ExitException < Exception
     def exception(*) # :nodoc:
       self
@@ -44,12 +44,101 @@ module Timeout
   end
 
   # :stopdoc:
-  CONDVAR = ConditionVariable.new
-  QUEUE = Queue.new
-  QUEUE_MUTEX = Mutex.new
-  TIMEOUT_THREAD_MUTEX = Mutex.new
-  @timeout_thread = nil
-  private_constant :CONDVAR, :QUEUE, :QUEUE_MUTEX, :TIMEOUT_THREAD_MUTEX
+
+  # We keep a private reference so that time mocking libraries won't break Timeout.
+  GET_TIME = Process.method(:clock_gettime)
+  if defined?(Ractor.make_shareable)
+    # Ractor.make_shareable(Method) only works on Ruby 4+
+    Ractor.make_shareable(GET_TIME) rescue nil
+  end
+  private_constant :GET_TIME
+
+  class State
+    def initialize
+      @condvar = ConditionVariable.new
+      @queue = Queue.new
+      @queue_mutex = Mutex.new
+
+      @timeout_thread = nil
+      @timeout_thread_mutex = Mutex.new
+    end
+
+    if defined?(Ractor.store_if_absent) && defined?(Ractor.shareable?) && Ractor.shareable?(GET_TIME)
+      # Ractor support if
+      # 1. Ractor.store_if_absent is available
+      # 2. Method object can be shareable (4.0~)
+      def self.instance
+        Ractor.store_if_absent :timeout_gem_state do
+          State.new
+        end
+      end
+    else
+      GLOBAL_STATE = State.new
+
+      def self.instance
+        GLOBAL_STATE
+      end
+    end
+
+    def create_timeout_thread
+      # Threads unexpectedly inherit the interrupt mask: https://github.com/ruby/timeout/issues/41
+      # So reset the interrupt mask to the default one for the timeout thread
+      Thread.handle_interrupt(Object => :immediate) do
+        watcher = Thread.new do
+          requests = []
+          while true
+            until @queue.empty? and !requests.empty? # wait to have at least one request
+              req = @queue.pop
+              requests << req unless req.done?
+            end
+            closest_deadline = requests.min_by(&:deadline).deadline
+
+            now = 0.0
+            @queue_mutex.synchronize do
+              while (now = GET_TIME.call(Process::CLOCK_MONOTONIC)) < closest_deadline and @queue.empty?
+                @condvar.wait(@queue_mutex, closest_deadline - now)
+              end
+            end
+
+            requests.each do |req|
+              req.interrupt if req.expired?(now)
+            end
+            requests.reject!(&:done?)
+          end
+        end
+
+        if !watcher.group.enclosed? && (!defined?(Ractor.main?) || Ractor.main?)
+          ThreadGroup::Default.add(watcher)
+        end
+
+        watcher.name = "Timeout stdlib thread"
+        watcher.thread_variable_set(:"\0__detached_thread__", true)
+        watcher
+      end
+    end
+
+    def ensure_timeout_thread_created
+      unless @timeout_thread&.alive?
+        # If the Mutex is already owned we are in a signal handler.
+        # In that case, just return and let the main thread create the Timeout thread.
+        return if @timeout_thread_mutex.owned?
+
+        Sync.synchronize @timeout_thread_mutex do
+          unless @timeout_thread&.alive?
+            @timeout_thread = create_timeout_thread
+          end
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    def add_request(request)
+      Sync.synchronize @queue_mutex do
+        @queue << request
+        @condvar.signal
+      end
+    end
+  end
+  private_constant :State
 
   class Request
     attr_reader :deadline
@@ -64,6 +153,7 @@ module Timeout
       @done = false # protected by @mutex
     end
 
+    # Only called by the timeout thread, so does not need Sync.synchronize
     def done?
       @mutex.synchronize do
         @done
@@ -74,6 +164,7 @@ module Timeout
       now >= @deadline
     end
 
+    # Only called by the timeout thread, so does not need Sync.synchronize
     def interrupt
       @mutex.synchronize do
         unless @done
@@ -84,61 +175,36 @@ module Timeout
     end
 
     def finished
-      @mutex.synchronize do
+      Sync.synchronize @mutex do
         @done = true
       end
     end
   end
   private_constant :Request
 
-  def self.create_timeout_thread
-    watcher = Thread.new do
-      requests = []
-      while true
-        until QUEUE.empty? and !requests.empty? # wait to have at least one request
-          req = QUEUE.pop
-          requests << req unless req.done?
-        end
-        closest_deadline = requests.min_by(&:deadline).deadline
-
-        now = 0.0
-        QUEUE_MUTEX.synchronize do
-          while (now = GET_TIME.call(Process::CLOCK_MONOTONIC)) < closest_deadline and QUEUE.empty?
-            CONDVAR.wait(QUEUE_MUTEX, closest_deadline - now)
-          end
-        end
-
-        requests.each do |req|
-          req.interrupt if req.expired?(now)
-        end
-        requests.reject!(&:done?)
-      end
-    end
-    ThreadGroup::Default.add(watcher) unless watcher.group.enclosed?
-    watcher.name = "Timeout stdlib thread"
-    watcher.thread_variable_set(:"\0__detached_thread__", true)
-    watcher
-  end
-  private_class_method :create_timeout_thread
-
-  def self.ensure_timeout_thread_created
-    unless @timeout_thread and @timeout_thread.alive?
-      TIMEOUT_THREAD_MUTEX.synchronize do
-        unless @timeout_thread and @timeout_thread.alive?
-          @timeout_thread = create_timeout_thread
-        end
+  module Sync
+    # Calls mutex.synchronize(&block) but if that fails on CRuby due to being in a trap handler,
+    # run mutex.synchronize(&block) in a separate Thread instead.
+    def self.synchronize(mutex, &block)
+      begin
+        mutex.synchronize(&block)
+      rescue ThreadError => e
+        raise e unless e.message == "can't be called from trap context"
+        # Workaround CRuby issue https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/19473
+        # which raises on Mutex#synchronize in trap handler.
+        # It's expensive to create a Thread just for this,
+        # but better than failing.
+        Thread.new {
+          mutex.synchronize(&block)
+        }.join
       end
     end
   end
-
-  # We keep a private reference so that time mocking libraries won't break
-  # Timeout.
-  GET_TIME = Process.method(:clock_gettime)
-  private_constant :GET_TIME
+  private_constant :Sync
 
   # :startdoc:
 
-  # Perform an operation in a block, raising an error if it takes longer than
+  # Perform an operation in a block, raising an exception if it takes longer than
   # +sec+ seconds to complete.
   #
   # +sec+:: Number of seconds to wait for the block to terminate. Any non-negative number
@@ -146,25 +212,70 @@ module Timeout
   #         value of 0 or +nil+ will execute the block without any timeout.
   #         Any negative number will raise an ArgumentError.
   # +klass+:: Exception Class to raise if the block fails to terminate
-  #           in +sec+ seconds.  Omitting will use the default, Timeout::Error
+  #           in +sec+ seconds.  Omitting will use the default, Timeout::Error.
   # +message+:: Error message to raise with Exception Class.
-  #             Omitting will use the default, "execution expired"
+  #             Omitting will use the default, <tt>"execution expired"</tt>.
   #
   # Returns the result of the block *if* the block completed before
-  # +sec+ seconds, otherwise throws an exception, based on the value of +klass+.
+  # +sec+ seconds, otherwise raises an exception, based on the value of +klass+.
   #
-  # The exception thrown to terminate the given block cannot be rescued inside
-  # the block unless +klass+ is given explicitly. However, the block can use
-  # ensure to prevent the handling of the exception.  For that reason, this
-  # method cannot be relied on to enforce timeouts for untrusted blocks.
+  # The exception raised to terminate the given block is the given +klass+, or
+  # Timeout::ExitException if +klass+ is not given. The reason for that behavior
+  # is that Timeout::Error inherits from RuntimeError and might be caught unexpectedly by +rescue+.
+  # Timeout::ExitException inherits from Exception so it will only be rescued by <tt>rescue Exception</tt>.
+  # Note that the Timeout::ExitException is translated to a Timeout::Error once it reaches the Timeout.timeout call,
+  # so outside that call it will be a Timeout::Error.
+  #
+  # In general, be aware that the code block may rescue the exception, and in such a case not respect the timeout.
+  # Also, the block can use +ensure+ to prevent the handling of the exception.
+  # For those reasons, this method cannot be relied on to enforce timeouts for untrusted blocks.
   #
   # If a scheduler is defined, it will be used to handle the timeout by invoking
-  # Scheduler#timeout_after.
+  # Fiber::Scheduler#timeout_after.
   #
   # Note that this is both a method of module Timeout, so you can <tt>include
   # Timeout</tt> into your classes so they have a #timeout method, as well as
   # a module method, so you can call it directly as Timeout.timeout().
-  def timeout(sec, klass = nil, message = nil, &block)   #:yield: +sec+
+  #
+  # ==== Ensuring the exception does not fire inside ensure blocks
+  #
+  # When using Timeout.timeout, it can be desirable to ensure the timeout exception does not fire inside an +ensure+ block.
+  # The simplest and best way to do so is to put the Timeout.timeout call inside the body of the +begin+/+ensure+/+end+:
+  #
+  #     begin
+  #       Timeout.timeout(sec) { some_long_operation }
+  #     ensure
+  #       cleanup # safe, cannot be interrupted by timeout
+  #     end
+  #
+  # If that is not feasible, e.g. if there are +ensure+ blocks inside +some_long_operation+,
+  # they need to not be interrupted by timeout, and it's not possible to move these ensure blocks outside,
+  # one can use Thread.handle_interrupt to delay the timeout exception like so:
+  #
+  #     Thread.handle_interrupt(Timeout::Error => :never) {
+  #       Timeout.timeout(sec, Timeout::Error) do
+  #         setup # timeout cannot happen here, no matter how long it takes
+  #         Thread.handle_interrupt(Timeout::Error => :immediate) {
+  #           some_long_operation # timeout can happen here
+  #         }
+  #       ensure
+  #         cleanup # timeout cannot happen here, no matter how long it takes
+  #       end
+  #     }
+  #
+  # An important thing to note is the need to pass an exception +klass+ to Timeout.timeout,
+  # otherwise it does not work. Specifically, using <tt>Thread.handle_interrupt(Timeout::ExitException => ...)</tt>
+  # is unsupported and causes subtle errors like raising the wrong exception outside the block, do not use that.
+  #
+  # Note that Thread.handle_interrupt is somewhat dangerous because if setup or cleanup hangs
+  # then the current thread will hang too and the timeout will never fire.
+  # Also note the block might run for longer than +sec+ seconds:
+  # e.g. +some_long_operation+ executes for +sec+ seconds + whatever time cleanup takes.
+  #
+  # If you want the timeout to only happen on blocking operations, one can use +:on_blocking+
+  # instead of +:immediate+. However, that means if the block uses no blocking operations after +sec+ seconds,
+  # the block will not be interrupted.
+  def self.timeout(sec, klass = nil, message = nil, &block)   #:yield: +sec+
     return yield(sec) if sec == nil or sec.zero?
     raise ArgumentError, "Timeout sec must be a non-negative number" if 0 > sec
 
@@ -174,13 +285,12 @@ module Timeout
       return scheduler.timeout_after(sec, klass || Error, message, &block)
     end
 
-    Timeout.ensure_timeout_thread_created
+    state = State.instance
+    state.ensure_timeout_thread_created
+
     perform = Proc.new do |exc|
       request = Request.new(Thread.current, sec, exc, message)
-      QUEUE_MUTEX.synchronize do
-        QUEUE << request
-        CONDVAR.signal
-      end
+      state.add_request(request)
       begin
         return yield(sec)
       ensure
@@ -194,5 +304,8 @@ module Timeout
       Error.handle_timeout(message, &perform)
     end
   end
-  module_function :timeout
+
+  private def timeout(*args, &block)
+    Timeout.timeout(*args, &block)
+  end
 end
diff --git a/lib/tsort.gemspec b/lib/tsort.gemspec
deleted file mode 100644
index 0e2f110a53..0000000000
--- a/lib/tsort.gemspec
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,29 +0,0 @@
-name = File.basename(__FILE__, ".gemspec")
-version = ["lib", Array.new(name.count("-")+1).join("/")].find do |dir|
-  break File.foreach(File.join(__dir__, dir, "#{name.tr('-', '/')}.rb")) do |line|
-    /^\s*VERSION\s*=\s*"(.*)"/ =~ line and break $1
-  end rescue nil
-end
-
-Gem::Specification.new do |spec|
-  spec.name          = name
-  spec.version       = version
-  spec.authors       = ["Tanaka Akira"]
-  spec.email         = ["akr@fsij.org"]
-
-  spec.summary       = %q{Topological sorting using Tarjan's algorithm}
-  spec.description   = %q{Topological sorting using Tarjan's algorithm}
-  spec.homepage      = "https://github.com/ruby/tsort"
-  spec.required_ruby_version = Gem::Requirement.new(">= 2.3.0")
-  spec.licenses      = ["Ruby", "BSD-2-Clause"]
-
-  spec.metadata["homepage_uri"] = spec.homepage
-  spec.metadata["source_code_uri"] = spec.homepage
-
-  spec.files         = Dir.chdir(File.expand_path('..', __FILE__)) do
-    `git ls-files -z`.split("\x0").reject { |f| f.match(%r{^(test|spec|features)/}) }
-  end
-  spec.bindir        = "exe"
-  spec.executables   = spec.files.grep(%r{^exe/}) { |f| File.basename(f) }
-  spec.require_paths = ["lib"]
-end
diff --git a/lib/tsort.rb b/lib/tsort.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index dbaed45415..0000000000
--- a/lib/tsort.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,455 +0,0 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
-
-#--
-# tsort.rb - provides a module for topological sorting and strongly connected components.
-#++
-#
-
-#
-# TSort implements topological sorting using Tarjan's algorithm for
-# strongly connected components.
-#
-# TSort is designed to be able to be used with any object which can be
-# interpreted as a directed graph.
-#
-# TSort requires two methods to interpret an object as a graph,
-# tsort_each_node and tsort_each_child.
-#
-# * tsort_each_node is used to iterate for all nodes over a graph.
-# * tsort_each_child is used to iterate for child nodes of a given node.
-#
-# The equality of nodes are defined by eql? and hash since
-# TSort uses Hash internally.
-#
-# == A Simple Example
-#
-# The following example demonstrates how to mix the TSort module into an
-# existing class (in this case, Hash). Here, we're treating each key in
-# the hash as a node in the graph, and so we simply alias the required
-# #tsort_each_node method to Hash's #each_key method. For each key in the
-# hash, the associated value is an array of the node's child nodes. This
-# choice in turn leads to our implementation of the required #tsort_each_child
-# method, which fetches the array of child nodes and then iterates over that
-# array using the user-supplied block.
-#
-#   require 'tsort'
-#
-#   class Hash
-#     include TSort
-#     alias tsort_each_node each_key
-#     def tsort_each_child(node, &block)
-#       fetch(node).each(&block)
-#     end
-#   end
-#
-#   {1=>[2, 3], 2=>[3], 3=>[], 4=>[]}.tsort
-#   #=> [3, 2, 1, 4]
-#
-#   {1=>[2], 2=>[3, 4], 3=>[2], 4=>[]}.strongly_connected_components
-#   #=> [[4], [2, 3], [1]]
-#
-# == A More Realistic Example
-#
-# A very simple `make' like tool can be implemented as follows:
-#
-#   require 'tsort'
-#
-#   class Make
-#     def initialize
-#       @dep = {}
-#       @dep.default = []
-#     end
-#
-#     def rule(outputs, inputs=[], &block)
-#       triple = [outputs, inputs, block]
-#       outputs.each {|f| @dep[f] = [triple]}
-#       @dep[triple] = inputs
-#     end
-#
-#     def build(target)
-#       each_strongly_connected_component_from(target) {|ns|
-#         if ns.length != 1
-#           fs = ns.delete_if {|n| Array === n}
-#           raise TSort::Cyclic.new("cyclic dependencies: #{fs.join ', '}")
-#         end
-#         n = ns.first
-#         if Array === n
-#           outputs, inputs, block = n
-#           inputs_time = inputs.map {|f| File.mtime f}.max
-#           begin
-#             outputs_time = outputs.map {|f| File.mtime f}.min
-#           rescue Errno::ENOENT
-#             outputs_time = nil
-#           end
-#           if outputs_time == nil ||
-#              inputs_time != nil && outputs_time <= inputs_time
-#             sleep 1 if inputs_time != nil && inputs_time.to_i == Time.now.to_i
-#             block.call
-#           end
-#         end
-#       }
-#     end
-#
-#     def tsort_each_child(node, &block)
-#       @dep[node].each(&block)
-#     end
-#     include TSort
-#   end
-#
-#   def command(arg)
-#     print arg, "\n"
-#     system arg
-#   end
-#
-#   m = Make.new
-#   m.rule(%w[t1]) { command 'date > t1' }
-#   m.rule(%w[t2]) { command 'date > t2' }
-#   m.rule(%w[t3]) { command 'date > t3' }
-#   m.rule(%w[t4], %w[t1 t3]) { command 'cat t1 t3 > t4' }
-#   m.rule(%w[t5], %w[t4 t2]) { command 'cat t4 t2 > t5' }
-#   m.build('t5')
-#
-# == Bugs
-#
-# * 'tsort.rb' is wrong name because this library uses
-#   Tarjan's algorithm for strongly connected components.
-#   Although 'strongly_connected_components.rb' is correct but too long.
-#
-# == References
-#
-# R. E. Tarjan, "Depth First Search and Linear Graph Algorithms",
-# <em>SIAM Journal on Computing</em>, Vol. 1, No. 2, pp. 146-160, June 1972.
-#
-
-module TSort
-
-  VERSION = "0.2.0"
-
-  class Cyclic < StandardError
-  end
-
-  # Returns a topologically sorted array of nodes.
-  # The array is sorted from children to parents, i.e.
-  # the first element has no child and the last node has no parent.
-  #
-  # If there is a cycle, TSort::Cyclic is raised.
-  #
-  #   class G
-  #     include TSort
-  #     def initialize(g)
-  #       @g = g
-  #     end
-  #     def tsort_each_child(n, &b) @g[n].each(&b) end
-  #     def tsort_each_node(&b) @g.each_key(&b) end
-  #   end
-  #
-  #   graph = G.new({1=>[2, 3], 2=>[4], 3=>[2, 4], 4=>[]})
-  #   p graph.tsort #=> [4, 2, 3, 1]
-  #
-  #   graph = G.new({1=>[2], 2=>[3, 4], 3=>[2], 4=>[]})
-  #   p graph.tsort # raises TSort::Cyclic
-  #
-  def tsort
-    each_node = method(:tsort_each_node)
-    each_child = method(:tsort_each_child)
-    TSort.tsort(each_node, each_child)
-  end
-
-  # Returns a topologically sorted array of nodes.
-  # The array is sorted from children to parents, i.e.
-  # the first element has no child and the last node has no parent.
-  #
-  # The graph is represented by _each_node_ and _each_child_.
-  # _each_node_ should have +call+ method which yields for each node in the graph.
-  # _each_child_ should have +call+ method which takes a node argument and yields for each child node.
-  #
-  # If there is a cycle, TSort::Cyclic is raised.
-  #
-  #   g = {1=>[2, 3], 2=>[4], 3=>[2, 4], 4=>[]}
-  #   each_node = lambda {|&b| g.each_key(&b) }
-  #   each_child = lambda {|n, &b| g[n].each(&b) }
-  #   p TSort.tsort(each_node, each_child) #=> [4, 2, 3, 1]
-  #
-  #   g = {1=>[2], 2=>[3, 4], 3=>[2], 4=>[]}
-  #   each_node = lambda {|&b| g.each_key(&b) }
-  #   each_child = lambda {|n, &b| g[n].each(&b) }
-  #   p TSort.tsort(each_node, each_child) # raises TSort::Cyclic
-  #
-  def self.tsort(each_node, each_child)
-    tsort_each(each_node, each_child).to_a
-  end
-
-  # The iterator version of the #tsort method.
-  # <tt><em>obj</em>.tsort_each</tt> is similar to <tt><em>obj</em>.tsort.each</tt>, but
-  # modification of _obj_ during the iteration may lead to unexpected results.
-  #
-  # #tsort_each returns +nil+.
-  # If there is a cycle, TSort::Cyclic is raised.
-  #
-  #   class G
-  #     include TSort
-  #     def initialize(g)
-  #       @g = g
-  #     end
-  #     def tsort_each_child(n, &b) @g[n].each(&b) end
-  #     def tsort_each_node(&b) @g.each_key(&b) end
-  #   end
-  #
-  #   graph = G.new({1=>[2, 3], 2=>[4], 3=>[2, 4], 4=>[]})
-  #   graph.tsort_each {|n| p n }
-  #   #=> 4
-  #   #   2
-  #   #   3
-  #   #   1
-  #
-  def tsort_each(&block) # :yields: node
-    each_node = method(:tsort_each_node)
-    each_child = method(:tsort_each_child)
-    TSort.tsort_each(each_node, each_child, &block)
-  end
-
-  # The iterator version of the TSort.tsort method.
-  #
-  # The graph is represented by _each_node_ and _each_child_.
-  # _each_node_ should have +call+ method which yields for each node in the graph.
-  # _each_child_ should have +call+ method which takes a node argument and yields for each child node.
-  #
-  #   g = {1=>[2, 3], 2=>[4], 3=>[2, 4], 4=>[]}
-  #   each_node = lambda {|&b| g.each_key(&b) }
-  #   each_child = lambda {|n, &b| g[n].each(&b) }
-  #   TSort.tsort_each(each_node, each_child) {|n| p n }
-  #   #=> 4
-  #   #   2
-  #   #   3
-  #   #   1
-  #
-  def self.tsort_each(each_node, each_child) # :yields: node
-    return to_enum(__method__, each_node, each_child) unless block_given?
-
-    each_strongly_connected_component(each_node, each_child) {|component|
-      if component.size == 1
-        yield component.first
-      else
-        raise Cyclic.new("topological sort failed: #{component.inspect}")
-      end
-    }
-  end
-
-  # Returns strongly connected components as an array of arrays of nodes.
-  # The array is sorted from children to parents.
-  # Each elements of the array represents a strongly connected component.
-  #
-  #   class G
-  #     include TSort
-  #     def initialize(g)
-  #       @g = g
-  #     end
-  #     def tsort_each_child(n, &b) @g[n].each(&b) end
-  #     def tsort_each_node(&b) @g.each_key(&b) end
-  #   end
-  #
-  #   graph = G.new({1=>[2, 3], 2=>[4], 3=>[2, 4], 4=>[]})
-  #   p graph.strongly_connected_components #=> [[4], [2], [3], [1]]
-  #
-  #   graph = G.new({1=>[2], 2=>[3, 4], 3=>[2], 4=>[]})
-  #   p graph.strongly_connected_components #=> [[4], [2, 3], [1]]
-  #
-  def strongly_connected_components
-    each_node = method(:tsort_each_node)
-    each_child = method(:tsort_each_child)
-    TSort.strongly_connected_components(each_node, each_child)
-  end
-
-  # Returns strongly connected components as an array of arrays of nodes.
-  # The array is sorted from children to parents.
-  # Each elements of the array represents a strongly connected component.
-  #
-  # The graph is represented by _each_node_ and _each_child_.
-  # _each_node_ should have +call+ method which yields for each node in the graph.
-  # _each_child_ should have +call+ method which takes a node argument and yields for each child node.
-  #
-  #   g = {1=>[2, 3], 2=>[4], 3=>[2, 4], 4=>[]}
-  #   each_node = lambda {|&b| g.each_key(&b) }
-  #   each_child = lambda {|n, &b| g[n].each(&b) }
-  #   p TSort.strongly_connected_components(each_node, each_child)
-  #   #=> [[4], [2], [3], [1]]
-  #
-  #   g = {1=>[2], 2=>[3, 4], 3=>[2], 4=>[]}
-  #   each_node = lambda {|&b| g.each_key(&b) }
-  #   each_child = lambda {|n, &b| g[n].each(&b) }
-  #   p TSort.strongly_connected_components(each_node, each_child)
-  #   #=> [[4], [2, 3], [1]]
-  #
-  def self.strongly_connected_components(each_node, each_child)
-    each_strongly_connected_component(each_node, each_child).to_a
-  end
-
-  # The iterator version of the #strongly_connected_components method.
-  # <tt><em>obj</em>.each_strongly_connected_component</tt> is similar to
-  # <tt><em>obj</em>.strongly_connected_components.each</tt>, but
-  # modification of _obj_ during the iteration may lead to unexpected results.
-  #
-  # #each_strongly_connected_component returns +nil+.
-  #
-  #   class G
-  #     include TSort
-  #     def initialize(g)
-  #       @g = g
-  #     end
-  #     def tsort_each_child(n, &b) @g[n].each(&b) end
-  #     def tsort_each_node(&b) @g.each_key(&b) end
-  #   end
-  #
-  #   graph = G.new({1=>[2, 3], 2=>[4], 3=>[2, 4], 4=>[]})
-  #   graph.each_strongly_connected_component {|scc| p scc }
-  #   #=> [4]
-  #   #   [2]
-  #   #   [3]
-  #   #   [1]
-  #
-  #   graph = G.new({1=>[2], 2=>[3, 4], 3=>[2], 4=>[]})
-  #   graph.each_strongly_connected_component {|scc| p scc }
-  #   #=> [4]
-  #   #   [2, 3]
-  #   #   [1]
-  #
-  def each_strongly_connected_component(&block) # :yields: nodes
-    each_node = method(:tsort_each_node)
-    each_child = method(:tsort_each_child)
-    TSort.each_strongly_connected_component(each_node, each_child, &block)
-  end
-
-  # The iterator version of the TSort.strongly_connected_components method.
-  #
-  # The graph is represented by _each_node_ and _each_child_.
-  # _each_node_ should have +call+ method which yields for each node in the graph.
-  # _each_child_ should have +call+ method which takes a node argument and yields for each child node.
-  #
-  #   g = {1=>[2, 3], 2=>[4], 3=>[2, 4], 4=>[]}
-  #   each_node = lambda {|&b| g.each_key(&b) }
-  #   each_child = lambda {|n, &b| g[n].each(&b) }
-  #   TSort.each_strongly_connected_component(each_node, each_child) {|scc| p scc }
-  #   #=> [4]
-  #   #   [2]
-  #   #   [3]
-  #   #   [1]
-  #
-  #   g = {1=>[2], 2=>[3, 4], 3=>[2], 4=>[]}
-  #   each_node = lambda {|&b| g.each_key(&b) }
-  #   each_child = lambda {|n, &b| g[n].each(&b) }
-  #   TSort.each_strongly_connected_component(each_node, each_child) {|scc| p scc }
-  #   #=> [4]
-  #   #   [2, 3]
-  #   #   [1]
-  #
-  def self.each_strongly_connected_component(each_node, each_child) # :yields: nodes
-    return to_enum(__method__, each_node, each_child) unless block_given?
-
-    id_map = {}
-    stack = []
-    each_node.call {|node|
-      unless id_map.include? node
-        each_strongly_connected_component_from(node, each_child, id_map, stack) {|c|
-          yield c
-        }
-      end
-    }
-    nil
-  end
-
-  # Iterates over strongly connected component in the subgraph reachable from
-  # _node_.
-  #
-  # Return value is unspecified.
-  #
-  # #each_strongly_connected_component_from doesn't call #tsort_each_node.
-  #
-  #   class G
-  #     include TSort
-  #     def initialize(g)
-  #       @g = g
-  #     end
-  #     def tsort_each_child(n, &b) @g[n].each(&b) end
-  #     def tsort_each_node(&b) @g.each_key(&b) end
-  #   end
-  #
-  #   graph = G.new({1=>[2, 3], 2=>[4], 3=>[2, 4], 4=>[]})
-  #   graph.each_strongly_connected_component_from(2) {|scc| p scc }
-  #   #=> [4]
-  #   #   [2]
-  #
-  #   graph = G.new({1=>[2], 2=>[3, 4], 3=>[2], 4=>[]})
-  #   graph.each_strongly_connected_component_from(2) {|scc| p scc }
-  #   #=> [4]
-  #   #   [2, 3]
-  #
-  def each_strongly_connected_component_from(node, id_map={}, stack=[], &block) # :yields: nodes
-    TSort.each_strongly_connected_component_from(node, method(:tsort_each_child), id_map, stack, &block)
-  end
-
-  # Iterates over strongly connected components in a graph.
-  # The graph is represented by _node_ and _each_child_.
-  #
-  # _node_ is the first node.
-  # _each_child_ should have +call+ method which takes a node argument
-  # and yields for each child node.
-  #
-  # Return value is unspecified.
-  #
-  # #TSort.each_strongly_connected_component_from is a class method and
-  # it doesn't need a class to represent a graph which includes TSort.
-  #
-  #   graph = {1=>[2], 2=>[3, 4], 3=>[2], 4=>[]}
-  #   each_child = lambda {|n, &b| graph[n].each(&b) }
-  #   TSort.each_strongly_connected_component_from(1, each_child) {|scc|
-  #     p scc
-  #   }
-  #   #=> [4]
-  #   #   [2, 3]
-  #   #   [1]
-  #
-  def self.each_strongly_connected_component_from(node, each_child, id_map={}, stack=[]) # :yields: nodes
-    return to_enum(__method__, node, each_child, id_map, stack) unless block_given?
-
-    minimum_id = node_id = id_map[node] = id_map.size
-    stack_length = stack.length
-    stack << node
-
-    each_child.call(node) {|child|
-      if id_map.include? child
-        child_id = id_map[child]
-        minimum_id = child_id if child_id && child_id < minimum_id
-      else
-        sub_minimum_id =
-          each_strongly_connected_component_from(child, each_child, id_map, stack) {|c|
-            yield c
-          }
-        minimum_id = sub_minimum_id if sub_minimum_id < minimum_id
-      end
-    }
-
-    if node_id == minimum_id
-      component = stack.slice!(stack_length .. -1)
-      component.each {|n| id_map[n] = nil}
-      yield component
-    end
-
-    minimum_id
-  end
-
-  # Should be implemented by a extended class.
-  #
-  # #tsort_each_node is used to iterate for all nodes over a graph.
-  #
-  def tsort_each_node # :yields: node
-    raise NotImplementedError.new
-  end
-
-  # Should be implemented by a extended class.
-  #
-  # #tsort_each_child is used to iterate for child nodes of _node_.
-  #
-  def tsort_each_child(node) # :yields: child
-    raise NotImplementedError.new
-  end
-end
diff --git a/lib/unicode_normalize/normalize.rb b/lib/unicode_normalize/normalize.rb
index e67fad187a..0447df8de7 100644
--- a/lib/unicode_normalize/normalize.rb
+++ b/lib/unicode_normalize/normalize.rb
@@ -82,16 +82,22 @@ module UnicodeNormalize  # :nodoc:
 
   ## Canonical Ordering
   def self.canonical_ordering_one(string)
-    sorting = string.each_char.collect { |c| [c, CLASS_TABLE[c]] }
-    (sorting.length-2).downto(0) do |i| # almost, but not exactly bubble sort
-      (0..i).each do |j|
-        later_class = sorting[j+1].last
-        if 0<later_class and later_class<sorting[j].last
-          sorting[j], sorting[j+1] = sorting[j+1], sorting[j]
-        end
+    result = ''
+    unordered = []
+    chars = string.chars
+    n = chars.size
+    chars.each_with_index do |char, i|
+      ccc = CLASS_TABLE[char]
+      if ccc == 0
+        unordered.sort!.each { result << chars[it % n] }
+        unordered.clear
+        result << char
+      else
+        unordered << ccc * n + i
       end
     end
-    return sorting.collect(&:first).join('')
+    unordered.sort!.each { result << chars[it % n] }
+    result
   end
 
   ## Normalization Forms for Patterns (not whole Strings)
@@ -105,17 +111,22 @@ module UnicodeNormalize  # :nodoc:
     start = nfd_string[0]
     last_class = CLASS_TABLE[start]-1
     accents = ''
+    result = ''
     nfd_string[1..-1].each_char do |accent|
       accent_class = CLASS_TABLE[accent]
       if last_class<accent_class and composite = COMPOSITION_TABLE[start+accent]
         start = composite
+      elsif accent_class == 0
+        result << start << accents
+        start = accent
+        accents = ''
+        last_class = -1
       else
         accents << accent
         last_class = accent_class
       end
     end
-    accents = nfc_one(accents) if accents.length>1 # TODO: change from recursion to loop
-    hangul_comp_one(start+accents)
+    hangul_comp_one(result+start+accents)
   end
 
   def self.normalize(string, form = :nfc)
diff --git a/lib/unicode_normalize/tables.rb b/lib/unicode_normalize/tables.rb
index b5b708defd..dd5d3499b8 100644
--- a/lib/unicode_normalize/tables.rb
+++ b/lib/unicode_normalize/tables.rb
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 # coding: us-ascii
 # frozen_string_literal: true
 
-Encoding::UNICODE_VERSION == "16.0.0" or
-  raise "Unicode version mismatch: 16.0.0 expected but #{Encoding::UNICODE_VERSION}"
+Encoding::UNICODE_VERSION == "17.0.0" or
+  raise "Unicode version mismatch: 17.0.0 expected but #{Encoding::UNICODE_VERSION}"
 
 # automatically generated by template/unicode_norm_gen.tmpl
 
@@ -99,7 +99,8 @@ module UnicodeNormalize  # :nodoc:
     "\u1A75-\u1A7C" \
     "\u1A7F" \
     "\u1AB0-\u1ABD" \
-    "\u1ABF-\u1ACE" \
+    "\u1ABF-\u1ADD" \
+    "\u1AE0-\u1AEB" \
     "\u1B34\u1B35" \
     "\u1B44" \
     "\u1B6B-\u1B73" \
@@ -154,6 +155,7 @@ module UnicodeNormalize  # :nodoc:
     "\u{10D24}-\u{10D27}" \
     "\u{10D69}-\u{10D6D}" \
     "\u{10EAB}\u{10EAC}" \
+    "\u{10EFA}\u{10EFB}" \
     "\u{10EFD}-\u{10EFF}" \
     "\u{10F46}-\u{10F50}" \
     "\u{10F82}-\u{10F85}" \
@@ -230,6 +232,10 @@ module UnicodeNormalize  # :nodoc:
     "\u{1E2EC}-\u{1E2EF}" \
     "\u{1E4EC}-\u{1E4EF}" \
     "\u{1E5EE}\u{1E5EF}" \
+    "\u{1E6E3}" \
+    "\u{1E6E6}" \
+    "\u{1E6EE}\u{1E6EF}" \
+    "\u{1E6F5}" \
     "\u{1E8D0}-\u{1E8D6}" \
     "\u{1E944}-\u{1E94A}" \
     "]"
@@ -1460,7 +1466,7 @@ module UnicodeNormalize  # :nodoc:
     "\u3280-\u33FF" \
     "\uA69C\uA69D" \
     "\uA770" \
-    "\uA7F2-\uA7F4" \
+    "\uA7F1-\uA7F4" \
     "\uA7F8\uA7F9" \
     "\uAB5C-\uAB5F" \
     "\uAB69" \
@@ -2019,6 +2025,33 @@ module UnicodeNormalize  # :nodoc:
     "\u1ACC"=>230,
     "\u1ACD"=>230,
     "\u1ACE"=>230,
+    "\u1ACF"=>230,
+    "\u1AD0"=>230,
+    "\u1AD1"=>230,
+    "\u1AD2"=>230,
+    "\u1AD3"=>230,
+    "\u1AD4"=>230,
+    "\u1AD5"=>230,
+    "\u1AD6"=>230,
+    "\u1AD7"=>230,
+    "\u1AD8"=>230,
+    "\u1AD9"=>230,
+    "\u1ADA"=>230,
+    "\u1ADB"=>230,
+    "\u1ADC"=>230,
+    "\u1ADD"=>220,
+    "\u1AE0"=>230,
+    "\u1AE1"=>230,
+    "\u1AE2"=>230,
+    "\u1AE3"=>230,
+    "\u1AE4"=>230,
+    "\u1AE5"=>230,
+    "\u1AE6"=>220,
+    "\u1AE7"=>230,
+    "\u1AE8"=>230,
+    "\u1AE9"=>230,
+    "\u1AEA"=>230,
+    "\u1AEB"=>234,
     "\u1B34"=>7,
     "\u1B44"=>9,
     "\u1B6B"=>230,
@@ -2293,6 +2326,8 @@ module UnicodeNormalize  # :nodoc:
     "\u{10D6D}"=>230,
     "\u{10EAB}"=>230,
     "\u{10EAC}"=>230,
+    "\u{10EFA}"=>220,
+    "\u{10EFB}"=>220,
     "\u{10EFD}"=>220,
     "\u{10EFE}"=>220,
     "\u{10EFF}"=>220,
@@ -2479,6 +2514,11 @@ module UnicodeNormalize  # :nodoc:
     "\u{1E4EF}"=>230,
     "\u{1E5EE}"=>230,
     "\u{1E5EF}"=>220,
+    "\u{1E6E3}"=>230,
+    "\u{1E6E6}"=>230,
+    "\u{1E6EE}"=>230,
+    "\u{1E6EF}"=>230,
+    "\u{1E6F5}"=>230,
     "\u{1E8D0}"=>220,
     "\u{1E8D1}"=>220,
     "\u{1E8D2}"=>220,
@@ -5922,6 +5962,7 @@ module UnicodeNormalize  # :nodoc:
     "\uA69C"=>"\u044A",
     "\uA69D"=>"\u044C",
     "\uA770"=>"\uA76F",
+    "\uA7F1"=>"S",
     "\uA7F2"=>"C",
     "\uA7F3"=>"F",
     "\uA7F4"=>"Q",
diff --git a/lib/uri/common.rb b/lib/uri/common.rb
index 1115736297..0b3bb4f099 100644
--- a/lib/uri/common.rb
+++ b/lib/uri/common.rb
@@ -30,6 +30,9 @@ module URI
     remove_const(:Parser) if defined?(::URI::Parser)
     const_set("Parser", parser.class)
 
+    remove_const(:PARSER) if defined?(::URI::PARSER)
+    const_set("PARSER", parser)
+
     remove_const(:REGEXP) if defined?(::URI::REGEXP)
     remove_const(:PATTERN) if defined?(::URI::PATTERN)
     if Parser == RFC2396_Parser
@@ -92,6 +95,40 @@ module URI
   end
 
   module Schemes # :nodoc:
+    class << self
+      ReservedChars = ".+-"
+      EscapedChars = "\u01C0\u01C1\u01C2"
+      # Use Lo category chars as escaped chars for TruffleRuby, which
+      # does not allow Symbol categories as identifiers.
+
+      def escape(name)
+        unless name and name.ascii_only?
+          return nil
+        end
+        name.upcase.tr(ReservedChars, EscapedChars)
+      end
+
+      def unescape(name)
+        name.tr(EscapedChars, ReservedChars).encode(Encoding::US_ASCII).upcase
+      end
+
+      def find(name)
+        const_get(name, false) if name and const_defined?(name, false)
+      end
+
+      def register(name, klass)
+        unless scheme = escape(name)
+          raise ArgumentError, "invalid character as scheme - #{name}"
+        end
+        const_set(scheme, klass)
+      end
+
+      def list
+        constants.map { |name|
+          [unescape(name.to_s), const_get(name)]
+        }.to_h
+      end
+    end
   end
   private_constant :Schemes
 
@@ -104,7 +141,7 @@ module URI
   # Note that after calling String#upcase on +scheme+, it must be a valid
   # constant name.
   def self.register_scheme(scheme, klass)
-    Schemes.const_set(scheme.to_s.upcase, klass)
+    Schemes.register(scheme, klass)
   end
 
   # Returns a hash of the defined schemes:
@@ -122,14 +159,14 @@ module URI
   #
   # Related: URI.register_scheme.
   def self.scheme_list
-    Schemes.constants.map { |name|
-      [name.to_s.upcase, Schemes.const_get(name)]
-    }.to_h
+    Schemes.list
   end
 
+  # :stopdoc:
   INITIAL_SCHEMES = scheme_list
   private_constant :INITIAL_SCHEMES
   Ractor.make_shareable(INITIAL_SCHEMES) if defined?(Ractor)
+  # :startdoc:
 
   # Returns a new object constructed from the given +scheme+, +arguments+,
   # and +default+:
@@ -148,12 +185,10 @@ module URI
   #   # => #<URI::HTTP foo://john.doe@www.example.com:123/forum/questions/?tag=networking&order=newest#top>
   #
   def self.for(scheme, *arguments, default: Generic)
-    const_name = scheme.to_s.upcase
+    const_name = Schemes.escape(scheme)
 
     uri_class = INITIAL_SCHEMES[const_name]
-    uri_class ||= if /\A[A-Z]\w*\z/.match?(const_name) && Schemes.const_defined?(const_name, false)
-      Schemes.const_get(const_name, false)
-    end
+    uri_class ||= Schemes.find(const_name)
     uri_class ||= default
 
     return uri_class.new(scheme, *arguments)
@@ -195,7 +230,7 @@ module URI
   #    ["fragment", "top"]]
   #
   def self.split(uri)
-    DEFAULT_PARSER.split(uri)
+    PARSER.split(uri)
   end
 
   # Returns a new \URI object constructed from the given string +uri+:
@@ -205,11 +240,11 @@ module URI
   #   URI.parse('http://john.doe@www.example.com:123/forum/questions/?tag=networking&order=newest#top')
   #   # => #<URI::HTTP http://john.doe@www.example.com:123/forum/questions/?tag=networking&order=newest#top>
   #
-  # It's recommended to first ::escape string +uri+
+  # It's recommended to first URI::RFC2396_PARSER.escape string +uri+
   # if it may contain invalid URI characters.
   #
   def self.parse(uri)
-    DEFAULT_PARSER.parse(uri)
+    PARSER.parse(uri)
   end
 
   # Merges the given URI strings +str+
@@ -265,7 +300,7 @@ module URI
   #
   def self.extract(str, schemes = nil, &block) # :nodoc:
     warn "URI.extract is obsolete", uplevel: 1 if $VERBOSE
-    DEFAULT_PARSER.extract(str, schemes, &block)
+    PARSER.extract(str, schemes, &block)
   end
 
   #
@@ -302,7 +337,7 @@ module URI
   #
   def self.regexp(schemes = nil)# :nodoc:
     warn "URI.regexp is obsolete", uplevel: 1 if $VERBOSE
-    DEFAULT_PARSER.make_regexp(schemes)
+    PARSER.make_regexp(schemes)
   end
 
   TBLENCWWWCOMP_ = {} # :nodoc:
@@ -407,6 +442,8 @@ module URI
     _decode_uri_component(/%\h\h/, str, enc)
   end
 
+  # Returns a string derived from the given string +str+ with
+  # URI-encoded characters matching +regexp+ according to +table+.
   def self._encode_uri_component(regexp, table, str, enc)
     str = str.to_s.dup
     if str.encoding != Encoding::ASCII_8BIT
@@ -421,6 +458,8 @@ module URI
   end
   private_class_method :_encode_uri_component
 
+  # Returns a string decoding characters matching +regexp+ from the
+  # given \URL-encoded string +str+.
   def self._decode_uri_component(regexp, str, enc)
     raise ArgumentError, "invalid %-encoding (#{str})" if /%(?!\h\h)/.match?(str)
     str.b.gsub(regexp, TBLDECWWWCOMP_).force_encoding(enc)
@@ -859,6 +898,7 @@ module Kernel
   # Returns a \URI object derived from the given +uri+,
   # which may be a \URI string or an existing \URI object:
   #
+  #   require 'uri'
   #   # Returns a new URI.
   #   uri = URI('http://github.com/ruby/ruby')
   #   # => #<URI::HTTP http://github.com/ruby/ruby>
@@ -866,6 +906,8 @@ module Kernel
   #   URI(uri)
   #   # => #<URI::HTTP http://github.com/ruby/ruby>
   #
+  # You must require 'uri' to use this method.
+  #
   def URI(uri)
     if uri.is_a?(URI::Generic)
       uri
diff --git a/lib/uri/generic.rb b/lib/uri/generic.rb
index 07f329e3d1..6a0f638d76 100644
--- a/lib/uri/generic.rb
+++ b/lib/uri/generic.rb
@@ -126,9 +126,9 @@ module URI
           end
         end
       else
-        component = self.class.component rescue ::URI::Generic::COMPONENT
+        component = self.component rescue ::URI::Generic::COMPONENT
         raise ArgumentError,
-        "expected Array of or Hash of components of #{self.class} (#{component.join(', ')})"
+              "expected Array of or Hash of components of #{self} (#{component.join(', ')})"
       end
 
       tmp << nil
@@ -186,18 +186,18 @@ module URI
 
       if arg_check
         self.scheme = scheme
-        self.userinfo = userinfo
         self.hostname = host
         self.port = port
+        self.userinfo = userinfo
         self.path = path
         self.query = query
         self.opaque = opaque
         self.fragment = fragment
       else
         self.set_scheme(scheme)
-        self.set_userinfo(userinfo)
         self.set_host(host)
         self.set_port(port)
+        self.set_userinfo(userinfo)
         self.set_path(path)
         self.query = query
         self.set_opaque(opaque)
@@ -284,7 +284,7 @@ module URI
 
     # Returns the parser to be used.
     #
-    # Unless a URI::Parser is defined, DEFAULT_PARSER is used.
+    # Unless the +parser+ is defined, DEFAULT_PARSER is used.
     #
     def parser
       if !defined?(@parser) || !@parser
@@ -315,7 +315,7 @@ module URI
     end
 
     #
-    # Checks the scheme +v+ component against the URI::Parser Regexp for :SCHEME.
+    # Checks the scheme +v+ component against the +parser+ Regexp for :SCHEME.
     #
     def check_scheme(v)
       if v && parser.regexp[:SCHEME] !~ v
@@ -385,7 +385,7 @@ module URI
 
     #
     # Checks the user +v+ component for RFC2396 compliance
-    # and against the URI::Parser Regexp for :USERINFO.
+    # and against the +parser+ Regexp for :USERINFO.
     #
     # Can not have a registry or opaque component defined,
     # with a user component defined.
@@ -409,7 +409,7 @@ module URI
 
     #
     # Checks the password +v+ component for RFC2396 compliance
-    # and against the URI::Parser Regexp for :USERINFO.
+    # and against the +parser+ Regexp for :USERINFO.
     #
     # Can not have a registry or opaque component defined,
     # with a user component defined.
@@ -466,7 +466,7 @@ module URI
     #
     #   uri = URI.parse("http://john:S3nsit1ve@my.example.com")
     #   uri.user = "sam"
-    #   uri.to_s  #=> "http://sam:V3ry_S3nsit1ve@my.example.com"
+    #   uri.to_s  #=> "http://sam@my.example.com"
     #
     def user=(user)
       check_user(user)
@@ -511,7 +511,7 @@ module URI
         user, password = split_userinfo(user)
       end
       @user     = user
-      @password = password if password
+      @password = password
 
       [@user, @password]
     end
@@ -522,7 +522,7 @@ module URI
     # See also URI::Generic.user=.
     #
     def set_user(v)
-      set_userinfo(v, @password)
+      set_userinfo(v, nil)
       v
     end
     protected :set_user
@@ -574,6 +574,12 @@ module URI
       @password
     end
 
+    # Returns the authority info (array of user, password, host and
+    # port), if any is set.  Or returns +nil+.
+    def authority
+      return @user, @password, @host, @port if @user || @password || @host || @port
+    end
+
     # Returns the user component after URI decoding.
     def decoded_user
       URI.decode_uri_component(@user) if @user
@@ -586,7 +592,7 @@ module URI
 
     #
     # Checks the host +v+ component for RFC2396 compliance
-    # and against the URI::Parser Regexp for :HOST.
+    # and against the +parser+ Regexp for :HOST.
     #
     # Can not have a registry or opaque component defined,
     # with a host component defined.
@@ -615,6 +621,13 @@ module URI
     end
     protected :set_host
 
+    # Protected setter for the authority info (+user+, +password+, +host+
+    # and +port+).  If +port+ is +nil+, +default_port+ will be set.
+    #
+    protected def set_authority(user, password, host, port = nil)
+      @user, @password, @host, @port = user, password, host, port || self.default_port
+    end
+
     #
     # == Args
     #
@@ -639,6 +652,7 @@ module URI
     def host=(v)
       check_host(v)
       set_host(v)
+      set_userinfo(nil)
       v
     end
 
@@ -675,7 +689,7 @@ module URI
 
     #
     # Checks the port +v+ component for RFC2396 compliance
-    # and against the URI::Parser Regexp for :PORT.
+    # and against the +parser+ Regexp for :PORT.
     #
     # Can not have a registry or opaque component defined,
     # with a port component defined.
@@ -729,6 +743,7 @@ module URI
     def port=(v)
       check_port(v)
       set_port(v)
+      set_userinfo(nil)
       port
     end
 
@@ -748,7 +763,7 @@ module URI
 
     #
     # Checks the path +v+ component for RFC2396 compliance
-    # and against the URI::Parser Regexp
+    # and against the +parser+ Regexp
     # for :ABS_PATH and :REL_PATH.
     #
     # Can not have a opaque component defined,
@@ -853,7 +868,7 @@ module URI
 
     #
     # Checks the opaque +v+ component for RFC2396 compliance and
-    # against the URI::Parser Regexp for :OPAQUE.
+    # against the +parser+ Regexp for :OPAQUE.
     #
     # Can not have a host, port, user, or path component defined,
     # with an opaque component defined.
@@ -905,7 +920,7 @@ module URI
     end
 
     #
-    # Checks the fragment +v+ component against the URI::Parser Regexp for :FRAGMENT.
+    # Checks the fragment +v+ component against the +parser+ Regexp for :FRAGMENT.
     #
     #
     # == Args
@@ -1121,7 +1136,7 @@ module URI
 
       base = self.dup
 
-      authority = rel.userinfo || rel.host || rel.port
+      authority = rel.authority
 
       # RFC2396, Section 5.2, 2)
       if (rel.path.nil? || rel.path.empty?) && !authority && !rel.query
@@ -1134,9 +1149,7 @@ module URI
 
       # RFC2396, Section 5.2, 4)
       if authority
-        base.set_userinfo(rel.userinfo)
-        base.set_host(rel.host)
-        base.set_port(rel.port || base.default_port)
+        base.set_authority(*authority)
         base.set_path(rel.path)
       elsif base.path && rel.path
         base.set_path(merge_path(base.path, rel.path))
@@ -1527,7 +1540,7 @@ module URI
         else
           unless proxy_uri = env[name]
             if proxy_uri = env[name.upcase]
-              warn 'The environment variable HTTP_PROXY is discouraged.  Use http_proxy.', uplevel: 1
+              warn 'The environment variable HTTP_PROXY is discouraged.  Please use http_proxy instead.', uplevel: 1
             end
           end
         end
diff --git a/lib/uri/http.rb b/lib/uri/http.rb
index 900b132c8c..3c41cd4e93 100644
--- a/lib/uri/http.rb
+++ b/lib/uri/http.rb
@@ -61,6 +61,18 @@ module URI
       super(tmp)
     end
 
+    # Do not allow empty host names, as they are not allowed by RFC 3986.
+    def check_host(v)
+      ret = super
+
+      if ret && v.empty?
+        raise InvalidComponentError,
+          "bad component(expected host component): #{v}"
+      end
+
+      ret
+    end
+
     #
     # == Description
     #
diff --git a/lib/uri/rfc2396_parser.rb b/lib/uri/rfc2396_parser.rb
index 75a2d2dbde..cefd126cc6 100644
--- a/lib/uri/rfc2396_parser.rb
+++ b/lib/uri/rfc2396_parser.rb
@@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ module URI
     #
     # == Synopsis
     #
-    #   URI::Parser.new([opts])
+    #   URI::RFC2396_Parser.new([opts])
     #
     # == Args
     #
@@ -86,7 +86,7 @@ module URI
     #
     # == Examples
     #
-    #   p = URI::Parser.new(:ESCAPED => "(?:%[a-fA-F0-9]{2}|%u[a-fA-F0-9]{4})")
+    #   p = URI::RFC2396_Parser.new(:ESCAPED => "(?:%[a-fA-F0-9]{2}|%u[a-fA-F0-9]{4})")
     #   u = p.parse("http://example.jp/%uABCD") #=> #<URI::HTTP http://example.jp/%uABCD>
     #   URI.parse(u.to_s) #=> raises URI::InvalidURIError
     #
@@ -108,12 +108,12 @@ module URI
 
     # The Hash of patterns.
     #
-    # See also URI::Parser.initialize_pattern.
+    # See also #initialize_pattern.
     attr_reader :pattern
 
     # The Hash of Regexp.
     #
-    # See also URI::Parser.initialize_regexp.
+    # See also #initialize_regexp.
     attr_reader :regexp
 
     # Returns a split URI against +regexp[:ABS_URI]+.
@@ -202,8 +202,7 @@ module URI
     #
     # == Usage
     #
-    #   p = URI::Parser.new
-    #   p.parse("ldap://ldap.example.com/dc=example?user=john")
+    #   URI::RFC2396_PARSER.parse("ldap://ldap.example.com/dc=example?user=john")
     #   #=> #<URI::LDAP ldap://ldap.example.com/dc=example?user=john>
     #
     def parse(uri)
@@ -244,7 +243,7 @@ module URI
     # If no +block+ given, then returns the result,
     # else it calls +block+ for each element in result.
     #
-    # See also URI::Parser.make_regexp.
+    # See also #make_regexp.
     #
     def extract(str, schemes = nil)
       if block_given?
@@ -263,7 +262,7 @@ module URI
       unless schemes
         @regexp[:ABS_URI_REF]
       else
-        /(?=#{Regexp.union(*schemes)}:)#{@pattern[:X_ABS_URI]}/x
+        /(?=(?i:#{Regexp.union(*schemes).source}):)#{@pattern[:X_ABS_URI]}/x
       end
     end
 
@@ -524,6 +523,8 @@ module URI
       ret
     end
 
+    # Returns +uri+ as-is if it is URI, or convert it to URI if it is
+    # a String.
     def convert_to_uri(uri)
       if uri.is_a?(URI::Generic)
         uri
diff --git a/lib/uri/version.rb b/lib/uri/version.rb
index b6a8ce1543..1f810602eb 100644
--- a/lib/uri/version.rb
+++ b/lib/uri/version.rb
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 module URI
   # :stopdoc:
-  VERSION_CODE = '010003'.freeze
-  VERSION = VERSION_CODE.scan(/../).collect{|n| n.to_i}.join('.').freeze
+  VERSION = '1.1.1'.freeze
+  VERSION_CODE = VERSION.split('.').map{|s| s.rjust(2, '0')}.join.freeze
   # :startdoc:
 end
diff --git a/lib/weakref.rb b/lib/weakref.rb
index f0a7e7b318..c7274f9664 100644
--- a/lib/weakref.rb
+++ b/lib/weakref.rb
@@ -17,7 +17,8 @@ require "delegate"
 #
 
 class WeakRef < Delegator
-  VERSION = "0.1.3"
+  # The version string
+  VERSION = "0.1.4"
 
   ##
   # RefError is raised when a referenced object has been recycled by the
diff --git a/lib/yaml.rb b/lib/yaml.rb
index 2cf11fc3df..c6f0f89fd2 100644
--- a/lib/yaml.rb
+++ b/lib/yaml.rb
@@ -66,5 +66,6 @@ YAML = Psych # :nodoc:
 #
 # Syck can also be found on github: https://github.com/ruby/syck
 module YAML
+  # The version of YAML wrapper
   LOADER_VERSION = "0.4.0"
 end
diff --git a/libexec/erb b/libexec/erb
index 4381671f25..de7d5888c3 100755
--- a/libexec/erb
+++ b/libexec/erb
@@ -90,29 +90,49 @@ class ERB
           when '-P'
             disable_percent = true
           when '--help'
-            raise "print this help"
+            raise ''
           when /\A-/
-            raise "unknown switch #{switch.dump}"
+            raise "Unknown switch: #{switch.dump}"
           else
             var, val = *switch.split('=', 2)
             (variables ||= {})[var] = val
           end
         end
       rescue                               # usage
-        STDERR.puts $!.to_s
-        STDERR.puts File.basename($0) +
-          " [switches] [var=value...] [inputfile]"
+        message = $!.to_s
+        STDERR.puts message unless message.empty?
+        STDERR.puts 'Usage:'
+        STDERR.puts "  #{File.basename($0)} [options] [filepaths]"
         STDERR.puts <<EOU
-  -x               print ruby script
-  -n               print ruby script with line number
-  -v               enable verbose mode
-  -d               set $DEBUG to true
-  -r library       load a library
-  -E ex[:in]       set default external/internal encodings
-  -U               set default encoding to UTF-8
-  -T trim_mode     specify trim_mode (0..2, -)
-  -P               disable ruby code evaluation for lines beginning with %
-  var=value        set variable
+
+Options:
+  -d          --debug      Set $DEBUG to enable debugging.
+  -E ex[:in]  --encoding ex[:in]
+                           Set default external and internal encodings.
+  -h          --help       Print this text and exit.
+  -n                       Print generated Ruby source code with line numbers;
+                           ignored if given without option -x.
+  -P                       Disable execution tag shorthand (for lines beginning with '%').
+  -r library               Load the named library.
+  -T trim_mode             Specify trim_mode:
+                           '0' means '%'; '1' means '%>'; '2' means '<>'; '-' means '%-'.
+  -U                       Set default encoding to UTF-8.
+  -v                       Set $VERBOSE to enable debugging,
+              --version    Print ERB version string and exit.
+  -x                       Print generated Ruby source code.
+              --           Treat all following words as filepaths (not options).
+  name=value               Set the variable named name to the given string value.
+
+Filepaths:
+  The erb program reads the text from all files at the filepaths as a single ERB template:
+  plain text, possibly with embedded ERB tags;
+  filepaths may be repeated.
+
+  The pseudo-filepath '-' (hyphen character) specifies the standard input.
+
+  If no filepaths are given, the sole input is the standard input.
+
+See details and examples at https://docs.ruby-lang.org/en/master/erb_executable_md.html
 EOU
         exit 1
       end
diff --git a/load.c b/load.c
index 6feddb5724..144f095b04 100644
--- a/load.c
+++ b/load.c
@@ -5,13 +5,13 @@
 #include "dln.h"
 #include "eval_intern.h"
 #include "internal.h"
+#include "internal/box.h"
 #include "internal/dir.h"
 #include "internal/error.h"
 #include "internal/eval.h"
 #include "internal/file.h"
 #include "internal/hash.h"
 #include "internal/load.h"
-#include "internal/namespace.h"
 #include "internal/ruby_parser.h"
 #include "internal/thread.h"
 #include "internal/variable.h"
@@ -23,54 +23,10 @@
 #include "ractor_core.h"
 #include "vm_core.h"
 
-static VALUE ruby_dln_libmap;
-
 #define IS_RBEXT(e) (strcmp((e), ".rb") == 0)
 #define IS_SOEXT(e) (strcmp((e), ".so") == 0 || strcmp((e), ".o") == 0)
 #define IS_DLEXT(e) (strcmp((e), DLEXT) == 0)
 
-#if SIZEOF_VALUE <= SIZEOF_LONG
-# define SVALUE2NUM(x) LONG2NUM((long)(x))
-# define NUM2SVALUE(x) (SIGNED_VALUE)NUM2LONG(x)
-#elif SIZEOF_VALUE <= SIZEOF_LONG_LONG
-# define SVALUE2NUM(x) LL2NUM((LONG_LONG)(x))
-# define NUM2SVALUE(x) (SIGNED_VALUE)NUM2LL(x)
-#else
-# error Need integer for VALUE
-#endif
-
-#define IS_NAMESPACE(obj) (CLASS_OF(obj) == rb_cNamespace)
-
-struct vm_and_namespace_struct {
-    rb_vm_t *vm;
-    rb_namespace_t *ns;
-};
-typedef struct vm_and_namespace_struct vm_ns_t;
-#define GET_vm_ns() vm_ns_t vm_ns_v = { .vm = GET_VM(), .ns = (rb_namespace_t *)rb_current_namespace(), }; vm_ns_t *vm_ns = &vm_ns_v;
-#define GET_loading_vm_ns() vm_ns_t vm_ns_v = { .vm = GET_VM(), .ns = (rb_namespace_t *)rb_loading_namespace(), }; vm_ns_t *vm_ns = &vm_ns_v;
-
-#define CURRENT_NS_attr(vm_ns, attr) (NAMESPACE_USER_P(vm_ns->ns) ? vm_ns->ns->attr : vm_ns->vm->attr)
-#define SET_NS_attr(vm_ns, attr, value) do {                      \
-    if (NAMESPACE_USER_P(vm_ns->ns)) { vm_ns->ns->attr = value; } \
-    else { vm_ns->vm->attr = value; }                             \
-} while (0)
-
-#define SET_NS_LOAD_PATH_CHECK_CACHE(vm_ns, value) SET_NS_attr(vm_ns, load_path_check_cache, value)
-#define SET_NS_EXPANDED_LOAD_PATH(vm_ns, value)    SET_NS_attr(vm_ns, expanded_load_path, value)
-
-#define CURRENT_NS_LOAD_PATH(vm_ns)             CURRENT_NS_attr(vm_ns, load_path)
-#define CURRENT_NS_LOAD_PATH_SNAPSHOT(vm_ns)    CURRENT_NS_attr(vm_ns, load_path_snapshot)
-#define CURRENT_NS_LOAD_PATH_CHECK_CACHE(vm_ns) CURRENT_NS_attr(vm_ns, load_path_check_cache)
-#define CURRENT_NS_EXPANDED_LOAD_PATH(vm_ns)    CURRENT_NS_attr(vm_ns, expanded_load_path)
-#define CURRENT_NS_LOADING_TABLE(vm_ns)         CURRENT_NS_attr(vm_ns, loading_table)
-#define CURRENT_NS_LOADED_FEATURES(vm_ns)       CURRENT_NS_attr(vm_ns, loaded_features)
-#define CURRENT_NS_LOADED_FEATURES_SNAPSHOT(vm_ns)     CURRENT_NS_attr(vm_ns, loaded_features_snapshot)
-#define CURRENT_NS_LOADED_FEATURES_REALPATHS(vm_ns)    CURRENT_NS_attr(vm_ns, loaded_features_realpaths)
-#define CURRENT_NS_LOADED_FEATURES_REALPATH_MAP(vm_ns) CURRENT_NS_attr(vm_ns, loaded_features_realpath_map)
-#define CURRENT_NS_LOADED_FEATURES_INDEX(vm_ns)        CURRENT_NS_attr(vm_ns, loaded_features_index)
-
-#define CURRENT_NS_RUBY_DLN_LIBMAP(vm_ns, map) (NAMESPACE_USER_P(vm_ns->ns) ? vm_ns->ns->ruby_dln_libmap : map)
-
 enum {
     loadable_ext_rb = (0+ /* .rb extension is the first in both tables */
                        1) /* offset by rb_find_file_ext() */
@@ -99,10 +55,10 @@ enum expand_type {
    string objects in $LOAD_PATH are frozen.
  */
 static void
-rb_construct_expanded_load_path(vm_ns_t *vm_ns, enum expand_type type, int *has_relative, int *has_non_cache)
+rb_construct_expanded_load_path(rb_box_t *box, enum expand_type type, int *has_relative, int *has_non_cache)
 {
-    VALUE load_path = CURRENT_NS_LOAD_PATH(vm_ns);
-    VALUE expanded_load_path = CURRENT_NS_EXPANDED_LOAD_PATH(vm_ns);
+    VALUE load_path = box->load_path;
+    VALUE expanded_load_path = box->expanded_load_path;
     VALUE snapshot;
     VALUE ary;
     long i;
@@ -142,39 +98,39 @@ rb_construct_expanded_load_path(vm_ns_t *vm_ns, enum expand_type type, int *has_
         rb_ary_push(ary, rb_fstring(expanded_path));
     }
     rb_ary_freeze(ary);
-    SET_NS_EXPANDED_LOAD_PATH(vm_ns, ary);
-    snapshot = CURRENT_NS_LOAD_PATH_SNAPSHOT(vm_ns);
-    load_path = CURRENT_NS_LOAD_PATH(vm_ns);
+    box->expanded_load_path = ary;
+    snapshot = box->load_path_snapshot;
+    load_path = box->load_path;
     rb_ary_replace(snapshot, load_path);
 }
 
 static VALUE
-get_expanded_load_path(vm_ns_t *vm_ns)
+get_expanded_load_path(rb_box_t *box)
 {
     VALUE check_cache;
     const VALUE non_cache = Qtrue;
-    const VALUE load_path_snapshot = CURRENT_NS_LOAD_PATH_SNAPSHOT(vm_ns);
-    const VALUE load_path = CURRENT_NS_LOAD_PATH(vm_ns);
+    const VALUE load_path_snapshot = box->load_path_snapshot;
+    const VALUE load_path = box->load_path;
 
     if (!rb_ary_shared_with_p(load_path_snapshot, load_path)) {
         /* The load path was modified. Rebuild the expanded load path. */
         int has_relative = 0, has_non_cache = 0;
-        rb_construct_expanded_load_path(vm_ns, EXPAND_ALL, &has_relative, &has_non_cache);
+        rb_construct_expanded_load_path(box, EXPAND_ALL, &has_relative, &has_non_cache);
         if (has_relative) {
-            SET_NS_LOAD_PATH_CHECK_CACHE(vm_ns, rb_dir_getwd_ospath());
+            box->load_path_check_cache = rb_dir_getwd_ospath();
         }
         else if (has_non_cache) {
             /* Non string object. */
-            SET_NS_LOAD_PATH_CHECK_CACHE(vm_ns, non_cache);
+            box->load_path_check_cache = non_cache;
         }
         else {
-            SET_NS_LOAD_PATH_CHECK_CACHE(vm_ns, 0);
+            box->load_path_check_cache = 0;
         }
     }
-    else if ((check_cache = CURRENT_NS_LOAD_PATH_CHECK_CACHE(vm_ns)) == non_cache) {
+    else if ((check_cache = box->load_path_check_cache) == non_cache) {
         int has_relative = 1, has_non_cache = 1;
         /* Expand only non-cacheable objects. */
-        rb_construct_expanded_load_path(vm_ns, EXPAND_NON_CACHE,
+        rb_construct_expanded_load_path(box, EXPAND_NON_CACHE,
                                         &has_relative, &has_non_cache);
     }
     else if (check_cache) {
@@ -183,76 +139,49 @@ get_expanded_load_path(vm_ns_t *vm_ns)
         if (!rb_str_equal(check_cache, cwd)) {
             /* Current working directory or filesystem encoding was changed.
                Expand relative load path and non-cacheable objects again. */
-            SET_NS_LOAD_PATH_CHECK_CACHE(vm_ns, cwd);
-            rb_construct_expanded_load_path(vm_ns, EXPAND_RELATIVE,
+            box->load_path_check_cache = cwd;
+            rb_construct_expanded_load_path(box, EXPAND_RELATIVE,
                                             &has_relative, &has_non_cache);
         }
         else {
             /* Expand only tilde (User HOME) and non-cacheable objects. */
-            rb_construct_expanded_load_path(vm_ns, EXPAND_HOME,
+            rb_construct_expanded_load_path(box, EXPAND_HOME,
                                             &has_relative, &has_non_cache);
         }
     }
-    return CURRENT_NS_EXPANDED_LOAD_PATH(vm_ns);
+    return box->expanded_load_path;
 }
 
 VALUE
 rb_get_expanded_load_path(void)
 {
-    GET_loading_vm_ns();
-    return get_expanded_load_path(vm_ns);
+    return get_expanded_load_path((rb_box_t *)rb_loading_box());
 }
 
 static VALUE
-load_path_getter(ID id, VALUE * p)
+load_path_getter(ID _x, VALUE * _y)
 {
-    GET_loading_vm_ns();
-    return CURRENT_NS_LOAD_PATH(vm_ns);
-}
-
-static VALUE
-get_loaded_features(vm_ns_t *vm_ns)
-{
-    return CURRENT_NS_LOADED_FEATURES(vm_ns);
-}
-
-static VALUE
-get_loaded_features_realpaths(vm_ns_t *vm_ns)
-{
-    return CURRENT_NS_LOADED_FEATURES_REALPATHS(vm_ns);
-}
-
-static VALUE
-get_loaded_features_realpath_map(vm_ns_t *vm_ns)
-{
-    return CURRENT_NS_LOADED_FEATURES_REALPATH_MAP(vm_ns);
+    return rb_loading_box()->load_path;
 }
 
 static VALUE
 get_LOADED_FEATURES(ID _x, VALUE *_y)
 {
-    GET_loading_vm_ns();
-    return get_loaded_features(vm_ns);
+    return rb_loading_box()->loaded_features;
 }
 
 static void
-reset_loaded_features_snapshot(vm_ns_t *vm_ns)
+reset_loaded_features_snapshot(const rb_box_t *box)
 {
-    VALUE snapshot = CURRENT_NS_LOADED_FEATURES_SNAPSHOT(vm_ns);
-    VALUE loaded_features = CURRENT_NS_LOADED_FEATURES(vm_ns);
+    VALUE snapshot = box->loaded_features_snapshot;
+    VALUE loaded_features = box->loaded_features;
     rb_ary_replace(snapshot, loaded_features);
 }
 
 static struct st_table *
-get_loaded_features_index_raw(vm_ns_t *vm_ns)
-{
-    return CURRENT_NS_LOADED_FEATURES_INDEX(vm_ns);
-}
-
-static st_table *
-get_loading_table(vm_ns_t *vm_ns)
+get_loaded_features_index_raw(const rb_box_t *box)
 {
-    return CURRENT_NS_LOADING_TABLE(vm_ns);
+    return box->loaded_features_index;
 }
 
 static st_data_t
@@ -273,7 +202,7 @@ is_rbext_path(VALUE feature_path)
 typedef rb_darray(long) feature_indexes_t;
 
 struct features_index_add_single_args {
-    vm_ns_t *vm_ns;
+    const rb_box_t *box;
     VALUE offset;
     bool rb;
 };
@@ -282,7 +211,7 @@ static int
 features_index_add_single_callback(st_data_t *key, st_data_t *value, st_data_t raw_args, int existing)
 {
     struct features_index_add_single_args *args = (struct features_index_add_single_args *)raw_args;
-    vm_ns_t *vm_ns = args->vm_ns;
+    const rb_box_t *box = args->box;
     VALUE offset = args->offset;
     bool rb = args->rb;
 
@@ -290,7 +219,7 @@ features_index_add_single_callback(st_data_t *key, st_data_t *value, st_data_t r
         VALUE this_feature_index = *value;
 
         if (FIXNUM_P(this_feature_index)) {
-            VALUE loaded_features = get_loaded_features(vm_ns);
+            VALUE loaded_features = box->loaded_features;
             VALUE this_feature_path = RARRAY_AREF(loaded_features, FIX2LONG(this_feature_index));
 
             feature_indexes_t feature_indexes;
@@ -310,7 +239,7 @@ features_index_add_single_callback(st_data_t *key, st_data_t *value, st_data_t r
             long pos = -1;
 
             if (rb) {
-                VALUE loaded_features = get_loaded_features(vm_ns);
+                VALUE loaded_features = box->loaded_features;
                 for (size_t i = 0; i < rb_darray_size(feature_indexes); ++i) {
                     long idx = rb_darray_get(feature_indexes, i);
                     VALUE this_feature_path = RARRAY_AREF(loaded_features, idx);
@@ -329,7 +258,7 @@ features_index_add_single_callback(st_data_t *key, st_data_t *value, st_data_t r
             if (pos >= 0) {
                 long *ptr = rb_darray_data_ptr(feature_indexes);
                 long len = rb_darray_size(feature_indexes);
-                MEMMOVE(ptr + pos, ptr + pos + 1, long, len - pos - 1);
+                MEMMOVE(ptr + pos + 1, ptr + pos, long, len - pos - 1);
                 ptr[pos] = FIX2LONG(offset);
             }
         }
@@ -342,7 +271,7 @@ features_index_add_single_callback(st_data_t *key, st_data_t *value, st_data_t r
 }
 
 static void
-features_index_add_single(vm_ns_t *vm_ns, const char* str, size_t len, VALUE offset, bool rb)
+features_index_add_single(const rb_box_t *box, const char* str, size_t len, VALUE offset, bool rb)
 {
     struct st_table *features_index;
     st_data_t short_feature_key;
@@ -350,10 +279,10 @@ features_index_add_single(vm_ns_t *vm_ns, const char* str, size_t len, VALUE off
     Check_Type(offset, T_FIXNUM);
     short_feature_key = feature_key(str, len);
 
-    features_index = get_loaded_features_index_raw(vm_ns);
+    features_index = get_loaded_features_index_raw(box);
 
     struct features_index_add_single_args args = {
-        .vm_ns = vm_ns,
+        .box = box,
         .offset = offset,
         .rb = rb,
     };
@@ -370,8 +299,10 @@ features_index_add_single(vm_ns_t *vm_ns, const char* str, size_t len, VALUE off
    relies on for its fast lookup.
 */
 static void
-features_index_add(vm_ns_t *vm_ns, VALUE feature, VALUE offset)
+features_index_add(const rb_box_t *box, VALUE feature, VALUE offset)
 {
+    RUBY_ASSERT(rb_ractor_main_p());
+
     const char *feature_str, *feature_end, *ext, *p;
     bool rb = false;
 
@@ -396,14 +327,14 @@ features_index_add(vm_ns_t *vm_ns, VALUE feature, VALUE offset)
         if (p < feature_str)
             break;
         /* Now *p == '/'.  We reach this point for every '/' in `feature`. */
-        features_index_add_single(vm_ns, p + 1, feature_end - p - 1, offset, false);
+        features_index_add_single(box, p + 1, feature_end - p - 1, offset, false);
         if (ext) {
-            features_index_add_single(vm_ns, p + 1, ext - p - 1, offset, rb);
+            features_index_add_single(box, p + 1, ext - p - 1, offset, rb);
         }
     }
-    features_index_add_single(vm_ns, feature_str, feature_end - feature_str, offset, false);
+    features_index_add_single(box, feature_str, feature_end - feature_str, offset, false);
     if (ext) {
-        features_index_add_single(vm_ns, feature_str, ext - feature_str, offset, rb);
+        features_index_add_single(box, feature_str, ext - feature_str, offset, rb);
     }
 }
 
@@ -417,34 +348,28 @@ loaded_features_index_clear_i(st_data_t key, st_data_t val, st_data_t arg)
     return ST_DELETE;
 }
 
-void
-rb_free_loaded_features_index(rb_vm_t *vm)
-{
-    /* Destructs vm->loaded_features_index directly because this is only for
-       the VM destruction */
-    st_foreach(vm->loaded_features_index, loaded_features_index_clear_i, 0);
-    st_free_table(vm->loaded_features_index);
-}
-
-
-
 static st_table *
-get_loaded_features_index(vm_ns_t *vm_ns)
+get_loaded_features_index(const rb_box_t *box)
 {
     int i;
-    VALUE features = CURRENT_NS_LOADED_FEATURES(vm_ns);
-    const VALUE snapshot = CURRENT_NS_LOADED_FEATURES_SNAPSHOT(vm_ns);
+    VALUE features = box->loaded_features;
+    const VALUE snapshot = box->loaded_features_snapshot;
 
     if (!rb_ary_shared_with_p(snapshot, features)) {
         /* The sharing was broken; something (other than us in rb_provide_feature())
            modified loaded_features.  Rebuild the index. */
-        st_foreach(CURRENT_NS_LOADED_FEATURES_INDEX(vm_ns), loaded_features_index_clear_i, 0);
+        st_foreach(box->loaded_features_index, loaded_features_index_clear_i, 0);
 
-        VALUE realpaths = CURRENT_NS_LOADED_FEATURES_REALPATHS(vm_ns);
-        VALUE realpath_map = CURRENT_NS_LOADED_FEATURES_REALPATH_MAP(vm_ns);
+        VALUE realpaths = box->loaded_features_realpaths;
+        VALUE realpath_map = box->loaded_features_realpath_map;
         VALUE previous_realpath_map = rb_hash_dup(realpath_map);
         rb_hash_clear(realpaths);
         rb_hash_clear(realpath_map);
+
+        /* We have to make a copy of features here because the StringValue call
+         * below could call a Ruby method, which could modify $LOADED_FEATURES
+         * and cause it to be corrupt. */
+        features = rb_ary_resurrect(features);
         for (i = 0; i < RARRAY_LEN(features); i++) {
             VALUE entry, as_str;
             as_str = entry = rb_ary_entry(features, i);
@@ -452,11 +377,15 @@ get_loaded_features_index(vm_ns_t *vm_ns)
             as_str = rb_fstring(as_str);
             if (as_str != entry)
                 rb_ary_store(features, i, as_str);
-            features_index_add(vm_ns, as_str, INT2FIX(i));
+            features_index_add(box, as_str, INT2FIX(i));
+        }
+        /* The user modified $LOADED_FEATURES, so we should restore the changes. */
+        if (!rb_ary_shared_with_p(features, box->loaded_features)) {
+            rb_ary_replace(box->loaded_features, features);
         }
-        reset_loaded_features_snapshot(vm_ns);
+        reset_loaded_features_snapshot(box);
 
-        features = CURRENT_NS_LOADED_FEATURES_SNAPSHOT(vm_ns);
+        features = box->loaded_features_snapshot;
         long j = RARRAY_LEN(features);
         for (i = 0; i < j; i++) {
             VALUE as_str = rb_ary_entry(features, i);
@@ -470,7 +399,7 @@ get_loaded_features_index(vm_ns_t *vm_ns)
             rb_hash_aset(realpath_map, as_str, realpath);
         }
     }
-    return CURRENT_NS_LOADED_FEATURES_INDEX(vm_ns);
+    return box->loaded_features_index;
 }
 
 /* This searches `load_path` for a value such that
@@ -555,7 +484,7 @@ loaded_feature_path_i(st_data_t v, st_data_t b, st_data_t f)
  * 'u': unsuffixed
  */
 static int
-rb_feature_p(vm_ns_t *vm_ns, const char *feature, const char *ext, int rb, int expanded, const char **fn)
+rb_feature_p(const rb_box_t *box, const char *feature, const char *ext, int rb, int expanded, const char **fn)
 {
     VALUE features, this_feature_index = Qnil, v, p, load_path = 0;
     const char *f, *e;
@@ -576,8 +505,8 @@ rb_feature_p(vm_ns_t *vm_ns, const char *feature, const char *ext, int rb, int e
         elen = 0;
         type = 0;
     }
-    features = get_loaded_features(vm_ns);
-    features_index = get_loaded_features_index(vm_ns);
+    features = box->loaded_features;
+    features_index = get_loaded_features_index(box);
 
     key = feature_key(feature, strlen(feature));
     /* We search `features` for an entry such that either
@@ -619,12 +548,13 @@ rb_feature_p(vm_ns_t *vm_ns, const char *feature, const char *ext, int rb, int e
                 index = rb_darray_get(feature_indexes, i);
             }
 
+            if (index >= RARRAY_LEN(features)) continue;
             v = RARRAY_AREF(features, index);
             f = StringValuePtr(v);
             if ((n = RSTRING_LEN(v)) < len) continue;
             if (strncmp(f, feature, len) != 0) {
                 if (expanded) continue;
-                if (!load_path) load_path = get_expanded_load_path(vm_ns);
+                if (!load_path) load_path = get_expanded_load_path((rb_box_t *)box);
                 if (!(p = loaded_feature_path(f, n, feature, len, type, load_path)))
                     continue;
                 expanded = 1;
@@ -644,14 +574,14 @@ rb_feature_p(vm_ns_t *vm_ns, const char *feature, const char *ext, int rb, int e
         }
     }
 
-    loading_tbl = get_loading_table(vm_ns);
+    loading_tbl = box->loading_table;
     f = 0;
     if (!expanded && !rb_is_absolute_path(feature)) {
         struct loaded_feature_searching fs;
         fs.name = feature;
         fs.len = len;
         fs.type = type;
-        fs.load_path = load_path ? load_path : get_expanded_load_path(vm_ns);
+        fs.load_path = load_path ? load_path : get_expanded_load_path((rb_box_t *)box);
         fs.result = 0;
         st_foreach(loading_tbl, loaded_feature_path_i, (st_data_t)&fs);
         if ((f = fs.result) != 0) {
@@ -706,7 +636,7 @@ rb_provided(const char *feature)
 }
 
 static int
-feature_provided(vm_ns_t *vm_ns, const char *feature, const char **loading)
+feature_provided(rb_box_t *box, const char *feature, const char **loading)
 {
     const char *ext = strrchr(feature, '.');
     VALUE fullpath = 0;
@@ -718,15 +648,15 @@ feature_provided(vm_ns_t *vm_ns, const char *feature, const char **loading)
     }
     if (ext && !strchr(ext, '/')) {
         if (IS_RBEXT(ext)) {
-            if (rb_feature_p(vm_ns, feature, ext, TRUE, FALSE, loading)) return TRUE;
+            if (rb_feature_p(box, feature, ext, TRUE, FALSE, loading)) return TRUE;
             return FALSE;
         }
         else if (IS_SOEXT(ext) || IS_DLEXT(ext)) {
-            if (rb_feature_p(vm_ns, feature, ext, FALSE, FALSE, loading)) return TRUE;
+            if (rb_feature_p(box, feature, ext, FALSE, FALSE, loading)) return TRUE;
             return FALSE;
         }
     }
-    if (rb_feature_p(vm_ns, feature, 0, TRUE, FALSE, loading))
+    if (rb_feature_p(box, feature, 0, TRUE, FALSE, loading))
         return TRUE;
     RB_GC_GUARD(fullpath);
     return FALSE;
@@ -735,41 +665,40 @@ feature_provided(vm_ns_t *vm_ns, const char *feature, const char **loading)
 int
 rb_feature_provided(const char *feature, const char **loading)
 {
-    GET_vm_ns();
-    return feature_provided(vm_ns, feature, loading);
+    rb_box_t *box = (rb_box_t *)rb_current_box();
+    return feature_provided(box, feature, loading);
 }
 
 static void
-rb_provide_feature(vm_ns_t *vm_ns, VALUE feature)
+rb_provide_feature(const rb_box_t *box, VALUE feature)
 {
     VALUE features;
 
-    features = get_loaded_features(vm_ns);
+    features = box->loaded_features;
     if (OBJ_FROZEN(features)) {
         rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError,
                  "$LOADED_FEATURES is frozen; cannot append feature");
     }
     feature = rb_fstring(feature);
 
-    get_loaded_features_index(vm_ns);
+    get_loaded_features_index(box);
     // If loaded_features and loaded_features_snapshot share the same backing
     // array, pushing into it would cause the whole array to be copied.
     // To avoid this we first clear loaded_features_snapshot.
-    rb_ary_clear(CURRENT_NS_LOADED_FEATURES_SNAPSHOT(vm_ns));
+    rb_ary_clear(box->loaded_features_snapshot);
     rb_ary_push(features, feature);
-    features_index_add(vm_ns, feature, INT2FIX(RARRAY_LEN(features)-1));
-    reset_loaded_features_snapshot(vm_ns);
+    features_index_add(box, feature, INT2FIX(RARRAY_LEN(features)-1));
+    reset_loaded_features_snapshot(box);
 }
 
 void
 rb_provide(const char *feature)
 {
     /*
-     * rb_provide() must use rb_current_namespace to store provided features
-     * in the current namespace's loaded_features, etc.
+     * rb_provide() must use rb_current_box to store provided features
+     * in the current box's loaded_features, etc.
      */
-    GET_vm_ns();
-    rb_provide_feature(vm_ns, rb_fstring_cstr(feature));
+    rb_provide_feature(rb_current_box(), rb_fstring_cstr(feature));
 }
 
 NORETURN(static void load_failed(VALUE));
@@ -787,35 +716,17 @@ realpath_internal_cached(VALUE hash, VALUE path)
     return realpath;
 }
 
-struct iseq_eval_in_namespace_data {
-    const rb_iseq_t *iseq;
-    bool in_builtin;
-};
-
-static VALUE
-iseq_eval_in_namespace(VALUE arg)
-{
-    struct iseq_eval_in_namespace_data *data = (struct iseq_eval_in_namespace_data *)arg;
-    if (rb_namespace_available() && data->in_builtin) {
-        return rb_iseq_eval_with_refinement(data->iseq, rb_mNamespaceRefiner);
-    }
-    else {
-        return rb_iseq_eval(data->iseq);
-    }
-}
-
 static inline void
 load_iseq_eval(rb_execution_context_t *ec, VALUE fname)
 {
-    GET_loading_vm_ns();
-    const rb_namespace_t *loading_ns = rb_loading_namespace();
+    const rb_box_t *box = rb_loading_box();
     const rb_iseq_t *iseq = rb_iseq_load_iseq(fname);
 
     if (!iseq) {
         rb_execution_context_t *ec = GET_EC();
         VALUE v = rb_vm_push_frame_fname(ec, fname);
 
-        VALUE realpath_map = get_loaded_features_realpath_map(vm_ns);
+        VALUE realpath_map = box->loaded_features_realpath_map;
 
         if (rb_ruby_prism_p()) {
             pm_parse_result_t result = { 0 };
@@ -860,23 +771,14 @@ load_iseq_eval(rb_execution_context_t *ec, VALUE fname)
     }
     rb_exec_event_hook_script_compiled(ec, iseq, Qnil);
 
-    if (loading_ns) {
-        struct iseq_eval_in_namespace_data arg = {
-            .iseq = iseq,
-            .in_builtin = NAMESPACE_BUILTIN_P(loading_ns),
-        };
-        rb_namespace_exec(loading_ns, iseq_eval_in_namespace, (VALUE)&arg);
-    }
-    else {
-        rb_iseq_eval(iseq);
-    }
+    rb_iseq_eval(iseq, box);
 }
 
 static inline enum ruby_tag_type
 load_wrapping(rb_execution_context_t *ec, VALUE fname, VALUE load_wrapper)
 {
     enum ruby_tag_type state;
-    rb_namespace_t *ns;
+    rb_box_t *box;
     rb_thread_t *th = rb_ec_thread_ptr(ec);
     volatile VALUE wrapper = th->top_wrapper;
     volatile VALUE self = th->top_self;
@@ -887,12 +789,12 @@ load_wrapping(rb_execution_context_t *ec, VALUE fname, VALUE load_wrapper)
     ec->errinfo = Qnil; /* ensure */
 
     /* load in module as toplevel */
-    if (IS_NAMESPACE(load_wrapper)) {
-        ns = rb_get_namespace_t(load_wrapper);
-        if (!ns->top_self) {
-            ns->top_self = rb_obj_clone(rb_vm_top_self());
+    if (BOX_OBJ_P(load_wrapper)) {
+        box = rb_get_box_t(load_wrapper);
+        if (!box->top_self) {
+            box->top_self = rb_obj_clone(rb_vm_top_self());
         }
-        th->top_self = ns->top_self;
+        th->top_self = box->top_self;
     }
     else {
         th->top_self = rb_obj_clone(rb_vm_top_self());
@@ -931,9 +833,9 @@ raise_load_if_failed(rb_execution_context_t *ec, enum ruby_tag_type state)
 static void
 rb_load_internal(VALUE fname, VALUE wrap)
 {
-    VALUE namespace;
+    VALUE box_value;
     rb_execution_context_t *ec = GET_EC();
-    const rb_namespace_t *ns = rb_loading_namespace();
+    const rb_box_t *box = rb_loading_box();
     enum ruby_tag_type state = TAG_NONE;
     if (RTEST(wrap)) {
         if (!RB_TYPE_P(wrap, T_MODULE)) {
@@ -941,9 +843,9 @@ rb_load_internal(VALUE fname, VALUE wrap)
         }
         state = load_wrapping(ec, fname, wrap);
     }
-    else if (NAMESPACE_OPTIONAL_P(ns)) {
-        namespace = ns->ns_object;
-        state = load_wrapping(ec, fname, namespace);
+    else if (BOX_OPTIONAL_P(box)) {
+        box_value = box->box_object;
+        state = load_wrapping(ec, fname, box_value);
     }
     else {
         load_iseq_eval(ec, fname);
@@ -1046,10 +948,10 @@ rb_f_load(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE _)
 }
 
 static char *
-load_lock(vm_ns_t *vm_ns, const char *ftptr, bool warn)
+load_lock(const rb_box_t *box, const char *ftptr, bool warn)
 {
     st_data_t data;
-    st_table *loading_tbl = get_loading_table(vm_ns);
+    st_table *loading_tbl = box->loading_table;
 
     if (!st_lookup(loading_tbl, (st_data_t)ftptr, &data)) {
         /* partial state */
@@ -1091,11 +993,11 @@ release_thread_shield(st_data_t *key, st_data_t *value, st_data_t done, int exis
 }
 
 static void
-load_unlock(vm_ns_t *vm_ns, const char *ftptr, int done)
+load_unlock(const rb_box_t *box, const char *ftptr, int done)
 {
     if (ftptr) {
         st_data_t key = (st_data_t)ftptr;
-        st_table *loading_tbl = get_loading_table(vm_ns);
+        st_table *loading_tbl = box->loading_table;
 
         st_update(loading_tbl, key, release_thread_shield, done);
     }
@@ -1143,8 +1045,6 @@ static VALUE rb_require_string_internal(VALUE fname, bool resurrect);
 VALUE
 rb_f_require(VALUE obj, VALUE fname)
 {
-    // const rb_namespace_t *ns = rb_loading_namespace();
-    // printf("F:current loading ns: %ld\n", ns->ns_id);
     return rb_require_string(fname);
 }
 
@@ -1174,10 +1074,10 @@ rb_f_require_relative(VALUE obj, VALUE fname)
     return rb_require_relative_entrypoint(fname);
 }
 
-typedef int (*feature_func)(vm_ns_t *vm_ns, const char *feature, const char *ext, int rb, int expanded, const char **fn);
+typedef int (*feature_func)(const rb_box_t *box, const char *feature, const char *ext, int rb, int expanded, const char **fn);
 
 static int
-search_required(vm_ns_t *vm_ns, VALUE fname, volatile VALUE *path, feature_func rb_feature_p)
+search_required(const rb_box_t *box, VALUE fname, volatile VALUE *path, feature_func rb_feature_p)
 {
     VALUE tmp;
     char *ext, *ftptr;
@@ -1188,20 +1088,20 @@ search_required(vm_ns_t *vm_ns, VALUE fname, volatile VALUE *path, feature_func
     ext = strrchr(ftptr = RSTRING_PTR(fname), '.');
     if (ext && !strchr(ext, '/')) {
         if (IS_RBEXT(ext)) {
-            if (rb_feature_p(vm_ns, ftptr, ext, TRUE, FALSE, &loading)) {
+            if (rb_feature_p(box, ftptr, ext, TRUE, FALSE, &loading)) {
                 if (loading) *path = rb_filesystem_str_new_cstr(loading);
                 return 'r';
             }
             if ((tmp = rb_find_file(fname)) != 0) {
                 ext = strrchr(ftptr = RSTRING_PTR(tmp), '.');
-                if (!rb_feature_p(vm_ns, ftptr, ext, TRUE, TRUE, &loading) || loading)
+                if (!rb_feature_p(box, ftptr, ext, TRUE, TRUE, &loading) || loading)
                     *path = tmp;
                 return 'r';
             }
             return 0;
         }
         else if (IS_SOEXT(ext)) {
-            if (rb_feature_p(vm_ns, ftptr, ext, FALSE, FALSE, &loading)) {
+            if (rb_feature_p(box, ftptr, ext, FALSE, FALSE, &loading)) {
                 if (loading) *path = rb_filesystem_str_new_cstr(loading);
                 return 's';
             }
@@ -1210,25 +1110,25 @@ search_required(vm_ns_t *vm_ns, VALUE fname, volatile VALUE *path, feature_func
             OBJ_FREEZE(tmp);
             if ((tmp = rb_find_file(tmp)) != 0) {
                 ext = strrchr(ftptr = RSTRING_PTR(tmp), '.');
-                if (!rb_feature_p(vm_ns, ftptr, ext, FALSE, TRUE, &loading) || loading)
+                if (!rb_feature_p(box, ftptr, ext, FALSE, TRUE, &loading) || loading)
                     *path = tmp;
                 return 's';
             }
         }
         else if (IS_DLEXT(ext)) {
-            if (rb_feature_p(vm_ns, ftptr, ext, FALSE, FALSE, &loading)) {
+            if (rb_feature_p(box, ftptr, ext, FALSE, FALSE, &loading)) {
                 if (loading) *path = rb_filesystem_str_new_cstr(loading);
                 return 's';
             }
             if ((tmp = rb_find_file(fname)) != 0) {
                 ext = strrchr(ftptr = RSTRING_PTR(tmp), '.');
-                if (!rb_feature_p(vm_ns, ftptr, ext, FALSE, TRUE, &loading) || loading)
+                if (!rb_feature_p(box, ftptr, ext, FALSE, TRUE, &loading) || loading)
                     *path = tmp;
                 return 's';
             }
         }
     }
-    else if ((ft = rb_feature_p(vm_ns, ftptr, 0, FALSE, FALSE, &loading)) == 'r') {
+    else if ((ft = rb_feature_p(box, ftptr, 0, FALSE, FALSE, &loading)) == 'r') {
         if (loading) *path = rb_filesystem_str_new_cstr(loading);
         return 'r';
     }
@@ -1237,20 +1137,23 @@ search_required(vm_ns_t *vm_ns, VALUE fname, volatile VALUE *path, feature_func
 
     // Check if it's a statically linked extension when
     // not already a feature and not found as a dynamic library.
-    if (!ft && type != loadable_ext_rb && vm_ns->vm->static_ext_inits) {
-        VALUE lookup_name = tmp;
-        // Append ".so" if not already present so for example "etc" can find "etc.so".
-        // We always register statically linked extensions with a ".so" extension.
-        // See encinit.c and extinit.c (generated at build-time).
-        if (!ext) {
-            lookup_name = rb_str_dup(lookup_name);
-            rb_str_cat_cstr(lookup_name, ".so");
-        }
-        ftptr = RSTRING_PTR(lookup_name);
-        if (st_lookup(vm_ns->vm->static_ext_inits, (st_data_t)ftptr, NULL)) {
-            *path = rb_filesystem_str_new_cstr(ftptr);
-            RB_GC_GUARD(lookup_name);
-            return 's';
+    if (!ft && type != loadable_ext_rb) {
+        rb_vm_t *vm = GET_VM();
+        if (vm->static_ext_inits) {
+            VALUE lookup_name = tmp;
+            // Append ".so" if not already present so for example "etc" can find "etc.so".
+            // We always register statically linked extensions with a ".so" extension.
+            // See encinit.c and extinit.c (generated at build-time).
+            if (!ext) {
+                lookup_name = rb_str_dup(lookup_name);
+                rb_str_cat_cstr(lookup_name, ".so");
+            }
+            ftptr = RSTRING_PTR(lookup_name);
+            if (st_lookup(vm->static_ext_inits, (st_data_t)ftptr, NULL)) {
+                *path = rb_filesystem_str_new_cstr(ftptr);
+                RB_GC_GUARD(lookup_name);
+                return 's';
+            }
         }
     }
 
@@ -1259,7 +1162,7 @@ search_required(vm_ns_t *vm_ns, VALUE fname, volatile VALUE *path, feature_func
         if (ft)
             goto feature_present;
         ftptr = RSTRING_PTR(tmp);
-        return rb_feature_p(vm_ns, ftptr, 0, FALSE, TRUE, 0);
+        return rb_feature_p(box, ftptr, 0, FALSE, TRUE, 0);
 
       default:
         if (ft) {
@@ -1268,7 +1171,7 @@ search_required(vm_ns_t *vm_ns, VALUE fname, volatile VALUE *path, feature_func
         /* fall through */
       case loadable_ext_rb:
         ext = strrchr(ftptr = RSTRING_PTR(tmp), '.');
-        if (rb_feature_p(vm_ns, ftptr, ext, type == loadable_ext_rb, TRUE, &loading) && !loading)
+        if (rb_feature_p(box, ftptr, ext, type == loadable_ext_rb, TRUE, &loading) && !loading)
             break;
         *path = tmp;
     }
@@ -1289,45 +1192,54 @@ static VALUE
 load_ext(VALUE path, VALUE fname)
 {
     VALUE loaded = path;
-    GET_loading_vm_ns();
-    if (NAMESPACE_USER_P(vm_ns->ns)) {
-        loaded = rb_namespace_local_extension(vm_ns->ns->ns_object, fname, path);
+    const rb_box_t *box = rb_loading_box();
+    VALUE cleanup = 0;
+    if (BOX_USER_P(box)) {
+        loaded = rb_box_local_extension(box->box_object, fname, path, &cleanup);
     }
     rb_scope_visibility_set(METHOD_VISI_PUBLIC);
-    return (VALUE)dln_load_feature(RSTRING_PTR(loaded), RSTRING_PTR(fname));
+    void *handle = dln_load_feature(RSTRING_PTR(loaded), RSTRING_PTR(fname));
+    if (cleanup) {
+        rb_box_cleanup_local_extension(cleanup);
+    }
+    RB_GC_GUARD(loaded);
+    RB_GC_GUARD(fname);
+    return (VALUE)handle;
 }
 
-static bool
-run_static_ext_init(rb_vm_t *vm, const char *feature)
+static VALUE
+run_static_ext_init(VALUE vm_ptr, VALUE feature_value)
 {
+    rb_vm_t *vm = (rb_vm_t *)vm_ptr;
+    const char *feature = RSTRING_PTR(feature_value);
     st_data_t key = (st_data_t)feature;
     st_data_t init_func;
 
     if (vm->static_ext_inits && st_delete(vm->static_ext_inits, &key, &init_func)) {
         ((void (*)(void))init_func)();
-        return true;
+        return Qtrue;
     }
-    return false;
+    return Qfalse;
 }
 
 static int
-no_feature_p(vm_ns_t *vm_ns, const char *feature, const char *ext, int rb, int expanded, const char **fn)
+no_feature_p(const rb_box_t *box, const char *feature, const char *ext, int rb, int expanded, const char **fn)
 {
     return 0;
 }
 
-// Documented in doc/globals.rdoc
+// Documented in doc/language/globals.md
 VALUE
 rb_resolve_feature_path(VALUE klass, VALUE fname)
 {
     VALUE path;
     int found;
     VALUE sym;
-    GET_loading_vm_ns();
+    const rb_box_t *box = rb_loading_box();
 
     fname = rb_get_path(fname);
     path = rb_str_encode_ospath(fname);
-    found = search_required(vm_ns, path, &path, no_feature_p);
+    found = search_required(box, path, &path, no_feature_p);
 
     switch (found) {
       case 'r':
@@ -1344,14 +1256,14 @@ rb_resolve_feature_path(VALUE klass, VALUE fname)
 }
 
 static void
-ext_config_push(rb_thread_t *th, struct rb_ext_config *prev)
+ext_config_push(rb_thread_t *th, volatile struct rb_ext_config *prev)
 {
     *prev = th->ext_config;
     th->ext_config = (struct rb_ext_config){0};
 }
 
 static void
-ext_config_pop(rb_thread_t *th, struct rb_ext_config *prev)
+ext_config_pop(rb_thread_t *th, volatile struct rb_ext_config *prev)
 {
     th->ext_config = *prev;
 }
@@ -1362,21 +1274,6 @@ rb_ext_ractor_safe(bool flag)
     GET_THREAD()->ext_config.ractor_safe = flag;
 }
 
-struct rb_vm_call_cfunc2_data {
-    VALUE recv;
-    VALUE arg1;
-    VALUE arg2;
-    VALUE block_handler;
-    VALUE filename;
-};
-
-static VALUE
-call_load_ext_in_ns(VALUE data)
-{
-    struct rb_vm_call_cfunc2_data *arg = (struct rb_vm_call_cfunc2_data *)data;
-    return rb_vm_call_cfunc2(arg->recv, load_ext, arg->arg1, arg->arg2, arg->block_handler, arg->filename);
-}
-
 /*
  * returns
  *  0: if already loaded (false)
@@ -1389,23 +1286,24 @@ require_internal(rb_execution_context_t *ec, VALUE fname, int exception, bool wa
 {
     volatile int result = -1;
     rb_thread_t *th = rb_ec_thread_ptr(ec);
+    const rb_box_t *box = rb_loading_box();
     volatile const struct {
         VALUE wrapper, self, errinfo;
         rb_execution_context_t *ec;
+        const rb_box_t *box;
     } saved = {
         th->top_wrapper, th->top_self, ec->errinfo,
-        ec,
+        ec, box,
     };
-    GET_loading_vm_ns();
     enum ruby_tag_type state;
     char *volatile ftptr = 0;
     VALUE path;
     volatile VALUE saved_path;
     volatile VALUE realpath = 0;
-    VALUE realpaths = get_loaded_features_realpaths(vm_ns);
-    VALUE realpath_map = get_loaded_features_realpath_map(vm_ns);
+    VALUE realpaths = box->loaded_features_realpaths;
+    VALUE realpath_map = box->loaded_features_realpath_map;
     volatile bool reset_ext_config = false;
-    struct rb_ext_config prev_ext_config;
+    volatile struct rb_ext_config prev_ext_config;
 
     path = rb_str_encode_ospath(fname);
     RUBY_DTRACE_HOOK(REQUIRE_ENTRY, RSTRING_PTR(fname));
@@ -1419,18 +1317,18 @@ require_internal(rb_execution_context_t *ec, VALUE fname, int exception, bool wa
         int found;
 
         RUBY_DTRACE_HOOK(FIND_REQUIRE_ENTRY, RSTRING_PTR(fname));
-        found = search_required(vm_ns, path, &saved_path, rb_feature_p);
+        found = search_required(box, path, &saved_path, rb_feature_p);
         RUBY_DTRACE_HOOK(FIND_REQUIRE_RETURN, RSTRING_PTR(fname));
         path = saved_path;
 
         if (found) {
-            if (!path || !(ftptr = load_lock(vm_ns, RSTRING_PTR(path), warn))) {
+            if (!path || !(ftptr = load_lock(box, RSTRING_PTR(path), warn))) {
                 result = 0;
             }
             else if (!*ftptr) {
                 result = TAG_RETURN;
             }
-            else if (found == 's' && run_static_ext_init(th->vm, RSTRING_PTR(path))) {
+            else if (found == 's' && RTEST(rb_vm_call_cfunc_in_box(Qnil, run_static_ext_init, (VALUE)th->vm, path, path, box))) {
                 result = TAG_RETURN;
             }
             else if (RTEST(rb_hash_aref(realpaths,
@@ -1440,31 +1338,14 @@ require_internal(rb_execution_context_t *ec, VALUE fname, int exception, bool wa
             else {
                 switch (found) {
                   case 'r':
-                    // iseq_eval_in_namespace will be called with the loading namespace eventually
-                    if (NAMESPACE_OPTIONAL_P(vm_ns->ns)) {
-                        // check with NAMESPACE_OPTIONAL_P (not NAMESPACE_USER_P) for NS1::xxx naming
-                        // it is not expected for the main namespace
-                        load_wrapping(saved.ec, path, vm_ns->ns->ns_object);
-                    }
-                    else {
-                        load_iseq_eval(saved.ec, path);
-                    }
+                    load_iseq_eval(saved.ec, path);
                     break;
 
                   case 's':
-                    // the loading namespace must be set to the current namespace before calling load_ext
                     reset_ext_config = true;
                     ext_config_push(th, &prev_ext_config);
-                    struct rb_vm_call_cfunc2_data arg = {
-                        .recv = rb_vm_top_self(),
-                        .arg1 = path,
-                        .arg2 = fname,
-                        .block_handler = VM_BLOCK_HANDLER_NONE,
-                        .filename = path,
-                    };
-                    handle = rb_namespace_exec(vm_ns->ns, call_load_ext_in_ns, (VALUE)&arg);
-                    rb_hash_aset(CURRENT_NS_RUBY_DLN_LIBMAP(vm_ns, ruby_dln_libmap), path,
-                                 SVALUE2NUM((SIGNED_VALUE)handle));
+                    handle = rb_vm_call_cfunc_in_box(box->top_self, load_ext, path, fname, path, box);
+                    rb_hash_aset(box->ruby_dln_libmap, path, PTR2NUM(handle));
                     break;
                 }
                 result = TAG_RETURN;
@@ -1474,13 +1355,14 @@ require_internal(rb_execution_context_t *ec, VALUE fname, int exception, bool wa
     EC_POP_TAG();
 
     ec = saved.ec;
+    box = saved.box;
     rb_thread_t *th2 = rb_ec_thread_ptr(ec);
     th2->top_self = saved.self;
     th2->top_wrapper = saved.wrapper;
     if (reset_ext_config) ext_config_pop(th2, &prev_ext_config);
 
     path = saved_path;
-    if (ftptr) load_unlock(vm_ns, RSTRING_PTR(path), !state);
+    if (ftptr) load_unlock(box, RSTRING_PTR(path), !state);
 
     if (state) {
         if (state == TAG_FATAL || state == TAG_THROW) {
@@ -1506,7 +1388,7 @@ require_internal(rb_execution_context_t *ec, VALUE fname, int exception, bool wa
     }
 
     if (result == TAG_RETURN) {
-        rb_provide_feature(vm_ns, path);
+        rb_provide_feature(box, path);
         VALUE real = realpath;
         if (real) {
             real = rb_fstring(real);
@@ -1523,6 +1405,10 @@ require_internal(rb_execution_context_t *ec, VALUE fname, int exception, bool wa
 int
 rb_require_internal_silent(VALUE fname)
 {
+    if (!rb_ractor_main_p()) {
+        return NUM2INT(rb_ractor_require(fname, true));
+    }
+
     rb_execution_context_t *ec = GET_EC();
     return require_internal(ec, fname, 1, false);
 }
@@ -1537,7 +1423,7 @@ rb_require_internal(VALUE fname)
 int
 ruby_require_internal(const char *fname, unsigned int len)
 {
-    struct RString fake;
+    struct RString fake = {RBASIC_INIT};
     VALUE str = rb_setup_fake_str(&fake, fname, len, 0);
     rb_execution_context_t *ec = GET_EC();
     int result = require_internal(ec, str, 0, RTEST(ruby_verbose));
@@ -1559,7 +1445,7 @@ rb_require_string_internal(VALUE fname, bool resurrect)
     // main ractor check
     if (!rb_ractor_main_p()) {
         if (resurrect) fname = rb_str_resurrect(fname);
-        return rb_ractor_require(fname);
+        return rb_ractor_require(fname, false);
     }
     else {
         int result = require_internal(ec, fname, 1, RTEST(ruby_verbose));
@@ -1579,7 +1465,7 @@ rb_require_string_internal(VALUE fname, bool resurrect)
 VALUE
 rb_require(const char *fname)
 {
-    struct RString fake;
+    struct RString fake = {RBASIC_INIT};
     VALUE str = rb_setup_fake_str(&fake, fname, strlen(fname), 0);
     return rb_require_string_internal(str, true);
 }
@@ -1605,15 +1491,16 @@ void
 ruby_init_ext(const char *name, void (*init)(void))
 {
     st_table *inits_table;
-    GET_loading_vm_ns();
+    rb_vm_t *vm = GET_VM();
+    const rb_box_t *box = rb_loading_box();
 
-    if (feature_provided(vm_ns, name, 0))
+    if (feature_provided((rb_box_t *)box, name, 0))
         return;
 
-    inits_table = vm_ns->vm->static_ext_inits;
+    inits_table = vm->static_ext_inits;
     if (!inits_table) {
         inits_table = st_init_strtable();
-        vm_ns->vm->static_ext_inits = inits_table;
+        vm->static_ext_inits = inits_table;
     }
     st_update(inits_table, (st_data_t)name, register_init_ext, (st_data_t)init);
 }
@@ -1758,7 +1645,7 @@ rb_ext_resolve_symbol(const char* fname, const char* symbol)
     VALUE path;
     char *ext;
     VALUE fname_str = rb_str_new_cstr(fname);
-    GET_loading_vm_ns();
+    const rb_box_t *box = rb_loading_box();
 
     resolved = rb_resolve_feature_path((VALUE)NULL, fname_str);
     if (NIL_P(resolved)) {
@@ -1766,7 +1653,7 @@ rb_ext_resolve_symbol(const char* fname, const char* symbol)
         if (!ext || !IS_SOEXT(ext)) {
             rb_str_cat_cstr(fname_str, ".so");
         }
-        if (rb_feature_p(vm_ns, fname, 0, FALSE, FALSE, 0)) {
+        if (rb_feature_p(box, fname, 0, FALSE, FALSE, 0)) {
             return dln_symbol(NULL, symbol);
         }
         return NULL;
@@ -1775,41 +1662,28 @@ rb_ext_resolve_symbol(const char* fname, const char* symbol)
         return NULL;
     }
     path = rb_ary_entry(resolved, 1);
-    handle = rb_hash_lookup(CURRENT_NS_RUBY_DLN_LIBMAP(vm_ns, ruby_dln_libmap), path);
+    handle = rb_hash_lookup(box->ruby_dln_libmap, path);
     if (NIL_P(handle)) {
         return NULL;
     }
-    return dln_symbol((void *)NUM2SVALUE(handle), symbol);
+    return dln_symbol(NUM2PTR(handle), symbol);
 }
 
 void
 Init_load(void)
 {
-    rb_vm_t *vm = GET_VM();
     static const char var_load_path[] = "$:";
     ID id_load_path = rb_intern2(var_load_path, sizeof(var_load_path)-1);
 
-    rb_define_hooked_variable(var_load_path, (VALUE*)vm, load_path_getter, rb_gvar_readonly_setter);
-    rb_gvar_namespace_ready(var_load_path);
+    rb_define_hooked_variable(var_load_path, 0, load_path_getter, rb_gvar_readonly_setter);
+    rb_gvar_box_ready(var_load_path);
     rb_alias_variable(rb_intern_const("$-I"), id_load_path);
     rb_alias_variable(rb_intern_const("$LOAD_PATH"), id_load_path);
-    vm->load_path = rb_ary_new();
-    vm->expanded_load_path = rb_ary_hidden_new(0);
-    vm->load_path_snapshot = rb_ary_hidden_new(0);
-    vm->load_path_check_cache = 0;
-    rb_define_singleton_method(vm->load_path, "resolve_feature_path", rb_resolve_feature_path, 1);
 
     rb_define_virtual_variable("$\"", get_LOADED_FEATURES, 0);
-    rb_gvar_namespace_ready("$\"");
+    rb_gvar_box_ready("$\"");
     rb_define_virtual_variable("$LOADED_FEATURES", get_LOADED_FEATURES, 0); // TODO: rb_alias_variable ?
-    rb_gvar_namespace_ready("$LOADED_FEATURES");
-    vm->loaded_features = rb_ary_new();
-    vm->loaded_features_snapshot = rb_ary_hidden_new(0);
-    vm->loaded_features_index = st_init_numtable();
-    vm->loaded_features_realpaths = rb_hash_new();
-    rb_obj_hide(vm->loaded_features_realpaths);
-    vm->loaded_features_realpath_map = rb_hash_new();
-    rb_obj_hide(vm->loaded_features_realpath_map);
+    rb_gvar_box_ready("$LOADED_FEATURES");
 
     rb_define_global_function("load", rb_f_load, -1);
     rb_define_global_function("require", rb_f_require, 1);
@@ -1818,7 +1692,4 @@ Init_load(void)
     rb_define_method(rb_cModule, "autoload?", rb_mod_autoload_p, -1);
     rb_define_global_function("autoload", rb_f_autoload, 2);
     rb_define_global_function("autoload?", rb_f_autoload_p, -1);
-
-    ruby_dln_libmap = rb_hash_new_with_size(0);
-    rb_vm_register_global_object(ruby_dln_libmap);
 }
diff --git a/man/ruby.1 b/man/ruby.1
index 28d7ddadfa..8141a6d7ef 100644
--- a/man/ruby.1
+++ b/man/ruby.1
@@ -287,6 +287,8 @@ to the standard output.
 .It Fl -debug
 Turns on debug mode.
 .Li "$DEBUG"
+and
+.Li "$VERBOSE"
 will be set to true.
 .Pp
 .It Fl e Ar command
@@ -521,6 +523,13 @@ variable is not defined, Ruby refers to
 If set, Ruby tries to free all dynamically allocated memories.
 Introduced in Ruby 3.3, default: unset.
 .Pp
+.It Ev RUBY_BOX
+If set to
+.Li 1 ,
+Ruby Box is enabled and users will be able to execute
+.Li Ruby::Box.new .
+Ruby Box is an experimental feature introduced in Ruby 4.0.
+.Pp
 .It Ev RUBY_IO_BUFFER_DEFAULT_SIZE
 The custom default buffer size of
 .Li IO::Buffer .
diff --git a/marshal.c b/marshal.c
index 55b3bf156a..9d9a83097c 100644
--- a/marshal.c
+++ b/marshal.c
@@ -145,12 +145,14 @@ rb_marshal_define_compat(VALUE newclass, VALUE oldclass, VALUE (*dumper)(VALUE),
 
     compat_allocator_table();
     compat = ALLOC(marshal_compat_t);
-    RB_OBJ_WRITE(compat_allocator_tbl_wrapper, &compat->newclass, newclass);
-    RB_OBJ_WRITE(compat_allocator_tbl_wrapper, &compat->oldclass, oldclass);
+    compat->newclass = newclass;
+    compat->oldclass = oldclass;
     compat->dumper = dumper;
     compat->loader = loader;
 
     st_insert(compat_allocator_table(), (st_data_t)allocator, (st_data_t)compat);
+    RB_OBJ_WRITTEN(compat_allocator_tbl_wrapper, Qundef, newclass);
+    RB_OBJ_WRITTEN(compat_allocator_tbl_wrapper, Qundef, oldclass);
 }
 
 struct dump_arg {
@@ -1082,7 +1084,7 @@ w_object(VALUE obj, struct dump_arg *arg, int limit)
           case T_STRUCT:
             w_class(TYPE_STRUCT, obj, arg, TRUE);
             {
-                long len = RSTRUCT_LEN(obj);
+                long len = RSTRUCT_LEN_RAW(obj);
                 VALUE mem;
                 long i;
 
@@ -1090,7 +1092,7 @@ w_object(VALUE obj, struct dump_arg *arg, int limit)
                 mem = rb_struct_members(obj);
                 for (i=0; i<len; i++) {
                     w_symbol(RARRAY_AREF(mem, i), arg);
-                    w_object(RSTRUCT_GET(obj, i), arg, limit);
+                    w_object(RSTRUCT_GET_RAW(obj, i), arg, limit);
                 }
             }
             break;
@@ -1187,7 +1189,7 @@ io_needed(void)
  * * anonymous Class/Module.
  * * objects which are related to system (ex: Dir, File::Stat, IO, File, Socket
  *   and so on)
- * * an instance of MatchData, Data, Method, UnboundMethod, Proc, Thread,
+ * * an instance of MatchData, Method, UnboundMethod, Proc, Thread,
  *   ThreadGroup, Continuation
  * * objects which define singleton methods
  */
@@ -1426,7 +1428,7 @@ long
 ruby_marshal_read_long(const char **buf, long len)
 {
     long x;
-    struct RString src;
+    struct RString src = {RBASIC_INIT};
     struct load_arg arg;
     memset(&arg, 0, sizeof(arg));
     arg.src = rb_setup_fake_str(&src, *buf, len, 0);
@@ -2570,19 +2572,19 @@ Init_marshal(void)
 }
 
 static int
-marshal_compat_table_mark_i(st_data_t key, st_data_t value, st_data_t _)
+marshal_compat_table_mark_and_move_i(st_data_t key, st_data_t value, st_data_t _)
 {
     marshal_compat_t *p = (marshal_compat_t *)value;
-    rb_gc_mark_movable(p->newclass);
-    rb_gc_mark_movable(p->oldclass);
+    rb_gc_mark_and_move(&p->newclass);
+    rb_gc_mark_and_move(&p->oldclass);
     return ST_CONTINUE;
 }
 
 static void
-marshal_compat_table_mark(void *tbl)
+marshal_compat_table_mark_and_move(void *tbl)
 {
     if (!tbl) return;
-    st_foreach(tbl, marshal_compat_table_mark_i, 0);
+    st_foreach(tbl, marshal_compat_table_mark_and_move_i, 0);
 }
 
 static int
@@ -2605,29 +2607,13 @@ marshal_compat_table_memsize(const void *data)
     return st_memsize(data) + sizeof(marshal_compat_t) * st_table_size(data);
 }
 
-static int
-marshal_compat_table_compact_i(st_data_t key, st_data_t value, st_data_t _)
-{
-    marshal_compat_t *p = (marshal_compat_t *)value;
-    p->newclass = rb_gc_location(p->newclass);
-    p->oldclass = rb_gc_location(p->oldclass);
-    return ST_CONTINUE;
-}
-
-static void
-marshal_compat_table_compact(void *tbl)
-{
-    if (!tbl) return;
-    st_foreach(tbl, marshal_compat_table_compact_i, 0);
-}
-
 static const rb_data_type_t marshal_compat_type = {
     .wrap_struct_name = "marshal_compat_table",
     .function = {
-        .dmark = marshal_compat_table_mark,
+        .dmark = marshal_compat_table_mark_and_move,
         .dfree = marshal_compat_table_free,
         .dsize = marshal_compat_table_memsize,
-        .dcompact = marshal_compat_table_compact,
+        .dcompact = marshal_compat_table_mark_and_move,
     },
     .flags = RUBY_TYPED_WB_PROTECTED | RUBY_TYPED_FREE_IMMEDIATELY,
 };
diff --git a/math.c b/math.c
index 2394fe9f58..852620da20 100644
--- a/math.c
+++ b/math.c
@@ -15,7 +15,6 @@
 # define _USE_MATH_DEFINES 1
 #endif
 
-#include <errno.h>
 #include <float.h>
 #include <math.h>
 
@@ -458,6 +457,34 @@ math_exp(VALUE unused_obj, VALUE x)
     return DBL2NUM(exp(Get_Double(x)));
 }
 
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *    Math.expm1(x) -> float
+ *
+ *  Returns "exp(x) - 1", +e+ raised to the +x+ power, minus 1.
+ *
+ *
+ *  - Domain: <tt>[-INFINITY, INFINITY]</tt>.
+ *  - Range: <tt>[-1.0, INFINITY]</tt>.
+ *
+ *  Examples:
+ *
+ *    expm1(-INFINITY) # => 0.0
+ *    expm1(-1.0)      # => -0.6321205588285577 # 1.0/E - 1
+ *    expm1(0.0)       # => 0.0
+ *    expm1(0.5)       # => 0.6487212707001282  # sqrt(E) - 1
+ *    expm1(1.0)       # => 1.718281828459045   # E - 1
+ *    expm1(2.0)       # => 6.38905609893065    # E**2 - 1
+ *    expm1(INFINITY)  # => Infinity
+ *
+ */
+
+static VALUE
+math_expm1(VALUE unused_obj, VALUE x)
+{
+    return DBL2NUM(expm1(Get_Double(x)));
+}
+
 #if defined __CYGWIN__
 # include <cygwin/version.h>
 # if CYGWIN_VERSION_DLL_MAJOR < 1005
@@ -647,6 +674,47 @@ math_log10(VALUE unused_obj, VALUE x)
     return DBL2NUM(log10(d) + numbits * log10(2)); /* log10(d * 2 ** numbits) */
 }
 
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *    Math.log1p(x) -> float
+ *
+ *  Returns "log(x + 1)", the base E {logarithm}[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logarithm] of (+x+ + 1).
+ *
+ *  - Domain: <tt>[-1, INFINITY]</tt>.
+ *  - Range: <tt>[-INFINITY, INFINITY]</tt>.
+ *
+ *  Examples:
+ *
+ *    log1p(-1.0)     # => -Infinity
+ *    log1p(0.0)      # => 0.0
+ *    log1p(E - 1)    # => 1.0
+ *    log1p(INFINITY) # => Infinity
+ *
+ */
+
+static VALUE
+math_log1p(VALUE unused_obj, VALUE x)
+{
+    size_t numbits;
+    double d = get_double_rshift(x, &numbits);
+
+    if (numbits != 0) {
+        x = rb_big_plus(x, INT2FIX(1));
+        d = math_log_split(x, &numbits);
+        /* check for pole error */
+        if (d == 0.0) return DBL2NUM(-HUGE_VAL);
+        d = log(d);
+        d += numbits * M_LN2;
+        return DBL2NUM(d);
+    }
+
+    domain_check_min(d, -1.0, "log1p");
+    /* check for pole error */
+    if (d == -1.0) return DBL2NUM(-HUGE_VAL);
+
+    return DBL2NUM(log1p(d)); /* log10(d * 2 ** numbits) */
+}
+
 static VALUE rb_math_sqrt(VALUE x);
 
 /*
@@ -986,7 +1054,7 @@ math_gamma(VALUE unused_obj, VALUE x)
  *
  *    [Math.log(Math.gamma(x).abs), Math.gamma(x) < 0 ? -1 : 1]
  *
- *  See {logarithmic gamma function}[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamma_function#The_log-gamma_function].
+ *  See {log gamma function}[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamma_function#Log-gamma_function].
  *
  *  - Domain: <tt>(-INFINITY, INFINITY]</tt>.
  *  - Range of first element: <tt>(-INFINITY, INFINITY]</tt>.
@@ -1121,9 +1189,11 @@ InitVM_Math(void)
     rb_define_module_function(rb_mMath, "atanh", math_atanh, 1);
 
     rb_define_module_function(rb_mMath, "exp", math_exp, 1);
+    rb_define_module_function(rb_mMath, "expm1", math_expm1, 1);
     rb_define_module_function(rb_mMath, "log", math_log, -1);
     rb_define_module_function(rb_mMath, "log2", math_log2, 1);
     rb_define_module_function(rb_mMath, "log10", math_log10, 1);
+    rb_define_module_function(rb_mMath, "log1p", math_log1p, 1);
     rb_define_module_function(rb_mMath, "sqrt", math_sqrt, 1);
     rb_define_module_function(rb_mMath, "cbrt", math_cbrt, 1);
 
diff --git a/method.h b/method.h
index b2ac07fc83..260344d53b 100644
--- a/method.h
+++ b/method.h
@@ -73,11 +73,18 @@ typedef struct rb_callable_method_entry_struct { /* same fields with rb_method_e
 #define METHOD_ENTRY_COMPLEMENTED(me)        ((me)->flags & IMEMO_FL_USER3)
 #define METHOD_ENTRY_COMPLEMENTED_SET(me)    ((me)->flags |= IMEMO_FL_USER3)
 #define METHOD_ENTRY_CACHED(me)              ((me)->flags & IMEMO_FL_USER4)
-#define METHOD_ENTRY_CACHED_SET(me)          ((me)->flags |= IMEMO_FL_USER4)
 #define METHOD_ENTRY_INVALIDATED(me)         ((me)->flags & IMEMO_FL_USER5)
 #define METHOD_ENTRY_INVALIDATED_SET(me)     ((me)->flags |= IMEMO_FL_USER5)
 
 static inline void
+METHOD_ENTRY_CACHED_SET(rb_callable_method_entry_t *me)
+{
+    if (!METHOD_ENTRY_CACHED(me)) {
+        me->flags |= IMEMO_FL_USER4;
+    }
+}
+
+static inline void
 METHOD_ENTRY_VISI_SET(rb_method_entry_t *me, rb_method_visibility_t visi)
 {
     VM_ASSERT((int)visi >= 0 && visi <= 3);
@@ -159,8 +166,8 @@ typedef struct rb_method_refined_struct {
 
 typedef struct rb_method_bmethod_struct {
     VALUE proc; /* should be marked */
-    struct rb_hook_list_struct *hooks;
-    VALUE defined_ractor;
+    rb_serial_t defined_ractor_id;
+    unsigned int local_hooks_cnt;
 } rb_method_bmethod_t;
 
 enum method_optimized_type {
@@ -197,10 +204,12 @@ struct rb_method_definition_struct {
 
     ID original_id;
     uintptr_t method_serial;
-    const rb_namespace_t *ns;
+    const rb_box_t *box;
 };
 
 struct rb_id_table;
+struct rb_ractor_struct;
+struct rb_hook_list_struct;
 
 typedef struct rb_method_definition_struct rb_method_definition_t;
 STATIC_ASSERT(sizeof_method_def, offsetof(rb_method_definition_t, body) <= 8);
@@ -254,8 +263,14 @@ void rb_scope_visibility_set(rb_method_visibility_t);
 
 VALUE rb_unnamed_parameters(int arity);
 
+void rb_vm_insert_cc_refinement(const struct rb_callcache *cc);
+void rb_vm_delete_cc_refinement(const struct rb_callcache *cc);
+
 void rb_clear_method_cache(VALUE klass_or_module, ID mid);
 void rb_clear_all_refinement_method_cache(void);
-void rb_invalidate_method_caches(struct rb_id_table *cm_tbl, struct rb_id_table *cc_tbl);
+void rb_invalidate_method_caches(struct rb_id_table *cm_tbl, VALUE cc_tbl);
+struct rb_hook_list_struct *rb_method_def_local_hooks(rb_method_definition_t *def, struct rb_ractor_struct *cr, bool create);
+void rb_method_definition_addref(rb_method_definition_t *def);
+void rb_method_definition_release(rb_method_definition_t *def);
 
 #endif /* RUBY_METHOD_H */
diff --git a/mini_builtin.c b/mini_builtin.c
index d9827e70e4..48f401e78a 100644
--- a/mini_builtin.c
+++ b/mini_builtin.c
@@ -96,24 +96,9 @@ builtin_iseq_load(const char *feature_name, const struct rb_builtin_function *ta
     return iseq;
 }
 
-static void
-load_with_builtin_functions(const char *feature_name, const struct rb_builtin_function *table)
-{
-    const rb_iseq_t *iseq = builtin_iseq_load(feature_name, table);
-    rb_namespace_enable_builtin();
-    rb_iseq_eval_with_refinement(iseq, rb_mNamespaceRefiner);
-    rb_namespace_disable_builtin();
-}
-
 void
 rb_load_with_builtin_functions(const char *feature_name, const struct rb_builtin_function *table)
 {
-    const rb_iseq_t *iseq;
-    if (rb_namespace_available() && rb_mNamespaceRefiner) {
-        load_with_builtin_functions(feature_name, table);
-    }
-    else {
-        iseq = builtin_iseq_load(feature_name, table);
-        rb_iseq_eval(iseq);
-    }
+    const rb_iseq_t *iseq = builtin_iseq_load(feature_name, table);
+    rb_iseq_eval(iseq, rb_root_box());
 }
diff --git a/misc/.vscode/settings.json b/misc/.vscode/settings.json
index c11838155e..a2e4e1ec69 100644
--- a/misc/.vscode/settings.json
+++ b/misc/.vscode/settings.json
@@ -3,4 +3,8 @@
         "disasm",
     ],
     "rust-analyzer.cfg.setTest": false,
+    // rust-analyzer bundled in the VSCode extension may only support Rust newer than 1.85.0.
+    // To avoid warnings, install rust-analyzer with `rustup component add rust-analyzer` and
+    // use `~/.cargo/bin/rust-analyzer` with the following config.
+    "rust-analyzer.server.path": "rust-analyzer",
 }
diff --git a/misc/expand_tabs.rb b/misc/expand_tabs.rb
index a94eea5046..d26568eefc 100755
--- a/misc/expand_tabs.rb
+++ b/misc/expand_tabs.rb
@@ -59,53 +59,31 @@ class Git
 end
 
 DEFAULT_GEM_LIBS = %w[
-  abbrev
-  base64
-  benchmark
   bundler
-  cmath
-  csv
-  debug
   delegate
   did_you_mean
-  drb
   english
   erb
+  error_highlight
   fileutils
   find
   forwardable
-  getoptlong
   ipaddr
-  irb
-  logger
-  mutex_m
   net-http
   net-protocol
-  observer
   open3
   open-uri
   optparse
   ostruct
   pp
   prettyprint
-  prime
-  pstore
-  rdoc
-  readline
-  reline
+  prism
   resolv
-  resolv-replace
-  rexml
-  rinda
-  rss
   rubygems
-  scanf
   securerandom
-  set
   shellwords
   singleton
   tempfile
-  thwait
   time
   timeout
   tmpdir
@@ -117,27 +95,19 @@ DEFAULT_GEM_LIBS = %w[
 ]
 
 DEFAULT_GEM_EXTS = %w[
-  bigdecimal
-  cgi
   date
   digest
   etc
   fcntl
-  fiddle
   io-console
   io-nonblock
   io-wait
   json
-  nkf
   openssl
   pathname
   psych
-  racc
-  readline-ext
   stringio
   strscan
-  syslog
-  win32ole
   zlib
 ]
 
diff --git a/misc/lldb_cruby.py b/misc/lldb_cruby.py
index f263ca5732..b3d4fb509a 100755..100644
--- a/misc/lldb_cruby.py
+++ b/misc/lldb_cruby.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-#!/usr/bin/env python
 #coding: utf-8
 #
 # Usage: run `command script import -r misc/lldb_cruby.py` on LLDB
diff --git a/misc/lldb_rb/commands/print_flags_command.py b/misc/lldb_rb/commands/print_flags_command.py
index 2b056dd098..bc494ae01a 100644
--- a/misc/lldb_rb/commands/print_flags_command.py
+++ b/misc/lldb_rb/commands/print_flags_command.py
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ class PrintFlagsCommand(RbBaseCommand):
 
         flags = [
             "RUBY_FL_WB_PROTECTED", "RUBY_FL_PROMOTED", "RUBY_FL_FINALIZE",
-            "RUBY_FL_SHAREABLE", "RUBY_FL_EXIVAR", "RUBY_FL_FREEZE",
+            "RUBY_FL_SHAREABLE", "RUBY_FL_FREEZE",
             "RUBY_FL_USER0", "RUBY_FL_USER1", "RUBY_FL_USER2", "RUBY_FL_USER3", "RUBY_FL_USER4",
             "RUBY_FL_USER5", "RUBY_FL_USER6", "RUBY_FL_USER7", "RUBY_FL_USER8", "RUBY_FL_USER9",
             "RUBY_FL_USER10", "RUBY_FL_USER11", "RUBY_FL_USER12", "RUBY_FL_USER13", "RUBY_FL_USER14",
diff --git a/misc/lldb_rb/utils.py b/misc/lldb_rb/utils.py
index f4775bc4f9..1415dd3f33 100644
--- a/misc/lldb_rb/utils.py
+++ b/misc/lldb_rb/utils.py
@@ -236,13 +236,26 @@ class RbInspector(LLDBInterface):
             elif rval.is_type("RUBY_T_DATA"):
                 tRTypedData = self.target.FindFirstType("struct RTypedData").GetPointerType()
                 val = val.Cast(tRTypedData)
-                flag = val.GetValueForExpressionPath("->typed_flag")
-
-                if flag.GetValueAsUnsigned() == 1:
-                    print("T_DATA: %s" %
-                          val.GetValueForExpressionPath("->type->wrap_struct_name"),
+                is_typed_data = self.ruby_globals.get("RUBY_TYPED_FL_IS_TYPED_DATA", None)
+                if is_typed_data:
+                    typed = rval.flags & is_typed_data
+                else:
+                    typed = val.GetValueForExpressionPath("->typed_flag").GetValueAsUnsigned() == 1
+
+                if typed:
+                    type = val.GetValueForExpressionPath("->type").GetValueAsUnsigned()
+                    embed = (type & 1)
+                    if embed:
+                        flaginfo += "[EMBED] "
+                    type = self.frame.EvaluateExpression("(rb_data_type_t *)%0#x" % (type & ~1))
+                    print("T_DATA: %s%s" %
+                          (flaginfo, type.GetValueForExpressionPath("->wrap_struct_name")),
                           file=self.result)
-                    self._append_expression("*(struct RTypedData *) %0#x" % val.GetValueAsUnsigned())
+                    print("%s", type.Dereference(), file=self.result)
+                    ptr = val.GetValueForExpressionPath("->data")
+                    if embed:
+                        ptr = ptr.AddressOf()
+                    self._append_expression("(void *)%0#x" % ptr.GetValueAsUnsigned())
                 else:
                     print("T_DATA:", file=self.result)
                     self._append_expression("*(struct RData *) %0#x" % val.GetValueAsUnsigned())
diff --git a/misc/tsan_suppressions.txt b/misc/tsan_suppressions.txt
index 18abf90571..5492500e7f 100644
--- a/misc/tsan_suppressions.txt
+++ b/misc/tsan_suppressions.txt
@@ -30,29 +30,16 @@ race:check_reserved_signal_
 
 race_top:rb_check_deadlock
 
-# lock_owner
-race_top:thread_sched_setup_running_threads
-race_top:vm_lock_enter
-race_top:rb_ec_vm_lock_rec
-race_top:vm_lock_enter
-race_top:vm_locked
-
-# Ractors
-race:ractor_take
-race:ractor_register_take
-race:ractor_check_take_basket
-race:ractor_selector__wait
-
 # vm->ractor.sched.grq_cnt++
 race_top:ractor_sched_enq
 race_top:ractor_sched_deq
 
-# Using VM lock instead of rb_native_mutex_unlock?
+# Race between vm_remove_ractor writing ractor count and
+# native_thread_check_and_create_shared reading it during thread creation.
+# The write happens when a ractor thread exits, the read happens when
+# checking if new shared threads need to be created.
 race:vm_remove_ractor
 
-# cr->sync.wait.wakeup_status
-race_top:rb_ractor_sched_sleep
-
 # th->sched.finished at end of co_start
 race_top:rb_thread_sched_mark_zombies
 
@@ -62,22 +49,33 @@ race_top:thread_sched_wait_events
 # At thread start
 race_top:rb_ractor_set_current_ec_
 
-# Possible deadlock between Ractor lock and UBF lock
-deadlock:ractor_sleep_interrupt
+# TSan reports a lock-order-inversion between thread_sched_lock_ and this lock.
+# It's unclear if that can cause a deadlock since the lock is on self
+deadlock:ractor_lock_self
+
+# TSan reports a deadlock when reacquiring the this lock after a barrier, but
+# we know the other threads have been stopped
+deadlock:rb_ractor_sched_barrier_start
 
 # RVALUE_AGE_SET manipulates flag bits on objects which may be accessed in Ractors
 race_top:RVALUE_AGE_SET
 
-# Inline caches
+# Inline caches and call cache updates
+# Multiple threads can race when updating shared call caches during method lookups
+# and argument forwarding. These races involve reading/writing cd->cc fields.
 race_top:vm_cc_call_set
 race_top:vm_cc_class_check
 race_top:vm_search_cc
 race_top:vm_search_method_slowpath0
 race_top:rb_vm_opt_getconstant_path
 race_top:vm_ic_attr_index_set
+race:vm_ic_update
+race:vm_caller_setup_fwd_args
 
-# Shapes have problems with RCLASS_MAX_IV_COUNT and RCLASS_VARIATION_COUNT
-# which are probably benign
+# Race in shape_get_next where multiple threads simultaneously access and modify
+# RCLASS_MAX_IV_COUNT and RCLASS_VARIATION_COUNT fields in class objects.
+# One thread reads the field while another thread calls RCLASS_SET_MAX_IV_COUNT.
+# This happens during instance variable shape transitions in multi-threaded code.
 race:shape_get_next
 
 # Non-atomic reads/writes
@@ -87,16 +85,14 @@ race:gccct_method_search
 race:rb_ec_finalize
 race:rb_ec_cleanup
 
-# object_id races
-race:object_id
+# TSan doesn't work well post-fork, this raises errors when creating the new
+# timer thread
+race:after_fork_ruby
 
 # Sets objspace->flags.dont_incremental while writebarrier may be running
 race_top:objspace_each_exec
 race_top:objspace_each_objects_ensure
 
-# Ractor autoload
-race:rb_ractor_autoload_load
-
 # Non-atomic lazy initialized static variable
 race_top:rbimpl_intern_const
 
@@ -108,6 +104,6 @@ race_top:encoded_iseq_trace_instrument
 race:rb_iseq_trace_set_all
 race:rb_tracepoint_enable
 
-# We walk the machine stack looking for markable objects, a thread with the GVL
-# released could by mutating the stack with non-Ruby-objects
-race:rb_gc_mark_machine_context
+# GC enable/disable flag modifications race with object allocation flag reads
+race_top:rb_gc_impl_gc_disable
+race_top:rb_gc_impl_gc_enable
diff --git a/missing/dtoa.c b/missing/dtoa.c
index 8859fcfa44..ba8cd46ebd 100644
--- a/missing/dtoa.c
+++ b/missing/dtoa.c
@@ -210,6 +210,29 @@
 #include <locale.h>
 #endif
 
+#if defined(HAVE_STDCKDINT_H) || !defined(__has_include)
+#elif __has_include(<stdckdint.h>)
+# define HAVE_STDCKDINT_H 1
+#endif
+#ifdef HAVE_STDCKDINT_H
+# include <stdckdint.h>
+#endif
+
+#if !defined(ckd_add)
+static inline int /* bool */
+ckd_add(int *result, int x, int y)
+{
+    if (x < 0) {
+        if (y < INT_MIN - x) return 1;
+    }
+    else if (x > 0) {
+        if (y > INT_MAX - x) return 1;
+    }
+    *result = x + y;
+    return 0;
+}
+#endif
+
 #ifdef MALLOC
 extern void *MALLOC(size_t);
 #else
@@ -516,6 +539,7 @@ Balloc(int k)
 
     x = 1 << k;
     rv = (Bigint *)MALLOC(sizeof(Bigint) + (x-1)*sizeof(ULong));
+    if (!rv) return NULL;
     rv->k = k;
     rv->maxwds = x;
     rv->sign = rv->wds = 0;
@@ -523,10 +547,13 @@ Balloc(int k)
 }
 
 static void
-Bfree(Bigint *v)
+Bclear(Bigint **vp)
 {
-    FREE(v);
+    Bigint *v = *vp;
+    *vp = NULL;
+    if (v) FREE(v);
 }
+#define Bfree(v) Bclear(&(v))
 
 #define Bcopy(x,y) memcpy((char *)&(x)->sign, (char *)&(y)->sign, \
 (y)->wds*sizeof(Long) + 2*sizeof(int))
@@ -572,6 +599,10 @@ multadd(Bigint *b, int m, int a)   /* multiply by m and add a */
     if (carry) {
         if (wds >= b->maxwds) {
             b1 = Balloc(b->k+1);
+            if (!b1) {
+                Bfree(b);
+                return NULL;
+            }
             Bcopy(b1, b);
             Bfree(b);
             b = b1;
@@ -593,10 +624,12 @@ s2b(const char *s, int nd0, int nd, ULong y9)
     for (k = 0, y = 1; x > y; y <<= 1, k++) ;
 #ifdef Pack_32
     b = Balloc(k);
+    if (!b) return NULL;
     b->x[0] = y9;
     b->wds = 1;
 #else
     b = Balloc(k+1);
+    if (!b) return NULL;
     b->x[0] = y9 & 0xffff;
     b->wds = (b->x[1] = y9 >> 16) ? 2 : 1;
 #endif
@@ -606,13 +639,16 @@ s2b(const char *s, int nd0, int nd, ULong y9)
         s += 9;
         do {
             b = multadd(b, 10, *s++ - '0');
+            if (!b) return NULL;
         } while (++i < nd0);
         s++;
     }
     else
         s += 10;
-    for (; i < nd; i++)
+    for (; i < nd; i++) {
         b = multadd(b, 10, *s++ - '0');
+        if (!b) return NULL;
+    }
     return b;
 }
 
@@ -694,11 +730,14 @@ i2b(int i)
     Bigint *b;
 
     b = Balloc(1);
+    if (!b) return NULL;
     b->x[0] = i;
     b->wds = 1;
     return b;
 }
 
+#define Bzero_p(b) (!(b)->x[0] && (b)->wds <= 1)
+
 static Bigint *
 mult(Bigint *a, Bigint *b)
 {
@@ -715,6 +754,14 @@ mult(Bigint *a, Bigint *b)
 #endif
 #endif
 
+    if (Bzero_p(a) || Bzero_p(b)) {
+        c = Balloc(0);
+        if (!c) return NULL;
+        c->wds = 1;
+        c->x[0] = 0;
+        return c;
+    }
+
     if (a->wds < b->wds) {
         c = a;
         a = b;
@@ -727,6 +774,7 @@ mult(Bigint *a, Bigint *b)
     if (wc > a->maxwds)
         k++;
     c = Balloc(k);
+    if (!c) return NULL;
     for (x = c->x, xa = x + wc; x < xa; x++)
         *x = 0;
     xa = a->x;
@@ -806,50 +854,47 @@ static Bigint *
 pow5mult(Bigint *b, int k)
 {
     Bigint *b1, *p5, *p51;
-    Bigint *p5tmp;
     int i;
     static const int p05[3] = { 5, 25, 125 };
 
-    if ((i = k & 3) != 0)
+    if ((i = k & 3) != 0) {
         b = multadd(b, p05[i-1], 0);
+        if (!b) return NULL;
+    }
+
+#define b_cache(var, addr, new_expr) \
+    if ((var = addr) != 0) {} else { \
+        Bigint *tmp = 0; \
+        ACQUIRE_DTOA_LOCK(1); \
+        if (!(var = addr) && (var = (new_expr)) != 0) { \
+            var->next = 0; \
+            tmp = ATOMIC_PTR_CAS(addr, NULL, var); \
+        } \
+        FREE_DTOA_LOCK(1); \
+        if (UNLIKELY(tmp)) { \
+            Bfree(var); \
+            var = tmp; \
+        } \
+        else if (!var) { \
+            Bfree(b); \
+            return NULL; \
+        } \
+    }
 
     if (!(k >>= 2))
         return b;
-    if (!(p5 = p5s)) {
-        /* first time */
-        ACQUIRE_DTOA_LOCK(1);
-        if (!(p5 = p5s)) {
-            p5 = i2b(625);
-            p5->next = 0;
-            p5tmp = ATOMIC_PTR_CAS(p5s, NULL, p5);
-            if (UNLIKELY(p5tmp)) {
-                Bfree(p5);
-                p5 = p5tmp;
-            }
-        }
-        FREE_DTOA_LOCK(1);
-    }
+    /* first time */
+    b_cache(p5, p5s, i2b(625));
     for (;;) {
         if (k & 1) {
             b1 = mult(b, p5);
             Bfree(b);
             b = b1;
+            if (!b) return NULL;
         }
         if (!(k >>= 1))
             break;
-        if (!(p51 = p5->next)) {
-            ACQUIRE_DTOA_LOCK(1);
-            if (!(p51 = p5->next)) {
-                p51 = mult(p5,p5);
-                p51->next = 0;
-                p5tmp = ATOMIC_PTR_CAS(p5->next, NULL, p51);
-                if (UNLIKELY(p5tmp)) {
-                    Bfree(p51);
-                    p51 = p5tmp;
-                }
-            }
-            FREE_DTOA_LOCK(1);
-        }
+        b_cache(p51, p5->next, mult(p5, p5));
         p5 = p51;
     }
     return b;
@@ -862,6 +907,8 @@ lshift(Bigint *b, int k)
     Bigint *b1;
     ULong *x, *x1, *xe, z;
 
+    if (!k || Bzero_p(b)) return b;
+
 #ifdef Pack_32
     n = k >> 5;
 #else
@@ -872,6 +919,10 @@ lshift(Bigint *b, int k)
     for (i = b->maxwds; n1 > i; i <<= 1)
         k1++;
     b1 = Balloc(k1);
+    if (!b1) {
+        Bfree(b);
+        return NULL;
+    }
     x1 = b1->x;
     for (i = 0; i < n; i++)
         *x1++ = 0;
@@ -957,6 +1008,7 @@ diff(Bigint *a, Bigint *b)
     i = cmp(a,b);
     if (!i) {
         c = Balloc(0);
+        if (!c) return NULL;
         c->wds = 1;
         c->x[0] = 0;
         return c;
@@ -970,6 +1022,7 @@ diff(Bigint *a, Bigint *b)
     else
         i = 0;
     c = Balloc(a->k);
+    if (!c) return NULL;
     c->sign = i;
     wa = a->wds;
     xa = a->x;
@@ -1155,6 +1208,7 @@ d2b(double d_, int *e, int *bits)
 #else
     b = Balloc(2);
 #endif
+    if (!b) return NULL;
     x = b->x;
 
     z = d0 & Frac_mask;
@@ -1905,12 +1959,16 @@ undfl:
     /* Put digits into bd: true value = bd * 10^e */
 
     bd0 = s2b(s0, nd0, nd, y);
+    if (!bd0) goto ret;
 
     for (;;) {
         bd = Balloc(bd0->k);
+        if (!bd) goto retfree;
         Bcopy(bd, bd0);
         bb = d2b(dval(rv), &bbe, &bbbits);  /* rv = bb * 2^bbe */
+        if (!bb) goto retfree;
         bs = i2b(1);
+        if (!bs) goto retfree;
 
         if (e >= 0) {
             bb2 = bb5 = 0;
@@ -1967,19 +2025,30 @@ undfl:
         }
         if (bb5 > 0) {
             bs = pow5mult(bs, bb5);
+            if (!bs) goto retfree;
             bb1 = mult(bs, bb);
             Bfree(bb);
             bb = bb1;
+            if (!bb) goto retfree;
         }
-        if (bb2 > 0)
+        if (bb2 > 0) {
             bb = lshift(bb, bb2);
-        if (bd5 > 0)
+            if (!bb) goto retfree;
+        }
+        if (bd5 > 0) {
             bd = pow5mult(bd, bd5);
-        if (bd2 > 0)
+            if (!bd) goto retfree;
+        }
+        if (bd2 > 0) {
             bd = lshift(bd, bd2);
-        if (bs2 > 0)
+            if (!bd) goto retfree;
+        }
+        if (bs2 > 0) {
             bs = lshift(bs, bs2);
+            if (!bs) goto retfree;
+        }
         delta = diff(bb, bd);
+        if (!delta) goto retfree;
         dsign = delta->sign;
         delta->sign = 0;
         i = cmp(delta, bs);
@@ -2012,6 +2081,7 @@ undfl:
 #endif
                         {
                             delta = lshift(delta,Log2P);
+                            if (!delta) goto nomem;
                             if (cmp(delta, bs) <= 0)
                                 adj = -0.5;
                         }
@@ -2101,6 +2171,7 @@ apply_adj:
                 break;
             }
             delta = lshift(delta,Log2P);
+            if (!delta) goto retfree;
             if (cmp(delta, bs) > 0)
                 goto drop_down;
             break;
@@ -2503,6 +2574,7 @@ nrv_alloc(const char *s, char **rve, size_t n)
     char *rv, *t;
 
     t = rv = rv_alloc(n);
+    if (!rv) return NULL;
     while ((*t = *s++) != 0) t++;
     if (rve)
         *rve = t;
@@ -2675,6 +2747,7 @@ dtoa(double d_, int mode, int ndigits, int *decpt, int *sign, char **rve)
 #endif
 
     b = d2b(dval(d), &be, &bbits);
+    if (!b) return NULL;
 #ifdef Sudden_Underflow
     i = (int)(word0(d) >> Exp_shift1 & (Exp_mask>>Exp_shift1));
 #else
@@ -2794,13 +2867,20 @@ dtoa(double d_, int mode, int ndigits, int *decpt, int *sign, char **rve)
         leftright = 0;
         /* no break */
       case 5:
-        i = ndigits + k + 1;
+        if (ckd_add(&i, ndigits, k + 1)) { /* k + 1 should be safe */
+            Bfree(b);
+            return NULL;
+        }
         ilim = i;
         ilim1 = i - 1;
         if (i <= 0)
             i = 1;
     }
     s = s0 = rv_alloc(i+1);
+    if (!s) {
+        Bfree(b);
+        return NULL;
+    }
 
 #ifdef Honor_FLT_ROUNDS
     if (mode > 1 && rounding != 1)
@@ -2981,6 +3061,7 @@ bump_up:
         b2 += i;
         s2 += i;
         mhi = i2b(1);
+        if (!mhi) goto nomem;
     }
     if (m2 > 0 && s2 > 0) {
         i = m2 < s2 ? m2 : s2;
@@ -2992,19 +3073,28 @@ bump_up:
         if (leftright) {
             if (m5 > 0) {
                 mhi = pow5mult(mhi, m5);
+                if (!mhi) goto nomem;
                 b1 = mult(mhi, b);
                 Bfree(b);
                 b = b1;
+                if (!b) goto nomem;
             }
-            if ((j = b5 - m5) != 0)
+            if ((j = b5 - m5) != 0) {
                 b = pow5mult(b, j);
+                if (!b) goto nomem;
+            }
         }
-        else
+        else {
             b = pow5mult(b, b5);
+            if (!b) goto nomem;
+        }
     }
     S = i2b(1);
-    if (s5 > 0)
+    if (!S) goto nomem;
+    if (s5 > 0) {
         S = pow5mult(S, s5);
+        if (!S) goto nomem;
+    }
 
     /* Check for special case that d is a normalized power of 2. */
 
@@ -3052,16 +3142,23 @@ bump_up:
         m2 += i;
         s2 += i;
     }
-    if (b2 > 0)
+    if (b2 > 0) {
         b = lshift(b, b2);
-    if (s2 > 0)
+        if (!b) goto nomem;
+    }
+    if (s2 > 0) {
         S = lshift(S, s2);
+        if (!S) goto nomem;
+    }
     if (k_check) {
         if (cmp(b,S) < 0) {
             k--;
             b = multadd(b, 10, 0);  /* we botched the k estimate */
-            if (leftright)
+            if (!b) goto nomem;
+            if (leftright) {
                 mhi = multadd(mhi, 10, 0);
+                if (!mhi) goto nomem;
+            }
             ilim = ilim1;
         }
     }
@@ -3078,8 +3175,10 @@ one_digit:
         goto ret;
     }
     if (leftright) {
-        if (m2 > 0)
+        if (m2 > 0) {
             mhi = lshift(mhi, m2);
+            if (!mhi) goto nomem;
+        }
 
         /* Compute mlo -- check for special case
          * that d is a normalized power of 2.
@@ -3088,8 +3187,10 @@ one_digit:
         mlo = mhi;
         if (spec_case) {
             mhi = Balloc(mhi->k);
+            if (!mhi) goto nomem;
             Bcopy(mhi, mlo);
             mhi = lshift(mhi, Log2P);
+            if (!mhi) goto nomem;
         }
 
         for (i = 1;;i++) {
@@ -3099,6 +3200,7 @@ one_digit:
              */
             j = cmp(b, mlo);
             delta = diff(S, mhi);
+            if (!delta) goto nomem;
             j1 = delta->sign ? 1 : cmp(b, delta);
             Bfree(delta);
 #ifndef ROUND_BIASED
@@ -3139,6 +3241,7 @@ one_digit:
 #endif /*Honor_FLT_ROUNDS*/
                 if (j1 > 0) {
                     b = lshift(b, 1);
+                    if (!b) goto nomem;
                     j1 = cmp(b, S);
                     if ((j1 > 0 || (j1 == 0 && (dig & 1))) && dig++ == '9')
                         goto round_9_up;
@@ -3167,11 +3270,16 @@ keep_dig:
             if (i == ilim)
                 break;
             b = multadd(b, 10, 0);
-            if (mlo == mhi)
+            if (!b) goto nomem;
+            if (mlo == mhi) {
                 mlo = mhi = multadd(mhi, 10, 0);
+                if (!mlo) goto nomem;
+            }
             else {
                 mlo = multadd(mlo, 10, 0);
+                if (!mlo) goto nomem;
                 mhi = multadd(mhi, 10, 0);
+                if (!mhi) goto nomem;
             }
         }
     }
@@ -3187,6 +3295,7 @@ keep_dig:
             if (i >= ilim)
                 break;
             b = multadd(b, 10, 0);
+            if (!b) goto nomem;
         }
 
     /* Round off last digit */
@@ -3198,6 +3307,7 @@ keep_dig:
     }
 #endif
     b = lshift(b, 1);
+    if (!b) goto nomem;
     j = cmp(b, S);
     if (j > 0 || (j == 0 && (dig & 1))) {
  roundoff:
@@ -3239,6 +3349,16 @@ ret1:
     if (rve)
         *rve = s;
     return s0;
+  nomem:
+    if (S) Bfree(S);
+    if (mhi) {
+        if (mlo && mlo != mhi)
+            Bfree(mlo);
+        Bfree(mhi);
+    }
+    if (b) Bfree(b);
+    FREE(s0);
+    return NULL;
 }
 
 /*-
@@ -3347,6 +3467,7 @@ hdtoa(double d, const char *xdigs, int ndigits, int *decpt, int *sign, char **rv
 	 */
 	bufsize = (ndigits > 0) ? ndigits : SIGFIGS;
 	s0 = rv_alloc(bufsize+1);
+        if (!s0) return NULL;
 
 	/* Round to the desired number of digits. */
 	if (SIGFIGS > ndigits && ndigits > 0) {
diff --git a/namespace.c b/namespace.c
deleted file mode 100644
index 28ebba376a..0000000000
--- a/namespace.c
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,1176 +0,0 @@
-/* indent-tabs-mode: nil */
-
-#include "internal.h"
-#include "internal/class.h"
-#include "internal/eval.h"
-#include "internal/error.h"
-#include "internal/file.h"
-#include "internal/gc.h"
-#include "internal/hash.h"
-#include "internal/load.h"
-#include "internal/namespace.h"
-#include "internal/st.h"
-#include "internal/variable.h"
-#include "ruby/internal/globals.h"
-#include "ruby/util.h"
-#include "vm_core.h"
-
-#include <stdio.h>
-
-VALUE rb_cNamespace = 0;
-VALUE rb_cNamespaceEntry = 0;
-VALUE rb_mNamespaceRefiner = 0;
-VALUE rb_mNamespaceLoader = 0;
-
-static rb_namespace_t builtin_namespace_data = {
-    .ns_object = Qnil,
-    .ns_id = 0,
-    .is_builtin = true,
-    .is_user = false,
-    .is_optional = false
-};
-static rb_namespace_t * const root_namespace = 0;
-static rb_namespace_t * const builtin_namespace = &builtin_namespace_data;
-static rb_namespace_t * main_namespace = 0;
-static char *tmp_dir;
-static bool tmp_dir_has_dirsep;
-
-#define NAMESPACE_TMP_PREFIX "_ruby_ns_"
-
-#ifndef MAXPATHLEN
-# define MAXPATHLEN 1024
-#endif
-
-#if defined(_WIN32)
-# define DIRSEP "\\"
-#else
-# define DIRSEP "/"
-#endif
-
-static int namespace_availability = 0;
-
-VALUE rb_resolve_feature_path(VALUE klass, VALUE fname);
-static VALUE rb_namespace_inspect(VALUE obj);
-
-int
-rb_namespace_available(void)
-{
-    const char *env;
-    if (namespace_availability) {
-        return namespace_availability > 0 ? 1 : 0;
-    }
-    env = getenv("RUBY_NAMESPACE");
-    if (env && strlen(env) > 0) {
-        if (strcmp(env, "1") == 0) {
-            namespace_availability = 1;
-            return 1;
-        }
-    }
-    namespace_availability = -1;
-    return 0;
-}
-
-static void namespace_push(rb_thread_t *th, VALUE namespace);
-static VALUE namespace_pop(VALUE th_value);
-
-void
-rb_namespace_enable_builtin(void)
-{
-    VALUE require_stack = GET_VM()->require_stack;
-    if (require_stack) {
-        rb_ary_push(require_stack, Qnil);
-    }
-}
-
-void
-rb_namespace_disable_builtin(void)
-{
-    VALUE require_stack = GET_VM()->require_stack;
-    if (require_stack) {
-        rb_ary_pop(require_stack);
-    }
-}
-
-void
-rb_namespace_push_loading_namespace(const rb_namespace_t *ns)
-{
-    VALUE require_stack = GET_VM()->require_stack;
-    rb_ary_push(require_stack, ns->ns_object);
-}
-
-void
-rb_namespace_pop_loading_namespace(const rb_namespace_t *ns)
-{
-    VALUE require_stack = GET_VM()->require_stack;
-    long size = RARRAY_LEN(require_stack);
-    if (size == 0)
-        rb_bug("popping on the empty require_stack");
-    VALUE latest = RARRAY_AREF(require_stack, size-1);
-    if (latest != ns->ns_object)
-        rb_bug("Inconsistent loading namespace");
-    rb_ary_pop(require_stack);
-}
-
-rb_namespace_t *
-rb_root_namespace(void)
-{
-    return root_namespace;
-}
-
-const rb_namespace_t *
-rb_builtin_namespace(void)
-{
-    return (const rb_namespace_t *)builtin_namespace;
-}
-
-rb_namespace_t *
-rb_main_namespace(void)
-{
-    return main_namespace;
-}
-
-static bool
-namespace_ignore_builtin_primitive_methods_p(const rb_namespace_t *ns, rb_method_definition_t *def)
-{
-    if (!NAMESPACE_BUILTIN_P(ns)) {
-        return false;
-    }
-    /* Primitive methods (just to call C methods) covers/hides the effective
-       namespaces, so ignore the methods' namespaces to expose user code's
-       namespace to the implementation.
-     */
-    if (def->type == VM_METHOD_TYPE_ISEQ) {
-        ID mid = def->original_id;
-        const char *path = RSTRING_PTR(pathobj_path(def->body.iseq.iseqptr->body->location.pathobj));
-        if (strcmp(path, "<internal:kernel>") == 0) {
-            if (mid == rb_intern("class") || mid == rb_intern("clone") ||
-                mid == rb_intern("tag") || mid == rb_intern("then") ||
-                mid == rb_intern("yield_self") || mid == rb_intern("loop") ||
-                mid == rb_intern("Float") || mid == rb_intern("Integer")
-                ) {
-                return true;
-            }
-        }
-        else if (strcmp(path, "<internal:warning>") == 0) {
-            if (mid == rb_intern("warn")) {
-                return true;
-            }
-        }
-        else if (strcmp(path, "<internal:marshal>") == 0) {
-            if (mid == rb_intern("load"))
-                return true;
-        }
-    }
-    return false;
-}
-
-static inline const rb_namespace_t *
-block_proc_namespace(const VALUE procval)
-{
-    rb_proc_t *proc;
-
-    if (procval) {
-        GetProcPtr(procval, proc);
-        return proc->ns;
-    }
-    else {
-        return NULL;
-    }
-}
-
-static const rb_namespace_t *
-current_namespace(bool permit_calling_builtin)
-{
-    /*
-     * TODO: move this code to vm.c or somewhere else
-     *       when it's fully updated with VM_FRAME_FLAG_*
-     */
-    const rb_callable_method_entry_t *cme;
-    const rb_namespace_t *ns;
-    rb_execution_context_t *ec = GET_EC();
-    rb_control_frame_t *cfp = ec->cfp;
-    rb_thread_t *th = rb_ec_thread_ptr(ec);
-    int calling = 1;
-
-    if (!rb_namespace_available())
-        return 0;
-
-    if (th->namespaces && RARRAY_LEN(th->namespaces) > 0) {
-        // temp code to detect the context is in require/load
-        // TODO: this doesn't work well in optional namespaces
-        // calling = 0;
-    }
-    while (calling) {
-        const rb_namespace_t *proc_ns = NULL;
-        VALUE bh;
-        if (VM_FRAME_NS_SWITCH_P(cfp)) {
-            bh = rb_vm_frame_block_handler(cfp);
-            if (bh && vm_block_handler_type(bh) == block_handler_type_proc) {
-                proc_ns = block_proc_namespace(VM_BH_TO_PROC(bh));
-                if (permit_calling_builtin || NAMESPACE_USER_P(proc_ns))
-                    return proc_ns;
-            }
-        }
-        cme = rb_vm_frame_method_entry(cfp);
-        if (cme && cme->def) {
-            ns = cme->def->ns;
-            if (ns) {
-                // this method is not a built-in class/module's method
-                // or a built-in primitive (Ruby) method
-                if (!namespace_ignore_builtin_primitive_methods_p(ns, cme->def)) {
-                    if (permit_calling_builtin || (proc_ns && NAMESPACE_USER_P(proc_ns)))
-                        return ns;
-                }
-            }
-            cfp = RUBY_VM_PREVIOUS_CONTROL_FRAME(cfp);
-        }
-        else {
-            calling = 0;
-        }
-    }
-    // not in namespace-marked method calls
-    ns = th->ns;
-    if (ns) {
-        return ns;
-    }
-    if (!main_namespace) {
-        // Namespaces are not ready to be created
-        return root_namespace;
-    }
-    return main_namespace;
-}
-
-const rb_namespace_t *
-rb_current_namespace(void)
-{
-    return current_namespace(true);
-}
-
-const rb_namespace_t *
-rb_loading_namespace(void)
-{
-    VALUE namespace;
-    long len;
-    VALUE require_stack = GET_VM()->require_stack;
-
-    if (!rb_namespace_available())
-        return 0;
-
-    if (!require_stack) {
-        return current_namespace(false);
-    }
-    if ((len = RARRAY_LEN(require_stack)) == 0) {
-        return current_namespace(false);
-    }
-
-    if (!RB_TYPE_P(require_stack, T_ARRAY))
-        rb_bug("require_stack is not an array: %s", rb_type_str(BUILTIN_TYPE(require_stack)));
-
-    namespace = RARRAY_AREF(require_stack, len-1);
-    return rb_get_namespace_t(namespace);
-}
-
-const rb_namespace_t *
-rb_definition_namespace(void)
-{
-    const rb_namespace_t *ns = current_namespace(true);
-    if (NAMESPACE_BUILTIN_P(ns)) {
-        return root_namespace;
-    }
-    return ns;
-}
-
-VALUE
-rb_current_namespace_details(VALUE opt)
-{
-    const rb_callable_method_entry_t *cme;
-    VALUE str, part, nsobj;
-    char buf[2048];
-    const char *path;
-    int calling = 1;
-    long i;
-    rb_execution_context_t *ec = GET_EC();
-    rb_control_frame_t *cfp = ec->cfp;
-    rb_thread_t *th = rb_ec_thread_ptr(ec);
-    const rb_namespace_t *ns = rb_current_namespace();
-    rb_vm_t *vm = GET_VM();
-    VALUE require_stack = vm->require_stack;
-
-    str = rb_namespace_inspect(ns ? ns->ns_object : Qfalse);
-    if (NIL_P(opt)) return str;
-
-    rb_str_cat_cstr(str, "\n");
-
-    part = rb_namespace_inspect(th->ns ? th->ns->ns_object : Qfalse);
-    snprintf(buf, 2048, "main:%s, th->ns:%s, th->nss:%ld, rstack:%ld\n",
-             main_namespace ? "t" : "f",
-             RSTRING_PTR(part),
-             th->namespaces ? RARRAY_LEN(th->namespaces) : 0,
-             require_stack ? RARRAY_LEN(require_stack) : 0);
-    RB_GC_GUARD(part);
-    rb_str_cat_cstr(str, buf);
-
-    if (th->namespaces && RARRAY_LEN(th->namespaces) > 0) {
-        for (i=0; i<RARRAY_LEN(th->namespaces); i++) {
-            nsobj = RARRAY_AREF(th->namespaces, i);
-            part = rb_namespace_inspect(nsobj);
-            snprintf(buf, 2048, "  th->nss[%ld] %s\n", i, RSTRING_PTR(part));
-            RB_GC_GUARD(part);
-            rb_str_cat_cstr(str, buf);
-        }
-    }
-
-
-    rb_str_cat_cstr(str, "calls:\n");
-
-    while (calling && cfp) {
-        const rb_namespace_t *proc_ns;
-        VALUE bh;
-        if (VM_FRAME_NS_SWITCH_P(cfp)) {
-            bh = rb_vm_frame_block_handler(cfp);
-            if (bh && vm_block_handler_type(bh) == block_handler_type_proc) {
-                proc_ns = block_proc_namespace(VM_BH_TO_PROC(bh));
-                if (NAMESPACE_USER_P(ns)) {
-                    part = rb_namespace_inspect(proc_ns->ns_object);
-                    snprintf(buf, 2048, " cfp->ns:%s", RSTRING_PTR(part));
-                    RB_GC_GUARD(part);
-                    calling = 0;
-                    break;
-                }
-            }
-        }
-        cme = rb_vm_frame_method_entry(cfp);
-        if (cme && cme->def) {
-            if (cme->def->type == VM_METHOD_TYPE_ISEQ)
-                path = RSTRING_PTR(pathobj_path(cme->def->body.iseq.iseqptr->body->location.pathobj));
-            else
-                path = "(cfunc)";
-            ns = cme->def->ns;
-            if (ns) {
-                part = rb_namespace_inspect(ns->ns_object);
-                if (!namespace_ignore_builtin_primitive_methods_p(ns, cme->def)) {
-                    snprintf(buf, 2048, " cfp cme->def id:%s, ns:%s, exprim:t, path:%s\n",
-                             rb_id2name(cme->def->original_id),
-                             RSTRING_PTR(part),
-                             path);
-                    RB_GC_GUARD(part);
-                    rb_str_cat_cstr(str, buf);
-                    calling = 0;
-                    break;
-                }
-                else {
-                    snprintf(buf, 2048, " cfp cme->def id:%s, ns:%s, exprim:f, path:%s\n",
-                             rb_id2name(cme->def->original_id),
-                             RSTRING_PTR(part),
-                             path);
-                    RB_GC_GUARD(part);
-                    rb_str_cat_cstr(str, buf);
-                }
-            }
-            else {
-                snprintf(buf, 2048, " cfp cme->def id:%s, ns:null, path:%s\n",
-                         rb_id2name(cme->def->original_id),
-                         path);
-                rb_str_cat_cstr(str, buf);
-            }
-            cfp = RUBY_VM_PREVIOUS_CONTROL_FRAME(cfp);
-        }
-        else {
-            calling = 0;
-        }
-    }
-    rb_str_cat_cstr(str, ".\n");
-    return str;
-}
-
-static long namespace_id_counter = 0;
-
-static long
-namespace_generate_id(void)
-{
-    long id;
-    RB_VM_LOCKING() {
-        id = ++namespace_id_counter;
-    }
-    return id;
-}
-
-static void
-namespace_entry_initialize(rb_namespace_t *ns)
-{
-    rb_vm_t *vm = GET_VM();
-
-    // These will be updated immediately
-    ns->ns_object = 0;
-    ns->ns_id = 0;
-
-    ns->top_self = 0;
-    ns->load_path = rb_ary_dup(vm->load_path);
-    ns->expanded_load_path = rb_ary_dup(vm->expanded_load_path);
-    ns->load_path_snapshot = rb_ary_new();
-    ns->load_path_check_cache = 0;
-    ns->loaded_features = rb_ary_dup(vm->loaded_features);
-    ns->loaded_features_snapshot = rb_ary_new();
-    ns->loaded_features_index = st_init_numtable();
-    ns->loaded_features_realpaths = rb_hash_dup(vm->loaded_features_realpaths);
-    ns->loaded_features_realpath_map = rb_hash_dup(vm->loaded_features_realpath_map);
-    ns->loading_table = st_init_strtable();
-    ns->ruby_dln_libmap = rb_hash_new_with_size(0);
-    ns->gvar_tbl = rb_hash_new_with_size(0);
-
-    ns->is_builtin = false;
-    ns->is_user = true;
-    ns->is_optional = true;
-}
-
-void rb_namespace_gc_update_references(void *ptr)
-{
-    rb_namespace_t *ns = (rb_namespace_t *)ptr;
-    if (!NIL_P(ns->ns_object))
-        ns->ns_object = rb_gc_location(ns->ns_object);
-    ns->top_self = rb_gc_location(ns->top_self);
-    ns->load_path = rb_gc_location(ns->load_path);
-    ns->expanded_load_path = rb_gc_location(ns->expanded_load_path);
-    ns->load_path_snapshot = rb_gc_location(ns->load_path_snapshot);
-    if (ns->load_path_check_cache) {
-        ns->load_path_check_cache = rb_gc_location(ns->load_path_check_cache);
-    }
-    ns->loaded_features = rb_gc_location(ns->loaded_features);
-    ns->loaded_features_snapshot = rb_gc_location(ns->loaded_features_snapshot);
-    ns->loaded_features_realpaths = rb_gc_location(ns->loaded_features_realpaths);
-    ns->loaded_features_realpath_map = rb_gc_location(ns->loaded_features_realpath_map);
-    ns->ruby_dln_libmap = rb_gc_location(ns->ruby_dln_libmap);
-    ns->gvar_tbl = rb_gc_location(ns->gvar_tbl);
-}
-
-void
-rb_namespace_entry_mark(void *ptr)
-{
-    const rb_namespace_t *ns = (rb_namespace_t *)ptr;
-    rb_gc_mark(ns->ns_object);
-    rb_gc_mark(ns->top_self);
-    rb_gc_mark(ns->load_path);
-    rb_gc_mark(ns->expanded_load_path);
-    rb_gc_mark(ns->load_path_snapshot);
-    rb_gc_mark(ns->load_path_check_cache);
-    rb_gc_mark(ns->loaded_features);
-    rb_gc_mark(ns->loaded_features_snapshot);
-    rb_gc_mark(ns->loaded_features_realpaths);
-    rb_gc_mark(ns->loaded_features_realpath_map);
-    if (ns->loading_table) {
-        rb_mark_tbl(ns->loading_table);
-    }
-    rb_gc_mark(ns->ruby_dln_libmap);
-    rb_gc_mark(ns->gvar_tbl);
-}
-
-#define namespace_entry_free RUBY_TYPED_DEFAULT_FREE
-
-static size_t
-namespace_entry_memsize(const void *ptr)
-{
-    return sizeof(rb_namespace_t);
-}
-
-const rb_data_type_t rb_namespace_data_type = {
-    "Namespace::Entry",
-    {
-        rb_namespace_entry_mark,
-        namespace_entry_free,
-        namespace_entry_memsize,
-        rb_namespace_gc_update_references,
-    },
-    0, 0, RUBY_TYPED_FREE_IMMEDIATELY // TODO: enable RUBY_TYPED_WB_PROTECTED when inserting write barriers
-};
-
-VALUE
-rb_namespace_entry_alloc(VALUE klass)
-{
-    rb_namespace_t *entry;
-    VALUE obj = TypedData_Make_Struct(klass, rb_namespace_t, &rb_namespace_data_type, entry);
-    namespace_entry_initialize(entry);
-    return obj;
-}
-
-static rb_namespace_t *
-get_namespace_struct_internal(VALUE entry)
-{
-    rb_namespace_t *sval;
-    TypedData_Get_Struct(entry, rb_namespace_t, &rb_namespace_data_type, sval);
-    return sval;
-}
-
-rb_namespace_t *
-rb_get_namespace_t(VALUE namespace)
-{
-    VALUE entry;
-    ID id_namespace_entry;
-
-    if (!namespace)
-        return root_namespace;
-    if (NIL_P(namespace))
-        return builtin_namespace;
-
-    CONST_ID(id_namespace_entry, "__namespace_entry__");
-    entry = rb_attr_get(namespace, id_namespace_entry);
-    return get_namespace_struct_internal(entry);
-}
-
-VALUE
-rb_get_namespace_object(rb_namespace_t *ns)
-{
-    if (!ns) // root namespace
-        return Qfalse;
-    return ns->ns_object;
-}
-
-static void setup_pushing_loading_namespace(rb_namespace_t *ns);
-
-static VALUE
-namespace_initialize(VALUE namespace)
-{
-    rb_namespace_t *ns;
-    rb_classext_t *object_classext;
-    VALUE entry;
-    ID id_namespace_entry;
-    CONST_ID(id_namespace_entry, "__namespace_entry__");
-
-    if (!rb_namespace_available()) {
-        rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "Namespace is disabled. Set RUBY_NAMESPACE=1 environment variable to use Namespace.");
-    }
-
-    entry = rb_class_new_instance_pass_kw(0, NULL, rb_cNamespaceEntry);
-    ns = get_namespace_struct_internal(entry);
-
-    ns->ns_object = namespace;
-    ns->ns_id = namespace_generate_id();
-    ns->load_path = rb_ary_dup(GET_VM()->load_path);
-    ns->is_user = true;
-    rb_define_singleton_method(ns->load_path, "resolve_feature_path", rb_resolve_feature_path, 1);
-
-    // Set the Namespace object unique/consistent from any namespaces to have just single
-    // constant table from any view of every (including main) namespace.
-    // If a code in the namespace adds a constant, the constant will be visible even from root/main.
-    RCLASS_SET_PRIME_CLASSEXT_WRITABLE(namespace, true);
-
-    // fallback to ivptr for ivars from shapes to manipulate the constant table
-    rb_evict_ivars_to_hash(namespace);
-
-    // Get a clean constant table of Object even by writable one
-    // because ns was just created, so it has not touched any constants yet.
-    object_classext = RCLASS_EXT_WRITABLE_IN_NS(rb_cObject, ns);
-    RCLASS_SET_CONST_TBL(namespace, RCLASSEXT_CONST_TBL(object_classext), true);
-
-    rb_ivar_set(namespace, id_namespace_entry, entry);
-
-    setup_pushing_loading_namespace(ns);
-
-    return namespace;
-}
-
-static VALUE
-rb_namespace_s_getenabled(VALUE namespace)
-{
-    return RBOOL(rb_namespace_available());
-}
-
-static VALUE
-rb_namespace_current(VALUE klass)
-{
-    const rb_namespace_t *ns = rb_current_namespace();
-    if (NAMESPACE_USER_P(ns)) {
-        return ns->ns_object;
-    }
-    if (NAMESPACE_BUILTIN_P(ns)) {
-        return Qnil;
-    }
-    return Qfalse;
-}
-
-static VALUE
-rb_namespace_s_is_builtin_p(VALUE namespace, VALUE klass)
-{
-    if (RCLASS_PRIME_CLASSEXT_READABLE_P(klass) && !RCLASS_PRIME_CLASSEXT_WRITABLE_P(klass))
-        return Qtrue;
-    return Qfalse;
-}
-
-static VALUE
-rb_namespace_load_path(VALUE namespace)
-{
-    return rb_get_namespace_t(namespace)->load_path;
-}
-
-#ifdef _WIN32
-UINT rb_w32_system_tmpdir(WCHAR *path, UINT len);
-#endif
-
-/* Copied from mjit.c Ruby 3.0.3 */
-static char *
-system_default_tmpdir(void)
-{
-    // c.f. ext/etc/etc.c:etc_systmpdir()
-#ifdef _WIN32
-    WCHAR tmppath[_MAX_PATH];
-    UINT len = rb_w32_system_tmpdir(tmppath, numberof(tmppath));
-    if (len) {
-        int blen = WideCharToMultiByte(CP_UTF8, 0, tmppath, len, NULL, 0, NULL, NULL);
-        char *tmpdir = xmalloc(blen + 1);
-        WideCharToMultiByte(CP_UTF8, 0, tmppath, len, tmpdir, blen, NULL, NULL);
-        tmpdir[blen] = '\0';
-        return tmpdir;
-    }
-#elif defined _CS_DARWIN_USER_TEMP_DIR
-    char path[MAXPATHLEN];
-    size_t len = confstr(_CS_DARWIN_USER_TEMP_DIR, path, sizeof(path));
-    if (len > 0) {
-        char *tmpdir = xmalloc(len);
-        if (len > sizeof(path)) {
-            confstr(_CS_DARWIN_USER_TEMP_DIR, tmpdir, len);
-        }
-        else {
-            memcpy(tmpdir, path, len);
-        }
-        return tmpdir;
-    }
-#endif
-    return 0;
-}
-
-static int
-check_tmpdir(const char *dir)
-{
-    struct stat st;
-
-    if (!dir) return FALSE;
-    if (stat(dir, &st)) return FALSE;
-#ifndef S_ISDIR
-#   define S_ISDIR(m) (((m) & S_IFMT) == S_IFDIR)
-#endif
-    if (!S_ISDIR(st.st_mode)) return FALSE;
-#ifndef _WIN32
-# ifndef S_IWOTH
-#   define S_IWOTH 002
-# endif
-    if (st.st_mode & S_IWOTH) {
-# ifdef S_ISVTX
-        if (!(st.st_mode & S_ISVTX)) return FALSE;
-# else
-        return FALSE;
-# endif
-    }
-    if (access(dir, W_OK)) return FALSE;
-#endif
-    return TRUE;
-}
-
-static char *
-system_tmpdir(void)
-{
-    char *tmpdir;
-# define RETURN_ENV(name) \
-    if (check_tmpdir(tmpdir = getenv(name))) return ruby_strdup(tmpdir)
-    RETURN_ENV("TMPDIR");
-    RETURN_ENV("TMP");
-    tmpdir = system_default_tmpdir();
-    if (check_tmpdir(tmpdir)) return tmpdir;
-    return ruby_strdup("/tmp");
-# undef RETURN_ENV
-}
-
-/* end of copy */
-
-static int
-sprint_ext_filename(char *str, size_t size, long namespace_id, const char *prefix, const char *basename)
-{
-    if (tmp_dir_has_dirsep) {
-        return snprintf(str, size, "%s%sp%"PRI_PIDT_PREFIX"u_%ld_%s", tmp_dir, prefix, getpid(), namespace_id, basename);
-    }
-    return snprintf(str, size, "%s%s%sp%"PRI_PIDT_PREFIX"u_%ld_%s", tmp_dir, DIRSEP, prefix, getpid(), namespace_id, basename);
-}
-
-#ifdef _WIN32
-static const char *
-copy_ext_file_error(char *message, size_t size)
-{
-    int error = GetLastError();
-    char *p = message;
-    size_t len = snprintf(message, size, "%d: ", error);
-
-#define format_message(sublang) FormatMessage(\
-        FORMAT_MESSAGE_FROM_SYSTEM | FORMAT_MESSAGE_IGNORE_INSERTS,	\
-        NULL, error, MAKELANGID(LANG_NEUTRAL, (sublang)),		\
-        message + len, size - len, NULL)
-    if (format_message(SUBLANG_ENGLISH_US) == 0)
-        format_message(SUBLANG_DEFAULT);
-    for (p = message + len; *p; p++) {
-        if (*p == '\n' || *p == '\r')
-            *p = ' ';
-    }
-    return message;
-}
-#else
-static const char *
-copy_ext_file_error(char *message, size_t size, int copy_retvalue, char *src_path, char *dst_path)
-{
-    switch (copy_retvalue) {
-    case 1:
-        snprintf(message, size, "can't open the extension path: %s", src_path);
-    case 2:
-        snprintf(message, size, "can't open the file to write: %s", dst_path);
-    case 3:
-        snprintf(message, size, "failed to read the extension path: %s", src_path);
-    case 4:
-        snprintf(message, size, "failed to write the extension path: %s", dst_path);
-    default:
-        rb_bug("unknown return value of copy_ext_file: %d", copy_retvalue);
-    }
-    return message;
-}
-#endif
-
-static int
-copy_ext_file(char *src_path, char *dst_path)
-{
-#if defined(_WIN32)
-    int rvalue;
-
-    WCHAR *w_src = rb_w32_mbstr_to_wstr(CP_UTF8, src_path, -1, NULL);
-    WCHAR *w_dst = rb_w32_mbstr_to_wstr(CP_UTF8, dst_path, -1, NULL);
-    if (!w_src || !w_dst) {
-        rb_memerror();
-    }
-
-    rvalue = CopyFileW(w_src, w_dst, FALSE) ? 0 : 1;
-    free(w_src);
-    free(w_dst);
-    return rvalue;
-#else
-    FILE *src, *dst;
-    char buffer[1024];
-    size_t read = 0, wrote, written = 0;
-    size_t maxread = sizeof(buffer);
-    int eof = 0;
-    int clean_read = 1;
-    int retvalue = 0;
-
-    src = fopen(src_path, "rb");
-    if (!src) {
-        return 1;
-    }
-    dst = fopen(dst_path, "wb");
-    if (!dst) {
-        return 2;
-    }
-    while (!eof) {
-        if (clean_read) {
-            read = fread(buffer, 1, sizeof(buffer), src);
-            written = 0;
-        }
-        if (read > 0) {
-            wrote = fwrite(buffer+written, 1, read-written, dst);
-            if (wrote < read-written) {
-                if (ferror(dst)) {
-                    retvalue = 4;
-                    break;
-                }
-                else { // partial write
-                    clean_read = 0;
-                    written += wrote;
-                }
-            }
-            else { // Wrote the entire buffer to dst, next read is clean one
-                clean_read = 1;
-            }
-        }
-        if (read < maxread) {
-            if (clean_read && feof(src)) {
-                // If it's not clean, buffer should have bytes not written yet.
-                eof = 1;
-            }
-            else if (ferror(src)) {
-                retvalue = 3;
-                // Writes could be partial/dirty, but this load is failure anyway
-                break;
-            }
-        }
-    }
-    fclose(src);
-    fclose(dst);
-    return retvalue;
-#endif
-}
-
-#if defined __CYGWIN__ || defined DOSISH
-#define isdirsep(x) ((x) == '/' || (x) == '\\')
-#else
-#define isdirsep(x) ((x) == '/')
-#endif
-
-#define IS_SOEXT(e) (strcmp((e), ".so") == 0 || strcmp((e), ".o") == 0)
-#define IS_DLEXT(e) (strcmp((e), DLEXT) == 0)
-
-static void
-fname_without_suffix(char *fname, char *rvalue)
-{
-    char *pos;
-    strcpy(rvalue, fname);
-    for (pos = rvalue + strlen(fname); pos > rvalue; pos--) {
-        if (IS_SOEXT(pos) || IS_DLEXT(pos)) {
-            *pos = '\0';
-            return;
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-static void
-escaped_basename(char *path, char *fname, char *rvalue)
-{
-    char *pos, *leaf, *found;
-    leaf = path;
-    // `leaf + 1` looks uncomfortable (when leaf == path), but fname must not be the top-dir itself
-    while ((found = strstr(leaf + 1, fname)) != NULL) {
-        leaf = found; // find the last occurrence for the path like /etc/my-crazy-lib-dir/etc.so
-    }
-    strcpy(rvalue, leaf);
-    for (pos = rvalue; *pos; pos++) {
-        if (isdirsep(*pos)) {
-            *pos = '+';
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-VALUE
-rb_namespace_local_extension(VALUE namespace, VALUE fname, VALUE path)
-{
-    char ext_path[MAXPATHLEN], fname2[MAXPATHLEN], basename[MAXPATHLEN];
-    int copy_error, wrote;
-    char *src_path = RSTRING_PTR(path), *fname_ptr = RSTRING_PTR(fname);
-    rb_namespace_t *ns = rb_get_namespace_t(namespace);
-
-    fname_without_suffix(fname_ptr, fname2);
-    escaped_basename(src_path, fname2, basename);
-
-    wrote = sprint_ext_filename(ext_path, sizeof(ext_path), ns->ns_id, NAMESPACE_TMP_PREFIX, basename);
-    if (wrote >= (int)sizeof(ext_path)) {
-        rb_bug("Extension file path in namespace was too long");
-    }
-    copy_error = copy_ext_file(src_path, ext_path);
-    if (copy_error) {
-        char message[1024];
-#if defined(_WIN32)
-        copy_ext_file_error(message, sizeof(message));
-#else
-        copy_ext_file_error(message, sizeof(message), copy_error, src_path, ext_path);
-#endif
-        rb_raise(rb_eLoadError, "can't prepare the extension file for namespaces (%s from %s): %s", ext_path, src_path, message);
-    }
-    // TODO: register the path to be clean-uped
-    return rb_str_new_cstr(ext_path);
-}
-
-// TODO: delete it just after dln_load? or delay it?
-//       At least for _WIN32, deleting extension files should be delayed until the namespace's destructor.
-//       And it requires calling dlclose before deleting it.
-
-static void
-namespace_push(rb_thread_t *th, VALUE namespace)
-{
-    if (RTEST(th->namespaces)) {
-        rb_ary_push(th->namespaces, namespace);
-    }
-    else {
-        th->namespaces = rb_ary_new_from_args(1, namespace);
-    }
-    th->ns = rb_get_namespace_t(namespace);
-}
-
-static VALUE
-namespace_pop(VALUE th_value)
-{
-    VALUE upper_ns;
-    long stack_len;
-    rb_thread_t *th = (rb_thread_t *)th_value;
-    VALUE namespaces = th->namespaces;
-    if (!namespaces) {
-        rb_bug("Too many namespace pops");
-    }
-    rb_ary_pop(namespaces);
-    stack_len = RARRAY_LEN(namespaces);
-    if (stack_len == 0) {
-        th->namespaces = 0;
-        th->ns = main_namespace;
-    }
-    else {
-        upper_ns = RARRAY_AREF(namespaces, stack_len-1);
-        th->ns = rb_get_namespace_t(upper_ns);
-    }
-    return Qnil;
-}
-
-VALUE
-rb_namespace_exec(const rb_namespace_t *ns, namespace_exec_func *func, VALUE arg)
-{
-    rb_thread_t *th = GET_THREAD();
-    namespace_push(th, ns ? ns->ns_object : Qnil);
-    return rb_ensure(func, arg, namespace_pop, (VALUE)th);
-}
-
-struct namespace_pop2_arg {
-    rb_thread_t *th;
-    rb_namespace_t *ns;
-};
-
-static VALUE
-namespace_both_pop(VALUE arg)
-{
-    struct namespace_pop2_arg *data = (struct namespace_pop2_arg *)arg;
-    namespace_pop((VALUE) data->th);
-    rb_namespace_pop_loading_namespace(data->ns);
-    return Qnil;
-}
-
-static VALUE
-rb_namespace_load(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE namespace)
-{
-    VALUE fname, wrap;
-    rb_thread_t *th = GET_THREAD();
-    rb_namespace_t *ns = rb_get_namespace_t(namespace);
-
-    rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "11", &fname, &wrap);
-
-    VALUE args = rb_ary_new_from_args(2, fname, wrap);
-    namespace_push(th, namespace);
-    rb_namespace_push_loading_namespace(ns);
-    struct namespace_pop2_arg arg = {
-        .th = th,
-        .ns = ns
-    };
-    return rb_ensure(rb_load_entrypoint, args, namespace_both_pop, (VALUE)&arg);
-}
-
-static VALUE
-rb_namespace_require(VALUE namespace, VALUE fname)
-{
-    rb_thread_t *th = GET_THREAD();
-    rb_namespace_t *ns = rb_get_namespace_t(namespace);
-    namespace_push(th, namespace);
-    rb_namespace_push_loading_namespace(ns);
-    struct namespace_pop2_arg arg = {
-        .th = th,
-        .ns = ns
-    };
-    return rb_ensure(rb_require_string, fname, namespace_both_pop, (VALUE)&arg);
-}
-
-static VALUE
-rb_namespace_require_relative(VALUE namespace, VALUE fname)
-{
-    rb_thread_t *th = GET_THREAD();
-    rb_namespace_t *ns = rb_get_namespace_t(namespace);
-    namespace_push(th, namespace);
-    rb_namespace_push_loading_namespace(ns);
-    struct namespace_pop2_arg arg = {
-        .th = th,
-        .ns = ns
-    };
-    return rb_ensure(rb_require_relative_entrypoint, fname, namespace_both_pop, (VALUE)&arg);
-}
-
-static int namespace_experimental_warned = 0;
-
-void
-rb_initialize_main_namespace(void)
-{
-    rb_namespace_t *ns;
-    rb_vm_t *vm = GET_VM();
-    rb_thread_t *th = GET_THREAD();
-    VALUE main_ns;
-
-    if (!namespace_experimental_warned) {
-        rb_category_warn(RB_WARN_CATEGORY_EXPERIMENTAL,
-                         "Namespace is experimental, and the behavior may change in the future!\n"
-                         "See doc/namespace.md for known issues, etc.");
-        namespace_experimental_warned = 1;
-    }
-
-    main_ns = rb_class_new_instance_pass_kw(0, NULL, rb_cNamespace);
-    ns = rb_get_namespace_t(main_ns);
-    ns->ns_object = main_ns;
-    ns->ns_id = namespace_generate_id();
-    ns->is_builtin = false;
-    ns->is_user = true;
-    ns->is_optional = false;
-
-    rb_const_set(rb_cNamespace, rb_intern("MAIN"), main_ns);
-
-    vm->main_namespace = th->ns = main_namespace = ns;
-}
-
-static VALUE
-rb_namespace_inspect(VALUE obj)
-{
-    rb_namespace_t *ns;
-    VALUE r;
-    if (obj == Qfalse) {
-        r = rb_str_new_cstr("#<Namespace:root>");
-        return r;
-    }
-    ns = rb_get_namespace_t(obj);
-    r = rb_str_new_cstr("#<Namespace:");
-    rb_str_concat(r, rb_funcall(LONG2NUM(ns->ns_id), rb_intern("to_s"), 0));
-    if (NAMESPACE_BUILTIN_P(ns)) {
-        rb_str_cat_cstr(r, ",builtin");
-    }
-    if (NAMESPACE_USER_P(ns)) {
-        rb_str_cat_cstr(r, ",user");
-    }
-    if (NAMESPACE_MAIN_P(ns)) {
-        rb_str_cat_cstr(r, ",main");
-    }
-    else if (NAMESPACE_OPTIONAL_P(ns)) {
-        rb_str_cat_cstr(r, ",optional");
-    }
-    rb_str_cat_cstr(r, ">");
-    return r;
-}
-
-struct refiner_calling_super_data {
-    int argc;
-    VALUE *argv;
-};
-
-static VALUE
-namespace_builtin_refiner_calling_super(VALUE arg)
-{
-    struct refiner_calling_super_data *data = (struct refiner_calling_super_data *)arg;
-    return rb_call_super(data->argc, data->argv);
-}
-
-static VALUE
-namespace_builtin_refiner_loading_func_ensure(VALUE _)
-{
-    rb_vm_t *vm = GET_VM();
-    if (!vm->require_stack)
-        rb_bug("require_stack is not ready but the namespace refiner is called");
-    rb_namespace_disable_builtin();
-    return Qnil;
-}
-
-static VALUE
-rb_namespace_builtin_refiner_loading_func(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE _self)
-{
-    rb_vm_t *vm = GET_VM();
-    if (!vm->require_stack)
-        rb_bug("require_stack is not ready but the namespace refiner is called");
-    rb_namespace_enable_builtin();
-    // const rb_namespace_t *ns = rb_loading_namespace();
-    // printf("N:current loading ns: %ld\n", ns->ns_id);
-    struct refiner_calling_super_data data = {
-        .argc = argc,
-        .argv = argv
-    };
-    return rb_ensure(namespace_builtin_refiner_calling_super, (VALUE)&data,
-                     namespace_builtin_refiner_loading_func_ensure, Qnil);
-}
-
-static void
-setup_builtin_refinement(VALUE mod)
-{
-    struct rb_refinements_data data;
-    rb_refinement_setup(&data, mod, rb_mKernel);
-    rb_define_method(data.refinement, "require", rb_namespace_builtin_refiner_loading_func, -1);
-    rb_define_method(data.refinement, "require_relative", rb_namespace_builtin_refiner_loading_func, -1);
-    rb_define_method(data.refinement, "load", rb_namespace_builtin_refiner_loading_func, -1);
-}
-
-static VALUE
-namespace_user_loading_func_calling_super(VALUE arg)
-{
-    struct refiner_calling_super_data *data = (struct refiner_calling_super_data *)arg;
-    return rb_call_super(data->argc, data->argv);
-}
-
-static VALUE
-namespace_user_loading_func_ensure(VALUE arg)
-{
-    rb_namespace_t *ns = (rb_namespace_t *)arg;
-    rb_namespace_pop_loading_namespace(ns);
-    return Qnil;
-}
-
-static VALUE
-rb_namespace_user_loading_func(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE _self)
-{
-    const rb_namespace_t *ns;
-    rb_vm_t *vm = GET_VM();
-    if (!vm->require_stack)
-        rb_bug("require_stack is not ready but require/load is called in user namespaces");
-    ns = rb_current_namespace();
-    VM_ASSERT(rb_namespace_available() || !ns);
-    rb_namespace_push_loading_namespace(ns);
-    struct refiner_calling_super_data data = {
-        .argc = argc,
-        .argv = argv
-    };
-    return rb_ensure(namespace_user_loading_func_calling_super, (VALUE)&data,
-                     namespace_user_loading_func_ensure, (VALUE)ns);
-}
-
-static VALUE
-setup_pushing_loading_namespace_include(VALUE mod)
-{
-    rb_include_module(rb_cObject, mod);
-    return Qnil;
-}
-
-static void
-setup_pushing_loading_namespace(rb_namespace_t *ns)
-{
-    rb_namespace_exec(ns, setup_pushing_loading_namespace_include, rb_mNamespaceLoader);
-}
-
-static void
-namespace_define_loader_method(const char *name)
-{
-    rb_define_private_method(rb_mNamespaceLoader, name, rb_namespace_user_loading_func, -1);
-    rb_define_singleton_method(rb_mNamespaceLoader, name, rb_namespace_user_loading_func, -1);
-}
-
-void
-Init_Namespace(void)
-{
-    tmp_dir = system_tmpdir();
-    tmp_dir_has_dirsep = (strcmp(tmp_dir + (strlen(tmp_dir) - strlen(DIRSEP)), DIRSEP) == 0);
-
-    rb_cNamespace = rb_define_class("Namespace", rb_cModule);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cNamespace, "initialize", namespace_initialize, 0);
-
-    rb_cNamespaceEntry = rb_define_class_under(rb_cNamespace, "Entry", rb_cObject);
-    rb_define_alloc_func(rb_cNamespaceEntry, rb_namespace_entry_alloc);
-
-    rb_mNamespaceRefiner = rb_define_module_under(rb_cNamespace, "Refiner");
-    if (rb_namespace_available()) {
-        setup_builtin_refinement(rb_mNamespaceRefiner);
-    }
-
-    rb_mNamespaceLoader = rb_define_module_under(rb_cNamespace, "Loader");
-    namespace_define_loader_method("require");
-    namespace_define_loader_method("require_relative");
-    namespace_define_loader_method("load");
-
-    rb_define_singleton_method(rb_cNamespace, "enabled?", rb_namespace_s_getenabled, 0);
-    rb_define_singleton_method(rb_cNamespace, "current", rb_namespace_current, 0);
-    rb_define_singleton_method(rb_cNamespace, "current_details", rb_current_namespace_details, 0);
-    rb_define_singleton_method(rb_cNamespace, "is_builtin?", rb_namespace_s_is_builtin_p, 1);
-
-    rb_define_method(rb_cNamespace, "load_path", rb_namespace_load_path, 0);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cNamespace, "load", rb_namespace_load, -1);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cNamespace, "require", rb_namespace_require, 1);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cNamespace, "require_relative", rb_namespace_require_relative, 1);
-
-    rb_define_method(rb_cNamespace, "inspect", rb_namespace_inspect, 0);
-
-    rb_vm_t *vm = GET_VM();
-    vm->require_stack = rb_ary_new();
-}
diff --git a/nilclass.rb b/nilclass.rb
index 5a2e19680d..acd5666c71 100644
--- a/nilclass.rb
+++ b/nilclass.rb
@@ -1,6 +1,32 @@
 class NilClass
   #
   #  call-seq:
+  #     rationalize(eps = nil)  ->  (0/1)
+  #
+  #  Returns zero as a Rational:
+  #
+  #     nil.rationalize # => (0/1)
+  #
+  #  Argument +eps+ is ignored.
+  #
+  def rationalize(eps = nil)
+    0r
+  end
+
+  #
+  #  call-seq:
+  #     to_c -> (0+0i)
+  #
+  #  Returns zero as a Complex:
+  #
+  #     nil.to_c # => (0+0i)
+  #
+  def to_c
+    0i
+  end
+
+  #
+  #  call-seq:
   #     nil.to_i -> 0
   #
   #  Always returns zero.
@@ -22,4 +48,16 @@ class NilClass
   def to_f
     return 0.0
   end
+
+  #
+  #  call-seq:
+  #     to_r  ->  (0/1)
+  #
+  #  Returns zero as a Rational:
+  #
+  #     nil.to_r # => (0/1)
+  #
+  def to_r
+    0r
+  end
 end
diff --git a/node_dump.c b/node_dump.c
index 24711f3d97..82a7d78c28 100644
--- a/node_dump.c
+++ b/node_dump.c
@@ -309,8 +309,11 @@ dump_node(VALUE buf, VALUE indent, int comment, const NODE * node)
         ANN("example: case x; in 1; foo; in 2; bar; else baz; end");
         F_NODE(nd_head, RNODE_IN, "in pattern");
         F_NODE(nd_body, RNODE_IN, "in body");
-        LAST_NODE;
         F_NODE(nd_next, RNODE_IN, "next in clause");
+        F_LOC(in_keyword_loc, RNODE_IN);
+        F_LOC(then_keyword_loc, RNODE_IN);
+        LAST_NODE;
+        F_LOC(operator_loc, RNODE_IN);
         return;
 
       case NODE_WHILE:
@@ -1009,8 +1012,10 @@ dump_node(VALUE buf, VALUE indent, int comment, const NODE * node)
         ANN("format: module [nd_cpath]; [nd_body]; end");
         ANN("example: module M; ..; end");
         F_NODE(nd_cpath, RNODE_MODULE, "module path");
-        LAST_NODE;
         F_NODE(nd_body, RNODE_MODULE, "module definition");
+        F_LOC(module_keyword_loc, RNODE_MODULE);
+        LAST_NODE;
+        F_LOC(end_keyword_loc, RNODE_MODULE);
         return;
 
       case NODE_SCLASS:
@@ -1018,8 +1023,11 @@ dump_node(VALUE buf, VALUE indent, int comment, const NODE * node)
         ANN("format: class << [nd_recv]; [nd_body]; end");
         ANN("example: class << obj; ..; end");
         F_NODE(nd_recv, RNODE_SCLASS, "receiver");
-        LAST_NODE;
         F_NODE(nd_body, RNODE_SCLASS, "singleton class definition");
+        F_LOC(class_keyword_loc, RNODE_SCLASS);
+        F_LOC(operator_loc, RNODE_SCLASS);
+        LAST_NODE;
+        F_LOC(end_keyword_loc, RNODE_SCLASS);
         return;
 
       case NODE_COLON2:
@@ -1027,8 +1035,10 @@ dump_node(VALUE buf, VALUE indent, int comment, const NODE * node)
         ANN("format: [nd_head]::[nd_mid]");
         ANN("example: M::C");
         F_ID(nd_mid, RNODE_COLON2, "constant name");
-        LAST_NODE;
         F_NODE(nd_head, RNODE_COLON2, "receiver");
+        F_LOC(delimiter_loc, RNODE_COLON2);
+        LAST_NODE;
+        F_LOC(name_loc, RNODE_COLON2);
         return;
 
       case NODE_COLON3:
@@ -1036,6 +1046,8 @@ dump_node(VALUE buf, VALUE indent, int comment, const NODE * node)
         ANN("format: ::[nd_mid]");
         ANN("example: ::Object");
         F_ID(nd_mid, RNODE_COLON3, "constant name");
+        F_LOC(delimiter_loc, RNODE_COLON3);
+        F_LOC(name_loc, RNODE_COLON3);
         return;
 
       case NODE_DOT2:
@@ -1101,8 +1113,9 @@ dump_node(VALUE buf, VALUE indent, int comment, const NODE * node)
         ANN("defined? expression");
         ANN("format: defined?([nd_head])");
         ANN("example: defined?(foo)");
-        LAST_NODE;
         F_NODE(nd_head, RNODE_DEFINED, "expr");
+        LAST_NODE;
+        F_LOC(keyword_loc, RNODE_DEFINED);
         return;
 
       case NODE_POSTEXE:
diff --git a/numeric.c b/numeric.c
index d3affed804..e8df2a6aa0 100644
--- a/numeric.c
+++ b/numeric.c
@@ -576,7 +576,7 @@ num_imaginary(VALUE num)
  *  call-seq:
  *    -self -> numeric
  *
- *  Unary Minus---Returns the receiver, negated.
+ *  Returns +self+, negated.
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -595,8 +595,8 @@ num_uminus(VALUE num)
  *    fdiv(other) -> float
  *
  *  Returns the quotient <tt>self/other</tt> as a float,
- *  using method +/+ in the derived class of +self+.
- *  (\Numeric itself does not define method +/+.)
+ *  using method +/+ as defined in the subclass of \Numeric.
+ *  (\Numeric itself does not define +/+.)
  *
  *  Of the Core and Standard Library classes,
  *  only BigDecimal uses this implementation.
@@ -614,8 +614,8 @@ num_fdiv(VALUE x, VALUE y)
  *    div(other) -> integer
  *
  *  Returns the quotient <tt>self/other</tt> as an integer (via +floor+),
- *  using method +/+ in the derived class of +self+.
- *  (\Numeric itself does not define method +/+.)
+ *  using method +/+ as defined in the subclass of \Numeric.
+ *  (\Numeric itself does not define +/+.)
  *
  *  Of the Core and Standard Library classes,
  *  Only Float and Rational use this implementation.
@@ -633,7 +633,7 @@ num_div(VALUE x, VALUE y)
  *  call-seq:
  *    self % other -> real_numeric
  *
- *  Returns +self+ modulo +other+ as a real number.
+ *  Returns +self+ modulo +other+ as a real numeric (\Integer, \Float, or \Rational).
  *
  *  Of the Core and Standard Library classes,
  *  only Rational uses this implementation.
@@ -847,7 +847,8 @@ num_nonzero_p(VALUE num)
  *    to_int -> integer
  *
  *  Returns +self+ as an integer;
- *  converts using method +to_i+ in the derived class.
+ *  converts using method +to_i+ in the subclass of \Numeric.
+ *  (\Numeric itself does not define +to_i+.)
  *
  *  Of the Core and Standard Library classes,
  *  only Rational and Complex use this implementation.
@@ -905,88 +906,6 @@ num_negative_p(VALUE num)
     return RBOOL(rb_num_negative_int_p(num));
 }
 
-
-/********************************************************************
- *
- *  Document-class: Float
- *
- *  A \Float object represents a sometimes-inexact real number using the native
- *  architecture's double-precision floating point representation.
- *
- *  Floating point has a different arithmetic and is an inexact number.
- *  So you should know its esoteric system. See following:
- *
- *  - https://docs.oracle.com/cd/E19957-01/806-3568/ncg_goldberg.html
- *  - https://github.com/rdp/ruby_tutorials_core/wiki/Ruby-Talk-FAQ#-why-are-rubys-floats-imprecise
- *  - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floating_point#Accuracy_problems
- *
- *  You can create a \Float object explicitly with:
- *
- *  - A {floating-point literal}[rdoc-ref:syntax/literals.rdoc@Float+Literals].
- *
- *  You can convert certain objects to Floats with:
- *
- *  - Method #Float.
- *
- *  == What's Here
- *
- *  First, what's elsewhere. Class \Float:
- *
- *  - Inherits from
- *    {class Numeric}[rdoc-ref:Numeric@What-27s+Here]
- *    and {class Object}[rdoc-ref:Object@What-27s+Here].
- *  - Includes {module Comparable}[rdoc-ref:Comparable@What-27s+Here].
- *
- *  Here, class \Float provides methods for:
- *
- *  - {Querying}[rdoc-ref:Float@Querying]
- *  - {Comparing}[rdoc-ref:Float@Comparing]
- *  - {Converting}[rdoc-ref:Float@Converting]
- *
- *  === Querying
- *
- *  - #finite?: Returns whether +self+ is finite.
- *  - #hash: Returns the integer hash code for +self+.
- *  - #infinite?: Returns whether +self+ is infinite.
- *  - #nan?: Returns whether +self+ is a NaN (not-a-number).
- *
- *  === Comparing
- *
- *  - #<: Returns whether +self+ is less than the given value.
- *  - #<=: Returns whether +self+ is less than or equal to the given value.
- *  - #<=>: Returns a number indicating whether +self+ is less than, equal
- *    to, or greater than the given value.
- *  - #== (aliased as #=== and #eql?): Returns whether +self+ is equal to
- *    the given value.
- *  - #>: Returns whether +self+ is greater than the given value.
- *  - #>=: Returns whether +self+ is greater than or equal to the given value.
- *
- *  === Converting
- *
- *  - #% (aliased as #modulo): Returns +self+ modulo the given value.
- *  - #*: Returns the product of +self+ and the given value.
- *  - #**: Returns the value of +self+ raised to the power of the given value.
- *  - #+: Returns the sum of +self+ and the given value.
- *  - #-: Returns the difference of +self+ and the given value.
- *  - #/: Returns the quotient of +self+ and the given value.
- *  - #ceil: Returns the smallest number greater than or equal to +self+.
- *  - #coerce: Returns a 2-element array containing the given value converted to a \Float
- *    and +self+
- *  - #divmod: Returns a 2-element array containing the quotient and remainder
- *    results of dividing +self+ by the given value.
- *  - #fdiv: Returns the \Float result of dividing +self+ by the given value.
- *  - #floor: Returns the greatest number smaller than or equal to +self+.
- *  - #next_float: Returns the next-larger representable \Float.
- *  - #prev_float: Returns the next-smaller representable \Float.
- *  - #quo: Returns the quotient from dividing +self+ by the given value.
- *  - #round: Returns +self+ rounded to the nearest value, to a given precision.
- *  - #to_i (aliased as #to_int): Returns +self+ truncated to an Integer.
- *  - #to_s (aliased as #inspect): Returns a string containing the place-value
- *    representation of +self+ in the given radix.
- *  - #truncate: Returns +self+ truncated to a given precision.
- *
- */
-
 VALUE
 rb_float_new_in_heap(double d)
 {
@@ -1131,15 +1050,21 @@ rb_float_uminus(VALUE flt)
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *    self + other -> numeric
+ *    self + other -> float or complex
  *
- *  Returns a new \Float which is the sum of +self+ and +other+:
+ *  Returns the sum of +self+ and +other+;
+ *  the result may be inexact (see Float):
  *
- *    f = 3.14
- *    f + 1                 # => 4.140000000000001
- *    f + 1.0               # => 4.140000000000001
- *    f + Rational(1, 1)    # => 4.140000000000001
- *    f + Complex(1, 0)     # => (4.140000000000001+0i)
+ *    3.14 + 0              # => 3.14
+ *    3.14 + 1              # => 4.140000000000001
+ *    -3.14 + 0             # => -3.14
+ *    -3.14 + 1             # => -2.14
+
+ *    3.14 + -3.14          # => 0.0
+ *    -3.14 + -3.14         # => -6.28
+ *
+ *    3.14 + Complex(1, 0)   # => (4.140000000000001+0i)
+ *    3.14 + Rational(1, 1)  # => 4.140000000000001
  *
  */
 
@@ -1164,7 +1089,7 @@ rb_float_plus(VALUE x, VALUE y)
  *  call-seq:
  *    self - other -> numeric
  *
- *  Returns a new \Float which is the difference of +self+ and +other+:
+ * Returns the difference of +self+ and +other+:
  *
  *    f = 3.14
  *    f - 1                 # => 2.14
@@ -1195,13 +1120,14 @@ rb_float_minus(VALUE x, VALUE y)
  *  call-seq:
  *    self * other -> numeric
  *
- *  Returns a new \Float which is the product of +self+ and +other+:
+ * Returns the numeric product of +self+ and +other+:
  *
  *    f = 3.14
  *    f * 2              # => 6.28
  *    f * 2.0            # => 6.28
  *    f * Rational(1, 2) # => 1.57
  *    f * Complex(2, 0)  # => (6.28+0.0i)
+ *
  */
 
 VALUE
@@ -1249,7 +1175,7 @@ rb_flo_div_flo(VALUE x, VALUE y)
  *  call-seq:
  *    self / other -> numeric
  *
- *  Returns a new \Float which is the result of dividing +self+ by +other+:
+ * Returns the quotient of +self+ and +other+:
  *
  *    f = 3.14
  *    f / 2              # => 1.57
@@ -1358,7 +1284,7 @@ ruby_float_mod(double x, double y)
  *  call-seq:
  *    self % other -> float
  *
- *  Returns +self+ modulo +other+ as a float.
+ *  Returns +self+ modulo +other+ as a \Float.
  *
  *  For float +f+ and real number +r+, these expressions are equivalent:
  *
@@ -1464,9 +1390,9 @@ flo_divmod(VALUE x, VALUE y)
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *    self ** other -> numeric
+ *    self ** exponent -> numeric
  *
- *  Raises +self+ to the power of +other+:
+ *  Returns +self+ raised to the power +exponent+:
  *
  *    f = 3.14
  *    f ** 2              # => 9.8596
@@ -1542,10 +1468,17 @@ num_eql(VALUE x, VALUE y)
  *  call-seq:
  *    self <=> other -> zero or nil
  *
- *  Returns zero if +self+ is the same as +other+, +nil+ otherwise.
+ *  Compares +self+ and +other+.
  *
- *  No subclass in the Ruby Core or Standard Library uses this implementation.
+ *  Returns:
+ *
+ *  - Zero, if +self+ is the same as +other+.
+ *  - +nil+, otherwise.
  *
+ *  \Class \Numeric includes module Comparable,
+ *  each of whose methods uses Numeric#<=> for comparison.
+ *
+ *  No subclass in the Ruby Core or Standard Library uses this implementation.
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -1568,7 +1501,7 @@ num_equal(VALUE x, VALUE y)
  *  call-seq:
  *     self == other -> true or false
  *
- *  Returns +true+ if +other+ has the same value as +self+, +false+ otherwise:
+ *  Returns whether +other+ is numerically equal to +self+:
  *
  *     2.0 == 2              # => true
  *     2.0 == 2.0            # => true
@@ -1591,17 +1524,11 @@ rb_float_equal(VALUE x, VALUE y)
     }
     else if (RB_FLOAT_TYPE_P(y)) {
         b = RFLOAT_VALUE(y);
-#if MSC_VERSION_BEFORE(1300)
-        if (isnan(b)) return Qfalse;
-#endif
     }
     else {
         return num_equal(x, y);
     }
     a = RFLOAT_VALUE(x);
-#if MSC_VERSION_BEFORE(1300)
-    if (isnan(a)) return Qfalse;
-#endif
     return RBOOL(a == b);
 }
 
@@ -1641,30 +1568,32 @@ rb_dbl_cmp(double a, double b)
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *     self <=> other ->  -1, 0, +1, or nil
+ *     self <=> other ->  -1, 0, 1, or nil
+ *
+ *  Compares +self+ and +other+.
  *
- *  Returns a value that depends on the numeric relation
- *  between +self+ and +other+:
+ *  Returns:
  *
- *  - -1, if +self+ is less than +other+.
- *  - 0, if +self+ is equal to +other+.
- *  - 1, if +self+ is greater than +other+.
+ *  - +-1+, if +self+ is less than +other+.
+ *  - +0+, if +self+ is equal to +other+.
+ *  - +1+, if +self+ is greater than +other+.
  *  - +nil+, if the two values are incommensurate.
  *
  *  Examples:
  *
+ *    2.0 <=> 2.1            # => -1
  *    2.0 <=> 2              # => 0
  *    2.0 <=> 2.0            # => 0
  *    2.0 <=> Rational(2, 1) # => 0
  *    2.0 <=> Complex(2, 0)  # => 0
  *    2.0 <=> 1.9            # => 1
- *    2.0 <=> 2.1            # => -1
  *    2.0 <=> 'foo'          # => nil
  *
- *  This is the basis for the tests in the Comparable module.
- *
  *  <tt>Float::NAN <=> Float::NAN</tt> returns an implementation-dependent value.
  *
+ *  \Class \Float includes module Comparable,
+ *  each of whose methods uses Float#<=> for comparison.
+ *
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -1709,7 +1638,8 @@ rb_float_cmp(VALUE x, VALUE y)
  *  call-seq:
  *    self > other -> true or false
  *
- *  Returns +true+ if +self+ is numerically greater than +other+:
+ *  Returns whether the value of +self+ is greater than the value of +other+;
+ *  +other+ must be numeric, but may not be Complex:
  *
  *    2.0 > 1              # => true
  *    2.0 > 1.0            # => true
@@ -1734,16 +1664,10 @@ rb_float_gt(VALUE x, VALUE y)
     }
     else if (RB_FLOAT_TYPE_P(y)) {
         b = RFLOAT_VALUE(y);
-#if MSC_VERSION_BEFORE(1300)
-        if (isnan(b)) return Qfalse;
-#endif
     }
     else {
         return rb_num_coerce_relop(x, y, '>');
     }
-#if MSC_VERSION_BEFORE(1300)
-    if (isnan(a)) return Qfalse;
-#endif
     return RBOOL(a > b);
 }
 
@@ -1751,7 +1675,8 @@ rb_float_gt(VALUE x, VALUE y)
  *  call-seq:
  *    self >= other -> true or false
  *
- *  Returns +true+ if +self+ is numerically greater than or equal to +other+:
+ *  Returns whether the value of +self+ is greater than or equal to the value of +other+;
+ *  +other+ must be numeric, but may not be Complex:
  *
  *    2.0 >= 1              # => true
  *    2.0 >= 1.0            # => true
@@ -1777,16 +1702,10 @@ flo_ge(VALUE x, VALUE y)
     }
     else if (RB_FLOAT_TYPE_P(y)) {
         b = RFLOAT_VALUE(y);
-#if MSC_VERSION_BEFORE(1300)
-        if (isnan(b)) return Qfalse;
-#endif
     }
     else {
         return rb_num_coerce_relop(x, y, idGE);
     }
-#if MSC_VERSION_BEFORE(1300)
-    if (isnan(a)) return Qfalse;
-#endif
     return RBOOL(a >= b);
 }
 
@@ -1794,7 +1713,8 @@ flo_ge(VALUE x, VALUE y)
  *  call-seq:
  *    self < other -> true or false
  *
- *  Returns +true+ if +self+ is numerically less than +other+:
+ *  Returns whether the value of +self+ is less than the value of +other+;
+ *  +other+ must be numeric, but may not be Complex:
  *
  *    2.0 < 3              # => true
  *    2.0 < 3.0            # => true
@@ -1802,7 +1722,6 @@ flo_ge(VALUE x, VALUE y)
  *    2.0 < 2.0            # => false
  *
  *  <tt>Float::NAN < Float::NAN</tt> returns an implementation-dependent value.
- *
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -1819,16 +1738,10 @@ flo_lt(VALUE x, VALUE y)
     }
     else if (RB_FLOAT_TYPE_P(y)) {
         b = RFLOAT_VALUE(y);
-#if MSC_VERSION_BEFORE(1300)
-        if (isnan(b)) return Qfalse;
-#endif
     }
     else {
         return rb_num_coerce_relop(x, y, '<');
     }
-#if MSC_VERSION_BEFORE(1300)
-    if (isnan(a)) return Qfalse;
-#endif
     return RBOOL(a < b);
 }
 
@@ -1836,7 +1749,8 @@ flo_lt(VALUE x, VALUE y)
  *  call-seq:
  *    self <= other -> true or false
  *
- *  Returns +true+ if +self+ is numerically less than or equal to +other+:
+ *  Returns whether the value of +self+ is less than or equal to the value of +other+;
+ *  +other+ must be numeric, but may not be Complex:
  *
  *    2.0 <= 3              # => true
  *    2.0 <= 3.0            # => true
@@ -1862,16 +1776,10 @@ flo_le(VALUE x, VALUE y)
     }
     else if (RB_FLOAT_TYPE_P(y)) {
         b = RFLOAT_VALUE(y);
-#if MSC_VERSION_BEFORE(1300)
-        if (isnan(b)) return Qfalse;
-#endif
     }
     else {
         return rb_num_coerce_relop(x, y, idLE);
     }
-#if MSC_VERSION_BEFORE(1300)
-    if (isnan(a)) return Qfalse;
-#endif
     return RBOOL(a <= b);
 }
 
@@ -1899,10 +1807,7 @@ rb_float_eql(VALUE x, VALUE y)
     if (RB_FLOAT_TYPE_P(y)) {
         double a = RFLOAT_VALUE(x);
         double b = RFLOAT_VALUE(y);
-#if MSC_VERSION_BEFORE(1300)
-        if (isnan(a) || isnan(b)) return Qfalse;
-#endif
-    return RBOOL(a == b);
+        return RBOOL(a == b);
     }
     return Qfalse;
 }
@@ -2708,7 +2613,7 @@ flo_truncate(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE num)
  *    floor(ndigits = 0) -> float or integer
  *
  *  Returns the largest float or integer that is less than or equal to +self+,
- *  as specified by the given `ndigits`,
+ *  as specified by the given +ndigits+,
  *  which must be an
  *  {integer-convertible object}[rdoc-ref:implicit_conversion.rdoc@Integer-Convertible+Objects].
  *
@@ -2728,7 +2633,7 @@ num_floor(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE num)
  *    ceil(ndigits = 0) -> float or integer
  *
  *  Returns the smallest float or integer that is greater than or equal to +self+,
- *  as specified by the given `ndigits`,
+ *  as specified by the given +ndigits+,
  *  which must be an
  *  {integer-convertible object}[rdoc-ref:implicit_conversion.rdoc@Integer-Convertible+Objects].
  *
@@ -3527,6 +3432,232 @@ rb_num2ull(VALUE val)
 
 #endif  /* HAVE_LONG_LONG */
 
+// Conversion functions for unified 128-bit integer structures,
+// These work with or without native 128-bit integer support.
+
+#ifndef HAVE_UINT128_T
+// Helper function to build 128-bit value from bignum digits (fallback path).
+static inline void
+rb_uint128_from_bignum_digits_fallback(rb_uint128_t *result, BDIGIT *digits, size_t length)
+{
+    // Build the 128-bit value from bignum digits:
+    for (long i = length - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
+        // Shift both low and high parts:
+        uint64_t carry = result->parts.low >> (64 - (SIZEOF_BDIGIT * CHAR_BIT));
+        result->parts.low = (result->parts.low << (SIZEOF_BDIGIT * CHAR_BIT)) | digits[i];
+        result->parts.high = (result->parts.high << (SIZEOF_BDIGIT * CHAR_BIT)) | carry;
+    }
+}
+
+// Helper function to convert absolute value of negative bignum to two's complement.
+// Ruby stores negative bignums as absolute values, so we need to convert to two's complement.
+static inline void
+rb_uint128_twos_complement_negate(rb_uint128_t *value)
+{
+    if (value->parts.low == 0) {
+        value->parts.high = ~value->parts.high + 1;
+    }
+    else {
+        value->parts.low = ~value->parts.low + 1;
+        value->parts.high = ~value->parts.high + (value->parts.low == 0 ? 1 : 0);
+    }
+}
+#endif
+
+rb_uint128_t
+rb_numeric_to_uint128(VALUE x)
+{
+    rb_uint128_t result = {0};
+    if (RB_FIXNUM_P(x)) {
+        long value = RB_FIX2LONG(x);
+        if (value < 0) {
+            rb_raise(rb_eRangeError, "negative integer cannot be converted to unsigned 128-bit integer");
+        }
+#ifdef HAVE_UINT128_T
+        result.value = (uint128_t)value;
+#else
+        result.parts.low = (uint64_t)value;
+        result.parts.high = 0;
+#endif
+        return result;
+    }
+    else if (RB_BIGNUM_TYPE_P(x)) {
+        if (BIGNUM_NEGATIVE_P(x)) {
+            rb_raise(rb_eRangeError, "negative integer cannot be converted to unsigned 128-bit integer");
+        }
+        size_t length = BIGNUM_LEN(x);
+#ifdef HAVE_UINT128_T
+        if (length > roomof(SIZEOF_INT128_T, SIZEOF_BDIGIT)) {
+            rb_raise(rb_eRangeError, "bignum too big to convert into 'unsigned 128-bit integer'");
+        }
+        BDIGIT *digits = BIGNUM_DIGITS(x);
+        result.value = 0;
+        for (long i = length - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
+            result.value = (result.value << (SIZEOF_BDIGIT * CHAR_BIT)) | digits[i];
+        }
+#else
+        // Check if bignum fits in 128 bits (16 bytes)
+        if (length > roomof(16, SIZEOF_BDIGIT)) {
+            rb_raise(rb_eRangeError, "bignum too big to convert into 'unsigned 128-bit integer'");
+        }
+        BDIGIT *digits = BIGNUM_DIGITS(x);
+        rb_uint128_from_bignum_digits_fallback(&result, digits, length);
+#endif
+        return result;
+    }
+    else {
+        rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "not an integer");
+    }
+}
+
+rb_int128_t
+rb_numeric_to_int128(VALUE x)
+{
+    rb_int128_t result = {0};
+    if (RB_FIXNUM_P(x)) {
+        long value = RB_FIX2LONG(x);
+#ifdef HAVE_UINT128_T
+        result.value = (int128_t)value;
+#else
+        if (value < 0) {
+            // Two's complement representation: for negative values, sign extend
+            // Convert to unsigned: for -1, we want all bits set
+            result.parts.low = (uint64_t)value; // This will be the two's complement representation
+            result.parts.high = UINT64_MAX; // Sign extend: all bits set for negative
+        }
+        else {
+            result.parts.low = (uint64_t)value;
+            result.parts.high = 0;
+        }
+#endif
+        return result;
+    }
+    else if (RB_BIGNUM_TYPE_P(x)) {
+        size_t length = BIGNUM_LEN(x);
+#ifdef HAVE_UINT128_T
+        if (length > roomof(SIZEOF_INT128_T, SIZEOF_BDIGIT)) {
+            rb_raise(rb_eRangeError, "bignum too big to convert into 'signed 128-bit integer'");
+        }
+        BDIGIT *digits = BIGNUM_DIGITS(x);
+        uint128_t unsigned_result = 0;
+        for (long i = length - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
+            unsigned_result = (unsigned_result << (SIZEOF_BDIGIT * CHAR_BIT)) | digits[i];
+        }
+        if (BIGNUM_NEGATIVE_P(x)) {
+            // Convert from two's complement
+            // Maximum negative value is 2^127
+            if (unsigned_result > ((uint128_t)1 << 127)) {
+                rb_raise(rb_eRangeError, "bignum too big to convert into 'signed 128-bit integer'");
+            }
+            result.value = -(int128_t)(unsigned_result - 1) - 1;
+        }
+        else {
+            // Maximum positive value is 2^127 - 1
+            if (unsigned_result > (((uint128_t)1 << 127) - 1)) {
+                rb_raise(rb_eRangeError, "bignum too big to convert into 'signed 128-bit integer'");
+            }
+            result.value = (int128_t)unsigned_result;
+        }
+#else
+        if (length > roomof(16, SIZEOF_BDIGIT)) {
+            rb_raise(rb_eRangeError, "bignum too big to convert into 'signed 128-bit integer'");
+        }
+        BDIGIT *digits = BIGNUM_DIGITS(x);
+        rb_uint128_t unsigned_result = {0};
+        rb_uint128_from_bignum_digits_fallback(&unsigned_result, digits, length);
+        if (BIGNUM_NEGATIVE_P(x)) {
+            // Check if value fits in signed 128-bit (max negative is 2^127)
+            uint64_t max_neg_high = (uint64_t)1 << 63;
+            if (unsigned_result.parts.high > max_neg_high || (unsigned_result.parts.high == max_neg_high && unsigned_result.parts.low > 0)) {
+                rb_raise(rb_eRangeError, "bignum too big to convert into 'signed 128-bit integer'");
+            }
+            // Convert from absolute value to two's complement (Ruby stores negative as absolute value)
+            rb_uint128_twos_complement_negate(&unsigned_result);
+            result.parts.low = unsigned_result.parts.low;
+            result.parts.high = (int64_t)unsigned_result.parts.high; // Sign extend
+        }
+        else {
+            // Check if value fits in signed 128-bit (max positive is 2^127 - 1)
+            // Max positive: high = 0x7FFFFFFFFFFFFFFF, low = 0xFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF
+            uint64_t max_pos_high = ((uint64_t)1 << 63) - 1;
+            if (unsigned_result.parts.high > max_pos_high) {
+                rb_raise(rb_eRangeError, "bignum too big to convert into 'signed 128-bit integer'");
+            }
+            result.parts.low = unsigned_result.parts.low;
+            result.parts.high = unsigned_result.parts.high;
+        }
+#endif
+        return result;
+    }
+    else {
+        rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "not an integer");
+    }
+}
+
+VALUE
+rb_uint128_to_numeric(rb_uint128_t n)
+{
+#ifdef HAVE_UINT128_T
+    if (n.value <= (uint128_t)RUBY_FIXNUM_MAX) {
+        return LONG2FIX((long)n.value);
+    }
+    return rb_uint128t2big(n.value);
+#else
+    // If high part is zero and low part fits in fixnum
+    if (n.parts.high == 0 && n.parts.low <= (uint64_t)RUBY_FIXNUM_MAX) {
+        return LONG2FIX((long)n.parts.low);
+    }
+    // Convert to bignum by building it from the two 64-bit parts
+    VALUE bignum = rb_ull2big(n.parts.low);
+    if (n.parts.high > 0) {
+        VALUE high_bignum = rb_ull2big(n.parts.high);
+        // Multiply high part by 2^64 and add to low part
+        VALUE shifted_value = rb_int_lshift(high_bignum, INT2FIX(64));
+        bignum = rb_int_plus(bignum, shifted_value);
+    }
+    return bignum;
+#endif
+}
+
+VALUE
+rb_int128_to_numeric(rb_int128_t n)
+{
+#ifdef HAVE_UINT128_T
+    if (FIXABLE(n.value)) {
+        return LONG2FIX((long)n.value);
+    }
+    return rb_int128t2big(n.value);
+#else
+    int64_t high = (int64_t)n.parts.high;
+    // If it's a small positive value that fits in fixnum
+    if (high == 0 && n.parts.low <= (uint64_t)RUBY_FIXNUM_MAX) {
+        return LONG2FIX((long)n.parts.low);
+    }
+    // Check if it's negative (high bit of high part is set)
+    if (high < 0) {
+        // Negative value - convert from two's complement to absolute value
+        rb_uint128_t unsigned_value = {0};
+        if (n.parts.low == 0) {
+            unsigned_value.parts.low = 0;
+            unsigned_value.parts.high = ~n.parts.high + 1;
+        }
+        else {
+            unsigned_value.parts.low = ~n.parts.low + 1;
+            unsigned_value.parts.high = ~n.parts.high + (unsigned_value.parts.low == 0 ? 1 : 0);
+        }
+        VALUE bignum = rb_uint128_to_numeric(unsigned_value);
+        return rb_int_uminus(bignum);
+    }
+    else {
+        // Positive value
+        union uint128_int128_conversion conversion = {
+            .int128 = n
+        };
+        return rb_uint128_to_numeric(conversion.uint128);
+    }
+#endif
+}
+
 /********************************************************************
  *
  * Document-class: Integer
@@ -4030,17 +4161,20 @@ rb_fix_plus(VALUE x, VALUE y)
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *    self + numeric -> numeric_result
+ *    self + other -> numeric
+ *
+ *  Returns the sum of +self+ and +other+:
  *
- *  Performs addition:
+ *    1 + 1               # => 2
+ *    1 + -1             # => 0
+ *    1 + 0              # => 1
+ *    1 + -2             # => -1
+ *    1 + Complex(1, 0)  # => (2+0i)
+ *    1 + Rational(1, 1) # => (2/1)
  *
- *    2 + 2              # => 4
- *    -2 + 2             # => 0
- *    -2 + -2            # => -4
- *    2 + 2.0            # => 4.0
- *    2 + Rational(2, 1) # => (4/1)
- *    2 + Complex(2, 0)  # => (4+0i)
+ *  For a computation involving Floats, the result may be inexact (see Float#+):
  *
+ *    1 + 3.14           # => 4.140000000000001
  */
 
 VALUE
@@ -4075,9 +4209,9 @@ fix_minus(VALUE x, VALUE y)
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *    self - numeric -> numeric_result
+ *    self - other -> numeric
  *
- *  Performs subtraction:
+ * Returns the difference of +self+ and +other+:
  *
  *    4 - 2              # => 2
  *    -4 - 2             # => -6
@@ -4131,16 +4265,17 @@ fix_mul(VALUE x, VALUE y)
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *    self * numeric -> numeric_result
+ *    self * other -> numeric
  *
- *  Performs multiplication:
+ * Returns the numeric product of +self+ and +other+:
  *
  *    4 * 2              # => 8
- *    4 * -2             # => -8
  *    -4 * 2             # => -8
+ *    4 * -2             # => -8
  *    4 * 2.0            # => 8.0
  *    4 * Rational(1, 3) # => (4/3)
  *    4 * Complex(2, 0)  # => (8+0i)
+ *
  */
 
 VALUE
@@ -4263,16 +4398,18 @@ fix_div(VALUE x, VALUE y)
 
 /*
  * call-seq:
- *   self / numeric -> numeric_result
+ *   self / other -> numeric
+ *
+ * Returns the quotient of +self+ and +other+.
  *
- * Performs division; for integer +numeric+, truncates the result to an integer:
+ * For integer +other+, truncates the result to an integer:
  *
  *   4 / 3              # => 1
  *   4 / -3             # => -2
  *   -4 / 3             # => -2
  *   -4 / -3            # => 1
  *
- *  For other +numeric+, returns non-integer result:
+ * For non-integer +other+, returns a non-integer result:
  *
  *   4 / 3.0            # => 1.3333333333333333
  *   4 / Rational(3, 1) # => (4/3)
@@ -4349,9 +4486,9 @@ fix_mod(VALUE x, VALUE y)
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *    self % other -> real_number
+ *    self % other -> real_numeric
  *
- *  Returns +self+ modulo +other+ as a real number.
+ *  Returns +self+ modulo +other+ as a real numeric (\Integer, \Float, or \Rational).
  *
  *  For integer +n+ and real number +r+, these expressions are equivalent:
  *
@@ -4500,9 +4637,9 @@ rb_int_divmod(VALUE x, VALUE y)
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *    self ** numeric -> numeric_result
+ *    self ** exponent -> numeric
  *
- *  Raises +self+ to the power of +numeric+:
+ * Returns +self+ raised to the power +exponent+:
  *
  *    2 ** 3              # => 8
  *    2 ** -3             # => (1/8)
@@ -4623,17 +4760,47 @@ fix_pow(VALUE x, VALUE y)
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *    self ** numeric -> numeric_result
- *
- *  Raises +self+ to the power of +numeric+:
- *
- *    2 ** 3              # => 8
- *    2 ** -3             # => (1/8)
- *    -2 ** 3             # => -8
- *    -2 ** -3            # => (-1/8)
- *    2 ** 3.3            # => 9.849155306759329
- *    2 ** Rational(3, 1) # => (8/1)
- *    2 ** Complex(3, 0)  # => (8+0i)
+ *    self ** exponent -> numeric
+ *
+ *  Returns +self+ raised to the power +exponent+:
+ *
+ *    # Result for non-negative Integer exponent is Integer.
+ *    2 ** 0   # => 1
+ *    2 ** 1   # => 2
+ *    2 ** 2   # => 4
+ *    2 ** 3   # => 8
+ *    -2 ** 3  # => -8
+ *    # Result for negative Integer exponent is Rational, not Float.
+ *    2 ** -3  # => (1/8)
+ *    -2 ** -3 # => (-1/8)
+ *
+ *    # Result for Float exponent is Float.
+ *    2 ** 0.0   # => 1.0
+ *    2 ** 1.0   # => 2.0
+ *    2 ** 2.0   # => 4.0
+ *    2 ** 3.0   # => 8.0
+ *    -2 ** 3.0  # => -8.0
+ *    2 ** -3.0  # => 0.125
+ *    -2 ** -3.0 # => -0.125
+ *
+ *    # Result for non-negative Complex exponent is Complex with Integer parts.
+ *    2 ** Complex(0, 0)   # => (1+0i)
+ *    2 ** Complex(1, 0)   # => (2+0i)
+ *    2 ** Complex(2, 0)   # => (4+0i)
+ *    2 ** Complex(3, 0)   # => (8+0i)
+ *    -2 ** Complex(3, 0) # => (-8+0i)
+ *    # Result for negative Complex exponent is Complex with Rational parts.
+ *    2 ** Complex(-3, 0)  # => ((1/8)+(0/1)*i)
+ *    -2 ** Complex(-3, 0) # => ((-1/8)+(0/1)*i)
+ *
+ *    # Result for Rational exponent is Rational.
+ *    2 ** Rational(0, 1)   # => (1/1)
+ *    2 ** Rational(1, 1)   # => (2/1)
+ *    2 ** Rational(2, 1)   # => (4/1)
+ *    2 ** Rational(3, 1)   # => (8/1)
+ *    -2 ** Rational(3, 1)  # => (-8/1)
+ *    2 ** Rational(-3, 1)  # => (1/8)
+ *    -2 ** Rational(-3, 1) # => (-1/8)
  *
  */
 VALUE
@@ -4686,7 +4853,7 @@ fix_equal(VALUE x, VALUE y)
  *  call-seq:
  *    self == other -> true or false
  *
- *  Returns +true+ if +self+ is numerically equal to +other+; +false+ otherwise.
+ *  Returns whether +self+ is numerically equal to +other+:
  *
  *    1 == 2     #=> false
  *    1 == 1.0   #=> true
@@ -4732,28 +4899,29 @@ fix_cmp(VALUE x, VALUE y)
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *    self <=> other  ->  -1, 0, +1, or nil
+ *    self <=> other -> -1, 0, 1, or nil
+ *
+ *  Compares +self+ and +other+.
  *
  *  Returns:
  *
- *  - -1, if +self+ is less than +other+.
- *  - 0, if +self+ is equal to +other+.
- *  - 1, if +self+ is greater then +other+.
+ *  - +-1+, if +self+ is less than +other+.
+ *  - +0+, if +self+ is equal to +other+.
+ *  - +1+, if +self+ is greater then +other+.
  *  - +nil+, if +self+ and +other+ are incomparable.
  *
  *  Examples:
  *
  *    1 <=> 2              # => -1
  *    1 <=> 1              # => 0
- *    1 <=> 0              # => 1
- *    1 <=> 'foo'          # => nil
- *
  *    1 <=> 1.0            # => 0
  *    1 <=> Rational(1, 1) # => 0
  *    1 <=> Complex(1, 0)  # => 0
+ *    1 <=> 0              # => 1
+ *    1 <=> 'foo'          # => nil
  *
- *  This method is the basis for comparisons in module Comparable.
- *
+ *  \Class \Integer includes module Comparable,
+ *  each of whose methods uses Integer#<=> for comparison.
  */
 
 VALUE
@@ -4791,7 +4959,8 @@ fix_gt(VALUE x, VALUE y)
  *  call-seq:
  *    self > other -> true or false
  *
- * Returns +true+ if the value of +self+ is greater than that of +other+:
+ * Returns whether the value of +self+ is greater than the value of +other+;
+ * +other+ must be numeric, but may not be Complex:
  *
  *    1 > 0              # => true
  *    1 > 1              # => false
@@ -4835,10 +5004,10 @@ fix_ge(VALUE x, VALUE y)
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *    self >= real -> true or false
+ *    self >= other -> true or false
  *
- *  Returns +true+ if the value of +self+ is greater than or equal to
- *  that of +other+:
+ *  Returns whether the value of +self+ is greater than or equal to the value of +other+;
+ *  +other+ must be numeric, but may not be Complex:
  *
  *    1 >= 0              # => true
  *    1 >= 1              # => true
@@ -4883,7 +5052,8 @@ fix_lt(VALUE x, VALUE y)
  * call-seq:
  *    self < other -> true or false
  *
- * Returns +true+ if the value of +self+ is less than that of +other+:
+ * Returns whether the value of +self+ is less than the value of +other+;
+ * +other+ must be numeric, but may not be Complex:
  *
  *    1 < 0              # => false
  *    1 < 1              # => false
@@ -4891,8 +5061,6 @@ fix_lt(VALUE x, VALUE y)
  *    1 < 0.5            # => false
  *    1 < Rational(1, 2) # => false
  *
- *  Raises an exception if the comparison cannot be made.
- *
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -4927,10 +5095,10 @@ fix_le(VALUE x, VALUE y)
 
 /*
  * call-seq:
- *    self <= real -> true or false
+ *    self <= other -> true or false
  *
- *  Returns +true+ if the value of +self+ is less than or equal to
- *  that of +other+:
+ * Returns whether the value of +self+ is less than or equal to the value of +other+;
+ * +other+ must be numeric, but may not be Complex:
  *
  *    1 <= 0              # => false
  *    1 <= 1              # => true
@@ -5115,8 +5283,8 @@ fix_xor(VALUE x, VALUE y)
  *
  */
 
-static VALUE
-int_xor(VALUE x, VALUE y)
+VALUE
+rb_int_xor(VALUE x, VALUE y)
 {
     if (FIXNUM_P(x)) {
         return fix_xor(x, y);
@@ -5289,9 +5457,22 @@ generate_mask(VALUE len)
 }
 
 static VALUE
+int_aref2(VALUE num, VALUE beg, VALUE len)
+{
+    if (RB_TYPE_P(num, T_BIGNUM)) {
+        return rb_big_aref2(num, beg, len);
+    }
+    else {
+        num = rb_int_rshift(num, beg);
+        VALUE mask = generate_mask(len);
+        return rb_int_and(num, mask);
+    }
+}
+
+static VALUE
 int_aref1(VALUE num, VALUE arg)
 {
-    VALUE orig_num = num, beg, end;
+    VALUE beg, end;
     int excl;
 
     if (rb_range_values(arg, &beg, &end, &excl)) {
@@ -5311,22 +5492,19 @@ int_aref1(VALUE num, VALUE arg)
                 return INT2FIX(0);
             }
         }
-        num = rb_int_rshift(num, beg);
 
         int cmp = compare_indexes(beg, end);
         if (!NIL_P(end) && cmp < 0) {
             VALUE len = rb_int_minus(end, beg);
             if (!excl) len = rb_int_plus(len, INT2FIX(1));
-            VALUE mask = generate_mask(len);
-            num = rb_int_and(num, mask);
+            return int_aref2(num, beg, len);
         }
         else if (cmp == 0) {
             if (excl) return INT2FIX(0);
-            num = orig_num;
             arg = beg;
             goto one_bit;
         }
-        return num;
+        return rb_int_rshift(num, beg);
     }
 
 one_bit:
@@ -5339,15 +5517,6 @@ one_bit:
     return Qnil;
 }
 
-static VALUE
-int_aref2(VALUE num, VALUE beg, VALUE len)
-{
-    num = rb_int_rshift(num, beg);
-    VALUE mask = generate_mask(len);
-    num = rb_int_and(num, mask);
-    return num;
-}
-
 /*
  *  call-seq:
  *     self[offset]    -> 0 or 1
@@ -5552,7 +5721,7 @@ rb_int_digits_bigbase(VALUE num, VALUE base)
     }
 
     bases = rb_ary_new();
-    for (VALUE b = base; int_lt(b, num) == Qtrue; b = rb_int_mul(b, b)) {
+    for (VALUE b = base; int_le(b, num) == Qtrue; b = rb_int_mul(b, b)) {
         rb_ary_push(bases, b);
     }
     digits = rb_ary_new_from_args(1, num);
@@ -6366,7 +6535,7 @@ Init_Numeric(void)
 
     rb_define_method(rb_cInteger, "&", rb_int_and, 1);
     rb_define_method(rb_cInteger, "|", int_or,  1);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cInteger, "^", int_xor, 1);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cInteger, "^", rb_int_xor, 1);
     rb_define_method(rb_cInteger, "[]", int_aref, -1);
 
     rb_define_method(rb_cInteger, "<<", rb_int_lshift, 1);
@@ -6454,7 +6623,7 @@ Init_Numeric(void)
      *
      *	If the platform supports denormalized numbers,
      *	there are numbers between zero and Float::MIN.
-     *	0.0.next_float returns the smallest positive floating point number
+     *	+0.0.next_float+ returns the smallest positive floating point number
      *	including denormalized numbers.
      */
     rb_define_const(rb_cFloat, "MIN", DBL2NUM(DBL_MIN));
diff --git a/numeric.rb b/numeric.rb
index 27e9951fd3..306561943d 100644
--- a/numeric.rb
+++ b/numeric.rb
@@ -93,9 +93,14 @@ end
 
 class Integer
   # call-seq:
-  #    -int -> integer
+  #   -self -> integer
+  #
+  # Returns +self+, negated:
+  #
+  #   -1    # => -1
+  #   -(-1) # => 1
+  #   -0    # => 0
   #
-  # Returns +self+, negated.
   def -@
     Primitive.attr! :leaf
     Primitive.cexpr! 'rb_int_uminus(self)'
@@ -322,7 +327,7 @@ class Integer
     1
   end
 
-  with_yjit do
+  with_jit do
     if Primitive.rb_builtin_basic_definition_p(:downto)
       undef :downto
 
@@ -373,9 +378,13 @@ class Float
   alias magnitude abs
 
   # call-seq:
-  #   -float -> float
+  #   -self -> float
+  #
+  # Returns +self+, negated:
   #
-  # Returns +self+, negated.
+  #   -3.14    # => -3.14
+  #   -(-3.14) # => 3.14
+  #   -0.0     # => -0.0
   #
   def -@
     Primitive.attr! :leaf
diff --git a/object.c b/object.c
index 9bd1d96e9f..75186a30c6 100644
--- a/object.c
+++ b/object.c
@@ -46,10 +46,9 @@
 
 /* Flags of RObject
  *
- * 1:    ROBJECT_EMBED
- *           The object has its instance variables embedded (the array of
- *           instance variables directly follow the object, rather than being
- *           on a separately allocated buffer).
+ * 4:    ROBJECT_HEAP
+ *           The object has its instance variables in a separately allocated buffer.
+ *           This can be either a flat buffer of reference, or an st_table for complex objects.
  */
 
 /*!
@@ -83,6 +82,7 @@ static VALUE rb_cFalseClass_to_s;
 #define id_init_dup         idInitialize_dup
 #define id_const_missing    idConst_missing
 #define id_to_f             idTo_f
+static ID id_instance_variables_to_inspect;
 
 #define CLASS_OR_MODULE_P(obj) \
     (!SPECIAL_CONST_P(obj) && \
@@ -124,20 +124,22 @@ rb_class_allocate_instance(VALUE klass)
         size = sizeof(struct RObject);
     }
 
-    NEWOBJ_OF(o, struct RObject, klass,
-              T_OBJECT | ROBJECT_EMBED | (RGENGC_WB_PROTECTED_OBJECT ? FL_WB_PROTECTED : 0), size, 0);
+    // There might be a NEWOBJ tracepoint callback, and it may set fields.
+    // So the shape must be passed to `NEWOBJ_OF`.
+    VALUE flags = T_OBJECT | (RGENGC_WB_PROTECTED_OBJECT ? FL_WB_PROTECTED : 0);
+    NEWOBJ_OF_WITH_SHAPE(o, struct RObject, klass, flags, rb_shape_root(rb_gc_heap_id_for_size(size)), size, 0);
     VALUE obj = (VALUE)o;
 
-    RUBY_ASSERT(RSHAPE_TYPE_P(RBASIC_SHAPE_ID(obj), SHAPE_ROOT));
-
-    RBASIC_SET_SHAPE_ID(obj, rb_shape_root(rb_gc_heap_id_for_size(size)));
-
 #if RUBY_DEBUG
     RUBY_ASSERT(!rb_shape_obj_too_complex_p(obj));
     VALUE *ptr = ROBJECT_FIELDS(obj);
-    for (size_t i = 0; i < ROBJECT_FIELDS_CAPACITY(obj); i++) {
+    size_t fields_count = RSHAPE_LEN(RBASIC_SHAPE_ID(obj));
+    for (size_t i = fields_count; i < ROBJECT_FIELDS_CAPACITY(obj); i++) {
         ptr[i] = Qundef;
     }
+    if (rb_obj_class(obj) != rb_class_real(klass)) {
+        rb_bug("Expected rb_class_allocate_instance to set the class correctly");
+    }
 #endif
 
     return obj;
@@ -160,7 +162,7 @@ rb_obj_setup(VALUE obj, VALUE klass, VALUE type)
  *
  * Returns +true+ or +false+.
  *
- * Like Object#==, if +object+ is an instance of Object
+ * Like Object#==, if +other+ is an instance of \Object
  * (and not an instance of one of its many subclasses).
  *
  * This method is commonly overridden by those subclasses,
@@ -198,14 +200,18 @@ rb_eql(VALUE obj1, VALUE obj2)
 
 /**
  *  call-seq:
- *     obj == other        -> true or false
- *     obj.equal?(other)   -> true or false
- *     obj.eql?(other)     -> true or false
+ *     self == other -> true or false
+ *     equal?(other) -> true or false
+ *     eql?(other) -> true or false
  *
- *  Equality --- At the Object level, #== returns <code>true</code>
- *  only if +obj+ and +other+ are the same object.  Typically, this
- *  method is overridden in descendant classes to provide
- *  class-specific meaning.
+ *  Returns whether +self+ and +other+ are the same object:
+ *
+ *    object = Object.new
+ *    object == object     # => true
+ *    object == Object.new # => false
+ *
+ *  Here in class \Object, #==, #equal?, and #eql? are the same method.
+ *  A subclass may override #== to provide class-specific meaning.
  *
  *  Unlike #==, the #equal? method should never be overridden by
  *  subclasses as it is used to determine object identity (that is,
@@ -278,12 +284,32 @@ rb_obj_not_equal(VALUE obj1, VALUE obj2)
     return rb_obj_not(result);
 }
 
+static inline VALUE
+fake_class_p(VALUE klass)
+{
+    RUBY_ASSERT(klass);
+    RUBY_ASSERT(RB_TYPE_P(klass, T_CLASS) || RB_TYPE_P(klass, T_MODULE) || RB_TYPE_P(klass, T_ICLASS));
+    STATIC_ASSERT(t_iclass_overlap_t_class, !(T_CLASS & T_ICLASS));
+    STATIC_ASSERT(t_iclass_overlap_t_module, !(T_MODULE & T_ICLASS));
+
+    return FL_TEST_RAW(klass, T_ICLASS | FL_SINGLETON);
+}
+
+static inline VALUE
+class_real(VALUE cl)
+{
+    RUBY_ASSERT(cl);
+    while (RB_UNLIKELY(fake_class_p(cl))) {
+        cl = RCLASS_SUPER(cl);
+    }
+    return cl;
+}
+
 VALUE
 rb_class_real(VALUE cl)
 {
-    while (cl &&
-        (RCLASS_SINGLETON_P(cl) || BUILTIN_TYPE(cl) == T_ICLASS)) {
-        cl = RCLASS_SUPER(cl);
+    if (cl) {
+        cl = class_real(cl);
     }
     return cl;
 }
@@ -291,7 +317,17 @@ rb_class_real(VALUE cl)
 VALUE
 rb_obj_class(VALUE obj)
 {
-    return rb_class_real(CLASS_OF(obj));
+    VALUE cl = CLASS_OF(obj);
+    if (cl) {
+        cl = class_real(cl);
+    }
+    return cl;
+}
+
+static inline VALUE
+rb_obj_class_must(VALUE obj)
+{
+    return class_real(CLASS_OF(obj));
 }
 
 /*
@@ -336,33 +372,32 @@ rb_obj_copy_ivar(VALUE dest, VALUE obj)
         return;
     }
 
-    shape_id_t dest_shape_id = src_shape_id;
     shape_id_t initial_shape_id = RBASIC_SHAPE_ID(dest);
+    RUBY_ASSERT(RSHAPE_TYPE_P(initial_shape_id, SHAPE_ROOT));
 
-    if (RSHAPE(initial_shape_id)->heap_index != RSHAPE(src_shape_id)->heap_index || !rb_shape_canonical_p(src_shape_id)) {
-        RUBY_ASSERT(RSHAPE(initial_shape_id)->type == SHAPE_T_OBJECT);
+    shape_id_t dest_shape_id = rb_shape_rebuild(initial_shape_id, src_shape_id);
+    if (UNLIKELY(rb_shape_too_complex_p(dest_shape_id))) {
+        st_table *table = rb_st_init_numtable_with_size(src_num_ivs);
+        rb_obj_copy_ivs_to_hash_table(obj, table);
+        rb_obj_init_too_complex(dest, table);
 
-        dest_shape_id = rb_shape_rebuild(initial_shape_id, src_shape_id);
-        if (UNLIKELY(rb_shape_too_complex_p(dest_shape_id))) {
-            st_table *table = rb_st_init_numtable_with_size(src_num_ivs);
-            rb_obj_copy_ivs_to_hash_table(obj, table);
-            rb_obj_init_too_complex(dest, table);
-
-            return;
-        }
+        return;
     }
 
     VALUE *src_buf = ROBJECT_FIELDS(obj);
     VALUE *dest_buf = ROBJECT_FIELDS(dest);
 
-    RUBY_ASSERT(src_num_ivs <= RSHAPE(dest_shape_id)->capacity);
-    if (RSHAPE(initial_shape_id)->capacity < RSHAPE(dest_shape_id)->capacity) {
-        rb_ensure_iv_list_size(dest, RSHAPE(initial_shape_id)->capacity, RSHAPE(dest_shape_id)->capacity);
+    attr_index_t initial_capa = RSHAPE_CAPACITY(initial_shape_id);
+    attr_index_t dest_capa = RSHAPE_CAPACITY(dest_shape_id);
+
+    RUBY_ASSERT(src_num_ivs <= dest_capa);
+    if (initial_capa < dest_capa) {
+        rb_ensure_iv_list_size(dest, 0, dest_capa);
         dest_buf = ROBJECT_FIELDS(dest);
     }
 
-    rb_shape_copy_fields(dest, dest_buf, dest_shape_id, obj, src_buf, src_shape_id);
-    rb_obj_set_shape_id(dest, dest_shape_id);
+    rb_shape_copy_fields(dest, dest_buf, dest_shape_id, src_buf, src_shape_id);
+    RBASIC_SET_SHAPE_ID(dest, dest_shape_id);
 }
 
 static void
@@ -371,23 +406,23 @@ init_copy(VALUE dest, VALUE obj)
     if (OBJ_FROZEN(dest)) {
         rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "[bug] frozen object (%s) allocated", rb_obj_classname(dest));
     }
-    RBASIC(dest)->flags &= ~(T_MASK|FL_EXIVAR);
+    RBASIC(dest)->flags &= ~T_MASK;
     // Copies the shape id from obj to dest
-    RBASIC(dest)->flags |= RBASIC(obj)->flags & (T_MASK|FL_EXIVAR);
+    RBASIC(dest)->flags |= RBASIC(obj)->flags & T_MASK;
     switch (BUILTIN_TYPE(obj)) {
-        case T_IMEMO:
-          rb_bug("Unreacheable");
-          break;
-        case T_CLASS:
-        case T_MODULE:
-          // noop: handled in class.c: rb_mod_init_copy
-          break;
-        case T_OBJECT:
-          rb_obj_copy_ivar(dest, obj);
-          break;
-        default:
-          rb_copy_generic_ivar(dest, obj);
-          break;
+      case T_IMEMO:
+        rb_bug("Unreachable");
+        break;
+      case T_CLASS:
+      case T_MODULE:
+        rb_mod_init_copy(dest, obj);
+        break;
+      case T_OBJECT:
+        rb_obj_copy_ivar(dest, obj);
+        break;
+      default:
+        rb_copy_generic_ivar(dest, obj);
+        break;
     }
     rb_gc_copy_attributes(dest, obj);
 }
@@ -496,12 +531,7 @@ rb_obj_clone_setup(VALUE obj, VALUE clone, VALUE kwfreeze)
 
         if (RB_OBJ_FROZEN(obj)) {
             shape_id_t next_shape_id = rb_shape_transition_frozen(clone);
-            if (!rb_shape_obj_too_complex_p(clone) && rb_shape_too_complex_p(next_shape_id)) {
-                rb_evict_ivars_to_hash(clone);
-            }
-            else {
-                rb_obj_set_shape_id(clone, next_shape_id);
-            }
+            RBASIC_SET_SHAPE_ID(clone, next_shape_id);
         }
         break;
       case Qtrue: {
@@ -516,16 +546,7 @@ rb_obj_clone_setup(VALUE obj, VALUE clone, VALUE kwfreeze)
         argv[0] = obj;
         argv[1] = freeze_true_hash;
         rb_funcallv_kw(clone, id_init_clone, 2, argv, RB_PASS_KEYWORDS);
-        RBASIC(clone)->flags |= FL_FREEZE;
-        shape_id_t next_shape_id = rb_shape_transition_frozen(clone);
-        // If we're out of shapes, but we want to freeze, then we need to
-        // evacuate this clone to a hash
-        if (!rb_shape_obj_too_complex_p(clone) && rb_shape_too_complex_p(next_shape_id)) {
-            rb_evict_ivars_to_hash(clone);
-        }
-        else {
-            rb_obj_set_shape_id(clone, next_shape_id);
-        }
+        OBJ_FREEZE(clone);
         break;
       }
       case Qfalse: {
@@ -744,11 +765,17 @@ rb_inspect(VALUE obj)
 static int
 inspect_i(ID id, VALUE value, st_data_t a)
 {
-    VALUE str = (VALUE)a;
+    VALUE *args = (VALUE *)a, str = args[0], ivars = args[1];
 
     /* need not to show internal data */
     if (CLASS_OF(value) == 0) return ST_CONTINUE;
     if (!rb_is_instance_id(id)) return ST_CONTINUE;
+    if (!NIL_P(ivars)) {
+        VALUE name = ID2SYM(id);
+        for (long i = 0; RARRAY_AREF(ivars, i) != name; ) {
+            if (++i >= RARRAY_LEN(ivars)) return ST_CONTINUE;
+        }
+    }
     if (RSTRING_PTR(str)[0] == '-') { /* first element */
         RSTRING_PTR(str)[0] = '#';
         rb_str_cat2(str, " ");
@@ -763,13 +790,15 @@ inspect_i(ID id, VALUE value, st_data_t a)
 }
 
 static VALUE
-inspect_obj(VALUE obj, VALUE str, int recur)
+inspect_obj(VALUE obj, VALUE a, int recur)
 {
+    VALUE *args = (VALUE *)a, str = args[0];
+
     if (recur) {
         rb_str_cat2(str, " ...");
     }
     else {
-        rb_ivar_foreach(obj, inspect_i, str);
+        rb_ivar_foreach(obj, inspect_i, a);
     }
     rb_str_cat2(str, ">");
     RSTRING_PTR(str)[0] = '#';
@@ -802,23 +831,67 @@ inspect_obj(VALUE obj, VALUE str, int recur)
  *       end
  *     end
  *     Bar.new.inspect                  #=> "#<Bar:0x0300c868 @bar=1>"
+ *
+ * If _obj_ responds to +instance_variables_to_inspect+, then only
+ * the instance variables listed in the returned array will be included
+ * in the inspect string.
+ *
+ *
+ *     class DatabaseConfig
+ *       def initialize(host, user, password)
+ *         @host = host
+ *         @user = user
+ *         @password = password
+ *       end
+ *
+ *     private
+ *       def instance_variables_to_inspect = [:@host, :@user]
+ *     end
+ *
+ *     conf = DatabaseConfig.new("localhost", "root", "hunter2")
+ *     conf.inspect #=> #<DatabaseConfig:0x0000000104def350 @host="localhost", @user="root">
  */
 
 static VALUE
 rb_obj_inspect(VALUE obj)
 {
-    if (rb_ivar_count(obj) > 0) {
-        VALUE str;
-        VALUE c = rb_class_name(CLASS_OF(obj));
+    VALUE ivars = rb_check_funcall(obj, id_instance_variables_to_inspect, 0, 0);
+    st_index_t n = 0;
+    if (UNDEF_P(ivars) || NIL_P(ivars)) {
+        n = rb_ivar_count(obj);
+        ivars = Qnil;
+    }
+    else if (RB_TYPE_P(ivars, T_ARRAY)) {
+        n = RARRAY_LEN(ivars);
+    }
+    else {
+        rb_raise(
+            rb_eTypeError,
+            "Expected #instance_variables_to_inspect to return an Array or nil, but it returned %"PRIsVALUE,
+            rb_obj_class(ivars)
+        );
+    }
 
-        str = rb_sprintf("-<%"PRIsVALUE":%p", c, (void*)obj);
-        return rb_exec_recursive(inspect_obj, obj, str);
+    if (n > 0) {
+        VALUE c = rb_class_name(CLASS_OF(obj));
+        VALUE args[2] = {
+            rb_sprintf("-<%"PRIsVALUE":%p", c, (void*)obj),
+            ivars
+        };
+        return rb_exec_recursive(inspect_obj, obj, (VALUE)args);
     }
     else {
         return rb_any_to_s(obj);
     }
 }
 
+/* :nodoc: */
+static VALUE
+rb_obj_instance_variables_to_inspect(VALUE obj)
+{
+    return Qnil;
+}
+
 static VALUE
 class_or_module_required(VALUE c)
 {
@@ -1697,21 +1770,33 @@ rb_obj_not_match(VALUE obj1, VALUE obj2)
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *     obj <=> other -> 0 or nil
+ *     self <=> other -> 0 or nil
+ *
+ *  Compares +self+ and +other+.
+ *
+ *  Returns:
+ *
+ *  - +0+, if +self+ and +other+ are the same object,
+ *    or if <tt>self == other</tt>.
+ *  - +nil+, otherwise.
+ *
+ *  Examples:
+ *
+ *    o = Object.new
+ *    o <=> o     # => 0
+ *    o <=> o.dup # => nil
  *
- *  Returns 0 if +obj+ and +other+ are the same object
- *  or <code>obj == other</code>, otherwise nil.
+ *  A class that includes module Comparable
+ *  should override this method by defining an instance method that:
  *
- *  The #<=> is used by various methods to compare objects, for example
- *  Enumerable#sort, Enumerable#max etc.
+ *  - Take one argument, +other+.
+ *  - Returns:
  *
- *  Your implementation of #<=> should return one of the following values: -1, 0,
- *  1 or nil. -1 means self is smaller than other. 0 means self is equal to other.
- *  1 means self is bigger than other. Nil means the two values could not be
- *  compared.
+ *    - +-1+, if +self+ is less than +other+.
+ *    - +0+, if +self+ is equal to +other+.
+ *    - +1+, if +self+ is greater than +other+.
+ *    - +nil+, if the two values are incommensurate.
  *
- *  When you define #<=>, you can include Comparable to gain the
- *  methods #<=, #<, #==, #>=, #> and #between?.
  */
 static VALUE
 rb_obj_cmp(VALUE obj1, VALUE obj2)
@@ -1811,11 +1896,12 @@ rb_mod_freeze(VALUE mod)
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *     mod === obj    -> true or false
+ *     self === other -> true or false
  *
- *  Case Equality---Returns <code>true</code> if <i>obj</i> is an
- *  instance of <i>mod</i> or an instance of one of <i>mod</i>'s descendants.
- *  Of limited use for modules, but can be used in <code>case</code> statements
+ *  Returns whether +other+ is an instance of +self+,
+ *  or is an instance of a subclass of +self+.
+ *
+ *  Of limited use for modules, but can be used in +case+ statements
  *  to classify objects by class.
  */
 
@@ -1829,11 +1915,24 @@ rb_mod_eqq(VALUE mod, VALUE arg)
  * call-seq:
  *   mod <= other   ->  true, false, or nil
  *
- * Returns true if <i>mod</i> is a subclass of <i>other</i> or
- * is the same as <i>other</i>. Returns
- * <code>nil</code> if there's no relationship between the two.
- * (Think of the relationship in terms of the class definition:
- * "class A < B" implies "A < B".)
+ * Returns +true+ if +self+ is a descendant of +other+
+ * (+self+ is a subclass of +other+ or +self+ includes +other+) or
+ * if +self+ is the same as +other+:
+ *
+ *   Float <= Numeric    # => true
+ *   Array <= Enumerable # => true
+ *   Float <= Float      # => true
+ *
+ * Returns +false+ if +self+ is an ancestor of +other+
+ * (+self+ is a superclass of +other+ or +self+ is included in +other+):
+ *
+ *   Numeric <= Float    # => false
+ *   Enumerable <= Array # => false
+ *
+ * Returns +nil+ if there is no relationship between the two:
+ *
+ *   Float <= Hash        # => nil
+ *   Enumerable <= String # => nil
  */
 
 VALUE
@@ -1879,14 +1978,26 @@ rb_class_inherited_p(VALUE mod, VALUE arg)
 
 /*
  * call-seq:
- *   mod < other   ->  true, false, or nil
+ *   self < other -> true, false, or nil
  *
- * Returns true if <i>mod</i> is a subclass of <i>other</i>. Returns
- * <code>false</code> if <i>mod</i> is the same as <i>other</i>
- * or <i>mod</i> is an ancestor of <i>other</i>.
- * Returns <code>nil</code> if there's no relationship between the two.
- * (Think of the relationship in terms of the class definition:
- * "class A < B" implies "A < B".)
+ * Returns +true+ if +self+ is a descendant of +other+
+ * (+self+ is a subclass of +other+ or +self+ includes +other+):
+ *
+ *   Float < Numeric    # => true
+ *   Array < Enumerable # => true
+ *
+ * Returns +false+ if +self+ is an ancestor of +other+
+ * (+self+ is a superclass of +other+ or +self+ is included in +other+) or
+ * if +self+ is the same as +other+:
+ *
+ *   Numeric < Float    # => false
+ *   Enumerable < Array # => false
+ *   Float < Float      # => false
+ *
+ * Returns +nil+ if there is no relationship between the two:
+ *
+ *   Float < Hash        # => nil
+ *   Enumerable < String # => nil
  *
  */
 
@@ -1902,11 +2013,24 @@ rb_mod_lt(VALUE mod, VALUE arg)
  * call-seq:
  *   mod >= other   ->  true, false, or nil
  *
- * Returns true if <i>mod</i> is an ancestor of <i>other</i>, or the
- * two modules are the same. Returns
- * <code>nil</code> if there's no relationship between the two.
- * (Think of the relationship in terms of the class definition:
- * "class A < B" implies "B > A".)
+ * Returns +true+ if +self+ is an ancestor of +other+
+ * (+self+ is a superclass of +other+ or +self+ is included in +other+) or
+ * if +self+ is the same as +other+:
+ *
+ *   Numeric >= Float    # => true
+ *   Enumerable >= Array # => true
+ *   Float >= Float      # => true
+ *
+ * Returns +false+ if +self+ is a descendant of +other+
+ * (+self+ is a subclass of +other+ or +self+ includes +other+):
+ *
+ *   Float >= Numeric    # => false
+ *   Array >= Enumerable # => false
+ *
+ * Returns +nil+ if there is no relationship between the two:
+ *
+ *   Float >= Hash        # => nil
+ *   Enumerable >= String # => nil
  *
  */
 
@@ -1922,14 +2046,26 @@ rb_mod_ge(VALUE mod, VALUE arg)
 
 /*
  * call-seq:
- *   mod > other   ->  true, false, or nil
+ *   self > other -> true, false, or nil
+ *
+ * Returns +true+ if +self+ is an ancestor of +other+
+ * (+self+ is a superclass of +other+ or +self+ is included in +other+):
+ *
+ *   Numeric > Float    # => true
+ *   Enumerable > Array # => true
+ *
+ * Returns +false+ if +self+ is a descendant of +other+
+ * (+self+ is a subclass of +other+ or +self+ includes +other+) or
+ * if +self+ is the same as +other+:
  *
- * Returns true if <i>mod</i> is an ancestor of <i>other</i>. Returns
- * <code>false</code> if <i>mod</i> is the same as <i>other</i>
- * or <i>mod</i> is a descendant of <i>other</i>.
- * Returns <code>nil</code> if there's no relationship between the two.
- * (Think of the relationship in terms of the class definition:
- * "class A < B" implies "B > A".)
+ *   Float > Numeric    # => false
+ *   Array > Enumerable # => false
+ *   Float > Float      # => false
+ *
+ * Returns +nil+ if there is no relationship between the two:
+ *
+ *   Float > Hash        # => nil
+ *   Enumerable > String # => nil
  *
  */
 
@@ -1942,14 +2078,30 @@ rb_mod_gt(VALUE mod, VALUE arg)
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *     module <=> other_module   -> -1, 0, +1, or nil
+ *     self <=> other -> -1, 0, 1, or nil
+ *
+ *  Compares +self+ and +other+.
+ *
+ *  Returns:
+ *
+ *  - +-1+, if +self+ includes +other+, if or +self+ is a subclass of +other+.
+ *  - +0+, if +self+ and +other+ are the same.
+ *  - +1+, if +other+ includes +self+, or if +other+ is a subclass of +self+.
+ *  - +nil+, if none of the above is true.
+ *
+ *  Examples:
  *
- *  Comparison---Returns -1, 0, +1 or nil depending on whether +module+
- *  includes +other_module+, they are the same, or if +module+ is included by
- *  +other_module+.
+ *    # Class Array includes module Enumerable.
+ *             Array <=> Enumerable # => -1
+ *        Enumerable <=> Enumerable # =>  0
+ *        Enumerable <=> Array      # =>  1
+ *    # Class File is a subclass of class IO.
+ *              File <=> IO         # => -1
+ *              File <=> File       # =>  0
+ *                IO <=> File       # =>  1
+ *    # Class File has no relationship to class String.
+ *              File <=> String     # => nil
  *
- *  Returns +nil+ if +module+ has no relationship with +other_module+, if
- *  +other_module+ is not a module, or if the two values are incomparable.
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -2139,6 +2291,15 @@ class_get_alloc_func(VALUE klass)
     return allocator;
 }
 
+// Might return NULL.
+rb_alloc_func_t
+rb_zjit_class_get_alloc_func(VALUE klass)
+{
+    assert(RCLASS_INITIALIZED_P(klass));
+    assert(!RCLASS_SINGLETON_P(klass));
+    return rb_get_alloc_func(klass);
+}
+
 static VALUE
 class_call_alloc_func(rb_alloc_func_t allocator, VALUE klass)
 {
@@ -2148,8 +2309,10 @@ class_call_alloc_func(rb_alloc_func_t allocator, VALUE klass)
 
     obj = (*allocator)(klass);
 
-    if (rb_obj_class(obj) != rb_class_real(klass)) {
-        rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "wrong instance allocation");
+    if (UNLIKELY(RBASIC_CLASS(obj) != klass)) {
+        if (rb_obj_class(obj) != rb_class_real(klass)) {
+            rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "wrong instance allocation");
+        }
     }
     return obj;
 }
@@ -4029,7 +4192,7 @@ rb_obj_dig(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE obj, VALUE notfound)
  *  into +format_string+.
  *
  *  For details on +format_string+, see
- *  {Format Specifications}[rdoc-ref:format_specifications.rdoc].
+ *  {Format Specifications}[rdoc-ref:language/format_specifications.rdoc].
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -4470,6 +4633,7 @@ InitVM_Object(void)
 
     rb_define_method(rb_mKernel, "to_s", rb_any_to_s, 0);
     rb_define_method(rb_mKernel, "inspect", rb_obj_inspect, 0);
+    rb_define_private_method(rb_mKernel, "instance_variables_to_inspect", rb_obj_instance_variables_to_inspect, 0);
     rb_define_method(rb_mKernel, "methods", rb_obj_methods, -1); /* in class.c */
     rb_define_method(rb_mKernel, "singleton_methods", rb_obj_singleton_methods, -1); /* in class.c */
     rb_define_method(rb_mKernel, "protected_methods", rb_obj_protected_methods, -1); /* in class.c */
@@ -4518,7 +4682,6 @@ InitVM_Object(void)
     rb_define_method(rb_cModule, "<=", rb_class_inherited_p, 1);
     rb_define_method(rb_cModule, ">",  rb_mod_gt, 1);
     rb_define_method(rb_cModule, ">=", rb_mod_ge, 1);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cModule, "initialize_copy", rb_mod_init_copy, 1); /* in class.c */
     rb_define_method(rb_cModule, "to_s", rb_mod_to_s, 0);
     rb_define_alias(rb_cModule, "inspect", "to_s");
     rb_define_method(rb_cModule, "included_modules", rb_mod_included_modules, 0); /* in class.c */
@@ -4611,6 +4774,7 @@ void
 Init_Object(void)
 {
     id_dig = rb_intern_const("dig");
+    id_instance_variables_to_inspect = rb_intern_const("instance_variables_to_inspect");
     InitVM(Object);
 }
 
diff --git a/pack.c b/pack.c
index 3a5c1bfb96..2ef826b0e2 100644
--- a/pack.c
+++ b/pack.c
@@ -302,7 +302,7 @@ pack_pack(rb_execution_context_t *ec, VALUE ary, VALUE fmt, VALUE buffer)
         else if (ISDIGIT(*p)) {
             errno = 0;
             len = STRTOUL(p, (char**)&p, 10);
-            if (errno) {
+            if (len < 0 || errno) {
                 rb_raise(rb_eRangeError, "pack length too big");
             }
         }
@@ -736,7 +736,7 @@ pack_pack(rb_execution_context_t *ec, VALUE ary, VALUE fmt, VALUE buffer)
 
           case 'w':		/* BER compressed integer  */
             while (len-- > 0) {
-                VALUE buf = rb_str_new(0, 0);
+                VALUE buf;
                 size_t numbytes;
                 int sign;
                 char *cp;
diff --git a/pack.rb b/pack.rb
index e70c6c7dc8..a8b9e74514 100644
--- a/pack.rb
+++ b/pack.rb
@@ -3,23 +3,25 @@ class Array
   #    pack(template, buffer: nil) -> string
   #
   #  Formats each element in +self+ into a binary string; returns that string.
-  #  See {Packed Data}[rdoc-ref:packed_data.rdoc].
+  #  See {Packed Data}[rdoc-ref:language/packed_data.rdoc].
   def pack(fmt, buffer: nil)
     Primitive.pack_pack(fmt, buffer)
   end
 end
 
 class String
-  # call-seq:
-  #   unpack(template, offset: 0, &block) -> array
+  #  call-seq:
+  #    unpack(template, offset: 0) {|o| .... } -> object
+  #    unpack(template, offset: 0) -> array
   #
-  #  Extracts data from +self+.
+  #  Extracts data from +self+ to form new objects;
+  #  see {Packed Data}[rdoc-ref:language/packed_data.rdoc].
   #
-  #  If +block+ is not given, forming objects that become the elements
-  #  of a new array, and returns that array.  Otherwise, yields each
-  #  object.
+  #  With a block given, calls the block with each unpacked object.
   #
-  #  See {Packed Data}[rdoc-ref:packed_data.rdoc].
+  #  With no block given, returns an array containing the unpacked objects.
+  #
+  #  Related: see {Converting to Non-String}[rdoc-ref:String@Converting+to+Non--5CString].
   def unpack(fmt, offset: 0)
     Primitive.attr! :use_block
     Primitive.pack_unpack(fmt, offset)
@@ -28,8 +30,10 @@ class String
   # call-seq:
   #   unpack1(template, offset: 0) -> object
   #
-  #  Like String#unpack, but unpacks and returns only the first extracted object.
-  #  See {Packed Data}[rdoc-ref:packed_data.rdoc].
+  #  Like String#unpack with no block, but unpacks and returns only the first extracted object.
+  #  See {Packed Data}[rdoc-ref:language/packed_data.rdoc].
+  #
+  #  Related: see {Converting to Non-String}[rdoc-ref:String@Converting+to+Non--5CString].
   def unpack1(fmt, offset: 0)
     Primitive.pack_unpack1(fmt, offset)
   end
diff --git a/parse.y b/parse.y
index 58b054ed33..03dd1c6f92 100644
--- a/parse.y
+++ b/parse.y
@@ -314,9 +314,12 @@ struct lex_context {
     unsigned int in_argdef: 1;
     unsigned int in_def: 1;
     unsigned int in_class: 1;
+    unsigned int has_trailing_semicolon: 1;
     BITFIELD(enum rb_parser_shareability, shareable_constant_value, 2);
     BITFIELD(enum rescue_context, in_rescue, 2);
     unsigned int cant_return: 1;
+    unsigned int in_alt_pattern: 1;
+    unsigned int capture_in_pattern: 1;
 };
 
 typedef struct RNode_DEF_TEMP rb_node_def_temp_t;
@@ -1060,8 +1063,8 @@ rb_discard_node(struct parser_params *p, NODE *n)
     rb_ast_delete_node(p->ast, n);
 }
 
-static rb_node_scope_t *rb_node_scope_new(struct parser_params *p, rb_node_args_t *nd_args, NODE *nd_body, const YYLTYPE *loc);
-static rb_node_scope_t *rb_node_scope_new2(struct parser_params *p, rb_ast_id_table_t *nd_tbl, rb_node_args_t *nd_args, NODE *nd_body, const YYLTYPE *loc);
+static rb_node_scope_t *rb_node_scope_new(struct parser_params *p, rb_node_args_t *nd_args, NODE *nd_body, NODE *nd_parent, const YYLTYPE *loc);
+static rb_node_scope_t *rb_node_scope_new2(struct parser_params *p, rb_ast_id_table_t *nd_tbl, rb_node_args_t *nd_args, NODE *nd_body, NODE *nd_parent, const YYLTYPE *loc);
 static rb_node_block_t *rb_node_block_new(struct parser_params *p, NODE *nd_head, const YYLTYPE *loc);
 static rb_node_if_t *rb_node_if_new(struct parser_params *p, NODE *nd_cond, NODE *nd_body, NODE *nd_else, const YYLTYPE *loc, const YYLTYPE* if_keyword_loc, const YYLTYPE* then_keyword_loc, const YYLTYPE* end_keyword_loc);
 static rb_node_unless_t *rb_node_unless_new(struct parser_params *p, NODE *nd_cond, NODE *nd_body, NODE *nd_else, const YYLTYPE *loc, const YYLTYPE *keyword_loc, const YYLTYPE *then_keyword_loc, const YYLTYPE *end_keyword_loc);
@@ -1069,7 +1072,7 @@ static rb_node_case_t *rb_node_case_new(struct parser_params *p, NODE *nd_head,
 static rb_node_case2_t *rb_node_case2_new(struct parser_params *p, NODE *nd_body, const YYLTYPE *loc, const YYLTYPE *case_keyword_loc, const YYLTYPE *end_keyword_loc);
 static rb_node_case3_t *rb_node_case3_new(struct parser_params *p, NODE *nd_head, NODE *nd_body, const YYLTYPE *loc, const YYLTYPE *case_keyword_loc, const YYLTYPE *end_keyword_loc);
 static rb_node_when_t *rb_node_when_new(struct parser_params *p, NODE *nd_head, NODE *nd_body, NODE *nd_next, const YYLTYPE *loc, const YYLTYPE *keyword_loc, const YYLTYPE *then_keyword_loc);
-static rb_node_in_t *rb_node_in_new(struct parser_params *p, NODE *nd_head, NODE *nd_body, NODE *nd_next, const YYLTYPE *loc);
+static rb_node_in_t *rb_node_in_new(struct parser_params *p, NODE *nd_head, NODE *nd_body, NODE *nd_next, const YYLTYPE *loc, const YYLTYPE *in_keyword_loc, const YYLTYPE *then_keyword_loc, const YYLTYPE *operator_loc);
 static rb_node_while_t *rb_node_while_new(struct parser_params *p, NODE *nd_cond, NODE *nd_body, long nd_state, const YYLTYPE *loc, const YYLTYPE *keyword_loc, const YYLTYPE *closing_loc);
 static rb_node_until_t *rb_node_until_new(struct parser_params *p, NODE *nd_cond, NODE *nd_body, long nd_state, const YYLTYPE *loc, const YYLTYPE *keyword_loc, const YYLTYPE *closing_loc);
 static rb_node_iter_t *rb_node_iter_new(struct parser_params *p, rb_node_args_t *nd_args, NODE *nd_body, const YYLTYPE *loc);
@@ -1144,10 +1147,10 @@ static rb_node_alias_t *rb_node_alias_new(struct parser_params *p, NODE *nd_1st,
 static rb_node_valias_t *rb_node_valias_new(struct parser_params *p, ID nd_alias, ID nd_orig, const YYLTYPE *loc, const YYLTYPE *keyword_loc);
 static rb_node_undef_t *rb_node_undef_new(struct parser_params *p, NODE *nd_undef, const YYLTYPE *loc);
 static rb_node_class_t *rb_node_class_new(struct parser_params *p, NODE *nd_cpath, NODE *nd_body, NODE *nd_super, const YYLTYPE *loc, const YYLTYPE *class_keyword_loc, const YYLTYPE *inheritance_operator_loc, const YYLTYPE *end_keyword_loc);
-static rb_node_module_t *rb_node_module_new(struct parser_params *p, NODE *nd_cpath, NODE *nd_body, const YYLTYPE *loc);
-static rb_node_sclass_t *rb_node_sclass_new(struct parser_params *p, NODE *nd_recv, NODE *nd_body, const YYLTYPE *loc);
-static rb_node_colon2_t *rb_node_colon2_new(struct parser_params *p, NODE *nd_head, ID nd_mid, const YYLTYPE *loc);
-static rb_node_colon3_t *rb_node_colon3_new(struct parser_params *p, ID nd_mid, const YYLTYPE *loc);
+static rb_node_module_t *rb_node_module_new(struct parser_params *p, NODE *nd_cpath, NODE *nd_body, const YYLTYPE *loc, const YYLTYPE *module_keyword_loc, const YYLTYPE *end_keyword_loc);
+static rb_node_sclass_t *rb_node_sclass_new(struct parser_params *p, NODE *nd_recv, NODE *nd_body, const YYLTYPE *loc, const YYLTYPE *class_keyword_loc, const YYLTYPE *operator_loc, const YYLTYPE *end_keyword_loc);
+static rb_node_colon2_t *rb_node_colon2_new(struct parser_params *p, NODE *nd_head, ID nd_mid, const YYLTYPE *loc, const YYLTYPE *delimiter_loc, const YYLTYPE *name_loc);
+static rb_node_colon3_t *rb_node_colon3_new(struct parser_params *p, ID nd_mid, const YYLTYPE *loc, const YYLTYPE *delimiter_loc, const YYLTYPE *name_loc);
 static rb_node_dot2_t *rb_node_dot2_new(struct parser_params *p, NODE *nd_beg, NODE *nd_end, const YYLTYPE *loc, const YYLTYPE *operator_loc);
 static rb_node_dot3_t *rb_node_dot3_new(struct parser_params *p, NODE *nd_beg, NODE *nd_end, const YYLTYPE *loc, const YYLTYPE *operator_loc);
 static rb_node_self_t *rb_node_self_new(struct parser_params *p, const YYLTYPE *loc);
@@ -1155,7 +1158,7 @@ static rb_node_nil_t *rb_node_nil_new(struct parser_params *p, const YYLTYPE *lo
 static rb_node_true_t *rb_node_true_new(struct parser_params *p, const YYLTYPE *loc);
 static rb_node_false_t *rb_node_false_new(struct parser_params *p, const YYLTYPE *loc);
 static rb_node_errinfo_t *rb_node_errinfo_new(struct parser_params *p, const YYLTYPE *loc);
-static rb_node_defined_t *rb_node_defined_new(struct parser_params *p, NODE *nd_head, const YYLTYPE *loc);
+static rb_node_defined_t *rb_node_defined_new(struct parser_params *p, NODE *nd_head, const YYLTYPE *loc, const YYLTYPE *keyword_loc);
 static rb_node_postexe_t *rb_node_postexe_new(struct parser_params *p, NODE *nd_body, const YYLTYPE *loc, const YYLTYPE *keyword_loc, const YYLTYPE *opening_loc, const YYLTYPE *closing_loc);
 static rb_node_sym_t *rb_node_sym_new(struct parser_params *p, VALUE str, const YYLTYPE *loc);
 static rb_node_dsym_t *rb_node_dsym_new(struct parser_params *p, rb_parser_string_t *string, long nd_alen, NODE *nd_next, const YYLTYPE *loc);
@@ -1168,8 +1171,8 @@ static rb_node_line_t *rb_node_line_new(struct parser_params *p, const YYLTYPE *
 static rb_node_file_t *rb_node_file_new(struct parser_params *p, VALUE str, const YYLTYPE *loc);
 static rb_node_error_t *rb_node_error_new(struct parser_params *p, const YYLTYPE *loc);
 
-#define NEW_SCOPE(a,b,loc) (NODE *)rb_node_scope_new(p,a,b,loc)
-#define NEW_SCOPE2(t,a,b,loc) (NODE *)rb_node_scope_new2(p,t,a,b,loc)
+#define NEW_SCOPE(a,b,c,loc) (NODE *)rb_node_scope_new(p,a,b,c,loc)
+#define NEW_SCOPE2(t,a,b,c,loc) (NODE *)rb_node_scope_new2(p,t,a,b,c,loc)
 #define NEW_BLOCK(a,loc) (NODE *)rb_node_block_new(p,a,loc)
 #define NEW_IF(c,t,e,loc,ik_loc,tk_loc,ek_loc) (NODE *)rb_node_if_new(p,c,t,e,loc,ik_loc,tk_loc,ek_loc)
 #define NEW_UNLESS(c,t,e,loc,k_loc,t_loc,e_loc) (NODE *)rb_node_unless_new(p,c,t,e,loc,k_loc,t_loc,e_loc)
@@ -1177,7 +1180,7 @@ static rb_node_error_t *rb_node_error_new(struct parser_params *p, const YYLTYPE
 #define NEW_CASE2(b,loc,ck_loc,ek_loc) (NODE *)rb_node_case2_new(p,b,loc,ck_loc,ek_loc)
 #define NEW_CASE3(h,b,loc,ck_loc,ek_loc) (NODE *)rb_node_case3_new(p,h,b,loc,ck_loc,ek_loc)
 #define NEW_WHEN(c,t,e,loc,k_loc,t_loc) (NODE *)rb_node_when_new(p,c,t,e,loc,k_loc,t_loc)
-#define NEW_IN(c,t,e,loc) (NODE *)rb_node_in_new(p,c,t,e,loc)
+#define NEW_IN(c,t,e,loc,ik_loc,tk_loc,o_loc) (NODE *)rb_node_in_new(p,c,t,e,loc,ik_loc,tk_loc,o_loc)
 #define NEW_WHILE(c,b,n,loc,k_loc,c_loc) (NODE *)rb_node_while_new(p,c,b,n,loc,k_loc,c_loc)
 #define NEW_UNTIL(c,b,n,loc,k_loc,c_loc) (NODE *)rb_node_until_new(p,c,b,n,loc,k_loc,c_loc)
 #define NEW_ITER(a,b,loc) (NODE *)rb_node_iter_new(p,a,b,loc)
@@ -1252,10 +1255,10 @@ static rb_node_error_t *rb_node_error_new(struct parser_params *p, const YYLTYPE
 #define NEW_VALIAS(n,o,loc,k_loc) (NODE *)rb_node_valias_new(p,n,o,loc,k_loc)
 #define NEW_UNDEF(i,loc) (NODE *)rb_node_undef_new(p,i,loc)
 #define NEW_CLASS(n,b,s,loc,ck_loc,io_loc,ek_loc) (NODE *)rb_node_class_new(p,n,b,s,loc,ck_loc,io_loc,ek_loc)
-#define NEW_MODULE(n,b,loc) (NODE *)rb_node_module_new(p,n,b,loc)
-#define NEW_SCLASS(r,b,loc) (NODE *)rb_node_sclass_new(p,r,b,loc)
-#define NEW_COLON2(c,i,loc) (NODE *)rb_node_colon2_new(p,c,i,loc)
-#define NEW_COLON3(i,loc) (NODE *)rb_node_colon3_new(p,i,loc)
+#define NEW_MODULE(n,b,loc,mk_loc,ek_loc) (NODE *)rb_node_module_new(p,n,b,loc,mk_loc,ek_loc)
+#define NEW_SCLASS(r,b,loc,ck_loc,op_loc,ek_loc) (NODE *)rb_node_sclass_new(p,r,b,loc,ck_loc,op_loc,ek_loc)
+#define NEW_COLON2(c,i,loc,d_loc,n_loc) (NODE *)rb_node_colon2_new(p,c,i,loc,d_loc,n_loc)
+#define NEW_COLON3(i,loc,d_loc,n_loc) (NODE *)rb_node_colon3_new(p,i,loc,d_loc,n_loc)
 #define NEW_DOT2(b,e,loc,op_loc) (NODE *)rb_node_dot2_new(p,b,e,loc,op_loc)
 #define NEW_DOT3(b,e,loc,op_loc) (NODE *)rb_node_dot3_new(p,b,e,loc,op_loc)
 #define NEW_SELF(loc) (NODE *)rb_node_self_new(p,loc)
@@ -1263,7 +1266,7 @@ static rb_node_error_t *rb_node_error_new(struct parser_params *p, const YYLTYPE
 #define NEW_TRUE(loc) (NODE *)rb_node_true_new(p,loc)
 #define NEW_FALSE(loc) (NODE *)rb_node_false_new(p,loc)
 #define NEW_ERRINFO(loc) (NODE *)rb_node_errinfo_new(p,loc)
-#define NEW_DEFINED(e,loc) (NODE *)rb_node_defined_new(p,e,loc)
+#define NEW_DEFINED(e,loc,k_loc) (NODE *)rb_node_defined_new(p,e,loc, k_loc)
 #define NEW_POSTEXE(b,loc,k_loc,o_loc,c_loc) (NODE *)rb_node_postexe_new(p,b,loc,k_loc,o_loc,c_loc)
 #define NEW_SYM(str,loc) (NODE *)rb_node_sym_new(p,str,loc)
 #define NEW_DSYM(s,l,n,loc) (NODE *)rb_node_dsym_new(p,s,l,n,loc)
@@ -1390,7 +1393,6 @@ last_expr_node(NODE *expr)
 
 static NODE* cond(struct parser_params *p, NODE *node, const YYLTYPE *loc);
 static NODE* method_cond(struct parser_params *p, NODE *node, const YYLTYPE *loc);
-#define new_nil(loc) NEW_NIL(loc)
 static NODE *new_nil_at(struct parser_params *p, const rb_code_position_t *pos);
 static NODE *new_if(struct parser_params*,NODE*,NODE*,NODE*,const YYLTYPE*,const YYLTYPE*,const YYLTYPE*,const YYLTYPE*);
 static NODE *new_unless(struct parser_params*,NODE*,NODE*,NODE*,const YYLTYPE*,const YYLTYPE*,const YYLTYPE*,const YYLTYPE*);
@@ -1399,10 +1401,9 @@ static NODE *logop(struct parser_params*,ID,NODE*,NODE*,const YYLTYPE*,const YYL
 static NODE *newline_node(NODE*);
 static void fixpos(NODE*,NODE*);
 
-static int value_expr_gen(struct parser_params*,NODE*);
+static int value_expr(struct parser_params*,NODE*);
 static void void_expr(struct parser_params*,NODE*);
 static NODE *remove_begin(NODE*);
-#define value_expr(node) value_expr_gen(p, (node))
 static NODE *void_stmts(struct parser_params*,NODE*);
 static void reduce_nodes(struct parser_params*,NODE**);
 static void block_dup_check(struct parser_params*,NODE*,NODE*);
@@ -1469,7 +1470,7 @@ static rb_node_kw_arg_t *kwd_append(rb_node_kw_arg_t*, rb_node_kw_arg_t*);
 static NODE *new_hash(struct parser_params *p, NODE *hash, const YYLTYPE *loc);
 static NODE *new_unique_key_hash(struct parser_params *p, NODE *hash, const YYLTYPE *loc);
 
-static NODE *new_defined(struct parser_params *p, NODE *expr, const YYLTYPE *loc);
+static NODE *new_defined(struct parser_params *p, NODE *expr, const YYLTYPE *loc, const YYLTYPE *keyword_loc);
 
 static NODE *new_regexp(struct parser_params *, NODE *, int, const YYLTYPE *, const YYLTYPE *, const YYLTYPE *, const YYLTYPE *);
 
@@ -1633,11 +1634,11 @@ aryptn_pre_args(struct parser_params *p, VALUE pre_arg, VALUE pre_args)
 #define KWD2EID(t, v) keyword_##t
 
 static NODE *
-new_scope_body(struct parser_params *p, rb_node_args_t *args, NODE *body, const YYLTYPE *loc)
+new_scope_body(struct parser_params *p, rb_node_args_t *args, NODE *body, NODE *parent, const YYLTYPE *loc)
 {
     body = remove_begin(body);
     reduce_nodes(p, &body);
-    NODE *n = NEW_SCOPE(args, body, loc);
+    NODE *n = NEW_SCOPE(args, body, parent, loc);
     nd_set_line(n, loc->end_pos.lineno);
     set_line_body(body, loc->beg_pos.lineno);
     return n;
@@ -2942,14 +2943,15 @@ rb_parser_ary_free(rb_parser_t *p, rb_parser_ary_t *ary)
                         $$ = new_args_tail(p, 0, 0, $1, &@1);
                     /*% ripper: [Qnil, Qnil, $:1] %*/
                     }
+                ;
 
 %rule def_endless_method(bodystmt) <node>
                 : defn_head[head] f_opt_paren_args[args] '=' bodystmt
                     {
                         endless_method_name(p, $head->nd_mid, &@head);
                         restore_defun(p, $head);
-                        $bodystmt = new_scope_body(p, $args, $bodystmt, &@$);
                         ($$ = $head->nd_def)->nd_loc = @$;
+                        $bodystmt = new_scope_body(p, $args, $bodystmt, $$, &@$);
                         RNODE_DEFN($$)->nd_defn = $bodystmt;
                     /*% ripper: bodystmt!($:bodystmt, Qnil, Qnil, Qnil) %*/
                     /*% ripper: def!($:head, $:args, $:$) %*/
@@ -2959,8 +2961,8 @@ rb_parser_ary_free(rb_parser_t *p, rb_parser_ary_t *ary)
                     {
                         endless_method_name(p, $head->nd_mid, &@head);
                         restore_defun(p, $head);
-                        $bodystmt = new_scope_body(p, $args, $bodystmt, &@$);
                         ($$ = $head->nd_def)->nd_loc = @$;
+                        $bodystmt = new_scope_body(p, $args, $bodystmt, $$, &@$);
                         RNODE_DEFS($$)->nd_defn = $bodystmt;
                     /*% ripper: bodystmt!($:bodystmt, Qnil, Qnil, Qnil) %*/
                     /*% ripper: defs!(*$:head[0..2], $:args, $:$) %*/
@@ -3025,13 +3027,13 @@ rb_parser_ary_free(rb_parser_t *p, rb_parser_ary_t *ary)
                     }
                 ;
 
-%rule mlhs(item) <node>
+%rule mlhs_items(item) <node>
                 : item
                     {
                         $$ = NEW_LIST($1, &@$);
                     /*% ripper: mlhs_add!(mlhs_new!, $:1) %*/
                     }
-                | mlhs(item) ',' item
+                | mlhs_items(item) ',' item
                     {
                         $$ = list_append(p, $1, $3);
                     /*% ripper: mlhs_add!($:1, $:3) %*/
@@ -3067,13 +3069,13 @@ rb_parser_ary_free(rb_parser_t *p, rb_parser_ary_t *ary)
                 | primary_value tCOLON2 tCONSTANT tOP_ASGN lex_ctxt rhs
                     {
                         YYLTYPE loc = code_loc_gen(&@primary_value, &@tCONSTANT);
-                        $$ = new_const_op_assign(p, NEW_COLON2($primary_value, $tCONSTANT, &loc), $tOP_ASGN, $rhs, $lex_ctxt, &@$);
+                        $$ = new_const_op_assign(p, NEW_COLON2($primary_value, $tCONSTANT, &loc, &@tCOLON2, &@tCONSTANT), $tOP_ASGN, $rhs, $lex_ctxt, &@$);
                     /*% ripper: opassign!(const_path_field!($:1, $:3), $:4, $:6) %*/
                     }
                 | tCOLON3 tCONSTANT tOP_ASGN lex_ctxt rhs
                     {
                         YYLTYPE loc = code_loc_gen(&@tCOLON3, &@tCONSTANT);
-                        $$ = new_const_op_assign(p, NEW_COLON3($tCONSTANT, &loc), $tOP_ASGN, $rhs, $lex_ctxt, &@$);
+                        $$ = new_const_op_assign(p, NEW_COLON3($tCONSTANT, &loc, &@tCOLON3, &@tCONSTANT), $tOP_ASGN, $rhs, $lex_ctxt, &@$);
                     /*% ripper: opassign!(top_const_field!($:2), $:3, $:5) %*/
                     }
                 | backref tOP_ASGN lex_ctxt rhs
@@ -3100,39 +3102,39 @@ rb_parser_ary_free(rb_parser_t *p, rb_parser_ary_t *ary)
 %rule range_expr(range) <node>
                 : range tDOT2 range
                     {
-                        value_expr($1);
-                        value_expr($3);
+                        value_expr(p, $1);
+                        value_expr(p, $3);
                         $$ = NEW_DOT2($1, $3, &@$, &@2);
                     /*% ripper: dot2!($:1, $:3) %*/
                     }
                 | range tDOT3 range
                     {
-                        value_expr($1);
-                        value_expr($3);
+                        value_expr(p, $1);
+                        value_expr(p, $3);
                         $$ = NEW_DOT3($1, $3, &@$, &@2);
                     /*% ripper: dot3!($:1, $:3) %*/
                     }
                 | range tDOT2
                     {
-                        value_expr($1);
+                        value_expr(p, $1);
                         $$ = NEW_DOT2($1, new_nil_at(p, &@2.end_pos), &@$, &@2);
                     /*% ripper: dot2!($:1, Qnil) %*/
                     }
                 | range tDOT3
                     {
-                        value_expr($1);
+                        value_expr(p, $1);
                         $$ = NEW_DOT3($1, new_nil_at(p, &@2.end_pos), &@$, &@2);
                     /*% ripper: dot3!($:1, Qnil) %*/
                     }
                 | tBDOT2 range
                     {
-                        value_expr($2);
+                        value_expr(p, $2);
                         $$ = NEW_DOT2(new_nil_at(p, &@1.beg_pos), $2, &@$, &@1);
                     /*% ripper: dot2!(Qnil, $:2) %*/
                     }
                 | tBDOT3 range
                     {
-                        value_expr($2);
+                        value_expr(p, $2);
                         $$ = NEW_DOT3(new_nil_at(p, &@1.beg_pos), $2, &@$, &@1);
                     /*% ripper: dot3!(Qnil, $:2) %*/
                     }
@@ -3141,7 +3143,7 @@ rb_parser_ary_free(rb_parser_t *p, rb_parser_ary_t *ary)
 %rule value_expr(value) <node>
                 : value
                     {
-                        value_expr($1);
+                        value_expr(p, $1);
                         $$ = $1;
                     }
                 ;
@@ -3175,7 +3177,7 @@ program		:  {
                             node = remove_begin(node);
                             void_expr(p, node);
                         }
-                        p->eval_tree = NEW_SCOPE(0, block_append(p, p->eval_tree, $2), &@$);
+                        p->eval_tree = NEW_SCOPE(0, block_append(p, p->eval_tree, $2), NULL, &@$);
                     /*% ripper[final]: program!($:2) %*/
                         local_pop(p);
                     }
@@ -3374,8 +3376,9 @@ stmt		: keyword_alias fitem {SET_LEX_STATE(EXPR_FNAME|EXPR_FITEM);} fitem
                         restore_block_exit(p, $allow_exits);
                         p->ctxt = $k_END;
                         {
-                            NODE *scope = NEW_SCOPE2(0 /* tbl */, 0 /* args */, $compstmt /* body */, &@$);
+                            NODE *scope = NEW_SCOPE2(0 /* tbl */, 0 /* args */, $compstmt /* body */, NULL /* parent */, &@$);
                             $$ = NEW_POSTEXE(scope, &@$, &@1, &@3, &@5);
+                            RNODE_SCOPE(scope)->nd_parent = $$;
                         }
                     /*% ripper: END!($:compstmt) %*/
                     }
@@ -3463,7 +3466,7 @@ expr		: command_call
                     }
                 | arg tASSOC
                     {
-                        value_expr($arg);
+                        value_expr(p, $arg);
                     }
                   p_in_kwarg[ctxt] p_pvtbl p_pktbl
                   p_top_expr_body[body]
@@ -3471,12 +3474,14 @@ expr		: command_call
                         pop_pktbl(p, $p_pktbl);
                         pop_pvtbl(p, $p_pvtbl);
                         p->ctxt.in_kwarg = $ctxt.in_kwarg;
-                        $$ = NEW_CASE3($arg, NEW_IN($body, 0, 0, &@body), &@$, &NULL_LOC, &NULL_LOC);
+                        p->ctxt.in_alt_pattern = $ctxt.in_alt_pattern;
+                        p->ctxt.capture_in_pattern = $ctxt.capture_in_pattern;
+                        $$ = NEW_CASE3($arg, NEW_IN($body, 0, 0, &@body, &NULL_LOC, &NULL_LOC, &@2), &@$, &NULL_LOC, &NULL_LOC);
                     /*% ripper: case!($:arg, in!($:body, Qnil, Qnil)) %*/
                     }
                 | arg keyword_in
                     {
-                        value_expr($arg);
+                        value_expr(p, $arg);
                     }
                   p_in_kwarg[ctxt] p_pvtbl p_pktbl
                   p_top_expr_body[body]
@@ -3484,7 +3489,9 @@ expr		: command_call
                         pop_pktbl(p, $p_pktbl);
                         pop_pvtbl(p, $p_pvtbl);
                         p->ctxt.in_kwarg = $ctxt.in_kwarg;
-                        $$ = NEW_CASE3($arg, NEW_IN($body, NEW_TRUE(&@body), NEW_FALSE(&@body), &@body), &@$, &NULL_LOC, &NULL_LOC);
+                        p->ctxt.in_alt_pattern = $ctxt.in_alt_pattern;
+                        p->ctxt.capture_in_pattern = $ctxt.capture_in_pattern;
+                        $$ = NEW_CASE3($arg, NEW_IN($body, NEW_TRUE(&@body), NEW_FALSE(&@body), &@body, &@keyword_in, &NULL_LOC, &NULL_LOC), &@$, &NULL_LOC, &NULL_LOC);
                     /*% ripper: case!($:arg, in!($:body, Qnil, Qnil)) %*/
                     }
                 | arg %prec tLBRACE_ARG
@@ -3674,7 +3681,7 @@ mlhs_basic	: mlhs_head
                         $$ = NEW_MASGN($1, $3, &@$);
                     /*% ripper: mlhs_add_star!($:1, $:3) %*/
                     }
-                | mlhs_head tSTAR mlhs_node ',' mlhs(mlhs_item)
+                | mlhs_head tSTAR mlhs_node ',' mlhs_items(mlhs_item)
                     {
                         $$ = NEW_MASGN($1, NEW_POSTARG($3,$5,&@$), &@$);
                     /*% ripper: mlhs_add_post!(mlhs_add_star!($:1, $:3), $:5) %*/
@@ -3684,7 +3691,7 @@ mlhs_basic	: mlhs_head
                         $$ = NEW_MASGN($1, NODE_SPECIAL_NO_NAME_REST, &@$);
                     /*% ripper: mlhs_add_star!($:1, Qnil) %*/
                     }
-                | mlhs_head tSTAR ',' mlhs(mlhs_item)
+                | mlhs_head tSTAR ',' mlhs_items(mlhs_item)
                     {
                         $$ = NEW_MASGN($1, NEW_POSTARG(NODE_SPECIAL_NO_NAME_REST, $4, &@$), &@$);
                     /*% ripper: mlhs_add_post!(mlhs_add_star!($:1, Qnil), $:4) %*/
@@ -3694,7 +3701,7 @@ mlhs_basic	: mlhs_head
                         $$ = NEW_MASGN(0, $2, &@$);
                     /*% ripper: mlhs_add_star!(mlhs_new!, $:2) %*/
                     }
-                | tSTAR mlhs_node ',' mlhs(mlhs_item)
+                | tSTAR mlhs_node ',' mlhs_items(mlhs_item)
                     {
                         $$ = NEW_MASGN(0, NEW_POSTARG($2,$4,&@$), &@$);
                     /*% ripper: mlhs_add_post!(mlhs_add_star!(mlhs_new!, $:2), $:4) %*/
@@ -3704,7 +3711,7 @@ mlhs_basic	: mlhs_head
                         $$ = NEW_MASGN(0, NODE_SPECIAL_NO_NAME_REST, &@$);
                     /*% ripper: mlhs_add_star!(mlhs_new!, Qnil) %*/
                     }
-                | tSTAR ',' mlhs(mlhs_item)
+                | tSTAR ',' mlhs_items(mlhs_item)
                     {
                         $$ = NEW_MASGN(0, NEW_POSTARG(NODE_SPECIAL_NO_NAME_REST, $3, &@$), &@$);
                     /*% ripper: mlhs_add_post!(mlhs_add_star!(mlhs_new!, Qnil), $:3) %*/
@@ -3756,12 +3763,12 @@ mlhs_node	: user_or_keyword_variable
                 | primary_value tCOLON2 tCONSTANT
                     {
                     /*% ripper: const_path_field!($:1, $:3) %*/
-                        $$ = const_decl(p, NEW_COLON2($1, $3, &@$), &@$);
+                        $$ = const_decl(p, NEW_COLON2($1, $3, &@$, &@2, &@3), &@$);
                     }
                 | tCOLON3 tCONSTANT
                     {
                     /*% ripper: top_const_field!($:2) %*/
-                        $$ = const_decl(p, NEW_COLON3($2, &@$), &@$);
+                        $$ = const_decl(p, NEW_COLON3($2, &@$, &@1, &@2), &@$);
                     }
                 | backref
                     {
@@ -3794,12 +3801,12 @@ lhs		: user_or_keyword_variable
                 | primary_value tCOLON2 tCONSTANT
                     {
                     /*% ripper: const_path_field!($:1, $:3) %*/
-                        $$ = const_decl(p, NEW_COLON2($1, $3, &@$), &@$);
+                        $$ = const_decl(p, NEW_COLON2($1, $3, &@$, &@2, &@3), &@$);
                     }
                 | tCOLON3 tCONSTANT
                     {
                     /*% ripper: top_const_field!($:2) %*/
-                        $$ = const_decl(p, NEW_COLON3($2, &@$), &@$);
+                        $$ = const_decl(p, NEW_COLON3($2, &@$, &@1, &@2), &@$);
                     }
                 | backref
                     {
@@ -3822,17 +3829,17 @@ cname		: tIDENTIFIER
 
 cpath		: tCOLON3 cname
                     {
-                        $$ = NEW_COLON3($2, &@$);
+                        $$ = NEW_COLON3($2, &@$, &@1, &@2);
                     /*% ripper: top_const_ref!($:2) %*/
                     }
                 | cname
                     {
-                        $$ = NEW_COLON2(0, $1, &@$);
+                        $$ = NEW_COLON2(0, $1, &@$, &NULL_LOC, &@1);
                     /*% ripper: const_ref!($:1) %*/
                     }
                 | primary_value tCOLON2 cname
                     {
-                        $$ = NEW_COLON2($1, $3, &@$);
+                        $$ = NEW_COLON2($1, $3, &@$, &@2, &@3);
                     /*% ripper: const_path_ref!($:1, $:3) %*/
                     }
                 ;
@@ -4040,7 +4047,8 @@ arg		: asgn(arg_rhs)
                 | keyword_defined '\n'? begin_defined arg
                     {
                         p->ctxt.in_defined = $3.in_defined;
-                        $$ = new_defined(p, $4, &@$);
+                        $$ = new_defined(p, $4, &@$, &@1);
+                        p->ctxt.has_trailing_semicolon = $3.has_trailing_semicolon;
                     /*% ripper: defined!($:4) %*/
                     }
                 | def_endless_method(endless_arg)
@@ -4050,7 +4058,7 @@ arg		: asgn(arg_rhs)
 
 ternary		: arg '?' arg '\n'? ':' arg
                     {
-                        value_expr($1);
+                        value_expr(p, $1);
                         $$ = new_if(p, $1, $3, $6, &@$, &NULL_LOC, &@5, &NULL_LOC);
                         fixpos($$, $1);
                     /*% ripper: ifop!($:1, $:3, $:6) %*/
@@ -4129,13 +4137,13 @@ aref_args	: none
 
 arg_rhs 	: arg   %prec tOP_ASGN
                     {
-                        value_expr($1);
+                        value_expr(p, $1);
                         $$ = $1;
                     }
                 | arg modifier_rescue after_rescue arg
                     {
                         p->ctxt.in_rescue = $3.in_rescue;
-                        value_expr($1);
+                        value_expr(p, $1);
                         $$ = rescued_expr(p, $1, $4, &@1, &@2, &@4);
                     /*% ripper: rescue_mod!($:1, $:4) %*/
                     }
@@ -4195,6 +4203,11 @@ call_args	: value_expr(command)
                         $$ = NEW_LIST($1, &@$);
                     /*% ripper: args_add!(args_new!, $:1) %*/
                     }
+                | def_endless_method(endless_command)
+                    {
+                        $$ = NEW_LIST($1, &@$);
+                    /*% ripper: args_add!(args_new!, $:1) %*/
+                    }
                 | args opt_block_arg
                     {
                         $$ = arg_blk_pass($1, $2);
@@ -4385,12 +4398,12 @@ primary		: inline_primary
                 }
             | primary_value tCOLON2 tCONSTANT
                 {
-                    $$ = NEW_COLON2($1, $3, &@$);
+                    $$ = NEW_COLON2($1, $3, &@$, &@2, &@3);
                 /*% ripper: const_path_ref!($:1, $:3) %*/
                 }
             | tCOLON3 tCONSTANT
                 {
-                    $$ = NEW_COLON3($2, &@$);
+                    $$ = NEW_COLON3($2, &@$, &@1, &@2);
                 /*% ripper: top_const_ref!($:2) %*/
                 }
             | tLBRACK aref_args ']'
@@ -4427,7 +4440,8 @@ primary		: inline_primary
             | keyword_defined '\n'? '(' begin_defined expr rparen
                 {
                     p->ctxt.in_defined = $4.in_defined;
-                    $$ = new_defined(p, $5, &@$);
+                    $$ = new_defined(p, $5, &@$, &@1);
+                    p->ctxt.has_trailing_semicolon = $4.has_trailing_semicolon;
                 /*% ripper: defined!($:5) %*/
                 }
             | keyword_not '(' expr rparen
@@ -4437,7 +4451,7 @@ primary		: inline_primary
                 }
             | keyword_not '(' rparen
                 {
-                    $$ = call_uni_op(p, method_cond(p, new_nil(&@2), &@2), METHOD_NOT, &@1, &@$);
+                    $$ = call_uni_op(p, method_cond(p, NEW_NIL(&@2), &@2), METHOD_NOT, &@1, &@$);
                 /*% ripper: unary!(ID2VAL(idNOT), Qnil) %*/
                 }
             | fcall brace_block
@@ -4556,17 +4570,18 @@ primary		: inline_primary
                         m->nd_plen = 1;
                         m->nd_next = $for_var;
                         break;
-                        case NODE_MASGN: /* e.each {|*internal_var| a, b, c = (internal_var.length == 1 && Array === (tmp = internal_var[0]) ? tmp : internal_var); ... } */
+                      case NODE_MASGN: /* e.each {|*internal_var| a, b, c = (internal_var.length == 1 && Array === (tmp = internal_var[0]) ? tmp : internal_var); ... } */
                         m->nd_next = node_assign(p, $for_var, NEW_FOR_MASGN(internal_var, &@for_var), NO_LEX_CTXT, &@for_var);
                         break;
-                        default: /* e.each {|*internal_var| @a, B, c[1], d.attr = internal_val; ... } */
+                      default: /* e.each {|*internal_var| @a, B, c[1], d.attr = internal_val; ... } */
                         m->nd_next = node_assign(p, (NODE *)NEW_MASGN(NEW_LIST($for_var, &@for_var), 0, &@for_var), internal_var, NO_LEX_CTXT, &@for_var);
                     }
                     /* {|*internal_id| <m> = internal_id; ... } */
                     args = new_args(p, m, 0, id, 0, new_args_tail(p, 0, 0, 0, &@for_var), &@for_var);
-                    scope = NEW_SCOPE2(tbl, args, $compstmt, &@$);
+                    scope = NEW_SCOPE2(tbl, args, $compstmt, NULL, &@$);
                     YYLTYPE do_keyword_loc = $do == keyword_do_cond ? @do : NULL_LOC;
                     $$ = NEW_FOR($5, scope, &@$, &@k_for, &@keyword_in, &do_keyword_loc, &@k_end);
+                    RNODE_SCOPE(scope)->nd_parent = $$;
                     fixpos($$, $for_var);
                 /*% ripper: for!($:for_var, $:expr_value, $:compstmt) %*/
                 }
@@ -4600,7 +4615,7 @@ primary		: inline_primary
               bodystmt
               k_end
                 {
-                    $$ = NEW_SCLASS($expr_value, $bodystmt, &@$);
+                    $$ = NEW_SCLASS($expr_value, $bodystmt, &@$, &@k_class, &@tLSHFT, &@k_end);
                     nd_set_line(RNODE_SCLASS($$)->nd_body, @k_end.end_pos.lineno);
                     set_line_body($bodystmt, nd_line($expr_value));
                     fixpos($$, $expr_value);
@@ -4618,7 +4633,7 @@ primary		: inline_primary
               bodystmt
               k_end
                 {
-                    $$ = NEW_MODULE($cpath, $bodystmt, &@$);
+                    $$ = NEW_MODULE($cpath, $bodystmt, &@$, &@k_module, &@k_end);
                     nd_set_line(RNODE_MODULE($$)->nd_body, @k_end.end_pos.lineno);
                     set_line_body($bodystmt, @cpath.end_pos.lineno);
                     nd_set_line($$, @cpath.end_pos.lineno);
@@ -4637,8 +4652,8 @@ primary		: inline_primary
               k_end
                 {
                     restore_defun(p, $head);
-                    $bodystmt = new_scope_body(p, $args, $bodystmt, &@$);
                     ($$ = $head->nd_def)->nd_loc = @$;
+                    $bodystmt = new_scope_body(p, $args, $bodystmt, $$, &@$);
                     RNODE_DEFN($$)->nd_defn = $bodystmt;
                 /*% ripper: def!($:head, $:args, $:bodystmt) %*/
                     local_pop(p);
@@ -4652,8 +4667,8 @@ primary		: inline_primary
               k_end
                 {
                     restore_defun(p, $head);
-                    $bodystmt = new_scope_body(p, $args, $bodystmt, &@$);
                     ($$ = $head->nd_def)->nd_loc = @$;
+                    $bodystmt = new_scope_body(p, $args, $bodystmt, $$, &@$);
                     RNODE_DEFS($$)->nd_defn = $bodystmt;
                 /*% ripper: defs!(*$:head[0..2], $:args, $:bodystmt) %*/
                     local_pop(p);
@@ -4678,7 +4693,7 @@ primary		: inline_primary
                     if (!p->ctxt.in_defined) {
                         switch (p->ctxt.in_rescue) {
                           case before_rescue: yyerror1(&@1, "Invalid retry without rescue"); break;
-                            case after_rescue: /* ok */ break;
+                          case after_rescue: /* ok */ break;
                           case after_else: yyerror1(&@1, "Invalid retry after else"); break;
                           case after_ensure: yyerror1(&@1, "Invalid retry after ensure"); break;
                         }
@@ -4907,17 +4922,17 @@ f_marg		: f_norm_arg
                 ;
 
 
-f_margs		: mlhs(f_marg)
+f_margs		: mlhs_items(f_marg)
                     {
                         $$ = NEW_MASGN($1, 0, &@$);
                     /*% ripper: $:1 %*/
                     }
-                | mlhs(f_marg) ',' f_rest_marg
+                | mlhs_items(f_marg) ',' f_rest_marg
                     {
                         $$ = NEW_MASGN($1, $3, &@$);
                     /*% ripper: mlhs_add_star!($:1, $:3) %*/
                     }
-                | mlhs(f_marg) ',' f_rest_marg ',' mlhs(f_marg)
+                | mlhs_items(f_marg) ',' f_rest_marg ',' mlhs_items(f_marg)
                     {
                         $$ = NEW_MASGN($1, NEW_POSTARG($3, $5, &@$), &@$);
                     /*% ripper: mlhs_add_post!(mlhs_add_star!($:1, $:3), $:5) %*/
@@ -4927,7 +4942,7 @@ f_margs		: mlhs(f_marg)
                         $$ = NEW_MASGN(0, $1, &@$);
                     /*% ripper: mlhs_add_star!(mlhs_new!, $:1) %*/
                     }
-                | f_rest_marg ',' mlhs(f_marg)
+                | f_rest_marg ',' mlhs_items(f_marg)
                     {
                         $$ = NEW_MASGN(0, NEW_POSTARG($1, $3, &@$), &@$);
                     /*% ripper: mlhs_add_post!(mlhs_add_star!(mlhs_new!, $:1), $:3) %*/
@@ -5108,10 +5123,10 @@ numparam	:   {
                 ;
 
 it_id		:   {
-                    $$ = p->it_id;
-                    p->it_id = 0;
-                }
-            ;
+                        $$ = p->it_id;
+                        p->it_id = 0;
+                    }
+                ;
 
 lambda		: tLAMBDA[lpar]
                     {
@@ -5134,7 +5149,7 @@ lambda		: tLAMBDA[lpar]
                         CMDARG_POP();
                         $args = args_with_numbered(p, $args, max_numparam, it_id);
                         {
-                            YYLTYPE loc = code_loc_gen(&@args, &@body);
+                            YYLTYPE loc = code_loc_gen(&@lpar, &@body);
                             $$ = NEW_LAMBDA($args, $body->node, &loc, &@lpar, &$body->opening_loc, &$body->closing_loc);
                             nd_set_line(RNODE_LAMBDA($$)->nd_body, @body.end_pos.lineno);
                             nd_set_line($$, @args.end_pos.lineno);
@@ -5214,16 +5229,19 @@ block_call	: command do_block
                     {
                         if (NODE_EMPTY_ARGS_P($4)) $4 = 0;
                         $$ = new_command_qcall(p, $2, $1, $3, $4, $5, &@3, &@$);
-                    /*% ripper: command_call!($:1, $:2, $:3, $:4) %*/
-                        if ($5) {
-                        /*% ripper: method_add_block!($:$, $:5) %*/
-                        }
+                    /*% ripper: method_add_block!(command_call!($:1, $:2, $:3, $:4), $:5) %*/
                     }
                 | block_call call_op2 operation2 command_args do_block
                     {
                         $$ = new_command_qcall(p, $2, $1, $3, $4, $5, &@3, &@$);
                     /*% ripper: method_add_block!(command_call!($:1, $:2, $:3, $:4), $:5) %*/
                     }
+                | block_call call_op2 paren_args
+                    {
+                        $$ = new_qcall(p, $2, $1, idCall, $3, &@2, &@$);
+                        nd_set_line($$, @2.end_pos.lineno);
+                    /*% ripper: method_add_arg!(call!($:1, $:2, ID2VAL(idCall)), $:3) %*/
+                    }
                 ;
 
 method_call	: fcall paren_args
@@ -5382,6 +5400,8 @@ p_in_kwarg	:   {
                         SET_LEX_STATE(EXPR_BEG|EXPR_LABEL);
                         p->command_start = FALSE;
                         p->ctxt.in_kwarg = 1;
+                        p->ctxt.in_alt_pattern = 0;
+                        p->ctxt.capture_in_pattern = 0;
                     }
                 ;
 
@@ -5392,11 +5412,13 @@ p_case_body	: keyword_in
                         pop_pktbl(p, $p_pktbl);
                         pop_pvtbl(p, $p_pvtbl);
                         p->ctxt.in_kwarg = $ctxt.in_kwarg;
+                        p->ctxt.in_alt_pattern = $ctxt.in_alt_pattern;
+                        p->ctxt.capture_in_pattern = $ctxt.capture_in_pattern;
                     }
                   compstmt(stmts)
                   p_cases[cases]
                     {
-                        $$ = NEW_IN($expr, $compstmt, $cases, &@$);
+                        $$ = NEW_IN($expr, $compstmt, $cases, &@$, &@keyword_in, &@then, &NULL_LOC);
                     /*% ripper: in!($:expr, $:compstmt, $:cases) %*/
                     }
                 ;
@@ -5420,7 +5442,7 @@ p_top_expr	: p_top_expr_body
                     }
                 ;
 
-p_top_expr_body	: p_expr
+p_top_expr_body : p_expr
                 | p_expr ','
                     {
                         $$ = new_array_pattern_tail(p, 0, 1, 0, 0, &@$);
@@ -5463,10 +5485,18 @@ p_as		: p_expr tASSOC p_variable
                 | p_alt
                 ;
 
-p_alt		: p_alt '|' p_expr_basic
+p_alt		: p_alt[left] '|'[alt]
+                    {
+                        p->ctxt.in_alt_pattern = 1;
+                    }
+                  p_expr_basic[right]
                     {
-                        $$ = NEW_OR($1, $3, &@$, &@2);
-                    /*% ripper: binary!($:1, ID2VAL(idOr), $:3) %*/
+                        if (p->ctxt.capture_in_pattern) {
+                            yyerror1(&@alt, "alternative pattern after variable capture");
+                        }
+                        p->ctxt.in_alt_pattern = 0;
+                        $$ = NEW_OR($left, $right, &@$, &@alt);
+                    /*% ripper: binary!($:left, ID2VAL(idOr), $:right) %*/
                     }
                 | p_expr_basic
                 ;
@@ -5765,7 +5795,7 @@ p_value 	: p_primitive
                 | p_const
                 ;
 
-p_primitive		: inline_primary
+p_primitive	: inline_primary
                 | keyword_variable
                     {
                         if (!($$ = gettable(p, $1, &@$))) $$ = NEW_ERROR(&@$);
@@ -5810,12 +5840,12 @@ p_expr_ref	: '^' tLPAREN expr_value rparen
 
 p_const 	: tCOLON3 cname
                     {
-                        $$ = NEW_COLON3($2, &@$);
+                        $$ = NEW_COLON3($2, &@$, &@1, &@2);
                     /*% ripper: top_const_ref!($:2) %*/
                     }
                 | p_const tCOLON2 cname
                     {
-                        $$ = NEW_COLON2($1, $3, &@$);
+                        $$ = NEW_COLON2($1, $3, &@$, &@2, &@3);
                     /*% ripper: const_path_ref!($:1, $:3) %*/
                     }
                 | tCONSTANT
@@ -5887,7 +5917,8 @@ strings		: string
                     {
                         if (!$1) {
                             $$ = NEW_STR(STRING_NEW0(), &@$);
-                        } else {
+                        }
+                        else {
                             $$ = evstr2dstr(p, $1);
                         }
                     /*% ripper: $:1 %*/
@@ -6028,7 +6059,7 @@ xstring_contents: /* none */
                     }
                 ;
 
-regexp_contents: /* none */
+regexp_contents	: /* none */
                     {
                         $$ = 0;
                     /*% ripper: regexp_new! %*/
@@ -6175,14 +6206,14 @@ user_variable	: ident_or_const
                 | nonlocal_var
                 ;
 
-keyword_variable	: keyword_nil {$$ = KWD2EID(nil, $1);}
-                    | keyword_self {$$ = KWD2EID(self, $1);}
-                    | keyword_true {$$ = KWD2EID(true, $1);}
-                    | keyword_false {$$ = KWD2EID(false, $1);}
-                    | keyword__FILE__ {$$ = KWD2EID(_FILE__, $1);}
-                    | keyword__LINE__ {$$ = KWD2EID(_LINE__, $1);}
-                    | keyword__ENCODING__ {$$ = KWD2EID(_ENCODING__, $1);}
-                    ;
+keyword_variable: keyword_nil {$$ = KWD2EID(nil, $1);}
+                | keyword_self {$$ = KWD2EID(self, $1);}
+                | keyword_true {$$ = KWD2EID(true, $1);}
+                | keyword_false {$$ = KWD2EID(false, $1);}
+                | keyword__FILE__ {$$ = KWD2EID(_FILE__, $1);}
+                | keyword__LINE__ {$$ = KWD2EID(_LINE__, $1);}
+                | keyword__ENCODING__ {$$ = KWD2EID(_ENCODING__, $1);}
+                ;
 
 var_ref		: user_variable
                     {
@@ -6361,11 +6392,7 @@ f_args		: f_arg ',' f_opt_arg(arg_value) ',' f_rest_arg opt_args_tail(args_tail)
 
 args_forward	: tBDOT3
                     {
-#ifdef FORWARD_ARGS_WITH_RUBY2_KEYWORDS
-                        $$ = 0;
-#else
                         $$ = idFWD_KWREST;
-#endif
                     /*% ripper: args_forward! %*/
                     }
                 ;
@@ -6706,7 +6733,14 @@ trailer		: '\n'?
                 | ','
                 ;
 
-term		: ';' {yyerrok;token_flush(p);}
+term		: ';'
+                    {
+                        yyerrok;
+                        token_flush(p);
+                        if (p->ctxt.in_defined) {
+                            p->ctxt.has_trailing_semicolon = 1;
+                        }
+                    }
                 | '\n'
                     {
                         @$.end_pos = @$.beg_pos;
@@ -6905,7 +6939,8 @@ parser_dispatch_delayed_token(struct parser_params *p, enum yytokentype t, int l
     if (p->keep_tokens) {
         /* p->delayed.token is freed by rb_parser_tokens_free */
         parser_append_tokens(p, p->delayed.token, t, line);
-    } else {
+    }
+    else {
         rb_parser_string_free(p, p->delayed.token);
     }
 
@@ -6968,6 +7003,16 @@ is_identchar(struct parser_params *p, const char *ptr, const char *MAYBE_UNUSED(
     return rb_enc_isalnum((unsigned char)*ptr, enc) || *ptr == '_' || !ISASCII(*ptr);
 }
 
+static inline bool
+peek_word_at(struct parser_params *p, const char *str, size_t len, int at)
+{
+    const char *ptr = p->lex.pcur + at;
+    if (lex_eol_ptr_n_p(p, ptr, len-1)) return false;
+    if (memcmp(ptr, str, len)) return false;
+    if (lex_eol_ptr_n_p(p, ptr, len)) return true;
+    return !is_identchar(p, ptr+len, p->lex.pend, p->enc);
+}
+
 static inline int
 parser_is_identchar(struct parser_params *p)
 {
@@ -10539,7 +10584,24 @@ parser_yylex(struct parser_params *p)
                     token_flush(p);
                 }
                 goto retry;
+              case 'a':
+                if (peek_word_at(p, "nd", 2, 0)) goto leading_logical;
+                goto bol;
+              case 'o':
+                if (peek_word_at(p, "r", 1, 0)) goto leading_logical;
+                goto bol;
+              case '|':
+                if (peek(p, '|')) goto leading_logical;
+                goto bol;
               case '&':
+                if (peek(p, '&')) {
+                  leading_logical:
+                    pushback(p, c);
+                    dispatch_delayed_token(p, tIGNORED_NL);
+                    cmd_state = FALSE;
+                    goto retry;
+                }
+                /* fall through */
               case '.': {
                 dispatch_delayed_token(p, tIGNORED_NL);
                 if (peek(p, '.') == (c == '&')) {
@@ -10548,6 +10610,7 @@ parser_yylex(struct parser_params *p)
                     goto retry;
                 }
               }
+              bol:
               default:
                 p->ruby_sourceline--;
                 p->lex.nextline = p->lex.lastline;
@@ -11198,24 +11261,26 @@ node_newnode(struct parser_params *p, enum node_type type, size_t size, size_t a
 #define NODE_NEWNODE(node_type, type, loc) (type *)(node_newnode(p, node_type, sizeof(type), RUBY_ALIGNOF(type), loc))
 
 static rb_node_scope_t *
-rb_node_scope_new(struct parser_params *p, rb_node_args_t *nd_args, NODE *nd_body, const YYLTYPE *loc)
+rb_node_scope_new(struct parser_params *p, rb_node_args_t *nd_args, NODE *nd_body, NODE *nd_parent, const YYLTYPE *loc)
 {
     rb_ast_id_table_t *nd_tbl;
     nd_tbl = local_tbl(p);
     rb_node_scope_t *n = NODE_NEWNODE(NODE_SCOPE, rb_node_scope_t, loc);
     n->nd_tbl = nd_tbl;
     n->nd_body = nd_body;
+    n->nd_parent = nd_parent;
     n->nd_args = nd_args;
 
     return n;
 }
 
 static rb_node_scope_t *
-rb_node_scope_new2(struct parser_params *p, rb_ast_id_table_t *nd_tbl, rb_node_args_t *nd_args, NODE *nd_body, const YYLTYPE *loc)
+rb_node_scope_new2(struct parser_params *p, rb_ast_id_table_t *nd_tbl, rb_node_args_t *nd_args, NODE *nd_body, NODE *nd_parent, const YYLTYPE *loc)
 {
     rb_node_scope_t *n = NODE_NEWNODE(NODE_SCOPE, rb_node_scope_t, loc);
     n->nd_tbl = nd_tbl;
     n->nd_body = nd_body;
+    n->nd_parent = nd_parent;
     n->nd_args = nd_args;
 
     return n;
@@ -11403,8 +11468,9 @@ static rb_node_class_t *
 rb_node_class_new(struct parser_params *p, NODE *nd_cpath, NODE *nd_body, NODE *nd_super, const YYLTYPE *loc, const YYLTYPE *class_keyword_loc, const YYLTYPE *inheritance_operator_loc, const YYLTYPE *end_keyword_loc)
 {
     /* Keep the order of node creation */
-    NODE *scope = NEW_SCOPE(0, nd_body, loc);
+    NODE *scope = NEW_SCOPE(0, nd_body, NULL, loc);
     rb_node_class_t *n = NODE_NEWNODE(NODE_CLASS, rb_node_class_t, loc);
+    RNODE_SCOPE(scope)->nd_parent = &n->node;
     n->nd_cpath = nd_cpath;
     n->nd_body = scope;
     n->nd_super = nd_super;
@@ -11416,25 +11482,32 @@ rb_node_class_new(struct parser_params *p, NODE *nd_cpath, NODE *nd_body, NODE *
 }
 
 static rb_node_sclass_t *
-rb_node_sclass_new(struct parser_params *p, NODE *nd_recv, NODE *nd_body, const YYLTYPE *loc)
+rb_node_sclass_new(struct parser_params *p, NODE *nd_recv, NODE *nd_body, const YYLTYPE *loc, const YYLTYPE *class_keyword_loc, const YYLTYPE *operator_loc, const YYLTYPE *end_keyword_loc)
 {
     /* Keep the order of node creation */
-    NODE *scope = NEW_SCOPE(0, nd_body, loc);
+    NODE *scope = NEW_SCOPE(0, nd_body, NULL, loc);
     rb_node_sclass_t *n = NODE_NEWNODE(NODE_SCLASS, rb_node_sclass_t, loc);
+    RNODE_SCOPE(scope)->nd_parent = &n->node;
     n->nd_recv = nd_recv;
     n->nd_body = scope;
+    n->class_keyword_loc = *class_keyword_loc;
+    n->operator_loc = *operator_loc;
+    n->end_keyword_loc = *end_keyword_loc;
 
     return n;
 }
 
 static rb_node_module_t *
-rb_node_module_new(struct parser_params *p, NODE *nd_cpath, NODE *nd_body, const YYLTYPE *loc)
+rb_node_module_new(struct parser_params *p, NODE *nd_cpath, NODE *nd_body, const YYLTYPE *loc, const YYLTYPE *module_keyword_loc, const YYLTYPE *end_keyword_loc)
 {
     /* Keep the order of node creation */
-    NODE *scope = NEW_SCOPE(0, nd_body, loc);
+    NODE *scope = NEW_SCOPE(0, nd_body, NULL, loc);
     rb_node_module_t *n = NODE_NEWNODE(NODE_MODULE, rb_node_module_t, loc);
+    RNODE_SCOPE(scope)->nd_parent = &n->node;
     n->nd_cpath = nd_cpath;
     n->nd_body = scope;
+    n->module_keyword_loc = *module_keyword_loc;
+    n->end_keyword_loc = *end_keyword_loc;
 
     return n;
 }
@@ -11443,8 +11516,9 @@ static rb_node_iter_t *
 rb_node_iter_new(struct parser_params *p, rb_node_args_t *nd_args, NODE *nd_body, const YYLTYPE *loc)
 {
     /* Keep the order of node creation */
-    NODE *scope = NEW_SCOPE(nd_args, nd_body, loc);
+    NODE *scope = NEW_SCOPE(nd_args, nd_body, NULL, loc);
     rb_node_iter_t *n = NODE_NEWNODE(NODE_ITER, rb_node_iter_t, loc);
+    RNODE_SCOPE(scope)->nd_parent = &n->node;
     n->nd_body = scope;
     n->nd_iter = 0;
 
@@ -11455,9 +11529,10 @@ static rb_node_lambda_t *
 rb_node_lambda_new(struct parser_params *p, rb_node_args_t *nd_args, NODE *nd_body, const YYLTYPE *loc, const YYLTYPE *operator_loc, const YYLTYPE *opening_loc, const YYLTYPE *closing_loc)
 {
     /* Keep the order of node creation */
-    NODE *scope = NEW_SCOPE(nd_args, nd_body, loc);
+    NODE *scope = NEW_SCOPE(nd_args, nd_body, NULL, loc);
     YYLTYPE lambda_loc = code_loc_gen(operator_loc, closing_loc);
     rb_node_lambda_t *n = NODE_NEWNODE(NODE_LAMBDA, rb_node_lambda_t, &lambda_loc);
+    RNODE_SCOPE(scope)->nd_parent = &n->node;
     n->nd_body = scope;
     n->operator_loc = *operator_loc;
     n->opening_loc = *opening_loc;
@@ -11516,12 +11591,15 @@ rb_node_when_new(struct parser_params *p, NODE *nd_head, NODE *nd_body, NODE *nd
 }
 
 static rb_node_in_t *
-rb_node_in_new(struct parser_params *p, NODE *nd_head, NODE *nd_body, NODE *nd_next, const YYLTYPE *loc)
+rb_node_in_new(struct parser_params *p, NODE *nd_head, NODE *nd_body, NODE *nd_next, const YYLTYPE *loc, const YYLTYPE *in_keyword_loc, const YYLTYPE *then_keyword_loc, const YYLTYPE *operator_loc)
 {
     rb_node_in_t *n = NODE_NEWNODE(NODE_IN, rb_node_in_t, loc);
     n->nd_head = nd_head;
     n->nd_body = nd_body;
     n->nd_next = nd_next;
+    n->in_keyword_loc = *in_keyword_loc;
+    n->then_keyword_loc = *then_keyword_loc;
+    n->operator_loc = *operator_loc;
 
     return n;
 }
@@ -11553,20 +11631,24 @@ rb_node_until_new(struct parser_params *p, NODE *nd_cond, NODE *nd_body, long nd
 }
 
 static rb_node_colon2_t *
-rb_node_colon2_new(struct parser_params *p, NODE *nd_head, ID nd_mid, const YYLTYPE *loc)
+rb_node_colon2_new(struct parser_params *p, NODE *nd_head, ID nd_mid, const YYLTYPE *loc, const YYLTYPE *delimiter_loc, const YYLTYPE *name_loc)
 {
     rb_node_colon2_t *n = NODE_NEWNODE(NODE_COLON2, rb_node_colon2_t, loc);
     n->nd_head = nd_head;
     n->nd_mid = nd_mid;
+    n->delimiter_loc = *delimiter_loc;
+    n->name_loc = *name_loc;
 
     return n;
 }
 
 static rb_node_colon3_t *
-rb_node_colon3_new(struct parser_params *p, ID nd_mid, const YYLTYPE *loc)
+rb_node_colon3_new(struct parser_params *p, ID nd_mid, const YYLTYPE *loc, const YYLTYPE *delimiter_loc, const YYLTYPE *name_loc)
 {
     rb_node_colon3_t *n = NODE_NEWNODE(NODE_COLON3, rb_node_colon3_t, loc);
     n->nd_mid = nd_mid;
+    n->delimiter_loc = *delimiter_loc;
+    n->name_loc = *name_loc;
 
     return n;
 }
@@ -12226,10 +12308,11 @@ rb_node_errinfo_new(struct parser_params *p, const YYLTYPE *loc)
 }
 
 static rb_node_defined_t *
-rb_node_defined_new(struct parser_params *p, NODE *nd_head, const YYLTYPE *loc)
+rb_node_defined_new(struct parser_params *p, NODE *nd_head, const YYLTYPE *loc, const YYLTYPE *keyword_loc)
 {
     rb_node_defined_t *n = NODE_NEWNODE(NODE_DEFINED, rb_node_defined_t, loc);
     n->nd_head = nd_head;
+    n->keyword_loc = *keyword_loc;
 
     return n;
 }
@@ -12738,8 +12821,8 @@ call_bin_op(struct parser_params *p, NODE *recv, ID id, NODE *arg1,
                 const YYLTYPE *op_loc, const YYLTYPE *loc)
 {
     NODE *expr;
-    value_expr(recv);
-    value_expr(arg1);
+    value_expr(p, recv);
+    value_expr(p, arg1);
     expr = NEW_OPCALL(recv, id, NEW_LIST(arg1, &arg1->nd_loc), loc);
     nd_set_line(expr, op_loc->beg_pos.lineno);
     return expr;
@@ -12749,7 +12832,7 @@ static NODE *
 call_uni_op(struct parser_params *p, NODE *recv, ID id, const YYLTYPE *op_loc, const YYLTYPE *loc)
 {
     NODE *opcall;
-    value_expr(recv);
+    value_expr(p, recv);
     opcall = NEW_OPCALL(recv, id, 0, loc);
     nd_set_line(opcall, op_loc->beg_pos.lineno);
     return opcall;
@@ -12799,8 +12882,8 @@ match_op(struct parser_params *p, NODE *node1, NODE *node2, const YYLTYPE *op_lo
     NODE *n;
     int line = op_loc->beg_pos.lineno;
 
-    value_expr(node1);
-    value_expr(node2);
+    value_expr(p, node1);
+    value_expr(p, node2);
 
     if ((n = last_expr_once_body(node1)) != 0) {
         switch (nd_type(n)) {
@@ -12860,10 +12943,10 @@ numparam_nested_p(struct parser_params *p)
     NODE *inner = local->numparam.inner;
     if (outer || inner) {
         NODE *used = outer ? outer : inner;
-        compile_error(p, "numbered parameter is already used in\n"
-                      "%s:%d: %s block here",
-                      p->ruby_sourcefile, nd_line(used),
-                      outer ? "outer" : "inner");
+        compile_error(p, "numbered parameter is already used in %s block\n"
+                      "%s:%d: numbered parameter is already used here",
+                      outer ? "outer" : "inner",
+                      p->ruby_sourcefile, nd_line(used));
         parser_show_error_line(p, &used->nd_loc);
         return 1;
     }
@@ -12875,8 +12958,8 @@ numparam_used_p(struct parser_params *p)
 {
     NODE *numparam = p->lvtbl->numparam.current;
     if (numparam) {
-        compile_error(p, "numbered parameter is already used in\n"
-                      "%s:%d: current block here",
+        compile_error(p, "'it' is not allowed when a numbered parameter is already used\n"
+                      "%s:%d: numbered parameter is already used here",
                       p->ruby_sourcefile, nd_line(numparam));
         parser_show_error_line(p, &numparam->nd_loc);
         return 1;
@@ -12889,8 +12972,8 @@ it_used_p(struct parser_params *p)
 {
     NODE *it = p->lvtbl->it;
     if (it) {
-        compile_error(p, "'it' is already used in\n"
-                      "%s:%d: current block here",
+        compile_error(p, "numbered parameters are not allowed when 'it' is already used\n"
+                      "%s:%d: 'it' is already used here",
                       p->ruby_sourcefile, nd_line(it));
         parser_show_error_line(p, &it->nd_loc);
         return 1;
@@ -12953,14 +13036,14 @@ gettable(struct parser_params *p, ID id, const YYLTYPE *loc)
         }
 # endif
         /* method call without arguments */
-        if (dyna_in_block(p) && id == rb_intern("it") && !(DVARS_TERMINAL_P(p->lvtbl->args) || DVARS_TERMINAL_P(p->lvtbl->args->prev))) {
+        if (dyna_in_block(p) && id == idIt && !(DVARS_TERMINAL_P(p->lvtbl->args) || DVARS_TERMINAL_P(p->lvtbl->args->prev))) {
             if (numparam_used_p(p)) return 0;
             if (p->max_numparam == ORDINAL_PARAM) {
                 compile_error(p, "ordinary parameter is defined");
                 return 0;
             }
             if (!p->it_id) {
-                p->it_id = internal_id(p);
+                p->it_id = idItImplicit;
                 vtable_add(p->lvtbl->args, p->it_id);
             }
             NODE *node = NEW_DVAR(p->it_id, loc);
@@ -13007,8 +13090,11 @@ kwd_append(rb_node_kw_arg_t *kwlist, rb_node_kw_arg_t *kw)
 }
 
 static NODE *
-new_defined(struct parser_params *p, NODE *expr, const YYLTYPE *loc)
+new_defined(struct parser_params *p, NODE *expr, const YYLTYPE *loc, const YYLTYPE *keyword_loc)
 {
+    int had_trailing_semicolon = p->ctxt.has_trailing_semicolon;
+    p->ctxt.has_trailing_semicolon = 0;
+
     NODE *n = expr;
     while (n) {
         if (nd_type_p(n, NODE_BEGIN)) {
@@ -13021,7 +13107,13 @@ new_defined(struct parser_params *p, NODE *expr, const YYLTYPE *loc)
             break;
         }
     }
-    return NEW_DEFINED(n, loc);
+
+    if (had_trailing_semicolon && !nd_type_p(expr, NODE_BLOCK)) {
+        NODE *block = NEW_BLOCK(expr, loc);
+        return NEW_DEFINED(block, loc, keyword_loc);
+    }
+
+    return NEW_DEFINED(n, loc, keyword_loc);
 }
 
 static NODE*
@@ -13831,7 +13923,7 @@ value_expr_check(struct parser_params *p, NODE *node)
 }
 
 static int
-value_expr_gen(struct parser_params *p, NODE *node)
+value_expr(struct parser_params *p, NODE *node)
 {
     NODE *void_node = value_expr_check(p, node);
     if (void_node) {
@@ -14100,7 +14192,7 @@ range_op(struct parser_params *p, NODE *node, const YYLTYPE *loc)
     if (node == 0) return 0;
 
     type = nd_type(node);
-    value_expr(node);
+    value_expr(p, node);
     if (type == NODE_INTEGER) {
         if (!e_option_supplied(p)) rb_warn0L(nd_line(node), "integer literal in flip-flop");
         ID lineno = rb_intern("$.");
@@ -14237,7 +14329,7 @@ logop(struct parser_params *p, ID id, NODE *left, NODE *right,
 {
     enum node_type type = id == idAND || id == idANDOP ? NODE_AND : NODE_OR;
     NODE *op;
-    value_expr(left);
+    value_expr(p, left);
     if (left && nd_type_p(left, type)) {
         NODE *node = left, *second;
         while ((second = RNODE_AND(node)->nd_2nd) != 0 && nd_type_p(second, type)) {
@@ -14345,12 +14437,6 @@ new_args(struct parser_params *p, rb_node_args_aux_t *pre_args, rb_node_opt_arg_
 
     args->opt_args       = opt_args;
 
-#ifdef FORWARD_ARGS_WITH_RUBY2_KEYWORDS
-    args->ruby2_keywords = args->forwarding;
-#else
-    args->ruby2_keywords = 0;
-#endif
-
     nd_set_loc(RNODE(tail), loc);
 
     return tail;
@@ -14624,7 +14710,11 @@ error_duplicate_pattern_variable(struct parser_params *p, ID id, const YYLTYPE *
     if (st_is_member(p->pvtbl, id)) {
         yyerror1(loc, "duplicated variable name");
     }
+    else if (p->ctxt.in_alt_pattern && id) {
+        yyerror1(loc, "variable capture in alternative pattern");
+    }
     else {
+        p->ctxt.capture_in_pattern = 1;
         st_insert(p->pvtbl, (st_data_t)id, 0);
     }
 }
@@ -14956,9 +15046,7 @@ static void
 add_forwarding_args(struct parser_params *p)
 {
     arg_var(p, idFWD_REST);
-#ifndef FORWARD_ARGS_WITH_RUBY2_KEYWORDS
     arg_var(p, idFWD_KWREST);
-#endif
     arg_var(p, idFWD_BLOCK);
     arg_var(p, idFWD_ALL);
 }
@@ -15001,15 +15089,11 @@ static NODE *
 new_args_forward_call(struct parser_params *p, NODE *leading, const YYLTYPE *loc, const YYLTYPE *argsloc)
 {
     NODE *rest = NEW_LVAR(idFWD_REST, loc);
-#ifndef FORWARD_ARGS_WITH_RUBY2_KEYWORDS
     NODE *kwrest = list_append(p, NEW_LIST(0, loc), NEW_LVAR(idFWD_KWREST, loc));
-#endif
     rb_node_block_pass_t *block = NEW_BLOCK_PASS(NEW_LVAR(idFWD_BLOCK, loc), argsloc, &NULL_LOC);
     NODE *args = leading ? rest_arg_append(p, leading, rest, argsloc) : NEW_SPLAT(rest, loc, &NULL_LOC);
     block->forwarding = TRUE;
-#ifndef FORWARD_ARGS_WITH_RUBY2_KEYWORDS
     args = arg_append(p, args, new_hash(p, kwrest, loc), argsloc);
-#endif
     return arg_blk_pass(args, block);
 }
 
diff --git a/parser_bits.h b/parser_bits.h
index ca7535280e..f894dde33e 100644
--- a/parser_bits.h
+++ b/parser_bits.h
@@ -30,13 +30,13 @@
 #include <stdint.h>             /* for uintptr_t */
 #include "internal/compilers.h" /* for MSC_VERSION_SINCE */
 
-#if MSC_VERSION_SINCE(1310)
+#ifdef _MSC_VER
 # include <stdlib.h>            /* for _byteswap_uint64 */
 #endif
 
 #if defined(HAVE_X86INTRIN_H)
 # include <x86intrin.h>         /* for _lzcnt_u64 */
-#elif MSC_VERSION_SINCE(1310)
+#elif defined(_MSC_VER)
 # include <intrin.h>            /* for the following intrinsics */
 #endif
 
@@ -50,16 +50,13 @@
 # pragma intrinsic(__lzcnt64)
 #endif
 
-#if MSC_VERSION_SINCE(1310)
+#if defined(_MSC_VER)
 # pragma intrinsic(_rotl)
 # pragma intrinsic(_rotr)
 # ifdef _WIN64
 #  pragma intrinsic(_rotl64)
 #  pragma intrinsic(_rotr64)
 # endif
-#endif
-
-#if MSC_VERSION_SINCE(1400)
 # pragma intrinsic(_BitScanForward)
 # pragma intrinsic(_BitScanReverse)
 # ifdef _WIN64
@@ -90,6 +87,7 @@
 
 #define UNSIGNED_INTEGER_MAX(T) ((T)~(T)0)
 
+#ifndef MUL_OVERFLOW_SIGNED_INTEGER_P
 #if __has_builtin(__builtin_mul_overflow_p)
 # define MUL_OVERFLOW_P(a, b) \
     __builtin_mul_overflow_p((a), (b), (__typeof__(a * b))0)
@@ -118,15 +116,100 @@
     MUL_OVERFLOW_SIGNED_INTEGER_P(a, b, FIXNUM_MIN, FIXNUM_MAX)
 #endif
 
-#ifdef MUL_OVERFLOW_P
+#if defined(MUL_OVERFLOW_P) && defined(USE___BUILTIN_MUL_OVERFLOW_LONG_LONG)
 # define MUL_OVERFLOW_LONG_LONG_P(a, b) MUL_OVERFLOW_P(a, b)
+#else
+# define MUL_OVERFLOW_LONG_LONG_P(a, b) MUL_OVERFLOW_SIGNED_INTEGER_P(a, b, LLONG_MIN, LLONG_MAX)
+#endif
+
+#ifdef MUL_OVERFLOW_P
 # define MUL_OVERFLOW_LONG_P(a, b)      MUL_OVERFLOW_P(a, b)
 # define MUL_OVERFLOW_INT_P(a, b)       MUL_OVERFLOW_P(a, b)
 #else
-# define MUL_OVERFLOW_LONG_LONG_P(a, b) MUL_OVERFLOW_SIGNED_INTEGER_P(a, b, LLONG_MIN, LLONG_MAX)
 # define MUL_OVERFLOW_LONG_P(a, b)      MUL_OVERFLOW_SIGNED_INTEGER_P(a, b, LONG_MIN, LONG_MAX)
 # define MUL_OVERFLOW_INT_P(a, b)       MUL_OVERFLOW_SIGNED_INTEGER_P(a, b, INT_MIN, INT_MAX)
 #endif
+#endif
+
+#ifndef ADD_OVERFLOW_SIGNED_INTEGER_P
+#if __has_builtin(__builtin_add_overflow_p)
+# define ADD_OVERFLOW_P(a, b) \
+    __builtin_add_overflow_p((a), (b), (__typeof__(a * b))0)
+#elif __has_builtin(__builtin_add_overflow)
+# define ADD_OVERFLOW_P(a, b) \
+    __extension__ ({ __typeof__(a) c; __builtin_add_overflow((a), (b), &c); })
+#endif
+
+#define ADD_OVERFLOW_SIGNED_INTEGER_P(a, b, min, max) ( \
+    (a) > 0 ? (b) > (max) - (a) : (b) < (min) - (a))
+
+#if __has_builtin(__builtin_add_overflow_p)
+/* __builtin_add_overflow_p can take bitfield */
+/* and GCC permits bitfields for integers other than int */
+# define ADD_OVERFLOW_FIXNUM_P(a, b) \
+    __extension__ ({ \
+        struct { long fixnum : sizeof(long) * CHAR_BIT - 1; } c = { 0 }; \
+        __builtin_add_overflow_p((a), (b), c.fixnum); \
+    })
+#else
+# define ADD_OVERFLOW_FIXNUM_P(a, b) \
+    ADD_OVERFLOW_SIGNED_INTEGER_P(a, b, FIXNUM_MIN, FIXNUM_MAX)
+#endif
+
+#if defined(ADD_OVERFLOW_P) && defined(USE___BUILTIN_ADD_OVERFLOW_LONG_LONG)
+# define ADD_OVERFLOW_LONG_LONG_P(a, b) ADD_OVERFLOW_P(a, b)
+#else
+# define ADD_OVERFLOW_LONG_LONG_P(a, b) ADD_OVERFLOW_SIGNED_INTEGER_P(a, b, LLONG_MIN, LLONG_MAX)
+#endif
+
+#ifdef ADD_OVERFLOW_P
+# define ADD_OVERFLOW_LONG_P(a, b)      ADD_OVERFLOW_P(a, b)
+# define ADD_OVERFLOW_INT_P(a, b)       ADD_OVERFLOW_P(a, b)
+#else
+# define ADD_OVERFLOW_LONG_P(a, b)      ADD_OVERFLOW_SIGNED_INTEGER_P(a, b, LONG_MIN, LONG_MAX)
+# define ADD_OVERFLOW_INT_P(a, b)       ADD_OVERFLOW_SIGNED_INTEGER_P(a, b, INT_MIN, INT_MAX)
+#endif
+#endif
+
+#ifndef SUB_OVERFLOW_SIGNED_INTEGER_P
+#if __has_builtin(__builtin_sub_overflow_p)
+# define SUB_OVERFLOW_P(a, b) \
+    __builtin_sub_overflow_p((a), (b), (__typeof__(a * b))0)
+#elif __has_builtin(__builtin_sub_overflow)
+# define SUB_OVERFLOW_P(a, b) \
+    __extension__ ({ __typeof__(a) c; __builtin_sub_overflow((a), (b), &c); })
+#endif
+
+#define SUB_OVERFLOW_SIGNED_INTEGER_P(a, b, min, max) ( \
+        (b) > 0 ? (a) < (min) + (b) : (a) > (max) + (b))
+
+#if __has_builtin(__builtin_sub_overflow_p)
+/* __builtin_sub_overflow_p can take bitfield */
+/* and GCC permits bitfields for integers other than int */
+# define SUB_OVERFLOW_FIXNUM_P(a, b) \
+    __extension__ ({ \
+        struct { long fixnum : sizeof(long) * CHAR_BIT - 1; } c = { 0 }; \
+        __builtin_sub_overflow_p((a), (b), c.fixnum); \
+    })
+#else
+# define SUB_OVERFLOW_FIXNUM_P(a, b) \
+    SUB_OVERFLOW_SIGNED_INTEGER_P(a, b, FIXNUM_MIN, FIXNUM_MAX)
+#endif
+
+#if defined(SUB_OVERFLOW_P) && defined(USE___BUILTIN_SUB_OVERFLOW_LONG_LONG)
+# define SUB_OVERFLOW_LONG_LONG_P(a, b) SUB_OVERFLOW_P(a, b)
+#else
+# define SUB_OVERFLOW_LONG_LONG_P(a, b) SUB_OVERFLOW_SIGNED_INTEGER_P(a, b, LLONG_MIN, LLONG_MAX)
+#endif
+
+#ifdef SUB_OVERFLOW_P
+# define SUB_OVERFLOW_LONG_P(a, b)      SUB_OVERFLOW_P(a, b)
+# define SUB_OVERFLOW_INT_P(a, b)       SUB_OVERFLOW_P(a, b)
+#else
+# define SUB_OVERFLOW_LONG_P(a, b)      SUB_OVERFLOW_SIGNED_INTEGER_P(a, b, LONG_MIN, LONG_MAX)
+# define SUB_OVERFLOW_INT_P(a, b)       SUB_OVERFLOW_SIGNED_INTEGER_P(a, b, INT_MIN, INT_MAX)
+#endif
+#endif
 
 #ifdef HAVE_UINT128_T
 # define bit_length(x) \
@@ -180,7 +263,7 @@ ruby_swap16(uint16_t x)
 #if __has_builtin(__builtin_bswap16)
     return __builtin_bswap16(x);
 
-#elif MSC_VERSION_SINCE(1310)
+#elif defined(_MSC_VER)
     return _byteswap_ushort(x);
 
 #else
@@ -195,7 +278,7 @@ ruby_swap32(uint32_t x)
 #if __has_builtin(__builtin_bswap32)
     return __builtin_bswap32(x);
 
-#elif MSC_VERSION_SINCE(1310)
+#elif defined(_MSC_VER)
     return _byteswap_ulong(x);
 
 #else
@@ -212,7 +295,7 @@ ruby_swap64(uint64_t x)
 #if __has_builtin(__builtin_bswap64)
     return __builtin_bswap64(x);
 
-#elif MSC_VERSION_SINCE(1310)
+#elif defined(_MSC_VER)
     return _byteswap_uint64(x);
 
 #else
@@ -237,7 +320,7 @@ nlz_int32(uint32_t x)
 #elif defined(__x86_64__) && defined(__LZCNT__)
     return (unsigned int)_lzcnt_u32(x);
 
-#elif MSC_VERSION_SINCE(1400) /* &&! defined(__AVX2__) */
+#elif defined(_MSC_VER) /* &&! defined(__AVX2__) */
     unsigned long r;
     return _BitScanReverse(&r, x) ? (31 - (int)r) : 32;
 
@@ -266,7 +349,7 @@ nlz_int64(uint64_t x)
 #elif defined(__x86_64__) && defined(__LZCNT__)
     return (unsigned int)_lzcnt_u64(x);
 
-#elif defined(_WIN64) && MSC_VERSION_SINCE(1400) /* &&! defined(__AVX2__) */
+#elif defined(_WIN64) && defined(_MSC_VER) /* &&! defined(__AVX2__) */
     unsigned long r;
     return _BitScanReverse64(&r, x) ? (63u - (unsigned int)r) : 64;
 
@@ -394,9 +477,9 @@ rb_popcount32(uint32_t x)
 #else
     x = (x & 0x55555555) + (x >> 1 & 0x55555555);
     x = (x & 0x33333333) + (x >> 2 & 0x33333333);
-    x = (x & 0x0f0f0f0f) + (x >> 4 & 0x0f0f0f0f);
-    x = (x & 0x001f001f) + (x >> 8 & 0x001f001f);
-    x = (x & 0x0000003f) + (x >>16 & 0x0000003f);
+    x = (x & 0x07070707) + (x >> 4 & 0x07070707);
+    x = (x & 0x000f000f) + (x >> 8 & 0x000f000f);
+    x = (x & 0x0000001f) + (x >>16 & 0x0000001f);
     return (unsigned int)x;
 
 #endif
@@ -424,9 +507,9 @@ rb_popcount64(uint64_t x)
     x = (x & 0x5555555555555555) + (x >> 1 & 0x5555555555555555);
     x = (x & 0x3333333333333333) + (x >> 2 & 0x3333333333333333);
     x = (x & 0x0707070707070707) + (x >> 4 & 0x0707070707070707);
-    x = (x & 0x001f001f001f001f) + (x >> 8 & 0x001f001f001f001f);
-    x = (x & 0x0000003f0000003f) + (x >>16 & 0x0000003f0000003f);
-    x = (x & 0x000000000000007f) + (x >>32 & 0x000000000000007f);
+    x = (x & 0x000f000f000f000f) + (x >> 8 & 0x000f000f000f000f);
+    x = (x & 0x0000001f0000001f) + (x >>16 & 0x0000001f0000001f);
+    x = (x & 0x000000000000003f) + (x >>32 & 0x000000000000003f);
     return (unsigned int)x;
 
 #endif
@@ -452,7 +535,7 @@ ntz_int32(uint32_t x)
 #if defined(__x86_64__) && defined(__BMI__)
     return (unsigned)_tzcnt_u32(x);
 
-#elif MSC_VERSION_SINCE(1400)
+#elif defined(_MSC_VER)
     /* :FIXME: Is there any way to issue TZCNT instead of BSF, apart from using
      *         assembly?  Because issuing LZCNT seems possible (see nlz.h). */
     unsigned long r;
@@ -474,7 +557,7 @@ ntz_int64(uint64_t x)
 #if defined(__x86_64__) && defined(__BMI__)
     return (unsigned)_tzcnt_u64(x);
 
-#elif defined(_WIN64) && MSC_VERSION_SINCE(1400)
+#elif defined(_WIN64) && defined(_MSC_VER)
     unsigned long r;
     return _BitScanForward64(&r, x) ? (int)r : 64;
 
@@ -522,10 +605,10 @@ RUBY_BIT_ROTL(VALUE v, int n)
 #elif __has_builtin(__builtin_rotateleft64) && (SIZEOF_VALUE * CHAR_BIT == 64)
     return __builtin_rotateleft64(v, n);
 
-#elif MSC_VERSION_SINCE(1310) && (SIZEOF_VALUE * CHAR_BIT == 32)
+#elif defined(_MSC_VER) && (SIZEOF_VALUE * CHAR_BIT == 32)
     return _rotl(v, n);
 
-#elif MSC_VERSION_SINCE(1310) && (SIZEOF_VALUE * CHAR_BIT == 64)
+#elif defined(_MSC_VER) && (SIZEOF_VALUE * CHAR_BIT == 64)
     return _rotl64(v, n);
 
 #elif defined(_lrotl) && (SIZEOF_VALUE == SIZEOF_LONG)
@@ -546,10 +629,10 @@ RUBY_BIT_ROTR(VALUE v, int n)
 #elif __has_builtin(__builtin_rotateright64) && (SIZEOF_VALUE * CHAR_BIT == 64)
     return __builtin_rotateright64(v, n);
 
-#elif MSC_VERSION_SINCE(1310) && (SIZEOF_VALUE * CHAR_BIT == 32)
+#elif defined(_MSC_VER) && (SIZEOF_VALUE * CHAR_BIT == 32)
     return _rotr(v, n);
 
-#elif MSC_VERSION_SINCE(1310) && (SIZEOF_VALUE * CHAR_BIT == 64)
+#elif defined(_MSC_VER) && (SIZEOF_VALUE * CHAR_BIT == 64)
     return _rotr64(v, n);
 
 #elif defined(_lrotr) && (SIZEOF_VALUE == SIZEOF_LONG)
diff --git a/pathname.c b/pathname.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..71c78d89e7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pathname.c
@@ -0,0 +1,117 @@
+#include "ruby.h"
+
+static VALUE rb_cPathname;
+static ID id_at_path;
+static ID id_sub;
+
+static VALUE
+get_strpath(VALUE obj)
+{
+    VALUE strpath;
+    strpath = rb_ivar_get(obj, id_at_path);
+    if (!RB_TYPE_P(strpath, T_STRING))
+        rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "unexpected @path");
+    return strpath;
+}
+
+/*
+ *  Provides a case-sensitive comparison operator for pathnames.
+ *
+ *	Pathname.new('/usr') <=> Pathname.new('/usr/bin')
+ *	    #=> -1
+ *	Pathname.new('/usr/bin') <=> Pathname.new('/usr/bin')
+ *	    #=> 0
+ *	Pathname.new('/usr/bin') <=> Pathname.new('/USR/BIN')
+ *	    #=> 1
+ *
+ *  It will return +-1+, +0+ or +1+ depending on the value of the left argument
+ *  relative to the right argument. Or it will return +nil+ if the arguments
+ *  are not comparable.
+ */
+static VALUE
+path_cmp(VALUE self, VALUE other)
+{
+    VALUE s1, s2;
+    char *p1, *p2;
+    char *e1, *e2;
+    if (!rb_obj_is_kind_of(other, rb_cPathname))
+        return Qnil;
+    s1 = get_strpath(self);
+    s2 = get_strpath(other);
+    p1 = RSTRING_PTR(s1);
+    p2 = RSTRING_PTR(s2);
+    e1 = p1 + RSTRING_LEN(s1);
+    e2 = p2 + RSTRING_LEN(s2);
+    while (p1 < e1 && p2 < e2) {
+        int c1, c2;
+        c1 = (unsigned char)*p1++;
+        c2 = (unsigned char)*p2++;
+        if (c1 == '/') c1 = '\0';
+        if (c2 == '/') c2 = '\0';
+        if (c1 != c2) {
+            if (c1 < c2)
+                return INT2FIX(-1);
+            else
+                return INT2FIX(1);
+        }
+    }
+    if (p1 < e1)
+        return INT2FIX(1);
+    if (p2 < e2)
+        return INT2FIX(-1);
+    return INT2FIX(0);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Return a pathname which is substituted by String#sub.
+ *
+ *	path1 = Pathname.new('/usr/bin/perl')
+ *	path1.sub('perl', 'ruby')
+ *	    #=> #<Pathname:/usr/bin/ruby>
+ */
+static VALUE
+path_sub(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
+{
+    VALUE str = get_strpath(self);
+
+    if (rb_block_given_p()) {
+        str = rb_block_call(str, id_sub, argc, argv, 0, 0);
+    }
+    else {
+        str = rb_funcallv(str, id_sub, argc, argv);
+    }
+    return rb_class_new_instance(1, &str, rb_obj_class(self));
+}
+
+#include "pathname_builtin.rbinc"
+
+static void init_ids(void);
+
+void
+Init_pathname(void)
+{
+#ifdef HAVE_RB_EXT_RACTOR_SAFE
+    rb_ext_ractor_safe(true);
+#endif
+
+    init_ids();
+    InitVM(pathname);
+}
+
+void
+InitVM_pathname(void)
+{
+    rb_cPathname = rb_define_class("Pathname", rb_cObject);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cPathname, "<=>", path_cmp, 1);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cPathname, "sub", path_sub, -1);
+
+    rb_provide("pathname.so");
+}
+
+void
+init_ids(void)
+{
+#undef rb_intern
+    id_at_path = rb_intern("@path");
+    id_sub = rb_intern("sub");
+}
diff --git a/pathname_builtin.rb b/pathname_builtin.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..878603d4d6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pathname_builtin.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,1172 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+#
+# = pathname.rb
+#
+# Object-Oriented Pathname Class
+#
+# Author:: Tanaka Akira <akr@m17n.org>
+# Documentation:: Author and Gavin Sinclair
+#
+# For documentation, see class Pathname.
+#
+
+#
+# Pathname represents the name of a file or directory on the filesystem,
+# but not the file itself.
+#
+# The pathname depends on the Operating System: Unix, Windows, etc.
+# This library works with pathnames of local OS, however non-Unix pathnames
+# are supported experimentally.
+#
+# A Pathname can be relative or absolute.  It's not until you try to
+# reference the file that it even matters whether the file exists or not.
+#
+# Pathname is immutable.  It has no method for destructive update.
+#
+# The goal of this class is to manipulate file path information in a neater
+# way than standard Ruby provides.  The examples below demonstrate the
+# difference.
+#
+# *All* functionality from File, FileTest, and some from Dir and FileUtils is
+# included, in an unsurprising way.  It is essentially a facade for all of
+# these, and more.
+#
+# == Examples
+#
+# === Example 1: Using Pathname
+#
+#   require 'pathname'
+#   pn = Pathname.new("/usr/bin/ruby")
+#   size = pn.size              # 27662
+#   isdir = pn.directory?       # false
+#   dir  = pn.dirname           # Pathname:/usr/bin
+#   base = pn.basename          # Pathname:ruby
+#   dir, base = pn.split        # [Pathname:/usr/bin, Pathname:ruby]
+#   data = pn.read
+#   pn.open { |f| _ }
+#   pn.each_line { |line| _ }
+#
+# === Example 2: Using standard Ruby
+#
+#   pn = "/usr/bin/ruby"
+#   size = File.size(pn)        # 27662
+#   isdir = File.directory?(pn) # false
+#   dir  = File.dirname(pn)     # "/usr/bin"
+#   base = File.basename(pn)    # "ruby"
+#   dir, base = File.split(pn)  # ["/usr/bin", "ruby"]
+#   data = File.read(pn)
+#   File.open(pn) { |f| _ }
+#   File.foreach(pn) { |line| _ }
+#
+# === Example 3: Special features
+#
+#   p1 = Pathname.new("/usr/lib")   # Pathname:/usr/lib
+#   p2 = p1 + "ruby/1.8"            # Pathname:/usr/lib/ruby/1.8
+#   p3 = p1.parent                  # Pathname:/usr
+#   p4 = p2.relative_path_from(p3)  # Pathname:lib/ruby/1.8
+#   pwd = Pathname.pwd              # Pathname:/home/gavin
+#   pwd.absolute?                   # true
+#   p5 = Pathname.new "."           # Pathname:.
+#   p5 = p5 + "music/../articles"   # Pathname:music/../articles
+#   p5.cleanpath                    # Pathname:articles
+#   p5.realpath                     # Pathname:/home/gavin/articles
+#   p5.children                     # [Pathname:/home/gavin/articles/linux, ...]
+#
+# == Breakdown of functionality
+#
+# === Core methods
+#
+# These methods are effectively manipulating a String, because that's
+# all a path is.  None of these access the file system except for
+# #mountpoint?, #children, #each_child, #realdirpath and #realpath.
+#
+# - +
+# - #join
+# - #parent
+# - #root?
+# - #absolute?
+# - #relative?
+# - #relative_path_from
+# - #each_filename
+# - #cleanpath
+# - #realpath
+# - #realdirpath
+# - #children
+# - #each_child
+# - #mountpoint?
+#
+# === File status predicate methods
+#
+# These methods are a facade for FileTest:
+# - #blockdev?
+# - #chardev?
+# - #directory?
+# - #executable?
+# - #executable_real?
+# - #exist?
+# - #file?
+# - #grpowned?
+# - #owned?
+# - #pipe?
+# - #readable?
+# - #world_readable?
+# - #readable_real?
+# - #setgid?
+# - #setuid?
+# - #size
+# - #size?
+# - #socket?
+# - #sticky?
+# - #symlink?
+# - #writable?
+# - #world_writable?
+# - #writable_real?
+# - #zero?
+#
+# === File property and manipulation methods
+#
+# These methods are a facade for File:
+# - #each_line(*args, &block)
+# - #read(*args)
+# - #binread(*args)
+# - #readlines(*args)
+# - #sysopen(*args)
+# - #write(*args)
+# - #binwrite(*args)
+# - #atime
+# - #birthtime
+# - #ctime
+# - #mtime
+# - #chmod(mode)
+# - #lchmod(mode)
+# - #chown(owner, group)
+# - #lchown(owner, group)
+# - #fnmatch(pattern, *args)
+# - #fnmatch?(pattern, *args)
+# - #ftype
+# - #make_link(old)
+# - #open(*args, &block)
+# - #readlink
+# - #rename(to)
+# - #stat
+# - #lstat
+# - #make_symlink(old)
+# - #truncate(length)
+# - #utime(atime, mtime)
+# - #lutime(atime, mtime)
+# - #basename(*args)
+# - #dirname
+# - #extname
+# - #expand_path(*args)
+# - #split
+#
+# === Directory methods
+#
+# These methods are a facade for Dir:
+# - Pathname.glob(*args)
+# - Pathname.getwd / Pathname.pwd
+# - #rmdir
+# - #entries
+# - #each_entry(&block)
+# - #mkdir(*args)
+# - #opendir(*args)
+#
+# === Utilities
+#
+# These methods are a mixture of Find, FileUtils, and others:
+# - #find(&block)
+# - #mkpath
+# - #rmtree
+# - #unlink / #delete
+#
+#
+# == Method documentation
+#
+# As the above section shows, most of the methods in Pathname are facades.  The
+# documentation for these methods generally just says, for instance, "See
+# FileTest.writable?", as you should be familiar with the original method
+# anyway, and its documentation (e.g. through +ri+) will contain more
+# information.  In some cases, a brief description will follow.
+#
+class Pathname
+
+  # The version string.
+  VERSION = "0.4.0"
+
+  # :stopdoc:
+
+  if File::FNM_SYSCASE.nonzero?
+    # Avoid #zero? here because #casecmp can return nil.
+    private def same_paths?(a, b) a.casecmp(b) == 0 end
+  else
+    private def same_paths?(a, b) a == b end
+  end
+
+  attr_reader :path
+  protected :path
+
+  # :startdoc:
+
+  #
+  # Create a Pathname object from the given String (or String-like object).
+  # If +path+ contains a NUL character (<tt>\0</tt>), an ArgumentError is raised.
+  #
+  def initialize(path)
+    @path = File.path(path).dup
+  rescue TypeError => e
+    raise e.class, "Pathname.new requires a String, #to_path or #to_str", cause: nil
+  end
+
+  #
+  # Freze self.
+  #
+  def freeze
+    super
+    @path.freeze
+    self
+  end
+
+  #
+  # Compare this pathname with +other+.  The comparison is string-based.
+  # Be aware that two different paths (<tt>foo.txt</tt> and <tt>./foo.txt</tt>)
+  # can refer to the same file.
+  #
+  def ==(other)
+    return false unless Pathname === other
+    other.path == @path
+  end
+  alias === ==
+  alias eql? ==
+
+  unless method_defined?(:<=>, false)
+    # Provides for comparing pathnames, case-sensitively.
+    def <=>(other)
+      return nil unless Pathname === other
+      @path.tr('/', "\0") <=> other.path.tr('/', "\0")
+    end
+  end
+
+  def hash # :nodoc:
+    @path.hash
+  end
+
+  # Return the path as a String.
+  def to_s
+    @path.dup
+  end
+
+  # to_path is implemented so Pathname objects are usable with File.open, etc.
+  alias to_path to_s
+
+  def inspect # :nodoc:
+    "#<#{self.class}:#{@path}>"
+  end
+
+  unless method_defined?(:sub, false)
+    # Return a pathname which is substituted by String#sub.
+    def sub(pattern, *args, **kwargs, &block)
+      if block
+        path = @path.sub(pattern, *args, **kwargs) {|*sub_args|
+          begin
+            old = Thread.current[:pathname_sub_matchdata]
+            Thread.current[:pathname_sub_matchdata] = $~
+            eval("$~ = Thread.current[:pathname_sub_matchdata]", block.binding)
+          ensure
+            Thread.current[:pathname_sub_matchdata] = old
+          end
+          yield(*sub_args)
+        }
+      else
+        path = @path.sub(pattern, *args, **kwargs)
+      end
+      self.class.new(path)
+    end
+  end
+
+  # Return a pathname with +repl+ added as a suffix to the basename.
+  #
+  # If self has no extension part, +repl+ is appended.
+  #
+  #	Pathname.new('/usr/bin/shutdown').sub_ext('.rb')
+  #	    #=> #<Pathname:/usr/bin/shutdown.rb>
+  def sub_ext(repl)
+    ext = File.extname(@path)
+
+    # File.extname("foo.bar:stream") returns ".bar" on NTFS and not ".bar:stream"
+    # (see ruby_enc_find_extname()).
+    # The behavior of Pathname#sub_ext is to replace everything
+    # from the start of the extname until the end of the path with repl.
+    unless @path.end_with?(ext)
+      ext = @path[@path.rindex(ext)..]
+    end
+
+    self.class.new(@path.chomp(ext) + repl)
+  end
+
+  if File::ALT_SEPARATOR
+    # Separator list string.
+    SEPARATOR_LIST = Regexp.quote "#{File::ALT_SEPARATOR}#{File::SEPARATOR}"
+    # Regexp that matches a separator.
+    SEPARATOR_PAT = /[#{SEPARATOR_LIST}]/
+  else
+    SEPARATOR_LIST = Regexp.quote File::SEPARATOR
+    SEPARATOR_PAT = /#{SEPARATOR_LIST}/
+  end
+  SEPARATOR_LIST.freeze
+  SEPARATOR_PAT.freeze
+  private_constant :SEPARATOR_LIST, :SEPARATOR_LIST
+
+  if File.dirname('A:') == 'A:.' # DOSish drive letter
+    # Regexp that matches an absolute path.
+    ABSOLUTE_PATH = /\A(?:[A-Za-z]:|#{SEPARATOR_PAT})/
+  else
+    ABSOLUTE_PATH = /\A#{SEPARATOR_PAT}/
+  end
+  ABSOLUTE_PATH.freeze
+  private_constant :ABSOLUTE_PATH
+
+  # :startdoc:
+
+  # Creates a full path, including any intermediate directories that don't yet
+  # exist.
+  #
+  # See FileUtils.mkpath and FileUtils.mkdir_p
+  def mkpath(mode: nil)
+    path = @path == '/' ? @path : @path.chomp('/')
+
+    stack = []
+    until File.directory?(path) || File.dirname(path) == path
+      stack.push path
+      path = File.dirname(path)
+    end
+
+    stack.reverse_each do |dir|
+      dir = dir == '/' ? dir : dir.chomp('/')
+      if mode
+        Dir.mkdir dir, mode
+        File.chmod mode, dir
+      else
+        Dir.mkdir dir
+      end
+    rescue SystemCallError
+      raise unless File.directory?(dir)
+    end
+
+    self
+  end
+
+  # chop_basename(path) -> [pre-basename, basename] or nil
+  def chop_basename(path) # :nodoc:
+    base = File.basename(path)
+    if /\A#{SEPARATOR_PAT}?\z/o.match?(base)
+      return nil
+    else
+      return path[0, path.rindex(base)], base
+    end
+  end
+  private :chop_basename
+
+  # split_names(path) -> prefix, [name, ...]
+  def split_names(path) # :nodoc:
+    names = []
+    while r = chop_basename(path)
+      path, basename = r
+      names.unshift basename
+    end
+    return path, names
+  end
+  private :split_names
+
+  def prepend_prefix(prefix, relpath) # :nodoc:
+    if relpath.empty?
+      File.dirname(prefix)
+    elsif SEPARATOR_PAT.match?(prefix)
+      prefix = File.dirname(prefix)
+      prefix = File.join(prefix, "") if File.basename(prefix + 'a') != 'a'
+      prefix + relpath
+    else
+      prefix + relpath
+    end
+  end
+  private :prepend_prefix
+
+  # Returns clean pathname of +self+ with consecutive slashes and useless dots
+  # removed.  The filesystem is not accessed.
+  #
+  # If +consider_symlink+ is +true+, then a more conservative algorithm is used
+  # to avoid breaking symbolic linkages.  This may retain more +..+
+  # entries than absolutely necessary, but without accessing the filesystem,
+  # this can't be avoided.
+  #
+  # See Pathname#realpath.
+  #
+  def cleanpath(consider_symlink=false)
+    if consider_symlink
+      cleanpath_conservative
+    else
+      cleanpath_aggressive
+    end
+  end
+
+  #
+  # Clean the path simply by resolving and removing excess +.+ and +..+ entries.
+  # Nothing more, nothing less.
+  #
+  def cleanpath_aggressive # :nodoc:
+    path = @path
+    names = []
+    pre = path
+    while r = chop_basename(pre)
+      pre, base = r
+      case base
+      when '.'
+      when '..'
+        names.unshift base
+      else
+        if names[0] == '..'
+          names.shift
+        else
+          names.unshift base
+        end
+      end
+    end
+    pre.tr!(File::ALT_SEPARATOR, File::SEPARATOR) if File::ALT_SEPARATOR
+    if SEPARATOR_PAT.match?(File.basename(pre))
+      names.shift while names[0] == '..'
+    end
+    self.class.new(prepend_prefix(pre, File.join(*names)))
+  end
+  private :cleanpath_aggressive
+
+  # has_trailing_separator?(path) -> bool
+  def has_trailing_separator?(path) # :nodoc:
+    if r = chop_basename(path)
+      pre, basename = r
+      pre.length + basename.length < path.length
+    else
+      false
+    end
+  end
+  private :has_trailing_separator?
+
+  # add_trailing_separator(path) -> path
+  def add_trailing_separator(path) # :nodoc:
+    if File.basename(path + 'a') == 'a'
+      path
+    else
+      File.join(path, "") # xxx: Is File.join is appropriate to add separator?
+    end
+  end
+  private :add_trailing_separator
+
+  def del_trailing_separator(path) # :nodoc:
+    if r = chop_basename(path)
+      pre, basename = r
+      pre + basename
+    elsif /#{SEPARATOR_PAT}+\z/o =~ path
+      $` + File.dirname(path)[/#{SEPARATOR_PAT}*\z/o]
+    else
+      path
+    end
+  end
+  private :del_trailing_separator
+
+  def cleanpath_conservative # :nodoc:
+    path = @path
+    names = []
+    pre = path
+    while r = chop_basename(pre)
+      pre, base = r
+      names.unshift base if base != '.'
+    end
+    pre.tr!(File::ALT_SEPARATOR, File::SEPARATOR) if File::ALT_SEPARATOR
+    if SEPARATOR_PAT.match?(File.basename(pre))
+      names.shift while names[0] == '..'
+    end
+    if names.empty?
+      self.class.new(File.dirname(pre))
+    else
+      if names.last != '..' && File.basename(path) == '.'
+        names << '.'
+      end
+      result = prepend_prefix(pre, File.join(*names))
+      if /\A(?:\.|\.\.)\z/ !~ names.last && has_trailing_separator?(path)
+        self.class.new(add_trailing_separator(result))
+      else
+        self.class.new(result)
+      end
+    end
+  end
+  private :cleanpath_conservative
+
+  # Returns the parent directory.
+  #
+  # This is same as <code>self + '..'</code>.
+  def parent
+    self + '..'
+  end
+
+  # Returns +true+ if +self+ points to a mountpoint.
+  def mountpoint?
+    begin
+      stat1 = self.lstat
+      stat2 = self.parent.lstat
+      stat1.dev != stat2.dev || stat1.ino == stat2.ino
+    rescue Errno::ENOENT
+      false
+    end
+  end
+
+  #
+  # Predicate method for root directories.  Returns +true+ if the
+  # pathname consists of consecutive slashes.
+  #
+  # It doesn't access the filesystem.  So it may return +false+ for some
+  # pathnames which points to roots such as <tt>/usr/..</tt>.
+  #
+  def root?
+    chop_basename(@path) == nil && SEPARATOR_PAT.match?(@path)
+  end
+
+  # Predicate method for testing whether a path is absolute.
+  #
+  # It returns +true+ if the pathname begins with a slash.
+  #
+  #   p = Pathname.new('/im/sure')
+  #   p.absolute?
+  #       #=> true
+  #
+  #   p = Pathname.new('not/so/sure')
+  #   p.absolute?
+  #       #=> false
+  def absolute?
+    ABSOLUTE_PATH.match? @path
+  end
+
+  # The opposite of Pathname#absolute?
+  #
+  # It returns +false+ if the pathname begins with a slash.
+  #
+  #   p = Pathname.new('/im/sure')
+  #   p.relative?
+  #       #=> false
+  #
+  #   p = Pathname.new('not/so/sure')
+  #   p.relative?
+  #       #=> true
+  def relative?
+    !absolute?
+  end
+
+  #
+  # Iterates over each component of the path.
+  #
+  #   Pathname.new("/usr/bin/ruby").each_filename {|filename| ... }
+  #     # yields "usr", "bin", and "ruby".
+  #
+  # Returns an Enumerator if no block was given.
+  #
+  #   enum = Pathname.new("/usr/bin/ruby").each_filename
+  #     # ... do stuff ...
+  #   enum.each { |e| ... }
+  #     # yields "usr", "bin", and "ruby".
+  #
+  def each_filename # :yield: filename
+    return to_enum(__method__) unless block_given?
+    _, names = split_names(@path)
+    names.each {|filename| yield filename }
+    nil
+  end
+
+  # Iterates over and yields a new Pathname object
+  # for each element in the given path in descending order.
+  #
+  #  Pathname.new('/path/to/some/file.rb').descend {|v| p v}
+  #     #<Pathname:/>
+  #     #<Pathname:/path>
+  #     #<Pathname:/path/to>
+  #     #<Pathname:/path/to/some>
+  #     #<Pathname:/path/to/some/file.rb>
+  #
+  #  Pathname.new('path/to/some/file.rb').descend {|v| p v}
+  #     #<Pathname:path>
+  #     #<Pathname:path/to>
+  #     #<Pathname:path/to/some>
+  #     #<Pathname:path/to/some/file.rb>
+  #
+  # Returns an Enumerator if no block was given.
+  #
+  #   enum = Pathname.new("/usr/bin/ruby").descend
+  #     # ... do stuff ...
+  #   enum.each { |e| ... }
+  #     # yields Pathnames /, /usr, /usr/bin, and /usr/bin/ruby.
+  #
+  # It doesn't access the filesystem.
+  #
+  def descend
+    return to_enum(__method__) unless block_given?
+    vs = []
+    ascend {|v| vs << v }
+    vs.reverse_each {|v| yield v }
+    nil
+  end
+
+  # Iterates over and yields a new Pathname object
+  # for each element in the given path in ascending order.
+  #
+  #  Pathname.new('/path/to/some/file.rb').ascend {|v| p v}
+  #     #<Pathname:/path/to/some/file.rb>
+  #     #<Pathname:/path/to/some>
+  #     #<Pathname:/path/to>
+  #     #<Pathname:/path>
+  #     #<Pathname:/>
+  #
+  #  Pathname.new('path/to/some/file.rb').ascend {|v| p v}
+  #     #<Pathname:path/to/some/file.rb>
+  #     #<Pathname:path/to/some>
+  #     #<Pathname:path/to>
+  #     #<Pathname:path>
+  #
+  # Returns an Enumerator if no block was given.
+  #
+  #   enum = Pathname.new("/usr/bin/ruby").ascend
+  #     # ... do stuff ...
+  #   enum.each { |e| ... }
+  #     # yields Pathnames /usr/bin/ruby, /usr/bin, /usr, and /.
+  #
+  # It doesn't access the filesystem.
+  #
+  def ascend
+    return to_enum(__method__) unless block_given?
+    path = @path
+    yield self
+    while r = chop_basename(path)
+      path, = r
+      break if path.empty?
+      yield self.class.new(del_trailing_separator(path))
+    end
+  end
+
+  #
+  # Appends a pathname fragment to +self+ to produce a new Pathname object.
+  # Since +other+ is considered as a path relative to +self+, if +other+ is
+  # an absolute path, the new Pathname object is created from just +other+.
+  #
+  #   p1 = Pathname.new("/usr")      # Pathname:/usr
+  #   p2 = p1 + "bin/ruby"           # Pathname:/usr/bin/ruby
+  #   p3 = p1 + "/etc/passwd"        # Pathname:/etc/passwd
+  #
+  #   # / is aliased to +.
+  #   p4 = p1 / "bin/ruby"           # Pathname:/usr/bin/ruby
+  #   p5 = p1 / "/etc/passwd"        # Pathname:/etc/passwd
+  #
+  # This method doesn't access the file system; it is pure string manipulation.
+  #
+  def +(other)
+    other = Pathname.new(other) unless Pathname === other
+    Pathname.new(plus(@path, other.path))
+  end
+  alias / +
+
+  def plus(path1, path2) # -> path # :nodoc:
+    prefix2 = path2
+    index_list2 = []
+    basename_list2 = []
+    while r2 = chop_basename(prefix2)
+      prefix2, basename2 = r2
+      index_list2.unshift prefix2.length
+      basename_list2.unshift basename2
+    end
+    return path2 if prefix2 != ''
+    prefix1 = path1
+    while true
+      while !basename_list2.empty? && basename_list2.first == '.'
+        index_list2.shift
+        basename_list2.shift
+      end
+      break unless r1 = chop_basename(prefix1)
+      prefix1, basename1 = r1
+      next if basename1 == '.'
+      if basename1 == '..' || basename_list2.empty? || basename_list2.first != '..'
+        prefix1 = prefix1 + basename1
+        break
+      end
+      index_list2.shift
+      basename_list2.shift
+    end
+    r1 = chop_basename(prefix1)
+    if !r1 && (r1 = SEPARATOR_PAT.match?(File.basename(prefix1)))
+      while !basename_list2.empty? && basename_list2.first == '..'
+        index_list2.shift
+        basename_list2.shift
+      end
+    end
+    if !basename_list2.empty?
+      suffix2 = path2[index_list2.first..-1]
+      r1 ? File.join(prefix1, suffix2) : prefix1 + suffix2
+    else
+      r1 ? prefix1 : File.dirname(prefix1)
+    end
+  end
+  private :plus
+
+  #
+  # Joins the given pathnames onto +self+ to create a new Pathname object.
+  # This is effectively the same as using Pathname#+ to append +self+ and
+  # all arguments sequentially.
+  #
+  #   path0 = Pathname.new("/usr")                # Pathname:/usr
+  #   path0 = path0.join("bin/ruby")              # Pathname:/usr/bin/ruby
+  #       # is the same as
+  #   path1 = Pathname.new("/usr") + "bin/ruby"   # Pathname:/usr/bin/ruby
+  #   path0 == path1
+  #       #=> true
+  #
+  def join(*args)
+    return self if args.empty?
+    result = args.pop
+    result = Pathname.new(result) unless Pathname === result
+    return result if result.absolute?
+    args.reverse_each {|arg|
+      arg = Pathname.new(arg) unless Pathname === arg
+      result = arg + result
+      return result if result.absolute?
+    }
+    self + result
+  end
+
+  #
+  # Returns the children of the directory (files and subdirectories, not
+  # recursive) as an array of Pathname objects.
+  #
+  # By default, the returned pathnames will have enough information to access
+  # the files. If you set +with_directory+ to +false+, then the returned
+  # pathnames will contain the filename only.
+  #
+  # For example:
+  #   pn = Pathname("/usr/lib/ruby/1.8")
+  #   pn.children
+  #       # -> [ Pathname:/usr/lib/ruby/1.8/English.rb,
+  #              Pathname:/usr/lib/ruby/1.8/Env.rb,
+  #              Pathname:/usr/lib/ruby/1.8/abbrev.rb, ... ]
+  #   pn.children(false)
+  #       # -> [ Pathname:English.rb, Pathname:Env.rb, Pathname:abbrev.rb, ... ]
+  #
+  # Note that the results never contain the entries +.+ and +..+ in
+  # the directory because they are not children.
+  #
+  def children(with_directory=true)
+    with_directory = false if @path == '.'
+    result = []
+    Dir.foreach(@path) {|e|
+      next if e == '.' || e == '..'
+      if with_directory
+        result << self.class.new(File.join(@path, e))
+      else
+        result << self.class.new(e)
+      end
+    }
+    result
+  end
+
+  # Iterates over the children of the directory
+  # (files and subdirectories, not recursive).
+  #
+  # It yields Pathname object for each child.
+  #
+  # By default, the yielded pathnames will have enough information to access
+  # the files.
+  #
+  # If you set +with_directory+ to +false+, then the returned pathnames will
+  # contain the filename only.
+  #
+  #   Pathname("/usr/local").each_child {|f| p f }
+  #   #=> #<Pathname:/usr/local/share>
+  #   #   #<Pathname:/usr/local/bin>
+  #   #   #<Pathname:/usr/local/games>
+  #   #   #<Pathname:/usr/local/lib>
+  #   #   #<Pathname:/usr/local/include>
+  #   #   #<Pathname:/usr/local/sbin>
+  #   #   #<Pathname:/usr/local/src>
+  #   #   #<Pathname:/usr/local/man>
+  #
+  #   Pathname("/usr/local").each_child(false) {|f| p f }
+  #   #=> #<Pathname:share>
+  #   #   #<Pathname:bin>
+  #   #   #<Pathname:games>
+  #   #   #<Pathname:lib>
+  #   #   #<Pathname:include>
+  #   #   #<Pathname:sbin>
+  #   #   #<Pathname:src>
+  #   #   #<Pathname:man>
+  #
+  # Note that the results never contain the entries +.+ and +..+ in
+  # the directory because they are not children.
+  #
+  # See Pathname#children
+  #
+  def each_child(with_directory=true, &b)
+    children(with_directory).each(&b)
+  end
+
+  #
+  # Returns a relative path from the given +base_directory+ to the receiver.
+  #
+  # If +self+ is absolute, then +base_directory+ must be absolute too.
+  #
+  # If +self+ is relative, then +base_directory+ must be relative too.
+  #
+  # This method doesn't access the filesystem.  It assumes no symlinks.
+  #
+  # ArgumentError is raised when it cannot find a relative path.
+  #
+  # Note that this method does not handle situations where the case sensitivity
+  # of the filesystem in use differs from the operating system default.
+  #
+  def relative_path_from(base_directory)
+    base_directory = Pathname.new(base_directory) unless base_directory.is_a? Pathname
+    dest_directory = self.cleanpath.path
+    base_directory = base_directory.cleanpath.path
+    dest_prefix = dest_directory
+    dest_names = []
+    while r = chop_basename(dest_prefix)
+      dest_prefix, basename = r
+      dest_names.unshift basename if basename != '.'
+    end
+    base_prefix = base_directory
+    base_names = []
+    while r = chop_basename(base_prefix)
+      base_prefix, basename = r
+      base_names.unshift basename if basename != '.'
+    end
+    unless same_paths?(dest_prefix, base_prefix)
+      raise ArgumentError, "different prefix: #{dest_prefix.inspect} and #{base_directory.inspect}"
+    end
+    while !dest_names.empty? &&
+          !base_names.empty? &&
+          same_paths?(dest_names.first, base_names.first)
+      dest_names.shift
+      base_names.shift
+    end
+    if base_names.include? '..'
+      raise ArgumentError, "base_directory has ..: #{base_directory.inspect}"
+    end
+    base_names.fill('..')
+    relpath_names = base_names + dest_names
+    if relpath_names.empty?
+      Pathname.new('.')
+    else
+      Pathname.new(File.join(*relpath_names))
+    end
+  end
+end
+
+class Pathname    # * File *
+  #
+  # #each_line iterates over the line in the file.  It yields a String object
+  # for each line.
+  #
+  # This method has existed since 1.8.1.
+  #
+  def each_line(...) # :yield: line
+    File.foreach(@path, ...)
+  end
+
+  # See <tt>File.read</tt>.  Returns all data from the file, or the first +N+ bytes
+  # if specified.
+  def read(...) File.read(@path, ...) end
+
+  # See <tt>File.binread</tt>.  Returns all the bytes from the file, or the first +N+
+  # if specified.
+  def binread(...) File.binread(@path, ...) end
+
+  # See <tt>File.readlines</tt>.  Returns all the lines from the file.
+  def readlines(...) File.readlines(@path, ...) end
+
+  # See <tt>File.sysopen</tt>.
+  def sysopen(...) File.sysopen(@path, ...) end
+
+  # Writes +contents+ to the file. See <tt>File.write</tt>.
+  def write(...) File.write(@path, ...) end
+
+  # Writes +contents+ to the file, opening it in binary mode.
+  #
+  # See File.binwrite.
+  def binwrite(...) File.binwrite(@path, ...) end
+
+  # See <tt>File.atime</tt>.  Returns last access time.
+  def atime() File.atime(@path) end
+
+  # Returns the birth time for the file.
+  # If the platform doesn't have birthtime, raises NotImplementedError.
+  #
+  # See File.birthtime.
+  def birthtime() File.birthtime(@path) end
+
+  # See <tt>File.ctime</tt>.  Returns last (directory entry, not file) change time.
+  def ctime() File.ctime(@path) end
+
+  # See <tt>File.mtime</tt>.  Returns last modification time.
+  def mtime() File.mtime(@path) end
+
+  # See <tt>File.chmod</tt>.  Changes permissions.
+  def chmod(mode) File.chmod(mode, @path) end
+
+  # See <tt>File.lchmod</tt>.
+  def lchmod(mode) File.lchmod(mode, @path) end
+
+  # See <tt>File.chown</tt>.  Change owner and group of file.
+  def chown(owner, group) File.chown(owner, group, @path) end
+
+  # See <tt>File.lchown</tt>.
+  def lchown(owner, group) File.lchown(owner, group, @path) end
+
+  # See <tt>File.fnmatch</tt>.  Return +true+ if the receiver matches the given
+  # pattern.
+  def fnmatch(pattern, ...) File.fnmatch(pattern, @path, ...) end
+
+  # See <tt>File.fnmatch?</tt> (same as #fnmatch).
+  def fnmatch?(pattern, ...) File.fnmatch?(pattern, @path, ...) end
+
+  # See <tt>File.ftype</tt>.  Returns "type" of file ("file", "directory",
+  # etc).
+  def ftype() File.ftype(@path) end
+
+  # See <tt>File.link</tt>.  Creates a hard link.
+  def make_link(old) File.link(old, @path) end
+
+  # See <tt>File.open</tt>.  Opens the file for reading or writing.
+  def open(...) # :yield: file
+    File.open(@path, ...)
+  end
+
+  # See <tt>File.readlink</tt>.  Read symbolic link.
+  def readlink() self.class.new(File.readlink(@path)) end
+
+  # See <tt>File.rename</tt>.  Rename the file.
+  def rename(to) File.rename(@path, to) end
+
+  # See <tt>File.stat</tt>.  Returns a <tt>File::Stat</tt> object.
+  def stat() File.stat(@path) end
+
+  # See <tt>File.lstat</tt>.
+  def lstat() File.lstat(@path) end
+
+  # See <tt>File.symlink</tt>.  Creates a symbolic link.
+  def make_symlink(old) File.symlink(old, @path) end
+
+  # See <tt>File.truncate</tt>.  Truncate the file to +length+ bytes.
+  def truncate(length) File.truncate(@path, length) end
+
+  # See <tt>File.utime</tt>.  Update the access and modification times.
+  def utime(atime, mtime) File.utime(atime, mtime, @path) end
+
+  # Update the access and modification times of the file.
+  #
+  # Same as Pathname#utime, but does not follow symbolic links.
+  #
+  # See File.lutime.
+  def lutime(atime, mtime) File.lutime(atime, mtime, @path) end
+
+  # See <tt>File.basename</tt>.  Returns the last component of the path.
+  def basename(...) self.class.new(File.basename(@path, ...)) end
+
+  # See <tt>File.dirname</tt>.  Returns all but the last component of the path.
+  def dirname() self.class.new(File.dirname(@path)) end
+
+  # See <tt>File.extname</tt>.  Returns the file's extension.
+  def extname() File.extname(@path) end
+
+  # See <tt>File.expand_path</tt>.
+  def expand_path(...) self.class.new(File.expand_path(@path, ...)) end
+
+  # See <tt>File.split</tt>.  Returns the #dirname and the #basename in an
+  # Array.
+  def split()
+    array = File.split(@path)
+    raise TypeError, 'wrong argument type nil (expected Array)' unless Array === array
+    array.map {|f| self.class.new(f) }
+  end
+
+  # Returns the real (absolute) pathname for +self+ in the actual filesystem.
+  #
+  # Does not contain symlinks or useless dots, +..+ and +.+.
+  #
+  # All components of the pathname must exist when this method is called.
+  def realpath(...) self.class.new(File.realpath(@path, ...)) end
+
+  # Returns the real (absolute) pathname of +self+ in the actual filesystem.
+  #
+  # Does not contain symlinks or useless dots, +..+ and +.+.
+  #
+  # The last component of the real pathname can be nonexistent.
+  def realdirpath(...) self.class.new(File.realdirpath(@path, ...)) end
+end
+
+
+class Pathname    # * FileTest *
+
+  # See <tt>FileTest.blockdev?</tt>.
+  def blockdev?() FileTest.blockdev?(@path) end
+
+  # See <tt>FileTest.chardev?</tt>.
+  def chardev?() FileTest.chardev?(@path) end
+
+  # Tests the file is empty.
+  #
+  # See Dir#empty? and FileTest.empty?.
+  def empty?
+    if FileTest.directory?(@path)
+      Dir.empty?(@path)
+    else
+      File.empty?(@path)
+    end
+  end
+
+  # See <tt>FileTest.executable?</tt>.
+  def executable?() FileTest.executable?(@path) end
+
+  # See <tt>FileTest.executable_real?</tt>.
+  def executable_real?() FileTest.executable_real?(@path) end
+
+  # See <tt>FileTest.exist?</tt>.
+  def exist?() FileTest.exist?(@path) end
+
+  # See <tt>FileTest.grpowned?</tt>.
+  def grpowned?() FileTest.grpowned?(@path) end
+
+  # See <tt>FileTest.directory?</tt>.
+  def directory?() FileTest.directory?(@path) end
+
+  # See <tt>FileTest.file?</tt>.
+  def file?() FileTest.file?(@path) end
+
+  # See <tt>FileTest.pipe?</tt>.
+  def pipe?() FileTest.pipe?(@path) end
+
+  # See <tt>FileTest.socket?</tt>.
+  def socket?() FileTest.socket?(@path) end
+
+  # See <tt>FileTest.owned?</tt>.
+  def owned?() FileTest.owned?(@path) end
+
+  # See <tt>FileTest.readable?</tt>.
+  def readable?() FileTest.readable?(@path) end
+
+  # See <tt>FileTest.world_readable?</tt>.
+  def world_readable?() File.world_readable?(@path) end
+
+  # See <tt>FileTest.readable_real?</tt>.
+  def readable_real?() FileTest.readable_real?(@path) end
+
+  # See <tt>FileTest.setuid?</tt>.
+  def setuid?() FileTest.setuid?(@path) end
+
+  # See <tt>FileTest.setgid?</tt>.
+  def setgid?() FileTest.setgid?(@path) end
+
+  # See <tt>FileTest.size</tt>.
+  def size() FileTest.size(@path) end
+
+  # See <tt>FileTest.size?</tt>.
+  def size?() FileTest.size?(@path) end
+
+  # See <tt>FileTest.sticky?</tt>.
+  def sticky?() FileTest.sticky?(@path) end
+
+  # See <tt>FileTest.symlink?</tt>.
+  def symlink?() FileTest.symlink?(@path) end
+
+  # See <tt>FileTest.writable?</tt>.
+  def writable?() FileTest.writable?(@path) end
+
+  # See <tt>FileTest.world_writable?</tt>.
+  def world_writable?() File.world_writable?(@path) end
+
+  # See <tt>FileTest.writable_real?</tt>.
+  def writable_real?() FileTest.writable_real?(@path) end
+
+  # See <tt>FileTest.zero?</tt>.
+  def zero?() FileTest.zero?(@path) end
+end
+
+
+class Pathname    # * Dir *
+  # See <tt>Dir.glob</tt>.  Returns or yields Pathname objects.
+  def Pathname.glob(*args, **kwargs) # :yield: pathname
+    if block_given?
+      Dir.glob(*args, **kwargs) {|f| yield self.new(f) }
+    else
+      Dir.glob(*args, **kwargs).map {|f| self.new(f) }
+    end
+  end
+
+  # Returns or yields Pathname objects.
+  #
+  #  Pathname("ruby-2.4.2").glob("R*.md")
+  #  #=> [#<Pathname:ruby-2.4.2/README.md>, #<Pathname:ruby-2.4.2/README.ja.md>]
+  #
+  # See Dir.glob.
+  # This method uses the +base+ keyword argument of Dir.glob.
+  def glob(*args, **kwargs) # :yield: pathname
+    if block_given?
+      Dir.glob(*args, **kwargs, base: @path) {|f| yield self + f }
+    else
+      Dir.glob(*args, **kwargs, base: @path).map {|f| self + f }
+    end
+  end
+
+  # See <tt>Dir.getwd</tt>.  Returns the current working directory as a Pathname.
+  def Pathname.getwd() self.new(Dir.getwd) end
+  class << self
+    alias pwd getwd
+  end
+
+  # Return the entries (files and subdirectories) in the directory, each as a
+  # Pathname object.
+  def entries() Dir.entries(@path).map {|f| self.class.new(f) } end
+
+  # Iterates over the entries (files and subdirectories) in the directory.  It
+  # yields a Pathname object for each entry.
+  #
+  # This method has existed since 1.8.1.
+  def each_entry(&block) # :yield: pathname
+    return to_enum(__method__) unless block_given?
+    Dir.foreach(@path) {|f| yield self.class.new(f) }
+  end
+
+  # See <tt>Dir.mkdir</tt>.  Create the referenced directory.
+  def mkdir(...) Dir.mkdir(@path, ...) end
+
+  # See <tt>Dir.rmdir</tt>.  Remove the referenced directory.
+  def rmdir() Dir.rmdir(@path) end
+
+  # See <tt>Dir.open</tt>.
+  def opendir(&block) # :yield: dir
+    Dir.open(@path, &block)
+  end
+end
+
+class Pathname    # * mixed *
+  # Removes a file or directory, using <tt>File.unlink</tt> or
+  # <tt>Dir.unlink</tt> as necessary.
+  def unlink()
+    Dir.unlink @path
+  rescue Errno::ENOTDIR
+    File.unlink @path
+  end
+  alias delete unlink
+end
+
+class Pathname
+  undef =~ if Kernel.method_defined?(:=~)
+end
+
+module Kernel
+  # Creates a Pathname object.
+  def Pathname(path) # :doc:
+    return path if Pathname === path
+    Pathname.new(path)
+  end
+  module_function :Pathname
+end
diff --git a/prelude.rb b/prelude.rb
index 839b2bcc39..b6c610dd58 100644
--- a/prelude.rb
+++ b/prelude.rb
@@ -1,6 +1,9 @@
 class Binding
   # :nodoc:
   def irb(...)
+    suppress = Thread.current[:__bundled_gems_warning_suppression]
+    Thread.current[:__bundled_gems_warning_suppression] = ['reline', 'rdoc']
+
     begin
       require 'irb'
     rescue LoadError, Gem::LoadError
@@ -8,6 +11,8 @@ class Binding
       require 'irb'
     end
     irb(...)
+  ensure
+    Thread.current[:__bundled_gems_warning_suppression] = suppress
   end
 
   # suppress redefinition warning
@@ -15,20 +20,22 @@ class Binding
 end
 
 module Kernel
+  # :stopdoc:
   def pp(*objs)
     require 'pp'
     pp(*objs)
   end
 
   # suppress redefinition warning
-  alias pp pp # :nodoc:
+  alias pp pp
 
   private :pp
+  # :startdoc:
 end
 
 module Enumerable
   # Makes a set from the enumerable object with given arguments.
-  def to_set(klass = Set, *args, &block)
-    klass.new(self, *args, &block)
+  def to_set(&block)
+    Set.new(self, &block)
   end
 end
diff --git a/prism/config.yml b/prism/config.yml
index 3d5eee190f..4e5b077a35 100644
--- a/prism/config.yml
+++ b/prism/config.yml
@@ -60,6 +60,7 @@ errors:
   - CONDITIONAL_WHILE_PREDICATE
   - CONSTANT_PATH_COLON_COLON_CONSTANT
   - DEF_ENDLESS
+  - DEF_ENDLESS_PARAMETERS
   - DEF_ENDLESS_SETTER
   - DEF_NAME
   - DEF_PARAMS_TERM
@@ -101,6 +102,8 @@ errors:
   - EXPECT_FOR_DELIMITER
   - EXPECT_IDENT_REQ_PARAMETER
   - EXPECT_IN_DELIMITER
+  - EXPECT_LPAREN_AFTER_NOT_LPAREN
+  - EXPECT_LPAREN_AFTER_NOT_OTHER
   - EXPECT_LPAREN_REQ_PARAMETER
   - EXPECT_MESSAGE
   - EXPECT_RBRACKET
@@ -216,6 +219,7 @@ errors:
   - PARAMETER_WILD_LOOSE_COMMA
   - PATTERN_ARRAY_MULTIPLE_RESTS
   - PATTERN_CAPTURE_DUPLICATE
+  - PATTERN_CAPTURE_IN_ALTERNATIVE
   - PATTERN_EXPRESSION_AFTER_BRACKET
   - PATTERN_EXPRESSION_AFTER_COMMA
   - PATTERN_EXPRESSION_AFTER_HROCKET
@@ -277,6 +281,7 @@ errors:
   - UNEXPECTED_INDEX_KEYWORDS
   - UNEXPECTED_LABEL
   - UNEXPECTED_MULTI_WRITE
+  - UNEXPECTED_PARAMETER_DEFAULT_VALUE
   - UNEXPECTED_RANGE_OPERATOR
   - UNEXPECTED_SAFE_NAVIGATION
   - UNEXPECTED_TOKEN_CLOSE_CONTEXT
@@ -320,13 +325,44 @@ warnings:
   - UNUSED_LOCAL_VARIABLE
   - VOID_STATEMENT
 tokens:
+  # The order of the tokens at the beginning is important, because we use them
+  # for a lookup table.
   - name: EOF
     value: 1
     comment: final token in the file
-  - name: MISSING
-    comment: "a token that was expected but not found"
-  - name: NOT_PROVIDED
-    comment: "a token that was not present but it is okay"
+  - name: BRACE_RIGHT
+    comment: "}"
+  - name: COMMA
+    comment: ","
+  - name: EMBEXPR_END
+    comment: "}"
+  - name: KEYWORD_DO
+    comment: "do"
+  - name: KEYWORD_ELSE
+    comment: "else"
+  - name: KEYWORD_ELSIF
+    comment: "elsif"
+  - name: KEYWORD_END
+    comment: "end"
+  - name: KEYWORD_ENSURE
+    comment: "ensure"
+  - name: KEYWORD_IN
+    comment: "in"
+  - name: KEYWORD_RESCUE
+    comment: "rescue"
+  - name: KEYWORD_THEN
+    comment: "then"
+  - name: KEYWORD_WHEN
+    comment: "when"
+  - name: NEWLINE
+    comment: "a newline character outside of other tokens"
+  - name: PARENTHESIS_RIGHT
+    comment: ")"
+  - name: PIPE
+    comment: "|"
+  - name: SEMICOLON
+    comment: ";"
+  # Tokens from here on are not used for lookup, and can be in any order.
   - name: AMPERSAND
     comment: "&"
   - name: AMPERSAND_AMPERSAND
@@ -349,8 +385,6 @@ tokens:
     comment: "!~"
   - name: BRACE_LEFT
     comment: "{"
-  - name: BRACE_RIGHT
-    comment: "}"
   - name: BRACKET_LEFT
     comment: "["
   - name: BRACKET_LEFT_ARRAY
@@ -373,8 +407,6 @@ tokens:
     comment: ":"
   - name: COLON_COLON
     comment: "::"
-  - name: COMMA
-    comment: ","
   - name: COMMENT
     comment: "a comment"
   - name: CONSTANT
@@ -393,8 +425,6 @@ tokens:
     comment: "a line inside of embedded documentation"
   - name: EMBEXPR_BEGIN
     comment: "#{"
-  - name: EMBEXPR_END
-    comment: "}"
   - name: EMBVAR
     comment: "#"
   - name: EQUAL
@@ -461,20 +491,10 @@ tokens:
     comment: "def"
   - name: KEYWORD_DEFINED
     comment: "defined?"
-  - name: KEYWORD_DO
-    comment: "do"
   - name: KEYWORD_DO_LOOP
     comment: "do keyword for a predicate in a while, until, or for loop"
-  - name: KEYWORD_ELSE
-    comment: "else"
-  - name: KEYWORD_ELSIF
-    comment: "elsif"
-  - name: KEYWORD_END
-    comment: "end"
   - name: KEYWORD_END_UPCASE
     comment: "END"
-  - name: KEYWORD_ENSURE
-    comment: "ensure"
   - name: KEYWORD_FALSE
     comment: "false"
   - name: KEYWORD_FOR
@@ -483,8 +503,6 @@ tokens:
     comment: "if"
   - name: KEYWORD_IF_MODIFIER
     comment: "if in the modifier form"
-  - name: KEYWORD_IN
-    comment: "in"
   - name: KEYWORD_MODULE
     comment: "module"
   - name: KEYWORD_NEXT
@@ -497,8 +515,6 @@ tokens:
     comment: "or"
   - name: KEYWORD_REDO
     comment: "redo"
-  - name: KEYWORD_RESCUE
-    comment: "rescue"
   - name: KEYWORD_RESCUE_MODIFIER
     comment: "rescue in the modifier form"
   - name: KEYWORD_RETRY
@@ -509,8 +525,6 @@ tokens:
     comment: "self"
   - name: KEYWORD_SUPER
     comment: "super"
-  - name: KEYWORD_THEN
-    comment: "then"
   - name: KEYWORD_TRUE
     comment: "true"
   - name: KEYWORD_UNDEF
@@ -523,8 +537,6 @@ tokens:
     comment: "until"
   - name: KEYWORD_UNTIL_MODIFIER
     comment: "until in the modifier form"
-  - name: KEYWORD_WHEN
-    comment: "when"
   - name: KEYWORD_WHILE
     comment: "while"
   - name: KEYWORD_WHILE_MODIFIER
@@ -561,16 +573,12 @@ tokens:
     comment: "-="
   - name: MINUS_GREATER
     comment: "->"
-  - name: NEWLINE
-    comment: "a newline character outside of other tokens"
   - name: NUMBERED_REFERENCE
     comment: "a numbered reference to a capture group in the previous regular expression match"
   - name: PARENTHESIS_LEFT
     comment: "("
   - name: PARENTHESIS_LEFT_PARENTHESES
     comment: "( for a parentheses node"
-  - name: PARENTHESIS_RIGHT
-    comment: ")"
   - name: PERCENT
     comment: "%"
   - name: PERCENT_EQUAL
@@ -585,8 +593,6 @@ tokens:
     comment: "%I"
   - name: PERCENT_UPPER_W
     comment: "%W"
-  - name: PIPE
-    comment: "|"
   - name: PIPE_EQUAL
     comment: "|="
   - name: PIPE_PIPE
@@ -603,8 +609,6 @@ tokens:
     comment: "the beginning of a regular expression"
   - name: REGEXP_END
     comment: "the end of a regular expression"
-  - name: SEMICOLON
-    comment: ";"
   - name: SLASH
     comment: "/"
   - name: SLASH_EQUAL
@@ -649,6 +653,10 @@ tokens:
     comment: "a separator between words in a list"
   - name: __END__
     comment: "marker for the point in the file at which the parser should stop"
+  - name: MISSING
+    comment: "a token that was expected but not found"
+  - name: NOT_PROVIDED
+    comment: "a token that was not present but it is okay"
 flags:
   - name: ArgumentsNodeFlags
     values:
@@ -987,8 +995,19 @@ nodes:
       - name: constant
         type: node?
         kind:
-          - ConstantReadNode
           - ConstantPathNode
+          - ConstantReadNode
+        comment: |
+          Represents the optional constant preceding the Array
+
+              foo in Bar[]
+                     ^^^
+
+              foo in Bar[1, 2, 3]
+                     ^^^
+
+              foo in Bar::Baz[1, 2, 3]
+                     ^^^^^^^^
       - name: requireds
         type: node[]
         kind: pattern expression
@@ -1250,17 +1269,17 @@ nodes:
       - name: opening_loc
         type: location
         comment: |
-          Represents the location of the opening `|`.
+          Represents the location of the opening `{` or `do`.
 
               [1, 2, 3].each { |i| puts x }
-                               ^
+                             ^
       - name: closing_loc
         type: location
         comment: |
-          Represents the location of the closing `|`.
+          Represents the location of the closing `}` or `end`.
 
               [1, 2, 3].each { |i| puts x }
-                                 ^
+                                          ^
     comment: |
       Represents a block of ruby code.
 
@@ -1498,6 +1517,16 @@ nodes:
 
               foo(bar)
                      ^
+      - name: equal_loc
+        type: location?
+        comment: |
+          Represents the location of the equal sign, in the case that this is an attribute write.
+
+              foo.bar = value
+                      ^
+
+              foo[bar] = value
+                       ^
       - name: block
         type: node?
         kind:
@@ -1784,7 +1813,7 @@ nodes:
           Represents the predicate of the case statement. This can be either `nil` or any [non-void expressions](https://github.com/ruby/prism/blob/main/docs/parsing_rules.md#non-void-expression).
 
               case true; when false; end
-              ^^^^
+                   ^^^^
       - name: conditions
         type: node[]
         kind: WhenNode
@@ -1828,6 +1857,11 @@ nodes:
         type: constant[]
       - name: class_keyword_loc
         type: location
+        comment: |
+          Represents the location of the `class` keyword.
+
+              class Foo end
+              ^^^^^
       - name: constant_path
         type: node
         kind:
@@ -1836,18 +1870,43 @@ nodes:
           - on error: CallNode # class 0.X end
       - name: inheritance_operator_loc
         type: location?
+        comment: |
+          Represents the location of the `<` operator.
+
+              class Foo < Bar
+                        ^
       - name: superclass
         type: node?
         kind: non-void expression
+        comment: |
+          Represents the superclass of the class.
+
+              class Foo < Bar
+                          ^^^
       - name: body
         type: node?
         kind:
           - StatementsNode
           - BeginNode
+        comment: |
+          Represents the body of the class.
+
+              class Foo
+                foo
+                ^^^
       - name: end_keyword_loc
         type: location
+        comment: |
+          Represents the location of the `end` keyword.
+
+              class Foo end
+                        ^^^
       - name: name
         type: constant
+        comment: |
+          The name of the class.
+
+              class Foo end # name `:Foo`
     comment: |
       Represents a class declaration involving the `class` keyword.
 
@@ -2374,23 +2433,68 @@ nodes:
       - name: constant
         type: node?
         kind:
-          - ConstantReadNode
           - ConstantPathNode
+          - ConstantReadNode
+        comment: |
+          Represents the optional constant preceding the pattern
+
+              foo in Foo(*bar, baz, *qux)
+                     ^^^
       - name: left
         type: node
         kind: SplatNode
+        comment: |
+          Represents the first wildcard node in the pattern.
+
+              foo in *bar, baz, *qux
+                     ^^^^
+
+              foo in Foo(*bar, baz, *qux)
+                         ^^^^
       - name: requireds
         type: node[]
         kind: pattern expression
+        comment: |
+          Represents the nodes in between the wildcards.
+
+              foo in *bar, baz, *qux
+                           ^^^
+
+              foo in Foo(*bar, baz, 1, *qux)
+                               ^^^^^^
       - name: right
         type: node
         kind:
           - SplatNode
           - on error: MissingNode
+        comment: |
+          Represents the second wildcard node in the pattern.
+
+              foo in *bar, baz, *qux
+                                ^^^^
+
+              foo in Foo(*bar, baz, *qux)
+                                    ^^^^
       - name: opening_loc
         type: location?
+        comment: |
+          The location of the opening brace.
+
+              foo in [*bar, baz, *qux]
+                     ^
+
+              foo in Foo(*bar, baz, *qux)
+                        ^
       - name: closing_loc
         type: location?
+        comment: |
+          The location of the closing brace.
+
+              foo in [*bar, baz, *qux]
+                                     ^
+
+              foo in Foo(*bar, baz, *qux)
+                                        ^
     comment: |
       Represents a find pattern in pattern matching.
 
@@ -2402,6 +2506,9 @@ nodes:
 
           foo in Foo(*bar, baz, *qux)
                  ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+          foo => *bar, baz, *qux
+                 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
   - name: FlipFlopNode
     flags: RangeFlags
     fields:
@@ -2521,11 +2628,18 @@ nodes:
       - name: block
         type: node?
         kind: BlockNode
+        comment: |
+          All other arguments are forwarded as normal, except the original block is replaced with the new block.
     comment: |
-      Represents the use of the `super` keyword without parentheses or arguments.
+      Represents the use of the `super` keyword without parentheses or arguments, but which might have a block.
 
           super
           ^^^^^
+
+          super { 123 }
+          ^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+      If it has any other arguments, it would be a `SuperNode` instead.
   - name: GlobalVariableAndWriteNode
     fields:
       - name: name
@@ -2679,20 +2793,60 @@ nodes:
       - name: constant
         type: node?
         kind:
-          - ConstantReadNode
           - ConstantPathNode
+          - ConstantReadNode
+        comment: |
+          Represents the optional constant preceding the Hash.
+
+              foo => Bar[a: 1, b: 2]
+                   ^^^
+
+              foo => Bar::Baz[a: 1, b: 2]
+                   ^^^^^^^^
       - name: elements
         type: node[]
         kind: AssocNode
+        comment: |
+          Represents the explicit named hash keys and values.
+
+              foo => { a: 1, b:, ** }
+                       ^^^^^^^^
       - name: rest
         type: node?
         kind:
           - AssocSplatNode
           - NoKeywordsParameterNode
+        comment: |
+          Represents the rest of the Hash keys and values. This can be named, unnamed, or explicitly forbidden via `**nil`, this last one results in a `NoKeywordsParameterNode`.
+
+              foo => { a: 1, b:, **c }
+                                 ^^^
+
+              foo => { a: 1, b:, ** }
+                                 ^^
+
+              foo => { a: 1, b:, **nil }
+                                 ^^^^^
       - name: opening_loc
         type: location?
+        comment: |
+          The location of the opening brace.
+
+              foo => { a: 1 }
+                     ^
+
+              foo => Bar[a: 1]
+                        ^
       - name: closing_loc
         type: location?
+        comment: |
+          The location of the closing brace.
+
+              foo => { a: 1 }
+                            ^
+
+              foo => Bar[a: 1]
+                             ^
     comment: |
       Represents a hash pattern in pattern matching.
 
@@ -2701,6 +2855,12 @@ nodes:
 
           foo => { a: 1, b: 2, **c }
                  ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+          foo => Bar[a: 1, b: 2]
+                 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+          foo in { a: 1, b: 2 }
+                 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
   - name: IfNode
     fields:
       - name: if_keyword_loc
@@ -3146,6 +3306,9 @@ nodes:
           - EmbeddedVariableNode
           - InterpolatedStringNode # `"a" "#{b}"`
           - on error: XStringNode # `<<`FOO` "bar"
+          - on error: InterpolatedXStringNode
+          - on error: SymbolNode
+          - on error: InterpolatedSymbolNode
       - name: closing_loc
         type: location?
     newline: parts
@@ -3353,6 +3516,9 @@ nodes:
 
           foo, bar = baz
           ^^^  ^^^
+
+          foo => baz
+                 ^^^
   - name: LocalVariableWriteNode
     fields:
       - name: name
@@ -3443,11 +3609,65 @@ nodes:
       - name: value
         type: node
         kind: non-void expression
+        comment: |
+          Represents the left-hand side of the operator.
+
+              foo => bar
+              ^^^
       - name: pattern
         type: node
         kind: pattern expression
+        comment: |
+          Represents the right-hand side of the operator. The type of the node depends on the expression.
+
+          Anything that looks like a local variable name (including `_`) will result in a `LocalVariableTargetNode`.
+
+              foo => a # This is equivalent to writing `a = foo`
+                     ^
+
+          Using an explicit `Array` or combining expressions with `,` will result in a `ArrayPatternNode`. This can be preceded by a constant.
+
+              foo => [a]
+                     ^^^
+
+              foo => a, b
+                     ^^^^
+
+              foo => Bar[a, b]
+                     ^^^^^^^^^
+
+          If the array pattern contains at least two wildcard matches, a `FindPatternNode` is created instead.
+
+              foo => *, 1, *a
+                     ^^^^^
+
+          Using an explicit `Hash` or a constant with square brackets and hash keys in the square brackets will result in a `HashPatternNode`.
+
+              foo => { a: 1, b: }
+
+              foo => Bar[a: 1, b:]
+
+              foo => Bar[**]
+
+          To use any variable that needs run time evaluation, pinning is required. This results in a `PinnedVariableNode`
+
+              foo => ^a
+                     ^^
+
+          Similar, any expression can be used with pinning. This results in a `PinnedExpressionNode`.
+
+              foo => ^(a + 1)
+
+          Anything else will result in the regular node for that expression, for example a `ConstantReadNode`.
+
+              foo => CONST
       - name: operator_loc
         type: location
+        comment: |
+          The location of the operator.
+
+              foo => bar
+                  ^^
     comment: |
       Represents the use of the `=>` operator.
 
@@ -3877,12 +4097,32 @@ nodes:
       - name: expression
         type: node
         kind: non-void expression
+        comment: |
+          The expression used in the pinned expression
+
+              foo in ^(bar)
+                       ^^^
       - name: operator_loc
         type: location
+        comment: |
+          The location of the `^` operator
+
+              foo in ^(bar)
+                     ^
       - name: lparen_loc
         type: location
+        comment: |
+          The location of the opening parenthesis.
+
+              foo in ^(bar)
+                      ^
       - name: rparen_loc
         type: location
+        comment: |
+          The location of the closing parenthesis.
+
+              foo in ^(bar)
+                          ^
     comment: |
       Represents the use of the `^` operator for pinning an expression in a pattern matching expression.
 
@@ -3901,8 +4141,18 @@ nodes:
           - NumberedReferenceReadNode # foo in ^$1
           - ItLocalVariableReadNode # proc { 1 in ^it }
           - on error: MissingNode # foo in ^Bar
+        comment: |
+          The variable used in the pinned expression
+
+              foo in ^bar
+                      ^^^
       - name: operator_loc
         type: location
+        comment: |
+          The location of the `^` operator
+
+              foo in ^bar
+                     ^
     comment: |
       Represents the use of the `^` operator for pinning a variable in a pattern matching expression.
 
@@ -4268,6 +4518,7 @@ nodes:
       - name: arguments
         type: node?
         kind: ArgumentsNode
+        comment: "Can be only `nil` when there are empty parentheses, like `super()`."
       - name: rparen_loc
         type: location?
       - name: block
@@ -4283,6 +4534,8 @@ nodes:
 
           super foo, bar
           ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+      If no arguments are provided (except for a block), it would be a `ForwardingSuperNode` instead.
   - name: SymbolNode
     flags: SymbolFlags
     fields:
diff --git a/prism/encoding.c b/prism/encoding.c
index a4aeed104f..d7e5616840 100644
--- a/prism/encoding.c
+++ b/prism/encoding.c
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 
 typedef uint32_t pm_unicode_codepoint_t;
 
-#define UNICODE_ALPHA_CODEPOINTS_LENGTH 1450
+#define UNICODE_ALPHA_CODEPOINTS_LENGTH 1508
 static const pm_unicode_codepoint_t unicode_alpha_codepoints[UNICODE_ALPHA_CODEPOINTS_LENGTH] = {
     0x100, 0x2C1,
     0x2C6, 0x2D1,
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ static const pm_unicode_codepoint_t unicode_alpha_codepoints[UNICODE_ALPHA_CODEP
     0x2EC, 0x2EC,
     0x2EE, 0x2EE,
     0x345, 0x345,
-    0x370, 0x374,
+    0x363, 0x374,
     0x376, 0x377,
     0x37A, 0x37D,
     0x37F, 0x37F,
@@ -50,7 +50,8 @@ static const pm_unicode_codepoint_t unicode_alpha_codepoints[UNICODE_ALPHA_CODEP
     0x840, 0x858,
     0x860, 0x86A,
     0x870, 0x887,
-    0x889, 0x88E,
+    0x889, 0x88F,
+    0x897, 0x897,
     0x8A0, 0x8C9,
     0x8D4, 0x8DF,
     0x8E3, 0x8E9,
@@ -140,7 +141,7 @@ static const pm_unicode_codepoint_t unicode_alpha_codepoints[UNICODE_ALPHA_CODEP
     0xC4A, 0xC4C,
     0xC55, 0xC56,
     0xC58, 0xC5A,
-    0xC5D, 0xC5D,
+    0xC5C, 0xC5D,
     0xC60, 0xC63,
     0xC80, 0xC83,
     0xC85, 0xC8C,
@@ -152,7 +153,7 @@ static const pm_unicode_codepoint_t unicode_alpha_codepoints[UNICODE_ALPHA_CODEP
     0xCC6, 0xCC8,
     0xCCA, 0xCCC,
     0xCD5, 0xCD6,
-    0xCDD, 0xCDE,
+    0xCDC, 0xCDE,
     0xCE0, 0xCE3,
     0xCF1, 0xCF3,
     0xD00, 0xD0C,
@@ -264,7 +265,7 @@ static const pm_unicode_codepoint_t unicode_alpha_codepoints[UNICODE_ALPHA_CODEP
     0x1C00, 0x1C36,
     0x1C4D, 0x1C4F,
     0x1C5A, 0x1C7D,
-    0x1C80, 0x1C88,
+    0x1C80, 0x1C8A,
     0x1C90, 0x1CBA,
     0x1CBD, 0x1CBF,
     0x1CE9, 0x1CEC,
@@ -272,7 +273,7 @@ static const pm_unicode_codepoint_t unicode_alpha_codepoints[UNICODE_ALPHA_CODEP
     0x1CF5, 0x1CF6,
     0x1CFA, 0x1CFA,
     0x1D00, 0x1DBF,
-    0x1DE7, 0x1DF4,
+    0x1DD3, 0x1DF4,
     0x1E00, 0x1F15,
     0x1F18, 0x1F1D,
     0x1F20, 0x1F45,
@@ -352,11 +353,8 @@ static const pm_unicode_codepoint_t unicode_alpha_codepoints[UNICODE_ALPHA_CODEP
     0xA67F, 0xA6EF,
     0xA717, 0xA71F,
     0xA722, 0xA788,
-    0xA78B, 0xA7CA,
-    0xA7D0, 0xA7D1,
-    0xA7D3, 0xA7D3,
-    0xA7D5, 0xA7D9,
-    0xA7F2, 0xA805,
+    0xA78B, 0xA7DC,
+    0xA7F1, 0xA805,
     0xA807, 0xA827,
     0xA840, 0xA873,
     0xA880, 0xA8C3,
@@ -446,6 +444,7 @@ static const pm_unicode_codepoint_t unicode_alpha_codepoints[UNICODE_ALPHA_CODEP
     0x105A3, 0x105B1,
     0x105B3, 0x105B9,
     0x105BB, 0x105BC,
+    0x105C0, 0x105F3,
     0x10600, 0x10736,
     0x10740, 0x10755,
     0x10760, 0x10767,
@@ -464,6 +463,7 @@ static const pm_unicode_codepoint_t unicode_alpha_codepoints[UNICODE_ALPHA_CODEP
     0x108F4, 0x108F5,
     0x10900, 0x10915,
     0x10920, 0x10939,
+    0x10940, 0x10959,
     0x10980, 0x109B7,
     0x109BE, 0x109BF,
     0x10A00, 0x10A03,
@@ -483,9 +483,14 @@ static const pm_unicode_codepoint_t unicode_alpha_codepoints[UNICODE_ALPHA_CODEP
     0x10C80, 0x10CB2,
     0x10CC0, 0x10CF2,
     0x10D00, 0x10D27,
+    0x10D4A, 0x10D65,
+    0x10D69, 0x10D69,
+    0x10D6F, 0x10D85,
     0x10E80, 0x10EA9,
     0x10EAB, 0x10EAC,
     0x10EB0, 0x10EB1,
+    0x10EC2, 0x10EC7,
+    0x10EFA, 0x10EFC,
     0x10F00, 0x10F1C,
     0x10F27, 0x10F27,
     0x10F30, 0x10F45,
@@ -529,6 +534,17 @@ static const pm_unicode_codepoint_t unicode_alpha_codepoints[UNICODE_ALPHA_CODEP
     0x11350, 0x11350,
     0x11357, 0x11357,
     0x1135D, 0x11363,
+    0x11380, 0x11389,
+    0x1138B, 0x1138B,
+    0x1138E, 0x1138E,
+    0x11390, 0x113B5,
+    0x113B7, 0x113C0,
+    0x113C2, 0x113C2,
+    0x113C5, 0x113C5,
+    0x113C7, 0x113CA,
+    0x113CC, 0x113CD,
+    0x113D1, 0x113D1,
+    0x113D3, 0x113D3,
     0x11400, 0x11441,
     0x11443, 0x11445,
     0x11447, 0x1144A,
@@ -567,6 +583,8 @@ static const pm_unicode_codepoint_t unicode_alpha_codepoints[UNICODE_ALPHA_CODEP
     0x11A50, 0x11A97,
     0x11A9D, 0x11A9D,
     0x11AB0, 0x11AF8,
+    0x11B60, 0x11B67,
+    0x11BC0, 0x11BE0,
     0x11C00, 0x11C08,
     0x11C0A, 0x11C36,
     0x11C38, 0x11C3E,
@@ -588,6 +606,7 @@ static const pm_unicode_codepoint_t unicode_alpha_codepoints[UNICODE_ALPHA_CODEP
     0x11D90, 0x11D91,
     0x11D93, 0x11D96,
     0x11D98, 0x11D98,
+    0x11DB0, 0x11DDB,
     0x11EE0, 0x11EF6,
     0x11F00, 0x11F10,
     0x11F12, 0x11F3A,
@@ -599,7 +618,9 @@ static const pm_unicode_codepoint_t unicode_alpha_codepoints[UNICODE_ALPHA_CODEP
     0x12F90, 0x12FF0,
     0x13000, 0x1342F,
     0x13441, 0x13446,
+    0x13460, 0x143FA,
     0x14400, 0x14646,
+    0x16100, 0x1612E,
     0x16800, 0x16A38,
     0x16A40, 0x16A5E,
     0x16A70, 0x16ABE,
@@ -608,16 +629,19 @@ static const pm_unicode_codepoint_t unicode_alpha_codepoints[UNICODE_ALPHA_CODEP
     0x16B40, 0x16B43,
     0x16B63, 0x16B77,
     0x16B7D, 0x16B8F,
+    0x16D40, 0x16D6C,
     0x16E40, 0x16E7F,
+    0x16EA0, 0x16EB8,
+    0x16EBB, 0x16ED3,
     0x16F00, 0x16F4A,
     0x16F4F, 0x16F87,
     0x16F8F, 0x16F9F,
     0x16FE0, 0x16FE1,
     0x16FE3, 0x16FE3,
-    0x16FF0, 0x16FF1,
-    0x17000, 0x187F7,
-    0x18800, 0x18CD5,
-    0x18D00, 0x18D08,
+    0x16FF0, 0x16FF6,
+    0x17000, 0x18CD5,
+    0x18CFF, 0x18D1E,
+    0x18D80, 0x18DF2,
     0x1AFF0, 0x1AFF3,
     0x1AFF5, 0x1AFFB,
     0x1AFFD, 0x1AFFE,
@@ -677,6 +701,11 @@ static const pm_unicode_codepoint_t unicode_alpha_codepoints[UNICODE_ALPHA_CODEP
     0x1E290, 0x1E2AD,
     0x1E2C0, 0x1E2EB,
     0x1E4D0, 0x1E4EB,
+    0x1E5D0, 0x1E5ED,
+    0x1E5F0, 0x1E5F0,
+    0x1E6C0, 0x1E6DE,
+    0x1E6E0, 0x1E6F5,
+    0x1E6FE, 0x1E6FF,
     0x1E7E0, 0x1E7E6,
     0x1E7E8, 0x1E7EB,
     0x1E7ED, 0x1E7EE,
@@ -722,16 +751,16 @@ static const pm_unicode_codepoint_t unicode_alpha_codepoints[UNICODE_ALPHA_CODEP
     0x1F150, 0x1F169,
     0x1F170, 0x1F189,
     0x20000, 0x2A6DF,
-    0x2A700, 0x2B739,
-    0x2B740, 0x2B81D,
-    0x2B820, 0x2CEA1,
+    0x2A700, 0x2B81D,
+    0x2B820, 0x2CEAD,
     0x2CEB0, 0x2EBE0,
+    0x2EBF0, 0x2EE5D,
     0x2F800, 0x2FA1D,
     0x30000, 0x3134A,
-    0x31350, 0x323AF,
+    0x31350, 0x33479,
 };
 
-#define UNICODE_ALNUM_CODEPOINTS_LENGTH 1528
+#define UNICODE_ALNUM_CODEPOINTS_LENGTH 1598
 static const pm_unicode_codepoint_t unicode_alnum_codepoints[UNICODE_ALNUM_CODEPOINTS_LENGTH] = {
     0x100, 0x2C1,
     0x2C6, 0x2D1,
@@ -739,7 +768,7 @@ static const pm_unicode_codepoint_t unicode_alnum_codepoints[UNICODE_ALNUM_CODEP
     0x2EC, 0x2EC,
     0x2EE, 0x2EE,
     0x345, 0x345,
-    0x370, 0x374,
+    0x363, 0x374,
     0x376, 0x377,
     0x37A, 0x37D,
     0x37F, 0x37F,
@@ -778,7 +807,8 @@ static const pm_unicode_codepoint_t unicode_alnum_codepoints[UNICODE_ALNUM_CODEP
     0x840, 0x858,
     0x860, 0x86A,
     0x870, 0x887,
-    0x889, 0x88E,
+    0x889, 0x88F,
+    0x897, 0x897,
     0x8A0, 0x8C9,
     0x8D4, 0x8DF,
     0x8E3, 0x8E9,
@@ -872,7 +902,7 @@ static const pm_unicode_codepoint_t unicode_alnum_codepoints[UNICODE_ALNUM_CODEP
     0xC4A, 0xC4C,
     0xC55, 0xC56,
     0xC58, 0xC5A,
-    0xC5D, 0xC5D,
+    0xC5C, 0xC5D,
     0xC60, 0xC63,
     0xC66, 0xC6F,
     0xC80, 0xC83,
@@ -885,7 +915,7 @@ static const pm_unicode_codepoint_t unicode_alnum_codepoints[UNICODE_ALNUM_CODEP
     0xCC6, 0xCC8,
     0xCCA, 0xCCC,
     0xCD5, 0xCD6,
-    0xCDD, 0xCDE,
+    0xCDC, 0xCDE,
     0xCE0, 0xCE3,
     0xCE6, 0xCEF,
     0xCF1, 0xCF3,
@@ -1007,7 +1037,7 @@ static const pm_unicode_codepoint_t unicode_alnum_codepoints[UNICODE_ALNUM_CODEP
     0x1C00, 0x1C36,
     0x1C40, 0x1C49,
     0x1C4D, 0x1C7D,
-    0x1C80, 0x1C88,
+    0x1C80, 0x1C8A,
     0x1C90, 0x1CBA,
     0x1CBD, 0x1CBF,
     0x1CE9, 0x1CEC,
@@ -1015,7 +1045,7 @@ static const pm_unicode_codepoint_t unicode_alnum_codepoints[UNICODE_ALNUM_CODEP
     0x1CF5, 0x1CF6,
     0x1CFA, 0x1CFA,
     0x1D00, 0x1DBF,
-    0x1DE7, 0x1DF4,
+    0x1DD3, 0x1DF4,
     0x1E00, 0x1F15,
     0x1F18, 0x1F1D,
     0x1F20, 0x1F45,
@@ -1094,11 +1124,8 @@ static const pm_unicode_codepoint_t unicode_alnum_codepoints[UNICODE_ALNUM_CODEP
     0xA67F, 0xA6EF,
     0xA717, 0xA71F,
     0xA722, 0xA788,
-    0xA78B, 0xA7CA,
-    0xA7D0, 0xA7D1,
-    0xA7D3, 0xA7D3,
-    0xA7D5, 0xA7D9,
-    0xA7F2, 0xA805,
+    0xA78B, 0xA7DC,
+    0xA7F1, 0xA805,
     0xA807, 0xA827,
     0xA840, 0xA873,
     0xA880, 0xA8C3,
@@ -1191,6 +1218,7 @@ static const pm_unicode_codepoint_t unicode_alnum_codepoints[UNICODE_ALNUM_CODEP
     0x105A3, 0x105B1,
     0x105B3, 0x105B9,
     0x105BB, 0x105BC,
+    0x105C0, 0x105F3,
     0x10600, 0x10736,
     0x10740, 0x10755,
     0x10760, 0x10767,
@@ -1209,6 +1237,7 @@ static const pm_unicode_codepoint_t unicode_alnum_codepoints[UNICODE_ALNUM_CODEP
     0x108F4, 0x108F5,
     0x10900, 0x10915,
     0x10920, 0x10939,
+    0x10940, 0x10959,
     0x10980, 0x109B7,
     0x109BE, 0x109BF,
     0x10A00, 0x10A03,
@@ -1229,9 +1258,14 @@ static const pm_unicode_codepoint_t unicode_alnum_codepoints[UNICODE_ALNUM_CODEP
     0x10CC0, 0x10CF2,
     0x10D00, 0x10D27,
     0x10D30, 0x10D39,
+    0x10D40, 0x10D65,
+    0x10D69, 0x10D69,
+    0x10D6F, 0x10D85,
     0x10E80, 0x10EA9,
     0x10EAB, 0x10EAC,
     0x10EB0, 0x10EB1,
+    0x10EC2, 0x10EC7,
+    0x10EFA, 0x10EFC,
     0x10F00, 0x10F1C,
     0x10F27, 0x10F27,
     0x10F30, 0x10F45,
@@ -1278,6 +1312,17 @@ static const pm_unicode_codepoint_t unicode_alnum_codepoints[UNICODE_ALNUM_CODEP
     0x11350, 0x11350,
     0x11357, 0x11357,
     0x1135D, 0x11363,
+    0x11380, 0x11389,
+    0x1138B, 0x1138B,
+    0x1138E, 0x1138E,
+    0x11390, 0x113B5,
+    0x113B7, 0x113C0,
+    0x113C2, 0x113C2,
+    0x113C5, 0x113C5,
+    0x113C7, 0x113CA,
+    0x113CC, 0x113CD,
+    0x113D1, 0x113D1,
+    0x113D3, 0x113D3,
     0x11400, 0x11441,
     0x11443, 0x11445,
     0x11447, 0x1144A,
@@ -1297,6 +1342,7 @@ static const pm_unicode_codepoint_t unicode_alnum_codepoints[UNICODE_ALNUM_CODEP
     0x11680, 0x116B5,
     0x116B8, 0x116B8,
     0x116C0, 0x116C9,
+    0x116D0, 0x116E3,
     0x11700, 0x1171A,
     0x1171D, 0x1172A,
     0x11730, 0x11739,
@@ -1322,6 +1368,9 @@ static const pm_unicode_codepoint_t unicode_alnum_codepoints[UNICODE_ALNUM_CODEP
     0x11A50, 0x11A97,
     0x11A9D, 0x11A9D,
     0x11AB0, 0x11AF8,
+    0x11B60, 0x11B67,
+    0x11BC0, 0x11BE0,
+    0x11BF0, 0x11BF9,
     0x11C00, 0x11C08,
     0x11C0A, 0x11C36,
     0x11C38, 0x11C3E,
@@ -1346,6 +1395,8 @@ static const pm_unicode_codepoint_t unicode_alnum_codepoints[UNICODE_ALNUM_CODEP
     0x11D93, 0x11D96,
     0x11D98, 0x11D98,
     0x11DA0, 0x11DA9,
+    0x11DB0, 0x11DDB,
+    0x11DE0, 0x11DE9,
     0x11EE0, 0x11EF6,
     0x11F00, 0x11F10,
     0x11F12, 0x11F3A,
@@ -1358,7 +1409,10 @@ static const pm_unicode_codepoint_t unicode_alnum_codepoints[UNICODE_ALNUM_CODEP
     0x12F90, 0x12FF0,
     0x13000, 0x1342F,
     0x13441, 0x13446,
+    0x13460, 0x143FA,
     0x14400, 0x14646,
+    0x16100, 0x1612E,
+    0x16130, 0x16139,
     0x16800, 0x16A38,
     0x16A40, 0x16A5E,
     0x16A60, 0x16A69,
@@ -1370,16 +1424,20 @@ static const pm_unicode_codepoint_t unicode_alnum_codepoints[UNICODE_ALNUM_CODEP
     0x16B50, 0x16B59,
     0x16B63, 0x16B77,
     0x16B7D, 0x16B8F,
+    0x16D40, 0x16D6C,
+    0x16D70, 0x16D79,
     0x16E40, 0x16E7F,
+    0x16EA0, 0x16EB8,
+    0x16EBB, 0x16ED3,
     0x16F00, 0x16F4A,
     0x16F4F, 0x16F87,
     0x16F8F, 0x16F9F,
     0x16FE0, 0x16FE1,
     0x16FE3, 0x16FE3,
-    0x16FF0, 0x16FF1,
-    0x17000, 0x187F7,
-    0x18800, 0x18CD5,
-    0x18D00, 0x18D08,
+    0x16FF0, 0x16FF6,
+    0x17000, 0x18CD5,
+    0x18CFF, 0x18D1E,
+    0x18D80, 0x18DF2,
     0x1AFF0, 0x1AFF3,
     0x1AFF5, 0x1AFFB,
     0x1AFFD, 0x1AFFE,
@@ -1394,6 +1452,7 @@ static const pm_unicode_codepoint_t unicode_alnum_codepoints[UNICODE_ALNUM_CODEP
     0x1BC80, 0x1BC88,
     0x1BC90, 0x1BC99,
     0x1BC9E, 0x1BC9E,
+    0x1CCF0, 0x1CCF9,
     0x1D400, 0x1D454,
     0x1D456, 0x1D49C,
     0x1D49E, 0x1D49F,
@@ -1443,6 +1502,11 @@ static const pm_unicode_codepoint_t unicode_alnum_codepoints[UNICODE_ALNUM_CODEP
     0x1E2F0, 0x1E2F9,
     0x1E4D0, 0x1E4EB,
     0x1E4F0, 0x1E4F9,
+    0x1E5D0, 0x1E5ED,
+    0x1E5F0, 0x1E5FA,
+    0x1E6C0, 0x1E6DE,
+    0x1E6E0, 0x1E6F5,
+    0x1E6FE, 0x1E6FF,
     0x1E7E0, 0x1E7E6,
     0x1E7E8, 0x1E7EB,
     0x1E7ED, 0x1E7EE,
@@ -1490,16 +1554,16 @@ static const pm_unicode_codepoint_t unicode_alnum_codepoints[UNICODE_ALNUM_CODEP
     0x1F170, 0x1F189,
     0x1FBF0, 0x1FBF9,
     0x20000, 0x2A6DF,
-    0x2A700, 0x2B739,
-    0x2B740, 0x2B81D,
-    0x2B820, 0x2CEA1,
+    0x2A700, 0x2B81D,
+    0x2B820, 0x2CEAD,
     0x2CEB0, 0x2EBE0,
+    0x2EBF0, 0x2EE5D,
     0x2F800, 0x2FA1D,
     0x30000, 0x3134A,
-    0x31350, 0x323AF,
+    0x31350, 0x33479,
 };
 
-#define UNICODE_ISUPPER_CODEPOINTS_LENGTH 1302
+#define UNICODE_ISUPPER_CODEPOINTS_LENGTH 1320
 static const pm_unicode_codepoint_t unicode_isupper_codepoints[UNICODE_ISUPPER_CODEPOINTS_LENGTH] = {
     0x100, 0x100,
     0x102, 0x102,
@@ -1774,6 +1838,7 @@ static const pm_unicode_codepoint_t unicode_isupper_codepoints[UNICODE_ISUPPER_C
     0x10C7, 0x10C7,
     0x10CD, 0x10CD,
     0x13A0, 0x13F5,
+    0x1C89, 0x1C89,
     0x1C90, 0x1CBA,
     0x1CBD, 0x1CBF,
     0x1E00, 0x1E00,
@@ -2103,9 +2168,15 @@ static const pm_unicode_codepoint_t unicode_isupper_codepoints[UNICODE_ISUPPER_C
     0xA7C2, 0xA7C2,
     0xA7C4, 0xA7C7,
     0xA7C9, 0xA7C9,
+    0xA7CB, 0xA7CC,
+    0xA7CE, 0xA7CE,
     0xA7D0, 0xA7D0,
+    0xA7D2, 0xA7D2,
+    0xA7D4, 0xA7D4,
     0xA7D6, 0xA7D6,
     0xA7D8, 0xA7D8,
+    0xA7DA, 0xA7DA,
+    0xA7DC, 0xA7DC,
     0xA7F5, 0xA7F5,
     0xFF21, 0xFF3A,
     0x10400, 0x10427,
@@ -2115,8 +2186,10 @@ static const pm_unicode_codepoint_t unicode_isupper_codepoints[UNICODE_ISUPPER_C
     0x1058C, 0x10592,
     0x10594, 0x10595,
     0x10C80, 0x10CB2,
+    0x10D50, 0x10D65,
     0x118A0, 0x118BF,
     0x16E40, 0x16E5F,
+    0x16EA0, 0x16EB8,
     0x1D400, 0x1D419,
     0x1D434, 0x1D44D,
     0x1D468, 0x1D481,
@@ -2304,6 +2377,10 @@ pm_encoding_utf_8_char_width(const uint8_t *b, ptrdiff_t n) {
  */
 size_t
 pm_encoding_utf_8_alpha_char(const uint8_t *b, ptrdiff_t n) {
+    if (n == 0) {
+        return 0;
+    }
+
     if (*b < 0x80) {
         return (pm_encoding_unicode_table[*b] & PRISM_ENCODING_ALPHABETIC_BIT) ? 1 : 0;
     }
@@ -2324,6 +2401,10 @@ pm_encoding_utf_8_alpha_char(const uint8_t *b, ptrdiff_t n) {
  */
 size_t
 pm_encoding_utf_8_alnum_char(const uint8_t *b, ptrdiff_t n) {
+    if (n == 0) {
+        return 0;
+    }
+
     if (*b < 0x80) {
         return (pm_encoding_unicode_table[*b] & (PRISM_ENCODING_ALPHANUMERIC_BIT)) ? 1 : 0;
     }
@@ -2344,6 +2425,10 @@ pm_encoding_utf_8_alnum_char(const uint8_t *b, ptrdiff_t n) {
  */
 bool
 pm_encoding_utf_8_isupper_char(const uint8_t *b, ptrdiff_t n) {
+    if (n == 0) {
+        return 0;
+    }
+
     if (*b < 0x80) {
         return (pm_encoding_unicode_table[*b] & PRISM_ENCODING_UPPERCASE_BIT) ? true : false;
     }
@@ -2362,7 +2447,8 @@ pm_encoding_utf_8_isupper_char(const uint8_t *b, ptrdiff_t n) {
 
 static pm_unicode_codepoint_t
 pm_cesu_8_codepoint(const uint8_t *b, ptrdiff_t n, size_t *width) {
-    if (b[0] < 0x80) {
+
+    if ((n > 0) && (b[0] < 0x80)) {
         *width = 1;
         return (pm_unicode_codepoint_t) b[0];
     }
@@ -2401,6 +2487,10 @@ pm_cesu_8_codepoint(const uint8_t *b, ptrdiff_t n, size_t *width) {
 
 static size_t
 pm_encoding_cesu_8_char_width(const uint8_t *b, ptrdiff_t n) {
+    if (n == 0) {
+        return 0;
+    }
+
     size_t width;
     pm_cesu_8_codepoint(b, n, &width);
     return width;
@@ -2408,6 +2498,10 @@ pm_encoding_cesu_8_char_width(const uint8_t *b, ptrdiff_t n) {
 
 static size_t
 pm_encoding_cesu_8_alpha_char(const uint8_t *b, ptrdiff_t n) {
+    if (n == 0) {
+        return 0;
+    }
+
     if (*b < 0x80) {
         return (pm_encoding_unicode_table[*b] & PRISM_ENCODING_ALPHABETIC_BIT) ? 1 : 0;
     }
@@ -2424,6 +2518,10 @@ pm_encoding_cesu_8_alpha_char(const uint8_t *b, ptrdiff_t n) {
 
 static size_t
 pm_encoding_cesu_8_alnum_char(const uint8_t *b, ptrdiff_t n) {
+    if (n == 0) {
+        return 0;
+    }
+
     if (*b < 0x80) {
         return (pm_encoding_unicode_table[*b] & (PRISM_ENCODING_ALPHANUMERIC_BIT)) ? 1 : 0;
     }
@@ -2440,6 +2538,10 @@ pm_encoding_cesu_8_alnum_char(const uint8_t *b, ptrdiff_t n) {
 
 static bool
 pm_encoding_cesu_8_isupper_char(const uint8_t *b, ptrdiff_t n) {
+    if (n == 0) {
+        return 0;
+    }
+
     if (*b < 0x80) {
         return (pm_encoding_unicode_table[*b] & PRISM_ENCODING_UPPERCASE_BIT) ? true : false;
     }
@@ -3855,14 +3957,14 @@ static const uint8_t pm_encoding_windows_874_table[256] = {
 };
 
 #define PRISM_ENCODING_TABLE(name) \
-    static size_t pm_encoding_ ##name ## _alpha_char(const uint8_t *b, PRISM_ATTRIBUTE_UNUSED ptrdiff_t n) {           \
-        return (pm_encoding_ ##name ## _table[*b] & PRISM_ENCODING_ALPHABETIC_BIT);           \
+    static size_t pm_encoding_ ##name ## _alpha_char(const uint8_t *b, ptrdiff_t n) {           \
+        return ((n > 0) && (pm_encoding_ ##name ## _table[*b] & PRISM_ENCODING_ALPHABETIC_BIT));           \
     }                                                                                                         \
-    static size_t pm_encoding_ ##name ## _alnum_char(const uint8_t *b, PRISM_ATTRIBUTE_UNUSED ptrdiff_t n) {           \
-        return (pm_encoding_ ##name ## _table[*b] & PRISM_ENCODING_ALPHANUMERIC_BIT) ? 1 : 0; \
+    static size_t pm_encoding_ ##name ## _alnum_char(const uint8_t *b, ptrdiff_t n) {           \
+        return ((n > 0) && (pm_encoding_ ##name ## _table[*b] & PRISM_ENCODING_ALPHANUMERIC_BIT)) ? 1 : 0; \
     }                                                                                                         \
-    static bool pm_encoding_ ##name ## _isupper_char(const uint8_t *b, PRISM_ATTRIBUTE_UNUSED ptrdiff_t n) {           \
-        return (pm_encoding_ ##name ## _table[*b] & PRISM_ENCODING_UPPERCASE_BIT);            \
+    static bool pm_encoding_ ##name ## _isupper_char(const uint8_t *b, ptrdiff_t n) {           \
+        return ((n > 0) && (pm_encoding_ ##name ## _table[*b] & PRISM_ENCODING_UPPERCASE_BIT));            \
     }
 
 PRISM_ENCODING_TABLE(cp850)
@@ -3931,8 +4033,8 @@ PRISM_ENCODING_TABLE(windows_874)
  * means that if the top bit is not set, the character is 1 byte long.
  */
 static size_t
-pm_encoding_ascii_char_width(const uint8_t *b, PRISM_ATTRIBUTE_UNUSED ptrdiff_t n) {
-    return *b < 0x80 ? 1 : 0;
+pm_encoding_ascii_char_width(const uint8_t *b, ptrdiff_t n) {
+    return ((n > 0) && (*b < 0x80)) ? 1 : 0;
 }
 
 /**
@@ -3940,8 +4042,8 @@ pm_encoding_ascii_char_width(const uint8_t *b, PRISM_ATTRIBUTE_UNUSED ptrdiff_t
  * alphabetical character.
  */
 static size_t
-pm_encoding_ascii_alpha_char(const uint8_t *b, PRISM_ATTRIBUTE_UNUSED ptrdiff_t n) {
-    return (pm_encoding_ascii_table[*b] & PRISM_ENCODING_ALPHABETIC_BIT);
+pm_encoding_ascii_alpha_char(const uint8_t *b, ptrdiff_t n) {
+    return (n > 0) ? (pm_encoding_ascii_table[*b] & PRISM_ENCODING_ALPHABETIC_BIT) : 0;
 }
 
 /**
@@ -3951,7 +4053,7 @@ pm_encoding_ascii_alpha_char(const uint8_t *b, PRISM_ATTRIBUTE_UNUSED ptrdiff_t
  */
 static size_t
 pm_encoding_ascii_alpha_char_7bit(const uint8_t *b, ptrdiff_t n) {
-    return (*b < 0x80) ? pm_encoding_ascii_alpha_char(b, n) : 0;
+    return ((n > 0) && (*b < 0x80)) ? pm_encoding_ascii_alpha_char(b, n) : 0;
 }
 
 /**
@@ -3959,8 +4061,8 @@ pm_encoding_ascii_alpha_char_7bit(const uint8_t *b, ptrdiff_t n) {
  * alphanumeric character.
  */
 static size_t
-pm_encoding_ascii_alnum_char(const uint8_t *b, PRISM_ATTRIBUTE_UNUSED ptrdiff_t n) {
-    return (pm_encoding_ascii_table[*b] & PRISM_ENCODING_ALPHANUMERIC_BIT) ? 1 : 0;
+pm_encoding_ascii_alnum_char(const uint8_t *b, ptrdiff_t n) {
+    return ((n > 0) && (pm_encoding_ascii_table[*b] & PRISM_ENCODING_ALPHANUMERIC_BIT)) ? 1 : 0;
 }
 
 /**
@@ -3970,7 +4072,7 @@ pm_encoding_ascii_alnum_char(const uint8_t *b, PRISM_ATTRIBUTE_UNUSED ptrdiff_t
  */
 static size_t
 pm_encoding_ascii_alnum_char_7bit(const uint8_t *b, ptrdiff_t n) {
-    return (*b < 0x80) ? pm_encoding_ascii_alnum_char(b, n) : 0;
+    return ((n > 0) && (*b < 0x80)) ? pm_encoding_ascii_alnum_char(b, n) : 0;
 }
 
 /**
@@ -3978,8 +4080,8 @@ pm_encoding_ascii_alnum_char_7bit(const uint8_t *b, ptrdiff_t n) {
  * character.
  */
 static bool
-pm_encoding_ascii_isupper_char(const uint8_t *b, PRISM_ATTRIBUTE_UNUSED ptrdiff_t n) {
-    return (pm_encoding_ascii_table[*b] & PRISM_ENCODING_UPPERCASE_BIT);
+pm_encoding_ascii_isupper_char(const uint8_t *b, ptrdiff_t n) {
+    return (n > 0) && (pm_encoding_ascii_table[*b] & PRISM_ENCODING_UPPERCASE_BIT);
 }
 
 /**
@@ -3998,7 +4100,7 @@ pm_encoding_single_char_width(PRISM_ATTRIBUTE_UNUSED const uint8_t *b, PRISM_ATT
 static size_t
 pm_encoding_euc_jp_char_width(const uint8_t *b, ptrdiff_t n) {
     // These are the single byte characters.
-    if (*b < 0x80) {
+    if ((n > 0) && (*b < 0x80)) {
         return 1;
     }
 
@@ -4042,6 +4144,9 @@ pm_encoding_euc_jp_isupper_char(const uint8_t *b, ptrdiff_t n) {
  */
 static size_t
 pm_encoding_shift_jis_char_width(const uint8_t *b, ptrdiff_t n) {
+    if (n == 0) {
+        return 0;
+    }
     // These are the single byte characters.
     if (b[0] < 0x80 || (b[0] >= 0xA1 && b[0] <= 0xDF)) {
         return 1;
@@ -4105,7 +4210,7 @@ pm_encoding_shift_jis_isupper_char(const uint8_t *b, ptrdiff_t n) {
  */
 static bool
 pm_encoding_ascii_isupper_char_7bit(const uint8_t *b, ptrdiff_t n) {
-    return (*b < 0x80) && pm_encoding_ascii_isupper_char(b, n);
+    return (n > 0) && (*b < 0x80) && pm_encoding_ascii_isupper_char(b, n);
 }
 
 /**
@@ -4115,7 +4220,7 @@ pm_encoding_ascii_isupper_char_7bit(const uint8_t *b, ptrdiff_t n) {
 static size_t
 pm_encoding_big5_char_width(const uint8_t *b, ptrdiff_t n) {
     // These are the single byte characters.
-    if (*b < 0x80) {
+    if ((n > 0) && (*b < 0x80)) {
         return 1;
     }
 
@@ -4134,7 +4239,7 @@ pm_encoding_big5_char_width(const uint8_t *b, ptrdiff_t n) {
 static size_t
 pm_encoding_cp949_char_width(const uint8_t *b, ptrdiff_t n) {
     // These are the single byte characters
-    if (*b <= 0x80) {
+    if ((n > 0) && (*b <= 0x80)) {
         return 1;
     }
 
@@ -4153,7 +4258,7 @@ pm_encoding_cp949_char_width(const uint8_t *b, ptrdiff_t n) {
 static size_t
 pm_encoding_emacs_mule_char_width(const uint8_t *b, ptrdiff_t n) {
     // These are the 1 byte characters.
-    if (*b < 0x80) {
+    if ((n > 0) && (*b < 0x80)) {
         return 1;
     }
 
@@ -4196,7 +4301,7 @@ pm_encoding_emacs_mule_char_width(const uint8_t *b, ptrdiff_t n) {
 static size_t
 pm_encoding_euc_kr_char_width(const uint8_t *b, ptrdiff_t n) {
     // These are the single byte characters.
-    if (*b < 0x80) {
+    if ((n > 0) && (*b < 0x80)) {
         return 1;
     }
 
@@ -4215,7 +4320,7 @@ pm_encoding_euc_kr_char_width(const uint8_t *b, ptrdiff_t n) {
 static size_t
 pm_encoding_euc_tw_char_width(const uint8_t *b, ptrdiff_t n) {
     // These are the single byte characters.
-    if (*b < 0x80) {
+    if ((n > 0) && (*b < 0x80)) {
         return 1;
     }
 
@@ -4239,7 +4344,7 @@ pm_encoding_euc_tw_char_width(const uint8_t *b, ptrdiff_t n) {
 static size_t
 pm_encoding_gb18030_char_width(const uint8_t *b, ptrdiff_t n) {
     // These are the 1 byte characters.
-    if (*b < 0x80) {
+    if ((n > 0) && (*b < 0x80)) {
         return 1;
     }
 
@@ -4263,7 +4368,7 @@ pm_encoding_gb18030_char_width(const uint8_t *b, ptrdiff_t n) {
 static size_t
 pm_encoding_gbk_char_width(const uint8_t *b, ptrdiff_t n) {
     // These are the single byte characters.
-    if (*b <= 0x80) {
+    if ((n > 0) && (*b <= 0x80)) {
         return 1;
     }
 
diff --git a/prism/extension.c b/prism/extension.c
index 1533ca7bb3..71c2d91b98 100644
--- a/prism/extension.c
+++ b/prism/extension.c
@@ -25,6 +25,7 @@ VALUE rb_cPrismLexResult;
 VALUE rb_cPrismParseLexResult;
 VALUE rb_cPrismStringQuery;
 VALUE rb_cPrismScope;
+VALUE rb_cPrismCurrentVersionError;
 
 VALUE rb_cPrismDebugEncoding;
 
@@ -199,7 +200,12 @@ build_options_i(VALUE key, VALUE value, VALUE argument) {
         if (!NIL_P(value)) {
             const char *version = check_string(value);
 
-            if (!pm_options_version_set(options, version, RSTRING_LEN(value))) {
+            if (RSTRING_LEN(value) == 7 && strncmp(version, "current", 7) == 0) {
+                const char *current_version = RSTRING_PTR(rb_const_get(rb_cObject, rb_intern("RUBY_VERSION")));
+                if (!pm_options_version_set(options, current_version, 3)) {
+                    rb_exc_raise(rb_exc_new_cstr(rb_cPrismCurrentVersionError, current_version));
+                }
+            } else if (!pm_options_version_set(options, version, RSTRING_LEN(value))) {
                 rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "invalid version: %" PRIsVALUE, value);
             }
         }
@@ -888,7 +894,7 @@ parse_input(pm_string_t *input, const pm_options_t *options) {
  *       version of Ruby syntax (which you can trigger with `nil` or
  *       `"latest"`). You may also restrict the syntax to a specific version of
  *       Ruby, e.g., with `"3.3.0"`. To parse with the same syntax version that
- *       the current Ruby is running use `version: RUBY_VERSION`. Raises
+ *       the current Ruby is running use `version: "current"`. Raises
  *       ArgumentError if the version is not currently supported by Prism.
  */
 static VALUE
@@ -994,6 +1000,14 @@ profile_file(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self) {
     return Qnil;
 }
 
+static int
+parse_stream_eof(void *stream) {
+    if (rb_funcall((VALUE) stream, rb_intern("eof?"), 0)) {
+        return 1;
+    }
+    return 0;
+}
+
 /**
  * An implementation of fgets that is suitable for use with Ruby IO objects.
  */
@@ -1034,7 +1048,7 @@ parse_stream(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self) {
     pm_parser_t parser;
     pm_buffer_t buffer;
 
-    pm_node_t *node = pm_parse_stream(&parser, &buffer, (void *) stream, parse_stream_fgets, &options);
+    pm_node_t *node = pm_parse_stream(&parser, &buffer, (void *) stream, parse_stream_fgets, parse_stream_eof, &options);
     rb_encoding *encoding = rb_enc_find(parser.encoding->name);
 
     VALUE source = pm_source_new(&parser, encoding, options.freeze);
@@ -1356,6 +1370,8 @@ Init_prism(void) {
     rb_cPrismStringQuery = rb_define_class_under(rb_cPrism, "StringQuery", rb_cObject);
     rb_cPrismScope = rb_define_class_under(rb_cPrism, "Scope", rb_cObject);
 
+    rb_cPrismCurrentVersionError = rb_const_get(rb_cPrism, rb_intern("CurrentVersionError"));
+
     // Intern all of the IDs eagerly that we support so that we don't have to do
     // it every time we parse.
     rb_id_option_command_line = rb_intern_const("command_line");
diff --git a/prism/extension.h b/prism/extension.h
index 506da2fd6f..510faa48e8 100644
--- a/prism/extension.h
+++ b/prism/extension.h
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 #ifndef PRISM_EXT_NODE_H
 #define PRISM_EXT_NODE_H
 
-#define EXPECTED_PRISM_VERSION "1.4.0"
+#define EXPECTED_PRISM_VERSION "1.8.0"
 
 #include <ruby.h>
 #include <ruby/encoding.h>
diff --git a/prism/options.c b/prism/options.c
index a457178ce8..09d2a65a6c 100644
--- a/prism/options.c
+++ b/prism/options.c
@@ -88,27 +88,37 @@ pm_options_version_set(pm_options_t *options, const char *version, size_t length
             return true;
         }
 
-        if (strncmp(version, "3.5", 3) == 0) {
-            options->version = PM_OPTIONS_VERSION_LATEST;
+        if (strncmp(version, "3.5", 3) == 0 || strncmp(version, "4.0", 3) == 0) {
+            options->version = PM_OPTIONS_VERSION_CRUBY_4_0;
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        if (strncmp(version, "4.1", 3) == 0) {
+            options->version = PM_OPTIONS_VERSION_CRUBY_4_1;
             return true;
         }
 
         return false;
     }
 
-    if (length >= 4) {
-        if (strncmp(version, "3.3.", 4) == 0 && is_number(version + 4, length - 4)) {
+    if (length >= 4 && is_number(version + 4, length - 4)) {
+        if (strncmp(version, "3.3.", 4) == 0) {
             options->version = PM_OPTIONS_VERSION_CRUBY_3_3;
             return true;
         }
 
-        if (strncmp(version, "3.4.", 4) == 0 && is_number(version + 4, length - 4)) {
+        if (strncmp(version, "3.4.", 4) == 0) {
             options->version = PM_OPTIONS_VERSION_CRUBY_3_4;
             return true;
         }
 
-        if (strncmp(version, "3.5.", 4) == 0 && is_number(version + 4, length - 4)) {
-            options->version = PM_OPTIONS_VERSION_LATEST;
+        if (strncmp(version, "3.5.", 4) == 0 || strncmp(version, "4.0.", 4) == 0) {
+            options->version = PM_OPTIONS_VERSION_CRUBY_4_0;
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        if (strncmp(version, "4.1.", 4) == 0) {
+            options->version = PM_OPTIONS_VERSION_CRUBY_4_1;
             return true;
         }
     }
diff --git a/prism/options.h b/prism/options.h
index 2f64701b0c..c00c7bf755 100644
--- a/prism/options.h
+++ b/prism/options.h
@@ -82,14 +82,26 @@ typedef void (*pm_options_shebang_callback_t)(struct pm_options *options, const
  * parse in the same way as a specific version of CRuby would have.
  */
 typedef enum {
-    /** The current version of prism. */
-    PM_OPTIONS_VERSION_LATEST = 0,
+    /** If an explicit version is not provided, the current version of prism will be used. */
+    PM_OPTIONS_VERSION_UNSET = 0,
 
     /** The vendored version of prism in CRuby 3.3.x. */
     PM_OPTIONS_VERSION_CRUBY_3_3 = 1,
 
     /** The vendored version of prism in CRuby 3.4.x. */
-    PM_OPTIONS_VERSION_CRUBY_3_4 = 2
+    PM_OPTIONS_VERSION_CRUBY_3_4 = 2,
+
+    /** The vendored version of prism in CRuby 4.0.x. */
+    PM_OPTIONS_VERSION_CRUBY_3_5 = 3,
+
+    /** The vendored version of prism in CRuby 4.0.x. */
+    PM_OPTIONS_VERSION_CRUBY_4_0 = 3,
+
+    /** The vendored version of prism in CRuby 4.1.x. */
+    PM_OPTIONS_VERSION_CRUBY_4_1 = 4,
+
+    /** The current version of prism. */
+    PM_OPTIONS_VERSION_LATEST = PM_OPTIONS_VERSION_CRUBY_4_1
 } pm_options_version_t;
 
 /**
@@ -231,6 +243,8 @@ static const uint8_t PM_OPTIONS_COMMAND_LINE_X = 0x20;
  * @param shebang_callback The shebang callback to set.
  * @param shebang_callback_data Any additional data that should be passed along
  *   to the callback.
+ *
+ * \public \memberof pm_options
  */
 PRISM_EXPORTED_FUNCTION void pm_options_shebang_callback_set(pm_options_t *options, pm_options_shebang_callback_t shebang_callback, void *shebang_callback_data);
 
@@ -239,6 +253,8 @@ PRISM_EXPORTED_FUNCTION void pm_options_shebang_callback_set(pm_options_t *optio
  *
  * @param options The options struct to set the filepath on.
  * @param filepath The filepath to set.
+ *
+ * \public \memberof pm_options
  */
 PRISM_EXPORTED_FUNCTION void pm_options_filepath_set(pm_options_t *options, const char *filepath);
 
@@ -247,6 +263,8 @@ PRISM_EXPORTED_FUNCTION void pm_options_filepath_set(pm_options_t *options, cons
  *
  * @param options The options struct to set the line on.
  * @param line The line to set.
+ *
+ * \public \memberof pm_options
  */
 PRISM_EXPORTED_FUNCTION void pm_options_line_set(pm_options_t *options, int32_t line);
 
@@ -255,6 +273,8 @@ PRISM_EXPORTED_FUNCTION void pm_options_line_set(pm_options_t *options, int32_t
  *
  * @param options The options struct to set the encoding on.
  * @param encoding The encoding to set.
+ *
+ * \public \memberof pm_options
  */
 PRISM_EXPORTED_FUNCTION void pm_options_encoding_set(pm_options_t *options, const char *encoding);
 
@@ -263,6 +283,8 @@ PRISM_EXPORTED_FUNCTION void pm_options_encoding_set(pm_options_t *options, cons
  *
  * @param options The options struct to set the encoding_locked value on.
  * @param encoding_locked The encoding_locked value to set.
+ *
+ * \public \memberof pm_options
  */
 PRISM_EXPORTED_FUNCTION void pm_options_encoding_locked_set(pm_options_t *options, bool encoding_locked);
 
@@ -271,6 +293,8 @@ PRISM_EXPORTED_FUNCTION void pm_options_encoding_locked_set(pm_options_t *option
  *
  * @param options The options struct to set the frozen string literal value on.
  * @param frozen_string_literal The frozen string literal value to set.
+ *
+ * \public \memberof pm_options
  */
 PRISM_EXPORTED_FUNCTION void pm_options_frozen_string_literal_set(pm_options_t *options, bool frozen_string_literal);
 
@@ -279,6 +303,8 @@ PRISM_EXPORTED_FUNCTION void pm_options_frozen_string_literal_set(pm_options_t *
  *
  * @param options The options struct to set the command line option on.
  * @param command_line The command_line value to set.
+ *
+ * \public \memberof pm_options
  */
 PRISM_EXPORTED_FUNCTION void pm_options_command_line_set(pm_options_t *options, uint8_t command_line);
 
@@ -291,6 +317,8 @@ PRISM_EXPORTED_FUNCTION void pm_options_command_line_set(pm_options_t *options,
  * @param version The version to set.
  * @param length The length of the version string.
  * @return Whether or not the version was parsed successfully.
+ *
+ * \public \memberof pm_options
  */
 PRISM_EXPORTED_FUNCTION bool pm_options_version_set(pm_options_t *options, const char *version, size_t length);
 
@@ -299,6 +327,8 @@ PRISM_EXPORTED_FUNCTION bool pm_options_version_set(pm_options_t *options, const
  *
  * @param options The options struct to set the main script value on.
  * @param main_script The main script value to set.
+ *
+ * \public \memberof pm_options
  */
 PRISM_EXPORTED_FUNCTION void pm_options_main_script_set(pm_options_t *options, bool main_script);
 
@@ -307,6 +337,8 @@ PRISM_EXPORTED_FUNCTION void pm_options_main_script_set(pm_options_t *options, b
  *
  * @param options The options struct to set the partial script value on.
  * @param partial_script The partial script value to set.
+ *
+ * \public \memberof pm_options
  */
 PRISM_EXPORTED_FUNCTION void pm_options_partial_script_set(pm_options_t *options, bool partial_script);
 
@@ -315,6 +347,8 @@ PRISM_EXPORTED_FUNCTION void pm_options_partial_script_set(pm_options_t *options
  *
  * @param options The options struct to set the freeze value on.
  * @param freeze The freeze value to set.
+ *
+ * \public \memberof pm_options
  */
 PRISM_EXPORTED_FUNCTION void pm_options_freeze_set(pm_options_t *options, bool freeze);
 
@@ -324,6 +358,8 @@ PRISM_EXPORTED_FUNCTION void pm_options_freeze_set(pm_options_t *options, bool f
  * @param options The options struct to initialize the scopes array on.
  * @param scopes_count The number of scopes to allocate.
  * @return Whether or not the scopes array was initialized successfully.
+ *
+ * \public \memberof pm_options
  */
 PRISM_EXPORTED_FUNCTION bool pm_options_scopes_init(pm_options_t *options, size_t scopes_count);
 
@@ -333,6 +369,8 @@ PRISM_EXPORTED_FUNCTION bool pm_options_scopes_init(pm_options_t *options, size_
  * @param options The options struct to get the scope from.
  * @param index The index of the scope to get.
  * @return A pointer to the scope at the given index.
+ *
+ * \public \memberof pm_options
  */
 PRISM_EXPORTED_FUNCTION const pm_options_scope_t * pm_options_scope_get(const pm_options_t *options, size_t index);
 
@@ -343,6 +381,8 @@ PRISM_EXPORTED_FUNCTION const pm_options_scope_t * pm_options_scope_get(const pm
  * @param scope The scope struct to initialize.
  * @param locals_count The number of locals to allocate.
  * @return Whether or not the scope was initialized successfully.
+ *
+ * \public \memberof pm_options
  */
 PRISM_EXPORTED_FUNCTION bool pm_options_scope_init(pm_options_scope_t *scope, size_t locals_count);
 
@@ -352,6 +392,8 @@ PRISM_EXPORTED_FUNCTION bool pm_options_scope_init(pm_options_scope_t *scope, si
  * @param scope The scope struct to get the local from.
  * @param index The index of the local to get.
  * @return A pointer to the local at the given index.
+ *
+ * \public \memberof pm_options
  */
 PRISM_EXPORTED_FUNCTION const pm_string_t * pm_options_scope_local_get(const pm_options_scope_t *scope, size_t index);
 
@@ -360,6 +402,8 @@ PRISM_EXPORTED_FUNCTION const pm_string_t * pm_options_scope_local_get(const pm_
  *
  * @param scope The scope struct to set the forwarding on.
  * @param forwarding The forwarding value to set.
+ *
+ * \public \memberof pm_options
  */
 PRISM_EXPORTED_FUNCTION void pm_options_scope_forwarding_set(pm_options_scope_t *scope, uint8_t forwarding);
 
@@ -367,6 +411,8 @@ PRISM_EXPORTED_FUNCTION void pm_options_scope_forwarding_set(pm_options_scope_t
  * Free the internal memory associated with the options.
  *
  * @param options The options struct whose internal memory should be freed.
+ *
+ * \public \memberof pm_options
  */
 PRISM_EXPORTED_FUNCTION void pm_options_free(pm_options_t *options);
 
diff --git a/prism/parser.h b/prism/parser.h
index 992729d655..95d7aac710 100644
--- a/prism/parser.h
+++ b/prism/parser.h
@@ -299,6 +299,9 @@ typedef enum {
     /** a rescue else statement within a do..end block */
     PM_CONTEXT_BLOCK_ELSE,
 
+    /** expressions in block parameters `foo do |...| end ` */
+    PM_CONTEXT_BLOCK_PARAMETERS,
+
     /** a rescue statement within a do..end block */
     PM_CONTEXT_BLOCK_RESCUE,
 
diff --git a/prism/prism.c b/prism/prism.c
index cc634b59e3..b158e505b2 100644
--- a/prism/prism.c
+++ b/prism/prism.c
@@ -19,6 +19,24 @@ pm_version(void) {
 #define MAX(a,b) (((a)>(b))?(a):(b))
 
 /******************************************************************************/
+/* Helpful AST-related macros                                                */
+/******************************************************************************/
+
+#define FL PM_NODE_FLAGS
+#define UP PM_NODE_UPCAST
+
+#define PM_TOKEN_START(token_) ((token_)->start)
+#define PM_TOKEN_END(token_) ((token_)->end)
+
+#define PM_NODE_START(node_) (UP(node_)->location.start)
+#define PM_NODE_END(node_) (UP(node_)->location.end)
+
+#define PM_LOCATION_NULL_VALUE(parser_) ((pm_location_t) { .start = (parser_)->start, .end = (parser_)->start })
+#define PM_LOCATION_TOKEN_VALUE(token_) ((pm_location_t) { .start = PM_TOKEN_START(token_), .end = PM_TOKEN_END(token_) })
+#define PM_LOCATION_NODE_VALUE(node_) ((pm_location_t) { .start = PM_NODE_START(node_), .end = PM_NODE_END(node_) })
+#define PM_OPTIONAL_LOCATION_TOKEN_VALUE(token) ((token)->type == PM_TOKEN_NOT_PROVIDED ? ((pm_location_t) { 0 }) : PM_LOCATION_TOKEN_VALUE(token))
+
+/******************************************************************************/
 /* Lex mode manipulations                                                     */
 /******************************************************************************/
 
@@ -1049,25 +1067,25 @@ pm_check_value_expression(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_node_t *node) {
 
                 if (cast->ensure_clause != NULL) {
                     if (cast->rescue_clause != NULL) {
-                        pm_node_t *vn = pm_check_value_expression(parser, (pm_node_t *) cast->rescue_clause);
+                        pm_node_t *vn = pm_check_value_expression(parser, UP(cast->rescue_clause));
                         if (vn != NULL) return vn;
                     }
 
                     if (cast->statements != NULL) {
-                        pm_node_t *vn = pm_check_value_expression(parser, (pm_node_t *) cast->statements);
+                        pm_node_t *vn = pm_check_value_expression(parser, UP(cast->statements));
                         if (vn != NULL) return vn;
                     }
 
-                    node = (pm_node_t *) cast->ensure_clause;
+                    node = UP(cast->ensure_clause);
                 } else if (cast->rescue_clause != NULL) {
                     if (cast->statements == NULL) return NULL;
 
-                    pm_node_t *vn = pm_check_value_expression(parser, (pm_node_t *) cast->statements);
+                    pm_node_t *vn = pm_check_value_expression(parser, UP(cast->statements));
                     if (vn == NULL) return NULL;
                     if (void_node == NULL) void_node = vn;
 
                     for (pm_rescue_node_t *rescue_clause = cast->rescue_clause; rescue_clause != NULL; rescue_clause = rescue_clause->subsequent) {
-                        pm_node_t *vn = pm_check_value_expression(parser, (pm_node_t *) rescue_clause->statements);
+                        pm_node_t *vn = pm_check_value_expression(parser, UP(rescue_clause->statements));
                         if (vn == NULL) {
                             void_node = NULL;
                             break;
@@ -1078,24 +1096,24 @@ pm_check_value_expression(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_node_t *node) {
                     }
 
                     if (cast->else_clause != NULL) {
-                        node = (pm_node_t *) cast->else_clause;
+                        node = UP(cast->else_clause);
                     } else {
                         return void_node;
                     }
                 } else {
-                    node = (pm_node_t *) cast->statements;
+                    node = UP(cast->statements);
                 }
 
                 break;
             }
             case PM_ENSURE_NODE: {
                 pm_ensure_node_t *cast = (pm_ensure_node_t *) node;
-                node = (pm_node_t *) cast->statements;
+                node = UP(cast->statements);
                 break;
             }
             case PM_PARENTHESES_NODE: {
                 pm_parentheses_node_t *cast = (pm_parentheses_node_t *) node;
-                node = (pm_node_t *) cast->body;
+                node = UP(cast->body);
                 break;
             }
             case PM_STATEMENTS_NODE: {
@@ -1108,7 +1126,7 @@ pm_check_value_expression(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_node_t *node) {
                 if (cast->statements == NULL || cast->subsequent == NULL) {
                     return NULL;
                 }
-                pm_node_t *vn = pm_check_value_expression(parser, (pm_node_t *) cast->statements);
+                pm_node_t *vn = pm_check_value_expression(parser, UP(cast->statements));
                 if (vn == NULL) {
                     return NULL;
                 }
@@ -1123,19 +1141,19 @@ pm_check_value_expression(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_node_t *node) {
                 if (cast->statements == NULL || cast->else_clause == NULL) {
                     return NULL;
                 }
-                pm_node_t *vn = pm_check_value_expression(parser, (pm_node_t *) cast->statements);
+                pm_node_t *vn = pm_check_value_expression(parser, UP(cast->statements));
                 if (vn == NULL) {
                     return NULL;
                 }
                 if (void_node == NULL) {
                     void_node = vn;
                 }
-                node = (pm_node_t *) cast->else_clause;
+                node = UP(cast->else_clause);
                 break;
             }
             case PM_ELSE_NODE: {
                 pm_else_node_t *cast = (pm_else_node_t *) node;
-                node = (pm_node_t *) cast->statements;
+                node = UP(cast->statements);
                 break;
             }
             case PM_AND_NODE: {
@@ -1409,7 +1427,7 @@ pm_conditional_predicate_warn_write_literal_p(const pm_node_t *node) {
 static inline void
 pm_conditional_predicate_warn_write_literal(pm_parser_t *parser, const pm_node_t *node) {
     if (pm_conditional_predicate_warn_write_literal_p(node)) {
-        pm_parser_warn_node(parser, node, parser->version == PM_OPTIONS_VERSION_CRUBY_3_3 ? PM_WARN_EQUAL_IN_CONDITIONAL_3_3 : PM_WARN_EQUAL_IN_CONDITIONAL);
+        pm_parser_warn_node(parser, node, parser->version <= PM_OPTIONS_VERSION_CRUBY_3_3 ? PM_WARN_EQUAL_IN_CONDITIONAL_3_3 : PM_WARN_EQUAL_IN_CONDITIONAL);
     }
 }
 
@@ -1559,13 +1577,6 @@ not_provided(pm_parser_t *parser) {
     return (pm_token_t) { .type = PM_TOKEN_NOT_PROVIDED, .start = parser->start, .end = parser->start };
 }
 
-#define PM_LOCATION_NULL_VALUE(parser) ((pm_location_t) { .start = (parser)->start, .end = (parser)->start })
-#define PM_LOCATION_TOKEN_VALUE(token) ((pm_location_t) { .start = (token)->start, .end = (token)->end })
-#define PM_LOCATION_NODE_VALUE(node) ((pm_location_t) { .start = (node)->location.start, .end = (node)->location.end })
-#define PM_LOCATION_NODE_BASE_VALUE(node) ((pm_location_t) { .start = (node)->base.location.start, .end = (node)->base.location.end })
-#define PM_OPTIONAL_LOCATION_NOT_PROVIDED_VALUE ((pm_location_t) { .start = NULL, .end = NULL })
-#define PM_OPTIONAL_LOCATION_TOKEN_VALUE(token) ((token)->type == PM_TOKEN_NOT_PROVIDED ? PM_OPTIONAL_LOCATION_NOT_PROVIDED_VALUE : PM_LOCATION_TOKEN_VALUE(token))
-
 /**
  * This is a special out parameter to the parse_arguments_list function that
  * includes opening and closing parentheses in addition to the arguments since
@@ -1635,7 +1646,7 @@ pm_arguments_validate_block(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_arguments_t *arguments, pm_b
 
     // If we didn't hit a case before this check, then at this point we need to
     // add a syntax error.
-    pm_parser_err_node(parser, (pm_node_t *) block, PM_ERR_ARGUMENT_UNEXPECTED_BLOCK);
+    pm_parser_err_node(parser, UP(block), PM_ERR_ARGUMENT_UNEXPECTED_BLOCK);
 }
 
 /******************************************************************************/
@@ -1928,8 +1939,23 @@ pm_node_alloc(PRISM_ATTRIBUTE_UNUSED pm_parser_t *parser, size_t size) {
     return memory;
 }
 
-#define PM_NODE_ALLOC(parser, type) (type *) pm_node_alloc(parser, sizeof(type))
-#define PM_NODE_IDENTIFY(parser) (++parser->node_id)
+#define PM_NODE_ALLOC(parser_, type_) (type_ *) pm_node_alloc(parser_, sizeof(type_))
+#define PM_NODE_INIT(parser_, type_, flags_, start_, end_) (pm_node_t) { \
+    .type = (type_), \
+    .flags = (flags_), \
+    .node_id = ++(parser_)->node_id, \
+    .location = { .start = (start_), .end = (end_) } \
+}
+
+#define PM_NODE_INIT_UNSET(parser_, type_, flags_) PM_NODE_INIT(parser_, type_, flags_, NULL, NULL)
+#define PM_NODE_INIT_BASE(parser_, type_, flags_) PM_NODE_INIT(parser_, type_, flags_, (parser_)->start, (parser_)->start)
+#define PM_NODE_INIT_TOKEN(parser_, type_, flags_, token_) PM_NODE_INIT(parser_, type_, flags_, PM_TOKEN_START(token_), PM_TOKEN_END(token_))
+#define PM_NODE_INIT_NODE(parser_, type_, flags_, node_) PM_NODE_INIT(parser_, type_, flags_, PM_NODE_START(node_), PM_NODE_END(node_))
+
+#define PM_NODE_INIT_TOKENS(parser_, type_, flags_, left_, right_) PM_NODE_INIT(parser_, type_, flags_, PM_TOKEN_START(left_), PM_TOKEN_END(right_))
+#define PM_NODE_INIT_NODES(parser_, type_, flags_, left_, right_) PM_NODE_INIT(parser_, type_, flags_, PM_NODE_START(left_), PM_NODE_END(right_))
+#define PM_NODE_INIT_TOKEN_NODE(parser_, type_, flags_, token_, node_) PM_NODE_INIT(parser_, type_, flags_, PM_TOKEN_START(token_), PM_NODE_END(node_))
+#define PM_NODE_INIT_NODE_TOKEN(parser_, type_, flags_, node_, token_) PM_NODE_INIT(parser_, type_, flags_, PM_NODE_START(node_), PM_TOKEN_END(token_))
 
 /**
  * Allocate a new MissingNode node.
@@ -1938,11 +1964,9 @@ static pm_missing_node_t *
 pm_missing_node_create(pm_parser_t *parser, const uint8_t *start, const uint8_t *end) {
     pm_missing_node_t *node = PM_NODE_ALLOC(parser, pm_missing_node_t);
 
-    *node = (pm_missing_node_t) {{
-        .type = PM_MISSING_NODE,
-        .node_id = PM_NODE_IDENTIFY(parser),
-        .location = { .start = start, .end = end }
-    }};
+    *node = (pm_missing_node_t) {
+        .base = PM_NODE_INIT(parser, PM_MISSING_NODE, 0, start, end)
+    };
 
     return node;
 }
@@ -1956,14 +1980,7 @@ pm_alias_global_variable_node_create(pm_parser_t *parser, const pm_token_t *keyw
     pm_alias_global_variable_node_t *node = PM_NODE_ALLOC(parser, pm_alias_global_variable_node_t);
 
     *node = (pm_alias_global_variable_node_t) {
-        {
-            .type = PM_ALIAS_GLOBAL_VARIABLE_NODE,
-            .node_id = PM_NODE_IDENTIFY(parser),
-            .location = {
-                .start = keyword->start,
-                .end = old_name->location.end
-            },
-        },
+        .base = PM_NODE_INIT_TOKEN_NODE(parser, PM_ALIAS_GLOBAL_VARIABLE_NODE, 0, keyword, old_name),
         .new_name = new_name,
         .old_name = old_name,
         .keyword_loc = PM_LOCATION_TOKEN_VALUE(keyword)
@@ -1981,14 +1998,7 @@ pm_alias_method_node_create(pm_parser_t *parser, const pm_token_t *keyword, pm_n
     pm_alias_method_node_t *node = PM_NODE_ALLOC(parser, pm_alias_method_node_t);
 
     *node = (pm_alias_method_node_t) {
-        {
-            .type = PM_ALIAS_METHOD_NODE,
-            .node_id = PM_NODE_IDENTIFY(parser),
-            .location = {
-                .start = keyword->start,
-                .end = old_name->location.end
-            },
-        },
+        .base = PM_NODE_INIT_TOKEN_NODE(parser, PM_ALIAS_METHOD_NODE, 0, keyword, old_name),
         .new_name = new_name,
         .old_name = old_name,
         .keyword_loc = PM_LOCATION_TOKEN_VALUE(keyword)
@@ -2005,14 +2015,7 @@ pm_alternation_pattern_node_create(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_node_t *left, pm_node
     pm_alternation_pattern_node_t *node = PM_NODE_ALLOC(parser, pm_alternation_pattern_node_t);
 
     *node = (pm_alternation_pattern_node_t) {
-        {
-            .type = PM_ALTERNATION_PATTERN_NODE,
-            .node_id = PM_NODE_IDENTIFY(parser),
-            .location = {
-                .start = left->location.start,
-                .end = right->location.end
-            },
-        },
+        .base = PM_NODE_INIT_NODES(parser, PM_ALTERNATION_PATTERN_NODE, 0, left, right),
         .left = left,
         .right = right,
         .operator_loc = PM_LOCATION_TOKEN_VALUE(operator)
@@ -2031,14 +2034,7 @@ pm_and_node_create(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_node_t *left, const pm_token_t *opera
     pm_and_node_t *node = PM_NODE_ALLOC(parser, pm_and_node_t);
 
     *node = (pm_and_node_t) {
-        {
-            .type = PM_AND_NODE,
-            .node_id = PM_NODE_IDENTIFY(parser),
-            .location = {
-                .start = left->location.start,
-                .end = right->location.end
-            },
-        },
+        .base = PM_NODE_INIT_NODES(parser, PM_AND_NODE, 0, left, right),
         .left = left,
         .operator_loc = PM_LOCATION_TOKEN_VALUE(operator),
         .right = right
@@ -2055,11 +2051,7 @@ pm_arguments_node_create(pm_parser_t *parser) {
     pm_arguments_node_t *node = PM_NODE_ALLOC(parser, pm_arguments_node_t);
 
     *node = (pm_arguments_node_t) {
-        {
-            .type = PM_ARGUMENTS_NODE,
-            .node_id = PM_NODE_IDENTIFY(parser),
-            .location = PM_LOCATION_NULL_VALUE(parser)
-        },
+        .base = PM_NODE_INIT_BASE(parser, PM_ARGUMENTS_NODE, 0),
         .arguments = { 0 }
     };
 
@@ -2083,14 +2075,17 @@ pm_arguments_node_arguments_append(pm_arguments_node_t *node, pm_node_t *argumen
         node->base.location.start = argument->location.start;
     }
 
-    node->base.location.end = argument->location.end;
+    if (node->base.location.end < argument->location.end) {
+        node->base.location.end = argument->location.end;
+    }
+
     pm_node_list_append(&node->arguments, argument);
 
     if (PM_NODE_TYPE_P(argument, PM_SPLAT_NODE)) {
         if (PM_NODE_FLAG_P(node, PM_ARGUMENTS_NODE_FLAGS_CONTAINS_SPLAT)) {
-            pm_node_flag_set((pm_node_t *) node, PM_ARGUMENTS_NODE_FLAGS_CONTAINS_MULTIPLE_SPLATS);
+            pm_node_flag_set(UP(node), PM_ARGUMENTS_NODE_FLAGS_CONTAINS_MULTIPLE_SPLATS);
         } else {
-            pm_node_flag_set((pm_node_t *) node, PM_ARGUMENTS_NODE_FLAGS_CONTAINS_SPLAT);
+            pm_node_flag_set(UP(node), PM_ARGUMENTS_NODE_FLAGS_CONTAINS_SPLAT);
         }
     }
 }
@@ -2103,12 +2098,7 @@ pm_array_node_create(pm_parser_t *parser, const pm_token_t *opening) {
     pm_array_node_t *node = PM_NODE_ALLOC(parser, pm_array_node_t);
 
     *node = (pm_array_node_t) {
-        {
-            .type = PM_ARRAY_NODE,
-            .flags = PM_NODE_FLAG_STATIC_LITERAL,
-            .node_id = PM_NODE_IDENTIFY(parser),
-            .location = PM_LOCATION_TOKEN_VALUE(opening)
-        },
+        .base = PM_NODE_INIT_TOKEN(parser, PM_ARRAY_NODE, PM_NODE_FLAG_STATIC_LITERAL, opening),
         .opening_loc = PM_OPTIONAL_LOCATION_TOKEN_VALUE(opening),
         .closing_loc = PM_OPTIONAL_LOCATION_TOKEN_VALUE(opening),
         .elements = { 0 }
@@ -2132,11 +2122,11 @@ pm_array_node_elements_append(pm_array_node_t *node, pm_node_t *element) {
     // If the element is not a static literal, then the array is not a static
     // literal. Turn that flag off.
     if (PM_NODE_TYPE_P(element, PM_ARRAY_NODE) || PM_NODE_TYPE_P(element, PM_HASH_NODE) || PM_NODE_TYPE_P(element, PM_RANGE_NODE) || !PM_NODE_FLAG_P(element, PM_NODE_FLAG_STATIC_LITERAL)) {
-        pm_node_flag_unset((pm_node_t *)node, PM_NODE_FLAG_STATIC_LITERAL);
+        pm_node_flag_unset(UP(node), PM_NODE_FLAG_STATIC_LITERAL);
     }
 
     if (PM_NODE_TYPE_P(element, PM_SPLAT_NODE)) {
-        pm_node_flag_set((pm_node_t *)node, PM_ARRAY_NODE_FLAGS_CONTAINS_SPLAT);
+        pm_node_flag_set(UP(node), PM_ARRAY_NODE_FLAGS_CONTAINS_SPLAT);
     }
 }
 
@@ -2159,20 +2149,13 @@ pm_array_pattern_node_node_list_create(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_node_list_t *node
     pm_array_pattern_node_t *node = PM_NODE_ALLOC(parser, pm_array_pattern_node_t);
 
     *node = (pm_array_pattern_node_t) {
-        {
-            .type = PM_ARRAY_PATTERN_NODE,
-            .node_id = PM_NODE_IDENTIFY(parser),
-            .location = {
-                .start = nodes->nodes[0]->location.start,
-                .end = nodes->nodes[nodes->size - 1]->location.end
-            },
-        },
+        .base = PM_NODE_INIT_NODES(parser, PM_ARRAY_PATTERN_NODE, 0, nodes->nodes[0], nodes->nodes[nodes->size - 1]),
         .constant = NULL,
         .rest = NULL,
         .requireds = { 0 },
         .posts = { 0 },
-        .opening_loc = PM_OPTIONAL_LOCATION_NOT_PROVIDED_VALUE,
-        .closing_loc = PM_OPTIONAL_LOCATION_NOT_PROVIDED_VALUE
+        .opening_loc = { 0 },
+        .closing_loc = { 0 }
     };
 
     // For now we're going to just copy over each pointer manually. This could be
@@ -2202,17 +2185,13 @@ pm_array_pattern_node_rest_create(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_node_t *rest) {
     pm_array_pattern_node_t *node = PM_NODE_ALLOC(parser, pm_array_pattern_node_t);
 
     *node = (pm_array_pattern_node_t) {
-        {
-            .type = PM_ARRAY_PATTERN_NODE,
-            .node_id = PM_NODE_IDENTIFY(parser),
-            .location = rest->location,
-        },
+        .base = PM_NODE_INIT_NODE(parser, PM_ARRAY_PATTERN_NODE, 0, rest),
         .constant = NULL,
         .rest = rest,
         .requireds = { 0 },
         .posts = { 0 },
-        .opening_loc = PM_OPTIONAL_LOCATION_NOT_PROVIDED_VALUE,
-        .closing_loc = PM_OPTIONAL_LOCATION_NOT_PROVIDED_VALUE
+        .opening_loc = { 0 },
+        .closing_loc = { 0 }
     };
 
     return node;
@@ -2227,14 +2206,7 @@ pm_array_pattern_node_constant_create(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_node_t *constant,
     pm_array_pattern_node_t *node = PM_NODE_ALLOC(parser, pm_array_pattern_node_t);
 
     *node = (pm_array_pattern_node_t) {
-        {
-            .type = PM_ARRAY_PATTERN_NODE,
-            .node_id = PM_NODE_IDENTIFY(parser),
-            .location = {
-                .start = constant->location.start,
-                .end = closing->end
-            },
-        },
+        .base = PM_NODE_INIT_NODE_TOKEN(parser, PM_ARRAY_PATTERN_NODE, 0, constant, closing),
         .constant = constant,
         .rest = NULL,
         .opening_loc = PM_LOCATION_TOKEN_VALUE(opening),
@@ -2255,14 +2227,7 @@ pm_array_pattern_node_empty_create(pm_parser_t *parser, const pm_token_t *openin
     pm_array_pattern_node_t *node = PM_NODE_ALLOC(parser, pm_array_pattern_node_t);
 
     *node = (pm_array_pattern_node_t) {
-        {
-            .type = PM_ARRAY_PATTERN_NODE,
-            .node_id = PM_NODE_IDENTIFY(parser),
-            .location = {
-                .start = opening->start,
-                .end = closing->end
-            },
-        },
+        .base = PM_NODE_INIT_TOKENS(parser, PM_ARRAY_PATTERN_NODE, 0, opening, closing),
         .constant = NULL,
         .rest = NULL,
         .opening_loc = PM_LOCATION_TOKEN_VALUE(opening),
@@ -2313,15 +2278,7 @@ pm_assoc_node_create(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_node_t *key, const pm_token_t *oper
     }
 
     *node = (pm_assoc_node_t) {
-        {
-            .type = PM_ASSOC_NODE,
-            .flags = flags,
-            .node_id = PM_NODE_IDENTIFY(parser),
-            .location = {
-                .start = key->location.start,
-                .end = end
-            },
-        },
+        .base = PM_NODE_INIT(parser, PM_ASSOC_NODE, flags, key->location.start, end),
         .key = key,
         .operator_loc = PM_OPTIONAL_LOCATION_TOKEN_VALUE(operator),
         .value = value
@@ -2339,14 +2296,11 @@ pm_assoc_splat_node_create(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_node_t *value, const pm_token
     pm_assoc_splat_node_t *node = PM_NODE_ALLOC(parser, pm_assoc_splat_node_t);
 
     *node = (pm_assoc_splat_node_t) {
-        {
-            .type = PM_ASSOC_SPLAT_NODE,
-            .node_id = PM_NODE_IDENTIFY(parser),
-            .location = {
-                .start = operator->start,
-                .end = value == NULL ? operator->end : value->location.end
-            },
-        },
+        .base = (
+            (value == NULL)
+            ? PM_NODE_INIT_TOKEN(parser, PM_ASSOC_SPLAT_NODE, 0, operator)
+            : PM_NODE_INIT_TOKEN_NODE(parser, PM_ASSOC_SPLAT_NODE, 0, operator, value)
+        ),
         .value = value,
         .operator_loc = PM_LOCATION_TOKEN_VALUE(operator)
     };
@@ -2363,11 +2317,7 @@ pm_back_reference_read_node_create(pm_parser_t *parser, const pm_token_t *name)
     pm_back_reference_read_node_t *node = PM_NODE_ALLOC(parser, pm_back_reference_read_node_t);
 
     *node = (pm_back_reference_read_node_t) {
-        {
-            .type = PM_BACK_REFERENCE_READ_NODE,
-            .node_id = PM_NODE_IDENTIFY(parser),
-            .location = PM_LOCATION_TOKEN_VALUE(name),
-        },
+        .base = PM_NODE_INIT_TOKEN(parser, PM_BACK_REFERENCE_READ_NODE, 0, name),
         .name = pm_parser_constant_id_token(parser, name)
     };
 
@@ -2382,17 +2332,14 @@ pm_begin_node_create(pm_parser_t *parser, const pm_token_t *begin_keyword, pm_st
     pm_begin_node_t *node = PM_NODE_ALLOC(parser, pm_begin_node_t);
 
     *node = (pm_begin_node_t) {
-        {
-            .type = PM_BEGIN_NODE,
-            .node_id = PM_NODE_IDENTIFY(parser),
-            .location = {
-                .start = begin_keyword->start,
-                .end = statements == NULL ? begin_keyword->end : statements->base.location.end
-            },
-        },
+        .base = (
+            (statements == NULL)
+            ? PM_NODE_INIT_TOKEN(parser, PM_BEGIN_NODE, 0, begin_keyword)
+            : PM_NODE_INIT_TOKEN_NODE(parser, PM_BEGIN_NODE, 0, begin_keyword, statements)
+        ),
         .begin_keyword_loc = PM_OPTIONAL_LOCATION_TOKEN_VALUE(begin_keyword),
         .statements = statements,
-        .end_keyword_loc = PM_OPTIONAL_LOCATION_NOT_PROVIDED_VALUE
+        .end_keyword_loc = { 0 }
     };
 
     return node;
@@ -2448,14 +2395,11 @@ pm_block_argument_node_create(pm_parser_t *parser, const pm_token_t *operator, p
     pm_block_argument_node_t *node = PM_NODE_ALLOC(parser, pm_block_argument_node_t);
 
     *node = (pm_block_argument_node_t) {
-        {
-            .type = PM_BLOCK_ARGUMENT_NODE,
-            .node_id = PM_NODE_IDENTIFY(parser),
-            .location = {
-                .start = operator->start,
-                .end = expression == NULL ? operator->end : expression->location.end
-            },
-        },
+        .base = (
+            (expression == NULL)
+            ? PM_NODE_INIT_TOKEN(parser, PM_BLOCK_ARGUMENT_NODE, 0, operator)
+            : PM_NODE_INIT_TOKEN_NODE(parser, PM_BLOCK_ARGUMENT_NODE, 0, operator, expression)
+        ),
         .expression = expression,
         .operator_loc = PM_LOCATION_TOKEN_VALUE(operator)
     };
@@ -2471,11 +2415,7 @@ pm_block_node_create(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_constant_id_list_t *locals, const p
     pm_block_node_t *node = PM_NODE_ALLOC(parser, pm_block_node_t);
 
     *node = (pm_block_node_t) {
-        {
-            .type = PM_BLOCK_NODE,
-            .node_id = PM_NODE_IDENTIFY(parser),
-            .location = { .start = opening->start, .end = closing->end },
-        },
+        .base = PM_NODE_INIT_TOKENS(parser, PM_BLOCK_NODE, 0, opening, closing),
         .locals = *locals,
         .parameters = parameters,
         .body = body,
@@ -2495,14 +2435,11 @@ pm_block_parameter_node_create(pm_parser_t *parser, const pm_token_t *name, cons
     pm_block_parameter_node_t *node = PM_NODE_ALLOC(parser, pm_block_parameter_node_t);
 
     *node = (pm_block_parameter_node_t) {
-        {
-            .type = PM_BLOCK_PARAMETER_NODE,
-            .node_id = PM_NODE_IDENTIFY(parser),
-            .location = {
-                .start = operator->start,
-                .end = (name->type == PM_TOKEN_NOT_PROVIDED ? operator->end : name->end)
-            },
-        },
+        .base = (
+            (name->type == PM_TOKEN_NOT_PROVIDED)
+            ? PM_NODE_INIT_TOKEN(parser, PM_BLOCK_PARAMETER_NODE, 0, operator)
+            : PM_NODE_INIT_TOKENS(parser, PM_BLOCK_PARAMETER_NODE, 0, operator, name)
+        ),
         .name = pm_parser_optional_constant_id_token(parser, name),
         .name_loc = PM_OPTIONAL_LOCATION_TOKEN_VALUE(name),
         .operator_loc = PM_LOCATION_TOKEN_VALUE(operator)
@@ -2537,17 +2474,10 @@ pm_block_parameters_node_create(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_parameters_node_t *param
     }
 
     *node = (pm_block_parameters_node_t) {
-        {
-            .type = PM_BLOCK_PARAMETERS_NODE,
-            .node_id = PM_NODE_IDENTIFY(parser),
-            .location = {
-                .start = start,
-                .end = end
-            }
-        },
+        .base = PM_NODE_INIT(parser, PM_BLOCK_PARAMETERS_NODE, 0, start, end),
         .parameters = parameters,
         .opening_loc = PM_OPTIONAL_LOCATION_TOKEN_VALUE(opening),
-        .closing_loc = PM_OPTIONAL_LOCATION_NOT_PROVIDED_VALUE,
+        .closing_loc = { 0 },
         .locals = { 0 }
     };
 
@@ -2573,11 +2503,7 @@ pm_block_local_variable_node_create(pm_parser_t *parser, const pm_token_t *name)
     pm_block_local_variable_node_t *node = PM_NODE_ALLOC(parser, pm_block_local_variable_node_t);
 
     *node = (pm_block_local_variable_node_t) {
-        {
-            .type = PM_BLOCK_LOCAL_VARIABLE_NODE,
-            .node_id = PM_NODE_IDENTIFY(parser),
-            .location = PM_LOCATION_TOKEN_VALUE(name),
-        },
+        .base = PM_NODE_INIT_TOKEN(parser, PM_BLOCK_LOCAL_VARIABLE_NODE, 0, name),
         .name = pm_parser_constant_id_token(parser, name)
     };
 
@@ -2589,7 +2515,7 @@ pm_block_local_variable_node_create(pm_parser_t *parser, const pm_token_t *name)
  */
 static void
 pm_block_parameters_node_append_local(pm_block_parameters_node_t *node, const pm_block_local_variable_node_t *local) {
-    pm_node_list_append(&node->locals, (pm_node_t *) local);
+    pm_node_list_append(&node->locals, UP(local));
 
     if (node->base.location.start == NULL) node->base.location.start = local->base.location.start;
     node->base.location.end = local->base.location.end;
@@ -2604,14 +2530,11 @@ pm_break_node_create(pm_parser_t *parser, const pm_token_t *keyword, pm_argument
     pm_break_node_t *node = PM_NODE_ALLOC(parser, pm_break_node_t);
 
     *node = (pm_break_node_t) {
-        {
-            .type = PM_BREAK_NODE,
-            .node_id = PM_NODE_IDENTIFY(parser),
-            .location = {
-                .start = keyword->start,
-                .end = (arguments == NULL ? keyword->end : arguments->base.location.end)
-            },
-        },
+        .base = (
+            (arguments == NULL)
+            ? PM_NODE_INIT_TOKEN(parser, PM_BREAK_NODE, 0, keyword)
+            : PM_NODE_INIT_TOKEN_NODE(parser, PM_BREAK_NODE, 0, keyword, arguments)
+        ),
         .arguments = arguments,
         .keyword_loc = PM_LOCATION_TOKEN_VALUE(keyword)
     };
@@ -2622,10 +2545,11 @@ pm_break_node_create(pm_parser_t *parser, const pm_token_t *keyword, pm_argument
 // There are certain flags that we want to use internally but don't want to
 // expose because they are not relevant beyond parsing. Therefore we'll define
 // them here and not define them in config.yml/a header file.
-static const pm_node_flags_t PM_WRITE_NODE_FLAGS_IMPLICIT_ARRAY = 0x4;
-static const pm_node_flags_t PM_CALL_NODE_FLAGS_IMPLICIT_ARRAY = 0x40;
-static const pm_node_flags_t PM_CALL_NODE_FLAGS_COMPARISON = 0x80;
-static const pm_node_flags_t PM_CALL_NODE_FLAGS_INDEX = 0x100;
+static const pm_node_flags_t PM_WRITE_NODE_FLAGS_IMPLICIT_ARRAY = (1 << 2);
+
+static const pm_node_flags_t PM_CALL_NODE_FLAGS_IMPLICIT_ARRAY = ((PM_CALL_NODE_FLAGS_LAST - 1) << 1);
+static const pm_node_flags_t PM_CALL_NODE_FLAGS_COMPARISON = ((PM_CALL_NODE_FLAGS_LAST - 1) << 2);
+static const pm_node_flags_t PM_CALL_NODE_FLAGS_INDEX = ((PM_CALL_NODE_FLAGS_LAST - 1) << 3);
 
 /**
  * Allocate and initialize a new CallNode node. This sets everything to NULL or
@@ -2637,18 +2561,14 @@ pm_call_node_create(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_node_flags_t flags) {
     pm_call_node_t *node = PM_NODE_ALLOC(parser, pm_call_node_t);
 
     *node = (pm_call_node_t) {
-        {
-            .type = PM_CALL_NODE,
-            .flags = flags,
-            .node_id = PM_NODE_IDENTIFY(parser),
-            .location = PM_LOCATION_NULL_VALUE(parser),
-        },
+        .base = PM_NODE_INIT_BASE(parser, PM_CALL_NODE, flags),
         .receiver = NULL,
-        .call_operator_loc = PM_OPTIONAL_LOCATION_NOT_PROVIDED_VALUE,
-        .message_loc = PM_OPTIONAL_LOCATION_NOT_PROVIDED_VALUE,
-        .opening_loc = PM_OPTIONAL_LOCATION_NOT_PROVIDED_VALUE,
+        .call_operator_loc = { 0 },
+        .message_loc = { 0 },
+        .opening_loc = { 0 },
         .arguments = NULL,
-        .closing_loc = PM_OPTIONAL_LOCATION_NOT_PROVIDED_VALUE,
+        .closing_loc = { 0 },
+        .equal_loc = { 0 },
         .block = NULL,
         .name = 0
     };
@@ -2720,6 +2640,8 @@ pm_call_node_binary_create(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_node_t *receiver, pm_token_t
     return node;
 }
 
+static const uint8_t * parse_operator_symbol_name(const pm_token_t *);
+
 /**
  * Allocate and initialize a new CallNode node from a call expression.
  */
@@ -2745,10 +2667,14 @@ pm_call_node_call_create(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_node_t *receiver, pm_token_t *o
     node->block = arguments->block;
 
     if (operator->type == PM_TOKEN_AMPERSAND_DOT) {
-        pm_node_flag_set((pm_node_t *)node, PM_CALL_NODE_FLAGS_SAFE_NAVIGATION);
+        pm_node_flag_set(UP(node), PM_CALL_NODE_FLAGS_SAFE_NAVIGATION);
     }
 
-    node->name = pm_parser_constant_id_token(parser, message);
+    /**
+    * If the final character is `@` as is the case for `foo.~@`,
+    * we should ignore the @ in the same way we do for symbols.
+    */
+    node->name = pm_parser_constant_id_location(parser, message->start, parse_operator_symbol_name(message));
     return node;
 }
 
@@ -2854,7 +2780,7 @@ pm_call_node_shorthand_create(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_node_t *receiver, pm_token
     node->block = arguments->block;
 
     if (operator->type == PM_TOKEN_AMPERSAND_DOT) {
-        pm_node_flag_set((pm_node_t *)node, PM_CALL_NODE_FLAGS_SAFE_NAVIGATION);
+        pm_node_flag_set(UP(node), PM_CALL_NODE_FLAGS_SAFE_NAVIGATION);
     }
 
     node->name = pm_parser_constant_id_constant(parser, "call", 4);
@@ -2942,15 +2868,7 @@ pm_call_and_write_node_create(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_call_node_t *target, const
     pm_call_and_write_node_t *node = PM_NODE_ALLOC(parser, pm_call_and_write_node_t);
 
     *node = (pm_call_and_write_node_t) {
-        {
-            .type = PM_CALL_AND_WRITE_NODE,
-            .flags = target->base.flags,
-            .node_id = PM_NODE_IDENTIFY(parser),
-            .location = {
-                .start = target->base.location.start,
-                .end = value->location.end
-            }
-        },
+        .base = PM_NODE_INIT_NODES(parser, PM_CALL_AND_WRITE_NODE, FL(target), target, value),
         .receiver = target->receiver,
         .call_operator_loc = target->call_operator_loc,
         .message_loc = target->message_loc,
@@ -2976,7 +2894,7 @@ pm_call_and_write_node_create(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_call_node_t *target, const
  */
 static void
 pm_index_arguments_check(pm_parser_t *parser, const pm_arguments_node_t *arguments, const pm_node_t *block) {
-    if (parser->version != PM_OPTIONS_VERSION_CRUBY_3_3) {
+    if (parser->version >= PM_OPTIONS_VERSION_CRUBY_3_4) {
         if (arguments != NULL && PM_NODE_FLAG_P(arguments, PM_ARGUMENTS_NODE_FLAGS_CONTAINS_KEYWORDS)) {
             pm_node_t *node;
             PM_NODE_LIST_FOREACH(&arguments->arguments, index, node) {
@@ -3005,15 +2923,7 @@ pm_index_and_write_node_create(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_call_node_t *target, cons
 
     assert(!target->block || PM_NODE_TYPE_P(target->block, PM_BLOCK_ARGUMENT_NODE));
     *node = (pm_index_and_write_node_t) {
-        {
-            .type = PM_INDEX_AND_WRITE_NODE,
-            .flags = target->base.flags,
-            .node_id = PM_NODE_IDENTIFY(parser),
-            .location = {
-                .start = target->base.location.start,
-                .end = value->location.end
-            }
-        },
+        .base = PM_NODE_INIT_NODES(parser, PM_INDEX_AND_WRITE_NODE, FL(target), target, value),
         .receiver = target->receiver,
         .call_operator_loc = target->call_operator_loc,
         .opening_loc = target->opening_loc,
@@ -3041,15 +2951,7 @@ pm_call_operator_write_node_create(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_call_node_t *target,
     pm_call_operator_write_node_t *node = PM_NODE_ALLOC(parser, pm_call_operator_write_node_t);
 
     *node = (pm_call_operator_write_node_t) {
-        {
-            .type = PM_CALL_OPERATOR_WRITE_NODE,
-            .flags = target->base.flags,
-            .node_id = PM_NODE_IDENTIFY(parser),
-            .location = {
-                .start = target->base.location.start,
-                .end = value->location.end
-            }
-        },
+        .base = PM_NODE_INIT_NODES(parser, PM_CALL_OPERATOR_WRITE_NODE, FL(target), target, value),
         .receiver = target->receiver,
         .call_operator_loc = target->call_operator_loc,
         .message_loc = target->message_loc,
@@ -3081,15 +2983,7 @@ pm_index_operator_write_node_create(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_call_node_t *target,
 
     assert(!target->block || PM_NODE_TYPE_P(target->block, PM_BLOCK_ARGUMENT_NODE));
     *node = (pm_index_operator_write_node_t) {
-        {
-            .type = PM_INDEX_OPERATOR_WRITE_NODE,
-            .flags = target->base.flags,
-            .node_id = PM_NODE_IDENTIFY(parser),
-            .location = {
-                .start = target->base.location.start,
-                .end = value->location.end
-            }
-        },
+        .base = PM_NODE_INIT_NODES(parser, PM_INDEX_OPERATOR_WRITE_NODE, FL(target), target, value),
         .receiver = target->receiver,
         .call_operator_loc = target->call_operator_loc,
         .opening_loc = target->opening_loc,
@@ -3119,15 +3013,7 @@ pm_call_or_write_node_create(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_call_node_t *target, const
     pm_call_or_write_node_t *node = PM_NODE_ALLOC(parser, pm_call_or_write_node_t);
 
     *node = (pm_call_or_write_node_t) {
-        {
-            .type = PM_CALL_OR_WRITE_NODE,
-            .flags = target->base.flags,
-            .node_id = PM_NODE_IDENTIFY(parser),
-            .location = {
-                .start = target->base.location.start,
-                .end = value->location.end
-            }
-        },
+        .base = PM_NODE_INIT_NODES(parser, PM_CALL_OR_WRITE_NODE, FL(target), target, value),
         .receiver = target->receiver,
         .call_operator_loc = target->call_operator_loc,
         .message_loc = target->message_loc,
@@ -3159,15 +3045,7 @@ pm_index_or_write_node_create(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_call_node_t *target, const
 
     assert(!target->block || PM_NODE_TYPE_P(target->block, PM_BLOCK_ARGUMENT_NODE));
     *node = (pm_index_or_write_node_t) {
-        {
-            .type = PM_INDEX_OR_WRITE_NODE,
-            .flags = target->base.flags,
-            .node_id = PM_NODE_IDENTIFY(parser),
-            .location = {
-                .start = target->base.location.start,
-                .end = value->location.end
-            }
-        },
+        .base = PM_NODE_INIT_NODES(parser, PM_INDEX_OR_WRITE_NODE, FL(target), target, value),
         .receiver = target->receiver,
         .call_operator_loc = target->call_operator_loc,
         .opening_loc = target->opening_loc,
@@ -3195,18 +3073,24 @@ pm_call_target_node_create(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_call_node_t *target) {
     pm_call_target_node_t *node = PM_NODE_ALLOC(parser, pm_call_target_node_t);
 
     *node = (pm_call_target_node_t) {
-        {
-            .type = PM_CALL_TARGET_NODE,
-            .flags = target->base.flags,
-            .node_id = PM_NODE_IDENTIFY(parser),
-            .location = target->base.location
-        },
+        .base = PM_NODE_INIT_NODE(parser, PM_CALL_TARGET_NODE, FL(target), target),
         .receiver = target->receiver,
         .call_operator_loc = target->call_operator_loc,
         .name = target->name,
         .message_loc = target->message_loc
     };
 
+    /* It is possible to get here where we have parsed an invalid syntax tree
+     * where the call operator was not present. In that case we will have a
+     * problem because it is a required location. In this case we need to fill
+     * it in with a fake location so that the syntax tree remains valid. */
+    if (node->call_operator_loc.start == NULL) {
+        node->call_operator_loc = (pm_location_t) {
+            .start = target->base.location.start,
+            .end = target->base.location.start
+        };
+    }
+
     // Here we're going to free the target, since it is no longer necessary.
     // However, we don't want to call `pm_node_destroy` because we want to keep
     // around all of its children since we just reused them.
@@ -3222,18 +3106,12 @@ pm_call_target_node_create(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_call_node_t *target) {
 static pm_index_target_node_t *
 pm_index_target_node_create(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_call_node_t *target) {
     pm_index_target_node_t *node = PM_NODE_ALLOC(parser, pm_index_target_node_t);
-    pm_node_flags_t flags = target->base.flags;
 
     pm_index_arguments_check(parser, target->arguments, target->block);
-
     assert(!target->block || PM_NODE_TYPE_P(target->block, PM_BLOCK_ARGUMENT_NODE));
+
     *node = (pm_index_target_node_t) {
-        {
-            .type = PM_INDEX_TARGET_NODE,
-            .flags = flags | PM_CALL_NODE_FLAGS_ATTRIBUTE_WRITE,
-            .node_id = PM_NODE_IDENTIFY(parser),
-            .location = target->base.location
-        },
+        .base = PM_NODE_INIT_NODE(parser, PM_INDEX_TARGET_NODE, FL(target) | PM_CALL_NODE_FLAGS_ATTRIBUTE_WRITE, target),
         .receiver = target->receiver,
         .opening_loc = target->opening_loc,
         .arguments = target->arguments,
@@ -3257,14 +3135,7 @@ pm_capture_pattern_node_create(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_node_t *value, pm_local_v
     pm_capture_pattern_node_t *node = PM_NODE_ALLOC(parser, pm_capture_pattern_node_t);
 
     *node = (pm_capture_pattern_node_t) {
-        {
-            .type = PM_CAPTURE_PATTERN_NODE,
-            .node_id = PM_NODE_IDENTIFY(parser),
-            .location = {
-                .start = value->location.start,
-                .end = target->base.location.end
-            },
-        },
+        .base = PM_NODE_INIT_NODES(parser, PM_CAPTURE_PATTERN_NODE, 0, value, target),
         .value = value,
         .target = target,
         .operator_loc = PM_LOCATION_TOKEN_VALUE(operator)
@@ -3281,14 +3152,7 @@ pm_case_node_create(pm_parser_t *parser, const pm_token_t *case_keyword, pm_node
     pm_case_node_t *node = PM_NODE_ALLOC(parser, pm_case_node_t);
 
     *node = (pm_case_node_t) {
-        {
-            .type = PM_CASE_NODE,
-            .node_id = PM_NODE_IDENTIFY(parser),
-            .location = {
-                .start = case_keyword->start,
-                .end = end_keyword->end
-            },
-        },
+        .base = PM_NODE_INIT_TOKENS(parser, PM_CASE_NODE, 0, case_keyword, end_keyword),
         .predicate = predicate,
         .else_clause = NULL,
         .case_keyword_loc = PM_LOCATION_TOKEN_VALUE(case_keyword),
@@ -3336,14 +3200,7 @@ pm_case_match_node_create(pm_parser_t *parser, const pm_token_t *case_keyword, p
     pm_case_match_node_t *node = PM_NODE_ALLOC(parser, pm_case_match_node_t);
 
     *node = (pm_case_match_node_t) {
-        {
-            .type = PM_CASE_MATCH_NODE,
-            .node_id = PM_NODE_IDENTIFY(parser),
-            .location = {
-                .start = case_keyword->start,
-                .end = end_keyword->end
-            },
-        },
+        .base = PM_NODE_INIT_TOKENS(parser, PM_CASE_MATCH_NODE, 0, case_keyword, end_keyword),
         .predicate = predicate,
         .else_clause = NULL,
         .case_keyword_loc = PM_LOCATION_TOKEN_VALUE(case_keyword),
@@ -3391,11 +3248,7 @@ pm_class_node_create(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_constant_id_list_t *locals, const p
     pm_class_node_t *node = PM_NODE_ALLOC(parser, pm_class_node_t);
 
     *node = (pm_class_node_t) {
-        {
-            .type = PM_CLASS_NODE,
-            .node_id = PM_NODE_IDENTIFY(parser),
-            .location = { .start = class_keyword->start, .end = end_keyword->end },
-        },
+        .base = PM_NODE_INIT_TOKENS(parser, PM_CLASS_NODE, 0, class_keyword, end_keyword),
         .locals = *locals,
         .class_keyword_loc = PM_LOCATION_TOKEN_VALUE(class_keyword),
         .constant_path = constant_path,
@@ -3418,14 +3271,7 @@ pm_class_variable_and_write_node_create(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_class_variable_r
     pm_class_variable_and_write_node_t *node = PM_NODE_ALLOC(parser, pm_class_variable_and_write_node_t);
 
     *node = (pm_class_variable_and_write_node_t) {
-        {
-            .type = PM_CLASS_VARIABLE_AND_WRITE_NODE,
-            .node_id = PM_NODE_IDENTIFY(parser),
-            .location = {
-                .start = target->base.location.start,
-                .end = value->location.end
-            }
-        },
+        .base = PM_NODE_INIT_NODES(parser, PM_CLASS_VARIABLE_AND_WRITE_NODE, 0, target, value),
         .name = target->name,
         .name_loc = target->base.location,
         .operator_loc = PM_LOCATION_TOKEN_VALUE(operator),
@@ -3443,14 +3289,7 @@ pm_class_variable_operator_write_node_create(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_class_varia
     pm_class_variable_operator_write_node_t *node = PM_NODE_ALLOC(parser, pm_class_variable_operator_write_node_t);
 
     *node = (pm_class_variable_operator_write_node_t) {
-        {
-            .type = PM_CLASS_VARIABLE_OPERATOR_WRITE_NODE,
-            .node_id = PM_NODE_IDENTIFY(parser),
-            .location = {
-                .start = target->base.location.start,
-                .end = value->location.end
-            }
-        },
+        .base = PM_NODE_INIT_NODES(parser, PM_CLASS_VARIABLE_OPERATOR_WRITE_NODE, 0, target, value),
         .name = target->name,
         .name_loc = target->base.location,
         .binary_operator_loc = PM_LOCATION_TOKEN_VALUE(operator),
@@ -3470,14 +3309,7 @@ pm_class_variable_or_write_node_create(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_class_variable_re
     pm_class_variable_or_write_node_t *node = PM_NODE_ALLOC(parser, pm_class_variable_or_write_node_t);
 
     *node = (pm_class_variable_or_write_node_t) {
-        {
-            .type = PM_CLASS_VARIABLE_OR_WRITE_NODE,
-            .node_id = PM_NODE_IDENTIFY(parser),
-            .location = {
-                .start = target->base.location.start,
-                .end = value->location.end
-            }
-        },
+        .base = PM_NODE_INIT_NODES(parser, PM_CLASS_VARIABLE_OR_WRITE_NODE, 0, target, value),
         .name = target->name,
         .name_loc = target->base.location,
         .operator_loc = PM_LOCATION_TOKEN_VALUE(operator),
@@ -3496,11 +3328,7 @@ pm_class_variable_read_node_create(pm_parser_t *parser, const pm_token_t *token)
     pm_class_variable_read_node_t *node = PM_NODE_ALLOC(parser, pm_class_variable_read_node_t);
 
     *node = (pm_class_variable_read_node_t) {
-        {
-            .type = PM_CLASS_VARIABLE_READ_NODE,
-            .node_id = PM_NODE_IDENTIFY(parser),
-            .location = PM_LOCATION_TOKEN_VALUE(token)
-        },
+        .base = PM_NODE_INIT_TOKEN(parser, PM_CLASS_VARIABLE_READ_NODE, 0, token),
         .name = pm_parser_constant_id_token(parser, token)
     };
 
@@ -3527,19 +3355,12 @@ pm_implicit_array_write_flags(const pm_node_t *node, pm_node_flags_t flags) {
 static pm_class_variable_write_node_t *
 pm_class_variable_write_node_create(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_class_variable_read_node_t *read_node, pm_token_t *operator, pm_node_t *value) {
     pm_class_variable_write_node_t *node = PM_NODE_ALLOC(parser, pm_class_variable_write_node_t);
+    pm_node_flags_t flags = pm_implicit_array_write_flags(value, PM_WRITE_NODE_FLAGS_IMPLICIT_ARRAY);
 
     *node = (pm_class_variable_write_node_t) {
-        {
-            .type = PM_CLASS_VARIABLE_WRITE_NODE,
-            .flags = pm_implicit_array_write_flags(value, PM_WRITE_NODE_FLAGS_IMPLICIT_ARRAY),
-            .node_id = PM_NODE_IDENTIFY(parser),
-            .location = {
-                .start = read_node->base.location.start,
-                .end = value->location.end
-            },
-        },
+        .base = PM_NODE_INIT_NODES(parser, PM_CLASS_VARIABLE_WRITE_NODE, flags, read_node, value),
         .name = read_node->name,
-        .name_loc = PM_LOCATION_NODE_VALUE((pm_node_t *) read_node),
+        .name_loc = PM_LOCATION_NODE_VALUE(UP(read_node)),
         .operator_loc = PM_LOCATION_TOKEN_VALUE(operator),
         .value = value
     };
@@ -3556,14 +3377,7 @@ pm_constant_path_and_write_node_create(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_constant_path_nod
     pm_constant_path_and_write_node_t *node = PM_NODE_ALLOC(parser, pm_constant_path_and_write_node_t);
 
     *node = (pm_constant_path_and_write_node_t) {
-        {
-            .type = PM_CONSTANT_PATH_AND_WRITE_NODE,
-            .node_id = PM_NODE_IDENTIFY(parser),
-            .location = {
-                .start = target->base.location.start,
-                .end = value->location.end
-            }
-        },
+        .base = PM_NODE_INIT_NODES(parser, PM_CONSTANT_PATH_AND_WRITE_NODE, 0, target, value),
         .target = target,
         .operator_loc = PM_LOCATION_TOKEN_VALUE(operator),
         .value = value
@@ -3580,14 +3394,7 @@ pm_constant_path_operator_write_node_create(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_constant_pat
     pm_constant_path_operator_write_node_t *node = PM_NODE_ALLOC(parser, pm_constant_path_operator_write_node_t);
 
     *node = (pm_constant_path_operator_write_node_t) {
-        {
-            .type = PM_CONSTANT_PATH_OPERATOR_WRITE_NODE,
-            .node_id = PM_NODE_IDENTIFY(parser),
-            .location = {
-                .start = target->base.location.start,
-                .end = value->location.end
-            }
-        },
+        .base = PM_NODE_INIT_NODES(parser, PM_CONSTANT_PATH_OPERATOR_WRITE_NODE, 0, target, value),
         .target = target,
         .binary_operator_loc = PM_LOCATION_TOKEN_VALUE(operator),
         .value = value,
@@ -3606,14 +3413,7 @@ pm_constant_path_or_write_node_create(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_constant_path_node
     pm_constant_path_or_write_node_t *node = PM_NODE_ALLOC(parser, pm_constant_path_or_write_node_t);
 
     *node = (pm_constant_path_or_write_node_t) {
-        {
-            .type = PM_CONSTANT_PATH_OR_WRITE_NODE,
-            .node_id = PM_NODE_IDENTIFY(parser),
-            .location = {
-                .start = target->base.location.start,
-                .end = value->location.end
-            }
-        },
+        .base = PM_NODE_INIT_NODES(parser, PM_CONSTANT_PATH_OR_WRITE_NODE, 0, target, value),
         .target = target,
         .operator_loc = PM_LOCATION_TOKEN_VALUE(operator),
         .value = value
@@ -3635,20 +3435,23 @@ pm_constant_path_node_create(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_node_t *parent, const pm_to
         name = pm_parser_constant_id_token(parser, name_token);
     }
 
-    *node = (pm_constant_path_node_t) {
-        {
-            .type = PM_CONSTANT_PATH_NODE,
-            .node_id = PM_NODE_IDENTIFY(parser),
-            .location = {
-                .start = parent == NULL ? delimiter->start : parent->location.start,
-                .end = name_token->end
-            },
-        },
-        .parent = parent,
-        .name = name,
-        .delimiter_loc = PM_LOCATION_TOKEN_VALUE(delimiter),
-        .name_loc = PM_LOCATION_TOKEN_VALUE(name_token)
-    };
+    if (parent == NULL) {
+        *node = (pm_constant_path_node_t) {
+            .base = PM_NODE_INIT_TOKENS(parser, PM_CONSTANT_PATH_NODE, 0, delimiter, name_token),
+            .parent = parent,
+            .name = name,
+            .delimiter_loc = PM_LOCATION_TOKEN_VALUE(delimiter),
+            .name_loc = PM_LOCATION_TOKEN_VALUE(name_token)
+        };
+    } else {
+        *node = (pm_constant_path_node_t) {
+            .base = PM_NODE_INIT_NODE_TOKEN(parser, PM_CONSTANT_PATH_NODE, 0, parent, name_token),
+            .parent = parent,
+            .name = name,
+            .delimiter_loc = PM_LOCATION_TOKEN_VALUE(delimiter),
+            .name_loc = PM_LOCATION_TOKEN_VALUE(name_token)
+        };
+    }
 
     return node;
 }
@@ -3659,17 +3462,10 @@ pm_constant_path_node_create(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_node_t *parent, const pm_to
 static pm_constant_path_write_node_t *
 pm_constant_path_write_node_create(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_constant_path_node_t *target, const pm_token_t *operator, pm_node_t *value) {
     pm_constant_path_write_node_t *node = PM_NODE_ALLOC(parser, pm_constant_path_write_node_t);
+    pm_node_flags_t flags = pm_implicit_array_write_flags(value, PM_WRITE_NODE_FLAGS_IMPLICIT_ARRAY);
 
     *node = (pm_constant_path_write_node_t) {
-        {
-            .type = PM_CONSTANT_PATH_WRITE_NODE,
-            .flags = pm_implicit_array_write_flags(value, PM_WRITE_NODE_FLAGS_IMPLICIT_ARRAY),
-            .node_id = PM_NODE_IDENTIFY(parser),
-            .location = {
-                .start = target->base.location.start,
-                .end = value->location.end
-            },
-        },
+        .base = PM_NODE_INIT_NODES(parser, PM_CONSTANT_PATH_WRITE_NODE, flags, target, value),
         .target = target,
         .operator_loc = PM_OPTIONAL_LOCATION_TOKEN_VALUE(operator),
         .value = value
@@ -3687,14 +3483,7 @@ pm_constant_and_write_node_create(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_constant_read_node_t *
     pm_constant_and_write_node_t *node = PM_NODE_ALLOC(parser, pm_constant_and_write_node_t);
 
     *node = (pm_constant_and_write_node_t) {
-        {
-            .type = PM_CONSTANT_AND_WRITE_NODE,
-            .node_id = PM_NODE_IDENTIFY(parser),
-            .location = {
-                .start = target->base.location.start,
-                .end = value->location.end
-            }
-        },
+        .base = PM_NODE_INIT_NODES(parser, PM_CONSTANT_AND_WRITE_NODE, 0, target, value),
         .name = target->name,
         .name_loc = target->base.location,
         .operator_loc = PM_LOCATION_TOKEN_VALUE(operator),
@@ -3712,14 +3501,7 @@ pm_constant_operator_write_node_create(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_constant_read_nod
     pm_constant_operator_write_node_t *node = PM_NODE_ALLOC(parser, pm_constant_operator_write_node_t);
 
     *node = (pm_constant_operator_write_node_t) {
-        {
-            .type = PM_CONSTANT_OPERATOR_WRITE_NODE,
-            .node_id = PM_NODE_IDENTIFY(parser),
-            .location = {
-                .start = target->base.location.start,
-                .end = value->location.end
-            }
-        },
+        .base = PM_NODE_INIT_NODES(parser, PM_CONSTANT_OPERATOR_WRITE_NODE, 0, target, value),
         .name = target->name,
         .name_loc = target->base.location,
         .binary_operator_loc = PM_LOCATION_TOKEN_VALUE(operator),
@@ -3739,14 +3521,7 @@ pm_constant_or_write_node_create(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_constant_read_node_t *t
     pm_constant_or_write_node_t *node = PM_NODE_ALLOC(parser, pm_constant_or_write_node_t);
 
     *node = (pm_constant_or_write_node_t) {
-        {
-            .type = PM_CONSTANT_OR_WRITE_NODE,
-            .node_id = PM_NODE_IDENTIFY(parser),
-            .location = {
-                .start = target->base.location.start,
-                .end = value->location.end
-            }
-        },
+        .base = PM_NODE_INIT_NODES(parser, PM_CONSTANT_OR_WRITE_NODE, 0, target, value),
         .name = target->name,
         .name_loc = target->base.location,
         .operator_loc = PM_LOCATION_TOKEN_VALUE(operator),
@@ -3765,11 +3540,7 @@ pm_constant_read_node_create(pm_parser_t *parser, const pm_token_t *name) {
     pm_constant_read_node_t *node = PM_NODE_ALLOC(parser, pm_constant_read_node_t);
 
     *node = (pm_constant_read_node_t) {
-        {
-            .type = PM_CONSTANT_READ_NODE,
-            .node_id = PM_NODE_IDENTIFY(parser),
-            .location = PM_LOCATION_TOKEN_VALUE(name)
-        },
+        .base = PM_NODE_INIT_TOKEN(parser, PM_CONSTANT_READ_NODE, 0, name),
         .name = pm_parser_constant_id_token(parser, name)
     };
 
@@ -3782,17 +3553,10 @@ pm_constant_read_node_create(pm_parser_t *parser, const pm_token_t *name) {
 static pm_constant_write_node_t *
 pm_constant_write_node_create(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_constant_read_node_t *target, const pm_token_t *operator, pm_node_t *value) {
     pm_constant_write_node_t *node = PM_NODE_ALLOC(parser, pm_constant_write_node_t);
+    pm_node_flags_t flags = pm_implicit_array_write_flags(value, PM_WRITE_NODE_FLAGS_IMPLICIT_ARRAY);
 
     *node = (pm_constant_write_node_t) {
-        {
-            .type = PM_CONSTANT_WRITE_NODE,
-            .flags = pm_implicit_array_write_flags(value, PM_WRITE_NODE_FLAGS_IMPLICIT_ARRAY),
-            .node_id = PM_NODE_IDENTIFY(parser),
-            .location = {
-                .start = target->base.location.start,
-                .end = value->location.end
-            }
-        },
+        .base = PM_NODE_INIT_NODES(parser, PM_CONSTANT_WRITE_NODE, flags, target, value),
         .name = target->name,
         .name_loc = target->base.location,
         .operator_loc = PM_OPTIONAL_LOCATION_TOKEN_VALUE(operator),
@@ -3810,7 +3574,7 @@ pm_def_node_receiver_check(pm_parser_t *parser, const pm_node_t *node) {
     switch (PM_NODE_TYPE(node)) {
         case PM_BEGIN_NODE: {
             const pm_begin_node_t *cast = (pm_begin_node_t *) node;
-            if (cast->statements != NULL) pm_def_node_receiver_check(parser, (pm_node_t *) cast->statements);
+            if (cast->statements != NULL) pm_def_node_receiver_check(parser, UP(cast->statements));
             break;
         }
         case PM_PARENTHESES_NODE: {
@@ -3866,24 +3630,17 @@ pm_def_node_create(
     const pm_token_t *end_keyword
 ) {
     pm_def_node_t *node = PM_NODE_ALLOC(parser, pm_def_node_t);
-    const uint8_t *end;
-
-    if (end_keyword->type == PM_TOKEN_NOT_PROVIDED) {
-        end = body->location.end;
-    } else {
-        end = end_keyword->end;
-    }
 
     if (receiver != NULL) {
         pm_def_node_receiver_check(parser, receiver);
     }
 
     *node = (pm_def_node_t) {
-        {
-            .type = PM_DEF_NODE,
-            .node_id = PM_NODE_IDENTIFY(parser),
-            .location = { .start = def_keyword->start, .end = end },
-        },
+        .base = (
+            (end_keyword->type == PM_TOKEN_NOT_PROVIDED)
+            ? PM_NODE_INIT_TOKEN_NODE(parser, PM_DEF_NODE, 0, def_keyword, body)
+            : PM_NODE_INIT_TOKENS(parser, PM_DEF_NODE, 0, def_keyword, end_keyword)
+        ),
         .name = name,
         .name_loc = PM_LOCATION_TOKEN_VALUE(name_loc),
         .receiver = receiver,
@@ -3905,22 +3662,19 @@ pm_def_node_create(
  * Allocate a new DefinedNode node.
  */
 static pm_defined_node_t *
-pm_defined_node_create(pm_parser_t *parser, const pm_token_t *lparen, pm_node_t *value, const pm_token_t *rparen, const pm_location_t *keyword_loc) {
+pm_defined_node_create(pm_parser_t *parser, const pm_token_t *lparen, pm_node_t *value, const pm_token_t *rparen, const pm_token_t *keyword) {
     pm_defined_node_t *node = PM_NODE_ALLOC(parser, pm_defined_node_t);
 
     *node = (pm_defined_node_t) {
-        {
-            .type = PM_DEFINED_NODE,
-            .node_id = PM_NODE_IDENTIFY(parser),
-            .location = {
-                .start = keyword_loc->start,
-                .end = (rparen->type == PM_TOKEN_NOT_PROVIDED ? value->location.end : rparen->end)
-            },
-        },
+        .base = (
+            (rparen->type == PM_TOKEN_NOT_PROVIDED)
+            ? PM_NODE_INIT_TOKEN_NODE(parser, PM_DEFINED_NODE, 0, keyword, value)
+            : PM_NODE_INIT_TOKENS(parser, PM_DEFINED_NODE, 0, keyword, rparen)
+        ),
         .lparen_loc = PM_OPTIONAL_LOCATION_TOKEN_VALUE(lparen),
         .value = value,
         .rparen_loc = PM_OPTIONAL_LOCATION_TOKEN_VALUE(rparen),
-        .keyword_loc = *keyword_loc
+        .keyword_loc = PM_LOCATION_TOKEN_VALUE(keyword)
     };
 
     return node;
@@ -3932,22 +3686,13 @@ pm_defined_node_create(pm_parser_t *parser, const pm_token_t *lparen, pm_node_t
 static pm_else_node_t *
 pm_else_node_create(pm_parser_t *parser, const pm_token_t *else_keyword, pm_statements_node_t *statements, const pm_token_t *end_keyword) {
     pm_else_node_t *node = PM_NODE_ALLOC(parser, pm_else_node_t);
-    const uint8_t *end = NULL;
-    if ((end_keyword->type == PM_TOKEN_NOT_PROVIDED) && (statements != NULL)) {
-        end = statements->base.location.end;
-    } else {
-        end = end_keyword->end;
-    }
 
     *node = (pm_else_node_t) {
-        {
-            .type = PM_ELSE_NODE,
-            .node_id = PM_NODE_IDENTIFY(parser),
-            .location = {
-                .start = else_keyword->start,
-                .end = end,
-            },
-        },
+        .base = (
+            ((end_keyword->type == PM_TOKEN_NOT_PROVIDED) && (statements != NULL))
+            ? PM_NODE_INIT_TOKEN_NODE(parser, PM_ELSE_NODE, 0, else_keyword, statements)
+            : PM_NODE_INIT_TOKENS(parser, PM_ELSE_NODE, 0, else_keyword, end_keyword)
+        ),
         .else_keyword_loc = PM_LOCATION_TOKEN_VALUE(else_keyword),
         .statements = statements,
         .end_keyword_loc = PM_OPTIONAL_LOCATION_TOKEN_VALUE(end_keyword)
@@ -3964,14 +3709,7 @@ pm_embedded_statements_node_create(pm_parser_t *parser, const pm_token_t *openin
     pm_embedded_statements_node_t *node = PM_NODE_ALLOC(parser, pm_embedded_statements_node_t);
 
     *node = (pm_embedded_statements_node_t) {
-        {
-            .type = PM_EMBEDDED_STATEMENTS_NODE,
-            .node_id = PM_NODE_IDENTIFY(parser),
-            .location = {
-                .start = opening->start,
-                .end = closing->end
-            }
-        },
+        .base = PM_NODE_INIT_TOKENS(parser, PM_EMBEDDED_STATEMENTS_NODE, 0, opening, closing),
         .opening_loc = PM_LOCATION_TOKEN_VALUE(opening),
         .statements = statements,
         .closing_loc = PM_LOCATION_TOKEN_VALUE(closing)
@@ -3988,14 +3726,7 @@ pm_embedded_variable_node_create(pm_parser_t *parser, const pm_token_t *operator
     pm_embedded_variable_node_t *node = PM_NODE_ALLOC(parser, pm_embedded_variable_node_t);
 
     *node = (pm_embedded_variable_node_t) {
-        {
-            .type = PM_EMBEDDED_VARIABLE_NODE,
-            .node_id = PM_NODE_IDENTIFY(parser),
-            .location = {
-                .start = operator->start,
-                .end = variable->location.end
-            }
-        },
+        .base = PM_NODE_INIT_TOKEN_NODE(parser, PM_EMBEDDED_VARIABLE_NODE, 0, operator, variable),
         .operator_loc = PM_LOCATION_TOKEN_VALUE(operator),
         .variable = variable
     };
@@ -4011,14 +3742,7 @@ pm_ensure_node_create(pm_parser_t *parser, const pm_token_t *ensure_keyword, pm_
     pm_ensure_node_t *node = PM_NODE_ALLOC(parser, pm_ensure_node_t);
 
     *node = (pm_ensure_node_t) {
-        {
-            .type = PM_ENSURE_NODE,
-            .node_id = PM_NODE_IDENTIFY(parser),
-            .location = {
-                .start = ensure_keyword->start,
-                .end = end_keyword->end
-            },
-        },
+        .base = PM_NODE_INIT_TOKENS(parser, PM_ENSURE_NODE, 0, ensure_keyword, end_keyword),
         .ensure_keyword_loc = PM_LOCATION_TOKEN_VALUE(ensure_keyword),
         .statements = statements,
         .end_keyword_loc = PM_LOCATION_TOKEN_VALUE(end_keyword)
@@ -4035,12 +3759,9 @@ pm_false_node_create(pm_parser_t *parser, const pm_token_t *token) {
     assert(token->type == PM_TOKEN_KEYWORD_FALSE);
     pm_false_node_t *node = PM_NODE_ALLOC(parser, pm_false_node_t);
 
-    *node = (pm_false_node_t) {{
-        .type = PM_FALSE_NODE,
-        .flags = PM_NODE_FLAG_STATIC_LITERAL,
-        .node_id = PM_NODE_IDENTIFY(parser),
-        .location = PM_LOCATION_TOKEN_VALUE(token)
-    }};
+    *node = (pm_false_node_t) {
+        .base = PM_NODE_INIT_TOKEN(parser, PM_FALSE_NODE, PM_NODE_FLAG_STATIC_LITERAL, token)
+    };
 
     return node;
 }
@@ -4060,7 +3781,7 @@ pm_find_pattern_node_create(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_node_list_t *nodes) {
     pm_node_t *right;
 
     if (nodes->size == 1) {
-        right = (pm_node_t *) pm_missing_node_create(parser, left->location.end, left->location.end);
+        right = UP(pm_missing_node_create(parser, left->location.end, left->location.end));
     } else {
         right = nodes->nodes[nodes->size - 1];
         assert(PM_NODE_TYPE_P(right, PM_SPLAT_NODE));
@@ -4074,20 +3795,13 @@ pm_find_pattern_node_create(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_node_list_t *nodes) {
     pm_node_t *right_splat_node = right;
 #endif
     *node = (pm_find_pattern_node_t) {
-        {
-            .type = PM_FIND_PATTERN_NODE,
-            .node_id = PM_NODE_IDENTIFY(parser),
-            .location = {
-                .start = left->location.start,
-                .end = right->location.end,
-            },
-        },
+        .base = PM_NODE_INIT_NODES(parser, PM_FIND_PATTERN_NODE, 0, left, right),
         .constant = NULL,
         .left = left_splat_node,
         .right = right_splat_node,
         .requireds = { 0 },
-        .opening_loc = PM_OPTIONAL_LOCATION_NOT_PROVIDED_VALUE,
-        .closing_loc = PM_OPTIONAL_LOCATION_NOT_PROVIDED_VALUE
+        .opening_loc = { 0 },
+        .closing_loc = { 0 }
     };
 
     // For now we're going to just copy over each pointer manually. This could be
@@ -4182,12 +3896,7 @@ pm_float_node_create(pm_parser_t *parser, const pm_token_t *token) {
     pm_float_node_t *node = PM_NODE_ALLOC(parser, pm_float_node_t);
 
     *node = (pm_float_node_t) {
-        {
-            .type = PM_FLOAT_NODE,
-            .flags = PM_NODE_FLAG_STATIC_LITERAL,
-            .node_id = PM_NODE_IDENTIFY(parser),
-            .location = PM_LOCATION_TOKEN_VALUE(token)
-        },
+        .base = PM_NODE_INIT_TOKEN(parser, PM_FLOAT_NODE, PM_NODE_FLAG_STATIC_LITERAL, token),
         .value = pm_double_parse(parser, token)
     };
 
@@ -4203,17 +3912,12 @@ pm_float_node_imaginary_create(pm_parser_t *parser, const pm_token_t *token) {
 
     pm_imaginary_node_t *node = PM_NODE_ALLOC(parser, pm_imaginary_node_t);
     *node = (pm_imaginary_node_t) {
-        {
-            .type = PM_IMAGINARY_NODE,
-            .flags = PM_NODE_FLAG_STATIC_LITERAL,
-            .node_id = PM_NODE_IDENTIFY(parser),
-            .location = PM_LOCATION_TOKEN_VALUE(token)
-        },
-        .numeric = (pm_node_t *) pm_float_node_create(parser, &((pm_token_t) {
+        .base = PM_NODE_INIT_TOKEN(parser, PM_IMAGINARY_NODE, PM_NODE_FLAG_STATIC_LITERAL, token),
+        .numeric = UP(pm_float_node_create(parser, &((pm_token_t) {
             .type = PM_TOKEN_FLOAT,
             .start = token->start,
             .end = token->end - 1
-        }))
+        })))
     };
 
     return node;
@@ -4228,12 +3932,7 @@ pm_float_node_rational_create(pm_parser_t *parser, const pm_token_t *token) {
 
     pm_rational_node_t *node = PM_NODE_ALLOC(parser, pm_rational_node_t);
     *node = (pm_rational_node_t) {
-        {
-            .type = PM_RATIONAL_NODE,
-            .flags = PM_INTEGER_BASE_FLAGS_DECIMAL | PM_NODE_FLAG_STATIC_LITERAL,
-            .node_id = PM_NODE_IDENTIFY(parser),
-            .location = PM_LOCATION_TOKEN_VALUE(token)
-        },
+        .base = PM_NODE_INIT_TOKEN(parser, PM_RATIONAL_NODE, PM_INTEGER_BASE_FLAGS_DECIMAL | PM_NODE_FLAG_STATIC_LITERAL, token),
         .numerator = { 0 },
         .denominator = { 0 }
     };
@@ -4263,9 +3962,13 @@ pm_float_node_rational_create(pm_parser_t *parser, const pm_token_t *token) {
     memcpy(digits + (point - start), point + 1, (unsigned long) (end - point - 1));
     pm_integer_parse(&node->numerator, PM_INTEGER_BASE_DEFAULT, digits, digits + length - 1);
 
+    size_t fract_length = 0;
+    for (const uint8_t *fract = point; fract < end; ++fract) {
+        if (*fract != '_') ++fract_length;
+    }
     digits[0] = '1';
-    if (end - point > 1) memset(digits + 1, '0', (size_t) (end - point - 1));
-    pm_integer_parse(&node->denominator, PM_INTEGER_BASE_DEFAULT, digits, digits + (end - point));
+    if (fract_length > 1) memset(digits + 1, '0', fract_length - 1);
+    pm_integer_parse(&node->denominator, PM_INTEGER_BASE_DEFAULT, digits, digits + fract_length);
     xfree(digits);
 
     pm_integers_reduce(&node->numerator, &node->denominator);
@@ -4282,17 +3985,12 @@ pm_float_node_rational_imaginary_create(pm_parser_t *parser, const pm_token_t *t
 
     pm_imaginary_node_t *node = PM_NODE_ALLOC(parser, pm_imaginary_node_t);
     *node = (pm_imaginary_node_t) {
-        {
-            .type = PM_IMAGINARY_NODE,
-            .flags = PM_NODE_FLAG_STATIC_LITERAL,
-            .node_id = PM_NODE_IDENTIFY(parser),
-            .location = PM_LOCATION_TOKEN_VALUE(token)
-        },
-        .numeric = (pm_node_t *) pm_float_node_rational_create(parser, &((pm_token_t) {
+        .base = PM_NODE_INIT_TOKEN(parser, PM_IMAGINARY_NODE, PM_NODE_FLAG_STATIC_LITERAL, token),
+        .numeric = UP(pm_float_node_rational_create(parser, &((pm_token_t) {
             .type = PM_TOKEN_FLOAT_RATIONAL,
             .start = token->start,
             .end = token->end - 1
-        }))
+        })))
     };
 
     return node;
@@ -4315,14 +4013,7 @@ pm_for_node_create(
     pm_for_node_t *node = PM_NODE_ALLOC(parser, pm_for_node_t);
 
     *node = (pm_for_node_t) {
-        {
-            .type = PM_FOR_NODE,
-            .node_id = PM_NODE_IDENTIFY(parser),
-            .location = {
-                .start = for_keyword->start,
-                .end = end_keyword->end
-            },
-        },
+        .base = PM_NODE_INIT_TOKENS(parser, PM_FOR_NODE, 0, for_keyword, end_keyword),
         .index = index,
         .collection = collection,
         .statements = statements,
@@ -4343,11 +4034,9 @@ pm_forwarding_arguments_node_create(pm_parser_t *parser, const pm_token_t *token
     assert(token->type == PM_TOKEN_UDOT_DOT_DOT);
     pm_forwarding_arguments_node_t *node = PM_NODE_ALLOC(parser, pm_forwarding_arguments_node_t);
 
-    *node = (pm_forwarding_arguments_node_t) {{
-        .type = PM_FORWARDING_ARGUMENTS_NODE,
-        .node_id = PM_NODE_IDENTIFY(parser),
-        .location = PM_LOCATION_TOKEN_VALUE(token)
-    }};
+    *node = (pm_forwarding_arguments_node_t) {
+        .base = PM_NODE_INIT_TOKEN(parser, PM_FORWARDING_ARGUMENTS_NODE, 0, token)
+    };
 
     return node;
 }
@@ -4360,11 +4049,9 @@ pm_forwarding_parameter_node_create(pm_parser_t *parser, const pm_token_t *token
     assert(token->type == PM_TOKEN_UDOT_DOT_DOT);
     pm_forwarding_parameter_node_t *node = PM_NODE_ALLOC(parser, pm_forwarding_parameter_node_t);
 
-    *node = (pm_forwarding_parameter_node_t) {{
-        .type = PM_FORWARDING_PARAMETER_NODE,
-        .node_id = PM_NODE_IDENTIFY(parser),
-        .location = PM_LOCATION_TOKEN_VALUE(token)
-    }};
+    *node = (pm_forwarding_parameter_node_t) {
+        .base = PM_NODE_INIT_TOKEN(parser, PM_FORWARDING_PARAMETER_NODE, 0, token)
+    };
 
     return node;
 }
@@ -4384,14 +4071,11 @@ pm_forwarding_super_node_create(pm_parser_t *parser, const pm_token_t *token, pm
     }
 
     *node = (pm_forwarding_super_node_t) {
-        {
-            .type = PM_FORWARDING_SUPER_NODE,
-            .node_id = PM_NODE_IDENTIFY(parser),
-            .location = {
-                .start = token->start,
-                .end = block != NULL ? block->base.location.end : token->end
-            },
-        },
+        .base = (
+            (block == NULL)
+            ? PM_NODE_INIT_TOKEN(parser, PM_FORWARDING_SUPER_NODE, 0, token)
+            : PM_NODE_INIT_TOKEN_NODE(parser, PM_FORWARDING_SUPER_NODE, 0, token, block)
+        ),
         .block = block
     };
 
@@ -4407,14 +4091,7 @@ pm_hash_pattern_node_empty_create(pm_parser_t *parser, const pm_token_t *opening
     pm_hash_pattern_node_t *node = PM_NODE_ALLOC(parser, pm_hash_pattern_node_t);
 
     *node = (pm_hash_pattern_node_t) {
-        {
-            .type = PM_HASH_PATTERN_NODE,
-            .node_id = PM_NODE_IDENTIFY(parser),
-            .location = {
-                .start = opening->start,
-                .end = closing->end
-            },
-        },
+        .base = PM_NODE_INIT_TOKENS(parser, PM_HASH_PATTERN_NODE, 0, opening, closing),
         .constant = NULL,
         .opening_loc = PM_LOCATION_TOKEN_VALUE(opening),
         .closing_loc = PM_LOCATION_TOKEN_VALUE(closing),
@@ -4437,8 +4114,8 @@ pm_hash_pattern_node_node_list_create(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_node_list_t *eleme
 
     if (elements->size > 0) {
         if (rest) {
-            start = elements->nodes[0]->location.start;
-            end = rest->location.end;
+            start = MIN(rest->location.start, elements->nodes[0]->location.start);
+            end = MAX(rest->location.end, elements->nodes[elements->size - 1]->location.end);
         } else {
             start = elements->nodes[0]->location.start;
             end = elements->nodes[elements->size - 1]->location.end;
@@ -4450,26 +4127,15 @@ pm_hash_pattern_node_node_list_create(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_node_list_t *eleme
     }
 
     *node = (pm_hash_pattern_node_t) {
-        {
-            .type = PM_HASH_PATTERN_NODE,
-            .node_id = PM_NODE_IDENTIFY(parser),
-            .location = {
-                .start = start,
-                .end = end
-            },
-        },
+        .base = PM_NODE_INIT(parser, PM_HASH_PATTERN_NODE, 0, start, end),
         .constant = NULL,
         .elements = { 0 },
         .rest = rest,
-        .opening_loc = PM_OPTIONAL_LOCATION_NOT_PROVIDED_VALUE,
-        .closing_loc = PM_OPTIONAL_LOCATION_NOT_PROVIDED_VALUE
+        .opening_loc = { 0 },
+        .closing_loc = { 0 }
     };
 
-    pm_node_t *element;
-    PM_NODE_LIST_FOREACH(elements, index, element) {
-        pm_node_list_append(&node->elements, element);
-    }
-
+    pm_node_list_concat(&node->elements, elements);
     return node;
 }
 
@@ -4502,14 +4168,7 @@ pm_global_variable_and_write_node_create(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_node_t *target,
     pm_global_variable_and_write_node_t *node = PM_NODE_ALLOC(parser, pm_global_variable_and_write_node_t);
 
     *node = (pm_global_variable_and_write_node_t) {
-        {
-            .type = PM_GLOBAL_VARIABLE_AND_WRITE_NODE,
-            .node_id = PM_NODE_IDENTIFY(parser),
-            .location = {
-                .start = target->location.start,
-                .end = value->location.end
-            }
-        },
+        .base = PM_NODE_INIT_NODES(parser, PM_GLOBAL_VARIABLE_AND_WRITE_NODE, 0, target, value),
         .name = pm_global_variable_write_name(parser, target),
         .name_loc = target->location,
         .operator_loc = PM_LOCATION_TOKEN_VALUE(operator),
@@ -4527,14 +4186,7 @@ pm_global_variable_operator_write_node_create(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_node_t *ta
     pm_global_variable_operator_write_node_t *node = PM_NODE_ALLOC(parser, pm_global_variable_operator_write_node_t);
 
     *node = (pm_global_variable_operator_write_node_t) {
-        {
-            .type = PM_GLOBAL_VARIABLE_OPERATOR_WRITE_NODE,
-            .node_id = PM_NODE_IDENTIFY(parser),
-            .location = {
-                .start = target->location.start,
-                .end = value->location.end
-            }
-        },
+        .base = PM_NODE_INIT_NODES(parser, PM_GLOBAL_VARIABLE_OPERATOR_WRITE_NODE, 0, target, value),
         .name = pm_global_variable_write_name(parser, target),
         .name_loc = target->location,
         .binary_operator_loc = PM_LOCATION_TOKEN_VALUE(operator),
@@ -4554,14 +4206,7 @@ pm_global_variable_or_write_node_create(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_node_t *target,
     pm_global_variable_or_write_node_t *node = PM_NODE_ALLOC(parser, pm_global_variable_or_write_node_t);
 
     *node = (pm_global_variable_or_write_node_t) {
-        {
-            .type = PM_GLOBAL_VARIABLE_OR_WRITE_NODE,
-            .node_id = PM_NODE_IDENTIFY(parser),
-            .location = {
-                .start = target->location.start,
-                .end = value->location.end
-            }
-        },
+        .base = PM_NODE_INIT_NODES(parser, PM_GLOBAL_VARIABLE_OR_WRITE_NODE, 0, target, value),
         .name = pm_global_variable_write_name(parser, target),
         .name_loc = target->location,
         .operator_loc = PM_LOCATION_TOKEN_VALUE(operator),
@@ -4579,11 +4224,7 @@ pm_global_variable_read_node_create(pm_parser_t *parser, const pm_token_t *name)
     pm_global_variable_read_node_t *node = PM_NODE_ALLOC(parser, pm_global_variable_read_node_t);
 
     *node = (pm_global_variable_read_node_t) {
-        {
-            .type = PM_GLOBAL_VARIABLE_READ_NODE,
-            .node_id = PM_NODE_IDENTIFY(parser),
-            .location = PM_LOCATION_TOKEN_VALUE(name),
-        },
+        .base = PM_NODE_INIT_TOKEN(parser, PM_GLOBAL_VARIABLE_READ_NODE, 0, name),
         .name = pm_parser_constant_id_token(parser, name)
     };
 
@@ -4598,11 +4239,7 @@ pm_global_variable_read_node_synthesized_create(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_constant
     pm_global_variable_read_node_t *node = PM_NODE_ALLOC(parser, pm_global_variable_read_node_t);
 
     *node = (pm_global_variable_read_node_t) {
-        {
-            .type = PM_GLOBAL_VARIABLE_READ_NODE,
-            .node_id = PM_NODE_IDENTIFY(parser),
-            .location = PM_LOCATION_NULL_VALUE(parser)
-        },
+        .base = PM_NODE_INIT_BASE(parser, PM_GLOBAL_VARIABLE_READ_NODE, 0),
         .name = name
     };
 
@@ -4615,17 +4252,10 @@ pm_global_variable_read_node_synthesized_create(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_constant
 static pm_global_variable_write_node_t *
 pm_global_variable_write_node_create(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_node_t *target, const pm_token_t *operator, pm_node_t *value) {
     pm_global_variable_write_node_t *node = PM_NODE_ALLOC(parser, pm_global_variable_write_node_t);
+    pm_node_flags_t flags = pm_implicit_array_write_flags(value, PM_WRITE_NODE_FLAGS_IMPLICIT_ARRAY);
 
     *node = (pm_global_variable_write_node_t) {
-        {
-            .type = PM_GLOBAL_VARIABLE_WRITE_NODE,
-            .node_id = PM_NODE_IDENTIFY(parser),
-            .flags = pm_implicit_array_write_flags(value, PM_WRITE_NODE_FLAGS_IMPLICIT_ARRAY),
-            .location = {
-                .start = target->location.start,
-                .end = value->location.end
-            },
-        },
+        .base = PM_NODE_INIT_NODES(parser, PM_GLOBAL_VARIABLE_WRITE_NODE, flags, target, value),
         .name = pm_global_variable_write_name(parser, target),
         .name_loc = PM_LOCATION_NODE_VALUE(target),
         .operator_loc = PM_OPTIONAL_LOCATION_TOKEN_VALUE(operator),
@@ -4643,11 +4273,7 @@ pm_global_variable_write_node_synthesized_create(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_constan
     pm_global_variable_write_node_t *node = PM_NODE_ALLOC(parser, pm_global_variable_write_node_t);
 
     *node = (pm_global_variable_write_node_t) {
-        {
-            .type = PM_GLOBAL_VARIABLE_WRITE_NODE,
-            .node_id = PM_NODE_IDENTIFY(parser),
-            .location = PM_LOCATION_NULL_VALUE(parser)
-        },
+        .base = PM_NODE_INIT_BASE(parser, PM_GLOBAL_VARIABLE_WRITE_NODE, 0),
         .name = name,
         .name_loc = PM_LOCATION_NULL_VALUE(parser),
         .operator_loc = PM_LOCATION_NULL_VALUE(parser),
@@ -4666,12 +4292,7 @@ pm_hash_node_create(pm_parser_t *parser, const pm_token_t *opening) {
     pm_hash_node_t *node = PM_NODE_ALLOC(parser, pm_hash_node_t);
 
     *node = (pm_hash_node_t) {
-        {
-            .type = PM_HASH_NODE,
-            .flags = PM_NODE_FLAG_STATIC_LITERAL,
-            .node_id = PM_NODE_IDENTIFY(parser),
-            .location = PM_LOCATION_TOKEN_VALUE(opening)
-        },
+        .base = PM_NODE_INIT_TOKEN(parser, PM_HASH_NODE, PM_NODE_FLAG_STATIC_LITERAL, opening),
         .opening_loc = PM_LOCATION_TOKEN_VALUE(opening),
         .closing_loc = PM_LOCATION_NULL_VALUE(parser),
         .elements = { 0 }
@@ -4696,7 +4317,7 @@ pm_hash_node_elements_append(pm_hash_node_t *hash, pm_node_t *element) {
     }
 
     if (!static_literal) {
-        pm_node_flag_unset((pm_node_t *)hash, PM_NODE_FLAG_STATIC_LITERAL);
+        pm_node_flag_unset(UP(hash), PM_NODE_FLAG_STATIC_LITERAL);
     }
 }
 
@@ -4733,15 +4354,7 @@ pm_if_node_create(pm_parser_t *parser,
     }
 
     *node = (pm_if_node_t) {
-        {
-            .type = PM_IF_NODE,
-            .flags = PM_NODE_FLAG_NEWLINE,
-            .node_id = PM_NODE_IDENTIFY(parser),
-            .location = {
-                .start = if_keyword->start,
-                .end = end
-            },
-        },
+        .base = PM_NODE_INIT(parser, PM_IF_NODE, PM_NODE_FLAG_NEWLINE, if_keyword->start, end),
         .if_keyword_loc = PM_LOCATION_TOKEN_VALUE(if_keyword),
         .predicate = predicate,
         .then_keyword_loc = PM_OPTIONAL_LOCATION_TOKEN_VALUE(then_keyword),
@@ -4765,21 +4378,13 @@ pm_if_node_modifier_create(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_node_t *statement, const pm_t
     pm_statements_node_body_append(parser, statements, statement, true);
 
     *node = (pm_if_node_t) {
-        {
-            .type = PM_IF_NODE,
-            .flags = PM_NODE_FLAG_NEWLINE,
-            .node_id = PM_NODE_IDENTIFY(parser),
-            .location = {
-                .start = statement->location.start,
-                .end = predicate->location.end
-            },
-        },
+        .base = PM_NODE_INIT_NODES(parser, PM_IF_NODE, PM_NODE_FLAG_NEWLINE, statement, predicate),
         .if_keyword_loc = PM_LOCATION_TOKEN_VALUE(if_keyword),
         .predicate = predicate,
-        .then_keyword_loc = PM_OPTIONAL_LOCATION_NOT_PROVIDED_VALUE,
+        .then_keyword_loc = { 0 },
         .statements = statements,
         .subsequent = NULL,
-        .end_keyword_loc = PM_OPTIONAL_LOCATION_NOT_PROVIDED_VALUE
+        .end_keyword_loc = { 0 }
     };
 
     return node;
@@ -4805,21 +4410,13 @@ pm_if_node_ternary_create(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_node_t *predicate, const pm_to
     pm_if_node_t *node = PM_NODE_ALLOC(parser, pm_if_node_t);
 
     *node = (pm_if_node_t) {
-        {
-            .type = PM_IF_NODE,
-            .flags = PM_NODE_FLAG_NEWLINE,
-            .node_id = PM_NODE_IDENTIFY(parser),
-            .location = {
-                .start = predicate->location.start,
-                .end = false_expression->location.end,
-            },
-        },
-        .if_keyword_loc = PM_OPTIONAL_LOCATION_NOT_PROVIDED_VALUE,
+        .base = PM_NODE_INIT_NODES(parser, PM_IF_NODE, PM_NODE_FLAG_NEWLINE, predicate, false_expression),
+        .if_keyword_loc = { 0 },
         .predicate = predicate,
         .then_keyword_loc = PM_LOCATION_TOKEN_VALUE(qmark),
         .statements = if_statements,
-        .subsequent = (pm_node_t *) else_node,
-        .end_keyword_loc = PM_OPTIONAL_LOCATION_NOT_PROVIDED_VALUE
+        .subsequent = UP(else_node),
+        .end_keyword_loc = { 0 }
     };
 
     return node;
@@ -4846,11 +4443,7 @@ pm_implicit_node_create(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_node_t *value) {
     pm_implicit_node_t *node = PM_NODE_ALLOC(parser, pm_implicit_node_t);
 
     *node = (pm_implicit_node_t) {
-        {
-            .type = PM_IMPLICIT_NODE,
-            .node_id = PM_NODE_IDENTIFY(parser),
-            .location = value->location
-        },
+        .base = PM_NODE_INIT_NODE(parser, PM_IMPLICIT_NODE, 0, value),
         .value = value
     };
 
@@ -4867,11 +4460,7 @@ pm_implicit_rest_node_create(pm_parser_t *parser, const pm_token_t *token) {
     pm_implicit_rest_node_t *node = PM_NODE_ALLOC(parser, pm_implicit_rest_node_t);
 
     *node = (pm_implicit_rest_node_t) {
-        {
-            .type = PM_IMPLICIT_REST_NODE,
-            .node_id = PM_NODE_IDENTIFY(parser),
-            .location = PM_LOCATION_TOKEN_VALUE(token)
-        }
+        .base = PM_NODE_INIT_TOKEN(parser, PM_IMPLICIT_REST_NODE, 0, token)
     };
 
     return node;
@@ -4886,12 +4475,7 @@ pm_integer_node_create(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_node_flags_t base, const pm_token
     pm_integer_node_t *node = PM_NODE_ALLOC(parser, pm_integer_node_t);
 
     *node = (pm_integer_node_t) {
-        {
-            .type = PM_INTEGER_NODE,
-            .flags = base | PM_NODE_FLAG_STATIC_LITERAL,
-            .node_id = PM_NODE_IDENTIFY(parser),
-            .location = PM_LOCATION_TOKEN_VALUE(token)
-        },
+        .base = PM_NODE_INIT_TOKEN(parser, PM_INTEGER_NODE, base | PM_NODE_FLAG_STATIC_LITERAL, token),
         .value = { 0 }
     };
 
@@ -4918,17 +4502,12 @@ pm_integer_node_imaginary_create(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_node_flags_t base, cons
 
     pm_imaginary_node_t *node = PM_NODE_ALLOC(parser, pm_imaginary_node_t);
     *node = (pm_imaginary_node_t) {
-        {
-            .type = PM_IMAGINARY_NODE,
-            .flags = PM_NODE_FLAG_STATIC_LITERAL,
-            .node_id = PM_NODE_IDENTIFY(parser),
-            .location = PM_LOCATION_TOKEN_VALUE(token)
-        },
-        .numeric = (pm_node_t *) pm_integer_node_create(parser, base, &((pm_token_t) {
+        .base = PM_NODE_INIT_TOKEN(parser, PM_IMAGINARY_NODE, PM_NODE_FLAG_STATIC_LITERAL, token),
+        .numeric = UP(pm_integer_node_create(parser, base, &((pm_token_t) {
             .type = PM_TOKEN_INTEGER,
             .start = token->start,
             .end = token->end - 1
-        }))
+        })))
     };
 
     return node;
@@ -4944,12 +4523,7 @@ pm_integer_node_rational_create(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_node_flags_t base, const
 
     pm_rational_node_t *node = PM_NODE_ALLOC(parser, pm_rational_node_t);
     *node = (pm_rational_node_t) {
-        {
-            .type = PM_RATIONAL_NODE,
-            .flags = base | PM_NODE_FLAG_STATIC_LITERAL,
-            .node_id = PM_NODE_IDENTIFY(parser),
-            .location = PM_LOCATION_TOKEN_VALUE(token)
-        },
+        .base = PM_NODE_INIT_TOKEN(parser, PM_RATIONAL_NODE, base | PM_NODE_FLAG_STATIC_LITERAL, token),
         .numerator = { 0 },
         .denominator = { .value = 1, 0 }
     };
@@ -4978,17 +4552,12 @@ pm_integer_node_rational_imaginary_create(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_node_flags_t b
 
     pm_imaginary_node_t *node = PM_NODE_ALLOC(parser, pm_imaginary_node_t);
     *node = (pm_imaginary_node_t) {
-        {
-            .type = PM_IMAGINARY_NODE,
-            .flags = PM_NODE_FLAG_STATIC_LITERAL,
-            .node_id = PM_NODE_IDENTIFY(parser),
-            .location = PM_LOCATION_TOKEN_VALUE(token)
-        },
-        .numeric = (pm_node_t *) pm_integer_node_rational_create(parser, base, &((pm_token_t) {
+        .base = PM_NODE_INIT_TOKEN(parser, PM_IMAGINARY_NODE, PM_NODE_FLAG_STATIC_LITERAL, token),
+        .numeric = UP(pm_integer_node_rational_create(parser, base, &((pm_token_t) {
             .type = PM_TOKEN_INTEGER_RATIONAL,
             .start = token->start,
             .end = token->end - 1
-        }))
+        })))
     };
 
     return node;
@@ -5011,14 +4580,7 @@ pm_in_node_create(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_node_t *pattern, pm_statements_node_t
     }
 
     *node = (pm_in_node_t) {
-        {
-            .type = PM_IN_NODE,
-            .node_id = PM_NODE_IDENTIFY(parser),
-            .location = {
-                .start = in_keyword->start,
-                .end = end
-            },
-        },
+        .base = PM_NODE_INIT(parser, PM_IN_NODE, 0, in_keyword->start, end),
         .pattern = pattern,
         .statements = statements,
         .in_loc = PM_LOCATION_TOKEN_VALUE(in_keyword),
@@ -5037,14 +4599,7 @@ pm_instance_variable_and_write_node_create(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_instance_vari
     pm_instance_variable_and_write_node_t *node = PM_NODE_ALLOC(parser, pm_instance_variable_and_write_node_t);
 
     *node = (pm_instance_variable_and_write_node_t) {
-        {
-            .type = PM_INSTANCE_VARIABLE_AND_WRITE_NODE,
-            .node_id = PM_NODE_IDENTIFY(parser),
-            .location = {
-                .start = target->base.location.start,
-                .end = value->location.end
-            }
-        },
+        .base = PM_NODE_INIT_NODES(parser, PM_INSTANCE_VARIABLE_AND_WRITE_NODE, 0, target, value),
         .name = target->name,
         .name_loc = target->base.location,
         .operator_loc = PM_LOCATION_TOKEN_VALUE(operator),
@@ -5062,14 +4617,7 @@ pm_instance_variable_operator_write_node_create(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_instance
     pm_instance_variable_operator_write_node_t *node = PM_NODE_ALLOC(parser, pm_instance_variable_operator_write_node_t);
 
     *node = (pm_instance_variable_operator_write_node_t) {
-        {
-            .type = PM_INSTANCE_VARIABLE_OPERATOR_WRITE_NODE,
-            .node_id = PM_NODE_IDENTIFY(parser),
-            .location = {
-                .start = target->base.location.start,
-                .end = value->location.end
-            }
-        },
+        .base = PM_NODE_INIT_NODES(parser, PM_INSTANCE_VARIABLE_OPERATOR_WRITE_NODE, 0, target, value),
         .name = target->name,
         .name_loc = target->base.location,
         .binary_operator_loc = PM_LOCATION_TOKEN_VALUE(operator),
@@ -5089,14 +4637,7 @@ pm_instance_variable_or_write_node_create(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_instance_varia
     pm_instance_variable_or_write_node_t *node = PM_NODE_ALLOC(parser, pm_instance_variable_or_write_node_t);
 
     *node = (pm_instance_variable_or_write_node_t) {
-        {
-            .type = PM_INSTANCE_VARIABLE_OR_WRITE_NODE,
-            .node_id = PM_NODE_IDENTIFY(parser),
-            .location = {
-                .start = target->base.location.start,
-                .end = value->location.end
-            }
-        },
+        .base = PM_NODE_INIT_NODES(parser, PM_INSTANCE_VARIABLE_OR_WRITE_NODE, 0, target, value),
         .name = target->name,
         .name_loc = target->base.location,
         .operator_loc = PM_LOCATION_TOKEN_VALUE(operator),
@@ -5115,11 +4656,7 @@ pm_instance_variable_read_node_create(pm_parser_t *parser, const pm_token_t *tok
     pm_instance_variable_read_node_t *node = PM_NODE_ALLOC(parser, pm_instance_variable_read_node_t);
 
     *node = (pm_instance_variable_read_node_t) {
-        {
-            .type = PM_INSTANCE_VARIABLE_READ_NODE,
-            .node_id = PM_NODE_IDENTIFY(parser),
-            .location = PM_LOCATION_TOKEN_VALUE(token)
-        },
+        .base = PM_NODE_INIT_TOKEN(parser, PM_INSTANCE_VARIABLE_READ_NODE, 0, token),
         .name = pm_parser_constant_id_token(parser, token)
     };
 
@@ -5133,18 +4670,12 @@ pm_instance_variable_read_node_create(pm_parser_t *parser, const pm_token_t *tok
 static pm_instance_variable_write_node_t *
 pm_instance_variable_write_node_create(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_instance_variable_read_node_t *read_node, pm_token_t *operator, pm_node_t *value) {
     pm_instance_variable_write_node_t *node = PM_NODE_ALLOC(parser, pm_instance_variable_write_node_t);
+    pm_node_flags_t flags = pm_implicit_array_write_flags(value, PM_WRITE_NODE_FLAGS_IMPLICIT_ARRAY);
+
     *node = (pm_instance_variable_write_node_t) {
-        {
-            .type = PM_INSTANCE_VARIABLE_WRITE_NODE,
-            .flags = pm_implicit_array_write_flags(value, PM_WRITE_NODE_FLAGS_IMPLICIT_ARRAY),
-            .node_id = PM_NODE_IDENTIFY(parser),
-            .location = {
-                .start = read_node->base.location.start,
-                .end = value->location.end
-            }
-        },
+        .base = PM_NODE_INIT_NODES(parser, PM_INSTANCE_VARIABLE_WRITE_NODE, flags, read_node, value),
         .name = read_node->name,
-        .name_loc = PM_LOCATION_NODE_BASE_VALUE(read_node),
+        .name_loc = PM_LOCATION_NODE_VALUE(read_node),
         .operator_loc = PM_OPTIONAL_LOCATION_TOKEN_VALUE(operator),
         .value = value
     };
@@ -5186,7 +4717,7 @@ pm_interpolated_node_append(pm_node_t *node, pm_node_list_t *parts, pm_node_t *p
             break;
         }
         case PM_EMBEDDED_VARIABLE_NODE:
-            pm_node_flag_unset((pm_node_t *) node, PM_NODE_FLAG_STATIC_LITERAL);
+            pm_node_flag_unset(UP(node), PM_NODE_FLAG_STATIC_LITERAL);
             break;
         default:
             assert(false && "unexpected node type");
@@ -5204,15 +4735,7 @@ pm_interpolated_regular_expression_node_create(pm_parser_t *parser, const pm_tok
     pm_interpolated_regular_expression_node_t *node = PM_NODE_ALLOC(parser, pm_interpolated_regular_expression_node_t);
 
     *node = (pm_interpolated_regular_expression_node_t) {
-        {
-            .type = PM_INTERPOLATED_REGULAR_EXPRESSION_NODE,
-            .flags = PM_NODE_FLAG_STATIC_LITERAL,
-            .node_id = PM_NODE_IDENTIFY(parser),
-            .location = {
-                .start = opening->start,
-                .end = NULL,
-            },
-        },
+        .base = PM_NODE_INIT_TOKEN(parser, PM_INTERPOLATED_REGULAR_EXPRESSION_NODE, PM_NODE_FLAG_STATIC_LITERAL, opening),
         .opening_loc = PM_LOCATION_TOKEN_VALUE(opening),
         .closing_loc = PM_LOCATION_TOKEN_VALUE(opening),
         .parts = { 0 }
@@ -5230,14 +4753,14 @@ pm_interpolated_regular_expression_node_append(pm_interpolated_regular_expressio
         node->base.location.end = part->location.end;
     }
 
-    pm_interpolated_node_append((pm_node_t *) node, &node->parts, part);
+    pm_interpolated_node_append(UP(node), &node->parts, part);
 }
 
 static inline void
 pm_interpolated_regular_expression_node_closing_set(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_interpolated_regular_expression_node_t *node, const pm_token_t *closing) {
     node->closing_loc = PM_LOCATION_TOKEN_VALUE(closing);
     node->base.location.end = closing->end;
-    pm_node_flag_set((pm_node_t *) node, pm_regular_expression_flags_create(parser, closing));
+    pm_node_flag_set(UP(node), pm_regular_expression_flags_create(parser, closing));
 }
 
 /**
@@ -5266,10 +4789,10 @@ pm_interpolated_regular_expression_node_closing_set(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_inte
 static inline void
 pm_interpolated_string_node_append(pm_interpolated_string_node_t *node, pm_node_t *part) {
 #define CLEAR_FLAGS(node) \
-    node->base.flags = (pm_node_flags_t) (node->base.flags & ~(PM_NODE_FLAG_STATIC_LITERAL | PM_INTERPOLATED_STRING_NODE_FLAGS_FROZEN | PM_INTERPOLATED_STRING_NODE_FLAGS_MUTABLE))
+    node->base.flags = (pm_node_flags_t) (FL(node) & ~(PM_NODE_FLAG_STATIC_LITERAL | PM_INTERPOLATED_STRING_NODE_FLAGS_FROZEN | PM_INTERPOLATED_STRING_NODE_FLAGS_MUTABLE))
 
 #define MUTABLE_FLAGS(node) \
-    node->base.flags = (pm_node_flags_t) ((node->base.flags | PM_INTERPOLATED_STRING_NODE_FLAGS_MUTABLE) & ~PM_INTERPOLATED_STRING_NODE_FLAGS_FROZEN);
+    node->base.flags = (pm_node_flags_t) ((FL(node) | PM_INTERPOLATED_STRING_NODE_FLAGS_MUTABLE) & ~PM_INTERPOLATED_STRING_NODE_FLAGS_FROZEN);
 
     if (node->parts.size == 0 && node->opening_loc.start == NULL) {
         node->base.location.start = part->location.start;
@@ -5279,6 +4802,12 @@ pm_interpolated_string_node_append(pm_interpolated_string_node_t *node, pm_node_
 
     switch (PM_NODE_TYPE(part)) {
         case PM_STRING_NODE:
+            // If inner string is not frozen, it stops being a static literal. We should *not* clear other flags,
+            // because concatenating two frozen strings (`'foo' 'bar'`) is still frozen. This holds true for
+            // as long as this interpolation only consists of other string literals.
+            if (!PM_NODE_FLAG_P(part, PM_STRING_FLAGS_FROZEN)) {
+                pm_node_flag_unset(UP(node), PM_NODE_FLAG_STATIC_LITERAL);
+            }
             part->flags = (pm_node_flags_t) ((part->flags | PM_NODE_FLAG_STATIC_LITERAL | PM_STRING_FLAGS_FROZEN) & ~PM_STRING_FLAGS_MUTABLE);
             break;
         case PM_INTERPOLATED_STRING_NODE:
@@ -5330,8 +4859,10 @@ pm_interpolated_string_node_append(pm_interpolated_string_node_t *node, pm_node_
             break;
         case PM_X_STRING_NODE:
         case PM_INTERPOLATED_X_STRING_NODE:
-            // If this is an x string, then this is a syntax error. But we want
-            // to handle it here so that we don't fail the assertion.
+        case PM_SYMBOL_NODE:
+        case PM_INTERPOLATED_SYMBOL_NODE:
+            // These will only happen in error cases. But we want to handle it
+            // here so that we don't fail the assertion.
             CLEAR_FLAGS(node);
             break;
         default:
@@ -5363,15 +4894,7 @@ pm_interpolated_string_node_create(pm_parser_t *parser, const pm_token_t *openin
     }
 
     *node = (pm_interpolated_string_node_t) {
-        {
-            .type = PM_INTERPOLATED_STRING_NODE,
-            .flags = flags,
-            .node_id = PM_NODE_IDENTIFY(parser),
-            .location = {
-                .start = opening->start,
-                .end = closing->end,
-            },
-        },
+        .base = PM_NODE_INIT_TOKENS(parser, PM_INTERPOLATED_STRING_NODE, flags, opening, closing),
         .opening_loc = PM_OPTIONAL_LOCATION_TOKEN_VALUE(opening),
         .closing_loc = PM_OPTIONAL_LOCATION_TOKEN_VALUE(closing),
         .parts = { 0 }
@@ -5402,7 +4925,7 @@ pm_interpolated_symbol_node_append(pm_interpolated_symbol_node_t *node, pm_node_
         node->base.location.start = part->location.start;
     }
 
-    pm_interpolated_node_append((pm_node_t *) node, &node->parts, part);
+    pm_interpolated_node_append(UP(node), &node->parts, part);
     node->base.location.end = MAX(node->base.location.end, part->location.end);
 }
 
@@ -5420,15 +4943,7 @@ pm_interpolated_symbol_node_create(pm_parser_t *parser, const pm_token_t *openin
     pm_interpolated_symbol_node_t *node = PM_NODE_ALLOC(parser, pm_interpolated_symbol_node_t);
 
     *node = (pm_interpolated_symbol_node_t) {
-        {
-            .type = PM_INTERPOLATED_SYMBOL_NODE,
-            .flags = PM_NODE_FLAG_STATIC_LITERAL,
-            .node_id = PM_NODE_IDENTIFY(parser),
-            .location = {
-                .start = opening->start,
-                .end = closing->end,
-            },
-        },
+        .base = PM_NODE_INIT_TOKENS(parser, PM_INTERPOLATED_SYMBOL_NODE, PM_NODE_FLAG_STATIC_LITERAL, opening, closing),
         .opening_loc = PM_OPTIONAL_LOCATION_TOKEN_VALUE(opening),
         .closing_loc = PM_OPTIONAL_LOCATION_TOKEN_VALUE(closing),
         .parts = { 0 }
@@ -5452,14 +4967,7 @@ pm_interpolated_xstring_node_create(pm_parser_t *parser, const pm_token_t *openi
     pm_interpolated_x_string_node_t *node = PM_NODE_ALLOC(parser, pm_interpolated_x_string_node_t);
 
     *node = (pm_interpolated_x_string_node_t) {
-        {
-            .type = PM_INTERPOLATED_X_STRING_NODE,
-            .node_id = PM_NODE_IDENTIFY(parser),
-            .location = {
-                .start = opening->start,
-                .end = closing->end
-            },
-        },
+        .base = PM_NODE_INIT_TOKENS(parser, PM_INTERPOLATED_X_STRING_NODE, 0, opening, closing),
         .opening_loc = PM_OPTIONAL_LOCATION_TOKEN_VALUE(opening),
         .closing_loc = PM_OPTIONAL_LOCATION_TOKEN_VALUE(closing),
         .parts = { 0 }
@@ -5470,7 +4978,7 @@ pm_interpolated_xstring_node_create(pm_parser_t *parser, const pm_token_t *openi
 
 static inline void
 pm_interpolated_xstring_node_append(pm_interpolated_x_string_node_t *node, pm_node_t *part) {
-    pm_interpolated_node_append((pm_node_t *) node, &node->parts, part);
+    pm_interpolated_node_append(UP(node), &node->parts, part);
     node->base.location.end = part->location.end;
 }
 
@@ -5488,11 +4996,7 @@ pm_it_local_variable_read_node_create(pm_parser_t *parser, const pm_token_t *nam
     pm_it_local_variable_read_node_t *node = PM_NODE_ALLOC(parser, pm_it_local_variable_read_node_t);
 
     *node = (pm_it_local_variable_read_node_t) {
-        {
-            .type = PM_IT_LOCAL_VARIABLE_READ_NODE,
-            .node_id = PM_NODE_IDENTIFY(parser),
-            .location = PM_LOCATION_TOKEN_VALUE(name)
-        }
+        .base = PM_NODE_INIT_TOKEN(parser, PM_IT_LOCAL_VARIABLE_READ_NODE, 0, name),
     };
 
     return node;
@@ -5506,14 +5010,7 @@ pm_it_parameters_node_create(pm_parser_t *parser, const pm_token_t *opening, con
     pm_it_parameters_node_t *node = PM_NODE_ALLOC(parser, pm_it_parameters_node_t);
 
     *node = (pm_it_parameters_node_t) {
-        {
-            .type = PM_IT_PARAMETERS_NODE,
-            .node_id = PM_NODE_IDENTIFY(parser),
-            .location = {
-                .start = opening->start,
-                .end = closing->end
-            }
-        }
+        .base = PM_NODE_INIT_TOKENS(parser, PM_IT_PARAMETERS_NODE, 0, opening, closing),
     };
 
     return node;
@@ -5527,12 +5024,7 @@ pm_keyword_hash_node_create(pm_parser_t *parser) {
     pm_keyword_hash_node_t *node = PM_NODE_ALLOC(parser, pm_keyword_hash_node_t);
 
     *node = (pm_keyword_hash_node_t) {
-        .base = {
-            .type = PM_KEYWORD_HASH_NODE,
-            .flags = PM_KEYWORD_HASH_NODE_FLAGS_SYMBOL_KEYS,
-            .node_id = PM_NODE_IDENTIFY(parser),
-            .location = PM_OPTIONAL_LOCATION_NOT_PROVIDED_VALUE
-        },
+        .base = PM_NODE_INIT_UNSET(parser, PM_KEYWORD_HASH_NODE, PM_KEYWORD_HASH_NODE_FLAGS_SYMBOL_KEYS),
         .elements = { 0 }
     };
 
@@ -5547,7 +5039,7 @@ pm_keyword_hash_node_elements_append(pm_keyword_hash_node_t *hash, pm_node_t *el
     // If the element being added is not an AssocNode or does not have a symbol
     // key, then we want to turn the SYMBOL_KEYS flag off.
     if (!PM_NODE_TYPE_P(element, PM_ASSOC_NODE) || !PM_NODE_TYPE_P(((pm_assoc_node_t *) element)->key, PM_SYMBOL_NODE)) {
-        pm_node_flag_unset((pm_node_t *)hash, PM_KEYWORD_HASH_NODE_FLAGS_SYMBOL_KEYS);
+        pm_node_flag_unset(UP(hash), PM_KEYWORD_HASH_NODE_FLAGS_SYMBOL_KEYS);
     }
 
     pm_node_list_append(&hash->elements, element);
@@ -5565,14 +5057,7 @@ pm_required_keyword_parameter_node_create(pm_parser_t *parser, const pm_token_t
     pm_required_keyword_parameter_node_t *node = PM_NODE_ALLOC(parser, pm_required_keyword_parameter_node_t);
 
     *node = (pm_required_keyword_parameter_node_t) {
-        {
-            .type = PM_REQUIRED_KEYWORD_PARAMETER_NODE,
-            .node_id = PM_NODE_IDENTIFY(parser),
-            .location = {
-                .start = name->start,
-                .end = name->end
-            },
-        },
+        .base = PM_NODE_INIT_TOKEN(parser, PM_REQUIRED_KEYWORD_PARAMETER_NODE, 0, name),
         .name = pm_parser_constant_id_location(parser, name->start, name->end - 1),
         .name_loc = PM_LOCATION_TOKEN_VALUE(name),
     };
@@ -5588,14 +5073,7 @@ pm_optional_keyword_parameter_node_create(pm_parser_t *parser, const pm_token_t
     pm_optional_keyword_parameter_node_t *node = PM_NODE_ALLOC(parser, pm_optional_keyword_parameter_node_t);
 
     *node = (pm_optional_keyword_parameter_node_t) {
-        {
-            .type = PM_OPTIONAL_KEYWORD_PARAMETER_NODE,
-            .node_id = PM_NODE_IDENTIFY(parser),
-            .location = {
-                .start = name->start,
-                .end = value->location.end
-            },
-        },
+        .base = PM_NODE_INIT_TOKEN_NODE(parser, PM_OPTIONAL_KEYWORD_PARAMETER_NODE, 0, name, value),
         .name = pm_parser_constant_id_location(parser, name->start, name->end - 1),
         .name_loc = PM_LOCATION_TOKEN_VALUE(name),
         .value = value
@@ -5612,14 +5090,11 @@ pm_keyword_rest_parameter_node_create(pm_parser_t *parser, const pm_token_t *ope
     pm_keyword_rest_parameter_node_t *node = PM_NODE_ALLOC(parser, pm_keyword_rest_parameter_node_t);
 
     *node = (pm_keyword_rest_parameter_node_t) {
-        {
-            .type = PM_KEYWORD_REST_PARAMETER_NODE,
-            .node_id = PM_NODE_IDENTIFY(parser),
-            .location = {
-                .start = operator->start,
-                .end = (name->type == PM_TOKEN_NOT_PROVIDED ? operator->end : name->end)
-            },
-        },
+        .base = (
+            (name->type == PM_TOKEN_NOT_PROVIDED)
+            ? PM_NODE_INIT_TOKEN(parser, PM_KEYWORD_REST_PARAMETER_NODE, 0, operator)
+            : PM_NODE_INIT_TOKENS(parser, PM_KEYWORD_REST_PARAMETER_NODE, 0, operator, name)
+        ),
         .name = pm_parser_optional_constant_id_token(parser, name),
         .name_loc = PM_OPTIONAL_LOCATION_TOKEN_VALUE(name),
         .operator_loc = PM_LOCATION_TOKEN_VALUE(operator)
@@ -5644,14 +5119,7 @@ pm_lambda_node_create(
     pm_lambda_node_t *node = PM_NODE_ALLOC(parser, pm_lambda_node_t);
 
     *node = (pm_lambda_node_t) {
-        {
-            .type = PM_LAMBDA_NODE,
-            .node_id = PM_NODE_IDENTIFY(parser),
-            .location = {
-                .start = operator->start,
-                .end = closing->end
-            },
-        },
+        .base = PM_NODE_INIT_TOKENS(parser, PM_LAMBDA_NODE, 0, operator, closing),
         .locals = *locals,
         .operator_loc = PM_LOCATION_TOKEN_VALUE(operator),
         .opening_loc = PM_LOCATION_TOKEN_VALUE(opening),
@@ -5673,14 +5141,7 @@ pm_local_variable_and_write_node_create(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_node_t *target,
     pm_local_variable_and_write_node_t *node = PM_NODE_ALLOC(parser, pm_local_variable_and_write_node_t);
 
     *node = (pm_local_variable_and_write_node_t) {
-        {
-            .type = PM_LOCAL_VARIABLE_AND_WRITE_NODE,
-            .node_id = PM_NODE_IDENTIFY(parser),
-            .location = {
-                .start = target->location.start,
-                .end = value->location.end
-            }
-        },
+        .base = PM_NODE_INIT_NODES(parser, PM_LOCAL_VARIABLE_AND_WRITE_NODE, 0, target, value),
         .name_loc = target->location,
         .operator_loc = PM_LOCATION_TOKEN_VALUE(operator),
         .value = value,
@@ -5699,14 +5160,7 @@ pm_local_variable_operator_write_node_create(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_node_t *tar
     pm_local_variable_operator_write_node_t *node = PM_NODE_ALLOC(parser, pm_local_variable_operator_write_node_t);
 
     *node = (pm_local_variable_operator_write_node_t) {
-        {
-            .type = PM_LOCAL_VARIABLE_OPERATOR_WRITE_NODE,
-            .node_id = PM_NODE_IDENTIFY(parser),
-            .location = {
-                .start = target->location.start,
-                .end = value->location.end
-            }
-        },
+        .base = PM_NODE_INIT_NODES(parser, PM_LOCAL_VARIABLE_OPERATOR_WRITE_NODE, 0, target, value),
         .name_loc = target->location,
         .binary_operator_loc = PM_LOCATION_TOKEN_VALUE(operator),
         .value = value,
@@ -5728,14 +5182,7 @@ pm_local_variable_or_write_node_create(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_node_t *target, c
     pm_local_variable_or_write_node_t *node = PM_NODE_ALLOC(parser, pm_local_variable_or_write_node_t);
 
     *node = (pm_local_variable_or_write_node_t) {
-        {
-            .type = PM_LOCAL_VARIABLE_OR_WRITE_NODE,
-            .node_id = PM_NODE_IDENTIFY(parser),
-            .location = {
-                .start = target->location.start,
-                .end = value->location.end
-            }
-        },
+        .base = PM_NODE_INIT_NODES(parser, PM_LOCAL_VARIABLE_OR_WRITE_NODE, 0, target, value),
         .name_loc = target->location,
         .operator_loc = PM_LOCATION_TOKEN_VALUE(operator),
         .value = value,
@@ -5756,11 +5203,7 @@ pm_local_variable_read_node_create_constant_id(pm_parser_t *parser, const pm_tok
     pm_local_variable_read_node_t *node = PM_NODE_ALLOC(parser, pm_local_variable_read_node_t);
 
     *node = (pm_local_variable_read_node_t) {
-        {
-            .type = PM_LOCAL_VARIABLE_READ_NODE,
-            .node_id = PM_NODE_IDENTIFY(parser),
-            .location = PM_LOCATION_TOKEN_VALUE(name)
-        },
+        .base = PM_NODE_INIT_TOKEN(parser, PM_LOCAL_VARIABLE_READ_NODE, 0, name),
         .name = name_id,
         .depth = depth
     };
@@ -5793,17 +5236,10 @@ pm_local_variable_read_node_missing_create(pm_parser_t *parser, const pm_token_t
 static pm_local_variable_write_node_t *
 pm_local_variable_write_node_create(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_constant_id_t name, uint32_t depth, pm_node_t *value, const pm_location_t *name_loc, const pm_token_t *operator) {
     pm_local_variable_write_node_t *node = PM_NODE_ALLOC(parser, pm_local_variable_write_node_t);
+    pm_node_flags_t flags = pm_implicit_array_write_flags(value, PM_WRITE_NODE_FLAGS_IMPLICIT_ARRAY);
 
     *node = (pm_local_variable_write_node_t) {
-        {
-            .type = PM_LOCAL_VARIABLE_WRITE_NODE,
-            .flags = pm_implicit_array_write_flags(value, PM_WRITE_NODE_FLAGS_IMPLICIT_ARRAY),
-            .node_id = PM_NODE_IDENTIFY(parser),
-            .location = {
-                .start = name_loc->start,
-                .end = value->location.end
-            }
-        },
+        .base = PM_NODE_INIT_TOKEN_NODE(parser, PM_LOCAL_VARIABLE_WRITE_NODE, flags, name_loc, value),
         .name = name,
         .depth = depth,
         .value = value,
@@ -5852,11 +5288,7 @@ pm_local_variable_target_node_create(pm_parser_t *parser, const pm_location_t *l
     pm_local_variable_target_node_t *node = PM_NODE_ALLOC(parser, pm_local_variable_target_node_t);
 
     *node = (pm_local_variable_target_node_t) {
-        {
-            .type = PM_LOCAL_VARIABLE_TARGET_NODE,
-            .node_id = PM_NODE_IDENTIFY(parser),
-            .location = *location
-        },
+        .base = PM_NODE_INIT_TOKEN(parser, PM_LOCAL_VARIABLE_TARGET_NODE, 0, location),
         .name = name,
         .depth = depth
     };
@@ -5874,14 +5306,7 @@ pm_match_predicate_node_create(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_node_t *value, pm_node_t
     pm_match_predicate_node_t *node = PM_NODE_ALLOC(parser, pm_match_predicate_node_t);
 
     *node = (pm_match_predicate_node_t) {
-        {
-            .type = PM_MATCH_PREDICATE_NODE,
-            .node_id = PM_NODE_IDENTIFY(parser),
-            .location = {
-                .start = value->location.start,
-                .end = pattern->location.end
-            }
-        },
+        .base = PM_NODE_INIT_NODES(parser, PM_MATCH_PREDICATE_NODE, 0, value, pattern),
         .value = value,
         .pattern = pattern,
         .operator_loc = PM_LOCATION_TOKEN_VALUE(operator)
@@ -5900,14 +5325,7 @@ pm_match_required_node_create(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_node_t *value, pm_node_t *
     pm_match_required_node_t *node = PM_NODE_ALLOC(parser, pm_match_required_node_t);
 
     *node = (pm_match_required_node_t) {
-        {
-            .type = PM_MATCH_REQUIRED_NODE,
-            .node_id = PM_NODE_IDENTIFY(parser),
-            .location = {
-                .start = value->location.start,
-                .end = pattern->location.end
-            }
-        },
+        .base = PM_NODE_INIT_NODES(parser, PM_MATCH_REQUIRED_NODE, 0, value, pattern),
         .value = value,
         .pattern = pattern,
         .operator_loc = PM_LOCATION_TOKEN_VALUE(operator)
@@ -5924,11 +5342,7 @@ pm_match_write_node_create(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_call_node_t *call) {
     pm_match_write_node_t *node = PM_NODE_ALLOC(parser, pm_match_write_node_t);
 
     *node = (pm_match_write_node_t) {
-        {
-            .type = PM_MATCH_WRITE_NODE,
-            .node_id = PM_NODE_IDENTIFY(parser),
-            .location = call->base.location
-        },
+        .base = PM_NODE_INIT_NODE(parser, PM_MATCH_WRITE_NODE, 0, call),
         .call = call,
         .targets = { 0 }
     };
@@ -5944,14 +5358,7 @@ pm_module_node_create(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_constant_id_list_t *locals, const
     pm_module_node_t *node = PM_NODE_ALLOC(parser, pm_module_node_t);
 
     *node = (pm_module_node_t) {
-        {
-            .type = PM_MODULE_NODE,
-            .node_id = PM_NODE_IDENTIFY(parser),
-            .location = {
-                .start = module_keyword->start,
-                .end = end_keyword->end
-            }
-        },
+        .base = PM_NODE_INIT_TOKENS(parser, PM_MODULE_NODE, 0, module_keyword, end_keyword),
         .locals = (locals == NULL ? ((pm_constant_id_list_t) { .ids = NULL, .size = 0, .capacity = 0 }) : *locals),
         .module_keyword_loc = PM_LOCATION_TOKEN_VALUE(module_keyword),
         .constant_path = constant_path,
@@ -5971,16 +5378,12 @@ pm_multi_target_node_create(pm_parser_t *parser) {
     pm_multi_target_node_t *node = PM_NODE_ALLOC(parser, pm_multi_target_node_t);
 
     *node = (pm_multi_target_node_t) {
-        {
-            .type = PM_MULTI_TARGET_NODE,
-            .node_id = PM_NODE_IDENTIFY(parser),
-            .location = { .start = NULL, .end = NULL }
-        },
+        .base = PM_NODE_INIT_UNSET(parser, PM_MULTI_TARGET_NODE, 0),
         .lefts = { 0 },
         .rest = NULL,
         .rights = { 0 },
-        .lparen_loc = PM_OPTIONAL_LOCATION_NOT_PROVIDED_VALUE,
-        .rparen_loc = PM_OPTIONAL_LOCATION_NOT_PROVIDED_VALUE
+        .lparen_loc = { 0 },
+        .rparen_loc = { 0 }
     };
 
     return node;
@@ -6044,17 +5447,10 @@ pm_multi_target_node_closing_set(pm_multi_target_node_t *node, const pm_token_t
 static pm_multi_write_node_t *
 pm_multi_write_node_create(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_multi_target_node_t *target, const pm_token_t *operator, pm_node_t *value) {
     pm_multi_write_node_t *node = PM_NODE_ALLOC(parser, pm_multi_write_node_t);
+    pm_node_flags_t flags = pm_implicit_array_write_flags(value, PM_WRITE_NODE_FLAGS_IMPLICIT_ARRAY);
 
     *node = (pm_multi_write_node_t) {
-        {
-            .type = PM_MULTI_WRITE_NODE,
-            .flags = pm_implicit_array_write_flags(value, PM_WRITE_NODE_FLAGS_IMPLICIT_ARRAY),
-            .node_id = PM_NODE_IDENTIFY(parser),
-            .location = {
-                .start = target->base.location.start,
-                .end = value->location.end
-            }
-        },
+        .base = PM_NODE_INIT_NODES(parser, PM_MULTI_WRITE_NODE, flags, target, value),
         .lefts = target->lefts,
         .rest = target->rest,
         .rights = target->rights,
@@ -6080,14 +5476,11 @@ pm_next_node_create(pm_parser_t *parser, const pm_token_t *keyword, pm_arguments
     pm_next_node_t *node = PM_NODE_ALLOC(parser, pm_next_node_t);
 
     *node = (pm_next_node_t) {
-        {
-            .type = PM_NEXT_NODE,
-            .node_id = PM_NODE_IDENTIFY(parser),
-            .location = {
-                .start = keyword->start,
-                .end = (arguments == NULL ? keyword->end : arguments->base.location.end)
-            }
-        },
+        .base = (
+            (arguments == NULL)
+            ? PM_NODE_INIT_TOKEN(parser, PM_NEXT_NODE, 0, keyword)
+            : PM_NODE_INIT_TOKEN_NODE(parser, PM_NEXT_NODE, 0, keyword, arguments)
+        ),
         .keyword_loc = PM_LOCATION_TOKEN_VALUE(keyword),
         .arguments = arguments
     };
@@ -6103,12 +5496,9 @@ pm_nil_node_create(pm_parser_t *parser, const pm_token_t *token) {
     assert(token->type == PM_TOKEN_KEYWORD_NIL);
     pm_nil_node_t *node = PM_NODE_ALLOC(parser, pm_nil_node_t);
 
-    *node = (pm_nil_node_t) {{
-        .type = PM_NIL_NODE,
-        .flags = PM_NODE_FLAG_STATIC_LITERAL,
-        .node_id = PM_NODE_IDENTIFY(parser),
-        .location = PM_LOCATION_TOKEN_VALUE(token)
-    }};
+    *node = (pm_nil_node_t) {
+        .base = PM_NODE_INIT_TOKEN(parser, PM_NIL_NODE, PM_NODE_FLAG_STATIC_LITERAL, token)
+    };
 
     return node;
 }
@@ -6123,14 +5513,7 @@ pm_no_keywords_parameter_node_create(pm_parser_t *parser, const pm_token_t *oper
     pm_no_keywords_parameter_node_t *node = PM_NODE_ALLOC(parser, pm_no_keywords_parameter_node_t);
 
     *node = (pm_no_keywords_parameter_node_t) {
-        {
-            .type = PM_NO_KEYWORDS_PARAMETER_NODE,
-            .node_id = PM_NODE_IDENTIFY(parser),
-            .location = {
-                .start = operator->start,
-                .end = keyword->end
-            }
-        },
+        .base = PM_NODE_INIT_TOKENS(parser, PM_NO_KEYWORDS_PARAMETER_NODE, 0, operator, keyword),
         .operator_loc = PM_LOCATION_TOKEN_VALUE(operator),
         .keyword_loc = PM_LOCATION_TOKEN_VALUE(keyword)
     };
@@ -6146,11 +5529,7 @@ pm_numbered_parameters_node_create(pm_parser_t *parser, const pm_location_t *loc
     pm_numbered_parameters_node_t *node = PM_NODE_ALLOC(parser, pm_numbered_parameters_node_t);
 
     *node = (pm_numbered_parameters_node_t) {
-        {
-            .type = PM_NUMBERED_PARAMETERS_NODE,
-            .node_id = PM_NODE_IDENTIFY(parser),
-            .location = *location
-        },
+        .base = PM_NODE_INIT_TOKEN(parser, PM_NUMBERED_PARAMETERS_NODE, 0, location),
         .maximum = maximum
     };
 
@@ -6215,11 +5594,7 @@ pm_numbered_reference_read_node_create(pm_parser_t *parser, const pm_token_t *na
     pm_numbered_reference_read_node_t *node = PM_NODE_ALLOC(parser, pm_numbered_reference_read_node_t);
 
     *node = (pm_numbered_reference_read_node_t) {
-        {
-            .type = PM_NUMBERED_REFERENCE_READ_NODE,
-            .node_id = PM_NODE_IDENTIFY(parser),
-            .location = PM_LOCATION_TOKEN_VALUE(name),
-        },
+        .base = PM_NODE_INIT_TOKEN(parser, PM_NUMBERED_REFERENCE_READ_NODE, 0, name),
         .number = pm_numbered_reference_read_node_number(parser, name)
     };
 
@@ -6234,14 +5609,7 @@ pm_optional_parameter_node_create(pm_parser_t *parser, const pm_token_t *name, c
     pm_optional_parameter_node_t *node = PM_NODE_ALLOC(parser, pm_optional_parameter_node_t);
 
     *node = (pm_optional_parameter_node_t) {
-        {
-            .type = PM_OPTIONAL_PARAMETER_NODE,
-            .node_id = PM_NODE_IDENTIFY(parser),
-            .location = {
-                .start = name->start,
-                .end = value->location.end
-            }
-        },
+        .base = PM_NODE_INIT_TOKEN_NODE(parser, PM_OPTIONAL_PARAMETER_NODE, 0, name, value),
         .name = pm_parser_constant_id_token(parser, name),
         .name_loc = PM_LOCATION_TOKEN_VALUE(name),
         .operator_loc = PM_LOCATION_TOKEN_VALUE(operator),
@@ -6261,14 +5629,7 @@ pm_or_node_create(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_node_t *left, const pm_token_t *operat
     pm_or_node_t *node = PM_NODE_ALLOC(parser, pm_or_node_t);
 
     *node = (pm_or_node_t) {
-        {
-            .type = PM_OR_NODE,
-            .node_id = PM_NODE_IDENTIFY(parser),
-            .location = {
-                .start = left->location.start,
-                .end = right->location.end
-            }
-        },
+        .base = PM_NODE_INIT_NODES(parser, PM_OR_NODE, 0, left, right),
         .left = left,
         .right = right,
         .operator_loc = PM_LOCATION_TOKEN_VALUE(operator)
@@ -6285,11 +5646,7 @@ pm_parameters_node_create(pm_parser_t *parser) {
     pm_parameters_node_t *node = PM_NODE_ALLOC(parser, pm_parameters_node_t);
 
     *node = (pm_parameters_node_t) {
-        {
-            .type = PM_PARAMETERS_NODE,
-            .node_id = PM_NODE_IDENTIFY(parser),
-            .location = PM_LOCATION_TOKEN_VALUE(&parser->current)
-        },
+        .base = PM_NODE_INIT_UNSET(parser, PM_PARAMETERS_NODE, 0),
         .rest = NULL,
         .keyword_rest = NULL,
         .block = NULL,
@@ -6334,8 +5691,8 @@ pm_parameters_node_requireds_append(pm_parameters_node_t *params, pm_node_t *par
  */
 static void
 pm_parameters_node_optionals_append(pm_parameters_node_t *params, pm_optional_parameter_node_t *param) {
-    pm_parameters_node_location_set(params, (pm_node_t *) param);
-    pm_node_list_append(&params->optionals, (pm_node_t *) param);
+    pm_parameters_node_location_set(params, UP(param));
+    pm_node_list_append(&params->optionals, UP(param));
 }
 
 /**
@@ -6381,7 +5738,7 @@ pm_parameters_node_keyword_rest_set(pm_parameters_node_t *params, pm_node_t *par
 static void
 pm_parameters_node_block_set(pm_parameters_node_t *params, pm_block_parameter_node_t *param) {
     assert(params->block == NULL);
-    pm_parameters_node_location_set(params, (pm_node_t *) param);
+    pm_parameters_node_location_set(params, UP(param));
     params->block = param;
 }
 
@@ -6393,14 +5750,7 @@ pm_program_node_create(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_constant_id_list_t *locals, pm_st
     pm_program_node_t *node = PM_NODE_ALLOC(parser, pm_program_node_t);
 
     *node = (pm_program_node_t) {
-        {
-            .type = PM_PROGRAM_NODE,
-            .node_id = PM_NODE_IDENTIFY(parser),
-            .location = {
-                .start = statements == NULL ? parser->start : statements->base.location.start,
-                .end = statements == NULL ? parser->end : statements->base.location.end
-            }
-        },
+        .base = PM_NODE_INIT_NODE(parser, PM_PROGRAM_NODE, 0, statements),
         .locals = *locals,
         .statements = statements
     };
@@ -6416,15 +5766,7 @@ pm_parentheses_node_create(pm_parser_t *parser, const pm_token_t *opening, pm_no
     pm_parentheses_node_t *node = PM_NODE_ALLOC(parser, pm_parentheses_node_t);
 
     *node = (pm_parentheses_node_t) {
-        {
-            .type = PM_PARENTHESES_NODE,
-            .flags = flags,
-            .node_id = PM_NODE_IDENTIFY(parser),
-            .location = {
-                .start = opening->start,
-                .end = closing->end
-            }
-        },
+        .base = PM_NODE_INIT_TOKENS(parser, PM_PARENTHESES_NODE, flags, opening, closing),
         .body = body,
         .opening_loc = PM_LOCATION_TOKEN_VALUE(opening),
         .closing_loc = PM_LOCATION_TOKEN_VALUE(closing)
@@ -6441,14 +5783,7 @@ pm_pinned_expression_node_create(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_node_t *expression, con
     pm_pinned_expression_node_t *node = PM_NODE_ALLOC(parser, pm_pinned_expression_node_t);
 
     *node = (pm_pinned_expression_node_t) {
-        {
-            .type = PM_PINNED_EXPRESSION_NODE,
-            .node_id = PM_NODE_IDENTIFY(parser),
-            .location = {
-                .start = operator->start,
-                .end = rparen->end
-            }
-        },
+        .base = PM_NODE_INIT_TOKENS(parser, PM_PINNED_EXPRESSION_NODE, 0, operator, rparen),
         .expression = expression,
         .operator_loc = PM_LOCATION_TOKEN_VALUE(operator),
         .lparen_loc = PM_LOCATION_TOKEN_VALUE(lparen),
@@ -6466,14 +5801,7 @@ pm_pinned_variable_node_create(pm_parser_t *parser, const pm_token_t *operator,
     pm_pinned_variable_node_t *node = PM_NODE_ALLOC(parser, pm_pinned_variable_node_t);
 
     *node = (pm_pinned_variable_node_t) {
-        {
-            .type = PM_PINNED_VARIABLE_NODE,
-            .node_id = PM_NODE_IDENTIFY(parser),
-            .location = {
-                .start = operator->start,
-                .end = variable->location.end
-            }
-        },
+        .base = PM_NODE_INIT_TOKEN_NODE(parser, PM_PINNED_VARIABLE_NODE, 0, operator, variable),
         .variable = variable,
         .operator_loc = PM_LOCATION_TOKEN_VALUE(operator)
     };
@@ -6489,14 +5817,7 @@ pm_post_execution_node_create(pm_parser_t *parser, const pm_token_t *keyword, co
     pm_post_execution_node_t *node = PM_NODE_ALLOC(parser, pm_post_execution_node_t);
 
     *node = (pm_post_execution_node_t) {
-        {
-            .type = PM_POST_EXECUTION_NODE,
-            .node_id = PM_NODE_IDENTIFY(parser),
-            .location = {
-                .start = keyword->start,
-                .end = closing->end
-            }
-        },
+        .base = PM_NODE_INIT_TOKENS(parser, PM_POST_EXECUTION_NODE, 0, keyword, closing),
         .statements = statements,
         .keyword_loc = PM_LOCATION_TOKEN_VALUE(keyword),
         .opening_loc = PM_LOCATION_TOKEN_VALUE(opening),
@@ -6514,14 +5835,7 @@ pm_pre_execution_node_create(pm_parser_t *parser, const pm_token_t *keyword, con
     pm_pre_execution_node_t *node = PM_NODE_ALLOC(parser, pm_pre_execution_node_t);
 
     *node = (pm_pre_execution_node_t) {
-        {
-            .type = PM_PRE_EXECUTION_NODE,
-            .node_id = PM_NODE_IDENTIFY(parser),
-            .location = {
-                .start = keyword->start,
-                .end = closing->end
-            }
-        },
+        .base = PM_NODE_INIT_TOKENS(parser, PM_PRE_EXECUTION_NODE, 0, keyword, closing),
         .statements = statements,
         .keyword_loc = PM_LOCATION_TOKEN_VALUE(keyword),
         .opening_loc = PM_LOCATION_TOKEN_VALUE(opening),
@@ -6558,15 +5872,7 @@ pm_range_node_create(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_node_t *left, const pm_token_t *ope
     }
 
     *node = (pm_range_node_t) {
-        {
-            .type = PM_RANGE_NODE,
-            .flags = flags,
-            .node_id = PM_NODE_IDENTIFY(parser),
-            .location = {
-                .start = (left == NULL ? operator->start : left->location.start),
-                .end = (right == NULL ? operator->end : right->location.end)
-            }
-        },
+        .base = PM_NODE_INIT(parser, PM_RANGE_NODE, flags, (left == NULL ? operator->start : left->location.start), (right == NULL ? operator->end : right->location.end)),
         .left = left,
         .right = right,
         .operator_loc = PM_LOCATION_TOKEN_VALUE(operator)
@@ -6583,11 +5889,9 @@ pm_redo_node_create(pm_parser_t *parser, const pm_token_t *token) {
     assert(token->type == PM_TOKEN_KEYWORD_REDO);
     pm_redo_node_t *node = PM_NODE_ALLOC(parser, pm_redo_node_t);
 
-    *node = (pm_redo_node_t) {{
-        .type = PM_REDO_NODE,
-        .node_id = PM_NODE_IDENTIFY(parser),
-        .location = PM_LOCATION_TOKEN_VALUE(token)
-    }};
+    *node = (pm_redo_node_t) {
+        .base = PM_NODE_INIT_TOKEN(parser, PM_REDO_NODE, 0, token)
+    };
 
     return node;
 }
@@ -6599,17 +5903,10 @@ pm_redo_node_create(pm_parser_t *parser, const pm_token_t *token) {
 static pm_regular_expression_node_t *
 pm_regular_expression_node_create_unescaped(pm_parser_t *parser, const pm_token_t *opening, const pm_token_t *content, const pm_token_t *closing, const pm_string_t *unescaped) {
     pm_regular_expression_node_t *node = PM_NODE_ALLOC(parser, pm_regular_expression_node_t);
+    pm_node_flags_t flags = pm_regular_expression_flags_create(parser, closing) | PM_NODE_FLAG_STATIC_LITERAL;
 
     *node = (pm_regular_expression_node_t) {
-        {
-            .type = PM_REGULAR_EXPRESSION_NODE,
-            .flags = pm_regular_expression_flags_create(parser, closing) | PM_NODE_FLAG_STATIC_LITERAL,
-            .node_id = PM_NODE_IDENTIFY(parser),
-            .location = {
-                .start = MIN(opening->start, closing->start),
-                .end = MAX(opening->end, closing->end)
-            }
-        },
+        .base = PM_NODE_INIT_TOKENS(parser, PM_REGULAR_EXPRESSION_NODE, flags, opening, closing),
         .opening_loc = PM_LOCATION_TOKEN_VALUE(opening),
         .content_loc = PM_LOCATION_TOKEN_VALUE(content),
         .closing_loc = PM_LOCATION_TOKEN_VALUE(closing),
@@ -6635,11 +5932,7 @@ pm_required_parameter_node_create(pm_parser_t *parser, const pm_token_t *token)
     pm_required_parameter_node_t *node = PM_NODE_ALLOC(parser, pm_required_parameter_node_t);
 
     *node = (pm_required_parameter_node_t) {
-        {
-            .type = PM_REQUIRED_PARAMETER_NODE,
-            .node_id = PM_NODE_IDENTIFY(parser),
-            .location = PM_LOCATION_TOKEN_VALUE(token)
-        },
+        .base = PM_NODE_INIT_TOKEN(parser, PM_REQUIRED_PARAMETER_NODE, 0, token),
         .name = pm_parser_constant_id_token(parser, token)
     };
 
@@ -6654,14 +5947,7 @@ pm_rescue_modifier_node_create(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_node_t *expression, const
     pm_rescue_modifier_node_t *node = PM_NODE_ALLOC(parser, pm_rescue_modifier_node_t);
 
     *node = (pm_rescue_modifier_node_t) {
-        {
-            .type = PM_RESCUE_MODIFIER_NODE,
-            .node_id = PM_NODE_IDENTIFY(parser),
-            .location = {
-                .start = expression->location.start,
-                .end = rescue_expression->location.end
-            }
-        },
+        .base = PM_NODE_INIT_NODES(parser, PM_RESCUE_MODIFIER_NODE, 0, expression, rescue_expression),
         .expression = expression,
         .keyword_loc = PM_LOCATION_TOKEN_VALUE(keyword),
         .rescue_expression = rescue_expression
@@ -6678,14 +5964,10 @@ pm_rescue_node_create(pm_parser_t *parser, const pm_token_t *keyword) {
     pm_rescue_node_t *node = PM_NODE_ALLOC(parser, pm_rescue_node_t);
 
     *node = (pm_rescue_node_t) {
-        {
-            .type = PM_RESCUE_NODE,
-            .node_id = PM_NODE_IDENTIFY(parser),
-            .location = PM_LOCATION_TOKEN_VALUE(keyword)
-        },
+        .base = PM_NODE_INIT_TOKEN(parser, PM_RESCUE_NODE, 0, keyword),
         .keyword_loc = PM_LOCATION_TOKEN_VALUE(keyword),
-        .operator_loc = PM_OPTIONAL_LOCATION_NOT_PROVIDED_VALUE,
-        .then_keyword_loc = PM_OPTIONAL_LOCATION_NOT_PROVIDED_VALUE,
+        .operator_loc = { 0 },
+        .then_keyword_loc = { 0 },
         .reference = NULL,
         .statements = NULL,
         .subsequent = NULL,
@@ -6746,14 +6028,11 @@ pm_rest_parameter_node_create(pm_parser_t *parser, const pm_token_t *operator, c
     pm_rest_parameter_node_t *node = PM_NODE_ALLOC(parser, pm_rest_parameter_node_t);
 
     *node = (pm_rest_parameter_node_t) {
-        {
-            .type = PM_REST_PARAMETER_NODE,
-            .node_id = PM_NODE_IDENTIFY(parser),
-            .location = {
-                .start = operator->start,
-                .end = (name->type == PM_TOKEN_NOT_PROVIDED ? operator->end : name->end)
-            }
-        },
+        .base = (
+            (name->type == PM_TOKEN_NOT_PROVIDED)
+            ? PM_NODE_INIT_TOKEN(parser, PM_REST_PARAMETER_NODE, 0, operator)
+            : PM_NODE_INIT_TOKENS(parser, PM_REST_PARAMETER_NODE, 0, operator, name)
+        ),
         .name = pm_parser_optional_constant_id_token(parser, name),
         .name_loc = PM_OPTIONAL_LOCATION_TOKEN_VALUE(name),
         .operator_loc = PM_LOCATION_TOKEN_VALUE(operator)
@@ -6770,11 +6049,9 @@ pm_retry_node_create(pm_parser_t *parser, const pm_token_t *token) {
     assert(token->type == PM_TOKEN_KEYWORD_RETRY);
     pm_retry_node_t *node = PM_NODE_ALLOC(parser, pm_retry_node_t);
 
-    *node = (pm_retry_node_t) {{
-        .type = PM_RETRY_NODE,
-        .node_id = PM_NODE_IDENTIFY(parser),
-        .location = PM_LOCATION_TOKEN_VALUE(token)
-    }};
+    *node = (pm_retry_node_t) {
+        .base = PM_NODE_INIT_TOKEN(parser, PM_RETRY_NODE, 0, token)
+    };
 
     return node;
 }
@@ -6787,14 +6064,11 @@ pm_return_node_create(pm_parser_t *parser, const pm_token_t *keyword, pm_argumen
     pm_return_node_t *node = PM_NODE_ALLOC(parser, pm_return_node_t);
 
     *node = (pm_return_node_t) {
-        {
-            .type = PM_RETURN_NODE,
-            .node_id = PM_NODE_IDENTIFY(parser),
-            .location = {
-                .start = keyword->start,
-                .end = (arguments == NULL ? keyword->end : arguments->base.location.end)
-            }
-        },
+        .base = (
+            (arguments == NULL)
+            ? PM_NODE_INIT_TOKEN(parser, PM_RETURN_NODE, 0, keyword)
+            : PM_NODE_INIT_TOKEN_NODE(parser, PM_RETURN_NODE, 0, keyword, arguments)
+        ),
         .keyword_loc = PM_LOCATION_TOKEN_VALUE(keyword),
         .arguments = arguments
     };
@@ -6810,11 +6084,9 @@ pm_self_node_create(pm_parser_t *parser, const pm_token_t *token) {
     assert(token->type == PM_TOKEN_KEYWORD_SELF);
     pm_self_node_t *node = PM_NODE_ALLOC(parser, pm_self_node_t);
 
-    *node = (pm_self_node_t) {{
-        .type = PM_SELF_NODE,
-        .node_id = PM_NODE_IDENTIFY(parser),
-        .location = PM_LOCATION_TOKEN_VALUE(token)
-    }};
+    *node = (pm_self_node_t) {
+        .base = PM_NODE_INIT_TOKEN(parser, PM_SELF_NODE, 0, token)
+    };
 
     return node;
 }
@@ -6827,12 +6099,7 @@ pm_shareable_constant_node_create(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_node_t *write, pm_shar
     pm_shareable_constant_node_t *node = PM_NODE_ALLOC(parser, pm_shareable_constant_node_t);
 
     *node = (pm_shareable_constant_node_t) {
-        {
-            .type = PM_SHAREABLE_CONSTANT_NODE,
-            .flags = (pm_node_flags_t) value,
-            .node_id = PM_NODE_IDENTIFY(parser),
-            .location = PM_LOCATION_NODE_VALUE(write)
-        },
+        .base = PM_NODE_INIT_NODE(parser, PM_SHAREABLE_CONSTANT_NODE, (pm_node_flags_t) value, write),
         .write = write
     };
 
@@ -6847,14 +6114,7 @@ pm_singleton_class_node_create(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_constant_id_list_t *local
     pm_singleton_class_node_t *node = PM_NODE_ALLOC(parser, pm_singleton_class_node_t);
 
     *node = (pm_singleton_class_node_t) {
-        {
-            .type = PM_SINGLETON_CLASS_NODE,
-            .node_id = PM_NODE_IDENTIFY(parser),
-            .location = {
-                .start = class_keyword->start,
-                .end = end_keyword->end
-            }
-        },
+        .base = PM_NODE_INIT_TOKENS(parser, PM_SINGLETON_CLASS_NODE, 0, class_keyword, end_keyword),
         .locals = *locals,
         .class_keyword_loc = PM_LOCATION_TOKEN_VALUE(class_keyword),
         .operator_loc = PM_LOCATION_TOKEN_VALUE(operator),
@@ -6874,12 +6134,9 @@ pm_source_encoding_node_create(pm_parser_t *parser, const pm_token_t *token) {
     assert(token->type == PM_TOKEN_KEYWORD___ENCODING__);
     pm_source_encoding_node_t *node = PM_NODE_ALLOC(parser, pm_source_encoding_node_t);
 
-    *node = (pm_source_encoding_node_t) {{
-        .type = PM_SOURCE_ENCODING_NODE,
-        .flags = PM_NODE_FLAG_STATIC_LITERAL,
-        .node_id = PM_NODE_IDENTIFY(parser),
-        .location = PM_LOCATION_TOKEN_VALUE(token)
-    }};
+    *node = (pm_source_encoding_node_t) {
+        .base = PM_NODE_INIT_TOKEN(parser, PM_SOURCE_ENCODING_NODE, PM_NODE_FLAG_STATIC_LITERAL, token)
+    };
 
     return node;
 }
@@ -6904,12 +6161,7 @@ pm_source_file_node_create(pm_parser_t *parser, const pm_token_t *file_keyword)
     }
 
     *node = (pm_source_file_node_t) {
-        {
-            .type = PM_SOURCE_FILE_NODE,
-            .flags = flags,
-            .node_id = PM_NODE_IDENTIFY(parser),
-            .location = PM_LOCATION_TOKEN_VALUE(file_keyword),
-        },
+        .base = PM_NODE_INIT_TOKEN(parser, PM_SOURCE_FILE_NODE, flags, file_keyword),
         .filepath = parser->filepath
     };
 
@@ -6924,12 +6176,9 @@ pm_source_line_node_create(pm_parser_t *parser, const pm_token_t *token) {
     assert(token->type == PM_TOKEN_KEYWORD___LINE__);
     pm_source_line_node_t *node = PM_NODE_ALLOC(parser, pm_source_line_node_t);
 
-    *node = (pm_source_line_node_t) {{
-        .type = PM_SOURCE_LINE_NODE,
-        .flags = PM_NODE_FLAG_STATIC_LITERAL,
-        .node_id = PM_NODE_IDENTIFY(parser),
-        .location = PM_LOCATION_TOKEN_VALUE(token)
-    }};
+    *node = (pm_source_line_node_t) {
+        .base = PM_NODE_INIT_TOKEN(parser, PM_SOURCE_LINE_NODE, PM_NODE_FLAG_STATIC_LITERAL, token)
+    };
 
     return node;
 }
@@ -6942,14 +6191,11 @@ pm_splat_node_create(pm_parser_t *parser, const pm_token_t *operator, pm_node_t
     pm_splat_node_t *node = PM_NODE_ALLOC(parser, pm_splat_node_t);
 
     *node = (pm_splat_node_t) {
-        {
-            .type = PM_SPLAT_NODE,
-            .node_id = PM_NODE_IDENTIFY(parser),
-            .location = {
-                .start = operator->start,
-                .end = (expression == NULL ? operator->end : expression->location.end)
-            }
-        },
+        .base = (
+            (expression == NULL)
+            ? PM_NODE_INIT_TOKEN(parser, PM_SPLAT_NODE, 0, operator)
+            : PM_NODE_INIT_TOKEN_NODE(parser, PM_SPLAT_NODE, 0, operator, expression)
+        ),
         .operator_loc = PM_LOCATION_TOKEN_VALUE(operator),
         .expression = expression
     };
@@ -6965,11 +6211,7 @@ pm_statements_node_create(pm_parser_t *parser) {
     pm_statements_node_t *node = PM_NODE_ALLOC(parser, pm_statements_node_t);
 
     *node = (pm_statements_node_t) {
-        {
-            .type = PM_STATEMENTS_NODE,
-            .node_id = PM_NODE_IDENTIFY(parser),
-            .location = PM_LOCATION_NULL_VALUE(parser)
-        },
+        .base = PM_NODE_INIT_BASE(parser, PM_STATEMENTS_NODE, 0),
         .body = { 0 }
     };
 
@@ -7061,16 +6303,11 @@ pm_string_node_create_unescaped(pm_parser_t *parser, const pm_token_t *opening,
             break;
     }
 
+    const uint8_t *start = (opening->type == PM_TOKEN_NOT_PROVIDED ? content->start : opening->start);
+    const uint8_t *end = (closing->type == PM_TOKEN_NOT_PROVIDED ? content->end : closing->end);
+
     *node = (pm_string_node_t) {
-        {
-            .type = PM_STRING_NODE,
-            .flags = flags,
-            .node_id = PM_NODE_IDENTIFY(parser),
-            .location = {
-                .start = (opening->type == PM_TOKEN_NOT_PROVIDED ? content->start : opening->start),
-                .end = (closing->type == PM_TOKEN_NOT_PROVIDED ? content->end : closing->end)
-            }
-        },
+        .base = PM_NODE_INIT(parser, PM_STRING_NODE, flags, start, end),
         .opening_loc = PM_OPTIONAL_LOCATION_TOKEN_VALUE(opening),
         .content_loc = PM_LOCATION_TOKEN_VALUE(content),
         .closing_loc = PM_OPTIONAL_LOCATION_TOKEN_VALUE(closing),
@@ -7113,14 +6350,7 @@ pm_super_node_create(pm_parser_t *parser, const pm_token_t *keyword, pm_argument
     }
 
     *node = (pm_super_node_t) {
-        {
-            .type = PM_SUPER_NODE,
-            .node_id = PM_NODE_IDENTIFY(parser),
-            .location = {
-                .start = keyword->start,
-                .end = end,
-            }
-        },
+        .base = PM_NODE_INIT(parser, PM_SUPER_NODE, 0, keyword->start, end),
         .keyword_loc = PM_LOCATION_TOKEN_VALUE(keyword),
         .lparen_loc = arguments->opening_loc,
         .arguments = arguments->arguments,
@@ -7349,16 +6579,11 @@ static pm_symbol_node_t *
 pm_symbol_node_create_unescaped(pm_parser_t *parser, const pm_token_t *opening, const pm_token_t *value, const pm_token_t *closing, const pm_string_t *unescaped, pm_node_flags_t flags) {
     pm_symbol_node_t *node = PM_NODE_ALLOC(parser, pm_symbol_node_t);
 
+    const uint8_t *start = (opening->type == PM_TOKEN_NOT_PROVIDED ? value->start : opening->start);
+    const uint8_t *end = (closing->type == PM_TOKEN_NOT_PROVIDED ? value->end : closing->end);
+
     *node = (pm_symbol_node_t) {
-        {
-            .type = PM_SYMBOL_NODE,
-            .flags = PM_NODE_FLAG_STATIC_LITERAL | flags,
-            .node_id = PM_NODE_IDENTIFY(parser),
-            .location = {
-                .start = (opening->type == PM_TOKEN_NOT_PROVIDED ? value->start : opening->start),
-                .end = (closing->type == PM_TOKEN_NOT_PROVIDED ? value->end : closing->end)
-            }
-        },
+        .base = PM_NODE_INIT(parser, PM_SYMBOL_NODE, PM_NODE_FLAG_STATIC_LITERAL | flags, start, end),
         .opening_loc = PM_OPTIONAL_LOCATION_TOKEN_VALUE(opening),
         .value_loc = PM_LOCATION_TOKEN_VALUE(value),
         .closing_loc = PM_OPTIONAL_LOCATION_TOKEN_VALUE(closing),
@@ -7403,7 +6628,7 @@ pm_symbol_node_label_create(pm_parser_t *parser, const pm_token_t *token) {
 
             assert((label.end - label.start) >= 0);
             pm_string_shared_init(&node->unescaped, label.start, label.end);
-            pm_node_flag_set((pm_node_t *) node, parse_symbol_encoding(parser, &label, &node->unescaped, false));
+            pm_node_flag_set(UP(node), parse_symbol_encoding(parser, &label, &node->unescaped, false));
 
             break;
         }
@@ -7432,12 +6657,7 @@ pm_symbol_node_synthesized_create(pm_parser_t *parser, const char *content) {
     pm_symbol_node_t *node = PM_NODE_ALLOC(parser, pm_symbol_node_t);
 
     *node = (pm_symbol_node_t) {
-        {
-            .type = PM_SYMBOL_NODE,
-            .flags = PM_NODE_FLAG_STATIC_LITERAL | PM_SYMBOL_FLAGS_FORCED_US_ASCII_ENCODING,
-            .node_id = PM_NODE_IDENTIFY(parser),
-            .location = PM_LOCATION_NULL_VALUE(parser)
-        },
+        .base = PM_NODE_INIT_BASE(parser, PM_SYMBOL_NODE, PM_NODE_FLAG_STATIC_LITERAL | PM_SYMBOL_FLAGS_FORCED_US_ASCII_ENCODING),
         .value_loc = PM_LOCATION_NULL_VALUE(parser),
         .unescaped = { 0 }
     };
@@ -7475,15 +6695,7 @@ pm_string_node_to_symbol_node(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_string_node_t *node, const
     pm_symbol_node_t *new_node = PM_NODE_ALLOC(parser, pm_symbol_node_t);
 
     *new_node = (pm_symbol_node_t) {
-        {
-            .type = PM_SYMBOL_NODE,
-            .flags = PM_NODE_FLAG_STATIC_LITERAL,
-            .node_id = PM_NODE_IDENTIFY(parser),
-            .location = {
-                .start = opening->start,
-                .end = closing->end
-            }
-        },
+        .base = PM_NODE_INIT_TOKENS(parser, PM_SYMBOL_NODE, PM_NODE_FLAG_STATIC_LITERAL, opening, closing),
         .opening_loc = PM_OPTIONAL_LOCATION_TOKEN_VALUE(opening),
         .value_loc = node->content_loc,
         .closing_loc = PM_OPTIONAL_LOCATION_TOKEN_VALUE(closing),
@@ -7491,7 +6703,7 @@ pm_string_node_to_symbol_node(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_string_node_t *node, const
     };
 
     pm_token_t content = { .type = PM_TOKEN_IDENTIFIER, .start = node->content_loc.start, .end = node->content_loc.end };
-    pm_node_flag_set((pm_node_t *) new_node, parse_symbol_encoding(parser, &content, &node->unescaped, true));
+    pm_node_flag_set(UP(new_node), parse_symbol_encoding(parser, &content, &node->unescaped, true));
 
     // We are explicitly _not_ using pm_node_destroy here because we don't want
     // to trash the unescaped string. We could instead copy the string if we
@@ -7519,12 +6731,7 @@ pm_symbol_node_to_string_node(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_symbol_node_t *node) {
     }
 
     *new_node = (pm_string_node_t) {
-        {
-            .type = PM_STRING_NODE,
-            .flags = flags,
-            .node_id = PM_NODE_IDENTIFY(parser),
-            .location = node->base.location
-        },
+        .base = PM_NODE_INIT_NODE(parser, PM_STRING_NODE, flags, node),
         .opening_loc = node->opening_loc,
         .content_loc = node->value_loc,
         .closing_loc = node->closing_loc,
@@ -7547,12 +6754,9 @@ pm_true_node_create(pm_parser_t *parser, const pm_token_t *token) {
     assert(token->type == PM_TOKEN_KEYWORD_TRUE);
     pm_true_node_t *node = PM_NODE_ALLOC(parser, pm_true_node_t);
 
-    *node = (pm_true_node_t) {{
-        .type = PM_TRUE_NODE,
-        .flags = PM_NODE_FLAG_STATIC_LITERAL,
-        .node_id = PM_NODE_IDENTIFY(parser),
-        .location = PM_LOCATION_TOKEN_VALUE(token)
-    }};
+    *node = (pm_true_node_t) {
+        .base = PM_NODE_INIT_TOKEN(parser, PM_TRUE_NODE, PM_NODE_FLAG_STATIC_LITERAL, token)
+    };
 
     return node;
 }
@@ -7564,12 +6768,9 @@ static pm_true_node_t *
 pm_true_node_synthesized_create(pm_parser_t *parser) {
     pm_true_node_t *node = PM_NODE_ALLOC(parser, pm_true_node_t);
 
-    *node = (pm_true_node_t) {{
-        .type = PM_TRUE_NODE,
-        .flags = PM_NODE_FLAG_STATIC_LITERAL,
-        .node_id = PM_NODE_IDENTIFY(parser),
-        .location = { .start = parser->start, .end = parser->end }
-    }};
+    *node = (pm_true_node_t) {
+        .base = PM_NODE_INIT_BASE(parser, PM_TRUE_NODE, PM_NODE_FLAG_STATIC_LITERAL)
+    };
 
     return node;
 }
@@ -7583,11 +6784,7 @@ pm_undef_node_create(pm_parser_t *parser, const pm_token_t *token) {
     pm_undef_node_t *node = PM_NODE_ALLOC(parser, pm_undef_node_t);
 
     *node = (pm_undef_node_t) {
-        {
-            .type = PM_UNDEF_NODE,
-            .node_id = PM_NODE_IDENTIFY(parser),
-            .location = PM_LOCATION_TOKEN_VALUE(token),
-        },
+        .base = PM_NODE_INIT_TOKEN(parser, PM_UNDEF_NODE, 0, token),
         .keyword_loc = PM_LOCATION_TOKEN_VALUE(token),
         .names = { 0 }
     };
@@ -7610,31 +6807,18 @@ pm_undef_node_append(pm_undef_node_t *node, pm_node_t *name) {
 static pm_unless_node_t *
 pm_unless_node_create(pm_parser_t *parser, const pm_token_t *keyword, pm_node_t *predicate, const pm_token_t *then_keyword, pm_statements_node_t *statements) {
     pm_conditional_predicate(parser, predicate, PM_CONDITIONAL_PREDICATE_TYPE_CONDITIONAL);
-    pm_unless_node_t *node = PM_NODE_ALLOC(parser, pm_unless_node_t);
 
-    const uint8_t *end;
-    if (statements != NULL) {
-        end = statements->base.location.end;
-    } else {
-        end = predicate->location.end;
-    }
+    pm_unless_node_t *node = PM_NODE_ALLOC(parser, pm_unless_node_t);
+    pm_node_t *end = statements == NULL ? predicate : UP(statements);
 
     *node = (pm_unless_node_t) {
-        {
-            .type = PM_UNLESS_NODE,
-            .flags = PM_NODE_FLAG_NEWLINE,
-            .node_id = PM_NODE_IDENTIFY(parser),
-            .location = {
-                .start = keyword->start,
-                .end = end
-            },
-        },
+        .base = PM_NODE_INIT_TOKEN_NODE(parser, PM_UNLESS_NODE, PM_NODE_FLAG_NEWLINE, keyword, end),
         .keyword_loc = PM_LOCATION_TOKEN_VALUE(keyword),
         .predicate = predicate,
         .then_keyword_loc = PM_OPTIONAL_LOCATION_TOKEN_VALUE(then_keyword),
         .statements = statements,
         .else_clause = NULL,
-        .end_keyword_loc = PM_OPTIONAL_LOCATION_NOT_PROVIDED_VALUE
+        .end_keyword_loc = { 0 }
     };
 
     return node;
@@ -7652,21 +6836,13 @@ pm_unless_node_modifier_create(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_node_t *statement, const
     pm_statements_node_body_append(parser, statements, statement, true);
 
     *node = (pm_unless_node_t) {
-        {
-            .type = PM_UNLESS_NODE,
-            .flags = PM_NODE_FLAG_NEWLINE,
-            .node_id = PM_NODE_IDENTIFY(parser),
-            .location = {
-                .start = statement->location.start,
-                .end = predicate->location.end
-            },
-        },
+        .base = PM_NODE_INIT_NODES(parser, PM_UNLESS_NODE, PM_NODE_FLAG_NEWLINE, statement, predicate),
         .keyword_loc = PM_LOCATION_TOKEN_VALUE(unless_keyword),
         .predicate = predicate,
-        .then_keyword_loc = PM_OPTIONAL_LOCATION_NOT_PROVIDED_VALUE,
+        .then_keyword_loc = { 0 },
         .statements = statements,
         .else_clause = NULL,
-        .end_keyword_loc = PM_OPTIONAL_LOCATION_NOT_PROVIDED_VALUE
+        .end_keyword_loc = { 0 }
     };
 
     return node;
@@ -7710,15 +6886,7 @@ pm_until_node_create(pm_parser_t *parser, const pm_token_t *keyword, const pm_to
     pm_conditional_predicate(parser, predicate, PM_CONDITIONAL_PREDICATE_TYPE_CONDITIONAL);
 
     *node = (pm_until_node_t) {
-        {
-            .type = PM_UNTIL_NODE,
-            .flags = flags,
-            .node_id = PM_NODE_IDENTIFY(parser),
-            .location = {
-                .start = keyword->start,
-                .end = closing->end,
-            },
-        },
+        .base = PM_NODE_INIT_TOKENS(parser, PM_UNTIL_NODE, flags, keyword, closing),
         .keyword_loc = PM_LOCATION_TOKEN_VALUE(keyword),
         .do_keyword_loc = PM_OPTIONAL_LOCATION_TOKEN_VALUE(do_keyword),
         .closing_loc = PM_OPTIONAL_LOCATION_TOKEN_VALUE(closing),
@@ -7739,18 +6907,10 @@ pm_until_node_modifier_create(pm_parser_t *parser, const pm_token_t *keyword, pm
     pm_loop_modifier_block_exits(parser, statements);
 
     *node = (pm_until_node_t) {
-        {
-            .type = PM_UNTIL_NODE,
-            .flags = flags,
-            .node_id = PM_NODE_IDENTIFY(parser),
-            .location = {
-                .start = statements->base.location.start,
-                .end = predicate->location.end,
-            },
-        },
+        .base = PM_NODE_INIT_NODES(parser, PM_UNTIL_NODE, flags, statements, predicate),
         .keyword_loc = PM_LOCATION_TOKEN_VALUE(keyword),
-        .do_keyword_loc = PM_OPTIONAL_LOCATION_NOT_PROVIDED_VALUE,
-        .closing_loc = PM_OPTIONAL_LOCATION_NOT_PROVIDED_VALUE,
+        .do_keyword_loc = { 0 },
+        .closing_loc = { 0 },
         .predicate = predicate,
         .statements = statements
     };
@@ -7766,17 +6926,10 @@ pm_when_node_create(pm_parser_t *parser, const pm_token_t *keyword) {
     pm_when_node_t *node = PM_NODE_ALLOC(parser, pm_when_node_t);
 
     *node = (pm_when_node_t) {
-        {
-            .type = PM_WHEN_NODE,
-            .node_id = PM_NODE_IDENTIFY(parser),
-            .location = {
-                .start = keyword->start,
-                .end = NULL
-            }
-        },
+        .base = PM_NODE_INIT_TOKEN(parser, PM_WHEN_NODE, 0, keyword),
         .keyword_loc = PM_LOCATION_TOKEN_VALUE(keyword),
         .statements = NULL,
-        .then_keyword_loc = PM_OPTIONAL_LOCATION_NOT_PROVIDED_VALUE,
+        .then_keyword_loc = { 0 },
         .conditions = { 0 }
     };
 
@@ -7822,15 +6975,7 @@ pm_while_node_create(pm_parser_t *parser, const pm_token_t *keyword, const pm_to
     pm_conditional_predicate(parser, predicate, PM_CONDITIONAL_PREDICATE_TYPE_CONDITIONAL);
 
     *node = (pm_while_node_t) {
-        {
-            .type = PM_WHILE_NODE,
-            .flags = flags,
-            .node_id = PM_NODE_IDENTIFY(parser),
-            .location = {
-                .start = keyword->start,
-                .end = closing->end
-            },
-        },
+        .base = PM_NODE_INIT_TOKENS(parser, PM_WHILE_NODE, flags, keyword, closing),
         .keyword_loc = PM_LOCATION_TOKEN_VALUE(keyword),
         .do_keyword_loc = PM_OPTIONAL_LOCATION_TOKEN_VALUE(do_keyword),
         .closing_loc = PM_OPTIONAL_LOCATION_TOKEN_VALUE(closing),
@@ -7851,18 +6996,10 @@ pm_while_node_modifier_create(pm_parser_t *parser, const pm_token_t *keyword, pm
     pm_loop_modifier_block_exits(parser, statements);
 
     *node = (pm_while_node_t) {
-        {
-            .type = PM_WHILE_NODE,
-            .flags = flags,
-            .node_id = PM_NODE_IDENTIFY(parser),
-            .location = {
-                .start = statements->base.location.start,
-                .end = predicate->location.end
-            },
-        },
+        .base = PM_NODE_INIT_NODES(parser, PM_WHILE_NODE, flags, statements, predicate),
         .keyword_loc = PM_LOCATION_TOKEN_VALUE(keyword),
-        .do_keyword_loc = PM_OPTIONAL_LOCATION_NOT_PROVIDED_VALUE,
-        .closing_loc = PM_OPTIONAL_LOCATION_NOT_PROVIDED_VALUE,
+        .do_keyword_loc = { 0 },
+        .closing_loc = { 0 },
         .predicate = predicate,
         .statements = statements
     };
@@ -7878,11 +7015,7 @@ pm_while_node_synthesized_create(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_node_t *predicate, pm_s
     pm_while_node_t *node = PM_NODE_ALLOC(parser, pm_while_node_t);
 
     *node = (pm_while_node_t) {
-        {
-            .type = PM_WHILE_NODE,
-            .node_id = PM_NODE_IDENTIFY(parser),
-            .location = PM_LOCATION_NULL_VALUE(parser)
-        },
+        .base = PM_NODE_INIT_BASE(parser, PM_WHILE_NODE, 0),
         .keyword_loc = PM_LOCATION_NULL_VALUE(parser),
         .do_keyword_loc = PM_LOCATION_NULL_VALUE(parser),
         .closing_loc = PM_LOCATION_NULL_VALUE(parser),
@@ -7902,15 +7035,7 @@ pm_xstring_node_create_unescaped(pm_parser_t *parser, const pm_token_t *opening,
     pm_x_string_node_t *node = PM_NODE_ALLOC(parser, pm_x_string_node_t);
 
     *node = (pm_x_string_node_t) {
-        {
-            .type = PM_X_STRING_NODE,
-            .flags = PM_STRING_FLAGS_FROZEN,
-            .node_id = PM_NODE_IDENTIFY(parser),
-            .location = {
-                .start = opening->start,
-                .end = closing->end
-            },
-        },
+        .base = PM_NODE_INIT_TOKENS(parser, PM_X_STRING_NODE, PM_STRING_FLAGS_FROZEN, opening, closing),
         .opening_loc = PM_LOCATION_TOKEN_VALUE(opening),
         .content_loc = PM_LOCATION_TOKEN_VALUE(content),
         .closing_loc = PM_LOCATION_TOKEN_VALUE(closing),
@@ -7947,14 +7072,7 @@ pm_yield_node_create(pm_parser_t *parser, const pm_token_t *keyword, const pm_lo
     }
 
     *node = (pm_yield_node_t) {
-        {
-            .type = PM_YIELD_NODE,
-            .node_id = PM_NODE_IDENTIFY(parser),
-            .location = {
-                .start = keyword->start,
-                .end = end
-            },
-        },
+        .base = PM_NODE_INIT(parser, PM_YIELD_NODE, 0, keyword->start, end),
         .keyword_loc = PM_LOCATION_TOKEN_VALUE(keyword),
         .lparen_loc = *lparen_loc,
         .arguments = arguments,
@@ -7964,9 +7082,6 @@ pm_yield_node_create(pm_parser_t *parser, const pm_token_t *keyword, const pm_lo
     return node;
 }
 
-#undef PM_NODE_ALLOC
-#undef PM_NODE_IDENTIFY
-
 /**
  * Check if any of the currently visible scopes contain a local variable
  * described by the given constant id.
@@ -8429,7 +7544,7 @@ parser_lex_magic_comment(pm_parser_t *parser, bool semantic_token_seen) {
                 if (*cursor == '\\' && (cursor + 1 < end)) cursor++;
             }
             value_end = cursor;
-            if (*cursor == '"') cursor++;
+            if (cursor < end && *cursor == '"') cursor++;
         } else {
             value_start = cursor;
             while (cursor < end && *cursor != '"' && *cursor != ';' && !pm_char_is_whitespace(*cursor)) cursor++;
@@ -8582,85 +7697,67 @@ parser_lex_magic_comment(pm_parser_t *parser, bool semantic_token_seen) {
 /* Context manipulations                                                      */
 /******************************************************************************/
 
-static bool
-context_terminator(pm_context_t context, pm_token_t *token) {
-    switch (context) {
-        case PM_CONTEXT_MAIN:
-        case PM_CONTEXT_DEF_PARAMS:
-        case PM_CONTEXT_DEFINED:
-        case PM_CONTEXT_MULTI_TARGET:
-        case PM_CONTEXT_TERNARY:
-        case PM_CONTEXT_RESCUE_MODIFIER:
-            return token->type == PM_TOKEN_EOF;
-        case PM_CONTEXT_DEFAULT_PARAMS:
-            return token->type == PM_TOKEN_COMMA || token->type == PM_TOKEN_PARENTHESIS_RIGHT;
-        case PM_CONTEXT_PREEXE:
-        case PM_CONTEXT_POSTEXE:
-            return token->type == PM_TOKEN_BRACE_RIGHT;
-        case PM_CONTEXT_MODULE:
-        case PM_CONTEXT_CLASS:
-        case PM_CONTEXT_SCLASS:
-        case PM_CONTEXT_LAMBDA_DO_END:
-        case PM_CONTEXT_DEF:
-        case PM_CONTEXT_BLOCK_KEYWORDS:
-            return token->type == PM_TOKEN_KEYWORD_END || token->type == PM_TOKEN_KEYWORD_RESCUE || token->type == PM_TOKEN_KEYWORD_ENSURE;
-        case PM_CONTEXT_WHILE:
-        case PM_CONTEXT_UNTIL:
-        case PM_CONTEXT_ELSE:
-        case PM_CONTEXT_FOR:
-        case PM_CONTEXT_BEGIN_ENSURE:
-        case PM_CONTEXT_BLOCK_ENSURE:
-        case PM_CONTEXT_CLASS_ENSURE:
-        case PM_CONTEXT_DEF_ENSURE:
-        case PM_CONTEXT_LAMBDA_ENSURE:
-        case PM_CONTEXT_MODULE_ENSURE:
-        case PM_CONTEXT_SCLASS_ENSURE:
-            return token->type == PM_TOKEN_KEYWORD_END;
-        case PM_CONTEXT_LOOP_PREDICATE:
-            return token->type == PM_TOKEN_KEYWORD_DO || token->type == PM_TOKEN_KEYWORD_THEN;
-        case PM_CONTEXT_FOR_INDEX:
-            return token->type == PM_TOKEN_KEYWORD_IN;
-        case PM_CONTEXT_CASE_WHEN:
-            return token->type == PM_TOKEN_KEYWORD_WHEN || token->type == PM_TOKEN_KEYWORD_END || token->type == PM_TOKEN_KEYWORD_ELSE;
-        case PM_CONTEXT_CASE_IN:
-            return token->type == PM_TOKEN_KEYWORD_IN || token->type == PM_TOKEN_KEYWORD_END || token->type == PM_TOKEN_KEYWORD_ELSE;
-        case PM_CONTEXT_IF:
-        case PM_CONTEXT_ELSIF:
-            return token->type == PM_TOKEN_KEYWORD_ELSE || token->type == PM_TOKEN_KEYWORD_ELSIF || token->type == PM_TOKEN_KEYWORD_END;
-        case PM_CONTEXT_UNLESS:
-            return token->type == PM_TOKEN_KEYWORD_ELSE || token->type == PM_TOKEN_KEYWORD_END;
-        case PM_CONTEXT_EMBEXPR:
-            return token->type == PM_TOKEN_EMBEXPR_END;
-        case PM_CONTEXT_BLOCK_BRACES:
-            return token->type == PM_TOKEN_BRACE_RIGHT;
-        case PM_CONTEXT_PARENS:
-            return token->type == PM_TOKEN_PARENTHESIS_RIGHT;
-        case PM_CONTEXT_BEGIN:
-        case PM_CONTEXT_BEGIN_RESCUE:
-        case PM_CONTEXT_BLOCK_RESCUE:
-        case PM_CONTEXT_CLASS_RESCUE:
-        case PM_CONTEXT_DEF_RESCUE:
-        case PM_CONTEXT_LAMBDA_RESCUE:
-        case PM_CONTEXT_MODULE_RESCUE:
-        case PM_CONTEXT_SCLASS_RESCUE:
-            return token->type == PM_TOKEN_KEYWORD_ENSURE || token->type == PM_TOKEN_KEYWORD_RESCUE || token->type == PM_TOKEN_KEYWORD_ELSE || token->type == PM_TOKEN_KEYWORD_END;
-        case PM_CONTEXT_BEGIN_ELSE:
-        case PM_CONTEXT_BLOCK_ELSE:
-        case PM_CONTEXT_CLASS_ELSE:
-        case PM_CONTEXT_DEF_ELSE:
-        case PM_CONTEXT_LAMBDA_ELSE:
-        case PM_CONTEXT_MODULE_ELSE:
-        case PM_CONTEXT_SCLASS_ELSE:
-            return token->type == PM_TOKEN_KEYWORD_ENSURE || token->type == PM_TOKEN_KEYWORD_END;
-        case PM_CONTEXT_LAMBDA_BRACES:
-            return token->type == PM_TOKEN_BRACE_RIGHT;
-        case PM_CONTEXT_PREDICATE:
-            return token->type == PM_TOKEN_KEYWORD_THEN || token->type == PM_TOKEN_NEWLINE || token->type == PM_TOKEN_SEMICOLON;
-        case PM_CONTEXT_NONE:
-            return false;
-    }
+static const uint32_t context_terminators[] = {
+    [PM_CONTEXT_NONE] = 0,
+    [PM_CONTEXT_BEGIN] = (1U << PM_TOKEN_KEYWORD_ENSURE) | (1U << PM_TOKEN_KEYWORD_RESCUE) | (1U << PM_TOKEN_KEYWORD_ELSE) | (1U << PM_TOKEN_KEYWORD_END),
+    [PM_CONTEXT_BEGIN_ENSURE] = (1U << PM_TOKEN_KEYWORD_END),
+    [PM_CONTEXT_BEGIN_ELSE] = (1U << PM_TOKEN_KEYWORD_ENSURE) | (1U << PM_TOKEN_KEYWORD_END),
+    [PM_CONTEXT_BEGIN_RESCUE] = (1U << PM_TOKEN_KEYWORD_ENSURE) | (1U << PM_TOKEN_KEYWORD_RESCUE) | (1U << PM_TOKEN_KEYWORD_ELSE) | (1U << PM_TOKEN_KEYWORD_END),
+    [PM_CONTEXT_BLOCK_BRACES] = (1U << PM_TOKEN_BRACE_RIGHT),
+    [PM_CONTEXT_BLOCK_KEYWORDS] = (1U << PM_TOKEN_KEYWORD_END) | (1U << PM_TOKEN_KEYWORD_RESCUE) | (1U << PM_TOKEN_KEYWORD_ENSURE),
+    [PM_CONTEXT_BLOCK_ENSURE] = (1U << PM_TOKEN_KEYWORD_END),
+    [PM_CONTEXT_BLOCK_ELSE] = (1U << PM_TOKEN_KEYWORD_ENSURE) | (1U << PM_TOKEN_KEYWORD_END),
+    [PM_CONTEXT_BLOCK_PARAMETERS] = (1U << PM_TOKEN_PIPE),
+    [PM_CONTEXT_BLOCK_RESCUE] = (1U << PM_TOKEN_KEYWORD_ENSURE) | (1U << PM_TOKEN_KEYWORD_RESCUE) | (1U << PM_TOKEN_KEYWORD_ELSE) | (1U << PM_TOKEN_KEYWORD_END),
+    [PM_CONTEXT_CASE_WHEN] = (1U << PM_TOKEN_KEYWORD_WHEN) | (1U << PM_TOKEN_KEYWORD_END) | (1U << PM_TOKEN_KEYWORD_ELSE),
+    [PM_CONTEXT_CASE_IN] = (1U << PM_TOKEN_KEYWORD_IN) | (1U << PM_TOKEN_KEYWORD_END) | (1U << PM_TOKEN_KEYWORD_ELSE),
+    [PM_CONTEXT_CLASS] = (1U << PM_TOKEN_KEYWORD_END) | (1U << PM_TOKEN_KEYWORD_RESCUE) | (1U << PM_TOKEN_KEYWORD_ENSURE),
+    [PM_CONTEXT_CLASS_ENSURE] = (1U << PM_TOKEN_KEYWORD_END),
+    [PM_CONTEXT_CLASS_ELSE] = (1U << PM_TOKEN_KEYWORD_ENSURE) | (1U << PM_TOKEN_KEYWORD_END),
+    [PM_CONTEXT_CLASS_RESCUE] = (1U << PM_TOKEN_KEYWORD_ENSURE) | (1U << PM_TOKEN_KEYWORD_RESCUE) | (1U << PM_TOKEN_KEYWORD_ELSE) | (1U << PM_TOKEN_KEYWORD_END),
+    [PM_CONTEXT_DEF] = (1U << PM_TOKEN_KEYWORD_END) | (1U << PM_TOKEN_KEYWORD_RESCUE) | (1U << PM_TOKEN_KEYWORD_ENSURE),
+    [PM_CONTEXT_DEF_ENSURE] = (1U << PM_TOKEN_KEYWORD_END),
+    [PM_CONTEXT_DEF_ELSE] = (1U << PM_TOKEN_KEYWORD_ENSURE) | (1U << PM_TOKEN_KEYWORD_END),
+    [PM_CONTEXT_DEF_RESCUE] = (1U << PM_TOKEN_KEYWORD_ENSURE) | (1U << PM_TOKEN_KEYWORD_RESCUE) | (1U << PM_TOKEN_KEYWORD_ELSE) | (1U << PM_TOKEN_KEYWORD_END),
+    [PM_CONTEXT_DEF_PARAMS] = (1U << PM_TOKEN_EOF),
+    [PM_CONTEXT_DEFINED] = (1U << PM_TOKEN_EOF),
+    [PM_CONTEXT_DEFAULT_PARAMS] = (1U << PM_TOKEN_COMMA) | (1U << PM_TOKEN_PARENTHESIS_RIGHT),
+    [PM_CONTEXT_ELSE] = (1U << PM_TOKEN_KEYWORD_END),
+    [PM_CONTEXT_ELSIF] = (1U << PM_TOKEN_KEYWORD_ELSE) | (1U << PM_TOKEN_KEYWORD_ELSIF) | (1U << PM_TOKEN_KEYWORD_END),
+    [PM_CONTEXT_EMBEXPR] = (1U << PM_TOKEN_EMBEXPR_END),
+    [PM_CONTEXT_FOR] = (1U << PM_TOKEN_KEYWORD_END),
+    [PM_CONTEXT_FOR_INDEX] = (1U << PM_TOKEN_KEYWORD_IN),
+    [PM_CONTEXT_IF] = (1U << PM_TOKEN_KEYWORD_ELSE) | (1U << PM_TOKEN_KEYWORD_ELSIF) | (1U << PM_TOKEN_KEYWORD_END),
+    [PM_CONTEXT_LAMBDA_BRACES] = (1U << PM_TOKEN_BRACE_RIGHT),
+    [PM_CONTEXT_LAMBDA_DO_END] = (1U << PM_TOKEN_KEYWORD_END) | (1U << PM_TOKEN_KEYWORD_RESCUE) | (1U << PM_TOKEN_KEYWORD_ENSURE),
+    [PM_CONTEXT_LAMBDA_ENSURE] = (1U << PM_TOKEN_KEYWORD_END),
+    [PM_CONTEXT_LAMBDA_ELSE] = (1U << PM_TOKEN_KEYWORD_ENSURE) | (1U << PM_TOKEN_KEYWORD_END),
+    [PM_CONTEXT_LAMBDA_RESCUE] = (1U << PM_TOKEN_KEYWORD_ENSURE) | (1U << PM_TOKEN_KEYWORD_RESCUE) | (1U << PM_TOKEN_KEYWORD_ELSE) | (1U << PM_TOKEN_KEYWORD_END),
+    [PM_CONTEXT_LOOP_PREDICATE] = (1U << PM_TOKEN_KEYWORD_DO) | (1U << PM_TOKEN_KEYWORD_THEN),
+    [PM_CONTEXT_MAIN] = (1U << PM_TOKEN_EOF),
+    [PM_CONTEXT_MODULE] = (1U << PM_TOKEN_KEYWORD_END) | (1U << PM_TOKEN_KEYWORD_RESCUE) | (1U << PM_TOKEN_KEYWORD_ENSURE),
+    [PM_CONTEXT_MODULE_ENSURE] = (1U << PM_TOKEN_KEYWORD_END),
+    [PM_CONTEXT_MODULE_ELSE] = (1U << PM_TOKEN_KEYWORD_ENSURE) | (1U << PM_TOKEN_KEYWORD_END),
+    [PM_CONTEXT_MODULE_RESCUE] = (1U << PM_TOKEN_KEYWORD_ENSURE) | (1U << PM_TOKEN_KEYWORD_RESCUE) | (1U << PM_TOKEN_KEYWORD_ELSE) | (1U << PM_TOKEN_KEYWORD_END),
+    [PM_CONTEXT_MULTI_TARGET] = (1U << PM_TOKEN_EOF),
+    [PM_CONTEXT_PARENS] = (1U << PM_TOKEN_PARENTHESIS_RIGHT),
+    [PM_CONTEXT_POSTEXE] = (1U << PM_TOKEN_BRACE_RIGHT),
+    [PM_CONTEXT_PREDICATE] = (1U << PM_TOKEN_KEYWORD_THEN) | (1U << PM_TOKEN_NEWLINE) | (1U << PM_TOKEN_SEMICOLON),
+    [PM_CONTEXT_PREEXE] = (1U << PM_TOKEN_BRACE_RIGHT),
+    [PM_CONTEXT_RESCUE_MODIFIER] = (1U << PM_TOKEN_EOF),
+    [PM_CONTEXT_SCLASS] = (1U << PM_TOKEN_KEYWORD_END) | (1U << PM_TOKEN_KEYWORD_RESCUE) | (1U << PM_TOKEN_KEYWORD_ENSURE),
+    [PM_CONTEXT_SCLASS_ENSURE] = (1U << PM_TOKEN_KEYWORD_END),
+    [PM_CONTEXT_SCLASS_ELSE] = (1U << PM_TOKEN_KEYWORD_ENSURE) | (1U << PM_TOKEN_KEYWORD_END),
+    [PM_CONTEXT_SCLASS_RESCUE] = (1U << PM_TOKEN_KEYWORD_ENSURE) | (1U << PM_TOKEN_KEYWORD_RESCUE) | (1U << PM_TOKEN_KEYWORD_ELSE) | (1U << PM_TOKEN_KEYWORD_END),
+    [PM_CONTEXT_TERNARY] = (1U << PM_TOKEN_EOF),
+    [PM_CONTEXT_UNLESS] = (1U << PM_TOKEN_KEYWORD_ELSE) | (1U << PM_TOKEN_KEYWORD_END),
+    [PM_CONTEXT_UNTIL] = (1U << PM_TOKEN_KEYWORD_END),
+    [PM_CONTEXT_WHILE] = (1U << PM_TOKEN_KEYWORD_END),
+};
 
-    return false;
+static inline bool
+context_terminator(pm_context_t context, pm_token_t *token) {
+    return token->type < 32 && (context_terminators[context] & (1U << token->type));
 }
 
 /**
@@ -8761,6 +7858,7 @@ context_human(pm_context_t context) {
         case PM_CONTEXT_BEGIN: return "begin statement";
         case PM_CONTEXT_BLOCK_BRACES: return "'{'..'}' block";
         case PM_CONTEXT_BLOCK_KEYWORDS: return "'do'..'end' block";
+        case PM_CONTEXT_BLOCK_PARAMETERS: return "'|'..'|' block parameter";
         case PM_CONTEXT_CASE_WHEN: return "'when' clause";
         case PM_CONTEXT_CASE_IN: return "'in' clause";
         case PM_CONTEXT_CLASS: return "class definition";
@@ -9109,7 +8207,7 @@ lex_global_variable(pm_parser_t *parser) {
                 } while ((width = char_is_identifier(parser, parser->current.end, parser->end - parser->current.end)) > 0);
 
                 // $0 isn't allowed to be followed by anything.
-                pm_diagnostic_id_t diag_id = parser->version == PM_OPTIONS_VERSION_CRUBY_3_3 ? PM_ERR_INVALID_VARIABLE_GLOBAL_3_3 : PM_ERR_INVALID_VARIABLE_GLOBAL;
+                pm_diagnostic_id_t diag_id = parser->version <= PM_OPTIONS_VERSION_CRUBY_3_3 ? PM_ERR_INVALID_VARIABLE_GLOBAL_3_3 : PM_ERR_INVALID_VARIABLE_GLOBAL;
                 PM_PARSER_ERR_TOKEN_FORMAT_CONTENT(parser, parser->current, diag_id);
             }
 
@@ -9146,7 +8244,7 @@ lex_global_variable(pm_parser_t *parser) {
             } else {
                 // If we get here, then we have a $ followed by something that
                 // isn't recognized as a global variable.
-                pm_diagnostic_id_t diag_id = parser->version == PM_OPTIONS_VERSION_CRUBY_3_3 ? PM_ERR_INVALID_VARIABLE_GLOBAL_3_3 : PM_ERR_INVALID_VARIABLE_GLOBAL;
+                pm_diagnostic_id_t diag_id = parser->version <= PM_OPTIONS_VERSION_CRUBY_3_3 ? PM_ERR_INVALID_VARIABLE_GLOBAL_3_3 : PM_ERR_INVALID_VARIABLE_GLOBAL;
                 const uint8_t *end = parser->current.end + parser->encoding->char_width(parser->current.end, parser->end - parser->current.end);
                 PM_PARSER_ERR_FORMAT(parser, parser->current.start, end, diag_id, (int) (end - parser->current.start), (const char *) parser->current.start);
             }
@@ -9519,7 +8617,7 @@ escape_hexadecimal_digit(const uint8_t value) {
  * validated.
  */
 static inline uint32_t
-escape_unicode(pm_parser_t *parser, const uint8_t *string, size_t length) {
+escape_unicode(pm_parser_t *parser, const uint8_t *string, size_t length, const pm_location_t *error_location) {
     uint32_t value = 0;
     for (size_t index = 0; index < length; index++) {
         if (index != 0) value <<= 4;
@@ -9529,7 +8627,11 @@ escape_unicode(pm_parser_t *parser, const uint8_t *string, size_t length) {
     // Here we're going to verify that the value is actually a valid Unicode
     // codepoint and not a surrogate pair.
     if (value >= 0xD800 && value <= 0xDFFF) {
-        pm_parser_err(parser, string, string + length, PM_ERR_ESCAPE_INVALID_UNICODE);
+        if (error_location != NULL) {
+            pm_parser_err(parser, error_location->start, error_location->end, PM_ERR_ESCAPE_INVALID_UNICODE);
+        } else {
+            pm_parser_err(parser, string, string + length, PM_ERR_ESCAPE_INVALID_UNICODE);
+        }
         return 0xFFFD;
     }
 
@@ -9829,7 +8931,7 @@ escape_read(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_buffer_t *buffer, pm_buffer_t *regular_expre
                         extra_codepoints_start = unicode_start;
                     }
 
-                    uint32_t value = escape_unicode(parser, unicode_start, hexadecimal_length);
+                    uint32_t value = escape_unicode(parser, unicode_start, hexadecimal_length, NULL);
                     escape_write_unicode(parser, buffer, flags, unicode_start, parser->current.end, value);
 
                     parser->current.end += pm_strspn_inline_whitespace(parser->current.end, parser->end - parser->current.end);
@@ -9870,7 +8972,7 @@ escape_read(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_buffer_t *buffer, pm_buffer_t *regular_expre
                         PM_PARSER_ERR_FORMAT(parser, start, parser->current.end, PM_ERR_ESCAPE_INVALID_UNICODE_SHORT, 2, start);
                     }
                 } else if (length == 4) {
-                    uint32_t value = escape_unicode(parser, parser->current.end, 4);
+                    uint32_t value = escape_unicode(parser, parser->current.end, 4, NULL);
 
                     if (flags & PM_ESCAPE_FLAG_REGEXP) {
                         pm_buffer_append_bytes(regular_expression_buffer, start, (size_t) (parser->current.end + 4 - start));
@@ -10173,7 +9275,7 @@ lex_at_variable(pm_parser_t *parser) {
         }
     } else if (parser->current.end < end && pm_char_is_decimal_digit(*parser->current.end)) {
         pm_diagnostic_id_t diag_id = (type == PM_TOKEN_CLASS_VARIABLE) ? PM_ERR_INCOMPLETE_VARIABLE_CLASS : PM_ERR_INCOMPLETE_VARIABLE_INSTANCE;
-        if (parser->version == PM_OPTIONS_VERSION_CRUBY_3_3) {
+        if (parser->version <= PM_OPTIONS_VERSION_CRUBY_3_3) {
             diag_id = (type == PM_TOKEN_CLASS_VARIABLE) ? PM_ERR_INCOMPLETE_VARIABLE_CLASS_3_3 : PM_ERR_INCOMPLETE_VARIABLE_INSTANCE_3_3;
         }
 
@@ -10849,14 +9951,37 @@ parser_lex(pm_parser_t *parser) {
                                 following = next_newline(following, parser->end - following);
                             }
 
-                            // If the lex state was ignored, or we hit a '.' or a '&.',
-                            // we will lex the ignored newline
+                            // If the lex state was ignored, we will lex the
+                            // ignored newline.
+                            if (lex_state_ignored_p(parser)) {
+                                if (!lexed_comment) parser_lex_ignored_newline(parser);
+                                lexed_comment = false;
+                                goto lex_next_token;
+                            }
+
+                            // If we hit a '.' or a '&.' we will lex the ignored
+                            // newline.
+                            if (following && (
+                                (peek_at(parser, following) == '.') ||
+                                (peek_at(parser, following) == '&' && peek_at(parser, following + 1) == '.')
+                            )) {
+                                if (!lexed_comment) parser_lex_ignored_newline(parser);
+                                lexed_comment = false;
+                                goto lex_next_token;
+                            }
+
+
+                            // If we are parsing as CRuby 4.0 or later and we
+                            // hit a '&&' or a '||' then we will lex the ignored
+                            // newline.
                             if (
-                                lex_state_ignored_p(parser) ||
-                                (following && (
-                                    (peek_at(parser, following) == '.') ||
-                                    (peek_at(parser, following) == '&' && peek_at(parser, following + 1) == '.')
-                                ))
+                                (parser->version >= PM_OPTIONS_VERSION_CRUBY_4_0) &&
+                                following && (
+                                    (peek_at(parser, following) == '&' && peek_at(parser, following + 1) == '&') ||
+                                    (peek_at(parser, following) == '|' && peek_at(parser, following + 1) == '|') ||
+                                    (peek_at(parser, following) == 'a' && peek_at(parser, following + 1) == 'n' && peek_at(parser, following + 2) == 'd' && !char_is_identifier(parser, following + 3, parser->end - (following + 3))) ||
+                                    (peek_at(parser, following) == 'o' && peek_at(parser, following + 1) == 'r' && !char_is_identifier(parser, following + 2, parser->end - (following + 2)))
+                                )
                             ) {
                                 if (!lexed_comment) parser_lex_ignored_newline(parser);
                                 lexed_comment = false;
@@ -10896,6 +10021,63 @@ parser_lex(pm_parser_t *parser) {
                             parser->next_start = NULL;
                             LEX(PM_TOKEN_AMPERSAND_DOT);
                         }
+
+                        if (parser->version >= PM_OPTIONS_VERSION_CRUBY_4_0) {
+                            // If we hit an && then we are in a logical chain
+                            // and we need to return the logical operator.
+                            if (peek_at(parser, next_content) == '&' && peek_at(parser, next_content + 1) == '&') {
+                                if (!lexed_comment) parser_lex_ignored_newline(parser);
+                                lex_state_set(parser, PM_LEX_STATE_BEG);
+                                parser->current.start = next_content;
+                                parser->current.end = next_content + 2;
+                                parser->next_start = NULL;
+                                LEX(PM_TOKEN_AMPERSAND_AMPERSAND);
+                            }
+
+                            // If we hit a || then we are in a logical chain and
+                            // we need to return the logical operator.
+                            if (peek_at(parser, next_content) == '|' && peek_at(parser, next_content + 1) == '|') {
+                                if (!lexed_comment) parser_lex_ignored_newline(parser);
+                                lex_state_set(parser, PM_LEX_STATE_BEG);
+                                parser->current.start = next_content;
+                                parser->current.end = next_content + 2;
+                                parser->next_start = NULL;
+                                LEX(PM_TOKEN_PIPE_PIPE);
+                            }
+
+                            // If we hit an 'and' then we are in a logical chain
+                            // and we need to return the logical operator.
+                            if (
+                                peek_at(parser, next_content) == 'a' &&
+                                peek_at(parser, next_content + 1) == 'n' &&
+                                peek_at(parser, next_content + 2) == 'd' &&
+                                !char_is_identifier(parser, next_content + 3, parser->end - (next_content + 3))
+                            ) {
+                                if (!lexed_comment) parser_lex_ignored_newline(parser);
+                                lex_state_set(parser, PM_LEX_STATE_BEG);
+                                parser->current.start = next_content;
+                                parser->current.end = next_content + 3;
+                                parser->next_start = NULL;
+                                parser->command_start = true;
+                                LEX(PM_TOKEN_KEYWORD_AND);
+                            }
+
+                            // If we hit a 'or' then we are in a logical chain
+                            // and we need to return the logical operator.
+                            if (
+                                peek_at(parser, next_content) == 'o' &&
+                                peek_at(parser, next_content + 1) == 'r' &&
+                                !char_is_identifier(parser, next_content + 2, parser->end - (next_content + 2))
+                            ) {
+                                if (!lexed_comment) parser_lex_ignored_newline(parser);
+                                lex_state_set(parser, PM_LEX_STATE_BEG);
+                                parser->current.start = next_content;
+                                parser->current.end = next_content + 2;
+                                parser->next_start = NULL;
+                                parser->command_start = true;
+                                LEX(PM_TOKEN_KEYWORD_OR);
+                            }
+                        }
                     }
 
                     // At this point we know this is a regular newline, and we can set the
@@ -12170,7 +11352,13 @@ parser_lex(pm_parser_t *parser) {
                     size_t eol_length = match_eol_at(parser, breakpoint);
                     if (eol_length) {
                         parser->current.end = breakpoint + eol_length;
-                        pm_newline_list_append(&parser->newline_list, parser->current.end - 1);
+
+                        // Track the newline if we're not in a heredoc that
+                        // would have already have added the newline to the
+                        // list.
+                        if (parser->heredoc_end == NULL) {
+                            pm_newline_list_append(&parser->newline_list, parser->current.end - 1);
+                        }
                     } else {
                         parser->current.end = breakpoint + 1;
                     }
@@ -12424,7 +11612,13 @@ parser_lex(pm_parser_t *parser) {
                     size_t eol_length = match_eol_at(parser, breakpoint);
                     if (eol_length) {
                         parser->current.end = breakpoint + eol_length;
-                        pm_newline_list_append(&parser->newline_list, parser->current.end - 1);
+
+                        // Track the newline if we're not in a heredoc that
+                        // would have already have added the newline to the
+                        // list.
+                        if (parser->heredoc_end == NULL) {
+                            pm_newline_list_append(&parser->newline_list, parser->current.end - 1);
+                        }
                     } else {
                         parser->current.end = breakpoint + 1;
                     }
@@ -12436,6 +11630,13 @@ parser_lex(pm_parser_t *parser) {
                         LEX(PM_TOKEN_LABEL_END);
                     }
 
+                    // When the delimiter itself is a newline, we won't
+                    // get a chance to flush heredocs in the usual places since
+                    // the newline is already consumed.
+                    if (term == '\n' && parser->heredoc_end) {
+                        parser_flush_heredoc_end(parser);
+                    }
+
                     lex_state_set(parser, PM_LEX_STATE_END);
                     lex_mode_pop(parser);
                     LEX(PM_TOKEN_STRING_END);
@@ -12841,7 +12042,10 @@ parser_lex(pm_parser_t *parser) {
                                     // string content.
                                     if (heredoc_lex_mode->indent == PM_HEREDOC_INDENT_TILDE) {
                                         const uint8_t *end = parser->current.end;
-                                        pm_newline_list_append(&parser->newline_list, end);
+
+                                        if (parser->heredoc_end == NULL) {
+                                            pm_newline_list_append(&parser->newline_list, end);
+                                        }
 
                                         // Here we want the buffer to only
                                         // include up to the backslash.
@@ -13143,14 +12347,6 @@ match8(const pm_parser_t *parser, pm_token_type_t type1, pm_token_type_t type2,
 }
 
 /**
- * Returns true if the current token is any of the nine given types.
- */
-static inline bool
-match9(const pm_parser_t *parser, pm_token_type_t type1, pm_token_type_t type2, pm_token_type_t type3, pm_token_type_t type4, pm_token_type_t type5, pm_token_type_t type6, pm_token_type_t type7, pm_token_type_t type8, pm_token_type_t type9) {
-    return match1(parser, type1) || match1(parser, type2) || match1(parser, type3) || match1(parser, type4) || match1(parser, type5) || match1(parser, type6) || match1(parser, type7) || match1(parser, type8) || match1(parser, type9);
-}
-
-/**
  * If the current token is of the specified type, lex forward by one token and
  * return true. Otherwise, return false. For example:
  *
@@ -13230,6 +12426,22 @@ expect1_heredoc_term(pm_parser_t *parser, const uint8_t *ident_start, size_t ide
     }
 }
 
+/**
+ * A special expect1 that attaches the error to the opening token location
+ * rather than the current position. This is useful for errors about missing
+ * closing tokens, where we want to point to the line with the opening token
+ * (e.g., `def`, `class`, `if`, `{`) rather than the end of the file.
+ */
+static void
+expect1_opening(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_token_type_t type, pm_diagnostic_id_t diag_id, const pm_token_t *opening) {
+    if (accept1(parser, type)) return;
+
+    pm_parser_err(parser, opening->start, opening->end, diag_id);
+
+    parser->previous.start = parser->previous.end;
+    parser->previous.type = PM_TOKEN_MISSING;
+}
+
 static pm_node_t *
 parse_expression(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_binding_power_t binding_power, bool accepts_command_call, bool accepts_label, pm_diagnostic_id_t diag_id, uint16_t depth);
 
@@ -13327,12 +12539,87 @@ parse_starred_expression(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_binding_power_t binding_power,
     if (accept1(parser, PM_TOKEN_USTAR)) {
         pm_token_t operator = parser->previous;
         pm_node_t *expression = parse_value_expression(parser, binding_power, false, false, PM_ERR_EXPECT_EXPRESSION_AFTER_STAR, (uint16_t) (depth + 1));
-        return (pm_node_t *) pm_splat_node_create(parser, &operator, expression);
+        return UP(pm_splat_node_create(parser, &operator, expression));
     }
 
     return parse_value_expression(parser, binding_power, accepts_command_call, false, diag_id, depth);
 }
 
+static bool
+pm_node_unreference_each(const pm_node_t *node, void *data) {
+    switch (PM_NODE_TYPE(node)) {
+        /* When we are about to destroy a set of nodes that could potentially
+         * contain block exits for the current scope, we need to check if they
+         * are contained in the list of block exits and remove them if they are.
+         */
+        case PM_BREAK_NODE:
+        case PM_NEXT_NODE:
+        case PM_REDO_NODE: {
+            pm_parser_t *parser = (pm_parser_t *) data;
+            size_t index = 0;
+
+            while (index < parser->current_block_exits->size) {
+                pm_node_t *block_exit = parser->current_block_exits->nodes[index];
+
+                if (block_exit == node) {
+                    if (index + 1 < parser->current_block_exits->size) {
+                        memmove(
+                            &parser->current_block_exits->nodes[index],
+                            &parser->current_block_exits->nodes[index + 1],
+                            (parser->current_block_exits->size - index - 1) * sizeof(pm_node_t *)
+                        );
+                    }
+                    parser->current_block_exits->size--;
+
+                    /* Note returning true here because these nodes could have
+                     * arguments that are themselves block exits. */
+                    return true;
+                }
+
+                index++;
+            }
+
+            return true;
+        }
+        /* When an implicit local variable is written to or targeted, it becomes
+         * a regular, named local variable. This branch removes it from the list
+         * of implicit parameters when that happens. */
+        case PM_LOCAL_VARIABLE_READ_NODE:
+        case PM_IT_LOCAL_VARIABLE_READ_NODE: {
+            pm_parser_t *parser = (pm_parser_t *) data;
+            pm_node_list_t *implicit_parameters = &parser->current_scope->implicit_parameters;
+
+            for (size_t index = 0; index < implicit_parameters->size; index++) {
+                if (implicit_parameters->nodes[index] == node) {
+                    /* If the node is not the last one in the list, we need to
+                     * shift the remaining nodes down to fill the gap. This is
+                     * extremely unlikely to happen. */
+                    if (index != implicit_parameters->size - 1) {
+                        memmove(&implicit_parameters->nodes[index], &implicit_parameters->nodes[index + 1], (implicit_parameters->size - index - 1) * sizeof(pm_node_t *));
+                    }
+
+                    implicit_parameters->size--;
+                    break;
+                }
+            }
+
+            return false;
+        }
+        default:
+            return true;
+    }
+}
+
+/**
+ * When we are about to destroy a set of nodes that could potentially be
+ * referenced by one or more lists on the parser, then remove them from those
+ * lists so we don't get a use-after-free.
+ */
+static void
+pm_node_unreference(pm_parser_t *parser, const pm_node_t *node) {
+    pm_visit_node(node, pm_node_unreference_each, parser);
+}
+
 /**
  * Convert the name of a method into the corresponding write method name. For
  * example, foo would be turned into foo=.
@@ -13380,31 +12667,7 @@ parse_unwriteable_target(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_node_t *target) {
     pm_local_variable_target_node_t *result = pm_local_variable_target_node_create(parser, &target->location, name, 0);
 
     pm_node_destroy(parser, target);
-    return (pm_node_t *) result;
-}
-
-/**
- * When an implicit local variable is written to or targeted, it becomes a
- * regular, named local variable. This function removes it from the list of
- * implicit parameters when that happens.
- */
-static void
-parse_target_implicit_parameter(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_node_t *node) {
-    pm_node_list_t *implicit_parameters = &parser->current_scope->implicit_parameters;
-
-    for (size_t index = 0; index < implicit_parameters->size; index++) {
-        if (implicit_parameters->nodes[index] == node) {
-            // If the node is not the last one in the list, we need to shift the
-            // remaining nodes down to fill the gap. This is extremely unlikely
-            // to happen.
-            if (index != implicit_parameters->size - 1) {
-                memcpy(&implicit_parameters->nodes[index], &implicit_parameters->nodes[index + 1], (implicit_parameters->size - index - 1) * sizeof(pm_node_t *));
-            }
-
-            implicit_parameters->size--;
-            break;
-        }
-    }
+    return UP(result);
 }
 
 /**
@@ -13464,7 +12727,7 @@ parse_target(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_node_t *target, bool multiple, bool splat_p
         case PM_LOCAL_VARIABLE_READ_NODE: {
             if (pm_token_is_numbered_parameter(target->location.start, target->location.end)) {
                 PM_PARSER_ERR_FORMAT(parser, target->location.start, target->location.end, PM_ERR_PARAMETER_NUMBERED_RESERVED, target->location.start);
-                parse_target_implicit_parameter(parser, target);
+                pm_node_unreference(parser, target);
             }
 
             const pm_local_variable_read_node_t *cast = (const pm_local_variable_read_node_t *) target;
@@ -13479,9 +12742,9 @@ parse_target(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_node_t *target, bool multiple, bool splat_p
         }
         case PM_IT_LOCAL_VARIABLE_READ_NODE: {
             pm_constant_id_t name = pm_parser_local_add_constant(parser, "it", 2);
-            pm_node_t *node = (pm_node_t *) pm_local_variable_target_node_create(parser, &target->location, name, 0);
+            pm_node_t *node = UP(pm_local_variable_target_node_create(parser, &target->location, name, 0));
 
-            parse_target_implicit_parameter(parser, target);
+            pm_node_unreference(parser, target);
             pm_node_destroy(parser, target);
 
             return node;
@@ -13505,7 +12768,7 @@ parse_target(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_node_t *target, bool multiple, bool splat_p
                 splat->expression = parse_target(parser, splat->expression, multiple, true);
             }
 
-            return (pm_node_t *) splat;
+            return UP(splat);
         }
         case PM_CALL_NODE: {
             pm_call_node_t *call = (pm_call_node_t *) target;
@@ -13536,16 +12799,16 @@ parse_target(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_node_t *target, bool multiple, bool splat_p
                     pm_constant_id_t name = pm_parser_local_add_location(parser, message_loc.start, message_loc.end, 0);
                     pm_node_destroy(parser, target);
 
-                    return (pm_node_t *) pm_local_variable_target_node_create(parser, &message_loc, name, 0);
+                    return UP(pm_local_variable_target_node_create(parser, &message_loc, name, 0));
                 }
 
-                if (*call->message_loc.start == '_' || parser->encoding->alnum_char(call->message_loc.start, call->message_loc.end - call->message_loc.start)) {
+                if (peek_at(parser, call->message_loc.start) == '_' || parser->encoding->alnum_char(call->message_loc.start, call->message_loc.end - call->message_loc.start)) {
                     if (multiple && PM_NODE_FLAG_P(call, PM_CALL_NODE_FLAGS_SAFE_NAVIGATION)) {
                         pm_parser_err_node(parser, (const pm_node_t *) call, PM_ERR_UNEXPECTED_SAFE_NAVIGATION);
                     }
 
                     parse_write_name(parser, &call->name);
-                    return (pm_node_t *) pm_call_target_node_create(parser, call);
+                    return UP(pm_call_target_node_create(parser, call));
                 }
             }
 
@@ -13553,7 +12816,7 @@ parse_target(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_node_t *target, bool multiple, bool splat_p
             // an aref expression, and we can transform it into an aset
             // expression.
             if (PM_NODE_FLAG_P(call, PM_CALL_NODE_FLAGS_INDEX)) {
-                return (pm_node_t *) pm_index_target_node_create(parser, call);
+                return UP(pm_index_target_node_create(parser, call));
             }
         }
         PRISM_FALLTHROUGH
@@ -13596,7 +12859,7 @@ parse_shareable_constant_write(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_node_t *write) {
     pm_shareable_constant_value_t shareable_constant = pm_parser_scope_shareable_constant_get(parser);
 
     if (shareable_constant != PM_SCOPE_SHAREABLE_CONSTANT_NONE) {
-        return (pm_node_t *) pm_shareable_constant_node_create(parser, write, shareable_constant);
+        return UP(pm_shareable_constant_node_create(parser, write, shareable_constant));
     }
 
     return write;
@@ -13614,10 +12877,10 @@ parse_write(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_node_t *target, pm_token_t *operator, pm_nod
         case PM_CLASS_VARIABLE_READ_NODE: {
             pm_class_variable_write_node_t *node = pm_class_variable_write_node_create(parser, (pm_class_variable_read_node_t *) target, operator, value);
             pm_node_destroy(parser, target);
-            return (pm_node_t *) node;
+            return UP(node);
         }
         case PM_CONSTANT_PATH_NODE: {
-            pm_node_t *node = (pm_node_t *) pm_constant_path_write_node_create(parser, (pm_constant_path_node_t *) target, operator, value);
+            pm_node_t *node = UP(pm_constant_path_write_node_create(parser, (pm_constant_path_node_t *) target, operator, value));
 
             if (context_def_p(parser)) {
                 pm_parser_err_node(parser, node, PM_ERR_WRITE_TARGET_IN_METHOD);
@@ -13626,7 +12889,7 @@ parse_write(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_node_t *target, pm_token_t *operator, pm_nod
             return parse_shareable_constant_write(parser, node);
         }
         case PM_CONSTANT_READ_NODE: {
-            pm_node_t *node = (pm_node_t *) pm_constant_write_node_create(parser, (pm_constant_read_node_t *) target, operator, value);
+            pm_node_t *node = UP(pm_constant_write_node_create(parser, (pm_constant_read_node_t *) target, operator, value));
 
             if (context_def_p(parser)) {
                 pm_parser_err_node(parser, node, PM_ERR_WRITE_TARGET_IN_METHOD);
@@ -13642,7 +12905,7 @@ parse_write(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_node_t *target, pm_token_t *operator, pm_nod
         case PM_GLOBAL_VARIABLE_READ_NODE: {
             pm_global_variable_write_node_t *node = pm_global_variable_write_node_create(parser, target, operator, value);
             pm_node_destroy(parser, target);
-            return (pm_node_t *) node;
+            return UP(node);
         }
         case PM_LOCAL_VARIABLE_READ_NODE: {
             pm_local_variable_read_node_t *local_read = (pm_local_variable_read_node_t *) target;
@@ -13656,30 +12919,30 @@ parse_write(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_node_t *target, pm_token_t *operator, pm_nod
             if (pm_token_is_numbered_parameter(target->location.start, target->location.end)) {
                 pm_diagnostic_id_t diag_id = (scope->parameters & PM_SCOPE_PARAMETERS_NUMBERED_FOUND) ? PM_ERR_EXPRESSION_NOT_WRITABLE_NUMBERED : PM_ERR_PARAMETER_NUMBERED_RESERVED;
                 PM_PARSER_ERR_FORMAT(parser, target->location.start, target->location.end, diag_id, target->location.start);
-                parse_target_implicit_parameter(parser, target);
+                pm_node_unreference(parser, target);
             }
 
             pm_locals_unread(&scope->locals, name);
             pm_node_destroy(parser, target);
 
-            return (pm_node_t *) pm_local_variable_write_node_create(parser, name, depth, value, &name_loc, operator);
+            return UP(pm_local_variable_write_node_create(parser, name, depth, value, &name_loc, operator));
         }
         case PM_IT_LOCAL_VARIABLE_READ_NODE: {
             pm_constant_id_t name = pm_parser_local_add_constant(parser, "it", 2);
-            pm_node_t *node = (pm_node_t *) pm_local_variable_write_node_create(parser, name, 0, value, &target->location, operator);
+            pm_node_t *node = UP(pm_local_variable_write_node_create(parser, name, 0, value, &target->location, operator));
 
-            parse_target_implicit_parameter(parser, target);
+            pm_node_unreference(parser, target);
             pm_node_destroy(parser, target);
 
             return node;
         }
         case PM_INSTANCE_VARIABLE_READ_NODE: {
-            pm_node_t *write_node = (pm_node_t *) pm_instance_variable_write_node_create(parser, (pm_instance_variable_read_node_t *) target, operator, value);
+            pm_node_t *write_node = UP(pm_instance_variable_write_node_create(parser, (pm_instance_variable_read_node_t *) target, operator, value));
             pm_node_destroy(parser, target);
             return write_node;
         }
         case PM_MULTI_TARGET_NODE:
-            return (pm_node_t *) pm_multi_write_node_create(parser, (pm_multi_target_node_t *) target, operator, value);
+            return UP(pm_multi_write_node_create(parser, (pm_multi_target_node_t *) target, operator, value));
         case PM_SPLAT_NODE: {
             pm_splat_node_t *splat = (pm_splat_node_t *) target;
 
@@ -13688,9 +12951,9 @@ parse_write(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_node_t *target, pm_token_t *operator, pm_nod
             }
 
             pm_multi_target_node_t *multi_target = pm_multi_target_node_create(parser);
-            pm_multi_target_node_targets_append(parser, multi_target, (pm_node_t *) splat);
+            pm_multi_target_node_targets_append(parser, multi_target, UP(splat));
 
-            return (pm_node_t *) pm_multi_write_node_create(parser, multi_target, operator, value);
+            return UP(pm_multi_write_node_create(parser, multi_target, operator, value));
         }
         case PM_CALL_NODE: {
             pm_call_node_t *call = (pm_call_node_t *) target;
@@ -13722,7 +12985,7 @@ parse_write(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_node_t *target, pm_token_t *operator, pm_nod
                     pm_node_destroy(parser, target);
 
                     pm_constant_id_t constant_id = pm_parser_constant_id_location(parser, message.start, message.end);
-                    target = (pm_node_t *) pm_local_variable_write_node_create(parser, constant_id, 0, value, &message, operator);
+                    target = UP(pm_local_variable_write_node_create(parser, constant_id, 0, value, &message, operator));
 
                     pm_refute_numbered_parameter(parser, message.start, message.end);
                     return target;
@@ -13744,11 +13007,12 @@ parse_write(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_node_t *target, pm_token_t *operator, pm_nod
 
                     pm_arguments_node_arguments_append(arguments, value);
                     call->base.location.end = arguments->base.location.end;
+                    call->equal_loc = PM_LOCATION_TOKEN_VALUE(operator);
 
                     parse_write_name(parser, &call->name);
-                    pm_node_flag_set((pm_node_t *) call, PM_CALL_NODE_FLAGS_ATTRIBUTE_WRITE | pm_implicit_array_write_flags(value, PM_CALL_NODE_FLAGS_IMPLICIT_ARRAY));
+                    pm_node_flag_set(UP(call), PM_CALL_NODE_FLAGS_ATTRIBUTE_WRITE | pm_implicit_array_write_flags(value, PM_CALL_NODE_FLAGS_IMPLICIT_ARRAY));
 
-                    return (pm_node_t *) call;
+                    return UP(call);
                 }
             }
 
@@ -13765,19 +13029,26 @@ parse_write(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_node_t *target, pm_token_t *operator, pm_nod
 
                 // Replace the name with "[]=".
                 call->name = pm_parser_constant_id_constant(parser, "[]=", 3);
+                call->equal_loc = PM_LOCATION_TOKEN_VALUE(operator);
 
                 // Ensure that the arguments for []= don't contain keywords
                 pm_index_arguments_check(parser, call->arguments, call->block);
-                pm_node_flag_set((pm_node_t *) call, PM_CALL_NODE_FLAGS_ATTRIBUTE_WRITE | pm_implicit_array_write_flags(value, PM_CALL_NODE_FLAGS_IMPLICIT_ARRAY));
+                pm_node_flag_set(UP(call), PM_CALL_NODE_FLAGS_ATTRIBUTE_WRITE | pm_implicit_array_write_flags(value, PM_CALL_NODE_FLAGS_IMPLICIT_ARRAY));
 
                 return target;
             }
 
-            // If there are arguments on the call node, then it can't be a method
-            // call ending with = or a local variable write, so it must be a
-            // syntax error. In this case we'll fall through to our default
+            // If there are arguments on the call node, then it can't be a
+            // method call ending with = or a local variable write, so it must
+            // be a syntax error. In this case we'll fall through to our default
             // handling. We need to free the value that we parsed because there
             // is no way for us to attach it to the tree at this point.
+            //
+            // Since it is possible for the value to contain an implicit
+            // parameter somewhere in its subtree, we need to walk it and remove
+            // any implicit parameters from the list of implicit parameters for
+            // the current scope.
+            pm_node_unreference(parser, value);
             pm_node_destroy(parser, value);
         }
         PRISM_FALLTHROUGH
@@ -13813,7 +13084,7 @@ parse_unwriteable_write(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_node_t *target, const pm_token_t
     pm_local_variable_write_node_t *result = pm_local_variable_write_node_create(parser, name, 0, value, &target->location, equals);
 
     pm_node_destroy(parser, target);
-    return (pm_node_t *) result;
+    return UP(result);
 }
 
 /**
@@ -13850,7 +13121,7 @@ parse_targets(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_node_t *first_target, pm_binding_power_t b
                 name = parse_target(parser, name, true, true);
             }
 
-            pm_node_t *splat = (pm_node_t *) pm_splat_node_create(parser, &star_operator, name);
+            pm_node_t *splat = UP(pm_splat_node_create(parser, &star_operator, name));
             pm_multi_target_node_targets_append(parser, result, splat);
             has_rest = true;
         } else if (match1(parser, PM_TOKEN_PARENTHESIS_LEFT)) {
@@ -13868,13 +13139,13 @@ parse_targets(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_node_t *first_target, pm_binding_power_t b
         } else if (!match1(parser, PM_TOKEN_EOF)) {
             // If we get here, then we have a trailing , in a multi target node.
             // We'll add an implicit rest node to represent this.
-            pm_node_t *rest = (pm_node_t *) pm_implicit_rest_node_create(parser, &parser->previous);
+            pm_node_t *rest = UP(pm_implicit_rest_node_create(parser, &parser->previous));
             pm_multi_target_node_targets_append(parser, result, rest);
             break;
         }
     }
 
-    return (pm_node_t *) result;
+    return UP(result);
 }
 
 /**
@@ -14068,7 +13339,7 @@ parse_assocs(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_static_literals_t *literals, pm_node_t *nod
                     pm_parser_scope_forwarding_keywords_check(parser, &operator);
                 }
 
-                element = (pm_node_t *) pm_assoc_splat_node_create(parser, value, &operator);
+                element = UP(pm_assoc_splat_node_create(parser, value, &operator));
                 contains_keyword_splat = true;
                 break;
             }
@@ -14076,7 +13347,7 @@ parse_assocs(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_static_literals_t *literals, pm_node_t *nod
                 pm_token_t label = parser->current;
                 parser_lex(parser);
 
-                pm_node_t *key = (pm_node_t *) pm_symbol_node_label_create(parser, &label);
+                pm_node_t *key = UP(pm_symbol_node_label_create(parser, &label));
                 pm_hash_key_static_literals_add(parser, literals, key);
 
                 pm_token_t operator = not_provided(parser);
@@ -14087,7 +13358,7 @@ parse_assocs(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_static_literals_t *literals, pm_node_t *nod
                 } else {
                     if (parser->encoding->isupper_char(label.start, (label.end - 1) - label.start)) {
                         pm_token_t constant = { .type = PM_TOKEN_CONSTANT, .start = label.start, .end = label.end - 1 };
-                        value = (pm_node_t *) pm_constant_read_node_create(parser, &constant);
+                        value = UP(pm_constant_read_node_create(parser, &constant));
                     } else {
                         int depth = -1;
                         pm_token_t identifier = { .type = PM_TOKEN_IDENTIFIER, .start = label.start, .end = label.end - 1 };
@@ -14099,17 +13370,17 @@ parse_assocs(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_static_literals_t *literals, pm_node_t *nod
                         }
 
                         if (depth == -1) {
-                            value = (pm_node_t *) pm_call_node_variable_call_create(parser, &identifier);
+                            value = UP(pm_call_node_variable_call_create(parser, &identifier));
                         } else {
-                            value = (pm_node_t *) pm_local_variable_read_node_create(parser, &identifier, (uint32_t) depth);
+                            value = UP(pm_local_variable_read_node_create(parser, &identifier, (uint32_t) depth));
                         }
                     }
 
                     value->location.end++;
-                    value = (pm_node_t *) pm_implicit_node_create(parser, value);
+                    value = UP(pm_implicit_node_create(parser, value));
                 }
 
-                element = (pm_node_t *) pm_assoc_node_create(parser, key, &operator, value);
+                element = UP(pm_assoc_node_create(parser, key, &operator, value));
                 break;
             }
             default: {
@@ -14132,7 +13403,7 @@ parse_assocs(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_static_literals_t *literals, pm_node_t *nod
                 }
 
                 pm_node_t *value = parse_value_expression(parser, PM_BINDING_POWER_DEFINED, false, false, PM_ERR_HASH_VALUE, (uint16_t) (depth + 1));
-                element = (pm_node_t *) pm_assoc_node_create(parser, key, &operator, value);
+                element = UP(pm_assoc_node_create(parser, key, &operator, value));
                 break;
             }
         }
@@ -14161,6 +13432,30 @@ parse_assocs(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_static_literals_t *literals, pm_node_t *nod
     return contains_keyword_splat;
 }
 
+static inline bool
+argument_allowed_for_bare_hash(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_node_t *argument) {
+    if (pm_symbol_node_label_p(argument)) {
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    switch (PM_NODE_TYPE(argument)) {
+        case PM_CALL_NODE: {
+            pm_call_node_t *cast = (pm_call_node_t *) argument;
+            if (cast->opening_loc.start == NULL && cast->arguments != NULL) {
+                if (PM_NODE_FLAG_P(cast->arguments, PM_ARGUMENTS_NODE_FLAGS_CONTAINS_KEYWORDS | PM_ARGUMENTS_NODE_FLAGS_CONTAINS_SPLAT)) {
+                    return false;
+                }
+                if (cast->block != NULL) {
+                    return false;
+                }
+            }
+            break;
+        }
+        default: break;
+    }
+    return accept1(parser, PM_TOKEN_EQUAL_GREATER);
+}
+
 /**
  * Append an argument to a list of arguments.
  */
@@ -14210,16 +13505,16 @@ parse_arguments(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_arguments_t *arguments, bool accepts_for
                 }
 
                 pm_keyword_hash_node_t *hash = pm_keyword_hash_node_create(parser);
-                argument = (pm_node_t *) hash;
+                argument = UP(hash);
 
                 pm_static_literals_t hash_keys = { 0 };
-                bool contains_keyword_splat = parse_assocs(parser, &hash_keys, (pm_node_t *) hash, (uint16_t) (depth + 1));
+                bool contains_keyword_splat = parse_assocs(parser, &hash_keys, UP(hash), (uint16_t) (depth + 1));
 
                 parse_arguments_append(parser, arguments, argument);
 
                 pm_node_flags_t flags = PM_ARGUMENTS_NODE_FLAGS_CONTAINS_KEYWORDS;
                 if (contains_keyword_splat) flags |= PM_ARGUMENTS_NODE_FLAGS_CONTAINS_KEYWORD_SPLAT;
-                pm_node_flag_set((pm_node_t *) arguments->arguments, flags);
+                pm_node_flag_set(UP(arguments->arguments), flags);
 
                 pm_static_literals_free(&hash_keys);
                 parsed_bare_hash = true;
@@ -14237,7 +13532,7 @@ parse_arguments(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_arguments_t *arguments, bool accepts_for
                     pm_parser_scope_forwarding_block_check(parser, &operator);
                 }
 
-                argument = (pm_node_t *) pm_block_argument_node_create(parser, &operator, expression);
+                argument = UP(pm_block_argument_node_create(parser, &operator, expression));
                 if (parsed_block_argument) {
                     parse_arguments_append(parser, arguments, argument);
                 } else {
@@ -14257,7 +13552,7 @@ parse_arguments(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_arguments_t *arguments, bool accepts_for
 
                 if (match4(parser, PM_TOKEN_PARENTHESIS_RIGHT, PM_TOKEN_COMMA, PM_TOKEN_SEMICOLON, PM_TOKEN_BRACKET_RIGHT)) {
                     pm_parser_scope_forwarding_positionals_check(parser, &operator);
-                    argument = (pm_node_t *) pm_splat_node_create(parser, &operator, NULL);
+                    argument = UP(pm_splat_node_create(parser, &operator, NULL));
                     if (parsed_bare_hash) {
                         pm_parser_err_previous(parser, PM_ERR_ARGUMENT_SPLAT_AFTER_ASSOC_SPLAT);
                     }
@@ -14268,7 +13563,7 @@ parse_arguments(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_arguments_t *arguments, bool accepts_for
                         pm_parser_err(parser, operator.start, expression->location.end, PM_ERR_ARGUMENT_SPLAT_AFTER_ASSOC_SPLAT);
                     }
 
-                    argument = (pm_node_t *) pm_splat_node_create(parser, &operator, expression);
+                    argument = UP(pm_splat_node_create(parser, &operator, expression));
                 }
 
                 parse_arguments_append(parser, arguments, argument);
@@ -14293,16 +13588,16 @@ parse_arguments(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_arguments_t *arguments, bool accepts_for
                             pm_parser_err(parser, range->operator_loc.start, range->operator_loc.end, PM_ERR_UNEXPECTED_RANGE_OPERATOR);
                         }
 
-                        argument = (pm_node_t *) pm_range_node_create(parser, NULL, &operator, right);
+                        argument = UP(pm_range_node_create(parser, NULL, &operator, right));
                     } else {
                         pm_parser_scope_forwarding_all_check(parser, &parser->previous);
                         if (parsed_first_argument && terminator == PM_TOKEN_EOF) {
                             pm_parser_err_previous(parser, PM_ERR_ARGUMENT_FORWARDING_UNBOUND);
                         }
 
-                        argument = (pm_node_t *) pm_forwarding_arguments_node_create(parser, &parser->previous);
+                        argument = UP(pm_forwarding_arguments_node_create(parser, &parser->previous));
                         parse_arguments_append(parser, arguments, argument);
-                        pm_node_flag_set((pm_node_t *) arguments->arguments, PM_ARGUMENTS_NODE_FLAGS_CONTAINS_FORWARDING);
+                        pm_node_flag_set(UP(arguments->arguments), PM_ARGUMENTS_NODE_FLAGS_CONTAINS_FORWARDING);
                         arguments->has_forwarding = true;
                         parsed_forwarding_arguments = true;
                         break;
@@ -14318,7 +13613,7 @@ parse_arguments(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_arguments_t *arguments, bool accepts_for
                 bool contains_keywords = false;
                 bool contains_keyword_splat = false;
 
-                if (pm_symbol_node_label_p(argument) || accept1(parser, PM_TOKEN_EQUAL_GREATER)) {
+                if (argument_allowed_for_bare_hash(parser, argument)){
                     if (parsed_bare_hash) {
                         pm_parser_err_previous(parser, PM_ERR_ARGUMENT_BARE_HASH);
                     }
@@ -14339,17 +13634,17 @@ parse_arguments(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_arguments_t *arguments, bool accepts_for
 
                     // Finish parsing the one we are part way through.
                     pm_node_t *value = parse_value_expression(parser, PM_BINDING_POWER_DEFINED, false, false, PM_ERR_HASH_VALUE, (uint16_t) (depth + 1));
-                    argument = (pm_node_t *) pm_assoc_node_create(parser, argument, &operator, value);
+                    argument = UP(pm_assoc_node_create(parser, argument, &operator, value));
 
                     pm_keyword_hash_node_elements_append(bare_hash, argument);
-                    argument = (pm_node_t *) bare_hash;
+                    argument = UP(bare_hash);
 
                     // Then parse more if we have a comma
                     if (accept1(parser, PM_TOKEN_COMMA) && (
                         token_begins_expression_p(parser->current.type) ||
                         match2(parser, PM_TOKEN_USTAR_STAR, PM_TOKEN_LABEL)
                     )) {
-                        contains_keyword_splat = parse_assocs(parser, &hash_keys, (pm_node_t *) bare_hash, (uint16_t) (depth + 1));
+                        contains_keyword_splat = parse_assocs(parser, &hash_keys, UP(bare_hash), (uint16_t) (depth + 1));
                     }
 
                     pm_static_literals_free(&hash_keys);
@@ -14361,7 +13656,7 @@ parse_arguments(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_arguments_t *arguments, bool accepts_for
                 pm_node_flags_t flags = 0;
                 if (contains_keywords) flags |= PM_ARGUMENTS_NODE_FLAGS_CONTAINS_KEYWORDS;
                 if (contains_keyword_splat) flags |= PM_ARGUMENTS_NODE_FLAGS_CONTAINS_KEYWORD_SPLAT;
-                pm_node_flag_set((pm_node_t *) arguments->arguments, flags);
+                pm_node_flag_set(UP(arguments->arguments), flags);
 
                 break;
             }
@@ -14390,6 +13685,17 @@ parse_arguments(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_arguments_t *arguments, bool accepts_for
             if (accepted_newline) {
                 pm_parser_err_previous(parser, PM_ERR_INVALID_COMMA);
             }
+
+            // If this is a command call and an argument takes a block,
+            // there can be no further arguments. For example,
+            // `foo(bar 1 do end, 2)` should be rejected.
+            if (PM_NODE_TYPE_P(argument, PM_CALL_NODE)) {
+                pm_call_node_t *call = (pm_call_node_t *) argument;
+                if (call->opening_loc.start == NULL && call->arguments != NULL && call->block != NULL) {
+                    pm_parser_err_previous(parser, PM_ERR_INVALID_COMMA);
+                    break;
+                }
+            }
         } else {
             // If there is no comma at the end of the argument list then we're
             // done parsing arguments and can break out of this loop.
@@ -14427,33 +13733,33 @@ parse_required_destructured_parameter(pm_parser_t *parser) {
         // commas, so here we'll assume this is a mistake of the user not
         // knowing it's not allowed here.
         if (node->lefts.size > 0 && match1(parser, PM_TOKEN_PARENTHESIS_RIGHT)) {
-            param = (pm_node_t *) pm_implicit_rest_node_create(parser, &parser->previous);
+            param = UP(pm_implicit_rest_node_create(parser, &parser->previous));
             pm_multi_target_node_targets_append(parser, node, param);
             pm_parser_err_current(parser, PM_ERR_PARAMETER_WILD_LOOSE_COMMA);
             break;
         }
 
         if (match1(parser, PM_TOKEN_PARENTHESIS_LEFT)) {
-            param = (pm_node_t *) parse_required_destructured_parameter(parser);
+            param = UP(parse_required_destructured_parameter(parser));
         } else if (accept1(parser, PM_TOKEN_USTAR)) {
             pm_token_t star = parser->previous;
             pm_node_t *value = NULL;
 
             if (accept1(parser, PM_TOKEN_IDENTIFIER)) {
                 pm_token_t name = parser->previous;
-                value = (pm_node_t *) pm_required_parameter_node_create(parser, &name);
+                value = UP(pm_required_parameter_node_create(parser, &name));
                 if (pm_parser_parameter_name_check(parser, &name)) {
                     pm_node_flag_set_repeated_parameter(value);
                 }
                 pm_parser_local_add_token(parser, &name, 1);
             }
 
-            param = (pm_node_t *) pm_splat_node_create(parser, &star, value);
+            param = UP(pm_splat_node_create(parser, &star, value));
         } else {
             expect1(parser, PM_TOKEN_IDENTIFIER, PM_ERR_EXPECT_IDENT_REQ_PARAMETER);
             pm_token_t name = parser->previous;
 
-            param = (pm_node_t *) pm_required_parameter_node_create(parser, &name);
+            param = UP(pm_required_parameter_node_create(parser, &name));
             if (pm_parser_parameter_name_check(parser, &name)) {
                 pm_node_flag_set_repeated_parameter(param);
             }
@@ -14566,7 +13872,7 @@ parse_parameters(
         switch (parser->current.type) {
             case PM_TOKEN_PARENTHESIS_LEFT: {
                 update_parameter_state(parser, &parser->current, &order);
-                pm_node_t *param = (pm_node_t *) parse_required_destructured_parameter(parser);
+                pm_node_t *param = UP(parse_required_destructured_parameter(parser));
 
                 if (order > PM_PARAMETERS_ORDER_AFTER_OPTIONAL) {
                     pm_parameters_node_requireds_append(params, param);
@@ -14595,13 +13901,13 @@ parse_parameters(
 
                 pm_block_parameter_node_t *param = pm_block_parameter_node_create(parser, &name, &operator);
                 if (repeated) {
-                    pm_node_flag_set_repeated_parameter((pm_node_t *)param);
+                    pm_node_flag_set_repeated_parameter(UP(param));
                 }
                 if (params->block == NULL) {
                     pm_parameters_node_block_set(params, param);
                 } else {
-                    pm_parser_err_node(parser, (pm_node_t *) param, PM_ERR_PARAMETER_BLOCK_MULTI);
-                    pm_parameters_node_posts_append(params, (pm_node_t *) param);
+                    pm_parser_err_node(parser, UP(param), PM_ERR_PARAMETER_BLOCK_MULTI);
+                    pm_parameters_node_posts_append(params, UP(param));
                 }
 
                 break;
@@ -14626,7 +13932,7 @@ parse_parameters(
                     params->keyword_rest = NULL;
                 }
 
-                pm_parameters_node_keyword_rest_set(params, (pm_node_t *) param);
+                pm_parameters_node_keyword_rest_set(params, UP(param));
                 break;
             }
             case PM_TOKEN_CLASS_VARIABLE:
@@ -14671,7 +13977,7 @@ parse_parameters(
                     parser_lex(parser);
 
                     pm_constant_id_t name_id = pm_parser_constant_id_token(parser, &name);
-                    uint32_t reads = parser->version == PM_OPTIONS_VERSION_CRUBY_3_3 ? pm_locals_reads(&parser->current_scope->locals, name_id) : 0;
+                    uint32_t reads = parser->version <= PM_OPTIONS_VERSION_CRUBY_3_3 ? pm_locals_reads(&parser->current_scope->locals, name_id) : 0;
 
                     if (accepts_blocks_in_defaults) pm_accepts_block_stack_push(parser, true);
                     pm_node_t *value = parse_value_expression(parser, binding_power, false, false, PM_ERR_PARAMETER_NO_DEFAULT, (uint16_t) (depth + 1));
@@ -14680,14 +13986,14 @@ parse_parameters(
                     pm_optional_parameter_node_t *param = pm_optional_parameter_node_create(parser, &name, &operator, value);
 
                     if (repeated) {
-                        pm_node_flag_set_repeated_parameter((pm_node_t *) param);
+                        pm_node_flag_set_repeated_parameter(UP(param));
                     }
                     pm_parameters_node_optionals_append(params, param);
 
                     // If the value of the parameter increased the number of
                     // reads of that parameter, then we need to warn that we
                     // have a circular definition.
-                    if ((parser->version == PM_OPTIONS_VERSION_CRUBY_3_3) && (pm_locals_reads(&parser->current_scope->locals, name_id) != reads)) {
+                    if ((parser->version <= PM_OPTIONS_VERSION_CRUBY_3_3) && (pm_locals_reads(&parser->current_scope->locals, name_id) != reads)) {
                         PM_PARSER_ERR_TOKEN_FORMAT_CONTENT(parser, name, PM_ERR_PARAMETER_CIRCULAR);
                     }
 
@@ -14703,15 +14009,15 @@ parse_parameters(
                 } else if (order > PM_PARAMETERS_ORDER_AFTER_OPTIONAL) {
                     pm_required_parameter_node_t *param = pm_required_parameter_node_create(parser, &name);
                     if (repeated) {
-                        pm_node_flag_set_repeated_parameter((pm_node_t *)param);
+                        pm_node_flag_set_repeated_parameter(UP(param));
                     }
-                    pm_parameters_node_requireds_append(params, (pm_node_t *) param);
+                    pm_parameters_node_requireds_append(params, UP(param));
                 } else {
                     pm_required_parameter_node_t *param = pm_required_parameter_node_create(parser, &name);
                     if (repeated) {
-                        pm_node_flag_set_repeated_parameter((pm_node_t *)param);
+                        pm_node_flag_set_repeated_parameter(UP(param));
                     }
-                    pm_parameters_node_posts_append(params, (pm_node_t *) param);
+                    pm_parameters_node_posts_append(params, UP(param));
                 }
 
                 break;
@@ -14742,7 +14048,7 @@ parse_parameters(
                     case PM_TOKEN_PIPE: {
                         context_pop(parser);
 
-                        pm_node_t *param = (pm_node_t *) pm_required_keyword_parameter_node_create(parser, &name);
+                        pm_node_t *param = UP(pm_required_keyword_parameter_node_create(parser, &name));
                         if (repeated) {
                             pm_node_flag_set_repeated_parameter(param);
                         }
@@ -14759,7 +14065,7 @@ parse_parameters(
                             break;
                         }
 
-                        pm_node_t *param = (pm_node_t *) pm_required_keyword_parameter_node_create(parser, &name);
+                        pm_node_t *param = UP(pm_required_keyword_parameter_node_create(parser, &name));
                         if (repeated) {
                             pm_node_flag_set_repeated_parameter(param);
                         }
@@ -14772,20 +14078,20 @@ parse_parameters(
 
                         if (token_begins_expression_p(parser->current.type)) {
                             pm_constant_id_t name_id = pm_parser_constant_id_token(parser, &local);
-                            uint32_t reads = parser->version == PM_OPTIONS_VERSION_CRUBY_3_3 ? pm_locals_reads(&parser->current_scope->locals, name_id) : 0;
+                            uint32_t reads = parser->version <= PM_OPTIONS_VERSION_CRUBY_3_3 ? pm_locals_reads(&parser->current_scope->locals, name_id) : 0;
 
                             if (accepts_blocks_in_defaults) pm_accepts_block_stack_push(parser, true);
                             pm_node_t *value = parse_value_expression(parser, binding_power, false, false, PM_ERR_PARAMETER_NO_DEFAULT_KW, (uint16_t) (depth + 1));
                             if (accepts_blocks_in_defaults) pm_accepts_block_stack_pop(parser);
 
-                            if (parser->version == PM_OPTIONS_VERSION_CRUBY_3_3 && (pm_locals_reads(&parser->current_scope->locals, name_id) != reads)) {
+                            if (parser->version <= PM_OPTIONS_VERSION_CRUBY_3_3 && (pm_locals_reads(&parser->current_scope->locals, name_id) != reads)) {
                                 PM_PARSER_ERR_TOKEN_FORMAT_CONTENT(parser, local, PM_ERR_PARAMETER_CIRCULAR);
                             }
 
-                            param = (pm_node_t *) pm_optional_keyword_parameter_node_create(parser, &name, value);
+                            param = UP(pm_optional_keyword_parameter_node_create(parser, &name, value));
                         }
                         else {
-                            param = (pm_node_t *) pm_required_keyword_parameter_node_create(parser, &name);
+                            param = UP(pm_required_keyword_parameter_node_create(parser, &name));
                         }
 
                         if (repeated) {
@@ -14826,7 +14132,7 @@ parse_parameters(
                     parser->current_scope->parameters |= PM_SCOPE_PARAMETERS_FORWARDING_POSITIONALS;
                 }
 
-                pm_node_t *param = (pm_node_t *) pm_rest_parameter_node_create(parser, &operator, &name);
+                pm_node_t *param = UP(pm_rest_parameter_node_create(parser, &operator, &name));
                 if (repeated) {
                     pm_node_flag_set_repeated_parameter(param);
                 }
@@ -14854,7 +14160,7 @@ parse_parameters(
                         pm_parser_err_previous(parser, PM_ERR_PARAMETER_UNEXPECTED_NO_KW);
                     }
 
-                    param = (pm_node_t *) pm_no_keywords_parameter_node_create(parser, &operator, &parser->previous);
+                    param = UP(pm_no_keywords_parameter_node_create(parser, &operator, &parser->previous));
                 } else {
                     pm_token_t name;
 
@@ -14868,7 +14174,7 @@ parse_parameters(
                         parser->current_scope->parameters |= PM_SCOPE_PARAMETERS_FORWARDING_KEYWORDS;
                     }
 
-                    param = (pm_node_t *) pm_keyword_rest_parameter_node_create(parser, &operator, &name);
+                    param = UP(pm_keyword_rest_parameter_node_create(parser, &operator, &name));
                     if (repeated) {
                         pm_node_flag_set_repeated_parameter(param);
                     }
@@ -14888,13 +14194,13 @@ parse_parameters(
                     if (allows_trailing_comma && order >= PM_PARAMETERS_ORDER_NAMED) {
                         // If we get here, then we have a trailing comma in a
                         // block parameter list.
-                        pm_node_t *param = (pm_node_t *) pm_implicit_rest_node_create(parser, &parser->previous);
+                        pm_node_t *param = UP(pm_implicit_rest_node_create(parser, &parser->previous));
 
                         if (params->rest == NULL) {
                             pm_parameters_node_rest_set(params, param);
                         } else {
-                            pm_parser_err_node(parser, (pm_node_t *) param, PM_ERR_PARAMETER_SPLAT_MULTI);
-                            pm_parameters_node_posts_append(params, (pm_node_t *) param);
+                            pm_parser_err_node(parser, UP(param), PM_ERR_PARAMETER_SPLAT_MULTI);
+                            pm_parameters_node_posts_append(params, UP(param));
                         }
                     } else {
                         pm_parser_err_previous(parser, PM_ERR_PARAMETER_WILD_LOOSE_COMMA);
@@ -14931,7 +14237,7 @@ parse_parameters(
 
     // If we don't have any parameters, return `NULL` instead of an empty `ParametersNode`.
     if (params->base.location.start == params->base.location.end) {
-        pm_node_destroy(parser, (pm_node_t *) params);
+        pm_node_destroy(parser, UP(params));
         return NULL;
     }
 
@@ -15203,7 +14509,7 @@ parse_rescues(pm_parser_t *parser, size_t opening_newline_index, const pm_token_
 
         // If we don't have a `current` rescue node, then this is a dangling
         // else, and it's an error.
-        if (current == NULL) pm_parser_err_node(parser, (pm_node_t *) else_clause, PM_ERR_BEGIN_LONELY_ELSE);
+        if (current == NULL) pm_parser_err_node(parser, UP(else_clause), PM_ERR_BEGIN_LONELY_ELSE);
     }
 
     if (match1(parser, PM_TOKEN_KEYWORD_ENSURE)) {
@@ -15277,6 +14583,9 @@ parse_block_parameters(
 ) {
     pm_parameters_node_t *parameters = NULL;
     if (!match1(parser, PM_TOKEN_SEMICOLON)) {
+        if (!is_lambda_literal) {
+            context_push(parser, PM_CONTEXT_BLOCK_PARAMETERS);
+        }
         parameters = parse_parameters(
             parser,
             is_lambda_literal ? PM_BINDING_POWER_DEFINED : PM_BINDING_POWER_INDEX,
@@ -15287,6 +14596,9 @@ parse_block_parameters(
             true,
             (uint16_t) (depth + 1)
         );
+        if (!is_lambda_literal) {
+            context_pop(parser);
+        }
     }
 
     pm_block_parameters_node_t *block_parameters = pm_block_parameters_node_create(parser, parameters, opening);
@@ -15321,7 +14633,7 @@ parse_block_parameters(
                 pm_parser_local_add_token(parser, &parser->previous, 1);
 
                 pm_block_local_variable_node_t *local = pm_block_local_variable_node_create(parser, &parser->previous);
-                if (repeated) pm_node_flag_set_repeated_parameter((pm_node_t *) local);
+                if (repeated) pm_node_flag_set_repeated_parameter(UP(local));
 
                 pm_block_parameters_node_append_local(block_parameters, local);
             } while (accept1(parser, PM_TOKEN_COMMA));
@@ -15425,11 +14737,11 @@ parse_blocklike_parameters(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_node_t *parameters, const pm_
         }
 
         const pm_location_t location = { .start = opening->start, .end = closing->end };
-        return (pm_node_t *) pm_numbered_parameters_node_create(parser, &location, numbered_parameter);
+        return UP(pm_numbered_parameters_node_create(parser, &location, numbered_parameter));
     }
 
     if (it_parameter) {
-        return (pm_node_t *) pm_it_parameters_node_create(parser, opening, closing);
+        return UP(pm_it_parameters_node_create(parser, opening, closing));
     }
 
     return NULL;
@@ -15469,30 +14781,30 @@ parse_block(pm_parser_t *parser, uint16_t depth) {
 
     if (opening.type == PM_TOKEN_BRACE_LEFT) {
         if (!match1(parser, PM_TOKEN_BRACE_RIGHT)) {
-            statements = (pm_node_t *) parse_statements(parser, PM_CONTEXT_BLOCK_BRACES, (uint16_t) (depth + 1));
+            statements = UP(parse_statements(parser, PM_CONTEXT_BLOCK_BRACES, (uint16_t) (depth + 1)));
         }
 
-        expect1(parser, PM_TOKEN_BRACE_RIGHT, PM_ERR_BLOCK_TERM_BRACE);
+        expect1_opening(parser, PM_TOKEN_BRACE_RIGHT, PM_ERR_BLOCK_TERM_BRACE, &opening);
     } else {
         if (!match1(parser, PM_TOKEN_KEYWORD_END)) {
             if (!match3(parser, PM_TOKEN_KEYWORD_RESCUE, PM_TOKEN_KEYWORD_ELSE, PM_TOKEN_KEYWORD_ENSURE)) {
                 pm_accepts_block_stack_push(parser, true);
-                statements = (pm_node_t *) parse_statements(parser, PM_CONTEXT_BLOCK_KEYWORDS, (uint16_t) (depth + 1));
+                statements = UP(parse_statements(parser, PM_CONTEXT_BLOCK_KEYWORDS, (uint16_t) (depth + 1)));
                 pm_accepts_block_stack_pop(parser);
             }
 
             if (match2(parser, PM_TOKEN_KEYWORD_RESCUE, PM_TOKEN_KEYWORD_ENSURE)) {
                 assert(statements == NULL || PM_NODE_TYPE_P(statements, PM_STATEMENTS_NODE));
-                statements = (pm_node_t *) parse_rescues_implicit_begin(parser, 0, NULL, opening.start, (pm_statements_node_t *) statements, PM_RESCUES_BLOCK, (uint16_t) (depth + 1));
+                statements = UP(parse_rescues_implicit_begin(parser, 0, NULL, opening.start, (pm_statements_node_t *) statements, PM_RESCUES_BLOCK, (uint16_t) (depth + 1)));
             }
         }
 
-        expect1(parser, PM_TOKEN_KEYWORD_END, PM_ERR_BLOCK_TERM_END);
+        expect1_opening(parser, PM_TOKEN_KEYWORD_END, PM_ERR_BLOCK_TERM_END, &opening);
     }
 
     pm_constant_id_list_t locals;
     pm_locals_order(parser, &parser->current_scope->locals, &locals, pm_parser_scope_toplevel_p(parser));
-    pm_node_t *parameters = parse_blocklike_parameters(parser, (pm_node_t *) block_parameters, &opening, &parser->previous);
+    pm_node_t *parameters = parse_blocklike_parameters(parser, UP(block_parameters), &opening, &parser->previous);
 
     pm_parser_scope_pop(parser);
     pm_accepts_block_stack_pop(parser);
@@ -15564,9 +14876,9 @@ parse_arguments_list(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_arguments_t *arguments, bool accept
 
         if (block != NULL) {
             if (arguments->block == NULL && !arguments->has_forwarding) {
-                arguments->block = (pm_node_t *) block;
+                arguments->block = UP(block);
             } else {
-                pm_parser_err_node(parser, (pm_node_t *) block, PM_ERR_ARGUMENT_BLOCK_MULTI);
+                pm_parser_err_node(parser, UP(block), PM_ERR_ARGUMENT_BLOCK_MULTI);
 
                 if (arguments->block != NULL) {
                     if (arguments->arguments == NULL) {
@@ -15574,7 +14886,7 @@ parse_arguments_list(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_arguments_t *arguments, bool accept
                     }
                     pm_arguments_node_arguments_append(arguments->arguments, arguments->block);
                 }
-                arguments->block = (pm_node_t *) block;
+                arguments->block = UP(block);
             }
         }
     }
@@ -15642,6 +14954,7 @@ parse_return(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_node_t *node) {
             case PM_CONTEXT_BLOCK_ENSURE:
             case PM_CONTEXT_BLOCK_KEYWORDS:
             case PM_CONTEXT_BLOCK_RESCUE:
+            case PM_CONTEXT_BLOCK_PARAMETERS:
             case PM_CONTEXT_DEF_ELSE:
             case PM_CONTEXT_DEF_ENSURE:
             case PM_CONTEXT_DEF_PARAMS:
@@ -15661,7 +14974,7 @@ parse_return(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_node_t *node) {
                 break;
         }
     }
-    if (in_sclass) {
+    if (in_sclass && parser->version >= PM_OPTIONS_VERSION_CRUBY_3_4) {
         pm_parser_err_node(parser, node, PM_ERR_RETURN_INVALID);
     }
 }
@@ -15678,6 +14991,7 @@ parse_block_exit(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_node_t *node) {
             case PM_CONTEXT_BLOCK_KEYWORDS:
             case PM_CONTEXT_BLOCK_ELSE:
             case PM_CONTEXT_BLOCK_ENSURE:
+            case PM_CONTEXT_BLOCK_PARAMETERS:
             case PM_CONTEXT_BLOCK_RESCUE:
             case PM_CONTEXT_DEFINED:
             case PM_CONTEXT_FOR:
@@ -15860,10 +15174,10 @@ parse_conditional(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_context_t context, size_t opening_newl
 
     switch (context) {
         case PM_CONTEXT_IF:
-            parent = (pm_node_t *) pm_if_node_create(parser, &keyword, predicate, &then_keyword, statements, NULL, &end_keyword);
+            parent = UP(pm_if_node_create(parser, &keyword, predicate, &then_keyword, statements, NULL, &end_keyword));
             break;
         case PM_CONTEXT_UNLESS:
-            parent = (pm_node_t *) pm_unless_node_create(parser, &keyword, predicate, &then_keyword, statements);
+            parent = UP(pm_unless_node_create(parser, &keyword, predicate, &then_keyword, statements));
             break;
         default:
             assert(false && "unreachable");
@@ -15891,7 +15205,7 @@ parse_conditional(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_context_t context, size_t opening_newl
             pm_accepts_block_stack_pop(parser);
             accept2(parser, PM_TOKEN_NEWLINE, PM_TOKEN_SEMICOLON);
 
-            pm_node_t *elsif = (pm_node_t *) pm_if_node_create(parser, &elsif_keyword, predicate, &then_keyword, statements, NULL, &end_keyword);
+            pm_node_t *elsif = UP(pm_if_node_create(parser, &elsif_keyword, predicate, &then_keyword, statements, NULL, &end_keyword));
             ((pm_if_node_t *) current)->subsequent = elsif;
             current = elsif;
         }
@@ -15910,13 +15224,13 @@ parse_conditional(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_context_t context, size_t opening_newl
 
         accept2(parser, PM_TOKEN_NEWLINE, PM_TOKEN_SEMICOLON);
         parser_warn_indentation_mismatch(parser, opening_newline_index, &else_keyword, false, false);
-        expect1(parser, PM_TOKEN_KEYWORD_END, PM_ERR_CONDITIONAL_TERM_ELSE);
+        expect1_opening(parser, PM_TOKEN_KEYWORD_END, PM_ERR_CONDITIONAL_TERM_ELSE, &keyword);
 
         pm_else_node_t *else_node = pm_else_node_create(parser, &else_keyword, else_statements, &parser->previous);
 
         switch (context) {
             case PM_CONTEXT_IF:
-                ((pm_if_node_t *) current)->subsequent = (pm_node_t *) else_node;
+                ((pm_if_node_t *) current)->subsequent = UP(else_node);
                 break;
             case PM_CONTEXT_UNLESS:
                 ((pm_unless_node_t *) parent)->else_clause = else_node;
@@ -15927,7 +15241,7 @@ parse_conditional(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_context_t context, size_t opening_newl
         }
     } else {
         parser_warn_indentation_mismatch(parser, opening_newline_index, &keyword, if_after_else, false);
-        expect1(parser, PM_TOKEN_KEYWORD_END, PM_ERR_CONDITIONAL_TERM);
+        expect1_opening(parser, PM_TOKEN_KEYWORD_END, PM_ERR_CONDITIONAL_TERM, &keyword);
     }
 
     // Set the appropriate end location for all of the nodes in the subtree.
@@ -16074,7 +15388,7 @@ parse_string_part(pm_parser_t *parser, uint16_t depth) {
             pm_token_t opening = not_provided(parser);
             pm_token_t closing = not_provided(parser);
 
-            pm_node_t *node = (pm_node_t *) pm_string_node_create_current_string(parser, &opening, &parser->current, &closing);
+            pm_node_t *node = UP(pm_string_node_create_current_string(parser, &opening, &parser->current, &closing));
             pm_node_flag_set(node, parse_unescaped_encoding(parser));
 
             parser_lex(parser);
@@ -16120,7 +15434,7 @@ parse_string_part(pm_parser_t *parser, uint16_t depth) {
                 pm_node_flag_unset(statements->body.nodes[0], PM_NODE_FLAG_NEWLINE);
             }
 
-            return (pm_node_t *) pm_embedded_statements_node_create(parser, &opening, statements, &closing);
+            return UP(pm_embedded_statements_node_create(parser, &opening, statements, &closing));
         }
 
         // Here the lexer has returned the beginning of an embedded variable.
@@ -16145,42 +15459,42 @@ parse_string_part(pm_parser_t *parser, uint16_t depth) {
                 // create a global variable read node.
                 case PM_TOKEN_BACK_REFERENCE:
                     parser_lex(parser);
-                    variable = (pm_node_t *) pm_back_reference_read_node_create(parser, &parser->previous);
+                    variable = UP(pm_back_reference_read_node_create(parser, &parser->previous));
                     break;
                 // In this case an nth reference is being interpolated. We'll
                 // create a global variable read node.
                 case PM_TOKEN_NUMBERED_REFERENCE:
                     parser_lex(parser);
-                    variable = (pm_node_t *) pm_numbered_reference_read_node_create(parser, &parser->previous);
+                    variable = UP(pm_numbered_reference_read_node_create(parser, &parser->previous));
                     break;
                 // In this case a global variable is being interpolated. We'll
                 // create a global variable read node.
                 case PM_TOKEN_GLOBAL_VARIABLE:
                     parser_lex(parser);
-                    variable = (pm_node_t *) pm_global_variable_read_node_create(parser, &parser->previous);
+                    variable = UP(pm_global_variable_read_node_create(parser, &parser->previous));
                     break;
                 // In this case an instance variable is being interpolated.
                 // We'll create an instance variable read node.
                 case PM_TOKEN_INSTANCE_VARIABLE:
                     parser_lex(parser);
-                    variable = (pm_node_t *) pm_instance_variable_read_node_create(parser, &parser->previous);
+                    variable = UP(pm_instance_variable_read_node_create(parser, &parser->previous));
                     break;
                 // In this case a class variable is being interpolated. We'll
                 // create a class variable read node.
                 case PM_TOKEN_CLASS_VARIABLE:
                     parser_lex(parser);
-                    variable = (pm_node_t *) pm_class_variable_read_node_create(parser, &parser->previous);
+                    variable = UP(pm_class_variable_read_node_create(parser, &parser->previous));
                     break;
                 // We can hit here if we got an invalid token. In that case
                 // we'll not attempt to lex this token and instead just return a
                 // missing node.
                 default:
                     expect1(parser, PM_TOKEN_IDENTIFIER, PM_ERR_EMBVAR_INVALID);
-                    variable = (pm_node_t *) pm_missing_node_create(parser, parser->current.start, parser->current.end);
+                    variable = UP(pm_missing_node_create(parser, parser->current.start, parser->current.end));
                     break;
             }
 
-            return (pm_node_t *) pm_embedded_variable_node_create(parser, &operator, variable);
+            return UP(pm_embedded_variable_node_create(parser, &operator, variable));
         }
         default:
             parser_lex(parser);
@@ -16217,9 +15531,9 @@ parse_operator_symbol(pm_parser_t *parser, const pm_token_t *opening, pm_lex_sta
     parser_lex(parser);
 
     pm_string_shared_init(&symbol->unescaped, parser->previous.start, end);
-    pm_node_flag_set((pm_node_t *) symbol, PM_SYMBOL_FLAGS_FORCED_US_ASCII_ENCODING);
+    pm_node_flag_set(UP(symbol), PM_SYMBOL_FLAGS_FORCED_US_ASCII_ENCODING);
 
-    return (pm_node_t *) symbol;
+    return UP(symbol);
 }
 
 /**
@@ -16257,9 +15571,9 @@ parse_symbol(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_lex_mode_t *lex_mode, pm_lex_state_t next_s
         pm_symbol_node_t *symbol = pm_symbol_node_create(parser, &opening, &parser->previous, &closing);
 
         pm_string_shared_init(&symbol->unescaped, parser->previous.start, parser->previous.end);
-        pm_node_flag_set((pm_node_t *) symbol, parse_symbol_encoding(parser, &parser->previous, &symbol->unescaped, false));
+        pm_node_flag_set(UP(symbol), parse_symbol_encoding(parser, &parser->previous, &symbol->unescaped, false));
 
-        return (pm_node_t *) symbol;
+        return UP(symbol);
     }
 
     if (lex_mode->as.string.interpolation) {
@@ -16270,7 +15584,7 @@ parse_symbol(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_lex_mode_t *lex_mode, pm_lex_state_t next_s
 
             pm_token_t content = not_provided(parser);
             pm_token_t closing = parser->previous;
-            return (pm_node_t *) pm_symbol_node_create(parser, &opening, &content, &closing);
+            return UP(pm_symbol_node_create(parser, &opening, &content, &closing));
         }
 
         // Now we can parse the first part of the symbol.
@@ -16282,7 +15596,7 @@ parse_symbol(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_lex_mode_t *lex_mode, pm_lex_state_t next_s
             if (next_state != PM_LEX_STATE_NONE) lex_state_set(parser, next_state);
             expect1(parser, PM_TOKEN_STRING_END, PM_ERR_SYMBOL_TERM_INTERPOLATED);
 
-            return (pm_node_t *) pm_string_node_to_symbol_node(parser, (pm_string_node_t *) part, &opening, &parser->previous);
+            return UP(pm_string_node_to_symbol_node(parser, (pm_string_node_t *) part, &opening, &parser->previous));
         }
 
         pm_interpolated_symbol_node_t *symbol = pm_interpolated_symbol_node_create(parser, &opening, NULL, &opening);
@@ -16302,7 +15616,7 @@ parse_symbol(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_lex_mode_t *lex_mode, pm_lex_state_t next_s
         }
 
         pm_interpolated_symbol_node_closing_loc_set(symbol, &parser->previous);
-        return (pm_node_t *) symbol;
+        return UP(symbol);
     }
 
     pm_token_t content;
@@ -16326,10 +15640,10 @@ parse_symbol(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_lex_mode_t *lex_mode, pm_lex_state_t next_s
             pm_interpolated_symbol_node_t *symbol = pm_interpolated_symbol_node_create(parser, &opening, NULL, &opening);
             pm_token_t bounds = not_provided(parser);
 
-            pm_node_t *part = (pm_node_t *) pm_string_node_create_unescaped(parser, &bounds, &content, &bounds, &unescaped);
+            pm_node_t *part = UP(pm_string_node_create_unescaped(parser, &bounds, &content, &bounds, &unescaped));
             pm_interpolated_symbol_node_append(symbol, part);
 
-            part = (pm_node_t *) pm_string_node_create_unescaped(parser, &bounds, &parser->current, &bounds, &parser->current_string);
+            part = UP(pm_string_node_create_unescaped(parser, &bounds, &parser->current, &bounds, &parser->current_string));
             pm_interpolated_symbol_node_append(symbol, part);
 
             if (next_state != PM_LEX_STATE_NONE) {
@@ -16340,7 +15654,7 @@ parse_symbol(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_lex_mode_t *lex_mode, pm_lex_state_t next_s
             expect1(parser, PM_TOKEN_STRING_END, PM_ERR_SYMBOL_TERM_DYNAMIC);
 
             pm_interpolated_symbol_node_closing_loc_set(symbol, &parser->previous);
-            return (pm_node_t *) symbol;
+            return UP(symbol);
         }
     } else {
         content = (pm_token_t) { .type = PM_TOKEN_STRING_CONTENT, .start = parser->previous.end, .end = parser->previous.end };
@@ -16357,7 +15671,7 @@ parse_symbol(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_lex_mode_t *lex_mode, pm_lex_state_t next_s
         expect1(parser, PM_TOKEN_STRING_END, PM_ERR_SYMBOL_TERM_DYNAMIC);
     }
 
-    return (pm_node_t *) pm_symbol_node_create_unescaped(parser, &opening, &content, &parser->previous, &unescaped, parse_symbol_encoding(parser, &content, &unescaped, false));
+    return UP(pm_symbol_node_create_unescaped(parser, &opening, &content, &parser->previous, &unescaped, parse_symbol_encoding(parser, &content, &unescaped, false)));
 }
 
 /**
@@ -16382,9 +15696,9 @@ parse_undef_argument(pm_parser_t *parser, uint16_t depth) {
             pm_symbol_node_t *symbol = pm_symbol_node_create(parser, &opening, &parser->previous, &closing);
 
             pm_string_shared_init(&symbol->unescaped, parser->previous.start, parser->previous.end);
-            pm_node_flag_set((pm_node_t *) symbol, parse_symbol_encoding(parser, &parser->previous, &symbol->unescaped, false));
+            pm_node_flag_set(UP(symbol), parse_symbol_encoding(parser, &parser->previous, &symbol->unescaped, false));
 
-            return (pm_node_t *) symbol;
+            return UP(symbol);
         }
         case PM_TOKEN_SYMBOL_BEGIN: {
             pm_lex_mode_t lex_mode = *parser->lex_modes.current;
@@ -16394,7 +15708,7 @@ parse_undef_argument(pm_parser_t *parser, uint16_t depth) {
         }
         default:
             pm_parser_err_current(parser, PM_ERR_UNDEF_ARGUMENT);
-            return (pm_node_t *) pm_missing_node_create(parser, parser->current.start, parser->current.end);
+            return UP(pm_missing_node_create(parser, parser->current.start, parser->current.end));
     }
 }
 
@@ -16423,9 +15737,9 @@ parse_alias_argument(pm_parser_t *parser, bool first, uint16_t depth) {
             pm_symbol_node_t *symbol = pm_symbol_node_create(parser, &opening, &parser->previous, &closing);
 
             pm_string_shared_init(&symbol->unescaped, parser->previous.start, parser->previous.end);
-            pm_node_flag_set((pm_node_t *) symbol, parse_symbol_encoding(parser, &parser->previous, &symbol->unescaped, false));
+            pm_node_flag_set(UP(symbol), parse_symbol_encoding(parser, &parser->previous, &symbol->unescaped, false));
 
-            return (pm_node_t *) symbol;
+            return UP(symbol);
         }
         case PM_TOKEN_SYMBOL_BEGIN: {
             pm_lex_mode_t lex_mode = *parser->lex_modes.current;
@@ -16435,16 +15749,16 @@ parse_alias_argument(pm_parser_t *parser, bool first, uint16_t depth) {
         }
         case PM_TOKEN_BACK_REFERENCE:
             parser_lex(parser);
-            return (pm_node_t *) pm_back_reference_read_node_create(parser, &parser->previous);
+            return UP(pm_back_reference_read_node_create(parser, &parser->previous));
         case PM_TOKEN_NUMBERED_REFERENCE:
             parser_lex(parser);
-            return (pm_node_t *) pm_numbered_reference_read_node_create(parser, &parser->previous);
+            return UP(pm_numbered_reference_read_node_create(parser, &parser->previous));
         case PM_TOKEN_GLOBAL_VARIABLE:
             parser_lex(parser);
-            return (pm_node_t *) pm_global_variable_read_node_create(parser, &parser->previous);
+            return UP(pm_global_variable_read_node_create(parser, &parser->previous));
         default:
             pm_parser_err_current(parser, PM_ERR_ALIAS_ARGUMENT);
-            return (pm_node_t *) pm_missing_node_create(parser, parser->current.start, parser->current.end);
+            return UP(pm_missing_node_create(parser, parser->current.start, parser->current.end));
     }
 }
 
@@ -16459,7 +15773,7 @@ parse_variable(pm_parser_t *parser) {
     bool is_numbered_param = pm_token_is_numbered_parameter(parser->previous.start, parser->previous.end);
 
     if (!is_numbered_param && ((depth = pm_parser_local_depth_constant_id(parser, name_id)) != -1)) {
-        return (pm_node_t *) pm_local_variable_read_node_create_constant_id(parser, &parser->previous, name_id, (uint32_t) depth, false);
+        return UP(pm_local_variable_read_node_create_constant_id(parser, &parser->previous, name_id, (uint32_t) depth, false));
     }
 
     pm_scope_t *current_scope = parser->current_scope;
@@ -16478,12 +15792,12 @@ parse_variable(pm_parser_t *parser) {
                 parser->current_scope->parameters |= PM_SCOPE_PARAMETERS_NUMBERED_FOUND;
             }
 
-            pm_node_t *node = (pm_node_t *) pm_local_variable_read_node_create_constant_id(parser, &parser->previous, name_id, 0, false);
+            pm_node_t *node = UP(pm_local_variable_read_node_create_constant_id(parser, &parser->previous, name_id, 0, false));
             pm_node_list_append(&current_scope->implicit_parameters, node);
 
             return node;
-        } else if ((parser->version != PM_OPTIONS_VERSION_CRUBY_3_3) && pm_token_is_it(parser->previous.start, parser->previous.end)) {
-            pm_node_t *node = (pm_node_t *) pm_it_local_variable_read_node_create(parser, &parser->previous);
+        } else if ((parser->version >= PM_OPTIONS_VERSION_CRUBY_3_4) && pm_token_is_it(parser->previous.start, parser->previous.end)) {
+            pm_node_t *node = UP(pm_it_local_variable_read_node_create(parser, &parser->previous));
             pm_node_list_append(&current_scope->implicit_parameters, node);
 
             return node;
@@ -16507,9 +15821,9 @@ parse_variable_call(pm_parser_t *parser) {
     }
 
     pm_call_node_t *node = pm_call_node_variable_call_create(parser, &parser->previous);
-    pm_node_flag_set((pm_node_t *)node, flags);
+    pm_node_flag_set(UP(node), flags);
 
-    return (pm_node_t *) node;
+    return UP(node);
 }
 
 /**
@@ -16658,7 +15972,7 @@ parse_strings(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_node_t *current, bool accepts_label, uint1
             pm_string_node_t *string = pm_string_node_create(parser, &opening, &content, &parser->previous);
 
             pm_string_shared_init(&string->unescaped, content.start, content.end);
-            node = (pm_node_t *) string;
+            node = UP(string);
         } else if (accept1(parser, PM_TOKEN_LABEL_END)) {
             // If we get here, then we have an end of a label immediately
             // after a start. In that case we'll create an empty symbol
@@ -16667,7 +15981,7 @@ parse_strings(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_node_t *current, bool accepts_label, uint1
             pm_symbol_node_t *symbol = pm_symbol_node_create(parser, &opening, &content, &parser->previous);
 
             pm_string_shared_init(&symbol->unescaped, content.start, content.end);
-            node = (pm_node_t *) symbol;
+            node = UP(symbol);
 
             if (!label_allowed) pm_parser_err_node(parser, node, PM_ERR_UNEXPECTED_LABEL);
         } else if (!lex_interpolation) {
@@ -16700,32 +16014,32 @@ parse_strings(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_node_t *current, bool accepts_label, uint1
                 pm_node_list_t parts = { 0 };
 
                 pm_token_t delimiters = not_provided(parser);
-                pm_node_t *part = (pm_node_t *) pm_string_node_create_unescaped(parser, &delimiters, &content, &delimiters, &unescaped);
+                pm_node_t *part = UP(pm_string_node_create_unescaped(parser, &delimiters, &content, &delimiters, &unescaped));
                 pm_node_list_append(&parts, part);
 
                 do {
-                    part = (pm_node_t *) pm_string_node_create_current_string(parser, &delimiters, &parser->current, &delimiters);
+                    part = UP(pm_string_node_create_current_string(parser, &delimiters, &parser->current, &delimiters));
                     pm_node_list_append(&parts, part);
                     parser_lex(parser);
                 } while (match1(parser, PM_TOKEN_STRING_CONTENT));
 
                 expect1(parser, PM_TOKEN_STRING_END, PM_ERR_STRING_LITERAL_EOF);
-                node = (pm_node_t *) pm_interpolated_string_node_create(parser, &opening, &parts, &parser->previous);
+                node = UP(pm_interpolated_string_node_create(parser, &opening, &parts, &parser->previous));
 
                 pm_node_list_free(&parts);
             } else if (accept1(parser, PM_TOKEN_LABEL_END)) {
-                node = (pm_node_t *) pm_symbol_node_create_unescaped(parser, &opening, &content, &parser->previous, &unescaped, parse_symbol_encoding(parser, &content, &unescaped, true));
+                node = UP(pm_symbol_node_create_unescaped(parser, &opening, &content, &parser->previous, &unescaped, parse_symbol_encoding(parser, &content, &unescaped, true)));
                 if (!label_allowed) pm_parser_err_node(parser, node, PM_ERR_UNEXPECTED_LABEL);
             } else if (match1(parser, PM_TOKEN_EOF)) {
                 pm_parser_err_token(parser, &opening, PM_ERR_STRING_LITERAL_EOF);
-                node = (pm_node_t *) pm_string_node_create_unescaped(parser, &opening, &content, &parser->current, &unescaped);
+                node = UP(pm_string_node_create_unescaped(parser, &opening, &content, &parser->current, &unescaped));
             } else if (accept1(parser, PM_TOKEN_STRING_END)) {
-                node = (pm_node_t *) pm_string_node_create_unescaped(parser, &opening, &content, &parser->previous, &unescaped);
+                node = UP(pm_string_node_create_unescaped(parser, &opening, &content, &parser->previous, &unescaped));
             } else {
                 PM_PARSER_ERR_TOKEN_FORMAT(parser, parser->previous, PM_ERR_STRING_LITERAL_TERM, pm_token_type_human(parser->previous.type));
                 parser->previous.start = parser->previous.end;
                 parser->previous.type = PM_TOKEN_MISSING;
-                node = (pm_node_t *) pm_string_node_create_unescaped(parser, &opening, &content, &parser->previous, &unescaped);
+                node = UP(pm_string_node_create_unescaped(parser, &opening, &content, &parser->previous, &unescaped));
             }
         } else if (match1(parser, PM_TOKEN_STRING_CONTENT)) {
             // In this case we've hit string content so we know the string
@@ -16737,7 +16051,7 @@ parse_strings(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_node_t *current, bool accepts_label, uint1
             parser_lex(parser);
 
             if (match2(parser, PM_TOKEN_STRING_END, PM_TOKEN_EOF)) {
-                node = (pm_node_t *) pm_string_node_create_unescaped(parser, &opening, &content, &parser->current, &unescaped);
+                node = UP(pm_string_node_create_unescaped(parser, &opening, &content, &parser->current, &unescaped));
                 pm_node_flag_set(node, parse_unescaped_encoding(parser));
 
                 // Kind of odd behavior, but basically if we have an
@@ -16753,7 +16067,7 @@ parse_strings(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_node_t *current, bool accepts_label, uint1
                     parser->previous.type = PM_TOKEN_MISSING;
                 }
             } else if (accept1(parser, PM_TOKEN_LABEL_END)) {
-                node = (pm_node_t *) pm_symbol_node_create_unescaped(parser, &opening, &content, &parser->previous, &unescaped, parse_symbol_encoding(parser, &content, &unescaped, true));
+                node = UP(pm_symbol_node_create_unescaped(parser, &opening, &content, &parser->previous, &unescaped, parse_symbol_encoding(parser, &content, &unescaped, true)));
                 if (!label_allowed) pm_parser_err_node(parser, node, PM_ERR_UNEXPECTED_LABEL);
             } else {
                 // If we get here, then we have interpolation so we'll need
@@ -16762,7 +16076,7 @@ parse_strings(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_node_t *current, bool accepts_label, uint1
                 pm_token_t string_opening = not_provided(parser);
                 pm_token_t string_closing = not_provided(parser);
 
-                pm_node_t *part = (pm_node_t *) pm_string_node_create_unescaped(parser, &string_opening, &parser->previous, &string_closing, &unescaped);
+                pm_node_t *part = UP(pm_string_node_create_unescaped(parser, &string_opening, &parser->previous, &string_closing, &unescaped));
                 pm_node_flag_set(part, parse_unescaped_encoding(parser));
                 pm_node_list_append(&parts, part);
 
@@ -16773,14 +16087,14 @@ parse_strings(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_node_t *current, bool accepts_label, uint1
                 }
 
                 if (accept1(parser, PM_TOKEN_LABEL_END)) {
-                    node = (pm_node_t *) pm_interpolated_symbol_node_create(parser, &opening, &parts, &parser->previous);
+                    node = UP(pm_interpolated_symbol_node_create(parser, &opening, &parts, &parser->previous));
                     if (!label_allowed) pm_parser_err_node(parser, node, PM_ERR_UNEXPECTED_LABEL);
                 } else if (match1(parser, PM_TOKEN_EOF)) {
                     pm_parser_err_token(parser, &opening, PM_ERR_STRING_INTERPOLATED_TERM);
-                    node = (pm_node_t *) pm_interpolated_string_node_create(parser, &opening, &parts, &parser->current);
+                    node = UP(pm_interpolated_string_node_create(parser, &opening, &parts, &parser->current));
                 } else {
                     expect1(parser, PM_TOKEN_STRING_END, PM_ERR_STRING_INTERPOLATED_TERM);
-                    node = (pm_node_t *) pm_interpolated_string_node_create(parser, &opening, &parts, &parser->previous);
+                    node = UP(pm_interpolated_string_node_create(parser, &opening, &parts, &parser->previous));
                 }
 
                 pm_node_list_free(&parts);
@@ -16799,14 +16113,14 @@ parse_strings(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_node_t *current, bool accepts_label, uint1
             }
 
             if (accept1(parser, PM_TOKEN_LABEL_END)) {
-                node = (pm_node_t *) pm_interpolated_symbol_node_create(parser, &opening, &parts, &parser->previous);
+                node = UP(pm_interpolated_symbol_node_create(parser, &opening, &parts, &parser->previous));
                 if (!label_allowed) pm_parser_err_node(parser, node, PM_ERR_UNEXPECTED_LABEL);
             } else if (match1(parser, PM_TOKEN_EOF)) {
                 pm_parser_err_token(parser, &opening, PM_ERR_STRING_INTERPOLATED_TERM);
-                node = (pm_node_t *) pm_interpolated_string_node_create(parser, &opening, &parts, &parser->current);
+                node = UP(pm_interpolated_string_node_create(parser, &opening, &parts, &parser->current));
             } else {
                 expect1(parser, PM_TOKEN_STRING_END, PM_ERR_STRING_INTERPOLATED_TERM);
-                node = (pm_node_t *) pm_interpolated_string_node_create(parser, &opening, &parts, &parser->previous);
+                node = UP(pm_interpolated_string_node_create(parser, &opening, &parts, &parser->previous));
             }
 
             pm_node_list_free(&parts);
@@ -16843,7 +16157,7 @@ parse_strings(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_node_t *current, bool accepts_label, uint1
 
                 pm_interpolated_string_node_t *container = pm_interpolated_string_node_create(parser, &bounds, NULL, &bounds);
                 pm_interpolated_string_node_append(container, current);
-                current = (pm_node_t *) container;
+                current = UP(container);
             }
 
             pm_interpolated_string_node_append((pm_interpolated_string_node_t *) current, node);
@@ -16868,7 +16182,7 @@ parse_pattern(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_constant_id_list_t *captures, uint8_t flag
 static void
 parse_pattern_capture(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_constant_id_list_t *captures, pm_constant_id_t capture, const pm_location_t *location) {
     // Skip this capture if it starts with an underscore.
-    if (*location->start == '_') return;
+    if (peek_at(parser, location->start) == '_') return;
 
     if (pm_constant_id_list_includes(captures, capture)) {
         pm_parser_err(parser, location->start, location->end, PM_ERR_PATTERN_CAPTURE_DUPLICATE);
@@ -16887,7 +16201,7 @@ parse_pattern_constant_path(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_constant_id_list_t *captures
     while (accept1(parser, PM_TOKEN_COLON_COLON)) {
         pm_token_t delimiter = parser->previous;
         expect1(parser, PM_TOKEN_CONSTANT, PM_ERR_CONSTANT_PATH_COLON_COLON_CONSTANT);
-        node = (pm_node_t *) pm_constant_path_node_create(parser, node, &delimiter, &parser->previous);
+        node = UP(pm_constant_path_node_create(parser, node, &delimiter, &parser->previous));
     }
 
     // If there is a [ or ( that follows, then this is part of a larger pattern
@@ -16908,7 +16222,7 @@ parse_pattern_constant_path(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_constant_id_list_t *captures
         if (!accept1(parser, PM_TOKEN_BRACKET_RIGHT)) {
             inner = parse_pattern(parser, captures, PM_PARSE_PATTERN_TOP | PM_PARSE_PATTERN_MULTI, PM_ERR_PATTERN_EXPRESSION_AFTER_BRACKET, (uint16_t) (depth + 1));
             accept1(parser, PM_TOKEN_NEWLINE);
-            expect1(parser, PM_TOKEN_BRACKET_RIGHT, PM_ERR_PATTERN_TERM_BRACKET);
+            expect1_opening(parser, PM_TOKEN_BRACKET_RIGHT, PM_ERR_PATTERN_TERM_BRACKET, &opening);
         }
 
         closing = parser->previous;
@@ -16920,7 +16234,7 @@ parse_pattern_constant_path(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_constant_id_list_t *captures
         if (!accept1(parser, PM_TOKEN_PARENTHESIS_RIGHT)) {
             inner = parse_pattern(parser, captures, PM_PARSE_PATTERN_TOP | PM_PARSE_PATTERN_MULTI, PM_ERR_PATTERN_EXPRESSION_AFTER_PAREN, (uint16_t) (depth + 1));
             accept1(parser, PM_TOKEN_NEWLINE);
-            expect1(parser, PM_TOKEN_PARENTHESIS_RIGHT, PM_ERR_PATTERN_TERM_PAREN);
+            expect1_opening(parser, PM_TOKEN_PARENTHESIS_RIGHT, PM_ERR_PATTERN_TERM_PAREN, &opening);
         }
 
         closing = parser->previous;
@@ -16929,7 +16243,7 @@ parse_pattern_constant_path(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_constant_id_list_t *captures
     if (!inner) {
         // If there was no inner pattern, then we have something like Foo() or
         // Foo[]. In that case we'll create an array pattern with no requireds.
-        return (pm_node_t *) pm_array_pattern_node_constant_create(parser, node, &opening, &closing);
+        return UP(pm_array_pattern_node_constant_create(parser, node, &opening, &closing));
     }
 
     // Now that we have the inner pattern, check to see if it's an array, find,
@@ -16948,7 +16262,7 @@ parse_pattern_constant_path(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_constant_id_list_t *captures
                 pattern_node->opening_loc = PM_LOCATION_TOKEN_VALUE(&opening);
                 pattern_node->closing_loc = PM_LOCATION_TOKEN_VALUE(&closing);
 
-                return (pm_node_t *) pattern_node;
+                return UP(pattern_node);
             }
 
             break;
@@ -16964,7 +16278,7 @@ parse_pattern_constant_path(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_constant_id_list_t *captures
                 pattern_node->opening_loc = PM_LOCATION_TOKEN_VALUE(&opening);
                 pattern_node->closing_loc = PM_LOCATION_TOKEN_VALUE(&closing);
 
-                return (pm_node_t *) pattern_node;
+                return UP(pattern_node);
             }
 
             break;
@@ -16980,7 +16294,7 @@ parse_pattern_constant_path(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_constant_id_list_t *captures
                 pattern_node->opening_loc = PM_LOCATION_TOKEN_VALUE(&opening);
                 pattern_node->closing_loc = PM_LOCATION_TOKEN_VALUE(&closing);
 
-                return (pm_node_t *) pattern_node;
+                return UP(pattern_node);
             }
 
             break;
@@ -16994,7 +16308,7 @@ parse_pattern_constant_path(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_constant_id_list_t *captures
     // attach our constant to it.
     pm_array_pattern_node_t *pattern_node = pm_array_pattern_node_constant_create(parser, node, &opening, &closing);
     pm_array_pattern_node_requireds_append(pattern_node, inner);
-    return (pm_node_t *) pattern_node;
+    return UP(pattern_node);
 }
 
 /**
@@ -17019,12 +16333,12 @@ parse_pattern_rest(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_constant_id_list_t *captures) {
         }
 
         parse_pattern_capture(parser, captures, constant_id, &PM_LOCATION_TOKEN_VALUE(&identifier));
-        name = (pm_node_t *) pm_local_variable_target_node_create(
+        name = UP(pm_local_variable_target_node_create(
             parser,
             &PM_LOCATION_TOKEN_VALUE(&identifier),
             constant_id,
             (uint32_t) (depth == -1 ? 0 : depth)
-        );
+        ));
     }
 
     // Finally we can return the created node.
@@ -17043,7 +16357,7 @@ parse_pattern_keyword_rest(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_constant_id_list_t *captures)
     pm_node_t *value = NULL;
 
     if (accept1(parser, PM_TOKEN_KEYWORD_NIL)) {
-        return (pm_node_t *) pm_no_keywords_parameter_node_create(parser, &operator, &parser->previous);
+        return UP(pm_no_keywords_parameter_node_create(parser, &operator, &parser->previous));
     }
 
     if (accept1(parser, PM_TOKEN_IDENTIFIER)) {
@@ -17055,15 +16369,15 @@ parse_pattern_keyword_rest(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_constant_id_list_t *captures)
         }
 
         parse_pattern_capture(parser, captures, constant_id, &PM_LOCATION_TOKEN_VALUE(&parser->previous));
-        value = (pm_node_t *) pm_local_variable_target_node_create(
+        value = UP(pm_local_variable_target_node_create(
             parser,
             &PM_LOCATION_TOKEN_VALUE(&parser->previous),
             constant_id,
             (uint32_t) (depth == -1 ? 0 : depth)
-        );
+        ));
     }
 
-    return (pm_node_t *) pm_assoc_splat_node_create(parser, value, &operator);
+    return UP(pm_assoc_splat_node_create(parser, value, &operator));
 }
 
 /**
@@ -17126,7 +16440,7 @@ parse_pattern_hash_implicit_value(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_constant_id_list_t *ca
         (uint32_t) (depth == -1 ? 0 : depth)
     );
 
-    return (pm_node_t *) pm_implicit_node_create(parser, (pm_node_t *) target);
+    return UP(pm_implicit_node_create(parser, UP(target)));
 }
 
 /**
@@ -17170,7 +16484,7 @@ parse_pattern_hash(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_constant_id_list_t *captures, pm_node
                 }
 
                 pm_token_t operator = not_provided(parser);
-                pm_node_t *assoc = (pm_node_t *) pm_assoc_node_create(parser, first_node, &operator, value);
+                pm_node_t *assoc = UP(pm_assoc_node_create(parser, first_node, &operator, value));
 
                 pm_node_list_append(&assocs, assoc);
                 break;
@@ -17185,8 +16499,8 @@ parse_pattern_hash(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_constant_id_list_t *captures, pm_node
             pm_parser_err_node(parser, first_node, diag_id);
 
             pm_token_t operator = not_provided(parser);
-            pm_node_t *value = (pm_node_t *) pm_missing_node_create(parser, first_node->location.start, first_node->location.end);
-            pm_node_t *assoc = (pm_node_t *) pm_assoc_node_create(parser, first_node, &operator, value);
+            pm_node_t *value = UP(pm_missing_node_create(parser, first_node->location.start, first_node->location.end));
+            pm_node_t *assoc = UP(pm_assoc_node_create(parser, first_node, &operator, value));
 
             pm_node_list_append(&assocs, assoc);
             break;
@@ -17227,20 +16541,24 @@ parse_pattern_hash(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_constant_id_list_t *captures, pm_node
                 }
             } else {
                 expect1(parser, PM_TOKEN_LABEL, PM_ERR_PATTERN_LABEL_AFTER_COMMA);
-                key = (pm_node_t *) pm_symbol_node_label_create(parser, &parser->previous);
+                key = UP(pm_symbol_node_label_create(parser, &parser->previous));
             }
 
             parse_pattern_hash_key(parser, &keys, key);
             pm_node_t *value = NULL;
 
             if (match7(parser, PM_TOKEN_COMMA, PM_TOKEN_KEYWORD_THEN, PM_TOKEN_BRACE_RIGHT, PM_TOKEN_BRACKET_RIGHT, PM_TOKEN_PARENTHESIS_RIGHT, PM_TOKEN_NEWLINE, PM_TOKEN_SEMICOLON)) {
-                value = parse_pattern_hash_implicit_value(parser, captures, (pm_symbol_node_t *) key);
+                if (PM_NODE_TYPE_P(key, PM_SYMBOL_NODE)) {
+                    value = parse_pattern_hash_implicit_value(parser, captures, (pm_symbol_node_t *) key);
+                } else {
+                    value = UP(pm_missing_node_create(parser, key->location.end, key->location.end));
+                }
             } else {
                 value = parse_pattern(parser, captures, PM_PARSE_PATTERN_SINGLE, PM_ERR_PATTERN_EXPRESSION_AFTER_KEY, (uint16_t) (depth + 1));
             }
 
             pm_token_t operator = not_provided(parser);
-            pm_node_t *assoc = (pm_node_t *) pm_assoc_node_create(parser, key, &operator, value);
+            pm_node_t *assoc = UP(pm_assoc_node_create(parser, key, &operator, value));
 
             if (rest != NULL) {
                 pm_parser_err_node(parser, assoc, PM_ERR_PATTERN_EXPRESSION_AFTER_REST);
@@ -17274,12 +16592,12 @@ parse_pattern_primitive(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_constant_id_list_t *captures, pm
             }
 
             parse_pattern_capture(parser, captures, constant_id, &PM_LOCATION_TOKEN_VALUE(&parser->previous));
-            return (pm_node_t *) pm_local_variable_target_node_create(
+            return UP(pm_local_variable_target_node_create(
                 parser,
                 &PM_LOCATION_TOKEN_VALUE(&parser->previous),
                 constant_id,
                 (uint32_t) (depth == -1 ? 0 : depth)
-            );
+            ));
         }
         case PM_TOKEN_BRACKET_LEFT_ARRAY: {
             pm_token_t opening = parser->current;
@@ -17288,7 +16606,7 @@ parse_pattern_primitive(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_constant_id_list_t *captures, pm
             if (accept1(parser, PM_TOKEN_BRACKET_RIGHT)) {
                 // If we have an empty array pattern, then we'll just return a new
                 // array pattern node.
-                return (pm_node_t *) pm_array_pattern_node_empty_create(parser, &opening, &parser->previous);
+                return UP(pm_array_pattern_node_empty_create(parser, &opening, &parser->previous));
             }
 
             // Otherwise, we'll parse the inner pattern, then deal with it depending
@@ -17296,7 +16614,7 @@ parse_pattern_primitive(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_constant_id_list_t *captures, pm
             pm_node_t *inner = parse_pattern(parser, captures, PM_PARSE_PATTERN_MULTI, PM_ERR_PATTERN_EXPRESSION_AFTER_BRACKET, (uint16_t) (depth + 1));
 
             accept1(parser, PM_TOKEN_NEWLINE);
-            expect1(parser, PM_TOKEN_BRACKET_RIGHT, PM_ERR_PATTERN_TERM_BRACKET);
+            expect1_opening(parser, PM_TOKEN_BRACKET_RIGHT, PM_ERR_PATTERN_TERM_BRACKET, &opening);
             pm_token_t closing = parser->previous;
 
             switch (PM_NODE_TYPE(inner)) {
@@ -17309,7 +16627,7 @@ parse_pattern_primitive(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_constant_id_list_t *captures, pm
                         pattern_node->opening_loc = PM_LOCATION_TOKEN_VALUE(&opening);
                         pattern_node->closing_loc = PM_LOCATION_TOKEN_VALUE(&closing);
 
-                        return (pm_node_t *) pattern_node;
+                        return UP(pattern_node);
                     }
 
                     break;
@@ -17323,7 +16641,7 @@ parse_pattern_primitive(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_constant_id_list_t *captures, pm
                         pattern_node->opening_loc = PM_LOCATION_TOKEN_VALUE(&opening);
                         pattern_node->closing_loc = PM_LOCATION_TOKEN_VALUE(&closing);
 
-                        return (pm_node_t *) pattern_node;
+                        return UP(pattern_node);
                     }
 
                     break;
@@ -17334,7 +16652,7 @@ parse_pattern_primitive(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_constant_id_list_t *captures, pm
 
             pm_array_pattern_node_t *node = pm_array_pattern_node_empty_create(parser, &opening, &closing);
             pm_array_pattern_node_requireds_append(node, inner);
-            return (pm_node_t *) node;
+            return UP(node);
         }
         case PM_TOKEN_BRACE_LEFT: {
             bool previous_pattern_matching_newlines = parser->pattern_matching_newlines;
@@ -17354,7 +16672,7 @@ parse_pattern_primitive(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_constant_id_list_t *captures, pm
                 switch (parser->current.type) {
                     case PM_TOKEN_LABEL:
                         parser_lex(parser);
-                        first_node = (pm_node_t *) pm_symbol_node_label_create(parser, &parser->previous);
+                        first_node = UP(pm_symbol_node_label_create(parser, &parser->previous));
                         break;
                     case PM_TOKEN_USTAR_STAR:
                         first_node = parse_pattern_keyword_rest(parser, captures);
@@ -17366,7 +16684,7 @@ parse_pattern_primitive(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_constant_id_list_t *captures, pm
                         PM_PARSER_ERR_TOKEN_FORMAT(parser, parser->current, PM_ERR_PATTERN_HASH_KEY, pm_token_type_human(parser->current.type));
                         parser_lex(parser);
 
-                        first_node = (pm_node_t *) pm_missing_node_create(parser, parser->previous.start, parser->previous.end);
+                        first_node = UP(pm_missing_node_create(parser, parser->previous.start, parser->previous.end));
                         break;
                     }
                 }
@@ -17374,7 +16692,7 @@ parse_pattern_primitive(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_constant_id_list_t *captures, pm
                 node = parse_pattern_hash(parser, captures, first_node, (uint16_t) (depth + 1));
 
                 accept1(parser, PM_TOKEN_NEWLINE);
-                expect1(parser, PM_TOKEN_BRACE_RIGHT, PM_ERR_PATTERN_TERM_BRACE);
+                expect1_opening(parser, PM_TOKEN_BRACE_RIGHT, PM_ERR_PATTERN_TERM_BRACE, &opening);
                 pm_token_t closing = parser->previous;
 
                 node->base.location.start = opening.start;
@@ -17385,7 +16703,7 @@ parse_pattern_primitive(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_constant_id_list_t *captures, pm
             }
 
             parser->pattern_matching_newlines = previous_pattern_matching_newlines;
-            return (pm_node_t *) node;
+            return UP(node);
         }
         case PM_TOKEN_UDOT_DOT:
         case PM_TOKEN_UDOT_DOT_DOT: {
@@ -17397,12 +16715,12 @@ parse_pattern_primitive(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_constant_id_list_t *captures, pm
             switch (parser->current.type) {
                 case PM_CASE_PRIMITIVE: {
                     pm_node_t *right = parse_expression(parser, PM_BINDING_POWER_MAX, false, false, PM_ERR_PATTERN_EXPRESSION_AFTER_RANGE, (uint16_t) (depth + 1));
-                    return (pm_node_t *) pm_range_node_create(parser, NULL, &operator, right);
+                    return UP(pm_range_node_create(parser, NULL, &operator, right));
                 }
                 default: {
                     pm_parser_err_token(parser, &operator, PM_ERR_PATTERN_EXPRESSION_AFTER_RANGE);
-                    pm_node_t *right = (pm_node_t *) pm_missing_node_create(parser, operator.start, operator.end);
-                    return (pm_node_t *) pm_range_node_create(parser, NULL, &operator, right);
+                    pm_node_t *right = UP(pm_missing_node_create(parser, operator.start, operator.end));
+                    return UP(pm_range_node_create(parser, NULL, &operator, right));
                 }
             }
         }
@@ -17412,6 +16730,16 @@ parse_pattern_primitive(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_constant_id_list_t *captures, pm
             // If we found a label, we need to immediately return to the caller.
             if (pm_symbol_node_label_p(node)) return node;
 
+            // Call nodes (arithmetic operations) are not allowed in patterns
+            if (PM_NODE_TYPE(node) == PM_CALL_NODE) {
+                pm_parser_err_node(parser, node, diag_id);
+                pm_missing_node_t *missing_node = pm_missing_node_create(parser, node->location.start, node->location.end);
+
+                pm_node_unreference(parser, node);
+                pm_node_destroy(parser, node);
+                return UP(missing_node);
+            }
+
             // Now that we have a primitive, we need to check if it's part of a range.
             if (accept2(parser, PM_TOKEN_DOT_DOT, PM_TOKEN_DOT_DOT_DOT)) {
                 pm_token_t operator = parser->previous;
@@ -17422,10 +16750,10 @@ parse_pattern_primitive(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_constant_id_list_t *captures, pm
                 switch (parser->current.type) {
                     case PM_CASE_PRIMITIVE: {
                         pm_node_t *right = parse_expression(parser, PM_BINDING_POWER_MAX, false, false, PM_ERR_PATTERN_EXPRESSION_AFTER_RANGE, (uint16_t) (depth + 1));
-                        return (pm_node_t *) pm_range_node_create(parser, node, &operator, right);
+                        return UP(pm_range_node_create(parser, node, &operator, right));
                     }
                     default:
-                        return (pm_node_t *) pm_range_node_create(parser, node, &operator, NULL);
+                        return UP(pm_range_node_create(parser, node, &operator, NULL));
                 }
             }
 
@@ -17440,44 +16768,44 @@ parse_pattern_primitive(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_constant_id_list_t *captures, pm
             switch (parser->current.type) {
                 case PM_TOKEN_IDENTIFIER: {
                     parser_lex(parser);
-                    pm_node_t *variable = (pm_node_t *) parse_variable(parser);
+                    pm_node_t *variable = UP(parse_variable(parser));
 
                     if (variable == NULL) {
                         PM_PARSER_ERR_TOKEN_FORMAT_CONTENT(parser, parser->previous, PM_ERR_NO_LOCAL_VARIABLE);
-                        variable = (pm_node_t *) pm_local_variable_read_node_missing_create(parser, &parser->previous, 0);
+                        variable = UP(pm_local_variable_read_node_missing_create(parser, &parser->previous, 0));
                     }
 
-                    return (pm_node_t *) pm_pinned_variable_node_create(parser, &operator, variable);
+                    return UP(pm_pinned_variable_node_create(parser, &operator, variable));
                 }
                 case PM_TOKEN_INSTANCE_VARIABLE: {
                     parser_lex(parser);
-                    pm_node_t *variable = (pm_node_t *) pm_instance_variable_read_node_create(parser, &parser->previous);
+                    pm_node_t *variable = UP(pm_instance_variable_read_node_create(parser, &parser->previous));
 
-                    return (pm_node_t *) pm_pinned_variable_node_create(parser, &operator, variable);
+                    return UP(pm_pinned_variable_node_create(parser, &operator, variable));
                 }
                 case PM_TOKEN_CLASS_VARIABLE: {
                     parser_lex(parser);
-                    pm_node_t *variable = (pm_node_t *) pm_class_variable_read_node_create(parser, &parser->previous);
+                    pm_node_t *variable = UP(pm_class_variable_read_node_create(parser, &parser->previous));
 
-                    return (pm_node_t *) pm_pinned_variable_node_create(parser, &operator, variable);
+                    return UP(pm_pinned_variable_node_create(parser, &operator, variable));
                 }
                 case PM_TOKEN_GLOBAL_VARIABLE: {
                     parser_lex(parser);
-                    pm_node_t *variable = (pm_node_t *) pm_global_variable_read_node_create(parser, &parser->previous);
+                    pm_node_t *variable = UP(pm_global_variable_read_node_create(parser, &parser->previous));
 
-                    return (pm_node_t *) pm_pinned_variable_node_create(parser, &operator, variable);
+                    return UP(pm_pinned_variable_node_create(parser, &operator, variable));
                 }
                 case PM_TOKEN_NUMBERED_REFERENCE: {
                     parser_lex(parser);
-                    pm_node_t *variable = (pm_node_t *) pm_numbered_reference_read_node_create(parser, &parser->previous);
+                    pm_node_t *variable = UP(pm_numbered_reference_read_node_create(parser, &parser->previous));
 
-                    return (pm_node_t *) pm_pinned_variable_node_create(parser, &operator, variable);
+                    return UP(pm_pinned_variable_node_create(parser, &operator, variable));
                 }
                 case PM_TOKEN_BACK_REFERENCE: {
                     parser_lex(parser);
-                    pm_node_t *variable = (pm_node_t *) pm_back_reference_read_node_create(parser, &parser->previous);
+                    pm_node_t *variable = UP(pm_back_reference_read_node_create(parser, &parser->previous));
 
-                    return (pm_node_t *) pm_pinned_variable_node_create(parser, &operator, variable);
+                    return UP(pm_pinned_variable_node_create(parser, &operator, variable));
                 }
                 case PM_TOKEN_PARENTHESIS_LEFT: {
                     bool previous_pattern_matching_newlines = parser->pattern_matching_newlines;
@@ -17490,15 +16818,15 @@ parse_pattern_primitive(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_constant_id_list_t *captures, pm
                     parser->pattern_matching_newlines = previous_pattern_matching_newlines;
 
                     accept1(parser, PM_TOKEN_NEWLINE);
-                    expect1(parser, PM_TOKEN_PARENTHESIS_RIGHT, PM_ERR_PATTERN_TERM_PAREN);
-                    return (pm_node_t *) pm_pinned_expression_node_create(parser, expression, &operator, &lparen, &parser->previous);
+                    expect1_opening(parser, PM_TOKEN_PARENTHESIS_RIGHT, PM_ERR_PATTERN_TERM_PAREN, &lparen);
+                    return UP(pm_pinned_expression_node_create(parser, expression, &operator, &lparen, &parser->previous));
                 }
                 default: {
                     // If we get here, then we have a pin operator followed by something
                     // not understood. We'll create a missing node and return that.
                     pm_parser_err_token(parser, &operator, PM_ERR_PATTERN_EXPRESSION_AFTER_PIN);
-                    pm_node_t *variable = (pm_node_t *) pm_missing_node_create(parser, operator.start, operator.end);
-                    return (pm_node_t *) pm_pinned_variable_node_create(parser, &operator, variable);
+                    pm_node_t *variable = UP(pm_missing_node_create(parser, operator.start, operator.end));
+                    return UP(pm_pinned_variable_node_create(parser, &operator, variable));
                 }
             }
         }
@@ -17509,31 +16837,54 @@ parse_pattern_primitive(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_constant_id_list_t *captures, pm
             expect1(parser, PM_TOKEN_CONSTANT, PM_ERR_CONSTANT_PATH_COLON_COLON_CONSTANT);
             pm_constant_path_node_t *node = pm_constant_path_node_create(parser, NULL, &delimiter, &parser->previous);
 
-            return parse_pattern_constant_path(parser, captures, (pm_node_t *) node, (uint16_t) (depth + 1));
+            return parse_pattern_constant_path(parser, captures, UP(node), (uint16_t) (depth + 1));
         }
         case PM_TOKEN_CONSTANT: {
             pm_token_t constant = parser->current;
             parser_lex(parser);
 
-            pm_node_t *node = (pm_node_t *) pm_constant_read_node_create(parser, &constant);
+            pm_node_t *node = UP(pm_constant_read_node_create(parser, &constant));
             return parse_pattern_constant_path(parser, captures, node, (uint16_t) (depth + 1));
         }
         default:
             pm_parser_err_current(parser, diag_id);
-            return (pm_node_t *) pm_missing_node_create(parser, parser->current.start, parser->current.end);
+            return UP(pm_missing_node_create(parser, parser->current.start, parser->current.end));
+    }
+}
+
+static bool
+parse_pattern_alternation_error_each(const pm_node_t *node, void *data) {
+    switch (PM_NODE_TYPE(node)) {
+        case PM_LOCAL_VARIABLE_TARGET_NODE:
+            pm_parser_err((pm_parser_t *) data, node->location.start, node->location.end, PM_ERR_PATTERN_CAPTURE_IN_ALTERNATIVE);
+            return false;
+        default:
+            return true;
     }
 }
 
 /**
+ * When we get here, we know that we already have a syntax error, because we
+ * know we have captured a variable and that we are in an alternation.
+ */
+static void
+parse_pattern_alternation_error(pm_parser_t *parser, const pm_node_t *node) {
+    pm_visit_node(node, parse_pattern_alternation_error_each, parser);
+}
+
+/**
  * Parse any number of primitives joined by alternation and ended optionally by
  * assignment.
  */
 static pm_node_t *
 parse_pattern_primitives(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_constant_id_list_t *captures, pm_node_t *first_node, pm_diagnostic_id_t diag_id, uint16_t depth) {
     pm_node_t *node = first_node;
+    bool alternation = false;
 
-    while ((node == NULL) || accept1(parser, PM_TOKEN_PIPE)) {
-        pm_token_t operator = parser->previous;
+    while ((node == NULL) || (alternation = accept1(parser, PM_TOKEN_PIPE))) {
+        if (alternation && !PM_NODE_TYPE_P(node, PM_ALTERNATION_PATTERN_NODE) && captures->size) {
+            parse_pattern_alternation_error(parser, node);
+        }
 
         switch (parser->current.type) {
             case PM_TOKEN_IDENTIFIER:
@@ -17545,41 +16896,47 @@ parse_pattern_primitives(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_constant_id_list_t *captures, p
             case PM_TOKEN_UDOT_DOT:
             case PM_TOKEN_UDOT_DOT_DOT:
             case PM_CASE_PRIMITIVE: {
-                if (node == NULL) {
+                if (!alternation) {
                     node = parse_pattern_primitive(parser, captures, diag_id, (uint16_t) (depth + 1));
                 } else {
+                    pm_token_t operator = parser->previous;
                     pm_node_t *right = parse_pattern_primitive(parser, captures, PM_ERR_PATTERN_EXPRESSION_AFTER_PIPE, (uint16_t) (depth + 1));
-                    node = (pm_node_t *) pm_alternation_pattern_node_create(parser, node, right, &operator);
+
+                    if (captures->size) parse_pattern_alternation_error(parser, right);
+                    node = UP(pm_alternation_pattern_node_create(parser, node, right, &operator));
                 }
 
                 break;
             }
             case PM_TOKEN_PARENTHESIS_LEFT:
             case PM_TOKEN_PARENTHESIS_LEFT_PARENTHESES: {
+                pm_token_t operator = parser->previous;
                 pm_token_t opening = parser->current;
                 parser_lex(parser);
 
                 pm_node_t *body = parse_pattern(parser, captures, PM_PARSE_PATTERN_SINGLE, PM_ERR_PATTERN_EXPRESSION_AFTER_PAREN, (uint16_t) (depth + 1));
                 accept1(parser, PM_TOKEN_NEWLINE);
-                expect1(parser, PM_TOKEN_PARENTHESIS_RIGHT, PM_ERR_PATTERN_TERM_PAREN);
-                pm_node_t *right = (pm_node_t *) pm_parentheses_node_create(parser, &opening, body, &parser->previous, 0);
+                expect1_opening(parser, PM_TOKEN_PARENTHESIS_RIGHT, PM_ERR_PATTERN_TERM_PAREN, &opening);
+                pm_node_t *right = UP(pm_parentheses_node_create(parser, &opening, body, &parser->previous, 0));
 
-                if (node == NULL) {
+                if (!alternation) {
                     node = right;
                 } else {
-                    node = (pm_node_t *) pm_alternation_pattern_node_create(parser, node, right, &operator);
+                    if (captures->size) parse_pattern_alternation_error(parser, right);
+                    node = UP(pm_alternation_pattern_node_create(parser, node, right, &operator));
                 }
 
                 break;
             }
             default: {
                 pm_parser_err_current(parser, diag_id);
-                pm_node_t *right = (pm_node_t *) pm_missing_node_create(parser, parser->current.start, parser->current.end);
+                pm_node_t *right = UP(pm_missing_node_create(parser, parser->current.start, parser->current.end));
 
-                if (node == NULL) {
+                if (!alternation) {
                     node = right;
                 } else {
-                    node = (pm_node_t *) pm_alternation_pattern_node_create(parser, node, right, &operator);
+                    if (captures->size) parse_pattern_alternation_error(parser, right);
+                    node = UP(pm_alternation_pattern_node_create(parser, node, right, &parser->previous));
                 }
 
                 break;
@@ -17608,7 +16965,7 @@ parse_pattern_primitives(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_constant_id_list_t *captures, p
             (uint32_t) (depth == -1 ? 0 : depth)
         );
 
-        node = (pm_node_t *) pm_capture_pattern_node_create(parser, node, target, &operator);
+        node = UP(pm_capture_pattern_node_create(parser, node, target, &operator));
     }
 
     return node;
@@ -17627,8 +16984,8 @@ parse_pattern(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_constant_id_list_t *captures, uint8_t flag
     switch (parser->current.type) {
         case PM_TOKEN_LABEL: {
             parser_lex(parser);
-            pm_node_t *key = (pm_node_t *) pm_symbol_node_label_create(parser, &parser->previous);
-            node = (pm_node_t *) parse_pattern_hash(parser, captures, key, (uint16_t) (depth + 1));
+            pm_node_t *key = UP(pm_symbol_node_label_create(parser, &parser->previous));
+            node = UP(parse_pattern_hash(parser, captures, key, (uint16_t) (depth + 1)));
 
             if (!(flags & PM_PARSE_PATTERN_TOP)) {
                 pm_parser_err_node(parser, node, PM_ERR_PATTERN_HASH_IMPLICIT);
@@ -17638,7 +16995,7 @@ parse_pattern(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_constant_id_list_t *captures, uint8_t flag
         }
         case PM_TOKEN_USTAR_STAR: {
             node = parse_pattern_keyword_rest(parser, captures);
-            node = (pm_node_t *) parse_pattern_hash(parser, captures, node, (uint16_t) (depth + 1));
+            node = UP(parse_pattern_hash(parser, captures, node, (uint16_t) (depth + 1)));
 
             if (!(flags & PM_PARSE_PATTERN_TOP)) {
                 pm_parser_err_node(parser, node, PM_ERR_PATTERN_HASH_IMPLICIT);
@@ -17652,7 +17009,7 @@ parse_pattern(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_constant_id_list_t *captures, uint8_t flag
             node = parse_pattern_primitive(parser, captures, diag_id, (uint16_t) (depth + 1));
 
             if (pm_symbol_node_label_p(node)) {
-                node = (pm_node_t *) parse_pattern_hash(parser, captures, node, (uint16_t) (depth + 1));
+                node = UP(parse_pattern_hash(parser, captures, node, (uint16_t) (depth + 1)));
 
                 if (!(flags & PM_PARSE_PATTERN_TOP)) {
                     pm_parser_err_node(parser, node, PM_ERR_PATTERN_HASH_IMPLICIT);
@@ -17667,7 +17024,7 @@ parse_pattern(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_constant_id_list_t *captures, uint8_t flag
         case PM_TOKEN_USTAR: {
             if (flags & (PM_PARSE_PATTERN_TOP | PM_PARSE_PATTERN_MULTI)) {
                 parser_lex(parser);
-                node = (pm_node_t *) parse_pattern_rest(parser, captures);
+                node = UP(parse_pattern_rest(parser, captures));
                 leading_rest = true;
                 break;
             }
@@ -17681,7 +17038,7 @@ parse_pattern(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_constant_id_list_t *captures, uint8_t flag
     // If we got a dynamic label symbol, then we need to treat it like the
     // beginning of a hash pattern.
     if (pm_symbol_node_label_p(node)) {
-        return (pm_node_t *) parse_pattern_hash(parser, captures, node, (uint16_t) (depth + 1));
+        return UP(parse_pattern_hash(parser, captures, node, (uint16_t) (depth + 1)));
     }
 
     if ((flags & PM_PARSE_PATTERN_MULTI) && match1(parser, PM_TOKEN_COMMA)) {
@@ -17694,15 +17051,15 @@ parse_pattern(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_constant_id_list_t *captures, uint8_t flag
         // Gather up all of the patterns into the list.
         while (accept1(parser, PM_TOKEN_COMMA)) {
             // Break early here in case we have a trailing comma.
-            if (match9(parser, PM_TOKEN_KEYWORD_THEN, PM_TOKEN_BRACE_RIGHT, PM_TOKEN_BRACKET_RIGHT, PM_TOKEN_PARENTHESIS_RIGHT, PM_TOKEN_SEMICOLON, PM_TOKEN_NEWLINE, PM_TOKEN_EOF,PM_TOKEN_KEYWORD_AND, PM_TOKEN_KEYWORD_OR)) {
-                node = (pm_node_t *) pm_implicit_rest_node_create(parser, &parser->previous);
+            if (match7(parser, PM_TOKEN_KEYWORD_THEN, PM_TOKEN_BRACE_RIGHT, PM_TOKEN_BRACKET_RIGHT, PM_TOKEN_PARENTHESIS_RIGHT, PM_TOKEN_SEMICOLON, PM_TOKEN_KEYWORD_AND, PM_TOKEN_KEYWORD_OR)) {
+                node = UP(pm_implicit_rest_node_create(parser, &parser->previous));
                 pm_node_list_append(&nodes, node);
                 trailing_rest = true;
                 break;
             }
 
             if (accept1(parser, PM_TOKEN_USTAR)) {
-                node = (pm_node_t *) parse_pattern_rest(parser, captures);
+                node = UP(parse_pattern_rest(parser, captures));
 
                 // If we have already parsed a splat pattern, then this is an
                 // error. We will continue to parse the rest of the patterns,
@@ -17724,13 +17081,13 @@ parse_pattern(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_constant_id_list_t *captures, uint8_t flag
         // are in between because we know we already added the appropriate
         // errors. Otherwise we will create an array pattern.
         if (leading_rest && PM_NODE_TYPE_P(nodes.nodes[nodes.size - 1], PM_SPLAT_NODE)) {
-            node = (pm_node_t *) pm_find_pattern_node_create(parser, &nodes);
+            node = UP(pm_find_pattern_node_create(parser, &nodes));
 
             if (nodes.size == 2) {
                 pm_parser_err_node(parser, node, PM_ERR_PATTERN_FIND_MISSING_INNER);
             }
         } else {
-            node = (pm_node_t *) pm_array_pattern_node_node_list_create(parser, &nodes);
+            node = UP(pm_array_pattern_node_node_list_create(parser, &nodes));
 
             if (leading_rest && trailing_rest) {
                 pm_parser_err_node(parser, node, PM_ERR_PATTERN_ARRAY_MULTIPLE_RESTS);
@@ -17741,7 +17098,7 @@ parse_pattern(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_constant_id_list_t *captures, uint8_t flag
     } else if (leading_rest) {
         // Otherwise, if we parsed a single splat pattern, then we know we have
         // an array pattern, so we can go ahead and create that node.
-        node = (pm_node_t *) pm_array_pattern_node_rest_create(parser, node);
+        node = UP(pm_array_pattern_node_rest_create(parser, node));
     }
 
     return node;
@@ -17887,6 +17244,7 @@ parse_retry(pm_parser_t *parser, const pm_node_t *node) {
             case PM_CONTEXT_BEGIN:
             case PM_CONTEXT_BLOCK_BRACES:
             case PM_CONTEXT_BLOCK_KEYWORDS:
+            case PM_CONTEXT_BLOCK_PARAMETERS:
             case PM_CONTEXT_CASE_IN:
             case PM_CONTEXT_CASE_WHEN:
             case PM_CONTEXT_DEFAULT_PARAMS:
@@ -17967,6 +17325,7 @@ parse_yield(pm_parser_t *parser, const pm_node_t *node) {
             case PM_CONTEXT_BLOCK_KEYWORDS:
             case PM_CONTEXT_BLOCK_ELSE:
             case PM_CONTEXT_BLOCK_ENSURE:
+            case PM_CONTEXT_BLOCK_PARAMETERS:
             case PM_CONTEXT_BLOCK_RESCUE:
             case PM_CONTEXT_CASE_IN:
             case PM_CONTEXT_CASE_WHEN:
@@ -18117,13 +17476,13 @@ parse_expression_prefix(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_binding_power_t binding_power, b
                         expression = parse_value_expression(parser, PM_BINDING_POWER_DEFINED, false, false, PM_ERR_ARRAY_EXPRESSION_AFTER_STAR, (uint16_t) (depth + 1));
                     }
 
-                    element = (pm_node_t *) pm_splat_node_create(parser, &operator, expression);
+                    element = UP(pm_splat_node_create(parser, &operator, expression));
                 } else if (match2(parser, PM_TOKEN_LABEL, PM_TOKEN_USTAR_STAR)) {
                     if (parsed_bare_hash) {
                         pm_parser_err_current(parser, PM_ERR_EXPRESSION_BARE_HASH);
                     }
 
-                    element = (pm_node_t *) pm_keyword_hash_node_create(parser);
+                    element = UP(pm_keyword_hash_node_create(parser));
                     pm_static_literals_t hash_keys = { 0 };
 
                     if (!match8(parser, PM_TOKEN_EOF, PM_TOKEN_NEWLINE, PM_TOKEN_SEMICOLON, PM_TOKEN_EOF, PM_TOKEN_BRACE_RIGHT, PM_TOKEN_BRACKET_RIGHT, PM_TOKEN_KEYWORD_DO, PM_TOKEN_PARENTHESIS_RIGHT)) {
@@ -18152,10 +17511,10 @@ parse_expression_prefix(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_binding_power_t binding_power, b
                         }
 
                         pm_node_t *value = parse_value_expression(parser, PM_BINDING_POWER_DEFINED, false, false, PM_ERR_HASH_VALUE, (uint16_t) (depth + 1));
-                        pm_node_t *assoc = (pm_node_t *) pm_assoc_node_create(parser, element, &operator, value);
+                        pm_node_t *assoc = UP(pm_assoc_node_create(parser, element, &operator, value));
                         pm_keyword_hash_node_elements_append(hash, assoc);
 
-                        element = (pm_node_t *) hash;
+                        element = UP(hash);
                         if (accept1(parser, PM_TOKEN_COMMA) && !match1(parser, PM_TOKEN_BRACKET_RIGHT)) {
                             parse_assocs(parser, &hash_keys, element, (uint16_t) (depth + 1));
                         }
@@ -18180,7 +17539,7 @@ parse_expression_prefix(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_binding_power_t binding_power, b
             pm_array_node_close_set(array, &parser->previous);
             pm_accepts_block_stack_pop(parser);
 
-            return (pm_node_t *) array;
+            return UP(array);
         }
         case PM_TOKEN_PARENTHESIS_LEFT:
         case PM_TOKEN_PARENTHESIS_LEFT_PARENTHESES: {
@@ -18207,7 +17566,7 @@ parse_expression_prefix(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_binding_power_t binding_power, b
                 pop_block_exits(parser, previous_block_exits);
                 pm_node_list_free(&current_block_exits);
 
-                return (pm_node_t *) pm_parentheses_node_create(parser, &opening, NULL, &parser->previous, flags);
+                return UP(pm_parentheses_node_create(parser, &opening, NULL, &parser->previous, flags));
             }
 
             // Otherwise, we're going to parse the first statement in the list
@@ -18276,10 +17635,10 @@ parse_expression_prefix(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_binding_power_t binding_power, b
 
                     pm_node_t *result;
                     if (match1(parser, PM_TOKEN_COMMA) && (binding_power == PM_BINDING_POWER_STATEMENT)) {
-                        result = parse_targets(parser, (pm_node_t *) multi_target, PM_BINDING_POWER_INDEX, (uint16_t) (depth + 1));
+                        result = parse_targets(parser, UP(multi_target), PM_BINDING_POWER_INDEX, (uint16_t) (depth + 1));
                         accept1(parser, PM_TOKEN_NEWLINE);
                     } else {
-                        result = (pm_node_t *) multi_target;
+                        result = UP(multi_target);
                     }
 
                     if (context_p(parser, PM_CONTEXT_MULTI_TARGET)) {
@@ -18308,7 +17667,7 @@ parse_expression_prefix(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_binding_power_t binding_power, b
                 pm_statements_node_t *statements = pm_statements_node_create(parser);
                 pm_statements_node_body_append(parser, statements, statement, true);
 
-                return (pm_node_t *) pm_parentheses_node_create(parser, &opening, (pm_node_t *) statements, &parser->previous, flags);
+                return UP(pm_parentheses_node_create(parser, &opening, UP(statements), &parser->previous, flags));
             }
 
             // If we have more than one statement in the set of parentheses,
@@ -18373,16 +17732,16 @@ parse_expression_prefix(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_binding_power_t binding_power, b
                     pm_multi_target_node_t *multi_target = pm_multi_target_node_create(parser);
                     pm_multi_target_node_targets_append(parser, multi_target, statement);
 
-                    statement = (pm_node_t *) multi_target;
+                    statement = UP(multi_target);
                     statements->body.nodes[statements->body.size - 1] = statement;
                 }
 
                 if (PM_NODE_TYPE_P(statement, PM_MULTI_TARGET_NODE)) {
                     const uint8_t *offset = statement->location.end;
                     pm_token_t operator = { .type = PM_TOKEN_EQUAL, .start = offset, .end = offset };
-                    pm_node_t *value = (pm_node_t *) pm_missing_node_create(parser, offset, offset);
+                    pm_node_t *value = UP(pm_missing_node_create(parser, offset, offset));
 
-                    statement = (pm_node_t *) pm_multi_write_node_create(parser, (pm_multi_target_node_t *) statement, &operator, value);
+                    statement = UP(pm_multi_write_node_create(parser, (pm_multi_target_node_t *) statement, &operator, value));
                     statements->body.nodes[statements->body.size - 1] = statement;
 
                     pm_parser_err_node(parser, statement, PM_ERR_WRITE_TARGET_UNEXPECTED);
@@ -18393,7 +17752,7 @@ parse_expression_prefix(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_binding_power_t binding_power, b
             pm_node_list_free(&current_block_exits);
 
             pm_void_statements_check(parser, statements, true);
-            return (pm_node_t *) pm_parentheses_node_create(parser, &opening, (pm_node_t *) statements, &parser->previous, flags);
+            return UP(pm_parentheses_node_create(parser, &opening, UP(statements), &parser->previous, flags));
         }
         case PM_TOKEN_BRACE_LEFT: {
             // If we were passed a current_hash_keys via the parser, then that
@@ -18409,14 +17768,15 @@ parse_expression_prefix(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_binding_power_t binding_power, b
             pm_accepts_block_stack_push(parser, true);
             parser_lex(parser);
 
-            pm_hash_node_t *node = pm_hash_node_create(parser, &parser->previous);
+            pm_token_t opening = parser->previous;
+            pm_hash_node_t *node = pm_hash_node_create(parser, &opening);
 
             if (!match2(parser, PM_TOKEN_BRACE_RIGHT, PM_TOKEN_EOF)) {
                 if (current_hash_keys != NULL) {
-                    parse_assocs(parser, current_hash_keys, (pm_node_t *) node, (uint16_t) (depth + 1));
+                    parse_assocs(parser, current_hash_keys, UP(node), (uint16_t) (depth + 1));
                 } else {
                     pm_static_literals_t hash_keys = { 0 };
-                    parse_assocs(parser, &hash_keys, (pm_node_t *) node, (uint16_t) (depth + 1));
+                    parse_assocs(parser, &hash_keys, UP(node), (uint16_t) (depth + 1));
                     pm_static_literals_free(&hash_keys);
                 }
 
@@ -18424,26 +17784,34 @@ parse_expression_prefix(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_binding_power_t binding_power, b
             }
 
             pm_accepts_block_stack_pop(parser);
-            expect1(parser, PM_TOKEN_BRACE_RIGHT, PM_ERR_HASH_TERM);
+            expect1_opening(parser, PM_TOKEN_BRACE_RIGHT, PM_ERR_HASH_TERM, &opening);
             pm_hash_node_closing_loc_set(node, &parser->previous);
 
-            return (pm_node_t *) node;
+            return UP(node);
         }
         case PM_TOKEN_CHARACTER_LITERAL: {
-            parser_lex(parser);
-
-            pm_token_t opening = parser->previous;
-            opening.type = PM_TOKEN_STRING_BEGIN;
-            opening.end = opening.start + 1;
-
-            pm_token_t content = parser->previous;
-            content.type = PM_TOKEN_STRING_CONTENT;
-            content.start = content.start + 1;
-
             pm_token_t closing = not_provided(parser);
-            pm_node_t *node = (pm_node_t *) pm_string_node_create_current_string(parser, &opening, &content, &closing);
+            pm_node_t *node = UP(pm_string_node_create_current_string(
+                parser,
+                &(pm_token_t) {
+                    .type = PM_TOKEN_STRING_BEGIN,
+                    .start = parser->current.start,
+                    .end = parser->current.start + 1
+                },
+                &(pm_token_t) {
+                    .type = PM_TOKEN_STRING_CONTENT,
+                    .start = parser->current.start + 1,
+                    .end = parser->current.end
+                },
+                &closing
+            ));
+
             pm_node_flag_set(node, parse_unescaped_encoding(parser));
 
+            // Skip past the character literal here, since now we have handled
+            // parser->explicit_encoding correctly.
+            parser_lex(parser);
+
             // Characters can be followed by strings in which case they are
             // automatically concatenated.
             if (match1(parser, PM_TOKEN_STRING_BEGIN)) {
@@ -18454,7 +17822,7 @@ parse_expression_prefix(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_binding_power_t binding_power, b
         }
         case PM_TOKEN_CLASS_VARIABLE: {
             parser_lex(parser);
-            pm_node_t *node = (pm_node_t *) pm_class_variable_read_node_create(parser, &parser->previous);
+            pm_node_t *node = UP(pm_class_variable_read_node_create(parser, &parser->previous));
 
             if (binding_power == PM_BINDING_POWER_STATEMENT && match1(parser, PM_TOKEN_COMMA)) {
                 node = parse_targets_validate(parser, node, PM_BINDING_POWER_INDEX, (uint16_t) (depth + 1));
@@ -18476,10 +17844,10 @@ parse_expression_prefix(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_binding_power_t binding_power, b
             ) {
                 pm_arguments_t arguments = { 0 };
                 parse_arguments_list(parser, &arguments, true, accepts_command_call, (uint16_t) (depth + 1));
-                return (pm_node_t *) pm_call_node_fcall_create(parser, &constant, &arguments);
+                return UP(pm_call_node_fcall_create(parser, &constant, &arguments));
             }
 
-            pm_node_t *node = (pm_node_t *) pm_constant_read_node_create(parser, &parser->previous);
+            pm_node_t *node = UP(pm_constant_read_node_create(parser, &parser->previous));
 
             if ((binding_power == PM_BINDING_POWER_STATEMENT) && match1(parser, PM_TOKEN_COMMA)) {
                 // If we get here, then we have a comma immediately following a
@@ -18494,7 +17862,7 @@ parse_expression_prefix(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_binding_power_t binding_power, b
             pm_token_t delimiter = parser->previous;
 
             expect1(parser, PM_TOKEN_CONSTANT, PM_ERR_CONSTANT_PATH_COLON_COLON_CONSTANT);
-            pm_node_t *node = (pm_node_t *) pm_constant_path_node_create(parser, NULL, &delimiter, &parser->previous);
+            pm_node_t *node = UP(pm_constant_path_node_create(parser, NULL, &delimiter, &parser->previous));
 
             if ((binding_power == PM_BINDING_POWER_STATEMENT) && match1(parser, PM_TOKEN_COMMA)) {
                 node = parse_targets_validate(parser, node, PM_BINDING_POWER_INDEX, (uint16_t) (depth + 1));
@@ -18517,23 +17885,23 @@ parse_expression_prefix(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_binding_power_t binding_power, b
                 pm_parser_err_current(parser, PM_ERR_UNEXPECTED_RANGE_OPERATOR);
             }
 
-            return (pm_node_t *) pm_range_node_create(parser, NULL, &operator, right);
+            return UP(pm_range_node_create(parser, NULL, &operator, right));
         }
         case PM_TOKEN_FLOAT:
             parser_lex(parser);
-            return (pm_node_t *) pm_float_node_create(parser, &parser->previous);
+            return UP(pm_float_node_create(parser, &parser->previous));
         case PM_TOKEN_FLOAT_IMAGINARY:
             parser_lex(parser);
-            return (pm_node_t *) pm_float_node_imaginary_create(parser, &parser->previous);
+            return UP(pm_float_node_imaginary_create(parser, &parser->previous));
         case PM_TOKEN_FLOAT_RATIONAL:
             parser_lex(parser);
-            return (pm_node_t *) pm_float_node_rational_create(parser, &parser->previous);
+            return UP(pm_float_node_rational_create(parser, &parser->previous));
         case PM_TOKEN_FLOAT_RATIONAL_IMAGINARY:
             parser_lex(parser);
-            return (pm_node_t *) pm_float_node_rational_imaginary_create(parser, &parser->previous);
+            return UP(pm_float_node_rational_imaginary_create(parser, &parser->previous));
         case PM_TOKEN_NUMBERED_REFERENCE: {
             parser_lex(parser);
-            pm_node_t *node = (pm_node_t *) pm_numbered_reference_read_node_create(parser, &parser->previous);
+            pm_node_t *node = UP(pm_numbered_reference_read_node_create(parser, &parser->previous));
 
             if (binding_power == PM_BINDING_POWER_STATEMENT && match1(parser, PM_TOKEN_COMMA)) {
                 node = parse_targets_validate(parser, node, PM_BINDING_POWER_INDEX, (uint16_t) (depth + 1));
@@ -18543,7 +17911,7 @@ parse_expression_prefix(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_binding_power_t binding_power, b
         }
         case PM_TOKEN_GLOBAL_VARIABLE: {
             parser_lex(parser);
-            pm_node_t *node = (pm_node_t *) pm_global_variable_read_node_create(parser, &parser->previous);
+            pm_node_t *node = UP(pm_global_variable_read_node_create(parser, &parser->previous));
 
             if (binding_power == PM_BINDING_POWER_STATEMENT && match1(parser, PM_TOKEN_COMMA)) {
                 node = parse_targets_validate(parser, node, PM_BINDING_POWER_INDEX, (uint16_t) (depth + 1));
@@ -18553,7 +17921,7 @@ parse_expression_prefix(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_binding_power_t binding_power, b
         }
         case PM_TOKEN_BACK_REFERENCE: {
             parser_lex(parser);
-            pm_node_t *node = (pm_node_t *) pm_back_reference_read_node_create(parser, &parser->previous);
+            pm_node_t *node = UP(pm_back_reference_read_node_create(parser, &parser->previous));
 
             if (binding_power == PM_BINDING_POWER_STATEMENT && match1(parser, PM_TOKEN_COMMA)) {
                 node = parse_targets_validate(parser, node, PM_BINDING_POWER_INDEX, (uint16_t) (depth + 1));
@@ -18578,24 +17946,18 @@ parse_expression_prefix(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_binding_power_t binding_power, b
                 if (parse_arguments_list(parser, &arguments, true, accepts_command_call, (uint16_t) (depth + 1))) {
                     // Since we found arguments, we need to turn off the
                     // variable call bit in the flags.
-                    pm_node_flag_unset((pm_node_t *)call, PM_CALL_NODE_FLAGS_VARIABLE_CALL);
+                    pm_node_flag_unset(UP(call), PM_CALL_NODE_FLAGS_VARIABLE_CALL);
 
                     call->opening_loc = arguments.opening_loc;
                     call->arguments = arguments.arguments;
                     call->closing_loc = arguments.closing_loc;
                     call->block = arguments.block;
 
-                    if (arguments.block != NULL) {
-                        call->base.location.end = arguments.block->location.end;
-                    } else if (arguments.closing_loc.start == NULL) {
-                        if (arguments.arguments != NULL) {
-                            call->base.location.end = arguments.arguments->base.location.end;
-                        } else {
-                            call->base.location.end = call->message_loc.end;
-                        }
-                    } else {
-                        call->base.location.end = arguments.closing_loc.end;
+                    const uint8_t *end = pm_arguments_end(&arguments);
+                    if (!end) {
+                        end = call->message_loc.end;
                     }
+                    call->base.location.end = end;
                 }
             } else {
                 // Otherwise, we know the identifier is in the local table. This
@@ -18614,7 +17976,7 @@ parse_expression_prefix(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_binding_power_t binding_power, b
                         // If we're about to convert an 'it' implicit local
                         // variable read into a method call, we need to remove
                         // it from the list of implicit local variables.
-                        parse_target_implicit_parameter(parser, node);
+                        pm_node_unreference(parser, node);
                     } else {
                         // Otherwise, we're about to convert a regular local
                         // variable read into a method call, in which case we
@@ -18623,7 +17985,7 @@ parse_expression_prefix(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_binding_power_t binding_power, b
                         assert(PM_NODE_TYPE_P(node, PM_LOCAL_VARIABLE_READ_NODE));
 
                         if (pm_token_is_numbered_parameter(identifier.start, identifier.end)) {
-                            parse_target_implicit_parameter(parser, node);
+                            pm_node_unreference(parser, node);
                         } else {
                             pm_local_variable_read_node_t *cast = (pm_local_variable_read_node_t *) node;
                             pm_locals_unread(&pm_parser_scope_find(parser, cast->depth)->locals, cast->name);
@@ -18631,7 +17993,7 @@ parse_expression_prefix(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_binding_power_t binding_power, b
                     }
 
                     pm_node_destroy(parser, node);
-                    return (pm_node_t *) fcall;
+                    return UP(fcall);
                 }
             }
 
@@ -18663,9 +18025,9 @@ parse_expression_prefix(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_binding_power_t binding_power, b
                 pm_token_t content = parse_strings_empty_content(parser->previous.start);
 
                 if (lex_mode.quote == PM_HEREDOC_QUOTE_BACKTICK) {
-                    node = (pm_node_t *) pm_xstring_node_create_unescaped(parser, &opening, &content, &parser->previous, &PM_STRING_EMPTY);
+                    node = UP(pm_xstring_node_create_unescaped(parser, &opening, &content, &parser->previous, &PM_STRING_EMPTY));
                 } else {
-                    node = (pm_node_t *) pm_string_node_create_unescaped(parser, &opening, &content, &parser->previous, &PM_STRING_EMPTY);
+                    node = UP(pm_string_node_create_unescaped(parser, &opening, &content, &parser->previous, &PM_STRING_EMPTY));
                 }
 
                 node->location.end = opening.end;
@@ -18676,7 +18038,7 @@ parse_expression_prefix(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_binding_power_t binding_power, b
                 //
                 // parse_string_part handles its own errors, so there is no need
                 // for us to add one here.
-                node = (pm_node_t *) pm_missing_node_create(parser, parser->previous.start, parser->previous.end);
+                node = UP(pm_missing_node_create(parser, parser->previous.start, parser->previous.end));
             } else if (PM_NODE_TYPE_P(part, PM_STRING_NODE) && match2(parser, PM_TOKEN_HEREDOC_END, PM_TOKEN_EOF)) {
                 // If we get here, then the part that we parsed was plain string
                 // content and we're at the end of the heredoc, so we can return
@@ -18698,7 +18060,7 @@ parse_expression_prefix(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_binding_power_t binding_power, b
                     parse_heredoc_dedent_string(&cast->unescaped, common_whitespace);
                 }
 
-                node = (pm_node_t *) cast;
+                node = UP(cast);
                 expect1_heredoc_term(parser, lex_mode.ident_start, lex_mode.ident_length);
             } else {
                 // If we get here, then we have multiple parts in the heredoc,
@@ -18723,7 +18085,7 @@ parse_expression_prefix(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_binding_power_t binding_power, b
                     pm_interpolated_xstring_node_closing_set(cast, &parser->previous);
 
                     cast->base.location = cast->opening_loc;
-                    node = (pm_node_t *) cast;
+                    node = UP(cast);
                 } else {
                     pm_interpolated_string_node_t *cast = pm_interpolated_string_node_create(parser, &opening, &parts, &opening);
                     pm_node_list_free(&parts);
@@ -18732,7 +18094,7 @@ parse_expression_prefix(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_binding_power_t binding_power, b
                     pm_interpolated_string_node_closing_set(cast, &parser->previous);
 
                     cast->base.location = cast->opening_loc;
-                    node = (pm_node_t *) cast;
+                    node = UP(cast);
                 }
 
                 // If this is a heredoc that is indented with a ~, then we need
@@ -18757,7 +18119,7 @@ parse_expression_prefix(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_binding_power_t binding_power, b
         }
         case PM_TOKEN_INSTANCE_VARIABLE: {
             parser_lex(parser);
-            pm_node_t *node = (pm_node_t *) pm_instance_variable_read_node_create(parser, &parser->previous);
+            pm_node_t *node = UP(pm_instance_variable_read_node_create(parser, &parser->previous));
 
             if (binding_power == PM_BINDING_POWER_STATEMENT && match1(parser, PM_TOKEN_COMMA)) {
                 node = parse_targets_validate(parser, node, PM_BINDING_POWER_INDEX, (uint16_t) (depth + 1));
@@ -18768,32 +18130,32 @@ parse_expression_prefix(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_binding_power_t binding_power, b
         case PM_TOKEN_INTEGER: {
             pm_node_flags_t base = parser->integer_base;
             parser_lex(parser);
-            return (pm_node_t *) pm_integer_node_create(parser, base, &parser->previous);
+            return UP(pm_integer_node_create(parser, base, &parser->previous));
         }
         case PM_TOKEN_INTEGER_IMAGINARY: {
             pm_node_flags_t base = parser->integer_base;
             parser_lex(parser);
-            return (pm_node_t *) pm_integer_node_imaginary_create(parser, base, &parser->previous);
+            return UP(pm_integer_node_imaginary_create(parser, base, &parser->previous));
         }
         case PM_TOKEN_INTEGER_RATIONAL: {
             pm_node_flags_t base = parser->integer_base;
             parser_lex(parser);
-            return (pm_node_t *) pm_integer_node_rational_create(parser, base, &parser->previous);
+            return UP(pm_integer_node_rational_create(parser, base, &parser->previous));
         }
         case PM_TOKEN_INTEGER_RATIONAL_IMAGINARY: {
             pm_node_flags_t base = parser->integer_base;
             parser_lex(parser);
-            return (pm_node_t *) pm_integer_node_rational_imaginary_create(parser, base, &parser->previous);
+            return UP(pm_integer_node_rational_imaginary_create(parser, base, &parser->previous));
         }
         case PM_TOKEN_KEYWORD___ENCODING__:
             parser_lex(parser);
-            return (pm_node_t *) pm_source_encoding_node_create(parser, &parser->previous);
+            return UP(pm_source_encoding_node_create(parser, &parser->previous));
         case PM_TOKEN_KEYWORD___FILE__:
             parser_lex(parser);
-            return (pm_node_t *) pm_source_file_node_create(parser, &parser->previous);
+            return UP(pm_source_file_node_create(parser, &parser->previous));
         case PM_TOKEN_KEYWORD___LINE__:
             parser_lex(parser);
-            return (pm_node_t *) pm_source_line_node_create(parser, &parser->previous);
+            return UP(pm_source_line_node_create(parser, &parser->previous));
         case PM_TOKEN_KEYWORD_ALIAS: {
             if (binding_power != PM_BINDING_POWER_STATEMENT) {
                 pm_parser_err_current(parser, PM_ERR_STATEMENT_ALIAS);
@@ -18817,7 +18179,7 @@ parse_expression_prefix(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_binding_power_t binding_power, b
                         pm_parser_err_node(parser, old_name, PM_ERR_ALIAS_ARGUMENT);
                     }
 
-                    return (pm_node_t *) pm_alias_global_variable_node_create(parser, &keyword, new_name, old_name);
+                    return UP(pm_alias_global_variable_node_create(parser, &keyword, new_name, old_name));
                 }
                 case PM_SYMBOL_NODE:
                 case PM_INTERPOLATED_SYMBOL_NODE: {
@@ -18827,7 +18189,7 @@ parse_expression_prefix(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_binding_power_t binding_power, b
                 }
                 PRISM_FALLTHROUGH
                 default:
-                    return (pm_node_t *) pm_alias_method_node_create(parser, &keyword, new_name, old_name);
+                    return UP(pm_alias_method_node_create(parser, &keyword, new_name, old_name));
             }
         }
         case PM_TOKEN_KEYWORD_CASE: {
@@ -18860,7 +18222,7 @@ parse_expression_prefix(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_binding_power_t binding_power, b
                 pm_node_list_free(&current_block_exits);
 
                 pm_parser_err_token(parser, &case_keyword, PM_ERR_CASE_MISSING_CONDITIONS);
-                return (pm_node_t *) pm_case_node_create(parser, &case_keyword, predicate, &parser->previous);
+                return UP(pm_case_node_create(parser, &case_keyword, predicate, &parser->previous));
             }
 
             // At this point we can create a case node, though we don't yet know
@@ -18888,7 +18250,7 @@ parse_expression_prefix(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_binding_power_t binding_power, b
                             pm_node_t *expression = parse_value_expression(parser, PM_BINDING_POWER_DEFINED, false, false, PM_ERR_EXPECT_EXPRESSION_AFTER_STAR, (uint16_t) (depth + 1));
 
                             pm_splat_node_t *splat_node = pm_splat_node_create(parser, &operator, expression);
-                            pm_when_node_conditions_append(when_node, (pm_node_t *) splat_node);
+                            pm_when_node_conditions_append(when_node, UP(splat_node));
 
                             if (PM_NODE_TYPE_P(expression, PM_MISSING_NODE)) break;
                         } else {
@@ -18927,7 +18289,7 @@ parse_expression_prefix(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_binding_power_t binding_power, b
                         }
                     }
 
-                    pm_case_node_condition_append(case_node, (pm_node_t *) when_node);
+                    pm_case_node_condition_append(case_node, UP(when_node));
                 }
 
                 // If we didn't parse any conditions (in or when) then we need
@@ -18937,7 +18299,7 @@ parse_expression_prefix(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_binding_power_t binding_power, b
                 }
 
                 pm_static_literals_free(&literals);
-                node = (pm_node_t *) case_node;
+                node = UP(case_node);
             } else {
                 pm_case_match_node_t *case_node = pm_case_match_node_create(parser, &case_keyword, predicate, &end_keyword);
 
@@ -18974,11 +18336,11 @@ parse_expression_prefix(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_binding_power_t binding_power, b
                     if (accept1(parser, PM_TOKEN_KEYWORD_IF_MODIFIER)) {
                         pm_token_t keyword = parser->previous;
                         pm_node_t *predicate = parse_value_expression(parser, PM_BINDING_POWER_COMPOSITION, true, false, PM_ERR_CONDITIONAL_IF_PREDICATE, (uint16_t) (depth + 1));
-                        pattern = (pm_node_t *) pm_if_node_modifier_create(parser, pattern, &keyword, predicate);
+                        pattern = UP(pm_if_node_modifier_create(parser, pattern, &keyword, predicate));
                     } else if (accept1(parser, PM_TOKEN_KEYWORD_UNLESS_MODIFIER)) {
                         pm_token_t keyword = parser->previous;
                         pm_node_t *predicate = parse_value_expression(parser, PM_BINDING_POWER_COMPOSITION, true, false, PM_ERR_CONDITIONAL_UNLESS_PREDICATE, (uint16_t) (depth + 1));
-                        pattern = (pm_node_t *) pm_unless_node_modifier_create(parser, pattern, &keyword, predicate);
+                        pattern = UP(pm_unless_node_modifier_create(parser, pattern, &keyword, predicate));
                     }
 
                     // Now we need to check for the terminator of the in node's
@@ -19007,7 +18369,7 @@ parse_expression_prefix(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_binding_power_t binding_power, b
 
                     // Now that we have the full pattern and statements, we can
                     // create the node and attach it to the case node.
-                    pm_node_t *condition = (pm_node_t *) pm_in_node_create(parser, pattern, statements, &in_keyword, &then_keyword);
+                    pm_node_t *condition = UP(pm_in_node_create(parser, pattern, statements, &in_keyword, &then_keyword));
                     pm_case_match_node_condition_append(case_node, condition);
                 }
 
@@ -19017,7 +18379,7 @@ parse_expression_prefix(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_binding_power_t binding_power, b
                     pm_parser_err_token(parser, &case_keyword, PM_ERR_CASE_MISSING_CONDITIONS);
                 }
 
-                node = (pm_node_t *) case_node;
+                node = UP(case_node);
             }
 
             accept2(parser, PM_TOKEN_NEWLINE, PM_TOKEN_SEMICOLON);
@@ -19039,7 +18401,7 @@ parse_expression_prefix(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_binding_power_t binding_power, b
             }
 
             parser_warn_indentation_mismatch(parser, opening_newline_index, &case_keyword, false, false);
-            expect1(parser, PM_TOKEN_KEYWORD_END, PM_ERR_CASE_TERM);
+            expect1_opening(parser, PM_TOKEN_KEYWORD_END, PM_ERR_CASE_TERM, &case_keyword);
 
             if (PM_NODE_TYPE_P(node, PM_CASE_NODE)) {
                 pm_case_node_end_keyword_loc_set((pm_case_node_t *) node, &parser->previous);
@@ -19072,7 +18434,7 @@ parse_expression_prefix(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_binding_power_t binding_power, b
 
             pm_begin_node_t *begin_node = pm_begin_node_create(parser, &begin_keyword, begin_statements);
             parse_rescues(parser, opening_newline_index, &begin_keyword, begin_node, PM_RESCUES_BEGIN, (uint16_t) (depth + 1));
-            expect1(parser, PM_TOKEN_KEYWORD_END, PM_ERR_BEGIN_TERM);
+            expect1_opening(parser, PM_TOKEN_KEYWORD_END, PM_ERR_BEGIN_TERM, &begin_keyword);
 
             begin_node->base.location.end = parser->previous.end;
             pm_begin_node_end_keyword_set(begin_node, &parser->previous);
@@ -19080,7 +18442,7 @@ parse_expression_prefix(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_binding_power_t binding_power, b
             pop_block_exits(parser, previous_block_exits);
             pm_node_list_free(&current_block_exits);
 
-            return (pm_node_t *) begin_node;
+            return UP(begin_node);
         }
         case PM_TOKEN_KEYWORD_BEGIN_UPCASE: {
             pm_node_list_t current_block_exits = { 0 };
@@ -19097,7 +18459,7 @@ parse_expression_prefix(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_binding_power_t binding_power, b
             pm_token_t opening = parser->previous;
             pm_statements_node_t *statements = parse_statements(parser, PM_CONTEXT_PREEXE, (uint16_t) (depth + 1));
 
-            expect1(parser, PM_TOKEN_BRACE_RIGHT, PM_ERR_BEGIN_UPCASE_TERM);
+            expect1_opening(parser, PM_TOKEN_BRACE_RIGHT, PM_ERR_BEGIN_UPCASE_TERM, &opening);
             pm_context_t context = parser->current_context->context;
             if ((context != PM_CONTEXT_MAIN) && (context != PM_CONTEXT_PREEXE)) {
                 pm_parser_err_token(parser, &keyword, PM_ERR_BEGIN_UPCASE_TOPLEVEL);
@@ -19106,7 +18468,7 @@ parse_expression_prefix(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_binding_power_t binding_power, b
             flush_block_exits(parser, previous_block_exits);
             pm_node_list_free(&current_block_exits);
 
-            return (pm_node_t *) pm_pre_execution_node_create(parser, &keyword, &opening, statements, &parser->previous);
+            return UP(pm_pre_execution_node_create(parser, &keyword, &opening, statements, &parser->previous));
         }
         case PM_TOKEN_KEYWORD_BREAK:
         case PM_TOKEN_KEYWORD_NEXT:
@@ -19123,29 +18485,35 @@ parse_expression_prefix(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_binding_power_t binding_power, b
                 pm_binding_power_t binding_power = pm_binding_powers[parser->current.type].left;
 
                 if (binding_power == PM_BINDING_POWER_UNSET || binding_power >= PM_BINDING_POWER_RANGE) {
+                    pm_token_t next = parser->current;
                     parse_arguments(parser, &arguments, false, PM_TOKEN_EOF, (uint16_t) (depth + 1));
+
+                    // Reject `foo && return bar`.
+                    if (!accepts_command_call && arguments.arguments != NULL) {
+                        PM_PARSER_ERR_TOKEN_FORMAT(parser, next, PM_ERR_EXPECT_EOL_AFTER_STATEMENT, pm_token_type_human(next.type));
+                    }
                 }
             }
 
             switch (keyword.type) {
                 case PM_TOKEN_KEYWORD_BREAK: {
-                    pm_node_t *node = (pm_node_t *) pm_break_node_create(parser, &keyword, arguments.arguments);
+                    pm_node_t *node = UP(pm_break_node_create(parser, &keyword, arguments.arguments));
                     if (!parser->partial_script) parse_block_exit(parser, node);
                     return node;
                 }
                 case PM_TOKEN_KEYWORD_NEXT: {
-                    pm_node_t *node = (pm_node_t *) pm_next_node_create(parser, &keyword, arguments.arguments);
+                    pm_node_t *node = UP(pm_next_node_create(parser, &keyword, arguments.arguments));
                     if (!parser->partial_script) parse_block_exit(parser, node);
                     return node;
                 }
                 case PM_TOKEN_KEYWORD_RETURN: {
-                    pm_node_t *node = (pm_node_t *) pm_return_node_create(parser, &keyword, arguments.arguments);
+                    pm_node_t *node = UP(pm_return_node_create(parser, &keyword, arguments.arguments));
                     parse_return(parser, node);
                     return node;
                 }
                 default:
                     assert(false && "unreachable");
-                    return (pm_node_t *) pm_missing_node_create(parser, parser->previous.start, parser->previous.end);
+                    return UP(pm_missing_node_create(parser, parser->previous.start, parser->previous.end));
             }
         }
         case PM_TOKEN_KEYWORD_SUPER: {
@@ -19160,10 +18528,10 @@ parse_expression_prefix(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_binding_power_t binding_power, b
                 arguments.arguments == NULL &&
                 ((arguments.block == NULL) || PM_NODE_TYPE_P(arguments.block, PM_BLOCK_NODE))
             ) {
-                return (pm_node_t *) pm_forwarding_super_node_create(parser, &keyword, &arguments);
+                return UP(pm_forwarding_super_node_create(parser, &keyword, &arguments));
             }
 
-            return (pm_node_t *) pm_super_node_create(parser, &keyword, &arguments);
+            return UP(pm_super_node_create(parser, &keyword, &arguments));
         }
         case PM_TOKEN_KEYWORD_YIELD: {
             parser_lex(parser);
@@ -19178,11 +18546,12 @@ parse_expression_prefix(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_binding_power_t binding_power, b
             // yield node.
             if (arguments.block != NULL) {
                 pm_parser_err_node(parser, arguments.block, PM_ERR_UNEXPECTED_BLOCK_ARGUMENT);
+                pm_node_unreference(parser, arguments.block);
                 pm_node_destroy(parser, arguments.block);
                 arguments.block = NULL;
             }
 
-            pm_node_t *node = (pm_node_t *) pm_yield_node_create(parser, &keyword, &arguments.opening_loc, arguments.arguments, &arguments.closing_loc);
+            pm_node_t *node = UP(pm_yield_node_create(parser, &keyword, &arguments.opening_loc, arguments.arguments, &arguments.closing_loc));
             if (!parser->parsing_eval && !parser->partial_script) parse_yield(parser, node);
 
             return node;
@@ -19209,18 +18578,18 @@ parse_expression_prefix(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_binding_power_t binding_power, b
                 pm_node_t *statements = NULL;
                 if (!match4(parser, PM_TOKEN_KEYWORD_RESCUE, PM_TOKEN_KEYWORD_ENSURE, PM_TOKEN_KEYWORD_ELSE, PM_TOKEN_KEYWORD_END)) {
                     pm_accepts_block_stack_push(parser, true);
-                    statements = (pm_node_t *) parse_statements(parser, PM_CONTEXT_SCLASS, (uint16_t) (depth + 1));
+                    statements = UP(parse_statements(parser, PM_CONTEXT_SCLASS, (uint16_t) (depth + 1)));
                     pm_accepts_block_stack_pop(parser);
                 }
 
                 if (match2(parser, PM_TOKEN_KEYWORD_RESCUE, PM_TOKEN_KEYWORD_ENSURE)) {
                     assert(statements == NULL || PM_NODE_TYPE_P(statements, PM_STATEMENTS_NODE));
-                    statements = (pm_node_t *) parse_rescues_implicit_begin(parser, opening_newline_index, &class_keyword, class_keyword.start, (pm_statements_node_t *) statements, PM_RESCUES_SCLASS, (uint16_t) (depth + 1));
+                    statements = UP(parse_rescues_implicit_begin(parser, opening_newline_index, &class_keyword, class_keyword.start, (pm_statements_node_t *) statements, PM_RESCUES_SCLASS, (uint16_t) (depth + 1)));
                 } else {
                     parser_warn_indentation_mismatch(parser, opening_newline_index, &class_keyword, false, false);
                 }
 
-                expect1(parser, PM_TOKEN_KEYWORD_END, PM_ERR_CLASS_TERM);
+                expect1_opening(parser, PM_TOKEN_KEYWORD_END, PM_ERR_CLASS_TERM, &class_keyword);
 
                 pm_constant_id_list_t locals;
                 pm_locals_order(parser, &parser->current_scope->locals, &locals, false);
@@ -19231,7 +18600,7 @@ parse_expression_prefix(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_binding_power_t binding_power, b
                 flush_block_exits(parser, previous_block_exits);
                 pm_node_list_free(&current_block_exits);
 
-                return (pm_node_t *) pm_singleton_class_node_create(parser, &locals, &class_keyword, &operator, expression, statements, &parser->previous);
+                return UP(pm_singleton_class_node_create(parser, &locals, &class_keyword, &operator, expression, statements, &parser->previous));
             }
 
             pm_node_t *constant_path = parse_expression(parser, PM_BINDING_POWER_INDEX, false, false, PM_ERR_CLASS_NAME, (uint16_t) (depth + 1));
@@ -19267,18 +18636,18 @@ parse_expression_prefix(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_binding_power_t binding_power, b
 
             if (!match4(parser, PM_TOKEN_KEYWORD_RESCUE, PM_TOKEN_KEYWORD_ENSURE, PM_TOKEN_KEYWORD_ELSE, PM_TOKEN_KEYWORD_END)) {
                 pm_accepts_block_stack_push(parser, true);
-                statements = (pm_node_t *) parse_statements(parser, PM_CONTEXT_CLASS, (uint16_t) (depth + 1));
+                statements = UP(parse_statements(parser, PM_CONTEXT_CLASS, (uint16_t) (depth + 1)));
                 pm_accepts_block_stack_pop(parser);
             }
 
             if (match2(parser, PM_TOKEN_KEYWORD_RESCUE, PM_TOKEN_KEYWORD_ENSURE)) {
                 assert(statements == NULL || PM_NODE_TYPE_P(statements, PM_STATEMENTS_NODE));
-                statements = (pm_node_t *) parse_rescues_implicit_begin(parser, opening_newline_index, &class_keyword, class_keyword.start, (pm_statements_node_t *) statements, PM_RESCUES_CLASS, (uint16_t) (depth + 1));
+                statements = UP(parse_rescues_implicit_begin(parser, opening_newline_index, &class_keyword, class_keyword.start, (pm_statements_node_t *) statements, PM_RESCUES_CLASS, (uint16_t) (depth + 1)));
             } else {
                 parser_warn_indentation_mismatch(parser, opening_newline_index, &class_keyword, false, false);
             }
 
-            expect1(parser, PM_TOKEN_KEYWORD_END, PM_ERR_CLASS_TERM);
+            expect1_opening(parser, PM_TOKEN_KEYWORD_END, PM_ERR_CLASS_TERM, &class_keyword);
 
             if (context_def_p(parser)) {
                 pm_parser_err_token(parser, &class_keyword, PM_ERR_CLASS_IN_METHOD);
@@ -19297,7 +18666,7 @@ parse_expression_prefix(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_binding_power_t binding_power, b
             pop_block_exits(parser, previous_block_exits);
             pm_node_list_free(&current_block_exits);
 
-            return (pm_node_t *) pm_class_node_create(parser, &locals, &class_keyword, constant_path, &name, &inheritance_operator, superclass, statements, &parser->previous);
+            return UP(pm_class_node_create(parser, &locals, &class_keyword, constant_path, &name, &inheritance_operator, superclass, statements, &parser->previous));
         }
         case PM_TOKEN_KEYWORD_DEF: {
             pm_node_list_t current_block_exits = { 0 };
@@ -19374,37 +18743,37 @@ parse_expression_prefix(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_binding_power_t binding_power, b
 
                         switch (identifier.type) {
                             case PM_TOKEN_CONSTANT:
-                                receiver = (pm_node_t *) pm_constant_read_node_create(parser, &identifier);
+                                receiver = UP(pm_constant_read_node_create(parser, &identifier));
                                 break;
                             case PM_TOKEN_INSTANCE_VARIABLE:
-                                receiver = (pm_node_t *) pm_instance_variable_read_node_create(parser, &identifier);
+                                receiver = UP(pm_instance_variable_read_node_create(parser, &identifier));
                                 break;
                             case PM_TOKEN_CLASS_VARIABLE:
-                                receiver = (pm_node_t *) pm_class_variable_read_node_create(parser, &identifier);
+                                receiver = UP(pm_class_variable_read_node_create(parser, &identifier));
                                 break;
                             case PM_TOKEN_GLOBAL_VARIABLE:
-                                receiver = (pm_node_t *) pm_global_variable_read_node_create(parser, &identifier);
+                                receiver = UP(pm_global_variable_read_node_create(parser, &identifier));
                                 break;
                             case PM_TOKEN_KEYWORD_NIL:
-                                receiver = (pm_node_t *) pm_nil_node_create(parser, &identifier);
+                                receiver = UP(pm_nil_node_create(parser, &identifier));
                                 break;
                             case PM_TOKEN_KEYWORD_SELF:
-                                receiver = (pm_node_t *) pm_self_node_create(parser, &identifier);
+                                receiver = UP(pm_self_node_create(parser, &identifier));
                                 break;
                             case PM_TOKEN_KEYWORD_TRUE:
-                                receiver = (pm_node_t *) pm_true_node_create(parser, &identifier);
+                                receiver = UP(pm_true_node_create(parser, &identifier));
                                 break;
                             case PM_TOKEN_KEYWORD_FALSE:
-                                receiver = (pm_node_t *) pm_false_node_create(parser, &identifier);
+                                receiver = UP(pm_false_node_create(parser, &identifier));
                                 break;
                             case PM_TOKEN_KEYWORD___FILE__:
-                                receiver = (pm_node_t *) pm_source_file_node_create(parser, &identifier);
+                                receiver = UP(pm_source_file_node_create(parser, &identifier));
                                 break;
                             case PM_TOKEN_KEYWORD___LINE__:
-                                receiver = (pm_node_t *) pm_source_line_node_create(parser, &identifier);
+                                receiver = UP(pm_source_line_node_create(parser, &identifier));
                                 break;
                             case PM_TOKEN_KEYWORD___ENCODING__:
-                                receiver = (pm_node_t *) pm_source_encoding_node_create(parser, &identifier);
+                                receiver = UP(pm_source_encoding_node_create(parser, &identifier));
                                 break;
                             default:
                                 break;
@@ -19439,7 +18808,7 @@ parse_expression_prefix(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_binding_power_t binding_power, b
                     expect2(parser, PM_TOKEN_DOT, PM_TOKEN_COLON_COLON, PM_ERR_DEF_RECEIVER_TERM);
 
                     operator = parser->previous;
-                    receiver = (pm_node_t *) pm_parentheses_node_create(parser, &lparen, expression, &rparen, 0);
+                    receiver = UP(pm_parentheses_node_create(parser, &lparen, expression, &rparen, 0));
 
                     // To push `PM_CONTEXT_DEF_PARAMS` again is for the same
                     // reason as described the above.
@@ -19458,6 +18827,7 @@ parse_expression_prefix(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_binding_power_t binding_power, b
             pm_token_t rparen;
             pm_parameters_node_t *params;
 
+            bool accept_endless_def = true;
             switch (parser->current.type) {
                 case PM_TOKEN_PARENTHESIS_LEFT: {
                     parser_lex(parser);
@@ -19493,6 +18863,10 @@ parse_expression_prefix(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_binding_power_t binding_power, b
                     rparen = not_provided(parser);
                     params = parse_parameters(parser, PM_BINDING_POWER_DEFINED, false, false, true, true, false, (uint16_t) (depth + 1));
 
+                    // Reject `def * = 1` and similar. We have to specifically check
+                    // for them because they create ambiguity with optional arguments.
+                    accept_endless_def = false;
+
                     context_pop(parser);
                     break;
                 }
@@ -19514,13 +18888,30 @@ parse_expression_prefix(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_binding_power_t binding_power, b
                 if (token_is_setter_name(&name)) {
                     pm_parser_err_token(parser, &name, PM_ERR_DEF_ENDLESS_SETTER);
                 }
+                if (!accept_endless_def) {
+                    pm_parser_err_previous(parser, PM_ERR_DEF_ENDLESS_PARAMETERS);
+                }
+                if (
+                    parser->current_context->context == PM_CONTEXT_DEFAULT_PARAMS &&
+                    parser->current_context->prev->context == PM_CONTEXT_BLOCK_PARAMETERS
+                ) {
+                    PM_PARSER_ERR_FORMAT(parser, def_keyword.start, parser->previous.end, PM_ERR_UNEXPECTED_PARAMETER_DEFAULT_VALUE, "endless method definition");
+                }
                 equal = parser->previous;
 
                 context_push(parser, PM_CONTEXT_DEF);
                 pm_do_loop_stack_push(parser, false);
-                statements = (pm_node_t *) pm_statements_node_create(parser);
+                statements = UP(pm_statements_node_create(parser));
+
+                bool allow_command_call;
+                if (parser->version >= PM_OPTIONS_VERSION_CRUBY_4_0) {
+                    allow_command_call = accepts_command_call;
+                } else {
+                    // Allow `def foo = puts "Hello"` but not `private def foo = puts "Hello"`
+                    allow_command_call = binding_power == PM_BINDING_POWER_ASSIGNMENT || binding_power < PM_BINDING_POWER_COMPOSITION;
+                }
 
-                pm_node_t *statement = parse_expression(parser, PM_BINDING_POWER_DEFINED + 1, binding_power < PM_BINDING_POWER_COMPOSITION, false, PM_ERR_DEF_ENDLESS, (uint16_t) (depth + 1));
+                pm_node_t *statement = parse_expression(parser, PM_BINDING_POWER_DEFINED + 1, allow_command_call, false, PM_ERR_DEF_ENDLESS, (uint16_t) (depth + 1));
 
                 if (accept1(parser, PM_TOKEN_KEYWORD_RESCUE_MODIFIER)) {
                     context_push(parser, PM_CONTEXT_RESCUE_MODIFIER);
@@ -19529,7 +18920,7 @@ parse_expression_prefix(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_binding_power_t binding_power, b
                     pm_node_t *value = parse_expression(parser, pm_binding_powers[PM_TOKEN_KEYWORD_RESCUE_MODIFIER].right, false, false, PM_ERR_RESCUE_MODIFIER_VALUE, (uint16_t) (depth + 1));
                     context_pop(parser);
 
-                    statement = (pm_node_t *) pm_rescue_modifier_node_create(parser, statement, &rescue_keyword, value);
+                    statement = UP(pm_rescue_modifier_node_create(parser, statement, &rescue_keyword, value));
                 }
 
                 pm_statements_node_body_append(parser, (pm_statements_node_t *) statements, statement, false);
@@ -19552,13 +18943,13 @@ parse_expression_prefix(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_binding_power_t binding_power, b
 
                 if (!match4(parser, PM_TOKEN_KEYWORD_RESCUE, PM_TOKEN_KEYWORD_ENSURE, PM_TOKEN_KEYWORD_ELSE, PM_TOKEN_KEYWORD_END)) {
                     pm_accepts_block_stack_push(parser, true);
-                    statements = (pm_node_t *) parse_statements(parser, PM_CONTEXT_DEF, (uint16_t) (depth + 1));
+                    statements = UP(parse_statements(parser, PM_CONTEXT_DEF, (uint16_t) (depth + 1)));
                     pm_accepts_block_stack_pop(parser);
                 }
 
                 if (match3(parser, PM_TOKEN_KEYWORD_RESCUE, PM_TOKEN_KEYWORD_ENSURE, PM_TOKEN_KEYWORD_ELSE)) {
                     assert(statements == NULL || PM_NODE_TYPE_P(statements, PM_STATEMENTS_NODE));
-                    statements = (pm_node_t *) parse_rescues_implicit_begin(parser, opening_newline_index, &def_keyword, def_keyword.start, (pm_statements_node_t *) statements, PM_RESCUES_DEF, (uint16_t) (depth + 1));
+                    statements = UP(parse_rescues_implicit_begin(parser, opening_newline_index, &def_keyword, def_keyword.start, (pm_statements_node_t *) statements, PM_RESCUES_DEF, (uint16_t) (depth + 1)));
                 } else {
                     parser_warn_indentation_mismatch(parser, opening_newline_index, &def_keyword, false, false);
                 }
@@ -19566,7 +18957,7 @@ parse_expression_prefix(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_binding_power_t binding_power, b
                 pm_accepts_block_stack_pop(parser);
                 pm_do_loop_stack_pop(parser);
 
-                expect1(parser, PM_TOKEN_KEYWORD_END, PM_ERR_DEF_TERM);
+                expect1_opening(parser, PM_TOKEN_KEYWORD_END, PM_ERR_DEF_TERM, &def_keyword);
                 end_keyword = parser->previous;
             }
 
@@ -19575,7 +18966,7 @@ parse_expression_prefix(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_binding_power_t binding_power, b
             pm_parser_scope_pop(parser);
 
             /**
-             * If the final character is @. As is the case when defining
+             * If the final character is `@` as is the case when defining
              * methods to override the unary operators, we should ignore
              * the @ in the same way we do for symbols.
              */
@@ -19584,7 +18975,7 @@ parse_expression_prefix(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_binding_power_t binding_power, b
             flush_block_exits(parser, previous_block_exits);
             pm_node_list_free(&current_block_exits);
 
-            return (pm_node_t *) pm_def_node_create(
+            return UP(pm_def_node_create(
                 parser,
                 name_id,
                 &name,
@@ -19598,7 +18989,7 @@ parse_expression_prefix(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_binding_power_t binding_power, b
                 &rparen,
                 &equal,
                 &end_keyword
-            );
+            ));
         }
         case PM_TOKEN_KEYWORD_DEFINED: {
             parser_lex(parser);
@@ -19615,7 +19006,7 @@ parse_expression_prefix(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_binding_power_t binding_power, b
                 lparen = parser->previous;
 
                 if (newline && accept1(parser, PM_TOKEN_PARENTHESIS_RIGHT)) {
-                    expression = (pm_node_t *) pm_parentheses_node_create(parser, &lparen, NULL, &parser->previous, 0);
+                    expression = UP(pm_parentheses_node_create(parser, &lparen, NULL, &parser->previous, 0));
                     lparen = not_provided(parser);
                     rparen = not_provided(parser);
                 } else {
@@ -19636,13 +19027,13 @@ parse_expression_prefix(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_binding_power_t binding_power, b
             }
 
             context_pop(parser);
-            return (pm_node_t *) pm_defined_node_create(
+            return UP(pm_defined_node_create(
                 parser,
                 &lparen,
                 expression,
                 &rparen,
-                &PM_LOCATION_TOKEN_VALUE(&keyword)
-            );
+                &keyword
+            ));
         }
         case PM_TOKEN_KEYWORD_END_UPCASE: {
             if (binding_power != PM_BINDING_POWER_STATEMENT) {
@@ -19660,12 +19051,12 @@ parse_expression_prefix(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_binding_power_t binding_power, b
             pm_token_t opening = parser->previous;
             pm_statements_node_t *statements = parse_statements(parser, PM_CONTEXT_POSTEXE, (uint16_t) (depth + 1));
 
-            expect1(parser, PM_TOKEN_BRACE_RIGHT, PM_ERR_END_UPCASE_TERM);
-            return (pm_node_t *) pm_post_execution_node_create(parser, &keyword, &opening, statements, &parser->previous);
+            expect1_opening(parser, PM_TOKEN_BRACE_RIGHT, PM_ERR_END_UPCASE_TERM, &opening);
+            return UP(pm_post_execution_node_create(parser, &keyword, &opening, statements, &parser->previous));
         }
         case PM_TOKEN_KEYWORD_FALSE:
             parser_lex(parser);
-            return (pm_node_t *) pm_false_node_create(parser, &parser->previous);
+            return UP(pm_false_node_create(parser, &parser->previous));
         case PM_TOKEN_KEYWORD_FOR: {
             size_t opening_newline_index = token_newline_index(parser);
             parser_lex(parser);
@@ -19684,12 +19075,12 @@ parse_expression_prefix(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_binding_power_t binding_power, b
                     name = parse_expression(parser, PM_BINDING_POWER_INDEX, false, false, PM_ERR_EXPECT_EXPRESSION_AFTER_STAR, (uint16_t) (depth + 1));
                 }
 
-                index = (pm_node_t *) pm_splat_node_create(parser, &star_operator, name);
+                index = UP(pm_splat_node_create(parser, &star_operator, name));
             } else if (token_begins_expression_p(parser->current.type)) {
                 index = parse_expression(parser, PM_BINDING_POWER_INDEX, false, false, PM_ERR_EXPECT_EXPRESSION_AFTER_COMMA, (uint16_t) (depth + 1));
             } else {
                 pm_parser_err_token(parser, &for_keyword, PM_ERR_FOR_INDEX);
-                index = (pm_node_t *) pm_missing_node_create(parser, for_keyword.start, for_keyword.end);
+                index = UP(pm_missing_node_create(parser, for_keyword.start, for_keyword.end));
             }
 
             // Now, if there are multiple index expressions, parse them out.
@@ -19724,9 +19115,9 @@ parse_expression_prefix(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_binding_power_t binding_power, b
             }
 
             parser_warn_indentation_mismatch(parser, opening_newline_index, &for_keyword, false, false);
-            expect1(parser, PM_TOKEN_KEYWORD_END, PM_ERR_FOR_TERM);
+            expect1_opening(parser, PM_TOKEN_KEYWORD_END, PM_ERR_FOR_TERM, &for_keyword);
 
-            return (pm_node_t *) pm_for_node_create(parser, index, collection, statements, &for_keyword, &in_keyword, &do_keyword, &parser->previous);
+            return UP(pm_for_node_create(parser, index, collection, statements, &for_keyword, &in_keyword, &do_keyword, &parser->previous));
         }
         case PM_TOKEN_KEYWORD_IF:
             if (parser_end_of_line_p(parser)) {
@@ -19766,7 +19157,7 @@ parse_expression_prefix(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_binding_power_t binding_power, b
                 }
             }
 
-            return (pm_node_t *) undef;
+            return UP(undef);
         }
         case PM_TOKEN_KEYWORD_NOT: {
             parser_lex(parser);
@@ -19775,13 +19166,27 @@ parse_expression_prefix(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_binding_power_t binding_power, b
             pm_arguments_t arguments = { 0 };
             pm_node_t *receiver = NULL;
 
+            // If we do not accept a command call, then we also do not accept a
+            // not without parentheses. In this case we need to reject this
+            // syntax.
+            if (!accepts_command_call && !match1(parser, PM_TOKEN_PARENTHESIS_LEFT)) {
+                if (match1(parser, PM_TOKEN_PARENTHESIS_LEFT_PARENTHESES)) {
+                    pm_parser_err(parser, parser->previous.end, parser->previous.end + 1, PM_ERR_EXPECT_LPAREN_AFTER_NOT_LPAREN);
+                } else {
+                    accept1(parser, PM_TOKEN_NEWLINE);
+                    pm_parser_err_current(parser, PM_ERR_EXPECT_LPAREN_AFTER_NOT_OTHER);
+                }
+
+                return UP(pm_missing_node_create(parser, parser->current.start, parser->current.end));
+            }
+
             accept1(parser, PM_TOKEN_NEWLINE);
 
             if (accept1(parser, PM_TOKEN_PARENTHESIS_LEFT)) {
                 pm_token_t lparen = parser->previous;
 
                 if (accept1(parser, PM_TOKEN_PARENTHESIS_RIGHT)) {
-                    receiver = (pm_node_t *) pm_parentheses_node_create(parser, &lparen, NULL, &parser->previous, 0);
+                    receiver = UP(pm_parentheses_node_create(parser, &lparen, NULL, &parser->previous, 0));
                 } else {
                     arguments.opening_loc = PM_LOCATION_TOKEN_VALUE(&lparen);
                     receiver = parse_expression(parser, PM_BINDING_POWER_COMPOSITION, true, false, PM_ERR_NOT_EXPRESSION, (uint16_t) (depth + 1));
@@ -19796,7 +19201,7 @@ parse_expression_prefix(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_binding_power_t binding_power, b
                 receiver = parse_expression(parser, PM_BINDING_POWER_NOT, true, false, PM_ERR_NOT_EXPRESSION, (uint16_t) (depth + 1));
             }
 
-            return (pm_node_t *) pm_call_node_not_create(parser, receiver, &message, &arguments);
+            return UP(pm_call_node_not_create(parser, receiver, &message, &arguments));
         }
         case PM_TOKEN_KEYWORD_UNLESS: {
             size_t opening_newline_index = token_newline_index(parser);
@@ -19822,14 +19227,14 @@ parse_expression_prefix(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_binding_power_t binding_power, b
                 pm_node_list_free(&current_block_exits);
 
                 pm_token_t missing = (pm_token_t) { .type = PM_TOKEN_MISSING, .start = parser->previous.end, .end = parser->previous.end };
-                return (pm_node_t *) pm_module_node_create(parser, NULL, &module_keyword, constant_path, &missing, NULL, &missing);
+                return UP(pm_module_node_create(parser, NULL, &module_keyword, constant_path, &missing, NULL, &missing));
             }
 
             while (accept1(parser, PM_TOKEN_COLON_COLON)) {
                 pm_token_t double_colon = parser->previous;
 
                 expect1(parser, PM_TOKEN_CONSTANT, PM_ERR_CONSTANT_PATH_COLON_COLON_CONSTANT);
-                constant_path = (pm_node_t *) pm_constant_path_node_create(parser, constant_path, &double_colon, &parser->previous);
+                constant_path = UP(pm_constant_path_node_create(parser, constant_path, &double_colon, &parser->previous));
             }
 
             // Here we retrieve the name of the module. If it wasn't a constant,
@@ -19846,13 +19251,13 @@ parse_expression_prefix(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_binding_power_t binding_power, b
 
             if (!match4(parser, PM_TOKEN_KEYWORD_RESCUE, PM_TOKEN_KEYWORD_ENSURE, PM_TOKEN_KEYWORD_ELSE, PM_TOKEN_KEYWORD_END)) {
                 pm_accepts_block_stack_push(parser, true);
-                statements = (pm_node_t *) parse_statements(parser, PM_CONTEXT_MODULE, (uint16_t) (depth + 1));
+                statements = UP(parse_statements(parser, PM_CONTEXT_MODULE, (uint16_t) (depth + 1)));
                 pm_accepts_block_stack_pop(parser);
             }
 
             if (match3(parser, PM_TOKEN_KEYWORD_RESCUE, PM_TOKEN_KEYWORD_ENSURE, PM_TOKEN_KEYWORD_ELSE)) {
                 assert(statements == NULL || PM_NODE_TYPE_P(statements, PM_STATEMENTS_NODE));
-                statements = (pm_node_t *) parse_rescues_implicit_begin(parser, opening_newline_index, &module_keyword, module_keyword.start, (pm_statements_node_t *) statements, PM_RESCUES_MODULE, (uint16_t) (depth + 1));
+                statements = UP(parse_rescues_implicit_begin(parser, opening_newline_index, &module_keyword, module_keyword.start, (pm_statements_node_t *) statements, PM_RESCUES_MODULE, (uint16_t) (depth + 1)));
             } else {
                 parser_warn_indentation_mismatch(parser, opening_newline_index, &module_keyword, false, false);
             }
@@ -19861,7 +19266,7 @@ parse_expression_prefix(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_binding_power_t binding_power, b
             pm_locals_order(parser, &parser->current_scope->locals, &locals, false);
 
             pm_parser_scope_pop(parser);
-            expect1(parser, PM_TOKEN_KEYWORD_END, PM_ERR_MODULE_TERM);
+            expect1_opening(parser, PM_TOKEN_KEYWORD_END, PM_ERR_MODULE_TERM, &module_keyword);
 
             if (context_def_p(parser)) {
                 pm_parser_err_token(parser, &module_keyword, PM_ERR_MODULE_IN_METHOD);
@@ -19870,15 +19275,15 @@ parse_expression_prefix(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_binding_power_t binding_power, b
             pop_block_exits(parser, previous_block_exits);
             pm_node_list_free(&current_block_exits);
 
-            return (pm_node_t *) pm_module_node_create(parser, &locals, &module_keyword, constant_path, &name, statements, &parser->previous);
+            return UP(pm_module_node_create(parser, &locals, &module_keyword, constant_path, &name, statements, &parser->previous));
         }
         case PM_TOKEN_KEYWORD_NIL:
             parser_lex(parser);
-            return (pm_node_t *) pm_nil_node_create(parser, &parser->previous);
+            return UP(pm_nil_node_create(parser, &parser->previous));
         case PM_TOKEN_KEYWORD_REDO: {
             parser_lex(parser);
 
-            pm_node_t *node = (pm_node_t *) pm_redo_node_create(parser, &parser->previous);
+            pm_node_t *node = UP(pm_redo_node_create(parser, &parser->previous));
             if (!parser->partial_script) parse_block_exit(parser, node);
 
             return node;
@@ -19886,17 +19291,17 @@ parse_expression_prefix(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_binding_power_t binding_power, b
         case PM_TOKEN_KEYWORD_RETRY: {
             parser_lex(parser);
 
-            pm_node_t *node = (pm_node_t *) pm_retry_node_create(parser, &parser->previous);
+            pm_node_t *node = UP(pm_retry_node_create(parser, &parser->previous));
             parse_retry(parser, node);
 
             return node;
         }
         case PM_TOKEN_KEYWORD_SELF:
             parser_lex(parser);
-            return (pm_node_t *) pm_self_node_create(parser, &parser->previous);
+            return UP(pm_self_node_create(parser, &parser->previous));
         case PM_TOKEN_KEYWORD_TRUE:
             parser_lex(parser);
-            return (pm_node_t *) pm_true_node_create(parser, &parser->previous);
+            return UP(pm_true_node_create(parser, &parser->previous));
         case PM_TOKEN_KEYWORD_UNTIL: {
             size_t opening_newline_index = token_newline_index(parser);
 
@@ -19927,9 +19332,9 @@ parse_expression_prefix(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_binding_power_t binding_power, b
             }
 
             parser_warn_indentation_mismatch(parser, opening_newline_index, &keyword, false, false);
-            expect1(parser, PM_TOKEN_KEYWORD_END, PM_ERR_UNTIL_TERM);
+            expect1_opening(parser, PM_TOKEN_KEYWORD_END, PM_ERR_UNTIL_TERM, &keyword);
 
-            return (pm_node_t *) pm_until_node_create(parser, &keyword, &do_keyword, &parser->previous, predicate, statements, 0);
+            return UP(pm_until_node_create(parser, &keyword, &do_keyword, &parser->previous, predicate, statements, 0));
         }
         case PM_TOKEN_KEYWORD_WHILE: {
             size_t opening_newline_index = token_newline_index(parser);
@@ -19961,26 +19366,60 @@ parse_expression_prefix(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_binding_power_t binding_power, b
             }
 
             parser_warn_indentation_mismatch(parser, opening_newline_index, &keyword, false, false);
-            expect1(parser, PM_TOKEN_KEYWORD_END, PM_ERR_WHILE_TERM);
+            expect1_opening(parser, PM_TOKEN_KEYWORD_END, PM_ERR_WHILE_TERM, &keyword);
 
-            return (pm_node_t *) pm_while_node_create(parser, &keyword, &do_keyword, &parser->previous, predicate, statements, 0);
+            return UP(pm_while_node_create(parser, &keyword, &do_keyword, &parser->previous, predicate, statements, 0));
         }
         case PM_TOKEN_PERCENT_LOWER_I: {
             parser_lex(parser);
             pm_token_t opening = parser->previous;
             pm_array_node_t *array = pm_array_node_create(parser, &opening);
+            pm_node_t *current = NULL;
 
             while (!match2(parser, PM_TOKEN_STRING_END, PM_TOKEN_EOF)) {
                 accept1(parser, PM_TOKEN_WORDS_SEP);
                 if (match1(parser, PM_TOKEN_STRING_END)) break;
 
-                if (match1(parser, PM_TOKEN_STRING_CONTENT)) {
+                // Interpolation is not possible but nested heredocs can still lead to
+                // consecutive (disjoint) string tokens when the final newline is escaped.
+                while (match1(parser, PM_TOKEN_STRING_CONTENT)) {
                     pm_token_t opening = not_provided(parser);
                     pm_token_t closing = not_provided(parser);
-                    pm_array_node_elements_append(array, (pm_node_t *) pm_symbol_node_create_current_string(parser, &opening, &parser->current, &closing));
+
+                    // Record the string node, moving to interpolation if needed.
+                    if (current == NULL) {
+                        current = UP(pm_symbol_node_create_current_string(parser, &opening, &parser->current, &closing));
+                        parser_lex(parser);
+                    } else if (PM_NODE_TYPE_P(current, PM_INTERPOLATED_SYMBOL_NODE)) {
+                        pm_node_t *string = UP(pm_string_node_create_current_string(parser, &opening, &parser->current, &closing));
+                        parser_lex(parser);
+                        pm_interpolated_symbol_node_append((pm_interpolated_symbol_node_t *) current, string);
+                    } else if (PM_NODE_TYPE_P(current, PM_SYMBOL_NODE)) {
+                        pm_symbol_node_t *cast = (pm_symbol_node_t *) current;
+                        pm_token_t bounds = not_provided(parser);
+
+                        pm_token_t content = { .type = PM_TOKEN_STRING_CONTENT, .start = cast->value_loc.start, .end = cast->value_loc.end };
+                        pm_node_t *first_string = UP(pm_string_node_create_unescaped(parser, &bounds, &content, &bounds, &cast->unescaped));
+                        pm_node_t *second_string = UP(pm_string_node_create_current_string(parser, &opening, &parser->previous, &closing));
+                        parser_lex(parser);
+
+                        pm_interpolated_symbol_node_t *interpolated = pm_interpolated_symbol_node_create(parser, &opening, NULL, &closing);
+                        pm_interpolated_symbol_node_append(interpolated, first_string);
+                        pm_interpolated_symbol_node_append(interpolated, second_string);
+
+                        xfree(current);
+                        current = UP(interpolated);
+                    } else {
+                        assert(false && "unreachable");
+                    }
                 }
 
-                expect1(parser, PM_TOKEN_STRING_CONTENT, PM_ERR_LIST_I_LOWER_ELEMENT);
+                if (current) {
+                    pm_array_node_elements_append(array, current);
+                    current = NULL;
+                } else {
+                    expect1(parser, PM_TOKEN_STRING_CONTENT, PM_ERR_LIST_I_LOWER_ELEMENT);
+                }
             }
 
             pm_token_t closing = parser->current;
@@ -19992,7 +19431,7 @@ parse_expression_prefix(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_binding_power_t binding_power, b
             }
             pm_array_node_close_set(array, &closing);
 
-            return (pm_node_t *) array;
+            return UP(array);
         }
         case PM_TOKEN_PERCENT_UPPER_I: {
             parser_lex(parser);
@@ -20027,13 +19466,13 @@ parse_expression_prefix(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_binding_power_t binding_power, b
                             // If we hit content and the current node is NULL, then this is
                             // the first string content we've seen. In that case we're going
                             // to create a new string node and set that to the current.
-                            current = (pm_node_t *) pm_symbol_node_create_current_string(parser, &opening, &parser->current, &closing);
+                            current = UP(pm_symbol_node_create_current_string(parser, &opening, &parser->current, &closing));
                             parser_lex(parser);
                         } else if (PM_NODE_TYPE_P(current, PM_INTERPOLATED_SYMBOL_NODE)) {
                             // If we hit string content and the current node is an
                             // interpolated string, then we need to append the string content
                             // to the list of child nodes.
-                            pm_node_t *string = (pm_node_t *) pm_string_node_create_current_string(parser, &opening, &parser->current, &closing);
+                            pm_node_t *string = UP(pm_string_node_create_current_string(parser, &opening, &parser->current, &closing));
                             parser_lex(parser);
 
                             pm_interpolated_symbol_node_append((pm_interpolated_symbol_node_t *) current, string);
@@ -20045,8 +19484,8 @@ parse_expression_prefix(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_binding_power_t binding_power, b
                             pm_token_t bounds = not_provided(parser);
 
                             pm_token_t content = { .type = PM_TOKEN_STRING_CONTENT, .start = cast->value_loc.start, .end = cast->value_loc.end };
-                            pm_node_t *first_string = (pm_node_t *) pm_string_node_create_unescaped(parser, &bounds, &content, &bounds, &cast->unescaped);
-                            pm_node_t *second_string = (pm_node_t *) pm_string_node_create_current_string(parser, &opening, &parser->previous, &closing);
+                            pm_node_t *first_string = UP(pm_string_node_create_unescaped(parser, &bounds, &content, &bounds, &cast->unescaped));
+                            pm_node_t *second_string = UP(pm_string_node_create_current_string(parser, &opening, &parser->previous, &closing));
                             parser_lex(parser);
 
                             pm_interpolated_symbol_node_t *interpolated = pm_interpolated_symbol_node_create(parser, &opening, NULL, &closing);
@@ -20054,7 +19493,7 @@ parse_expression_prefix(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_binding_power_t binding_power, b
                             pm_interpolated_symbol_node_append(interpolated, second_string);
 
                             xfree(current);
-                            current = (pm_node_t *) interpolated;
+                            current = UP(interpolated);
                         } else {
                             assert(false && "unreachable");
                         }
@@ -20069,7 +19508,7 @@ parse_expression_prefix(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_binding_power_t binding_power, b
                             // node to a new interpolated string.
                             pm_token_t opening = not_provided(parser);
                             pm_token_t closing = not_provided(parser);
-                            current = (pm_node_t *) pm_interpolated_symbol_node_create(parser, &opening, NULL, &closing);
+                            current = UP(pm_interpolated_symbol_node_create(parser, &opening, NULL, &closing));
                         } else if (PM_NODE_TYPE_P(current, PM_SYMBOL_NODE)) {
                             // If we hit an embedded variable and the current node is a string
                             // node, then we'll convert the current into an interpolated
@@ -20078,11 +19517,11 @@ parse_expression_prefix(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_binding_power_t binding_power, b
                             pm_token_t closing = not_provided(parser);
                             pm_interpolated_symbol_node_t *interpolated = pm_interpolated_symbol_node_create(parser, &opening, NULL, &closing);
 
-                            current = (pm_node_t *) pm_symbol_node_to_string_node(parser, (pm_symbol_node_t *) current);
+                            current = UP(pm_symbol_node_to_string_node(parser, (pm_symbol_node_t *) current));
                             pm_interpolated_symbol_node_append(interpolated, current);
                             interpolated->base.location.start = current->location.start;
                             start_location_set = true;
-                            current = (pm_node_t *) interpolated;
+                            current = UP(interpolated);
                         } else {
                             // If we hit an embedded variable and the current node is an
                             // interpolated string, then we'll just add the embedded variable.
@@ -20103,7 +19542,7 @@ parse_expression_prefix(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_binding_power_t binding_power, b
                             // node to a new interpolated string.
                             pm_token_t opening = not_provided(parser);
                             pm_token_t closing = not_provided(parser);
-                            current = (pm_node_t *) pm_interpolated_symbol_node_create(parser, &opening, NULL, &closing);
+                            current = UP(pm_interpolated_symbol_node_create(parser, &opening, NULL, &closing));
                         } else if (PM_NODE_TYPE_P(current, PM_SYMBOL_NODE)) {
                             // If we hit an embedded expression and the current node is a
                             // string node, then we'll convert the current into an
@@ -20113,11 +19552,11 @@ parse_expression_prefix(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_binding_power_t binding_power, b
                             pm_token_t closing = not_provided(parser);
                             pm_interpolated_symbol_node_t *interpolated = pm_interpolated_symbol_node_create(parser, &opening, NULL, &closing);
 
-                            current = (pm_node_t *) pm_symbol_node_to_string_node(parser, (pm_symbol_node_t *) current);
+                            current = UP(pm_symbol_node_to_string_node(parser, (pm_symbol_node_t *) current));
                             pm_interpolated_symbol_node_append(interpolated, current);
                             interpolated->base.location.start = current->location.start;
                             start_location_set = true;
-                            current = (pm_node_t *) interpolated;
+                            current = UP(interpolated);
                         } else if (PM_NODE_TYPE_P(current, PM_INTERPOLATED_SYMBOL_NODE)) {
                             // If we hit an embedded expression and the current node is an
                             // interpolated string, then we'll just continue on.
@@ -20153,29 +19592,48 @@ parse_expression_prefix(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_binding_power_t binding_power, b
             }
             pm_array_node_close_set(array, &closing);
 
-            return (pm_node_t *) array;
+            return UP(array);
         }
         case PM_TOKEN_PERCENT_LOWER_W: {
             parser_lex(parser);
             pm_token_t opening = parser->previous;
             pm_array_node_t *array = pm_array_node_create(parser, &opening);
-
-            // skip all leading whitespaces
-            accept1(parser, PM_TOKEN_WORDS_SEP);
+            pm_node_t *current = NULL;
 
             while (!match2(parser, PM_TOKEN_STRING_END, PM_TOKEN_EOF)) {
                 accept1(parser, PM_TOKEN_WORDS_SEP);
                 if (match1(parser, PM_TOKEN_STRING_END)) break;
 
-                if (match1(parser, PM_TOKEN_STRING_CONTENT)) {
+                // Interpolation is not possible but nested heredocs can still lead to
+                // consecutive (disjoint) string tokens when the final newline is escaped.
+                while (match1(parser, PM_TOKEN_STRING_CONTENT)) {
                     pm_token_t opening = not_provided(parser);
                     pm_token_t closing = not_provided(parser);
 
-                    pm_node_t *string = (pm_node_t *) pm_string_node_create_current_string(parser, &opening, &parser->current, &closing);
-                    pm_array_node_elements_append(array, string);
+                    pm_node_t *string = UP(pm_string_node_create_current_string(parser, &opening, &parser->current, &closing));
+
+                    // Record the string node, moving to interpolation if needed.
+                    if (current == NULL) {
+                        current = string;
+                    } else if (PM_NODE_TYPE_P(current, PM_INTERPOLATED_STRING_NODE)) {
+                        pm_interpolated_string_node_append((pm_interpolated_string_node_t *) current, string);
+                    } else if (PM_NODE_TYPE_P(current, PM_STRING_NODE)) {
+                        pm_interpolated_string_node_t *interpolated = pm_interpolated_string_node_create(parser, &opening, NULL, &closing);
+                        pm_interpolated_string_node_append(interpolated, current);
+                        pm_interpolated_string_node_append(interpolated, string);
+                        current = UP(interpolated);
+                    } else {
+                        assert(false && "unreachable");
+                    }
+                    parser_lex(parser);
                 }
 
-                expect1(parser, PM_TOKEN_STRING_CONTENT, PM_ERR_LIST_W_LOWER_ELEMENT);
+                if (current) {
+                    pm_array_node_elements_append(array, current);
+                    current = NULL;
+                } else {
+                    expect1(parser, PM_TOKEN_STRING_CONTENT, PM_ERR_LIST_W_LOWER_ELEMENT);
+                }
             }
 
             pm_token_t closing = parser->current;
@@ -20187,7 +19645,7 @@ parse_expression_prefix(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_binding_power_t binding_power, b
             }
 
             pm_array_node_close_set(array, &closing);
-            return (pm_node_t *) array;
+            return UP(array);
         }
         case PM_TOKEN_PERCENT_UPPER_W: {
             parser_lex(parser);
@@ -20223,7 +19681,7 @@ parse_expression_prefix(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_binding_power_t binding_power, b
                         pm_token_t opening = not_provided(parser);
                         pm_token_t closing = not_provided(parser);
 
-                        pm_node_t *string = (pm_node_t *) pm_string_node_create_current_string(parser, &opening, &parser->current, &closing);
+                        pm_node_t *string = UP(pm_string_node_create_current_string(parser, &opening, &parser->current, &closing));
                         pm_node_flag_set(string, parse_unescaped_encoding(parser));
                         parser_lex(parser);
 
@@ -20246,7 +19704,7 @@ parse_expression_prefix(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_binding_power_t binding_power, b
                             pm_interpolated_string_node_t *interpolated = pm_interpolated_string_node_create(parser, &opening, NULL, &closing);
                             pm_interpolated_string_node_append(interpolated, current);
                             pm_interpolated_string_node_append(interpolated, string);
-                            current = (pm_node_t *) interpolated;
+                            current = UP(interpolated);
                         } else {
                             assert(false && "unreachable");
                         }
@@ -20261,7 +19719,7 @@ parse_expression_prefix(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_binding_power_t binding_power, b
                             // interpolated string.
                             pm_token_t opening = not_provided(parser);
                             pm_token_t closing = not_provided(parser);
-                            current = (pm_node_t *) pm_interpolated_string_node_create(parser, &opening, NULL, &closing);
+                            current = UP(pm_interpolated_string_node_create(parser, &opening, NULL, &closing));
                         } else if (PM_NODE_TYPE_P(current, PM_STRING_NODE)) {
                             // If we hit an embedded variable and the current
                             // node is a string node, then we'll convert the
@@ -20271,7 +19729,7 @@ parse_expression_prefix(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_binding_power_t binding_power, b
                             pm_token_t closing = not_provided(parser);
                             pm_interpolated_string_node_t *interpolated = pm_interpolated_string_node_create(parser, &opening, NULL, &closing);
                             pm_interpolated_string_node_append(interpolated, current);
-                            current = (pm_node_t *) interpolated;
+                            current = UP(interpolated);
                         } else {
                             // If we hit an embedded variable and the current
                             // node is an interpolated string, then we'll just
@@ -20290,7 +19748,7 @@ parse_expression_prefix(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_binding_power_t binding_power, b
                             // interpolated string.
                             pm_token_t opening = not_provided(parser);
                             pm_token_t closing = not_provided(parser);
-                            current = (pm_node_t *) pm_interpolated_string_node_create(parser, &opening, NULL, &closing);
+                            current = UP(pm_interpolated_string_node_create(parser, &opening, NULL, &closing));
                         } else if (PM_NODE_TYPE_P(current, PM_STRING_NODE)) {
                             // If we hit an embedded expression and the current
                             // node is a string node, then we'll convert the
@@ -20300,7 +19758,7 @@ parse_expression_prefix(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_binding_power_t binding_power, b
                             pm_token_t closing = not_provided(parser);
                             pm_interpolated_string_node_t *interpolated = pm_interpolated_string_node_create(parser, &opening, NULL, &closing);
                             pm_interpolated_string_node_append(interpolated, current);
-                            current = (pm_node_t *) interpolated;
+                            current = UP(interpolated);
                         } else if (PM_NODE_TYPE_P(current, PM_INTERPOLATED_STRING_NODE)) {
                             // If we hit an embedded expression and the current
                             // node is an interpolated string, then we'll just
@@ -20334,7 +19792,7 @@ parse_expression_prefix(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_binding_power_t binding_power, b
             }
 
             pm_array_node_close_set(array, &closing);
-            return (pm_node_t *) array;
+            return UP(array);
         }
         case PM_TOKEN_REGEXP_BEGIN: {
             pm_token_t opening = parser->current;
@@ -20352,7 +19810,7 @@ parse_expression_prefix(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_binding_power_t binding_power, b
 
                 parser_lex(parser);
 
-                pm_node_t *node = (pm_node_t *) pm_regular_expression_node_create(parser, &opening, &content, &parser->previous);
+                pm_node_t *node = UP(pm_regular_expression_node_create(parser, &opening, &content, &parser->previous));
                 pm_node_flag_set(node, PM_REGULAR_EXPRESSION_FLAGS_FORCED_US_ASCII_ENCODING);
 
                 return node;
@@ -20384,8 +19842,8 @@ parse_expression_prefix(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_binding_power_t binding_power, b
                         parse_regular_expression_errors(parser, node);
                     }
 
-                    pm_node_flag_set((pm_node_t *) node, parse_and_validate_regular_expression_encoding(parser, &unescaped, ascii_only, node->base.flags));
-                    return (pm_node_t *) node;
+                    pm_node_flag_set(UP(node), parse_and_validate_regular_expression_encoding(parser, &unescaped, ascii_only, FL(node)));
+                    return UP(node);
                 }
 
                 // If we get here, then we have interpolation so we'll need to create
@@ -20394,7 +19852,7 @@ parse_expression_prefix(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_binding_power_t binding_power, b
 
                 pm_token_t opening = not_provided(parser);
                 pm_token_t closing = not_provided(parser);
-                pm_node_t *part = (pm_node_t *) pm_string_node_create_unescaped(parser, &opening, &parser->previous, &closing, &unescaped);
+                pm_node_t *part = UP(pm_string_node_create_unescaped(parser, &opening, &parser->previous, &closing, &unescaped));
 
                 if (parser->encoding == PM_ENCODING_US_ASCII_ENTRY) {
                     // This is extremely strange, but the first string part of a
@@ -20429,7 +19887,7 @@ parse_expression_prefix(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_binding_power_t binding_power, b
             }
 
             pm_interpolated_regular_expression_node_closing_set(parser, interpolated, &closing);
-            return (pm_node_t *) interpolated;
+            return UP(interpolated);
         }
         case PM_TOKEN_BACKTICK:
         case PM_TOKEN_PERCENT_LOWER_X: {
@@ -20451,7 +19909,7 @@ parse_expression_prefix(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_binding_power_t binding_power, b
                 };
 
                 parser_lex(parser);
-                return (pm_node_t *) pm_xstring_node_create(parser, &opening, &content, &parser->previous);
+                return UP(pm_xstring_node_create(parser, &opening, &content, &parser->previous));
             }
 
             pm_interpolated_x_string_node_t *node;
@@ -20466,7 +19924,7 @@ parse_expression_prefix(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_binding_power_t binding_power, b
                 parser_lex(parser);
 
                 if (match1(parser, PM_TOKEN_STRING_END)) {
-                    pm_node_t *node = (pm_node_t *) pm_xstring_node_create_unescaped(parser, &opening, &content, &parser->current, &unescaped);
+                    pm_node_t *node = UP(pm_xstring_node_create_unescaped(parser, &opening, &content, &parser->current, &unescaped));
                     pm_node_flag_set(node, parse_unescaped_encoding(parser));
                     parser_lex(parser);
                     return node;
@@ -20479,7 +19937,7 @@ parse_expression_prefix(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_binding_power_t binding_power, b
                 pm_token_t opening = not_provided(parser);
                 pm_token_t closing = not_provided(parser);
 
-                pm_node_t *part = (pm_node_t *) pm_string_node_create_unescaped(parser, &opening, &parser->previous, &closing, &unescaped);
+                pm_node_t *part = UP(pm_string_node_create_unescaped(parser, &opening, &parser->previous, &closing, &unescaped));
                 pm_node_flag_set(part, parse_unescaped_encoding(parser));
 
                 pm_interpolated_xstring_node_append(node, part);
@@ -20506,7 +19964,7 @@ parse_expression_prefix(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_binding_power_t binding_power, b
             }
             pm_interpolated_xstring_node_closing_set(node, &closing);
 
-            return (pm_node_t *) node;
+            return UP(node);
         }
         case PM_TOKEN_USTAR: {
             parser_lex(parser);
@@ -20516,7 +19974,7 @@ parse_expression_prefix(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_binding_power_t binding_power, b
             // still lex past it though and create a missing node place.
             if (binding_power != PM_BINDING_POWER_STATEMENT) {
                 pm_parser_err_prefix(parser, diag_id);
-                return (pm_node_t *) pm_missing_node_create(parser, parser->previous.start, parser->previous.end);
+                return UP(pm_missing_node_create(parser, parser->previous.start, parser->previous.end));
             }
 
             pm_token_t operator = parser->previous;
@@ -20526,7 +19984,7 @@ parse_expression_prefix(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_binding_power_t binding_power, b
                 name = parse_expression(parser, PM_BINDING_POWER_INDEX, false, false, PM_ERR_EXPECT_EXPRESSION_AFTER_STAR, (uint16_t) (depth + 1));
             }
 
-            pm_node_t *splat = (pm_node_t *) pm_splat_node_create(parser, &operator, name);
+            pm_node_t *splat = UP(pm_splat_node_create(parser, &operator, name));
 
             if (match1(parser, PM_TOKEN_COMMA)) {
                 return parse_targets_validate(parser, splat, PM_BINDING_POWER_INDEX, (uint16_t) (depth + 1));
@@ -20546,7 +20004,7 @@ parse_expression_prefix(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_binding_power_t binding_power, b
             pm_call_node_t *node = pm_call_node_unary_create(parser, &operator, receiver, "!");
 
             pm_conditional_predicate(parser, receiver, PM_CONDITIONAL_PREDICATE_TYPE_NOT);
-            return (pm_node_t *) node;
+            return UP(node);
         }
         case PM_TOKEN_TILDE: {
             if (binding_power > PM_BINDING_POWER_UNARY) {
@@ -20558,7 +20016,7 @@ parse_expression_prefix(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_binding_power_t binding_power, b
             pm_node_t *receiver = parse_expression(parser, pm_binding_powers[parser->previous.type].right, false, false, PM_ERR_UNARY_RECEIVER, (uint16_t) (depth + 1));
             pm_call_node_t *node = pm_call_node_unary_create(parser, &operator, receiver, "~");
 
-            return (pm_node_t *) node;
+            return UP(node);
         }
         case PM_TOKEN_UMINUS: {
             if (binding_power > PM_BINDING_POWER_UNARY) {
@@ -20570,7 +20028,7 @@ parse_expression_prefix(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_binding_power_t binding_power, b
             pm_node_t *receiver = parse_expression(parser, pm_binding_powers[parser->previous.type].right, false, false, PM_ERR_UNARY_RECEIVER, (uint16_t) (depth + 1));
             pm_call_node_t *node = pm_call_node_unary_create(parser, &operator, receiver, "-@");
 
-            return (pm_node_t *) node;
+            return UP(node);
         }
         case PM_TOKEN_UMINUS_NUM: {
             parser_lex(parser);
@@ -20581,8 +20039,8 @@ parse_expression_prefix(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_binding_power_t binding_power, b
             if (accept1(parser, PM_TOKEN_STAR_STAR)) {
                 pm_token_t exponent_operator = parser->previous;
                 pm_node_t *exponent = parse_expression(parser, pm_binding_powers[exponent_operator.type].right, false, false, PM_ERR_EXPECT_ARGUMENT, (uint16_t) (depth + 1));
-                node = (pm_node_t *) pm_call_node_binary_create(parser, node, &exponent_operator, exponent, 0);
-                node = (pm_node_t *) pm_call_node_unary_create(parser, &operator, node, "-@");
+                node = UP(pm_call_node_binary_create(parser, node, &exponent_operator, exponent, 0));
+                node = UP(pm_call_node_unary_create(parser, &operator, node, "-@"));
             } else {
                 switch (PM_NODE_TYPE(node)) {
                     case PM_INTEGER_NODE:
@@ -20592,7 +20050,7 @@ parse_expression_prefix(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_binding_power_t binding_power, b
                         parse_negative_numeric(node);
                         break;
                     default:
-                        node = (pm_node_t *) pm_call_node_unary_create(parser, &operator, node, "-@");
+                        node = UP(pm_call_node_unary_create(parser, &operator, node, "-@"));
                         break;
                 }
             }
@@ -20650,39 +20108,39 @@ parse_expression_prefix(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_binding_power_t binding_power, b
                 opening = parser->previous;
 
                 if (!match1(parser, PM_TOKEN_BRACE_RIGHT)) {
-                    body = (pm_node_t *) parse_statements(parser, PM_CONTEXT_LAMBDA_BRACES, (uint16_t) (depth + 1));
+                    body = UP(parse_statements(parser, PM_CONTEXT_LAMBDA_BRACES, (uint16_t) (depth + 1)));
                 }
 
                 parser_warn_indentation_mismatch(parser, opening_newline_index, &operator, false, false);
-                expect1(parser, PM_TOKEN_BRACE_RIGHT, PM_ERR_LAMBDA_TERM_BRACE);
+                expect1_opening(parser, PM_TOKEN_BRACE_RIGHT, PM_ERR_LAMBDA_TERM_BRACE, &opening);
             } else {
                 expect1(parser, PM_TOKEN_KEYWORD_DO, PM_ERR_LAMBDA_OPEN);
                 opening = parser->previous;
 
                 if (!match3(parser, PM_TOKEN_KEYWORD_END, PM_TOKEN_KEYWORD_RESCUE, PM_TOKEN_KEYWORD_ENSURE)) {
                     pm_accepts_block_stack_push(parser, true);
-                    body = (pm_node_t *) parse_statements(parser, PM_CONTEXT_LAMBDA_DO_END, (uint16_t) (depth + 1));
+                    body = UP(parse_statements(parser, PM_CONTEXT_LAMBDA_DO_END, (uint16_t) (depth + 1)));
                     pm_accepts_block_stack_pop(parser);
                 }
 
                 if (match2(parser, PM_TOKEN_KEYWORD_RESCUE, PM_TOKEN_KEYWORD_ENSURE)) {
                     assert(body == NULL || PM_NODE_TYPE_P(body, PM_STATEMENTS_NODE));
-                    body = (pm_node_t *) parse_rescues_implicit_begin(parser, opening_newline_index, &operator, opening.start, (pm_statements_node_t *) body, PM_RESCUES_LAMBDA, (uint16_t) (depth + 1));
+                    body = UP(parse_rescues_implicit_begin(parser, opening_newline_index, &operator, opening.start, (pm_statements_node_t *) body, PM_RESCUES_LAMBDA, (uint16_t) (depth + 1)));
                 } else {
                     parser_warn_indentation_mismatch(parser, opening_newline_index, &operator, false, false);
                 }
 
-                expect1(parser, PM_TOKEN_KEYWORD_END, PM_ERR_LAMBDA_TERM_END);
+                expect1_opening(parser, PM_TOKEN_KEYWORD_END, PM_ERR_LAMBDA_TERM_END, &operator);
             }
 
             pm_constant_id_list_t locals;
             pm_locals_order(parser, &parser->current_scope->locals, &locals, pm_parser_scope_toplevel_p(parser));
-            pm_node_t *parameters = parse_blocklike_parameters(parser, (pm_node_t *) block_parameters, &operator, &parser->previous);
+            pm_node_t *parameters = parse_blocklike_parameters(parser, UP(block_parameters), &operator, &parser->previous);
 
             pm_parser_scope_pop(parser);
             pm_accepts_block_stack_pop(parser);
 
-            return (pm_node_t *) pm_lambda_node_create(parser, &locals, &operator, &opening, &parser->previous, parameters, body);
+            return UP(pm_lambda_node_create(parser, &locals, &operator, &opening, &parser->previous, parameters, body));
         }
         case PM_TOKEN_UPLUS: {
             if (binding_power > PM_BINDING_POWER_UNARY) {
@@ -20694,7 +20152,7 @@ parse_expression_prefix(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_binding_power_t binding_power, b
             pm_node_t *receiver = parse_expression(parser, pm_binding_powers[parser->previous.type].right, false, false, PM_ERR_UNARY_RECEIVER, (uint16_t) (depth + 1));
             pm_call_node_t *node = pm_call_node_unary_create(parser, &operator, receiver, "+@");
 
-            return (pm_node_t *) node;
+            return UP(node);
         }
         case PM_TOKEN_STRING_BEGIN:
             return parse_strings(parser, NULL, accepts_label, (uint16_t) (depth + 1));
@@ -20730,7 +20188,7 @@ parse_expression_prefix(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_binding_power_t binding_power, b
                 pm_parser_err_prefix(parser, diag_id);
             }
 
-            return (pm_node_t *) pm_missing_node_create(parser, parser->previous.start, parser->previous.end);
+            return UP(pm_missing_node_create(parser, parser->previous.start, parser->previous.end));
         }
     }
 }
@@ -20759,7 +20217,7 @@ parse_assignment_value(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_binding_power_t previous_binding_
         pm_node_t *right = parse_expression(parser, pm_binding_powers[PM_TOKEN_KEYWORD_RESCUE_MODIFIER].right, false, false, PM_ERR_RESCUE_MODIFIER_VALUE, (uint16_t) (depth + 1));
         context_pop(parser);
 
-        return (pm_node_t *) pm_rescue_modifier_node_create(parser, value, &rescue, right);
+        return UP(pm_rescue_modifier_node_create(parser, value, &rescue, right));
     }
 
     return value;
@@ -20818,7 +20276,7 @@ parse_assignment_values(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_binding_power_t previous_binding
     bool permitted = true;
     if (previous_binding_power != PM_BINDING_POWER_STATEMENT && match1(parser, PM_TOKEN_USTAR)) permitted = false;
 
-    pm_node_t *value = parse_starred_expression(parser, binding_power, previous_binding_power == PM_BINDING_POWER_ASSIGNMENT ? accepts_command_call : previous_binding_power < PM_BINDING_POWER_MATCH, diag_id, (uint16_t) (depth + 1));
+    pm_node_t *value = parse_starred_expression(parser, binding_power, previous_binding_power == PM_BINDING_POWER_ASSIGNMENT ? accepts_command_call : previous_binding_power < PM_BINDING_POWER_MODIFIER, diag_id, (uint16_t) (depth + 1));
     if (!permitted) pm_parser_err_node(parser, value, PM_ERR_UNEXPECTED_MULTI_WRITE);
 
     parse_assignment_value_local(parser, value);
@@ -20831,7 +20289,7 @@ parse_assignment_values(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_binding_power_t previous_binding
         pm_array_node_t *array = pm_array_node_create(parser, &opening);
 
         pm_array_node_elements_append(array, value);
-        value = (pm_node_t *) array;
+        value = UP(array);
 
         while (accept1(parser, PM_TOKEN_COMMA)) {
             pm_node_t *element = parse_starred_expression(parser, binding_power, false, PM_ERR_ARRAY_ELEMENT, (uint16_t) (depth + 1));
@@ -20865,7 +20323,7 @@ parse_assignment_values(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_binding_power_t previous_binding
         pm_node_t *right = parse_expression(parser, pm_binding_powers[PM_TOKEN_KEYWORD_RESCUE_MODIFIER].right, accepts_command_call_inner, false, PM_ERR_RESCUE_MODIFIER_VALUE, (uint16_t) (depth + 1));
         context_pop(parser);
 
-        return (pm_node_t *) pm_rescue_modifier_node_create(parser, value, &rescue, right);
+        return UP(pm_rescue_modifier_node_create(parser, value, &rescue, right));
     }
 
     return value;
@@ -20882,13 +20340,15 @@ static void
 parse_call_operator_write(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_call_node_t *call_node, const pm_token_t *operator) {
     if (call_node->arguments != NULL) {
         pm_parser_err_token(parser, operator, PM_ERR_OPERATOR_WRITE_ARGUMENTS);
-        pm_node_destroy(parser, (pm_node_t *) call_node->arguments);
+        pm_node_unreference(parser, UP(call_node->arguments));
+        pm_node_destroy(parser, UP(call_node->arguments));
         call_node->arguments = NULL;
     }
 
     if (call_node->block != NULL) {
         pm_parser_err_token(parser, operator, PM_ERR_OPERATOR_WRITE_BLOCK);
-        pm_node_destroy(parser, (pm_node_t *) call_node->block);
+        pm_node_unreference(parser, UP(call_node->block));
+        pm_node_destroy(parser, UP(call_node->block));
         call_node->block = NULL;
     }
 }
@@ -20959,7 +20419,7 @@ pm_named_capture_escape_octal(pm_buffer_t *unescaped, const uint8_t *cursor, con
 }
 
 static inline const uint8_t *
-pm_named_capture_escape_unicode(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_buffer_t *unescaped, const uint8_t *cursor, const uint8_t *end) {
+pm_named_capture_escape_unicode(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_buffer_t *unescaped, const uint8_t *cursor, const uint8_t *end, const pm_location_t *error_location) {
     const uint8_t *start = cursor - 1;
     cursor++;
 
@@ -20970,7 +20430,7 @@ pm_named_capture_escape_unicode(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_buffer_t *unescaped, con
 
     if (*cursor != '{') {
         size_t length = pm_strspn_hexadecimal_digit(cursor, MIN(end - cursor, 4));
-        uint32_t value = escape_unicode(parser, cursor, length);
+        uint32_t value = escape_unicode(parser, cursor, length, error_location);
 
         if (!pm_buffer_append_unicode_codepoint(unescaped, value)) {
             pm_buffer_append_string(unescaped, (const char *) start, (size_t) ((cursor + length) - start));
@@ -20990,7 +20450,10 @@ pm_named_capture_escape_unicode(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_buffer_t *unescaped, con
         }
 
         size_t length = pm_strspn_hexadecimal_digit(cursor, end - cursor);
-        uint32_t value = escape_unicode(parser, cursor, length);
+        if (length == 0) {
+            break;
+        }
+        uint32_t value = escape_unicode(parser, cursor, length, error_location);
 
         (void) pm_buffer_append_unicode_codepoint(unescaped, value);
         cursor += length;
@@ -21000,7 +20463,7 @@ pm_named_capture_escape_unicode(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_buffer_t *unescaped, con
 }
 
 static void
-pm_named_capture_escape(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_buffer_t *unescaped, const uint8_t *source, const size_t length, const uint8_t *cursor) {
+pm_named_capture_escape(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_buffer_t *unescaped, const uint8_t *source, const size_t length, const uint8_t *cursor, const pm_location_t *error_location) {
     const uint8_t *end = source + length;
     pm_buffer_append_string(unescaped, (const char *) source, (size_t) (cursor - source));
 
@@ -21018,7 +20481,7 @@ pm_named_capture_escape(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_buffer_t *unescaped, const uint8
                 cursor = pm_named_capture_escape_octal(unescaped, cursor, end);
                 break;
             case 'u':
-                cursor = pm_named_capture_escape_unicode(parser, unescaped, cursor, end);
+                cursor = pm_named_capture_escape_unicode(parser, unescaped, cursor, end, error_location);
                 break;
             default:
                 pm_buffer_append_byte(unescaped, '\\');
@@ -21061,7 +20524,7 @@ parse_regular_expression_named_capture(const pm_string_t *capture, void *data) {
     // unescaped, which is what we need.
     const uint8_t *cursor = pm_memchr(source, '\\', length, parser->encoding_changed, parser->encoding);
     if (PRISM_UNLIKELY(cursor != NULL)) {
-        pm_named_capture_escape(parser, &unescaped, source, length, cursor);
+        pm_named_capture_escape(parser, &unescaped, source, length, cursor, callback_data->shared ? NULL : &call->receiver->location);
         source = (const uint8_t *) pm_buffer_value(&unescaped);
         length = pm_buffer_length(&unescaped);
     }
@@ -21120,7 +20583,7 @@ parse_regular_expression_named_capture(const pm_string_t *capture, void *data) {
 
         // Next, create the local variable target and add it to the list of
         // targets for the match.
-        pm_node_t *target = (pm_node_t *) pm_local_variable_target_node_create(parser, &location, name, depth == -1 ? 0 : (uint32_t) depth);
+        pm_node_t *target = UP(pm_local_variable_target_node_create(parser, &location, name, depth == -1 ? 0 : (uint32_t) depth));
         pm_node_list_append(&callback_data->match->targets, target);
     }
 
@@ -21151,9 +20614,9 @@ parse_regular_expression_named_captures(pm_parser_t *parser, const pm_string_t *
     pm_constant_id_list_free(&callback_data.names);
 
     if (callback_data.match != NULL) {
-        return (pm_node_t *) callback_data.match;
+        return UP(callback_data.match);
     } else {
-        return (pm_node_t *) call;
+        return UP(call);
     }
 }
 
@@ -21176,6 +20639,13 @@ parse_expression_infix(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_node_t *node, pm_binding_power_t
                 }
                 PRISM_FALLTHROUGH
                 case PM_CASE_WRITABLE: {
+                    // When we have `it = value`, we need to add `it` as a local
+                    // variable before parsing the value, in case the value
+                    // references the variable.
+                    if (PM_NODE_TYPE_P(node, PM_IT_LOCAL_VARIABLE_READ_NODE)) {
+                        pm_parser_local_add_location(parser, node->location.start, node->location.end, 0);
+                    }
+
                     parser_lex(parser);
                     pm_node_t *value = parse_assignment_values(parser, previous_binding_power, PM_NODE_TYPE_P(node, PM_MULTI_TARGET_NODE) ? PM_BINDING_POWER_MULTI_ASSIGNMENT + 1 : binding_power, accepts_command_call, PM_ERR_EXPECT_EXPRESSION_AFTER_EQUAL, (uint16_t) (depth + 1));
 
@@ -21191,7 +20661,7 @@ parse_expression_infix(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_node_t *node, pm_binding_power_t
 
                     parser_lex(parser);
                     pm_node_t *value = parse_assignment_values(parser, previous_binding_power, PM_BINDING_POWER_MULTI_ASSIGNMENT + 1, accepts_command_call, PM_ERR_EXPECT_EXPRESSION_AFTER_EQUAL, (uint16_t) (depth + 1));
-                    return parse_write(parser, (pm_node_t *) multi_target, &token, value);
+                    return parse_write(parser, UP(multi_target), &token, value);
                 }
                 case PM_SOURCE_ENCODING_NODE:
                 case PM_FALSE_NODE:
@@ -21225,7 +20695,7 @@ parse_expression_infix(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_node_t *node, pm_binding_power_t
                     parser_lex(parser);
 
                     pm_node_t *value = parse_assignment_value(parser, previous_binding_power, binding_power, accepts_command_call, PM_ERR_EXPECT_EXPRESSION_AFTER_AMPAMPEQ, (uint16_t) (depth + 1));
-                    pm_node_t *result = (pm_node_t *) pm_global_variable_and_write_node_create(parser, node, &token, value);
+                    pm_node_t *result = UP(pm_global_variable_and_write_node_create(parser, node, &token, value));
 
                     pm_node_destroy(parser, node);
                     return result;
@@ -21234,7 +20704,7 @@ parse_expression_infix(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_node_t *node, pm_binding_power_t
                     parser_lex(parser);
 
                     pm_node_t *value = parse_assignment_value(parser, previous_binding_power, binding_power, accepts_command_call, PM_ERR_EXPECT_EXPRESSION_AFTER_AMPAMPEQ, (uint16_t) (depth + 1));
-                    pm_node_t *result = (pm_node_t *) pm_class_variable_and_write_node_create(parser, (pm_class_variable_read_node_t *) node, &token, value);
+                    pm_node_t *result = UP(pm_class_variable_and_write_node_create(parser, (pm_class_variable_read_node_t *) node, &token, value));
 
                     pm_node_destroy(parser, node);
                     return result;
@@ -21243,7 +20713,7 @@ parse_expression_infix(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_node_t *node, pm_binding_power_t
                     parser_lex(parser);
 
                     pm_node_t *value = parse_assignment_value(parser, previous_binding_power, binding_power, accepts_command_call, PM_ERR_EXPECT_EXPRESSION_AFTER_AMPAMPEQ, (uint16_t) (depth + 1));
-                    pm_node_t *write = (pm_node_t *) pm_constant_path_and_write_node_create(parser, (pm_constant_path_node_t *) node, &token, value);
+                    pm_node_t *write = UP(pm_constant_path_and_write_node_create(parser, (pm_constant_path_node_t *) node, &token, value));
 
                     return parse_shareable_constant_write(parser, write);
                 }
@@ -21251,7 +20721,7 @@ parse_expression_infix(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_node_t *node, pm_binding_power_t
                     parser_lex(parser);
 
                     pm_node_t *value = parse_assignment_value(parser, previous_binding_power, binding_power, accepts_command_call, PM_ERR_EXPECT_EXPRESSION_AFTER_AMPAMPEQ, (uint16_t) (depth + 1));
-                    pm_node_t *write = (pm_node_t *) pm_constant_and_write_node_create(parser, (pm_constant_read_node_t *) node, &token, value);
+                    pm_node_t *write = UP(pm_constant_and_write_node_create(parser, (pm_constant_read_node_t *) node, &token, value));
 
                     pm_node_destroy(parser, node);
                     return parse_shareable_constant_write(parser, write);
@@ -21260,7 +20730,7 @@ parse_expression_infix(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_node_t *node, pm_binding_power_t
                     parser_lex(parser);
 
                     pm_node_t *value = parse_assignment_value(parser, previous_binding_power, binding_power, accepts_command_call, PM_ERR_EXPECT_EXPRESSION_AFTER_AMPAMPEQ, (uint16_t) (depth + 1));
-                    pm_node_t *result = (pm_node_t *) pm_instance_variable_and_write_node_create(parser, (pm_instance_variable_read_node_t *) node, &token, value);
+                    pm_node_t *result = UP(pm_instance_variable_and_write_node_create(parser, (pm_instance_variable_read_node_t *) node, &token, value));
 
                     pm_node_destroy(parser, node);
                     return result;
@@ -21270,23 +20740,23 @@ parse_expression_infix(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_node_t *node, pm_binding_power_t
                     parser_lex(parser);
 
                     pm_node_t *value = parse_assignment_value(parser, previous_binding_power, binding_power, accepts_command_call, PM_ERR_EXPECT_EXPRESSION_AFTER_AMPAMPEQ, (uint16_t) (depth + 1));
-                    pm_node_t *result = (pm_node_t *) pm_local_variable_and_write_node_create(parser, node, &token, value, name, 0);
+                    pm_node_t *result = UP(pm_local_variable_and_write_node_create(parser, node, &token, value, name, 0));
 
-                    parse_target_implicit_parameter(parser, node);
+                    pm_node_unreference(parser, node);
                     pm_node_destroy(parser, node);
                     return result;
                 }
                 case PM_LOCAL_VARIABLE_READ_NODE: {
                     if (pm_token_is_numbered_parameter(node->location.start, node->location.end)) {
                         PM_PARSER_ERR_FORMAT(parser, node->location.start, node->location.end, PM_ERR_PARAMETER_NUMBERED_RESERVED, node->location.start);
-                        parse_target_implicit_parameter(parser, node);
+                        pm_node_unreference(parser, node);
                     }
 
                     pm_local_variable_read_node_t *cast = (pm_local_variable_read_node_t *) node;
                     parser_lex(parser);
 
                     pm_node_t *value = parse_assignment_value(parser, previous_binding_power, binding_power, accepts_command_call, PM_ERR_EXPECT_EXPRESSION_AFTER_AMPAMPEQ, (uint16_t) (depth + 1));
-                    pm_node_t *result = (pm_node_t *) pm_local_variable_and_write_node_create(parser, node, &token, value, cast->name, cast->depth);
+                    pm_node_t *result = UP(pm_local_variable_and_write_node_create(parser, node, &token, value, cast->name, cast->depth));
 
                     pm_node_destroy(parser, node);
                     return result;
@@ -21305,9 +20775,9 @@ parse_expression_infix(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_node_t *node, pm_binding_power_t
                         parser_lex(parser);
 
                         pm_node_t *value = parse_assignment_value(parser, previous_binding_power, binding_power, accepts_command_call, PM_ERR_EXPECT_EXPRESSION_AFTER_AMPAMPEQ, (uint16_t) (depth + 1));
-                        pm_node_t *result = (pm_node_t *) pm_local_variable_and_write_node_create(parser, (pm_node_t *) cast, &token, value, constant_id, 0);
+                        pm_node_t *result = UP(pm_local_variable_and_write_node_create(parser, UP(cast), &token, value, constant_id, 0));
 
-                        pm_node_destroy(parser, (pm_node_t *) cast);
+                        pm_node_destroy(parser, UP(cast));
                         return result;
                     }
 
@@ -21320,7 +20790,7 @@ parse_expression_infix(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_node_t *node, pm_binding_power_t
                     // an aset expression.
                     if (PM_NODE_FLAG_P(cast, PM_CALL_NODE_FLAGS_INDEX)) {
                         pm_node_t *value = parse_assignment_value(parser, previous_binding_power, binding_power, accepts_command_call, PM_ERR_EXPECT_EXPRESSION_AFTER_AMPAMPEQ, (uint16_t) (depth + 1));
-                        return (pm_node_t *) pm_index_and_write_node_create(parser, cast, &token, value);
+                        return UP(pm_index_and_write_node_create(parser, cast, &token, value));
                     }
 
                     // If this node cannot be writable, then we have an error.
@@ -21332,7 +20802,7 @@ parse_expression_infix(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_node_t *node, pm_binding_power_t
 
                     parse_call_operator_write(parser, cast, &token);
                     pm_node_t *value = parse_assignment_value(parser, previous_binding_power, binding_power, accepts_command_call, PM_ERR_EXPECT_EXPRESSION_AFTER_AMPAMPEQ, (uint16_t) (depth + 1));
-                    return (pm_node_t *) pm_call_and_write_node_create(parser, cast, &token, value);
+                    return UP(pm_call_and_write_node_create(parser, cast, &token, value));
                 }
                 case PM_MULTI_WRITE_NODE: {
                     parser_lex(parser);
@@ -21359,7 +20829,7 @@ parse_expression_infix(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_node_t *node, pm_binding_power_t
                     parser_lex(parser);
 
                     pm_node_t *value = parse_assignment_value(parser, previous_binding_power, binding_power, accepts_command_call, PM_ERR_EXPECT_EXPRESSION_AFTER_PIPEPIPEEQ, (uint16_t) (depth + 1));
-                    pm_node_t *result = (pm_node_t *) pm_global_variable_or_write_node_create(parser, node, &token, value);
+                    pm_node_t *result = UP(pm_global_variable_or_write_node_create(parser, node, &token, value));
 
                     pm_node_destroy(parser, node);
                     return result;
@@ -21368,7 +20838,7 @@ parse_expression_infix(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_node_t *node, pm_binding_power_t
                     parser_lex(parser);
 
                     pm_node_t *value = parse_assignment_value(parser, previous_binding_power, binding_power, accepts_command_call, PM_ERR_EXPECT_EXPRESSION_AFTER_PIPEPIPEEQ, (uint16_t) (depth + 1));
-                    pm_node_t *result = (pm_node_t *) pm_class_variable_or_write_node_create(parser, (pm_class_variable_read_node_t *) node, &token, value);
+                    pm_node_t *result = UP(pm_class_variable_or_write_node_create(parser, (pm_class_variable_read_node_t *) node, &token, value));
 
                     pm_node_destroy(parser, node);
                     return result;
@@ -21377,7 +20847,7 @@ parse_expression_infix(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_node_t *node, pm_binding_power_t
                     parser_lex(parser);
 
                     pm_node_t *value = parse_assignment_value(parser, previous_binding_power, binding_power, accepts_command_call, PM_ERR_EXPECT_EXPRESSION_AFTER_PIPEPIPEEQ, (uint16_t) (depth + 1));
-                    pm_node_t *write = (pm_node_t *) pm_constant_path_or_write_node_create(parser, (pm_constant_path_node_t *) node, &token, value);
+                    pm_node_t *write = UP(pm_constant_path_or_write_node_create(parser, (pm_constant_path_node_t *) node, &token, value));
 
                     return parse_shareable_constant_write(parser, write);
                 }
@@ -21385,7 +20855,7 @@ parse_expression_infix(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_node_t *node, pm_binding_power_t
                     parser_lex(parser);
 
                     pm_node_t *value = parse_assignment_value(parser, previous_binding_power, binding_power, accepts_command_call, PM_ERR_EXPECT_EXPRESSION_AFTER_PIPEPIPEEQ, (uint16_t) (depth + 1));
-                    pm_node_t *write = (pm_node_t *) pm_constant_or_write_node_create(parser, (pm_constant_read_node_t *) node, &token, value);
+                    pm_node_t *write = UP(pm_constant_or_write_node_create(parser, (pm_constant_read_node_t *) node, &token, value));
 
                     pm_node_destroy(parser, node);
                     return parse_shareable_constant_write(parser, write);
@@ -21394,7 +20864,7 @@ parse_expression_infix(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_node_t *node, pm_binding_power_t
                     parser_lex(parser);
 
                     pm_node_t *value = parse_assignment_value(parser, previous_binding_power, binding_power, accepts_command_call, PM_ERR_EXPECT_EXPRESSION_AFTER_PIPEPIPEEQ, (uint16_t) (depth + 1));
-                    pm_node_t *result = (pm_node_t *) pm_instance_variable_or_write_node_create(parser, (pm_instance_variable_read_node_t *) node, &token, value);
+                    pm_node_t *result = UP(pm_instance_variable_or_write_node_create(parser, (pm_instance_variable_read_node_t *) node, &token, value));
 
                     pm_node_destroy(parser, node);
                     return result;
@@ -21404,23 +20874,23 @@ parse_expression_infix(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_node_t *node, pm_binding_power_t
                     parser_lex(parser);
 
                     pm_node_t *value = parse_assignment_value(parser, previous_binding_power, binding_power, accepts_command_call, PM_ERR_EXPECT_EXPRESSION_AFTER_PIPEPIPEEQ, (uint16_t) (depth + 1));
-                    pm_node_t *result = (pm_node_t *) pm_local_variable_or_write_node_create(parser, node, &token, value, name, 0);
+                    pm_node_t *result = UP(pm_local_variable_or_write_node_create(parser, node, &token, value, name, 0));
 
-                    parse_target_implicit_parameter(parser, node);
+                    pm_node_unreference(parser, node);
                     pm_node_destroy(parser, node);
                     return result;
                 }
                 case PM_LOCAL_VARIABLE_READ_NODE: {
                     if (pm_token_is_numbered_parameter(node->location.start, node->location.end)) {
                         PM_PARSER_ERR_FORMAT(parser, node->location.start, node->location.end, PM_ERR_PARAMETER_NUMBERED_RESERVED, node->location.start);
-                        parse_target_implicit_parameter(parser, node);
+                        pm_node_unreference(parser, node);
                     }
 
                     pm_local_variable_read_node_t *cast = (pm_local_variable_read_node_t *) node;
                     parser_lex(parser);
 
                     pm_node_t *value = parse_assignment_value(parser, previous_binding_power, binding_power, accepts_command_call, PM_ERR_EXPECT_EXPRESSION_AFTER_PIPEPIPEEQ, (uint16_t) (depth + 1));
-                    pm_node_t *result = (pm_node_t *) pm_local_variable_or_write_node_create(parser, node, &token, value, cast->name, cast->depth);
+                    pm_node_t *result = UP(pm_local_variable_or_write_node_create(parser, node, &token, value, cast->name, cast->depth));
 
                     pm_node_destroy(parser, node);
                     return result;
@@ -21439,9 +20909,9 @@ parse_expression_infix(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_node_t *node, pm_binding_power_t
                         parser_lex(parser);
 
                         pm_node_t *value = parse_assignment_value(parser, previous_binding_power, binding_power, accepts_command_call, PM_ERR_EXPECT_EXPRESSION_AFTER_PIPEPIPEEQ, (uint16_t) (depth + 1));
-                        pm_node_t *result = (pm_node_t *) pm_local_variable_or_write_node_create(parser, (pm_node_t *) cast, &token, value, constant_id, 0);
+                        pm_node_t *result = UP(pm_local_variable_or_write_node_create(parser, UP(cast), &token, value, constant_id, 0));
 
-                        pm_node_destroy(parser, (pm_node_t *) cast);
+                        pm_node_destroy(parser, UP(cast));
                         return result;
                     }
 
@@ -21454,7 +20924,7 @@ parse_expression_infix(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_node_t *node, pm_binding_power_t
                     // an aset expression.
                     if (PM_NODE_FLAG_P(cast, PM_CALL_NODE_FLAGS_INDEX)) {
                         pm_node_t *value = parse_assignment_value(parser, previous_binding_power, binding_power, accepts_command_call, PM_ERR_EXPECT_EXPRESSION_AFTER_PIPEPIPEEQ, (uint16_t) (depth + 1));
-                        return (pm_node_t *) pm_index_or_write_node_create(parser, cast, &token, value);
+                        return UP(pm_index_or_write_node_create(parser, cast, &token, value));
                     }
 
                     // If this node cannot be writable, then we have an error.
@@ -21466,7 +20936,7 @@ parse_expression_infix(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_node_t *node, pm_binding_power_t
 
                     parse_call_operator_write(parser, cast, &token);
                     pm_node_t *value = parse_assignment_value(parser, previous_binding_power, binding_power, accepts_command_call, PM_ERR_EXPECT_EXPRESSION_AFTER_PIPEPIPEEQ, (uint16_t) (depth + 1));
-                    return (pm_node_t *) pm_call_or_write_node_create(parser, cast, &token, value);
+                    return UP(pm_call_or_write_node_create(parser, cast, &token, value));
                 }
                 case PM_MULTI_WRITE_NODE: {
                     parser_lex(parser);
@@ -21503,7 +20973,7 @@ parse_expression_infix(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_node_t *node, pm_binding_power_t
                     parser_lex(parser);
 
                     pm_node_t *value = parse_assignment_value(parser, previous_binding_power, binding_power, accepts_command_call, PM_ERR_EXPECT_EXPRESSION_AFTER_OPERATOR, (uint16_t) (depth + 1));
-                    pm_node_t *result = (pm_node_t *) pm_global_variable_operator_write_node_create(parser, node, &token, value);
+                    pm_node_t *result = UP(pm_global_variable_operator_write_node_create(parser, node, &token, value));
 
                     pm_node_destroy(parser, node);
                     return result;
@@ -21512,7 +20982,7 @@ parse_expression_infix(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_node_t *node, pm_binding_power_t
                     parser_lex(parser);
 
                     pm_node_t *value = parse_assignment_value(parser, previous_binding_power, binding_power, accepts_command_call, PM_ERR_EXPECT_EXPRESSION_AFTER_OPERATOR, (uint16_t) (depth + 1));
-                    pm_node_t *result = (pm_node_t *) pm_class_variable_operator_write_node_create(parser, (pm_class_variable_read_node_t *) node, &token, value);
+                    pm_node_t *result = UP(pm_class_variable_operator_write_node_create(parser, (pm_class_variable_read_node_t *) node, &token, value));
 
                     pm_node_destroy(parser, node);
                     return result;
@@ -21521,7 +20991,7 @@ parse_expression_infix(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_node_t *node, pm_binding_power_t
                     parser_lex(parser);
 
                     pm_node_t *value = parse_assignment_value(parser, previous_binding_power, binding_power, accepts_command_call, PM_ERR_EXPECT_EXPRESSION_AFTER_OPERATOR, (uint16_t) (depth + 1));
-                    pm_node_t *write = (pm_node_t *) pm_constant_path_operator_write_node_create(parser, (pm_constant_path_node_t *) node, &token, value);
+                    pm_node_t *write = UP(pm_constant_path_operator_write_node_create(parser, (pm_constant_path_node_t *) node, &token, value));
 
                     return parse_shareable_constant_write(parser, write);
                 }
@@ -21529,7 +20999,7 @@ parse_expression_infix(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_node_t *node, pm_binding_power_t
                     parser_lex(parser);
 
                     pm_node_t *value = parse_assignment_value(parser, previous_binding_power, binding_power, accepts_command_call, PM_ERR_EXPECT_EXPRESSION_AFTER_OPERATOR, (uint16_t) (depth + 1));
-                    pm_node_t *write = (pm_node_t *) pm_constant_operator_write_node_create(parser, (pm_constant_read_node_t *) node, &token, value);
+                    pm_node_t *write = UP(pm_constant_operator_write_node_create(parser, (pm_constant_read_node_t *) node, &token, value));
 
                     pm_node_destroy(parser, node);
                     return parse_shareable_constant_write(parser, write);
@@ -21538,7 +21008,7 @@ parse_expression_infix(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_node_t *node, pm_binding_power_t
                     parser_lex(parser);
 
                     pm_node_t *value = parse_assignment_value(parser, previous_binding_power, binding_power, accepts_command_call, PM_ERR_EXPECT_EXPRESSION_AFTER_OPERATOR, (uint16_t) (depth + 1));
-                    pm_node_t *result = (pm_node_t *) pm_instance_variable_operator_write_node_create(parser, (pm_instance_variable_read_node_t *) node, &token, value);
+                    pm_node_t *result = UP(pm_instance_variable_operator_write_node_create(parser, (pm_instance_variable_read_node_t *) node, &token, value));
 
                     pm_node_destroy(parser, node);
                     return result;
@@ -21548,23 +21018,23 @@ parse_expression_infix(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_node_t *node, pm_binding_power_t
                     parser_lex(parser);
 
                     pm_node_t *value = parse_assignment_value(parser, previous_binding_power, binding_power, accepts_command_call, PM_ERR_EXPECT_EXPRESSION_AFTER_OPERATOR, (uint16_t) (depth + 1));
-                    pm_node_t *result = (pm_node_t *) pm_local_variable_operator_write_node_create(parser, node, &token, value, name, 0);
+                    pm_node_t *result = UP(pm_local_variable_operator_write_node_create(parser, node, &token, value, name, 0));
 
-                    parse_target_implicit_parameter(parser, node);
+                    pm_node_unreference(parser, node);
                     pm_node_destroy(parser, node);
                     return result;
                 }
                 case PM_LOCAL_VARIABLE_READ_NODE: {
                     if (pm_token_is_numbered_parameter(node->location.start, node->location.end)) {
                         PM_PARSER_ERR_FORMAT(parser, node->location.start, node->location.end, PM_ERR_PARAMETER_NUMBERED_RESERVED, node->location.start);
-                        parse_target_implicit_parameter(parser, node);
+                        pm_node_unreference(parser, node);
                     }
 
                     pm_local_variable_read_node_t *cast = (pm_local_variable_read_node_t *) node;
                     parser_lex(parser);
 
                     pm_node_t *value = parse_assignment_value(parser, previous_binding_power, binding_power, accepts_command_call, PM_ERR_EXPECT_EXPRESSION_AFTER_OPERATOR, (uint16_t) (depth + 1));
-                    pm_node_t *result = (pm_node_t *) pm_local_variable_operator_write_node_create(parser, node, &token, value, cast->name, cast->depth);
+                    pm_node_t *result = UP(pm_local_variable_operator_write_node_create(parser, node, &token, value, cast->name, cast->depth));
 
                     pm_node_destroy(parser, node);
                     return result;
@@ -21582,9 +21052,9 @@ parse_expression_infix(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_node_t *node, pm_binding_power_t
 
                         pm_constant_id_t constant_id = pm_parser_local_add_location(parser, message_loc->start, message_loc->end, 1);
                         pm_node_t *value = parse_assignment_value(parser, previous_binding_power, binding_power, accepts_command_call, PM_ERR_EXPECT_EXPRESSION_AFTER_OPERATOR, (uint16_t) (depth + 1));
-                        pm_node_t *result = (pm_node_t *) pm_local_variable_operator_write_node_create(parser, (pm_node_t *) cast, &token, value, constant_id, 0);
+                        pm_node_t *result = UP(pm_local_variable_operator_write_node_create(parser, UP(cast), &token, value, constant_id, 0));
 
-                        pm_node_destroy(parser, (pm_node_t *) cast);
+                        pm_node_destroy(parser, UP(cast));
                         return result;
                     }
 
@@ -21593,7 +21063,7 @@ parse_expression_infix(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_node_t *node, pm_binding_power_t
                     // an aset expression.
                     if (PM_NODE_FLAG_P(cast, PM_CALL_NODE_FLAGS_INDEX)) {
                         pm_node_t *value = parse_assignment_value(parser, previous_binding_power, binding_power, accepts_command_call, PM_ERR_EXPECT_EXPRESSION_AFTER_OPERATOR, (uint16_t) (depth + 1));
-                        return (pm_node_t *) pm_index_operator_write_node_create(parser, cast, &token, value);
+                        return UP(pm_index_operator_write_node_create(parser, cast, &token, value));
                     }
 
                     // If this node cannot be writable, then we have an error.
@@ -21605,7 +21075,7 @@ parse_expression_infix(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_node_t *node, pm_binding_power_t
 
                     parse_call_operator_write(parser, cast, &token);
                     pm_node_t *value = parse_assignment_value(parser, previous_binding_power, binding_power, accepts_command_call, PM_ERR_EXPECT_EXPRESSION_AFTER_OPERATOR, (uint16_t) (depth + 1));
-                    return (pm_node_t *) pm_call_operator_write_node_create(parser, cast, &token, value);
+                    return UP(pm_call_operator_write_node_create(parser, cast, &token, value));
                 }
                 case PM_MULTI_WRITE_NODE: {
                     parser_lex(parser);
@@ -21627,14 +21097,14 @@ parse_expression_infix(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_node_t *node, pm_binding_power_t
             parser_lex(parser);
 
             pm_node_t *right = parse_expression(parser, binding_power, parser->previous.type == PM_TOKEN_KEYWORD_AND, false, PM_ERR_EXPECT_EXPRESSION_AFTER_OPERATOR, (uint16_t) (depth + 1));
-            return (pm_node_t *) pm_and_node_create(parser, node, &token, right);
+            return UP(pm_and_node_create(parser, node, &token, right));
         }
         case PM_TOKEN_KEYWORD_OR:
         case PM_TOKEN_PIPE_PIPE: {
             parser_lex(parser);
 
             pm_node_t *right = parse_expression(parser, binding_power, parser->previous.type == PM_TOKEN_KEYWORD_OR, false, PM_ERR_EXPECT_EXPRESSION_AFTER_OPERATOR, (uint16_t) (depth + 1));
-            return (pm_node_t *) pm_or_node_create(parser, node, &token, right);
+            return UP(pm_or_node_create(parser, node, &token, right));
         }
         case PM_TOKEN_EQUAL_TILDE: {
             // Note that we _must_ parse the value before adding the local
@@ -21649,7 +21119,7 @@ parse_expression_infix(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_node_t *node, pm_binding_power_t
 
             // By default, we're going to create a call node and then return it.
             pm_call_node_t *call = pm_call_node_binary_create(parser, node, &token, argument, 0);
-            pm_node_t *result = (pm_node_t *) call;
+            pm_node_t *result = UP(call);
 
             // If the receiver of this =~ is a regular expression node, then we
             // need to introduce local variables for it based on its named
@@ -21752,7 +21222,7 @@ parse_expression_infix(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_node_t *node, pm_binding_power_t
             }
 
             pm_node_t *argument = parse_expression(parser, binding_power, false, false, PM_ERR_EXPECT_EXPRESSION_AFTER_OPERATOR, (uint16_t) (depth + 1));
-            return (pm_node_t *) pm_call_node_binary_create(parser, node, &token, argument, 0);
+            return UP(pm_call_node_binary_create(parser, node, &token, argument, 0));
         }
         case PM_TOKEN_GREATER:
         case PM_TOKEN_GREATER_EQUAL:
@@ -21764,7 +21234,7 @@ parse_expression_infix(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_node_t *node, pm_binding_power_t
 
             parser_lex(parser);
             pm_node_t *argument = parse_expression(parser, binding_power, false, false, PM_ERR_EXPECT_EXPRESSION_AFTER_OPERATOR, (uint16_t) (depth + 1));
-            return (pm_node_t *) pm_call_node_binary_create(parser, node, &token, argument, PM_CALL_NODE_FLAGS_COMPARISON);
+            return UP(pm_call_node_binary_create(parser, node, &token, argument, PM_CALL_NODE_FLAGS_COMPARISON));
         }
         case PM_TOKEN_AMPERSAND_DOT:
         case PM_TOKEN_DOT: {
@@ -21775,7 +21245,7 @@ parse_expression_infix(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_node_t *node, pm_binding_power_t
             // This if statement handles the foo.() syntax.
             if (match1(parser, PM_TOKEN_PARENTHESIS_LEFT)) {
                 parse_arguments_list(parser, &arguments, true, false, (uint16_t) (depth + 1));
-                return (pm_node_t *) pm_call_node_shorthand_create(parser, node, &operator, &arguments);
+                return UP(pm_call_node_shorthand_create(parser, node, &operator, &arguments));
             }
 
             switch (PM_NODE_TYPE(node)) {
@@ -21831,9 +21301,9 @@ parse_expression_infix(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_node_t *node, pm_binding_power_t
                 arguments.opening_loc.start == NULL &&
                 match1(parser, PM_TOKEN_COMMA)
             ) {
-                return parse_targets_validate(parser, (pm_node_t *) call, PM_BINDING_POWER_INDEX, (uint16_t) (depth + 1));
+                return parse_targets_validate(parser, UP(call), PM_BINDING_POWER_INDEX, (uint16_t) (depth + 1));
             } else {
-                return (pm_node_t *) call;
+                return UP(call);
             }
         }
         case PM_TOKEN_DOT_DOT:
@@ -21845,21 +21315,21 @@ parse_expression_infix(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_node_t *node, pm_binding_power_t
                 right = parse_expression(parser, binding_power, false, false, PM_ERR_EXPECT_EXPRESSION_AFTER_OPERATOR, (uint16_t) (depth + 1));
             }
 
-            return (pm_node_t *) pm_range_node_create(parser, node, &token, right);
+            return UP(pm_range_node_create(parser, node, &token, right));
         }
         case PM_TOKEN_KEYWORD_IF_MODIFIER: {
             pm_token_t keyword = parser->current;
             parser_lex(parser);
 
             pm_node_t *predicate = parse_value_expression(parser, binding_power, true, false, PM_ERR_CONDITIONAL_IF_PREDICATE, (uint16_t) (depth + 1));
-            return (pm_node_t *) pm_if_node_modifier_create(parser, node, &keyword, predicate);
+            return UP(pm_if_node_modifier_create(parser, node, &keyword, predicate));
         }
         case PM_TOKEN_KEYWORD_UNLESS_MODIFIER: {
             pm_token_t keyword = parser->current;
             parser_lex(parser);
 
             pm_node_t *predicate = parse_value_expression(parser, binding_power, true, false, PM_ERR_CONDITIONAL_UNLESS_PREDICATE, (uint16_t) (depth + 1));
-            return (pm_node_t *) pm_unless_node_modifier_create(parser, node, &keyword, predicate);
+            return UP(pm_unless_node_modifier_create(parser, node, &keyword, predicate));
         }
         case PM_TOKEN_KEYWORD_UNTIL_MODIFIER: {
             parser_lex(parser);
@@ -21867,7 +21337,7 @@ parse_expression_infix(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_node_t *node, pm_binding_power_t
             pm_statements_node_body_append(parser, statements, node, true);
 
             pm_node_t *predicate = parse_value_expression(parser, binding_power, true, false, PM_ERR_CONDITIONAL_UNTIL_PREDICATE, (uint16_t) (depth + 1));
-            return (pm_node_t *) pm_until_node_modifier_create(parser, &token, predicate, statements, PM_NODE_TYPE_P(node, PM_BEGIN_NODE) ? PM_LOOP_FLAGS_BEGIN_MODIFIER : 0);
+            return UP(pm_until_node_modifier_create(parser, &token, predicate, statements, PM_NODE_TYPE_P(node, PM_BEGIN_NODE) ? PM_LOOP_FLAGS_BEGIN_MODIFIER : 0));
         }
         case PM_TOKEN_KEYWORD_WHILE_MODIFIER: {
             parser_lex(parser);
@@ -21875,7 +21345,7 @@ parse_expression_infix(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_node_t *node, pm_binding_power_t
             pm_statements_node_body_append(parser, statements, node, true);
 
             pm_node_t *predicate = parse_value_expression(parser, binding_power, true, false, PM_ERR_CONDITIONAL_WHILE_PREDICATE, (uint16_t) (depth + 1));
-            return (pm_node_t *) pm_while_node_modifier_create(parser, &token, predicate, statements, PM_NODE_TYPE_P(node, PM_BEGIN_NODE) ? PM_LOOP_FLAGS_BEGIN_MODIFIER : 0);
+            return UP(pm_while_node_modifier_create(parser, &token, predicate, statements, PM_NODE_TYPE_P(node, PM_BEGIN_NODE) ? PM_LOOP_FLAGS_BEGIN_MODIFIER : 0));
         }
         case PM_TOKEN_QUESTION_MARK: {
             context_push(parser, PM_CONTEXT_TERNARY);
@@ -21895,13 +21365,13 @@ parse_expression_infix(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_node_t *node, pm_binding_power_t
                 // accidentally move past a ':' token that occurs after the syntax
                 // error.
                 pm_token_t colon = (pm_token_t) { .type = PM_TOKEN_MISSING, .start = parser->previous.end, .end = parser->previous.end };
-                pm_node_t *false_expression = (pm_node_t *) pm_missing_node_create(parser, colon.start, colon.end);
+                pm_node_t *false_expression = UP(pm_missing_node_create(parser, colon.start, colon.end));
 
                 context_pop(parser);
                 pop_block_exits(parser, previous_block_exits);
                 pm_node_list_free(&current_block_exits);
 
-                return (pm_node_t *) pm_if_node_ternary_create(parser, node, &qmark, true_expression, &colon, false_expression);
+                return UP(pm_if_node_ternary_create(parser, node, &qmark, true_expression, &colon, false_expression));
             }
 
             accept1(parser, PM_TOKEN_NEWLINE);
@@ -21914,7 +21384,7 @@ parse_expression_infix(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_node_t *node, pm_binding_power_t
             pop_block_exits(parser, previous_block_exits);
             pm_node_list_free(&current_block_exits);
 
-            return (pm_node_t *) pm_if_node_ternary_create(parser, node, &qmark, true_expression, &colon, false_expression);
+            return UP(pm_if_node_ternary_create(parser, node, &qmark, true_expression, &colon, false_expression));
         }
         case PM_TOKEN_COLON_COLON: {
             parser_lex(parser);
@@ -21939,10 +21409,10 @@ parse_expression_infix(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_node_t *node, pm_binding_power_t
                         pm_arguments_t arguments = { 0 };
 
                         parse_arguments_list(parser, &arguments, true, accepts_command_call, (uint16_t) (depth + 1));
-                        path = (pm_node_t *) pm_call_node_call_create(parser, node, &delimiter, &message, &arguments);
+                        path = UP(pm_call_node_call_create(parser, node, &delimiter, &message, &arguments));
                     } else {
                         // Otherwise, this is a constant path. That would look like Foo::Bar.
-                        path = (pm_node_t *) pm_constant_path_node_create(parser, node, &delimiter, &parser->previous);
+                        path = UP(pm_constant_path_node_create(parser, node, &delimiter, &parser->previous));
                     }
 
                     // If this is followed by a comma then it is a multiple assignment.
@@ -21967,10 +21437,10 @@ parse_expression_infix(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_node_t *node, pm_binding_power_t
 
                     // If this is followed by a comma then it is a multiple assignment.
                     if (previous_binding_power == PM_BINDING_POWER_STATEMENT && match1(parser, PM_TOKEN_COMMA)) {
-                        return parse_targets_validate(parser, (pm_node_t *) call, PM_BINDING_POWER_INDEX, (uint16_t) (depth + 1));
+                        return parse_targets_validate(parser, UP(call), PM_BINDING_POWER_INDEX, (uint16_t) (depth + 1));
                     }
 
-                    return (pm_node_t *) call;
+                    return UP(call);
                 }
                 case PM_TOKEN_PARENTHESIS_LEFT: {
                     // If we have a parenthesis following a '::' operator, then it is the
@@ -21978,11 +21448,11 @@ parse_expression_infix(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_node_t *node, pm_binding_power_t
                     pm_arguments_t arguments = { 0 };
                     parse_arguments_list(parser, &arguments, true, false, (uint16_t) (depth + 1));
 
-                    return (pm_node_t *) pm_call_node_shorthand_create(parser, node, &delimiter, &arguments);
+                    return UP(pm_call_node_shorthand_create(parser, node, &delimiter, &arguments));
                 }
                 default: {
                     expect1(parser, PM_TOKEN_CONSTANT, PM_ERR_CONSTANT_PATH_COLON_COLON_CONSTANT);
-                    return (pm_node_t *) pm_constant_path_node_create(parser, node, &delimiter, &parser->previous);
+                    return UP(pm_constant_path_node_create(parser, node, &delimiter, &parser->previous));
                 }
             }
         }
@@ -21994,7 +21464,7 @@ parse_expression_infix(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_node_t *node, pm_binding_power_t
             pm_node_t *value = parse_expression(parser, binding_power, true, false, PM_ERR_RESCUE_MODIFIER_VALUE, (uint16_t) (depth + 1));
             context_pop(parser);
 
-            return (pm_node_t *) pm_rescue_modifier_node_create(parser, node, &token, value);
+            return UP(pm_rescue_modifier_node_create(parser, node, &token, value));
         }
         case PM_TOKEN_BRACKET_LEFT: {
             parser_lex(parser);
@@ -22015,7 +21485,7 @@ parse_expression_infix(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_node_t *node, pm_binding_power_t
             // assignment and we should parse the targets.
             if (previous_binding_power == PM_BINDING_POWER_STATEMENT && match1(parser, PM_TOKEN_COMMA)) {
                 pm_call_node_t *aref = pm_call_node_aref_create(parser, node, &arguments);
-                return parse_targets_validate(parser, (pm_node_t *) aref, PM_BINDING_POWER_INDEX, (uint16_t) (depth + 1));
+                return parse_targets_validate(parser, UP(aref), PM_BINDING_POWER_INDEX, (uint16_t) (depth + 1));
             }
 
             // If we're at the end of the arguments, we can now check if there is a
@@ -22031,17 +21501,17 @@ parse_expression_infix(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_node_t *node, pm_binding_power_t
 
             if (block != NULL) {
                 if (arguments.block != NULL) {
-                    pm_parser_err_node(parser, (pm_node_t *) block, PM_ERR_ARGUMENT_AFTER_BLOCK);
+                    pm_parser_err_node(parser, UP(block), PM_ERR_ARGUMENT_AFTER_BLOCK);
                     if (arguments.arguments == NULL) {
                         arguments.arguments = pm_arguments_node_create(parser);
                     }
                     pm_arguments_node_arguments_append(arguments.arguments, arguments.block);
                 }
 
-                arguments.block = (pm_node_t *) block;
+                arguments.block = UP(block);
             }
 
-            return (pm_node_t *) pm_call_node_aref_create(parser, node, &arguments);
+            return UP(pm_call_node_aref_create(parser, node, &arguments));
         }
         case PM_TOKEN_KEYWORD_IN: {
             bool previous_pattern_matching_newlines = parser->pattern_matching_newlines;
@@ -22058,7 +21528,7 @@ parse_expression_infix(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_node_t *node, pm_binding_power_t
             parser->pattern_matching_newlines = previous_pattern_matching_newlines;
             pm_constant_id_list_free(&captures);
 
-            return (pm_node_t *) pm_match_predicate_node_create(parser, node, pattern, &operator);
+            return UP(pm_match_predicate_node_create(parser, node, pattern, &operator));
         }
         case PM_TOKEN_EQUAL_GREATER: {
             bool previous_pattern_matching_newlines = parser->pattern_matching_newlines;
@@ -22075,7 +21545,7 @@ parse_expression_infix(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_node_t *node, pm_binding_power_t
             parser->pattern_matching_newlines = previous_pattern_matching_newlines;
             pm_constant_id_list_free(&captures);
 
-            return (pm_node_t *) pm_match_required_node_create(parser, node, pattern, &operator);
+            return UP(pm_match_required_node_create(parser, node, pattern, &operator));
         }
         default:
             assert(false && "unreachable");
@@ -22112,7 +21582,7 @@ static pm_node_t *
 parse_expression(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_binding_power_t binding_power, bool accepts_command_call, bool accepts_label, pm_diagnostic_id_t diag_id, uint16_t depth) {
     if (PRISM_UNLIKELY(depth >= PRISM_DEPTH_MAXIMUM)) {
         pm_parser_err_current(parser, PM_ERR_NESTING_TOO_DEEP);
-        return (pm_node_t *) pm_missing_node_create(parser, parser->current.start, parser->current.end);
+        return UP(pm_missing_node_create(parser, parser->current.start, parser->current.end));
     }
 
     pm_node_t *node = parse_expression_prefix(parser, binding_power, accepts_command_call, accepts_label, diag_id, depth);
@@ -22169,6 +21639,12 @@ parse_expression(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_binding_power_t binding_power, bool acc
      ) {
         node = parse_expression_infix(parser, node, binding_power, current_binding_powers.right, accepts_command_call, (uint16_t) (depth + 1));
 
+        if (context_terminator(parser->current_context->context, &parser->current)) {
+            // If this token terminates the current context, then we need to
+            // stop parsing the expression, as it has become a statement.
+            return node;
+        }
+
         switch (PM_NODE_TYPE(node)) {
             case PM_MULTI_WRITE_NODE:
                 // Multi-write nodes are statements, and cannot be followed by
@@ -22300,14 +21776,14 @@ wrap_statements(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_statements_node_t *statements) {
         pm_arguments_node_t *arguments = pm_arguments_node_create(parser);
         pm_arguments_node_arguments_append(
             arguments,
-            (pm_node_t *) pm_global_variable_read_node_synthesized_create(parser, pm_parser_constant_id_constant(parser, "$_", 2))
+            UP(pm_global_variable_read_node_synthesized_create(parser, pm_parser_constant_id_constant(parser, "$_", 2)))
         );
 
-        pm_statements_node_body_append(parser, statements, (pm_node_t *) pm_call_node_fcall_synthesized_create(
+        pm_statements_node_body_append(parser, statements, UP(pm_call_node_fcall_synthesized_create(
             parser,
             arguments,
             pm_parser_constant_id_constant(parser, "print", 5)
-        ), true);
+        )), true);
     }
 
     if (PM_PARSER_COMMAND_LINE_OPTION_N(parser)) {
@@ -22319,46 +21795,46 @@ wrap_statements(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_statements_node_t *statements) {
             pm_arguments_node_t *arguments = pm_arguments_node_create(parser);
             pm_arguments_node_arguments_append(
                 arguments,
-                (pm_node_t *) pm_global_variable_read_node_synthesized_create(parser, pm_parser_constant_id_constant(parser, "$;", 2))
+                UP(pm_global_variable_read_node_synthesized_create(parser, pm_parser_constant_id_constant(parser, "$;", 2)))
             );
 
             pm_global_variable_read_node_t *receiver = pm_global_variable_read_node_synthesized_create(parser, pm_parser_constant_id_constant(parser, "$_", 2));
-            pm_call_node_t *call = pm_call_node_call_synthesized_create(parser, (pm_node_t *) receiver, "split", arguments);
+            pm_call_node_t *call = pm_call_node_call_synthesized_create(parser, UP(receiver), "split", arguments);
 
             pm_global_variable_write_node_t *write = pm_global_variable_write_node_synthesized_create(
                 parser,
                 pm_parser_constant_id_constant(parser, "$F", 2),
-                (pm_node_t *) call
+                UP(call)
             );
 
-            pm_statements_node_body_prepend(statements, (pm_node_t *) write);
+            pm_statements_node_body_prepend(statements, UP(write));
         }
 
         pm_arguments_node_t *arguments = pm_arguments_node_create(parser);
         pm_arguments_node_arguments_append(
             arguments,
-            (pm_node_t *) pm_global_variable_read_node_synthesized_create(parser, pm_parser_constant_id_constant(parser, "$/", 2))
+            UP(pm_global_variable_read_node_synthesized_create(parser, pm_parser_constant_id_constant(parser, "$/", 2)))
         );
 
         if (PM_PARSER_COMMAND_LINE_OPTION_L(parser)) {
             pm_keyword_hash_node_t *keywords = pm_keyword_hash_node_create(parser);
-            pm_keyword_hash_node_elements_append(keywords, (pm_node_t *) pm_assoc_node_create(
+            pm_keyword_hash_node_elements_append(keywords, UP(pm_assoc_node_create(
                 parser,
-                (pm_node_t *) pm_symbol_node_synthesized_create(parser, "chomp"),
+                UP(pm_symbol_node_synthesized_create(parser, "chomp")),
                 &(pm_token_t) { .type = PM_TOKEN_NOT_PROVIDED, .start = parser->start, .end = parser->start },
-                (pm_node_t *) pm_true_node_synthesized_create(parser)
-            ));
+                UP(pm_true_node_synthesized_create(parser))
+            )));
 
-            pm_arguments_node_arguments_append(arguments, (pm_node_t *) keywords);
-            pm_node_flag_set((pm_node_t *) arguments, PM_ARGUMENTS_NODE_FLAGS_CONTAINS_KEYWORDS);
+            pm_arguments_node_arguments_append(arguments, UP(keywords));
+            pm_node_flag_set(UP(arguments), PM_ARGUMENTS_NODE_FLAGS_CONTAINS_KEYWORDS);
         }
 
         pm_statements_node_t *wrapped_statements = pm_statements_node_create(parser);
-        pm_statements_node_body_append(parser, wrapped_statements, (pm_node_t *) pm_while_node_synthesized_create(
+        pm_statements_node_body_append(parser, wrapped_statements, UP(pm_while_node_synthesized_create(
             parser,
-            (pm_node_t *) pm_call_node_fcall_synthesized_create(parser, arguments, pm_parser_constant_id_constant(parser, "gets", 4)),
+            UP(pm_call_node_fcall_synthesized_create(parser, arguments, pm_parser_constant_id_constant(parser, "gets", 4))),
             statements
-        ), true);
+        )), true);
 
         statements = wrapped_statements;
     }
@@ -22402,9 +21878,10 @@ parse_program(pm_parser_t *parser) {
         statements = wrap_statements(parser, statements);
     } else {
         flush_block_exits(parser, previous_block_exits);
-        pm_node_list_free(&current_block_exits);
     }
 
+    pm_node_list_free(&current_block_exits);
+
     // If this is an empty file, then we're still going to parse all of the
     // statements in order to gather up all of the comments and such. Here we'll
     // correct the location information.
@@ -22413,7 +21890,7 @@ parse_program(pm_parser_t *parser) {
         pm_statements_node_location_set(statements, parser->start, parser->start);
     }
 
-    return (pm_node_t *) pm_program_node_create(parser, &locals, statements);
+    return UP(pm_program_node_create(parser, &locals, statements));
 }
 
 /******************************************************************************/
@@ -22433,7 +21910,7 @@ static const char *
 pm_strnstr(const char *big, const char *little, size_t big_length) {
     size_t little_length = strlen(little);
 
-    for (const char *big_end = big + big_length; big < big_end; big++) {
+    for (const char *max = big + big_length - little_length; big <= max; big++) {
         if (*big == *little && memcmp(big, little, little_length) == 0) return big;
     }
 
@@ -22623,6 +22100,12 @@ pm_parser_init(pm_parser_t *parser, const uint8_t *source, size_t size, const pm
         }
     }
 
+    // Now that we have established the user-provided options, check if
+    // a version was given and parse as the latest version otherwise.
+    if (parser->version == PM_OPTIONS_VERSION_UNSET) {
+        parser->version = PM_OPTIONS_VERSION_LATEST;
+    }
+
     pm_accepts_block_stack_push(parser, true);
 
     // Skip past the UTF-8 BOM if it exists.
@@ -22656,8 +22139,8 @@ pm_parser_init(pm_parser_t *parser, const uint8_t *source, size_t size, const pm
     // If the shebang does not include "ruby" and this is the main script being
     // parsed, then we will start searching the file for a shebang that does
     // contain "ruby" as if -x were passed on the command line.
-    const uint8_t *newline = next_newline(parser->start, parser->end - parser->start);
-    size_t length = (size_t) ((newline != NULL ? newline : parser->end) - parser->start);
+    const uint8_t *newline = next_newline(parser->current.end, parser->end - parser->current.end);
+    size_t length = (size_t) ((newline != NULL ? newline : parser->end) - parser->current.end);
 
     if (length > 2 && parser->current.end[0] == '#' && parser->current.end[1] == '!') {
         const char *engine;
@@ -22676,7 +22159,7 @@ pm_parser_init(pm_parser_t *parser, const uint8_t *source, size_t size, const pm
             }
 
             search_shebang = false;
-        } else if (options->main_script && !parser->parsing_eval) {
+        } else if (options != NULL && options->main_script && !parser->parsing_eval) {
             search_shebang = true;
         }
     }
@@ -22816,7 +22299,7 @@ pm_parse(pm_parser_t *parser) {
  * otherwise return true.
  */
 static bool
-pm_parse_stream_read(pm_buffer_t *buffer, void *stream, pm_parse_stream_fgets_t *stream_fgets) {
+pm_parse_stream_read(pm_buffer_t *buffer, void *stream, pm_parse_stream_fgets_t *stream_fgets, pm_parse_stream_feof_t *stream_feof) {
 #define LINE_SIZE 4096
     char line[LINE_SIZE];
 
@@ -22852,6 +22335,12 @@ pm_parse_stream_read(pm_buffer_t *buffer, void *stream, pm_parse_stream_fgets_t
                 if (strncmp(line, "__END__\r\n", 9) == 0) return false;
                 break;
         }
+
+        // All data should be read via gets.  If the string returned by gets
+        // _doesn't_ end with a newline, then we assume we hit EOF condition.
+        if (stream_feof(stream)) {
+            break;
+        }
     }
 
     return true;
@@ -22887,16 +22376,17 @@ pm_parse_stream_unterminated_heredoc_p(pm_parser_t *parser) {
  * can stream stdin in to Ruby so we need to support a streaming API.
  */
 PRISM_EXPORTED_FUNCTION pm_node_t *
-pm_parse_stream(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_buffer_t *buffer, void *stream, pm_parse_stream_fgets_t *stream_fgets, const pm_options_t *options) {
+pm_parse_stream(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_buffer_t *buffer, void *stream, pm_parse_stream_fgets_t *stream_fgets, pm_parse_stream_feof_t *stream_feof, const pm_options_t *options) {
     pm_buffer_init(buffer);
 
-    bool eof = pm_parse_stream_read(buffer, stream, stream_fgets);
+    bool eof = pm_parse_stream_read(buffer, stream, stream_fgets, stream_feof);
+
     pm_parser_init(parser, (const uint8_t *) pm_buffer_value(buffer), pm_buffer_length(buffer), options);
     pm_node_t *node = pm_parse(parser);
 
     while (!eof && parser->error_list.size > 0 && (parser->lex_modes.index > 0 || pm_parse_stream_unterminated_heredoc_p(parser))) {
         pm_node_destroy(parser, node);
-        eof = pm_parse_stream_read(buffer, stream, stream_fgets);
+        eof = pm_parse_stream_read(buffer, stream, stream_fgets, stream_feof);
 
         pm_parser_free(parser);
         pm_parser_init(parser, (const uint8_t *) pm_buffer_value(buffer), pm_buffer_length(buffer), options);
@@ -22931,10 +22421,6 @@ pm_parse_success_p(const uint8_t *source, size_t size, const char *data) {
 #undef PM_CASE_OPERATOR
 #undef PM_CASE_WRITABLE
 #undef PM_STRING_EMPTY
-#undef PM_LOCATION_NODE_BASE_VALUE
-#undef PM_LOCATION_NODE_VALUE
-#undef PM_LOCATION_NULL_VALUE
-#undef PM_LOCATION_TOKEN_VALUE
 
 // We optionally support serializing to a binary string. For systems that don't
 // want or need this functionality, it can be turned off with the
@@ -22988,13 +22474,13 @@ pm_serialize_parse(pm_buffer_t *buffer, const uint8_t *source, size_t size, cons
  * given stream into to the given buffer.
  */
 PRISM_EXPORTED_FUNCTION void
-pm_serialize_parse_stream(pm_buffer_t *buffer, void *stream, pm_parse_stream_fgets_t *stream_fgets, const char *data) {
+pm_serialize_parse_stream(pm_buffer_t *buffer, void *stream, pm_parse_stream_fgets_t *stream_fgets, pm_parse_stream_feof_t *stream_feof, const char *data) {
     pm_parser_t parser;
     pm_options_t options = { 0 };
     pm_options_read(&options, data);
 
     pm_buffer_t parser_buffer;
-    pm_node_t *node = pm_parse_stream(&parser, &parser_buffer, stream, stream_fgets, &options);
+    pm_node_t *node = pm_parse_stream(&parser, &parser_buffer, stream, stream_fgets, stream_feof, &options);
     pm_serialize_header(buffer);
     pm_serialize_content(&parser, node, buffer);
     pm_buffer_append_byte(buffer, '\0');
diff --git a/prism/prism.h b/prism/prism.h
index 317568aa0c..c468db18be 100644
--- a/prism/prism.h
+++ b/prism/prism.h
@@ -49,10 +49,15 @@ PRISM_EXPORTED_FUNCTION const char * pm_version(void);
 /**
  * Initialize a parser with the given start and end pointers.
  *
+ * The resulting parser must eventually be freed with `pm_parser_free()`.
+ *
  * @param parser The parser to initialize.
  * @param source The source to parse.
  * @param size The size of the source.
- * @param options The optional options to use when parsing.
+ * @param options The optional options to use when parsing. These options must
+ *   live for the whole lifetime of this parser.
+ *
+ * \public \memberof pm_parser
  */
 PRISM_EXPORTED_FUNCTION void pm_parser_init(pm_parser_t *parser, const uint8_t *source, size_t size, const pm_options_t *options);
 
@@ -62,13 +67,20 @@ PRISM_EXPORTED_FUNCTION void pm_parser_init(pm_parser_t *parser, const uint8_t *
  *
  * @param parser The parser to register the callback with.
  * @param callback The callback to register.
+ *
+ * \public \memberof pm_parser
  */
 PRISM_EXPORTED_FUNCTION void pm_parser_register_encoding_changed_callback(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_encoding_changed_callback_t callback);
 
 /**
  * Free any memory associated with the given parser.
  *
+ * This does not free the `pm_options_t` object that was used to initialize the
+ * parser.
+ *
  * @param parser The parser to free.
+ *
+ * \public \memberof pm_parser
  */
 PRISM_EXPORTED_FUNCTION void pm_parser_free(pm_parser_t *parser);
 
@@ -77,27 +89,39 @@ PRISM_EXPORTED_FUNCTION void pm_parser_free(pm_parser_t *parser);
  *
  * @param parser The parser to use.
  * @return The AST representing the source.
+ *
+ * \public \memberof pm_parser
  */
 PRISM_EXPORTED_FUNCTION pm_node_t * pm_parse(pm_parser_t *parser);
 
 /**
- * This function is used in pm_parse_stream to retrieve a line of input from a
+ * This function is used in pm_parse_stream() to retrieve a line of input from a
  * stream. It closely mirrors that of fgets so that fgets can be used as the
  * default implementation.
  */
 typedef char * (pm_parse_stream_fgets_t)(char *string, int size, void *stream);
 
 /**
+ * This function is used in pm_parse_stream to check whether a stream is EOF.
+ * It closely mirrors that of feof so that feof can be used as the
+ * default implementation.
+ */
+typedef int (pm_parse_stream_feof_t)(void *stream);
+
+/**
  * Parse a stream of Ruby source and return the tree.
  *
  * @param parser The parser to use.
  * @param buffer The buffer to use.
  * @param stream The stream to parse.
  * @param stream_fgets The function to use to read from the stream.
+ * @param stream_feof The function to use to determine if the stream has hit eof.
  * @param options The optional options to use when parsing.
  * @return The AST representing the source.
+ *
+ * \public \memberof pm_parser
  */
-PRISM_EXPORTED_FUNCTION pm_node_t * pm_parse_stream(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_buffer_t *buffer, void *stream, pm_parse_stream_fgets_t *stream_fgets, const pm_options_t *options);
+PRISM_EXPORTED_FUNCTION pm_node_t * pm_parse_stream(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_buffer_t *buffer, void *stream, pm_parse_stream_fgets_t *stream_fgets, pm_parse_stream_feof_t *stream_feof, const pm_options_t *options);
 
 // We optionally support serializing to a binary string. For systems that don't
 // want or need this functionality, it can be turned off with the
@@ -111,9 +135,10 @@ PRISM_EXPORTED_FUNCTION pm_node_t * pm_parse_stream(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_buff
  * @param buffer The buffer to serialize to.
  * @param stream The stream to parse.
  * @param stream_fgets The function to use to read from the stream.
+ * @param stream_feof The function to use to tell if the stream has hit eof.
  * @param data The optional data to pass to the parser.
  */
-PRISM_EXPORTED_FUNCTION void pm_serialize_parse_stream(pm_buffer_t *buffer, void *stream, pm_parse_stream_fgets_t *stream_fgets, const char *data);
+PRISM_EXPORTED_FUNCTION void pm_serialize_parse_stream(pm_buffer_t *buffer, void *stream, pm_parse_stream_fgets_t *stream_fgets, pm_parse_stream_feof_t *stream_feof, const char *data);
 
 /**
  * Serialize the given list of comments to the given buffer.
@@ -289,7 +314,7 @@ PRISM_EXPORTED_FUNCTION pm_string_query_t pm_string_query_method_name(const uint
  * dependencies. It is currently being integrated into
  * [CRuby](https://github.com/ruby/ruby),
  * [JRuby](https://github.com/jruby/jruby),
- * [TruffleRuby](https://github.com/oracle/truffleruby),
+ * [TruffleRuby](https://github.com/truffleruby/truffleruby),
  * [Sorbet](https://github.com/sorbet/sorbet), and
  * [Syntax Tree](https://github.com/ruby-syntax-tree/syntax_tree).
  *
@@ -307,10 +332,10 @@ PRISM_EXPORTED_FUNCTION pm_string_query_t pm_string_query_method_name(const uint
  * to want to use and be aware of are:
  *
  * * `pm_parser_t` - the main parser structure
- * * `pm_parser_init` - initialize a parser
- * * `pm_parse` - parse and return the root node
- * * `pm_node_destroy` - deallocate the root node returned by `pm_parse`
- * * `pm_parser_free` - free the internal memory of the parser
+ * * `pm_parser_init()` - initialize a parser
+ * * `pm_parse()` - parse and return the root node
+ * * `pm_node_destroy()` - deallocate the root node returned by `pm_parse()`
+ * * `pm_parser_free()` - free the internal memory of the parser
  *
  * Putting all of this together would look something like:
  *
@@ -327,8 +352,8 @@ PRISM_EXPORTED_FUNCTION pm_string_query_t pm_string_query_method_name(const uint
  * }
  * ```
  *
- * All of the nodes "inherit" from `pm_node_t` by embedding those structures as
- * their first member. This means you can downcast and upcast any node in the
+ * All of the nodes "inherit" from `pm_node_t` by embedding those structures
+ * as their first member. This means you can downcast and upcast any node in the
  * tree to a `pm_node_t`.
  *
  * @section serializing Serializing
@@ -340,9 +365,9 @@ PRISM_EXPORTED_FUNCTION pm_string_query_t pm_string_query_method_name(const uint
  * use and be aware of are:
  *
  * * `pm_buffer_t` - a small buffer object that will hold the serialized AST
- * * `pm_buffer_free` - free the memory associated with the buffer
- * * `pm_serialize` - serialize the AST into a buffer
- * * `pm_serialize_parse` - parse and serialize the AST into a buffer
+ * * `pm_buffer_free()` - free the memory associated with the buffer
+ * * `pm_serialize()` - serialize the AST into a buffer
+ * * `pm_serialize_parse()` - parse and serialize the AST into a buffer
  *
  * Putting all of this together would look something like:
  *
@@ -360,7 +385,7 @@ PRISM_EXPORTED_FUNCTION pm_string_query_t pm_string_query_method_name(const uint
  * @section inspecting Inspecting
  *
  * Prism provides the ability to inspect the AST by pretty-printing nodes. You
- * can do this with the `pm_prettyprint` function, which you would use like:
+ * can do this with the `pm_prettyprint()` function, which you would use like:
  *
  * ```c
  * void prettyprint(const uint8_t *source, size_t length) {
diff --git a/prism/regexp.h b/prism/regexp.h
index c0b3163e93..5366b5a5a0 100644
--- a/prism/regexp.h
+++ b/prism/regexp.h
@@ -17,12 +17,12 @@
 #include <string.h>
 
 /**
- * This callback is called when a named capture group is found.
+ * This callback is called by pm_regexp_parse() when a named capture group is found.
  */
 typedef void (*pm_regexp_name_callback_t)(const pm_string_t *name, void *data);
 
 /**
- * This callback is called when a parse error is found.
+ * This callback is called by pm_regexp_parse() when a parse error is found.
  */
 typedef void (*pm_regexp_error_callback_t)(const uint8_t *start, const uint8_t *end, const char *message, void *data);
 
diff --git a/prism/srcs.mk b/prism/srcs.mk
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..022662a00b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/prism/srcs.mk
@@ -0,0 +1,150 @@
+PRISM_TEMPLATES_DIR = $(PRISM_SRCDIR)/templates
+PRISM_TEMPLATE = $(PRISM_TEMPLATES_DIR)/template.rb
+PRISM_CONFIG = $(PRISM_SRCDIR)/config.yml
+
+srcs uncommon.mk: prism/.srcs.mk.time
+
+prism/.srcs.mk.time: $(order_only) $(PRISM_BUILD_DIR)/.time
+prism/$(HAVE_BASERUBY:no=.srcs.mk.time):
+	touch $@
+prism/$(HAVE_BASERUBY:yes=.srcs.mk.time): \
+		$(PRISM_SRCDIR)/templates/template.rb \
+		$(PRISM_SRCDIR)/srcs.mk.in
+	$(BASERUBY) $(tooldir)/generic_erb.rb -c -t$@ -o $(PRISM_SRCDIR)/srcs.mk $(PRISM_SRCDIR)/srcs.mk.in
+
+distclean-prism-srcs::
+	$(RM) prism/.srcs.mk.time
+	$(RMDIRS) prism || $(NULLCMD)
+
+distclean-srcs-local:: distclean-prism-srcs
+
+realclean-prism-srcs:: distclean-prism-srcs
+	$(RM) $(PRISM_SRCDIR)/srcs.mk
+
+realclean-srcs-local:: realclean-prism-srcs
+
+main srcs: $(srcdir)/prism/api_node.c
+$(srcdir)/prism/api_node.c: $(PRISM_CONFIG) $(PRISM_TEMPLATE) $(PRISM_TEMPLATES_DIR)/ext/prism/api_node.c.erb
+	$(Q) $(BASERUBY) $(PRISM_TEMPLATE) ext/prism/api_node.c $@
+
+realclean-prism-srcs::
+	$(RM) $(srcdir)/prism/api_node.c
+
+main incs: $(srcdir)/prism/ast.h
+$(srcdir)/prism/ast.h: $(PRISM_CONFIG) $(PRISM_TEMPLATE) $(PRISM_TEMPLATES_DIR)/include/prism/ast.h.erb
+	$(Q) $(BASERUBY) $(PRISM_TEMPLATE) include/prism/ast.h $@
+
+realclean-prism-srcs::
+	$(RM) $(srcdir)/prism/ast.h
+
+main incs: $(srcdir)/prism/diagnostic.h
+$(srcdir)/prism/diagnostic.h: $(PRISM_CONFIG) $(PRISM_TEMPLATE) $(PRISM_TEMPLATES_DIR)/include/prism/diagnostic.h.erb
+	$(Q) $(BASERUBY) $(PRISM_TEMPLATE) include/prism/diagnostic.h $@
+
+realclean-prism-srcs::
+	$(RM) $(srcdir)/prism/diagnostic.h
+
+main srcs: $(srcdir)/lib/prism/compiler.rb
+$(srcdir)/lib/prism/compiler.rb: $(PRISM_CONFIG) $(PRISM_TEMPLATE) $(PRISM_TEMPLATES_DIR)/lib/prism/compiler.rb.erb
+	$(Q) $(BASERUBY) $(PRISM_TEMPLATE) lib/prism/compiler.rb $@
+
+realclean-prism-srcs::
+	$(RM) $(srcdir)/lib/prism/compiler.rb
+
+main srcs: $(srcdir)/lib/prism/dispatcher.rb
+$(srcdir)/lib/prism/dispatcher.rb: $(PRISM_CONFIG) $(PRISM_TEMPLATE) $(PRISM_TEMPLATES_DIR)/lib/prism/dispatcher.rb.erb
+	$(Q) $(BASERUBY) $(PRISM_TEMPLATE) lib/prism/dispatcher.rb $@
+
+realclean-prism-srcs::
+	$(RM) $(srcdir)/lib/prism/dispatcher.rb
+
+main srcs: $(srcdir)/lib/prism/dot_visitor.rb
+$(srcdir)/lib/prism/dot_visitor.rb: $(PRISM_CONFIG) $(PRISM_TEMPLATE) $(PRISM_TEMPLATES_DIR)/lib/prism/dot_visitor.rb.erb
+	$(Q) $(BASERUBY) $(PRISM_TEMPLATE) lib/prism/dot_visitor.rb $@
+
+realclean-prism-srcs::
+	$(RM) $(srcdir)/lib/prism/dot_visitor.rb
+
+main srcs: $(srcdir)/lib/prism/dsl.rb
+$(srcdir)/lib/prism/dsl.rb: $(PRISM_CONFIG) $(PRISM_TEMPLATE) $(PRISM_TEMPLATES_DIR)/lib/prism/dsl.rb.erb
+	$(Q) $(BASERUBY) $(PRISM_TEMPLATE) lib/prism/dsl.rb $@
+
+realclean-prism-srcs::
+	$(RM) $(srcdir)/lib/prism/dsl.rb
+
+main srcs: $(srcdir)/lib/prism/inspect_visitor.rb
+$(srcdir)/lib/prism/inspect_visitor.rb: $(PRISM_CONFIG) $(PRISM_TEMPLATE) $(PRISM_TEMPLATES_DIR)/lib/prism/inspect_visitor.rb.erb
+	$(Q) $(BASERUBY) $(PRISM_TEMPLATE) lib/prism/inspect_visitor.rb $@
+
+realclean-prism-srcs::
+	$(RM) $(srcdir)/lib/prism/inspect_visitor.rb
+
+main srcs: $(srcdir)/lib/prism/mutation_compiler.rb
+$(srcdir)/lib/prism/mutation_compiler.rb: $(PRISM_CONFIG) $(PRISM_TEMPLATE) $(PRISM_TEMPLATES_DIR)/lib/prism/mutation_compiler.rb.erb
+	$(Q) $(BASERUBY) $(PRISM_TEMPLATE) lib/prism/mutation_compiler.rb $@
+
+realclean-prism-srcs::
+	$(RM) $(srcdir)/lib/prism/mutation_compiler.rb
+
+main srcs: $(srcdir)/lib/prism/node.rb
+$(srcdir)/lib/prism/node.rb: $(PRISM_CONFIG) $(PRISM_TEMPLATE) $(PRISM_TEMPLATES_DIR)/lib/prism/node.rb.erb
+	$(Q) $(BASERUBY) $(PRISM_TEMPLATE) lib/prism/node.rb $@
+
+realclean-prism-srcs::
+	$(RM) $(srcdir)/lib/prism/node.rb
+
+main srcs: $(srcdir)/lib/prism/reflection.rb
+$(srcdir)/lib/prism/reflection.rb: $(PRISM_CONFIG) $(PRISM_TEMPLATE) $(PRISM_TEMPLATES_DIR)/lib/prism/reflection.rb.erb
+	$(Q) $(BASERUBY) $(PRISM_TEMPLATE) lib/prism/reflection.rb $@
+
+realclean-prism-srcs::
+	$(RM) $(srcdir)/lib/prism/reflection.rb
+
+main srcs: $(srcdir)/lib/prism/serialize.rb
+$(srcdir)/lib/prism/serialize.rb: $(PRISM_CONFIG) $(PRISM_TEMPLATE) $(PRISM_TEMPLATES_DIR)/lib/prism/serialize.rb.erb
+	$(Q) $(BASERUBY) $(PRISM_TEMPLATE) lib/prism/serialize.rb $@
+
+realclean-prism-srcs::
+	$(RM) $(srcdir)/lib/prism/serialize.rb
+
+main srcs: $(srcdir)/lib/prism/visitor.rb
+$(srcdir)/lib/prism/visitor.rb: $(PRISM_CONFIG) $(PRISM_TEMPLATE) $(PRISM_TEMPLATES_DIR)/lib/prism/visitor.rb.erb
+	$(Q) $(BASERUBY) $(PRISM_TEMPLATE) lib/prism/visitor.rb $@
+
+realclean-prism-srcs::
+	$(RM) $(srcdir)/lib/prism/visitor.rb
+
+main srcs: $(srcdir)/prism/diagnostic.c
+$(srcdir)/prism/diagnostic.c: $(PRISM_CONFIG) $(PRISM_TEMPLATE) $(PRISM_TEMPLATES_DIR)/src/diagnostic.c.erb
+	$(Q) $(BASERUBY) $(PRISM_TEMPLATE) src/diagnostic.c $@
+
+realclean-prism-srcs::
+	$(RM) $(srcdir)/prism/diagnostic.c
+
+main srcs: $(srcdir)/prism/node.c
+$(srcdir)/prism/node.c: $(PRISM_CONFIG) $(PRISM_TEMPLATE) $(PRISM_TEMPLATES_DIR)/src/node.c.erb
+	$(Q) $(BASERUBY) $(PRISM_TEMPLATE) src/node.c $@
+
+realclean-prism-srcs::
+	$(RM) $(srcdir)/prism/node.c
+
+main srcs: $(srcdir)/prism/prettyprint.c
+$(srcdir)/prism/prettyprint.c: $(PRISM_CONFIG) $(PRISM_TEMPLATE) $(PRISM_TEMPLATES_DIR)/src/prettyprint.c.erb
+	$(Q) $(BASERUBY) $(PRISM_TEMPLATE) src/prettyprint.c $@
+
+realclean-prism-srcs::
+	$(RM) $(srcdir)/prism/prettyprint.c
+
+main srcs: $(srcdir)/prism/serialize.c
+$(srcdir)/prism/serialize.c: $(PRISM_CONFIG) $(PRISM_TEMPLATE) $(PRISM_TEMPLATES_DIR)/src/serialize.c.erb
+	$(Q) $(BASERUBY) $(PRISM_TEMPLATE) src/serialize.c $@
+
+realclean-prism-srcs::
+	$(RM) $(srcdir)/prism/serialize.c
+
+main srcs: $(srcdir)/prism/token_type.c
+$(srcdir)/prism/token_type.c: $(PRISM_CONFIG) $(PRISM_TEMPLATE) $(PRISM_TEMPLATES_DIR)/src/token_type.c.erb
+	$(Q) $(BASERUBY) $(PRISM_TEMPLATE) src/token_type.c $@
+
+realclean-prism-srcs::
+	$(RM) $(srcdir)/prism/token_type.c
diff --git a/prism/srcs.mk.in b/prism/srcs.mk.in
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..cc263fd1b4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/prism/srcs.mk.in
@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+<% # -*- ruby -*-
+require_relative 'templates/template'
+
+script = File.basename(__FILE__)
+srcs = output ? File.basename(output) : script.chomp('.in')
+mk = 'uncommon.mk'
+
+# %>
+PRISM_TEMPLATES_DIR = $(PRISM_SRCDIR)/templates
+PRISM_TEMPLATE = $(PRISM_TEMPLATES_DIR)/template.rb
+PRISM_CONFIG = $(PRISM_SRCDIR)/config.yml
+
+srcs <%=%><%=mk%>: prism/.srcs.mk.time
+
+prism/.srcs.mk.time: $(order_only) $(PRISM_BUILD_DIR)/.time
+prism/$(HAVE_BASERUBY:no=.srcs.mk.time):
+	touch $@
+prism/$(HAVE_BASERUBY:yes=.srcs.mk.time): \
+		$(PRISM_SRCDIR)/templates/template.rb \
+		$(PRISM_SRCDIR)/<%=%><%=script%>
+	$(BASERUBY) $(tooldir)/generic_erb.rb -c -t$@ -o $(PRISM_SRCDIR)/<%=%><%=srcs%> $(PRISM_SRCDIR)/<%=%><%=script%>
+
+distclean-prism-srcs::
+	$(RM) prism/.srcs.mk.time
+	$(RMDIRS) prism || $(NULLCMD)
+
+distclean-srcs-local:: distclean-prism-srcs
+
+realclean-prism-srcs:: distclean-prism-srcs
+	$(RM) $(PRISM_SRCDIR)/<%=%><%=srcs%>
+
+realclean-srcs-local:: realclean-prism-srcs
+<% Prism::Template::TEMPLATES.map do |t|
+  /\.(?:[ch]|rb)\z/ =~ t or next
+  s = '$(srcdir)/' + t.sub(%r[\A(?:(src)|ext|include)/]) {$1 && 'prism/'}
+  s.sub!(%r[\A\$(srcdir)/prism/], '$(PRISM_SRCDIR)/')
+  target = s.end_with?('.h') ? 'incs' : 'srcs'
+# %>
+
+main <%=%><%=target%>: <%=%><%=s%>
+<%=%><%=s%>: $(PRISM_CONFIG) $(PRISM_TEMPLATE) $(PRISM_TEMPLATES_DIR)/<%=%><%=t%>.erb
+	$(Q) $(BASERUBY) $(PRISM_TEMPLATE) <%=%><%=t%> $@
+
+realclean-prism-srcs::
+	$(RM) <%=%><%=s%>
+<%
+end
+# %>
diff --git a/prism/templates/include/prism/ast.h.erb b/prism/templates/include/prism/ast.h.erb
index 087eb81890..790cf9ebb8 100644
--- a/prism/templates/include/prism/ast.h.erb
+++ b/prism/templates/include/prism/ast.h.erb
@@ -106,22 +106,6 @@ static const pm_node_flags_t PM_NODE_FLAG_NEWLINE = 0x1;
 static const pm_node_flags_t PM_NODE_FLAG_STATIC_LITERAL = 0x2;
 
 /**
- * Cast the type to an enum to allow the compiler to provide exhaustiveness
- * checking.
- */
-#define PM_NODE_TYPE(node) ((enum pm_node_type) (node)->type)
-
-/**
- * Return true if the type of the given node matches the given type.
- */
-#define PM_NODE_TYPE_P(node, type) (PM_NODE_TYPE(node) == (type))
-
-/**
- * Return true if the given flag is set on the given node.
- */
-#define PM_NODE_FLAG_P(node, flag) ((((pm_node_t *)(node))->flags & (flag)) != 0)
-
-/**
  * This is the base structure that represents a node in the syntax tree. It is
  * embedded into every node type.
  */
@@ -150,6 +134,32 @@ typedef struct pm_node {
      */
     pm_location_t location;
 } pm_node_t;
+
+/**
+ * Cast the given node to the base pm_node_t type.
+ */
+#define PM_NODE_UPCAST(node_) ((pm_node_t *) (node_))
+
+/**
+ * Cast the type to an enum to allow the compiler to provide exhaustiveness
+ * checking.
+ */
+#define PM_NODE_TYPE(node_) ((enum pm_node_type) (node_)->type)
+
+/**
+ * Return true if the type of the given node matches the given type.
+ */
+#define PM_NODE_TYPE_P(node_, type_) (PM_NODE_TYPE(node_) == (type_))
+
+/**
+ * Return the flags associated with the given node.
+ */
+#define PM_NODE_FLAGS(node_) (PM_NODE_UPCAST(node_)->flags)
+
+/**
+ * Return true if the given flag is set on the given node.
+ */
+#define PM_NODE_FLAG_P(node_, flag_) ((PM_NODE_FLAGS(node_) & (flag_)) != 0)
 <%- nodes.each do |node| -%>
 
 /**
@@ -212,6 +222,8 @@ typedef enum pm_<%= flag.human %> {
     /** <%= value.comment %> */
     PM_<%= flag.human.upcase %>_<%= value.name %> = <%= 1 << (index + Prism::Template::COMMON_FLAGS_COUNT) %>,
     <%- end -%>
+
+    PM_<%= flag.human.upcase %>_LAST,
 } pm_<%= flag.human %>_t;
 <%- end -%>
 
diff --git a/prism/templates/lib/prism/compiler.rb.erb b/prism/templates/lib/prism/compiler.rb.erb
index 9102025c20..66dbe666b9 100644
--- a/prism/templates/lib/prism/compiler.rb.erb
+++ b/prism/templates/lib/prism/compiler.rb.erb
@@ -29,14 +29,14 @@ module Prism
 
     # Visit the child nodes of the given node.
     def visit_child_nodes(node)
-      node.compact_child_nodes.map { |node| node.accept(self) }
+      node.each_child_node.map { |node| node.accept(self) }
     end
 
     <%- nodes.each_with_index do |node, index| -%>
 <%= "\n" if index != 0 -%>
     # Compile a <%= node.name %> node
     def visit_<%= node.human %>(node)
-      node.compact_child_nodes.map { |node| node.accept(self) }
+      node.each_child_node.map { |node| node.accept(self) }
     end
     <%- end -%>
   end
diff --git a/prism/templates/lib/prism/node.rb.erb b/prism/templates/lib/prism/node.rb.erb
index ceee2b0ffe..8225bfb328 100644
--- a/prism/templates/lib/prism/node.rb.erb
+++ b/prism/templates/lib/prism/node.rb.erb
@@ -184,24 +184,13 @@ module Prism
       queue = [self] #: Array[Prism::node]
       result = [] #: Array[Prism::node]
 
+      search_offset = source.line_to_byte_offset(line) + column
+
       while (node = queue.shift)
         result << node
 
-        node.compact_child_nodes.each do |child_node|
-          child_location = child_node.location
-
-          start_line = child_location.start_line
-          end_line = child_location.end_line
-
-          if start_line == end_line
-            if line == start_line && column >= child_location.start_column && column < child_location.end_column
-              queue << child_node
-              break
-            end
-          elsif (line == start_line && column >= child_location.start_column) || (line == end_line && column < child_location.end_column)
-            queue << child_node
-            break
-          elsif line > start_line && line < end_line
+        node.each_child_node do |child_node|
+          if child_node.start_offset <= search_offset && search_offset < child_node.end_offset
             queue << child_node
             break
           end
@@ -259,6 +248,13 @@ module Prism
 
     alias deconstruct child_nodes
 
+    # With a block given, yields each child node. Without a block, returns
+    # an enumerator that contains each child node. Excludes any `nil`s in
+    # the place of optional nodes that were not present.
+    def each_child_node
+      raise NoMethodError, "undefined method `each_child_node' for #{inspect}"
+    end
+
     # Returns an array of child nodes, excluding any `nil`s in the place of
     # optional nodes that were not present.
     def compact_child_nodes
@@ -335,6 +331,22 @@ module Prism
       }.compact.join(", ") %>]
     end
 
+    # def each_child_node: () { (Prism::node) -> void } -> void | () -> Enumerator[Prism::node]
+    def each_child_node
+      return to_enum(:each_child_node) unless block_given?
+
+      <%- node.fields.each do |field| -%>
+      <%- case field -%>
+      <%- when Prism::Template::NodeField -%>
+      yield <%= field.name %>
+      <%- when Prism::Template::OptionalNodeField -%>
+      yield <%= field.name %> if <%= field.name %>
+      <%- when Prism::Template::NodeListField -%>
+      <%= field.name %>.each { |node| yield node }
+      <%- end -%>
+      <%- end -%>
+    end
+
     # def compact_child_nodes: () -> Array[Node]
     def compact_child_nodes
       <%- if node.fields.any? { |field| field.is_a?(Prism::Template::OptionalNodeField) } -%>
diff --git a/prism/templates/lib/prism/serialize.rb.erb b/prism/templates/lib/prism/serialize.rb.erb
index 104b60f484..6902df5c01 100644
--- a/prism/templates/lib/prism/serialize.rb.erb
+++ b/prism/templates/lib/prism/serialize.rb.erb
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ module Prism
 
     # The minor version of prism that we are expecting to find in the serialized
     # strings.
-    MINOR_VERSION = 4
+    MINOR_VERSION = 8
 
     # The patch version of prism that we are expecting to find in the serialized
     # strings.
diff --git a/prism/templates/lib/prism/visitor.rb.erb b/prism/templates/lib/prism/visitor.rb.erb
index a1eac38dc4..76f907724f 100644
--- a/prism/templates/lib/prism/visitor.rb.erb
+++ b/prism/templates/lib/prism/visitor.rb.erb
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ module Prism
     # Visits the child nodes of `node` by calling `accept` on each one.
     def visit_child_nodes(node)
       # @type self: _Visitor
-      node.compact_child_nodes.each { |node| node.accept(self) }
+      node.each_child_node { |node| node.accept(self) }
     end
   end
 
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ module Prism
   #
   #     class FooCalls < Prism::Visitor
   #       def visit_call_node(node)
-  #         if node.name == "foo"
+  #         if node.name == :foo
   #           # Do something with the node
   #         end
   #
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ module Prism
 <%= "\n" if index != 0 -%>
     # Visit a <%= node.name %> node
     def visit_<%= node.human %>(node)
-      node.compact_child_nodes.each { |node| node.accept(self) }
+      node.each_child_node { |node| node.accept(self) }
     end
     <%- end -%>
   end
diff --git a/prism/templates/src/diagnostic.c.erb b/prism/templates/src/diagnostic.c.erb
index ce98dc5acd..121dd4b2b6 100644
--- a/prism/templates/src/diagnostic.c.erb
+++ b/prism/templates/src/diagnostic.c.erb
@@ -144,6 +144,7 @@ static const pm_diagnostic_data_t diagnostic_messages[PM_DIAGNOSTIC_ID_MAX] = {
     [PM_ERR_CONDITIONAL_WHILE_PREDICATE]        = { "expected a predicate expression for the `while` statement", PM_ERROR_LEVEL_SYNTAX },
     [PM_ERR_CONSTANT_PATH_COLON_COLON_CONSTANT] = { "expected a constant after the `::` operator", PM_ERROR_LEVEL_SYNTAX },
     [PM_ERR_DEF_ENDLESS]                        = { "could not parse the endless method body", PM_ERROR_LEVEL_SYNTAX },
+    [PM_ERR_DEF_ENDLESS_PARAMETERS]             = { "could not parse the endless method parameters", PM_ERROR_LEVEL_SYNTAX },
     [PM_ERR_DEF_ENDLESS_SETTER]                 = { "invalid method name; a setter method cannot be defined in an endless method definition", PM_ERROR_LEVEL_SYNTAX },
     [PM_ERR_DEF_NAME]                           = { "unexpected %s; expected a method name", PM_ERROR_LEVEL_SYNTAX },
     [PM_ERR_DEF_PARAMS_TERM]                    = { "expected a delimiter to close the parameters", PM_ERROR_LEVEL_SYNTAX },
@@ -184,6 +185,8 @@ static const pm_diagnostic_data_t diagnostic_messages[PM_DIAGNOSTIC_ID_MAX] = {
     [PM_ERR_EXPECT_FOR_DELIMITER]               = { "unexpected %s; expected a 'do', newline, or ';' after the 'for' loop collection", PM_ERROR_LEVEL_SYNTAX },
     [PM_ERR_EXPECT_IDENT_REQ_PARAMETER]         = { "expected an identifier for the required parameter", PM_ERROR_LEVEL_SYNTAX },
     [PM_ERR_EXPECT_IN_DELIMITER]                = { "expected a delimiter after the patterns of an `in` clause", PM_ERROR_LEVEL_SYNTAX },
+    [PM_ERR_EXPECT_LPAREN_AFTER_NOT_LPAREN]     = { "expected a `(` immediately after `not`", PM_ERROR_LEVEL_SYNTAX },
+    [PM_ERR_EXPECT_LPAREN_AFTER_NOT_OTHER]      = { "expected a `(` after `not`", PM_ERROR_LEVEL_SYNTAX },
     [PM_ERR_EXPECT_LPAREN_REQ_PARAMETER]        = { "expected a `(` to start a required parameter", PM_ERROR_LEVEL_SYNTAX },
     [PM_ERR_EXPECT_MESSAGE]                     = { "unexpected %s; expecting a message to send to the receiver", PM_ERROR_LEVEL_SYNTAX },
     [PM_ERR_EXPECT_RBRACKET]                    = { "expected a matching `]`", PM_ERROR_LEVEL_SYNTAX },
@@ -298,6 +301,7 @@ static const pm_diagnostic_data_t diagnostic_messages[PM_DIAGNOSTIC_ID_MAX] = {
     [PM_ERR_PARAMETER_UNEXPECTED_NO_KW]         = { "unexpected **nil; no keywords marker disallowed after keywords", PM_ERROR_LEVEL_SYNTAX },
     [PM_ERR_PATTERN_ARRAY_MULTIPLE_RESTS]       = { "unexpected multiple '*' rest patterns in an array pattern", PM_ERROR_LEVEL_SYNTAX },
     [PM_ERR_PATTERN_CAPTURE_DUPLICATE]          = { "duplicated variable name", PM_ERROR_LEVEL_SYNTAX },
+    [PM_ERR_PATTERN_CAPTURE_IN_ALTERNATIVE]     = { "variable capture in alternative pattern", PM_ERROR_LEVEL_SYNTAX },
     [PM_ERR_PATTERN_EXPRESSION_AFTER_BRACKET]   = { "expected a pattern expression after the `[` operator", PM_ERROR_LEVEL_SYNTAX },
     [PM_ERR_PATTERN_EXPRESSION_AFTER_COMMA]     = { "expected a pattern expression after `,`", PM_ERROR_LEVEL_SYNTAX },
     [PM_ERR_PATTERN_EXPRESSION_AFTER_HROCKET]   = { "expected a pattern expression after `=>`", PM_ERROR_LEVEL_SYNTAX },
@@ -358,6 +362,7 @@ static const pm_diagnostic_data_t diagnostic_messages[PM_DIAGNOSTIC_ID_MAX] = {
     [PM_ERR_UNEXPECTED_INDEX_KEYWORDS]          = { "unexpected keyword arg given in index assignment; keywords are not allowed in index assignment expressions", PM_ERROR_LEVEL_SYNTAX },
     [PM_ERR_UNEXPECTED_LABEL]                   = { "unexpected label", PM_ERROR_LEVEL_SYNTAX },
     [PM_ERR_UNEXPECTED_MULTI_WRITE]             = { "unexpected multiple assignment; multiple assignment is not allowed in this context", PM_ERROR_LEVEL_SYNTAX },
+    [PM_ERR_UNEXPECTED_PARAMETER_DEFAULT_VALUE] = { "unexpected %s; expected a default value for a parameter", PM_ERROR_LEVEL_SYNTAX },
     [PM_ERR_UNEXPECTED_RANGE_OPERATOR]          = { "unexpected range operator; .. and ... are non-associative and cannot be chained", PM_ERROR_LEVEL_SYNTAX },
     [PM_ERR_UNEXPECTED_SAFE_NAVIGATION]         = { "&. inside multiple assignment destination", PM_ERROR_LEVEL_SYNTAX },
     [PM_ERR_UNEXPECTED_TOKEN_CLOSE_CONTEXT]     = { "unexpected %s, assuming it is closing the parent %s", PM_ERROR_LEVEL_SYNTAX },
diff --git a/prism/templates/src/serialize.c.erb b/prism/templates/src/serialize.c.erb
index 3e15a11039..0f0aace445 100644
--- a/prism/templates/src/serialize.c.erb
+++ b/prism/templates/src/serialize.c.erb
@@ -315,7 +315,7 @@ pm_serialize_content(pm_parser_t *parser, pm_node_t *node, pm_buffer_t *buffer)
                 // buffer offset. We will add a leading 1 to indicate that this
                 // is a buffer offset.
                 uint32_t content_offset = pm_sizet_to_u32(buffer->length);
-                uint32_t owned_mask = (uint32_t) (1 << 31);
+                uint32_t owned_mask = 1U << 31;
 
                 assert(content_offset < owned_mask);
                 content_offset |= owned_mask;
diff --git a/prism/util/pm_buffer.h b/prism/util/pm_buffer.h
index f3c20ab2a5..cb80f8b3ce 100644
--- a/prism/util/pm_buffer.h
+++ b/prism/util/pm_buffer.h
@@ -51,6 +51,8 @@ bool pm_buffer_init_capacity(pm_buffer_t *buffer, size_t capacity);
  *
  * @param buffer The buffer to initialize.
  * @returns True if the buffer was initialized successfully, false otherwise.
+ *
+ * \public \memberof pm_buffer_t
  */
 PRISM_EXPORTED_FUNCTION bool pm_buffer_init(pm_buffer_t *buffer);
 
@@ -59,6 +61,8 @@ PRISM_EXPORTED_FUNCTION bool pm_buffer_init(pm_buffer_t *buffer);
  *
  * @param buffer The buffer to get the value of.
  * @returns The value of the buffer.
+ *
+ * \public \memberof pm_buffer_t
  */
 PRISM_EXPORTED_FUNCTION char * pm_buffer_value(const pm_buffer_t *buffer);
 
@@ -67,6 +71,8 @@ PRISM_EXPORTED_FUNCTION char * pm_buffer_value(const pm_buffer_t *buffer);
  *
  * @param buffer The buffer to get the length of.
  * @returns The length of the buffer.
+ *
+ * \public \memberof pm_buffer_t
  */
 PRISM_EXPORTED_FUNCTION size_t pm_buffer_length(const pm_buffer_t *buffer);
 
@@ -222,6 +228,8 @@ void pm_buffer_insert(pm_buffer_t *buffer, size_t index, const char *value, size
  * Free the memory associated with the buffer.
  *
  * @param buffer The buffer to free.
+ *
+ * \public \memberof pm_buffer_t
  */
 PRISM_EXPORTED_FUNCTION void pm_buffer_free(pm_buffer_t *buffer);
 
diff --git a/prism/util/pm_constant_pool.c b/prism/util/pm_constant_pool.c
index 38ea01a228..922ce6a18c 100644
--- a/prism/util/pm_constant_pool.c
+++ b/prism/util/pm_constant_pool.c
@@ -264,7 +264,7 @@ pm_constant_pool_insert(pm_constant_pool_t *pool, const uint8_t *start, size_t l
                 // constant and replace it with the shared constant.
                 xfree((void *) constant->start);
                 constant->start = start;
-                bucket->type = (unsigned int) (PM_CONSTANT_POOL_BUCKET_DEFAULT & 0x3);
+                bucket->type = (unsigned int) (type & 0x3);
             }
 
             return bucket->id;
diff --git a/prism/util/pm_integer.h b/prism/util/pm_integer.h
index a9e2966703..304665e620 100644
--- a/prism/util/pm_integer.h
+++ b/prism/util/pm_integer.h
@@ -112,6 +112,8 @@ void pm_integers_reduce(pm_integer_t *numerator, pm_integer_t *denominator);
  *
  * @param buffer The buffer to append the string to.
  * @param integer The integer to convert to a string.
+ *
+ * \public \memberof pm_integer_t
  */
 PRISM_EXPORTED_FUNCTION void pm_integer_string(pm_buffer_t *buffer, const pm_integer_t *integer);
 
@@ -120,6 +122,8 @@ PRISM_EXPORTED_FUNCTION void pm_integer_string(pm_buffer_t *buffer, const pm_int
  * the integer exceeds the size of a single node in the linked list.
  *
  * @param integer The integer to free.
+ *
+ * \public \memberof pm_integer_t
  */
 PRISM_EXPORTED_FUNCTION void pm_integer_free(pm_integer_t *integer);
 
diff --git a/prism/util/pm_list.h b/prism/util/pm_list.h
index 3512dee979..f544bb2943 100644
--- a/prism/util/pm_list.h
+++ b/prism/util/pm_list.h
@@ -68,6 +68,8 @@ typedef struct {
  *
  * @param list The list to check.
  * @return True if the given list is empty, otherwise false.
+ *
+ * \public \memberof pm_list_t
  */
 PRISM_EXPORTED_FUNCTION bool pm_list_empty_p(pm_list_t *list);
 
@@ -76,6 +78,8 @@ PRISM_EXPORTED_FUNCTION bool pm_list_empty_p(pm_list_t *list);
  *
  * @param list The list to check.
  * @return The size of the list.
+ *
+ * \public \memberof pm_list_t
  */
 PRISM_EXPORTED_FUNCTION size_t pm_list_size(pm_list_t *list);
 
@@ -91,6 +95,8 @@ void pm_list_append(pm_list_t *list, pm_list_node_t *node);
  * Deallocate the internal state of the given list.
  *
  * @param list The list to free.
+ *
+ * \public \memberof pm_list_t
  */
 PRISM_EXPORTED_FUNCTION void pm_list_free(pm_list_t *list);
 
diff --git a/prism/util/pm_string.c b/prism/util/pm_string.c
index 75422fbdf2..a7493c468b 100644
--- a/prism/util/pm_string.c
+++ b/prism/util/pm_string.c
@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
 #include "prism/util/pm_string.h"
 
+static const uint8_t empty_source[] = "";
+
 /**
  * Returns the size of the pm_string_t struct. This is necessary to allocate the
  * correct amount of memory in the FFI backend.
@@ -133,8 +135,7 @@ pm_string_mapped_init(pm_string_t *string, const char *filepath) {
     // the source to a constant empty string and return.
     if (file_size == 0) {
         pm_string_file_handle_close(&handle);
-        const uint8_t source[] = "";
-        *string = (pm_string_t) { .type = PM_STRING_CONSTANT, .source = source, .length = 0 };
+        *string = (pm_string_t) { .type = PM_STRING_CONSTANT, .source = empty_source, .length = 0 };
         return PM_STRING_INIT_SUCCESS;
     }
 
@@ -182,8 +183,7 @@ pm_string_mapped_init(pm_string_t *string, const char *filepath) {
 
     if (size == 0) {
         close(fd);
-        const uint8_t source[] = "";
-        *string = (pm_string_t) { .type = PM_STRING_CONSTANT, .source = source, .length = 0 };
+        *string = (pm_string_t) { .type = PM_STRING_CONSTANT, .source = empty_source, .length = 0 };
         return PM_STRING_INIT_SUCCESS;
     }
 
@@ -225,8 +225,7 @@ pm_string_file_init(pm_string_t *string, const char *filepath) {
     // the source to a constant empty string and return.
     if (file_size == 0) {
         pm_string_file_handle_close(&handle);
-        const uint8_t source[] = "";
-        *string = (pm_string_t) { .type = PM_STRING_CONSTANT, .source = source, .length = 0 };
+        *string = (pm_string_t) { .type = PM_STRING_CONSTANT, .source = empty_source, .length = 0 };
         return PM_STRING_INIT_SUCCESS;
     }
 
@@ -278,8 +277,7 @@ pm_string_file_init(pm_string_t *string, const char *filepath) {
     size_t size = (size_t) sb.st_size;
     if (size == 0) {
         close(fd);
-        const uint8_t source[] = "";
-        *string = (pm_string_t) { .type = PM_STRING_CONSTANT, .source = source, .length = 0 };
+        *string = (pm_string_t) { .type = PM_STRING_CONSTANT, .source = empty_source, .length = 0 };
         return PM_STRING_INIT_SUCCESS;
     }
 
diff --git a/prism/util/pm_string.h b/prism/util/pm_string.h
index f99f1abdf3..d8456ff294 100644
--- a/prism/util/pm_string.h
+++ b/prism/util/pm_string.h
@@ -45,11 +45,11 @@ typedef struct {
         /** This is a slice of another string, and should not be freed. */
         PM_STRING_SHARED,
 
-        /** This string owns its memory, and should be freed using `pm_string_free`. */
+        /** This string owns its memory, and should be freed using `pm_string_free()`. */
         PM_STRING_OWNED,
 
 #ifdef PRISM_HAS_MMAP
-        /** This string is a memory-mapped file, and should be freed using `pm_string_free`. */
+        /** This string is a memory-mapped file, and should be freed using `pm_string_free()`. */
         PM_STRING_MAPPED
 #endif
     } type;
@@ -130,6 +130,8 @@ typedef enum {
  * @param string The string to initialize.
  * @param filepath The filepath to read.
  * @return The success of the read, indicated by the value of the enum.
+ *
+ * \public \memberof pm_string_t
  */
 PRISM_EXPORTED_FUNCTION pm_string_init_result_t pm_string_mapped_init(pm_string_t *string, const char *filepath);
 
@@ -141,6 +143,8 @@ PRISM_EXPORTED_FUNCTION pm_string_init_result_t pm_string_mapped_init(pm_string_
  * @param string The string to initialize.
  * @param filepath The filepath to read.
  * @return The success of the read, indicated by the value of the enum.
+ *
+ * \public \memberof pm_string_t
  */
 PRISM_EXPORTED_FUNCTION pm_string_init_result_t pm_string_file_init(pm_string_t *string, const char *filepath);
 
@@ -169,6 +173,8 @@ int pm_string_compare(const pm_string_t *left, const pm_string_t *right);
  *
  * @param string The string to get the length of.
  * @return The length of the string.
+ *
+ * \public \memberof pm_string_t
  */
 PRISM_EXPORTED_FUNCTION size_t pm_string_length(const pm_string_t *string);
 
@@ -177,6 +183,8 @@ PRISM_EXPORTED_FUNCTION size_t pm_string_length(const pm_string_t *string);
  *
  * @param string The string to get the start pointer of.
  * @return The start pointer of the string.
+ *
+ * \public \memberof pm_string_t
  */
 PRISM_EXPORTED_FUNCTION const uint8_t * pm_string_source(const pm_string_t *string);
 
@@ -184,6 +192,8 @@ PRISM_EXPORTED_FUNCTION const uint8_t * pm_string_source(const pm_string_t *stri
  * Free the associated memory of the given string.
  *
  * @param string The string to free.
+ *
+ * \public \memberof pm_string_t
  */
 PRISM_EXPORTED_FUNCTION void pm_string_free(pm_string_t *string);
 
diff --git a/prism/version.h b/prism/version.h
index 0a2a8c8fce..0ef7435c17 100644
--- a/prism/version.h
+++ b/prism/version.h
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@
 /**
  * The minor version of the Prism library as an int.
  */
-#define PRISM_VERSION_MINOR 4
+#define PRISM_VERSION_MINOR 8
 
 /**
  * The patch version of the Prism library as an int.
@@ -24,6 +24,6 @@
 /**
  * The version of the Prism library as a constant string.
  */
-#define PRISM_VERSION "1.4.0"
+#define PRISM_VERSION "1.8.0"
 
 #endif
diff --git a/prism_compile.c b/prism_compile.c
index c71c1429b2..7889681130 100644
--- a/prism_compile.c
+++ b/prism_compile.c
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 #include "prism.h"
+#include "ruby/version.h"
 
 /**
  * This compiler defines its own concept of the location of a node. We do this
@@ -101,6 +102,7 @@ pm_iseq_add_setlocal(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const seq, int line, int node
     else {
         ADD_ELEM(seq, (LINK_ELEMENT *) new_insn_body(iseq, line, node_id, BIN(setlocal), 2, INT2FIX((idx) + VM_ENV_DATA_SIZE - 1), INT2FIX(level)));
     }
+    update_lvar_state(iseq, level, idx);
     if (level > 0) access_outer_variables(iseq, level, iseq_lvar_id(iseq, idx, level), Qtrue);
 }
 
@@ -199,6 +201,10 @@ parse_integer_value(const pm_integer_t *integer)
         result = rb_funcall(result, rb_intern("-@"), 0);
     }
 
+    if (!SPECIAL_CONST_P(result)) {
+        RB_OBJ_SET_SHAREABLE(result); // bignum
+    }
+
     return result;
 }
 
@@ -217,7 +223,11 @@ parse_integer(const pm_integer_node_t *node)
 static VALUE
 parse_float(const pm_float_node_t *node)
 {
-    return DBL2NUM(node->value);
+    VALUE val = DBL2NUM(node->value);
+    if (!FLONUM_P(val)) {
+        RB_OBJ_SET_SHAREABLE(val);
+    }
+    return val;
 }
 
 /**
@@ -231,7 +241,8 @@ parse_rational(const pm_rational_node_t *node)
 {
     VALUE numerator = parse_integer_value(&node->numerator);
     VALUE denominator = parse_integer_value(&node->denominator);
-    return rb_rational_new(numerator, denominator);
+
+    return rb_ractor_make_shareable(rb_rational_new(numerator, denominator));
 }
 
 /**
@@ -261,7 +272,7 @@ parse_imaginary(const pm_imaginary_node_t *node)
         rb_bug("Unexpected numeric type on imaginary number %s\n", pm_node_type_to_str(PM_NODE_TYPE(node->numeric)));
     }
 
-    return rb_complex_raw(INT2FIX(0), imaginary_part);
+    return RB_OBJ_SET_SHAREABLE(rb_complex_raw(INT2FIX(0), imaginary_part));
 }
 
 static inline VALUE
@@ -313,7 +324,7 @@ parse_static_literal_string(rb_iseq_t *iseq, const pm_scope_node_t *scope_node,
 
     if (ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->option->debug_frozen_string_literal || RTEST(ruby_debug)) {
         int line_number = pm_node_line_number(scope_node->parser, node);
-        value = rb_str_with_debug_created_info(value, rb_iseq_path(iseq), line_number);
+        value = rb_ractor_make_shareable(rb_str_with_debug_created_info(value, rb_iseq_path(iseq), line_number));
     }
 
     return value;
@@ -529,8 +540,7 @@ parse_regexp(rb_iseq_t *iseq, const pm_scope_node_t *scope_node, const pm_node_t
         return Qnil;
     }
 
-    rb_obj_freeze(regexp);
-    return regexp;
+    return RB_OBJ_SET_SHAREABLE(rb_obj_freeze(regexp));
 }
 
 static inline VALUE
@@ -540,6 +550,7 @@ parse_regexp_literal(rb_iseq_t *iseq, const pm_scope_node_t *scope_node, const p
     if (regexp_encoding == NULL) regexp_encoding = scope_node->encoding;
 
     VALUE string = rb_enc_str_new((const char *) pm_string_source(unescaped), pm_string_length(unescaped), regexp_encoding);
+    RB_OBJ_SET_SHAREABLE(string);
     return parse_regexp(iseq, scope_node, node, string);
 }
 
@@ -556,7 +567,7 @@ parse_regexp_concat(rb_iseq_t *iseq, const pm_scope_node_t *scope_node, const pm
 static void pm_compile_node(rb_iseq_t *iseq, const pm_node_t *node, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, bool popped, pm_scope_node_t *scope_node);
 
 static int
-pm_interpolated_node_compile(rb_iseq_t *iseq, const pm_node_list_t *parts, const pm_node_location_t *node_location, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, bool popped, pm_scope_node_t *scope_node, rb_encoding *implicit_regexp_encoding, rb_encoding *explicit_regexp_encoding)
+pm_interpolated_node_compile(rb_iseq_t *iseq, const pm_node_list_t *parts, const pm_node_location_t *node_location, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, bool popped, pm_scope_node_t *scope_node, rb_encoding *implicit_regexp_encoding, rb_encoding *explicit_regexp_encoding, bool mutable_result, bool frozen_result)
 {
     int stack_size = 0;
     size_t parts_size = parts->size;
@@ -666,10 +677,15 @@ pm_interpolated_node_compile(rb_iseq_t *iseq, const pm_node_list_t *parts, const
         if (RTEST(current_string)) {
             current_string = rb_fstring(current_string);
 
-            if (stack_size == 0 && interpolated) {
-                PUSH_INSN1(ret, current_location, putstring, current_string);
-            }
-            else {
+            if (stack_size == 0) {
+                if (frozen_result) {
+                    PUSH_INSN1(ret, current_location, putobject, current_string);
+                } else if (mutable_result || interpolated) {
+                    PUSH_INSN1(ret, current_location, putstring, current_string);
+                } else {
+                    PUSH_INSN1(ret, current_location, putchilledstring, current_string);
+                }
+            } else {
                 PUSH_INSN1(ret, current_location, putobject, current_string);
             }
 
@@ -690,7 +706,7 @@ pm_compile_regexp_dynamic(rb_iseq_t *iseq, const pm_node_t *node, const pm_node_
     rb_encoding *explicit_regexp_encoding = parse_regexp_encoding(scope_node, node);
     rb_encoding *implicit_regexp_encoding = explicit_regexp_encoding != NULL ? explicit_regexp_encoding : scope_node->encoding;
 
-    int length = pm_interpolated_node_compile(iseq, parts, node_location, ret, popped, scope_node, implicit_regexp_encoding, explicit_regexp_encoding);
+    int length = pm_interpolated_node_compile(iseq, parts, node_location, ret, popped, scope_node, implicit_regexp_encoding, explicit_regexp_encoding, false, false);
     PUSH_INSN2(ret, *node_location, toregexp, INT2FIX(parse_regexp_flags(node) & 0xFF), INT2FIX(length));
 }
 
@@ -717,7 +733,9 @@ static VALUE
 pm_static_literal_string(rb_iseq_t *iseq, VALUE string, int line_number)
 {
     if (ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->option->debug_frozen_string_literal || RTEST(ruby_debug)) {
-        return rb_str_with_debug_created_info(string, rb_iseq_path(iseq), line_number);
+        VALUE str = rb_str_with_debug_created_info(string, rb_iseq_path(iseq), line_number);
+        RB_OBJ_SET_SHAREABLE(str);
+        return str;
     }
     else {
         return rb_fstring(string);
@@ -746,7 +764,7 @@ pm_static_literal_value(rb_iseq_t *iseq, const pm_node_t *node, const pm_scope_n
             rb_ary_push(value, pm_static_literal_value(iseq, elements->nodes[index], scope_node));
         }
 
-        OBJ_FREEZE(value);
+        RB_OBJ_SET_FROZEN_SHAREABLE(value);
         return value;
       }
       case PM_FALSE_NODE:
@@ -769,7 +787,7 @@ pm_static_literal_value(rb_iseq_t *iseq, const pm_node_t *node, const pm_scope_n
         rb_hash_bulk_insert(RARRAY_LEN(array), RARRAY_CONST_PTR(array), value);
 
         value = rb_obj_hide(value);
-        OBJ_FREEZE(value);
+        RB_OBJ_SET_FROZEN_SHAREABLE(value);
         return value;
       }
       case PM_IMAGINARY_NODE:
@@ -887,7 +905,7 @@ pm_compile_logical(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, pm_node_t *cond, LAB
 static void
 pm_compile_flip_flop_bound(rb_iseq_t *iseq, const pm_node_t *node, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, bool popped, pm_scope_node_t *scope_node)
 {
-    const pm_node_location_t location = { .line = ISEQ_BODY(iseq)->location.first_lineno, .node_id = -1 };
+    const pm_node_location_t location = PM_NODE_START_LOCATION(scope_node->parser, node);
 
     if (PM_NODE_TYPE_P(node, PM_INTEGER_NODE)) {
         PM_COMPILE_NOT_POPPED(node);
@@ -906,7 +924,7 @@ pm_compile_flip_flop_bound(rb_iseq_t *iseq, const pm_node_t *node, LINK_ANCHOR *
 static void
 pm_compile_flip_flop(const pm_flip_flop_node_t *flip_flop_node, LABEL *else_label, LABEL *then_label, rb_iseq_t *iseq, const int lineno, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, bool popped, pm_scope_node_t *scope_node)
 {
-    const pm_node_location_t location = { .line = ISEQ_BODY(iseq)->location.first_lineno, .node_id = -1 };
+    const pm_node_location_t location = { .line = lineno, .node_id = -1 };
     LABEL *lend = NEW_LABEL(location.line);
 
     int again = !(flip_flop_node->base.flags & PM_RANGE_FLAGS_EXCLUDE_END);
@@ -1438,7 +1456,7 @@ pm_compile_hash_elements(rb_iseq_t *iseq, const pm_node_t *node, const pm_node_l
                     VALUE hash = rb_hash_new_with_size(RARRAY_LEN(ary) / 2);
                     rb_hash_bulk_insert(RARRAY_LEN(ary), RARRAY_CONST_PTR(ary), hash);
                     hash = rb_obj_hide(hash);
-                    OBJ_FREEZE(hash);
+                    RB_OBJ_SET_FROZEN_SHAREABLE(hash);
 
                     // Emit optimized code.
                     FLUSH_CHUNK;
@@ -1762,9 +1780,14 @@ pm_setup_args_core(const pm_arguments_node_t *arguments_node, const pm_node_t *b
                     break;
                 }
 
-                orig_argc += 2;
+                if (has_splat) {
+                    // If we already have a splat, we're concatenating to existing array
+                    orig_argc += 1;
+                } else {
+                    orig_argc += 2;
+                }
 
-                *flags |= VM_CALL_ARGS_SPLAT | VM_CALL_ARGS_SPLAT_MUT | VM_CALL_ARGS_BLOCKARG | VM_CALL_KW_SPLAT;
+                *flags |= VM_CALL_ARGS_SPLAT | VM_CALL_ARGS_BLOCKARG | VM_CALL_KW_SPLAT;
 
                 // Forwarding arguments nodes are treated as foo(*, **, &)
                 // So foo(...) equals foo(*, **, &) and as such the local
@@ -1773,7 +1796,13 @@ pm_setup_args_core(const pm_arguments_node_t *arguments_node, const pm_node_t *b
                 // Push the *
                 pm_local_index_t mult_local = pm_lookup_local_index(iseq, scope_node, PM_CONSTANT_MULT, 0);
                 PUSH_GETLOCAL(ret, location, mult_local.index, mult_local.level);
-                PUSH_INSN1(ret, location, splatarray, Qtrue);
+
+                if (has_splat) {
+                    // If we already have a splat, we need to concatenate arrays
+                    PUSH_INSN(ret, location, concattoarray);
+                } else {
+                    PUSH_INSN1(ret, location, splatarray, Qfalse);
+                }
 
                 // Push the **
                 pm_local_index_t pow_local = pm_lookup_local_index(iseq, scope_node, PM_CONSTANT_POW, 0);
@@ -1782,7 +1811,6 @@ pm_setup_args_core(const pm_arguments_node_t *arguments_node, const pm_node_t *b
                 // Push the &
                 pm_local_index_t and_local = pm_lookup_local_index(iseq, scope_node, PM_CONSTANT_AND, 0);
                 PUSH_INSN2(ret, location, getblockparamproxy, INT2FIX(and_local.index + VM_ENV_DATA_SIZE - 1), INT2FIX(and_local.level));
-                PUSH_INSN(ret, location, splatkw);
 
                 break;
               }
@@ -1805,6 +1833,10 @@ pm_setup_args_core(const pm_arguments_node_t *arguments_node, const pm_node_t *b
                     //   foo(*a, b, c: :d)
                     //   foo(*a, b, **c)
                     //
+                    // If the next node is a forwarding argument:
+                    //
+                    //   foo(*a, b, ...)
+                    //
                     // If the next node is NULL (we have hit the end):
                     //
                     //   foo(*a, b)
@@ -1827,6 +1859,10 @@ pm_setup_args_core(const pm_arguments_node_t *arguments_node, const pm_node_t *b
                             PUSH_INSN(ret, location, concatarray);
                             break;
                           }
+                          case PM_FORWARDING_ARGUMENTS_NODE: {
+                            PUSH_INSN1(ret, location, pushtoarray, INT2FIX(post_splat_counter));
+                            break;
+                          }
                           default:
                             break;
                         }
@@ -1855,7 +1891,6 @@ pm_setup_args_dup_rest_p(const pm_node_t *node)
     switch (PM_NODE_TYPE(node)) {
       case PM_BACK_REFERENCE_READ_NODE:
       case PM_CLASS_VARIABLE_READ_NODE:
-      case PM_CONSTANT_PATH_NODE:
       case PM_CONSTANT_READ_NODE:
       case PM_FALSE_NODE:
       case PM_FLOAT_NODE:
@@ -1874,8 +1909,24 @@ pm_setup_args_dup_rest_p(const pm_node_t *node)
       case PM_SYMBOL_NODE:
       case PM_TRUE_NODE:
         return false;
+      case PM_CONSTANT_PATH_NODE: {
+        const pm_constant_path_node_t *cast = (const pm_constant_path_node_t *) node;
+        if (cast->parent != NULL) {
+            return pm_setup_args_dup_rest_p(cast->parent);
+        }
+        return false;
+      }
       case PM_IMPLICIT_NODE:
         return pm_setup_args_dup_rest_p(((const pm_implicit_node_t *) node)->value);
+      case PM_ARRAY_NODE: {
+        const pm_array_node_t *cast = (const pm_array_node_t *) node;
+        for (size_t index = 0; index < cast->elements.size; index++) {
+            if (pm_setup_args_dup_rest_p(cast->elements.nodes[index])) {
+                return true;
+            }
+        }
+        return false;
+      }
       default:
         return true;
     }
@@ -2245,7 +2296,7 @@ pm_compile_index_control_flow_write_node(rb_iseq_t *iseq, const pm_node_t *node,
 // A forward declaration because this is the recursive function that handles
 // compiling a pattern. It can be reentered by nesting patterns, as in the case
 // of arrays or hashes.
-static int pm_compile_pattern(rb_iseq_t *iseq, pm_scope_node_t *scope_node, const pm_node_t *node, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, LABEL *matched_label, LABEL *unmatched_label, bool in_single_pattern, bool in_alternation_pattern, bool use_deconstructed_cache, unsigned int base_index);
+static int pm_compile_pattern(rb_iseq_t *iseq, pm_scope_node_t *scope_node, const pm_node_t *node, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, LABEL *matched_label, LABEL *unmatched_label, bool in_single_pattern, bool use_deconstructed_cache, unsigned int base_index);
 
 /**
  * This function generates the code to set up the error string and error_p
@@ -2351,10 +2402,10 @@ pm_compile_pattern_eqq_error(rb_iseq_t *iseq, pm_scope_node_t *scope_node, const
  * label.
  */
 static int
-pm_compile_pattern_match(rb_iseq_t *iseq, pm_scope_node_t *scope_node, const pm_node_t *node, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, LABEL *unmatched_label, bool in_single_pattern, bool in_alternation_pattern, bool use_deconstructed_cache, unsigned int base_index)
+pm_compile_pattern_match(rb_iseq_t *iseq, pm_scope_node_t *scope_node, const pm_node_t *node, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, LABEL *unmatched_label, bool in_single_pattern, bool use_deconstructed_cache, unsigned int base_index)
 {
     LABEL *matched_label = NEW_LABEL(pm_node_line_number(scope_node->parser, node));
-    CHECK(pm_compile_pattern(iseq, scope_node, node, ret, matched_label, unmatched_label, in_single_pattern, in_alternation_pattern, use_deconstructed_cache, base_index));
+    CHECK(pm_compile_pattern(iseq, scope_node, node, ret, matched_label, unmatched_label, in_single_pattern, use_deconstructed_cache, base_index));
     PUSH_LABEL(ret, matched_label);
     return COMPILE_OK;
 }
@@ -2501,7 +2552,7 @@ pm_compile_pattern_error_handler(rb_iseq_t *iseq, const pm_scope_node_t *scope_n
  * Compile a pattern matching expression.
  */
 static int
-pm_compile_pattern(rb_iseq_t *iseq, pm_scope_node_t *scope_node, const pm_node_t *node, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, LABEL *matched_label, LABEL *unmatched_label, bool in_single_pattern, bool in_alternation_pattern, bool use_deconstructed_cache, unsigned int base_index)
+pm_compile_pattern(rb_iseq_t *iseq, pm_scope_node_t *scope_node, const pm_node_t *node, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, LABEL *matched_label, LABEL *unmatched_label, bool in_single_pattern, bool use_deconstructed_cache, unsigned int base_index)
 {
     const pm_node_location_t location = PM_NODE_START_LOCATION(scope_node->parser, node);
 
@@ -2561,7 +2612,7 @@ pm_compile_pattern(rb_iseq_t *iseq, pm_scope_node_t *scope_node, const pm_node_t
             PUSH_INSN(ret, location, dup);
             PUSH_INSN1(ret, location, putobject, INT2FIX(index));
             PUSH_SEND(ret, location, idAREF, INT2FIX(1));
-            CHECK(pm_compile_pattern_match(iseq, scope_node, required, ret, match_failed_label, in_single_pattern, in_alternation_pattern, false, base_index + 1));
+            CHECK(pm_compile_pattern_match(iseq, scope_node, required, ret, match_failed_label, in_single_pattern, false, base_index + 1));
         }
 
         if (cast->rest != NULL) {
@@ -2574,7 +2625,7 @@ pm_compile_pattern(rb_iseq_t *iseq, pm_scope_node_t *scope_node, const pm_node_t
                 PUSH_SEND(ret, location, idMINUS, INT2FIX(1));
                 PUSH_INSN1(ret, location, setn, INT2FIX(4));
                 PUSH_SEND(ret, location, idAREF, INT2FIX(2));
-                CHECK(pm_compile_pattern_match(iseq, scope_node, ((const pm_splat_node_t *) cast->rest)->expression, ret, match_failed_label, in_single_pattern, in_alternation_pattern, false, base_index + 1));
+                CHECK(pm_compile_pattern_match(iseq, scope_node, ((const pm_splat_node_t *) cast->rest)->expression, ret, match_failed_label, in_single_pattern, false, base_index + 1));
             }
             else if (posts_size > 0) {
                 PUSH_INSN(ret, location, dup);
@@ -2594,7 +2645,7 @@ pm_compile_pattern(rb_iseq_t *iseq, pm_scope_node_t *scope_node, const pm_node_t
             PUSH_INSN1(ret, location, topn, INT2FIX(3));
             PUSH_SEND(ret, location, idPLUS, INT2FIX(1));
             PUSH_SEND(ret, location, idAREF, INT2FIX(1));
-            CHECK(pm_compile_pattern_match(iseq, scope_node, post, ret, match_failed_label, in_single_pattern, in_alternation_pattern, false, base_index + 1));
+            CHECK(pm_compile_pattern_match(iseq, scope_node, post, ret, match_failed_label, in_single_pattern, false, base_index + 1));
         }
 
         PUSH_INSN(ret, location, pop);
@@ -2691,7 +2742,7 @@ pm_compile_pattern(rb_iseq_t *iseq, pm_scope_node_t *scope_node, const pm_node_t
                 }
 
                 PUSH_SEND(ret, location, idAREF, INT2FIX(1));
-                CHECK(pm_compile_pattern_match(iseq, scope_node, cast->requireds.nodes[index], ret, next_loop_label, in_single_pattern, in_alternation_pattern, false, base_index + 4));
+                CHECK(pm_compile_pattern_match(iseq, scope_node, cast->requireds.nodes[index], ret, next_loop_label, in_single_pattern, false, base_index + 4));
             }
 
             const pm_splat_node_t *left = cast->left;
@@ -2701,7 +2752,7 @@ pm_compile_pattern(rb_iseq_t *iseq, pm_scope_node_t *scope_node, const pm_node_t
                 PUSH_INSN1(ret, location, putobject, INT2FIX(0));
                 PUSH_INSN1(ret, location, topn, INT2FIX(2));
                 PUSH_SEND(ret, location, idAREF, INT2FIX(2));
-                CHECK(pm_compile_pattern_match(iseq, scope_node, left->expression, ret, find_failed_label, in_single_pattern, in_alternation_pattern, false, base_index + 4));
+                CHECK(pm_compile_pattern_match(iseq, scope_node, left->expression, ret, find_failed_label, in_single_pattern, false, base_index + 4));
             }
 
             RUBY_ASSERT(PM_NODE_TYPE_P(cast->right, PM_SPLAT_NODE));
@@ -2714,7 +2765,7 @@ pm_compile_pattern(rb_iseq_t *iseq, pm_scope_node_t *scope_node, const pm_node_t
                 PUSH_SEND(ret, location, idPLUS, INT2FIX(1));
                 PUSH_INSN1(ret, location, topn, INT2FIX(3));
                 PUSH_SEND(ret, location, idAREF, INT2FIX(2));
-                pm_compile_pattern_match(iseq, scope_node, right->expression, ret, find_failed_label, in_single_pattern, in_alternation_pattern, false, base_index + 4);
+                pm_compile_pattern_match(iseq, scope_node, right->expression, ret, find_failed_label, in_single_pattern, false, base_index + 4);
             }
 
             PUSH_INSNL(ret, location, jump, find_succeeded_label);
@@ -2828,8 +2879,10 @@ pm_compile_pattern(rb_iseq_t *iseq, pm_scope_node_t *scope_node, const pm_node_t
             PUSH_INSN(ret, location, putnil);
         }
         else {
+            rb_obj_hide(keys);
+            RB_OBJ_SET_FROZEN_SHAREABLE(keys);
             PUSH_INSN1(ret, location, duparray, keys);
-            RB_OBJ_WRITTEN(iseq, Qundef, rb_obj_hide(keys));
+            RB_OBJ_WRITTEN(iseq, Qundef, keys);
         }
         PUSH_SEND(ret, location, rb_intern("deconstruct_keys"), INT2FIX(1));
 
@@ -2865,6 +2918,7 @@ pm_compile_pattern(rb_iseq_t *iseq, pm_scope_node_t *scope_node, const pm_node_t
 
                     {
                         VALUE operand = rb_str_freeze(rb_sprintf("key not found: %+"PRIsVALUE, symbol));
+                        RB_OBJ_SET_SHAREABLE(operand);
                         PUSH_INSN1(ret, location, putobject, operand);
                     }
 
@@ -2890,7 +2944,7 @@ pm_compile_pattern(rb_iseq_t *iseq, pm_scope_node_t *scope_node, const pm_node_t
                     value = ((const pm_implicit_node_t *) value)->value;
                 }
 
-                CHECK(pm_compile_pattern_match(iseq, scope_node, value, match_values, match_failed_label, in_single_pattern, in_alternation_pattern, false, base_index + 1));
+                CHECK(pm_compile_pattern_match(iseq, scope_node, value, match_values, match_failed_label, in_single_pattern, false, base_index + 1));
             }
 
             PUSH_SEQ(ret, match_values);
@@ -2918,7 +2972,7 @@ pm_compile_pattern(rb_iseq_t *iseq, pm_scope_node_t *scope_node, const pm_node_t
               case PM_ASSOC_SPLAT_NODE: {
                 const pm_assoc_splat_node_t *splat = (const pm_assoc_splat_node_t *) cast->rest;
                 PUSH_INSN(ret, location, dup);
-                pm_compile_pattern_match(iseq, scope_node, splat->value, ret, match_failed_label, in_single_pattern, in_alternation_pattern, false, base_index + 1);
+                pm_compile_pattern_match(iseq, scope_node, splat->value, ret, match_failed_label, in_single_pattern, false, base_index + 1);
                 break;
               }
               default:
@@ -2963,8 +3017,8 @@ pm_compile_pattern(rb_iseq_t *iseq, pm_scope_node_t *scope_node, const pm_node_t
         LABEL *match_failed_label = NEW_LABEL(location.line);
 
         PUSH_INSN(ret, location, dup);
-        CHECK(pm_compile_pattern_match(iseq, scope_node, cast->value, ret, match_failed_label, in_single_pattern, in_alternation_pattern, use_deconstructed_cache, base_index + 1));
-        CHECK(pm_compile_pattern(iseq, scope_node, (const pm_node_t *) cast->target, ret, matched_label, match_failed_label, in_single_pattern, in_alternation_pattern, false, base_index));
+        CHECK(pm_compile_pattern_match(iseq, scope_node, cast->value, ret, match_failed_label, in_single_pattern, use_deconstructed_cache, base_index + 1));
+        CHECK(pm_compile_pattern(iseq, scope_node, (const pm_node_t *) cast->target, ret, matched_label, match_failed_label, in_single_pattern, false, base_index));
         PUSH_INSN(ret, location, putnil);
 
         PUSH_LABEL(ret, match_failed_label);
@@ -2980,20 +3034,6 @@ pm_compile_pattern(rb_iseq_t *iseq, pm_scope_node_t *scope_node, const pm_node_t
         const pm_local_variable_target_node_t *cast = (const pm_local_variable_target_node_t *) node;
         pm_local_index_t index = pm_lookup_local_index(iseq, scope_node, cast->name, cast->depth);
 
-        // If this local variable is being written from within an alternation
-        // pattern, then it cannot actually be added to the local table since
-        // it's ambiguous which value should be used. So instead we indicate
-        // this with a compile error.
-        if (in_alternation_pattern) {
-            ID id = pm_constant_id_lookup(scope_node, cast->name);
-            const char *name = rb_id2name(id);
-
-            if (name && strlen(name) > 0 && name[0] != '_') {
-                COMPILE_ERROR(iseq, location.line, "illegal variable in alternative pattern (%"PRIsVALUE")", rb_id2str(id));
-                return COMPILE_NG;
-            }
-        }
-
         PUSH_SETLOCAL(ret, location, index.index, index.level);
         PUSH_INSNL(ret, location, jump, matched_label);
         break;
@@ -3009,7 +3049,7 @@ pm_compile_pattern(rb_iseq_t *iseq, pm_scope_node_t *scope_node, const pm_node_t
         // First, we're going to attempt to match against the left pattern. If
         // that pattern matches, then we'll skip matching the right pattern.
         PUSH_INSN(ret, location, dup);
-        CHECK(pm_compile_pattern(iseq, scope_node, cast->left, ret, matched_left_label, unmatched_left_label, in_single_pattern, true, use_deconstructed_cache, base_index + 1));
+        CHECK(pm_compile_pattern(iseq, scope_node, cast->left, ret, matched_left_label, unmatched_left_label, in_single_pattern, use_deconstructed_cache, base_index + 1));
 
         // If we get here, then we matched on the left pattern. In this case we
         // should pop out the duplicate value that we preemptively added to
@@ -3022,7 +3062,7 @@ pm_compile_pattern(rb_iseq_t *iseq, pm_scope_node_t *scope_node, const pm_node_t
         // If we get here, then we didn't match on the left pattern. In this
         // case we attempt to match against the right pattern.
         PUSH_LABEL(ret, unmatched_left_label);
-        CHECK(pm_compile_pattern(iseq, scope_node, cast->right, ret, matched_label, unmatched_label, in_single_pattern, true, use_deconstructed_cache, base_index));
+        CHECK(pm_compile_pattern(iseq, scope_node, cast->right, ret, matched_label, unmatched_label, in_single_pattern, use_deconstructed_cache, base_index));
         break;
       }
       case PM_PARENTHESES_NODE:
@@ -3030,7 +3070,7 @@ pm_compile_pattern(rb_iseq_t *iseq, pm_scope_node_t *scope_node, const pm_node_t
         // they do nothing since they can only wrap individual expressions and
         // not groups. In this case we'll recurse back into this same function
         // with the body of the parentheses.
-        return pm_compile_pattern(iseq, scope_node, ((const pm_parentheses_node_t *) node)->body, ret, matched_label, unmatched_label, in_single_pattern, in_alternation_pattern, use_deconstructed_cache, base_index);
+        return pm_compile_pattern(iseq, scope_node, ((const pm_parentheses_node_t *) node)->body, ret, matched_label, unmatched_label, in_single_pattern, use_deconstructed_cache, base_index);
       case PM_PINNED_EXPRESSION_NODE:
         // Pinned expressions are a way to match against the value of an
         // expression that should be evaluated at runtime. This looks like:
@@ -3091,7 +3131,7 @@ pm_compile_pattern(rb_iseq_t *iseq, pm_scope_node_t *scope_node, const pm_node_t
         // looks like: foo in ^@bar. To compile these, we compile the variable
         // that they hold.
         const pm_pinned_variable_node_t *cast = (const pm_pinned_variable_node_t *) node;
-        CHECK(pm_compile_pattern(iseq, scope_node, cast->variable, ret, matched_label, unmatched_label, in_single_pattern, in_alternation_pattern, true, base_index));
+        CHECK(pm_compile_pattern(iseq, scope_node, cast->variable, ret, matched_label, unmatched_label, in_single_pattern, true, base_index));
         break;
       }
       case PM_IF_NODE:
@@ -3125,7 +3165,7 @@ pm_compile_pattern(rb_iseq_t *iseq, pm_scope_node_t *scope_node, const pm_node_t
             statement = cast->statements->body.nodes[0];
         }
 
-        CHECK(pm_compile_pattern_match(iseq, scope_node, statement, ret, unmatched_label, in_single_pattern, in_alternation_pattern, use_deconstructed_cache, base_index));
+        CHECK(pm_compile_pattern_match(iseq, scope_node, statement, ret, unmatched_label, in_single_pattern, use_deconstructed_cache, base_index));
         PM_COMPILE_NOT_POPPED(predicate);
 
         if (in_single_pattern) {
@@ -3252,13 +3292,6 @@ pm_scope_node_init(const pm_node_t *node, pm_scope_node_t *scope, pm_scope_node_
         scope->parameters = cast->parameters;
         scope->body = cast->body;
         scope->locals = cast->locals;
-
-        if (cast->parameters != NULL) {
-            scope->base.location.start = cast->parameters->location.start;
-        }
-        else {
-            scope->base.location.start = cast->operator_loc.end;
-        }
         break;
       }
       case PM_MODULE_NODE: {
@@ -3497,7 +3530,7 @@ pm_compile_builtin_mandatory_only_method(rb_iseq_t *iseq, pm_scope_node_t *scope
     pm_scope_node_init(&def.base, &next_scope_node, scope_node);
 
     int error_state;
-    ISEQ_BODY(iseq)->mandatory_only_iseq = pm_iseq_new_with_opt(
+    const rb_iseq_t *mandatory_only_iseq = pm_iseq_new_with_opt(
         &next_scope_node,
         rb_iseq_base_label(iseq),
         rb_iseq_path(iseq),
@@ -3509,6 +3542,7 @@ pm_compile_builtin_mandatory_only_method(rb_iseq_t *iseq, pm_scope_node_t *scope
         ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->option,
         &error_state
     );
+    RB_OBJ_WRITE(iseq, &ISEQ_BODY(iseq)->mandatory_only_iseq, (VALUE)mandatory_only_iseq);
 
     if (error_state) {
         RUBY_ASSERT(ISEQ_BODY(iseq)->mandatory_only_iseq == NULL);
@@ -5164,6 +5198,20 @@ pm_compile_target_node(rb_iseq_t *iseq, const pm_node_t *node, LINK_ANCHOR *cons
 
         break;
       }
+      case PM_SPLAT_NODE: {
+        // Splat nodes capture all values into an array. They can be used
+        // as targets in assignments or for loops.
+        //
+        //     for *x in []; end
+        //
+        const pm_splat_node_t *cast = (const pm_splat_node_t *) node;
+
+        if (cast->expression != NULL) {
+            pm_compile_target_node(iseq, cast->expression, parents, writes, cleanup, scope_node, state);
+        }
+
+        break;
+      }
       default:
         rb_bug("Unexpected node type: %s", pm_node_type_to_str(PM_NODE_TYPE(node)));
         break;
@@ -5297,6 +5345,7 @@ pm_compile_for_node_index(rb_iseq_t *iseq, const pm_node_t *node, LINK_ANCHOR *c
         pm_multi_target_state_update(&state);
         break;
       }
+      case PM_SPLAT_NODE:
       case PM_MULTI_TARGET_NODE: {
         DECL_ANCHOR(writes);
         DECL_ANCHOR(cleanup);
@@ -5332,6 +5381,12 @@ pm_compile_for_node_index(rb_iseq_t *iseq, const pm_node_t *node, LINK_ANCHOR *c
         PUSH_INSN(ret, location, pop);
 
         PUSH_LABEL(ret, not_single);
+
+        if (PM_NODE_TYPE_P(node, PM_SPLAT_NODE)) {
+            const pm_splat_node_t *cast = (const pm_splat_node_t *) node;
+            PUSH_INSN2(ret, location, expandarray, INT2FIX(0), INT2FIX(cast->expression == NULL ? 0 : 1));
+        }
+
         PUSH_SEQ(ret, writes);
         PUSH_SEQ(ret, cleanup);
         break;
@@ -5486,44 +5541,6 @@ pm_opt_str_freeze_p(const rb_iseq_t *iseq, const pm_call_node_t *node)
 }
 
 /**
- * Returns true if the given call node can use the opt_aref_with optimization
- * with the current iseq options.
- */
-static inline bool
-pm_opt_aref_with_p(const rb_iseq_t *iseq, const pm_call_node_t *node)
-{
-    return (
-        !PM_NODE_FLAG_P(node, PM_CALL_NODE_FLAGS_SAFE_NAVIGATION) &&
-        node->arguments != NULL &&
-        PM_NODE_TYPE_P((const pm_node_t *) node->arguments, PM_ARGUMENTS_NODE) &&
-        ((const pm_arguments_node_t *) node->arguments)->arguments.size == 1 &&
-        PM_NODE_TYPE_P(((const pm_arguments_node_t *) node->arguments)->arguments.nodes[0], PM_STRING_NODE) &&
-        node->block == NULL &&
-        !PM_NODE_FLAG_P(((const pm_arguments_node_t *) node->arguments)->arguments.nodes[0], PM_STRING_FLAGS_FROZEN) &&
-        ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->option->specialized_instruction
-    );
-}
-
-/**
- * Returns true if the given call node can use the opt_aset_with optimization
- * with the current iseq options.
- */
-static inline bool
-pm_opt_aset_with_p(const rb_iseq_t *iseq, const pm_call_node_t *node)
-{
-    return (
-        !PM_NODE_FLAG_P(node, PM_CALL_NODE_FLAGS_SAFE_NAVIGATION) &&
-        node->arguments != NULL &&
-        PM_NODE_TYPE_P((const pm_node_t *) node->arguments, PM_ARGUMENTS_NODE) &&
-        ((const pm_arguments_node_t *) node->arguments)->arguments.size == 2 &&
-        PM_NODE_TYPE_P(((const pm_arguments_node_t *) node->arguments)->arguments.nodes[0], PM_STRING_NODE) &&
-        node->block == NULL &&
-        !PM_NODE_FLAG_P(((const pm_arguments_node_t *) node->arguments)->arguments.nodes[0], PM_STRING_FLAGS_FROZEN) &&
-        ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->option->specialized_instruction
-    );
-}
-
-/**
  * Compile the instructions necessary to read a constant, based on the options
  * of the current iseq.
  */
@@ -5535,6 +5552,7 @@ pm_compile_constant_read(rb_iseq_t *iseq, VALUE name, const pm_location_t *name_
     if (ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->option->inline_const_cache) {
         ISEQ_BODY(iseq)->ic_size++;
         VALUE segments = rb_ary_new_from_args(1, name);
+        RB_OBJ_SET_SHAREABLE(segments);
         PUSH_INSN1(ret, location, opt_getconstant_path, segments);
     }
     else {
@@ -5748,6 +5766,9 @@ pm_compile_shareable_constant_value(rb_iseq_t *iseq, const pm_node_t *node, cons
         if (shareability & PM_SHAREABLE_CONSTANT_NODE_FLAGS_LITERAL) {
             PUSH_INSN1(ret, location, putspecialobject, INT2FIX(VM_SPECIAL_OBJECT_VMCORE));
             PUSH_SEQ(ret, value_seq);
+            if (!RB_OBJ_SHAREABLE_P(path)) {
+                RB_OBJ_SET_SHAREABLE(path);
+            }
             PUSH_INSN1(ret, location, putobject, path);
             PUSH_SEND_WITH_FLAG(ret, location, rb_intern("ensure_shareable"), INT2FIX(2), INT2FIX(VM_CALL_ARGS_SIMPLE));
         }
@@ -6378,8 +6399,7 @@ pm_compile_scope_node(rb_iseq_t *iseq, pm_scope_node_t *scope_node, const pm_nod
     }
 
     if (scope_node->parameters != NULL && PM_NODE_TYPE_P(scope_node->parameters, PM_IT_PARAMETERS_NODE)) {
-        ID local = rb_make_temporary_id(local_index);
-        local_table_for_iseq->ids[local_index++] = local;
+        local_table_for_iseq->ids[local_index++] = idItImplicit;
     }
 
     // def foo(a, (b, *c, d), e = 1, *f, g, (h, *i, j), k:, l: 1, **m, &n)
@@ -6736,6 +6756,12 @@ pm_compile_scope_node(rb_iseq_t *iseq, pm_scope_node_t *scope_node, const pm_nod
         body->param.flags.has_lead = true;
     }
 
+    // Fill in the anonymous `it` parameter, if it exists
+    if (scope_node->parameters && PM_NODE_TYPE_P(scope_node->parameters, PM_IT_PARAMETERS_NODE)) {
+        body->param.lead_num = 1;
+        body->param.flags.has_lead = true;
+    }
+
     //********END OF STEP 3**********
 
     //********STEP 4**********
@@ -6786,6 +6812,8 @@ pm_compile_scope_node(rb_iseq_t *iseq, pm_scope_node_t *scope_node, const pm_nod
 
     // FIXME: args?
     iseq_set_local_table(iseq, local_table_for_iseq, 0);
+    iseq_set_parameters_lvar_state(iseq);
+
     scope_node->local_table_for_iseq_size = local_table_for_iseq->size;
 
     if (keyword != NULL) {
@@ -7090,6 +7118,7 @@ pm_compile_array_node(rb_iseq_t *iseq, const pm_node_t *node, const pm_node_list
         if (!popped) {
             if (elements->size) {
                 VALUE value = pm_static_literal_value(iseq, node, scope_node);
+                RB_OBJ_SET_FROZEN_SHAREABLE(value);
                 PUSH_INSN1(ret, *location, duparray, value);
             }
             else {
@@ -7220,7 +7249,7 @@ pm_compile_array_node(rb_iseq_t *iseq, const pm_node_t *node, const pm_node_list
                     rb_ary_push(tmp_array, pm_static_literal_value(iseq, elements->nodes[index++], scope_node));
 
                 index--; // about to be incremented by for loop
-                OBJ_FREEZE(tmp_array);
+                RB_OBJ_SET_FROZEN_SHAREABLE(tmp_array);
 
                 // Emit the optimized code.
                 FLUSH_CHUNK;
@@ -7356,44 +7385,6 @@ pm_compile_call_node(rb_iseq_t *iseq, const pm_call_node_t *node, LINK_ANCHOR *c
         }
         break;
       }
-      case idAREF: {
-        if (pm_opt_aref_with_p(iseq, node)) {
-            const pm_string_node_t *string = (const pm_string_node_t *) ((const pm_arguments_node_t *) node->arguments)->arguments.nodes[0];
-            VALUE value = parse_static_literal_string(iseq, scope_node, (const pm_node_t *) string, &string->unescaped);
-
-            PM_COMPILE_NOT_POPPED(node->receiver);
-
-            const struct rb_callinfo *callinfo = new_callinfo(iseq, idAREF, 1, 0, NULL, FALSE);
-            PUSH_INSN2(ret, location, opt_aref_with, value, callinfo);
-
-            if (popped) {
-                PUSH_INSN(ret, location, pop);
-            }
-
-            return;
-        }
-        break;
-      }
-      case idASET: {
-        if (pm_opt_aset_with_p(iseq, node)) {
-            const pm_string_node_t *string = (const pm_string_node_t *) ((const pm_arguments_node_t *) node->arguments)->arguments.nodes[0];
-            VALUE value = parse_static_literal_string(iseq, scope_node, (const pm_node_t *) string, &string->unescaped);
-
-            PM_COMPILE_NOT_POPPED(node->receiver);
-            PM_COMPILE_NOT_POPPED(((const pm_arguments_node_t *) node->arguments)->arguments.nodes[1]);
-
-            if (!popped) {
-                PUSH_INSN(ret, location, swap);
-                PUSH_INSN1(ret, location, topn, INT2FIX(1));
-            }
-
-            const struct rb_callinfo *callinfo = new_callinfo(iseq, idASET, 2, 0, NULL, FALSE);
-            PUSH_INSN2(ret, location, opt_aset_with, value, callinfo);
-            PUSH_INSN(ret, location, pop);
-            return;
-        }
-        break;
-      }
     }
 
     if (PM_NODE_FLAG_P(node, PM_CALL_NODE_FLAGS_ATTRIBUTE_WRITE) && !popped) {
@@ -7485,7 +7476,6 @@ static VALUE
 pm_compile_case_node_dispatch(rb_iseq_t *iseq, VALUE dispatch, const pm_node_t *node, LABEL *label, const pm_scope_node_t *scope_node)
 {
     VALUE key = Qundef;
-
     switch (PM_NODE_TYPE(node)) {
       case PM_FLOAT_NODE: {
         key = pm_static_literal_value(iseq, node, scope_node);
@@ -7518,7 +7508,6 @@ pm_compile_case_node_dispatch(rb_iseq_t *iseq, VALUE dispatch, const pm_node_t *
     if (NIL_P(rb_hash_lookup(dispatch, key))) {
         rb_hash_aset(dispatch, key, ((VALUE) label) | 1);
     }
-
     return dispatch;
 }
 
@@ -7746,6 +7735,7 @@ pm_compile_case_node(rb_iseq_t *iseq, const pm_case_node_t *cast, const pm_node_
         // optimization.
         if (dispatch != Qundef) {
             PUSH_INSN(ret, location, dup);
+            RB_OBJ_SET_SHAREABLE(dispatch); // it is special that the hash is shareable but not frozen, because compile.c modify them. This Hahs instance is not accessible so it is safe to leave it.
             PUSH_INSN2(ret, location, opt_case_dispatch, dispatch, else_label);
             LABEL_REF(else_label);
         }
@@ -7874,7 +7864,7 @@ pm_compile_case_match_node(rb_iseq_t *iseq, const pm_case_match_node_t *node, co
         LABEL *next_pattern_label = NEW_LABEL(pattern_location.line);
 
         PUSH_INSN(cond_seq, pattern_location, dup);
-        pm_compile_pattern(iseq, scope_node, in_node->pattern, cond_seq, body_label, next_pattern_label, in_single_pattern, false, true, 2);
+        pm_compile_pattern(iseq, scope_node, in_node->pattern, cond_seq, body_label, next_pattern_label, in_single_pattern, true, 2);
         PUSH_LABEL(cond_seq, next_pattern_label);
         LABEL_UNREMOVABLE(next_pattern_label);
     }
@@ -8122,7 +8112,7 @@ pm_compile_match_required_node(rb_iseq_t *iseq, const pm_match_required_node_t *
     // through the in_single_pattern parameter. We also indicate that the
     // value to compare against is 2 slots from the top of the stack (the
     // base_index parameter).
-    pm_compile_pattern(iseq, scope_node, node->pattern, ret, matched_label, unmatched_label, true, false, true, 2);
+    pm_compile_pattern(iseq, scope_node, node->pattern, ret, matched_label, unmatched_label, true, true, 2);
 
     // If the pattern did not match the value, then we're going to compile
     // in our error handler code. This will determine which error to raise
@@ -8973,6 +8963,7 @@ pm_compile_node(rb_iseq_t *iseq, const pm_node_t *node, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret,
 
         if (ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->option->inline_const_cache && ((parts = pm_constant_path_parts(node, scope_node)) != Qnil)) {
             ISEQ_BODY(iseq)->ic_size++;
+            RB_OBJ_SET_SHAREABLE(parts);
             PUSH_INSN1(ret, location, opt_getconstant_path, parts);
         }
         else {
@@ -9596,7 +9587,7 @@ pm_compile_node(rb_iseq_t *iseq, const pm_node_t *node, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret,
         }
         else {
             const pm_interpolated_string_node_t *cast = (const pm_interpolated_string_node_t *) node;
-            int length = pm_interpolated_node_compile(iseq, &cast->parts, &location, ret, popped, scope_node, NULL, NULL);
+            int length = pm_interpolated_node_compile(iseq, &cast->parts, &location, ret, popped, scope_node, NULL, NULL, PM_NODE_FLAG_P(cast, PM_INTERPOLATED_STRING_NODE_FLAGS_MUTABLE), PM_NODE_FLAG_P(cast, PM_INTERPOLATED_STRING_NODE_FLAGS_FROZEN));
             if (length > 1) PUSH_INSN1(ret, location, concatstrings, INT2FIX(length));
             if (popped) PUSH_INSN(ret, location, pop);
         }
@@ -9607,7 +9598,7 @@ pm_compile_node(rb_iseq_t *iseq, const pm_node_t *node, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret,
         // :"foo #{bar}"
         // ^^^^^^^^^^^^^
         const pm_interpolated_symbol_node_t *cast = (const pm_interpolated_symbol_node_t *) node;
-        int length = pm_interpolated_node_compile(iseq, &cast->parts, &location, ret, popped, scope_node, NULL, NULL);
+        int length = pm_interpolated_node_compile(iseq, &cast->parts, &location, ret, popped, scope_node, NULL, NULL, false, false);
 
         if (length > 1) {
             PUSH_INSN1(ret, location, concatstrings, INT2FIX(length));
@@ -9629,7 +9620,7 @@ pm_compile_node(rb_iseq_t *iseq, const pm_node_t *node, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret,
 
         PUSH_INSN(ret, location, putself);
 
-        int length = pm_interpolated_node_compile(iseq, &cast->parts, &location, ret, false, scope_node, NULL, NULL);
+        int length = pm_interpolated_node_compile(iseq, &cast->parts, &location, ret, false, scope_node, NULL, NULL, false, false);
         if (length > 1) PUSH_INSN1(ret, location, concatstrings, INT2FIX(length));
 
         PUSH_SEND_WITH_FLAG(ret, location, idBackquote, INT2NUM(1), INT2FIX(VM_CALL_FCALL | VM_CALL_ARGS_SIMPLE));
@@ -9810,7 +9801,7 @@ pm_compile_node(rb_iseq_t *iseq, const pm_node_t *node, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret,
         LABEL *matched_label = NEW_LABEL(location.line);
         LABEL *unmatched_label = NEW_LABEL(location.line);
         LABEL *done_label = NEW_LABEL(location.line);
-        pm_compile_pattern(iseq, scope_node, cast->pattern, ret, matched_label, unmatched_label, false, false, true, 2);
+        pm_compile_pattern(iseq, scope_node, cast->pattern, ret, matched_label, unmatched_label, false, true, 2);
 
         // If the pattern did not match, then compile the necessary instructions
         // to handle pushing false onto the stack, then jump to the end.
@@ -10088,6 +10079,7 @@ pm_compile_node(rb_iseq_t *iseq, const pm_node_t *node, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret,
                     exclude_end
                 );
 
+                RB_OBJ_SET_SHAREABLE(val);
                 PUSH_INSN1(ret, location, putobject, val);
             }
         }
@@ -10582,7 +10574,9 @@ pm_parse_errors_format_sort(const pm_parser_t *parser, const pm_list_t *error_li
     if (errors == NULL) return NULL;
 
     int32_t start_line = parser->start_line;
-    for (pm_diagnostic_t *error = (pm_diagnostic_t *) error_list->head; error != NULL; error = (pm_diagnostic_t *) error->node.next) {
+    pm_diagnostic_t *finish = (pm_diagnostic_t * )error_list->tail->next;
+
+    for (pm_diagnostic_t *error = (pm_diagnostic_t *) error_list->head; error != finish; error = (pm_diagnostic_t *) error->node.next) {
         pm_line_column_t start = pm_newline_list_line_column(newline_list, error->location.start, start_line);
         pm_line_column_t end = pm_newline_list_line_column(newline_list, error->location.end, start_line);
 
@@ -10653,7 +10647,26 @@ pm_parse_errors_format_line(const pm_parser_t *parser, const pm_newline_list_t *
     // Here we determine if we should truncate the end of the line.
     bool truncate_end = false;
     if ((column_end != 0) && ((end - (start + column_end)) >= PM_ERROR_TRUNCATE)) {
-        end = start + column_end + PM_ERROR_TRUNCATE;
+        const uint8_t *end_candidate = start + column_end + PM_ERROR_TRUNCATE;
+
+        for (const uint8_t *ptr = start; ptr < end_candidate;) {
+            size_t char_width = parser->encoding->char_width(ptr, parser->end - ptr);
+
+            // If we failed to decode a character, then just bail out and
+            // truncate at the fixed width.
+            if (char_width == 0) break;
+
+            // If this next character would go past the end candidate,
+            // then we need to truncate before it.
+            if (ptr + char_width > end_candidate) {
+                end_candidate = ptr;
+                break;
+            }
+
+            ptr += char_width;
+        }
+
+        end = end_candidate;
         truncate_end = true;
     }
 
@@ -11385,6 +11398,8 @@ pm_parse_file(pm_parse_result_t *result, VALUE filepath, VALUE *script_lines)
     pm_options_filepath_set(&result->options, RSTRING_PTR(filepath));
     RB_GC_GUARD(filepath);
 
+    pm_options_version_for_current_ruby_set(&result->options);
+
     pm_parser_init(&result->parser, pm_string_source(&result->input), pm_string_length(&result->input), &result->options);
     pm_node_t *node = pm_parse(&result->parser);
 
@@ -11443,12 +11458,28 @@ pm_parse_string(pm_parse_result_t *result, VALUE source, VALUE filepath, VALUE *
     pm_options_filepath_set(&result->options, RSTRING_PTR(filepath));
     RB_GC_GUARD(filepath);
 
+    pm_options_version_for_current_ruby_set(&result->options);
+
     pm_parser_init(&result->parser, pm_string_source(&result->input), pm_string_length(&result->input), &result->options);
     pm_node_t *node = pm_parse(&result->parser);
 
     return pm_parse_process(result, node, script_lines);
 }
 
+struct rb_stdin_wrapper {
+    VALUE rb_stdin;
+    int eof_seen;
+};
+
+static int
+pm_parse_stdin_eof(void *stream)
+{
+    struct rb_stdin_wrapper * wrapped_stdin = (struct rb_stdin_wrapper *)stream;
+    return wrapped_stdin->eof_seen;
+}
+
+VALUE rb_io_gets_limit_internal(VALUE io, long limit);
+
 /**
  * An implementation of fgets that is suitable for use with Ruby IO objects.
  */
@@ -11457,7 +11488,9 @@ pm_parse_stdin_fgets(char *string, int size, void *stream)
 {
     RUBY_ASSERT(size > 0);
 
-    VALUE line = rb_funcall((VALUE) stream, rb_intern("gets"), 1, INT2FIX(size - 1));
+    struct rb_stdin_wrapper * wrapped_stdin = (struct rb_stdin_wrapper *)stream;
+
+    VALUE line = rb_io_gets_limit_internal(wrapped_stdin->rb_stdin, size - 1);
     if (NIL_P(line)) {
         return NULL;
     }
@@ -11468,6 +11501,13 @@ pm_parse_stdin_fgets(char *string, int size, void *stream)
     memcpy(string, cstr, length);
     string[length] = '\0';
 
+    // We're reading strings from stdin via gets.  We'll assume that if the
+    // string is smaller than the requested length, and doesn't end with a
+    // newline, that we hit EOF.
+    if (length < (size - 1) && string[length - 1] != '\n') {
+        wrapped_stdin->eof_seen = 1;
+    }
+
     return string;
 }
 
@@ -11484,8 +11524,13 @@ pm_parse_stdin(pm_parse_result_t *result)
 {
     pm_options_frozen_string_literal_init(&result->options);
 
+    struct rb_stdin_wrapper wrapped_stdin = {
+        rb_stdin,
+        0
+    };
+
     pm_buffer_t buffer;
-    pm_node_t *node = pm_parse_stream(&result->parser, &buffer, (void *) rb_stdin, pm_parse_stdin_fgets, &result->options);
+    pm_node_t *node = pm_parse_stream(&result->parser, &buffer, (void *) &wrapped_stdin, pm_parse_stdin_fgets, pm_parse_stdin_eof, &result->options);
 
     // Copy the allocated buffer contents into the input string so that it gets
     // freed. At this point we've handed over ownership, so we don't need to
@@ -11499,6 +11544,13 @@ pm_parse_stdin(pm_parse_result_t *result)
     return pm_parse_process(result, node, NULL);
 }
 
+#define PM_VERSION_FOR_RELEASE(major, minor) PM_VERSION_FOR_RELEASE_IMPL(major, minor)
+#define PM_VERSION_FOR_RELEASE_IMPL(major, minor) PM_OPTIONS_VERSION_CRUBY_##major##_##minor
+
+void pm_options_version_for_current_ruby_set(pm_options_t *options) {
+    options->version = PM_VERSION_FOR_RELEASE(RUBY_API_VERSION_MAJOR, RUBY_API_VERSION_MINOR);
+}
+
 #undef NEW_ISEQ
 #define NEW_ISEQ OLD_ISEQ
 
diff --git a/prism_compile.h b/prism_compile.h
index c032449bd6..e588122205 100644
--- a/prism_compile.h
+++ b/prism_compile.h
@@ -94,6 +94,7 @@ VALUE pm_parse_file(pm_parse_result_t *result, VALUE filepath, VALUE *script_lin
 VALUE pm_load_parse_file(pm_parse_result_t *result, VALUE filepath, VALUE *script_lines);
 VALUE pm_parse_string(pm_parse_result_t *result, VALUE source, VALUE filepath, VALUE *script_lines);
 VALUE pm_parse_stdin(pm_parse_result_t *result);
+void pm_options_version_for_current_ruby_set(pm_options_t *options);
 void pm_parse_result_free(pm_parse_result_t *result);
 
 rb_iseq_t *pm_iseq_new(pm_scope_node_t *node, VALUE name, VALUE path, VALUE realpath, const rb_iseq_t *parent, enum rb_iseq_type, int *error_state);
diff --git a/proc.c b/proc.c
index 96fdedc7e0..5f23e5fed6 100644
--- a/proc.c
+++ b/proc.c
@@ -298,10 +298,8 @@ rb_binding_alloc(VALUE klass)
     return obj;
 }
 
-
-/* :nodoc: */
 static VALUE
-binding_dup(VALUE self)
+binding_copy(VALUE self)
 {
     VALUE bindval = rb_binding_alloc(rb_cBinding);
     rb_binding_t *src, *dst;
@@ -310,15 +308,21 @@ binding_dup(VALUE self)
     rb_vm_block_copy(bindval, &dst->block, &src->block);
     RB_OBJ_WRITE(bindval, &dst->pathobj, src->pathobj);
     dst->first_lineno = src->first_lineno;
-    return rb_obj_dup_setup(self, bindval);
+    return bindval;
+}
+
+/* :nodoc: */
+static VALUE
+binding_dup(VALUE self)
+{
+    return rb_obj_dup_setup(self, binding_copy(self));
 }
 
 /* :nodoc: */
 static VALUE
 binding_clone(VALUE self)
 {
-    VALUE bindval = binding_dup(self);
-    return rb_obj_clone_setup(self, bindval, Qnil);
+    return rb_obj_clone_setup(self, binding_copy(self), Qnil);
 }
 
 VALUE
@@ -405,7 +409,7 @@ bind_eval(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE bindval)
 }
 
 static const VALUE *
-get_local_variable_ptr(const rb_env_t **envp, ID lid)
+get_local_variable_ptr(const rb_env_t **envp, ID lid, bool search_outer)
 {
     const rb_env_t *env = *envp;
     do {
@@ -442,7 +446,7 @@ get_local_variable_ptr(const rb_env_t **envp, ID lid)
             *envp = NULL;
             return NULL;
         }
-    } while ((env = rb_vm_env_prev_env(env)) != NULL);
+    } while (search_outer && (env = rb_vm_env_prev_env(env)) != NULL);
 
     *envp = NULL;
     return NULL;
@@ -510,6 +514,12 @@ rb_numparam_id_p(ID id)
     return (tNUMPARAM_1 << ID_SCOPE_SHIFT) <= id && id < ((tNUMPARAM_1 + 9) << ID_SCOPE_SHIFT);
 }
 
+int
+rb_implicit_param_p(ID id)
+{
+    return id == idItImplicit || rb_numparam_id_p(id);
+}
+
 /*
  *  call-seq:
  *     binding.local_variable_get(symbol) -> obj
@@ -544,7 +554,7 @@ bind_local_variable_get(VALUE bindval, VALUE sym)
     GetBindingPtr(bindval, bind);
 
     env = VM_ENV_ENVVAL_PTR(vm_block_ep(&bind->block));
-    if ((ptr = get_local_variable_ptr(&env, lid)) != NULL) {
+    if ((ptr = get_local_variable_ptr(&env, lid, TRUE)) != NULL) {
         return *ptr;
     }
 
@@ -596,7 +606,7 @@ bind_local_variable_set(VALUE bindval, VALUE sym, VALUE val)
 
     GetBindingPtr(bindval, bind);
     env = VM_ENV_ENVVAL_PTR(vm_block_ep(&bind->block));
-    if ((ptr = get_local_variable_ptr(&env, lid)) == NULL) {
+    if ((ptr = get_local_variable_ptr(&env, lid, TRUE)) == NULL) {
         /* not found. create new env */
         ptr = rb_binding_add_dynavars(bindval, bind, 1, &lid);
         env = VM_ENV_ENVVAL_PTR(vm_block_ep(&bind->block));
@@ -636,10 +646,140 @@ bind_local_variable_defined_p(VALUE bindval, VALUE sym)
     const rb_env_t *env;
 
     if (!lid) return Qfalse;
+    if (rb_numparam_id_p(lid)) {
+        rb_name_err_raise("numbered parameter '%1$s' is not a local variable",
+                          bindval, ID2SYM(lid));
+    }
+
+    GetBindingPtr(bindval, bind);
+    env = VM_ENV_ENVVAL_PTR(vm_block_ep(&bind->block));
+    return RBOOL(get_local_variable_ptr(&env, lid, TRUE));
+}
+
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *     binding.implicit_parameters -> Array
+ *
+ *  Returns the names of numbered parameters and "it" parameter
+ *  that are defined in the binding.
+ *
+ *	def foo
+ *	  [42].each do
+ *	    it
+ *  	    binding.implicit_parameters #=> [:it]
+ *	  end
+ *
+ *	  { k: 42 }.each do
+ *  	    _2
+ *  	    binding.implicit_parameters #=> [:_1, :_2]
+ *  	  end
+ *  	end
+ *
+ */
+static VALUE
+bind_implicit_parameters(VALUE bindval)
+{
+    const rb_binding_t *bind;
+    const rb_env_t *env;
+
+    GetBindingPtr(bindval, bind);
+    env = VM_ENV_ENVVAL_PTR(vm_block_ep(&bind->block));
+
+    if (get_local_variable_ptr(&env, idItImplicit, FALSE)) {
+        return rb_ary_new_from_args(1, ID2SYM(idIt));
+    }
+
+    env = VM_ENV_ENVVAL_PTR(vm_block_ep(&bind->block));
+    return rb_vm_env_numbered_parameters(env);
+}
+
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *     binding.implicit_parameter_get(symbol) -> obj
+ *
+ *  Returns the value of the numbered parameter or "it" parameter.
+ *
+ *	def foo
+ *  	  [42].each do
+ *  	    it
+ *  	    binding.implicit_parameter_get(:it) #=> 42
+ *  	  end
+ *
+ *  	  { k: 42 }.each do
+ *  	    _2
+ *  	    binding.implicit_parameter_get(:_1) #=> :k
+ *  	    binding.implicit_parameter_get(:_2) #=> 42
+ *  	  end
+ *  	end
+ *
+ */
+static VALUE
+bind_implicit_parameter_get(VALUE bindval, VALUE sym)
+{
+    ID lid = check_local_id(bindval, &sym);
+    const rb_binding_t *bind;
+    const VALUE *ptr;
+    const rb_env_t *env;
+
+    if (lid == idIt) lid = idItImplicit;
+
+    if (!lid || !rb_implicit_param_p(lid)) {
+        rb_name_err_raise("'%1$s' is not an implicit parameter",
+                          bindval, sym);
+    }
+
+    GetBindingPtr(bindval, bind);
+
+    env = VM_ENV_ENVVAL_PTR(vm_block_ep(&bind->block));
+    if ((ptr = get_local_variable_ptr(&env, lid, FALSE)) != NULL) {
+        return *ptr;
+    }
+
+    if (lid == idItImplicit) lid = idIt;
+    rb_name_err_raise("implicit parameter '%1$s' is not defined for %2$s", bindval, ID2SYM(lid));
+    UNREACHABLE_RETURN(Qundef);
+}
+
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *     binding.implicit_parameter_defined?(symbol) -> obj
+ *
+ *  Returns +true+ if the numbered parameter or "it" parameter exists.
+ *
+ *	def foo
+ *  	  [42].each do
+ *  	    it
+ *  	    binding.implicit_parameter_defined?(:it) #=> true
+ *  	    binding.implicit_parameter_defined?(:_1) #=> false
+ *  	  end
+ *
+ *        { k: 42 }.each do
+ *          _2
+ *  	    binding.implicit_parameter_defined?(:_1) #=> true
+ *  	    binding.implicit_parameter_defined?(:_2) #=> true
+ *  	    binding.implicit_parameter_defined?(:_3) #=> false
+ *  	    binding.implicit_parameter_defined?(:it) #=> false
+ *  	  end
+ *  	end
+ *
+ */
+static VALUE
+bind_implicit_parameter_defined_p(VALUE bindval, VALUE sym)
+{
+    ID lid = check_local_id(bindval, &sym);
+    const rb_binding_t *bind;
+    const rb_env_t *env;
+
+    if (lid == idIt) lid = idItImplicit;
+
+    if (!lid || !rb_implicit_param_p(lid)) {
+        rb_name_err_raise("'%1$s' is not an implicit parameter",
+                          bindval, sym);
+    }
 
     GetBindingPtr(bindval, bind);
     env = VM_ENV_ENVVAL_PTR(vm_block_ep(&bind->block));
-    return RBOOL(get_local_variable_ptr(&env, lid));
+    return RBOOL(get_local_variable_ptr(&env, lid, FALSE));
 }
 
 /*
@@ -679,7 +819,6 @@ cfunc_proc_new(VALUE klass, VALUE ifunc)
 {
     rb_proc_t *proc;
     cfunc_proc_t *sproc;
-    const rb_namespace_t *ns = rb_current_namespace();
     VALUE procval = TypedData_Make_Struct(klass, cfunc_proc_t, &proc_data_type, sproc);
     VALUE *ep;
 
@@ -694,7 +833,6 @@ cfunc_proc_new(VALUE klass, VALUE ifunc)
 
     /* self? */
     RB_OBJ_WRITE(procval, &proc->block.as.captured.code.ifunc, ifunc);
-    proc->ns = ns;
     proc->is_lambda = TRUE;
     return procval;
 }
@@ -712,12 +850,15 @@ rb_func_proc_dup(VALUE src_obj)
     VALUE proc_obj = TypedData_Make_Struct(rb_obj_class(src_obj), cfunc_proc_t, &proc_data_type, proc);
 
     memcpy(&proc->basic, src_proc, sizeof(rb_proc_t));
+    RB_OBJ_WRITTEN(proc_obj, Qundef, proc->basic.block.as.captured.self);
+    RB_OBJ_WRITTEN(proc_obj, Qundef, proc->basic.block.as.captured.code.val);
 
+    const VALUE *src_ep = src_proc->block.as.captured.ep;
     VALUE *ep = *(VALUE **)&proc->basic.block.as.captured.ep = proc->env + VM_ENV_DATA_SIZE - 1;
-    ep[VM_ENV_DATA_INDEX_FLAGS]   = src_proc->block.as.captured.ep[VM_ENV_DATA_INDEX_FLAGS];
-    ep[VM_ENV_DATA_INDEX_ME_CREF] = src_proc->block.as.captured.ep[VM_ENV_DATA_INDEX_ME_CREF];
-    ep[VM_ENV_DATA_INDEX_SPECVAL] = src_proc->block.as.captured.ep[VM_ENV_DATA_INDEX_SPECVAL];
-    ep[VM_ENV_DATA_INDEX_ENV]     = src_proc->block.as.captured.ep[VM_ENV_DATA_INDEX_ENV];
+    ep[VM_ENV_DATA_INDEX_FLAGS]   = src_ep[VM_ENV_DATA_INDEX_FLAGS];
+    ep[VM_ENV_DATA_INDEX_ME_CREF] = src_ep[VM_ENV_DATA_INDEX_ME_CREF];
+    ep[VM_ENV_DATA_INDEX_SPECVAL] = src_ep[VM_ENV_DATA_INDEX_SPECVAL];
+    RB_OBJ_WRITE(proc_obj, &ep[VM_ENV_DATA_INDEX_ENV], src_ep[VM_ENV_DATA_INDEX_ENV]);
 
     return proc_obj;
 }
@@ -730,7 +871,6 @@ sym_proc_new(VALUE klass, VALUE sym)
     GetProcPtr(procval, proc);
 
     vm_block_type_set(&proc->block, block_type_symbol);
-    // No namespace specified: similar to built-in methods
     proc->is_lambda = TRUE;
     RB_OBJ_WRITE(procval, &proc->block.as.symbol, sym);
     return procval;
@@ -758,6 +898,9 @@ rb_vm_ifunc_new(rb_block_call_func_t func, const void *data, int min_argc, int m
     rb_execution_context_t *ec = GET_EC();
 
     struct vm_ifunc *ifunc = IMEMO_NEW(struct vm_ifunc, imemo_ifunc, (VALUE)rb_vm_svar_lep(ec, ec->cfp));
+
+    rb_gc_register_pinning_obj((VALUE)ifunc);
+
     ifunc->func = func;
     ifunc->data = data;
     ifunc->argc.min = min_argc;
@@ -928,13 +1071,12 @@ f_lambda(VALUE _)
  *  Document-method: Proc#yield
  *
  *  call-seq:
- *     prc.call(params,...)   -> obj
- *     prc[params,...]        -> obj
- *     prc.(params,...)       -> obj
- *     prc.yield(params,...)  -> obj
+ *     call(...) -> obj
+ *     self[...] -> obj
+ *     yield(...) -> obj
  *
- *  Invokes the block, setting the block's parameters to the values in
- *  <i>params</i> using something close to method calling semantics.
+ *  Invokes the block, setting the block's parameters to the arguments
+ *  using something close to method calling semantics.
  *  Returns the value of the last expression evaluated in the block.
  *
  *     a_proc = Proc.new {|scalar, *values| values.map {|value| value*scalar } }
@@ -1281,10 +1423,10 @@ rb_proc_get_iseq(VALUE self, int *is_proc)
 }
 
 /* call-seq:
- *   prc == other -> true or false
- *   prc.eql?(other) -> true or false
+ *   self == other -> true or false
+ *   eql?(other) -> true or false
  *
- * Two procs are the same if, and only if, they were created from the same code block.
+ * Returns whether +self+ and +other+ were created from the same code block:
  *
  *   def return_block(&block)
  *     block
@@ -1401,9 +1543,9 @@ rb_iseq_location(const rb_iseq_t *iseq)
  * The returned Array contains:
  *   (1) the Ruby source filename
  *   (2) the line number where the definition starts
- *   (3) the column number where the definition starts
+ *   (3) the position where the definition starts, in number of bytes from the start of the line
  *   (4) the line number where the definition ends
- *   (5) the column number where the definitions ends
+ *   (5) the position where the definitions ends, in number of bytes from the start of the line
  *
  * This method will return +nil+ if the Proc was not defined in Ruby (i.e. native).
  */
@@ -1558,7 +1700,8 @@ rb_sym_to_proc(VALUE sym)
         RARRAY_ASET(sym_proc_cache, index, procval);
 
         return RB_GC_GUARD(procval);
-    } else {
+    }
+    else {
         return sym_proc_new(rb_cProc, sym);
     }
 }
@@ -1663,7 +1806,7 @@ static const rb_data_type_t method_data_type = {
         NULL, // No external memory to report,
         bm_mark_and_move,
     },
-    0, 0, RUBY_TYPED_FREE_IMMEDIATELY | RUBY_TYPED_WB_PROTECTED | RUBY_TYPED_EMBEDDABLE
+    0, 0, RUBY_TYPED_FREE_IMMEDIATELY | RUBY_TYPED_WB_PROTECTED | RUBY_TYPED_EMBEDDABLE | RUBY_TYPED_FROZEN_SHAREABLE_NO_REC
 };
 
 VALUE
@@ -1837,10 +1980,9 @@ method_entry_defined_class(const rb_method_entry_t *me)
 
 /*
  * call-seq:
- *   meth.eql?(other_meth)  -> true or false
- *   meth == other_meth  -> true or false
+ *   self == other -> true or false
  *
- * Two method objects are equal if they are bound to the same
+ * Returns whether +self+ and +other+ are bound to the same
  * object and refer to the same method definition and the classes
  * defining the methods are the same class or module.
  */
@@ -2021,19 +2163,24 @@ method_owner(VALUE obj)
     return data->owner;
 }
 
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *    meth.box   -> box or nil
+ *
+ *  Returns the Ruby::Box where +meth+ is defined in.
+ */
 static VALUE
-method_namespace(VALUE obj)
+method_box(VALUE obj)
 {
     struct METHOD *data;
-    const rb_namespace_t *ns;
+    const rb_box_t *box;
 
     TypedData_Get_Struct(obj, struct METHOD, &method_data_type, data);
-    ns = data->me->def->ns;
-    if (!ns) return Qfalse;
-    if (ns->ns_object) return ns->ns_object;
-    // This should not happen
-    rb_bug("Unexpected namespace on the method definition: %p", (void*) ns);
-    return Qtrue;
+    box = data->me->def->box;
+    if (!box) return Qnil;
+    if (box->box_object) return box->box_object;
+    rb_bug("Unexpected box on the method definition: %p", (void*) box);
+    UNREACHABLE_RETURN(Qnil);
 }
 
 void
@@ -2224,29 +2371,29 @@ rb_obj_singleton_method(VALUE obj, VALUE vid)
  *
  *  Returns an +UnboundMethod+ representing the given
  *  instance method in _mod_.
+ *  See +UnboundMethod+ about how to utilize it
  *
- *     class Interpreter
- *       def do_a() print "there, "; end
- *       def do_d() print "Hello ";  end
- *       def do_e() print "!\n";     end
- *       def do_v() print "Dave";    end
- *       Dispatcher = {
- *         "a" => instance_method(:do_a),
- *         "d" => instance_method(:do_d),
- *         "e" => instance_method(:do_e),
- *         "v" => instance_method(:do_v)
- *       }
- *       def interpret(string)
- *         string.each_char {|b| Dispatcher[b].bind(self).call }
- *       end
- *     end
+ *    class Person
+ *      def initialize(name)
+ *        @name = name
+ *      end
  *
- *     interpreter = Interpreter.new
- *     interpreter.interpret('dave')
+ *      def hi
+ *        puts "Hi, I'm #{@name}!"
+ *      end
+ *    end
+ *
+ *     dave = Person.new('Dave')
+ *     thomas = Person.new('Thomas')
+ *
+ *     hi = Person.instance_method(:hi)
+ *     hi.bind_call(dave)
+ *     hi.bind_call(thomas)
  *
  *  <em>produces:</em>
  *
- *     Hello there, Dave!
+ *     Hi, I'm Dave!
+ *     Hi, I'm Thomas!
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -2503,13 +2650,20 @@ method_dup(VALUE self)
     return clone;
 }
 
-/*  Document-method: Method#===
- *
+/*
  *  call-seq:
- *     method === obj   -> result_of_method
+ *     call(...) -> obj
+ *     self[...] -> obj
+ *     self === obj -> result_of_method
+ *
+ *  Invokes +self+ with the specified arguments, returning the
+ *  method's return value.
+ *
+ *     m = 12.method("+")
+ *     m.call(3)    #=> 15
+ *     m.call(20)   #=> 32
  *
- *  Invokes the method with +obj+ as the parameter like #call.
- *  This allows a method object to be the target of a +when+ clause
+ *  Using Method#=== allows a method object to be the target of a +when+ clause
  *  in a case statement.
  *
  *      require 'prime'
@@ -2520,32 +2674,6 @@ method_dup(VALUE self)
  *      end
  */
 
-
-/*  Document-method: Method#[]
- *
- *  call-seq:
- *     meth[args, ...]         -> obj
- *
- *  Invokes the <i>meth</i> with the specified arguments, returning the
- *  method's return value, like #call.
- *
- *     m = 12.method("+")
- *     m[3]         #=> 15
- *     m[20]        #=> 32
- */
-
-/*
- *  call-seq:
- *     meth.call(args, ...)    -> obj
- *
- *  Invokes the <i>meth</i> with the specified arguments, returning the
- *  method's return value.
- *
- *     m = 12.method("+")
- *     m.call(3)    #=> 15
- *     m.call(20)   #=> 32
- */
-
 static VALUE
 rb_method_call_pass_called_kw(int argc, const VALUE *argv, VALUE method)
 {
@@ -3074,9 +3202,9 @@ rb_method_entry_location(const rb_method_entry_t *me)
  * The returned Array contains:
  *   (1) the Ruby source filename
  *   (2) the line number where the definition starts
- *   (3) the column number where the definition starts
+ *   (3) the position where the definition starts, in number of bytes from the start of the line
  *   (4) the line number where the definition ends
- *   (5) the column number where the definitions ends
+ *   (5) the position where the definitions ends, in number of bytes from the start of the line
  *
  * This method will return +nil+ if the method was not defined in Ruby (i.e. native).
  */
@@ -3318,9 +3446,10 @@ method_inspect(VALUE method)
         for (int i = 0; i < RARRAY_LEN(params); i++) {
             pair = RARRAY_AREF(params, i);
             kind = RARRAY_AREF(pair, 0);
-            name = RARRAY_AREF(pair, 1);
-            // FIXME: in tests it turns out that kind, name = [:req] produces name to be false. Why?..
-            if (NIL_P(name) || name == Qfalse) {
+            if (RARRAY_LEN(pair) > 1) {
+                name = RARRAY_AREF(pair, 1);
+            }
+            else {
                 // FIXME: can it be reduced to switch/case?
                 if (kind == req || kind == opt) {
                     name = rb_str_new2("_");
@@ -3334,6 +3463,9 @@ method_inspect(VALUE method)
                 else if (kind == nokey) {
                     name = rb_str_new2("nil");
                 }
+                else {
+                    name = Qnil;
+                }
             }
 
             if (kind == req) {
@@ -3904,19 +4036,18 @@ rb_proc_compose_to_right(VALUE self, VALUE g)
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *     meth << g -> a_proc
+ *     self << g -> a_proc
  *
- *  Returns a proc that is the composition of this method and the given <i>g</i>.
- *  The returned proc takes a variable number of arguments, calls <i>g</i> with them
- *  then calls this method with the result.
+ *  Returns a proc that is the composition of the given +g+ and this method.
  *
- *     def f(x)
- *       x * x
- *     end
+ *  The returned proc takes a variable number of arguments. It first calls +g+
+ *  with the arguments, then calls +self+ with the return value of +g+.
+ *
+ *     def f(ary) = ary << 'in f'
  *
  *     f = self.method(:f)
- *     g = proc {|x| x + x }
- *     p (f << g).call(2) #=> 16
+ *     g = proc { |ary| ary << 'in proc' }
+ *     (f << g).call([]) # => ["in proc", "in f"]
  */
 static VALUE
 rb_method_compose_to_left(VALUE self, VALUE g)
@@ -3928,19 +4059,18 @@ rb_method_compose_to_left(VALUE self, VALUE g)
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *     meth >> g -> a_proc
+ *     self >> g -> a_proc
  *
- *  Returns a proc that is the composition of this method and the given <i>g</i>.
- *  The returned proc takes a variable number of arguments, calls this method
- *  with them then calls <i>g</i> with the result.
+ *  Returns a proc that is the composition of this method and the given +g+.
  *
- *     def f(x)
- *       x * x
- *     end
+ *  The returned proc takes a variable number of arguments. It first calls +self+
+ *  with the arguments, then calls +g+ with the return value of +self+.
+ *
+ *     def f(ary) = ary << 'in f'
  *
  *     f = self.method(:f)
- *     g = proc {|x| x + x }
- *     p (f >> g).call(2) #=> 8
+ *     g = proc { |ary| ary << 'in proc' }
+ *     (f >> g).call([]) # => ["in f", "in proc"]
  */
 static VALUE
 rb_method_compose_to_right(VALUE self, VALUE g)
@@ -3998,12 +4128,13 @@ proc_ruby2_keywords(VALUE procval)
     switch (proc->block.type) {
       case block_type_iseq:
         if (ISEQ_BODY(proc->block.as.captured.code.iseq)->param.flags.has_rest &&
+                !ISEQ_BODY(proc->block.as.captured.code.iseq)->param.flags.has_post &&
                 !ISEQ_BODY(proc->block.as.captured.code.iseq)->param.flags.has_kw &&
                 !ISEQ_BODY(proc->block.as.captured.code.iseq)->param.flags.has_kwrest) {
             ISEQ_BODY(proc->block.as.captured.code.iseq)->param.flags.ruby2_keywords = 1;
         }
         else {
-            rb_warn("Skipping set of ruby2_keywords flag for proc (proc accepts keywords or proc does not accept argument splat)");
+            rb_warn("Skipping set of ruby2_keywords flag for proc (proc accepts keywords or post arguments or proc does not accept argument splat)");
         }
         break;
       default:
@@ -4503,7 +4634,7 @@ Init_Proc(void)
     rb_define_method(rb_mKernel, "public_method", rb_obj_public_method, 1);
     rb_define_method(rb_mKernel, "singleton_method", rb_obj_singleton_method, 1);
 
-    rb_define_method(rb_cMethod, "namespace", method_namespace, 0);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cMethod, "box", method_box, 0);
 
     /* UnboundMethod */
     rb_cUnboundMethod = rb_define_class("UnboundMethod", rb_cObject);
@@ -4588,6 +4719,9 @@ Init_Binding(void)
     rb_define_method(rb_cBinding, "local_variable_get", bind_local_variable_get, 1);
     rb_define_method(rb_cBinding, "local_variable_set", bind_local_variable_set, 2);
     rb_define_method(rb_cBinding, "local_variable_defined?", bind_local_variable_defined_p, 1);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cBinding, "implicit_parameters", bind_implicit_parameters, 0);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cBinding, "implicit_parameter_get", bind_implicit_parameter_get, 1);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cBinding, "implicit_parameter_defined?", bind_implicit_parameter_defined_p, 1);
     rb_define_method(rb_cBinding, "receiver", bind_receiver, 0);
     rb_define_method(rb_cBinding, "source_location", bind_location, 0);
     rb_define_global_function("binding", rb_f_binding, 0);
diff --git a/process.c b/process.c
index f8d738a98c..19f3172cb8 100644
--- a/process.c
+++ b/process.c
@@ -114,6 +114,7 @@ int initgroups(const char *, rb_gid_t);
 #include "ruby/st.h"
 #include "ruby/thread.h"
 #include "ruby/util.h"
+#include "ractor_core.h"
 #include "vm_core.h"
 #include "vm_sync.h"
 #include "ruby/ractor.h"
@@ -1574,8 +1575,8 @@ after_exec(void)
 static void
 before_fork_ruby(void)
 {
-    rb_gc_before_fork();
     before_exec();
+    rb_gc_before_fork();
 }
 
 static void
@@ -2634,7 +2635,7 @@ rb_exec_fillarg(VALUE prog, int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE env, VALUE opthash, VAL
         }
         rb_str_buf_cat(argv_str, (char *)&null, sizeof(null)); /* terminator for execve.  */
         eargp->invoke.cmd.argv_str =
-            rb_imemo_tmpbuf_auto_free_pointer_new_from_an_RString(argv_str);
+            rb_imemo_tmpbuf_new_from_an_RString(argv_str);
     }
     RB_GC_GUARD(execarg_obj);
 }
@@ -2725,7 +2726,7 @@ open_func(void *ptr)
 static void
 rb_execarg_allocate_dup2_tmpbuf(struct rb_execarg *eargp, long len)
 {
-    VALUE tmpbuf = rb_imemo_tmpbuf_auto_free_pointer();
+    VALUE tmpbuf = rb_imemo_tmpbuf_new();
     rb_imemo_tmpbuf_set_ptr(tmpbuf, ruby_xmalloc(run_exec_dup2_tmpbuf_size(len)));
     eargp->dup2_tmpbuf = tmpbuf;
 }
@@ -2829,7 +2830,7 @@ rb_execarg_parent_start1(VALUE execarg_obj)
         p = NULL;
         rb_str_buf_cat(envp_str, (char *)&p, sizeof(p));
         eargp->envp_str =
-            rb_imemo_tmpbuf_auto_free_pointer_new_from_an_RString(envp_str);
+            rb_imemo_tmpbuf_new_from_an_RString(envp_str);
         eargp->envp_buf = envp_buf;
 
         /*
@@ -2956,7 +2957,7 @@ NORETURN(static VALUE f_exec(int c, const VALUE *a, VALUE _));
  *  - Invoking the executable at +exe_path+.
  *
  *  This method has potential security vulnerabilities if called with untrusted input;
- *  see {Command Injection}[rdoc-ref:command_injection.rdoc].
+ *  see {Command Injection}[rdoc-ref:security/command_injection.rdoc].
  *
  *  The new process is created using the
  *  {exec system call}[https://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9699919799.2018edition/functions/execve.html];
@@ -4010,7 +4011,10 @@ retry_fork_async_signal_safe(struct rb_process_status *status, int *ep,
     while (1) {
         prefork();
         disable_child_handler_before_fork(&old);
-#ifdef HAVE_WORKING_VFORK
+
+        // Older versions of ASAN does not work with vfork
+        // See https://github.com/google/sanitizers/issues/925
+#if defined(HAVE_WORKING_VFORK) && !defined(RUBY_ASAN_ENABLED)
         if (!has_privilege())
             pid = vfork();
         else
@@ -4120,9 +4124,13 @@ rb_fork_async_signal_safe(int *status,
 rb_pid_t
 rb_fork_ruby(int *status)
 {
+    if (UNLIKELY(!rb_ractor_main_p())) {
+        rb_raise(rb_eRactorIsolationError, "can not fork from non-main Ractors");
+    }
+
     struct rb_process_status child = {.status = 0};
     rb_pid_t pid;
-    int try_gc = 1, err;
+    int try_gc = 1, err = 0;
     struct child_handler_disabler_state old;
 
     do {
@@ -4634,7 +4642,7 @@ rb_spawn(int argc, const VALUE *argv)
  *  - Invoking the executable at +exe_path+.
  *
  *  This method has potential security vulnerabilities if called with untrusted input;
- *  see {Command Injection}[rdoc-ref:command_injection.rdoc].
+ *  see {Command Injection}[rdoc-ref:security/command_injection.rdoc].
  *
  *  Returns:
  *
@@ -4814,7 +4822,7 @@ rb_f_system(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE _)
  *  - Invoking the executable at +exe_path+.
  *
  *  This method has potential security vulnerabilities if called with untrusted input;
- *  see {Command Injection}[rdoc-ref:command_injection.rdoc].
+ *  see {Command Injection}[rdoc-ref:security/command_injection.rdoc].
  *
  *  Returns the process ID (pid) of the new process,
  *  without waiting for it to complete.
@@ -8222,7 +8230,7 @@ ruby_real_ms_time(void)
  *  - +:microsecond+: Number of microseconds as an integer.
  *  - +:millisecond+: Number of milliseconds as an integer.
  *  - +:nanosecond+: Number of nanoseconds as an integer.
- *  - +::second+: Number of seconds as an integer.
+ *  - +:second+: Number of seconds as an integer.
  *
  *  Examples:
  *
diff --git a/ractor.c b/ractor.c
index 7486a92283..2dcbbd10a0 100644
--- a/ractor.c
+++ b/ractor.c
@@ -3,9 +3,9 @@
 #include "ruby/ruby.h"
 #include "ruby/thread.h"
 #include "ruby/ractor.h"
+#include "ruby/re.h"
 #include "ruby/thread_native.h"
 #include "vm_core.h"
-#include "eval_intern.h"
 #include "vm_sync.h"
 #include "ractor_core.h"
 #include "internal/complex.h"
@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@
 #include "internal/thread.h"
 #include "variable.h"
 #include "yjit.h"
+#include "zjit.h"
 
 VALUE rb_cRactor;
 static VALUE rb_cRactorSelector;
@@ -33,6 +34,11 @@ static VALUE rb_cRactorMovedObject;
 
 static void vm_ractor_blocking_cnt_inc(rb_vm_t *vm, rb_ractor_t *r, const char *file, int line);
 
+
+#if RACTOR_CHECK_MODE > 0
+bool rb_ractor_ignore_belonging_flag = false;
+#endif
+
 // Ractor locking
 
 static void
@@ -66,10 +72,17 @@ ractor_lock(rb_ractor_t *r, const char *file, int line)
     ASSERT_ractor_unlocking(r);
     rb_native_mutex_lock(&r->sync.lock);
 
+    const rb_execution_context_t *ec = rb_current_ec_noinline();
+    if (ec) {
+        rb_ractor_t *cr = rb_ec_ractor_ptr(ec);
+        VM_ASSERT(!cr->malloc_gc_disabled);
+        cr->malloc_gc_disabled = true;
+    }
+
 #if RACTOR_CHECK_MODE > 0
-    if (rb_current_execution_context(false) != NULL) {
-        rb_ractor_t *cr = rb_current_ractor_raw(false);
-        r->sync.locked_by = cr ? rb_ractor_self(cr) : Qundef;
+    if (ec != NULL) {
+        rb_ractor_t *cr = rb_ec_ractor_ptr(ec);
+        r->sync.locked_by = rb_ractor_self(cr);
     }
 #endif
 
@@ -93,6 +106,14 @@ ractor_unlock(rb_ractor_t *r, const char *file, int line)
 #if RACTOR_CHECK_MODE > 0
     r->sync.locked_by = Qnil;
 #endif
+
+    const rb_execution_context_t *ec = rb_current_ec_noinline();
+    if (ec) {
+        rb_ractor_t *cr = rb_ec_ractor_ptr(ec);
+        VM_ASSERT(cr->malloc_gc_disabled);
+        cr->malloc_gc_disabled = false;
+    }
+
     rb_native_mutex_unlock(&r->sync.lock);
 
     RUBY_DEBUG_LOG2(file, line, "r:%u%s", r->pub.id, rb_current_ractor_raw(false) == r ? " (self)" : "");
@@ -186,30 +207,73 @@ static void ractor_sync_free(rb_ractor_t *r);
 static size_t ractor_sync_memsize(const rb_ractor_t *r);
 static void ractor_sync_init(rb_ractor_t *r);
 
+static int
+mark_targeted_hook_list(st_data_t key, st_data_t value, st_data_t _arg)
+{
+    rb_hook_list_t *hook_list = (rb_hook_list_t*)value;
+
+    if (hook_list->type == hook_list_type_targeted_iseq) {
+        rb_gc_mark((VALUE)key);
+    }
+    else {
+        rb_method_definition_t *def = (rb_method_definition_t*)key;
+        RUBY_ASSERT(hook_list->type == hook_list_type_targeted_def);
+        rb_gc_mark(def->body.bmethod.proc);
+    }
+    rb_hook_list_mark(hook_list);
+
+    return ST_CONTINUE;
+}
+
 static void
 ractor_mark(void *ptr)
 {
     rb_ractor_t *r = (rb_ractor_t *)ptr;
-
-    // mark received messages
-    ractor_sync_mark(r);
+    bool checking_shareable = rb_gc_checking_shareable();
 
     rb_gc_mark(r->loc);
     rb_gc_mark(r->name);
-    rb_gc_mark(r->r_stdin);
-    rb_gc_mark(r->r_stdout);
-    rb_gc_mark(r->r_stderr);
-    rb_hook_list_mark(&r->pub.hooks);
-
-    if (r->threads.cnt > 0) {
-        rb_thread_t *th = 0;
-        ccan_list_for_each(&r->threads.set, th, lt_node) {
-            VM_ASSERT(th != NULL);
-            rb_gc_mark(th->self);
+
+    if (!checking_shareable) {
+        // may unshareable objects
+        rb_gc_mark(r->r_stdin);
+        rb_gc_mark(r->r_stdout);
+        rb_gc_mark(r->r_stderr);
+        rb_gc_mark(r->verbose);
+        rb_gc_mark(r->debug);
+
+        // mark received messages
+        ractor_sync_mark(r);
+
+        rb_hook_list_mark(&r->pub.hooks);
+        if (r->pub.targeted_hooks) {
+            st_foreach(r->pub.targeted_hooks, mark_targeted_hook_list, 0);
         }
+
+        if (r->threads.cnt > 0) {
+            rb_thread_t *th = 0;
+            ccan_list_for_each(&r->threads.set, th, lt_node) {
+                VM_ASSERT(th != NULL);
+                rb_gc_mark(th->self);
+            }
+        }
+
+        ractor_local_storage_mark(r);
     }
+}
+
+static int
+free_targeted_hook_lists(st_data_t key, st_data_t val, st_data_t _arg)
+{
+    rb_hook_list_t *hook_list = (rb_hook_list_t*)val;
+    rb_hook_list_free(hook_list);
+    return ST_DELETE;
+}
 
-    ractor_local_storage_mark(r);
+static void
+free_targeted_hooks(st_table *hooks_tbl)
+{
+    st_foreach(hooks_tbl, free_targeted_hook_lists, 0);
 }
 
 static void
@@ -217,12 +281,14 @@ ractor_free(void *ptr)
 {
     rb_ractor_t *r = (rb_ractor_t *)ptr;
     RUBY_DEBUG_LOG("free r:%d", rb_ractor_id(r));
+    free_targeted_hooks(r->pub.targeted_hooks);
     rb_native_mutex_destroy(&r->sync.lock);
 #ifdef RUBY_THREAD_WIN32_H
     rb_native_cond_destroy(&r->sync.wakeup_cond);
 #endif
     ractor_local_storage_free(r);
     rb_hook_list_free(&r->pub.hooks);
+    st_free_table(r->pub.targeted_hooks);
 
     if (r->newobj_cache) {
         RUBY_ASSERT(r == ruby_single_main_ractor);
@@ -393,6 +459,7 @@ ractor_alloc(VALUE klass)
     VALUE rv = TypedData_Make_Struct(klass, rb_ractor_t, &ractor_data_type, r);
     FL_SET_RAW(rv, RUBY_FL_SHAREABLE);
     r->pub.self = rv;
+    r->next_ec_serial = 1;
     VM_ASSERT(ractor_status_p(r, ractor_created));
     return rv;
 }
@@ -410,6 +477,7 @@ rb_ractor_main_alloc(void)
     r->name = Qnil;
     r->pub.self = Qnil;
     r->newobj_cache = rb_gc_ractor_cache_alloc(r);
+    r->next_ec_serial = 1;
     ruby_single_main_ractor = r;
 
     return r;
@@ -458,6 +526,8 @@ static void
 ractor_init(rb_ractor_t *r, VALUE name, VALUE loc)
 {
     ractor_sync_init(r);
+    r->pub.targeted_hooks = st_init_numtable();
+    r->pub.hooks.type = hook_list_type_ractor_local;
 
     // thread management
     rb_thread_sched_init(&r->threads.sched, false);
@@ -472,20 +542,24 @@ ractor_init(rb_ractor_t *r, VALUE name, VALUE loc)
             rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "ASCII incompatible encoding (%s)",
                  rb_enc_name(enc));
         }
-        name = rb_str_new_frozen(name);
+        name = RB_OBJ_SET_SHAREABLE(rb_str_new_frozen(name));
     }
-    r->name = name;
+
+    if (!SPECIAL_CONST_P(loc)) RB_OBJ_SET_SHAREABLE(loc);
     r->loc = loc;
+    r->name = name;
 }
 
 void
 rb_ractor_main_setup(rb_vm_t *vm, rb_ractor_t *r, rb_thread_t *th)
 {
-    r->pub.self = TypedData_Wrap_Struct(rb_cRactor, &ractor_data_type, r);
+    VALUE rv = r->pub.self = TypedData_Wrap_Struct(rb_cRactor, &ractor_data_type, r);
     FL_SET_RAW(r->pub.self, RUBY_FL_SHAREABLE);
     ractor_init(r, Qnil, Qnil);
     r->threads.main = th;
     rb_ractor_living_threads_insert(r, th);
+
+    RB_GC_GUARD(rv);
 }
 
 static VALUE
@@ -495,7 +569,6 @@ ractor_create(rb_execution_context_t *ec, VALUE self, VALUE loc, VALUE name, VAL
     rb_ractor_t *r = RACTOR_PTR(rv);
     ractor_init(r, name, loc);
 
-    // can block here
     r->pub.id = ractor_next_id();
     RUBY_DEBUG_LOG("r:%u", r->pub.id);
 
@@ -504,6 +577,7 @@ ractor_create(rb_execution_context_t *ec, VALUE self, VALUE loc, VALUE name, VAL
     r->debug = cr->debug;
 
     rb_yjit_before_ractor_spawn();
+    rb_zjit_before_ractor_spawn();
     rb_thread_create_ractor(r, args, block);
 
     RB_GC_GUARD(rv);
@@ -576,14 +650,6 @@ rb_ractor_main_p_(void)
     return rb_ec_ractor_ptr(ec) == rb_ec_vm_ptr(ec)->ractor.main_ractor;
 }
 
-bool
-rb_obj_is_main_ractor(VALUE gv)
-{
-    if (!rb_ractor_p(gv)) return false;
-    rb_ractor_t *r = DATA_PTR(gv);
-    return r == GET_VM()->ractor.main_ractor;
-}
-
 int
 rb_ractor_living_thread_num(const rb_ractor_t *r)
 {
@@ -811,13 +877,11 @@ rb_ractor_terminate_all(void)
 
     VM_ASSERT(cr == GET_RACTOR()); // only main-ractor's main-thread should kick it.
 
-    if (vm->ractor.cnt > 1) {
-        RB_VM_LOCK();
-        {
-            ractor_terminal_interrupt_all(vm); // kill all ractors
-        }
-        RB_VM_UNLOCK();
+    RB_VM_LOCK();
+    {
+        ractor_terminal_interrupt_all(vm); // kill all ractors
     }
+    RB_VM_UNLOCK();
     rb_thread_terminate_all(GET_THREAD()); // kill other threads in main-ractor and wait
 
     RB_VM_LOCK();
@@ -830,6 +894,17 @@ rb_ractor_terminate_all(void)
             rb_vm_ractor_blocking_cnt_inc(vm, cr, __FILE__, __LINE__);
             rb_del_running_thread(rb_ec_thread_ptr(cr->threads.running_ec));
             rb_vm_cond_timedwait(vm, &vm->ractor.sync.terminate_cond, 1000 /* ms */);
+#ifdef RUBY_THREAD_PTHREAD_H
+            while (vm->ractor.sched.barrier_waiting) {
+                // A barrier is waiting. Threads relinquish the VM lock before joining the barrier and
+                // since we just acquired the VM lock back, we're blocking other threads from joining it.
+                // We loop until the barrier is over. We can't join this barrier because our thread isn't added to
+                // running_threads until the call below to `rb_add_running_thread`.
+                RB_VM_UNLOCK();
+                unsigned int lev;
+                RB_VM_LOCK_ENTER_LEV_NB(&lev);
+            }
+#endif
             rb_add_running_thread(rb_ec_thread_ptr(cr->threads.running_ec));
             rb_vm_ractor_blocking_cnt_dec(vm, cr, __FILE__, __LINE__);
 
@@ -868,53 +943,46 @@ ractor_moved_missing(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
 }
 
 /*
+ *  Document-class: Ractor::Error
+ *
+ *  The parent class of Ractor-related error classes.
+ */
+
+/*
  *  Document-class: Ractor::ClosedError
  *
  *  Raised when an attempt is made to send a message to a closed port,
  *  or to retrieve a message from a closed and empty port.
- *  Ports may be closed explicitly with Ractor#close_outgoing/close_incoming
+ *  Ports may be closed explicitly with Ractor::Port#close
  *  and are closed implicitly when a Ractor terminates.
  *
- *     r = Ractor.new { sleep(500) }
- *     r.close_outgoing
- *     r.take # Ractor::ClosedError
- *
- *  ClosedError is a descendant of StopIteration, so the closing of the ractor will break
- *  the loops without propagating the error:
- *
- *     r = Ractor.new do
- *       loop do
- *         msg = receive # raises ClosedError and loop traps it
- *         puts "Received: #{msg}"
- *       end
- *       puts "loop exited"
- *     end
- *
- *     3.times{|i| r << i}
- *     r.close_incoming
- *     r.take
- *     puts "Continue successfully"
+ *     port = Ractor::Port.new
+ *     port.close
+ *     port << "test"  # Ractor::ClosedError
+ *     port.receive    # Ractor::ClosedError
  *
- *  This will print:
+ *  ClosedError is a descendant of StopIteration, so the closing of a port will break
+ *  out of loops without propagating the error.
+ */
+
+/*
+ *  Document-class: Ractor::IsolationError
  *
- *     Received: 0
- *     Received: 1
- *     Received: 2
- *     loop exited
- *     Continue successfully
+ *  Raised on attempt to make a Ractor-unshareable object
+ *  Ractor-shareable.
  */
 
 /*
  *  Document-class: Ractor::RemoteError
  *
- *  Raised on attempt to Ractor#take if there was an uncaught exception in the Ractor.
+ *  Raised on Ractor#join or Ractor#value if there was an uncaught exception in the Ractor.
  *  Its +cause+ will contain the original exception, and +ractor+ is the original ractor
  *  it was raised in.
  *
  *     r = Ractor.new { raise "Something weird happened" }
  *
  *     begin
- *       r.take
+ *       r.value
  *     rescue => e
  *       p e             # => #<Ractor::RemoteError: thrown by remote Ractor.>
  *       p e.ractor == r # => true
@@ -926,7 +994,7 @@ ractor_moved_missing(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
 /*
  *  Document-class: Ractor::MovedError
  *
- *  Raised on an attempt to access an object which was moved in Ractor#send or Ractor.yield.
+ *  Raised on an attempt to access an object which was moved in Ractor#send or Ractor::Port#send.
  *
  *     r = Ractor.new { sleep }
  *
@@ -941,7 +1009,7 @@ ractor_moved_missing(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
  *  Document-class: Ractor::MovedObject
  *
  *  A special object which replaces any value that was moved to another ractor in Ractor#send
- *  or Ractor.yield. Any attempt to access the object results in Ractor::MovedError.
+ *  or Ractor::Port#send. Any attempt to access the object results in Ractor::MovedError.
  *
  *     r = Ractor.new { receive }
  *
@@ -953,6 +1021,12 @@ ractor_moved_missing(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
  *     # Ractor::MovedError (can not send any methods to a moved object)
  */
 
+/*
+ *  Document-class: Ractor::UnsafeError
+ *
+ *  Raised when Ractor-unsafe C-methods is invoked by a non-main Ractor.
+ */
+
 // Main docs are in ractor.rb, but without this clause there are weird artifacts
 // in their rendering.
 /*
@@ -1081,6 +1155,50 @@ rb_ractor_hooks(rb_ractor_t *cr)
     return &cr->pub.hooks;
 }
 
+st_table *
+rb_ractor_targeted_hooks(rb_ractor_t *cr)
+{
+    return cr->pub.targeted_hooks;
+}
+
+static void
+rb_obj_set_shareable_no_assert(VALUE obj)
+{
+    FL_SET_RAW(obj, FL_SHAREABLE);
+
+    if (rb_obj_gen_fields_p(obj)) {
+        VALUE fields = rb_obj_fields_no_ractor_check(obj);
+        if (imemo_type_p(fields, imemo_fields)) {
+            // no recursive mark
+            FL_SET_RAW(fields, FL_SHAREABLE);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#ifndef STRICT_VERIFY_SHAREABLE
+#define STRICT_VERIFY_SHAREABLE 0
+#endif
+
+bool
+rb_ractor_verify_shareable(VALUE obj)
+{
+#if STRICT_VERIFY_SHAREABLE
+    rb_gc_verify_shareable(obj);
+#endif
+    return true;
+}
+
+VALUE
+rb_obj_set_shareable(VALUE obj)
+{
+    RUBY_ASSERT(!RB_SPECIAL_CONST_P(obj));
+
+    rb_obj_set_shareable_no_assert(obj);
+    RUBY_ASSERT(rb_ractor_verify_shareable(obj));
+
+    return obj;
+}
+
 /// traverse function
 
 // 2: stop search
@@ -1181,6 +1299,7 @@ obj_traverse_i(VALUE obj, struct obj_traverse_data *data)
         // already traversed
         return 0;
     }
+    RB_OBJ_WRITTEN(data->rec_hash, Qundef, obj);
 
     struct obj_traverse_callback_data d = {
         .stop = false,
@@ -1197,7 +1316,6 @@ obj_traverse_i(VALUE obj, struct obj_traverse_data *data)
       case T_REGEXP:
       case T_FILE:
       case T_SYMBOL:
-      case T_MATCH:
         break;
 
       case T_OBJECT:
@@ -1206,6 +1324,8 @@ obj_traverse_i(VALUE obj, struct obj_traverse_data *data)
 
       case T_ARRAY:
         {
+            rb_ary_cancel_sharing(obj);
+
             for (int i = 0; i < RARRAY_LENINT(obj); i++) {
                 VALUE e = rb_ary_entry(obj, i);
                 if (obj_traverse_i(e, data)) return 1;
@@ -1228,7 +1348,7 @@ obj_traverse_i(VALUE obj, struct obj_traverse_data *data)
 
       case T_STRUCT:
         {
-            long len = RSTRUCT_LEN(obj);
+            long len = RSTRUCT_LEN_RAW(obj);
             const VALUE *ptr = RSTRUCT_CONST_PTR(obj);
 
             for (long i=0; i<len; i++) {
@@ -1237,6 +1357,10 @@ obj_traverse_i(VALUE obj, struct obj_traverse_data *data)
         }
         break;
 
+      case T_MATCH:
+        if (obj_traverse_i(RMATCH(obj)->str, data)) return 1;
+        break;
+
       case T_RATIONAL:
         if (obj_traverse_i(RRATIONAL(obj)->num, data)) return 1;
         if (obj_traverse_i(RRATIONAL(obj)->den, data)) return 1;
@@ -1333,6 +1457,26 @@ allow_frozen_shareable_p(VALUE obj)
 }
 
 static enum obj_traverse_iterator_result
+make_shareable_check_shareable_freeze(VALUE obj, enum obj_traverse_iterator_result result)
+{
+    if (!RB_OBJ_FROZEN_RAW(obj)) {
+        rb_funcall(obj, idFreeze, 0);
+
+        if (UNLIKELY(!RB_OBJ_FROZEN_RAW(obj))) {
+            rb_raise(rb_eRactorError, "#freeze does not freeze object correctly");
+        }
+
+        if (RB_OBJ_SHAREABLE_P(obj)) {
+            return traverse_skip;
+        }
+    }
+
+    return result;
+}
+
+static int obj_refer_only_shareables_p(VALUE obj);
+
+static enum obj_traverse_iterator_result
 make_shareable_check_shareable(VALUE obj)
 {
     VM_ASSERT(!SPECIAL_CONST_P(obj));
@@ -1341,8 +1485,22 @@ make_shareable_check_shareable(VALUE obj)
         return traverse_skip;
     }
     else if (!allow_frozen_shareable_p(obj)) {
-        if (rb_obj_is_proc(obj)) {
-            rb_proc_ractor_make_shareable(obj);
+        VM_ASSERT(RB_TYPE_P(obj, T_DATA));
+        const rb_data_type_t *type = RTYPEDDATA_TYPE(obj);
+
+        if (type->flags & RUBY_TYPED_FROZEN_SHAREABLE_NO_REC) {
+            if (obj_refer_only_shareables_p(obj)) {
+                make_shareable_check_shareable_freeze(obj, traverse_skip);
+                RB_OBJ_SET_SHAREABLE(obj);
+                return traverse_skip;
+            }
+            else {
+                rb_raise(rb_eRactorError,
+                         "can not make shareable object for %+"PRIsVALUE" because it refers unshareable objects", obj);
+            }
+        }
+        else if (rb_obj_is_proc(obj)) {
+            rb_proc_ractor_make_shareable(obj, Qundef);
             return traverse_cont;
         }
         else {
@@ -1350,29 +1508,38 @@ make_shareable_check_shareable(VALUE obj)
         }
     }
 
-    if (RB_TYPE_P(obj, T_IMEMO)) {
+    switch (TYPE(obj)) {
+      case T_IMEMO:
         return traverse_skip;
-    }
-
-    if (!RB_OBJ_FROZEN_RAW(obj)) {
-        rb_funcall(obj, idFreeze, 0);
-
-        if (UNLIKELY(!RB_OBJ_FROZEN_RAW(obj))) {
-            rb_raise(rb_eRactorError, "#freeze does not freeze object correctly");
-        }
-
-        if (RB_OBJ_SHAREABLE_P(obj)) {
-            return traverse_skip;
+      case T_OBJECT:
+        {
+            // If a T_OBJECT is shared and has no free capacity, we can't safely store the object_id inline,
+            // as it would require to move the object content into an external buffer.
+            // This is only a problem for T_OBJECT, given other types have external fields and can do RCU.
+            // To avoid this issue, we proactively create the object_id.
+            shape_id_t shape_id = RBASIC_SHAPE_ID(obj);
+            attr_index_t capacity = RSHAPE_CAPACITY(shape_id);
+            attr_index_t free_capacity = capacity - RSHAPE_LEN(shape_id);
+            if (!rb_shape_has_object_id(shape_id) && capacity && !free_capacity) {
+                rb_obj_id(obj);
+            }
         }
+        break;
+      default:
+        break;
     }
 
-    return traverse_cont;
+    return make_shareable_check_shareable_freeze(obj, traverse_cont);
 }
 
 static enum obj_traverse_iterator_result
 mark_shareable(VALUE obj)
 {
-    FL_SET_RAW(obj, RUBY_FL_SHAREABLE);
+    if (RB_TYPE_P(obj, T_STRING)) {
+        rb_str_make_independent(obj);
+    }
+
+    rb_obj_set_shareable_no_assert(obj);
     return traverse_cont;
 }
 
@@ -1620,30 +1787,31 @@ obj_traverse_replace_i(VALUE obj, struct obj_traverse_replace_data *data)
     }
     else {
         st_insert(obj_traverse_replace_rec(data), (st_data_t)obj, replacement);
+        RB_OBJ_WRITTEN(data->rec_hash, Qundef, obj);
+        RB_OBJ_WRITTEN(data->rec_hash, Qundef, replacement);
     }
 
     if (!data->move) {
         obj = replacement;
     }
 
-#define CHECK_AND_REPLACE(v) do { \
+#define CHECK_AND_REPLACE(parent_obj, v) do { \
     VALUE _val = (v); \
     if (obj_traverse_replace_i(_val, data)) { return 1; } \
-    else if (data->replacement != _val)     { RB_OBJ_WRITE(obj, &v, data->replacement); } \
+    else if (data->replacement != _val)     { RB_OBJ_WRITE(parent_obj, &v, data->replacement); } \
 } while (0)
 
-    if (UNLIKELY(FL_TEST_RAW(obj, FL_EXIVAR))) {
-        struct gen_fields_tbl *fields_tbl;
-        rb_ivar_generic_fields_tbl_lookup(obj, &fields_tbl);
+    if (UNLIKELY(rb_obj_gen_fields_p(obj))) {
+        VALUE fields_obj = rb_obj_fields_no_ractor_check(obj);
 
         if (UNLIKELY(rb_shape_obj_too_complex_p(obj))) {
             struct obj_traverse_replace_callback_data d = {
                 .stop = false,
                 .data = data,
-                .src = obj,
+                .src = fields_obj,
             };
             rb_st_foreach_with_replace(
-                fields_tbl->as.complex.table,
+                rb_imemo_fields_complex_tbl(fields_obj),
                 obj_iv_hash_traverse_replace_foreach_i,
                 obj_iv_hash_traverse_replace_i,
                 (st_data_t)&d
@@ -1651,10 +1819,10 @@ obj_traverse_replace_i(VALUE obj, struct obj_traverse_replace_data *data)
             if (d.stop) return 1;
         }
         else {
-            for (uint32_t i = 0; i < fields_tbl->as.shape.fields_count; i++) {
-                if (!UNDEF_P(fields_tbl->as.shape.fields[i])) {
-                    CHECK_AND_REPLACE(fields_tbl->as.shape.fields[i]);
-                }
+            uint32_t fields_count = RSHAPE_LEN(RBASIC_SHAPE_ID(obj));
+            VALUE *fields = rb_imemo_fields_ptr(fields_obj);
+            for (uint32_t i = 0; i < fields_count; i++) {
+                CHECK_AND_REPLACE(fields_obj, fields[i]);
             }
         }
     }
@@ -1666,7 +1834,6 @@ obj_traverse_replace_i(VALUE obj, struct obj_traverse_replace_data *data)
       case T_REGEXP:
       case T_FILE:
       case T_SYMBOL:
-      case T_MATCH:
         break;
       case T_STRING:
         rb_str_make_independent(obj);
@@ -1689,11 +1856,11 @@ obj_traverse_replace_i(VALUE obj, struct obj_traverse_replace_data *data)
                 if (d.stop) return 1;
             }
             else {
-                uint32_t len = ROBJECT_FIELDS_COUNT(obj);
+                uint32_t len = ROBJECT_FIELDS_COUNT_NOT_COMPLEX(obj);
                 VALUE *ptr = ROBJECT_FIELDS(obj);
 
                 for (uint32_t i = 0; i < len; i++) {
-                    CHECK_AND_REPLACE(ptr[i]);
+                    CHECK_AND_REPLACE(obj, ptr[i]);
                 }
             }
         }
@@ -1742,22 +1909,26 @@ obj_traverse_replace_i(VALUE obj, struct obj_traverse_replace_data *data)
 
       case T_STRUCT:
         {
-            long len = RSTRUCT_LEN(obj);
+            long len = RSTRUCT_LEN_RAW(obj);
             const VALUE *ptr = RSTRUCT_CONST_PTR(obj);
 
             for (long i=0; i<len; i++) {
-                CHECK_AND_REPLACE(ptr[i]);
+                CHECK_AND_REPLACE(obj, ptr[i]);
             }
         }
         break;
 
+      case T_MATCH:
+        CHECK_AND_REPLACE(obj, RMATCH(obj)->str);
+        break;
+
       case T_RATIONAL:
-        CHECK_AND_REPLACE(RRATIONAL(obj)->num);
-        CHECK_AND_REPLACE(RRATIONAL(obj)->den);
+        CHECK_AND_REPLACE(obj, RRATIONAL(obj)->num);
+        CHECK_AND_REPLACE(obj, RRATIONAL(obj)->den);
         break;
       case T_COMPLEX:
-        CHECK_AND_REPLACE(RCOMPLEX(obj)->real);
-        CHECK_AND_REPLACE(RCOMPLEX(obj)->imag);
+        CHECK_AND_REPLACE(obj, RCOMPLEX(obj)->real);
+        CHECK_AND_REPLACE(obj, RCOMPLEX(obj)->imag);
         break;
 
       case T_DATA:
@@ -1838,8 +2009,10 @@ move_enter(VALUE obj, struct obj_traverse_replace_data *data)
     }
     else {
         VALUE type = RB_BUILTIN_TYPE(obj);
+        size_t slot_size = rb_gc_obj_slot_size(obj);
         type |= wb_protected_types[type] ? FL_WB_PROTECTED : 0;
-        NEWOBJ_OF(moved, struct RBasic, 0, type, rb_gc_obj_slot_size(obj), 0);
+        NEWOBJ_OF(moved, struct RBasic, 0, type, slot_size, 0);
+        MEMZERO(&moved[1], char, slot_size - sizeof(*moved));
         data->replacement = (VALUE)moved;
         return traverse_cont;
     }
@@ -1858,15 +2031,17 @@ move_leave(VALUE obj, struct obj_traverse_replace_data *data)
         rb_gc_obj_slot_size(obj) - sizeof(VALUE)
     );
 
-    void rb_replace_generic_ivar(VALUE clone, VALUE obj); // variable.c
-
-    rb_gc_obj_id_moved(data->replacement);
+    // We've copied obj's references to the replacement
+    rb_gc_writebarrier_remember(data->replacement);
 
-    if (UNLIKELY(FL_TEST_RAW(obj, FL_EXIVAR))) {
+    void rb_replace_generic_ivar(VALUE clone, VALUE obj); // variable.c
+    if (UNLIKELY(rb_obj_gen_fields_p(obj))) {
         rb_replace_generic_ivar(data->replacement, obj);
     }
 
-    VALUE flags = T_OBJECT | FL_FREEZE | ROBJECT_EMBED | (RBASIC(obj)->flags & FL_PROMOTED);
+    rb_gc_obj_id_moved(data->replacement);
+
+    VALUE flags = T_OBJECT | FL_FREEZE | (RBASIC(obj)->flags & FL_PROMOTED);
 
     // Avoid mutations using bind_call, etc.
     MEMZERO((char *)obj, char, sizeof(struct RBasic));
@@ -2220,162 +2395,226 @@ ractor_local_value_store_if_absent(rb_execution_context_t *ec, VALUE self, VALUE
     return rb_mutex_synchronize(cr->local_storage_store_lock, ractor_local_value_store_i, (VALUE)&data);
 }
 
+// shareable_proc
+
+static VALUE
+ractor_shareable_proc(rb_execution_context_t *ec, VALUE replace_self, bool is_lambda)
+{
+    if (!rb_ractor_shareable_p(replace_self)) {
+        rb_raise(rb_eRactorIsolationError, "self should be shareable: %" PRIsVALUE, replace_self);
+    }
+    else {
+        VALUE proc = is_lambda ? rb_block_lambda() : rb_block_proc();
+        return rb_proc_ractor_make_shareable(rb_proc_dup(proc), replace_self);
+    }
+}
+
 // Ractor#require
 
 struct cross_ractor_require {
     VALUE port;
-    VALUE result;
-    VALUE exception;
+    bool raised;
+
+    union {
+        struct {
+            VALUE feature;
+        } require;
+
+        struct {
+            VALUE module;
+            ID name;
+        } autoload;
+    } as;
 
-    // require
-    VALUE feature;
+    bool silent;
+};
+
+RUBY_REFERENCES(cross_ractor_require_refs) = {
+    RUBY_REF_EDGE(struct cross_ractor_require, port),
+    RUBY_REF_EDGE(struct cross_ractor_require, as.require.feature),
+    RUBY_REF_END
+};
 
-    // autoload
-    VALUE module;
-    ID name;
+static const rb_data_type_t cross_ractor_require_data_type = {
+    "ractor/cross_ractor_require",
+    {
+        RUBY_REFS_LIST_PTR(cross_ractor_require_refs),
+        RUBY_DEFAULT_FREE,
+        NULL, // memsize
+        NULL, // compact
+    },
+    0, 0, RUBY_TYPED_FREE_IMMEDIATELY | RUBY_TYPED_WB_PROTECTED | RUBY_TYPED_DECL_MARKING | RUBY_TYPED_EMBEDDABLE
 };
 
 static VALUE
-require_body(VALUE data)
+require_body(VALUE crr_obj)
 {
-    struct cross_ractor_require *crr = (struct cross_ractor_require *)data;
+    struct cross_ractor_require *crr;
+    TypedData_Get_Struct(crr_obj, struct cross_ractor_require, &cross_ractor_require_data_type, crr);
+    VALUE feature = crr->as.require.feature;
 
     ID require;
     CONST_ID(require, "require");
-    crr->result = rb_funcallv(Qnil, require, 1, &crr->feature);
 
-    return Qnil;
+    if (crr->silent) {
+        int rb_require_internal_silent(VALUE fname);
+        return INT2NUM(rb_require_internal_silent(feature));
+    }
+    else {
+        return rb_funcallv(Qnil, require, 1, &feature);
+    }
 }
 
 static VALUE
-require_rescue(VALUE data, VALUE errinfo)
+require_rescue(VALUE crr_obj, VALUE errinfo)
 {
-    struct cross_ractor_require *crr = (struct cross_ractor_require *)data;
-    crr->exception = errinfo;
-    return Qundef;
+    struct cross_ractor_require *crr;
+    TypedData_Get_Struct(crr_obj, struct cross_ractor_require, &cross_ractor_require_data_type, crr);
+    crr->raised = true;
+    return errinfo;
 }
 
 static VALUE
-require_result_copy_body(VALUE data)
+require_result_send_body(VALUE ary)
 {
-    struct cross_ractor_require *crr = (struct cross_ractor_require *)data;
+    VALUE port = RARRAY_AREF(ary, 0);
+    VALUE results = RARRAY_AREF(ary, 1);
 
-    if (crr->exception != Qundef) {
-        VM_ASSERT(crr->result == Qundef);
-        crr->exception = ractor_copy(crr->exception);
-    }
-    else{
-        VM_ASSERT(crr->result != Qundef);
-        crr->result = ractor_copy(crr->result);
-    }
+    rb_execution_context_t *ec = GET_EC();
 
+    ractor_port_send(ec, port, results, Qfalse);
     return Qnil;
 }
 
 static VALUE
-require_result_copy_resuce(VALUE data, VALUE errinfo)
+require_result_send_resuce(VALUE port, VALUE errinfo)
 {
-    struct cross_ractor_require *crr = (struct cross_ractor_require *)data;
-    crr->exception = errinfo; // ractor_move(crr->exception);
+    // TODO: need rescue?
+    ractor_port_send(GET_EC(), port, errinfo, Qfalse);
     return Qnil;
 }
 
 static VALUE
-ractor_require_protect(struct cross_ractor_require *crr, VALUE (*func)(VALUE))
+ractor_require_protect(VALUE crr_obj, VALUE (*func)(VALUE))
 {
-    // catch any error
-    rb_rescue2(func, (VALUE)crr,
-               require_rescue, (VALUE)crr, rb_eException, 0);
+    struct cross_ractor_require *crr;
+    TypedData_Get_Struct(crr_obj, struct cross_ractor_require, &cross_ractor_require_data_type, crr);
+
+    const bool silent = crr->silent;
+
+    VALUE debug, errinfo;
+    if (silent) {
+        debug = ruby_debug;
+        errinfo = rb_errinfo();
+    }
 
-    rb_rescue2(require_result_copy_body, (VALUE)crr,
-               require_result_copy_resuce, (VALUE)crr, rb_eException, 0);
+    // get normal result or raised exception (with crr->raised == true)
+    VALUE result = rb_rescue2(func, crr_obj, require_rescue, crr_obj, rb_eException, 0);
 
-    ractor_port_send(GET_EC(), crr->port, Qtrue, Qfalse);
+    if (silent) {
+        ruby_debug = debug;
+        rb_set_errinfo(errinfo);
+    }
+
+    rb_rescue2(require_result_send_body,
+               // [port, [result, raised]]
+               rb_ary_new_from_args(2, crr->port, rb_ary_new_from_args(2, result, crr->raised ? Qtrue : Qfalse)),
+               require_result_send_resuce, rb_eException, crr->port);
+
+    RB_GC_GUARD(crr_obj);
     return Qnil;
 }
 
 static VALUE
-ractor_require_func(void *data)
+ractor_require_func(void *crr_obj)
 {
-    struct cross_ractor_require *crr = (struct cross_ractor_require *)data;
-    return ractor_require_protect(crr, require_body);
+    return ractor_require_protect((VALUE)crr_obj, require_body);
 }
 
 VALUE
-rb_ractor_require(VALUE feature)
-{
-    // TODO: make feature shareable
-    struct cross_ractor_require crr = {
-        .feature = feature, // TODO: ractor
-        .port = ractor_port_new(GET_RACTOR()),
-        .result = Qundef,
-        .exception = Qundef,
-    };
+rb_ractor_require(VALUE feature, bool silent)
+{
+    // We're about to block on the main ractor, so if we're holding the global lock we'll deadlock.
+    ASSERT_vm_unlocking();
+
+    struct cross_ractor_require *crr;
+    VALUE crr_obj = TypedData_Make_Struct(0, struct cross_ractor_require, &cross_ractor_require_data_type, crr);
+    RB_OBJ_SET_SHAREABLE(crr_obj); // TODO: internal data?
+
+    // Convert feature to proper file path and make it shareable as fstring
+    RB_OBJ_WRITE(crr_obj, &crr->as.require.feature, rb_fstring(FilePathValue(feature)));
+    RB_OBJ_WRITE(crr_obj, &crr->port, rb_ractor_make_shareable(ractor_port_new(GET_RACTOR())));
+    crr->raised = false;
+    crr->silent = silent;
 
     rb_execution_context_t *ec = GET_EC();
     rb_ractor_t *main_r = GET_VM()->ractor.main_ractor;
-    rb_ractor_interrupt_exec(main_r, ractor_require_func, &crr, 0);
+    rb_ractor_interrupt_exec(main_r, ractor_require_func, (void *)crr_obj, rb_interrupt_exec_flag_value_data);
 
     // wait for require done
-    ractor_port_receive(ec, crr.port);
-    ractor_port_close(ec, crr.port);
+    VALUE results = ractor_port_receive(ec, crr->port);
+    ractor_port_close(ec, crr->port);
+
+    VALUE exc = rb_ary_pop(results);
+    VALUE result = rb_ary_pop(results);
+    RB_GC_GUARD(crr_obj);
 
-    if (crr.exception != Qundef) {
-        ractor_reset_belonging(crr.exception);
-        rb_exc_raise(crr.exception);
+    if (RTEST(exc)) {
+        rb_exc_raise(result);
     }
     else {
-        RUBY_ASSERT(crr.result != Qundef);
-        ractor_reset_belonging(crr.result);
-        return crr.result;
+        return result;
     }
 }
 
 static VALUE
 ractor_require(rb_execution_context_t *ec, VALUE self, VALUE feature)
 {
-    return rb_ractor_require(feature);
+    return rb_ractor_require(feature, false);
 }
 
 static VALUE
-autoload_load_body(VALUE data)
+autoload_load_body(VALUE crr_obj)
 {
-    struct cross_ractor_require *crr = (struct cross_ractor_require *)data;
-    crr->result = rb_autoload_load(crr->module, crr->name);
-    return Qnil;
+    struct cross_ractor_require *crr;
+    TypedData_Get_Struct(crr_obj, struct cross_ractor_require, &cross_ractor_require_data_type, crr);
+    return rb_autoload_load(crr->as.autoload.module, crr->as.autoload.name);
 }
 
 static VALUE
-ractor_autoload_load_func(void *data)
+ractor_autoload_load_func(void *crr_obj)
 {
-    struct cross_ractor_require *crr = (struct cross_ractor_require *)data;
-    return ractor_require_protect(crr, autoload_load_body);
+    return ractor_require_protect((VALUE)crr_obj, autoload_load_body);
 }
 
 VALUE
 rb_ractor_autoload_load(VALUE module, ID name)
 {
-    struct cross_ractor_require crr = {
-        .module = module,
-        .name = name,
-        .port = ractor_port_new(GET_RACTOR()),
-        .result = Qundef,
-        .exception = Qundef,
-    };
+    struct cross_ractor_require *crr;
+    VALUE crr_obj = TypedData_Make_Struct(0, struct cross_ractor_require, &cross_ractor_require_data_type, crr);
+    RB_OBJ_SET_SHAREABLE(crr_obj); // TODO: internal data?
+
+    RB_OBJ_WRITE(crr_obj, &crr->as.autoload.module, module);
+    RB_OBJ_WRITE(crr_obj, &crr->as.autoload.name, name);
+    RB_OBJ_WRITE(crr_obj, &crr->port, rb_ractor_make_shareable(ractor_port_new(GET_RACTOR())));
 
     rb_execution_context_t *ec = GET_EC();
     rb_ractor_t *main_r = GET_VM()->ractor.main_ractor;
-    rb_ractor_interrupt_exec(main_r, ractor_autoload_load_func, &crr, 0);
+    rb_ractor_interrupt_exec(main_r, ractor_autoload_load_func, (void *)crr_obj, rb_interrupt_exec_flag_value_data);
 
     // wait for require done
-    ractor_port_receive(ec, crr.port);
-    ractor_port_close(ec, crr.port);
+    VALUE results = ractor_port_receive(ec, crr->port);
+    ractor_port_close(ec, crr->port);
+
+    VALUE exc = rb_ary_pop(results);
+    VALUE result = rb_ary_pop(results);
+    RB_GC_GUARD(crr_obj);
 
-    if (crr.exception != Qundef) {
-        rb_exc_raise(crr.exception);
+    if (RTEST(exc)) {
+        rb_exc_raise(result);
     }
     else {
-        return crr.result;
+        return result;
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/ractor.rb b/ractor.rb
index 01e16dbc06..ac04237fc6 100644
--- a/ractor.rb
+++ b/ractor.rb
@@ -1,6 +1,4 @@
-# \Ractor is an Actor-model abstraction for Ruby that provides thread-safe parallel execution.
-#
-# Ractor.new makes a new \Ractor, which can run in parallel.
+# Ractor.new creates a new \Ractor, which can run in parallel with other ractors.
 #
 #     # The simplest ractor
 #     r = Ractor.new {puts "I am in Ractor!"}
@@ -11,7 +9,7 @@
 # concerns such as data-races and race-conditions are not possible. The other benefit is parallelism.
 #
 # To achieve this, object sharing is limited across ractors.
-# For example, unlike in threads, ractors can't access all the objects available in other ractors. Even objects normally
+# Unlike in threads, ractors can't access all the objects available in other ractors. For example, objects normally
 # available through variables in the outer scope are prohibited from being used across ractors.
 #
 #     a = 1
@@ -23,16 +21,15 @@
 #     a = 1
 #     r = Ractor.new(a) { |a1| puts "I am in Ractor! a=#{a1}"}
 #
-# On CRuby (the default implementation), Global Virtual Machine Lock (GVL) is held per ractor, so
-# ractors can perform in parallel without locking each other. This is unlike the situation with threads
-# on CRuby.
+# On CRuby (the default implementation), the Global Virtual Machine Lock (GVL) is held per ractor, so
+# ractors can run in parallel. This is unlike the situation with threads on CRuby.
 #
 # Instead of accessing shared state, objects should be passed to and from ractors by
 # sending and receiving them as messages.
 #
 #     a = 1
 #     r = Ractor.new do
-#       a_in_ractor = receive # receive blocks until somebody passes a message
+#       a_in_ractor = receive # receive blocks the Thread until our default port gets sent a message
 #       puts "I am in Ractor! a=#{a_in_ractor}"
 #     end
 #     r.send(a)  # pass it
@@ -44,14 +41,14 @@
 #
 # == Shareable and unshareable objects
 #
-# When an object is sent to and from a ractor, it's important to understand whether the
+# When an object is sent to a ractor, it's important to understand whether the
 # object is shareable or unshareable. Most Ruby objects are unshareable objects. Even
 # frozen objects can be unshareable if they contain (through their instance variables) unfrozen
 # objects.
 #
-# Shareable objects are those which can be used by several threads without compromising
+# Shareable objects are those which can be used by several ractors at once without compromising
 # thread-safety, for example numbers, +true+ and +false+. Ractor.shareable? allows you to check this,
-# and Ractor.make_shareable tries to make the object shareable if it's not already, and gives an error
+# and Ractor.make_shareable tries to make the object shareable if it's not already and gives an error
 # if it can't do it.
 #
 #     Ractor.shareable?(1)            #=> true -- numbers and other immutable basic values are shareable
@@ -67,24 +64,24 @@
 #     ary[0].frozen?              #=> true
 #     ary[1].frozen?              #=> true
 #
-# When a shareable object is sent (via #send or Ractor.yield), no additional processing occurs
-# on it. It just becomes usable by both ractors. When an unshareable object is sent, it can be
-# either _copied_ or _moved_. The first is the default, and it copies the object fully by
+# When a shareable object is sent via #send, no additional processing occurs
+# on it and it becomes usable by both ractors. When an unshareable object is sent, it can be
+# either _copied_ or _moved_. Copying is the default, and it copies the object fully by
 # deep cloning (Object#clone) the non-shareable parts of its structure.
 #
-#     data = ['foo', 'bar'.freeze]
+#     data = ['foo'.dup, 'bar'.freeze]
 #     r = Ractor.new do
 #       data2 = Ractor.receive
 #       puts "In ractor: #{data2.object_id}, #{data2[0].object_id}, #{data2[1].object_id}"
 #     end
 #     r.send(data)
-#     r.take
+#     r.join
 #     puts "Outside  : #{data.object_id}, #{data[0].object_id}, #{data[1].object_id}"
 #
 # This will output something like:
 #
-#     In ractor: 340, 360, 320
-#     Outside  : 380, 400, 320
+#     In ractor: 8, 16, 24
+#     Outside  : 32, 40, 24
 #
 # Note that the object ids of the array and the non-frozen string inside the array have changed in
 # the ractor because they are different objects. The second array's element, which is a
@@ -100,7 +97,7 @@
 #       puts "In ractor: #{data_in_ractor.object_id}, #{data_in_ractor[0].object_id}"
 #     end
 #     r.send(data, move: true)
-#     r.take
+#     r.join
 #     puts "Outside: moved? #{Ractor::MovedObject === data}"
 #     puts "Outside: #{data.inspect}"
 #
@@ -110,12 +107,12 @@
 #     Outside: moved? true
 #     test.rb:9:in `method_missing': can not send any methods to a moved object (Ractor::MovedError)
 #
-# Notice that even +inspect+ (and more basic methods like <tt>__id__</tt>) is inaccessible
+# Notice that even +inspect+ and more basic methods like <tt>__id__</tt> are inaccessible
 # on a moved object.
 #
-# +Class+ and +Module+ objects are shareable so the class/module definitions are shared between ractors.
-# \Ractor objects are also shareable. All operations on shareable objects are thread-safe, so the thread-safety property
-# will be kept. We can not define mutable shareable objects in Ruby, but C extensions can introduce them.
+# +Class+ and +Module+ objects are shareable and their class/module definitions are shared between ractors.
+# \Ractor objects are also shareable. All operations on shareable objects are thread-safe across ractors.
+# Defining mutable, shareable objects in Ruby is not possible, but C extensions can introduce them.
 #
 # It is prohibited to access (get) instance variables of shareable objects in other ractors if the values of the
 # variables aren't shareable. This can occur because modules/classes are shareable, but they can have
@@ -135,7 +132,7 @@
 #       puts "I can't see #{cls.tricky}"
 #       cls.tricky = true # doesn't get here, but this would also raise an error
 #     end
-#     r.take
+#     r.join
 #     # I see C
 #     # can not access instance variables of classes/modules from non-main Ractors (RuntimeError)
 #
@@ -149,7 +146,7 @@
 #       puts "GOOD=#{GOOD}"
 #       puts "BAD=#{BAD}"
 #     end
-#     r.take
+#     r.join
 #     # GOOD=good
 #     # can not access non-shareable objects in constant Object::BAD by non-main Ractor. (NameError)
 #
@@ -159,7 +156,7 @@
 #       puts "I see #{C}"
 #       puts "I can't see #{C.tricky}"
 #     end
-#     r.take
+#     r.join
 #     # I see C
 #     # can not access instance variables of classes/modules from non-main Ractors (RuntimeError)
 #
@@ -175,20 +172,21 @@
 #       a = 1
 #       Thread.new {puts "Thread in ractor: a=#{a}"}.join
 #     end
-#     r.take
+#     r.join
 #     # Here "Thread in ractor: a=1" will be printed
 #
 # == Note on code examples
 #
-# In the examples below, sometimes we use the following method to wait for ractors that
-# are not currently blocked to finish (or to make progress).
+# In the examples below, sometimes we use the following method to wait for ractors
+# to make progress or finish.
 #
 #     def wait
 #       sleep(0.1)
 #     end
 #
-# It is **only for demonstration purposes** and shouldn't be used in a real code.
-# Most of the time, #take is used to wait for ractors to finish.
+# This is **only for demonstration purposes** and shouldn't be used in a real code.
+# Most of the time, #join is used to wait for ractors to finish and Ractor.receive is used
+# to wait for messages.
 #
 # == Reference
 #
@@ -199,13 +197,13 @@ class Ractor
   #  call-seq:
   #     Ractor.new(*args, name: nil) {|*args| block } -> ractor
   #
-  # Create a new \Ractor with args and a block.
+  # Creates a new \Ractor with args and a block.
   #
-  # The given block (Proc) will be isolated (can't access any outer variables). +self+
+  # The given block (Proc) is isolated (can't access any outer variables). +self+
   # inside the block will refer to the current \Ractor.
   #
   #    r = Ractor.new { puts "Hi, I am #{self.inspect}" }
-  #    r.take
+  #    r.join
   #    # Prints "Hi, I am #<Ractor:#2 test.rb:1 running>"
   #
   # Any +args+ passed are propagated to the block arguments by the same rules as
@@ -217,14 +215,14 @@ class Ractor
   #    r = Ractor.new(arg) {|received_arg|
   #      puts "Received: #{received_arg} (##{received_arg.object_id})"
   #    }
-  #    r.take
+  #    r.join
   #    # Prints:
   #    #   Passing: [1, 2, 3] (#280)
   #    #   Received: [1, 2, 3] (#300)
   #
   # Ractor's +name+ can be set for debugging purposes:
   #
-  #    r = Ractor.new(name: 'my ractor') {}; r.take
+  #    r = Ractor.new(name: 'my ractor') {}; r.join
   #    p r
   #    #=> #<Ractor:#3 my ractor test.rb:1 terminated>
   #
@@ -232,8 +230,8 @@ class Ractor
     b = block # TODO: builtin bug
     raise ArgumentError, "must be called with a block" unless block
     if __builtin_cexpr!("RBOOL(ruby_single_main_ractor)")
-      Kernel.warn("Ractor is experimental, and the behavior may change in future versions of Ruby! " \
-           "Also there are many implementation issues.", uplevel: 0, category: :experimental)
+      Kernel.warn("Ractor API is experimental and may change in future versions of Ruby.",
+                  uplevel: 0, category: :experimental)
     end
     loc = caller_locations(1, 1).first
     loc = "#{loc.path}:#{loc.lineno}"
@@ -249,13 +247,13 @@ class Ractor
     }
   end
 
-  # Returns the number of Ractors currently running or blocking (waiting).
+  # Returns the number of ractors currently running or blocking (waiting).
   #
   #    Ractor.count                   #=> 1
-  #    r = Ractor.new(name: 'example') { Ractor.yield(1) }
+  #    r = Ractor.new(name: 'example') { Ractor.receive }
   #    Ractor.count                   #=> 2 (main + example ractor)
-  #    r.take                         # wait for Ractor.yield(1)
-  #    r.take                         # wait until r will finish
+  #    r << 42                        # r's Ractor.receive will resume
+  #    r.join                         # wait for r's termination
   #    Ractor.count                   #=> 1
   def self.count
     __builtin_cexpr! %q{
@@ -265,11 +263,50 @@ class Ractor
 
   #
   # call-seq:
-  #    Ractor.select(*ports) -> [...]
+  #    Ractor.select(*ractors_or_ports) -> [ractor or port, obj]
+  #
+  # Blocks the current Thread until one of the given ports has received a message. Returns an
+  # array of two elements where the first element is the Port and the second is the received object.
+  # This method can also accept Ractor objects themselves, and in that case will wait until one
+  # has terminated and return a two-element array where the first element is the ractor and the
+  # second is its termination value.
+  #
+  #    p1, p2 = Ractor::Port.new, Ractor::Port.new
+  #    ps = [p1, p2]
+  #    rs = 2.times.map do |i|
+  #      Ractor.new(ps.shift, i) do |p, i|
+  #        sleep rand(0.99)
+  #        p.send("r#{i}")
+  #        sleep rand(0.99)
+  #        "r#{i} done"
+  #      end
+  #    end
+  #
+  #    waiting_on = [p1, p2, *rs]
+  #    until waiting_on.empty?
+  #      received_on, obj = Ractor.select(*waiting_on)
+  #      waiting_on.delete(received_on)
+  #      puts obj
+  #    end
+  #
+  #    # r0
+  #    # r1
+  #    # r1 done
+  #    # r0 done
+  #
+  # The following example is almost equivalent to <code>ractors.map(&:value)</code> except the thread
+  # is unblocked when any of the ractors has terminated as opposed to waiting for their termination in
+  # the array element order.
+  #
+  #    values = []
+  #    until ractors.empty?
+  #      r, val = Ractor.select(*ractors)
+  #      ractors.delete(r)
+  #      values << val
+  #    end
   #
-  # TBD
   def self.select(*ports)
-    raise ArgumentError, 'specify at least one ractor or `yield_value`' if ports.empty?
+    raise ArgumentError, 'specify at least one Ractor::Port or Ractor' if ports.empty?
 
     monitors = {} # Ractor::Port => Ractor
 
@@ -308,7 +345,7 @@ class Ractor
   # call-seq:
   #    Ractor.receive -> obj
   #
-  # Receive a message from the default port.
+  # Receives a message from the current ractor's default port.
   def self.receive
     Ractor.current.default_port.receive
   end
@@ -325,9 +362,9 @@ class Ractor
 
   #
   # call-seq:
-  #   ractor.send(msg) -> self
+  #   ractor.send(msg, move: false) -> self
   #
-  # It is equivalent to default_port.send(msg)
+  # This is equivalent to Port#send to the ractor's #default_port.
   def send(...)
     default_port.send(...)
     self
@@ -346,22 +383,22 @@ class Ractor
 
   alias to_s inspect
 
-  # The name set in Ractor.new, or +nil+.
+  # Returns the name set in Ractor.new, or +nil+.
   def name
     __builtin_cexpr! %q{RACTOR_PTR(self)->name}
   end
 
   class RemoteError
-    # The Ractor an uncaught exception is raised in.
+    # The Ractor in which the uncaught exception was raised.
     attr_reader :ractor
   end
 
   #
   #  call-seq:
-  #     Ractor.current.close -> true | false
+  #     ractor.close -> true | false
   #
-  # Closes default_port. Closing port is allowed only by the ractor which creates this port.
-  # So this close method also allowed by the current Ractor.
+  # Closes the default port. Closing a port is allowed only by the ractor which created the port.
+  # Therefore, the receiver must be the current ractor.
   #
   def close
     default_port.close
@@ -373,7 +410,7 @@ class Ractor
   #
   # Checks if the object is shareable by ractors.
   #
-  #     Ractor.shareable?(1)            #=> true -- numbers and other immutable basic values are frozen
+  #     Ractor.shareable?(1)            #=> true -- numbers are shareable
   #     Ractor.shareable?('foo')        #=> false, unless the string is frozen due to # frozen_string_literal: true
   #     Ractor.shareable?('foo'.freeze) #=> true
   #
@@ -388,7 +425,7 @@ class Ractor
   # call-seq:
   #    Ractor.make_shareable(obj, copy: false) -> shareable_obj
   #
-  # Make +obj+ shareable between ractors.
+  # Makes +obj+ shareable between ractors.
   #
   # +obj+ and all the objects it refers to will be frozen, unless they are
   # already shareable.
@@ -431,8 +468,8 @@ class Ractor
     end
   end
 
-  # get a value from ractor-local storage for current Ractor
-  # Obsolete and use Ractor.[] instead.
+  # Gets a value from ractor-local storage for the current Ractor.
+  # Obsolete, use Ractor.[] instead.
   def [](sym)
     if (self != Ractor.current)
       raise RuntimeError, "Cannot get ractor local storage for non-current ractor"
@@ -440,8 +477,8 @@ class Ractor
     Primitive.ractor_local_value(sym)
   end
 
-  # set a value in ractor-local storage for current Ractor
-  # Obsolete and use Ractor.[]= instead.
+  # Sets a value in ractor-local storage for the current Ractor.
+  # Obsolete, use Ractor.[]= instead.
   def []=(sym, val)
     if (self != Ractor.current)
       raise RuntimeError, "Cannot set ractor local storage for non-current ractor"
@@ -449,12 +486,12 @@ class Ractor
     Primitive.ractor_local_value_set(sym, val)
   end
 
-  # get a value from ractor-local storage of current Ractor
+  # Gets a value from ractor-local storage for the current Ractor.
   def self.[](sym)
     Primitive.ractor_local_value(sym)
   end
 
-  # set a value in ractor-local storage of current Ractor
+  # Sets a value in ractor-local storage for the current Ractor.
   def self.[]=(sym, val)
     Primitive.ractor_local_value_set(sym, val)
   end
@@ -462,9 +499,9 @@ class Ractor
   # call-seq:
   #   Ractor.store_if_absent(key){ init_block }
   #
-  # If the corresponding value is not set, yield a value with
-  # init_block and store the value in thread-safe manner.
-  # This method returns corresponding stored value.
+  # If the corresponding ractor-local value is not set, yields a value with
+  # init_block and stores the value in a thread-safe manner.
+  # This method returns the stored value.
   #
   #   (1..10).map{
   #     Thread.new(it){|i|
@@ -474,17 +511,18 @@ class Ractor
   #   }.map(&:value).uniq.size #=> 1 and f() is called only once
   #
   def self.store_if_absent(sym)
+    Primitive.attr! :use_block
     Primitive.ractor_local_value_store_if_absent(sym)
   end
 
-  # returns main ractor
+  # Returns the main ractor.
   def self.main
     __builtin_cexpr! %q{
       rb_ractor_self(GET_VM()->ractor.main_ractor);
     }
   end
 
-  # return true if the current ractor is main ractor
+  # Returns true if the current ractor is the main ractor.
   def self.main?
     __builtin_cexpr! %q{
       RBOOL(GET_VM()->ractor.main_ractor == rb_ec_ractor_ptr(ec))
@@ -523,7 +561,7 @@ class Ractor
   # call-seq:
   #   ractor.default_port -> port object
   #
-  # return default port of the Ractor.
+  # Returns the default port of the Ractor.
   #
   def default_port
     __builtin_cexpr! %q{
@@ -535,14 +573,14 @@ class Ractor
   # call-seq:
   #    ractor.join -> self
   #
-  # Wait for the termination of the Ractor.
-  # If the Ractor was aborted (terminated with an exception),
-  # Ractor#value is called to raise an exception.
+  # Waits for the termination of the Ractor.
+  # If the Ractor was aborted (terminated by an unhandled exception),
+  # the exception is raised in the current ractor.
   #
   #     Ractor.new{}.join #=> ractor
   #
   #     Ractor.new{ raise "foo" }.join
-  #     #=> raise an exception "foo (RuntimeError)"
+  #     #=> raises the exception "foo (RuntimeError)"
   #
   def join
     port = Port.new
@@ -561,9 +599,9 @@ class Ractor
   # call-seq:
   #    ractor.value -> obj
   #
-  # Waits for +ractor+ to complete, using #join, and return its value or raise
-  # the exception which terminated the Ractor. The value will not be copied even
-  # if it is unshareable object. Therefore at most 1 Ractor can get a value.
+  # Waits for +ractor+ to complete and returns its value or raises the exception
+  # which terminated the Ractor. The termination value will be moved to the calling
+  # Ractor. Therefore, at most 1 Ractor can receive another ractor's termination value.
   #
   #   r = Ractor.new{ [1, 2] }
   #   r.value #=> [1, 2] (unshareable object)
@@ -579,10 +617,11 @@ class Ractor
   # call-seq:
   #    ractor.monitor(port) -> self
   #
-  # Register port as a monitoring port. If the ractor terminated,
-  # the port received a Symbol object.
-  # :exited will be sent if the ractor terminated without an exception.
-  # :aborted will be sent if the ractor terminated with a exception.
+  # Registers the port as a monitoring port for this ractor. When the ractor terminates,
+  # the port receives a Symbol object.
+  #
+  # * +:exited+ is sent if the ractor terminates without an unhandled exception.
+  # * +:aborted+ is sent if the ractor terminates by an unhandled exception.
   #
   #     r = Ractor.new{ some_task() }
   #     r.monitor(port = Ractor::Port.new)
@@ -590,7 +629,7 @@ class Ractor
   #
   #     r = Ractor.new{ raise "foo" }
   #     r.monitor(port = Ractor::Port.new)
-  #     port.receive #=> :terminated and r is terminated with an exception "foo"
+  #     port.receive #=> :aborted and r is terminated by the RuntimeError "foo"
   #
   def monitor port
     __builtin_ractor_monitor(port)
@@ -600,18 +639,61 @@ class Ractor
   # call-seq:
   #    ractor.unmonitor(port) -> self
   #
-  # Unregister port from the monitoring ports.
+  # Unregisters the port from the monitoring ports for this ractor.
   #
   def unmonitor port
     __builtin_ractor_unmonitor(port)
   end
 
+  #
+  # call-seq:
+  #   Ractor.shareable_proc(self: nil){} -> shareable proc
+  #
+  # Returns a shareable copy of the given block's Proc. The value of +self+
+  # in the Proc will be replaced with the value passed via the `self:` keyword,
+  # or +nil+ if not given.
+  #
+  # In a shareable Proc, access to any outer variables is prohibited.
+  #
+  #     a = 42
+  #     Ractor.shareable_proc{ p a }
+  #     #=> can not isolate a Proc because it accesses outer variables (a). (ArgumentError)
+  #
+  # The value of `self` in the Proc must be a shareable object.
+  #
+  #     Ractor.shareable_proc(self: self){}
+  #     #=> self should be shareable: main (Ractor::IsolationError)
+  #
+  def self.shareable_proc self: nil
+    Primitive.attr! :use_block
+
+    __builtin_cexpr!(%Q{
+      ractor_shareable_proc(ec, *LOCAL_PTR(self), false)
+    })
+  end
+
+  #
+  # call-seq:
+  #   Ractor.shareable_lambda(self: nil){} -> shareable lambda
+  #
+  # Same as Ractor.shareable_proc, but returns a lambda Proc.
+  #
+  def self.shareable_lambda self: nil
+    Primitive.attr! :use_block
+
+    __builtin_cexpr!(%Q{
+      ractor_shareable_proc(ec, *LOCAL_PTR(self), true)
+    })
+  end
+
+  # \Port objects transmit messages between Ractors.
   class Port
     #
     # call-seq:
     #    port.receive -> msg
     #
-    # Receive a message to the port (which was sent there by Port#send).
+    # Receives a message from the port (which was sent there by Port#send). Only the ractor
+    # that created the port can receive messages this way.
     #
     #     port = Ractor::Port.new
     #     r = Ractor.new port do |port|
@@ -621,9 +703,9 @@ class Ractor
     #     v1 = port.receive
     #     puts "Received: #{v1}"
     #     r.join
-    #     # Here will be printed: "Received: message1"
+    #     # This will print: "Received: message1"
     #
-    # The method blocks if the message queue is empty.
+    # The method blocks the current Thread if the message queue is empty.
     #
     #     port = Ractor::Port.new
     #     r = Ractor.new port do |port|
@@ -649,8 +731,8 @@ class Ractor
     #     Still received only one
     #     Received: message2
     #
-    # If close_incoming was called on the ractor, the method raises Ractor::ClosedError
-    # if there are no more messages in the message queue:
+    # If the port is closed and there are no more messages in the message queue,
+    # the method raises Ractor::ClosedError.
     #
     #     port = Ractor::Port.new
     #     port.close
@@ -666,27 +748,27 @@ class Ractor
     # call-seq:
     #    port.send(msg, move: false) -> self
     #
-    # Send a message to a port to be accepted by port.receive.
+    # Sends a message to the port to be accepted by port.receive.
     #
     #     port = Ractor::Port.new
-    #     r = Ractor.new do
-    #       r.send 'message'
+    #     r = Ractor.new(port) do |port|
+    #       port.send 'message'
     #     end
     #     value = port.receive
     #     puts "Received #{value}"
     #     # Prints: "Received: message"
     #
-    # The method is non-blocking (will return immediately even if the ractor is not ready
+    # The method is non-blocking (it will return immediately even if the ractor that created the port is not ready
     # to receive anything):
     #
     #     port = Ractor::Port.new
     #     r = Ractor.new(port) do |port|
-    #       port.send 'test'}
+    #       port.send 'test'
     #       puts "Sent successfully"
     #       # Prints: "Sent successfully" immediately
     #     end
     #
-    # An attempt to send to a port which already closed its execution will raise Ractor::ClosedError.
+    # An attempt to send to a closed port will raise Ractor::ClosedError.
     #
     #   r = Ractor.new {Ractor::Port.new}
     #   r.join
@@ -697,7 +779,7 @@ class Ractor
     #
     # If the +obj+ is unshareable, by default it will be copied into the receiving ractor by deep cloning.
     #
-    # If the object is shareable, it only send a reference to the object without cloning.
+    # If the object is shareable, a reference to the object will be sent to the receiving ractor.
     #
     def send obj, move: false
       __builtin_cexpr! %q{
@@ -711,22 +793,10 @@ class Ractor
     # call-seq:
     #    port.close
     #
-    # Close the port. On the closed port, sending is not prohibited.
-    # Receiving is also not allowed if there is no sent messages arrived before closing.
-    #
-    #     port = Ractor::Port.new
-    #     Ractor.new port do |port|
-    #       port.sned 1 # OK
-    #       port.send 2 # OK
-    #       port.close
-    #       port.send 3 # raise Ractor::ClosedError
-    #     end
-    #
-    #     port.receive #=> 1
-    #     port.receive #=> 2
-    #     port.receive #=> raise Ractor::ClosedError
+    # Closes the port. Sending to a closed port is prohibited.
+    # Receiving is also prohibited if there are no messages in its message queue.
     #
-    # Now, only a Ractor which creates the port is allowed to close ports.
+    # Only the Ractor which created the port is allowed to close it.
     #
     #     port = Ractor::Port.new
     #     Ractor.new port do |port|
@@ -743,7 +813,7 @@ class Ractor
     # call-seq:
     #    port.closed? -> true/false
     #
-    # Return the port is closed or not.
+    # Returns whether or not the port is closed.
     def closed?
       __builtin_cexpr! %q{
         ractor_port_closed_p(ec, self);
diff --git a/ractor_core.h b/ractor_core.h
index 5eee15ad15..d112ff8724 100644
--- a/ractor_core.h
+++ b/ractor_core.h
@@ -9,6 +9,9 @@
 #define RACTOR_CHECK_MODE (VM_CHECK_MODE || RUBY_DEBUG) && (SIZEOF_UINT64_T == SIZEOF_VALUE)
 #endif
 
+// experimental flag because it is not sure it is the common pattern
+#define RUBY_TYPED_FROZEN_SHAREABLE_NO_REC RUBY_FL_FINALIZE
+
 struct rb_ractor_sync {
     // ractor lock
     rb_nativethread_lock_t lock;
@@ -88,6 +91,8 @@ struct rb_ractor_struct {
 
     // ractor local data
 
+    rb_serial_t next_ec_serial;
+
     st_table *local_storage;
     struct rb_id_table *idkey_local_storage;
     VALUE local_storage_store_lock;
@@ -98,6 +103,7 @@ struct rb_ractor_struct {
     VALUE verbose;
     VALUE debug;
 
+    bool malloc_gc_disabled;
     void *newobj_cache;
 }; // rb_ractor_t is defined in vm_core.h
 
@@ -134,10 +140,11 @@ void rb_ractor_terminate_all(void);
 bool rb_ractor_main_p_(void);
 void rb_ractor_atfork(rb_vm_t *vm, rb_thread_t *th);
 void rb_ractor_terminate_atfork(rb_vm_t *vm, rb_ractor_t *th);
-VALUE rb_ractor_require(VALUE feature);
+VALUE rb_ractor_require(VALUE feature, bool silent);
 VALUE rb_ractor_autoload_load(VALUE space, ID id);
 
 VALUE rb_ractor_ensure_shareable(VALUE obj, VALUE name);
+st_table *rb_ractor_targeted_hooks(rb_ractor_t *cr);
 
 RUBY_SYMBOL_EXPORT_BEGIN
 void rb_ractor_finish_marking(void);
@@ -244,6 +251,25 @@ rb_ractor_id(const rb_ractor_t *r)
     return r->pub.id;
 }
 
+static inline void
+rb_ractor_targeted_hooks_incr(rb_ractor_t *cr)
+{
+    cr->pub.targeted_hooks_cnt++;
+}
+
+static inline void
+rb_ractor_targeted_hooks_decr(rb_ractor_t *cr)
+{
+    RUBY_ASSERT(cr->pub.targeted_hooks_cnt > 0);
+    cr->pub.targeted_hooks_cnt--;
+}
+
+static inline unsigned int
+rb_ractor_targeted_hooks_cnt(rb_ractor_t *cr)
+{
+    return cr->pub.targeted_hooks_cnt;
+}
+
 #if RACTOR_CHECK_MODE > 0
 # define RACTOR_BELONGING_ID(obj) (*(uint32_t *)(((uintptr_t)(obj)) + rb_gc_obj_slot_size(obj)))
 
@@ -266,9 +292,13 @@ rb_ractor_belonging(VALUE obj)
     }
 }
 
+extern bool rb_ractor_ignore_belonging_flag;
+
 static inline VALUE
 rb_ractor_confirm_belonging(VALUE obj)
 {
+    if (rb_ractor_ignore_belonging_flag) return obj;
+
     uint32_t id = rb_ractor_belonging(obj);
 
     if (id == 0) {
@@ -288,6 +318,14 @@ rb_ractor_confirm_belonging(VALUE obj)
     }
     return obj;
 }
+
+static inline void
+rb_ractor_ignore_belonging(bool flag)
+{
+    rb_ractor_ignore_belonging_flag = flag;
+}
+
 #else
 #define rb_ractor_confirm_belonging(obj) obj
+#define rb_ractor_ignore_belonging(flag) (0)
 #endif
diff --git a/ractor_sync.c b/ractor_sync.c
index 57aea296c2..a63df7c407 100644
--- a/ractor_sync.c
+++ b/ractor_sync.c
@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ static const rb_data_type_t ractor_port_data_type = {
         ractor_port_memsize,
         NULL, // update
     },
-    0, 0, RUBY_TYPED_FREE_IMMEDIATELY | RUBY_TYPED_WB_PROTECTED,
+    0, 0, RUBY_TYPED_FREE_IMMEDIATELY | RUBY_TYPED_WB_PROTECTED | RUBY_TYPED_FROZEN_SHAREABLE,
 };
 
 static st_data_t
@@ -72,6 +72,7 @@ ractor_port_alloc(VALUE klass)
 {
     struct ractor_port *rp;
     VALUE rpv = TypedData_Make_Struct(klass, struct ractor_port, &ractor_port_data_type, rp);
+    rb_obj_freeze(rpv);
     return rpv;
 }
 
@@ -81,6 +82,7 @@ ractor_port_init(VALUE rpv, rb_ractor_t *r)
     struct ractor_port *rp = RACTOR_PORT_PTR(rpv);
 
     rp->r = r;
+    RB_OBJ_WRITTEN(rpv, Qundef, r->pub.self);
     rp->id_ = ractor_genid_for_port(r);
 
     ractor_add_port(r, ractor_port_id(rp));
@@ -90,18 +92,26 @@ ractor_port_init(VALUE rpv, rb_ractor_t *r)
     return rpv;
 }
 
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *    Ractor::Port.new  -> new_port
+ *
+ *  Returns a new Ractor::Port object.
+ */
 static VALUE
-ractor_port_initialzie(VALUE self)
+ractor_port_initialize(VALUE self)
 {
     return ractor_port_init(self, GET_RACTOR());
 }
 
+/* :nodoc: */
 static VALUE
-ractor_port_initialzie_copy(VALUE self, VALUE orig)
+ractor_port_initialize_copy(VALUE self, VALUE orig)
 {
     struct ractor_port *dst = RACTOR_PORT_PTR(self);
     struct ractor_port *src = RACTOR_PORT_PTR(orig);
     dst->r = src->r;
+    RB_OBJ_WRITTEN(self, Qundef, dst->r->pub.self);
     dst->id_ = ractor_port_id(src);
 
     return self;
@@ -386,7 +396,6 @@ ractor_add_port(rb_ractor_t *r, st_data_t id)
 
     RACTOR_LOCK(r);
     {
-        // memo: can cause GC, but GC doesn't use ractor locking.
         st_insert(r->sync.ports, id, (st_data_t)rq);
     }
     RACTOR_UNLOCK(r);
@@ -505,12 +514,14 @@ ractor_free_all_ports(rb_ractor_t *cr)
     }
 }
 
+#if defined(HAVE_WORKING_FORK)
 static void
 ractor_sync_terminate_atfork(rb_vm_t *vm, rb_ractor_t *r)
 {
     ractor_free_all_ports(r);
     r->sync.legacy = Qnil;
 }
+#endif
 
 // Ractor#monitor
 
@@ -660,11 +671,26 @@ ractor_sync_mark(rb_ractor_t *r)
     ractor_mark_monitors(r);
 }
 
+static int
+ractor_sync_free_ports_i(st_data_t _key, st_data_t val, st_data_t _args)
+{
+    struct ractor_queue *queue = (struct ractor_queue *)val;
+
+    ractor_queue_free(queue);
+
+    return ST_CONTINUE;
+}
+
 static void
 ractor_sync_free(rb_ractor_t *r)
 {
+    if (r->sync.recv_queue) {
+        ractor_queue_free(r->sync.recv_queue);
+    }
+
     // maybe NULL
     if (r->sync.ports) {
+        st_foreach(r->sync.ports, ractor_sync_free_ports_i, 0);
         st_free_table(r->sync.ports);
         r->sync.ports = NULL;
     }
@@ -673,7 +699,12 @@ ractor_sync_free(rb_ractor_t *r)
 static size_t
 ractor_sync_memsize(const rb_ractor_t *r)
 {
-    return st_table_size(r->sync.ports);
+    if (r->sync.ports) {
+        return st_table_size(r->sync.ports);
+    }
+    else {
+        return 0;
+    }
 }
 
 static void
@@ -710,20 +741,10 @@ static rb_ractor_t *
 ractor_set_successor_once(rb_ractor_t *r, rb_ractor_t *cr)
 {
     if (r->sync.successor == NULL) {
-        RACTOR_LOCK(r);
-        {
-            if (r->sync.successor != NULL) {
-                // already `value`ed
-            }
-            else {
-                r->sync.successor = cr;
-            }
-        }
-        RACTOR_UNLOCK(r);
+        rb_ractor_t *successor = ATOMIC_PTR_CAS(r->sync.successor, NULL, cr);
+        return successor == NULL ? cr : successor;
     }
 
-    VM_ASSERT(r->sync.successor != NULL);
-
     return r->sync.successor;
 }
 
@@ -1182,6 +1203,7 @@ ractor_send_basket(rb_execution_context_t *ec, const struct ractor_port *rp, str
         RUBY_DEBUG_LOG("closed:%u@r%u", (unsigned int)ractor_port_id(rp), rb_ractor_id(rp->r));
 
         if (raise_on_error) {
+            ractor_basket_free(b);
             rb_raise(rb_eRactorClosedError, "The port was already closed");
         }
     }
@@ -1211,7 +1233,6 @@ ractor_try_send(rb_execution_context_t *ec, const struct ractor_port *rp, VALUE
 // Ractor::Selector
 
 struct ractor_selector {
-    rb_ractor_t *r;
     struct st_table *ports; // rpv -> rp
 
 };
@@ -1246,7 +1267,11 @@ static size_t
 ractor_selector_memsize(const void *ptr)
 {
     const struct ractor_selector *s = ptr;
-    return sizeof(struct ractor_selector) + st_memsize(s->ports);
+    size_t size = sizeof(struct ractor_selector);
+    if (s->ports) {
+        size += st_memsize(s->ports);
+    }
+    return size;
 }
 
 static const rb_data_type_t ractor_selector_data_type = {
@@ -1257,7 +1282,7 @@ static const rb_data_type_t ractor_selector_data_type = {
         ractor_selector_memsize,
         NULL, // update
     },
-    0, 0, RUBY_TYPED_FREE_IMMEDIATELY,
+    0, 0, RUBY_TYPED_FREE_IMMEDIATELY | RUBY_TYPED_WB_PROTECTED,
 };
 
 static struct ractor_selector *
@@ -1302,6 +1327,8 @@ ractor_selector_add(VALUE selv, VALUE rpv)
     }
 
     st_insert(s->ports, (st_data_t)rpv, (st_data_t)rp);
+    RB_OBJ_WRITTEN(selv, Qundef, rpv);
+
     return selv;
 }
 
@@ -1480,8 +1507,8 @@ Init_RactorPort(void)
 {
     rb_cRactorPort = rb_define_class_under(rb_cRactor, "Port", rb_cObject);
     rb_define_alloc_func(rb_cRactorPort, ractor_port_alloc);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cRactorPort, "initialize", ractor_port_initialzie, 0);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cRactorPort, "initialize_copy", ractor_port_initialzie_copy, 1);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cRactorPort, "initialize", ractor_port_initialize, 0);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cRactorPort, "initialize_copy", ractor_port_initialize_copy, 1);
 
 #if USE_RACTOR_SELECTOR
     rb_init_ractor_selector();
diff --git a/random.c b/random.c
index f6f63e4cff..ad7cbca426 100644
--- a/random.c
+++ b/random.c
@@ -142,18 +142,21 @@ static const rb_random_interface_t random_mt_if = {
 };
 
 static rb_random_mt_t *
-rand_mt_start(rb_random_mt_t *r)
+rand_mt_start(rb_random_mt_t *r, VALUE obj)
 {
     if (!genrand_initialized(&r->mt)) {
         r->base.seed = rand_init(&random_mt_if, &r->base, random_seed(Qundef));
+        if (obj) {
+            RB_OBJ_WRITTEN(obj, Qundef, r->base.seed);
+        }
     }
     return r;
 }
 
 static rb_random_t *
-rand_start(rb_random_mt_t *r)
+rand_start(rb_random_mt_t *r, VALUE obj)
 {
-    return &rand_mt_start(r)->base;
+    return &rand_mt_start(r, obj)->base;
 }
 
 static rb_ractor_local_key_t default_rand_key;
@@ -192,7 +195,13 @@ default_rand(void)
 static rb_random_mt_t *
 default_mt(void)
 {
-    return rand_mt_start(default_rand());
+    return rand_mt_start(default_rand(), Qfalse);
+}
+
+static rb_random_t *
+default_rand_start(void)
+{
+    return &default_mt()->base;
 }
 
 unsigned int
@@ -221,7 +230,7 @@ int_pair_to_real_inclusive(uint32_t a, uint32_t b)
     const uint128_t m = ((uint128_t)1 << dig) | 1;
     uint128_t x = ((uint128_t)a << 32) | b;
     r = (double)(uint64_t)((x * m) >> 64);
-#elif defined HAVE_UINT64_T && !MSC_VERSION_BEFORE(1300)
+#elif defined HAVE_UINT64_T
     uint64_t x = ((uint64_t)a << dig_u) +
         (((uint64_t)b + (a >> dig_u)) >> dig_r64);
     r = (double)x;
@@ -263,7 +272,7 @@ const rb_data_type_t rb_random_data_type = {
         random_free,
         random_memsize,
     },
-    0, 0, RUBY_TYPED_FREE_IMMEDIATELY
+    0, 0, RUBY_TYPED_FREE_IMMEDIATELY | RUBY_TYPED_WB_PROTECTED
 };
 
 #define random_mt_mark rb_random_mark
@@ -284,7 +293,7 @@ static const rb_data_type_t random_mt_type = {
     },
     &rb_random_data_type,
     (void *)&random_mt_if,
-    RUBY_TYPED_FREE_IMMEDIATELY
+    RUBY_TYPED_FREE_IMMEDIATELY | RUBY_TYPED_WB_PROTECTED
 };
 
 static rb_random_t *
@@ -293,7 +302,7 @@ get_rnd(VALUE obj)
     rb_random_t *ptr;
     TypedData_Get_Struct(obj, rb_random_t, &rb_random_data_type, ptr);
     if (RTYPEDDATA_TYPE(obj) == &random_mt_type)
-        return rand_start((rb_random_mt_t *)ptr);
+        return rand_start((rb_random_mt_t *)ptr, obj);
     return ptr;
 }
 
@@ -306,31 +315,24 @@ get_rnd_mt(VALUE obj)
 }
 
 static rb_random_t *
-try_get_rnd(VALUE obj)
+try_get_rnd(VALUE obj, const rb_random_interface_t **rng_p)
 {
     if (obj == rb_cRandom) {
-        return rand_start(default_rand());
+        *rng_p = &random_mt_if;
+        return default_rand_start();
     }
     if (!rb_typeddata_is_kind_of(obj, &rb_random_data_type)) return NULL;
-    if (RTYPEDDATA_TYPE(obj) == &random_mt_type)
-        return rand_start(DATA_PTR(obj));
-    rb_random_t *rnd = DATA_PTR(obj);
+    const struct rb_data_type_struct *type = RTYPEDDATA_TYPE(obj);
+    *rng_p = type->data;
+    void *rnd = DATA_PTR(obj);
     if (!rnd) {
         rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "uninitialized random: %s",
                  RTYPEDDATA_TYPE(obj)->wrap_struct_name);
     }
+    if (type == &random_mt_type) rnd = rand_start(rnd, obj);
     return rnd;
 }
 
-static const rb_random_interface_t *
-try_rand_if(VALUE obj, rb_random_t *rnd)
-{
-    if (rnd == &default_rand()->base) {
-        return &random_mt_if;
-    }
-    return rb_rand_if(obj);
-}
-
 /* :nodoc: */
 void
 rb_random_base_init(rb_random_t *rnd)
@@ -403,8 +405,8 @@ rand_init(const rb_random_interface_t *rng, rb_random_t *rnd, VALUE seed)
 static VALUE
 random_init(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE obj)
 {
-    rb_random_t *rnd = try_get_rnd(obj);
-    const rb_random_interface_t *rng = rb_rand_if(obj);
+    const rb_random_interface_t *rng = NULL;
+    rb_random_t *rnd = try_get_rnd(obj, &rng);
 
     if (!rng) {
         rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "undefined random interface: %s",
@@ -422,10 +424,10 @@ random_init(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE obj)
     argc = rb_check_arity(argc, 0, 1);
     rb_check_frozen(obj);
     if (argc == 0) {
-        rnd->seed = rand_init_default(rng, rnd);
+        RB_OBJ_WRITE(obj, &rnd->seed, rand_init_default(rng, rnd));
     }
     else {
-        rnd->seed = rand_init(rng, rnd, rb_to_int(argv[0]));
+        RB_OBJ_WRITE(obj, &rnd->seed, rand_init(rng, rnd, rb_to_int(argv[0])));
     }
     return obj;
 }
@@ -438,23 +440,17 @@ random_init(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE obj)
 # define USE_DEV_URANDOM 0
 #endif
 
-#ifdef HAVE_GETENTROPY
-# define MAX_SEED_LEN_PER_READ 256
-static int
-fill_random_bytes_urandom(void *seed, size_t size)
-{
-     unsigned char *p = (unsigned char *)seed;
-     while (size) {
-        size_t len = size < MAX_SEED_LEN_PER_READ ? size : MAX_SEED_LEN_PER_READ;
-        if (getentropy(p, len) != 0) {
-            return -1;
-        }
-        p += len;
-        size -= len;
-     }
-     return 0;
-}
-#elif USE_DEV_URANDOM
+#if ! defined HAVE_GETRANDOM && defined __linux__ && defined __NR_getrandom
+# ifndef GRND_NONBLOCK
+#   define GRND_NONBLOCK 0x0001	/* not defined in musl libc */
+# endif
+# define getrandom(ptr, size, flags) \
+    (ssize_t)syscall(__NR_getrandom, (ptr), (size), (flags))
+# define HAVE_GETRANDOM 1
+#endif
+
+/* fill random bytes by reading random device directly */
+#if USE_DEV_URANDOM
 static int
 fill_random_bytes_urandom(void *seed, size_t size)
 {
@@ -494,15 +490,7 @@ fill_random_bytes_urandom(void *seed, size_t size)
 # define fill_random_bytes_urandom(seed, size) -1
 #endif
 
-#if ! defined HAVE_GETRANDOM && defined __linux__ && defined __NR_getrandom
-# ifndef GRND_NONBLOCK
-#   define GRND_NONBLOCK 0x0001	/* not defined in musl libc */
-# endif
-# define getrandom(ptr, size, flags) \
-    (ssize_t)syscall(__NR_getrandom, (ptr), (size), (flags))
-# define HAVE_GETRANDOM 1
-#endif
-
+/* fill random bytes by library */
 #if 0
 #elif defined MAC_OS_X_VERSION_10_7 && MAC_OS_X_VERSION_MIN_REQUIRED >= MAC_OS_X_VERSION_10_7
 
@@ -520,7 +508,7 @@ fill_random_bytes_urandom(void *seed, size_t size)
 # endif
 
 static int
-fill_random_bytes_syscall(void *seed, size_t size, int unused)
+fill_random_bytes_lib(void *seed, size_t size)
 {
 #if USE_COMMON_RANDOM
     CCRNGStatus status = CCRandomGenerateBytes(seed, size);
@@ -547,18 +535,16 @@ fill_random_bytes_syscall(void *seed, size_t size, int unused)
     }
     return 0;
 }
-#elif defined(HAVE_ARC4RANDOM_BUF)
+#elif defined(HAVE_ARC4RANDOM_BUF) && \
+    ((defined(__OpenBSD__) && OpenBSD >= 201411) || \
+     (defined(__NetBSD__)  && __NetBSD_Version__ >= 700000000) || \
+     (defined(__FreeBSD__) && __FreeBSD_version >= 1200079))
+// [Bug #15039] arc4random_buf(3) should used only if we know it is fork-safe
 static int
-fill_random_bytes_syscall(void *buf, size_t size, int unused)
+fill_random_bytes_lib(void *buf, size_t size)
 {
-#if (defined(__OpenBSD__) && OpenBSD >= 201411) || \
-    (defined(__NetBSD__)  && __NetBSD_Version__ >= 700000000) || \
-    (defined(__FreeBSD__) && __FreeBSD_version >= 1200079)
     arc4random_buf(buf, size);
     return 0;
-#else
-    return -1;
-#endif
 }
 #elif defined(_WIN32)
 
@@ -638,11 +624,17 @@ fill_random_bytes_bcrypt(void *seed, size_t size)
 }
 
 static int
-fill_random_bytes_syscall(void *seed, size_t size, int unused)
+fill_random_bytes_lib(void *seed, size_t size)
 {
     if (fill_random_bytes_bcrypt(seed, size) == 0) return 0;
     return fill_random_bytes_crypt(seed, size);
 }
+#else
+# define fill_random_bytes_lib(seed, size) -1
+#endif
+
+/* fill random bytes by dedicated syscall */
+#if 0
 #elif defined HAVE_GETRANDOM
 static int
 fill_random_bytes_syscall(void *seed, size_t size, int need_secure)
@@ -666,6 +658,31 @@ fill_random_bytes_syscall(void *seed, size_t size, int need_secure)
     }
     return -1;
 }
+#elif defined(HAVE_GETENTROPY)
+/*
+ * The Open Group Base Specifications Issue 8 - IEEE Std 1003.1-2024
+ * https://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9799919799/functions/getentropy.html
+ *
+ * NOTE: `getentropy`(3) on Linux is implemented using `getrandom`(2),
+ * prefer the latter over this if both are defined.
+ */
+#ifndef GETENTROPY_MAX
+# define GETENTROPY_MAX 256
+#endif
+static int
+fill_random_bytes_syscall(void *seed, size_t size, int need_secure)
+{
+    unsigned char *p = (unsigned char *)seed;
+    while (size) {
+        size_t len = size < GETENTROPY_MAX ? size : GETENTROPY_MAX;
+        if (getentropy(p, len) != 0) {
+            return -1;
+        }
+        p += len;
+        size -= len;
+    }
+    return 0;
+}
 #else
 # define fill_random_bytes_syscall(seed, size, need_secure) -1
 #endif
@@ -675,6 +692,7 @@ ruby_fill_random_bytes(void *seed, size_t size, int need_secure)
 {
     int ret = fill_random_bytes_syscall(seed, size, need_secure);
     if (ret == 0) return ret;
+    if (fill_random_bytes_lib(seed, size) == 0) return 0;
     return fill_random_bytes_urandom(seed, size);
 }
 
@@ -813,6 +831,7 @@ rand_mt_copy(VALUE obj, VALUE orig)
     mt = &rnd1->mt;
 
     *rnd1 = *rnd2;
+    RB_OBJ_WRITTEN(obj, Qundef, rnd1->base.seed);
     mt->next = mt->state + numberof(mt->state) - mt->left + 1;
     return obj;
 }
@@ -900,7 +919,7 @@ rand_mt_load(VALUE obj, VALUE dump)
     }
     mt->left = (unsigned int)x;
     mt->next = mt->state + numberof(mt->state) - x + 1;
-    rnd->base.seed = rb_to_int(seed);
+    RB_OBJ_WRITE(obj, &rnd->base.seed, rb_to_int(seed));
 
     return obj;
 }
@@ -959,7 +978,7 @@ static VALUE
 rb_f_srand(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE obj)
 {
     VALUE seed, old;
-    rb_random_mt_t *r = rand_mt_start(default_rand());
+    rb_random_mt_t *r = default_mt();
 
     if (rb_check_arity(argc, 0, 1) == 0) {
         seed = random_seed(obj);
@@ -1104,17 +1123,18 @@ random_int32(const rb_random_interface_t *rng, rb_random_t *rnd)
 unsigned int
 rb_random_int32(VALUE obj)
 {
-    rb_random_t *rnd = try_get_rnd(obj);
+    const rb_random_interface_t *rng;
+    rb_random_t *rnd = try_get_rnd(obj, &rng);
     if (!rnd) {
         uint32_t x;
         obj_random_bytes(obj, &x, sizeof(x));
         return (unsigned int)x;
     }
-    return random_int32(try_rand_if(obj, rnd), rnd);
+    return random_int32(rng, rnd);
 }
 
 static double
-random_real(VALUE obj, rb_random_t *rnd, int excl)
+random_real(VALUE obj, const rb_random_interface_t *rng, rb_random_t *rnd, int excl)
 {
     uint32_t a, b;
 
@@ -1125,7 +1145,6 @@ random_real(VALUE obj, rb_random_t *rnd, int excl)
         b = x[1];
     }
     else {
-        const rb_random_interface_t *rng = try_rand_if(obj, rnd);
         if (rng->get_real) return rng->get_real(rnd, excl);
         a = random_int32(rng, rnd);
         b = random_int32(rng, rnd);
@@ -1147,7 +1166,8 @@ rb_int_pair_to_real(uint32_t a, uint32_t b, int excl)
 double
 rb_random_real(VALUE obj)
 {
-    rb_random_t *rnd = try_get_rnd(obj);
+    const rb_random_interface_t *rng;
+    rb_random_t *rnd = try_get_rnd(obj, &rng);
     if (!rnd) {
         VALUE v = rb_funcallv(obj, id_rand, 0, 0);
         double d = NUM2DBL(v);
@@ -1159,7 +1179,7 @@ rb_random_real(VALUE obj)
         }
         return d;
     }
-    return random_real(obj, rnd, TRUE);
+    return random_real(obj, rng, rnd, TRUE);
 }
 
 static inline VALUE
@@ -1176,7 +1196,7 @@ ulong_to_num_plus_1(unsigned long n)
 }
 
 static unsigned long
-random_ulong_limited(VALUE obj, rb_random_t *rnd, unsigned long limit)
+random_ulong_limited(VALUE obj, const rb_random_interface_t *rng, rb_random_t *rnd, unsigned long limit)
 {
     if (!limit) return 0;
     if (!rnd) {
@@ -1201,13 +1221,14 @@ random_ulong_limited(VALUE obj, rb_random_t *rnd, unsigned long limit)
         } while (limit < val);
         return val;
     }
-    return limited_rand(try_rand_if(obj, rnd), rnd, limit);
+    return limited_rand(rng, rnd, limit);
 }
 
 unsigned long
 rb_random_ulong_limited(VALUE obj, unsigned long limit)
 {
-    rb_random_t *rnd = try_get_rnd(obj);
+    const rb_random_interface_t *rng;
+    rb_random_t *rnd = try_get_rnd(obj, &rng);
     if (!rnd) {
         VALUE lim = ulong_to_num_plus_1(limit);
         VALUE v = rb_to_int(rb_funcallv_public(obj, id_rand, 1, &lim));
@@ -1220,11 +1241,11 @@ rb_random_ulong_limited(VALUE obj, unsigned long limit)
         }
         return r;
     }
-    return limited_rand(try_rand_if(obj, rnd), rnd, limit);
+    return limited_rand(rng, rnd, limit);
 }
 
 static VALUE
-random_ulong_limited_big(VALUE obj, rb_random_t *rnd, VALUE vmax)
+random_ulong_limited_big(VALUE obj, const rb_random_interface_t *rng, rb_random_t *rnd, VALUE vmax)
 {
     if (!rnd) {
         VALUE v, vtmp;
@@ -1249,7 +1270,7 @@ random_ulong_limited_big(VALUE obj, rb_random_t *rnd, VALUE vmax)
         ALLOCV_END(vtmp);
         return v;
     }
-    return limited_big_rand(try_rand_if(obj, rnd), rnd, vmax);
+    return limited_big_rand(rng, rnd, vmax);
 }
 
 static VALUE
@@ -1275,8 +1296,9 @@ rand_bytes(const rb_random_interface_t *rng, rb_random_t *rnd, long n)
 static VALUE
 random_bytes(VALUE obj, VALUE len)
 {
-    rb_random_t *rnd = try_get_rnd(obj);
-    return rand_bytes(rb_rand_if(obj), rnd, NUM2LONG(rb_to_int(len)));
+    const rb_random_interface_t *rng = NULL;
+    rb_random_t *rnd = try_get_rnd(obj, &rng);
+    return rand_bytes(rng, rnd, NUM2LONG(rb_to_int(len)));
 }
 
 void
@@ -1305,11 +1327,12 @@ rb_rand_bytes_int32(rb_random_get_int32_func *get_int32,
 VALUE
 rb_random_bytes(VALUE obj, long n)
 {
-    rb_random_t *rnd = try_get_rnd(obj);
+    const rb_random_interface_t *rng;
+    rb_random_t *rnd = try_get_rnd(obj, &rng);
     if (!rnd) {
         return obj_random_bytes(obj, NULL, n);
     }
-    return rand_bytes(try_rand_if(obj, rnd), rnd, n);
+    return rand_bytes(rng, rnd, n);
 }
 
 /*
@@ -1321,7 +1344,7 @@ rb_random_bytes(VALUE obj, long n)
 static VALUE
 random_s_bytes(VALUE obj, VALUE len)
 {
-    rb_random_t *rnd = rand_start(default_rand());
+    rb_random_t *rnd = default_rand_start();
     return rand_bytes(&random_mt_if, rnd, NUM2LONG(rb_to_int(len)));
 }
 
@@ -1343,7 +1366,7 @@ random_s_bytes(VALUE obj, VALUE len)
 static VALUE
 random_s_seed(VALUE obj)
 {
-    rb_random_mt_t *rnd = rand_mt_start(default_rand());
+    rb_random_mt_t *rnd = default_mt();
     return rnd->base.seed;
 }
 
@@ -1361,7 +1384,7 @@ range_values(VALUE vmax, VALUE *begp, VALUE *endp, int *exclp)
 }
 
 static VALUE
-rand_int(VALUE obj, rb_random_t *rnd, VALUE vmax, int restrictive)
+rand_int(VALUE obj, const rb_random_interface_t *rng, rb_random_t *rnd, VALUE vmax, int restrictive)
 {
     /* mt must be initialized */
     unsigned long r;
@@ -1373,7 +1396,7 @@ rand_int(VALUE obj, rb_random_t *rnd, VALUE vmax, int restrictive)
             if (restrictive) return Qnil;
             max = -max;
         }
-        r = random_ulong_limited(obj, rnd, (unsigned long)max - 1);
+        r = random_ulong_limited(obj, rng, rnd, (unsigned long)max - 1);
         return ULONG2NUM(r);
     }
     else {
@@ -1387,10 +1410,10 @@ rand_int(VALUE obj, rb_random_t *rnd, VALUE vmax, int restrictive)
         if (FIXNUM_P(vmax)) {
             long max = FIX2LONG(vmax);
             if (max == -1) return Qnil;
-            r = random_ulong_limited(obj, rnd, max);
+            r = random_ulong_limited(obj, rng, rnd, max);
             return LONG2NUM(r);
         }
-        ret = random_ulong_limited_big(obj, rnd, vmax);
+        ret = random_ulong_limited_big(obj, rng, rnd, vmax);
         RB_GC_GUARD(vmax);
         return ret;
     }
@@ -1434,7 +1457,7 @@ float_value(VALUE v)
 }
 
 static inline VALUE
-rand_range(VALUE obj, rb_random_t* rnd, VALUE range)
+rand_range(VALUE obj, const rb_random_interface_t *rng, rb_random_t* rnd, VALUE range)
 {
     VALUE beg = Qundef, end = Qundef, vmax, v;
     int excl = 0;
@@ -1449,7 +1472,7 @@ rand_range(VALUE obj, rb_random_t* rnd, VALUE range)
       fixnum:
         if (FIXNUM_P(vmax)) {
             if ((max = FIX2LONG(vmax) - excl) >= 0) {
-                unsigned long r = random_ulong_limited(obj, rnd, (unsigned long)max);
+                unsigned long r = random_ulong_limited(obj, rng, rnd, (unsigned long)max);
                 v = ULONG2NUM(r);
             }
         }
@@ -1459,7 +1482,7 @@ rand_range(VALUE obj, rb_random_t* rnd, VALUE range)
                 excl = 0;
                 goto fixnum;
             }
-            v = random_ulong_limited_big(obj, rnd, vmax);
+            v = random_ulong_limited_big(obj, rng, rnd, vmax);
         }
     }
     else if (v = rb_check_to_float(vmax), !NIL_P(v)) {
@@ -1477,7 +1500,7 @@ rand_range(VALUE obj, rb_random_t* rnd, VALUE range)
         }
         v = Qnil;
         if (max > 0.0) {
-            r = random_real(obj, rnd, excl);
+            r = random_real(obj, rng, rnd, excl);
             if (scale > 1) {
                 return rb_float_new(+(+(+(r - 0.5) * max) * scale) + mid);
             }
@@ -1510,7 +1533,7 @@ rand_range(VALUE obj, rb_random_t* rnd, VALUE range)
     return v;
 }
 
-static VALUE rand_random(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE obj, rb_random_t *rnd);
+static VALUE rand_random(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE obj, const rb_random_interface_t *rng, rb_random_t *rnd);
 
 /*
  * call-seq:
@@ -1526,9 +1549,11 @@ static VALUE rand_random(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE obj, rb_random_t *rnd);
  *   prng.rand(100)       # => 42
  *
  * When +max+ is a Float, +rand+ returns a random floating point number
- * between 0.0 and +max+, including 0.0 and excluding +max+.
+ * between 0.0 and +max+, including 0.0 and excluding +max+. Note that it
+ * behaves differently from Kernel.rand.
  *
- *   prng.rand(1.5)       # => 1.4600282860034115
+ *   prng.rand(1.5)  # => 1.4600282860034115
+ *   rand(1.5)       # => 0
  *
  * When +range+ is a Range, +rand+ returns a random number where
  * <code>range.member?(number) == true</code>.
@@ -1545,24 +1570,26 @@ static VALUE rand_random(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE obj, rb_random_t *rnd);
 static VALUE
 random_rand(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE obj)
 {
-    VALUE v = rand_random(argc, argv, obj, try_get_rnd(obj));
+    const rb_random_interface_t *rng = NULL;
+    rb_random_t *rnd = try_get_rnd(obj, &rng);
+    VALUE v = rand_random(argc, argv, obj, rng, rnd);
     check_random_number(v, argv);
     return v;
 }
 
 static VALUE
-rand_random(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE obj, rb_random_t *rnd)
+rand_random(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE obj, const rb_random_interface_t *rng, rb_random_t *rnd)
 {
     VALUE vmax, v;
 
     if (rb_check_arity(argc, 0, 1) == 0) {
-        return rb_float_new(random_real(obj, rnd, TRUE));
+        return rb_float_new(random_real(obj, rng, rnd, TRUE));
     }
     vmax = argv[0];
     if (NIL_P(vmax)) return Qnil;
     if (!RB_FLOAT_TYPE_P(vmax)) {
         v = rb_check_to_int(vmax);
-        if (!NIL_P(v)) return rand_int(obj, rnd, v, 1);
+        if (!NIL_P(v)) return rand_int(obj, rng, rnd, v, 1);
     }
     v = rb_check_to_float(vmax);
     if (!NIL_P(v)) {
@@ -1571,12 +1598,12 @@ rand_random(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE obj, rb_random_t *rnd)
             return Qnil;
         }
         else {
-            double r = random_real(obj, rnd, TRUE);
+            double r = random_real(obj, rng, rnd, TRUE);
             if (max > 0.0) r *= max;
             return rb_float_new(r);
         }
     }
-    return rand_range(obj, rnd, vmax);
+    return rand_range(obj, rng, rnd, vmax);
 }
 
 /*
@@ -1594,9 +1621,10 @@ rand_random(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE obj, rb_random_t *rnd)
 static VALUE
 rand_random_number(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE obj)
 {
-    rb_random_t *rnd = try_get_rnd(obj);
-    VALUE v = rand_random(argc, argv, obj, rnd);
-    if (NIL_P(v)) v = rand_random(0, 0, obj, rnd);
+    const rb_random_interface_t *rng = NULL;
+    rb_random_t *rnd = try_get_rnd(obj, &rng);
+    VALUE v = rand_random(argc, argv, obj, rng, rnd);
+    if (NIL_P(v)) v = rand_random(0, 0, obj, rng, rnd);
     else if (!v) invalid_argument(argv[0]);
     return v;
 }
@@ -1666,25 +1694,28 @@ rand_mt_equal(VALUE self, VALUE other)
  * Kernel.srand may be used to ensure that sequences of random numbers are
  * reproducible between different runs of a program.
  *
- * See also Random.rand.
+ * Related: Random.rand.
+ *   rand(100.0)        # => 64 (Integer because max.to_i is 100)
+ *   Random.rand(100.0) # => 30.315320967824523
  */
 
 static VALUE
 rb_f_rand(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE obj)
 {
     VALUE vmax;
-    rb_random_t *rnd = rand_start(default_rand());
+    const rb_random_interface_t *rng = &random_mt_if;
+    rb_random_t *rnd = default_rand_start();
 
     if (rb_check_arity(argc, 0, 1) && !NIL_P(vmax = argv[0])) {
-        VALUE v = rand_range(obj, rnd, vmax);
+        VALUE v = rand_range(obj, rng, rnd, vmax);
         if (v != Qfalse) return v;
         vmax = rb_to_int(vmax);
         if (vmax != INT2FIX(0)) {
-            v = rand_int(obj, rnd, vmax, 0);
+            v = rand_int(obj, rng, rnd, vmax, 0);
             if (!NIL_P(v)) return v;
         }
     }
-    return DBL2NUM(random_real(obj, rnd, TRUE));
+    return DBL2NUM(random_real(obj, rng, rnd, TRUE));
 }
 
 /*
@@ -1700,7 +1731,7 @@ rb_f_rand(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE obj)
 static VALUE
 random_s_rand(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE obj)
 {
-    VALUE v = rand_random(argc, argv, Qnil, rand_start(default_rand()));
+    VALUE v = rand_random(argc, argv, Qnil, &random_mt_if, default_rand_start());
     check_random_number(v, argv);
     return v;
 }
diff --git a/range.c b/range.c
index 12077a068e..fd08a81de7 100644
--- a/range.c
+++ b/range.c
@@ -47,6 +47,7 @@ static VALUE r_cover_p(VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE);
 static void
 range_init(VALUE range, VALUE beg, VALUE end, VALUE exclude_end)
 {
+    // Changing this condition has implications for JITs. If you do, please let maintainers know.
     if ((!FIXNUM_P(beg) || !FIXNUM_P(end)) && !NIL_P(beg) && !NIL_P(end)) {
         VALUE v;
 
@@ -153,14 +154,14 @@ recursive_equal(VALUE range, VALUE obj, int recur)
  *  call-seq:
  *    self == other -> true or false
  *
- *  Returns +true+ if and only if:
+ *  Returns whether all of the following are true:
  *
  *  - +other+ is a range.
  *  - <tt>other.begin == self.begin</tt>.
  *  - <tt>other.end == self.end</tt>.
  *  - <tt>other.exclude_end? == self.exclude_end?</tt>.
  *
- *  Otherwise returns +false+.
+ *  Examples:
  *
  *    r = (1..5)
  *    r == (1..5)                # => true
@@ -783,7 +784,7 @@ bsearch_integer_range(VALUE beg, VALUE end, int excl)
  *
  *  Returns an element from +self+ selected by a binary search.
  *
- *  See {Binary Searching}[rdoc-ref:bsearch.rdoc].
+ *  See {Binary Searching}[rdoc-ref:language/bsearch.rdoc].
  *
  */
 
@@ -1017,6 +1018,29 @@ range_to_a(VALUE range)
     return rb_call_super(0, 0);
 }
 
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *    to_set -> set
+ *
+ *  Returns a set containing the elements in +self+, if a finite collection;
+ *  raises an exception otherwise.
+ *
+ *    (1..4).to_set   # => Set[1, 2, 3, 4]
+ *    (1...4).to_set   # => Set[1, 2, 3]
+ *
+ *    (1..).to_set
+ *    # in 'Range#to_set': cannot convert endless range to a set (RangeError)
+ *
+ */
+static VALUE
+range_to_set(VALUE range)
+{
+    if (NIL_P(RANGE_END(range))) {
+        rb_raise(rb_eRangeError, "cannot convert endless range to a set");
+    }
+    return rb_call_super(0, NULL);
+}
+
 static VALUE
 range_enum_size(VALUE range, VALUE args, VALUE eobj)
 {
@@ -2030,10 +2054,9 @@ VALUE rb_str_include_range_p(VALUE beg, VALUE end, VALUE val, VALUE exclusive);
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *     self === object ->  true or false
+ *     self === other ->  true or false
  *
- *  Returns +true+ if +object+ is between <tt>self.begin</tt> and <tt>self.end</tt>.
- *  +false+ otherwise:
+ *  Returns whether +other+ is between <tt>self.begin</tt> and <tt>self.end</tt>:
  *
  *    (1..4) === 2       # => true
  *    (1..4) === 5       # => false
@@ -2844,6 +2867,7 @@ Init_Range(void)
     rb_define_method(rb_cRange, "minmax", range_minmax, 0);
     rb_define_method(rb_cRange, "size", range_size, 0);
     rb_define_method(rb_cRange, "to_a", range_to_a, 0);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cRange, "to_set", range_to_set, 0);
     rb_define_method(rb_cRange, "entries", range_to_a, 0);
     rb_define_method(rb_cRange, "to_s", range_to_s, 0);
     rb_define_method(rb_cRange, "inspect", range_inspect, 0);
diff --git a/rational.c b/rational.c
index f1547856b4..51078f81ad 100644
--- a/rational.c
+++ b/rational.c
@@ -609,9 +609,13 @@ nurat_denominator(VALUE self)
 
 /*
  * call-seq:
- *    -rat  ->  rational
+ *    -self -> rational
+ *
+ * Returns +self+, negated:
+ *
+ *   -(1/3r)   # => (-1/3)
+ *   -(-1/3r)  # => (1/3)
  *
- * Negates +rat+.
  */
 VALUE
 rb_rational_uminus(VALUE self)
@@ -715,16 +719,27 @@ f_addsub(VALUE self, VALUE anum, VALUE aden, VALUE bnum, VALUE bden, int k)
 
 static double nurat_to_double(VALUE self);
 /*
- * call-seq:
- *    rat + numeric  ->  numeric
+ *  call-seq:
+ *    self + other -> numeric
+ *
+ *  Returns the sum of +self+ and +other+:
+ *
+ *    Rational(2, 3) + 0  # => (2/3)
+ *    Rational(2, 3) + 1  # => (5/3)
+ *    Rational(2, 3) + -1 # => (-1/3)
  *
- * Performs addition.
+ *    Rational(2, 3) + Complex(1, 0)     # => ((5/3)+0i)
+ *
+ *    Rational(2, 3) + Rational(1, 1)     # => (5/3)
+ *    Rational(2, 3) + Rational(3, 2)     # => (13/6)
+ *    Rational(2, 3) + Rational(3.0, 2.0) # => (13/6)
+ *    Rational(2, 3) + Rational(3.1, 2.1) # => (30399297484750849/14186338826217063)
+ *
+ *  For a computation involving Floats, the result may be inexact (see Float#+):
+ *
+ *    Rational(2, 3) + 1.0 # => 1.6666666666666665
+ *    Rational(2, 3) + Complex(1.0, 0.0) # => (1.6666666666666665+0.0i)
  *
- *    Rational(2, 3)  + Rational(2, 3)   #=> (4/3)
- *    Rational(900)   + Rational(1)      #=> (901/1)
- *    Rational(-2, 9) + Rational(-9, 2)  #=> (-85/18)
- *    Rational(9, 8)  + 4                #=> (41/8)
- *    Rational(20, 9) + 9.8              #=> 12.022222222222222
  */
 VALUE
 rb_rational_plus(VALUE self, VALUE other)
@@ -757,9 +772,9 @@ rb_rational_plus(VALUE self, VALUE other)
 
 /*
  * call-seq:
- *    rat - numeric  ->  numeric
+ *    self - other -> numeric
  *
- * Performs subtraction.
+ * Returns the difference of +self+ and +other+:
  *
  *    Rational(2, 3)  - Rational(2, 3)   #=> (0/1)
  *    Rational(900)   - Rational(1)      #=> (899/1)
@@ -853,15 +868,17 @@ f_muldiv(VALUE self, VALUE anum, VALUE aden, VALUE bnum, VALUE bden, int k)
 
 /*
  * call-seq:
- *    rat * numeric  ->  numeric
+ *   self * other -> numeric
  *
- * Performs multiplication.
+ * Returns the numeric product of +self+ and +other+:
+ *
+ *   Rational(9, 8)  * 4               #=> (9/2)
+ *   Rational(20, 9) * 9.8             #=> 21.77777777777778
+ *   Rational(9, 8)  * Complex(1, 2)   # => ((9/8)+(9/4)*i)
+ *   Rational(2, 3)  * Rational(2, 3)  #=> (4/9)
+ *   Rational(900)   * Rational(1)     #=> (900/1)
+ *   Rational(-2, 9) * Rational(-9, 2) #=> (1/1)
  *
- *    Rational(2, 3)  * Rational(2, 3)   #=> (4/9)
- *    Rational(900)   * Rational(1)      #=> (900/1)
- *    Rational(-2, 9) * Rational(-9, 2)  #=> (1/1)
- *    Rational(9, 8)  * 4                #=> (9/2)
- *    Rational(20, 9) * 9.8              #=> 21.77777777777778
  */
 VALUE
 rb_rational_mul(VALUE self, VALUE other)
@@ -894,10 +911,9 @@ rb_rational_mul(VALUE self, VALUE other)
 
 /*
  * call-seq:
- *    rat / numeric     ->  numeric
- *    rat.quo(numeric)  ->  numeric
+ *    self / other -> numeric
  *
- * Performs division.
+ * Returns the quotient of +self+ and +other+:
  *
  *    Rational(2, 3)  / Rational(2, 3)   #=> (1/1)
  *    Rational(900)   / Rational(1)      #=> (900/1)
@@ -971,9 +987,9 @@ nurat_fdiv(VALUE self, VALUE other)
 
 /*
  * call-seq:
- *    rat ** numeric  ->  numeric
+ *    self ** exponent -> numeric
  *
- * Performs exponentiation.
+ * Returns +self+ raised to the power +exponent+:
  *
  *    Rational(2)    ** Rational(3)     #=> (8/1)
  *    Rational(10)   ** -2              #=> (1/100)
@@ -1061,20 +1077,30 @@ rb_rational_pow(VALUE self, VALUE other)
 
 /*
  * call-seq:
- *    rational <=> numeric  ->  -1, 0, +1, or nil
+ *   self <=> other -> -1, 0, 1, or nil
+ *
+ * Compares +self+ and +other+.
  *
- * Returns -1, 0, or +1 depending on whether +rational+ is
- * less than, equal to, or greater than +numeric+.
+ * Returns:
  *
- * +nil+ is returned if the two values are incomparable.
+ * - +-1+, if +self+ is less than +other+.
+ * - +0+, if the two values are the same.
+ * - +1+, if +self+ is greater than +other+.
+ * - +nil+, if the two values are incomparable.
  *
- *    Rational(2, 3) <=> Rational(2, 3)  #=> 0
- *    Rational(5)    <=> 5               #=> 0
- *    Rational(2, 3) <=> Rational(1, 3)  #=> 1
- *    Rational(1, 3) <=> 1               #=> -1
- *    Rational(1, 3) <=> 0.3             #=> 1
+ * Examples:
+ *
+ *   Rational(2, 3) <=> Rational(4, 3) # => -1
+ *   Rational(2, 1) <=> Rational(2, 1) # => 0
+ *   Rational(2, 1) <=> 2              # => 0
+ *   Rational(2, 1) <=> 2.0            # => 0
+ *   Rational(2, 1) <=> Complex(2, 0)  # => 0
+ *   Rational(4, 3) <=> Rational(2, 3) # => 1
+ *   Rational(4, 3) <=> :foo           # => nil
+ *
+ * \Class \Rational includes module Comparable,
+ * each of whose methods uses Rational#<=> for comparison.
  *
- *    Rational(1, 3) <=> "0.3"           #=> nil
  */
 VALUE
 rb_rational_cmp(VALUE self, VALUE other)
@@ -1119,9 +1145,9 @@ rb_rational_cmp(VALUE self, VALUE other)
 
 /*
  * call-seq:
- *    rat == object  ->  true or false
+ *   self == other -> true or false
  *
- * Returns +true+ if +rat+ equals +object+ numerically.
+ * Returns whether +self+ and +other+ are numerically equal:
  *
  *    Rational(2, 3)  == Rational(2, 3)   #=> true
  *    Rational(5)     == 5                #=> true
@@ -2109,39 +2135,6 @@ rb_float_denominator(VALUE self)
 
 /*
  * call-seq:
- *   to_r  ->  (0/1)
- *
- * Returns zero as a Rational:
- *
- *   nil.to_r # => (0/1)
- *
- */
-static VALUE
-nilclass_to_r(VALUE self)
-{
-    return rb_rational_new1(INT2FIX(0));
-}
-
-/*
- * call-seq:
- *   rationalize(eps = nil)  ->  (0/1)
- *
- * Returns zero as a Rational:
- *
- *   nil.rationalize # => (0/1)
- *
- * Argument +eps+ is ignored.
- *
- */
-static VALUE
-nilclass_rationalize(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
-{
-    rb_check_arity(argc, 0, 1);
-    return nilclass_to_r(self);
-}
-
-/*
- * call-seq:
  *    int.to_r  ->  rational
  *
  * Returns the value as a rational.
@@ -2500,31 +2493,32 @@ string_to_r_strict(VALUE self, int raise)
 
 /*
  * call-seq:
- *    str.to_r  ->  rational
- *
- * Returns the result of interpreting leading characters in +str+
- * as a rational.  Leading whitespace and extraneous characters
- * past the end of a valid number are ignored.
- * Digit sequences can be separated by an underscore.
- * If there is not a valid number at the start of +str+,
- * zero is returned.  This method never raises an exception.
- *
- *    '  2  '.to_r       #=> (2/1)
- *    '300/2'.to_r       #=> (150/1)
- *    '-9.2'.to_r        #=> (-46/5)
- *    '-9.2e2'.to_r      #=> (-920/1)
- *    '1_234_567'.to_r   #=> (1234567/1)
- *    '21 June 09'.to_r  #=> (21/1)
- *    '21/06/09'.to_r    #=> (7/2)
- *    'BWV 1079'.to_r    #=> (0/1)
- *
- * NOTE: "0.3".to_r isn't the same as 0.3.to_r.  The former is
- * equivalent to "3/10".to_r, but the latter isn't so.
+ *    str.to_r -> rational
  *
- *    "0.3".to_r == 3/10r  #=> true
- *    0.3.to_r   == 3/10r  #=> false
+ * Returns the result of interpreting leading characters in +self+ as a rational value:
+ *
+ *   '123'.to_r       # => (123/1)   # Integer literal.
+ *   '300/2'.to_r     # => (150/1)   # Rational literal.
+ *   '-9.2'.to_r      # => (-46/5)   # Float literal.
+ *   '-9.2e2'.to_r    # => (-920/1)  # Float literal.
+ *
+ * Ignores leading and trailing whitespace, and trailing non-numeric characters:
+ *
+ *   ' 2 '.to_r       # => (2/1)
+ *   '21-Jun-09'.to_r # => (21/1)
+ *
+ * Returns \Rational zero if there are no leading numeric characters.
+ *
+ *   'BWV 1079'.to_r  # => (0/1)
+ *
+ * NOTE: <tt>'0.3'.to_r</tt> is equivalent to <tt>3/10r</tt>,
+ * but is different from <tt>0.3.to_r</tt>:
+ *
+ *   '0.3'.to_r # => (3/10)
+ *   3/10r      # => (3/10)
+ *   0.3.to_r   # => (5404319552844595/18014398509481984)
  *
- * See also Kernel#Rational.
+ * Related: see {Converting to Non-String}[rdoc-ref:String@Converting+to+Non--5CString].
  */
 static VALUE
 string_to_r(VALUE self)
@@ -2823,8 +2817,6 @@ Init_Rational(void)
     rb_define_method(rb_cFloat, "numerator", rb_float_numerator, 0);
     rb_define_method(rb_cFloat, "denominator", rb_float_denominator, 0);
 
-    rb_define_method(rb_cNilClass, "to_r", nilclass_to_r, 0);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cNilClass, "rationalize", nilclass_rationalize, -1);
     rb_define_method(rb_cInteger, "to_r", integer_to_r, 0);
     rb_define_method(rb_cInteger, "rationalize", integer_rationalize, -1);
     rb_define_method(rb_cFloat, "to_r", float_to_r, 0);
diff --git a/re.c b/re.c
index 96a3cbeaa9..82e9407a0a 100644
--- a/re.c
+++ b/re.c
@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@
 #include "hrtime.h"
 #include "internal.h"
 #include "internal/encoding.h"
+#include "internal/error.h"
 #include "internal/hash.h"
 #include "internal/imemo.h"
 #include "internal/re.h"
@@ -28,6 +29,7 @@
 #include "ruby/encoding.h"
 #include "ruby/re.h"
 #include "ruby/util.h"
+#include "ractor_core.h"
 
 VALUE rb_eRegexpError, rb_eRegexpTimeoutError;
 
@@ -289,11 +291,6 @@ rb_memsearch(const void *x0, long m, const void *y0, long n, rb_encoding *enc)
 
 #define KCODE_FIXED FL_USER4
 
-#define ARG_REG_OPTION_MASK \
-    (ONIG_OPTION_IGNORECASE|ONIG_OPTION_MULTILINE|ONIG_OPTION_EXTEND)
-#define ARG_ENCODING_FIXED    16
-#define ARG_ENCODING_NONE     32
-
 static int
 char_to_option(int c)
 {
@@ -1017,6 +1014,7 @@ update_char_offset(VALUE match)
     char *s, *p, *q;
     rb_encoding *enc;
     pair_t *pairs;
+    VALUE pairs_obj = Qnil;
 
     if (rm->char_offset_num_allocated)
         return;
@@ -1038,7 +1036,7 @@ update_char_offset(VALUE match)
         return;
     }
 
-    pairs = ALLOCA_N(pair_t, num_regs*2);
+    pairs = RB_ALLOCV_N(pair_t, pairs_obj, num_regs * 2);
     num_pos = 0;
     for (i = 0; i < num_regs; i++) {
         if (BEG(i) < 0)
@@ -1073,6 +1071,8 @@ update_char_offset(VALUE match)
         found = bsearch(&key, pairs, num_pos, sizeof(pair_t), pair_byte_cmp);
         rm->char_offset[i].end = found->char_pos;
     }
+
+    RB_ALLOCV_END(pairs_obj);
 }
 
 static VALUE
@@ -1666,7 +1666,7 @@ rb_reg_prepare_re(VALUE re, VALUE str)
     RSTRING_GETMEM(unescaped, ptr, len);
 
     /* If there are no other users of this regex, then we can directly overwrite it. */
-    if (RREGEXP(re)->usecnt == 0) {
+    if (ruby_single_main_ractor && RREGEXP(re)->usecnt == 0) {
         regex_t tmp_reg;
         r = onig_new_without_alloc(&tmp_reg, (UChar *)ptr, (UChar *)(ptr + len),
                                    reg->options, enc,
@@ -2216,12 +2216,12 @@ match_ary_aref(VALUE match, VALUE idx, VALUE result)
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *    matchdata[index] -> string or nil
- *    matchdata[start, length] -> array
- *    matchdata[range] -> array
- *    matchdata[name] -> string or nil
+ *    self[offset] -> string or nil
+ *    self[offset, size] -> array
+ *    self[range] -> array
+ *    self[name] -> string or nil
  *
- *  When arguments +index+, +start and +length+, or +range+ are given,
+ *  When arguments +offset+, +offset+ and +size+, or +range+ are given,
  *  returns match and captures in the style of Array#[]:
  *
  *    m = /(.)(.)(\d+)(\d)/.match("THX1138.")
@@ -2472,7 +2472,7 @@ match_named_captures(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE match)
     }
 
     hash = rb_hash_new();
-    memo = MEMO_NEW(hash, match, symbolize_names);
+    memo = rb_imemo_memo_new(hash, match, symbolize_names);
 
     onig_foreach_name(RREGEXP(RMATCH(match)->regexp)->ptr, match_named_captures_iter, (void*)memo);
 
@@ -2511,7 +2511,7 @@ match_deconstruct_keys(VALUE match, VALUE keys)
         h = rb_hash_new_with_size(onig_number_of_names(RREGEXP_PTR(RMATCH(match)->regexp)));
 
         struct MEMO *memo;
-        memo = MEMO_NEW(h, match, 1);
+        memo = rb_imemo_memo_new(h, match, 1);
 
         onig_foreach_name(RREGEXP_PTR(RMATCH(match)->regexp), match_named_captures_iter, (void*)memo);
 
@@ -2617,6 +2617,7 @@ match_inspect(VALUE match)
     struct re_registers *regs = RMATCH_REGS(match);
     int num_regs = regs->num_regs;
     struct backref_name_tag *names;
+    VALUE names_obj = Qnil;
     VALUE regexp = RMATCH(match)->regexp;
 
     if (regexp == 0) {
@@ -2627,7 +2628,7 @@ match_inspect(VALUE match)
                           cname, rb_reg_nth_match(0, match));
     }
 
-    names = ALLOCA_N(struct backref_name_tag, num_regs);
+    names = RB_ALLOCV_N(struct backref_name_tag, names_obj, num_regs);
     MEMZERO(names, struct backref_name_tag, num_regs);
 
     onig_foreach_name(RREGEXP_PTR(regexp),
@@ -2655,6 +2656,7 @@ match_inspect(VALUE match)
     }
     rb_str_buf_cat2(str, ">");
 
+    RB_ALLOCV_END(names_obj);
     return str;
 }
 
@@ -3373,10 +3375,13 @@ static void
 reg_set_source(VALUE reg, VALUE str, rb_encoding *enc)
 {
     rb_encoding *regenc = rb_enc_get(reg);
+
     if (regenc != enc) {
-        str = rb_enc_associate(rb_str_dup(str), enc = regenc);
+        VALUE dup = rb_str_dup(str);
+        str = rb_enc_associate(dup, enc = regenc);
     }
-    RB_OBJ_WRITE(reg, &RREGEXP(reg)->src, rb_fstring(str));
+    str = rb_fstring(str);
+    RB_OBJ_WRITE(reg, &RREGEXP(reg)->src, str);
 }
 
 static int
@@ -3499,12 +3504,17 @@ static VALUE reg_cache;
 VALUE
 rb_reg_regcomp(VALUE str)
 {
-    if (reg_cache && RREGEXP_SRC_LEN(reg_cache) == RSTRING_LEN(str)
-        && ENCODING_GET(reg_cache) == ENCODING_GET(str)
-        && memcmp(RREGEXP_SRC_PTR(reg_cache), RSTRING_PTR(str), RSTRING_LEN(str)) == 0)
-        return reg_cache;
+    if (rb_ractor_main_p()) {
+        if (reg_cache && RREGEXP_SRC_LEN(reg_cache) == RSTRING_LEN(str)
+            && ENCODING_GET(reg_cache) == ENCODING_GET(str)
+            && memcmp(RREGEXP_SRC_PTR(reg_cache), RSTRING_PTR(str), RSTRING_LEN(str)) == 0)
+            return reg_cache;
 
-    return reg_cache = rb_reg_new_str(str, 0);
+        return reg_cache = rb_reg_new_str(str, 0);
+    }
+    else {
+        return rb_reg_new_str(str, 0);
+    }
 }
 
 static st_index_t reg_hash(VALUE re);
@@ -3539,10 +3549,10 @@ reg_hash(VALUE re)
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *    regexp == object -> true or false
+ *    self == other -> true or false
  *
- *  Returns +true+ if +object+ is another \Regexp whose pattern,
- *  flags, and encoding are the same as +self+, +false+ otherwise:
+ *  Returns whether +other+ is another \Regexp whose pattern,
+ *  flags, and encoding are the same as +self+:
  *
  *    /foo/ == Regexp.new('foo')                          # => true
  *    /foo/ == /foo/i                                     # => false
@@ -3594,11 +3604,11 @@ match_hash(VALUE match)
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *    matchdata == object -> true or false
+ *    self == other -> true or false
  *
- *  Returns +true+ if +object+ is another \MatchData object
+ *  Returns whether +other+ is another \MatchData object
  *  whose target string, regexp, match, and captures
- *  are the same as +self+, +false+ otherwise.
+ *  are the same as +self+.
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -3658,12 +3668,11 @@ reg_match_pos(VALUE re, VALUE *strp, long pos, VALUE* set_match)
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *    regexp =~ string -> integer or nil
+ *    self =~ other -> integer or nil
  *
  *  Returns the integer index (in characters) of the first match
- *  for +self+ and +string+, or +nil+ if none;
- *  also sets the
- *  {rdoc-ref:Regexp global variables}[rdoc-ref:Regexp@Global+Variables]:
+ *  for +self+ and +other+, or +nil+ if none;
+ *  updates {Regexp-related global variables}[rdoc-ref:Regexp@Global+Variables].
  *
  *    /at/ =~ 'input data' # => 7
  *    $~                   # => #<MatchData "at">
@@ -3723,9 +3732,9 @@ rb_reg_match(VALUE re, VALUE str)
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *    regexp === string -> true or false
+ *    self === other -> true or false
  *
- *  Returns +true+ if +self+ finds a match in +string+:
+ *  Returns whether +self+ finds a match in +other+:
  *
  *    /^[a-z]*$/ === 'HELLO' # => false
  *    /^[A-Z]*$/ === 'HELLO' # => true
@@ -3966,7 +3975,6 @@ struct reg_init_args {
 
 static VALUE reg_extract_args(int argc, VALUE *argv, struct reg_init_args *args);
 static VALUE reg_init_args(VALUE self, VALUE str, rb_encoding *enc, int flags);
-void rb_warn_deprecated_to_remove(const char *removal, const char *fmt, const char *suggest, ...);
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
@@ -4849,6 +4857,7 @@ Init_Regexp(void)
     rb_define_method(rb_cRegexp, "named_captures", rb_reg_named_captures, 0);
     rb_define_method(rb_cRegexp, "timeout", rb_reg_timeout_get, 0);
 
+    /* Raised when regexp matching timed out. */
     rb_eRegexpTimeoutError = rb_define_class_under(rb_cRegexp, "TimeoutError", rb_eRegexpError);
     rb_define_singleton_method(rb_cRegexp, "timeout", rb_reg_s_timeout_get, 0);
     rb_define_singleton_method(rb_cRegexp, "timeout=", rb_reg_s_timeout_set, 1);
diff --git a/regcomp.c b/regcomp.c
index 38bfed5631..320cf520e9 100644
--- a/regcomp.c
+++ b/regcomp.c
@@ -2,8 +2,8 @@
   regcomp.c -  Onigmo (Oniguruma-mod) (regular expression library)
 **********************************************************************/
 /*-
- * Copyright (c) 2002-2013  K.Kosako  <sndgk393 AT ybb DOT ne DOT jp>
- * Copyright (c) 2011-2016  K.Takata  <kentkt AT csc DOT jp>
+ * Copyright (c) 2002-2018  K.Kosako  <sndgk393 AT ybb DOT ne DOT jp>
+ * Copyright (c) 2011-2019  K.Takata  <kentkt AT csc DOT jp>
  * All rights reserved.
  *
  * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
@@ -640,17 +640,17 @@ compile_cclass_node(CClassNode* cc, regex_t* reg)
   else {
     if (ONIGENC_MBC_MINLEN(reg->enc) > 1 || bitset_is_empty(cc->bs)) {
       if (IS_NCCLASS_NOT(cc))
-	add_opcode(reg, OP_CCLASS_MB_NOT);
+        add_opcode(reg, OP_CCLASS_MB_NOT);
       else
-	add_opcode(reg, OP_CCLASS_MB);
+        add_opcode(reg, OP_CCLASS_MB);
 
       r = add_multi_byte_cclass(cc->mbuf, reg);
     }
     else {
       if (IS_NCCLASS_NOT(cc))
-	add_opcode(reg, OP_CCLASS_MIX_NOT);
+        add_opcode(reg, OP_CCLASS_MIX_NOT);
       else
-	add_opcode(reg, OP_CCLASS_MIX);
+        add_opcode(reg, OP_CCLASS_MIX);
 
       r = add_bitset(reg, cc->bs);
       if (r) return r;
@@ -762,9 +762,9 @@ compile_length_quantifier_node(QtfrNode* qn, regex_t* reg)
   if (NTYPE(qn->target) == NT_CANY) {
     if (qn->greedy && infinite) {
       if (IS_NOT_NULL(qn->next_head_exact) && !CKN_ON)
-	return SIZE_OP_ANYCHAR_STAR_PEEK_NEXT + tlen * qn->lower + cklen;
+        return SIZE_OP_ANYCHAR_STAR_PEEK_NEXT + tlen * qn->lower + cklen;
       else
-	return SIZE_OP_ANYCHAR_STAR + tlen * qn->lower + cklen;
+        return SIZE_OP_ANYCHAR_STAR + tlen * qn->lower + cklen;
     }
   }
 
@@ -776,17 +776,17 @@ compile_length_quantifier_node(QtfrNode* qn, regex_t* reg)
   if (infinite && qn->lower <= 1) {
     if (qn->greedy) {
       if (qn->lower == 1)
-	len = SIZE_OP_JUMP;
+        len = SIZE_OP_JUMP;
       else
-	len = 0;
+        len = 0;
 
       len += SIZE_OP_PUSH + cklen + mod_tlen + SIZE_OP_JUMP;
     }
     else {
       if (qn->lower == 0)
-	len = SIZE_OP_JUMP;
+        len = SIZE_OP_JUMP;
       else
-	len = 0;
+        len = 0;
 
       len += mod_tlen + SIZE_OP_PUSH + cklen;
     }
@@ -800,10 +800,10 @@ compile_length_quantifier_node(QtfrNode* qn, regex_t* reg)
   else if (qn->upper == 1 && qn->greedy) {
     if (qn->lower == 0) {
       if (CKN_ON) {
-	len = SIZE_OP_STATE_CHECK_PUSH + tlen;
+        len = SIZE_OP_STATE_CHECK_PUSH + tlen;
       }
       else {
-	len = SIZE_OP_PUSH + tlen;
+        len = SIZE_OP_PUSH + tlen;
       }
     }
     else {
@@ -841,31 +841,31 @@ compile_quantifier_node(QtfrNode* qn, regex_t* reg)
     if (r) return r;
     if (IS_NOT_NULL(qn->next_head_exact) && !CKN_ON) {
       if (IS_MULTILINE(reg->options))
-	r = add_opcode(reg, OP_ANYCHAR_ML_STAR_PEEK_NEXT);
+        r = add_opcode(reg, OP_ANYCHAR_ML_STAR_PEEK_NEXT);
       else
-	r = add_opcode(reg, OP_ANYCHAR_STAR_PEEK_NEXT);
+        r = add_opcode(reg, OP_ANYCHAR_STAR_PEEK_NEXT);
       if (r) return r;
       if (CKN_ON) {
-	r = add_state_check_num(reg, ckn);
-	if (r) return r;
+        r = add_state_check_num(reg, ckn);
+        if (r) return r;
       }
 
       return add_bytes(reg, NSTR(qn->next_head_exact)->s, 1);
     }
     else {
       if (IS_MULTILINE(reg->options)) {
-	r = add_opcode(reg, (CKN_ON ?
-			       OP_STATE_CHECK_ANYCHAR_ML_STAR
-			     : OP_ANYCHAR_ML_STAR));
+        r = add_opcode(reg, (CKN_ON ?
+                               OP_STATE_CHECK_ANYCHAR_ML_STAR
+                             : OP_ANYCHAR_ML_STAR));
       }
       else {
-	r = add_opcode(reg, (CKN_ON ?
-			       OP_STATE_CHECK_ANYCHAR_STAR
-			     : OP_ANYCHAR_STAR));
+        r = add_opcode(reg, (CKN_ON ?
+                               OP_STATE_CHECK_ANYCHAR_STAR
+                             : OP_ANYCHAR_STAR));
       }
       if (r) return r;
       if (CKN_ON)
-	r = add_state_check_num(reg, ckn);
+        r = add_state_check_num(reg, ckn);
 
       return r;
     }
@@ -879,45 +879,45 @@ compile_quantifier_node(QtfrNode* qn, regex_t* reg)
   if (infinite && qn->lower <= 1) {
     if (qn->greedy) {
       if (qn->lower == 1) {
-	r = add_opcode_rel_addr(reg, OP_JUMP,
-			(CKN_ON ? SIZE_OP_STATE_CHECK_PUSH : SIZE_OP_PUSH));
-	if (r) return r;
+        r = add_opcode_rel_addr(reg, OP_JUMP,
+                        (CKN_ON ? SIZE_OP_STATE_CHECK_PUSH : SIZE_OP_PUSH));
+        if (r) return r;
       }
 
       if (CKN_ON) {
-	r = add_opcode(reg, OP_STATE_CHECK_PUSH);
-	if (r) return r;
-	r = add_state_check_num(reg, ckn);
-	if (r) return r;
-	r = add_rel_addr(reg, mod_tlen + SIZE_OP_JUMP);
+        r = add_opcode(reg, OP_STATE_CHECK_PUSH);
+        if (r) return r;
+        r = add_state_check_num(reg, ckn);
+        if (r) return r;
+        r = add_rel_addr(reg, mod_tlen + SIZE_OP_JUMP);
       }
       else {
-	r = add_opcode_rel_addr(reg, OP_PUSH, mod_tlen + SIZE_OP_JUMP);
+        r = add_opcode_rel_addr(reg, OP_PUSH, mod_tlen + SIZE_OP_JUMP);
       }
       if (r) return r;
       r = compile_tree_empty_check(qn->target, reg, empty_info);
       if (r) return r;
       r = add_opcode_rel_addr(reg, OP_JUMP,
-	      -(mod_tlen + (int )SIZE_OP_JUMP
-		+ (int )(CKN_ON ? SIZE_OP_STATE_CHECK_PUSH : SIZE_OP_PUSH)));
+              -(mod_tlen + (int )SIZE_OP_JUMP
+                + (int )(CKN_ON ? SIZE_OP_STATE_CHECK_PUSH : SIZE_OP_PUSH)));
     }
     else {
       if (qn->lower == 0) {
-	r = add_opcode_rel_addr(reg, OP_JUMP, mod_tlen);
-	if (r) return r;
+        r = add_opcode_rel_addr(reg, OP_JUMP, mod_tlen);
+        if (r) return r;
       }
       r = compile_tree_empty_check(qn->target, reg, empty_info);
       if (r) return r;
       if (CKN_ON) {
-	r = add_opcode(reg, OP_STATE_CHECK_PUSH_OR_JUMP);
-	if (r) return r;
-	r = add_state_check_num(reg, ckn);
-	if (r) return r;
-	r = add_rel_addr(reg,
-		 -(mod_tlen + (int )SIZE_OP_STATE_CHECK_PUSH_OR_JUMP));
+        r = add_opcode(reg, OP_STATE_CHECK_PUSH_OR_JUMP);
+        if (r) return r;
+        r = add_state_check_num(reg, ckn);
+        if (r) return r;
+        r = add_rel_addr(reg,
+                 -(mod_tlen + (int )SIZE_OP_STATE_CHECK_PUSH_OR_JUMP));
       }
       else
-	r = add_opcode_rel_addr(reg, OP_PUSH, -(mod_tlen + (int )SIZE_OP_PUSH));
+        r = add_opcode_rel_addr(reg, OP_PUSH, -(mod_tlen + (int )SIZE_OP_PUSH));
     }
   }
   else if (qn->upper == 0) {
@@ -932,14 +932,14 @@ compile_quantifier_node(QtfrNode* qn, regex_t* reg)
   else if (qn->upper == 1 && qn->greedy) {
     if (qn->lower == 0) {
       if (CKN_ON) {
-	r = add_opcode(reg, OP_STATE_CHECK_PUSH);
-	if (r) return r;
-	r = add_state_check_num(reg, ckn);
-	if (r) return r;
-	r = add_rel_addr(reg, tlen);
+        r = add_opcode(reg, OP_STATE_CHECK_PUSH);
+        if (r) return r;
+        r = add_state_check_num(reg, ckn);
+        if (r) return r;
+        r = add_rel_addr(reg, tlen);
       }
       else {
-	r = add_opcode_rel_addr(reg, OP_PUSH, tlen);
+        r = add_opcode_rel_addr(reg, OP_PUSH, tlen);
       }
       if (r) return r;
     }
@@ -991,9 +991,9 @@ compile_length_quantifier_node(QtfrNode* qn, regex_t* reg)
   if (NTYPE(qn->target) == NT_CANY) {
     if (qn->greedy && infinite) {
       if (IS_NOT_NULL(qn->next_head_exact))
-	return SIZE_OP_ANYCHAR_STAR_PEEK_NEXT + tlen * qn->lower;
+        return SIZE_OP_ANYCHAR_STAR_PEEK_NEXT + tlen * qn->lower;
       else
-	return SIZE_OP_ANYCHAR_STAR + tlen * qn->lower;
+        return SIZE_OP_ANYCHAR_STAR + tlen * qn->lower;
     }
   }
 
@@ -1014,13 +1014,13 @@ compile_length_quantifier_node(QtfrNode* qn, regex_t* reg)
     if (qn->greedy) {
 #ifdef USE_OP_PUSH_OR_JUMP_EXACT
       if (IS_NOT_NULL(qn->head_exact))
-	len += SIZE_OP_PUSH_OR_JUMP_EXACT1 + mod_tlen + SIZE_OP_JUMP;
+        len += SIZE_OP_PUSH_OR_JUMP_EXACT1 + mod_tlen + SIZE_OP_JUMP;
       else
 #endif
       if (IS_NOT_NULL(qn->next_head_exact))
-	len += SIZE_OP_PUSH_IF_PEEK_NEXT + mod_tlen + SIZE_OP_JUMP;
+        len += SIZE_OP_PUSH_IF_PEEK_NEXT + mod_tlen + SIZE_OP_JUMP;
       else
-	len += SIZE_OP_PUSH + mod_tlen + SIZE_OP_JUMP;
+        len += SIZE_OP_PUSH + mod_tlen + SIZE_OP_JUMP;
     }
     else
       len += SIZE_OP_JUMP + mod_tlen + SIZE_OP_PUSH;
@@ -1060,17 +1060,17 @@ compile_quantifier_node(QtfrNode* qn, regex_t* reg)
     if (r) return r;
     if (IS_NOT_NULL(qn->next_head_exact)) {
       if (IS_MULTILINE(reg->options))
-	r = add_opcode(reg, OP_ANYCHAR_ML_STAR_PEEK_NEXT);
+        r = add_opcode(reg, OP_ANYCHAR_ML_STAR_PEEK_NEXT);
       else
-	r = add_opcode(reg, OP_ANYCHAR_STAR_PEEK_NEXT);
+        r = add_opcode(reg, OP_ANYCHAR_STAR_PEEK_NEXT);
       if (r) return r;
       return add_bytes(reg, NSTR(qn->next_head_exact)->s, 1);
     }
     else {
       if (IS_MULTILINE(reg->options))
-	return add_opcode(reg, OP_ANYCHAR_ML_STAR);
+        return add_opcode(reg, OP_ANYCHAR_ML_STAR);
       else
-	return add_opcode(reg, OP_ANYCHAR_STAR);
+        return add_opcode(reg, OP_ANYCHAR_STAR);
     }
   }
 
@@ -1084,17 +1084,17 @@ compile_quantifier_node(QtfrNode* qn, regex_t* reg)
     if (qn->lower == 1 && tlen > QUANTIFIER_EXPAND_LIMIT_SIZE) {
       if (qn->greedy) {
 #ifdef USE_OP_PUSH_OR_JUMP_EXACT
-	if (IS_NOT_NULL(qn->head_exact))
-	  r = add_opcode_rel_addr(reg, OP_JUMP, SIZE_OP_PUSH_OR_JUMP_EXACT1);
-	else
+        if (IS_NOT_NULL(qn->head_exact))
+          r = add_opcode_rel_addr(reg, OP_JUMP, SIZE_OP_PUSH_OR_JUMP_EXACT1);
+        else
 #endif
-	if (IS_NOT_NULL(qn->next_head_exact))
-	  r = add_opcode_rel_addr(reg, OP_JUMP, SIZE_OP_PUSH_IF_PEEK_NEXT);
-	else
-	  r = add_opcode_rel_addr(reg, OP_JUMP, SIZE_OP_PUSH);
+        if (IS_NOT_NULL(qn->next_head_exact))
+          r = add_opcode_rel_addr(reg, OP_JUMP, SIZE_OP_PUSH_IF_PEEK_NEXT);
+        else
+          r = add_opcode_rel_addr(reg, OP_JUMP, SIZE_OP_PUSH);
       }
       else {
-	r = add_opcode_rel_addr(reg, OP_JUMP, SIZE_OP_JUMP);
+        r = add_opcode_rel_addr(reg, OP_JUMP, SIZE_OP_JUMP);
       }
       if (r) return r;
     }
@@ -1106,34 +1106,34 @@ compile_quantifier_node(QtfrNode* qn, regex_t* reg)
     if (qn->greedy) {
 #ifdef USE_OP_PUSH_OR_JUMP_EXACT
       if (IS_NOT_NULL(qn->head_exact)) {
-	r = add_opcode_rel_addr(reg, OP_PUSH_OR_JUMP_EXACT1,
-			     mod_tlen + SIZE_OP_JUMP);
-	if (r) return r;
-	add_bytes(reg, NSTR(qn->head_exact)->s, 1);
-	r = compile_tree_empty_check(qn->target, reg, empty_info);
-	if (r) return r;
-	r = add_opcode_rel_addr(reg, OP_JUMP,
-	-(mod_tlen + (int )SIZE_OP_JUMP + (int )SIZE_OP_PUSH_OR_JUMP_EXACT1));
+        r = add_opcode_rel_addr(reg, OP_PUSH_OR_JUMP_EXACT1,
+                             mod_tlen + SIZE_OP_JUMP);
+        if (r) return r;
+        add_bytes(reg, NSTR(qn->head_exact)->s, 1);
+        r = compile_tree_empty_check(qn->target, reg, empty_info);
+        if (r) return r;
+        r = add_opcode_rel_addr(reg, OP_JUMP,
+        -(mod_tlen + (int )SIZE_OP_JUMP + (int )SIZE_OP_PUSH_OR_JUMP_EXACT1));
       }
       else
 #endif
       if (IS_NOT_NULL(qn->next_head_exact)) {
-	r = add_opcode_rel_addr(reg, OP_PUSH_IF_PEEK_NEXT,
-				mod_tlen + SIZE_OP_JUMP);
-	if (r) return r;
-	add_bytes(reg, NSTR(qn->next_head_exact)->s, 1);
-	r = compile_tree_empty_check(qn->target, reg, empty_info);
-	if (r) return r;
-	r = add_opcode_rel_addr(reg, OP_JUMP,
+        r = add_opcode_rel_addr(reg, OP_PUSH_IF_PEEK_NEXT,
+                                mod_tlen + SIZE_OP_JUMP);
+        if (r) return r;
+        add_bytes(reg, NSTR(qn->next_head_exact)->s, 1);
+        r = compile_tree_empty_check(qn->target, reg, empty_info);
+        if (r) return r;
+        r = add_opcode_rel_addr(reg, OP_JUMP,
           -(mod_tlen + (int )SIZE_OP_JUMP + (int )SIZE_OP_PUSH_IF_PEEK_NEXT));
       }
       else {
-	r = add_opcode_rel_addr(reg, OP_PUSH, mod_tlen + SIZE_OP_JUMP);
-	if (r) return r;
-	r = compile_tree_empty_check(qn->target, reg, empty_info);
-	if (r) return r;
-	r = add_opcode_rel_addr(reg, OP_JUMP,
-		     -(mod_tlen + (int )SIZE_OP_JUMP + (int )SIZE_OP_PUSH));
+        r = add_opcode_rel_addr(reg, OP_PUSH, mod_tlen + SIZE_OP_JUMP);
+        if (r) return r;
+        r = compile_tree_empty_check(qn->target, reg, empty_info);
+        if (r) return r;
+        r = add_opcode_rel_addr(reg, OP_JUMP,
+                     -(mod_tlen + (int )SIZE_OP_JUMP + (int )SIZE_OP_PUSH));
       }
     }
     else {
@@ -1159,7 +1159,7 @@ compile_quantifier_node(QtfrNode* qn, regex_t* reg)
 
     for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
       r = add_opcode_rel_addr(reg, OP_PUSH,
-			   (n - i) * tlen + (n - i - 1) * SIZE_OP_PUSH);
+                           (n - i) * tlen + (n - i - 1) * SIZE_OP_PUSH);
       if (r) return r;
       r = compile_tree(qn->target, reg);
       if (r) return r;
@@ -1246,29 +1246,29 @@ compile_length_enclose_node(EncloseNode* node, regex_t* reg)
 #ifdef USE_SUBEXP_CALL
     if (IS_ENCLOSE_CALLED(node)) {
       len = SIZE_OP_MEMORY_START_PUSH + tlen
-	  + SIZE_OP_CALL + SIZE_OP_JUMP + SIZE_OP_RETURN;
+          + SIZE_OP_CALL + SIZE_OP_JUMP + SIZE_OP_RETURN;
       if (BIT_STATUS_AT(reg->bt_mem_end, node->regnum))
-	len += (IS_ENCLOSE_RECURSION(node)
-		? SIZE_OP_MEMORY_END_PUSH_REC : SIZE_OP_MEMORY_END_PUSH);
+        len += (IS_ENCLOSE_RECURSION(node)
+                ? SIZE_OP_MEMORY_END_PUSH_REC : SIZE_OP_MEMORY_END_PUSH);
       else
-	len += (IS_ENCLOSE_RECURSION(node)
-		? SIZE_OP_MEMORY_END_REC : SIZE_OP_MEMORY_END);
+        len += (IS_ENCLOSE_RECURSION(node)
+                ? SIZE_OP_MEMORY_END_REC : SIZE_OP_MEMORY_END);
     }
     else if (IS_ENCLOSE_RECURSION(node)) {
       len = SIZE_OP_MEMORY_START_PUSH;
       len += tlen + (BIT_STATUS_AT(reg->bt_mem_end, node->regnum)
-		     ? SIZE_OP_MEMORY_END_PUSH_REC : SIZE_OP_MEMORY_END_REC);
+                     ? SIZE_OP_MEMORY_END_PUSH_REC : SIZE_OP_MEMORY_END_REC);
     }
     else
 #endif
     {
       if (BIT_STATUS_AT(reg->bt_mem_start, node->regnum))
-	len = SIZE_OP_MEMORY_START_PUSH;
+        len = SIZE_OP_MEMORY_START_PUSH;
       else
-	len = SIZE_OP_MEMORY_START;
+        len = SIZE_OP_MEMORY_START;
 
       len += tlen + (BIT_STATUS_AT(reg->bt_mem_end, node->regnum)
-		     ? SIZE_OP_MEMORY_END_PUSH : SIZE_OP_MEMORY_END);
+                     ? SIZE_OP_MEMORY_END_PUSH : SIZE_OP_MEMORY_END);
     }
     break;
 
@@ -1283,7 +1283,7 @@ compile_length_enclose_node(EncloseNode* node, regex_t* reg)
       if (tlen < 0) return tlen;
 
       len = tlen * qn->lower
-	  + SIZE_OP_PUSH + tlen + SIZE_OP_POP + SIZE_OP_JUMP;
+          + SIZE_OP_PUSH + tlen + SIZE_OP_POP + SIZE_OP_JUMP;
     }
     else {
 #endif
@@ -1348,11 +1348,11 @@ compile_enclose_node(EncloseNode* node, regex_t* reg)
       len = compile_length_tree(node->target, reg);
       len += (SIZE_OP_MEMORY_START_PUSH + SIZE_OP_RETURN);
       if (BIT_STATUS_AT(reg->bt_mem_end, node->regnum))
-	len += (IS_ENCLOSE_RECURSION(node)
-		? SIZE_OP_MEMORY_END_PUSH_REC : SIZE_OP_MEMORY_END_PUSH);
+        len += (IS_ENCLOSE_RECURSION(node)
+                ? SIZE_OP_MEMORY_END_PUSH_REC : SIZE_OP_MEMORY_END_PUSH);
       else
-	len += (IS_ENCLOSE_RECURSION(node)
-		? SIZE_OP_MEMORY_END_REC : SIZE_OP_MEMORY_END);
+        len += (IS_ENCLOSE_RECURSION(node)
+                ? SIZE_OP_MEMORY_END_REC : SIZE_OP_MEMORY_END);
 
       r = add_opcode_rel_addr(reg, OP_JUMP, len);
       if (r) return r;
@@ -1370,11 +1370,11 @@ compile_enclose_node(EncloseNode* node, regex_t* reg)
 #ifdef USE_SUBEXP_CALL
     if (IS_ENCLOSE_CALLED(node)) {
       if (BIT_STATUS_AT(reg->bt_mem_end, node->regnum))
-	r = add_opcode(reg, (IS_ENCLOSE_RECURSION(node)
-			     ? OP_MEMORY_END_PUSH_REC : OP_MEMORY_END_PUSH));
+        r = add_opcode(reg, (IS_ENCLOSE_RECURSION(node)
+                             ? OP_MEMORY_END_PUSH_REC : OP_MEMORY_END_PUSH));
       else
-	r = add_opcode(reg, (IS_ENCLOSE_RECURSION(node)
-			     ? OP_MEMORY_END_REC : OP_MEMORY_END));
+        r = add_opcode(reg, (IS_ENCLOSE_RECURSION(node)
+                             ? OP_MEMORY_END_REC : OP_MEMORY_END));
 
       if (r) return r;
       r = add_mem_num(reg, node->regnum);
@@ -1383,9 +1383,9 @@ compile_enclose_node(EncloseNode* node, regex_t* reg)
     }
     else if (IS_ENCLOSE_RECURSION(node)) {
       if (BIT_STATUS_AT(reg->bt_mem_end, node->regnum))
-	r = add_opcode(reg, OP_MEMORY_END_PUSH_REC);
+        r = add_opcode(reg, OP_MEMORY_END_PUSH_REC);
       else
-	r = add_opcode(reg, OP_MEMORY_END_REC);
+        r = add_opcode(reg, OP_MEMORY_END_REC);
       if (r) return r;
       r = add_mem_num(reg, node->regnum);
     }
@@ -1393,9 +1393,9 @@ compile_enclose_node(EncloseNode* node, regex_t* reg)
 #endif
     {
       if (BIT_STATUS_AT(reg->bt_mem_end, node->regnum))
-	r = add_opcode(reg, OP_MEMORY_END_PUSH);
+        r = add_opcode(reg, OP_MEMORY_END_PUSH);
       else
-	r = add_opcode(reg, OP_MEMORY_END);
+        r = add_opcode(reg, OP_MEMORY_END);
       if (r) return r;
       r = add_mem_num(reg, node->regnum);
     }
@@ -1421,7 +1421,7 @@ compile_enclose_node(EncloseNode* node, regex_t* reg)
       r = add_opcode(reg, OP_POP);
       if (r) return r;
       r = add_opcode_rel_addr(reg, OP_JUMP,
-	 -((int )SIZE_OP_PUSH + len + (int )SIZE_OP_POP + (int )SIZE_OP_JUMP));
+         -((int )SIZE_OP_PUSH + len + (int )SIZE_OP_POP + (int )SIZE_OP_JUMP));
     }
     else {
 #endif
@@ -1579,11 +1579,11 @@ compile_anchor_node(AnchorNode* node, regex_t* reg)
       r = add_opcode(reg, OP_LOOK_BEHIND);
       if (r) return r;
       if (node->char_len < 0) {
-	r = get_char_length_tree(node->target, reg, &n);
-	if (r) return ONIGERR_INVALID_LOOK_BEHIND_PATTERN;
+        r = get_char_length_tree(node->target, reg, &n);
+        if (r) return ONIGERR_INVALID_LOOK_BEHIND_PATTERN;
       }
       else
-	n = node->char_len;
+        n = node->char_len;
       r = add_length(reg, n);
       if (r) return r;
       r = compile_tree(node->target, reg);
@@ -1595,14 +1595,14 @@ compile_anchor_node(AnchorNode* node, regex_t* reg)
       int n;
       len = compile_length_tree(node->target, reg);
       r = add_opcode_rel_addr(reg, OP_PUSH_LOOK_BEHIND_NOT,
-			   len + SIZE_OP_FAIL_LOOK_BEHIND_NOT);
+                           len + SIZE_OP_FAIL_LOOK_BEHIND_NOT);
       if (r) return r;
       if (node->char_len < 0) {
-	r = get_char_length_tree(node->target, reg, &n);
-	if (r) return ONIGERR_INVALID_LOOK_BEHIND_PATTERN;
+        r = get_char_length_tree(node->target, reg, &n);
+        if (r) return ONIGERR_INVALID_LOOK_BEHIND_PATTERN;
       }
       else
-	n = node->char_len;
+        n = node->char_len;
       r = add_length(reg, n);
       if (r) return r;
       r = compile_tree(node->target, reg);
@@ -1641,10 +1641,10 @@ compile_length_tree(Node* node, regex_t* reg)
       int n = 0;
       len = 0;
       do {
-	r = compile_length_tree(NCAR(node), reg);
-	if (r < 0) return r;
-	len += r;
-	n++;
+        r = compile_length_tree(NCAR(node), reg);
+        if (r < 0) return r;
+        len += r;
+        n++;
       } while (IS_NOT_NULL(node = NCDR(node)));
       r = len;
       r += (SIZE_OP_PUSH + SIZE_OP_JUMP) * (n - 1);
@@ -1673,17 +1673,17 @@ compile_length_tree(Node* node, regex_t* reg)
 
 #ifdef USE_BACKREF_WITH_LEVEL
       if (IS_BACKREF_NEST_LEVEL(br)) {
-	r = SIZE_OPCODE + SIZE_OPTION + SIZE_LENGTH +
+        r = SIZE_OPCODE + SIZE_OPTION + SIZE_LENGTH +
             SIZE_LENGTH + (SIZE_MEMNUM * br->back_num);
       }
       else
 #endif
       if (br->back_num == 1) {
-	r = ((!IS_IGNORECASE(reg->options) && br->back_static[0] <= 2)
-	     ? SIZE_OPCODE : (SIZE_OPCODE + SIZE_MEMNUM));
+        r = ((!IS_IGNORECASE(reg->options) && br->back_static[0] <= 2)
+             ? SIZE_OPCODE : (SIZE_OPCODE + SIZE_MEMNUM));
       }
       else {
-	r = SIZE_OPCODE + SIZE_LENGTH + (SIZE_MEMNUM * br->back_num);
+        r = SIZE_OPCODE + SIZE_LENGTH + (SIZE_MEMNUM * br->back_num);
       }
     }
     break;
@@ -1732,26 +1732,26 @@ compile_tree(Node* node, regex_t* reg)
       Node* x = node;
       len = 0;
       do {
-	len += compile_length_tree(NCAR(x), reg);
-	if (NCDR(x) != NULL) {
-	  len += SIZE_OP_PUSH + SIZE_OP_JUMP;
-	}
+        len += compile_length_tree(NCAR(x), reg);
+        if (NCDR(x) != NULL) {
+          len += SIZE_OP_PUSH + SIZE_OP_JUMP;
+        }
       } while (IS_NOT_NULL(x = NCDR(x)));
       pos = reg->used + len;  /* goal position */
 
       do {
-	len = compile_length_tree(NCAR(node), reg);
-	if (IS_NOT_NULL(NCDR(node))) {
-	  r = add_opcode_rel_addr(reg, OP_PUSH, len + SIZE_OP_JUMP);
-	  if (r) break;
-	}
-	r = compile_tree(NCAR(node), reg);
-	if (r) break;
-	if (IS_NOT_NULL(NCDR(node))) {
-	  len = pos - (reg->used + SIZE_OP_JUMP);
-	  r = add_opcode_rel_addr(reg, OP_JUMP, len);
-	  if (r) break;
-	}
+        len = compile_length_tree(NCAR(node), reg);
+        if (IS_NOT_NULL(NCDR(node))) {
+          r = add_opcode_rel_addr(reg, OP_PUSH, len + SIZE_OP_JUMP);
+          if (r) break;
+        }
+        r = compile_tree(NCAR(node), reg);
+        if (r) break;
+        if (IS_NOT_NULL(NCDR(node))) {
+          len = pos - (reg->used + SIZE_OP_JUMP);
+          r = add_opcode_rel_addr(reg, OP_JUMP, len);
+          if (r) break;
+        }
       } while (IS_NOT_NULL(node = NCDR(node)));
     }
     break;
@@ -1773,18 +1773,18 @@ compile_tree(Node* node, regex_t* reg)
 
       switch (NCTYPE(node)->ctype) {
       case ONIGENC_CTYPE_WORD:
-	if (NCTYPE(node)->ascii_range != 0) {
-	  if (NCTYPE(node)->not != 0)  op = OP_NOT_ASCII_WORD;
-	  else                         op = OP_ASCII_WORD;
-	}
-	else {
-	  if (NCTYPE(node)->not != 0)  op = OP_NOT_WORD;
-	  else                         op = OP_WORD;
-	}
-	break;
+        if (NCTYPE(node)->ascii_range != 0) {
+          if (NCTYPE(node)->not != 0)  op = OP_NOT_ASCII_WORD;
+          else                         op = OP_ASCII_WORD;
+        }
+        else {
+          if (NCTYPE(node)->not != 0)  op = OP_NOT_WORD;
+          else                         op = OP_WORD;
+        }
+        break;
       default:
-	return ONIGERR_TYPE_BUG;
-	break;
+        return ONIGERR_TYPE_BUG;
+        break;
       }
       r = add_opcode(reg, op);
     }
@@ -1803,58 +1803,58 @@ compile_tree(Node* node, regex_t* reg)
 
 #ifdef USE_BACKREF_WITH_LEVEL
       if (IS_BACKREF_NEST_LEVEL(br)) {
-	r = add_opcode(reg, OP_BACKREF_WITH_LEVEL);
-	if (r) return r;
-	r = add_option(reg, (reg->options & ONIG_OPTION_IGNORECASE));
-	if (r) return r;
-	r = add_length(reg, br->nest_level);
-	if (r) return r;
-
-	goto add_bacref_mems;
+        r = add_opcode(reg, OP_BACKREF_WITH_LEVEL);
+        if (r) return r;
+        r = add_option(reg, (reg->options & ONIG_OPTION_IGNORECASE));
+        if (r) return r;
+        r = add_length(reg, br->nest_level);
+        if (r) return r;
+
+        goto add_bacref_mems;
       }
       else
 #endif
       if (br->back_num == 1) {
-	n = br->back_static[0];
-	if (IS_IGNORECASE(reg->options)) {
-	  r = add_opcode(reg, OP_BACKREFN_IC);
-	  if (r) return r;
-	  r = add_mem_num(reg, n);
-	}
-	else {
-	  switch (n) {
-	  case 1:  r = add_opcode(reg, OP_BACKREF1); break;
-	  case 2:  r = add_opcode(reg, OP_BACKREF2); break;
-	  default:
-	    r = add_opcode(reg, OP_BACKREFN);
-	    if (r) return r;
-	    r = add_mem_num(reg, n);
-	    break;
-	  }
-	}
+        n = br->back_static[0];
+        if (IS_IGNORECASE(reg->options)) {
+          r = add_opcode(reg, OP_BACKREFN_IC);
+          if (r) return r;
+          r = add_mem_num(reg, n);
+        }
+        else {
+          switch (n) {
+          case 1:  r = add_opcode(reg, OP_BACKREF1); break;
+          case 2:  r = add_opcode(reg, OP_BACKREF2); break;
+          default:
+            r = add_opcode(reg, OP_BACKREFN);
+            if (r) return r;
+            r = add_mem_num(reg, n);
+            break;
+          }
+        }
       }
       else {
-	int i;
-	int* p;
+        int i;
+        int* p;
 
-	if (IS_IGNORECASE(reg->options)) {
-	  r = add_opcode(reg, OP_BACKREF_MULTI_IC);
-	}
-	else {
-	  r = add_opcode(reg, OP_BACKREF_MULTI);
-	}
-	if (r) return r;
+        if (IS_IGNORECASE(reg->options)) {
+          r = add_opcode(reg, OP_BACKREF_MULTI_IC);
+        }
+        else {
+          r = add_opcode(reg, OP_BACKREF_MULTI);
+        }
+        if (r) return r;
 
 #ifdef USE_BACKREF_WITH_LEVEL
       add_bacref_mems:
 #endif
-	r = add_length(reg, br->back_num);
-	if (r) return r;
-	p = BACKREFS_P(br);
-	for (i = br->back_num - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
-	  r = add_mem_num(reg, p[i]);
-	  if (r) return r;
-	}
+        r = add_length(reg, br->back_num);
+        if (r) return r;
+        p = BACKREFS_P(br);
+        for (i = br->back_num - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
+          r = add_mem_num(reg, p[i]);
+          if (r) return r;
+        }
       }
     }
     break;
@@ -1909,7 +1909,7 @@ noname_disable_map(Node** plink, GroupNumRemap* map, int* counter)
       Node*  old = *ptarget;
       r = noname_disable_map(ptarget, map, counter);
       if (*ptarget != old && NTYPE(*ptarget) == NT_QTFR) {
-	onig_reduce_nested_quantifier(node, *ptarget);
+        onig_reduce_nested_quantifier(node, *ptarget);
       }
     }
     break;
@@ -1918,18 +1918,18 @@ noname_disable_map(Node** plink, GroupNumRemap* map, int* counter)
     {
       EncloseNode* en = NENCLOSE(node);
       if (en->type == ENCLOSE_MEMORY) {
-	if (IS_ENCLOSE_NAMED_GROUP(en)) {
-	  (*counter)++;
-	  map[en->regnum].new_val = *counter;
-	  en->regnum = *counter;
-	}
-	else if (en->regnum != 0) {
-	  *plink = en->target;
-	  en->target = NULL_NODE;
-	  onig_node_free(node);
-	  r = noname_disable_map(plink, map, counter);
-	  break;
-	}
+        if (IS_ENCLOSE_NAMED_GROUP(en)) {
+          (*counter)++;
+          map[en->regnum].new_val = *counter;
+          en->regnum = *counter;
+        }
+        else if (en->regnum != 0) {
+          *plink = en->target;
+          en->target = NULL_NODE;
+          onig_node_free(node);
+          r = noname_disable_map(plink, map, counter);
+          break;
+        }
       }
       r = noname_disable_map(&(en->target), map, counter);
     }
@@ -1995,8 +1995,8 @@ renumber_by_map(Node* node, GroupNumRemap* map, const int num_mem)
     {
       EncloseNode* en = NENCLOSE(node);
       if (en->type == ENCLOSE_CONDITION) {
-	if (en->regnum > num_mem)  return ONIGERR_INVALID_BACKREF;
-	en->regnum = map[en->regnum].new_val;
+        if (en->regnum > num_mem)  return ONIGERR_INVALID_BACKREF;
+        en->regnum = map[en->regnum].new_val;
       }
       r = renumber_by_map(en->target, map, num_mem);
     }
@@ -2127,8 +2127,8 @@ quantifiers_memory_node_info(Node* node)
     {
       int v;
       do {
-	v = quantifiers_memory_node_info(NCAR(node));
-	if (v > r) r = v;
+        v = quantifiers_memory_node_info(NCAR(node));
+        if (v > r) r = v;
       } while (v >= 0 && IS_NOT_NULL(node = NCDR(node)));
     }
     break;
@@ -2147,7 +2147,7 @@ quantifiers_memory_node_info(Node* node)
     {
       QtfrNode* qn = NQTFR(node);
       if (qn->upper != 0) {
-	r = quantifiers_memory_node_info(qn->target);
+        r = quantifiers_memory_node_info(qn->target);
       }
     }
     break;
@@ -2157,17 +2157,17 @@ quantifiers_memory_node_info(Node* node)
       EncloseNode* en = NENCLOSE(node);
       switch (en->type) {
       case ENCLOSE_MEMORY:
-	return NQ_TARGET_IS_EMPTY_MEM;
-	break;
+        return NQ_TARGET_IS_EMPTY_MEM;
+        break;
 
       case ENCLOSE_OPTION:
       case ENCLOSE_STOP_BACKTRACK:
       case ENCLOSE_CONDITION:
       case ENCLOSE_ABSENT:
-	r = quantifiers_memory_node_info(en->target);
-	break;
+        r = quantifiers_memory_node_info(en->target);
+        break;
       default:
-	break;
+        break;
       }
     }
     break;
@@ -2207,10 +2207,10 @@ get_min_match_length(Node* node, OnigDistance *min, ScanEnv* env)
       r = get_min_match_length(nodes[backs[0]], min, env);
       if (r != 0) break;
       for (i = 1; i < br->back_num; i++) {
-	if (backs[i] > env->num_mem)  return ONIGERR_INVALID_BACKREF;
-	r = get_min_match_length(nodes[backs[i]], &tmin, env);
-	if (r != 0) break;
-	if (*min > tmin) *min = tmin;
+        if (backs[i] > env->num_mem)  return ONIGERR_INVALID_BACKREF;
+        r = get_min_match_length(nodes[backs[i]], &tmin, env);
+        if (r != 0) break;
+        if (*min > tmin) *min = tmin;
       }
     }
     break;
@@ -2220,7 +2220,7 @@ get_min_match_length(Node* node, OnigDistance *min, ScanEnv* env)
     if (IS_CALL_RECURSION(NCALL(node))) {
       EncloseNode* en = NENCLOSE(NCALL(node)->target);
       if (IS_ENCLOSE_MIN_FIXED(en))
-	*min = en->min_len;
+        *min = en->min_len;
     }
     else
       r = get_min_match_length(NCALL(node)->target, min, env);
@@ -2239,11 +2239,11 @@ get_min_match_length(Node* node, OnigDistance *min, ScanEnv* env)
       Node *x, *y;
       y = node;
       do {
-	x = NCAR(y);
-	r = get_min_match_length(x, &tmin, env);
-	if (r != 0) break;
-	if (y == node) *min = tmin;
-	else if (*min > tmin) *min = tmin;
+        x = NCAR(y);
+        r = get_min_match_length(x, &tmin, env);
+        if (r != 0) break;
+        if (y == node) *min = tmin;
+        else if (*min > tmin) *min = tmin;
       } while (r == 0 && IS_NOT_NULL(y = NCDR(y)));
     }
     break;
@@ -2269,9 +2269,9 @@ get_min_match_length(Node* node, OnigDistance *min, ScanEnv* env)
       QtfrNode* qn = NQTFR(node);
 
       if (qn->lower > 0) {
-	r = get_min_match_length(qn->target, min, env);
-	if (r == 0)
-	  *min = distance_multiply(*min, qn->lower);
+        r = get_min_match_length(qn->target, min, env);
+        if (r == 0)
+          *min = distance_multiply(*min, qn->lower);
       }
     }
     break;
@@ -2284,28 +2284,28 @@ get_min_match_length(Node* node, OnigDistance *min, ScanEnv* env)
         if (IS_ENCLOSE_MIN_FIXED(en))
           *min = en->min_len;
         else {
-	  if (IS_ENCLOSE_MARK1(NENCLOSE(node)))
-	    *min = 0;  /* recursive */
-	  else {
-	    SET_ENCLOSE_STATUS(node, NST_MARK1);
-	    r = get_min_match_length(en->target, min, env);
-	    CLEAR_ENCLOSE_STATUS(node, NST_MARK1);
-	    if (r == 0) {
-	      en->min_len = *min;
-	      SET_ENCLOSE_STATUS(node, NST_MIN_FIXED);
-	    }
-	  }
+          if (IS_ENCLOSE_MARK1(NENCLOSE(node)))
+            *min = 0;  /* recursive */
+          else {
+            SET_ENCLOSE_STATUS(node, NST_MARK1);
+            r = get_min_match_length(en->target, min, env);
+            CLEAR_ENCLOSE_STATUS(node, NST_MARK1);
+            if (r == 0) {
+              en->min_len = *min;
+              SET_ENCLOSE_STATUS(node, NST_MIN_FIXED);
+            }
+          }
         }
         break;
 
       case ENCLOSE_OPTION:
       case ENCLOSE_STOP_BACKTRACK:
       case ENCLOSE_CONDITION:
-	r = get_min_match_length(en->target, min, env);
-	break;
+        r = get_min_match_length(en->target, min, env);
+        break;
 
       case ENCLOSE_ABSENT:
-	break;
+        break;
       }
     }
     break;
@@ -2330,7 +2330,7 @@ get_max_match_length(Node* node, OnigDistance *max, ScanEnv* env)
     do {
       r = get_max_match_length(NCAR(node), &tmax, env);
       if (r == 0)
-	*max = distance_add(*max, tmax);
+        *max = distance_add(*max, tmax);
     } while (r == 0 && IS_NOT_NULL(node = NCDR(node)));
     break;
 
@@ -2364,15 +2364,15 @@ get_max_match_length(Node* node, OnigDistance *max, ScanEnv* env)
       Node** nodes = SCANENV_MEM_NODES(env);
       BRefNode* br = NBREF(node);
       if (br->state & NST_RECURSION) {
-	*max = ONIG_INFINITE_DISTANCE;
-	break;
+        *max = ONIG_INFINITE_DISTANCE;
+        break;
       }
       backs = BACKREFS_P(br);
       for (i = 0; i < br->back_num; i++) {
-	if (backs[i] > env->num_mem)  return ONIGERR_INVALID_BACKREF;
-	r = get_max_match_length(nodes[backs[i]], &tmax, env);
-	if (r != 0) break;
-	if (*max < tmax) *max = tmax;
+        if (backs[i] > env->num_mem)  return ONIGERR_INVALID_BACKREF;
+        r = get_max_match_length(nodes[backs[i]], &tmax, env);
+        if (r != 0) break;
+        if (*max < tmax) *max = tmax;
       }
     }
     break;
@@ -2391,13 +2391,13 @@ get_max_match_length(Node* node, OnigDistance *max, ScanEnv* env)
       QtfrNode* qn = NQTFR(node);
 
       if (qn->upper != 0) {
-	r = get_max_match_length(qn->target, max, env);
-	if (r == 0 && *max != 0) {
-	  if (! IS_REPEAT_INFINITE(qn->upper))
-	    *max = distance_multiply(*max, qn->upper);
-	  else
-	    *max = ONIG_INFINITE_DISTANCE;
-	}
+        r = get_max_match_length(qn->target, max, env);
+        if (r == 0 && *max != 0) {
+          if (! IS_REPEAT_INFINITE(qn->upper))
+            *max = distance_multiply(*max, qn->upper);
+          else
+            *max = ONIG_INFINITE_DISTANCE;
+        }
       }
     }
     break;
@@ -2407,31 +2407,31 @@ get_max_match_length(Node* node, OnigDistance *max, ScanEnv* env)
       EncloseNode* en = NENCLOSE(node);
       switch (en->type) {
       case ENCLOSE_MEMORY:
-	if (IS_ENCLOSE_MAX_FIXED(en))
-	  *max = en->max_len;
-	else {
-	  if (IS_ENCLOSE_MARK1(NENCLOSE(node)))
-	    *max = ONIG_INFINITE_DISTANCE;
-	  else {
-	    SET_ENCLOSE_STATUS(node, NST_MARK1);
-	    r = get_max_match_length(en->target, max, env);
-	    CLEAR_ENCLOSE_STATUS(node, NST_MARK1);
-	    if (r == 0) {
-	      en->max_len = *max;
-	      SET_ENCLOSE_STATUS(node, NST_MAX_FIXED);
-	    }
-	  }
-	}
-	break;
+        if (IS_ENCLOSE_MAX_FIXED(en))
+          *max = en->max_len;
+        else {
+          if (IS_ENCLOSE_MARK1(NENCLOSE(node)))
+            *max = ONIG_INFINITE_DISTANCE;
+          else {
+            SET_ENCLOSE_STATUS(node, NST_MARK1);
+            r = get_max_match_length(en->target, max, env);
+            CLEAR_ENCLOSE_STATUS(node, NST_MARK1);
+            if (r == 0) {
+              en->max_len = *max;
+              SET_ENCLOSE_STATUS(node, NST_MAX_FIXED);
+            }
+          }
+        }
+        break;
 
       case ENCLOSE_OPTION:
       case ENCLOSE_STOP_BACKTRACK:
       case ENCLOSE_CONDITION:
-	r = get_max_match_length(en->target, max, env);
-	break;
+        r = get_max_match_length(en->target, max, env);
+        break;
 
       case ENCLOSE_ABSENT:
-	break;
+        break;
       }
     }
     break;
@@ -2461,7 +2461,7 @@ get_char_length_tree1(Node* node, regex_t* reg, int* len, int level)
     do {
       r = get_char_length_tree1(NCAR(node), reg, &tlen, level);
       if (r == 0)
-	*len = (int )distance_add(*len, tlen);
+        *len = (int )distance_add(*len, tlen);
     } while (r == 0 && IS_NOT_NULL(node = NCDR(node)));
     break;
 
@@ -2472,21 +2472,21 @@ get_char_length_tree1(Node* node, regex_t* reg, int* len, int level)
 
       r = get_char_length_tree1(NCAR(node), reg, &tlen, level);
       while (r == 0 && IS_NOT_NULL(node = NCDR(node))) {
-	r = get_char_length_tree1(NCAR(node), reg, &tlen2, level);
-	if (r == 0) {
-	  if (tlen != tlen2)
-	    varlen = 1;
-	}
+        r = get_char_length_tree1(NCAR(node), reg, &tlen2, level);
+        if (r == 0) {
+          if (tlen != tlen2)
+            varlen = 1;
+        }
       }
       if (r == 0) {
-	if (varlen != 0) {
-	  if (level == 1)
-	    r = GET_CHAR_LEN_TOP_ALT_VARLEN;
-	  else
-	    r = GET_CHAR_LEN_VARLEN;
-	}
-	else
-	  *len = tlen;
+        if (varlen != 0) {
+          if (level == 1)
+            r = GET_CHAR_LEN_TOP_ALT_VARLEN;
+          else
+            r = GET_CHAR_LEN_VARLEN;
+        }
+        else
+          *len = tlen;
       }
     }
     break;
@@ -2496,8 +2496,8 @@ get_char_length_tree1(Node* node, regex_t* reg, int* len, int level)
       StrNode* sn = NSTR(node);
       UChar *s = sn->s;
       while (s < sn->end) {
-	s += enclen(reg->enc, s, sn->end);
-	(*len)++;
+        s += enclen(reg->enc, s, sn->end);
+        (*len)++;
       }
     }
     break;
@@ -2506,12 +2506,12 @@ get_char_length_tree1(Node* node, regex_t* reg, int* len, int level)
     {
       QtfrNode* qn = NQTFR(node);
       if (qn->lower == qn->upper) {
-	r = get_char_length_tree1(qn->target, reg, &tlen, level);
-	if (r == 0)
-	  *len = (int )distance_multiply(tlen, qn->lower);
+        r = get_char_length_tree1(qn->target, reg, &tlen, level);
+        if (r == 0)
+          *len = (int )distance_multiply(tlen, qn->lower);
       }
       else
-	r = GET_CHAR_LEN_VARLEN;
+        r = GET_CHAR_LEN_VARLEN;
     }
     break;
 
@@ -2539,25 +2539,25 @@ get_char_length_tree1(Node* node, regex_t* reg, int* len, int level)
       switch (en->type) {
       case ENCLOSE_MEMORY:
 #ifdef USE_SUBEXP_CALL
-	if (IS_ENCLOSE_CLEN_FIXED(en))
-	  *len = en->char_len;
-	else {
-	  r = get_char_length_tree1(en->target, reg, len, level);
-	  if (r == 0) {
-	    en->char_len = *len;
-	    SET_ENCLOSE_STATUS(node, NST_CLEN_FIXED);
-	  }
-	}
-	break;
+        if (IS_ENCLOSE_CLEN_FIXED(en))
+          *len = en->char_len;
+        else {
+          r = get_char_length_tree1(en->target, reg, len, level);
+          if (r == 0) {
+            en->char_len = *len;
+            SET_ENCLOSE_STATUS(node, NST_CLEN_FIXED);
+          }
+        }
+        break;
 #endif
       case ENCLOSE_OPTION:
       case ENCLOSE_STOP_BACKTRACK:
       case ENCLOSE_CONDITION:
-	r = get_char_length_tree1(en->target, reg, len, level);
-	break;
+        r = get_char_length_tree1(en->target, reg, len, level);
+        break;
       case ENCLOSE_ABSENT:
       default:
-	break;
+        break;
       }
     }
     break;
@@ -2596,29 +2596,29 @@ is_not_included(Node* x, Node* y, regex_t* reg)
     {
       switch (ytype) {
       case NT_CTYPE:
-	if (NCTYPE(y)->ctype == NCTYPE(x)->ctype &&
-	    NCTYPE(y)->not   != NCTYPE(x)->not &&
-	    NCTYPE(y)->ascii_range == NCTYPE(x)->ascii_range)
-	  return 1;
-	else
-	  return 0;
-	break;
+        if (NCTYPE(y)->ctype == NCTYPE(x)->ctype &&
+            NCTYPE(y)->not   != NCTYPE(x)->not &&
+            NCTYPE(y)->ascii_range == NCTYPE(x)->ascii_range)
+          return 1;
+        else
+          return 0;
+        break;
 
       case NT_CCLASS:
       swap:
-	{
-	  Node* tmp;
-	  tmp = x; x = y; y = tmp;
-	  goto retry;
-	}
-	break;
+        {
+          Node* tmp;
+          tmp = x; x = y; y = tmp;
+          goto retry;
+        }
+        break;
 
       case NT_STR:
-	goto swap;
-	break;
+        goto swap;
+        break;
 
       default:
-	break;
+        break;
       }
     }
     break;
@@ -2628,80 +2628,80 @@ is_not_included(Node* x, Node* y, regex_t* reg)
       CClassNode* xc = NCCLASS(x);
       switch (ytype) {
       case NT_CTYPE:
-	switch (NCTYPE(y)->ctype) {
-	case ONIGENC_CTYPE_WORD:
-	  if (NCTYPE(y)->not == 0) {
-	    if (IS_NULL(xc->mbuf) && !IS_NCCLASS_NOT(xc)) {
-	      for (i = 0; i < SINGLE_BYTE_SIZE; i++) {
-		if (BITSET_AT(xc->bs, i)) {
-		  if (NCTYPE(y)->ascii_range) {
-		    if (IS_CODE_SB_WORD(reg->enc, i)) return 0;
-		  }
-		  else {
-		    if (ONIGENC_IS_CODE_WORD(reg->enc, i)) return 0;
-		  }
-		}
-	      }
-	      return 1;
-	    }
-	    return 0;
-	  }
-	  else {
-	    if (IS_NOT_NULL(xc->mbuf)) return 0;
-	    for (i = 0; i < SINGLE_BYTE_SIZE; i++) {
-	      int is_word;
-	      if (NCTYPE(y)->ascii_range)
-		is_word = IS_CODE_SB_WORD(reg->enc, i);
-	      else
-		is_word = ONIGENC_IS_CODE_WORD(reg->enc, i);
-	      if (! is_word) {
-		if (!IS_NCCLASS_NOT(xc)) {
-		  if (BITSET_AT(xc->bs, i))
-		    return 0;
-		}
-		else {
-		  if (! BITSET_AT(xc->bs, i))
-		    return 0;
-		}
-	      }
-	    }
-	    return 1;
-	  }
-	  break;
-
-	default:
-	  break;
-	}
-	break;
+        switch (NCTYPE(y)->ctype) {
+        case ONIGENC_CTYPE_WORD:
+          if (NCTYPE(y)->not == 0) {
+            if (IS_NULL(xc->mbuf) && !IS_NCCLASS_NOT(xc)) {
+              for (i = 0; i < SINGLE_BYTE_SIZE; i++) {
+                if (BITSET_AT(xc->bs, i)) {
+                  if (NCTYPE(y)->ascii_range) {
+                    if (IS_CODE_SB_WORD(reg->enc, i)) return 0;
+                  }
+                  else {
+                    if (ONIGENC_IS_CODE_WORD(reg->enc, i)) return 0;
+                  }
+                }
+              }
+              return 1;
+            }
+            return 0;
+          }
+          else {
+            if (IS_NOT_NULL(xc->mbuf)) return 0;
+            for (i = 0; i < SINGLE_BYTE_SIZE; i++) {
+              int is_word;
+              if (NCTYPE(y)->ascii_range)
+                is_word = IS_CODE_SB_WORD(reg->enc, i);
+              else
+                is_word = ONIGENC_IS_CODE_WORD(reg->enc, i);
+              if (! is_word) {
+                if (!IS_NCCLASS_NOT(xc)) {
+                  if (BITSET_AT(xc->bs, i))
+                    return 0;
+                }
+                else {
+                  if (! BITSET_AT(xc->bs, i))
+                    return 0;
+                }
+              }
+            }
+            return 1;
+          }
+          break;
+
+        default:
+          break;
+        }
+        break;
 
       case NT_CCLASS:
-	{
-	  int v;
-	  CClassNode* yc = NCCLASS(y);
-
-	  for (i = 0; i < SINGLE_BYTE_SIZE; i++) {
-	    v = BITSET_AT(xc->bs, i);
-	    if ((v != 0 && !IS_NCCLASS_NOT(xc)) ||
-		(v == 0 && IS_NCCLASS_NOT(xc))) {
-	      v = BITSET_AT(yc->bs, i);
-	      if ((v != 0 && !IS_NCCLASS_NOT(yc)) ||
-		  (v == 0 && IS_NCCLASS_NOT(yc)))
-		return 0;
-	    }
-	  }
-	  if ((IS_NULL(xc->mbuf) && !IS_NCCLASS_NOT(xc)) ||
-	      (IS_NULL(yc->mbuf) && !IS_NCCLASS_NOT(yc)))
-	    return 1;
-	  return 0;
-	}
-	break;
+        {
+          int v;
+          CClassNode* yc = NCCLASS(y);
+
+          for (i = 0; i < SINGLE_BYTE_SIZE; i++) {
+            v = BITSET_AT(xc->bs, i);
+            if ((v != 0 && !IS_NCCLASS_NOT(xc)) ||
+                (v == 0 && IS_NCCLASS_NOT(xc))) {
+              v = BITSET_AT(yc->bs, i);
+              if ((v != 0 && !IS_NCCLASS_NOT(yc)) ||
+                  (v == 0 && IS_NCCLASS_NOT(yc)))
+                return 0;
+            }
+          }
+          if ((IS_NULL(xc->mbuf) && !IS_NCCLASS_NOT(xc)) ||
+              (IS_NULL(yc->mbuf) && !IS_NCCLASS_NOT(yc)))
+            return 1;
+          return 0;
+        }
+        break;
 
       case NT_STR:
-	goto swap;
-	break;
+        goto swap;
+        break;
 
       default:
-	break;
+        break;
       }
     }
     break;
@@ -2710,60 +2710,60 @@ is_not_included(Node* x, Node* y, regex_t* reg)
     {
       StrNode* xs = NSTR(x);
       if (NSTRING_LEN(x) == 0)
-	break;
+        break;
 
       switch (ytype) {
       case NT_CTYPE:
-	switch (NCTYPE(y)->ctype) {
-	case ONIGENC_CTYPE_WORD:
-	  if (NCTYPE(y)->ascii_range) {
-	    if (ONIGENC_IS_MBC_ASCII_WORD(reg->enc, xs->s, xs->end))
-	      return NCTYPE(y)->not;
-	    else
-	      return !(NCTYPE(y)->not);
-	  }
-	  else {
-	    if (ONIGENC_IS_MBC_WORD(reg->enc, xs->s, xs->end))
-	      return NCTYPE(y)->not;
-	    else
-	      return !(NCTYPE(y)->not);
-	  }
-	  break;
-	default:
-	  break;
-	}
-	break;
+        switch (NCTYPE(y)->ctype) {
+        case ONIGENC_CTYPE_WORD:
+          if (NCTYPE(y)->ascii_range) {
+            if (ONIGENC_IS_MBC_ASCII_WORD(reg->enc, xs->s, xs->end))
+              return NCTYPE(y)->not;
+            else
+              return !(NCTYPE(y)->not);
+          }
+          else {
+            if (ONIGENC_IS_MBC_WORD(reg->enc, xs->s, xs->end))
+              return NCTYPE(y)->not;
+            else
+              return !(NCTYPE(y)->not);
+          }
+          break;
+        default:
+          break;
+        }
+        break;
 
       case NT_CCLASS:
-	{
-	  CClassNode* cc = NCCLASS(y);
+        {
+          CClassNode* cc = NCCLASS(y);
 
-	  code = ONIGENC_MBC_TO_CODE(reg->enc, xs->s,
-				     xs->s + ONIGENC_MBC_MAXLEN(reg->enc));
-	  return (onig_is_code_in_cc(reg->enc, code, cc) != 0 ? 0 : 1);
-	}
-	break;
+          code = ONIGENC_MBC_TO_CODE(reg->enc, xs->s,
+                                     xs->s + ONIGENC_MBC_MAXLEN(reg->enc));
+          return (onig_is_code_in_cc(reg->enc, code, cc) != 0 ? 0 : 1);
+        }
+        break;
 
       case NT_STR:
-	{
-	  UChar *q;
-	  StrNode* ys = NSTR(y);
-	  len = NSTRING_LEN(x);
-	  if (len > NSTRING_LEN(y)) len = NSTRING_LEN(y);
-	  if (NSTRING_IS_AMBIG(x) || NSTRING_IS_AMBIG(y)) {
-	    /* tiny version */
-	    return 0;
-	  }
-	  else {
-	    for (i = 0, p = ys->s, q = xs->s; (OnigDistance )i < len; i++, p++, q++) {
-	      if (*p != *q) return 1;
-	    }
-	  }
-	}
-	break;
+        {
+          UChar *q;
+          StrNode* ys = NSTR(y);
+          len = NSTRING_LEN(x);
+          if (len > NSTRING_LEN(y)) len = NSTRING_LEN(y);
+          if (NSTRING_IS_AMBIG(x) || NSTRING_IS_AMBIG(y)) {
+            /* tiny version */
+            return 0;
+          }
+          else {
+            for (i = 0, p = ys->s, q = xs->s; (OnigDistance )i < len; i++, p++, q++) {
+              if (*p != *q) return 1;
+            }
+          }
+        }
+        break;
 
       default:
-	break;
+        break;
       }
     }
     break;
@@ -2803,15 +2803,12 @@ get_head_value_node(Node* node, int exact, regex_t* reg)
   case NT_STR:
     {
       StrNode* sn = NSTR(node);
-
       if (sn->end <= sn->s)
-	break;
+        break;
 
-      if (exact != 0 &&
-	  !NSTRING_IS_RAW(node) && IS_IGNORECASE(reg->options)) {
-      }
-      else {
-	n = node;
+      if (exact == 0 ||
+          NSTRING_IS_RAW(node) || !IS_IGNORECASE(reg->options)) {
+        n = node;
       }
     }
     break;
@@ -2821,11 +2818,11 @@ get_head_value_node(Node* node, int exact, regex_t* reg)
       QtfrNode* qn = NQTFR(node);
       if (qn->lower > 0) {
 #ifdef USE_OP_PUSH_OR_JUMP_EXACT
-	if (IS_NOT_NULL(qn->head_exact))
-	  n = qn->head_exact;
-	else
+        if (IS_NOT_NULL(qn->head_exact))
+          n = qn->head_exact;
+        else
 #endif
-	  n = get_head_value_node(qn->target, exact, reg);
+          n = get_head_value_node(qn->target, exact, reg);
       }
     }
     break;
@@ -2835,23 +2832,23 @@ get_head_value_node(Node* node, int exact, regex_t* reg)
       EncloseNode* en = NENCLOSE(node);
       switch (en->type) {
       case ENCLOSE_OPTION:
-	{
-	  OnigOptionType options = reg->options;
+        {
+          OnigOptionType options = reg->options;
 
-	  reg->options = NENCLOSE(node)->option;
-	  n = get_head_value_node(NENCLOSE(node)->target, exact, reg);
-	  reg->options = options;
-	}
-	break;
+          reg->options = NENCLOSE(node)->option;
+          n = get_head_value_node(NENCLOSE(node)->target, exact, reg);
+          reg->options = options;
+        }
+        break;
 
       case ENCLOSE_MEMORY:
       case ENCLOSE_STOP_BACKTRACK:
       case ENCLOSE_CONDITION:
-	n = get_head_value_node(en->target, exact, reg);
-	break;
+        n = get_head_value_node(en->target, exact, reg);
+        break;
 
       case ENCLOSE_ABSENT:
-	break;
+        break;
       }
     }
     break;
@@ -2882,20 +2879,20 @@ check_type_tree(Node* node, int type_mask, int enclose_mask, int anchor_mask)
   case NT_ALT:
     do {
       r = check_type_tree(NCAR(node), type_mask, enclose_mask,
-			  anchor_mask);
+                          anchor_mask);
     } while (r == 0 && IS_NOT_NULL(node = NCDR(node)));
     break;
 
   case NT_QTFR:
     r = check_type_tree(NQTFR(node)->target, type_mask, enclose_mask,
-			anchor_mask);
+                        anchor_mask);
     break;
 
   case NT_ENCLOSE:
     {
       EncloseNode* en = NENCLOSE(node);
       if ((en->type & enclose_mask) == 0)
-	return 1;
+        return 1;
 
       r = check_type_tree(en->target, type_mask, enclose_mask, anchor_mask);
     }
@@ -2908,7 +2905,7 @@ check_type_tree(Node* node, int type_mask, int enclose_mask, int anchor_mask)
 
     if (NANCHOR(node)->target)
       r = check_type_tree(NANCHOR(node)->target,
-			  type_mask, enclose_mask, anchor_mask);
+                          type_mask, enclose_mask, anchor_mask);
     break;
 
   default:
@@ -2938,14 +2935,14 @@ subexp_inf_recursive_check(Node* node, ScanEnv* env, int head)
 
       x = node;
       do {
-	ret = subexp_inf_recursive_check(NCAR(x), env, head);
-	if (ret < 0 || ret == RECURSION_INFINITE) return ret;
-	r |= ret;
-	if (head) {
-	  ret = get_min_match_length(NCAR(x), &min, env);
-	  if (ret != 0) return ret;
-	  if (min != 0) head = 0;
-	}
+        ret = subexp_inf_recursive_check(NCAR(x), env, head);
+        if (ret < 0 || ret == RECURSION_INFINITE) return ret;
+        r |= ret;
+        if (head) {
+          ret = get_min_match_length(NCAR(x), &min, env);
+          if (ret != 0) return ret;
+          if (min != 0) head = 0;
+        }
       } while (IS_NOT_NULL(x = NCDR(x)));
     }
     break;
@@ -2955,9 +2952,9 @@ subexp_inf_recursive_check(Node* node, ScanEnv* env, int head)
       int ret;
       r = RECURSION_EXIST;
       do {
-	ret = subexp_inf_recursive_check(NCAR(node), env, head);
-	if (ret < 0 || ret == RECURSION_INFINITE) return ret;
-	r &= ret;
+        ret = subexp_inf_recursive_check(NCAR(node), env, head);
+        if (ret < 0 || ret == RECURSION_INFINITE) return ret;
+        r &= ret;
       } while (IS_NOT_NULL(node = NCDR(node)));
     }
     break;
@@ -2977,8 +2974,8 @@ subexp_inf_recursive_check(Node* node, ScanEnv* env, int head)
       case ANCHOR_PREC_READ_NOT:
       case ANCHOR_LOOK_BEHIND:
       case ANCHOR_LOOK_BEHIND_NOT:
-	r = subexp_inf_recursive_check(an->target, env, head);
-	break;
+        r = subexp_inf_recursive_check(an->target, env, head);
+        break;
       }
     }
     break;
@@ -3033,8 +3030,8 @@ subexp_inf_recursive_check_trav(Node* node, ScanEnv* env)
       case ANCHOR_PREC_READ_NOT:
       case ANCHOR_LOOK_BEHIND:
       case ANCHOR_LOOK_BEHIND_NOT:
-	r = subexp_inf_recursive_check_trav(an->target, env);
-	break;
+        r = subexp_inf_recursive_check_trav(an->target, env);
+        break;
       }
     }
     break;
@@ -3044,10 +3041,10 @@ subexp_inf_recursive_check_trav(Node* node, ScanEnv* env)
       EncloseNode* en = NENCLOSE(node);
 
       if (IS_ENCLOSE_RECURSION(en)) {
-	SET_ENCLOSE_STATUS(node, NST_MARK1);
-	r = subexp_inf_recursive_check(en->target, env, 1);
-	if (r > 0) return ONIGERR_NEVER_ENDING_RECURSION;
-	CLEAR_ENCLOSE_STATUS(node, NST_MARK1);
+        SET_ENCLOSE_STATUS(node, NST_MARK1);
+        r = subexp_inf_recursive_check(en->target, env, 1);
+        if (r > 0) return ONIGERR_NEVER_ENDING_RECURSION;
+        CLEAR_ENCLOSE_STATUS(node, NST_MARK1);
       }
       r = subexp_inf_recursive_check_trav(en->target, env);
     }
@@ -3086,8 +3083,8 @@ subexp_recursive_check(Node* node)
       case ANCHOR_PREC_READ_NOT:
       case ANCHOR_LOOK_BEHIND:
       case ANCHOR_LOOK_BEHIND_NOT:
-	r = subexp_recursive_check(an->target);
-	break;
+        r = subexp_recursive_check(an->target);
+        break;
       }
     }
     break;
@@ -3132,9 +3129,9 @@ subexp_recursive_check_trav(Node* node, ScanEnv* env)
     {
       int ret;
       do {
-	ret = subexp_recursive_check_trav(NCAR(node), env);
-	if (ret == FOUND_CALLED_NODE) r = FOUND_CALLED_NODE;
-	else if (ret < 0) return ret;
+        ret = subexp_recursive_check_trav(NCAR(node), env);
+        if (ret == FOUND_CALLED_NODE) r = FOUND_CALLED_NODE;
+        else if (ret < 0) return ret;
       } while (IS_NOT_NULL(node = NCDR(node)));
     }
     break;
@@ -3143,7 +3140,7 @@ subexp_recursive_check_trav(Node* node, ScanEnv* env)
     r = subexp_recursive_check_trav(NQTFR(node)->target, env);
     if (NQTFR(node)->upper == 0) {
       if (r == FOUND_CALLED_NODE)
-	NQTFR(node)->is_referred = 1;
+        NQTFR(node)->is_referred = 1;
     }
     break;
 
@@ -3155,8 +3152,8 @@ subexp_recursive_check_trav(Node* node, ScanEnv* env)
       case ANCHOR_PREC_READ_NOT:
       case ANCHOR_LOOK_BEHIND:
       case ANCHOR_LOOK_BEHIND_NOT:
-	r = subexp_recursive_check_trav(an->target, env);
-	break;
+        r = subexp_recursive_check_trav(an->target, env);
+        break;
       }
     }
     break;
@@ -3166,16 +3163,16 @@ subexp_recursive_check_trav(Node* node, ScanEnv* env)
       EncloseNode* en = NENCLOSE(node);
 
       if (! IS_ENCLOSE_RECURSION(en)) {
-	if (IS_ENCLOSE_CALLED(en)) {
-	  SET_ENCLOSE_STATUS(node, NST_MARK1);
-	  r = subexp_recursive_check(en->target);
-	  if (r != 0) SET_ENCLOSE_STATUS(node, NST_RECURSION);
-	  CLEAR_ENCLOSE_STATUS(node, NST_MARK1);
-	}
+        if (IS_ENCLOSE_CALLED(en)) {
+          SET_ENCLOSE_STATUS(node, NST_MARK1);
+          r = subexp_recursive_check(en->target);
+          if (r != 0) SET_ENCLOSE_STATUS(node, NST_RECURSION);
+          CLEAR_ENCLOSE_STATUS(node, NST_MARK1);
+        }
       }
       r = subexp_recursive_check_trav(en->target, env);
       if (IS_ENCLOSE_CALLED(en))
-	r |= FOUND_CALLED_NODE;
+        r |= FOUND_CALLED_NODE;
     }
     break;
 
@@ -3219,60 +3216,60 @@ setup_subexp_call(Node* node, ScanEnv* env)
       Node** nodes = SCANENV_MEM_NODES(env);
 
       if (cn->group_num != 0) {
-	int gnum = cn->group_num;
+        int gnum = cn->group_num;
 
 # ifdef USE_NAMED_GROUP
-	if (env->num_named > 0 &&
-	    IS_SYNTAX_BV(env->syntax, ONIG_SYN_CAPTURE_ONLY_NAMED_GROUP) &&
-	    !ONIG_IS_OPTION_ON(env->option, ONIG_OPTION_CAPTURE_GROUP)) {
-	  return ONIGERR_NUMBERED_BACKREF_OR_CALL_NOT_ALLOWED;
-	}
+        if (env->num_named > 0 &&
+            IS_SYNTAX_BV(env->syntax, ONIG_SYN_CAPTURE_ONLY_NAMED_GROUP) &&
+            !ONIG_IS_OPTION_ON(env->option, ONIG_OPTION_CAPTURE_GROUP)) {
+          return ONIGERR_NUMBERED_BACKREF_OR_CALL_NOT_ALLOWED;
+        }
 # endif
-	if (gnum > env->num_mem) {
-	  onig_scan_env_set_error_string(env,
-		 ONIGERR_UNDEFINED_GROUP_REFERENCE, cn->name, cn->name_end);
-	  return ONIGERR_UNDEFINED_GROUP_REFERENCE;
-	}
+        if (gnum > env->num_mem) {
+          onig_scan_env_set_error_string(env,
+                 ONIGERR_UNDEFINED_GROUP_REFERENCE, cn->name, cn->name_end);
+          return ONIGERR_UNDEFINED_GROUP_REFERENCE;
+        }
 
 # ifdef USE_NAMED_GROUP
       set_call_attr:
 # endif
-	cn->target = nodes[cn->group_num];
-	if (IS_NULL(cn->target)) {
-	  onig_scan_env_set_error_string(env,
-		 ONIGERR_UNDEFINED_NAME_REFERENCE, cn->name, cn->name_end);
-	  return ONIGERR_UNDEFINED_NAME_REFERENCE;
-	}
-	SET_ENCLOSE_STATUS(cn->target, NST_CALLED);
-	BIT_STATUS_ON_AT(env->bt_mem_start, cn->group_num);
-	cn->unset_addr_list = env->unset_addr_list;
+        cn->target = nodes[cn->group_num];
+        if (IS_NULL(cn->target)) {
+          onig_scan_env_set_error_string(env,
+                 ONIGERR_UNDEFINED_NAME_REFERENCE, cn->name, cn->name_end);
+          return ONIGERR_UNDEFINED_NAME_REFERENCE;
+        }
+        SET_ENCLOSE_STATUS(cn->target, NST_CALLED);
+        BIT_STATUS_ON_AT(env->bt_mem_start, cn->group_num);
+        cn->unset_addr_list = env->unset_addr_list;
       }
 # ifdef USE_NAMED_GROUP
 #  ifdef USE_PERL_SUBEXP_CALL
       else if (cn->name == cn->name_end) {
-	goto set_call_attr;
+        goto set_call_attr;
       }
 #  endif
       else {
-	int *refs;
-
-	int n = onig_name_to_group_numbers(env->reg, cn->name, cn->name_end,
-					   &refs);
-	if (n <= 0) {
-	  onig_scan_env_set_error_string(env,
-		 ONIGERR_UNDEFINED_NAME_REFERENCE, cn->name, cn->name_end);
-	  return ONIGERR_UNDEFINED_NAME_REFERENCE;
-	}
-	else if (n > 1 &&
-	    ! IS_SYNTAX_BV(env->syntax, ONIG_SYN_ALLOW_MULTIPLEX_DEFINITION_NAME_CALL)) {
-	  onig_scan_env_set_error_string(env,
-	    ONIGERR_MULTIPLEX_DEFINITION_NAME_CALL, cn->name, cn->name_end);
-	  return ONIGERR_MULTIPLEX_DEFINITION_NAME_CALL;
-	}
-	else {
-	  cn->group_num = refs[0];
-	  goto set_call_attr;
-	}
+        int *refs;
+
+        int n = onig_name_to_group_numbers(env->reg, cn->name, cn->name_end,
+                                           &refs);
+        if (n <= 0) {
+          onig_scan_env_set_error_string(env,
+                 ONIGERR_UNDEFINED_NAME_REFERENCE, cn->name, cn->name_end);
+          return ONIGERR_UNDEFINED_NAME_REFERENCE;
+        }
+        else if (n > 1 &&
+            ! IS_SYNTAX_BV(env->syntax, ONIG_SYN_ALLOW_MULTIPLEX_DEFINITION_NAME_CALL)) {
+          onig_scan_env_set_error_string(env,
+            ONIGERR_MULTIPLEX_DEFINITION_NAME_CALL, cn->name, cn->name_end);
+          return ONIGERR_MULTIPLEX_DEFINITION_NAME_CALL;
+        }
+        else {
+          cn->group_num = refs[0];
+          goto set_call_attr;
+        }
       }
 # endif
     }
@@ -3287,8 +3284,8 @@ setup_subexp_call(Node* node, ScanEnv* env)
       case ANCHOR_PREC_READ_NOT:
       case ANCHOR_LOOK_BEHIND:
       case ANCHOR_LOOK_BEHIND_NOT:
-	r = setup_subexp_call(an->target, env);
-	break;
+        r = setup_subexp_call(an->target, env);
+        break;
       }
     }
     break;
@@ -3301,6 +3298,14 @@ setup_subexp_call(Node* node, ScanEnv* env)
 }
 #endif
 
+#define IN_ALT          (1<<0)
+#define IN_NOT          (1<<1)
+#define IN_REPEAT       (1<<2)
+#define IN_VAR_REPEAT   (1<<3)
+#define IN_CALL         (1<<4)
+#define IN_RECCALL      (1<<5)
+#define IN_LOOK_BEHIND  (1<<6)
+
 /* divide different length alternatives in look-behind.
   (?<=A|B) ==> (?<=A)|(?<=B)
   (?<!A|B) ==> (?<!A)(?<!B)
@@ -3370,26 +3375,26 @@ next_setup(Node* node, Node* next_node, regex_t* reg)
       Node* n = get_head_value_node(next_node, 1, reg);
       /* '\0': for UTF-16BE etc... */
       if (IS_NOT_NULL(n) && NSTR(n)->s[0] != '\0') {
-	qn->next_head_exact = n;
+        qn->next_head_exact = n;
       }
 #endif
       /* automatic possessification a*b ==> (?>a*)b */
       if (qn->lower <= 1) {
-	int ttype = NTYPE(qn->target);
-	if (IS_NODE_TYPE_SIMPLE(ttype)) {
-	  Node *x, *y;
-	  x = get_head_value_node(qn->target, 0, reg);
-	  if (IS_NOT_NULL(x)) {
-	    y = get_head_value_node(next_node,  0, reg);
-	    if (IS_NOT_NULL(y) && is_not_included(x, y, reg)) {
-	      Node* en = onig_node_new_enclose(ENCLOSE_STOP_BACKTRACK);
-	      CHECK_NULL_RETURN_MEMERR(en);
-	      SET_ENCLOSE_STATUS(en, NST_STOP_BT_SIMPLE_REPEAT);
-	      swap_node(node, en);
-	      NENCLOSE(node)->target = en;
-	    }
-	  }
-	}
+        int ttype = NTYPE(qn->target);
+        if (IS_NODE_TYPE_SIMPLE(ttype)) {
+          Node *x, *y;
+          x = get_head_value_node(qn->target, 0, reg);
+          if (IS_NOT_NULL(x)) {
+            y = get_head_value_node(next_node,  0, reg);
+            if (IS_NOT_NULL(y) && is_not_included(x, y, reg)) {
+              Node* en = onig_node_new_enclose(ENCLOSE_STOP_BACKTRACK);
+              CHECK_NULL_RETURN_MEMERR(en);
+              SET_ENCLOSE_STATUS(en, NST_STOP_BT_SIMPLE_REPEAT);
+              swap_node(node, en);
+              NENCLOSE(node)->target = en;
+            }
+          }
+        }
       }
     }
   }
@@ -3425,15 +3430,15 @@ update_string_node_case_fold(regex_t* reg, Node *node)
     len = ONIGENC_MBC_CASE_FOLD(reg->enc, reg->case_fold_flag, &p, end, buf);
     for (i = 0; i < len; i++) {
       if (sp >= ebuf) {
-	UChar* p = (UChar* )xrealloc(sbuf, sbuf_size * 2);
-	if (IS_NULL(p)) {
-	  xfree(sbuf);
-	  return ONIGERR_MEMORY;
-	}
-	sbuf = p;
-	sp = sbuf + sbuf_size;
-	sbuf_size *= 2;
-	ebuf = sbuf + sbuf_size;
+        UChar* p = (UChar* )xrealloc(sbuf, sbuf_size * 2);
+        if (IS_NULL(p)) {
+          xfree(sbuf);
+          return ONIGERR_MEMORY;
+        }
+        sbuf = p;
+        sp = sbuf + sbuf_size;
+        sbuf_size *= 2;
+        ebuf = sbuf + sbuf_size;
       }
 
       *sp++ = buf[i];
@@ -3448,7 +3453,7 @@ update_string_node_case_fold(regex_t* reg, Node *node)
 
 static int
 expand_case_fold_make_rem_string(Node** rnode, UChar *s, UChar *end,
-				 regex_t* reg)
+                                 regex_t* reg)
 {
   int r;
   Node *node;
@@ -3470,7 +3475,7 @@ expand_case_fold_make_rem_string(Node** rnode, UChar *s, UChar *end,
 
 static int
 is_case_fold_variable_len(int item_num, OnigCaseFoldCodeItem items[],
-			  int slen)
+                          int slen)
 {
   int i;
 
@@ -3487,8 +3492,8 @@ is_case_fold_variable_len(int item_num, OnigCaseFoldCodeItem items[],
 
 static int
 expand_case_fold_string_alt(int item_num, OnigCaseFoldCodeItem items[],
-			    UChar *p, int slen, UChar *end,
-			    regex_t* reg, Node **rnode)
+                            UChar *p, int slen, UChar *end,
+                            regex_t* reg, Node **rnode)
 {
   int r, i, j, len, varlen;
   Node *anode, *var_anode, *snode, *xnode, *an;
@@ -3533,8 +3538,8 @@ expand_case_fold_string_alt(int item_num, OnigCaseFoldCodeItem items[],
     for (j = 0; j < items[i].code_len; j++) {
       len = ONIGENC_CODE_TO_MBC(reg->enc, items[i].code[j], buf);
       if (len < 0) {
-	r = len;
-	goto mem_err2;
+        r = len;
+        goto mem_err2;
       }
 
       r = onig_node_str_cat(snode, buf, buf + len);
@@ -3551,29 +3556,29 @@ expand_case_fold_string_alt(int item_num, OnigCaseFoldCodeItem items[],
       UChar *q = p + items[i].byte_len;
 
       if (q < end) {
-	r = expand_case_fold_make_rem_string(&rem, q, end, reg);
-	if (r != 0) {
-	  onig_node_free(an);
-	  goto mem_err2;
-	}
+        r = expand_case_fold_make_rem_string(&rem, q, end, reg);
+        if (r != 0) {
+          onig_node_free(an);
+          goto mem_err2;
+        }
 
-	xnode = onig_node_list_add(NULL_NODE, snode);
-	if (IS_NULL(xnode)) {
-	  onig_node_free(an);
-	  onig_node_free(rem);
-	  goto mem_err2;
-	}
-	if (IS_NULL(onig_node_list_add(xnode, rem))) {
-	  onig_node_free(an);
-	  onig_node_free(xnode);
-	  onig_node_free(rem);
-	  goto mem_err;
-	}
+        xnode = onig_node_list_add(NULL_NODE, snode);
+        if (IS_NULL(xnode)) {
+          onig_node_free(an);
+          onig_node_free(rem);
+          goto mem_err2;
+        }
+        if (IS_NULL(onig_node_list_add(xnode, rem))) {
+          onig_node_free(an);
+          onig_node_free(xnode);
+          onig_node_free(rem);
+          goto mem_err;
+        }
 
-	NCAR(an) = xnode;
+        NCAR(an) = xnode;
       }
       else {
-	NCAR(an) = snode;
+        NCAR(an) = snode;
       }
 
       NCDR(var_anode) = an;
@@ -3597,31 +3602,36 @@ expand_case_fold_string_alt(int item_num, OnigCaseFoldCodeItem items[],
   return ONIGERR_MEMORY;
 }
 
-static int
-expand_case_fold_string(Node* node, regex_t* reg)
-{
 #define THRESHOLD_CASE_FOLD_ALT_FOR_EXPANSION  8
 
+static int
+expand_case_fold_string(Node* node, regex_t* reg, int state)
+{
   int r, n, len, alt_num;
   int varlen = 0;
+  int is_in_look_behind;
   UChar *start, *end, *p;
   Node *top_root, *root, *snode, *prev_node;
   OnigCaseFoldCodeItem items[ONIGENC_GET_CASE_FOLD_CODES_MAX_NUM];
-  StrNode* sn = NSTR(node);
+  StrNode* sn;
 
   if (NSTRING_IS_AMBIG(node)) return 0;
 
+  sn = NSTR(node);
+
   start = sn->s;
   end   = sn->end;
   if (start >= end) return 0;
 
+  is_in_look_behind = (state & IN_LOOK_BEHIND) != 0;
+
   r = 0;
   top_root = root = prev_node = snode = NULL_NODE;
   alt_num = 1;
   p = start;
   while (p < end) {
     n = ONIGENC_GET_CASE_FOLD_CODES_BY_STR(reg->enc, reg->case_fold_flag,
-					   p, end, items);
+                                           p, end, items);
     if (n < 0) {
       r = n;
       goto err;
@@ -3630,25 +3640,25 @@ expand_case_fold_string(Node* node, regex_t* reg)
     len = enclen(reg->enc, p, end);
 
     varlen = is_case_fold_variable_len(n, items, len);
-    if (n == 0 || varlen == 0) {
+    if (n == 0 || varlen == 0 || is_in_look_behind) {
       if (IS_NULL(snode)) {
-	if (IS_NULL(root) && IS_NOT_NULL(prev_node)) {
+        if (IS_NULL(root) && IS_NOT_NULL(prev_node)) {
           onig_node_free(top_root);
-	  top_root = root = onig_node_list_add(NULL_NODE, prev_node);
-	  if (IS_NULL(root)) {
-	    onig_node_free(prev_node);
-	    goto mem_err;
-	  }
-	}
+          top_root = root = onig_node_list_add(NULL_NODE, prev_node);
+          if (IS_NULL(root)) {
+            onig_node_free(prev_node);
+            goto mem_err;
+          }
+        }
 
-	prev_node = snode = onig_node_new_str(NULL, NULL);
-	if (IS_NULL(snode)) goto mem_err;
-	if (IS_NOT_NULL(root)) {
-	  if (IS_NULL(onig_node_list_add(root, snode))) {
-	    onig_node_free(snode);
-	    goto mem_err;
-	  }
-	}
+        prev_node = snode = onig_node_new_str(NULL, NULL);
+        if (IS_NULL(snode)) goto mem_err;
+        if (IS_NOT_NULL(root)) {
+          if (IS_NULL(onig_node_list_add(root, snode))) {
+            onig_node_free(snode);
+            goto mem_err;
+          }
+        }
       }
 
       r = onig_node_str_cat(snode, p, p + len);
@@ -3659,42 +3669,42 @@ expand_case_fold_string(Node* node, regex_t* reg)
       if (alt_num > THRESHOLD_CASE_FOLD_ALT_FOR_EXPANSION) break;
 
       if (IS_NOT_NULL(snode)) {
-	r = update_string_node_case_fold(reg, snode);
-	if (r == 0) {
-	  NSTRING_SET_AMBIG(snode);
-	}
+        r = update_string_node_case_fold(reg, snode);
+        if (r == 0) {
+          NSTRING_SET_AMBIG(snode);
+        }
       }
       if (IS_NULL(root) && IS_NOT_NULL(prev_node)) {
         onig_node_free(top_root);
-	top_root = root = onig_node_list_add(NULL_NODE, prev_node);
-	if (IS_NULL(root)) {
-	  onig_node_free(prev_node);
-	  goto mem_err;
-	}
+        top_root = root = onig_node_list_add(NULL_NODE, prev_node);
+        if (IS_NULL(root)) {
+          onig_node_free(prev_node);
+          goto mem_err;
+        }
       }
 
       r = expand_case_fold_string_alt(n, items, p, len, end, reg, &prev_node);
       if (r < 0) goto mem_err;
       if (r == 1) {
-	if (IS_NULL(root)) {
-	  top_root = prev_node;
-	}
-	else {
-	  if (IS_NULL(onig_node_list_add(root, prev_node))) {
-	    onig_node_free(prev_node);
-	    goto mem_err;
-	  }
-	}
+        if (IS_NULL(root)) {
+          top_root = prev_node;
+        }
+        else {
+          if (IS_NULL(onig_node_list_add(root, prev_node))) {
+            onig_node_free(prev_node);
+            goto mem_err;
+          }
+        }
 
-	root = NCAR(prev_node);
+        root = NCAR(prev_node);
       }
       else { /* r == 0 */
-	if (IS_NOT_NULL(root)) {
-	  if (IS_NULL(onig_node_list_add(root, prev_node))) {
-	    onig_node_free(prev_node);
-	    goto mem_err;
-	  }
-	}
+        if (IS_NOT_NULL(root)) {
+          if (IS_NULL(onig_node_list_add(root, prev_node))) {
+            onig_node_free(prev_node);
+            goto mem_err;
+          }
+        }
       }
 
       snode = NULL_NODE;
@@ -3719,9 +3729,9 @@ expand_case_fold_string(Node* node, regex_t* reg)
       onig_node_free(top_root);
       top_root = root = onig_node_list_add(NULL_NODE, prev_node);
       if (IS_NULL(root)) {
-	onig_node_free(srem);
-	onig_node_free(prev_node);
-	goto mem_err;
+        onig_node_free(srem);
+        onig_node_free(prev_node);
+        goto mem_err;
       }
     }
 
@@ -3730,8 +3740,8 @@ expand_case_fold_string(Node* node, regex_t* reg)
     }
     else {
       if (IS_NULL(onig_node_list_add(root, srem))) {
-	onig_node_free(srem);
-	goto mem_err;
+        onig_node_free(srem);
+        goto mem_err;
       }
     }
   }
@@ -3771,7 +3781,7 @@ setup_comb_exp_check(Node* node, int state, ScanEnv* env)
   case NT_LIST:
     {
       do {
-	r = setup_comb_exp_check(NCAR(node), r, env);
+        r = setup_comb_exp_check(NCAR(node), r, env);
       } while (r >= 0 && IS_NOT_NULL(node = NCDR(node)));
     }
     break;
@@ -3780,8 +3790,8 @@ setup_comb_exp_check(Node* node, int state, ScanEnv* env)
     {
       int ret;
       do {
-	ret = setup_comb_exp_check(NCAR(node), state, env);
-	r |= ret;
+        ret = setup_comb_exp_check(NCAR(node), state, env);
+        r |= ret;
       } while (ret >= 0 && IS_NOT_NULL(node = NCDR(node)));
     }
     break;
@@ -3795,55 +3805,55 @@ setup_comb_exp_check(Node* node, int state, ScanEnv* env)
       int var_num;
 
       if (! IS_REPEAT_INFINITE(qn->upper)) {
-	if (qn->upper > 1) {
-	  /* {0,1}, {1,1} are allowed */
-	  child_state |= CEC_IN_FINITE_REPEAT;
-
-	  /* check (a*){n,m}, (a+){n,m} => (a*){n,n}, (a+){n,n} */
-	  if (env->backrefed_mem == 0) {
-	    if (NTYPE(qn->target) == NT_ENCLOSE) {
-	      EncloseNode* en = NENCLOSE(qn->target);
-	      if (en->type == ENCLOSE_MEMORY) {
-		if (NTYPE(en->target) == NT_QTFR) {
-		  QtfrNode* q = NQTFR(en->target);
-		  if (IS_REPEAT_INFINITE(q->upper)
-		      && q->greedy == qn->greedy) {
-		    qn->upper = (qn->lower == 0 ? 1 : qn->lower);
-		    if (qn->upper == 1)
-		      child_state = state;
-		  }
-		}
-	      }
-	    }
-	  }
-	}
+        if (qn->upper > 1) {
+          /* {0,1}, {1,1} are allowed */
+          child_state |= CEC_IN_FINITE_REPEAT;
+
+          /* check (a*){n,m}, (a+){n,m} => (a*){n,n}, (a+){n,n} */
+          if (env->backrefed_mem == 0) {
+            if (NTYPE(qn->target) == NT_ENCLOSE) {
+              EncloseNode* en = NENCLOSE(qn->target);
+              if (en->type == ENCLOSE_MEMORY) {
+                if (NTYPE(en->target) == NT_QTFR) {
+                  QtfrNode* q = NQTFR(en->target);
+                  if (IS_REPEAT_INFINITE(q->upper)
+                      && q->greedy == qn->greedy) {
+                    qn->upper = (qn->lower == 0 ? 1 : qn->lower);
+                    if (qn->upper == 1)
+                      child_state = state;
+                  }
+                }
+              }
+            }
+          }
+        }
       }
 
       if (state & CEC_IN_FINITE_REPEAT) {
-	qn->comb_exp_check_num = -1;
+        qn->comb_exp_check_num = -1;
       }
       else {
-	if (IS_REPEAT_INFINITE(qn->upper)) {
-	  var_num = CEC_INFINITE_NUM;
-	  child_state |= CEC_IN_INFINITE_REPEAT;
-	}
-	else {
-	  var_num = qn->upper - qn->lower;
-	}
+        if (IS_REPEAT_INFINITE(qn->upper)) {
+          var_num = CEC_INFINITE_NUM;
+          child_state |= CEC_IN_INFINITE_REPEAT;
+        }
+        else {
+          var_num = qn->upper - qn->lower;
+        }
 
-	if (var_num >= CEC_THRES_NUM_BIG_REPEAT)
-	  add_state |= CEC_CONT_BIG_REPEAT;
-
-	if (((state & CEC_IN_INFINITE_REPEAT) != 0 && var_num != 0) ||
-	    ((state & CEC_CONT_BIG_REPEAT) != 0 &&
-	     var_num >= CEC_THRES_NUM_BIG_REPEAT)) {
-	  if (qn->comb_exp_check_num == 0) {
-	    env->num_comb_exp_check++;
-	    qn->comb_exp_check_num = env->num_comb_exp_check;
-	    if (env->curr_max_regnum > env->comb_exp_max_regnum)
-	      env->comb_exp_max_regnum = env->curr_max_regnum;
-	  }
-	}
+        if (var_num >= CEC_THRES_NUM_BIG_REPEAT)
+          add_state |= CEC_CONT_BIG_REPEAT;
+
+        if (((state & CEC_IN_INFINITE_REPEAT) != 0 && var_num != 0) ||
+            ((state & CEC_CONT_BIG_REPEAT) != 0 &&
+             var_num >= CEC_THRES_NUM_BIG_REPEAT)) {
+          if (qn->comb_exp_check_num == 0) {
+            env->num_comb_exp_check++;
+            qn->comb_exp_check_num = env->num_comb_exp_check;
+            if (env->curr_max_regnum > env->comb_exp_max_regnum)
+              env->comb_exp_max_regnum = env->curr_max_regnum;
+          }
+        }
       }
 
       r = setup_comb_exp_check(target, child_state, env);
@@ -3857,17 +3867,17 @@ setup_comb_exp_check(Node* node, int state, ScanEnv* env)
 
       switch (en->type) {
       case ENCLOSE_MEMORY:
-	{
-	  if (env->curr_max_regnum < en->regnum)
-	    env->curr_max_regnum = en->regnum;
+        {
+          if (env->curr_max_regnum < en->regnum)
+            env->curr_max_regnum = en->regnum;
 
-	  r = setup_comb_exp_check(en->target, state, env);
-	}
-	break;
+          r = setup_comb_exp_check(en->target, state, env);
+        }
+        break;
 
       default:
-	r = setup_comb_exp_check(en->target, state, env);
-	break;
+        r = setup_comb_exp_check(en->target, state, env);
+        break;
       }
     }
     break;
@@ -3889,13 +3899,6 @@ setup_comb_exp_check(Node* node, int state, ScanEnv* env)
 }
 #endif
 
-#define IN_ALT        (1<<0)
-#define IN_NOT        (1<<1)
-#define IN_REPEAT     (1<<2)
-#define IN_VAR_REPEAT (1<<3)
-#define IN_CALL       (1<<4)
-#define IN_RECCALL    (1<<5)
-
 /* setup_tree does the following work.
  1. check empty loop. (set qn->target_empty_info)
  2. expand ignore-case in char class.
@@ -3917,11 +3920,11 @@ restart:
     {
       Node* prev = NULL_NODE;
       do {
-	r = setup_tree(NCAR(node), reg, state, env);
-	if (IS_NOT_NULL(prev) && r == 0) {
-	  r = next_setup(prev, NCAR(node), reg);
-	}
-	prev = NCAR(node);
+        r = setup_tree(NCAR(node), reg, state, env);
+        if (IS_NOT_NULL(prev) && r == 0) {
+          r = next_setup(prev, NCAR(node), reg);
+        }
+        prev = NCAR(node);
       } while (r == 0 && IS_NOT_NULL(node = NCDR(node)));
     }
     break;
@@ -3937,7 +3940,7 @@ restart:
 
   case NT_STR:
     if (IS_IGNORECASE(reg->options) && !NSTRING_IS_RAW(node)) {
-      r = expand_case_fold_string(node, reg);
+      r = expand_case_fold_string(node, reg, state);
     }
     break;
 
@@ -3958,15 +3961,15 @@ restart:
       BRefNode* br = NBREF(node);
       p = BACKREFS_P(br);
       for (i = 0; i < br->back_num; i++) {
-	if (p[i] > env->num_mem)  return ONIGERR_INVALID_BACKREF;
-	BIT_STATUS_ON_AT(env->backrefed_mem, p[i]);
-	BIT_STATUS_ON_AT(env->bt_mem_start, p[i]);
+        if (p[i] > env->num_mem)  return ONIGERR_INVALID_BACKREF;
+        BIT_STATUS_ON_AT(env->backrefed_mem, p[i]);
+        BIT_STATUS_ON_AT(env->bt_mem_start, p[i]);
 #ifdef USE_BACKREF_WITH_LEVEL
-	if (IS_BACKREF_NEST_LEVEL(br)) {
-	  BIT_STATUS_ON_AT(env->bt_mem_end, p[i]);
-	}
+        if (IS_BACKREF_NEST_LEVEL(br)) {
+          BIT_STATUS_ON_AT(env->bt_mem_end, p[i]);
+        }
 #endif
-	SET_ENCLOSE_STATUS(nodes[p[i]], NST_MEM_BACKREFED);
+        SET_ENCLOSE_STATUS(nodes[p[i]], NST_MEM_BACKREFED);
       }
     }
     break;
@@ -3978,100 +3981,100 @@ restart:
       Node* target = qn->target;
 
       if ((state & IN_REPEAT) != 0) {
-	qn->state |= NST_IN_REPEAT;
+        qn->state |= NST_IN_REPEAT;
       }
 
       if (IS_REPEAT_INFINITE(qn->upper) || qn->upper >= 1) {
-	r = get_min_match_length(target, &d, env);
-	if (r) break;
-	if (d == 0) {
-	  qn->target_empty_info = NQ_TARGET_IS_EMPTY;
+        r = get_min_match_length(target, &d, env);
+        if (r) break;
+        if (d == 0) {
+          qn->target_empty_info = NQ_TARGET_IS_EMPTY;
 #ifdef USE_MONOMANIAC_CHECK_CAPTURES_IN_ENDLESS_REPEAT
-	  r = quantifiers_memory_node_info(target);
-	  if (r < 0) break;
-	  if (r > 0) {
-	    qn->target_empty_info = r;
-	  }
+          r = quantifiers_memory_node_info(target);
+          if (r < 0) break;
+          if (r > 0) {
+            qn->target_empty_info = r;
+          }
 #endif
 #if 0
-	  r = get_max_match_length(target, &d, env);
-	  if (r == 0 && d == 0) {
-	    /*  ()* ==> ()?, ()+ ==> ()  */
-	    qn->upper = 1;
-	    if (qn->lower > 1) qn->lower = 1;
-	    if (NTYPE(target) == NT_STR) {
-	      qn->upper = qn->lower = 0;  /* /(?:)+/ ==> // */
-	    }
-	  }
+          r = get_max_match_length(target, &d, env);
+          if (r == 0 && d == 0) {
+            /*  ()* ==> ()?, ()+ ==> ()  */
+            qn->upper = 1;
+            if (qn->lower > 1) qn->lower = 1;
+            if (NTYPE(target) == NT_STR) {
+              qn->upper = qn->lower = 0;  /* /(?:)+/ ==> // */
+            }
+          }
 #endif
-	}
+        }
       }
 
       state |= IN_REPEAT;
       if (qn->lower != qn->upper)
-	state |= IN_VAR_REPEAT;
+        state |= IN_VAR_REPEAT;
       r = setup_tree(target, reg, state, env);
       if (r) break;
 
       /* expand string */
 #define EXPAND_STRING_MAX_LENGTH  100
       if (NTYPE(target) == NT_STR) {
-	if (qn->lower > 1) {
-	  int i, n = qn->lower;
-	  OnigDistance len = NSTRING_LEN(target);
-	  StrNode* sn = NSTR(target);
-	  Node* np;
-
-	  np = onig_node_new_str(sn->s, sn->end);
-	  if (IS_NULL(np)) return ONIGERR_MEMORY;
-	  NSTR(np)->flag = sn->flag;
-
-	  for (i = 1; i < n && (i+1) * len <= EXPAND_STRING_MAX_LENGTH; i++) {
-	    r = onig_node_str_cat(np, sn->s, sn->end);
-	    if (r) {
-	      onig_node_free(np);
-	      return r;
-	    }
-	  }
-	  if (i < qn->upper || IS_REPEAT_INFINITE(qn->upper)) {
-	    Node *np1, *np2;
-
-	    qn->lower -= i;
-	    if (! IS_REPEAT_INFINITE(qn->upper))
-	      qn->upper -= i;
-
-	    np1 = onig_node_new_list(np, NULL);
-	    if (IS_NULL(np1)) {
-	      onig_node_free(np);
-	      return ONIGERR_MEMORY;
-	    }
-	    swap_node(np1, node);
-	    np2 = onig_node_list_add(node, np1);
-	    if (IS_NULL(np2)) {
-	      onig_node_free(np1);
-	      return ONIGERR_MEMORY;
-	    }
-	  }
-	  else {
-	    swap_node(np, node);
-	    onig_node_free(np);
-	  }
-	  break; /* break case NT_QTFR: */
-	}
+        if (qn->lower > 1) {
+          int i, n = qn->lower;
+          OnigDistance len = NSTRING_LEN(target);
+          StrNode* sn = NSTR(target);
+          Node* np;
+
+          np = onig_node_new_str(sn->s, sn->end);
+          if (IS_NULL(np)) return ONIGERR_MEMORY;
+          NSTR(np)->flag = sn->flag;
+
+          for (i = 1; i < n && (i+1) * len <= EXPAND_STRING_MAX_LENGTH; i++) {
+            r = onig_node_str_cat(np, sn->s, sn->end);
+            if (r) {
+              onig_node_free(np);
+              return r;
+            }
+          }
+          if (i < qn->upper || IS_REPEAT_INFINITE(qn->upper)) {
+            Node *np1, *np2;
+
+            qn->lower -= i;
+            if (! IS_REPEAT_INFINITE(qn->upper))
+              qn->upper -= i;
+
+            np1 = onig_node_new_list(np, NULL);
+            if (IS_NULL(np1)) {
+              onig_node_free(np);
+              return ONIGERR_MEMORY;
+            }
+            swap_node(np1, node);
+            np2 = onig_node_list_add(node, np1);
+            if (IS_NULL(np2)) {
+              onig_node_free(np1);
+              return ONIGERR_MEMORY;
+            }
+          }
+          else {
+            swap_node(np, node);
+            onig_node_free(np);
+          }
+          break; /* break case NT_QTFR: */
+        }
       }
 
 #ifdef USE_OP_PUSH_OR_JUMP_EXACT
       if (qn->greedy && (qn->target_empty_info != 0)) {
-	if (NTYPE(target) == NT_QTFR) {
-	  QtfrNode* tqn = NQTFR(target);
-	  if (IS_NOT_NULL(tqn->head_exact)) {
-	    qn->head_exact  = tqn->head_exact;
-	    tqn->head_exact = NULL;
-	  }
-	}
-	else {
-	  qn->head_exact = get_head_value_node(qn->target, 1, reg);
-	}
+        if (NTYPE(target) == NT_QTFR) {
+          QtfrNode* tqn = NQTFR(target);
+          if (IS_NOT_NULL(tqn->head_exact)) {
+            qn->head_exact  = tqn->head_exact;
+            tqn->head_exact = NULL;
+          }
+        }
+        else {
+          qn->head_exact = get_head_value_node(qn->target, 1, reg);
+        }
       }
 #endif
     }
@@ -4083,61 +4086,61 @@ restart:
 
       switch (en->type) {
       case ENCLOSE_OPTION:
-	{
-	  OnigOptionType options = reg->options;
-	  reg->options = NENCLOSE(node)->option;
-	  r = setup_tree(NENCLOSE(node)->target, reg, state, env);
-	  reg->options = options;
-	}
-	break;
+        {
+          OnigOptionType options = reg->options;
+          reg->options = NENCLOSE(node)->option;
+          r = setup_tree(NENCLOSE(node)->target, reg, state, env);
+          reg->options = options;
+        }
+        break;
 
       case ENCLOSE_MEMORY:
-	if ((state & (IN_ALT | IN_NOT | IN_VAR_REPEAT | IN_CALL)) != 0) {
-	  BIT_STATUS_ON_AT(env->bt_mem_start, en->regnum);
-	  /* SET_ENCLOSE_STATUS(node, NST_MEM_IN_ALT_NOT); */
-	}
-	if (IS_ENCLOSE_CALLED(en))
-	  state |= IN_CALL;
-	if (IS_ENCLOSE_RECURSION(en))
-	  state |= IN_RECCALL;
-	else if ((state & IN_RECCALL) != 0)
-	  SET_CALL_RECURSION(node);
-	r = setup_tree(en->target, reg, state, env);
-	break;
+        if ((state & (IN_ALT | IN_NOT | IN_VAR_REPEAT | IN_CALL)) != 0) {
+          BIT_STATUS_ON_AT(env->bt_mem_start, en->regnum);
+          /* SET_ENCLOSE_STATUS(node, NST_MEM_IN_ALT_NOT); */
+        }
+        if (IS_ENCLOSE_CALLED(en))
+          state |= IN_CALL;
+        if (IS_ENCLOSE_RECURSION(en))
+          state |= IN_RECCALL;
+        else if ((state & IN_RECCALL) != 0)
+          SET_CALL_RECURSION(node);
+        r = setup_tree(en->target, reg, state, env);
+        break;
 
       case ENCLOSE_STOP_BACKTRACK:
-	{
-	  Node* target = en->target;
-	  r = setup_tree(target, reg, state, env);
-	  if (NTYPE(target) == NT_QTFR) {
-	    QtfrNode* tqn = NQTFR(target);
-	    if (IS_REPEAT_INFINITE(tqn->upper) && tqn->lower <= 1 &&
-		tqn->greedy != 0) {  /* (?>a*), a*+ etc... */
-	      int qtype = NTYPE(tqn->target);
-	      if (IS_NODE_TYPE_SIMPLE(qtype))
-		SET_ENCLOSE_STATUS(node, NST_STOP_BT_SIMPLE_REPEAT);
-	    }
-	  }
-	}
-	break;
+        {
+          Node* target = en->target;
+          r = setup_tree(target, reg, state, env);
+          if (NTYPE(target) == NT_QTFR) {
+            QtfrNode* tqn = NQTFR(target);
+            if (IS_REPEAT_INFINITE(tqn->upper) && tqn->lower <= 1 &&
+                tqn->greedy != 0) {  /* (?>a*), a*+ etc... */
+              int qtype = NTYPE(tqn->target);
+              if (IS_NODE_TYPE_SIMPLE(qtype))
+                SET_ENCLOSE_STATUS(node, NST_STOP_BT_SIMPLE_REPEAT);
+            }
+          }
+        }
+        break;
 
       case ENCLOSE_CONDITION:
 #ifdef USE_NAMED_GROUP
-	if (! IS_ENCLOSE_NAME_REF(NENCLOSE(node)) &&
-	    env->num_named > 0 &&
-	    IS_SYNTAX_BV(env->syntax, ONIG_SYN_CAPTURE_ONLY_NAMED_GROUP) &&
-	    !ONIG_IS_OPTION_ON(env->option, ONIG_OPTION_CAPTURE_GROUP)) {
-	  return ONIGERR_NUMBERED_BACKREF_OR_CALL_NOT_ALLOWED;
-	}
+        if (! IS_ENCLOSE_NAME_REF(NENCLOSE(node)) &&
+            env->num_named > 0 &&
+            IS_SYNTAX_BV(env->syntax, ONIG_SYN_CAPTURE_ONLY_NAMED_GROUP) &&
+            !ONIG_IS_OPTION_ON(env->option, ONIG_OPTION_CAPTURE_GROUP)) {
+          return ONIGERR_NUMBERED_BACKREF_OR_CALL_NOT_ALLOWED;
+        }
 #endif
-	if (NENCLOSE(node)->regnum > env->num_mem)
-	  return ONIGERR_INVALID_BACKREF;
-	r = setup_tree(NENCLOSE(node)->target, reg, state, env);
-	break;
+        if (NENCLOSE(node)->regnum > env->num_mem)
+          return ONIGERR_INVALID_BACKREF;
+        r = setup_tree(NENCLOSE(node)->target, reg, state, env);
+        break;
 
       case ENCLOSE_ABSENT:
-	r = setup_tree(NENCLOSE(node)->target, reg, state, env);
-	break;
+        r = setup_tree(NENCLOSE(node)->target, reg, state, env);
+        break;
       }
     }
     break;
@@ -4148,11 +4151,11 @@ restart:
 
       switch (an->type) {
       case ANCHOR_PREC_READ:
-	r = setup_tree(an->target, reg, state, env);
-	break;
+        r = setup_tree(an->target, reg, state, env);
+        break;
       case ANCHOR_PREC_READ_NOT:
-	r = setup_tree(an->target, reg, (state | IN_NOT), env);
-	break;
+        r = setup_tree(an->target, reg, (state | IN_NOT), env);
+        break;
 
 /* allowed node types in look-behind */
 #define ALLOWED_TYPE_IN_LB  \
@@ -4174,30 +4177,31 @@ restart:
   ANCHOR_WORD_BEGIN | ANCHOR_WORD_END )
 
       case ANCHOR_LOOK_BEHIND:
-	{
-	  r = check_type_tree(an->target, ALLOWED_TYPE_IN_LB,
-			      ALLOWED_ENCLOSE_IN_LB, ALLOWED_ANCHOR_IN_LB);
-	  if (r < 0) return r;
-	  if (r > 0) return ONIGERR_INVALID_LOOK_BEHIND_PATTERN;
-	  if (NTYPE(node) != NT_ANCHOR) goto restart;
-	  r = setup_tree(an->target, reg, state, env);
-	  if (r != 0) return r;
-	  r = setup_look_behind(node, reg, env);
-	}
-	break;
+        {
+          r = check_type_tree(an->target, ALLOWED_TYPE_IN_LB,
+                              ALLOWED_ENCLOSE_IN_LB, ALLOWED_ANCHOR_IN_LB);
+          if (r < 0) return r;
+          if (r > 0) return ONIGERR_INVALID_LOOK_BEHIND_PATTERN;
+          if (NTYPE(node) != NT_ANCHOR) goto restart;
+          r = setup_tree(an->target, reg, (state | IN_LOOK_BEHIND), env);
+          if (r != 0) return r;
+          r = setup_look_behind(node, reg, env);
+        }
+        break;
 
       case ANCHOR_LOOK_BEHIND_NOT:
-	{
-	  r = check_type_tree(an->target, ALLOWED_TYPE_IN_LB,
-		      ALLOWED_ENCLOSE_IN_LB_NOT, ALLOWED_ANCHOR_IN_LB_NOT);
-	  if (r < 0) return r;
-	  if (r > 0) return ONIGERR_INVALID_LOOK_BEHIND_PATTERN;
-	  if (NTYPE(node) != NT_ANCHOR) goto restart;
-	  r = setup_tree(an->target, reg, (state | IN_NOT), env);
-	  if (r != 0) return r;
-	  r = setup_look_behind(node, reg, env);
-	}
-	break;
+        {
+          r = check_type_tree(an->target, ALLOWED_TYPE_IN_LB,
+                      ALLOWED_ENCLOSE_IN_LB_NOT, ALLOWED_ANCHOR_IN_LB_NOT);
+          if (r < 0) return r;
+          if (r > 0) return ONIGERR_INVALID_LOOK_BEHIND_PATTERN;
+          if (NTYPE(node) != NT_ANCHOR) goto restart;
+          r = setup_tree(an->target, reg, (state | IN_NOT | IN_LOOK_BEHIND),
+                         env);
+          if (r != 0) return r;
+          r = setup_look_behind(node, reg, env);
+        }
+        break;
       }
     }
     break;
@@ -4209,169 +4213,73 @@ restart:
   return r;
 }
 
-#ifndef USE_SUNDAY_QUICK_SEARCH
-/* set skip map for Boyer-Moore search */
+/* set skip map for Sunday's quick search */
 static int
 set_bm_skip(UChar* s, UChar* end, regex_t* reg,
-	    UChar skip[], int** int_skip, int ignore_case)
+            UChar skip[], int ignore_case)
 {
   OnigDistance i, len;
   int clen, flen, n, j, k;
-  UChar *p, buf[ONIGENC_GET_CASE_FOLD_CODES_MAX_NUM][ONIGENC_MBC_CASE_FOLD_MAXLEN];
+  UChar *p, buf[ONIGENC_MBC_CASE_FOLD_MAXLEN];
   OnigCaseFoldCodeItem items[ONIGENC_GET_CASE_FOLD_CODES_MAX_NUM];
   OnigEncoding enc = reg->enc;
 
   len = end - s;
-  if (len < ONIG_CHAR_TABLE_SIZE) {
-    for (i = 0; i < ONIG_CHAR_TABLE_SIZE; i++) skip[i] = (UChar )len;
-
-    n = 0;
-    for (i = 0; i < len - 1; i += clen) {
-      p = s + i;
-      if (ignore_case)
-	n = ONIGENC_GET_CASE_FOLD_CODES_BY_STR(enc, reg->case_fold_flag,
-					       p, end, items);
-      clen = enclen(enc, p, end);
-      if (p + clen > end)
-	clen = (int )(end - p);
-
-      for (j = 0; j < n; j++) {
-	if ((items[j].code_len != 1) || (items[j].byte_len != clen))
-	  return 1;  /* different length isn't supported. */
-	flen = ONIGENC_CODE_TO_MBC(enc, items[j].code[0], buf[j]);
-	if (flen != clen)
-	  return 1;  /* different length isn't supported. */
-      }
-      for (j = 0; j < clen; j++) {
-	skip[s[i + j]] = (UChar )(len - 1 - i - j);
-	for (k = 0; k < n; k++) {
-	  skip[buf[k][j]] = (UChar )(len - 1 - i - j);
-	}
-      }
-    }
-  }
-  else {
-# if OPT_EXACT_MAXLEN < ONIG_CHAR_TABLE_SIZE
+  if (len >= ONIG_CHAR_TABLE_SIZE) {
     /* This should not happen. */
     return ONIGERR_TYPE_BUG;
-# else
-    if (IS_NULL(*int_skip)) {
-      *int_skip = (int* )xmalloc(sizeof(int) * ONIG_CHAR_TABLE_SIZE);
-      if (IS_NULL(*int_skip)) return ONIGERR_MEMORY;
-    }
-    for (i = 0; i < ONIG_CHAR_TABLE_SIZE; i++) (*int_skip)[i] = (int )len;
-
-    n = 0;
-    for (i = 0; i < len - 1; i += clen) {
-      p = s + i;
-      if (ignore_case)
-	n = ONIGENC_GET_CASE_FOLD_CODES_BY_STR(enc, reg->case_fold_flag,
-					       p, end, items);
-      clen = enclen(enc, p, end);
-      if (p + clen > end)
-	clen = (int )(end - p);
-
-      for (j = 0; j < n; j++) {
-	if ((items[j].code_len != 1) || (items[j].byte_len != clen))
-	  return 1;  /* different length isn't supported. */
-	flen = ONIGENC_CODE_TO_MBC(enc, items[j].code[0], buf[j]);
-	if (flen != clen)
-	  return 1;  /* different length isn't supported. */
-      }
-      for (j = 0; j < clen; j++) {
-	(*int_skip)[s[i + j]] = (int )(len - 1 - i - j);
-	for (k = 0; k < n; k++) {
-	  (*int_skip)[buf[k][j]] = (int )(len - 1 - i - j);
-	}
-      }
-    }
-# endif
   }
-  return 0;
-}
-
-#else /* USE_SUNDAY_QUICK_SEARCH */
-
-/* set skip map for Sunday's quick search */
-static int
-set_bm_skip(UChar* s, UChar* end, regex_t* reg,
-	    UChar skip[], int** int_skip, int ignore_case)
-{
-  OnigDistance i, len;
-  int clen, flen, n, j, k;
-  UChar *p, buf[ONIGENC_GET_CASE_FOLD_CODES_MAX_NUM][ONIGENC_MBC_CASE_FOLD_MAXLEN];
-  OnigCaseFoldCodeItem items[ONIGENC_GET_CASE_FOLD_CODES_MAX_NUM];
-  OnigEncoding enc = reg->enc;
-
-  len = end - s;
-  if (len < ONIG_CHAR_TABLE_SIZE) {
-    for (i = 0; i < ONIG_CHAR_TABLE_SIZE; i++) skip[i] = (UChar )(len + 1);
 
-    n = 0;
+  if (ignore_case) {
     for (i = 0; i < len; i += clen) {
       p = s + i;
-      if (ignore_case)
-	n = ONIGENC_GET_CASE_FOLD_CODES_BY_STR(enc, reg->case_fold_flag,
-					       p, end, items);
+      n = ONIGENC_GET_CASE_FOLD_CODES_BY_STR(enc, reg->case_fold_flag,
+	  p, end, items);
       clen = enclen(enc, p, end);
       if (p + clen > end)
-	clen = (int )(end - p);
+        clen = (int )(end - p);
 
       for (j = 0; j < n; j++) {
-	if ((items[j].code_len != 1) || (items[j].byte_len != clen))
-	  return 1;  /* different length isn't supported. */
-	flen = ONIGENC_CODE_TO_MBC(enc, items[j].code[0], buf[j]);
-	if (flen != clen)
-	  return 1;  /* different length isn't supported. */
-      }
-      for (j = 0; j < clen; j++) {
-	skip[s[i + j]] = (UChar )(len - i - j);
-	for (k = 0; k < n; k++) {
-	  skip[buf[k][j]] = (UChar )(len - i - j);
+	if ((items[j].code_len != 1) || (items[j].byte_len != clen)) {
+	  /* Different length isn't supported. Stop optimization at here. */
+	  end = p;
+	  goto endcheck;
+	}
+	flen = ONIGENC_CODE_TO_MBC(enc, items[j].code[0], buf);
+	if (flen != clen) {
+	  /* Different length isn't supported. Stop optimization at here. */
+	  end = p;
+	  goto endcheck;
 	}
       }
     }
+endcheck:
+    len = end - s;
   }
-  else {
-# if OPT_EXACT_MAXLEN < ONIG_CHAR_TABLE_SIZE
-    /* This should not happen. */
-    return ONIGERR_TYPE_BUG;
-# else
-    if (IS_NULL(*int_skip)) {
-      *int_skip = (int* )xmalloc(sizeof(int) * ONIG_CHAR_TABLE_SIZE);
-      if (IS_NULL(*int_skip)) return ONIGERR_MEMORY;
-    }
-    for (i = 0; i < ONIG_CHAR_TABLE_SIZE; i++) (*int_skip)[i] = (int )(len + 1);
-
-    n = 0;
-    for (i = 0; i < len; i += clen) {
-      p = s + i;
-      if (ignore_case)
-	n = ONIGENC_GET_CASE_FOLD_CODES_BY_STR(enc, reg->case_fold_flag,
-					       p, end, items);
-      clen = enclen(enc, p, end);
-      if (p + clen > end)
-	clen = (int )(end - p);
 
-      for (j = 0; j < n; j++) {
-	if ((items[j].code_len != 1) || (items[j].byte_len != clen))
-	  return 1;  /* different length isn't supported. */
-	flen = ONIGENC_CODE_TO_MBC(enc, items[j].code[0], buf[j]);
-	if (flen != clen)
-	  return 1;  /* different length isn't supported. */
-      }
-      for (j = 0; j < clen; j++) {
-	(*int_skip)[s[i + j]] = (int )(len - i - j);
-	for (k = 0; k < n; k++) {
-	  (*int_skip)[buf[k][j]] = (int )(len - i - j);
-	}
+  for (i = 0; i < ONIG_CHAR_TABLE_SIZE; i++)
+    skip[i] = (UChar )(len + 1);
+  n = 0;
+  for (i = 0; i < len; i += clen) {
+    p = s + i;
+    if (ignore_case)
+      n = ONIGENC_GET_CASE_FOLD_CODES_BY_STR(enc, reg->case_fold_flag,
+					     p, end, items);
+    clen = enclen(enc, p, end);
+    if (p + clen > end)
+      clen = (int )(end - p);
+
+    for (j = 0; j < clen; j++) {
+      skip[s[i + j]] = (UChar )(len - i - j);
+      for (k = 0; k < n; k++) {
+	ONIGENC_CODE_TO_MBC(enc, items[k].code[0], buf);
+	skip[buf[j]] = (UChar )(len - i - j);
       }
     }
-# endif
   }
-  return 0;
+
+  return (int )len;
 }
-#endif /* USE_SUNDAY_QUICK_SEARCH */
 
 typedef struct {
   OnigDistance min;  /* min byte length */
@@ -4562,7 +4470,7 @@ copy_opt_anc_info(OptAncInfo* to, OptAncInfo* from)
 
 static void
 concat_opt_anc_info(OptAncInfo* to, OptAncInfo* left, OptAncInfo* right,
-		    OnigDistance left_len, OnigDistance right_len)
+                    OnigDistance left_len, OnigDistance right_len)
 {
   clear_opt_anc_info(to);
 
@@ -4678,7 +4586,7 @@ concat_opt_exact_info(OptExactInfo* to, OptExactInfo* add, OnigEncoding enc)
 
 static void
 concat_opt_exact_info_str(OptExactInfo* to, UChar* s, UChar* end,
-			  int raw ARG_UNUSED, OnigEncoding enc)
+                          int raw ARG_UNUSED, OnigEncoding enc)
 {
   int i, j, len;
   UChar *p;
@@ -4923,7 +4831,7 @@ concat_left_node_opt_info(OnigEncoding enc, NodeOptInfo* to, NodeOptInfo* add)
 
   if (add->exb.len > 0 && to->len.max == 0) {
     concat_opt_anc_info(&tanc, &to->anc, &add->exb.anc,
-			to->len.max, add->len.max);
+                        to->len.max, add->len.max);
     copy_opt_anc_info(&add->exb.anc, &tanc);
   }
 
@@ -4954,12 +4862,12 @@ concat_left_node_opt_info(OnigEncoding enc, NodeOptInfo* to, NodeOptInfo* add)
   if (to->expr.len > 0) {
     if (add->len.max > 0) {
       if (to->expr.len > (int )add->len.max)
-	to->expr.len = (int )add->len.max;
+        to->expr.len = (int )add->len.max;
 
       if (to->expr.mmd.max == 0)
-	select_opt_exact_info(enc, &to->exb, &to->expr);
+        select_opt_exact_info(enc, &to->exb, &to->expr);
       else
-	select_opt_exact_info(enc, &to->exm, &to->expr);
+        select_opt_exact_info(enc, &to->exm, &to->expr);
     }
   }
   else if (add->expr.len > 0) {
@@ -5005,11 +4913,11 @@ optimize_node_left(Node* node, NodeOptInfo* opt, OptEnv* env)
 
       copy_opt_env(&nenv, env);
       do {
-	r = optimize_node_left(NCAR(nd), &nopt, &nenv);
-	if (r == 0) {
-	  add_mml(&nenv.mmd, &nopt.len);
-	  concat_left_node_opt_info(env->enc, opt, &nopt);
-	}
+        r = optimize_node_left(NCAR(nd), &nopt, &nenv);
+        if (r == 0) {
+          add_mml(&nenv.mmd, &nopt.len);
+          concat_left_node_opt_info(env->enc, opt, &nopt);
+        }
       } while (r == 0 && IS_NOT_NULL(nd = NCDR(nd)));
     }
     break;
@@ -5020,11 +4928,11 @@ optimize_node_left(Node* node, NodeOptInfo* opt, OptEnv* env)
       Node* nd = node;
 
       do {
-	r = optimize_node_left(NCAR(nd), &nopt, env);
-	if (r == 0) {
-	  if (nd == node) copy_node_opt_info(opt, &nopt);
-	  else            alt_merge_node_opt_info(opt, &nopt, env);
-	}
+        r = optimize_node_left(NCAR(nd), &nopt, env);
+        if (r == 0) {
+          if (nd == node) copy_node_opt_info(opt, &nopt);
+          else            alt_merge_node_opt_info(opt, &nopt, env);
+        }
       } while ((r == 0) && IS_NOT_NULL(nd = NCDR(nd)));
     }
     break;
@@ -5036,40 +4944,40 @@ optimize_node_left(Node* node, NodeOptInfo* opt, OptEnv* env)
       int is_raw = NSTRING_IS_RAW(node);
 
       if (! NSTRING_IS_AMBIG(node)) {
-	concat_opt_exact_info_str(&opt->exb, sn->s, sn->end,
-				  is_raw, env->enc);
-	opt->exb.ignore_case = 0;
-	if (slen > 0) {
-	  add_char_opt_map_info(&opt->map, *(sn->s), env->enc);
-	}
-	set_mml(&opt->len, slen, slen);
+        concat_opt_exact_info_str(&opt->exb, sn->s, sn->end,
+                                  is_raw, env->enc);
+        opt->exb.ignore_case = 0;
+        if (slen > 0) {
+          add_char_opt_map_info(&opt->map, *(sn->s), env->enc);
+        }
+        set_mml(&opt->len, slen, slen);
       }
       else {
-	OnigDistance max;
+        OnigDistance max;
 
-	if (NSTRING_IS_DONT_GET_OPT_INFO(node)) {
-	  int n = onigenc_strlen(env->enc, sn->s, sn->end);
-	  max = ONIGENC_MBC_MAXLEN_DIST(env->enc) * (OnigDistance)n;
-	}
-	else {
-	  concat_opt_exact_info_str(&opt->exb, sn->s, sn->end,
-				    is_raw, env->enc);
-	  opt->exb.ignore_case = 1;
-
-	  if (slen > 0) {
-	    r = add_char_amb_opt_map_info(&opt->map, sn->s, sn->end,
-					  env->enc, env->case_fold_flag);
-	    if (r != 0) break;
-	  }
-
-	  max = slen;
-	}
+        if (NSTRING_IS_DONT_GET_OPT_INFO(node)) {
+          int n = onigenc_strlen(env->enc, sn->s, sn->end);
+          max = (OnigDistance )ONIGENC_MBC_MAXLEN_DIST(env->enc) * (OnigDistance)n;
+        }
+        else {
+          concat_opt_exact_info_str(&opt->exb, sn->s, sn->end,
+                                    is_raw, env->enc);
+          opt->exb.ignore_case = 1;
 
-	set_mml(&opt->len, slen, max);
+          if (slen > 0) {
+            r = add_char_amb_opt_map_info(&opt->map, sn->s, sn->end,
+                                          env->enc, env->case_fold_flag);
+            if (r != 0) break;
+          }
+
+          max = slen;
+        }
+
+        set_mml(&opt->len, slen, max);
       }
 
       if ((OnigDistance )opt->exb.len == slen)
-	opt->exb.reach_end = 1;
+        opt->exb.reach_end = 1;
     }
     break;
 
@@ -5081,19 +4989,19 @@ optimize_node_left(Node* node, NodeOptInfo* opt, OptEnv* env)
       /* no need to check ignore case. (set in setup_tree()) */
 
       if (IS_NOT_NULL(cc->mbuf) || IS_NCCLASS_NOT(cc)) {
-	OnigDistance min = ONIGENC_MBC_MINLEN(env->enc);
-	OnigDistance max = ONIGENC_MBC_MAXLEN_DIST(env->enc);
+        OnigDistance min = ONIGENC_MBC_MINLEN(env->enc);
+        OnigDistance max = ONIGENC_MBC_MAXLEN_DIST(env->enc);
 
-	set_mml(&opt->len, min, max);
+        set_mml(&opt->len, min, max);
       }
       else {
-	for (i = 0; i < SINGLE_BYTE_SIZE; i++) {
-	  z = BITSET_AT(cc->bs, i);
-	  if ((z && !IS_NCCLASS_NOT(cc)) || (!z && IS_NCCLASS_NOT(cc))) {
-	    add_char_opt_map_info(&opt->map, (UChar )i, env->enc);
-	  }
-	}
-	set_mml(&opt->len, 1, 1);
+        for (i = 0; i < SINGLE_BYTE_SIZE; i++) {
+          z = BITSET_AT(cc->bs, i);
+          if ((z && !IS_NCCLASS_NOT(cc)) || (!z && IS_NCCLASS_NOT(cc))) {
+            add_char_opt_map_info(&opt->map, (UChar )i, env->enc);
+          }
+        }
+        set_mml(&opt->len, 1, 1);
       }
     }
     break;
@@ -5106,30 +5014,30 @@ optimize_node_left(Node* node, NodeOptInfo* opt, OptEnv* env)
       max = ONIGENC_MBC_MAXLEN_DIST(env->enc);
 
       if (max == 1) {
-	min = 1;
-
-	maxcode = NCTYPE(node)->ascii_range ? 0x80 : SINGLE_BYTE_SIZE;
-	switch (NCTYPE(node)->ctype) {
-	case ONIGENC_CTYPE_WORD:
-	  if (NCTYPE(node)->not != 0) {
-	    for (i = 0; i < SINGLE_BYTE_SIZE; i++) {
-	      if (! ONIGENC_IS_CODE_WORD(env->enc, i) || i >= maxcode) {
-		add_char_opt_map_info(&opt->map, (UChar )i, env->enc);
-	      }
-	    }
-	  }
-	  else {
-	    for (i = 0; i < maxcode; i++) {
-	      if (ONIGENC_IS_CODE_WORD(env->enc, i)) {
-		add_char_opt_map_info(&opt->map, (UChar )i, env->enc);
-	      }
-	    }
-	  }
-	  break;
-	}
+        min = 1;
+
+        maxcode = NCTYPE(node)->ascii_range ? 0x80 : SINGLE_BYTE_SIZE;
+        switch (NCTYPE(node)->ctype) {
+        case ONIGENC_CTYPE_WORD:
+          if (NCTYPE(node)->not != 0) {
+            for (i = 0; i < SINGLE_BYTE_SIZE; i++) {
+              if (! ONIGENC_IS_CODE_WORD(env->enc, i) || i >= maxcode) {
+                add_char_opt_map_info(&opt->map, (UChar )i, env->enc);
+              }
+            }
+          }
+          else {
+            for (i = 0; i < maxcode; i++) {
+              if (ONIGENC_IS_CODE_WORD(env->enc, i)) {
+                add_char_opt_map_info(&opt->map, (UChar )i, env->enc);
+              }
+            }
+          }
+          break;
+        }
       }
       else {
-	min = ONIGENC_MBC_MINLEN(env->enc);
+        min = ONIGENC_MBC_MINLEN(env->enc);
       }
       set_mml(&opt->len, min, max);
     }
@@ -5158,20 +5066,20 @@ optimize_node_left(Node* node, NodeOptInfo* opt, OptEnv* env)
 
     case ANCHOR_PREC_READ:
       {
-	NodeOptInfo nopt;
+        NodeOptInfo nopt;
 
-	r = optimize_node_left(NANCHOR(node)->target, &nopt, env);
-	if (r == 0) {
-	  if (nopt.exb.len > 0)
-	    copy_opt_exact_info(&opt->expr, &nopt.exb);
-	  else if (nopt.exm.len > 0)
-	    copy_opt_exact_info(&opt->expr, &nopt.exm);
+        r = optimize_node_left(NANCHOR(node)->target, &nopt, env);
+        if (r == 0) {
+          if (nopt.exb.len > 0)
+            copy_opt_exact_info(&opt->expr, &nopt.exb);
+          else if (nopt.exm.len > 0)
+            copy_opt_exact_info(&opt->expr, &nopt.exm);
 
-	  opt->expr.reach_end = 0;
+          opt->expr.reach_end = 0;
 
-	  if (nopt.map.value > 0)
-	    copy_opt_map_info(&opt->map, &nopt.map);
-	}
+          if (nopt.map.value > 0)
+            copy_opt_map_info(&opt->map, &nopt.map);
+        }
       }
       break;
 
@@ -5189,8 +5097,8 @@ optimize_node_left(Node* node, NodeOptInfo* opt, OptEnv* env)
       BRefNode* br = NBREF(node);
 
       if (br->state & NST_RECURSION) {
-	set_mml(&opt->len, 0, ONIG_INFINITE_DISTANCE);
-	break;
+        set_mml(&opt->len, 0, ONIG_INFINITE_DISTANCE);
+        break;
       }
       backs = BACKREFS_P(br);
       r = get_min_match_length(nodes[backs[0]], &min, env->scan_env);
@@ -5198,12 +5106,12 @@ optimize_node_left(Node* node, NodeOptInfo* opt, OptEnv* env)
       r = get_max_match_length(nodes[backs[0]], &max, env->scan_env);
       if (r != 0) break;
       for (i = 1; i < br->back_num; i++) {
-	r = get_min_match_length(nodes[backs[i]], &tmin, env->scan_env);
-	if (r != 0) break;
-	r = get_max_match_length(nodes[backs[i]], &tmax, env->scan_env);
-	if (r != 0) break;
-	if (min > tmin) min = tmin;
-	if (max < tmax) max = tmax;
+        r = get_min_match_length(nodes[backs[i]], &tmin, env->scan_env);
+        if (r != 0) break;
+        r = get_max_match_length(nodes[backs[i]], &tmax, env->scan_env);
+        if (r != 0) break;
+        if (min > tmin) min = tmin;
+        if (max < tmax) max = tmax;
       }
       if (r == 0) set_mml(&opt->len, min, max);
     }
@@ -5232,45 +5140,45 @@ optimize_node_left(Node* node, NodeOptInfo* opt, OptEnv* env)
       r = optimize_node_left(qn->target, &nopt, env);
       if (r) break;
 
-      if (/*qn->lower == 0 &&*/ IS_REPEAT_INFINITE(qn->upper)) {
-	if (env->mmd.max == 0 &&
-	    NTYPE(qn->target) == NT_CANY && qn->greedy) {
-	  if (IS_MULTILINE(env->options))
-	    /* implicit anchor: /.*a/ ==> /\A.*a/ */
-	    add_opt_anc_info(&opt->anc, ANCHOR_ANYCHAR_STAR_ML);
-	  else
-	    add_opt_anc_info(&opt->anc, ANCHOR_ANYCHAR_STAR);
-	}
+      if (qn->lower == 0 && IS_REPEAT_INFINITE(qn->upper)) {
+        if (env->mmd.max == 0 &&
+            NTYPE(qn->target) == NT_CANY && qn->greedy) {
+          if (IS_MULTILINE(env->options))
+            /* implicit anchor: /.*a/ ==> /\A.*a/ */
+            add_opt_anc_info(&opt->anc, ANCHOR_ANYCHAR_STAR_ML);
+          else
+            add_opt_anc_info(&opt->anc, ANCHOR_ANYCHAR_STAR);
+        }
       }
       else {
-	if (qn->lower > 0) {
-	  copy_node_opt_info(opt, &nopt);
-	  if (nopt.exb.len > 0) {
-	    if (nopt.exb.reach_end) {
-	      for (i = 2; i <= qn->lower &&
-			  ! is_full_opt_exact_info(&opt->exb); i++) {
-		concat_opt_exact_info(&opt->exb, &nopt.exb, env->enc);
-	      }
-	      if (i < qn->lower) {
-		opt->exb.reach_end = 0;
-	      }
-	    }
-	  }
-
-	  if (qn->lower != qn->upper) {
-	    opt->exb.reach_end = 0;
-	    opt->exm.reach_end = 0;
-	  }
-	  if (qn->lower > 1)
-	    opt->exm.reach_end = 0;
-	}
+        if (qn->lower > 0) {
+          copy_node_opt_info(opt, &nopt);
+          if (nopt.exb.len > 0) {
+            if (nopt.exb.reach_end) {
+              for (i = 2; i <= qn->lower &&
+                          ! is_full_opt_exact_info(&opt->exb); i++) {
+                concat_opt_exact_info(&opt->exb, &nopt.exb, env->enc);
+              }
+              if (i < qn->lower) {
+                opt->exb.reach_end = 0;
+              }
+            }
+          }
+
+          if (qn->lower != qn->upper) {
+            opt->exb.reach_end = 0;
+            opt->exm.reach_end = 0;
+          }
+          if (qn->lower > 1)
+            opt->exm.reach_end = 0;
+        }
       }
 
       min = distance_multiply(nopt.len.min, qn->lower);
       if (IS_REPEAT_INFINITE(qn->upper))
-	max = (nopt.len.max > 0 ? ONIG_INFINITE_DISTANCE : 0);
+        max = (nopt.len.max > 0 ? ONIG_INFINITE_DISTANCE : 0);
       else
-	max = distance_multiply(nopt.len.max, qn->upper);
+        max = distance_multiply(nopt.len.max, qn->upper);
 
       set_mml(&opt->len, min, max);
     }
@@ -5282,47 +5190,47 @@ optimize_node_left(Node* node, NodeOptInfo* opt, OptEnv* env)
 
       switch (en->type) {
       case ENCLOSE_OPTION:
-	{
-	  OnigOptionType save = env->options;
+        {
+          OnigOptionType save = env->options;
 
-	  env->options = en->option;
-	  r = optimize_node_left(en->target, opt, env);
-	  env->options = save;
-	}
-	break;
+          env->options = en->option;
+          r = optimize_node_left(en->target, opt, env);
+          env->options = save;
+        }
+        break;
 
       case ENCLOSE_MEMORY:
 #ifdef USE_SUBEXP_CALL
-	en->opt_count++;
-	if (en->opt_count > MAX_NODE_OPT_INFO_REF_COUNT) {
-	  OnigDistance min, max;
-
-	  min = 0;
-	  max = ONIG_INFINITE_DISTANCE;
-	  if (IS_ENCLOSE_MIN_FIXED(en)) min = en->min_len;
-	  if (IS_ENCLOSE_MAX_FIXED(en)) max = en->max_len;
-	  set_mml(&opt->len, min, max);
-	}
-	else
+        en->opt_count++;
+        if (en->opt_count > MAX_NODE_OPT_INFO_REF_COUNT) {
+          OnigDistance min, max;
+
+          min = 0;
+          max = ONIG_INFINITE_DISTANCE;
+          if (IS_ENCLOSE_MIN_FIXED(en)) min = en->min_len;
+          if (IS_ENCLOSE_MAX_FIXED(en)) max = en->max_len;
+          set_mml(&opt->len, min, max);
+        }
+        else
 #endif
-	{
-	  r = optimize_node_left(en->target, opt, env);
+        {
+          r = optimize_node_left(en->target, opt, env);
 
-	  if (is_set_opt_anc_info(&opt->anc, ANCHOR_ANYCHAR_STAR_MASK)) {
-	    if (BIT_STATUS_AT(env->scan_env->backrefed_mem, en->regnum))
-	      remove_opt_anc_info(&opt->anc, ANCHOR_ANYCHAR_STAR_MASK);
-	  }
-	}
-	break;
+          if (is_set_opt_anc_info(&opt->anc, ANCHOR_ANYCHAR_STAR_MASK)) {
+            if (BIT_STATUS_AT(env->scan_env->backrefed_mem, en->regnum))
+              remove_opt_anc_info(&opt->anc, ANCHOR_ANYCHAR_STAR_MASK);
+          }
+        }
+        break;
 
       case ENCLOSE_STOP_BACKTRACK:
       case ENCLOSE_CONDITION:
-	r = optimize_node_left(en->target, opt, env);
-	break;
+        r = optimize_node_left(en->target, opt, env);
+        break;
 
       case ENCLOSE_ABSENT:
-	set_mml(&opt->len, 0, ONIG_INFINITE_DISTANCE);
-	break;
+        set_mml(&opt->len, 0, ONIG_INFINITE_DISTANCE);
+        break;
       }
     }
     break;
@@ -5330,7 +5238,7 @@ optimize_node_left(Node* node, NodeOptInfo* opt, OptEnv* env)
   default:
 #ifdef ONIG_DEBUG
     fprintf(stderr, "optimize_node_left: undefined node type %d\n",
-	    NTYPE(node));
+            NTYPE(node));
 #endif
     r = ONIGERR_TYPE_BUG;
     break;
@@ -5342,7 +5250,6 @@ optimize_node_left(Node* node, NodeOptInfo* opt, OptEnv* env)
 static int
 set_optimize_exact_info(regex_t* reg, OptExactInfo* e)
 {
-  int r;
   int allow_reverse;
 
   if (e->len == 0) return 0;
@@ -5353,18 +5260,27 @@ set_optimize_exact_info(regex_t* reg, OptExactInfo* e)
   reg->exact_end = reg->exact + e->len;
 
   allow_reverse =
-	ONIGENC_IS_ALLOWED_REVERSE_MATCH(reg->enc, reg->exact, reg->exact_end);
+        ONIGENC_IS_ALLOWED_REVERSE_MATCH(reg->enc, reg->exact, reg->exact_end);
 
   if (e->ignore_case > 0) {
     if (e->len >= 3 || (e->len >= 2 && allow_reverse)) {
-      r = set_bm_skip(reg->exact, reg->exact_end, reg,
-		      reg->map, &(reg->int_map), 1);
-      if (r == 0) {
-	reg->optimize = (allow_reverse != 0
-			 ? ONIG_OPTIMIZE_EXACT_BM_IC : ONIG_OPTIMIZE_EXACT_BM_NOT_REV_IC);
+      int orig_len = e->len;
+      e->len = set_bm_skip(reg->exact, reg->exact_end, reg,
+                           reg->map, 1);
+      if (e->len >= 3) {
+        reg->exact_end = reg->exact + e->len;
+        reg->optimize = (allow_reverse != 0
+                         ? ONIG_OPTIMIZE_EXACT_BM_IC : ONIG_OPTIMIZE_EXACT_BM_NOT_REV_IC);
       }
       else {
-	reg->optimize = ONIG_OPTIMIZE_EXACT_IC;
+        /* Even if BM skip table can't be built (e.g., pattern starts with
+           's' or 'k' which have multi-byte case fold variants), we should
+           still use EXACT_IC optimization with the original pattern.
+           Without this fallback, patterns like /slackware/i have no
+           optimization at all, causing severe performance regression
+           especially with non-ASCII strings. See [Bug #21824] */
+        e->len = orig_len;  /* Restore original length for EXACT_IC */
+        reg->optimize = ONIG_OPTIMIZE_EXACT_IC;
       }
     }
     else {
@@ -5373,15 +5289,10 @@ set_optimize_exact_info(regex_t* reg, OptExactInfo* e)
   }
   else {
     if (e->len >= 3 || (e->len >= 2 && allow_reverse)) {
-      r = set_bm_skip(reg->exact, reg->exact_end, reg,
-		      reg->map, &(reg->int_map), 0);
-      if (r == 0) {
-	reg->optimize = (allow_reverse != 0
-		       ? ONIG_OPTIMIZE_EXACT_BM : ONIG_OPTIMIZE_EXACT_BM_NOT_REV);
-      }
-      else {
-	reg->optimize = ONIG_OPTIMIZE_EXACT;
-      }
+      set_bm_skip(reg->exact, reg->exact_end, reg,
+                  reg->map, 0);
+      reg->optimize = (allow_reverse != 0
+                     ? ONIG_OPTIMIZE_EXACT_BM : ONIG_OPTIMIZE_EXACT_BM_NOT_REV);
     }
     else {
       reg->optimize = ONIG_OPTIMIZE_EXACT;
@@ -5451,7 +5362,7 @@ set_optimize_info_from_tree(Node* node, regex_t* reg, ScanEnv* scan_env)
     reg->anchor &= ~ANCHOR_ANYCHAR_STAR_ML;
 
   reg->anchor |= opt.anc.right_anchor & (ANCHOR_END_BUF | ANCHOR_SEMI_END_BUF |
-	ANCHOR_PREC_READ_NOT);
+        ANCHOR_PREC_READ_NOT);
 
   if (reg->anchor & (ANCHOR_END_BUF | ANCHOR_SEMI_END_BUF)) {
     reg->anchor_dmin = opt.len.min;
@@ -5461,7 +5372,7 @@ set_optimize_info_from_tree(Node* node, regex_t* reg, ScanEnv* scan_env)
   if (opt.exb.len > 0 || opt.exm.len > 0) {
     select_opt_exact_info(reg->enc, &opt.exb, &opt.exm);
     if (opt.map.value > 0 &&
-	comp_opt_exact_or_map_info(&opt.exb, &opt.map) > 0) {
+        comp_opt_exact_or_map_info(&opt.exb, &opt.map) > 0) {
       goto set_map;
     }
     else {
@@ -5503,7 +5414,7 @@ clear_optimize_info(regex_t* reg)
 #ifdef ONIG_DEBUG
 
 static void print_enc_string(FILE* fp, OnigEncoding enc,
-			     const UChar *s, const UChar *end)
+                             const UChar *s, const UChar *end)
 {
   fprintf(fp, "\nPATTERN: /");
 
@@ -5515,10 +5426,10 @@ static void print_enc_string(FILE* fp, OnigEncoding enc,
     while (p < end) {
       code = ONIGENC_MBC_TO_CODE(enc, p, end);
       if (code >= 0x80) {
-	fprintf(fp, " 0x%04x ", (int )code);
+        fprintf(fp, " 0x%04x ", (int )code);
       }
       else {
-	fputc((int )code, fp);
+        fputc((int )code, fp);
       }
 
       p += enclen(enc, p, end);
@@ -5639,15 +5550,15 @@ print_optimize_info(FILE* f, regex_t* reg)
       c = 0;
       fputc('[', f);
       for (i = 0; i < ONIG_CHAR_TABLE_SIZE; i++) {
-	if (reg->map[i] != 0) {
-	  if (c > 0)  fputs(", ", f);
-	  c++;
-	  if (ONIGENC_MBC_MAXLEN(reg->enc) == 1 &&
-	      ONIGENC_IS_CODE_PRINT(reg->enc, (OnigCodePoint )i))
-	    fputc(i, f);
-	  else
-	    fprintf(f, "%d", i);
-	}
+        if (reg->map[i] != 0) {
+          if (c > 0)  fputs(", ", f);
+          c++;
+          if (ONIGENC_MBC_MAXLEN(reg->enc) == 1 &&
+              ONIGENC_IS_CODE_PRINT(reg->enc, (OnigCodePoint )i))
+            fputc(i, f);
+          else
+            fprintf(f, "%d", i);
+        }
       }
       fprintf(f, "]\n");
     }
@@ -5662,8 +5573,6 @@ onig_free_body(regex_t* reg)
   if (IS_NOT_NULL(reg)) {
     xfree(reg->p);
     xfree(reg->exact);
-    xfree(reg->int_map);
-    xfree(reg->int_map_backward);
     xfree(reg->repeat_range);
     onig_free(reg->chain);
 
@@ -5710,14 +5619,6 @@ onig_reg_copy(regex_t** nreg, regex_t* oreg)
       (reg)->exact_end = (reg)->exact + exact_size;
     }
 
-    if (IS_NOT_NULL(reg->int_map)) {
-      if (COPY_FAILED(int_map, sizeof(int) * ONIG_CHAR_TABLE_SIZE))
-        goto err_int_map;
-    }
-    if (IS_NOT_NULL(reg->int_map_backward)) {
-      if (COPY_FAILED(int_map_backward, sizeof(int) * ONIG_CHAR_TABLE_SIZE))
-        goto err_int_map_backward;
-    }
     if (IS_NOT_NULL(reg->p)) {
       if (COPY_FAILED(p, reg->alloc))
         goto err_p;
@@ -5744,10 +5645,6 @@ onig_reg_copy(regex_t** nreg, regex_t* oreg)
   err_repeat_range:
     xfree(reg->p);
   err_p:
-    xfree(reg->int_map_backward);
-  err_int_map_backward:
-    xfree(reg->int_map);
-  err_int_map:
     xfree(reg->exact);
   err:
     xfree(reg);
@@ -5764,8 +5661,6 @@ onig_memsize(const regex_t *reg)
     if (IS_NULL(reg)) return 0;
     if (IS_NOT_NULL(reg->p))                size += reg->alloc;
     if (IS_NOT_NULL(reg->exact))            size += reg->exact_end - reg->exact;
-    if (IS_NOT_NULL(reg->int_map))          size += sizeof(int) * ONIG_CHAR_TABLE_SIZE;
-    if (IS_NOT_NULL(reg->int_map_backward)) size += sizeof(int) * ONIG_CHAR_TABLE_SIZE;
     if (IS_NOT_NULL(reg->repeat_range))     size += reg->repeat_range_alloc * sizeof(OnigRepeatRange);
     if (IS_NOT_NULL(reg->chain))            size += onig_memsize(reg->chain);
 
@@ -5806,7 +5701,7 @@ static void print_tree(FILE* f, Node* node);
 #ifdef RUBY
 extern int
 onig_compile(regex_t* reg, const UChar* pattern, const UChar* pattern_end,
-	     OnigErrorInfo* einfo)
+             OnigErrorInfo* einfo)
 {
   return onig_compile_ruby(reg, pattern, pattern_end, einfo, NULL, 0);
 }
@@ -5815,11 +5710,11 @@ onig_compile(regex_t* reg, const UChar* pattern, const UChar* pattern_end,
 #ifdef RUBY
 extern int
 onig_compile_ruby(regex_t* reg, const UChar* pattern, const UChar* pattern_end,
-	      OnigErrorInfo* einfo, const char *sourcefile, int sourceline)
+              OnigErrorInfo* einfo, const char *sourcefile, int sourceline)
 #else
 extern int
 onig_compile(regex_t* reg, const UChar* pattern, const UChar* pattern_end,
-	     OnigErrorInfo* einfo)
+             OnigErrorInfo* einfo)
 #endif
 {
 #define COMPILE_INIT_SIZE  20
@@ -5936,10 +5831,10 @@ onig_compile(regex_t* reg, const UChar* pattern, const UChar* pattern_end,
     if (scan_env.comb_exp_max_regnum > 0) {
       int i;
       for (i = 1; i <= scan_env.comb_exp_max_regnum; i++) {
-	if (BIT_STATUS_AT(scan_env.backrefed_mem, i) != 0) {
-	  scan_env.num_comb_exp_check = 0;
-	  break;
-	}
+        if (BIT_STATUS_AT(scan_env.backrefed_mem, i) != 0) {
+          scan_env.num_comb_exp_check = 0;
+          break;
+        }
       }
     }
   }
@@ -5973,9 +5868,9 @@ onig_compile(regex_t* reg, const UChar* pattern, const UChar* pattern_end,
       reg->stack_pop_level = STACK_POP_LEVEL_ALL;
     else {
       if (reg->bt_mem_start != 0)
-	reg->stack_pop_level = STACK_POP_LEVEL_MEM_START;
+        reg->stack_pop_level = STACK_POP_LEVEL_MEM_START;
       else
-	reg->stack_pop_level = STACK_POP_LEVEL_FREE;
+        reg->stack_pop_level = STACK_POP_LEVEL_FREE;
     }
   }
 #ifdef USE_SUBEXP_CALL
@@ -6021,8 +5916,8 @@ static int onig_inited = 0;
 
 extern int
 onig_reg_init(regex_t* reg, OnigOptionType option,
-	      OnigCaseFoldType case_fold_flag,
-	      OnigEncoding enc, const OnigSyntaxType* syntax)
+              OnigCaseFoldType case_fold_flag,
+              OnigEncoding enc, const OnigSyntaxType* syntax)
 {
   if (! onig_inited)
     onig_init();
@@ -6030,6 +5925,12 @@ onig_reg_init(regex_t* reg, OnigOptionType option,
   if (IS_NULL(reg))
     return ONIGERR_INVALID_ARGUMENT;
 
+  (reg)->exact            = (UChar* )NULL;
+  (reg)->chain            = (regex_t* )NULL;
+  (reg)->p                = (UChar* )NULL;
+  (reg)->name_table       = (void* )NULL;
+  (reg)->repeat_range     = (OnigRepeatRange* )NULL;
+
   if (ONIGENC_IS_UNDEF(enc))
     return ONIGERR_DEFAULT_ENCODING_IS_NOT_SET;
 
@@ -6049,15 +5950,9 @@ onig_reg_init(regex_t* reg, OnigOptionType option,
   (reg)->options          = option;
   (reg)->syntax           = syntax;
   (reg)->optimize         = 0;
-  (reg)->exact            = (UChar* )NULL;
-  (reg)->int_map          = (int* )NULL;
-  (reg)->int_map_backward = (int* )NULL;
-  (reg)->chain            = (regex_t* )NULL;
 
-  (reg)->p                = (UChar* )NULL;
   (reg)->alloc            = 0;
   (reg)->used             = 0;
-  (reg)->name_table       = (void* )NULL;
 
   (reg)->case_fold_flag   = case_fold_flag;
 
@@ -6082,8 +5977,8 @@ onig_new_without_alloc(regex_t* reg, const UChar* pattern,
 
 extern int
 onig_new(regex_t** reg, const UChar* pattern, const UChar* pattern_end,
-	  OnigOptionType option, OnigEncoding enc, const OnigSyntaxType* syntax,
-	  OnigErrorInfo* einfo)
+          OnigOptionType option, OnigEncoding enc, const OnigSyntaxType* syntax,
+          OnigErrorInfo* einfo)
 {
   *reg = (regex_t* )xmalloc(sizeof(regex_t));
   if (IS_NULL(*reg)) return ONIGERR_MEMORY;
@@ -6436,9 +6331,9 @@ onig_print_compiled_byte_code(FILE* f, UChar* bp, UChar* bpend, UChar** nextp,
       break;
     case ARG_OPTION:
       {
-	OnigOptionType option = *((OnigOptionType* )bp);
-	bp += SIZE_OPTION;
-	fprintf(f, ":%d", option);
+        OnigOptionType option = *((OnigOptionType* )bp);
+        bp += SIZE_OPTION;
+        fprintf(f, ":%d", option);
       }
       break;
 
@@ -6487,13 +6382,13 @@ onig_print_compiled_byte_code(FILE* f, UChar* bp, UChar* bpend, UChar** nextp,
       break;
     case OP_EXACTMBN:
       {
-	int mb_len;
+        int mb_len;
 
-	GET_LENGTH_INC(mb_len, bp);
-	GET_LENGTH_INC(len, bp);
-	fprintf(f, ":%d:%d:", mb_len, len);
-	n = len * mb_len;
-	while (n-- > 0) { fputc(*bp++, f); }
+        GET_LENGTH_INC(mb_len, bp);
+        GET_LENGTH_INC(len, bp);
+        fprintf(f, ":%d:%d:", mb_len, len);
+        n = len * mb_len;
+        while (n-- > 0) { fputc(*bp++, f); }
       }
       break;
 
@@ -6557,40 +6452,40 @@ onig_print_compiled_byte_code(FILE* f, UChar* bp, UChar* bpend, UChar** nextp,
       fputs(" ", f);
       GET_LENGTH_INC(len, bp);
       for (i = 0; i < len; i++) {
-	GET_MEMNUM_INC(mem, bp);
-	if (i > 0) fputs(", ", f);
-	fprintf(f, "%d", mem);
+        GET_MEMNUM_INC(mem, bp);
+        if (i > 0) fputs(", ", f);
+        fprintf(f, "%d", mem);
       }
       break;
 
     case OP_BACKREF_WITH_LEVEL:
       {
-	OnigOptionType option;
-	LengthType level;
-
-	GET_OPTION_INC(option, bp);
-	fprintf(f, ":%d", option);
-	GET_LENGTH_INC(level, bp);
-	fprintf(f, ":%d", level);
-
-	fputs(" ", f);
-	GET_LENGTH_INC(len, bp);
-	for (i = 0; i < len; i++) {
-	  GET_MEMNUM_INC(mem, bp);
-	  if (i > 0) fputs(", ", f);
-	  fprintf(f, "%d", mem);
-	}
+        OnigOptionType option;
+        LengthType level;
+
+        GET_OPTION_INC(option, bp);
+        fprintf(f, ":%d", option);
+        GET_LENGTH_INC(level, bp);
+        fprintf(f, ":%d", level);
+
+        fputs(" ", f);
+        GET_LENGTH_INC(len, bp);
+        for (i = 0; i < len; i++) {
+          GET_MEMNUM_INC(mem, bp);
+          if (i > 0) fputs(", ", f);
+          fprintf(f, "%d", mem);
+        }
       }
       break;
 
     case OP_REPEAT:
     case OP_REPEAT_NG:
       {
-	mem = *((MemNumType* )bp);
-	bp += SIZE_MEMNUM;
-	addr = *((RelAddrType* )bp);
-	bp += SIZE_RELADDR;
-	fprintf(f, ":%d:%d", mem, addr);
+        mem = *((MemNumType* )bp);
+        bp += SIZE_MEMNUM;
+        addr = *((RelAddrType* )bp);
+        bp += SIZE_RELADDR;
+        fprintf(f, ":%d:%d", mem, addr);
       }
       break;
 
@@ -6631,7 +6526,7 @@ onig_print_compiled_byte_code(FILE* f, UChar* bp, UChar* bpend, UChar** nextp,
 
     default:
       fprintf(stderr, "onig_print_compiled_byte_code: undefined code %d\n",
-	      bp[-1]);
+              bp[-1]);
     }
   }
   fputs("]", f);
@@ -6688,8 +6583,8 @@ print_indent_tree(FILE* f, Node* node, int indent)
     print_indent_tree(f, NCAR(node), indent + add);
     while (IS_NOT_NULL(node = NCDR(node))) {
       if (NTYPE(node) != type) {
-	fprintf(f, "ERROR: list/alt right is not a cons. %d\n", NTYPE(node));
-	exit(0);
+        fprintf(f, "ERROR: list/alt right is not a cons. %d\n", NTYPE(node));
+        exit(0);
       }
       print_indent_tree(f, NCAR(node), indent + add);
     }
@@ -6697,12 +6592,12 @@ print_indent_tree(FILE* f, Node* node, int indent)
 
   case NT_STR:
     fprintf(f, "<string%s:%"PRIxPTR">",
-	    (NSTRING_IS_RAW(node) ? "-raw" : ""), (intptr_t )node);
+            (NSTRING_IS_RAW(node) ? "-raw" : ""), (intptr_t )node);
     for (p = NSTR(node)->s; p < NSTR(node)->end; p++) {
       if (*p >= 0x20 && *p < 0x7f)
-	fputc(*p, f);
+        fputc(*p, f);
       else {
-	fprintf(f, " 0x%02x", *p);
+        fprintf(f, " 0x%02x", *p);
       }
     }
     break;
@@ -6716,8 +6611,8 @@ print_indent_tree(FILE* f, Node* node, int indent)
       OnigCodePoint* end = (OnigCodePoint* )(bbuf->p + bbuf->used);
       fprintf(f, "%d", *data++);
       for (; data < end; data+=2) {
-	fprintf(f, ",");
-	fprintf(f, "%04x-%04x", data[0], data[1]);
+        fprintf(f, ",");
+        fprintf(f, "%04x-%04x", data[0], data[1]);
       }
     }
     break;
@@ -6727,9 +6622,9 @@ print_indent_tree(FILE* f, Node* node, int indent)
     switch (NCTYPE(node)->ctype) {
     case ONIGENC_CTYPE_WORD:
       if (NCTYPE(node)->not != 0)
-	fputs("not word",       f);
+        fputs("not word",       f);
       else
-	fputs("word",           f);
+        fputs("word",           f);
       break;
 
     default:
@@ -6777,8 +6672,8 @@ print_indent_tree(FILE* f, Node* node, int indent)
       p = BACKREFS_P(br);
       fprintf(f, "<backref:%"PRIxPTR">", (intptr_t )node);
       for (i = 0; i < br->back_num; i++) {
-	if (i > 0) fputs(", ", f);
-	fprintf(f, "%d", p[i]);
+        if (i > 0) fputs(", ", f);
+        fprintf(f, "%d", p[i]);
       }
     }
     break;
@@ -6795,8 +6690,8 @@ print_indent_tree(FILE* f, Node* node, int indent)
 
   case NT_QTFR:
     fprintf(f, "<quantifier:%"PRIxPTR">{%d,%d}%s\n", (intptr_t )node,
-	    NQTFR(node)->lower, NQTFR(node)->upper,
-	    (NQTFR(node)->greedy ? "" : "?"));
+            NQTFR(node)->lower, NQTFR(node)->upper,
+            (NQTFR(node)->greedy ? "" : "?"));
     print_indent_tree(f, NQTFR(node)->target, indent + add);
     break;
 
diff --git a/regenc.c b/regenc.c
index c554f4eb31..c595f44b29 100644
--- a/regenc.c
+++ b/regenc.c
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 **********************************************************************/
 /*-
  * Copyright (c) 2002-2007  K.Kosako  <sndgk393 AT ybb DOT ne DOT jp>
- * Copyright (c) 2011-2016  K.Takata  <kentkt AT csc DOT jp>
+ * Copyright (c) 2011-2019  K.Takata  <kentkt AT csc DOT jp>
  * All rights reserved.
  *
  * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
@@ -89,7 +89,7 @@ onigenc_get_right_adjust_char_head(OnigEncoding enc, const UChar* start, const U
 
 extern UChar*
 onigenc_get_right_adjust_char_head_with_prev(OnigEncoding enc,
-				   const UChar* start, const UChar* s, const UChar* end, const UChar** prev)
+                                   const UChar* start, const UChar* s, const UChar* end, const UChar** prev)
 {
   UChar* p = ONIGENC_LEFT_ADJUST_CHAR_HEAD(enc, start, s, end);
 
@@ -425,8 +425,8 @@ const OnigPairCaseFoldCodes OnigAsciiLowerMap[] = {
 
 extern int
 onigenc_ascii_apply_all_case_fold(OnigCaseFoldType flag ARG_UNUSED,
-				  OnigApplyAllCaseFoldFunc f, void* arg,
-				  OnigEncoding enc ARG_UNUSED)
+                                  OnigApplyAllCaseFoldFunc f, void* arg,
+                                  OnigEncoding enc ARG_UNUSED)
 {
   OnigCodePoint code;
   int i, r;
@@ -446,8 +446,8 @@ onigenc_ascii_apply_all_case_fold(OnigCaseFoldType flag ARG_UNUSED,
 
 extern int
 onigenc_ascii_get_case_fold_codes_by_str(OnigCaseFoldType flag ARG_UNUSED,
-	 const OnigUChar* p, const OnigUChar* end ARG_UNUSED,
-	 OnigCaseFoldCodeItem items[], OnigEncoding enc ARG_UNUSED)
+         const OnigUChar* p, const OnigUChar* end ARG_UNUSED,
+         OnigCaseFoldCodeItem items[], OnigEncoding enc ARG_UNUSED)
 {
   if (0x41 <= *p && *p <= 0x5a) {
     items[0].byte_len = 1;
@@ -467,7 +467,7 @@ onigenc_ascii_get_case_fold_codes_by_str(OnigCaseFoldType flag ARG_UNUSED,
 
 static int
 ss_apply_all_case_fold(OnigCaseFoldType flag ARG_UNUSED,
-		       OnigApplyAllCaseFoldFunc f, void* arg)
+                       OnigApplyAllCaseFoldFunc f, void* arg)
 {
   OnigCodePoint ss[] = { 0x73, 0x73 };
 
@@ -513,7 +513,7 @@ onigenc_get_case_fold_codes_by_str_with_map(int map_size,
     items[0].code_len = 1;
     items[0].code[0] = (OnigCodePoint )(*p + 0x20);
     if (*p == 0x53 && ess_tsett_flag != 0 && end > p + 1
-	&& (*(p+1) == 0x53 || *(p+1) == 0x73)) {
+        && (*(p+1) == 0x53 || *(p+1) == 0x73)) {
       /* SS */
       items[1].byte_len = 2;
       items[1].code_len = 1;
@@ -528,7 +528,7 @@ onigenc_get_case_fold_codes_by_str_with_map(int map_size,
     items[0].code_len = 1;
     items[0].code[0] = (OnigCodePoint )(*p - 0x20);
     if (*p == 0x73 && ess_tsett_flag != 0 && end > p + 1
-	&& (*(p+1) == 0x73 || *(p+1) == 0x53)) {
+        && (*(p+1) == 0x73 || *(p+1) == 0x53)) {
       /* ss */
       items[1].byte_len = 2;
       items[1].code_len = 1;
@@ -566,16 +566,16 @@ onigenc_get_case_fold_codes_by_str_with_map(int map_size,
 
     for (i = 0; i < map_size; i++) {
       if (*p == map[i].from) {
-	items[0].byte_len = 1;
-	items[0].code_len = 1;
-	items[0].code[0] = map[i].to;
-	return 1;
+        items[0].byte_len = 1;
+        items[0].code_len = 1;
+        items[0].code[0] = map[i].to;
+        return 1;
       }
       else if (*p == map[i].to) {
-	items[0].byte_len = 1;
-	items[0].code_len = 1;
-	items[0].code[0] = map[i].from;
-	return 1;
+        items[0].byte_len = 1;
+        items[0].code_len = 1;
+        items[0].code[0] = map[i].from;
+        return 1;
       }
     }
   }
@@ -586,9 +586,9 @@ onigenc_get_case_fold_codes_by_str_with_map(int map_size,
 
 extern int
 onigenc_not_support_get_ctype_code_range(OnigCtype ctype ARG_UNUSED,
-	 OnigCodePoint* sb_out ARG_UNUSED,
-	 const OnigCodePoint* ranges[] ARG_UNUSED,
-	 OnigEncoding enc)
+         OnigCodePoint* sb_out ARG_UNUSED,
+         const OnigCodePoint* ranges[] ARG_UNUSED,
+         OnigEncoding enc)
 {
   return ONIG_NO_SUPPORT_CONFIG;
 }
@@ -605,7 +605,7 @@ onigenc_is_mbc_newline_0x0a(const UChar* p, const UChar* end, OnigEncoding enc A
 /* for single byte encodings */
 extern int
 onigenc_ascii_mbc_case_fold(OnigCaseFoldType flag ARG_UNUSED, const UChar** p,
-			    const UChar* end, UChar* lower, OnigEncoding enc ARG_UNUSED)
+                            const UChar* end, UChar* lower, OnigEncoding enc ARG_UNUSED)
 {
   *lower = ONIGENC_ASCII_CODE_TO_LOWER_CASE(**p);
 
@@ -616,7 +616,7 @@ onigenc_ascii_mbc_case_fold(OnigCaseFoldType flag ARG_UNUSED, const UChar** p,
 #if 0
 extern int
 onigenc_ascii_is_mbc_ambiguous(OnigCaseFoldType flag ARG_UNUSED,
-			       const UChar** pp, const UChar* end ARG_UNUSED)
+                               const UChar** pp, const UChar* end ARG_UNUSED)
 {
   const UChar* p = *pp;
 
@@ -627,56 +627,57 @@ onigenc_ascii_is_mbc_ambiguous(OnigCaseFoldType flag ARG_UNUSED,
 
 extern int
 onigenc_single_byte_mbc_enc_len(const UChar* p ARG_UNUSED, const UChar* e ARG_UNUSED,
-				OnigEncoding enc ARG_UNUSED)
+                                OnigEncoding enc ARG_UNUSED)
 {
   return 1;
 }
 
 extern OnigCodePoint
 onigenc_single_byte_mbc_to_code(const UChar* p, const UChar* end ARG_UNUSED,
-				OnigEncoding enc ARG_UNUSED)
+                                OnigEncoding enc ARG_UNUSED)
 {
   return (OnigCodePoint )(*p);
 }
 
 extern int
-onigenc_single_byte_code_to_mbclen(OnigCodePoint code ARG_UNUSED, OnigEncoding enc ARG_UNUSED)
+onigenc_single_byte_code_to_mbclen(OnigCodePoint code, OnigEncoding enc ARG_UNUSED)
 {
+  if (code > 0xff)
+    return ONIGERR_INVALID_CODE_POINT_VALUE;
   return 1;
 }
 
 extern int
 onigenc_single_byte_code_to_mbc(OnigCodePoint code, UChar *buf, OnigEncoding enc ARG_UNUSED)
 {
-#ifdef RUBY
-  if (code > 0xff)
-    rb_raise(rb_eRangeError, "%u out of char range", code);
-#endif
+  if (code > 0xff) {
+    return ONIGERR_INVALID_CODE_POINT_VALUE;
+  }
   *buf = (UChar )(code & 0xff);
   return 1;
 }
 
 extern UChar*
 onigenc_single_byte_left_adjust_char_head(const UChar* start ARG_UNUSED,
-					  const UChar* s,
-					  const UChar* end ARG_UNUSED,
-					  OnigEncoding enc ARG_UNUSED)
+                                          const UChar* s,
+                                          const UChar* end ARG_UNUSED,
+                                          OnigEncoding enc ARG_UNUSED)
 {
   return (UChar* )s;
 }
 
 extern int
 onigenc_always_true_is_allowed_reverse_match(const UChar* s   ARG_UNUSED,
-					     const UChar* end ARG_UNUSED,
-					     OnigEncoding enc ARG_UNUSED)
+                                             const UChar* end ARG_UNUSED,
+                                             OnigEncoding enc ARG_UNUSED)
 {
   return TRUE;
 }
 
 extern int
 onigenc_always_false_is_allowed_reverse_match(const UChar* s   ARG_UNUSED,
-					      const UChar* end ARG_UNUSED,
-					      OnigEncoding enc ARG_UNUSED)
+                                              const UChar* end ARG_UNUSED,
+                                              OnigEncoding enc ARG_UNUSED)
 {
   return FALSE;
 }
@@ -712,7 +713,7 @@ onigenc_mbn_mbc_to_code(OnigEncoding enc, const UChar* p, const UChar* end)
 extern int
 onigenc_mbn_mbc_case_fold(OnigEncoding enc, OnigCaseFoldType flag ARG_UNUSED,
                           const UChar** pp, const UChar* end ARG_UNUSED,
-			  UChar* lower)
+                          UChar* lower)
 {
   int len;
   const UChar *p = *pp;
@@ -843,7 +844,7 @@ onigenc_minimum_property_name_to_ctype(OnigEncoding enc, const UChar* p, const U
 
 extern int
 onigenc_mb2_is_code_ctype(OnigEncoding enc, OnigCodePoint code,
-			  unsigned int ctype)
+                          unsigned int ctype)
 {
   if (code < 128)
     return ONIGENC_IS_ASCII_CODE_CTYPE(code, ctype);
@@ -858,7 +859,7 @@ onigenc_mb2_is_code_ctype(OnigEncoding enc, OnigCodePoint code,
 
 extern int
 onigenc_mb4_is_code_ctype(OnigEncoding enc, OnigCodePoint code,
-			  unsigned int ctype)
+                          unsigned int ctype)
 {
   if (code < 128)
     return ONIGENC_IS_ASCII_CODE_CTYPE(code, ctype);
@@ -961,14 +962,15 @@ onigenc_property_list_add_property(UChar* name, const OnigCodePoint* prop,
 
   *pnum = *pnum + 1;
   onig_st_insert_strend(*table, name, name + strlen((char* )name),
-			(hash_data_type )(*pnum + ONIGENC_MAX_STD_CTYPE));
+                        (hash_data_type )(*pnum + ONIGENC_MAX_STD_CTYPE));
   return 0;
 }
 #endif
 
+#ifdef USE_CASE_MAP_API
 extern int
 onigenc_ascii_only_case_map(OnigCaseFoldType* flagP, const OnigUChar** pp, const OnigUChar* end,
-			    OnigUChar* to, OnigUChar* to_end, const struct OnigEncodingTypeST* enc)
+                            OnigUChar* to, OnigUChar* to_end, const struct OnigEncodingTypeST* enc)
 {
   OnigCodePoint code;
   OnigUChar *to_start = to;
@@ -984,10 +986,10 @@ onigenc_ascii_only_case_map(OnigCaseFoldType* flagP, const OnigUChar** pp, const
 
     if (code >= 'a' && code <= 'z' && (flags & ONIGENC_CASE_UPCASE)) {
       flags |= ONIGENC_CASE_MODIFIED;
-      code += 'A' - 'a';
+      code -= 'a' - 'A';
     }
     else if (code >= 'A' && code <= 'Z' &&
-	(flags & (ONIGENC_CASE_DOWNCASE | ONIGENC_CASE_FOLD))) {
+        (flags & (ONIGENC_CASE_DOWNCASE | ONIGENC_CASE_FOLD))) {
       flags |= ONIGENC_CASE_MODIFIED;
       code += 'a' - 'A';
     }
@@ -1001,8 +1003,8 @@ onigenc_ascii_only_case_map(OnigCaseFoldType* flagP, const OnigUChar** pp, const
 
 extern int
 onigenc_single_byte_ascii_only_case_map(OnigCaseFoldType* flagP, const OnigUChar** pp,
-					const OnigUChar* end, OnigUChar* to, OnigUChar* to_end,
-					const struct OnigEncodingTypeST* enc)
+                                        const OnigUChar* end, OnigUChar* to, OnigUChar* to_end,
+                                        const struct OnigEncodingTypeST* enc)
 {
   OnigCodePoint code;
   OnigUChar *to_start = to;
@@ -1013,10 +1015,10 @@ onigenc_single_byte_ascii_only_case_map(OnigCaseFoldType* flagP, const OnigUChar
 
     if (code >= 'a' && code <= 'z' && (flags & ONIGENC_CASE_UPCASE)) {
       flags |= ONIGENC_CASE_MODIFIED;
-      code += 'A' - 'a';
+      code -= 'a' - 'A';
     }
     else if (code >= 'A' && code <= 'Z' &&
-	(flags & (ONIGENC_CASE_DOWNCASE | ONIGENC_CASE_FOLD))) {
+        (flags & (ONIGENC_CASE_DOWNCASE | ONIGENC_CASE_FOLD))) {
       flags |= ONIGENC_CASE_MODIFIED;
       code += 'a' - 'A';
     }
@@ -1027,3 +1029,4 @@ onigenc_single_byte_ascii_only_case_map(OnigCaseFoldType* flagP, const OnigUChar
   *flagP = flags;
   return (int )(to - to_start);
 }
+#endif
diff --git a/regenc.h b/regenc.h
index 4b4d21a715..fe0440dd74 100644
--- a/regenc.h
+++ b/regenc.h
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@
 **********************************************************************/
 /*-
  * Copyright (c) 2002-2008  K.Kosako  <sndgk393 AT ybb DOT ne DOT jp>
- * Copyright (c) 2011-2016  K.Takata  <kentkt AT csc DOT jp>
+ * Copyright (c) 2011-2019  K.Takata  <kentkt AT csc DOT jp>
  * All rights reserved.
  *
  * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
@@ -134,11 +134,13 @@ typedef struct {
 #define roomof(x, y) (((x) + (y) - 1) / (y))
 #define type_roomof(x, y) roomof(sizeof(x), sizeof(y))
 
+/* config */
 #define USE_CRNL_AS_LINE_TERMINATOR
 #define USE_UNICODE_PROPERTIES
 #define USE_UNICODE_AGE_PROPERTIES
 /* #define USE_UNICODE_CASE_FOLD_TURKISH_AZERI */
 /* #define USE_UNICODE_ALL_LINE_TERMINATORS */  /* see Unicode.org UTS #18 */
+#define USE_CASE_MAP_API
 
 
 #define ONIG_ENCODING_INIT_DEFAULT           ONIG_ENCODING_ASCII
@@ -192,8 +194,8 @@ ONIG_EXTERN int onigenc_unicode_apply_all_case_fold(OnigCaseFoldType flag, OnigA
 #define UTF16_IS_SURROGATE_SECOND(c)   (((c) & 0xfc) == 0xdc)
 #define UTF16_IS_SURROGATE(c)          (((c) & 0xf8) == 0xd8)
 #define UNICODE_VALID_CODEPOINT_P(c) ( \
-	((c) <= 0x10ffff) && \
-	!((c) < 0x10000 && UTF16_IS_SURROGATE((c) >> 8)))
+        ((c) <= 0x10ffff) && \
+        !((c) < 0x10000 && UTF16_IS_SURROGATE((c) >> 8)))
 
 #define ONIGENC_ISO_8859_1_TO_LOWER_CASE(c) \
   OnigEncISO_8859_1_ToLowerCaseTable[c]
@@ -239,8 +241,8 @@ extern int ONIG_ENC_REGISTER(const char *, OnigEncoding);
 # define OnigEncodingDefine(f,n)			     \
     OnigEncodingDeclare(n);			     \
     void Init_##f(void) {			     \
-	ONIG_ENC_REGISTER(OnigEncodingName(n).name,  \
-			  &OnigEncodingName(n));     \
+        ONIG_ENC_REGISTER(OnigEncodingName(n).name,  \
+                          &OnigEncodingName(n));     \
     }						     \
     OnigEncodingDeclare(n)
 #else
diff --git a/regerror.c b/regerror.c
index df5e964cc3..e772feee81 100644
--- a/regerror.c
+++ b/regerror.c
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 **********************************************************************/
 /*-
  * Copyright (c) 2002-2007  K.Kosako  <sndgk393 AT ybb DOT ne DOT jp>
- * Copyright (c) 2011-2016  K.Takata  <kentkt AT csc DOT jp>
+ * Copyright (c) 2011-2019  K.Takata  <kentkt AT csc DOT jp>
  * All rights reserved.
  *
  * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
@@ -63,14 +63,18 @@ onig_error_code_to_format(OnigPosition code)
     p = "parse depth limit over"; break;
   case ONIGERR_DEFAULT_ENCODING_IS_NOT_SET:
     p = "default multibyte-encoding is not set"; break;
+#if 0
   case ONIGERR_SPECIFIED_ENCODING_CANT_CONVERT_TO_WIDE_CHAR:
     p = "can't convert to wide-char on specified multibyte-encoding"; break;
+#endif
   case ONIGERR_INVALID_ARGUMENT:
     p = "invalid argument"; break;
   case ONIGERR_END_PATTERN_AT_LEFT_BRACE:
     p = "end pattern at left brace"; break;
+#if 0
   case ONIGERR_END_PATTERN_AT_LEFT_BRACKET:
     p = "end pattern at left bracket"; break;
+#endif
   case ONIGERR_EMPTY_CHAR_CLASS:
     p = "empty char-class"; break;
   case ONIGERR_PREMATURE_END_OF_CHAR_CLASS:
@@ -87,16 +91,20 @@ onig_error_code_to_format(OnigPosition code)
     p = "invalid control-code syntax"; break;
   case ONIGERR_CHAR_CLASS_VALUE_AT_END_OF_RANGE:
     p = "char-class value at end of range"; break;
+#if 0
   case ONIGERR_CHAR_CLASS_VALUE_AT_START_OF_RANGE:
     p = "char-class value at start of range"; break;
+#endif
   case ONIGERR_UNMATCHED_RANGE_SPECIFIER_IN_CHAR_CLASS:
     p = "unmatched range specifier in char-class"; break;
   case ONIGERR_TARGET_OF_REPEAT_OPERATOR_NOT_SPECIFIED:
     p = "target of repeat operator is not specified"; break;
   case ONIGERR_TARGET_OF_REPEAT_OPERATOR_INVALID:
     p = "target of repeat operator is invalid"; break;
+#if 0
   case ONIGERR_NESTED_REPEAT_OPERATOR:
     p = "nested repeat operator"; break;
+#endif
   case ONIGERR_UNMATCHED_CLOSE_PARENTHESIS:
     p = "unmatched close parenthesis"; break;
   case ONIGERR_END_PATTERN_WITH_UNMATCHED_PARENTHESIS:
@@ -121,14 +129,18 @@ onig_error_code_to_format(OnigPosition code)
     p = "upper is smaller than lower in repeat range"; break;
   case ONIGERR_EMPTY_RANGE_IN_CHAR_CLASS:
     p = "empty range in char class"; break;
+#if 0
   case ONIGERR_MISMATCH_CODE_LENGTH_IN_CLASS_RANGE:
     p = "mismatch multibyte code length in char-class range"; break;
+#endif
   case ONIGERR_TOO_MANY_MULTI_BYTE_RANGES:
     p = "too many multibyte code ranges are specified"; break;
   case ONIGERR_TOO_SHORT_MULTI_BYTE_STRING:
     p = "too short multibyte code string"; break;
+#if 0
   case ONIGERR_TOO_BIG_BACKREF_NUMBER:
     p = "too big backref number"; break;
+#endif
   case ONIGERR_INVALID_BACKREF:
 #ifdef USE_NAMED_GROUP
     p = "invalid backref number/name"; break;
@@ -161,8 +173,10 @@ onig_error_code_to_format(OnigPosition code)
     p = "multiplex definition name <%n> call"; break;
   case ONIGERR_NEVER_ENDING_RECURSION:
     p = "never ending recursion"; break;
+#ifdef USE_CAPTURE_HISTORY
   case ONIGERR_GROUP_NUMBER_OVER_FOR_CAPTURE_HISTORY:
     p = "group number is too big for capture history"; break;
+#endif
   case ONIGERR_INVALID_CHAR_PROPERTY_NAME:
     p = "invalid character property name {%n}"; break;
   case ONIGERR_TOO_MANY_CAPTURE_GROUPS:
@@ -194,7 +208,7 @@ static void sprint_byte_with_x(char* s, unsigned int v)
 }
 
 static int to_ascii(OnigEncoding enc, UChar *s, UChar *end,
-		    UChar buf[], int buf_size, int *is_over)
+                    UChar buf[], int buf_size, int *is_over)
 {
   int len;
   UChar *p;
@@ -206,24 +220,24 @@ static int to_ascii(OnigEncoding enc, UChar *s, UChar *end,
     while (p < end) {
       code = ONIGENC_MBC_TO_CODE(enc, p, end);
       if (code >= 0x80) {
-	if (code > 0xffff && len + 10 <= buf_size) {
-	  sprint_byte_with_x((char*)(&(buf[len])), (unsigned int)(code >> 24));
-	  sprint_byte((char*)(&(buf[len+4])),      (unsigned int)(code >> 16));
-	  sprint_byte((char*)(&(buf[len+6])),      (unsigned int)(code >>  8));
-	  sprint_byte((char*)(&(buf[len+8])),      (unsigned int)code);
-	  len += 10;
-	}
-	else if (len + 6 <= buf_size) {
-	  sprint_byte_with_x((char*)(&(buf[len])), (unsigned int)(code >> 8));
-	  sprint_byte((char*)(&(buf[len+4])),      (unsigned int)code);
-	  len += 6;
-	}
-	else {
-	  break;
-	}
+        if (code > 0xffff && len + 10 <= buf_size) {
+          sprint_byte_with_x((char*)(&(buf[len])), (unsigned int)(code >> 24));
+          sprint_byte((char*)(&(buf[len+4])),      (unsigned int)(code >> 16));
+          sprint_byte((char*)(&(buf[len+6])),      (unsigned int)(code >>  8));
+          sprint_byte((char*)(&(buf[len+8])),      (unsigned int)code);
+          len += 10;
+        }
+        else if (len + 6 <= buf_size) {
+          sprint_byte_with_x((char*)(&(buf[len])), (unsigned int)(code >> 8));
+          sprint_byte((char*)(&(buf[len+4])),      (unsigned int)code);
+          len += 6;
+        }
+        else {
+          break;
+        }
       }
       else {
-	buf[len++] = (UChar )code;
+        buf[len++] = (UChar )code;
       }
 
       p += enclen(enc, p, end);
@@ -267,27 +281,27 @@ onig_error_code_to_str(UChar* s, OnigPosition code, ...)
   case ONIGERR_INVALID_CHAR_PROPERTY_NAME:
     einfo = va_arg(vargs, OnigErrorInfo*);
     len = to_ascii(einfo->enc, einfo->par, einfo->par_end,
-		   parbuf, MAX_ERROR_PAR_LEN - 3, &is_over);
+                   parbuf, MAX_ERROR_PAR_LEN - 3, &is_over);
     q = onig_error_code_to_format(code);
     p = s;
     while (*q != '\0') {
       if (*q == '%') {
-	q++;
-	if (*q == 'n') { /* '%n': name */
-	  xmemcpy(p, parbuf, len);
-	  p += len;
-	  if (is_over != 0) {
-	    xmemcpy(p, "...", 3);
-	    p += 3;
-	  }
-	  q++;
-	}
-	else
-	  goto normal_char;
+        q++;
+        if (*q == 'n') { /* '%n': name */
+          xmemcpy(p, parbuf, len);
+          p += len;
+          if (is_over != 0) {
+            xmemcpy(p, "...", 3);
+            p += 3;
+          }
+          q++;
+        }
+        else
+          goto normal_char;
       }
       else {
       normal_char:
-	*p++ = *q++;
+        *p++ = *q++;
       }
     }
     *p = '\0';
@@ -348,24 +362,24 @@ onig_vsnprintf_with_pattern(UChar buf[], int bufsize, OnigEncoding enc,
         }
       }
       else if (*p == '\\') {
-	*s++ = *p++;
-	len = enclen(enc, p, pat_end);
-	while (len-- > 0) *s++ = *p++;
+        *s++ = *p++;
+        len = enclen(enc, p, pat_end);
+        while (len-- > 0) *s++ = *p++;
       }
       else if (*p == '/') {
-	*s++ = (unsigned char )'\\';
-	*s++ = *p++;
+        *s++ = (unsigned char )'\\';
+        *s++ = *p++;
       }
       else if (!ONIGENC_IS_CODE_PRINT(enc, *p) &&
-	       (!ONIGENC_IS_CODE_SPACE(enc, *p) ||
+               (!ONIGENC_IS_CODE_SPACE(enc, *p) ||
                 ONIGENC_IS_CODE_CNTRL(enc, *p))) {
-	sprint_byte_with_x((char* )bs, (unsigned int )(*p++));
-	len = onigenc_str_bytelen_null(ONIG_ENCODING_ASCII, bs);
+        sprint_byte_with_x((char* )bs, (unsigned int )(*p++));
+        len = onigenc_str_bytelen_null(ONIG_ENCODING_ASCII, bs);
         bp = bs;
-	while (len-- > 0) *s++ = *bp++;
+        while (len-- > 0) *s++ = *bp++;
       }
       else {
-	*s++ = *p++;
+        *s++ = *p++;
       }
     }
 
@@ -382,7 +396,7 @@ onig_snprintf_with_pattern(UChar buf[], int bufsize, OnigEncoding enc,
   va_list args;
   va_start(args, fmt);
   onig_vsnprintf_with_pattern(buf, bufsize, enc,
-	  pat, pat_end, fmt, args);
+          pat, pat_end, fmt, args);
   va_end(args);
 }
 #endif
diff --git a/regexec.c b/regexec.c
index ba5560c609..3210c7cc1b 100644
--- a/regexec.c
+++ b/regexec.c
@@ -2,8 +2,8 @@
   regexec.c -  Onigmo (Oniguruma-mod) (regular expression library)
 **********************************************************************/
 /*-
- * Copyright (c) 2002-2008  K.Kosako  <sndgk393 AT ybb DOT ne DOT jp>
- * Copyright (c) 2011-2016  K.Takata  <kentkt AT csc DOT jp>
+ * Copyright (c) 2002-2018  K.Kosako  <sndgk393 AT ybb DOT ne DOT jp>
+ * Copyright (c) 2011-2019  K.Takata  <kentkt AT csc DOT jp>
  * All rights reserved.
  *
  * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ rb_enc_asciicompat(OnigEncoding enc)
 # define ONIGENC_IS_MBC_ASCII_WORD(enc,s,end) \
     (rb_enc_asciicompat(enc) ? (ISALNUM(*s) || *s=='_') : \
    onigenc_ascii_is_code_ctype( \
-	ONIGENC_MBC_TO_CODE(enc,s,end),ONIGENC_CTYPE_WORD,enc))
+        ONIGENC_MBC_TO_CODE(enc,s,end),ONIGENC_CTYPE_WORD,enc))
 #endif /* RUBY */
 
 #ifdef USE_CRNL_AS_LINE_TERMINATOR
@@ -66,28 +66,28 @@ rb_enc_asciicompat(OnigEncoding enc)
   is_mbc_newline_ex((enc),(p),(start),(end),(option),(check_prev))
 static int
 is_mbc_newline_ex(OnigEncoding enc, const UChar *p, const UChar *start,
-		  const UChar *end, OnigOptionType option, int check_prev)
+                  const UChar *end, OnigOptionType option, int check_prev)
 {
   if (IS_NEWLINE_CRLF(option)) {
     if (ONIGENC_MBC_TO_CODE(enc, p, end) == 0x0a) {
       if (check_prev) {
-	const UChar *prev = onigenc_get_prev_char_head(enc, start, p, end);
-	if ((prev != NULL) && ONIGENC_MBC_TO_CODE(enc, prev, end) == 0x0d)
-	  return 0;
-	else
-	  return 1;
+        const UChar *prev = onigenc_get_prev_char_head(enc, start, p, end);
+        if ((prev != NULL) && ONIGENC_MBC_TO_CODE(enc, prev, end) == 0x0d)
+          return 0;
+        else
+          return 1;
       }
       else
-	return 1;
+        return 1;
     }
     else {
       const UChar *pnext = p + enclen(enc, p, end);
       if (pnext < end &&
-	  ONIGENC_MBC_TO_CODE(enc, p, end) == 0x0d &&
-	  ONIGENC_MBC_TO_CODE(enc, pnext, end) == 0x0a)
-	return 1;
+          ONIGENC_MBC_TO_CODE(enc, p, end) == 0x0d &&
+          ONIGENC_MBC_TO_CODE(enc, pnext, end) == 0x0a)
+        return 1;
       if (ONIGENC_IS_MBC_NEWLINE(enc, p, end))
-	return 1;
+        return 1;
       return 0;
     }
   }
@@ -111,7 +111,7 @@ history_tree_clear(OnigCaptureTreeNode* node)
   if (IS_NOT_NULL(node)) {
     for (i = 0; i < node->num_childs; i++) {
       if (IS_NOT_NULL(node->childs[i])) {
-	history_tree_free(node->childs[i]);
+        history_tree_free(node->childs[i]);
       }
     }
     for (i = 0; i < node->allocated; i++) {
@@ -170,18 +170,18 @@ history_tree_add_child(OnigCaptureTreeNode* parent, OnigCaptureTreeNode* child)
     if (IS_NULL(parent->childs)) {
       n = HISTORY_TREE_INIT_ALLOC_SIZE;
       parent->childs =
-	(OnigCaptureTreeNode** )xmalloc(sizeof(OnigCaptureTreeNode*) * n);
+        (OnigCaptureTreeNode** )xmalloc(sizeof(OnigCaptureTreeNode*) * n);
       CHECK_NULL_RETURN_MEMERR(parent->childs);
     }
     else {
       OnigCaptureTreeNode** tmp;
       n = parent->allocated * 2;
       tmp =
-	(OnigCaptureTreeNode** )xrealloc(parent->childs,
-					 sizeof(OnigCaptureTreeNode*) * n);
+        (OnigCaptureTreeNode** )xrealloc(parent->childs,
+                                         sizeof(OnigCaptureTreeNode*) * n);
       if (tmp == 0) {
-	history_tree_clear(parent);
-	return ONIGERR_MEMORY;
+        history_tree_clear(parent);
+        return ONIGERR_MEMORY;
       }
       parent->childs = tmp;
     }
@@ -276,7 +276,7 @@ static OnigPosition count_num_cache_opcodes_inner(
     switch (*p++) {
       case OP_FINISH:
       case OP_END:
-	break;
+        break;
 
       case OP_EXACT1: p++; break;
       case OP_EXACT2: p += 2; break;
@@ -284,50 +284,50 @@ static OnigPosition count_num_cache_opcodes_inner(
       case OP_EXACT4: p += 4; break;
       case OP_EXACT5: p += 5; break;
       case OP_EXACTN:
-	GET_LENGTH_INC(len, p); p += len; break;
+        GET_LENGTH_INC(len, p); p += len; break;
       case OP_EXACTMB2N1: p += 2; break;
       case OP_EXACTMB2N2: p += 4; break;
       case OP_EXACTMB2N3: p += 6; break;
       case OP_EXACTMB2N:
-	GET_LENGTH_INC(len, p); p += len * 2; break;
+        GET_LENGTH_INC(len, p); p += len * 2; break;
       case OP_EXACTMB3N:
-	GET_LENGTH_INC(len, p); p += len * 3; break;
+        GET_LENGTH_INC(len, p); p += len * 3; break;
       case OP_EXACTMBN:
-	{
-	  int mb_len;
-	  GET_LENGTH_INC(mb_len, p);
-	  GET_LENGTH_INC(len, p);
-	  p += mb_len * len;
-	}
-	break;
+        {
+          int mb_len;
+          GET_LENGTH_INC(mb_len, p);
+          GET_LENGTH_INC(len, p);
+          p += mb_len * len;
+        }
+        break;
 
       case OP_EXACT1_IC:
-	len = enclen(enc, p, pend); p += len; break;
+        len = enclen(enc, p, pend); p += len; break;
       case OP_EXACTN_IC:
-	GET_LENGTH_INC(len, p); p += len; break;
+        GET_LENGTH_INC(len, p); p += len; break;
 
       case OP_CCLASS:
       case OP_CCLASS_NOT:
-	p += SIZE_BITSET; break;
+        p += SIZE_BITSET; break;
       case OP_CCLASS_MB:
       case OP_CCLASS_MB_NOT:
-	GET_LENGTH_INC(len, p); p += len; break;
+        GET_LENGTH_INC(len, p); p += len; break;
       case OP_CCLASS_MIX:
       case OP_CCLASS_MIX_NOT:
-	p += SIZE_BITSET;
-	GET_LENGTH_INC(len, p);
-	p += len;
-	break;
+        p += SIZE_BITSET;
+        GET_LENGTH_INC(len, p);
+        p += len;
+        break;
 
       case OP_ANYCHAR:
       case OP_ANYCHAR_ML:
-	break;
+        break;
       case OP_ANYCHAR_STAR:
       case OP_ANYCHAR_ML_STAR:
-	num_cache_opcodes++; break;
+        num_cache_opcodes++; break;
       case OP_ANYCHAR_STAR_PEEK_NEXT:
       case OP_ANYCHAR_ML_STAR_PEEK_NEXT:
-	p++; num_cache_opcodes++; break;
+        p++; num_cache_opcodes++; break;
 
       case OP_WORD:
       case OP_NOT_WORD:
@@ -335,7 +335,7 @@ static OnigPosition count_num_cache_opcodes_inner(
       case OP_NOT_WORD_BOUND:
       case OP_WORD_BEGIN:
       case OP_WORD_END:
-	break;
+        break;
 
       case OP_ASCII_WORD:
       case OP_NOT_ASCII_WORD:
@@ -343,7 +343,7 @@ static OnigPosition count_num_cache_opcodes_inner(
       case OP_NOT_ASCII_WORD_BOUND:
       case OP_ASCII_WORD_BEGIN:
       case OP_ASCII_WORD_END:
-	break;
+        break;
 
       case OP_BEGIN_BUF:
       case OP_END_BUF:
@@ -351,7 +351,7 @@ static OnigPosition count_num_cache_opcodes_inner(
       case OP_END_LINE:
       case OP_SEMI_END_BUF:
       case OP_BEGIN_POSITION:
-	break;
+        break;
 
       case OP_BACKREF1:
       case OP_BACKREF2:
@@ -360,7 +360,7 @@ static OnigPosition count_num_cache_opcodes_inner(
       case OP_BACKREF_MULTI:
       case OP_BACKREF_MULTI_IC:
       case OP_BACKREF_WITH_LEVEL:
-	goto impossible;
+        goto impossible;
 
       case OP_MEMORY_START:
       case OP_MEMORY_START_PUSH:
@@ -368,158 +368,158 @@ static OnigPosition count_num_cache_opcodes_inner(
       case OP_MEMORY_END_PUSH_REC:
       case OP_MEMORY_END:
       case OP_MEMORY_END_REC:
-	p += SIZE_MEMNUM;
-	// A memory (capture) in look-around is found.
-	if (lookaround_nesting != 0) {
-	  goto impossible;
+        p += SIZE_MEMNUM;
+        // A memory (capture) in look-around is found.
+        if (lookaround_nesting != 0) {
+          goto impossible;
         }
-	break;
+        break;
 
       case OP_KEEP:
-	break;
+        break;
 
       case OP_FAIL:
-	break;
+        break;
       case OP_JUMP:
-	p += SIZE_RELADDR;
-	break;
+        p += SIZE_RELADDR;
+        break;
       case OP_PUSH:
-	p += SIZE_RELADDR;
-	num_cache_opcodes++;
-	break;
+        p += SIZE_RELADDR;
+        num_cache_opcodes++;
+        break;
       case OP_POP:
-	break;
+        break;
       case OP_PUSH_OR_JUMP_EXACT1:
       case OP_PUSH_IF_PEEK_NEXT:
-	p += SIZE_RELADDR + 1; num_cache_opcodes++; break;
+        p += SIZE_RELADDR + 1; num_cache_opcodes++; break;
       case OP_REPEAT:
       case OP_REPEAT_NG:
-	if (current_repeat_mem != -1) {
-	  // A nested OP_REPEAT is not yet supported.
-	  goto impossible;
-	}
-	GET_MEMNUM_INC(repeat_mem, p);
-	p += SIZE_RELADDR;
-	if (reg->repeat_range[repeat_mem].lower == 0 && reg->repeat_range[repeat_mem].upper == 0) {
-	  long dummy_num_cache_opcodes = 0;
-	  result = count_num_cache_opcodes_inner(reg, repeat_mem, lookaround_nesting, &p, &dummy_num_cache_opcodes);
-	  if (result < 0 || dummy_num_cache_opcodes < 0) {
-	    goto fail;
-	  }
-	} else {
-	  if (reg->repeat_range[repeat_mem].lower == 0) {
-	    num_cache_opcodes++;
-	  }
-	  result = count_num_cache_opcodes_inner(reg, repeat_mem, lookaround_nesting, &p, &num_cache_opcodes);
-	  if (result < 0 || num_cache_opcodes < 0) {
-	    goto fail;
-	  }
-	  OnigRepeatRange *repeat_range = &reg->repeat_range[repeat_mem];
-	  if (repeat_range->lower < repeat_range->upper) {
-	    num_cache_opcodes++;
-	  }
-	}
-	break;
+        if (current_repeat_mem != -1) {
+          // A nested OP_REPEAT is not yet supported.
+          goto impossible;
+        }
+        GET_MEMNUM_INC(repeat_mem, p);
+        p += SIZE_RELADDR;
+        if (reg->repeat_range[repeat_mem].lower == 0 && reg->repeat_range[repeat_mem].upper == 0) {
+          long dummy_num_cache_opcodes = 0;
+          result = count_num_cache_opcodes_inner(reg, repeat_mem, lookaround_nesting, &p, &dummy_num_cache_opcodes);
+          if (result < 0 || dummy_num_cache_opcodes < 0) {
+            goto fail;
+          }
+        } else {
+          if (reg->repeat_range[repeat_mem].lower == 0) {
+            num_cache_opcodes++;
+          }
+          result = count_num_cache_opcodes_inner(reg, repeat_mem, lookaround_nesting, &p, &num_cache_opcodes);
+          if (result < 0 || num_cache_opcodes < 0) {
+            goto fail;
+          }
+          OnigRepeatRange *repeat_range = &reg->repeat_range[repeat_mem];
+          if (repeat_range->lower < repeat_range->upper) {
+            num_cache_opcodes++;
+          }
+        }
+        break;
       case OP_REPEAT_INC:
       case OP_REPEAT_INC_NG:
-	GET_MEMNUM_INC(repeat_mem, p);
-	if (repeat_mem != current_repeat_mem) {
-	  // A lone or invalid OP_REPEAT_INC is found.
-	  goto impossible;
-	}
-	goto exit;
+        GET_MEMNUM_INC(repeat_mem, p);
+        if (repeat_mem != current_repeat_mem) {
+          // A lone or invalid OP_REPEAT_INC is found.
+          goto impossible;
+        }
+        goto exit;
       case OP_REPEAT_INC_SG:
       case OP_REPEAT_INC_NG_SG:
-	goto impossible;
+        goto impossible;
       case OP_NULL_CHECK_START:
-	p += SIZE_MEMNUM;
-	break;
+        p += SIZE_MEMNUM;
+        break;
       case OP_NULL_CHECK_END:
       case OP_NULL_CHECK_END_MEMST_PUSH:
-	p += SIZE_MEMNUM;
-	break;
+        p += SIZE_MEMNUM;
+        break;
       case OP_NULL_CHECK_END_MEMST:
-	p += SIZE_MEMNUM;
-	break;
+        p += SIZE_MEMNUM;
+        break;
 
       case OP_PUSH_POS:
-	if (lookaround_nesting < 0) {
-	  // A look-around nested in a atomic grouping is found.
-	  goto impossible;
-	}
-	result = count_num_cache_opcodes_inner(reg, current_repeat_mem, lookaround_nesting + 1, &p, &num_cache_opcodes);
-	if (result < 0 || num_cache_opcodes < 0) {
-	  goto fail;
-	}
-	break;
+        if (lookaround_nesting < 0) {
+          // A look-around nested in a atomic grouping is found.
+          goto impossible;
+        }
+        result = count_num_cache_opcodes_inner(reg, current_repeat_mem, lookaround_nesting + 1, &p, &num_cache_opcodes);
+        if (result < 0 || num_cache_opcodes < 0) {
+          goto fail;
+        }
+        break;
       case OP_PUSH_POS_NOT:
-	if (lookaround_nesting < 0) {
-	  // A look-around nested in a atomic grouping is found.
-	  goto impossible;
-	}
-	p += SIZE_RELADDR;
-	result = count_num_cache_opcodes_inner(reg, current_repeat_mem, lookaround_nesting + 1, &p, &num_cache_opcodes);
-	if (result < 0 || num_cache_opcodes < 0) {
-	  goto fail;
-	}
-	break;
+        if (lookaround_nesting < 0) {
+          // A look-around nested in a atomic grouping is found.
+          goto impossible;
+        }
+        p += SIZE_RELADDR;
+        result = count_num_cache_opcodes_inner(reg, current_repeat_mem, lookaround_nesting + 1, &p, &num_cache_opcodes);
+        if (result < 0 || num_cache_opcodes < 0) {
+          goto fail;
+        }
+        break;
       case OP_PUSH_LOOK_BEHIND_NOT:
-	if (lookaround_nesting < 0) {
-	  // A look-around nested in a atomic grouping is found.
-	  goto impossible;
-	}
-	p += SIZE_RELADDR;
-	p += SIZE_LENGTH;
-	result = count_num_cache_opcodes_inner(reg, current_repeat_mem, lookaround_nesting + 1, &p, &num_cache_opcodes);
-	if (result < 0 || num_cache_opcodes < 0) {
-	  goto fail;
-	}
-	break;
+        if (lookaround_nesting < 0) {
+          // A look-around nested in a atomic grouping is found.
+          goto impossible;
+        }
+        p += SIZE_RELADDR;
+        p += SIZE_LENGTH;
+        result = count_num_cache_opcodes_inner(reg, current_repeat_mem, lookaround_nesting + 1, &p, &num_cache_opcodes);
+        if (result < 0 || num_cache_opcodes < 0) {
+          goto fail;
+        }
+        break;
       case OP_PUSH_STOP_BT:
-	if (lookaround_nesting != 0) {
-	  // A nested atomic grouping is found.
-	  goto impossible;
-	}
-	result = count_num_cache_opcodes_inner(reg, current_repeat_mem, -1, &p, &num_cache_opcodes);
-	if (result < 0 || num_cache_opcodes < 0) {
-	  goto fail;
-	}
-	break;
+        if (lookaround_nesting != 0) {
+          // A nested atomic grouping is found.
+          goto impossible;
+        }
+        result = count_num_cache_opcodes_inner(reg, current_repeat_mem, -1, &p, &num_cache_opcodes);
+        if (result < 0 || num_cache_opcodes < 0) {
+          goto fail;
+        }
+        break;
       case OP_POP_POS:
       case OP_FAIL_POS:
       case OP_FAIL_LOOK_BEHIND_NOT:
       case OP_POP_STOP_BT:
-	goto exit;
+        goto exit;
       case OP_LOOK_BEHIND:
-	p += SIZE_LENGTH;
-	break;
+        p += SIZE_LENGTH;
+        break;
 
       case OP_PUSH_ABSENT_POS:
       case OP_ABSENT_END:
       case OP_ABSENT:
-	goto impossible;
+        goto impossible;
 
       case OP_CALL:
       case OP_RETURN:
-	goto impossible;
+        goto impossible;
 
       case OP_CONDITION:
-	goto impossible;
+        goto impossible;
 
       case OP_STATE_CHECK_PUSH:
       case OP_STATE_CHECK_PUSH_OR_JUMP:
       case OP_STATE_CHECK:
       case OP_STATE_CHECK_ANYCHAR_STAR:
       case OP_STATE_CHECK_ANYCHAR_ML_STAR:
-	goto impossible;
+        goto impossible;
 
       case OP_SET_OPTION_PUSH:
       case OP_SET_OPTION:
-	p += SIZE_OPTION;
-	break;
+        p += SIZE_OPTION;
+        break;
 
       default:
-	goto bytecode_error;
+        goto bytecode_error;
     }
   }
 
@@ -588,7 +588,7 @@ init_cache_opcodes_inner(
     switch (*p++) {
       case OP_FINISH:
       case OP_END:
-	break;
+        break;
 
       case OP_EXACT1: p++; break;
       case OP_EXACT2: p += 2; break;
@@ -596,53 +596,53 @@ init_cache_opcodes_inner(
       case OP_EXACT4: p += 4; break;
       case OP_EXACT5: p += 5; break;
       case OP_EXACTN:
-	GET_LENGTH_INC(len, p); p += len; break;
+        GET_LENGTH_INC(len, p); p += len; break;
       case OP_EXACTMB2N1: p += 2; break;
       case OP_EXACTMB2N2: p += 4; break;
       case OP_EXACTMB2N3: p += 6; break;
       case OP_EXACTMB2N:
-	GET_LENGTH_INC(len, p); p += len * 2; break;
+        GET_LENGTH_INC(len, p); p += len * 2; break;
       case OP_EXACTMB3N:
-	GET_LENGTH_INC(len, p); p += len * 3; break;
+        GET_LENGTH_INC(len, p); p += len * 3; break;
       case OP_EXACTMBN:
-	{
-	  int mb_len;
-	  GET_LENGTH_INC(mb_len, p);
-	  GET_LENGTH_INC(len, p);
-	  p += mb_len * len;
-	}
-	break;
+        {
+          int mb_len;
+          GET_LENGTH_INC(mb_len, p);
+          GET_LENGTH_INC(len, p);
+          p += mb_len * len;
+        }
+        break;
 
       case OP_EXACT1_IC:
-	len = enclen(enc, p, pend); p += len; break;
+        len = enclen(enc, p, pend); p += len; break;
       case OP_EXACTN_IC:
-	GET_LENGTH_INC(len, p); p += len; break;
+        GET_LENGTH_INC(len, p); p += len; break;
 
       case OP_CCLASS:
       case OP_CCLASS_NOT:
-	p += SIZE_BITSET; break;
+        p += SIZE_BITSET; break;
       case OP_CCLASS_MB:
       case OP_CCLASS_MB_NOT:
-	GET_LENGTH_INC(len, p); p += len; break;
+        GET_LENGTH_INC(len, p); p += len; break;
       case OP_CCLASS_MIX:
       case OP_CCLASS_MIX_NOT:
-	p += SIZE_BITSET;
-	GET_LENGTH_INC(len, p);
-	p += len;
-	break;
+        p += SIZE_BITSET;
+        GET_LENGTH_INC(len, p);
+        p += len;
+        break;
 
       case OP_ANYCHAR:
       case OP_ANYCHAR_ML:
-	break;
+        break;
       case OP_ANYCHAR_STAR:
       case OP_ANYCHAR_ML_STAR:
-	INC_CACHE_OPCODES;
-	break;
+        INC_CACHE_OPCODES;
+        break;
       case OP_ANYCHAR_STAR_PEEK_NEXT:
       case OP_ANYCHAR_ML_STAR_PEEK_NEXT:
-	p++;
-	INC_CACHE_OPCODES;
-	break;
+        p++;
+        INC_CACHE_OPCODES;
+        break;
 
       case OP_WORD:
       case OP_NOT_WORD:
@@ -650,7 +650,7 @@ init_cache_opcodes_inner(
       case OP_NOT_WORD_BOUND:
       case OP_WORD_BEGIN:
       case OP_WORD_END:
-	break;
+        break;
 
       case OP_ASCII_WORD:
       case OP_NOT_ASCII_WORD:
@@ -658,7 +658,7 @@ init_cache_opcodes_inner(
       case OP_NOT_ASCII_WORD_BOUND:
       case OP_ASCII_WORD_BEGIN:
       case OP_ASCII_WORD_END:
-	break;
+        break;
 
       case OP_BEGIN_BUF:
       case OP_END_BUF:
@@ -666,7 +666,7 @@ init_cache_opcodes_inner(
       case OP_END_LINE:
       case OP_SEMI_END_BUF:
       case OP_BEGIN_POSITION:
-	break;
+        break;
 
       case OP_BACKREF1:
       case OP_BACKREF2:
@@ -675,7 +675,7 @@ init_cache_opcodes_inner(
       case OP_BACKREF_MULTI:
       case OP_BACKREF_MULTI_IC:
       case OP_BACKREF_WITH_LEVEL:
-	goto unexpected_bytecode_error;
+        goto unexpected_bytecode_error;
 
       case OP_MEMORY_START:
       case OP_MEMORY_START_PUSH:
@@ -683,158 +683,158 @@ init_cache_opcodes_inner(
       case OP_MEMORY_END_PUSH_REC:
       case OP_MEMORY_END:
       case OP_MEMORY_END_REC:
-	p += SIZE_MEMNUM;
-	if (lookaround_nesting != 0) {
-	  goto unexpected_bytecode_error;
-	}
-	break;
+        p += SIZE_MEMNUM;
+        if (lookaround_nesting != 0) {
+          goto unexpected_bytecode_error;
+        }
+        break;
 
       case OP_KEEP:
-	break;
+        break;
 
       case OP_FAIL:
-	break;
+        break;
       case OP_JUMP:
-	p += SIZE_RELADDR;
-	break;
+        p += SIZE_RELADDR;
+        break;
       case OP_PUSH:
-	p += SIZE_RELADDR;
-	INC_CACHE_OPCODES;
-	break;
+        p += SIZE_RELADDR;
+        INC_CACHE_OPCODES;
+        break;
       case OP_POP:
-	break;
+        break;
       case OP_PUSH_OR_JUMP_EXACT1:
       case OP_PUSH_IF_PEEK_NEXT:
-	p += SIZE_RELADDR + 1;
-	INC_CACHE_OPCODES;
-	break;
+        p += SIZE_RELADDR + 1;
+        INC_CACHE_OPCODES;
+        break;
       case OP_REPEAT:
       case OP_REPEAT_NG:
-	GET_MEMNUM_INC(repeat_mem, p);
-	p += SIZE_RELADDR;
-	if (reg->repeat_range[repeat_mem].lower == 0 && reg->repeat_range[repeat_mem].upper == 0) {
-	  long dummy_num_cache_points = 0;
-	  OnigCacheOpcode* dummy_cache_opcodes = NULL;
-	  result = init_cache_opcodes_inner(reg, repeat_mem, lookaround_nesting, &dummy_cache_opcodes, &p, &dummy_num_cache_points);
-	  if (result != 0) {
-	    goto fail;
-	  }
-	} else {
-	  if (reg->repeat_range[repeat_mem].lower == 0) {
-	    INC_CACHE_OPCODES;
-	  }
-	  {
-	    long num_cache_points_in_repeat = 0;
-	    long num_cache_points_at_repeat = cache_point;
-	    OnigCacheOpcode* cache_opcodes_in_repeat = cache_opcodes;
-	    result = init_cache_opcodes_inner(reg, repeat_mem, lookaround_nesting, &cache_opcodes, &p, &num_cache_points_in_repeat);
-	    if (result != 0) {
-	      goto fail;
-	    }
-	    OnigRepeatRange *repeat_range = &reg->repeat_range[repeat_mem];
-	    if (repeat_range->lower < repeat_range->upper) {
-	      INC_CACHE_OPCODES;
-	      cache_point -= lookaround_nesting != 0 ? 2 : 1;
-	    }
-	    int repeat_bounds = repeat_range->upper == 0x7fffffff ? 1 : repeat_range->upper - repeat_range->lower;
-	    cache_point += num_cache_points_in_repeat * repeat_range->lower + (num_cache_points_in_repeat + (lookaround_nesting != 0 ? 2 : 1)) * repeat_bounds;
-	    for (; cache_opcodes_in_repeat < cache_opcodes; cache_opcodes_in_repeat++) {
-	      cache_opcodes_in_repeat->num_cache_points_at_outer_repeat = num_cache_points_at_repeat;
-	      cache_opcodes_in_repeat->num_cache_points_in_outer_repeat = num_cache_points_in_repeat;
-	    }
-	  }
-	}
-	break;
+        GET_MEMNUM_INC(repeat_mem, p);
+        p += SIZE_RELADDR;
+        if (reg->repeat_range[repeat_mem].lower == 0 && reg->repeat_range[repeat_mem].upper == 0) {
+          long dummy_num_cache_points = 0;
+          OnigCacheOpcode* dummy_cache_opcodes = NULL;
+          result = init_cache_opcodes_inner(reg, repeat_mem, lookaround_nesting, &dummy_cache_opcodes, &p, &dummy_num_cache_points);
+          if (result != 0) {
+            goto fail;
+          }
+        } else {
+          if (reg->repeat_range[repeat_mem].lower == 0) {
+            INC_CACHE_OPCODES;
+          }
+          {
+            long num_cache_points_in_repeat = 0;
+            long num_cache_points_at_repeat = cache_point;
+            OnigCacheOpcode* cache_opcodes_in_repeat = cache_opcodes;
+            result = init_cache_opcodes_inner(reg, repeat_mem, lookaround_nesting, &cache_opcodes, &p, &num_cache_points_in_repeat);
+            if (result != 0) {
+              goto fail;
+            }
+            OnigRepeatRange *repeat_range = &reg->repeat_range[repeat_mem];
+            if (repeat_range->lower < repeat_range->upper) {
+              INC_CACHE_OPCODES;
+              cache_point -= lookaround_nesting != 0 ? 2 : 1;
+            }
+            int repeat_bounds = repeat_range->upper == 0x7fffffff ? 1 : repeat_range->upper - repeat_range->lower;
+            cache_point += num_cache_points_in_repeat * repeat_range->lower + (num_cache_points_in_repeat + (lookaround_nesting != 0 ? 2 : 1)) * repeat_bounds;
+            for (; cache_opcodes_in_repeat < cache_opcodes; cache_opcodes_in_repeat++) {
+              cache_opcodes_in_repeat->num_cache_points_at_outer_repeat = num_cache_points_at_repeat;
+              cache_opcodes_in_repeat->num_cache_points_in_outer_repeat = num_cache_points_in_repeat;
+            }
+          }
+        }
+        break;
       case OP_REPEAT_INC:
       case OP_REPEAT_INC_NG:
-	p += SIZE_MEMNUM;
+        p += SIZE_MEMNUM;
         goto exit;
       case OP_REPEAT_INC_SG:
       case OP_REPEAT_INC_NG_SG:
-	goto unexpected_bytecode_error;
+        goto unexpected_bytecode_error;
       case OP_NULL_CHECK_START:
-	p += SIZE_MEMNUM;
-	break;
+        p += SIZE_MEMNUM;
+        break;
       case OP_NULL_CHECK_END:
       case OP_NULL_CHECK_END_MEMST_PUSH:
-	p += SIZE_MEMNUM;
-	break;
+        p += SIZE_MEMNUM;
+        break;
       case OP_NULL_CHECK_END_MEMST:
-	p += SIZE_MEMNUM;
-	break;
+        p += SIZE_MEMNUM;
+        break;
 
       case OP_PUSH_POS:
-	lookaround:
-	{
-	  OnigCacheOpcode* cache_opcodes_in_lookaround = cache_opcodes;
-	  result = init_cache_opcodes_inner(reg, current_repeat_mem, lookaround_nesting + 1, &cache_opcodes, &p, &cache_point);
-	  if (result != 0) {
-	    goto fail;
-	  }
-	  UChar* match_addr = p - 1;
-	  for (; cache_opcodes_in_lookaround < cache_opcodes; cache_opcodes_in_lookaround++) {
-	    if (cache_opcodes_in_lookaround->match_addr == NULL) {
-	      cache_opcodes_in_lookaround->match_addr = match_addr;
-	    }
-	  }
-	}
-	break;
+        lookaround:
+        {
+          OnigCacheOpcode* cache_opcodes_in_lookaround = cache_opcodes;
+          result = init_cache_opcodes_inner(reg, current_repeat_mem, lookaround_nesting + 1, &cache_opcodes, &p, &cache_point);
+          if (result != 0) {
+            goto fail;
+          }
+          UChar* match_addr = p - 1;
+          for (; cache_opcodes_in_lookaround < cache_opcodes; cache_opcodes_in_lookaround++) {
+            if (cache_opcodes_in_lookaround->match_addr == NULL) {
+              cache_opcodes_in_lookaround->match_addr = match_addr;
+            }
+          }
+        }
+        break;
       case OP_PUSH_POS_NOT:
-	p += SIZE_RELADDR;
+        p += SIZE_RELADDR;
         goto lookaround;
       case OP_PUSH_LOOK_BEHIND_NOT:
-	p += SIZE_RELADDR;
-	p += SIZE_LENGTH;
+        p += SIZE_RELADDR;
+        p += SIZE_LENGTH;
         goto lookaround;
       case OP_PUSH_STOP_BT:
-	{
-	  OnigCacheOpcode* cache_opcodes_in_atomic = cache_opcodes;
-	  result = init_cache_opcodes_inner(reg, current_repeat_mem, -1, &cache_opcodes, &p, &cache_point);
-	  if (result != 0) {
-	    goto fail;
-	  }
-	  UChar* match_addr = p - 1;
-	  for (; cache_opcodes_in_atomic < cache_opcodes; cache_opcodes_in_atomic++) {
-	    if (cache_opcodes_in_atomic->match_addr == NULL) {
-	      cache_opcodes_in_atomic->match_addr = match_addr;
-	    }
-	  }
-	}
-	break;
+        {
+          OnigCacheOpcode* cache_opcodes_in_atomic = cache_opcodes;
+          result = init_cache_opcodes_inner(reg, current_repeat_mem, -1, &cache_opcodes, &p, &cache_point);
+          if (result != 0) {
+            goto fail;
+          }
+          UChar* match_addr = p - 1;
+          for (; cache_opcodes_in_atomic < cache_opcodes; cache_opcodes_in_atomic++) {
+            if (cache_opcodes_in_atomic->match_addr == NULL) {
+              cache_opcodes_in_atomic->match_addr = match_addr;
+            }
+          }
+        }
+        break;
       case OP_POP_POS:
       case OP_FAIL_POS:
       case OP_FAIL_LOOK_BEHIND_NOT:
       case OP_POP_STOP_BT:
-	goto exit;
+        goto exit;
       case OP_LOOK_BEHIND:
-	p += SIZE_LENGTH;
-	break;
+        p += SIZE_LENGTH;
+        break;
 
       case OP_ABSENT_END:
       case OP_ABSENT:
-	goto unexpected_bytecode_error;
+        goto unexpected_bytecode_error;
 
       case OP_CALL:
       case OP_RETURN:
-	goto unexpected_bytecode_error;
+        goto unexpected_bytecode_error;
 
       case OP_CONDITION:
-	goto unexpected_bytecode_error;
+        goto unexpected_bytecode_error;
 
       case OP_STATE_CHECK_PUSH:
       case OP_STATE_CHECK_PUSH_OR_JUMP:
       case OP_STATE_CHECK:
       case OP_STATE_CHECK_ANYCHAR_STAR:
       case OP_STATE_CHECK_ANYCHAR_ML_STAR:
-	goto unexpected_bytecode_error;
+        goto unexpected_bytecode_error;
 
       case OP_SET_OPTION_PUSH:
       case OP_SET_OPTION:
-	p += SIZE_OPTION;
-	break;
+        p += SIZE_OPTION;
+        break;
 
       default:
-	goto bytecode_error;
+        goto bytecode_error;
     }
   }
 
@@ -1192,7 +1192,7 @@ onig_region_copy(OnigRegion* to, const OnigRegion* from)
   }\
   else {\
     alloc_addr = (char* )xalloca(sizeof(OnigStackIndex) * (ptr_num)\
-		       + sizeof(OnigStackType) * (stack_num));\
+                       + sizeof(OnigStackType) * (stack_num));\
     heap_addr  = NULL;\
     stk_alloc  = (OnigStackType* )(alloc_addr + sizeof(OnigStackIndex) * (ptr_num));\
     stk_base   = stk_alloc;\
@@ -1225,7 +1225,7 @@ onig_set_match_stack_limit_size(unsigned int size)
 
 static int
 stack_double(OnigStackType** arg_stk_base, OnigStackType** arg_stk_end,
-	     OnigStackType** arg_stk, OnigStackType* stk_alloc, OnigMatchArg* msa)
+             OnigStackType** arg_stk, OnigStackType* stk_alloc, OnigMatchArg* msa)
 {
   size_t n;
   OnigStackType *x, *stk_base, *stk_end, *stk;
@@ -1249,9 +1249,9 @@ stack_double(OnigStackType** arg_stk_base, OnigStackType** arg_stk_end,
     n *= 2;
     if (limit_size != 0 && n > limit_size) {
       if ((unsigned int )(stk_end - stk_base) == limit_size)
-	return ONIGERR_MATCH_STACK_LIMIT_OVER;
+        return ONIGERR_MATCH_STACK_LIMIT_OVER;
       else
-	n = limit_size;
+        n = limit_size;
     }
     x = (OnigStackType* )xrealloc(stk_base, sizeof(OnigStackType) * n);
     if (IS_NULL(x)) {
@@ -1901,7 +1901,7 @@ stack_double(OnigStackType** arg_stk_base, OnigStackType** arg_stk_end,
 } while(0)
 
 static int string_cmp_ic(OnigEncoding enc, int case_fold_flag,
-			 UChar* s1, UChar** ps2, OnigDistance mblen, const UChar* text_end)
+                         UChar* s1, UChar** ps2, OnigDistance mblen, const UChar* text_end)
 {
   UChar buf1[ONIGENC_MBC_CASE_FOLD_MAXLEN];
   UChar buf2[ONIGENC_MBC_CASE_FOLD_MAXLEN];
@@ -1988,29 +1988,29 @@ make_capture_history_tree(OnigCaptureTreeNode* node, OnigStackType** kp,
     if (k->type == STK_MEM_START) {
       n = k->u.mem.num;
       if (n <= ONIG_MAX_CAPTURE_HISTORY_GROUP &&
-	  BIT_STATUS_AT(reg->capture_history, n) != 0) {
-	child = history_node_new();
-	CHECK_NULL_RETURN_MEMERR(child);
-	child->group = n;
-	child->beg = k->u.mem.pstr - str;
-	r = history_tree_add_child(node, child);
-	if (r != 0) {
-	  history_tree_free(child);
-	  return r;
-	}
-	*kp = (k + 1);
-	r = make_capture_history_tree(child, kp, stk_top, str, reg);
-	if (r != 0) return r;
+          BIT_STATUS_AT(reg->capture_history, n) != 0) {
+        child = history_node_new();
+        CHECK_NULL_RETURN_MEMERR(child);
+        child->group = n;
+        child->beg = k->u.mem.pstr - str;
+        r = history_tree_add_child(node, child);
+        if (r != 0) {
+          history_tree_free(child);
+          return r;
+        }
+        *kp = (k + 1);
+        r = make_capture_history_tree(child, kp, stk_top, str, reg);
+        if (r != 0) return r;
 
-	k = *kp;
-	child->end = k->u.mem.pstr - str;
+        k = *kp;
+        child->end = k->u.mem.pstr - str;
       }
     }
     else if (k->type == STK_MEM_END) {
       if (k->u.mem.num == node->group) {
-	node->end = k->u.mem.pstr - str;
-	*kp = k;
-	return 0;
+        node->end = k->u.mem.pstr - str;
+        *kp = k;
+        return 0;
       }
     }
     k++;
@@ -2035,9 +2035,9 @@ mem_is_in_memp(int mem, int num, UChar* memp)
 }
 
 static int backref_match_at_nested_level(regex_t* reg,
-	 OnigStackType* top, OnigStackType* stk_base,
-	 int ignore_case, int case_fold_flag,
-	 int nest, int mem_num, UChar* memp, UChar** s, const UChar* send)
+         OnigStackType* top, OnigStackType* stk_base,
+         int ignore_case, int case_fold_flag,
+         int nest, int mem_num, UChar* memp, UChar** s, const UChar* send)
 {
   UChar *ss, *p, *pstart, *pend = NULL_UCHARP;
   int level;
@@ -2055,33 +2055,33 @@ static int backref_match_at_nested_level(regex_t* reg,
     }
     else if (level == nest) {
       if (k->type == STK_MEM_START) {
-	if (mem_is_in_memp(k->u.mem.num, mem_num, memp)) {
-	  pstart = k->u.mem.pstr;
-	  if (pend != NULL_UCHARP) {
-	    if (pend - pstart > send - *s) return 0; /* or goto next_mem; */
-	    p  = pstart;
-	    ss = *s;
-
-	    if (ignore_case != 0) {
-	      if (string_cmp_ic(reg->enc, case_fold_flag,
-				pstart, &ss, pend - pstart, send) == 0)
-		return 0; /* or goto next_mem; */
-	    }
-	    else {
-	      while (p < pend) {
-		if (*p++ != *ss++) return 0; /* or goto next_mem; */
-	      }
-	    }
-
-	    *s = ss;
-	    return 1;
-	  }
-	}
+        if (mem_is_in_memp(k->u.mem.num, mem_num, memp)) {
+          pstart = k->u.mem.pstr;
+          if (pend != NULL_UCHARP) {
+            if (pend - pstart > send - *s) return 0; /* or goto next_mem; */
+            p  = pstart;
+            ss = *s;
+
+            if (ignore_case != 0) {
+              if (string_cmp_ic(reg->enc, case_fold_flag,
+                                pstart, &ss, pend - pstart, send) == 0)
+                return 0; /* or goto next_mem; */
+            }
+            else {
+              while (p < pend) {
+                if (*p++ != *ss++) return 0; /* or goto next_mem; */
+              }
+            }
+
+            *s = ss;
+            return 1;
+          }
+        }
       }
       else if (k->type == STK_MEM_END) {
-	if (mem_is_in_memp(k->u.mem.num, mem_num, memp)) {
-	  pend = k->u.mem.pstr;
-	}
+        if (mem_is_in_memp(k->u.mem.num, mem_num, memp)) {
+          pend = k->u.mem.pstr;
+        }
       }
     }
     k--;
@@ -2099,7 +2099,7 @@ static int backref_match_at_nested_level(regex_t* reg,
 static LARGE_INTEGER ts, te, freq;
 #  define GETTIME(t)	  QueryPerformanceCounter(&(t))
 #  define TIMEDIFF(te,ts) (unsigned long )(((te).QuadPart - (ts).QuadPart) \
-			    * 1000000 / freq.QuadPart)
+                            * 1000000 / freq.QuadPart)
 # else /* _WIN32 */
 
 #  define USE_TIMEOFDAY
@@ -2165,7 +2165,7 @@ onig_print_statistics(FILE* f)
   fprintf(f, "   count      prev        time\n");
   for (i = 0; OnigOpInfo[i].opcode >= 0; i++) {
     fprintf(f, "%8d: %8d: %10lu: %s\n",
-	    OpCounter[i], OpPrevCounter[i], OpTime[i], OnigOpInfo[i].name);
+            OpCounter[i], OpPrevCounter[i], OpTime[i], OnigOpInfo[i].name);
   }
   fprintf(f, "\nmax stack depth: %d\n", MaxStackDepth);
 }
@@ -2310,9 +2310,9 @@ memoize_extended_match_cache_point(uint8_t *match_cache_buf, long match_cache_po
 static OnigPosition
 match_at(regex_t* reg, const UChar* str, const UChar* end,
 #ifdef USE_MATCH_RANGE_MUST_BE_INSIDE_OF_SPECIFIED_RANGE
-	 const UChar* right_range,
+         const UChar* right_range,
 #endif
-	 const UChar* sstart, UChar* sprev, OnigMatchArg* msa)
+         const UChar* sstart, UChar* sprev, OnigMatchArg* msa)
 {
   static const UChar FinishCode[] = { OP_FINISH };
 
@@ -2562,16 +2562,16 @@ match_at(regex_t* reg, const UChar* str, const UChar* end,
   }
 #ifndef USE_SUBEXP_CALL
   mem_start_stk--; /* for index start from 1,
-		      mem_start_stk[1]..mem_start_stk[num_mem] */
+                      mem_start_stk[1]..mem_start_stk[num_mem] */
   mem_end_stk--;   /* for index start from 1,
-		      mem_end_stk[1]..mem_end_stk[num_mem] */
+                      mem_end_stk[1]..mem_end_stk[num_mem] */
 #endif
 
 #ifdef ONIG_DEBUG_MATCH
   fprintf(stderr, "match_at: str: %"PRIuPTR" (%p), end: %"PRIuPTR" (%p), start: %"PRIuPTR" (%p), sprev: %"PRIuPTR" (%p)\n",
-	  (uintptr_t )str, str, (uintptr_t )end, end, (uintptr_t )sstart, sstart, (uintptr_t )sprev, sprev);
+          (uintptr_t )str, str, (uintptr_t )end, end, (uintptr_t )sstart, sstart, (uintptr_t )sprev, sprev);
   fprintf(stderr, "size: %d, start offset: %d\n",
-	  (int )(end - str), (int )(sstart - str));
+          (int )(end - str), (int )(sstart - str));
   fprintf(stderr, "\n ofs> str                   stk:type   addr:opcode\n");
 #endif
 
@@ -2591,10 +2591,10 @@ match_at(regex_t* reg, const UChar* str, const UChar* end,
       bp = buf;                                                         \
       q = s;                                                            \
       if (*op != OP_FINISH) {    /* s may not be a valid pointer if OP_FINISH. */ \
-	for (i = 0; i < 7 && q < end; i++) {                            \
-	  len = enclen(encode, q, end);                                 \
-	  while (len-- > 0) *bp++ = *q++;                               \
-	}                                                               \
+        for (i = 0; i < 7 && q < end; i++) {                            \
+          len = enclen(encode, q, end);                                 \
+          while (len-- > 0) *bp++ = *q++;                               \
+        }                                                               \
         if (q < end) { xmemcpy(bp, "...", 3); bp += 3; }                \
       }                                                                 \
       xmemcpy(bp, "\"", 1); bp += 1;                                    \
@@ -2602,9 +2602,9 @@ match_at(regex_t* reg, const UChar* str, const UChar* end,
       fputs((char* )buf, stderr);                                       \
       for (i = 0; i < 20 - (bp - buf); i++) fputc(' ', stderr);         \
       fprintf(stderr, "%4"PRIdPTR":%s %4"PRIdPTR":",                    \
-	  stk - stk_base - 1,                                           \
-	  (stk > stk_base) ? stack_type_str(stk[-1].type) : "      ",   \
-	  (op == FinishCode) ? (ptrdiff_t )-1 : op - reg->p);           \
+          stk - stk_base - 1,                                           \
+          (stk > stk_base) ? stack_type_str(stk[-1].type) : "      ",   \
+          (op == FinishCode) ? (ptrdiff_t )-1 : op - reg->p);           \
       onig_print_compiled_byte_code(stderr, op, reg->p+reg->used, NULL, encode); \
       fprintf(stderr, "\n");                                            \
     }
@@ -2633,18 +2633,18 @@ match_at(regex_t* reg, const UChar* str, const UChar* end,
       uint8_t match_cache_point_mask = 1 << (match_cache_point & 7);\
       MATCH_CACHE_DEBUG;\
       if (msa->match_cache_buf[match_cache_point_index] & match_cache_point_mask) {\
-	MATCH_CACHE_DEBUG_HIT; MATCH_CACHE_HIT;\
-	if (cache_opcode->lookaround_nesting == 0) goto fail;\
-	else if (cache_opcode->lookaround_nesting < 0) {\
-	  if (check_extended_match_cache_point(msa->match_cache_buf, match_cache_point_index, match_cache_point_mask)) {\
+        MATCH_CACHE_DEBUG_HIT; MATCH_CACHE_HIT;\
+        if (cache_opcode->lookaround_nesting == 0) goto fail;\
+        else if (cache_opcode->lookaround_nesting < 0) {\
+          if (check_extended_match_cache_point(msa->match_cache_buf, match_cache_point_index, match_cache_point_mask)) {\
             STACK_STOP_BT_FAIL;\
             goto fail;\
           }\
           else goto fail;\
         }\
         else {\
-	  if (check_extended_match_cache_point(msa->match_cache_buf, match_cache_point_index, match_cache_point_mask)) {\
-	    p = cache_opcode->match_addr;\
+          if (check_extended_match_cache_point(msa->match_cache_buf, match_cache_point_index, match_cache_point_mask)) {\
+            p = cache_opcode->match_addr;\
             MOP_OUT;\
             JUMP;\
           }\
@@ -2663,66 +2663,66 @@ match_at(regex_t* reg, const UChar* str, const UChar* end,
     CASE(OP_END)  MOP_IN(OP_END);
       n = s - sstart;
       if (n > best_len) {
-	OnigRegion* region;
+        OnigRegion* region;
 #ifdef USE_FIND_LONGEST_SEARCH_ALL_OF_RANGE
-	if (IS_FIND_LONGEST(option)) {
-	  if (n > msa->best_len) {
-	    msa->best_len = n;
-	    msa->best_s   = (UChar* )sstart;
-	  }
-	  else
-	    goto end_best_len;
-	}
+        if (IS_FIND_LONGEST(option)) {
+          if (n > msa->best_len) {
+            msa->best_len = n;
+            msa->best_s   = (UChar* )sstart;
+          }
+          else
+            goto end_best_len;
+        }
 #endif
-	best_len = n;
-	region = msa->region;
-	if (region) {
-	  region->beg[0] = ((pkeep > s) ? s : pkeep) - str;
-	  region->end[0] = s - str;
-	  for (i = 1; i <= num_mem; i++) {
-	    if (mem_end_stk[i] != INVALID_STACK_INDEX) {
-	      if (BIT_STATUS_AT(reg->bt_mem_start, i))
-		region->beg[i] = STACK_AT(mem_start_stk[i])->u.mem.pstr - str;
-	      else
-		region->beg[i] = (UChar* )((void* )mem_start_stk[i]) - str;
-
-	      region->end[i] = (BIT_STATUS_AT(reg->bt_mem_end, i)
-				? STACK_AT(mem_end_stk[i])->u.mem.pstr
-				: (UChar* )((void* )mem_end_stk[i])) - str;
-	    }
-	    else {
-	      region->beg[i] = region->end[i] = ONIG_REGION_NOTPOS;
-	    }
-	  }
+        best_len = n;
+        region = msa->region;
+        if (region) {
+          region->beg[0] = ((pkeep > s) ? s : pkeep) - str;
+          region->end[0] = s - str;
+          for (i = 1; i <= num_mem; i++) {
+            if (mem_end_stk[i] != INVALID_STACK_INDEX) {
+              if (BIT_STATUS_AT(reg->bt_mem_start, i))
+                region->beg[i] = STACK_AT(mem_start_stk[i])->u.mem.pstr - str;
+              else
+                region->beg[i] = (UChar* )((void* )mem_start_stk[i]) - str;
+
+              region->end[i] = (BIT_STATUS_AT(reg->bt_mem_end, i)
+                                ? STACK_AT(mem_end_stk[i])->u.mem.pstr
+                                : (UChar* )((void* )mem_end_stk[i])) - str;
+            }
+            else {
+              region->beg[i] = region->end[i] = ONIG_REGION_NOTPOS;
+            }
+          }
 
 #ifdef USE_CAPTURE_HISTORY
-	  if (reg->capture_history != 0) {
-	    int r;
-	    OnigCaptureTreeNode* node;
-
-	    if (IS_NULL(region->history_root)) {
-	      region->history_root = node = history_node_new();
-	      CHECK_NULL_RETURN_MEMERR(node);
-	    }
-	    else {
-	      node = region->history_root;
-	      history_tree_clear(node);
-	    }
-
-	    node->group = 0;
-	    node->beg   = ((pkeep > s) ? s : pkeep) - str;
-	    node->end   = s - str;
-
-	    stkp = stk_base;
-	    r = make_capture_history_tree(region->history_root, &stkp,
-		stk, (UChar* )str, reg);
-	    if (r < 0) {
-	      best_len = r; /* error code */
-	      goto finish;
-	    }
-	  }
+          if (reg->capture_history != 0) {
+            int r;
+            OnigCaptureTreeNode* node;
+
+            if (IS_NULL(region->history_root)) {
+              region->history_root = node = history_node_new();
+              CHECK_NULL_RETURN_MEMERR(node);
+            }
+            else {
+              node = region->history_root;
+              history_tree_clear(node);
+            }
+
+            node->group = 0;
+            node->beg   = ((pkeep > s) ? s : pkeep) - str;
+            node->end   = s - str;
+
+            stkp = stk_base;
+            r = make_capture_history_tree(region->history_root, &stkp,
+                stk, (UChar* )str, reg);
+            if (r < 0) {
+              best_len = r; /* error code */
+              goto finish;
+            }
+          }
 #endif /* USE_CAPTURE_HISTORY */
-	} /* if (region) */
+        } /* if (region) */
       } /* n > best_len */
 
 #ifdef USE_FIND_LONGEST_SEARCH_ALL_OF_RANGE
@@ -2731,18 +2731,17 @@ match_at(regex_t* reg, const UChar* str, const UChar* end,
       MOP_OUT;
 
       if (IS_FIND_CONDITION(option)) {
-	if (IS_FIND_NOT_EMPTY(option) && s == sstart) {
-	  best_len = ONIG_MISMATCH;
-	  goto fail; /* for retry */
-	}
-	if (IS_FIND_LONGEST(option) && DATA_ENSURE_CHECK1) {
-	  goto fail; /* for retry */
-	}
+        if (IS_FIND_NOT_EMPTY(option) && s == sstart) {
+          best_len = ONIG_MISMATCH;
+          goto fail; /* for retry */
+        }
+        if (IS_FIND_LONGEST(option) && DATA_ENSURE_CHECK1) {
+          goto fail; /* for retry */
+        }
       }
 
       /* default behavior: return first-matching result. */
       goto finish;
-      NEXT;
 
     CASE(OP_EXACT1)  MOP_IN(OP_EXACT1);
       DATA_ENSURE(1);
@@ -2753,22 +2752,22 @@ match_at(regex_t* reg, const UChar* str, const UChar* end,
 
     CASE(OP_EXACT1_IC)  MOP_IN(OP_EXACT1_IC);
       {
-	int len;
-	UChar *q, lowbuf[ONIGENC_MBC_CASE_FOLD_MAXLEN];
-
-	DATA_ENSURE(1);
-	len = ONIGENC_MBC_CASE_FOLD(encode,
-		    /* DISABLE_CASE_FOLD_MULTI_CHAR(case_fold_flag), */
-		    case_fold_flag,
-		    &s, end, lowbuf);
-	DATA_ENSURE(0);
-	q = lowbuf;
-	while (len-- > 0) {
-	  if (*p != *q) {
-	    goto fail;
-	  }
-	  p++; q++;
-	}
+        int len;
+        UChar *q, lowbuf[ONIGENC_MBC_CASE_FOLD_MAXLEN];
+
+        DATA_ENSURE(1);
+        len = ONIGENC_MBC_CASE_FOLD(encode,
+                    /* DISABLE_CASE_FOLD_MULTI_CHAR(case_fold_flag), */
+                    case_fold_flag,
+                    &s, end, lowbuf);
+        DATA_ENSURE(0);
+        q = lowbuf;
+        while (len-- > 0) {
+          if (*p != *q) {
+            goto fail;
+          }
+          p++; q++;
+        }
       }
       MOP_OUT;
       NEXT;
@@ -2829,7 +2828,7 @@ match_at(regex_t* reg, const UChar* str, const UChar* end,
       GET_LENGTH_INC(tlen, p);
       DATA_ENSURE(tlen);
       while (tlen-- > 0) {
-	if (*p++ != *s++) goto fail;
+        if (*p++ != *s++) goto fail;
       }
       sprev = s - 1;
       MOP_OUT;
@@ -2837,26 +2836,26 @@ match_at(regex_t* reg, const UChar* str, const UChar* end,
 
     CASE(OP_EXACTN_IC)  MOP_IN(OP_EXACTN_IC);
       {
-	int len;
-	UChar *q, *endp, lowbuf[ONIGENC_MBC_CASE_FOLD_MAXLEN];
-
-	GET_LENGTH_INC(tlen, p);
-	endp = p + tlen;
-
-	while (p < endp) {
-	  sprev = s;
-	  DATA_ENSURE(1);
-	  len = ONIGENC_MBC_CASE_FOLD(encode,
-		      /* DISABLE_CASE_FOLD_MULTI_CHAR(case_fold_flag), */
-		      case_fold_flag,
-		      &s, end, lowbuf);
-	  DATA_ENSURE(0);
-	  q = lowbuf;
-	  while (len-- > 0) {
-	    if (*p != *q) goto fail;
-	    p++; q++;
-	  }
-	}
+        int len;
+        UChar *q, *endp, lowbuf[ONIGENC_MBC_CASE_FOLD_MAXLEN];
+
+        GET_LENGTH_INC(tlen, p);
+        endp = p + tlen;
+
+        while (p < endp) {
+          sprev = s;
+          DATA_ENSURE(1);
+          len = ONIGENC_MBC_CASE_FOLD(encode,
+                      /* DISABLE_CASE_FOLD_MULTI_CHAR(case_fold_flag), */
+                      case_fold_flag,
+                      &s, end, lowbuf);
+          DATA_ENSURE(0);
+          q = lowbuf;
+          while (len-- > 0) {
+            if (*p != *q) goto fail;
+            p++; q++;
+          }
+        }
       }
 
       MOP_OUT;
@@ -2907,10 +2906,10 @@ match_at(regex_t* reg, const UChar* str, const UChar* end,
       GET_LENGTH_INC(tlen, p);
       DATA_ENSURE(tlen * 2);
       while (tlen-- > 0) {
-	if (*p != *s) goto fail;
-	p++; s++;
-	if (*p != *s) goto fail;
-	p++; s++;
+        if (*p != *s) goto fail;
+        p++; s++;
+        if (*p != *s) goto fail;
+        p++; s++;
       }
       sprev = s - 2;
       MOP_OUT;
@@ -2920,12 +2919,12 @@ match_at(regex_t* reg, const UChar* str, const UChar* end,
       GET_LENGTH_INC(tlen, p);
       DATA_ENSURE(tlen * 3);
       while (tlen-- > 0) {
-	if (*p != *s) goto fail;
-	p++; s++;
-	if (*p != *s) goto fail;
-	p++; s++;
-	if (*p != *s) goto fail;
-	p++; s++;
+        if (*p != *s) goto fail;
+        p++; s++;
+        if (*p != *s) goto fail;
+        p++; s++;
+        if (*p != *s) goto fail;
+        p++; s++;
       }
       sprev = s - 3;
       MOP_OUT;
@@ -2937,8 +2936,8 @@ match_at(regex_t* reg, const UChar* str, const UChar* end,
       tlen2 *= tlen;
       DATA_ENSURE(tlen2);
       while (tlen2-- > 0) {
-	if (*p != *s) goto fail;
-	p++; s++;
+        if (*p != *s) goto fail;
+        p++; s++;
       }
       sprev = s - tlen;
       MOP_OUT;
@@ -2958,23 +2957,23 @@ match_at(regex_t* reg, const UChar* str, const UChar* end,
     cclass_mb:
       GET_LENGTH_INC(tlen, p);
       {
-	OnigCodePoint code;
-	UChar *ss;
-	int mb_len;
+        OnigCodePoint code;
+        UChar *ss;
+        int mb_len;
 
-	DATA_ENSURE(1);
-	mb_len = enclen_approx(encode, s, end);
-	DATA_ENSURE(mb_len);
-	ss = s;
-	s += mb_len;
-	code = ONIGENC_MBC_TO_CODE(encode, ss, s);
+        DATA_ENSURE(1);
+        mb_len = enclen_approx(encode, s, end);
+        DATA_ENSURE(mb_len);
+        ss = s;
+        s += mb_len;
+        code = ONIGENC_MBC_TO_CODE(encode, ss, s);
 
 #ifdef PLATFORM_UNALIGNED_WORD_ACCESS
-	if (! onig_is_in_code_range(p, code)) goto fail;
+        if (! onig_is_in_code_range(p, code)) goto fail;
 #else
-	q = p;
-	ALIGNMENT_RIGHT(q);
-	if (! onig_is_in_code_range(q, code)) goto fail;
+        q = p;
+        ALIGNMENT_RIGHT(q);
+        if (! onig_is_in_code_range(q, code)) goto fail;
 #endif
       }
       p += tlen;
@@ -2984,17 +2983,17 @@ match_at(regex_t* reg, const UChar* str, const UChar* end,
     CASE(OP_CCLASS_MIX)  MOP_IN(OP_CCLASS_MIX);
       DATA_ENSURE(1);
       if (ONIGENC_IS_MBC_HEAD(encode, s, end)) {
-	p += SIZE_BITSET;
-	goto cclass_mb;
+        p += SIZE_BITSET;
+        goto cclass_mb;
       }
       else {
-	if (BITSET_AT(((BitSetRef )p), *s) == 0)
-	  goto fail;
+        if (BITSET_AT(((BitSetRef )p), *s) == 0)
+          goto fail;
 
-	p += SIZE_BITSET;
-	GET_LENGTH_INC(tlen, p);
-	p += tlen;
-	s++;
+        p += SIZE_BITSET;
+        GET_LENGTH_INC(tlen, p);
+        p += tlen;
+        s++;
       }
       MOP_OUT;
       NEXT;
@@ -3010,36 +3009,36 @@ match_at(regex_t* reg, const UChar* str, const UChar* end,
     CASE(OP_CCLASS_MB_NOT)  MOP_IN(OP_CCLASS_MB_NOT);
       DATA_ENSURE(1);
       if (! ONIGENC_IS_MBC_HEAD(encode, s, end)) {
-	s++;
-	GET_LENGTH_INC(tlen, p);
-	p += tlen;
-	goto cc_mb_not_success;
+        s++;
+        GET_LENGTH_INC(tlen, p);
+        p += tlen;
+        goto cc_mb_not_success;
       }
 
     cclass_mb_not:
       GET_LENGTH_INC(tlen, p);
       {
-	OnigCodePoint code;
-	UChar *ss;
-	int mb_len = enclen(encode, s, end);
-
-	if (! DATA_ENSURE_CHECK(mb_len)) {
-	  DATA_ENSURE(1);
-	  s = (UChar* )end;
-	  p += tlen;
-	  goto cc_mb_not_success;
-	}
+        OnigCodePoint code;
+        UChar *ss;
+        int mb_len = enclen(encode, s, end);
+
+        if (! DATA_ENSURE_CHECK(mb_len)) {
+          DATA_ENSURE(1);
+          s = (UChar* )end;
+          p += tlen;
+          goto cc_mb_not_success;
+        }
 
-	ss = s;
-	s += mb_len;
-	code = ONIGENC_MBC_TO_CODE(encode, ss, s);
+        ss = s;
+        s += mb_len;
+        code = ONIGENC_MBC_TO_CODE(encode, ss, s);
 
 #ifdef PLATFORM_UNALIGNED_WORD_ACCESS
-	if (onig_is_in_code_range(p, code)) goto fail;
+        if (onig_is_in_code_range(p, code)) goto fail;
 #else
-	q = p;
-	ALIGNMENT_RIGHT(q);
-	if (onig_is_in_code_range(q, code)) goto fail;
+        q = p;
+        ALIGNMENT_RIGHT(q);
+        if (onig_is_in_code_range(q, code)) goto fail;
 #endif
       }
       p += tlen;
@@ -3051,17 +3050,17 @@ match_at(regex_t* reg, const UChar* str, const UChar* end,
     CASE(OP_CCLASS_MIX_NOT)  MOP_IN(OP_CCLASS_MIX_NOT);
       DATA_ENSURE(1);
       if (ONIGENC_IS_MBC_HEAD(encode, s, end)) {
-	p += SIZE_BITSET;
-	goto cclass_mb_not;
+        p += SIZE_BITSET;
+        goto cclass_mb_not;
       }
       else {
-	if (BITSET_AT(((BitSetRef )p), *s) != 0)
-	  goto fail;
+        if (BITSET_AT(((BitSetRef )p), *s) != 0)
+          goto fail;
 
-	p += SIZE_BITSET;
-	GET_LENGTH_INC(tlen, p);
-	p += tlen;
-	s++;
+        p += SIZE_BITSET;
+        GET_LENGTH_INC(tlen, p);
+        p += tlen;
+        s++;
       }
       MOP_OUT;
       NEXT;
@@ -3085,52 +3084,52 @@ match_at(regex_t* reg, const UChar* str, const UChar* end,
 
     CASE(OP_ANYCHAR_STAR)  MOP_IN(OP_ANYCHAR_STAR);
       while (DATA_ENSURE_CHECK1) {
-	CHECK_MATCH_CACHE;
-	STACK_PUSH_ALT(p, s, sprev, pkeep);
-	n = enclen_approx(encode, s, end);
-	DATA_ENSURE(n);
-	if (ONIGENC_IS_MBC_NEWLINE_EX(encode, s, str, end, option, 0))  goto fail;
-	sprev = s;
-	s += n;
+        CHECK_MATCH_CACHE;
+        STACK_PUSH_ALT(p, s, sprev, pkeep);
+        n = enclen_approx(encode, s, end);
+        DATA_ENSURE(n);
+        if (ONIGENC_IS_MBC_NEWLINE_EX(encode, s, str, end, option, 0))  goto fail;
+        sprev = s;
+        s += n;
       }
       MOP_OUT;
       JUMP;
 
     CASE(OP_ANYCHAR_ML_STAR)  MOP_IN(OP_ANYCHAR_ML_STAR);
       while (DATA_ENSURE_CHECK1) {
-	CHECK_MATCH_CACHE;
-	STACK_PUSH_ALT(p, s, sprev, pkeep);
-	n = enclen_approx(encode, s, end);
-	if (n > 1) {
-	  DATA_ENSURE(n);
-	  sprev = s;
-	  s += n;
-	}
-	else {
-	  sprev = s;
-	  s++;
-	}
+        CHECK_MATCH_CACHE;
+        STACK_PUSH_ALT(p, s, sprev, pkeep);
+        n = enclen_approx(encode, s, end);
+        if (n > 1) {
+          DATA_ENSURE(n);
+          sprev = s;
+          s += n;
+        }
+        else {
+          sprev = s;
+          s++;
+        }
       }
       MOP_OUT;
       JUMP;
 
     CASE(OP_ANYCHAR_STAR_PEEK_NEXT)  MOP_IN(OP_ANYCHAR_STAR_PEEK_NEXT);
       while (DATA_ENSURE_CHECK1) {
-	CHECK_MATCH_CACHE;
-	if (*p == *s) {
-	  STACK_PUSH_ALT(p + 1, s, sprev, pkeep);
-	} else {
+        CHECK_MATCH_CACHE;
+        if (*p == *s) {
+          STACK_PUSH_ALT(p + 1, s, sprev, pkeep);
+        } else {
 #ifdef USE_MATCH_CACHE
-	  /* We need to increment num_fails here, for invoking a cache optimization correctly. */
-	  /* Actually, the matching will be failed if we use `OP_ANYCHAR_STAR` simply in this case.*/
-	  msa->num_fails++;
+          /* We need to increment num_fails here, for invoking a cache optimization correctly. */
+          /* Actually, the matching will be failed if we use `OP_ANYCHAR_STAR` simply in this case.*/
+          msa->num_fails++;
 #endif
-	}
-	n = enclen_approx(encode, s, end);
-	DATA_ENSURE(n);
-	if (ONIGENC_IS_MBC_NEWLINE_EX(encode, s, str, end, option, 0))  goto fail;
-	sprev = s;
-	s += n;
+        }
+        n = enclen_approx(encode, s, end);
+        DATA_ENSURE(n);
+        if (ONIGENC_IS_MBC_NEWLINE_EX(encode, s, str, end, option, 0))  goto fail;
+        sprev = s;
+        s += n;
       }
       p++;
       MOP_OUT;
@@ -3138,26 +3137,26 @@ match_at(regex_t* reg, const UChar* str, const UChar* end,
 
     CASE(OP_ANYCHAR_ML_STAR_PEEK_NEXT)MOP_IN(OP_ANYCHAR_ML_STAR_PEEK_NEXT);
       while (DATA_ENSURE_CHECK1) {
-	CHECK_MATCH_CACHE;
-	if (*p == *s) {
-	  STACK_PUSH_ALT(p + 1, s, sprev, pkeep);
-	} else {
+        CHECK_MATCH_CACHE;
+        if (*p == *s) {
+          STACK_PUSH_ALT(p + 1, s, sprev, pkeep);
+        } else {
 #ifdef USE_MATCH_CACHE
-	  /* We need to increment num_fails here, for invoking a cache optimization correctly. */
-	  /* Actually, the matching will be failed if we use `OP_ANYCHAR_STAR_ML` simply in this case.*/
-	  msa->num_fails++;
+          /* We need to increment num_fails here, for invoking a cache optimization correctly. */
+          /* Actually, the matching will be failed if we use `OP_ANYCHAR_STAR_ML` simply in this case.*/
+          msa->num_fails++;
 #endif
-	}
-	n = enclen_approx(encode, s, end);
-	if (n > 1) {
-	  DATA_ENSURE(n);
-	  sprev = s;
-	  s += n;
-	}
-	else {
-	  sprev = s;
-	  s++;
-	}
+        }
+        n = enclen_approx(encode, s, end);
+        if (n > 1) {
+          DATA_ENSURE(n);
+          sprev = s;
+          s += n;
+        }
+        else {
+          sprev = s;
+          s++;
+        }
       }
       p++;
       MOP_OUT;
@@ -3167,15 +3166,15 @@ match_at(regex_t* reg, const UChar* str, const UChar* end,
     CASE(OP_STATE_CHECK_ANYCHAR_STAR)  MOP_IN(OP_STATE_CHECK_ANYCHAR_STAR);
       GET_STATE_CHECK_NUM_INC(mem, p);
       while (DATA_ENSURE_CHECK1) {
-	STATE_CHECK_VAL(scv, mem);
-	if (scv) goto fail;
-
-	STACK_PUSH_ALT_WITH_STATE_CHECK(p, s, sprev, mem, pkeep);
-	n = enclen_approx(encode, s, end);
-	DATA_ENSURE(n);
-	if (ONIGENC_IS_MBC_NEWLINE_EX(encode, s, str, end, option, 0))  goto fail;
-	sprev = s;
-	s += n;
+        STATE_CHECK_VAL(scv, mem);
+        if (scv) goto fail;
+
+        STACK_PUSH_ALT_WITH_STATE_CHECK(p, s, sprev, mem, pkeep);
+        n = enclen_approx(encode, s, end);
+        DATA_ENSURE(n);
+        if (ONIGENC_IS_MBC_NEWLINE_EX(encode, s, str, end, option, 0))  goto fail;
+        sprev = s;
+        s += n;
       }
       MOP_OUT;
       NEXT;
@@ -3185,20 +3184,20 @@ match_at(regex_t* reg, const UChar* str, const UChar* end,
 
       GET_STATE_CHECK_NUM_INC(mem, p);
       while (DATA_ENSURE_CHECK1) {
-	STATE_CHECK_VAL(scv, mem);
-	if (scv) goto fail;
-
-	STACK_PUSH_ALT_WITH_STATE_CHECK(p, s, sprev, mem, pkeep);
-	n = enclen_approx(encode, s, end);
-	if (n > 1) {
-	  DATA_ENSURE(n);
-	  sprev = s;
-	  s += n;
-	}
-	else {
-	  sprev = s;
-	  s++;
-	}
+        STATE_CHECK_VAL(scv, mem);
+        if (scv) goto fail;
+
+        STACK_PUSH_ALT_WITH_STATE_CHECK(p, s, sprev, mem, pkeep);
+        n = enclen_approx(encode, s, end);
+        if (n > 1) {
+          DATA_ENSURE(n);
+          sprev = s;
+          s += n;
+        }
+        else {
+          sprev = s;
+          s++;
+        }
       }
       MOP_OUT;
       NEXT;
@@ -3207,7 +3206,7 @@ match_at(regex_t* reg, const UChar* str, const UChar* end,
     CASE(OP_WORD)  MOP_IN(OP_WORD);
       DATA_ENSURE(1);
       if (! ONIGENC_IS_MBC_WORD(encode, s, end))
-	goto fail;
+        goto fail;
 
       s += enclen(encode, s, end);
       MOP_OUT;
@@ -3216,7 +3215,7 @@ match_at(regex_t* reg, const UChar* str, const UChar* end,
     CASE(OP_ASCII_WORD)  MOP_IN(OP_ASCII_WORD);
       DATA_ENSURE(1);
       if (! ONIGENC_IS_MBC_ASCII_WORD(encode, s, end))
-	goto fail;
+        goto fail;
 
       s += enclen(encode, s, end);
       MOP_OUT;
@@ -3225,7 +3224,7 @@ match_at(regex_t* reg, const UChar* str, const UChar* end,
     CASE(OP_NOT_WORD)  MOP_IN(OP_NOT_WORD);
       DATA_ENSURE(1);
       if (ONIGENC_IS_MBC_WORD(encode, s, end))
-	goto fail;
+        goto fail;
 
       s += enclen(encode, s, end);
       MOP_OUT;
@@ -3234,7 +3233,7 @@ match_at(regex_t* reg, const UChar* str, const UChar* end,
     CASE(OP_NOT_ASCII_WORD)  MOP_IN(OP_NOT_ASCII_WORD);
       DATA_ENSURE(1);
       if (ONIGENC_IS_MBC_ASCII_WORD(encode, s, end))
-	goto fail;
+        goto fail;
 
       s += enclen(encode, s, end);
       MOP_OUT;
@@ -3242,70 +3241,70 @@ match_at(regex_t* reg, const UChar* str, const UChar* end,
 
     CASE(OP_WORD_BOUND)  MOP_IN(OP_WORD_BOUND);
       if (ON_STR_BEGIN(s)) {
-	DATA_ENSURE(1);
-	if (! ONIGENC_IS_MBC_WORD(encode, s, end))
-	  goto fail;
+        DATA_ENSURE(1);
+        if (! ONIGENC_IS_MBC_WORD(encode, s, end))
+          goto fail;
       }
       else if (ON_STR_END(s)) {
-	if (! ONIGENC_IS_MBC_WORD(encode, sprev, end))
-	  goto fail;
+        if (! ONIGENC_IS_MBC_WORD(encode, sprev, end))
+          goto fail;
       }
       else {
-	if (ONIGENC_IS_MBC_WORD(encode, s, end)
-	    == ONIGENC_IS_MBC_WORD(encode, sprev, end))
-	  goto fail;
+        if (ONIGENC_IS_MBC_WORD(encode, s, end)
+            == ONIGENC_IS_MBC_WORD(encode, sprev, end))
+          goto fail;
       }
       MOP_OUT;
       JUMP;
 
     CASE(OP_ASCII_WORD_BOUND)  MOP_IN(OP_ASCII_WORD_BOUND);
       if (ON_STR_BEGIN(s)) {
-	DATA_ENSURE(1);
-	if (! ONIGENC_IS_MBC_ASCII_WORD(encode, s, end))
-	  goto fail;
+        DATA_ENSURE(1);
+        if (! ONIGENC_IS_MBC_ASCII_WORD(encode, s, end))
+          goto fail;
       }
       else if (ON_STR_END(s)) {
-	if (! ONIGENC_IS_MBC_ASCII_WORD(encode, sprev, end))
-	  goto fail;
+        if (! ONIGENC_IS_MBC_ASCII_WORD(encode, sprev, end))
+          goto fail;
       }
       else {
-	if (ONIGENC_IS_MBC_ASCII_WORD(encode, s, end)
-	    == ONIGENC_IS_MBC_ASCII_WORD(encode, sprev, end))
-	  goto fail;
+        if (ONIGENC_IS_MBC_ASCII_WORD(encode, s, end)
+            == ONIGENC_IS_MBC_ASCII_WORD(encode, sprev, end))
+          goto fail;
       }
       MOP_OUT;
       JUMP;
 
     CASE(OP_NOT_WORD_BOUND)  MOP_IN(OP_NOT_WORD_BOUND);
       if (ON_STR_BEGIN(s)) {
-	if (DATA_ENSURE_CHECK1 && ONIGENC_IS_MBC_WORD(encode, s, end))
-	  goto fail;
+        if (DATA_ENSURE_CHECK1 && ONIGENC_IS_MBC_WORD(encode, s, end))
+          goto fail;
       }
       else if (ON_STR_END(s)) {
-	if (ONIGENC_IS_MBC_WORD(encode, sprev, end))
-	  goto fail;
+        if (ONIGENC_IS_MBC_WORD(encode, sprev, end))
+          goto fail;
       }
       else {
-	if (ONIGENC_IS_MBC_WORD(encode, s, end)
-	    != ONIGENC_IS_MBC_WORD(encode, sprev, end))
-	  goto fail;
+        if (ONIGENC_IS_MBC_WORD(encode, s, end)
+            != ONIGENC_IS_MBC_WORD(encode, sprev, end))
+          goto fail;
       }
       MOP_OUT;
       JUMP;
 
     CASE(OP_NOT_ASCII_WORD_BOUND)  MOP_IN(OP_NOT_ASCII_WORD_BOUND);
       if (ON_STR_BEGIN(s)) {
-	if (DATA_ENSURE_CHECK1 && ONIGENC_IS_MBC_ASCII_WORD(encode, s, end))
-	  goto fail;
+        if (DATA_ENSURE_CHECK1 && ONIGENC_IS_MBC_ASCII_WORD(encode, s, end))
+          goto fail;
       }
       else if (ON_STR_END(s)) {
-	if (ONIGENC_IS_MBC_ASCII_WORD(encode, sprev, end))
-	  goto fail;
+        if (ONIGENC_IS_MBC_ASCII_WORD(encode, sprev, end))
+          goto fail;
       }
       else {
-	if (ONIGENC_IS_MBC_ASCII_WORD(encode, s, end)
-	    != ONIGENC_IS_MBC_ASCII_WORD(encode, sprev, end))
-	  goto fail;
+        if (ONIGENC_IS_MBC_ASCII_WORD(encode, s, end)
+            != ONIGENC_IS_MBC_ASCII_WORD(encode, sprev, end))
+          goto fail;
       }
       MOP_OUT;
       JUMP;
@@ -3313,43 +3312,39 @@ match_at(regex_t* reg, const UChar* str, const UChar* end,
 #ifdef USE_WORD_BEGIN_END
     CASE(OP_WORD_BEGIN)  MOP_IN(OP_WORD_BEGIN);
       if (DATA_ENSURE_CHECK1 && ONIGENC_IS_MBC_WORD(encode, s, end)) {
-	if (ON_STR_BEGIN(s) || !ONIGENC_IS_MBC_WORD(encode, sprev, end)) {
-	  MOP_OUT;
-	  JUMP;
+        if (ON_STR_BEGIN(s) || !ONIGENC_IS_MBC_WORD(encode, sprev, end)) {
+          MOP_OUT;
+          JUMP;
 	}
       }
       goto fail;
-      NEXT;
 
     CASE(OP_ASCII_WORD_BEGIN)  MOP_IN(OP_ASCII_WORD_BEGIN);
       if (DATA_ENSURE_CHECK1 && ONIGENC_IS_MBC_ASCII_WORD(encode, s, end)) {
-	if (ON_STR_BEGIN(s) || !ONIGENC_IS_MBC_ASCII_WORD(encode, sprev, end)) {
-	  MOP_OUT;
-	  JUMP;
+        if (ON_STR_BEGIN(s) || !ONIGENC_IS_MBC_ASCII_WORD(encode, sprev, end)) {
+          MOP_OUT;
+          JUMP;
 	}
       }
       goto fail;
-      NEXT;
 
     CASE(OP_WORD_END)  MOP_IN(OP_WORD_END);
       if (!ON_STR_BEGIN(s) && ONIGENC_IS_MBC_WORD(encode, sprev, end)) {
-	if (ON_STR_END(s) || !ONIGENC_IS_MBC_WORD(encode, s, end)) {
-	  MOP_OUT;
-	  JUMP;
+        if (ON_STR_END(s) || !ONIGENC_IS_MBC_WORD(encode, s, end)) {
+          MOP_OUT;
+          JUMP;
 	}
       }
       goto fail;
-      NEXT;
 
     CASE(OP_ASCII_WORD_END)  MOP_IN(OP_ASCII_WORD_END);
       if (!ON_STR_BEGIN(s) && ONIGENC_IS_MBC_ASCII_WORD(encode, sprev, end)) {
-	if (ON_STR_END(s) || !ONIGENC_IS_MBC_ASCII_WORD(encode, s, end)) {
-	  MOP_OUT;
-	  JUMP;
+        if (ON_STR_END(s) || !ONIGENC_IS_MBC_ASCII_WORD(encode, s, end)) {
+          MOP_OUT;
+          JUMP;
 	}
       }
       goto fail;
-      NEXT;
 #endif
 
     CASE(OP_BEGIN_BUF)  MOP_IN(OP_BEGIN_BUF);
@@ -3368,76 +3363,73 @@ match_at(regex_t* reg, const UChar* str, const UChar* end,
 
     CASE(OP_BEGIN_LINE)  MOP_IN(OP_BEGIN_LINE);
       if (ON_STR_BEGIN(s)) {
-	if (IS_NOTBOL(msa->options)) goto fail;
-	MOP_OUT;
-	JUMP;
+        if (IS_NOTBOL(msa->options)) goto fail;
+        MOP_OUT;
+        JUMP;
       }
       else if (ONIGENC_IS_MBC_NEWLINE(encode, sprev, end)
 #ifdef USE_CRNL_AS_LINE_TERMINATOR
-		&& !(IS_NEWLINE_CRLF(option)
-		     && ONIGENC_IS_MBC_CRNL(encode, sprev, end))
+                && !(IS_NEWLINE_CRLF(option)
+                     && ONIGENC_IS_MBC_CRNL(encode, sprev, end))
 #endif
-		&& !ON_STR_END(s)) {
-	MOP_OUT;
+                && !ON_STR_END(s)) {
+        MOP_OUT;
 	JUMP;
       }
       goto fail;
-      NEXT;
 
     CASE(OP_END_LINE)  MOP_IN(OP_END_LINE);
       if (ON_STR_END(s)) {
 #ifndef USE_NEWLINE_AT_END_OF_STRING_HAS_EMPTY_LINE
-	if (IS_EMPTY_STR || !ONIGENC_IS_MBC_NEWLINE_EX(encode, sprev, str, end, option, 1)) {
+        if (IS_EMPTY_STR || !ONIGENC_IS_MBC_NEWLINE_EX(encode, sprev, str, end, option, 1)) {
 #endif
-	  if (IS_NOTEOL(msa->options)) goto fail;
-	  MOP_OUT;
-	  JUMP;
+          if (IS_NOTEOL(msa->options)) goto fail;
+          MOP_OUT;
+          JUMP;
 #ifndef USE_NEWLINE_AT_END_OF_STRING_HAS_EMPTY_LINE
-	}
+        }
 #endif
       }
       else if (ONIGENC_IS_MBC_NEWLINE_EX(encode, s, str, end, option, 1)) {
-	MOP_OUT;
+        MOP_OUT;
 	JUMP;
       }
       goto fail;
-      NEXT;
 
     CASE(OP_SEMI_END_BUF)  MOP_IN(OP_SEMI_END_BUF);
       if (ON_STR_END(s)) {
 #ifndef USE_NEWLINE_AT_END_OF_STRING_HAS_EMPTY_LINE
-	if (IS_EMPTY_STR || !ONIGENC_IS_MBC_NEWLINE_EX(encode, sprev, str, end, option, 1)) {
+        if (IS_EMPTY_STR || !ONIGENC_IS_MBC_NEWLINE_EX(encode, sprev, str, end, option, 1)) {
 #endif
-	  if (IS_NOTEOL(msa->options)) goto fail;
-	  MOP_OUT;
-	  JUMP;
+          if (IS_NOTEOL(msa->options)) goto fail;
+          MOP_OUT;
+          JUMP;
 #ifndef USE_NEWLINE_AT_END_OF_STRING_HAS_EMPTY_LINE
-	}
+        }
 #endif
       }
       else if (ONIGENC_IS_MBC_NEWLINE_EX(encode, s, str, end, option, 1)) {
-	UChar* ss = s + enclen(encode, s, end);
-	if (ON_STR_END(ss)) {
-	  MOP_OUT;
-	  JUMP;
-	}
+        UChar* ss = s + enclen(encode, s, end);
+        if (ON_STR_END(ss)) {
+          MOP_OUT;
+          JUMP;
+        }
 #ifdef USE_CRNL_AS_LINE_TERMINATOR
-	else if (IS_NEWLINE_CRLF(option)
-	    && ONIGENC_IS_MBC_CRNL(encode, s, end)) {
-	  ss += enclen(encode, ss, end);
-	  if (ON_STR_END(ss)) {
-	    MOP_OUT;
-	    JUMP;
-	  }
-	}
+        else if (IS_NEWLINE_CRLF(option)
+            && ONIGENC_IS_MBC_CRNL(encode, s, end)) {
+          ss += enclen(encode, ss, end);
+          if (ON_STR_END(ss)) {
+            MOP_OUT;
+            JUMP;
+          }
+        }
 #endif
       }
       goto fail;
-      NEXT;
 
     CASE(OP_BEGIN_POSITION)  MOP_IN(OP_BEGIN_POSITION);
       if (s != msa->gpos)
-	goto fail;
+        goto fail;
 
       MOP_OUT;
       JUMP;
@@ -3487,9 +3479,9 @@ match_at(regex_t* reg, const UChar* str, const UChar* end,
       STACK_GET_MEM_START(mem, stkp);
 
       if (BIT_STATUS_AT(reg->bt_mem_start, mem))
-	mem_start_stk[mem] = GET_STACK_INDEX(stkp);
+        mem_start_stk[mem] = GET_STACK_INDEX(stkp);
       else
-	mem_start_stk[mem] = (OnigStackIndex )((void* )stkp->u.mem.pstr);
+        mem_start_stk[mem] = (OnigStackIndex )((void* )stkp->u.mem.pstr);
 
       STACK_PUSH_MEM_END_MARK(mem);
       MOP_OUT;
@@ -3499,178 +3491,176 @@ match_at(regex_t* reg, const UChar* str, const UChar* end,
     CASE(OP_BACKREF1)  MOP_IN(OP_BACKREF1);
       mem = 1;
       goto backref;
-      NEXT;
 
     CASE(OP_BACKREF2)  MOP_IN(OP_BACKREF2);
       mem = 2;
       goto backref;
-      NEXT;
 
     CASE(OP_BACKREFN)  MOP_IN(OP_BACKREFN);
       GET_MEMNUM_INC(mem, p);
     backref:
       {
-	int len;
-	UChar *pstart, *pend;
-
-	/* if you want to remove following line,
-	   you should check in parse and compile time. */
-	if (mem > num_mem) goto fail;
-	if (mem_end_stk[mem]   == INVALID_STACK_INDEX) goto fail;
-	if (mem_start_stk[mem] == INVALID_STACK_INDEX) goto fail;
-
-	if (BIT_STATUS_AT(reg->bt_mem_start, mem))
-	  pstart = STACK_AT(mem_start_stk[mem])->u.mem.pstr;
-	else
-	  pstart = (UChar* )((void* )mem_start_stk[mem]);
-
-	pend = (BIT_STATUS_AT(reg->bt_mem_end, mem)
-		? STACK_AT(mem_end_stk[mem])->u.mem.pstr
-		: (UChar* )((void* )mem_end_stk[mem]));
-	n = pend - pstart;
-	DATA_ENSURE(n);
-	sprev = s;
-	STRING_CMP(pstart, s, n);
-	while (sprev + (len = enclen_approx(encode, sprev, end)) < s)
-	  sprev += len;
-
-	MOP_OUT;
-	JUMP;
+        int len;
+        UChar *pstart, *pend;
+
+        /* if you want to remove following line,
+           you should check in parse and compile time. */
+        if (mem > num_mem) goto fail;
+        if (mem_end_stk[mem]   == INVALID_STACK_INDEX) goto fail;
+        if (mem_start_stk[mem] == INVALID_STACK_INDEX) goto fail;
+
+        if (BIT_STATUS_AT(reg->bt_mem_start, mem))
+          pstart = STACK_AT(mem_start_stk[mem])->u.mem.pstr;
+        else
+          pstart = (UChar* )((void* )mem_start_stk[mem]);
+
+        pend = (BIT_STATUS_AT(reg->bt_mem_end, mem)
+                ? STACK_AT(mem_end_stk[mem])->u.mem.pstr
+                : (UChar* )((void* )mem_end_stk[mem]));
+        n = pend - pstart;
+        DATA_ENSURE(n);
+        sprev = s;
+        STRING_CMP(pstart, s, n);
+        while (sprev + (len = enclen_approx(encode, sprev, end)) < s)
+          sprev += len;
+
+        MOP_OUT;
+        JUMP;
       }
 
     CASE(OP_BACKREFN_IC)  MOP_IN(OP_BACKREFN_IC);
       GET_MEMNUM_INC(mem, p);
       {
-	int len;
-	UChar *pstart, *pend;
-
-	/* if you want to remove following line,
-	   you should check in parse and compile time. */
-	if (mem > num_mem) goto fail;
-	if (mem_end_stk[mem]   == INVALID_STACK_INDEX) goto fail;
-	if (mem_start_stk[mem] == INVALID_STACK_INDEX) goto fail;
-
-	if (BIT_STATUS_AT(reg->bt_mem_start, mem))
-	  pstart = STACK_AT(mem_start_stk[mem])->u.mem.pstr;
-	else
-	  pstart = (UChar* )((void* )mem_start_stk[mem]);
-
-	pend = (BIT_STATUS_AT(reg->bt_mem_end, mem)
-		? STACK_AT(mem_end_stk[mem])->u.mem.pstr
-		: (UChar* )((void* )mem_end_stk[mem]));
-	n = pend - pstart;
-	DATA_ENSURE(n);
-	sprev = s;
-	STRING_CMP_IC(case_fold_flag, pstart, &s, n, end);
-	while (sprev + (len = enclen_approx(encode, sprev, end)) < s)
-	  sprev += len;
-
-	MOP_OUT;
-	JUMP;
+        int len;
+        UChar *pstart, *pend;
+
+        /* if you want to remove following line,
+           you should check in parse and compile time. */
+        if (mem > num_mem) goto fail;
+        if (mem_end_stk[mem]   == INVALID_STACK_INDEX) goto fail;
+        if (mem_start_stk[mem] == INVALID_STACK_INDEX) goto fail;
+
+        if (BIT_STATUS_AT(reg->bt_mem_start, mem))
+          pstart = STACK_AT(mem_start_stk[mem])->u.mem.pstr;
+        else
+          pstart = (UChar* )((void* )mem_start_stk[mem]);
+
+        pend = (BIT_STATUS_AT(reg->bt_mem_end, mem)
+                ? STACK_AT(mem_end_stk[mem])->u.mem.pstr
+                : (UChar* )((void* )mem_end_stk[mem]));
+        n = pend - pstart;
+        DATA_ENSURE(n);
+        sprev = s;
+        STRING_CMP_IC(case_fold_flag, pstart, &s, n, end);
+        while (sprev + (len = enclen_approx(encode, sprev, end)) < s)
+          sprev += len;
+
+        MOP_OUT;
+        JUMP;
       }
       NEXT;
 
     CASE(OP_BACKREF_MULTI)  MOP_IN(OP_BACKREF_MULTI);
       {
-	int len, is_fail;
-	UChar *pstart, *pend, *swork;
-
-	GET_LENGTH_INC(tlen, p);
-	for (i = 0; i < tlen; i++) {
-	  GET_MEMNUM_INC(mem, p);
-
-	  if (mem_end_stk[mem]   == INVALID_STACK_INDEX) continue;
-	  if (mem_start_stk[mem] == INVALID_STACK_INDEX) continue;
-
-	  if (BIT_STATUS_AT(reg->bt_mem_start, mem))
-	    pstart = STACK_AT(mem_start_stk[mem])->u.mem.pstr;
-	  else
-	    pstart = (UChar* )((void* )mem_start_stk[mem]);
-
-	  pend = (BIT_STATUS_AT(reg->bt_mem_end, mem)
-		  ? STACK_AT(mem_end_stk[mem])->u.mem.pstr
-		  : (UChar* )((void* )mem_end_stk[mem]));
-	  n = pend - pstart;
-	  DATA_ENSURE_CONTINUE(n);
-	  sprev = s;
-	  swork = s;
-	  STRING_CMP_VALUE(pstart, swork, n, is_fail);
-	  if (is_fail) continue;
-	  s = swork;
-	  while (sprev + (len = enclen_approx(encode, sprev, end)) < s)
-	    sprev += len;
-
-	  p += (SIZE_MEMNUM * (tlen - i - 1));
-	  break; /* success */
-	}
-	if (i == tlen) goto fail;
-	MOP_OUT;
-	JUMP;
+        int len, is_fail;
+        UChar *pstart, *pend, *swork;
+
+        GET_LENGTH_INC(tlen, p);
+        for (i = 0; i < tlen; i++) {
+          GET_MEMNUM_INC(mem, p);
+
+          if (mem_end_stk[mem]   == INVALID_STACK_INDEX) continue;
+          if (mem_start_stk[mem] == INVALID_STACK_INDEX) continue;
+
+          if (BIT_STATUS_AT(reg->bt_mem_start, mem))
+            pstart = STACK_AT(mem_start_stk[mem])->u.mem.pstr;
+          else
+            pstart = (UChar* )((void* )mem_start_stk[mem]);
+
+          pend = (BIT_STATUS_AT(reg->bt_mem_end, mem)
+                  ? STACK_AT(mem_end_stk[mem])->u.mem.pstr
+                  : (UChar* )((void* )mem_end_stk[mem]));
+          n = pend - pstart;
+          DATA_ENSURE_CONTINUE(n);
+          sprev = s;
+          swork = s;
+          STRING_CMP_VALUE(pstart, swork, n, is_fail);
+          if (is_fail) continue;
+          s = swork;
+          while (sprev + (len = enclen_approx(encode, sprev, end)) < s)
+            sprev += len;
+
+          p += (SIZE_MEMNUM * (tlen - i - 1));
+          break; /* success */
+        }
+        if (i == tlen) goto fail;
+        MOP_OUT;
+        JUMP;
       }
       NEXT;
 
     CASE(OP_BACKREF_MULTI_IC)  MOP_IN(OP_BACKREF_MULTI_IC);
       {
-	int len, is_fail;
-	UChar *pstart, *pend, *swork;
-
-	GET_LENGTH_INC(tlen, p);
-	for (i = 0; i < tlen; i++) {
-	  GET_MEMNUM_INC(mem, p);
-
-	  if (mem_end_stk[mem]   == INVALID_STACK_INDEX) continue;
-	  if (mem_start_stk[mem] == INVALID_STACK_INDEX) continue;
-
-	  if (BIT_STATUS_AT(reg->bt_mem_start, mem))
-	    pstart = STACK_AT(mem_start_stk[mem])->u.mem.pstr;
-	  else
-	    pstart = (UChar* )((void* )mem_start_stk[mem]);
-
-	  pend = (BIT_STATUS_AT(reg->bt_mem_end, mem)
-		  ? STACK_AT(mem_end_stk[mem])->u.mem.pstr
-		  : (UChar* )((void* )mem_end_stk[mem]));
-	  n = pend - pstart;
-	  DATA_ENSURE_CONTINUE(n);
-	  sprev = s;
-	  swork = s;
-	  STRING_CMP_VALUE_IC(case_fold_flag, pstart, &swork, n, end, is_fail);
-	  if (is_fail) continue;
-	  s = swork;
-	  while (sprev + (len = enclen(encode, sprev, end)) < s)
-	    sprev += len;
-
-	  p += (SIZE_MEMNUM * (tlen - i - 1));
-	  break; /* success */
-	}
-	if (i == tlen) goto fail;
-	MOP_OUT;
-	JUMP;
+        int len, is_fail;
+        UChar *pstart, *pend, *swork;
+
+        GET_LENGTH_INC(tlen, p);
+        for (i = 0; i < tlen; i++) {
+          GET_MEMNUM_INC(mem, p);
+
+          if (mem_end_stk[mem]   == INVALID_STACK_INDEX) continue;
+          if (mem_start_stk[mem] == INVALID_STACK_INDEX) continue;
+
+          if (BIT_STATUS_AT(reg->bt_mem_start, mem))
+            pstart = STACK_AT(mem_start_stk[mem])->u.mem.pstr;
+          else
+            pstart = (UChar* )((void* )mem_start_stk[mem]);
+
+          pend = (BIT_STATUS_AT(reg->bt_mem_end, mem)
+                  ? STACK_AT(mem_end_stk[mem])->u.mem.pstr
+                  : (UChar* )((void* )mem_end_stk[mem]));
+          n = pend - pstart;
+          DATA_ENSURE_CONTINUE(n);
+          sprev = s;
+          swork = s;
+          STRING_CMP_VALUE_IC(case_fold_flag, pstart, &swork, n, end, is_fail);
+          if (is_fail) continue;
+          s = swork;
+          while (sprev + (len = enclen(encode, sprev, end)) < s)
+            sprev += len;
+
+          p += (SIZE_MEMNUM * (tlen - i - 1));
+          break; /* success */
+        }
+        if (i == tlen) goto fail;
+        MOP_OUT;
+        JUMP;
       }
 
 #ifdef USE_BACKREF_WITH_LEVEL
     CASE(OP_BACKREF_WITH_LEVEL)
       {
-	int len;
-	OnigOptionType ic;
-	LengthType level;
+        int len;
+        OnigOptionType ic;
+        LengthType level;
 
-	GET_OPTION_INC(ic,    p);
-	GET_LENGTH_INC(level, p);
-	GET_LENGTH_INC(tlen,  p);
+        GET_OPTION_INC(ic,    p);
+        GET_LENGTH_INC(level, p);
+        GET_LENGTH_INC(tlen,  p);
 
-	sprev = s;
-	if (backref_match_at_nested_level(reg, stk, stk_base, ic,
-		  case_fold_flag, (int )level, (int )tlen, p, &s, end)) {
-	  while (sprev + (len = enclen(encode, sprev, end)) < s)
-	    sprev += len;
+        sprev = s;
+        if (backref_match_at_nested_level(reg, stk, stk_base, ic,
+                  case_fold_flag, (int )level, (int )tlen, p, &s, end)) {
+          while (sprev + (len = enclen(encode, sprev, end)) < s)
+            sprev += len;
 
-	  p += (SIZE_MEMNUM * tlen);
-	}
-	else
-	  goto fail;
+          p += (SIZE_MEMNUM * tlen);
+        }
+        else
+          goto fail;
 
-	MOP_OUT;
-	JUMP;
+        MOP_OUT;
+        JUMP;
       }
 
 #endif
@@ -3697,33 +3687,33 @@ match_at(regex_t* reg, const UChar* str, const UChar* end,
 
     CASE(OP_NULL_CHECK_END)  MOP_IN(OP_NULL_CHECK_END);
       {
-	int isnull;
+        int isnull;
 
-	GET_MEMNUM_INC(mem, p); /* mem: null check id */
-	STACK_NULL_CHECK(isnull, mem, s);
-	if (isnull) {
+        GET_MEMNUM_INC(mem, p); /* mem: null check id */
+        STACK_NULL_CHECK(isnull, mem, s);
+        if (isnull) {
 #ifdef ONIG_DEBUG_MATCH
-	  fprintf(stderr, "NULL_CHECK_END: skip  id:%d, s:%"PRIuPTR" (%p)\n",
-		  (int )mem, (uintptr_t )s, s);
+          fprintf(stderr, "NULL_CHECK_END: skip  id:%d, s:%"PRIuPTR" (%p)\n",
+                  (int )mem, (uintptr_t )s, s);
 #endif
-	null_check_found:
-	  /* empty loop founded, skip next instruction */
-	  switch (*p++) {
-	  case OP_JUMP:
-	  case OP_PUSH:
-	    p += SIZE_RELADDR;
-	    break;
-	  case OP_REPEAT_INC:
-	  case OP_REPEAT_INC_NG:
-	  case OP_REPEAT_INC_SG:
-	  case OP_REPEAT_INC_NG_SG:
-	    p += SIZE_MEMNUM;
-	    break;
-	  default:
-	    goto unexpected_bytecode_error;
-	    break;
-	  }
-	}
+        null_check_found:
+          /* empty loop founded, skip next instruction */
+          switch (*p++) {
+          case OP_JUMP:
+          case OP_PUSH:
+            p += SIZE_RELADDR;
+            break;
+          case OP_REPEAT_INC:
+          case OP_REPEAT_INC_NG:
+          case OP_REPEAT_INC_SG:
+          case OP_REPEAT_INC_NG_SG:
+            p += SIZE_MEMNUM;
+            break;
+          default:
+            goto unexpected_bytecode_error;
+            break;
+          }
+        }
       }
       MOP_OUT;
       JUMP;
@@ -3731,18 +3721,18 @@ match_at(regex_t* reg, const UChar* str, const UChar* end,
 #ifdef USE_MONOMANIAC_CHECK_CAPTURES_IN_ENDLESS_REPEAT
     CASE(OP_NULL_CHECK_END_MEMST)  MOP_IN(OP_NULL_CHECK_END_MEMST);
       {
-	int isnull;
+        int isnull;
 
-	GET_MEMNUM_INC(mem, p); /* mem: null check id */
-	STACK_NULL_CHECK_MEMST(isnull, mem, s, reg);
-	if (isnull) {
+        GET_MEMNUM_INC(mem, p); /* mem: null check id */
+        STACK_NULL_CHECK_MEMST(isnull, mem, s, reg);
+        if (isnull) {
 # ifdef ONIG_DEBUG_MATCH
-	  fprintf(stderr, "NULL_CHECK_END_MEMST: skip  id:%d, s:%"PRIuPTR" (%p)\n",
-		  (int )mem, (uintptr_t )s, s);
+          fprintf(stderr, "NULL_CHECK_END_MEMST: skip  id:%d, s:%"PRIuPTR" (%p)\n",
+                  (int )mem, (uintptr_t )s, s);
 # endif
-	  if (isnull == -1) goto fail;
-	  goto null_check_found;
-	}
+          if (isnull == -1) goto fail;
+          goto null_check_found;
+        }
       }
       MOP_OUT;
       JUMP;
@@ -3752,25 +3742,25 @@ match_at(regex_t* reg, const UChar* str, const UChar* end,
     CASE(OP_NULL_CHECK_END_MEMST_PUSH)
       MOP_IN(OP_NULL_CHECK_END_MEMST_PUSH);
       {
-	int isnull;
+        int isnull;
 
-	GET_MEMNUM_INC(mem, p); /* mem: null check id */
+        GET_MEMNUM_INC(mem, p); /* mem: null check id */
 # ifdef USE_MONOMANIAC_CHECK_CAPTURES_IN_ENDLESS_REPEAT
-	STACK_NULL_CHECK_MEMST_REC(isnull, mem, s, reg);
+        STACK_NULL_CHECK_MEMST_REC(isnull, mem, s, reg);
 # else
-	STACK_NULL_CHECK_REC(isnull, mem, s);
+        STACK_NULL_CHECK_REC(isnull, mem, s);
 # endif
-	if (isnull) {
+        if (isnull) {
 # ifdef ONIG_DEBUG_MATCH
-	  fprintf(stderr, "NULL_CHECK_END_MEMST_PUSH: skip  id:%d, s:%"PRIuPTR" (%p)\n",
-		  (int )mem, (uintptr_t )s, s);
+          fprintf(stderr, "NULL_CHECK_END_MEMST_PUSH: skip  id:%d, s:%"PRIuPTR" (%p)\n",
+                  (int )mem, (uintptr_t )s, s);
 # endif
-	  if (isnull == -1) goto fail;
-	  goto null_check_found;
-	}
-	else {
-	  STACK_PUSH_NULL_CHECK_END(mem);
-	}
+          if (isnull == -1) goto fail;
+          goto null_check_found;
+        }
+        else {
+          STACK_PUSH_NULL_CHECK_END(mem);
+        }
       }
       MOP_OUT;
       JUMP;
@@ -3806,10 +3796,10 @@ match_at(regex_t* reg, const UChar* str, const UChar* end,
       GET_RELADDR_INC(addr, p);
       STATE_CHECK_VAL(scv, mem);
       if (scv) {
-	p += addr;
+        p += addr;
       }
       else {
-	STACK_PUSH_ALT_WITH_STATE_CHECK(p + addr, s, sprev, mem, pkeep);
+        STACK_PUSH_ALT_WITH_STATE_CHECK(p + addr, s, sprev, mem, pkeep);
       }
       MOP_OUT;
       JUMP;
@@ -3838,11 +3828,11 @@ match_at(regex_t* reg, const UChar* str, const UChar* end,
     CASE(OP_PUSH_OR_JUMP_EXACT1)  MOP_IN(OP_PUSH_OR_JUMP_EXACT1);
       GET_RELADDR_INC(addr, p);
       if (*p == *s && DATA_ENSURE_CHECK1) {
-	p++;
-	CHECK_MATCH_CACHE;
-	STACK_PUSH_ALT(p + addr, s, sprev, pkeep);
-	MOP_OUT;
-	JUMP;
+        p++;
+        CHECK_MATCH_CACHE;
+        STACK_PUSH_ALT(p + addr, s, sprev, pkeep);
+        MOP_OUT;
+        JUMP;
       }
       p += (addr + 1);
       MOP_OUT;
@@ -3853,10 +3843,10 @@ match_at(regex_t* reg, const UChar* str, const UChar* end,
       GET_RELADDR_INC(addr, p);
       CHECK_MATCH_CACHE;
       if (*p == *s) {
-	p++;
-	STACK_PUSH_ALT(p + addr, s, sprev, pkeep);
-	MOP_OUT;
-	JUMP;
+        p++;
+        STACK_PUSH_ALT(p + addr, s, sprev, pkeep);
+        MOP_OUT;
+        JUMP;
       }
       p++;
       INC_NUM_FAILS;
@@ -3865,35 +3855,35 @@ match_at(regex_t* reg, const UChar* str, const UChar* end,
 
     CASE(OP_REPEAT)  MOP_IN(OP_REPEAT);
       {
-	GET_MEMNUM_INC(mem, p);    /* mem: OP_REPEAT ID */
-	GET_RELADDR_INC(addr, p);
+        GET_MEMNUM_INC(mem, p);    /* mem: OP_REPEAT ID */
+        GET_RELADDR_INC(addr, p);
 
-	STACK_ENSURE(1);
-	repeat_stk[mem] = GET_STACK_INDEX(stk);
-	STACK_PUSH_REPEAT(mem, p);
+        STACK_ENSURE(1);
+        repeat_stk[mem] = GET_STACK_INDEX(stk);
+        STACK_PUSH_REPEAT(mem, p);
 
-	if (reg->repeat_range[mem].lower == 0) {
-	  CHECK_MATCH_CACHE;
-	  STACK_PUSH_ALT(p + addr, s, sprev, pkeep);
-	}
+        if (reg->repeat_range[mem].lower == 0) {
+          CHECK_MATCH_CACHE;
+          STACK_PUSH_ALT(p + addr, s, sprev, pkeep);
+        }
       }
       MOP_OUT;
       JUMP;
 
     CASE(OP_REPEAT_NG)  MOP_IN(OP_REPEAT_NG);
       {
-	GET_MEMNUM_INC(mem, p);    /* mem: OP_REPEAT ID */
-	GET_RELADDR_INC(addr, p);
+        GET_MEMNUM_INC(mem, p);    /* mem: OP_REPEAT ID */
+        GET_RELADDR_INC(addr, p);
 
-	STACK_ENSURE(1);
-	repeat_stk[mem] = GET_STACK_INDEX(stk);
-	STACK_PUSH_REPEAT(mem, p);
+        STACK_ENSURE(1);
+        repeat_stk[mem] = GET_STACK_INDEX(stk);
+        STACK_PUSH_REPEAT(mem, p);
 
-	if (reg->repeat_range[mem].lower == 0) {
-	  CHECK_MATCH_CACHE;
-	  STACK_PUSH_ALT(p, s, sprev, pkeep);
-	  p += addr;
-	}
+        if (reg->repeat_range[mem].lower == 0) {
+          CHECK_MATCH_CACHE;
+          STACK_PUSH_ALT(p, s, sprev, pkeep);
+          p += addr;
+        }
       }
       MOP_OUT;
       JUMP;
@@ -3906,23 +3896,23 @@ match_at(regex_t* reg, const UChar* str, const UChar* end,
     repeat_inc:
       stkp->u.repeat.count++;
       if (stkp->u.repeat.count >= reg->repeat_range[mem].upper) {
-	/* end of repeat. Nothing to do. */
+        /* end of repeat. Nothing to do. */
       }
       else if (stkp->u.repeat.count >= reg->repeat_range[mem].lower) {
 #ifdef USE_MATCH_CACHE
-	if (*pbegin == OP_REPEAT_INC) {
+        if (*pbegin == OP_REPEAT_INC) {
 #undef MATCH_CACHE_HIT
 #define MATCH_CACHE_HIT stkp->u.repeat.count--;
-	  CHECK_MATCH_CACHE;
+          CHECK_MATCH_CACHE;
 #undef MATCH_CACHE_HIT
 #define MATCH_CACHE_HIT ((void) 0)
-	}
+        }
 #endif
-	STACK_PUSH_ALT(p, s, sprev, pkeep);
-	p = STACK_AT(si)->u.repeat.pcode; /* Don't use stkp after PUSH. */
+        STACK_PUSH_ALT(p, s, sprev, pkeep);
+        p = STACK_AT(si)->u.repeat.pcode; /* Don't use stkp after PUSH. */
       }
       else {
-	p = stkp->u.repeat.pcode;
+        p = stkp->u.repeat.pcode;
       }
       STACK_PUSH_REPEAT_INC(si);
       MOP_OUT;
@@ -3934,7 +3924,6 @@ match_at(regex_t* reg, const UChar* str, const UChar* end,
       STACK_GET_REPEAT(mem, stkp);
       si = GET_STACK_INDEX(stkp);
       goto repeat_inc;
-      NEXT;
 
     CASE(OP_REPEAT_INC_NG)  MOP_IN(OP_REPEAT_INC_NG);
       GET_MEMNUM_INC(mem, p); /* mem: OP_REPEAT ID */
@@ -3944,22 +3933,22 @@ match_at(regex_t* reg, const UChar* str, const UChar* end,
     repeat_inc_ng:
       stkp->u.repeat.count++;
       if (stkp->u.repeat.count < reg->repeat_range[mem].upper) {
-	if (stkp->u.repeat.count >= reg->repeat_range[mem].lower) {
-	  UChar* pcode = stkp->u.repeat.pcode;
-
-	  STACK_PUSH_REPEAT_INC(si);
-	  if (*pbegin == OP_REPEAT_INC_NG) {
-	    CHECK_MATCH_CACHE;
-	  }
-	  STACK_PUSH_ALT(pcode, s, sprev, pkeep);
-	}
-	else {
-	  p = stkp->u.repeat.pcode;
-	  STACK_PUSH_REPEAT_INC(si);
-	}
+        if (stkp->u.repeat.count >= reg->repeat_range[mem].lower) {
+          UChar* pcode = stkp->u.repeat.pcode;
+
+          STACK_PUSH_REPEAT_INC(si);
+          if (*pbegin == OP_REPEAT_INC_NG) {
+            CHECK_MATCH_CACHE;
+          }
+          STACK_PUSH_ALT(pcode, s, sprev, pkeep);
+        }
+        else {
+          p = stkp->u.repeat.pcode;
+          STACK_PUSH_REPEAT_INC(si);
+        }
       }
       else if (stkp->u.repeat.count == reg->repeat_range[mem].upper) {
-	STACK_PUSH_REPEAT_INC(si);
+        STACK_PUSH_REPEAT_INC(si);
       }
       MOP_OUT;
       CHECK_INTERRUPT_IN_MATCH_AT;
@@ -3970,7 +3959,6 @@ match_at(regex_t* reg, const UChar* str, const UChar* end,
       STACK_GET_REPEAT(mem, stkp);
       si = GET_STACK_INDEX(stkp);
       goto repeat_inc_ng;
-      NEXT;
 
     CASE(OP_PUSH_POS)  MOP_IN(OP_PUSH_POS);
       STACK_PUSH_POS(s, sprev, pkeep);
@@ -3979,9 +3967,9 @@ match_at(regex_t* reg, const UChar* str, const UChar* end,
 
     CASE(OP_POP_POS)  MOP_IN(OP_POP_POS);
       {
-	STACK_POS_END(stkp);
-	s     = stkp->u.state.pstr;
-	sprev = stkp->u.state.pstr_prev;
+        STACK_POS_END(stkp);
+        s     = stkp->u.state.pstr;
+        sprev = stkp->u.state.pstr_prev;
       }
       MOP_OUT;
       JUMP;
@@ -3995,7 +3983,6 @@ match_at(regex_t* reg, const UChar* str, const UChar* end,
     CASE(OP_FAIL_POS)  MOP_IN(OP_FAIL_POS);
       STACK_POP_TIL_POS_NOT;
       goto fail;
-      NEXT;
 
     CASE(OP_PUSH_STOP_BT)  MOP_IN(OP_PUSH_STOP_BT);
       STACK_PUSH_STOP_BT;
@@ -4020,15 +4007,15 @@ match_at(regex_t* reg, const UChar* str, const UChar* end,
       GET_LENGTH_INC(tlen, p);
       q = (UChar* )ONIGENC_STEP_BACK(encode, str, s, end, (int )tlen);
       if (IS_NULL(q)) {
-	/* too short case -> success. ex. /(?<!XXX)a/.match("a")
-	   If you want to change to fail, replace following line. */
-	p += addr;
-	/* goto fail; */
+        /* too short case -> success. ex. /(?<!XXX)a/.match("a")
+           If you want to change to fail, replace following line. */
+        p += addr;
+        /* goto fail; */
       }
       else {
-	STACK_PUSH_LOOK_BEHIND_NOT(p + addr, s, sprev, pkeep);
-	s = q;
-	sprev = (UChar* )onigenc_get_prev_char_head(encode, str, s, end);
+        STACK_PUSH_LOOK_BEHIND_NOT(p + addr, s, sprev, pkeep);
+        s = q;
+        sprev = (UChar* )onigenc_get_prev_char_head(encode, str, s, end);
       }
       MOP_OUT;
       JUMP;
@@ -4036,7 +4023,6 @@ match_at(regex_t* reg, const UChar* str, const UChar* end,
     CASE(OP_FAIL_LOOK_BEHIND_NOT)  MOP_IN(OP_FAIL_LOOK_BEHIND_NOT);
       STACK_POP_TIL_LOOK_BEHIND_NOT;
       goto fail;
-      NEXT;
 
     CASE(OP_PUSH_ABSENT_POS)  MOP_IN(OP_PUSH_ABSENT_POS);
       /* Save the absent-start-pos and the original end-pos. */
@@ -4046,44 +4032,44 @@ match_at(regex_t* reg, const UChar* str, const UChar* end,
 
     CASE(OP_ABSENT)  MOP_IN(OP_ABSENT);
       {
-	const UChar* aend = ABSENT_END_POS;
-	UChar* absent;
-	UChar* selfp = p - 1;
+        const UChar* aend = ABSENT_END_POS;
+        UChar* absent;
+        UChar* selfp = p - 1;
 
-	STACK_POP_ABSENT_POS(absent, ABSENT_END_POS);  /* Restore end-pos. */
-	GET_RELADDR_INC(addr, p);
+        STACK_POP_ABSENT_POS(absent, ABSENT_END_POS);  /* Restore end-pos. */
+        GET_RELADDR_INC(addr, p);
 #ifdef ONIG_DEBUG_MATCH
-	fprintf(stderr, "ABSENT: s:%p, end:%p, absent:%p, aend:%p\n", s, end, absent, aend);
+        fprintf(stderr, "ABSENT: s:%p, end:%p, absent:%p, aend:%p\n", s, end, absent, aend);
 #endif
-	if ((absent > aend) && (s > absent)) {
-	  /* An empty match occurred in (?~...) at the start point.
-	   * Never match. */
-	  STACK_POP;
-	  goto fail;
-	}
-	else if ((s >= aend) && (s > absent)) {
-	  if (s > aend) {
-	    /* Only one (or less) character matched in the last iteration.
-	     * This is not a possible point. */
-	    goto fail;
-	  }
-	  /* All possible points were found. Try matching after (?~...). */
-	  DATA_ENSURE(0);
-	  p += addr;
-	}
-	else if (s == end) {
-	  /* At the end of the string, just match with it */
-	  DATA_ENSURE(0);
-	  p += addr;
-	}
-	else {
-	  STACK_PUSH_ALT(p + addr, s, sprev, pkeep); /* Push possible point. */
-	  n = enclen(encode, s, end);
-	  STACK_PUSH_ABSENT_POS(absent, ABSENT_END_POS); /* Save the original pos. */
-	  STACK_PUSH_ALT(selfp, s + n, s, pkeep); /* Next iteration. */
-	  STACK_PUSH_ABSENT;
-	  ABSENT_END_POS = aend;
-	}
+        if ((absent > aend) && (s > absent)) {
+          /* An empty match occurred in (?~...) at the start point.
+           * Never match. */
+          STACK_POP;
+          goto fail;
+        }
+        else if ((s >= aend) && (s > absent)) {
+          if (s > aend) {
+            /* Only one (or less) character matched in the last iteration.
+             * This is not a possible point. */
+            goto fail;
+          }
+          /* All possible points were found. Try matching after (?~...). */
+          DATA_ENSURE(0);
+          p += addr;
+        }
+        else if (s == end) {
+          /* At the end of the string, just match with it */
+          DATA_ENSURE(0);
+          p += addr;
+        }
+        else {
+          STACK_PUSH_ALT(p + addr, s, sprev, pkeep); /* Push possible point. */
+          n = enclen(encode, s, end);
+          STACK_PUSH_ABSENT_POS(absent, ABSENT_END_POS); /* Save the original pos. */
+          STACK_PUSH_ALT(selfp, s + n, s, pkeep); /* Next iteration. */
+          STACK_PUSH_ABSENT;
+          ABSENT_END_POS = aend;
+        }
       }
       MOP_OUT;
       JUMP;
@@ -4092,13 +4078,12 @@ match_at(regex_t* reg, const UChar* str, const UChar* end,
       /* The pattern inside (?~...) was matched.
        * Set the end-pos temporary and go to next iteration. */
       if (sprev < ABSENT_END_POS)
-	ABSENT_END_POS = sprev;
+        ABSENT_END_POS = sprev;
 #ifdef ONIG_DEBUG_MATCH
       fprintf(stderr, "ABSENT_END: end:%p\n", ABSENT_END_POS);
 #endif
       STACK_POP_TIL_ABSENT;
       goto fail;
-      NEXT;
 
 #ifdef USE_SUBEXP_CALL
     CASE(OP_CALL)  MOP_IN(OP_CALL);
@@ -4119,22 +4104,21 @@ match_at(regex_t* reg, const UChar* str, const UChar* end,
       GET_MEMNUM_INC(mem, p);
       GET_RELADDR_INC(addr, p);
       if ((mem > num_mem) ||
-	  (mem_end_stk[mem]   == INVALID_STACK_INDEX) ||
-	  (mem_start_stk[mem] == INVALID_STACK_INDEX)) {
-	p += addr;
+          (mem_end_stk[mem]   == INVALID_STACK_INDEX) ||
+          (mem_start_stk[mem] == INVALID_STACK_INDEX)) {
+        p += addr;
       }
       MOP_OUT;
       JUMP;
 
     CASE(OP_FINISH)
       goto finish;
-      NEXT;
 
     CASE(OP_FAIL)
       if (0) {
-	/* fall */
+        /* fall */
       fail:
-	MOP_OUT;
+        MOP_OUT;
       }
       MOP_IN(OP_FAIL);
       STACK_POP;
@@ -4145,71 +4129,71 @@ match_at(regex_t* reg, const UChar* str, const UChar* end,
 
 #ifdef USE_MATCH_CACHE
       if (
-	  msa->match_cache_status != MATCH_CACHE_STATUS_DISABLED &&
-	  ++msa->num_fails >= (long)(end - str) * msa->num_cache_opcodes
+          msa->match_cache_status != MATCH_CACHE_STATUS_DISABLED &&
+          ++msa->num_fails >= (long)(end - str) * msa->num_cache_opcodes
       ) {
-	if (msa->match_cache_status == MATCH_CACHE_STATUS_UNINIT) {
-	  msa->match_cache_status = MATCH_CACHE_STATUS_INIT;
-	  OnigPosition r = count_num_cache_opcodes(reg, &msa->num_cache_opcodes);
-	  if (r < 0) goto bytecode_error;
-	}
-	if (msa->num_cache_opcodes == NUM_CACHE_OPCODES_IMPOSSIBLE || msa->num_cache_opcodes == 0) {
-	  msa->match_cache_status = MATCH_CACHE_STATUS_DISABLED;
-	  goto fail_match_cache;
-	}
-	if (msa->num_fails < (long)(end - str) * msa->num_cache_opcodes) {
-	  goto fail_match_cache;
-	}
-	if (msa->cache_opcodes == NULL) {
-	  msa->match_cache_status = MATCH_CACHE_STATUS_ENABLED;
-	  OnigCacheOpcode* cache_opcodes = (OnigCacheOpcode*)xmalloc(msa->num_cache_opcodes * sizeof(OnigCacheOpcode));
-	  if (cache_opcodes == NULL) {
-	    return ONIGERR_MEMORY;
-	  }
-	  OnigPosition r = init_cache_opcodes(reg, cache_opcodes, &msa->num_cache_points);
-	  if (r < 0) {
-	    if (r == ONIGERR_UNEXPECTED_BYTECODE) goto unexpected_bytecode_error;
-	    else goto bytecode_error;
-	  }
-	  msa->cache_opcodes = cache_opcodes;
+        if (msa->match_cache_status == MATCH_CACHE_STATUS_UNINIT) {
+          msa->match_cache_status = MATCH_CACHE_STATUS_INIT;
+          OnigPosition r = count_num_cache_opcodes(reg, &msa->num_cache_opcodes);
+          if (r < 0) goto bytecode_error;
+        }
+        if (msa->num_cache_opcodes == NUM_CACHE_OPCODES_IMPOSSIBLE || msa->num_cache_opcodes == 0) {
+          msa->match_cache_status = MATCH_CACHE_STATUS_DISABLED;
+          goto fail_match_cache;
+        }
+        if (msa->num_fails < (long)(end - str) * msa->num_cache_opcodes) {
+          goto fail_match_cache;
+        }
+        if (msa->cache_opcodes == NULL) {
+          msa->match_cache_status = MATCH_CACHE_STATUS_ENABLED;
+          OnigCacheOpcode* cache_opcodes = (OnigCacheOpcode*)xmalloc(msa->num_cache_opcodes * sizeof(OnigCacheOpcode));
+          if (cache_opcodes == NULL) {
+            return ONIGERR_MEMORY;
+          }
+          OnigPosition r = init_cache_opcodes(reg, cache_opcodes, &msa->num_cache_points);
+          if (r < 0) {
+            if (r == ONIGERR_UNEXPECTED_BYTECODE) goto unexpected_bytecode_error;
+            else goto bytecode_error;
+          }
+          msa->cache_opcodes = cache_opcodes;
 #ifdef ONIG_DEBUG_MATCH_CACHE
-	  fprintf(stderr, "MATCH CACHE: #cache opcodes = %ld\n", msa->num_cache_opcodes);
-	  fprintf(stderr, "MATCH CACHE: #cache points = %ld\n", msa->num_cache_points);
-	  fprintf(stderr, "MATCH CACHE: cache opcodes (%p):\n", msa->cache_opcodes);
-	  for (int i = 0; i < msa->num_cache_opcodes; i++) {
-	    fprintf(stderr, "MATCH CACHE:   [%p] cache_point=%ld outer_repeat_mem=%d num_cache_opcodes_at_outer_repeat=%ld num_cache_opcodes_in_outer_repeat=%ld lookaround_nesting=%d match_addr=%p\n", msa->cache_opcodes[i].addr, msa->cache_opcodes[i].cache_point, msa->cache_opcodes[i].outer_repeat_mem, msa->cache_opcodes[i].num_cache_points_at_outer_repeat, msa->cache_opcodes[i].num_cache_points_in_outer_repeat, msa->cache_opcodes[i].lookaround_nesting, msa->cache_opcodes[i].match_addr);
-	  }
+          fprintf(stderr, "MATCH CACHE: #cache opcodes = %ld\n", msa->num_cache_opcodes);
+          fprintf(stderr, "MATCH CACHE: #cache points = %ld\n", msa->num_cache_points);
+          fprintf(stderr, "MATCH CACHE: cache opcodes (%p):\n", msa->cache_opcodes);
+          for (int i = 0; i < msa->num_cache_opcodes; i++) {
+            fprintf(stderr, "MATCH CACHE:   [%p] cache_point=%ld outer_repeat_mem=%d num_cache_opcodes_at_outer_repeat=%ld num_cache_opcodes_in_outer_repeat=%ld lookaround_nesting=%d match_addr=%p\n", msa->cache_opcodes[i].addr, msa->cache_opcodes[i].cache_point, msa->cache_opcodes[i].outer_repeat_mem, msa->cache_opcodes[i].num_cache_points_at_outer_repeat, msa->cache_opcodes[i].num_cache_points_in_outer_repeat, msa->cache_opcodes[i].lookaround_nesting, msa->cache_opcodes[i].match_addr);
+          }
 #endif
-	}
-	if (msa->match_cache_buf == NULL) {
-	  size_t length = (end - str) + 1;
-	  size_t num_match_cache_points = (size_t)msa->num_cache_points * length;
+        }
+        if (msa->match_cache_buf == NULL) {
+          size_t length = (end - str) + 1;
+          size_t num_match_cache_points = (size_t)msa->num_cache_points * length;
 #ifdef ONIG_DEBUG_MATCH_CACHE
-	  fprintf(stderr, "MATCH CACHE: #match cache points = %zu (length = %zu)\n", num_match_cache_points, length);
+          fprintf(stderr, "MATCH CACHE: #match cache points = %zu (length = %zu)\n", num_match_cache_points, length);
 #endif
-	  /* Overflow check */
-	  if (num_match_cache_points / length != (size_t)msa->num_cache_points) {
-	    return ONIGERR_MEMORY;
-	  }
-	  if (num_match_cache_points >= LONG_MAX_LIMIT) {
-	    return ONIGERR_MEMORY;
-	  }
-	  size_t match_cache_buf_length = (num_match_cache_points >> 3) + (num_match_cache_points & 7 ? 1 : 0) + 1;
-	  uint8_t* match_cache_buf = (uint8_t*)xmalloc(match_cache_buf_length * sizeof(uint8_t));
-	  if (match_cache_buf == NULL) {
-	    return ONIGERR_MEMORY;
-	  }
-	  xmemset(match_cache_buf, 0, match_cache_buf_length * sizeof(uint8_t));
-	  msa->match_cache_buf = match_cache_buf;
-	}
+          /* Overflow check */
+          if (num_match_cache_points / length != (size_t)msa->num_cache_points) {
+            return ONIGERR_MEMORY;
+          }
+          if (num_match_cache_points >= LONG_MAX_LIMIT) {
+            return ONIGERR_MEMORY;
+          }
+          size_t match_cache_buf_length = (num_match_cache_points >> 3) + (num_match_cache_points & 7 ? 1 : 0) + 1;
+          uint8_t* match_cache_buf = (uint8_t*)xmalloc(match_cache_buf_length * sizeof(uint8_t));
+          if (match_cache_buf == NULL) {
+            return ONIGERR_MEMORY;
+          }
+          xmemset(match_cache_buf, 0, match_cache_buf_length * sizeof(uint8_t));
+          msa->match_cache_buf = match_cache_buf;
+        }
       }
       fail_match_cache:
 #endif
 
 #ifdef USE_COMBINATION_EXPLOSION_CHECK
       if (stk->u.state.state_check != 0) {
-	stk->type = STK_STATE_CHECK_MARK;
-	stk++;
+        stk->type = STK_STATE_CHECK_MARK;
+        stk++;
       }
 #endif
 
@@ -4252,7 +4236,7 @@ match_at(regex_t* reg, const UChar* str, const UChar* end,
 
 static UChar*
 slow_search(OnigEncoding enc, UChar* target, UChar* target_end,
-	    const UChar* text, const UChar* text_end, UChar* text_range)
+            const UChar* text, const UChar* text_end, UChar* text_range)
 {
   UChar *t, *p, *s, *end;
 
@@ -4268,10 +4252,10 @@ slow_search(OnigEncoding enc, UChar* target, UChar* target_end,
 
     while (s < end) {
       if (*s == *target) {
-	p = s + 1;
-	t = target + 1;
-	if (target_end == t || memcmp(t, p, target_end - t) == 0)
-	  return s;
+        p = s + 1;
+        t = target + 1;
+        if (target_end == t || memcmp(t, p, target_end - t) == 0)
+          return s;
       }
       s += n;
     }
@@ -4282,7 +4266,7 @@ slow_search(OnigEncoding enc, UChar* target, UChar* target_end,
       p = s + 1;
       t = target + 1;
       if (target_end == t || memcmp(t, p, target_end - t) == 0)
-	return s;
+        return s;
     }
     s += enclen(enc, s, text_end);
   }
@@ -4292,8 +4276,8 @@ slow_search(OnigEncoding enc, UChar* target, UChar* target_end,
 
 static int
 str_lower_case_match(OnigEncoding enc, int case_fold_flag,
-		     const UChar* t, const UChar* tend,
-		     const UChar* p, const UChar* end)
+                     const UChar* t, const UChar* tend,
+                     const UChar* p, const UChar* end)
 {
   int lowlen;
   UChar *q, lowbuf[ONIGENC_MBC_CASE_FOLD_MAXLEN];
@@ -4312,8 +4296,8 @@ str_lower_case_match(OnigEncoding enc, int case_fold_flag,
 
 static UChar*
 slow_search_ic(OnigEncoding enc, int case_fold_flag,
-	       UChar* target, UChar* target_end,
-	       const UChar* text, const UChar* text_end, UChar* text_range)
+               UChar* target, UChar* target_end,
+               const UChar* text, const UChar* text_end, UChar* text_range)
 {
   UChar *s, *end;
 
@@ -4326,7 +4310,7 @@ slow_search_ic(OnigEncoding enc, int case_fold_flag,
 
   while (s < end) {
     if (str_lower_case_match(enc, case_fold_flag, target, target_end,
-			     s, text_end))
+                             s, text_end))
       return s;
 
     s += enclen(enc, s, text_end);
@@ -4337,8 +4321,8 @@ slow_search_ic(OnigEncoding enc, int case_fold_flag,
 
 static UChar*
 slow_search_backward(OnigEncoding enc, UChar* target, UChar* target_end,
-		     const UChar* text, const UChar* adjust_text,
-		     const UChar* text_end, const UChar* text_start)
+                     const UChar* text, const UChar* adjust_text,
+                     const UChar* text_end, const UChar* text_start)
 {
   UChar *t, *p, *s;
 
@@ -4354,12 +4338,12 @@ slow_search_backward(OnigEncoding enc, UChar* target, UChar* target_end,
       p = s + 1;
       t = target + 1;
       while (t < target_end) {
-	if (*t != *p++)
-	  break;
-	t++;
+        if (*t != *p++)
+          break;
+        t++;
       }
       if (t == target_end)
-	return s;
+        return s;
     }
     s = (UChar* )onigenc_get_prev_char_head(enc, adjust_text, s, text_end);
   }
@@ -4369,9 +4353,9 @@ slow_search_backward(OnigEncoding enc, UChar* target, UChar* target_end,
 
 static UChar*
 slow_search_backward_ic(OnigEncoding enc, int case_fold_flag,
-			UChar* target, UChar* target_end,
-			const UChar* text, const UChar* adjust_text,
-			const UChar* text_end, const UChar* text_start)
+                        UChar* target, UChar* target_end,
+                        const UChar* text, const UChar* adjust_text,
+                        const UChar* text_end, const UChar* text_start)
 {
   UChar *s;
 
@@ -4384,7 +4368,7 @@ slow_search_backward_ic(OnigEncoding enc, int case_fold_flag,
 
   while (s >= text) {
     if (str_lower_case_match(enc, case_fold_flag,
-			     target, target_end, s, text_end))
+                             target, target_end, s, text_end))
       return s;
 
     s = (UChar* )onigenc_get_prev_char_head(enc, adjust_text, s, text_end);
@@ -4393,224 +4377,11 @@ slow_search_backward_ic(OnigEncoding enc, int case_fold_flag,
   return (UChar* )NULL;
 }
 
-#ifndef USE_SUNDAY_QUICK_SEARCH
-/* Boyer-Moore-Horspool search applied to a multibyte string */
-static UChar*
-bm_search_notrev(regex_t* reg, const UChar* target, const UChar* target_end,
-		 const UChar* text, const UChar* text_end,
-		 const UChar* text_range)
-{
-  const UChar *s, *se, *t, *p, *end;
-  const UChar *tail;
-  ptrdiff_t skip, tlen1;
-
-# ifdef ONIG_DEBUG_SEARCH
-  fprintf(stderr, "bm_search_notrev: text: %"PRIuPTR" (%p), text_end: %"PRIuPTR" (%p), text_range: %"PRIuPTR" (%p)\n",
-	  (uintptr_t )text, text, (uintptr_t )text_end, text_end, (uintptr_t )text_range, text_range);
-# endif
-
-  tail = target_end - 1;
-  tlen1 = tail - target;
-  end = text_range;
-  if (end + tlen1 > text_end)
-    end = text_end - tlen1;
-
-  s = text;
-
-  if (IS_NULL(reg->int_map)) {
-    while (s < end) {
-      p = se = s + tlen1;
-      t = tail;
-      while (*p == *t) {
-	if (t == target) return (UChar* )s;
-	p--; t--;
-      }
-      skip = reg->map[*se];
-      t = s;
-      do {
-	s += enclen(reg->enc, s, end);
-      } while ((s - t) < skip && s < end);
-    }
-  }
-  else {
-# if OPT_EXACT_MAXLEN >= ONIG_CHAR_TABLE_SIZE
-    while (s < end) {
-      p = se = s + tlen1;
-      t = tail;
-      while (*p == *t) {
-	if (t == target) return (UChar* )s;
-	p--; t--;
-      }
-      skip = reg->int_map[*se];
-      t = s;
-      do {
-	s += enclen(reg->enc, s, end);
-      } while ((s - t) < skip && s < end);
-    }
-# endif
-  }
-
-  return (UChar* )NULL;
-}
-
-/* Boyer-Moore-Horspool search */
-static UChar*
-bm_search(regex_t* reg, const UChar* target, const UChar* target_end,
-	  const UChar* text, const UChar* text_end, const UChar* text_range)
-{
-  const UChar *s, *t, *p, *end;
-  const UChar *tail;
-
-# ifdef ONIG_DEBUG_SEARCH
-  fprintf(stderr, "bm_search: text: %"PRIuPTR" (%p), text_end: %"PRIuPTR" (%p), text_range: %"PRIuPTR" (%p)\n",
-	  (uintptr_t )text, text, (uintptr_t )text_end, text_end, (uintptr_t )text_range, text_range);
-# endif
-
-  end = text_range + (target_end - target) - 1;
-  if (end > text_end)
-    end = text_end;
-
-  tail = target_end - 1;
-  s = text + (target_end - target) - 1;
-  if (IS_NULL(reg->int_map)) {
-    while (s < end) {
-      p = s;
-      t = tail;
-# ifdef ONIG_DEBUG_SEARCH
-      fprintf(stderr, "bm_search_loop: pos: %"PRIdPTR" %s\n",
-	  (intptr_t )(s - text), s);
-# endif
-      while (*p == *t) {
-	if (t == target) return (UChar* )p;
-	p--; t--;
-      }
-      s += reg->map[*s];
-    }
-  }
-  else { /* see int_map[] */
-# if OPT_EXACT_MAXLEN >= ONIG_CHAR_TABLE_SIZE
-    while (s < end) {
-      p = s;
-      t = tail;
-      while (*p == *t) {
-	if (t == target) return (UChar* )p;
-	p--; t--;
-      }
-      s += reg->int_map[*s];
-    }
-# endif
-  }
-  return (UChar* )NULL;
-}
-
-/* Boyer-Moore-Horspool search applied to a multibyte string (ignore case) */
-static UChar*
-bm_search_notrev_ic(regex_t* reg, const UChar* target, const UChar* target_end,
-		    const UChar* text, const UChar* text_end,
-		    const UChar* text_range)
-{
-  const UChar *s, *se, *t, *end;
-  const UChar *tail;
-  ptrdiff_t skip, tlen1;
-  OnigEncoding enc = reg->enc;
-  int case_fold_flag = reg->case_fold_flag;
-
-# ifdef ONIG_DEBUG_SEARCH
-  fprintf(stderr, "bm_search_notrev_ic: text: %d (%p), text_end: %d (%p), text_range: %d (%p)\n",
-	  (int )text, text, (int )text_end, text_end, (int )text_range, text_range);
-# endif
-
-  tail = target_end - 1;
-  tlen1 = tail - target;
-  end = text_range;
-  if (end + tlen1 > text_end)
-    end = text_end - tlen1;
-
-  s = text;
-
-  if (IS_NULL(reg->int_map)) {
-    while (s < end) {
-      se = s + tlen1;
-      if (str_lower_case_match(enc, case_fold_flag, target, target_end,
-			       s, se + 1))
-	return (UChar* )s;
-      skip = reg->map[*se];
-      t = s;
-      do {
-	s += enclen(reg->enc, s, end);
-      } while ((s - t) < skip && s < end);
-    }
-  }
-  else {
-# if OPT_EXACT_MAXLEN >= ONIG_CHAR_TABLE_SIZE
-    while (s < end) {
-      se = s + tlen1;
-      if (str_lower_case_match(enc, case_fold_flag, target, target_end,
-			       s, se + 1))
-	return (UChar* )s;
-      skip = reg->int_map[*se];
-      t = s;
-      do {
-	s += enclen(reg->enc, s, end);
-      } while ((s - t) < skip && s < end);
-    }
-# endif
-  }
-
-  return (UChar* )NULL;
-}
-
-/* Boyer-Moore-Horspool search (ignore case) */
-static UChar*
-bm_search_ic(regex_t* reg, const UChar* target, const UChar* target_end,
-	     const UChar* text, const UChar* text_end, const UChar* text_range)
-{
-  const UChar *s, *p, *end;
-  const UChar *tail;
-  OnigEncoding enc = reg->enc;
-  int case_fold_flag = reg->case_fold_flag;
-
-# ifdef ONIG_DEBUG_SEARCH
-  fprintf(stderr, "bm_search_ic: text: %d (%p), text_end: %d (%p), text_range: %d (%p)\n",
-	  (int )text, text, (int )text_end, text_end, (int )text_range, text_range);
-# endif
-
-  end = text_range + (target_end - target) - 1;
-  if (end > text_end)
-    end = text_end;
-
-  tail = target_end - 1;
-  s = text + (target_end - target) - 1;
-  if (IS_NULL(reg->int_map)) {
-    while (s < end) {
-      p = s - (target_end - target) + 1;
-      if (str_lower_case_match(enc, case_fold_flag, target, target_end,
-			       p, s + 1))
-	return (UChar* )p;
-      s += reg->map[*s];
-    }
-  }
-  else { /* see int_map[] */
-# if OPT_EXACT_MAXLEN >= ONIG_CHAR_TABLE_SIZE
-    while (s < end) {
-      p = s - (target_end - target) + 1;
-      if (str_lower_case_match(enc, case_fold_flag, target, target_end,
-			       p, s + 1))
-	return (UChar* )p;
-      s += reg->int_map[*s];
-    }
-# endif
-  }
-  return (UChar* )NULL;
-}
-
-#else /* USE_SUNDAY_QUICK_SEARCH */
-
 /* Sunday's quick search applied to a multibyte string */
 static UChar*
 bm_search_notrev(regex_t* reg, const UChar* target, const UChar* target_end,
-		 const UChar* text, const UChar* text_end,
-		 const UChar* text_range)
+                 const UChar* text, const UChar* text_end,
+                 const UChar* text_range)
 {
   const UChar *s, *se, *t, *p, *end;
   const UChar *tail;
@@ -4619,7 +4390,7 @@ bm_search_notrev(regex_t* reg, const UChar* target, const UChar* target_end,
 
 # ifdef ONIG_DEBUG_SEARCH
   fprintf(stderr, "bm_search_notrev: text: %"PRIuPTR" (%p), text_end: %"PRIuPTR" (%p), text_range: %"PRIuPTR" (%p)\n",
-	  (uintptr_t )text, text, (uintptr_t )text_end, text_end, (uintptr_t )text_range, text_range);
+          (uintptr_t )text, text, (uintptr_t )text_end, text_end, (uintptr_t )text_range, text_range);
 # endif
 
   tail = target_end - 1;
@@ -4630,39 +4401,19 @@ bm_search_notrev(regex_t* reg, const UChar* target, const UChar* target_end,
 
   s = text;
 
-  if (IS_NULL(reg->int_map)) {
-    while (s < end) {
-      p = se = s + tlen1;
-      t = tail;
-      while (*p == *t) {
-	if (t == target) return (UChar* )s;
-	p--; t--;
-      }
-      if (s + 1 >= end) break;
-      skip = reg->map[se[1]];
-      t = s;
-      do {
-	s += enclen(enc, s, end);
-      } while ((s - t) < skip && s < end);
-    }
-  }
-  else {
-# if OPT_EXACT_MAXLEN >= ONIG_CHAR_TABLE_SIZE
-    while (s < end) {
-      p = se = s + tlen1;
-      t = tail;
-      while (*p == *t) {
-	if (t == target) return (UChar* )s;
-	p--; t--;
-      }
-      if (s + 1 >= end) break;
-      skip = reg->int_map[se[1]];
-      t = s;
-      do {
-	s += enclen(enc, s, end);
-      } while ((s - t) < skip && s < end);
+  while (s < end) {
+    p = se = s + tlen1;
+    t = tail;
+    while (*p == *t) {
+      if (t == target) return (UChar* )s;
+      p--; t--;
     }
-# endif
+    if (s + 1 >= end) break;
+    skip = reg->map[se[1]];
+    t = s;
+    do {
+      s += enclen(enc, s, end);
+    } while ((s - t) < skip && s < end);
   }
 
   return (UChar* )NULL;
@@ -4671,7 +4422,7 @@ bm_search_notrev(regex_t* reg, const UChar* target, const UChar* target_end,
 /* Sunday's quick search */
 static UChar*
 bm_search(regex_t* reg, const UChar* target, const UChar* target_end,
-	  const UChar* text, const UChar* text_end, const UChar* text_range)
+          const UChar* text, const UChar* text_end, const UChar* text_range)
 {
   const UChar *s, *t, *p, *end;
   const UChar *tail;
@@ -4679,7 +4430,7 @@ bm_search(regex_t* reg, const UChar* target, const UChar* target_end,
 
 # ifdef ONIG_DEBUG_SEARCH
   fprintf(stderr, "bm_search: text: %"PRIuPTR" (%p), text_end: %"PRIuPTR" (%p), text_range: %"PRIuPTR" (%p)\n",
-	  (uintptr_t )text, text, (uintptr_t )text_end, text_end, (uintptr_t )text_range, text_range);
+          (uintptr_t )text, text, (uintptr_t )text_end, text_end, (uintptr_t )text_range, text_range);
 # endif
 
   tail = target_end - 1;
@@ -4689,40 +4440,25 @@ bm_search(regex_t* reg, const UChar* target, const UChar* target_end,
     end = text_end;
 
   s = text + tlen1;
-  if (IS_NULL(reg->int_map)) {
-    while (s < end) {
-      p = s;
-      t = tail;
-      while (*p == *t) {
-	if (t == target) return (UChar* )p;
-	p--; t--;
-      }
-      if (s + 1 >= end) break;
-      s += reg->map[s[1]];
-    }
-  }
-  else { /* see int_map[] */
-# if OPT_EXACT_MAXLEN >= ONIG_CHAR_TABLE_SIZE
-    while (s < end) {
-      p = s;
-      t = tail;
-      while (*p == *t) {
-	if (t == target) return (UChar* )p;
-	p--; t--;
-      }
-      if (s + 1 >= end) break;
-      s += reg->int_map[s[1]];
+  while (s < end) {
+    p = s;
+    t = tail;
+    while (*p == *t) {
+      if (t == target) return (UChar* )p;
+      p--; t--;
     }
-# endif
+    if (s + 1 >= end) break;
+    s += reg->map[s[1]];
   }
+
   return (UChar* )NULL;
 }
 
 /* Sunday's quick search applied to a multibyte string (ignore case) */
 static UChar*
 bm_search_notrev_ic(regex_t* reg, const UChar* target, const UChar* target_end,
-		    const UChar* text, const UChar* text_end,
-		    const UChar* text_range)
+                    const UChar* text, const UChar* text_end,
+                    const UChar* text_range)
 {
   const UChar *s, *se, *t, *end;
   const UChar *tail;
@@ -4732,7 +4468,7 @@ bm_search_notrev_ic(regex_t* reg, const UChar* target, const UChar* target_end,
 
 # ifdef ONIG_DEBUG_SEARCH
   fprintf(stderr, "bm_search_notrev_ic: text: %"PRIuPTR" (%p), text_end: %"PRIuPTR" (%p), text_range: %"PRIuPTR" (%p)\n",
-	  (uintptr_t )text, text, (uintptr_t )text_end, text_end, (uintptr_t )text_range, text_range);
+          (uintptr_t )text, text, (uintptr_t )text_end, text_end, (uintptr_t )text_range, text_range);
 # endif
 
   tail = target_end - 1;
@@ -4743,35 +4479,17 @@ bm_search_notrev_ic(regex_t* reg, const UChar* target, const UChar* target_end,
 
   s = text;
 
-  if (IS_NULL(reg->int_map)) {
-    while (s < end) {
-      se = s + tlen1;
-      if (str_lower_case_match(enc, case_fold_flag, target, target_end,
-			       s, se + 1))
-	return (UChar* )s;
-      if (s + 1 >= end) break;
-      skip = reg->map[se[1]];
-      t = s;
-      do {
-	s += enclen(enc, s, end);
-      } while ((s - t) < skip && s < end);
-    }
-  }
-  else {
-# if OPT_EXACT_MAXLEN >= ONIG_CHAR_TABLE_SIZE
-    while (s < end) {
-      se = s + tlen1;
-      if (str_lower_case_match(enc, case_fold_flag, target, target_end,
-			       s, se + 1))
-	return (UChar* )s;
-      if (s + 1 >= end) break;
-      skip = reg->int_map[se[1]];
-      t = s;
-      do {
-	s += enclen(enc, s, end);
-      } while ((s - t) < skip && s < end);
-    }
-# endif
+  while (s < end) {
+    se = s + tlen1;
+    if (str_lower_case_match(enc, case_fold_flag, target, target_end,
+                             s, se + 1))
+      return (UChar* )s;
+    if (s + 1 >= end) break;
+    skip = reg->map[se[1]];
+    t = s;
+    do {
+      s += enclen(enc, s, end);
+    } while ((s - t) < skip && s < end);
   }
 
   return (UChar* )NULL;
@@ -4780,7 +4498,7 @@ bm_search_notrev_ic(regex_t* reg, const UChar* target, const UChar* target_end,
 /* Sunday's quick search (ignore case) */
 static UChar*
 bm_search_ic(regex_t* reg, const UChar* target, const UChar* target_end,
-	     const UChar* text, const UChar* text_end, const UChar* text_range)
+             const UChar* text, const UChar* text_end, const UChar* text_range)
 {
   const UChar *s, *p, *end;
   const UChar *tail;
@@ -4790,7 +4508,7 @@ bm_search_ic(regex_t* reg, const UChar* target, const UChar* target_end,
 
 # ifdef ONIG_DEBUG_SEARCH
   fprintf(stderr, "bm_search_ic: text: %"PRIuPTR" (%p), text_end: %"PRIuPTR" (%p), text_range: %"PRIuPTR" (%p)\n",
-	  (uintptr_t )text, text, (uintptr_t )text_end, text_end, (uintptr_t )text_range, text_range);
+          (uintptr_t )text, text, (uintptr_t )text_end, text_end, (uintptr_t )text_range, text_range);
 # endif
 
   tail = target_end - 1;
@@ -4800,87 +4518,21 @@ bm_search_ic(regex_t* reg, const UChar* target, const UChar* target_end,
     end = text_end;
 
   s = text + tlen1;
-  if (IS_NULL(reg->int_map)) {
-    while (s < end) {
-      p = s - tlen1;
-      if (str_lower_case_match(enc, case_fold_flag, target, target_end,
-			       p, s + 1))
-	return (UChar* )p;
-      if (s + 1 >= end) break;
-      s += reg->map[s[1]];
-    }
-  }
-  else { /* see int_map[] */
-# if OPT_EXACT_MAXLEN >= ONIG_CHAR_TABLE_SIZE
-    while (s < end) {
-      p = s - tlen1;
-      if (str_lower_case_match(enc, case_fold_flag, target, target_end,
-			       p, s + 1))
-	return (UChar* )p;
-      if (s + 1 >= end) break;
-      s += reg->int_map[s[1]];
-    }
-# endif
-  }
-  return (UChar* )NULL;
-}
-#endif /* USE_SUNDAY_QUICK_SEARCH */
-
-#ifdef USE_INT_MAP_BACKWARD
-static int
-set_bm_backward_skip(UChar* s, UChar* end, OnigEncoding enc ARG_UNUSED,
-		     int** skip)
-{
-  int i, len;
-
-  if (IS_NULL(*skip)) {
-    *skip = (int* )xmalloc(sizeof(int) * ONIG_CHAR_TABLE_SIZE);
-    if (IS_NULL(*skip)) return ONIGERR_MEMORY;
-  }
-
-  len = (int )(end - s);
-  for (i = 0; i < ONIG_CHAR_TABLE_SIZE; i++)
-    (*skip)[i] = len;
-
-  for (i = len - 1; i > 0; i--)
-    (*skip)[s[i]] = i;
-
-  return 0;
-}
-
-static UChar*
-bm_search_backward(regex_t* reg, const UChar* target, const UChar* target_end,
-		   const UChar* text, const UChar* adjust_text,
-		   const UChar* text_end, const UChar* text_start)
-{
-  const UChar *s, *t, *p;
-
-  s = text_end - (target_end - target);
-  if (text_start < s)
-    s = text_start;
-  else
-    s = ONIGENC_LEFT_ADJUST_CHAR_HEAD(reg->enc, adjust_text, s, text_end);
-
-  while (s >= text) {
-    p = s;
-    t = target;
-    while (t < target_end && *p == *t) {
-      p++; t++;
-    }
-    if (t == target_end)
-      return (UChar* )s;
-
-    s -= reg->int_map_backward[*s];
-    s = ONIGENC_LEFT_ADJUST_CHAR_HEAD(reg->enc, adjust_text, s, text_end);
+  while (s < end) {
+    p = s - tlen1;
+    if (str_lower_case_match(enc, case_fold_flag, target, target_end,
+                             p, s + 1))
+      return (UChar* )p;
+    if (s + 1 >= end) break;
+    s += reg->map[s[1]];
   }
 
   return (UChar* )NULL;
 }
-#endif
 
 static UChar*
 map_search(OnigEncoding enc, UChar map[],
-	   const UChar* text, const UChar* text_range, const UChar* text_end)
+           const UChar* text, const UChar* text_range, const UChar* text_end)
 {
   const UChar *s = text;
 
@@ -4894,8 +4546,8 @@ map_search(OnigEncoding enc, UChar map[],
 
 static UChar*
 map_search_backward(OnigEncoding enc, UChar map[],
-		    const UChar* text, const UChar* adjust_text,
-		    const UChar* text_start, const UChar* text_end)
+                    const UChar* text, const UChar* adjust_text,
+                    const UChar* text_start, const UChar* text_end)
 {
   const UChar *s = text_start;
 
@@ -4909,7 +4561,7 @@ map_search_backward(OnigEncoding enc, UChar map[],
 
 extern OnigPosition
 onig_match(regex_t* reg, const UChar* str, const UChar* end, const UChar* at, OnigRegion* region,
-	    OnigOptionType option)
+            OnigOptionType option)
 {
   ptrdiff_t r;
   UChar *prev;
@@ -4933,9 +4585,9 @@ onig_match(regex_t* reg, const UChar* str, const UChar* end, const UChar* at, On
     prev = (UChar* )onigenc_get_prev_char_head(reg->enc, str, at, end);
     r = match_at(reg, str, end,
 #ifdef USE_MATCH_RANGE_MUST_BE_INSIDE_OF_SPECIFIED_RANGE
-		 end,
+                 end,
 #endif
-		 at, prev, &msa);
+                 at, prev, &msa);
   }
 
   MATCH_ARG_FREE(msa);
@@ -4944,14 +4596,14 @@ onig_match(regex_t* reg, const UChar* str, const UChar* end, const UChar* at, On
 
 static int
 forward_search_range(regex_t* reg, const UChar* str, const UChar* end, UChar* s,
-		     UChar* range, UChar** low, UChar** high, UChar** low_prev)
+                     UChar* range, UChar** low, UChar** high, UChar** low_prev)
 {
   UChar *p, *pprev = (UChar* )NULL;
   size_t input_len = end - str;
 
 #ifdef ONIG_DEBUG_SEARCH
   fprintf(stderr, "forward_search_range: str: %"PRIuPTR" (%p), end: %"PRIuPTR" (%p), s: %"PRIuPTR" (%p), range: %"PRIuPTR" (%p)\n",
-	  (uintptr_t )str, str, (uintptr_t )end, end, (uintptr_t )s, s, (uintptr_t )range, range);
+          (uintptr_t )str, str, (uintptr_t )end, end, (uintptr_t )s, s, (uintptr_t )range, range);
 #endif
 
   if (reg->dmin > input_len) {
@@ -4959,14 +4611,14 @@ forward_search_range(regex_t* reg, const UChar* str, const UChar* end, UChar* s,
   }
 
   p = s;
-  if (reg->dmin > 0) {
+  if (reg->dmin != 0) {
+    if ((OnigDistance)(end - p) <= reg->dmin) return 0; /* fail */
     if (ONIGENC_IS_SINGLEBYTE(reg->enc)) {
       p += reg->dmin;
     }
     else {
       UChar *q = p + reg->dmin;
 
-      if (q >= end) return 0; /* fail */
       while (p < q) p += enclen(reg->enc, p, end);
     }
   }
@@ -4978,7 +4630,7 @@ forward_search_range(regex_t* reg, const UChar* str, const UChar* end, UChar* s,
     break;
   case ONIG_OPTIMIZE_EXACT_IC:
     p = slow_search_ic(reg->enc, reg->case_fold_flag,
-		       reg->exact, reg->exact_end, p, end, range);
+                       reg->exact, reg->exact_end, p, end, range);
     break;
 
   case ONIG_OPTIMIZE_EXACT_BM:
@@ -5003,7 +4655,7 @@ forward_search_range(regex_t* reg, const UChar* str, const UChar* end, UChar* s,
   }
 
   if (p && p < range) {
-    if (p - reg->dmin < s) {
+    if ((OnigDistance)(p - s) < reg->dmin) {
     retry_gate:
       pprev = p;
       p += enclen(reg->enc, p, end);
@@ -5015,70 +4667,74 @@ forward_search_range(regex_t* reg, const UChar* str, const UChar* end, UChar* s,
 
       switch (reg->sub_anchor) {
       case ANCHOR_BEGIN_LINE:
-	if (!ON_STR_BEGIN(p)) {
-	  prev = onigenc_get_prev_char_head(reg->enc,
-					    (pprev ? pprev : str), p, end);
-	  if (!ONIGENC_IS_MBC_NEWLINE_EX(reg->enc, prev, str, end, reg->options, 0))
-	    goto retry_gate;
-	}
-	break;
+        if (!ON_STR_BEGIN(p)) {
+          prev = onigenc_get_prev_char_head(reg->enc,
+                                            (pprev ? pprev : str), p, end);
+          if (!ONIGENC_IS_MBC_NEWLINE_EX(reg->enc, prev, str, end, reg->options, 0))
+            goto retry_gate;
+        }
+        break;
 
       case ANCHOR_END_LINE:
-	if (ON_STR_END(p)) {
+        if (ON_STR_END(p)) {
 #ifndef USE_NEWLINE_AT_END_OF_STRING_HAS_EMPTY_LINE
-	  prev = (UChar* )onigenc_get_prev_char_head(reg->enc,
-					    (pprev ? pprev : str), p);
-	  if (prev && ONIGENC_IS_MBC_NEWLINE_EX(reg->enc, prev, str, end, reg->options, 1))
-	    goto retry_gate;
+          prev = (UChar* )onigenc_get_prev_char_head(reg->enc,
+                                            (pprev ? pprev : str), p);
+          if (prev && ONIGENC_IS_MBC_NEWLINE_EX(reg->enc, prev, str, end, reg->options, 1))
+            goto retry_gate;
 #endif
-	}
-	else if (! ONIGENC_IS_MBC_NEWLINE_EX(reg->enc, p, str, end, reg->options, 1))
-	  goto retry_gate;
-	break;
+        }
+        else if (! ONIGENC_IS_MBC_NEWLINE_EX(reg->enc, p, str, end, reg->options, 1))
+          goto retry_gate;
+        break;
       }
     }
 
     if (reg->dmax == 0) {
       *low = p;
       if (low_prev) {
-	if (*low > s)
-	  *low_prev = onigenc_get_prev_char_head(reg->enc, s, p, end);
-	else
-	  *low_prev = onigenc_get_prev_char_head(reg->enc,
-						 (pprev ? pprev : str), p, end);
+        if (*low > s)
+          *low_prev = onigenc_get_prev_char_head(reg->enc, s, p, end);
+        else
+          *low_prev = onigenc_get_prev_char_head(reg->enc,
+                                                 (pprev ? pprev : str), p, end);
       }
+      *high = p;
     }
     else {
       if (reg->dmax != ONIG_INFINITE_DISTANCE) {
-	if (p < str + reg->dmax) {
-	  *low = (UChar* )str;
-	  if (low_prev)
-	    *low_prev = onigenc_get_prev_char_head(reg->enc, str, *low, end);
-	}
-	else {
-	  *low = p - reg->dmax;
-	  if (*low > s) {
-	    *low = onigenc_get_right_adjust_char_head_with_prev(reg->enc, s,
-								*low, end, (const UChar** )low_prev);
-	    if (low_prev && IS_NULL(*low_prev))
-	      *low_prev = onigenc_get_prev_char_head(reg->enc,
-						     (pprev ? pprev : s), *low, end);
-	  }
-	  else {
-	    if (low_prev)
-	      *low_prev = onigenc_get_prev_char_head(reg->enc,
-						 (pprev ? pprev : str), *low, end);
-	  }
-	}
+        if ((OnigDistance)(p - str) < reg->dmax) {
+          *low = (UChar* )str;
+          if (low_prev)
+            *low_prev = onigenc_get_prev_char_head(reg->enc, str, *low, end);
+        }
+        else {
+          *low = p - reg->dmax;
+          if (*low > s) {
+            *low = onigenc_get_right_adjust_char_head_with_prev(reg->enc, s,
+                                                                *low, end, (const UChar** )low_prev);
+            if (low_prev && IS_NULL(*low_prev))
+              *low_prev = onigenc_get_prev_char_head(reg->enc,
+                                                     (pprev ? pprev : s), *low, end);
+          }
+          else {
+            if (low_prev)
+              *low_prev = onigenc_get_prev_char_head(reg->enc,
+                                                 (pprev ? pprev : str), *low, end);
+          }
+        }
       }
+      /* no needs to adjust *high, *high is used as range check only */
+      if ((OnigDistance)(p - str) < reg->dmin)
+        *high = (UChar* )str;
+      else
+        *high = p - reg->dmin;
     }
-    /* no needs to adjust *high, *high is used as range check only */
-    *high = p - reg->dmin;
 
 #ifdef ONIG_DEBUG_SEARCH
     fprintf(stderr,
     "forward_search_range success: low: %"PRIdPTR", high: %"PRIdPTR", dmin: %"PRIdPTR", dmax: %"PRIdPTR"\n",
-	    *low - str, *high - str, reg->dmin, reg->dmax);
+            *low - str, *high - str, reg->dmin, reg->dmax);
 #endif
     return 1; /* success */
   }
@@ -5090,8 +4746,8 @@ forward_search_range(regex_t* reg, const UChar* str, const UChar* end, UChar* s,
 
 static int
 backward_search_range(regex_t* reg, const UChar* str, const UChar* end,
-		      UChar* s, const UChar* range, UChar* adjrange,
-		      UChar** low, UChar** high)
+                      UChar* s, const UChar* range, UChar* adjrange,
+                      UChar** low, UChar** high)
 {
   UChar *p;
   size_t input_len = end - str;
@@ -5100,7 +4756,6 @@ backward_search_range(regex_t* reg, const UChar* str, const UChar* end,
     return 0;
   }
 
-  range += reg->dmin;
   p = s;
 
  retry:
@@ -5108,34 +4763,20 @@ backward_search_range(regex_t* reg, const UChar* str, const UChar* end,
   case ONIG_OPTIMIZE_EXACT:
   exact_method:
     p = slow_search_backward(reg->enc, reg->exact, reg->exact_end,
-			     range, adjrange, end, p);
+                             range, adjrange, end, p);
     break;
 
   case ONIG_OPTIMIZE_EXACT_IC:
   case ONIG_OPTIMIZE_EXACT_BM_IC:
   case ONIG_OPTIMIZE_EXACT_BM_NOT_REV_IC:
     p = slow_search_backward_ic(reg->enc, reg->case_fold_flag,
-				reg->exact, reg->exact_end,
-				range, adjrange, end, p);
+                                reg->exact, reg->exact_end,
+                                range, adjrange, end, p);
     break;
 
   case ONIG_OPTIMIZE_EXACT_BM:
   case ONIG_OPTIMIZE_EXACT_BM_NOT_REV:
-#ifdef USE_INT_MAP_BACKWARD
-    if (IS_NULL(reg->int_map_backward)) {
-      int r;
-      if (s - range < BM_BACKWARD_SEARCH_LENGTH_THRESHOLD)
-	goto exact_method;
-
-      r = set_bm_backward_skip(reg->exact, reg->exact_end, reg->enc,
-			       &(reg->int_map_backward));
-      if (r) return r;
-    }
-    p = bm_search_backward(reg, reg->exact, reg->exact_end, range, adjrange,
-			   end, p);
-#else
     goto exact_method;
-#endif
     break;
 
   case ONIG_OPTIMIZE_MAP:
@@ -5149,45 +4790,57 @@ backward_search_range(regex_t* reg, const UChar* str, const UChar* end,
 
       switch (reg->sub_anchor) {
       case ANCHOR_BEGIN_LINE:
-	if (!ON_STR_BEGIN(p)) {
-	  prev = onigenc_get_prev_char_head(reg->enc, str, p, end);
-	  if (!ONIGENC_IS_MBC_NEWLINE_EX(reg->enc, prev, str, end, reg->options, 0)) {
-	    p = prev;
-	    goto retry;
-	  }
-	}
-	break;
+        if (!ON_STR_BEGIN(p)) {
+          prev = onigenc_get_prev_char_head(reg->enc, str, p, end);
+          if (!ONIGENC_IS_MBC_NEWLINE_EX(reg->enc, prev, str, end, reg->options, 0)) {
+            p = prev;
+            goto retry;
+          }
+        }
+        break;
 
       case ANCHOR_END_LINE:
-	if (ON_STR_END(p)) {
+        if (ON_STR_END(p)) {
 #ifndef USE_NEWLINE_AT_END_OF_STRING_HAS_EMPTY_LINE
-	  prev = onigenc_get_prev_char_head(reg->enc, adjrange, p);
-	  if (IS_NULL(prev)) goto fail;
-	  if (ONIGENC_IS_MBC_NEWLINE_EX(reg->enc, prev, str, end, reg->options, 1)) {
-	    p = prev;
-	    goto retry;
-	  }
+          prev = onigenc_get_prev_char_head(reg->enc, adjrange, p);
+          if (IS_NULL(prev)) goto fail;
+          if (ONIGENC_IS_MBC_NEWLINE_EX(reg->enc, prev, str, end, reg->options, 1)) {
+            p = prev;
+            goto retry;
+          }
 #endif
-	}
-	else if (! ONIGENC_IS_MBC_NEWLINE_EX(reg->enc, p, str, end, reg->options, 1)) {
-	  p = onigenc_get_prev_char_head(reg->enc, adjrange, p, end);
-	  if (IS_NULL(p)) goto fail;
-	  goto retry;
-	}
-	break;
+        }
+        else if (! ONIGENC_IS_MBC_NEWLINE_EX(reg->enc, p, str, end, reg->options, 1)) {
+          p = onigenc_get_prev_char_head(reg->enc, adjrange, p, end);
+          if (IS_NULL(p)) goto fail;
+          goto retry;
+        }
+        break;
       }
     }
 
-    /* no needs to adjust *high, *high is used as range check only */
     if (reg->dmax != ONIG_INFINITE_DISTANCE) {
-      *low  = p - reg->dmax;
-      *high = p - reg->dmin;
+      if ((OnigDistance)(p - str) < reg->dmax)
+        *low = (UChar* )str;
+      else
+        *low = p - reg->dmax;
+
+      if (reg->dmin != 0) {
+        if ((OnigDistance)(p - str) < reg->dmin)
+          *high = (UChar* )str;
+        else
+          *high = p - reg->dmin;
+      }
+      else {
+        *high = p;
+      }
+
       *high = onigenc_get_right_adjust_char_head(reg->enc, adjrange, *high, end);
     }
 
 #ifdef ONIG_DEBUG_SEARCH
     fprintf(stderr, "backward_search_range: low: %d, high: %d\n",
-	    (int )(*low - str), (int )(*high - str));
+            (int )(*low - str), (int )(*high - str));
 #endif
     return 1; /* success */
   }
@@ -5202,15 +4855,15 @@ backward_search_range(regex_t* reg, const UChar* str, const UChar* end,
 
 extern OnigPosition
 onig_search(regex_t* reg, const UChar* str, const UChar* end,
-	    const UChar* start, const UChar* range, OnigRegion* region, OnigOptionType option)
+            const UChar* start, const UChar* range, OnigRegion* region, OnigOptionType option)
 {
   return onig_search_gpos(reg, str, end, start, start, range, region, option);
 }
 
 extern OnigPosition
 onig_search_gpos(regex_t* reg, const UChar* str, const UChar* end,
-	    const UChar* global_pos,
-	    const UChar* start, const UChar* range, OnigRegion* region, OnigOptionType option)
+            const UChar* global_pos,
+            const UChar* start, const UChar* range, OnigRegion* region, OnigOptionType option)
 {
   ptrdiff_t r;
   UChar *s, *prev;
@@ -5310,62 +4963,69 @@ onig_search_gpos(regex_t* reg, const UChar* str, const UChar* end,
     begin_position:
       if (range > start)
       {
-	if (global_pos > start)
-	{
-	  if (global_pos < range)
-	    range = global_pos + 1;
-	}
-	else
-	  range = start + 1;
+        if (global_pos > start)
+        {
+          if (global_pos < range)
+            range = global_pos + 1;
+        }
+        else
+          range = start + 1;
       }
       else
-	range = start;
+        range = start;
     }
     else if (reg->anchor & ANCHOR_BEGIN_BUF) {
       /* search str-position only */
       if (range > start) {
-	if (start != str) goto mismatch_no_msa;
-	range = str + 1;
+        if (start != str) goto mismatch_no_msa;
+        range = str + 1;
       }
       else {
-	if (range <= str) {
-	  start = str;
-	  range = str;
-	}
-	else
-	  goto mismatch_no_msa;
+        if (range <= str) {
+          start = str;
+          range = str;
+        }
+        else
+          goto mismatch_no_msa;
       }
     }
     else if (reg->anchor & ANCHOR_END_BUF) {
       min_semi_end = max_semi_end = (UChar* )end;
 
     end_buf:
-      if ((OnigDistance )(max_semi_end - str) < reg->anchor_dmin)
-	goto mismatch_no_msa;
+      if ((OnigDistance)(max_semi_end - str) < reg->anchor_dmin)
+        goto mismatch_no_msa;
 
       if (range > start) {
-	if ((OnigDistance )(min_semi_end - start) > reg->anchor_dmax) {
-	  start = min_semi_end - reg->anchor_dmax;
-	  if (start < end)
-	    start = onigenc_get_right_adjust_char_head(reg->enc, str, start, end);
-	}
-	if ((OnigDistance )(max_semi_end - (range - 1)) < reg->anchor_dmin) {
-	  range = max_semi_end - reg->anchor_dmin + 1;
-	}
+        if ((OnigDistance)(min_semi_end - start) > reg->anchor_dmax) {
+          start = min_semi_end - reg->anchor_dmax;
+          if (start < end)
+            start = onigenc_get_right_adjust_char_head(reg->enc, str, start, end);
+        }
+        if ((OnigDistance)(max_semi_end - (range - 1)) < reg->anchor_dmin) {
+          if ((OnigDistance)(max_semi_end - str + 1) < reg->anchor_dmin)
+            goto mismatch_no_msa;
+          else
+            range = max_semi_end - reg->anchor_dmin + 1;
+        }
 
-	if (start > range) goto mismatch_no_msa;
-	/* If start == range, match with empty at end.
-	   Backward search is used. */
+        if (start > range) goto mismatch_no_msa;
+        /* If start == range, match with empty at end.
+           Backward search is used. */
       }
       else {
-	if ((OnigDistance )(min_semi_end - range) > reg->anchor_dmax) {
-	  range = min_semi_end - reg->anchor_dmax;
-	}
-	if ((OnigDistance )(max_semi_end - start) < reg->anchor_dmin) {
-	  start = max_semi_end - reg->anchor_dmin;
-	  start = ONIGENC_LEFT_ADJUST_CHAR_HEAD(reg->enc, str, start, end);
-	}
-	if (range > start) goto mismatch_no_msa;
+        if ((OnigDistance)(min_semi_end - range) > reg->anchor_dmax) {
+          range = min_semi_end - reg->anchor_dmax;
+        }
+        if ((OnigDistance)(max_semi_end - start) < reg->anchor_dmin) {
+          if ((OnigDistance)(max_semi_end - str) < reg->anchor_dmin)
+            goto mismatch_no_msa;
+          else {
+            start = max_semi_end - reg->anchor_dmin;
+            start = ONIGENC_LEFT_ADJUST_CHAR_HEAD(reg->enc, str, start, end);
+          }
+        }
+        if (range > start) goto mismatch_no_msa;
       }
     }
     else if (reg->anchor & ANCHOR_SEMI_END_BUF) {
@@ -5373,23 +5033,23 @@ onig_search_gpos(regex_t* reg, const UChar* str, const UChar* end,
 
       max_semi_end = (UChar* )end;
       if (ONIGENC_IS_MBC_NEWLINE(reg->enc, pre_end, end)) {
-	min_semi_end = pre_end;
+        min_semi_end = pre_end;
 
 #ifdef USE_CRNL_AS_LINE_TERMINATOR
-	pre_end = ONIGENC_STEP_BACK(reg->enc, str, pre_end, end, 1);
-	if (IS_NOT_NULL(pre_end) &&
-	    IS_NEWLINE_CRLF(reg->options) &&
-	    ONIGENC_IS_MBC_CRNL(reg->enc, pre_end, end)) {
-	  min_semi_end = pre_end;
-	}
+        pre_end = ONIGENC_STEP_BACK(reg->enc, str, pre_end, end, 1);
+        if (IS_NOT_NULL(pre_end) &&
+            IS_NEWLINE_CRLF(reg->options) &&
+            ONIGENC_IS_MBC_CRNL(reg->enc, pre_end, end)) {
+          min_semi_end = pre_end;
+        }
 #endif
-	if (min_semi_end > str && start <= min_semi_end) {
-	  goto end_buf;
-	}
+        if (min_semi_end > str && start <= min_semi_end) {
+          goto end_buf;
+        }
       }
       else {
-	min_semi_end = (UChar* )end;
-	goto end_buf;
+        min_semi_end = (UChar* )end;
+        goto end_buf;
       }
     }
     else if ((reg->anchor & ANCHOR_ANYCHAR_STAR_ML)) {
@@ -5421,7 +5081,7 @@ onig_search_gpos(regex_t* reg, const UChar* str, const UChar* end,
 
 #ifdef ONIG_DEBUG_SEARCH
   fprintf(stderr, "onig_search(apply anchor): end: %d, start: %d, range: %d\n",
-	  (int )(end - str), (int )(start - str), (int )(range - str));
+          (int )(end - str), (int )(start - str), (int )(range - str));
 #endif
 
   MATCH_ARG_INIT(msa, option, region, start, global_pos);
@@ -5442,55 +5102,59 @@ onig_search_gpos(regex_t* reg, const UChar* str, const UChar* end,
     if (reg->optimize != ONIG_OPTIMIZE_NONE) {
       UChar *sch_range, *low, *high, *low_prev;
 
-      sch_range = (UChar* )range;
       if (reg->dmax != 0) {
-	if (reg->dmax == ONIG_INFINITE_DISTANCE)
-	  sch_range = (UChar* )end;
-	else {
-	  sch_range += reg->dmax;
-	  if (sch_range > end) sch_range = (UChar* )end;
-	}
+        if (reg->dmax == ONIG_INFINITE_DISTANCE)
+          sch_range = (UChar* )end;
+        else {
+          if ((OnigDistance)(end - range) < reg->dmax)
+            sch_range = (UChar* )end;
+          else {
+            sch_range = (UChar* )range + reg->dmax;
+          }
+        }
       }
+      else
+        sch_range = (UChar* )range;
 
       if ((end - start) < reg->threshold_len)
-	goto mismatch;
+        goto mismatch;
 
       if (reg->dmax != ONIG_INFINITE_DISTANCE) {
-	do {
-	  if (! forward_search_range(reg, str, end, s, sch_range,
-				     &low, &high, &low_prev)) goto mismatch;
-	  if (s < low) {
-	    s    = low;
-	    prev = low_prev;
-	  }
-	  while (s <= high) {
-	    MATCH_AND_RETURN_CHECK(orig_range);
-	    prev = s;
-	    s += enclen(reg->enc, s, end);
-	  }
-	} while (s < range);
-	goto mismatch;
+        do {
+          if (! forward_search_range(reg, str, end, s, sch_range,
+                                     &low, &high, &low_prev)) goto mismatch;
+          if (s < low) {
+            s    = low;
+            prev = low_prev;
+          }
+          while (s <= high) {
+            MATCH_AND_RETURN_CHECK(orig_range);
+            prev = s;
+            s += enclen(reg->enc, s, end);
+          }
+        } while (s < range);
+        goto mismatch;
       }
       else { /* check only. */
-	if (! forward_search_range(reg, str, end, s, sch_range,
-				   &low, &high, (UChar** )NULL)) goto mismatch;
-
-	if ((reg->anchor & ANCHOR_ANYCHAR_STAR) != 0) {
-	  do {
-	    MATCH_AND_RETURN_CHECK(orig_range);
-	    prev = s;
-	    s += enclen(reg->enc, s, end);
-
-	    if ((reg->anchor & (ANCHOR_LOOK_BEHIND | ANCHOR_PREC_READ_NOT)) == 0) {
-	      while (!ONIGENC_IS_MBC_NEWLINE_EX(reg->enc, prev, str, end, reg->options, 0)
-		  && s < range) {
-		prev = s;
-		s += enclen(reg->enc, s, end);
-	      }
-	    }
-	  } while (s < range);
-	  goto mismatch;
-	}
+        if (! forward_search_range(reg, str, end, s, sch_range,
+                                   &low, &high, (UChar** )NULL)) goto mismatch;
+
+        if ((reg->anchor & ANCHOR_ANYCHAR_STAR) != 0) {
+          do {
+            MATCH_AND_RETURN_CHECK(orig_range);
+            prev = s;
+            s += enclen(reg->enc, s, end);
+
+            if ((reg->anchor & (ANCHOR_LOOK_BEHIND | ANCHOR_PREC_READ_NOT)) == 0) {
+              while (!ONIGENC_IS_MBC_NEWLINE_EX(reg->enc, prev, str, end, reg->options, 0)
+                  && s < range) {
+                prev = s;
+                s += enclen(reg->enc, s, end);
+              }
+            }
+          } while (s < range);
+          goto mismatch;
+        }
       }
     }
 
@@ -5507,49 +5171,61 @@ onig_search_gpos(regex_t* reg, const UChar* str, const UChar* end,
   else {  /* backward search */
     if (reg->optimize != ONIG_OPTIMIZE_NONE) {
       UChar *low, *high, *adjrange, *sch_start;
+      const UChar *min_range;
 
       if (range < end)
-	adjrange = ONIGENC_LEFT_ADJUST_CHAR_HEAD(reg->enc, str, range, end);
+        adjrange = ONIGENC_LEFT_ADJUST_CHAR_HEAD(reg->enc, str, range, end);
       else
-	adjrange = (UChar* )end;
+        adjrange = (UChar* )end;
+
+      if ((OnigDistance)(end - range) > reg->dmin)
+        min_range = range + reg->dmin;
+      else
+        min_range = end;
 
       if (reg->dmax != ONIG_INFINITE_DISTANCE &&
-	  (end - range) >= reg->threshold_len) {
-	do {
-	  sch_start = s + reg->dmax;
-	  if (sch_start > end) sch_start = (UChar* )end;
-	  if (backward_search_range(reg, str, end, sch_start, range, adjrange,
-				    &low, &high) <= 0)
-	    goto mismatch;
-
-	  if (s > high)
-	    s = high;
-
-	  while (s >= low) {
-	    prev = onigenc_get_prev_char_head(reg->enc, str, s, end);
-	    MATCH_AND_RETURN_CHECK(orig_start);
-	    s = prev;
-	  }
-	} while (s >= range);
-	goto mismatch;
+          end - range >= reg->threshold_len) {
+        do {
+          if ((OnigDistance)(end - s) > reg->dmax)
+            sch_start = s + reg->dmax;
+          else
+            sch_start = (UChar* )end;
+
+          if (backward_search_range(reg, str, end, sch_start, min_range, adjrange,
+                                    &low, &high) <= 0)
+            goto mismatch;
+
+          if (s > high)
+            s = high;
+
+          while (s >= low) {
+            prev = onigenc_get_prev_char_head(reg->enc, str, s, end);
+            MATCH_AND_RETURN_CHECK(orig_start);
+            s = prev;
+          }
+        } while (s >= range);
+        goto mismatch;
       }
       else { /* check only. */
-	if ((end - range) < reg->threshold_len) goto mismatch;
-
-	sch_start = s;
-	if (reg->dmax != 0) {
-	  if (reg->dmax == ONIG_INFINITE_DISTANCE)
-	    sch_start = (UChar* )end;
-	  else {
-	    sch_start += reg->dmax;
-	    if (sch_start > end) sch_start = (UChar* )end;
-	    else
-	      sch_start = ONIGENC_LEFT_ADJUST_CHAR_HEAD(reg->enc,
-						    start, sch_start, end);
-	  }
-	}
-	if (backward_search_range(reg, str, end, sch_start, range, adjrange,
-				  &low, &high) <= 0) goto mismatch;
+        if (end - range < reg->threshold_len) goto mismatch;
+
+        if (reg->dmax != 0) {
+          if (reg->dmax == ONIG_INFINITE_DISTANCE)
+            sch_start = (UChar* )end;
+          else {
+            if ((OnigDistance)(end - s) > reg->dmax) {
+              sch_start = s + reg->dmax;
+              sch_start = ONIGENC_LEFT_ADJUST_CHAR_HEAD(reg->enc,
+                                                    start, sch_start, end);
+            } else
+              sch_start = (UChar* )end;
+          }
+        }
+        else
+          sch_start = (UChar* )s;
+
+        if (backward_search_range(reg, str, end, sch_start, min_range, adjrange,
+                                  &low, &high) <= 0) goto mismatch;
       }
     }
 
@@ -5606,9 +5282,9 @@ timeout:
 
 extern OnigPosition
 onig_scan(regex_t* reg, const UChar* str, const UChar* end,
-	  OnigRegion* region, OnigOptionType option,
-	  int (*scan_callback)(OnigPosition, OnigPosition, OnigRegion*, void*),
-	  void* callback_arg)
+          OnigRegion* region, OnigOptionType option,
+          int (*scan_callback)(OnigPosition, OnigPosition, OnigRegion*, void*),
+          void* callback_arg)
 {
   OnigPosition r;
   OnigPosition n;
@@ -5623,17 +5299,17 @@ onig_scan(regex_t* reg, const UChar* str, const UChar* end,
       rs = scan_callback(n, r, region, callback_arg);
       n++;
       if (rs != 0)
-	return rs;
+        return rs;
 
       if (region->end[0] == start - str) {
-	if (start >= end) break;
-	start += enclen(reg->enc, start, end);
+        if (start >= end) break;
+        start += enclen(reg->enc, start, end);
       }
       else
-	start = str + region->end[0];
+        start = str + region->end[0];
 
       if (start > end)
-	break;
+        break;
     }
     else if (r == ONIG_MISMATCH) {
       break;
diff --git a/regint.h b/regint.h
index 75abfba235..3f4aa919e5 100644
--- a/regint.h
+++ b/regint.h
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@
 **********************************************************************/
 /*-
  * Copyright (c) 2002-2013  K.Kosako  <sndgk393 AT ybb DOT ne DOT jp>
- * Copyright (c) 2011-2016  K.Takata  <kentkt AT csc DOT jp>
+ * Copyright (c) 2011-2019  K.Takata  <kentkt AT csc DOT jp>
  * All rights reserved.
  *
  * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
@@ -86,13 +86,12 @@
 /* #define USE_OP_PUSH_OR_JUMP_EXACT */
 #define USE_QTFR_PEEK_NEXT
 #define USE_ST_LIBRARY
-#define USE_SUNDAY_QUICK_SEARCH
 
 #define INIT_MATCH_STACK_SIZE                     160
 #define DEFAULT_MATCH_STACK_LIMIT_SIZE              0 /* unlimited */
 #define DEFAULT_PARSE_DEPTH_LIMIT                4096
 
-#define OPT_EXACT_MAXLEN   24
+#define OPT_EXACT_MAXLEN   24	/* This must be smaller than ONIG_CHAR_TABLE_SIZE. */
 
 /* check config */
 #if defined(USE_PERL_SUBEXP_CALL) || defined(USE_CAPITAL_P_NAMED_GROUP)
@@ -216,9 +215,7 @@
 #define xmemcpy     memcpy
 #define xmemmove    memmove
 
-#if ((defined(RUBY_MSVCRT_VERSION) && RUBY_MSVCRT_VERSION >= 90) \
-        || (!defined(RUBY_MSVCRT_VERSION) && defined(_WIN32))) \
-    && !defined(__GNUC__)
+#if defined(_WIN32) && !defined(__GNUC__)
 # define xalloca     _alloca
 # define xvsnprintf(buf,size,fmt,args)  _vsnprintf_s(buf,size,_TRUNCATE,fmt,args)
 # define xsnprintf   sprintf_s
@@ -267,19 +264,6 @@
 # include <stdio.h>
 #endif
 
-#ifdef _WIN32
-# if defined(_MSC_VER) && (_MSC_VER < 1300)
-#  ifndef _INTPTR_T_DEFINED
-#   define _INTPTR_T_DEFINED
-typedef int intptr_t;
-#  endif
-#  ifndef _UINTPTR_T_DEFINED
-#   define _UINTPTR_T_DEFINED
-typedef unsigned int uintptr_t;
-#  endif
-# endif
-#endif /* _WIN32 */
-
 #ifndef PRIdPTR
 # ifdef _WIN64
 #  define PRIdPTR	"I64d"
diff --git a/regparse.c b/regparse.c
index 7b2bc7eea8..123b3015a5 100644
--- a/regparse.c
+++ b/regparse.c
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 **********************************************************************/
 /*-
  * Copyright (c) 2002-2008  K.Kosako  <sndgk393 AT ybb DOT ne DOT jp>
- * Copyright (c) 2011-2016  K.Takata  <kentkt AT csc DOT jp>
+ * Copyright (c) 2011-2019  K.Takata  <kentkt AT csc DOT jp>
  * All rights reserved.
  *
  * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
@@ -329,7 +329,7 @@ strdup_with_null(OnigEncoding enc, const UChar* s, const UChar* end)
 
 static UChar*
 strcat_capa(UChar* dest, UChar* dest_end, const UChar* src, const UChar* src_end,
-	      size_t capa)
+              size_t capa)
 {
   UChar* r;
 
@@ -346,7 +346,7 @@ strcat_capa(UChar* dest, UChar* dest_end, const UChar* src, const UChar* src_end
 /* dest on static area */
 static UChar*
 strcat_capa_from_static(UChar* dest, UChar* dest_end,
-			const UChar* src, const UChar* src_end, size_t capa)
+                        const UChar* src, const UChar* src_end, size_t capa)
 {
   UChar* r;
 
@@ -426,7 +426,7 @@ onig_st_init_strend_table_with_size(st_index_t size)
 
 extern int
 onig_st_lookup_strend(hash_table_type* table, const UChar* str_key,
-		      const UChar* end_key, hash_data_type *value)
+                      const UChar* end_key, hash_data_type *value)
 {
   st_str_end_key key;
 
@@ -438,7 +438,7 @@ onig_st_lookup_strend(hash_table_type* table, const UChar* str_key,
 
 extern int
 onig_st_insert_strend(hash_table_type* table, const UChar* str_key,
-		      const UChar* end_key, hash_data_type value)
+                      const UChar* end_key, hash_data_type value)
 {
   st_str_end_key* key;
   int result;
@@ -629,10 +629,10 @@ i_names(HashDataType key_ ARG_UNUSED, HashDataType e_, HashDataType arg_)
   NameEntry* e = (NameEntry *)e_;
   INamesArg* arg = (INamesArg *)arg_;
   int r = (*(arg->func))(e->name,
-			 e->name + e->name_len,
-			 e->back_num,
-			 (e->back_num > 1 ? e->back_refs : &(e->back_ref1)),
-			 arg->reg, arg->arg);
+                         e->name + e->name_len,
+                         e->back_num,
+                         (e->back_num > 1 ? e->back_refs : &(e->back_ref1)),
+                         arg->reg, arg->arg);
   if (r != 0) {
     arg->ret = r;
     return ST_STOP;
@@ -724,16 +724,16 @@ onig_print_names(FILE* fp, regex_t* reg)
       e = &(t->e[i]);
       fprintf(fp, "%s: ", e->name);
       if (e->back_num == 0) {
-	fputs("-", fp);
+        fputs("-", fp);
       }
       else if (e->back_num == 1) {
-	fprintf(fp, "%d", e->back_ref1);
+        fprintf(fp, "%d", e->back_ref1);
       }
       else {
-	for (j = 0; j < e->back_num; j++) {
-	  if (j > 0) fprintf(fp, ", ");
-	  fprintf(fp, "%d", e->back_refs[j]);
-	}
+        for (j = 0; j < e->back_num; j++) {
+          if (j > 0) fprintf(fp, ", ");
+          fprintf(fp, "%d", e->back_refs[j]);
+        }
       }
       fputs("\n", fp);
     }
@@ -754,13 +754,13 @@ names_clear(regex_t* reg)
     for (i = 0; i < t->num; i++) {
       e = &(t->e[i]);
       if (IS_NOT_NULL(e->name)) {
-	xfree(e->name);
-	e->name       = NULL;
-	e->name_len   = 0;
-	e->back_num   = 0;
-	e->back_alloc = 0;
-	xfree(e->back_refs);
-	e->back_refs = (int* )NULL;
+        xfree(e->name);
+        e->name       = NULL;
+        e->name_len   = 0;
+        e->back_num   = 0;
+        e->back_alloc = 0;
+        xfree(e->back_refs);
+        e->back_refs = (int* )NULL;
       }
     }
 
@@ -840,7 +840,7 @@ name_find(regex_t* reg, const UChar* name, const UChar* name_end)
     for (i = 0; i < t->num; i++) {
       e = &(t->e[i]);
       if (len == e->name_len && onig_strncmp(name, e->name, len) == 0)
-	return e;
+        return e;
     }
   }
   return (NameEntry* )NULL;
@@ -858,8 +858,8 @@ onig_foreach_name(regex_t* reg,
     for (i = 0; i < t->num; i++) {
       e = &(t->e[i]);
       r = (*func)(e->name, e->name + e->name_len, e->back_num,
-		  (e->back_num > 1 ? e->back_refs : &(e->back_ref1)),
-		  reg, arg);
+                  (e->back_num > 1 ? e->back_refs : &(e->back_ref1)),
+                  reg, arg);
       if (r != 0) return r;
     }
   }
@@ -948,8 +948,8 @@ name_add(regex_t* reg, UChar* name, UChar* name_end, int backref, ScanEnv* env)
 
       t->e = (NameEntry* )xmalloc(sizeof(NameEntry) * alloc);
       if (IS_NULL(t->e)) {
-	xfree(t);
-	return ONIGERR_MEMORY;
+        xfree(t);
+        return ONIGERR_MEMORY;
       }
       t->alloc = alloc;
       reg->name_table = t;
@@ -967,11 +967,11 @@ name_add(regex_t* reg, UChar* name, UChar* name_end, int backref, ScanEnv* env)
 
     clear:
       for (i = t->num; i < t->alloc; i++) {
-	t->e[i].name       = NULL;
-	t->e[i].name_len   = 0;
-	t->e[i].back_num   = 0;
-	t->e[i].back_alloc = 0;
-	t->e[i].back_refs  = (int* )NULL;
+        t->e[i].name       = NULL;
+        t->e[i].name_len   = 0;
+        t->e[i].back_num   = 0;
+        t->e[i].back_alloc = 0;
+        t->e[i].back_refs  = (int* )NULL;
       }
     }
     e = &(t->e[t->num]);
@@ -985,7 +985,7 @@ name_add(regex_t* reg, UChar* name, UChar* name_end, int backref, ScanEnv* env)
   if (e->back_num >= 1 &&
       ! IS_SYNTAX_BV(env->syntax, ONIG_SYN_ALLOW_MULTIPLEX_DEFINITION_NAME)) {
     onig_scan_env_set_error_string(env, ONIGERR_MULTIPLEX_DEFINED_NAME,
-				    name, name_end);
+                                    name, name_end);
     return ONIGERR_MULTIPLEX_DEFINED_NAME;
   }
 
@@ -1004,12 +1004,12 @@ name_add(regex_t* reg, UChar* name, UChar* name_end, int backref, ScanEnv* env)
     }
     else {
       if (e->back_num > e->back_alloc) {
-	int* p;
-	alloc = e->back_alloc * 2;
-	p = (int* )xrealloc(e->back_refs, sizeof(int) * alloc);
-	CHECK_NULL_RETURN_MEMERR(p);
-	e->back_refs = p;
-	e->back_alloc = alloc;
+        int* p;
+        alloc = e->back_alloc * 2;
+        p = (int* )xrealloc(e->back_refs, sizeof(int) * alloc);
+        CHECK_NULL_RETURN_MEMERR(p);
+        e->back_refs = p;
+        e->back_alloc = alloc;
       }
       e->back_refs[e->back_num - 1] = backref;
     }
@@ -1020,7 +1020,7 @@ name_add(regex_t* reg, UChar* name, UChar* name_end, int backref, ScanEnv* env)
 
 extern int
 onig_name_to_group_numbers(regex_t* reg, const UChar* name,
-			   const UChar* name_end, int** nums)
+                           const UChar* name_end, int** nums)
 {
   NameEntry* e = name_find(reg, name, name_end);
 
@@ -1042,7 +1042,7 @@ onig_name_to_group_numbers(regex_t* reg, const UChar* name,
 
 extern int
 onig_name_to_backref_number(regex_t* reg, const UChar* name,
-			    const UChar* name_end, const OnigRegion *region)
+                            const UChar* name_end, const OnigRegion *region)
 {
   int i, n, *nums;
 
@@ -1056,8 +1056,8 @@ onig_name_to_backref_number(regex_t* reg, const UChar* name,
   else {
     if (IS_NOT_NULL(region)) {
       for (i = n - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
-	if (region->beg[nums[i]] != ONIG_REGION_NOTPOS)
-	  return nums[i];
+        if (region->beg[nums[i]] != ONIG_REGION_NOTPOS)
+          return nums[i];
       }
     }
     return nums[n - 1];
@@ -1068,14 +1068,14 @@ onig_name_to_backref_number(regex_t* reg, const UChar* name,
 
 extern int
 onig_name_to_group_numbers(regex_t* reg, const UChar* name,
-			   const UChar* name_end, int** nums)
+                           const UChar* name_end, int** nums)
 {
   return ONIG_NO_SUPPORT_CONFIG;
 }
 
 extern int
 onig_name_to_backref_number(regex_t* reg, const UChar* name,
-			    const UChar* name_end, const OnigRegion* region)
+                            const UChar* name_end, const OnigRegion* region)
 {
   return ONIG_NO_SUPPORT_CONFIG;
 }
@@ -1164,20 +1164,20 @@ scan_env_add_mem_entry(ScanEnv* env)
   if (need >= SCANENV_MEMNODES_SIZE) {
     if (env->mem_alloc <= need) {
       if (IS_NULL(env->mem_nodes_dynamic)) {
-	alloc = INIT_SCANENV_MEMNODES_ALLOC_SIZE;
-	p = (Node** )xmalloc(sizeof(Node*) * alloc);
-	CHECK_NULL_RETURN_MEMERR(p);
-	xmemcpy(p, env->mem_nodes_static,
-		sizeof(Node*) * SCANENV_MEMNODES_SIZE);
+        alloc = INIT_SCANENV_MEMNODES_ALLOC_SIZE;
+        p = (Node** )xmalloc(sizeof(Node*) * alloc);
+        CHECK_NULL_RETURN_MEMERR(p);
+        xmemcpy(p, env->mem_nodes_static,
+                sizeof(Node*) * SCANENV_MEMNODES_SIZE);
       }
       else {
-	alloc = env->mem_alloc * 2;
-	p = (Node** )xrealloc(env->mem_nodes_dynamic, sizeof(Node*) * alloc);
-	CHECK_NULL_RETURN_MEMERR(p);
+        alloc = env->mem_alloc * 2;
+        p = (Node** )xrealloc(env->mem_nodes_dynamic, sizeof(Node*) * alloc);
+        CHECK_NULL_RETURN_MEMERR(p);
       }
 
       for (i = env->num_mem + 1; i < alloc; i++)
-	p[i] = NULL_NODE;
+        p[i] = NULL_NODE;
 
       env->mem_nodes_dynamic = p;
       env->mem_alloc = alloc;
@@ -1208,7 +1208,7 @@ onig_node_free(Node* node)
   switch (NTYPE(node)) {
   case NT_STR:
     if (NSTR(node)->capa != 0 &&
-	IS_NOT_NULL(NSTR(node)->s) && NSTR(node)->s != NSTR(node)->buf) {
+        IS_NOT_NULL(NSTR(node)->s) && NSTR(node)->s != NSTR(node)->buf) {
       xfree(NSTR(node)->s);
     }
     break;
@@ -1371,9 +1371,9 @@ onig_node_new_anchor(int type)
 static Node*
 node_new_backref(int back_num, int* backrefs, int by_name,
 #ifdef USE_BACKREF_WITH_LEVEL
-		 int exist_level, int nest_level,
+                 int exist_level, int nest_level,
 #endif
-		 ScanEnv* env)
+                 ScanEnv* env)
 {
   int i;
   Node* node = node_new();
@@ -1396,7 +1396,7 @@ node_new_backref(int back_num, int* backrefs, int by_name,
 
   for (i = 0; i < back_num; i++) {
     if (backrefs[i] <= env->num_mem &&
-	IS_NULL(SCANENV_MEM_NODES(env)[backrefs[i]])) {
+        IS_NULL(SCANENV_MEM_NODES(env)[backrefs[i]])) {
       NBREF(node)->state |= NST_RECURSION;   /* /...(\1).../ */
       break;
     }
@@ -1521,18 +1521,18 @@ onig_node_str_cat(Node* node, const UChar* s, const UChar* end)
       ptrdiff_t capa = len + addlen + NODE_STR_MARGIN;
 
       if (capa <= NSTR(node)->capa) {
-	onig_strcpy(NSTR(node)->s + len, s, end);
+        onig_strcpy(NSTR(node)->s + len, s, end);
       }
       else {
-	if (NSTR(node)->s == NSTR(node)->buf)
-	  p = strcat_capa_from_static(NSTR(node)->s, NSTR(node)->end,
-				      s, end, capa);
-	else
-	  p = strcat_capa(NSTR(node)->s, NSTR(node)->end, s, end, capa);
+        if (NSTR(node)->s == NSTR(node)->buf)
+          p = strcat_capa_from_static(NSTR(node)->s, NSTR(node)->end,
+                                      s, end, capa);
+        else
+          p = strcat_capa(NSTR(node)->s, NSTR(node)->end, s, end, capa);
 
-	CHECK_NULL_RETURN_MEMERR(p);
-	NSTR(node)->s    = p;
-	NSTR(node)->capa = (int )capa;
+        CHECK_NULL_RETURN_MEMERR(p);
+        NSTR(node)->s    = p;
+        NSTR(node)->capa = (int )capa;
       }
     }
     else {
@@ -1654,7 +1654,7 @@ str_node_split_last_char(StrNode* sn, OnigEncoding enc)
     if (p && p > sn->s) { /* can be split. */
       n = node_new_str(p, sn->end);
       if (IS_NOT_NULL(n) && (sn->flag & NSTR_RAW) != 0)
-	NSTRING_SET_RAW(n);
+        NSTRING_SET_RAW(n);
       sn->end = (UChar* )p;
     }
   }
@@ -1702,7 +1702,7 @@ onig_scan_unsigned_number(UChar** src, const UChar* end, OnigEncoding enc)
     if (ONIGENC_IS_CODE_DIGIT(enc, c)) {
       val = (unsigned int )DIGITVAL(c);
       if ((INT_MAX_LIMIT - val) / 10UL < num)
-	return -1;  /* overflow */
+        return -1;  /* overflow */
 
       num = num * 10 + val;
     }
@@ -1717,7 +1717,7 @@ onig_scan_unsigned_number(UChar** src, const UChar* end, OnigEncoding enc)
 
 static int
 scan_unsigned_hexadecimal_number(UChar** src, UChar* end, int minlen,
-				 int maxlen, OnigEncoding enc)
+                                 int maxlen, OnigEncoding enc)
 {
   OnigCodePoint c;
   unsigned int num, val;
@@ -1732,7 +1732,7 @@ scan_unsigned_hexadecimal_number(UChar** src, UChar* end, int minlen,
     if (ONIGENC_IS_CODE_XDIGIT(enc, c)) {
       val = (unsigned int )XDIGITVAL(enc,c);
       if ((INT_MAX_LIMIT - val) / 16UL < num)
-	return -1;  /* overflow */
+        return -1;  /* overflow */
 
       num = (num << 4) + XDIGITVAL(enc,c);
     }
@@ -1750,7 +1750,7 @@ scan_unsigned_hexadecimal_number(UChar** src, UChar* end, int minlen,
 
 static int
 scan_unsigned_octal_number(UChar** src, UChar* end, int maxlen,
-			   OnigEncoding enc)
+                           OnigEncoding enc)
 {
   OnigCodePoint c;
   unsigned int num, val;
@@ -1763,7 +1763,7 @@ scan_unsigned_octal_number(UChar** src, UChar* end, int maxlen,
     if (ONIGENC_IS_CODE_DIGIT(enc, c) && c < '8') {
       val = ODIGITVAL(c);
       if ((INT_MAX_LIMIT - val) / 8UL < num)
-	return -1;  /* overflow */
+        return -1;  /* overflow */
 
       num = (num << 3) + val;
     }
@@ -1804,7 +1804,7 @@ new_code_range(BBuf** pbuf)
 
 static int
 add_code_range_to_buf0(BBuf** pbuf, ScanEnv* env, OnigCodePoint from, OnigCodePoint to,
-	int checkdup)
+        int checkdup)
 {
   int r, inc_n, pos;
   OnigCodePoint low, high, bound, x;
@@ -1855,7 +1855,7 @@ add_code_range_to_buf0(BBuf** pbuf, ScanEnv* env, OnigCodePoint from, OnigCodePo
 
   if (inc_n != 1) {
     if (checkdup && from <= data[low*2+1]
-	&& (data[low*2] <= from || data[low*2+1] <= to))
+        && (data[low*2] <= from || data[low*2+1] <= to))
       CC_DUP_WARN(env, from, to);
     if (from > data[low*2])
       from = data[low*2];
@@ -1869,8 +1869,8 @@ add_code_range_to_buf0(BBuf** pbuf, ScanEnv* env, OnigCodePoint from, OnigCodePo
 
     if (inc_n > 0) {
       if (high < n) {
-	int size = (n - high) * 2 * SIZE_CODE_POINT;
-	BBUF_MOVE_RIGHT(bbuf, from_pos, to_pos, size);
+        int size = (n - high) * 2 * SIZE_CODE_POINT;
+        BBUF_MOVE_RIGHT(bbuf, from_pos, to_pos, size);
       }
     }
     else {
@@ -1980,10 +1980,10 @@ or_code_range_buf(OnigEncoding enc, BBuf* bbuf1, int not1,
     }
     else {
       if (not2 == 0) {
-	return bbuf_clone(pbuf, bbuf2);
+        return bbuf_clone(pbuf, bbuf2);
       }
       else {
-	return not_code_range_buf(enc, bbuf2, pbuf, env);
+        return not_code_range_buf(enc, bbuf2, pbuf, env);
       }
     }
   }
@@ -2014,7 +2014,7 @@ or_code_range_buf(OnigEncoding enc, BBuf* bbuf1, int not1,
 
 static int
 and_code_range1(BBuf** pbuf, ScanEnv* env, OnigCodePoint from1, OnigCodePoint to1,
-		OnigCodePoint* data, int n)
+                OnigCodePoint* data, int n)
 {
   int i, r;
   OnigCodePoint from2, to2;
@@ -2025,19 +2025,19 @@ and_code_range1(BBuf** pbuf, ScanEnv* env, OnigCodePoint from1, OnigCodePoint to
     if (from2 < from1) {
       if (to2 < from1) continue;
       else {
-	from1 = to2 + 1;
+        from1 = to2 + 1;
       }
     }
     else if (from2 <= to1) {
       if (to2 < to1) {
-	if (from1 <= from2 - 1) {
-	  r = add_code_range_to_buf(pbuf, env, from1, from2-1);
-	  if (r != 0) return r;
-	}
-	from1 = to2 + 1;
+        if (from1 <= from2 - 1) {
+          r = add_code_range_to_buf(pbuf, env, from1, from2-1);
+          if (r != 0) return r;
+        }
+        from1 = to2 + 1;
       }
       else {
-	to1 = from2 - 1;
+        to1 = from2 - 1;
       }
     }
     else {
@@ -2086,14 +2086,14 @@ and_code_range_buf(BBuf* bbuf1, int not1, BBuf* bbuf2, int not2, BBuf** pbuf, Sc
       from1 = data1[i*2];
       to1   = data1[i*2+1];
       for (j = 0; j < n2; j++) {
-	from2 = data2[j*2];
-	to2   = data2[j*2+1];
-	if (from2 > to1) break;
-	if (to2 < from1) continue;
-	from = MAX(from1, from2);
-	to   = MIN(to1, to2);
-	r = add_code_range_to_buf(pbuf, env, from, to);
-	if (r != 0) return r;
+        from2 = data2[j*2];
+        to2   = data2[j*2+1];
+        if (from2 > to1) break;
+        if (to2 < from1) continue;
+        from = MAX(from1, from2);
+        to   = MIN(to1, to2);
+        r = add_code_range_to_buf(pbuf, env, from, to);
+        if (r != 0) return r;
       }
     }
   }
@@ -2149,10 +2149,10 @@ and_cclass(CClassNode* dest, CClassNode* cc, ScanEnv* env)
     else {
       r = and_code_range_buf(buf1, not1, buf2, not2, &pbuf, env);
       if (r == 0 && not1 != 0) {
-	BBuf *tbuf = 0;
-	r = not_code_range_buf(enc, pbuf, &tbuf, env);
-	bbuf_free(pbuf);
-	pbuf = tbuf;
+        BBuf *tbuf = 0;
+        r = not_code_range_buf(enc, pbuf, &tbuf, env);
+        bbuf_free(pbuf);
+        pbuf = tbuf;
       }
     }
     if (r != 0) {
@@ -2207,10 +2207,10 @@ or_cclass(CClassNode* dest, CClassNode* cc, ScanEnv* env)
     else {
       r = or_code_range_buf(enc, buf1, not1, buf2, not2, &pbuf, env);
       if (r == 0 && not1 != 0) {
-	BBuf *tbuf = 0;
-	r = not_code_range_buf(enc, pbuf, &tbuf, env);
-	bbuf_free(pbuf);
-	pbuf = tbuf;
+        BBuf *tbuf = 0;
+        r = not_code_range_buf(enc, pbuf, &tbuf, env);
+        bbuf_free(pbuf);
+        pbuf = tbuf;
       }
     }
     if (r != 0) {
@@ -2242,12 +2242,12 @@ conv_backslash_value(OnigCodePoint c, ScanEnv* env)
     case 'e': return '\033';
     case 'v':
       if (IS_SYNTAX_OP2(env->syntax, ONIG_SYN_OP2_ESC_V_VTAB))
-	return '\v';
+        return '\v';
       break;
 
     default:
       if (('a' <= c && c <= 'z') || ('A' <= c && c <= 'Z'))
-	  UNKNOWN_ESC_WARN(env, c);
+          UNKNOWN_ESC_WARN(env, c);
       break;
     }
   }
@@ -2506,7 +2506,7 @@ fetch_range_quantifier(UChar** src, UChar* end, OnigToken* tok, ScanEnv* env)
 
     if (p == prev) {
       if (non_low != 0)
-	goto invalid;
+        goto invalid;
       up = REPEAT_INFINITE;  /* {n,} : {n,infinite} */
     }
   }
@@ -2566,8 +2566,8 @@ fetch_escaped_value(UChar** src, UChar* end, ScanEnv* env, OnigCodePoint* val)
       if (PEND) return ONIGERR_END_PATTERN_AT_META;
       PFETCH_S(c);
       if (c == MC_ESC(env->syntax)) {
-	v = fetch_escaped_value(&p, end, env, &c);
-	if (v < 0) return v;
+        v = fetch_escaped_value(&p, end, env, &c);
+        if (v < 0) return v;
       }
       c = ((c & 0xff) | 0x80);
     }
@@ -2591,14 +2591,14 @@ fetch_escaped_value(UChar** src, UChar* end, ScanEnv* env, OnigCodePoint* val)
       if (PEND) return ONIGERR_END_PATTERN_AT_CONTROL;
       PFETCH_S(c);
       if (c == '?') {
-	c = 0177;
+        c = 0177;
       }
       else {
-	if (c == MC_ESC(env->syntax)) {
-	  v = fetch_escaped_value(&p, end, env, &c);
-	  if (v < 0) return v;
-	}
-	c &= 0x9f;
+        if (c == MC_ESC(env->syntax)) {
+          v = fetch_escaped_value(&p, end, env, &c);
+          if (v < 0) return v;
+        }
+        c &= 0x9f;
       }
       break;
     }
@@ -2649,8 +2649,8 @@ get_name_end_code_point(OnigCodePoint start)
 */
 static int
 fetch_name_with_level(OnigCodePoint start_code, UChar** src, UChar* end,
-		      UChar** rname_end, ScanEnv* env,
-		      int* rback_num, int* rlevel)
+                      UChar** rname_end, ScanEnv* env,
+                      int* rback_num, int* rlevel)
 {
   int r, sign, is_num, exist_level;
   OnigCodePoint end_code;
@@ -2701,11 +2701,11 @@ fetch_name_with_level(OnigCodePoint start_code, UChar** src, UChar* end,
 
     if (is_num != 0) {
       if (ONIGENC_IS_CODE_DIGIT(enc, c)) {
-	is_num = 1;
+        is_num = 1;
       }
       else {
-	r = ONIGERR_INVALID_GROUP_NAME;
-	is_num = 0;
+        r = ONIGERR_INVALID_GROUP_NAME;
+        is_num = 0;
       }
     }
     else if (!ONIGENC_IS_CODE_NAME(enc, c)) {
@@ -2719,8 +2719,8 @@ fetch_name_with_level(OnigCodePoint start_code, UChar** src, UChar* end,
       int flag = (c == '-' ? -1 : 1);
 
       if (PEND) {
-	r = ONIGERR_INVALID_CHAR_IN_GROUP_NAME;
-	goto end;
+        r = ONIGERR_INVALID_CHAR_IN_GROUP_NAME;
+        goto end;
       }
       PFETCH(c);
       if (! ONIGENC_IS_CODE_DIGIT(enc, c)) goto err;
@@ -2731,9 +2731,9 @@ fetch_name_with_level(OnigCodePoint start_code, UChar** src, UChar* end,
       exist_level = 1;
 
       if (!PEND) {
-	PFETCH(c);
-	if (c == end_code)
-	  goto end;
+        PFETCH(c);
+        if (c == end_code)
+          goto end;
       }
     }
 
@@ -2769,7 +2769,7 @@ fetch_name_with_level(OnigCodePoint start_code, UChar** src, UChar* end,
 */
 static int
 fetch_name(OnigCodePoint start_code, UChar** src, UChar* end,
-	   UChar** rname_end, ScanEnv* env, int* rback_num, int ref)
+           UChar** rname_end, ScanEnv* env, int* rback_num, int ref)
 {
   int r, is_num, sign;
   OnigCodePoint end_code;
@@ -2798,21 +2798,21 @@ fetch_name(OnigCodePoint start_code, UChar** src, UChar* end,
 
     if (ONIGENC_IS_CODE_DIGIT(enc, c)) {
       if (ref == 1)
-	is_num = 1;
+        is_num = 1;
       else {
-	r = ONIGERR_INVALID_GROUP_NAME;
-	is_num = 0;
+        r = ONIGERR_INVALID_GROUP_NAME;
+        is_num = 0;
       }
     }
     else if (c == '-') {
       if (ref == 1) {
-	is_num = 2;
-	sign = -1;
-	pnum_head = p;
+        is_num = 2;
+        sign = -1;
+        pnum_head = p;
       }
       else {
-	r = ONIGERR_INVALID_GROUP_NAME;
-	is_num = 0;
+        r = ONIGERR_INVALID_GROUP_NAME;
+        is_num = 0;
       }
     }
     else if (!ONIGENC_IS_CODE_NAME(enc, c)) {
@@ -2825,30 +2825,30 @@ fetch_name(OnigCodePoint start_code, UChar** src, UChar* end,
       name_end = p;
       PFETCH_S(c);
       if (c == end_code || c == ')') {
-	if (is_num == 2) {
-	  r = ONIGERR_INVALID_GROUP_NAME;
-	  goto teardown;
-	}
-	break;
+        if (is_num == 2) {
+          r = ONIGERR_INVALID_GROUP_NAME;
+          goto teardown;
+        }
+        break;
       }
 
       if (is_num != 0) {
-	if (ONIGENC_IS_CODE_DIGIT(enc, c)) {
-	  is_num = 1;
-	}
-	else {
-	  if (!ONIGENC_IS_CODE_WORD(enc, c))
-	    r = ONIGERR_INVALID_CHAR_IN_GROUP_NAME;
-	  else
-	    r = ONIGERR_INVALID_GROUP_NAME;
-	  goto teardown;
-	}
+        if (ONIGENC_IS_CODE_DIGIT(enc, c)) {
+          is_num = 1;
+        }
+        else {
+          if (!ONIGENC_IS_CODE_WORD(enc, c))
+            r = ONIGERR_INVALID_CHAR_IN_GROUP_NAME;
+          else
+            r = ONIGERR_INVALID_GROUP_NAME;
+          goto teardown;
+        }
       }
       else {
-	if (!ONIGENC_IS_CODE_NAME(enc, c)) {
-	  r = ONIGERR_INVALID_CHAR_IN_GROUP_NAME;
-	  goto teardown;
-	}
+        if (!ONIGENC_IS_CODE_NAME(enc, c)) {
+          r = ONIGERR_INVALID_CHAR_IN_GROUP_NAME;
+          goto teardown;
+        }
       }
     }
 
@@ -2862,8 +2862,8 @@ fetch_name(OnigCodePoint start_code, UChar** src, UChar* end,
       *rback_num = onig_scan_unsigned_number(&pnum_head, name_end, enc);
       if (*rback_num < 0) return ONIGERR_TOO_BIG_NUMBER;
       else if (*rback_num == 0) {
-	r = ONIGERR_INVALID_GROUP_NAME;
-	goto err;
+        r = ONIGERR_INVALID_GROUP_NAME;
+        goto err;
       }
 
       *rback_num *= sign;
@@ -2879,7 +2879,7 @@ teardown:
       name_end = p;
       PFETCH_S(c);
       if (c == end_code || c == ')')
-	break;
+        break;
     }
     if (PEND)
       name_end = end;
@@ -2892,7 +2892,7 @@ teardown:
 #else
 static int
 fetch_name(OnigCodePoint start_code, UChar** src, UChar* end,
-	   UChar** rname_end, ScanEnv* env, int* rback_num, int ref)
+           UChar** rname_end, ScanEnv* env, int* rback_num, int ref)
 {
   int r, is_num, sign;
   OnigCodePoint end_code;
@@ -2980,8 +2980,8 @@ onig_syntax_warn(ScanEnv *env, const char *fmt, ...)
     UChar buf[WARN_BUFSIZE];
     va_start(args, fmt);
     onig_vsnprintf_with_pattern(buf, WARN_BUFSIZE, env->enc,
-		env->pattern, env->pattern_end,
-		fmt, args);
+                env->pattern, env->pattern_end,
+                fmt, args);
     va_end(args);
 #ifdef RUBY
     if (env->sourcefile == NULL)
@@ -3043,7 +3043,7 @@ UNKNOWN_ESC_WARN(ScanEnv *env, int c)
 
 static UChar*
 find_str_position(OnigCodePoint s[], int n, UChar* from, UChar* to,
-		  UChar **next, OnigEncoding enc)
+                  UChar **next, OnigEncoding enc)
 {
   int i;
   OnigCodePoint x;
@@ -3055,14 +3055,14 @@ find_str_position(OnigCodePoint s[], int n, UChar* from, UChar* to,
     q = p + enclen(enc, p, to);
     if (x == s[0]) {
       for (i = 1; i < n && q < to; i++) {
-	x = ONIGENC_MBC_TO_CODE(enc, q, to);
-	if (x != s[i]) break;
-	q += enclen(enc, q, to);
+        x = ONIGENC_MBC_TO_CODE(enc, q, to);
+        if (x != s[i]) break;
+        q += enclen(enc, q, to);
       }
       if (i >= n) {
-	if (IS_NOT_NULL(next))
-	  *next = q;
-	return p;
+        if (IS_NOT_NULL(next))
+          *next = q;
+        return p;
       }
     }
     p = q;
@@ -3072,7 +3072,7 @@ find_str_position(OnigCodePoint s[], int n, UChar* from, UChar* to,
 
 static int
 str_exist_check_with_esc(OnigCodePoint s[], int n, UChar* from, UChar* to,
-		 OnigCodePoint bad, OnigEncoding enc, const OnigSyntaxType* syn)
+                 OnigCodePoint bad, OnigEncoding enc, const OnigSyntaxType* syn)
 {
   int i, in_esc;
   OnigCodePoint x;
@@ -3089,19 +3089,19 @@ str_exist_check_with_esc(OnigCodePoint s[], int n, UChar* from, UChar* to,
       x = ONIGENC_MBC_TO_CODE(enc, p, to);
       q = p + enclen(enc, p, to);
       if (x == s[0]) {
-	for (i = 1; i < n && q < to; i++) {
-	  x = ONIGENC_MBC_TO_CODE(enc, q, to);
-	  if (x != s[i]) break;
-	  q += enclen(enc, q, to);
-	}
-	if (i >= n) return 1;
-	p += enclen(enc, p, to);
+        for (i = 1; i < n && q < to; i++) {
+          x = ONIGENC_MBC_TO_CODE(enc, q, to);
+          if (x != s[i]) break;
+          q += enclen(enc, q, to);
+        }
+        if (i >= n) return 1;
+        p += enclen(enc, p, to);
       }
       else {
-	x = ONIGENC_MBC_TO_CODE(enc, p, to);
-	if (x == bad) return 0;
-	else if (x == MC_ESC(syn)) in_esc = 1;
-	p = q;
+        x = ONIGENC_MBC_TO_CODE(enc, p, to);
+        if (x == bad) return 0;
+        else if (x == MC_ESC(syn)) in_esc = 1;
+        p = q;
       }
     }
   }
@@ -3195,22 +3195,22 @@ fetch_token_in_cc(OnigToken* tok, UChar** src, UChar* end, ScanEnv* env)
 
       c2 = PPEEK;
       if (c2 == '{' &&
-	  IS_SYNTAX_OP2(syn, ONIG_SYN_OP2_ESC_P_BRACE_CHAR_PROPERTY)) {
-	PINC;
-	tok->type = TK_CHAR_PROPERTY;
-	tok->u.prop.not = (c == 'P' ? 1 : 0);
-
-	if (!PEND && IS_SYNTAX_OP2(syn, ONIG_SYN_OP2_ESC_P_BRACE_CIRCUMFLEX_NOT)) {
-	  PFETCH(c2);
-	  if (c2 == '^') {
-	    tok->u.prop.not = (tok->u.prop.not == 0 ? 1 : 0);
-	  }
-	  else
-	    PUNFETCH;
-	}
+          IS_SYNTAX_OP2(syn, ONIG_SYN_OP2_ESC_P_BRACE_CHAR_PROPERTY)) {
+        PINC;
+        tok->type = TK_CHAR_PROPERTY;
+        tok->u.prop.not = (c == 'P' ? 1 : 0);
+
+        if (!PEND && IS_SYNTAX_OP2(syn, ONIG_SYN_OP2_ESC_P_BRACE_CIRCUMFLEX_NOT)) {
+          PFETCH(c2);
+          if (c2 == '^') {
+            tok->u.prop.not = (tok->u.prop.not == 0 ? 1 : 0);
+          }
+          else
+            PUNFETCH;
+        }
       }
       else {
-	onig_syntax_warn(env, "invalid Unicode Property \\%c", c);
+        onig_syntax_warn(env, "invalid Unicode Property \\%c", c);
       }
       break;
 
@@ -3219,35 +3219,35 @@ fetch_token_in_cc(OnigToken* tok, UChar** src, UChar* end, ScanEnv* env)
 
       prev = p;
       if (PPEEK_IS('{') && IS_SYNTAX_OP(syn, ONIG_SYN_OP_ESC_X_BRACE_HEX8)) {
-	PINC;
-	num = scan_unsigned_hexadecimal_number(&p, end, 0, 8, enc);
-	if (num < 0) return ONIGERR_TOO_BIG_WIDE_CHAR_VALUE;
-	if (!PEND) {
-	  c2 = PPEEK;
-	  if (ONIGENC_IS_CODE_XDIGIT(enc, c2))
-	    return ONIGERR_TOO_LONG_WIDE_CHAR_VALUE;
-	}
-
-	if (p > prev + enclen(enc, prev, end) && !PEND && (PPEEK_IS('}'))) {
-	  PINC;
-	  tok->type   = TK_CODE_POINT;
-	  tok->base   = 16;
-	  tok->u.code = (OnigCodePoint )num;
-	}
-	else {
-	  /* can't read nothing or invalid format */
-	  p = prev;
-	}
+        PINC;
+        num = scan_unsigned_hexadecimal_number(&p, end, 0, 8, enc);
+        if (num < 0) return ONIGERR_TOO_BIG_WIDE_CHAR_VALUE;
+        if (!PEND) {
+          c2 = PPEEK;
+          if (ONIGENC_IS_CODE_XDIGIT(enc, c2))
+            return ONIGERR_TOO_LONG_WIDE_CHAR_VALUE;
+        }
+
+        if (p > prev + enclen(enc, prev, end) && !PEND && (PPEEK_IS('}'))) {
+          PINC;
+          tok->type   = TK_CODE_POINT;
+          tok->base   = 16;
+          tok->u.code = (OnigCodePoint )num;
+        }
+        else {
+          /* can't read nothing or invalid format */
+          p = prev;
+        }
       }
       else if (IS_SYNTAX_OP(syn, ONIG_SYN_OP_ESC_X_HEX2)) {
-	num = scan_unsigned_hexadecimal_number(&p, end, 0, 2, enc);
-	if (num < 0) return ONIGERR_TOO_BIG_NUMBER;
-	if (p == prev) {  /* can't read nothing. */
-	  num = 0; /* but, it's not error */
-	}
-	tok->type = TK_RAW_BYTE;
-	tok->base = 16;
-	tok->u.c  = num;
+        num = scan_unsigned_hexadecimal_number(&p, end, 0, 2, enc);
+        if (num < 0) return ONIGERR_TOO_BIG_NUMBER;
+        if (p == prev) {  /* can't read nothing. */
+          num = 0; /* but, it's not error */
+        }
+        tok->type = TK_RAW_BYTE;
+        tok->base = 16;
+        tok->u.c  = num;
       }
       break;
 
@@ -3256,15 +3256,15 @@ fetch_token_in_cc(OnigToken* tok, UChar** src, UChar* end, ScanEnv* env)
 
       prev = p;
       if (IS_SYNTAX_OP2(syn, ONIG_SYN_OP2_ESC_U_HEX4)) {
-	num = scan_unsigned_hexadecimal_number(&p, end, 4, 4, enc);
-	if (num < -1) return ONIGERR_TOO_SHORT_DIGITS;
-	else if (num < 0) return ONIGERR_TOO_BIG_NUMBER;
-	if (p == prev) {  /* can't read nothing. */
-	  num = 0; /* but, it's not error */
-	}
-	tok->type   = TK_CODE_POINT;
-	tok->base   = 16;
-	tok->u.code = (OnigCodePoint )num;
+        num = scan_unsigned_hexadecimal_number(&p, end, 4, 4, enc);
+        if (num < -1) return ONIGERR_TOO_SHORT_DIGITS;
+        else if (num < 0) return ONIGERR_TOO_BIG_NUMBER;
+        if (p == prev) {  /* can't read nothing. */
+          num = 0; /* but, it's not error */
+        }
+        tok->type   = TK_CODE_POINT;
+        tok->base   = 16;
+        tok->u.code = (OnigCodePoint )num;
       }
       break;
 
@@ -3273,41 +3273,41 @@ fetch_token_in_cc(OnigToken* tok, UChar** src, UChar* end, ScanEnv* env)
 
       prev = p;
       if (PPEEK_IS('{') && IS_SYNTAX_OP(syn, ONIG_SYN_OP_ESC_O_BRACE_OCTAL)) {
-	PINC;
-	num = scan_unsigned_octal_number(&p, end, 11, enc);
-	if (num < 0) return ONIGERR_TOO_BIG_WIDE_CHAR_VALUE;
-	if (!PEND) {
-	  c2 = PPEEK;
-	  if (ONIGENC_IS_CODE_DIGIT(enc, c2) && c2 < '8')
-	    return ONIGERR_TOO_LONG_WIDE_CHAR_VALUE;
-	}
-
-	if (p > prev + enclen(enc, prev, end) && !PEND && (PPEEK_IS('}'))) {
-	  PINC;
-	  tok->type   = TK_CODE_POINT;
-	  tok->base   = 8;
-	  tok->u.code = (OnigCodePoint )num;
-	}
-	else {
-	  /* can't read nothing or invalid format */
-	  p = prev;
-	}
+        PINC;
+        num = scan_unsigned_octal_number(&p, end, 11, enc);
+        if (num < 0) return ONIGERR_TOO_BIG_WIDE_CHAR_VALUE;
+        if (!PEND) {
+          c2 = PPEEK;
+          if (ONIGENC_IS_CODE_DIGIT(enc, c2) && c2 < '8')
+            return ONIGERR_TOO_LONG_WIDE_CHAR_VALUE;
+        }
+
+        if (p > prev + enclen(enc, prev, end) && !PEND && (PPEEK_IS('}'))) {
+          PINC;
+          tok->type   = TK_CODE_POINT;
+          tok->base   = 8;
+          tok->u.code = (OnigCodePoint )num;
+        }
+        else {
+          /* can't read nothing or invalid format */
+          p = prev;
+        }
       }
       break;
 
     case '0':
     case '1': case '2': case '3': case '4': case '5': case '6': case '7':
       if (IS_SYNTAX_OP(syn, ONIG_SYN_OP_ESC_OCTAL3)) {
-	PUNFETCH;
-	prev = p;
-	num = scan_unsigned_octal_number(&p, end, 3, enc);
-	if (num < 0 || 0xff < num) return ONIGERR_TOO_BIG_NUMBER;
-	if (p == prev) {  /* can't read nothing. */
-	  num = 0; /* but, it's not error */
-	}
-	tok->type = TK_RAW_BYTE;
-	tok->base = 8;
-	tok->u.c  = num;
+        PUNFETCH;
+        prev = p;
+        num = scan_unsigned_octal_number(&p, end, 3, enc);
+        if (num < 0 || 0xff < num) return ONIGERR_TOO_BIG_NUMBER;
+        if (p == prev) {  /* can't read nothing. */
+          num = 0; /* but, it's not error */
+        }
+        tok->type = TK_RAW_BYTE;
+        tok->base = 8;
+        tok->u.c  = num;
       }
       break;
 
@@ -3316,8 +3316,8 @@ fetch_token_in_cc(OnigToken* tok, UChar** src, UChar* end, ScanEnv* env)
       num = fetch_escaped_value(&p, end, env, &c2);
       if (num < 0) return num;
       if ((OnigCodePoint )tok->u.c != c2) {
-	tok->u.code = (OnigCodePoint )c2;
-	tok->type   = TK_CODE_POINT;
+        tok->u.code = (OnigCodePoint )c2;
+        tok->type   = TK_CODE_POINT;
       }
       break;
     }
@@ -3329,26 +3329,26 @@ fetch_token_in_cc(OnigToken* tok, UChar** src, UChar* end, ScanEnv* env)
       PINC;
       if (str_exist_check_with_esc(send, 2, p, end,
                                    (OnigCodePoint )']', enc, syn)) {
-	tok->type = TK_POSIX_BRACKET_OPEN;
+        tok->type = TK_POSIX_BRACKET_OPEN;
       }
       else {
-	PUNFETCH;
-	goto cc_in_cc;
+        PUNFETCH;
+        goto cc_in_cc;
       }
     }
     else {
     cc_in_cc:
       if (IS_SYNTAX_OP2(syn, ONIG_SYN_OP2_CCLASS_SET_OP)) {
-	tok->type = TK_CC_CC_OPEN;
+        tok->type = TK_CC_CC_OPEN;
       }
       else {
-	CC_ESC_WARN(env, (UChar* )"[");
+        CC_ESC_WARN(env, (UChar* )"[");
       }
     }
   }
   else if (c == '&') {
     if (IS_SYNTAX_OP2(syn, ONIG_SYN_OP2_CCLASS_SET_OP) &&
-	!PEND && (PPEEK_IS('&'))) {
+        !PEND && (PPEEK_IS('&'))) {
       PINC;
       tok->type = TK_CC_AND;
     }
@@ -3362,7 +3362,7 @@ fetch_token_in_cc(OnigToken* tok, UChar** src, UChar* end, ScanEnv* env)
 #ifdef USE_NAMED_GROUP
 static int
 fetch_named_backref_token(OnigCodePoint c, OnigToken* tok, UChar** src,
-			  UChar* end, ScanEnv* env)
+                          UChar* end, ScanEnv* env)
 {
   int r, num;
   const OnigSyntaxType* syn = env->syntax;
@@ -3377,7 +3377,7 @@ fetch_named_backref_token(OnigCodePoint c, OnigToken* tok, UChar** src,
 # ifdef USE_BACKREF_WITH_LEVEL
   name_end = NULL_UCHARP; /* no need. escape gcc warning. */
   r = fetch_name_with_level(c, &p, end, &name_end,
-			    env, &back_num, &tok->u.backref.level);
+                            env, &back_num, &tok->u.backref.level);
   if (r == 1) tok->u.backref.exist_level = 1;
   else        tok->u.backref.exist_level = 0;
 # else
@@ -3389,13 +3389,13 @@ fetch_named_backref_token(OnigCodePoint c, OnigToken* tok, UChar** src,
     if (back_num < 0) {
       back_num = BACKREF_REL_TO_ABS(back_num, env);
       if (back_num <= 0)
-	return ONIGERR_INVALID_BACKREF;
+        return ONIGERR_INVALID_BACKREF;
     }
 
     if (IS_SYNTAX_BV(syn, ONIG_SYN_STRICT_CHECK_BACKREF)) {
       if (back_num > env->num_mem ||
-	  IS_NULL(SCANENV_MEM_NODES(env)[back_num]))
-	return ONIGERR_INVALID_BACKREF;
+          IS_NULL(SCANENV_MEM_NODES(env)[back_num]))
+        return ONIGERR_INVALID_BACKREF;
     }
     tok->type = TK_BACKREF;
     tok->u.backref.by_name = 0;
@@ -3406,15 +3406,15 @@ fetch_named_backref_token(OnigCodePoint c, OnigToken* tok, UChar** src,
     num = onig_name_to_group_numbers(env->reg, prev, name_end, &backs);
     if (num <= 0) {
       onig_scan_env_set_error_string(env,
-		     ONIGERR_UNDEFINED_NAME_REFERENCE, prev, name_end);
+                     ONIGERR_UNDEFINED_NAME_REFERENCE, prev, name_end);
       return ONIGERR_UNDEFINED_NAME_REFERENCE;
     }
     if (IS_SYNTAX_BV(syn, ONIG_SYN_STRICT_CHECK_BACKREF)) {
       int i;
       for (i = 0; i < num; i++) {
-	if (backs[i] > env->num_mem ||
-	    IS_NULL(SCANENV_MEM_NODES(env)[backs[i]]))
-	  return ONIGERR_INVALID_BACKREF;
+        if (backs[i] > env->num_mem ||
+            IS_NULL(SCANENV_MEM_NODES(env)[backs[i]]))
+          return ONIGERR_INVALID_BACKREF;
       }
     }
 
@@ -3488,26 +3488,26 @@ fetch_token(OnigToken* tok, UChar** src, UChar* end, ScanEnv* env)
       tok->u.repeat.upper = 1;
     greedy_check:
       if (!PEND && PPEEK_IS('?') &&
-	  IS_SYNTAX_OP(syn, ONIG_SYN_OP_QMARK_NON_GREEDY)) {
-	PFETCH(c);
-	tok->u.repeat.greedy     = 0;
-	tok->u.repeat.possessive = 0;
+          IS_SYNTAX_OP(syn, ONIG_SYN_OP_QMARK_NON_GREEDY)) {
+        PFETCH(c);
+        tok->u.repeat.greedy     = 0;
+        tok->u.repeat.possessive = 0;
       }
       else {
       possessive_check:
-	if (!PEND && PPEEK_IS('+') &&
-	    ((IS_SYNTAX_OP2(syn, ONIG_SYN_OP2_PLUS_POSSESSIVE_REPEAT) &&
-	      tok->type != TK_INTERVAL)  ||
-	     (IS_SYNTAX_OP2(syn, ONIG_SYN_OP2_PLUS_POSSESSIVE_INTERVAL) &&
-	      tok->type == TK_INTERVAL))) {
-	  PFETCH(c);
-	  tok->u.repeat.greedy     = 1;
-	  tok->u.repeat.possessive = 1;
-	}
-	else {
-	  tok->u.repeat.greedy     = 1;
-	  tok->u.repeat.possessive = 0;
-	}
+        if (!PEND && PPEEK_IS('+') &&
+            ((IS_SYNTAX_OP2(syn, ONIG_SYN_OP2_PLUS_POSSESSIVE_REPEAT) &&
+              tok->type != TK_INTERVAL)  ||
+             (IS_SYNTAX_OP2(syn, ONIG_SYN_OP2_PLUS_POSSESSIVE_INTERVAL) &&
+              tok->type == TK_INTERVAL))) {
+          PFETCH(c);
+          tok->u.repeat.greedy     = 1;
+          tok->u.repeat.possessive = 1;
+        }
+        else {
+          tok->u.repeat.greedy     = 1;
+          tok->u.repeat.possessive = 0;
+        }
       }
       break;
 
@@ -3517,10 +3517,10 @@ fetch_token(OnigToken* tok, UChar** src, UChar* end, ScanEnv* env)
       if (r < 0) return r;  /* error */
       if (r == 0) goto greedy_check;
       else if (r == 2) { /* {n} */
-	if (IS_SYNTAX_BV(syn, ONIG_SYN_FIXED_INTERVAL_IS_GREEDY_ONLY))
-	  goto possessive_check;
+        if (IS_SYNTAX_BV(syn, ONIG_SYN_FIXED_INTERVAL_IS_GREEDY_ONLY))
+          goto possessive_check;
 
-	goto greedy_check;
+        goto greedy_check;
       }
       /* r == 1 : normal char */
       break;
@@ -3559,7 +3559,7 @@ fetch_token(OnigToken* tok, UChar** src, UChar* end, ScanEnv* env)
       tok->type = TK_ANCHOR;
       tok->u.anchor.subtype = ANCHOR_WORD_BOUND;
       tok->u.anchor.ascii_range = IS_ASCII_RANGE(env->option)
-		&& ! IS_WORD_BOUND_ALL_RANGE(env->option);
+                && ! IS_WORD_BOUND_ALL_RANGE(env->option);
       break;
 
     case 'B':
@@ -3567,7 +3567,7 @@ fetch_token(OnigToken* tok, UChar** src, UChar* end, ScanEnv* env)
       tok->type = TK_ANCHOR;
       tok->u.anchor.subtype = ANCHOR_NOT_WORD_BOUND;
       tok->u.anchor.ascii_range = IS_ASCII_RANGE(env->option)
-		&& ! IS_WORD_BOUND_ALL_RANGE(env->option);
+                && ! IS_WORD_BOUND_ALL_RANGE(env->option);
       break;
 
 #ifdef USE_WORD_BEGIN_END
@@ -3669,33 +3669,33 @@ fetch_token(OnigToken* tok, UChar** src, UChar* end, ScanEnv* env)
 
       prev = p;
       if (PPEEK_IS('{') && IS_SYNTAX_OP(syn, ONIG_SYN_OP_ESC_X_BRACE_HEX8)) {
-	PINC;
-	num = scan_unsigned_hexadecimal_number(&p, end, 0, 8, enc);
-	if (num < 0) return ONIGERR_TOO_BIG_WIDE_CHAR_VALUE;
-	if (!PEND) {
-	  if (ONIGENC_IS_CODE_XDIGIT(enc, PPEEK))
-	    return ONIGERR_TOO_LONG_WIDE_CHAR_VALUE;
-	}
-
-	if ((p > prev + enclen(enc, prev, end)) && !PEND && PPEEK_IS('}')) {
-	  PINC;
-	  tok->type   = TK_CODE_POINT;
-	  tok->u.code = (OnigCodePoint )num;
-	}
-	else {
-	  /* can't read nothing or invalid format */
-	  p = prev;
-	}
+        PINC;
+        num = scan_unsigned_hexadecimal_number(&p, end, 0, 8, enc);
+        if (num < 0) return ONIGERR_TOO_BIG_WIDE_CHAR_VALUE;
+        if (!PEND) {
+          if (ONIGENC_IS_CODE_XDIGIT(enc, PPEEK))
+            return ONIGERR_TOO_LONG_WIDE_CHAR_VALUE;
+        }
+
+        if ((p > prev + enclen(enc, prev, end)) && !PEND && PPEEK_IS('}')) {
+          PINC;
+          tok->type   = TK_CODE_POINT;
+          tok->u.code = (OnigCodePoint )num;
+        }
+        else {
+          /* can't read nothing or invalid format */
+          p = prev;
+        }
       }
       else if (IS_SYNTAX_OP(syn, ONIG_SYN_OP_ESC_X_HEX2)) {
-	num = scan_unsigned_hexadecimal_number(&p, end, 0, 2, enc);
-	if (num < 0) return ONIGERR_TOO_BIG_NUMBER;
-	if (p == prev) {  /* can't read nothing. */
-	  num = 0; /* but, it's not error */
-	}
-	tok->type = TK_RAW_BYTE;
-	tok->base = 16;
-	tok->u.c  = num;
+        num = scan_unsigned_hexadecimal_number(&p, end, 0, 2, enc);
+        if (num < 0) return ONIGERR_TOO_BIG_NUMBER;
+        if (p == prev) {  /* can't read nothing. */
+          num = 0; /* but, it's not error */
+        }
+        tok->type = TK_RAW_BYTE;
+        tok->base = 16;
+        tok->u.c  = num;
       }
       break;
 
@@ -3704,15 +3704,15 @@ fetch_token(OnigToken* tok, UChar** src, UChar* end, ScanEnv* env)
 
       prev = p;
       if (IS_SYNTAX_OP2(syn, ONIG_SYN_OP2_ESC_U_HEX4)) {
-	num = scan_unsigned_hexadecimal_number(&p, end, 4, 4, enc);
-	if (num < -1) return ONIGERR_TOO_SHORT_DIGITS;
-	else if (num < 0) return ONIGERR_TOO_BIG_NUMBER;
-	if (p == prev) {  /* can't read nothing. */
-	  num = 0; /* but, it's not error */
-	}
-	tok->type   = TK_CODE_POINT;
-	tok->base   = 16;
-	tok->u.code = (OnigCodePoint )num;
+        num = scan_unsigned_hexadecimal_number(&p, end, 4, 4, enc);
+        if (num < -1) return ONIGERR_TOO_SHORT_DIGITS;
+        else if (num < 0) return ONIGERR_TOO_BIG_NUMBER;
+        if (p == prev) {  /* can't read nothing. */
+          num = 0; /* but, it's not error */
+        }
+        tok->type   = TK_CODE_POINT;
+        tok->base   = 16;
+        tok->u.code = (OnigCodePoint )num;
       }
       break;
 
@@ -3721,24 +3721,24 @@ fetch_token(OnigToken* tok, UChar** src, UChar* end, ScanEnv* env)
 
       prev = p;
       if (PPEEK_IS('{') && IS_SYNTAX_OP(syn, ONIG_SYN_OP_ESC_O_BRACE_OCTAL)) {
-	PINC;
-	num = scan_unsigned_octal_number(&p, end, 11, enc);
-	if (num < 0) return ONIGERR_TOO_BIG_WIDE_CHAR_VALUE;
-	if (!PEND) {
-	  OnigCodePoint c = PPEEK;
-	  if (ONIGENC_IS_CODE_DIGIT(enc, c) && c < '8')
-	    return ONIGERR_TOO_LONG_WIDE_CHAR_VALUE;
-	}
-
-	if ((p > prev + enclen(enc, prev, end)) && !PEND && PPEEK_IS('}')) {
-	  PINC;
-	  tok->type   = TK_CODE_POINT;
-	  tok->u.code = (OnigCodePoint )num;
-	}
-	else {
-	  /* can't read nothing or invalid format */
-	  p = prev;
-	}
+        PINC;
+        num = scan_unsigned_octal_number(&p, end, 11, enc);
+        if (num < 0) return ONIGERR_TOO_BIG_WIDE_CHAR_VALUE;
+        if (!PEND) {
+          OnigCodePoint c = PPEEK;
+          if (ONIGENC_IS_CODE_DIGIT(enc, c) && c < '8')
+            return ONIGERR_TOO_LONG_WIDE_CHAR_VALUE;
+        }
+
+        if ((p > prev + enclen(enc, prev, end)) && !PEND && PPEEK_IS('}')) {
+          PINC;
+          tok->type   = TK_CODE_POINT;
+          tok->u.code = (OnigCodePoint )num;
+        }
+        else {
+          /* can't read nothing or invalid format */
+          p = prev;
+        }
       }
       break;
 
@@ -3748,64 +3748,64 @@ fetch_token(OnigToken* tok, UChar** src, UChar* end, ScanEnv* env)
       prev = p;
       num = onig_scan_unsigned_number(&p, end, enc);
       if (num < 0 || num > ONIG_MAX_BACKREF_NUM) {
-	goto skip_backref;
+        goto skip_backref;
       }
 
       if (IS_SYNTAX_OP(syn, ONIG_SYN_OP_DECIMAL_BACKREF) &&
-	  (num <= env->num_mem || num <= 9)) { /* This spec. from GNU regex */
-	if (IS_SYNTAX_BV(syn, ONIG_SYN_STRICT_CHECK_BACKREF)) {
-	  if (num > env->num_mem || IS_NULL(SCANENV_MEM_NODES(env)[num]))
-	    return ONIGERR_INVALID_BACKREF;
-	}
-
-	tok->type = TK_BACKREF;
-	tok->u.backref.num     = 1;
-	tok->u.backref.ref1    = num;
-	tok->u.backref.by_name = 0;
+          (num <= env->num_mem || num <= 9)) { /* This spec. from GNU regex */
+        if (IS_SYNTAX_BV(syn, ONIG_SYN_STRICT_CHECK_BACKREF)) {
+          if (num > env->num_mem || IS_NULL(SCANENV_MEM_NODES(env)[num]))
+            return ONIGERR_INVALID_BACKREF;
+        }
+
+        tok->type = TK_BACKREF;
+        tok->u.backref.num     = 1;
+        tok->u.backref.ref1    = num;
+        tok->u.backref.by_name = 0;
 #ifdef USE_BACKREF_WITH_LEVEL
-	tok->u.backref.exist_level = 0;
+        tok->u.backref.exist_level = 0;
 #endif
-	break;
+        break;
       }
 
     skip_backref:
       if (c == '8' || c == '9') {
-	/* normal char */
-	p = prev; PINC;
-	break;
+        /* normal char */
+        p = prev; PINC;
+        break;
       }
 
       p = prev;
       /* fall through */
     case '0':
       if (IS_SYNTAX_OP(syn, ONIG_SYN_OP_ESC_OCTAL3)) {
-	prev = p;
-	num = scan_unsigned_octal_number(&p, end, (c == '0' ? 2:3), enc);
-	if (num < 0 || 0xff < num) return ONIGERR_TOO_BIG_NUMBER;
-	if (p == prev) {  /* can't read nothing. */
-	  num = 0; /* but, it's not error */
-	}
-	tok->type = TK_RAW_BYTE;
-	tok->base = 8;
-	tok->u.c  = num;
+        prev = p;
+        num = scan_unsigned_octal_number(&p, end, (c == '0' ? 2:3), enc);
+        if (num < 0 || 0xff < num) return ONIGERR_TOO_BIG_NUMBER;
+        if (p == prev) {  /* can't read nothing. */
+          num = 0; /* but, it's not error */
+        }
+        tok->type = TK_RAW_BYTE;
+        tok->base = 8;
+        tok->u.c  = num;
       }
       else if (c != '0') {
-	PINC;
+        PINC;
       }
       break;
 
 #ifdef USE_NAMED_GROUP
     case 'k':
       if (!PEND && IS_SYNTAX_OP2(syn, ONIG_SYN_OP2_ESC_K_NAMED_BACKREF)) {
-	PFETCH(c);
-	if (c == '<' || c == '\'') {
-	  r = fetch_named_backref_token(c, tok, &p, end, env);
-	  if (r < 0) return r;
-	}
-	else {
-	  PUNFETCH;
-	  onig_syntax_warn(env, "invalid back reference");
-	}
+        PFETCH(c);
+        if (c == '<' || c == '\'') {
+          r = fetch_named_backref_token(c, tok, &p, end, env);
+          if (r < 0) return r;
+        }
+        else {
+          PUNFETCH;
+          onig_syntax_warn(env, "invalid back reference");
+        }
       }
       break;
 #endif
@@ -3814,52 +3814,52 @@ fetch_token(OnigToken* tok, UChar** src, UChar* end, ScanEnv* env)
     case 'g':
 # ifdef USE_NAMED_GROUP
       if (!PEND && IS_SYNTAX_OP2(syn, ONIG_SYN_OP2_ESC_G_BRACE_BACKREF)) {
-	PFETCH(c);
-	if (c == '{') {
-	  r = fetch_named_backref_token(c, tok, &p, end, env);
-	  if (r < 0) return r;
-	}
-	else
-	  PUNFETCH;
+        PFETCH(c);
+        if (c == '{') {
+          r = fetch_named_backref_token(c, tok, &p, end, env);
+          if (r < 0) return r;
+        }
+        else
+          PUNFETCH;
       }
 # endif
 # ifdef USE_SUBEXP_CALL
       if (!PEND && IS_SYNTAX_OP2(syn, ONIG_SYN_OP2_ESC_G_SUBEXP_CALL)) {
-	PFETCH(c);
-	if (c == '<' || c == '\'') {
-	  int gnum = -1, rel = 0;
-	  UChar* name_end;
-	  OnigCodePoint cnext;
-
-	  cnext = PPEEK;
-	  if (cnext == '0') {
-	    PINC;
-	    if (PPEEK_IS(get_name_end_code_point(c))) {  /* \g<0>, \g'0' */
-	      PINC;
-	      name_end = p;
-	      gnum = 0;
-	    }
-	  }
-	  else if (cnext == '+') {
-	    PINC;
-	    rel = 1;
-	  }
-	  prev = p;
-	  if (gnum < 0) {
-	    r = fetch_name((OnigCodePoint )c, &p, end, &name_end, env, &gnum, 1);
-	    if (r < 0) return r;
-	  }
-
-	  tok->type = TK_CALL;
-	  tok->u.call.name     = prev;
-	  tok->u.call.name_end = name_end;
-	  tok->u.call.gnum     = gnum;
-	  tok->u.call.rel      = rel;
-	}
-	else {
-	  onig_syntax_warn(env, "invalid subexp call");
-	  PUNFETCH;
-	}
+        PFETCH(c);
+        if (c == '<' || c == '\'') {
+          int gnum = -1, rel = 0;
+          UChar* name_end;
+          OnigCodePoint cnext;
+
+          cnext = PPEEK;
+          if (cnext == '0') {
+            PINC;
+            if (PPEEK_IS(get_name_end_code_point(c))) {  /* \g<0>, \g'0' */
+              PINC;
+              name_end = p;
+              gnum = 0;
+            }
+          }
+          else if (cnext == '+') {
+            PINC;
+            rel = 1;
+          }
+          prev = p;
+          if (gnum < 0) {
+            r = fetch_name((OnigCodePoint )c, &p, end, &name_end, env, &gnum, 1);
+            if (r < 0) return r;
+          }
+
+          tok->type = TK_CALL;
+          tok->u.call.name     = prev;
+          tok->u.call.name_end = name_end;
+          tok->u.call.gnum     = gnum;
+          tok->u.call.rel      = rel;
+        }
+        else {
+          onig_syntax_warn(env, "invalid subexp call");
+          PUNFETCH;
+        }
       }
 # endif
       break;
@@ -3867,65 +3867,65 @@ fetch_token(OnigToken* tok, UChar** src, UChar* end, ScanEnv* env)
 
     case 'Q':
       if (IS_SYNTAX_OP2(syn, ONIG_SYN_OP2_ESC_CAPITAL_Q_QUOTE)) {
-	tok->type = TK_QUOTE_OPEN;
+        tok->type = TK_QUOTE_OPEN;
       }
       break;
 
     case 'p':
     case 'P':
       if (PPEEK_IS('{') &&
-	  IS_SYNTAX_OP2(syn, ONIG_SYN_OP2_ESC_P_BRACE_CHAR_PROPERTY)) {
-	PINC;
-	tok->type = TK_CHAR_PROPERTY;
-	tok->u.prop.not = (c == 'P' ? 1 : 0);
-
-	if (!PEND && IS_SYNTAX_OP2(syn, ONIG_SYN_OP2_ESC_P_BRACE_CIRCUMFLEX_NOT)) {
-	  PFETCH(c);
-	  if (c == '^') {
-	    tok->u.prop.not = (tok->u.prop.not == 0 ? 1 : 0);
-	  }
-	  else
-	    PUNFETCH;
-	}
+          IS_SYNTAX_OP2(syn, ONIG_SYN_OP2_ESC_P_BRACE_CHAR_PROPERTY)) {
+        PINC;
+        tok->type = TK_CHAR_PROPERTY;
+        tok->u.prop.not = (c == 'P' ? 1 : 0);
+
+        if (!PEND && IS_SYNTAX_OP2(syn, ONIG_SYN_OP2_ESC_P_BRACE_CIRCUMFLEX_NOT)) {
+          PFETCH(c);
+          if (c == '^') {
+            tok->u.prop.not = (tok->u.prop.not == 0 ? 1 : 0);
+          }
+          else
+            PUNFETCH;
+        }
       }
       else {
-	onig_syntax_warn(env, "invalid Unicode Property \\%c", c);
+        onig_syntax_warn(env, "invalid Unicode Property \\%c", c);
       }
       break;
 
     case 'R':
       if (IS_SYNTAX_OP2(syn, ONIG_SYN_OP2_ESC_CAPITAL_R_LINEBREAK)) {
-	tok->type = TK_LINEBREAK;
+        tok->type = TK_LINEBREAK;
       }
       break;
 
     case 'X':
       if (IS_SYNTAX_OP2(syn, ONIG_SYN_OP2_ESC_CAPITAL_X_EXTENDED_GRAPHEME_CLUSTER)) {
-	tok->type = TK_EXTENDED_GRAPHEME_CLUSTER;
+        tok->type = TK_EXTENDED_GRAPHEME_CLUSTER;
       }
       break;
 
     case 'K':
       if (IS_SYNTAX_OP2(syn, ONIG_SYN_OP2_ESC_CAPITAL_K_KEEP)) {
-	tok->type = TK_KEEP;
+        tok->type = TK_KEEP;
       }
       break;
 
     default:
       {
-	OnigCodePoint c2;
-
-	PUNFETCH;
-	num = fetch_escaped_value(&p, end, env, &c2);
-	if (num < 0) return num;
-	/* set_raw: */
-	if ((OnigCodePoint )tok->u.c != c2) {
-	  tok->type = TK_CODE_POINT;
-	  tok->u.code = (OnigCodePoint )c2;
-	}
-	else { /* string */
-	  p = tok->backp + enclen(enc, tok->backp, end);
-	}
+        OnigCodePoint c2;
+
+        PUNFETCH;
+        num = fetch_escaped_value(&p, end, env, &c2);
+        if (num < 0) return num;
+        /* set_raw: */
+        if ((OnigCodePoint )tok->u.c != c2) {
+          tok->type = TK_CODE_POINT;
+          tok->u.code = (OnigCodePoint )c2;
+        }
+        else { /* string */
+          p = tok->backp + enclen(enc, tok->backp, end);
+        }
       }
       break;
     }
@@ -3936,18 +3936,18 @@ fetch_token(OnigToken* tok, UChar** src, UChar* end, ScanEnv* env)
 
 #ifdef USE_VARIABLE_META_CHARS
     if ((c != ONIG_INEFFECTIVE_META_CHAR) &&
-	IS_SYNTAX_OP(syn, ONIG_SYN_OP_VARIABLE_META_CHARACTERS)) {
+        IS_SYNTAX_OP(syn, ONIG_SYN_OP_VARIABLE_META_CHARACTERS)) {
       if (c == MC_ANYCHAR(syn))
-	goto any_char;
+        goto any_char;
       else if (c == MC_ANYTIME(syn))
-	goto anytime;
+        goto anytime;
       else if (c == MC_ZERO_OR_ONE_TIME(syn))
-	goto zero_or_one_time;
+        goto zero_or_one_time;
       else if (c == MC_ONE_OR_MORE_TIME(syn))
-	goto one_or_more_time;
+        goto one_or_more_time;
       else if (c == MC_ANYCHAR_ANYTIME(syn)) {
-	tok->type = TK_ANYCHAR_ANYTIME;
-	goto out;
+        tok->type = TK_ANYCHAR_ANYTIME;
+        goto out;
       }
     }
 #endif
@@ -4000,10 +4000,10 @@ fetch_token(OnigToken* tok, UChar** src, UChar* end, ScanEnv* env)
       if (r < 0) return r;  /* error */
       if (r == 0) goto greedy_check;
       else if (r == 2) { /* {n} */
-	if (IS_SYNTAX_BV(syn, ONIG_SYN_FIXED_INTERVAL_IS_GREEDY_ONLY))
-	  goto possessive_check;
+        if (IS_SYNTAX_BV(syn, ONIG_SYN_FIXED_INTERVAL_IS_GREEDY_ONLY))
+          goto possessive_check;
 
-	goto greedy_check;
+        goto greedy_check;
       }
       /* r == 1 : normal char */
       break;
@@ -4015,114 +4015,118 @@ fetch_token(OnigToken* tok, UChar** src, UChar* end, ScanEnv* env)
 
     case '(':
       if (PPEEK_IS('?') &&
-	  IS_SYNTAX_OP2(syn, ONIG_SYN_OP2_QMARK_GROUP_EFFECT)) {
-	PINC;
-	if (PPEEK_IS('#')) {
-	  PFETCH(c);
-	  while (1) {
-	    if (PEND) return ONIGERR_END_PATTERN_IN_GROUP;
-	    PFETCH(c);
-	    if (c == MC_ESC(syn)) {
-	      if (!PEND) PFETCH(c);
-	    }
-	    else {
-	      if (c == ')') break;
-	    }
-	  }
-	  goto start;
-	}
+          IS_SYNTAX_OP2(syn, ONIG_SYN_OP2_QMARK_GROUP_EFFECT)) {
+        PINC;
+        if (PPEEK_IS('#')) {
+          PFETCH(c);
+          while (1) {
+            if (PEND) return ONIGERR_END_PATTERN_IN_GROUP;
+            PFETCH(c);
+            if (c == MC_ESC(syn)) {
+              if (!PEND) PFETCH(c);
+            }
+            else {
+              if (c == ')') break;
+            }
+          }
+          goto start;
+        }
 #ifdef USE_PERL_SUBEXP_CALL
-	/* (?&name), (?n), (?R), (?0), (?+n), (?-n) */
-	c = PPEEK;
-	if ((c == '&' || c == 'R' || ONIGENC_IS_CODE_DIGIT(enc, c)) &&
-	    IS_SYNTAX_OP2(env->syntax, ONIG_SYN_OP2_QMARK_SUBEXP_CALL)) {
-	  /* (?&name), (?n), (?R), (?0) */
-	  int gnum;
-	  UChar *name;
-	  UChar *name_end;
-
-	  if (c == 'R' || c == '0') {
-	    PINC;   /* skip 'R' / '0' */
-	    if (!PPEEK_IS(')')) return ONIGERR_INVALID_GROUP_NAME;
-	    PINC;   /* skip ')' */
-	    name_end = name = p;
-	    gnum = 0;
-	  }
-	  else {
-	    int numref = 1;
-	    if (c == '&') {     /* (?&name) */
-	      PINC;
-	      numref = 0;       /* don't allow number name */
-	    }
-	    name = p;
-	    r = fetch_name((OnigCodePoint )'(', &p, end, &name_end, env, &gnum, numref);
-	    if (r < 0) return r;
-	  }
-
-	  tok->type = TK_CALL;
-	  tok->u.call.name     = name;
-	  tok->u.call.name_end = name_end;
-	  tok->u.call.gnum     = gnum;
-	  tok->u.call.rel      = 0;
-	  break;
-	}
-	else if ((c == '-' || c == '+') &&
-	    IS_SYNTAX_OP2(env->syntax, ONIG_SYN_OP2_QMARK_SUBEXP_CALL)) {
-	  /* (?+n), (?-n) */
-	  int gnum;
-	  UChar *name;
-	  UChar *name_end;
-	  OnigCodePoint cnext;
-	  PFETCH_READY;
-
-	  PINC;     /* skip '-' / '+' */
-	  cnext = PPEEK;
-	  if (ONIGENC_IS_CODE_DIGIT(enc, cnext)) {
-	    if (c == '-') PUNFETCH;
-	    name = p;
-	    r = fetch_name((OnigCodePoint )'(', &p, end, &name_end, env, &gnum, 1);
-	    if (r < 0) return r;
-
-	    tok->type = TK_CALL;
-	    tok->u.call.name     = name;
-	    tok->u.call.name_end = name_end;
-	    tok->u.call.gnum     = gnum;
-	    tok->u.call.rel      = 1;
-	    break;
-	  }
-	}
+        /* (?&name), (?n), (?R), (?0), (?+n), (?-n) */
+        c = PPEEK;
+        if ((c == '&' || c == 'R' || ONIGENC_IS_CODE_DIGIT(enc, c)) &&
+            IS_SYNTAX_OP2(env->syntax, ONIG_SYN_OP2_QMARK_SUBEXP_CALL)) {
+          /* (?&name), (?n), (?R), (?0) */
+          int gnum;
+          UChar *name;
+          UChar *name_end;
+
+          if (c == 'R' || c == '0') {
+            PINC;   /* skip 'R' / '0' */
+            if (!PPEEK_IS(')')) {
+              r = ONIGERR_INVALID_GROUP_NAME;
+              onig_scan_env_set_error_string(env, r, p - 1, p + 1);
+              return r;
+            }
+            PINC;   /* skip ')' */
+            name_end = name = p;
+            gnum = 0;
+          }
+          else {
+            int numref = 1;
+            if (c == '&') {     /* (?&name) */
+              PINC;
+              numref = 0;       /* don't allow number name */
+            }
+            name = p;
+            r = fetch_name((OnigCodePoint )'(', &p, end, &name_end, env, &gnum, numref);
+            if (r < 0) return r;
+          }
+
+          tok->type = TK_CALL;
+          tok->u.call.name     = name;
+          tok->u.call.name_end = name_end;
+          tok->u.call.gnum     = gnum;
+          tok->u.call.rel      = 0;
+          break;
+        }
+        else if ((c == '-' || c == '+') &&
+            IS_SYNTAX_OP2(env->syntax, ONIG_SYN_OP2_QMARK_SUBEXP_CALL)) {
+          /* (?+n), (?-n) */
+          int gnum;
+          UChar *name;
+          UChar *name_end;
+          OnigCodePoint cnext;
+          PFETCH_READY;
+
+          PINC;     /* skip '-' / '+' */
+          cnext = PPEEK;
+          if (ONIGENC_IS_CODE_DIGIT(enc, cnext)) {
+            if (c == '-') PUNFETCH;
+            name = p;
+            r = fetch_name((OnigCodePoint )'(', &p, end, &name_end, env, &gnum, 1);
+            if (r < 0) return r;
+
+            tok->type = TK_CALL;
+            tok->u.call.name     = name;
+            tok->u.call.name_end = name_end;
+            tok->u.call.gnum     = gnum;
+            tok->u.call.rel      = 1;
+            break;
+          }
+        }
 #endif /* USE_PERL_SUBEXP_CALL */
 #ifdef USE_CAPITAL_P_NAMED_GROUP
-	if (PPEEK_IS('P') &&
-	    IS_SYNTAX_OP2(env->syntax, ONIG_SYN_OP2_QMARK_CAPITAL_P_NAMED_GROUP)) {
-	  int gnum;
-	  UChar *name;
-	  UChar *name_end;
-	  PFETCH_READY;
-
-	  PINC;     /* skip 'P' */
-	  if (PEND) return ONIGERR_UNDEFINED_GROUP_OPTION;
-	  PFETCH(c);
-	  if (c == '=') {       /* (?P=name): backref */
-	    r = fetch_named_backref_token((OnigCodePoint )'(', tok, &p, end, env);
-	    if (r < 0) return r;
-	    break;
-	  }
-	  else if (c == '>') {  /* (?P>name): subexp call */
-	    name = p;
-	    r = fetch_name((OnigCodePoint )'(', &p, end, &name_end, env, &gnum, 0);
-	    if (r < 0) return r;
-
-	    tok->type = TK_CALL;
-	    tok->u.call.name     = name;
-	    tok->u.call.name_end = name_end;
-	    tok->u.call.gnum     = gnum;
-	    tok->u.call.rel      = 0;
-	    break;
-	  }
-	}
+        if (PPEEK_IS('P') &&
+            IS_SYNTAX_OP2(env->syntax, ONIG_SYN_OP2_QMARK_CAPITAL_P_NAMED_GROUP)) {
+          int gnum;
+          UChar *name;
+          UChar *name_end;
+          PFETCH_READY;
+
+          PINC;     /* skip 'P' */
+          if (PEND) return ONIGERR_UNDEFINED_GROUP_OPTION;
+          PFETCH(c);
+          if (c == '=') {       /* (?P=name): backref */
+            r = fetch_named_backref_token((OnigCodePoint )'(', tok, &p, end, env);
+            if (r < 0) return r;
+            break;
+          }
+          else if (c == '>') {  /* (?P>name): subexp call */
+            name = p;
+            r = fetch_name((OnigCodePoint )'(', &p, end, &name_end, env, &gnum, 0);
+            if (r < 0) return r;
+
+            tok->type = TK_CALL;
+            tok->u.call.name     = name;
+            tok->u.call.name_end = name_end;
+            tok->u.call.gnum     = gnum;
+            tok->u.call.rel      = 0;
+            break;
+          }
+        }
 #endif /* USE_CAPITAL_P_NAMED_GROUP */
-	PUNFETCH;
+        PUNFETCH;
       }
 
       if (! IS_SYNTAX_OP(syn, ONIG_SYN_OP_LPAREN_SUBEXP)) break;
@@ -4138,14 +4142,14 @@ fetch_token(OnigToken* tok, UChar** src, UChar* end, ScanEnv* env)
       if (! IS_SYNTAX_OP(syn, ONIG_SYN_OP_LINE_ANCHOR)) break;
       tok->type = TK_ANCHOR;
       tok->u.anchor.subtype = (IS_SINGLELINE(env->option)
-			       ? ANCHOR_BEGIN_BUF : ANCHOR_BEGIN_LINE);
+                               ? ANCHOR_BEGIN_BUF : ANCHOR_BEGIN_LINE);
       break;
 
     case '$':
       if (! IS_SYNTAX_OP(syn, ONIG_SYN_OP_LINE_ANCHOR)) break;
       tok->type = TK_ANCHOR;
       tok->u.anchor.subtype = (IS_SINGLELINE(env->option)
-			       ? ANCHOR_SEMI_END_BUF : ANCHOR_END_LINE);
+                               ? ANCHOR_SEMI_END_BUF : ANCHOR_END_LINE);
       break;
 
     case '[':
@@ -4155,24 +4159,24 @@ fetch_token(OnigToken* tok, UChar** src, UChar* end, ScanEnv* env)
 
     case ']':
       if (*src > env->pattern)   /* /].../ is allowed. */
-	CLOSE_BRACKET_WITHOUT_ESC_WARN(env, (UChar* )"]");
+        CLOSE_BRACKET_WITHOUT_ESC_WARN(env, (UChar* )"]");
       break;
 
     case '#':
       if (IS_EXTEND(env->option)) {
-	while (!PEND) {
-	  PFETCH(c);
-	  if (ONIGENC_IS_CODE_NEWLINE(enc, c))
-	    break;
-	}
-	goto start;
-	break;
+        while (!PEND) {
+          PFETCH(c);
+          if (ONIGENC_IS_CODE_NEWLINE(enc, c))
+            break;
+        }
+        goto start;
+        break;
       }
       break;
 
     case ' ': case '\t': case '\n': case '\r': case '\f':
       if (IS_EXTEND(env->option))
-	goto start;
+        goto start;
       break;
 
     default:
@@ -4201,18 +4205,18 @@ add_ctype_to_cc_by_range(CClassNode* cc, int ctype ARG_UNUSED, int not,
   if (not == 0) {
     for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
       for (j = ONIGENC_CODE_RANGE_FROM(mbr, i);
-	  j <= ONIGENC_CODE_RANGE_TO(mbr, i); j++) {
-	if (j >= sb_out) {
-	  if (j > ONIGENC_CODE_RANGE_FROM(mbr, i)) {
-	    r = add_code_range_to_buf(&(cc->mbuf), env, j,
-				      ONIGENC_CODE_RANGE_TO(mbr, i));
-	    if (r != 0) return r;
-	    i++;
-	  }
+          j <= ONIGENC_CODE_RANGE_TO(mbr, i); j++) {
+        if (j >= sb_out) {
+          if (j > ONIGENC_CODE_RANGE_FROM(mbr, i)) {
+            r = add_code_range_to_buf(&(cc->mbuf), env, j,
+                                      ONIGENC_CODE_RANGE_TO(mbr, i));
+            if (r != 0) return r;
+            i++;
+          }
 
-	  goto sb_end;
-	}
-	BITSET_SET_BIT_CHKDUP(cc->bs, j);
+          goto sb_end;
+        }
+        BITSET_SET_BIT_CHKDUP(cc->bs, j);
       }
     }
 
@@ -4229,11 +4233,11 @@ add_ctype_to_cc_by_range(CClassNode* cc, int ctype ARG_UNUSED, int not,
 
     for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
       for (j = prev;
-	   j < ONIGENC_CODE_RANGE_FROM(mbr, i); j++) {
-	if (j >= sb_out) {
-	  goto sb_end2;
-	}
-	BITSET_SET_BIT_CHKDUP(cc->bs, j);
+           j < ONIGENC_CODE_RANGE_FROM(mbr, i); j++) {
+        if (j >= sb_out) {
+          goto sb_end2;
+        }
+        BITSET_SET_BIT_CHKDUP(cc->bs, j);
       }
       prev = ONIGENC_CODE_RANGE_TO(mbr, i) + 1;
     }
@@ -4246,9 +4250,9 @@ add_ctype_to_cc_by_range(CClassNode* cc, int ctype ARG_UNUSED, int not,
 
     for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
       if (prev < ONIGENC_CODE_RANGE_FROM(mbr, i)) {
-	r = add_code_range_to_buf(&(cc->mbuf), env, prev,
+        r = add_code_range_to_buf(&(cc->mbuf), env, prev,
                                   ONIGENC_CODE_RANGE_FROM(mbr, i) - 1);
-	if (r != 0) return r;
+        if (r != 0) return r;
       }
       prev = ONIGENC_CODE_RANGE_TO(mbr, i) + 1;
     }
@@ -4276,30 +4280,30 @@ add_ctype_to_cc(CClassNode* cc, int ctype, int not, int ascii_range, ScanEnv* en
       CClassNode ccwork;
       initialize_cclass(&ccwork);
       r = add_ctype_to_cc_by_range(&ccwork, ctype, not, env, sb_out,
-				   ranges);
+                                   ranges);
       if (r == 0) {
-	if (not) {
-	  r = add_code_range_to_buf0(&(ccwork.mbuf), env, 0x80, ONIG_LAST_CODE_POINT, FALSE);
-	}
-	else {
-	  CClassNode ccascii;
-	  initialize_cclass(&ccascii);
-	  if (ONIGENC_MBC_MINLEN(env->enc) > 1) {
-	    r = add_code_range(&(ccascii.mbuf), env, 0x00, 0x7F);
-	  }
-	  else {
-	    bitset_set_range(env, ccascii.bs, 0x00, 0x7F);
-	    r = 0;
-	  }
-	  if (r == 0) {
-	    r = and_cclass(&ccwork, &ccascii, env);
-	  }
-	  if (IS_NOT_NULL(ccascii.mbuf)) bbuf_free(ccascii.mbuf);
-	}
-	if (r == 0) {
-	  r = or_cclass(cc, &ccwork, env);
-	}
-	if (IS_NOT_NULL(ccwork.mbuf)) bbuf_free(ccwork.mbuf);
+        if (not) {
+          r = add_code_range_to_buf0(&(ccwork.mbuf), env, 0x80, ONIG_LAST_CODE_POINT, FALSE);
+        }
+        else {
+          CClassNode ccascii;
+          initialize_cclass(&ccascii);
+          if (ONIGENC_MBC_MINLEN(env->enc) > 1) {
+            r = add_code_range(&(ccascii.mbuf), env, 0x00, 0x7F);
+          }
+          else {
+            bitset_set_range(env, ccascii.bs, 0x00, 0x7F);
+            r = 0;
+          }
+          if (r == 0) {
+            r = and_cclass(&ccwork, &ccascii, env);
+          }
+          if (IS_NOT_NULL(ccascii.mbuf)) bbuf_free(ccascii.mbuf);
+        }
+        if (r == 0) {
+          r = or_cclass(cc, &ccwork, env);
+        }
+        if (IS_NOT_NULL(ccwork.mbuf)) bbuf_free(ccwork.mbuf);
       }
     }
     else {
@@ -4327,15 +4331,15 @@ add_ctype_to_cc(CClassNode* cc, int ctype, int not, int ascii_range, ScanEnv* en
   case ONIGENC_CTYPE_ALNUM:
     if (not != 0) {
       for (c = 0; c < SINGLE_BYTE_SIZE; c++) {
-	if (! ONIGENC_IS_CODE_CTYPE(enc, (OnigCodePoint )c, ctype))
-	  BITSET_SET_BIT_CHKDUP(cc->bs, c);
+        if (! ONIGENC_IS_CODE_CTYPE(enc, (OnigCodePoint )c, ctype))
+          BITSET_SET_BIT_CHKDUP(cc->bs, c);
       }
       ADD_ALL_MULTI_BYTE_RANGE(enc, cc->mbuf);
     }
     else {
       for (c = 0; c < SINGLE_BYTE_SIZE; c++) {
-	if (ONIGENC_IS_CODE_CTYPE(enc, (OnigCodePoint )c, ctype))
-	  BITSET_SET_BIT_CHKDUP(cc->bs, c);
+        if (ONIGENC_IS_CODE_CTYPE(enc, (OnigCodePoint )c, ctype))
+          BITSET_SET_BIT_CHKDUP(cc->bs, c);
       }
     }
     break;
@@ -4344,39 +4348,39 @@ add_ctype_to_cc(CClassNode* cc, int ctype, int not, int ascii_range, ScanEnv* en
   case ONIGENC_CTYPE_PRINT:
     if (not != 0) {
       for (c = 0; c < SINGLE_BYTE_SIZE; c++) {
-	if (! ONIGENC_IS_CODE_CTYPE(enc, (OnigCodePoint )c, ctype)
-	    || c >= maxcode)
-	  BITSET_SET_BIT_CHKDUP(cc->bs, c);
+        if (! ONIGENC_IS_CODE_CTYPE(enc, (OnigCodePoint )c, ctype)
+            || c >= maxcode)
+          BITSET_SET_BIT_CHKDUP(cc->bs, c);
       }
       if (ascii_range)
-	ADD_ALL_MULTI_BYTE_RANGE(enc, cc->mbuf);
+        ADD_ALL_MULTI_BYTE_RANGE(enc, cc->mbuf);
     }
     else {
       for (c = 0; c < maxcode; c++) {
-	if (ONIGENC_IS_CODE_CTYPE(enc, (OnigCodePoint )c, ctype))
-	  BITSET_SET_BIT_CHKDUP(cc->bs, c);
+        if (ONIGENC_IS_CODE_CTYPE(enc, (OnigCodePoint )c, ctype))
+          BITSET_SET_BIT_CHKDUP(cc->bs, c);
       }
       if (! ascii_range)
-	ADD_ALL_MULTI_BYTE_RANGE(enc, cc->mbuf);
+        ADD_ALL_MULTI_BYTE_RANGE(enc, cc->mbuf);
     }
     break;
 
   case ONIGENC_CTYPE_WORD:
     if (not == 0) {
       for (c = 0; c < maxcode; c++) {
-	if (ONIGENC_IS_CODE_WORD(enc, c)) BITSET_SET_BIT_CHKDUP(cc->bs, c);
+        if (ONIGENC_IS_CODE_WORD(enc, c)) BITSET_SET_BIT_CHKDUP(cc->bs, c);
       }
       if (! ascii_range)
-	ADD_ALL_MULTI_BYTE_RANGE(enc, cc->mbuf);
+        ADD_ALL_MULTI_BYTE_RANGE(enc, cc->mbuf);
     }
     else {
       for (c = 0; c < SINGLE_BYTE_SIZE; c++) {
-	if ((ONIGENC_CODE_TO_MBCLEN(enc, c) > 0) /* check invalid code point */
-	    && (! ONIGENC_IS_CODE_WORD(enc, c) || c >= maxcode))
-	  BITSET_SET_BIT_CHKDUP(cc->bs, c);
+        if ((ONIGENC_CODE_TO_MBCLEN(enc, c) > 0) /* check invalid code point */
+            && (! ONIGENC_IS_CODE_WORD(enc, c) || c >= maxcode))
+          BITSET_SET_BIT_CHKDUP(cc->bs, c);
       }
       if (ascii_range)
-	ADD_ALL_MULTI_BYTE_RANGE(enc, cc->mbuf);
+        ADD_ALL_MULTI_BYTE_RANGE(enc, cc->mbuf);
     }
     break;
 
@@ -4390,7 +4394,7 @@ add_ctype_to_cc(CClassNode* cc, int ctype, int not, int ascii_range, ScanEnv* en
 
 static int
 parse_posix_bracket(CClassNode* cc, CClassNode* asc_cc,
-		    UChar** src, UChar* end, ScanEnv* env)
+                    UChar** src, UChar* end, ScanEnv* env)
 {
 #define POSIX_BRACKET_CHECK_LIMIT_LENGTH  20
 #define POSIX_BRACKET_NAME_MIN_LEN         4
@@ -4430,22 +4434,22 @@ parse_posix_bracket(CClassNode* cc, CClassNode* asc_cc,
     goto not_posix_bracket;
 
   ascii_range = IS_ASCII_RANGE(env->option) &&
-		  ! IS_POSIX_BRACKET_ALL_RANGE(env->option);
+                  ! IS_POSIX_BRACKET_ALL_RANGE(env->option);
   for (pb = PBS; pb < PBS + numberof(PBS); pb++) {
     if (onigenc_with_ascii_strncmp(enc, p, end, pb->name, pb->len) == 0) {
       p = (UChar* )onigenc_step(enc, p, end, pb->len);
       if (onigenc_with_ascii_strncmp(enc, p, end, (UChar* )":]", 2) != 0)
-	return ONIGERR_INVALID_POSIX_BRACKET_TYPE;
+        return ONIGERR_INVALID_POSIX_BRACKET_TYPE;
 
       r = add_ctype_to_cc(cc, pb->ctype, not, ascii_range, env);
       if (r != 0) return r;
 
       if (IS_NOT_NULL(asc_cc)) {
-	if (pb->ctype != ONIGENC_CTYPE_WORD &&
-	    pb->ctype != ONIGENC_CTYPE_ASCII &&
-	    !ascii_range)
-	  r = add_ctype_to_cc(asc_cc, pb->ctype, not, ascii_range, env);
-	if (r != 0) return r;
+        if (pb->ctype != ONIGENC_CTYPE_WORD &&
+            pb->ctype != ONIGENC_CTYPE_ASCII &&
+            !ascii_range)
+          r = add_ctype_to_cc(asc_cc, pb->ctype, not, ascii_range, env);
+        if (r != 0) return r;
       }
 
       PINC_S; PINC_S;
@@ -4466,7 +4470,7 @@ parse_posix_bracket(CClassNode* cc, CClassNode* asc_cc,
     if (! PEND) {
       PFETCH_S(c);
       if (c == ']')
-	return ONIGERR_INVALID_POSIX_BRACKET_TYPE;
+        return ONIGERR_INVALID_POSIX_BRACKET_TYPE;
     }
   }
 
@@ -4507,7 +4511,7 @@ static int cclass_case_fold(Node** np, CClassNode* cc, CClassNode* asc_cc, ScanE
 
 static int
 parse_char_property(Node** np, OnigToken* tok, UChar** src, UChar* end,
-		    ScanEnv* env)
+                    ScanEnv* env)
 {
   int r, ctype;
   CClassNode* cc;
@@ -4545,8 +4549,8 @@ enum CCVALTYPE {
 
 static int
 next_state_class(CClassNode* cc, CClassNode* asc_cc,
-		 OnigCodePoint* vs, enum CCVALTYPE* type,
-		 enum CCSTATE* state, ScanEnv* env)
+                 OnigCodePoint* vs, enum CCVALTYPE* type,
+                 enum CCSTATE* state, ScanEnv* env)
 {
   int r;
 
@@ -4557,14 +4561,14 @@ next_state_class(CClassNode* cc, CClassNode* asc_cc,
     if (*type == CCV_SB) {
       BITSET_SET_BIT_CHKDUP(cc->bs, (int )(*vs));
       if (IS_NOT_NULL(asc_cc))
-	BITSET_SET_BIT(asc_cc->bs, (int )(*vs));
+        BITSET_SET_BIT(asc_cc->bs, (int )(*vs));
     }
     else if (*type == CCV_CODE_POINT) {
       r = add_code_range(&(cc->mbuf), env, *vs, *vs);
       if (r < 0) return r;
       if (IS_NOT_NULL(asc_cc)) {
-	r = add_code_range0(&(asc_cc->mbuf), env, *vs, *vs, 0);
-	if (r < 0) return r;
+        r = add_code_range0(&(asc_cc->mbuf), env, *vs, *vs, 0);
+        if (r < 0) return r;
       }
     }
   }
@@ -4576,10 +4580,10 @@ next_state_class(CClassNode* cc, CClassNode* asc_cc,
 
 static int
 next_state_val(CClassNode* cc, CClassNode* asc_cc,
-	       OnigCodePoint *from, OnigCodePoint to,
-	       int* from_israw, int to_israw,
-	       enum CCVALTYPE intype, enum CCVALTYPE* type,
-	       enum CCSTATE* state, ScanEnv* env)
+               OnigCodePoint *from, OnigCodePoint to,
+               int* from_israw, int to_israw,
+               enum CCVALTYPE intype, enum CCVALTYPE* type,
+               enum CCSTATE* state, ScanEnv* env)
 {
   int r;
 
@@ -4588,14 +4592,14 @@ next_state_val(CClassNode* cc, CClassNode* asc_cc,
     if (*type == CCV_SB) {
       BITSET_SET_BIT_CHKDUP(cc->bs, (int )(*from));
       if (IS_NOT_NULL(asc_cc))
-	BITSET_SET_BIT(asc_cc->bs, (int )(*from));
+        BITSET_SET_BIT(asc_cc->bs, (int )(*from));
     }
     else if (*type == CCV_CODE_POINT) {
       r = add_code_range(&(cc->mbuf), env, *from, *from);
       if (r < 0) return r;
       if (IS_NOT_NULL(asc_cc)) {
-	r = add_code_range0(&(asc_cc->mbuf), env, *from, *from, 0);
-	if (r < 0) return r;
+        r = add_code_range0(&(asc_cc->mbuf), env, *from, *from, 0);
+        if (r < 0) return r;
       }
     }
     break;
@@ -4603,42 +4607,42 @@ next_state_val(CClassNode* cc, CClassNode* asc_cc,
   case CCS_RANGE:
     if (intype == *type) {
       if (intype == CCV_SB) {
-	if (*from > 0xff || to > 0xff)
-	  return ONIGERR_INVALID_CODE_POINT_VALUE;
-
-	if (*from > to) {
-	  if (IS_SYNTAX_BV(env->syntax, ONIG_SYN_ALLOW_EMPTY_RANGE_IN_CC))
-	    goto ccs_range_end;
-	  else
-	    return ONIGERR_EMPTY_RANGE_IN_CHAR_CLASS;
-	}
-	bitset_set_range(env, cc->bs, (int )*from, (int )to);
-	if (IS_NOT_NULL(asc_cc))
-	  bitset_set_range(env, asc_cc->bs, (int )*from, (int )to);
+        if (*from > 0xff || to > 0xff)
+          return ONIGERR_INVALID_CODE_POINT_VALUE;
+
+        if (*from > to) {
+          if (IS_SYNTAX_BV(env->syntax, ONIG_SYN_ALLOW_EMPTY_RANGE_IN_CC))
+            goto ccs_range_end;
+          else
+            return ONIGERR_EMPTY_RANGE_IN_CHAR_CLASS;
+        }
+        bitset_set_range(env, cc->bs, (int )*from, (int )to);
+        if (IS_NOT_NULL(asc_cc))
+          bitset_set_range(env, asc_cc->bs, (int )*from, (int )to);
       }
       else {
-	r = add_code_range(&(cc->mbuf), env, *from, to);
-	if (r < 0) return r;
-	if (IS_NOT_NULL(asc_cc)) {
-	  r = add_code_range0(&(asc_cc->mbuf), env, *from, to, 0);
-	  if (r < 0) return r;
-	}
+        r = add_code_range(&(cc->mbuf), env, *from, to);
+        if (r < 0) return r;
+        if (IS_NOT_NULL(asc_cc)) {
+          r = add_code_range0(&(asc_cc->mbuf), env, *from, to, 0);
+          if (r < 0) return r;
+        }
       }
     }
     else {
       if (*from > to) {
-	if (IS_SYNTAX_BV(env->syntax, ONIG_SYN_ALLOW_EMPTY_RANGE_IN_CC))
-	  goto ccs_range_end;
-	else
-	  return ONIGERR_EMPTY_RANGE_IN_CHAR_CLASS;
+        if (IS_SYNTAX_BV(env->syntax, ONIG_SYN_ALLOW_EMPTY_RANGE_IN_CC))
+          goto ccs_range_end;
+        else
+          return ONIGERR_EMPTY_RANGE_IN_CHAR_CLASS;
       }
       bitset_set_range(env, cc->bs, (int )*from, (int )(to < 0xff ? to : 0xff));
       r = add_code_range(&(cc->mbuf), env, (OnigCodePoint )*from, to);
       if (r < 0) return r;
       if (IS_NOT_NULL(asc_cc)) {
-	bitset_set_range(env, asc_cc->bs, (int )*from, (int )(to < 0xff ? to : 0xff));
-	r = add_code_range0(&(asc_cc->mbuf), env, (OnigCodePoint )*from, to, 0);
-	if (r < 0) return r;
+        bitset_set_range(env, asc_cc->bs, (int )*from, (int )(to < 0xff ? to : 0xff));
+        r = add_code_range0(&(asc_cc->mbuf), env, (OnigCodePoint )*from, to, 0);
+        if (r < 0) return r;
       }
     }
   ccs_range_end:
@@ -4662,7 +4666,7 @@ next_state_val(CClassNode* cc, CClassNode* asc_cc,
 
 static int
 code_exist_check(OnigCodePoint c, UChar* from, UChar* end, int ignore_escaped,
-		 ScanEnv* env)
+                 ScanEnv* env)
 {
   int in_esc;
   OnigCodePoint code;
@@ -4685,7 +4689,7 @@ code_exist_check(OnigCodePoint c, UChar* from, UChar* end, int ignore_escaped,
 
 static int
 parse_char_class(Node** np, Node** asc_np, OnigToken* tok, UChar** src, UChar* end,
-		 ScanEnv* env)
+                 ScanEnv* env)
 {
   int r, neg, len, fetched, and_start;
   OnigCodePoint v, vs;
@@ -4746,16 +4750,16 @@ parse_char_class(Node** np, Node** asc_np, OnigToken* tok, UChar** src, UChar* e
     switch (r) {
     case TK_CHAR:
       if ((tok->u.code >= SINGLE_BYTE_SIZE) ||
-	  (len = ONIGENC_CODE_TO_MBCLEN(env->enc, tok->u.c)) > 1) {
-	in_type = CCV_CODE_POINT;
+          (len = ONIGENC_CODE_TO_MBCLEN(env->enc, tok->u.c)) > 1) {
+        in_type = CCV_CODE_POINT;
       }
       else if (len < 0) {
-	r = len;
-	goto err;
+        r = len;
+        goto err;
       }
       else {
       sb_char:
-	in_type = CCV_SB;
+        in_type = CCV_SB;
       }
       v = (OnigCodePoint )tok->u.c;
       in_israw = 0;
@@ -4765,54 +4769,54 @@ parse_char_class(Node** np, Node** asc_np, OnigToken* tok, UChar** src, UChar* e
     case TK_RAW_BYTE:
       /* tok->base != 0 : octal or hexadec. */
       if (! ONIGENC_IS_SINGLEBYTE(env->enc) && tok->base != 0) {
-	UChar buf[ONIGENC_CODE_TO_MBC_MAXLEN];
-	UChar* bufe = buf + ONIGENC_CODE_TO_MBC_MAXLEN;
-	UChar* psave = p;
-	int i, base = tok->base;
-
-	buf[0] = (UChar )tok->u.c;
-	for (i = 1; i < ONIGENC_MBC_MAXLEN(env->enc); i++) {
-	  r = fetch_token_in_cc(tok, &p, end, env);
-	  if (r < 0) goto err;
-	  if (r != TK_RAW_BYTE || tok->base != base) {
-	    fetched = 1;
-	    break;
-	  }
-	  buf[i] = (UChar )tok->u.c;
-	}
-
-	if (i < ONIGENC_MBC_MINLEN(env->enc)) {
-	  r = ONIGERR_TOO_SHORT_MULTI_BYTE_STRING;
-	  goto err;
-	}
-
-	len = enclen(env->enc, buf, buf + i);
-	if (i < len) {
-	  r = ONIGERR_TOO_SHORT_MULTI_BYTE_STRING;
-	  goto err;
-	}
-	else if (i > len) { /* fetch back */
-	  p = psave;
-	  for (i = 1; i < len; i++) {
-	    (void)fetch_token_in_cc(tok, &p, end, env);
-	    /* no need to check the return value (already checked above) */
-	  }
-	  fetched = 0;
-	}
-
-	if (i == 1) {
-	  v = (OnigCodePoint )buf[0];
-	  goto raw_single;
-	}
-	else {
-	  v = ONIGENC_MBC_TO_CODE(env->enc, buf, bufe);
-	  in_type = CCV_CODE_POINT;
-	}
+        UChar buf[ONIGENC_CODE_TO_MBC_MAXLEN];
+        UChar* bufe = buf + ONIGENC_CODE_TO_MBC_MAXLEN;
+        UChar* psave = p;
+        int i, base = tok->base;
+
+        buf[0] = (UChar )tok->u.c;
+        for (i = 1; i < ONIGENC_MBC_MAXLEN(env->enc); i++) {
+          r = fetch_token_in_cc(tok, &p, end, env);
+          if (r < 0) goto err;
+          if (r != TK_RAW_BYTE || tok->base != base) {
+            fetched = 1;
+            break;
+          }
+          buf[i] = (UChar )tok->u.c;
+        }
+
+        if (i < ONIGENC_MBC_MINLEN(env->enc)) {
+          r = ONIGERR_TOO_SHORT_MULTI_BYTE_STRING;
+          goto err;
+        }
+
+        len = enclen(env->enc, buf, buf + i);
+        if (i < len) {
+          r = ONIGERR_TOO_SHORT_MULTI_BYTE_STRING;
+          goto err;
+        }
+        else if (i > len) { /* fetch back */
+          p = psave;
+          for (i = 1; i < len; i++) {
+            (void)fetch_token_in_cc(tok, &p, end, env);
+            /* no need to check the return value (already checked above) */
+          }
+          fetched = 0;
+        }
+
+        if (i == 1) {
+          v = (OnigCodePoint )buf[0];
+          goto raw_single;
+        }
+        else {
+          v = ONIGENC_MBC_TO_CODE(env->enc, buf, bufe);
+          in_type = CCV_CODE_POINT;
+        }
       }
       else {
-	v = (OnigCodePoint )tok->u.c;
+        v = (OnigCodePoint )tok->u.c;
       raw_single:
-	in_type = CCV_SB;
+        in_type = CCV_SB;
       }
       in_israw = 1;
       goto val_entry2;
@@ -4824,13 +4828,13 @@ parse_char_class(Node** np, Node** asc_np, OnigToken* tok, UChar** src, UChar* e
     val_entry:
       len = ONIGENC_CODE_TO_MBCLEN(env->enc, v);
       if (len < 0) {
-	r = len;
-	goto err;
+        r = len;
+        goto err;
       }
       in_type = (len == 1 ? CCV_SB : CCV_CODE_POINT);
     val_entry2:
       r = next_state_val(cc, asc_cc, &vs, v, &val_israw, in_israw, in_type, &val_type,
-			 &state, env);
+                         &state, env);
       if (r != 0) goto err;
       break;
 
@@ -4838,24 +4842,24 @@ parse_char_class(Node** np, Node** asc_np, OnigToken* tok, UChar** src, UChar* e
       r = parse_posix_bracket(cc, asc_cc, &p, end, env);
       if (r < 0) goto err;
       if (r == 1) {  /* is not POSIX bracket */
-	CC_ESC_WARN(env, (UChar* )"[");
-	p = tok->backp;
-	v = (OnigCodePoint )tok->u.c;
-	in_israw = 0;
-	goto val_entry;
+        CC_ESC_WARN(env, (UChar* )"[");
+        p = tok->backp;
+        v = (OnigCodePoint )tok->u.c;
+        in_israw = 0;
+        goto val_entry;
       }
       goto next_class;
       break;
 
     case TK_CHAR_TYPE:
       r = add_ctype_to_cc(cc, tok->u.prop.ctype, tok->u.prop.not,
-			  IS_ASCII_RANGE(env->option), env);
+                          IS_ASCII_RANGE(env->option), env);
       if (r != 0) return r;
       if (IS_NOT_NULL(asc_cc)) {
-	if (tok->u.prop.ctype != ONIGENC_CTYPE_WORD)
-	  r = add_ctype_to_cc(asc_cc, tok->u.prop.ctype, tok->u.prop.not,
-			      IS_ASCII_RANGE(env->option), env);
-	if (r != 0) return r;
+        if (tok->u.prop.ctype != ONIGENC_CTYPE_WORD)
+          r = add_ctype_to_cc(asc_cc, tok->u.prop.ctype, tok->u.prop.not,
+                              IS_ASCII_RANGE(env->option), env);
+        if (r != 0) return r;
       }
 
     next_class:
@@ -4865,133 +4869,133 @@ parse_char_class(Node** np, Node** asc_np, OnigToken* tok, UChar** src, UChar* e
 
     case TK_CHAR_PROPERTY:
       {
-	int ctype;
-
-	ctype = fetch_char_property_to_ctype(&p, end, env);
-	if (ctype < 0) return ctype;
-	r = add_ctype_to_cc(cc, ctype, tok->u.prop.not, 0, env);
-	if (r != 0) return r;
-	if (IS_NOT_NULL(asc_cc)) {
-	  if (ctype != ONIGENC_CTYPE_ASCII)
-	    r = add_ctype_to_cc(asc_cc, ctype, tok->u.prop.not, 0, env);
-	  if (r != 0) return r;
-	}
-	goto next_class;
+        int ctype;
+
+        ctype = fetch_char_property_to_ctype(&p, end, env);
+        if (ctype < 0) return ctype;
+        r = add_ctype_to_cc(cc, ctype, tok->u.prop.not, 0, env);
+        if (r != 0) return r;
+        if (IS_NOT_NULL(asc_cc)) {
+          if (ctype != ONIGENC_CTYPE_ASCII)
+            r = add_ctype_to_cc(asc_cc, ctype, tok->u.prop.not, 0, env);
+          if (r != 0) return r;
+        }
+        goto next_class;
       }
       break;
 
     case TK_CC_RANGE:
       if (state == CCS_VALUE) {
-	r = fetch_token_in_cc(tok, &p, end, env);
-	if (r < 0) goto err;
-	fetched = 1;
-	if (r == TK_CC_CLOSE) { /* allow [x-] */
-	range_end_val:
-	  v = (OnigCodePoint )'-';
-	  in_israw = 0;
-	  goto val_entry;
-	}
-	else if (r == TK_CC_AND) {
-	  CC_ESC_WARN(env, (UChar* )"-");
-	  goto range_end_val;
-	}
-
-	if (val_type == CCV_CLASS) {
-	  r = ONIGERR_UNMATCHED_RANGE_SPECIFIER_IN_CHAR_CLASS;
-	  goto err;
-	}
-
-	state = CCS_RANGE;
+        r = fetch_token_in_cc(tok, &p, end, env);
+        if (r < 0) goto err;
+        fetched = 1;
+        if (r == TK_CC_CLOSE) { /* allow [x-] */
+        range_end_val:
+          v = (OnigCodePoint )'-';
+          in_israw = 0;
+          goto val_entry;
+        }
+        else if (r == TK_CC_AND) {
+          CC_ESC_WARN(env, (UChar* )"-");
+          goto range_end_val;
+        }
+
+        if (val_type == CCV_CLASS) {
+          r = ONIGERR_UNMATCHED_RANGE_SPECIFIER_IN_CHAR_CLASS;
+          goto err;
+        }
+
+        state = CCS_RANGE;
       }
       else if (state == CCS_START) {
-	/* [-xa] is allowed */
-	v = (OnigCodePoint )tok->u.c;
-	in_israw = 0;
+        /* [-xa] is allowed */
+        v = (OnigCodePoint )tok->u.c;
+        in_israw = 0;
 
-	r = fetch_token_in_cc(tok, &p, end, env);
-	if (r < 0) goto err;
-	fetched = 1;
-	/* [--x] or [a&&-x] is warned. */
-	if (r == TK_CC_RANGE || and_start != 0)
-	  CC_ESC_WARN(env, (UChar* )"-");
+        r = fetch_token_in_cc(tok, &p, end, env);
+        if (r < 0) goto err;
+        fetched = 1;
+        /* [--x] or [a&&-x] is warned. */
+        if (r == TK_CC_RANGE || and_start != 0)
+          CC_ESC_WARN(env, (UChar* )"-");
 
-	goto val_entry;
+        goto val_entry;
       }
       else if (state == CCS_RANGE) {
-	CC_ESC_WARN(env, (UChar* )"-");
-	goto sb_char;  /* [!--x] is allowed */
+        CC_ESC_WARN(env, (UChar* )"-");
+        goto sb_char;  /* [!--x] is allowed */
       }
       else { /* CCS_COMPLETE */
-	r = fetch_token_in_cc(tok, &p, end, env);
-	if (r < 0) goto err;
-	fetched = 1;
-	if (r == TK_CC_CLOSE) goto range_end_val; /* allow [a-b-] */
-	else if (r == TK_CC_AND) {
-	  CC_ESC_WARN(env, (UChar* )"-");
-	  goto range_end_val;
-	}
-
-	if (IS_SYNTAX_BV(env->syntax, ONIG_SYN_ALLOW_DOUBLE_RANGE_OP_IN_CC)) {
-	  CC_ESC_WARN(env, (UChar* )"-");
-	  goto range_end_val;   /* [0-9-a] is allowed as [0-9\-a] */
-	}
-	r = ONIGERR_UNMATCHED_RANGE_SPECIFIER_IN_CHAR_CLASS;
-	goto err;
+        r = fetch_token_in_cc(tok, &p, end, env);
+        if (r < 0) goto err;
+        fetched = 1;
+        if (r == TK_CC_CLOSE) goto range_end_val; /* allow [a-b-] */
+        else if (r == TK_CC_AND) {
+          CC_ESC_WARN(env, (UChar* )"-");
+          goto range_end_val;
+        }
+
+        if (IS_SYNTAX_BV(env->syntax, ONIG_SYN_ALLOW_DOUBLE_RANGE_OP_IN_CC)) {
+          CC_ESC_WARN(env, (UChar* )"-");
+          goto range_end_val;   /* [0-9-a] is allowed as [0-9\-a] */
+        }
+        r = ONIGERR_UNMATCHED_RANGE_SPECIFIER_IN_CHAR_CLASS;
+        goto err;
       }
       break;
 
     case TK_CC_CC_OPEN: /* [ */
       {
-	Node *anode, *aasc_node;
-	CClassNode* acc;
-
-	r = parse_char_class(&anode, &aasc_node, tok, &p, end, env);
-	if (r == 0) {
-	  acc = NCCLASS(anode);
-	  r = or_cclass(cc, acc, env);
-	}
-	if (r == 0 && IS_NOT_NULL(aasc_node)) {
-	  acc = NCCLASS(aasc_node);
-	  r = or_cclass(asc_cc, acc, env);
-	}
-	onig_node_free(anode);
-	onig_node_free(aasc_node);
-	if (r != 0) goto err;
+        Node *anode, *aasc_node;
+        CClassNode* acc;
+
+        r = parse_char_class(&anode, &aasc_node, tok, &p, end, env);
+        if (r == 0) {
+          acc = NCCLASS(anode);
+          r = or_cclass(cc, acc, env);
+        }
+        if (r == 0 && IS_NOT_NULL(aasc_node)) {
+          acc = NCCLASS(aasc_node);
+          r = or_cclass(asc_cc, acc, env);
+        }
+        onig_node_free(anode);
+        onig_node_free(aasc_node);
+        if (r != 0) goto err;
       }
       break;
 
     case TK_CC_AND: /* && */
       {
-	if (state == CCS_VALUE) {
-	  r = next_state_val(cc, asc_cc, &vs, 0, &val_israw, 0, val_type,
-			     &val_type, &state, env);
-	  if (r != 0) goto err;
-	}
-	/* initialize local variables */
-	and_start = 1;
-	state = CCS_START;
-
-	if (IS_NOT_NULL(prev_cc)) {
-	  r = and_cclass(prev_cc, cc, env);
-	  if (r != 0) goto err;
-	  bbuf_free(cc->mbuf);
-	  if (IS_NOT_NULL(asc_cc)) {
-	    r = and_cclass(asc_prev_cc, asc_cc, env);
-	    if (r != 0) goto err;
-	    bbuf_free(asc_cc->mbuf);
-	  }
-	}
-	else {
-	  prev_cc = cc;
-	  cc = &work_cc;
-	  if (IS_NOT_NULL(asc_cc)) {
-	    asc_prev_cc = asc_cc;
-	    asc_cc = &asc_work_cc;
-	  }
-	}
-	initialize_cclass(cc);
-	if (IS_NOT_NULL(asc_cc))
-	  initialize_cclass(asc_cc);
+        if (state == CCS_VALUE) {
+          r = next_state_val(cc, asc_cc, &vs, 0, &val_israw, 0, val_type,
+                             &val_type, &state, env);
+          if (r != 0) goto err;
+        }
+        /* initialize local variables */
+        and_start = 1;
+        state = CCS_START;
+
+        if (IS_NOT_NULL(prev_cc)) {
+          r = and_cclass(prev_cc, cc, env);
+          if (r != 0) goto err;
+          bbuf_free(cc->mbuf);
+          if (IS_NOT_NULL(asc_cc)) {
+            r = and_cclass(asc_prev_cc, asc_cc, env);
+            if (r != 0) goto err;
+            bbuf_free(asc_cc->mbuf);
+          }
+        }
+        else {
+          prev_cc = cc;
+          cc = &work_cc;
+          if (IS_NOT_NULL(asc_cc)) {
+            asc_prev_cc = asc_cc;
+            asc_cc = &asc_work_cc;
+          }
+        }
+        initialize_cclass(cc);
+        if (IS_NOT_NULL(asc_cc))
+          initialize_cclass(asc_cc);
       }
       break;
 
@@ -5015,7 +5019,7 @@ parse_char_class(Node** np, Node** asc_np, OnigToken* tok, UChar** src, UChar* e
 
   if (state == CCS_VALUE) {
     r = next_state_val(cc, asc_cc, &vs, 0, &val_israw, 0, val_type,
-		       &val_type, &state, env);
+                       &val_type, &state, env);
     if (r != 0) goto err;
   }
 
@@ -5054,12 +5058,12 @@ parse_char_class(Node** np, Node** asc_np, OnigToken* tok, UChar** src, UChar* e
 #define NEWLINE_CODE    0x0a
 
       if (ONIGENC_IS_CODE_NEWLINE(env->enc, NEWLINE_CODE)) {
-	if (ONIGENC_CODE_TO_MBCLEN(env->enc, NEWLINE_CODE) == 1)
-	  BITSET_SET_BIT_CHKDUP(cc->bs, NEWLINE_CODE);
-	else {
-	  r = add_code_range(&(cc->mbuf), env, NEWLINE_CODE, NEWLINE_CODE);
-	  if (r < 0) goto err;
-	}
+        if (ONIGENC_CODE_TO_MBCLEN(env->enc, NEWLINE_CODE) == 1)
+          BITSET_SET_BIT_CHKDUP(cc->bs, NEWLINE_CODE);
+        else {
+          r = add_code_range(&(cc->mbuf), env, NEWLINE_CODE, NEWLINE_CODE);
+          if (r < 0) goto err;
+        }
       }
     }
   }
@@ -5076,11 +5080,11 @@ parse_char_class(Node** np, Node** asc_np, OnigToken* tok, UChar** src, UChar* e
 }
 
 static int parse_subexp(Node** top, OnigToken* tok, int term,
-			UChar** src, UChar* end, ScanEnv* env);
+                        UChar** src, UChar* end, ScanEnv* env);
 
 static int
 parse_enclose(Node** np, OnigToken* tok, int term, UChar** src, UChar* end,
-	      ScanEnv* env)
+              ScanEnv* env)
 {
   int r = 0, num;
   Node *target, *work1 = NULL, *work2 = NULL;
@@ -5127,28 +5131,28 @@ parse_enclose(Node** np, OnigToken* tok, int term, UChar** src, UChar* end,
       break;
     case '~':   /* (?~...) absent operator */
       if (IS_SYNTAX_OP2(env->syntax, ONIG_SYN_OP2_QMARK_TILDE_ABSENT)) {
-	*np = node_new_enclose(ENCLOSE_ABSENT);
+        *np = node_new_enclose(ENCLOSE_ABSENT);
       }
       else {
-	return ONIGERR_UNDEFINED_GROUP_OPTION;
+        return ONIGERR_UNDEFINED_GROUP_OPTION;
       }
       break;
 
 #ifdef USE_NAMED_GROUP
     case '\'':
       if (IS_SYNTAX_OP2(env->syntax, ONIG_SYN_OP2_QMARK_LT_NAMED_GROUP)) {
-	goto named_group1;
+        goto named_group1;
       }
       else
-	return ONIGERR_UNDEFINED_GROUP_OPTION;
+        return ONIGERR_UNDEFINED_GROUP_OPTION;
       break;
 
 # ifdef USE_CAPITAL_P_NAMED_GROUP
     case 'P':   /* (?P<name>...) */
       if (!PEND &&
-	  IS_SYNTAX_OP2(env->syntax, ONIG_SYN_OP2_QMARK_CAPITAL_P_NAMED_GROUP)) {
-	PFETCH(c);
-	if (c == '<') goto named_group1;
+          IS_SYNTAX_OP2(env->syntax, ONIG_SYN_OP2_QMARK_CAPITAL_P_NAMED_GROUP)) {
+        PFETCH(c);
+        if (c == '<') goto named_group1;
       }
       return ONIGERR_UNDEFINED_GROUP_OPTION;
       break;
@@ -5159,49 +5163,49 @@ parse_enclose(Node** np, OnigToken* tok, int term, UChar** src, UChar* end,
       if (PEND) return ONIGERR_END_PATTERN_WITH_UNMATCHED_PARENTHESIS;
       PFETCH(c);
       if (c == '=')
-	*np = onig_node_new_anchor(ANCHOR_LOOK_BEHIND);
+        *np = onig_node_new_anchor(ANCHOR_LOOK_BEHIND);
       else if (c == '!')
-	*np = onig_node_new_anchor(ANCHOR_LOOK_BEHIND_NOT);
+        *np = onig_node_new_anchor(ANCHOR_LOOK_BEHIND_NOT);
 #ifdef USE_NAMED_GROUP
       else {    /* (?<name>...) */
-	if (IS_SYNTAX_OP2(env->syntax, ONIG_SYN_OP2_QMARK_LT_NAMED_GROUP)) {
-	  UChar *name;
-	  UChar *name_end;
+        if (IS_SYNTAX_OP2(env->syntax, ONIG_SYN_OP2_QMARK_LT_NAMED_GROUP)) {
+          UChar *name;
+          UChar *name_end;
 
-	  PUNFETCH;
-	  c = '<';
+          PUNFETCH;
+          c = '<';
 
-	named_group1:
-	  list_capture = 0;
+        named_group1:
+          list_capture = 0;
 
 # ifdef USE_CAPTURE_HISTORY
-	named_group2:
+        named_group2:
 # endif
-	  name = p;
-	  r = fetch_name((OnigCodePoint )c, &p, end, &name_end, env, &num, 0);
-	  if (r < 0) return r;
-
-	  num = scan_env_add_mem_entry(env);
-	  if (num < 0) return num;
-	  if (list_capture != 0 && num >= (int )BIT_STATUS_BITS_NUM)
-	    return ONIGERR_GROUP_NUMBER_OVER_FOR_CAPTURE_HISTORY;
-
-	  r = name_add(env->reg, name, name_end, num, env);
-	  if (r != 0) return r;
-	  *np = node_new_enclose_memory(env->option, 1);
-	  CHECK_NULL_RETURN_MEMERR(*np);
-	  NENCLOSE(*np)->regnum = num;
-	  if (list_capture != 0)
-	    BIT_STATUS_ON_AT_SIMPLE(env->capture_history, num);
-	  env->num_named++;
-	}
-	else {
-	  return ONIGERR_UNDEFINED_GROUP_OPTION;
-	}
+          name = p;
+          r = fetch_name((OnigCodePoint )c, &p, end, &name_end, env, &num, 0);
+          if (r < 0) return r;
+
+          num = scan_env_add_mem_entry(env);
+          if (num < 0) return num;
+          if (list_capture != 0 && num >= (int )BIT_STATUS_BITS_NUM)
+            return ONIGERR_GROUP_NUMBER_OVER_FOR_CAPTURE_HISTORY;
+
+          r = name_add(env->reg, name, name_end, num, env);
+          if (r != 0) return r;
+          *np = node_new_enclose_memory(env->option, 1);
+          CHECK_NULL_RETURN_MEMERR(*np);
+          NENCLOSE(*np)->regnum = num;
+          if (list_capture != 0)
+            BIT_STATUS_ON_AT_SIMPLE(env->capture_history, num);
+          env->num_named++;
+        }
+        else {
+          return ONIGERR_UNDEFINED_GROUP_OPTION;
+        }
       }
 #else
       else {
-	return ONIGERR_UNDEFINED_GROUP_OPTION;
+        return ONIGERR_UNDEFINED_GROUP_OPTION;
       }
 #endif
       break;
@@ -5210,122 +5214,122 @@ parse_enclose(Node** np, OnigToken* tok, int term, UChar** src, UChar* end,
     case '@':
       if (IS_SYNTAX_OP2(env->syntax, ONIG_SYN_OP2_ATMARK_CAPTURE_HISTORY)) {
 # ifdef USE_NAMED_GROUP
-	if (!PEND &&
-	    IS_SYNTAX_OP2(env->syntax, ONIG_SYN_OP2_QMARK_LT_NAMED_GROUP)) {
-	  PFETCH(c);
-	  if (c == '<' || c == '\'') {
-	    list_capture = 1;
-	    goto named_group2; /* (?@<name>...) */
-	  }
-	  PUNFETCH;
-	}
+        if (!PEND &&
+            IS_SYNTAX_OP2(env->syntax, ONIG_SYN_OP2_QMARK_LT_NAMED_GROUP)) {
+          PFETCH(c);
+          if (c == '<' || c == '\'') {
+            list_capture = 1;
+            goto named_group2; /* (?@<name>...) */
+          }
+          PUNFETCH;
+        }
 # endif
-	*np = node_new_enclose_memory(env->option, 0);
-	CHECK_NULL_RETURN_MEMERR(*np);
-	num = scan_env_add_mem_entry(env);
-	if (num < 0) return num;
-	if (num >= (int )BIT_STATUS_BITS_NUM)
-	  return ONIGERR_GROUP_NUMBER_OVER_FOR_CAPTURE_HISTORY;
+        *np = node_new_enclose_memory(env->option, 0);
+        CHECK_NULL_RETURN_MEMERR(*np);
+        num = scan_env_add_mem_entry(env);
+        if (num < 0) return num;
+        if (num >= (int )BIT_STATUS_BITS_NUM)
+          return ONIGERR_GROUP_NUMBER_OVER_FOR_CAPTURE_HISTORY;
 
-	NENCLOSE(*np)->regnum = num;
-	BIT_STATUS_ON_AT_SIMPLE(env->capture_history, num);
+        NENCLOSE(*np)->regnum = num;
+        BIT_STATUS_ON_AT_SIMPLE(env->capture_history, num);
       }
       else {
-	return ONIGERR_UNDEFINED_GROUP_OPTION;
+        return ONIGERR_UNDEFINED_GROUP_OPTION;
       }
       break;
 #endif /* USE_CAPTURE_HISTORY */
 
     case '(':   /* conditional expression: (?(cond)yes), (?(cond)yes|no) */
       if (!PEND &&
-	  IS_SYNTAX_OP2(env->syntax, ONIG_SYN_OP2_QMARK_LPAREN_CONDITION)) {
-	UChar *name = NULL;
-	UChar *name_end;
-	PFETCH(c);
-	if (ONIGENC_IS_CODE_DIGIT(enc, c)) {     /* (n) */
-	  PUNFETCH;
-	  r = fetch_name((OnigCodePoint )'(', &p, end, &name_end, env, &num, 1);
-	  if (r < 0) return r;
+          IS_SYNTAX_OP2(env->syntax, ONIG_SYN_OP2_QMARK_LPAREN_CONDITION)) {
+        UChar *name = NULL;
+        UChar *name_end;
+        PFETCH(c);
+        if (ONIGENC_IS_CODE_DIGIT(enc, c)) {     /* (n) */
+          PUNFETCH;
+          r = fetch_name((OnigCodePoint )'(', &p, end, &name_end, env, &num, 1);
+          if (r < 0) return r;
 #if 0
-	  /* Relative number is not currently supported. (same as Perl) */
-	  if (num < 0) {
-	    num = BACKREF_REL_TO_ABS(num, env);
-	    if (num <= 0)
-	      return ONIGERR_INVALID_BACKREF;
-	  }
+          /* Relative number is not currently supported. (same as Perl) */
+          if (num < 0) {
+            num = BACKREF_REL_TO_ABS(num, env);
+            if (num <= 0)
+              return ONIGERR_INVALID_BACKREF;
+          }
 #endif
-	  if (IS_SYNTAX_BV(env->syntax, ONIG_SYN_STRICT_CHECK_BACKREF)) {
-	    if (num > env->num_mem ||
-		IS_NULL(SCANENV_MEM_NODES(env)[num]))
-	    return ONIGERR_INVALID_BACKREF;
-	  }
-	}
+          if (IS_SYNTAX_BV(env->syntax, ONIG_SYN_STRICT_CHECK_BACKREF)) {
+            if (num > env->num_mem ||
+                IS_NULL(SCANENV_MEM_NODES(env)[num]))
+            return ONIGERR_INVALID_BACKREF;
+          }
+        }
 #ifdef USE_NAMED_GROUP
-	else if (c == '<' || c == '\'') {    /* (<name>), ('name') */
-	  name = p;
-	  r = fetch_named_backref_token(c, tok, &p, end, env);
-	  if (r < 0) return r;
-	  if (!PPEEK_IS(')')) return ONIGERR_UNDEFINED_GROUP_OPTION;
-	  PINC;
-
-	  if (IS_SYNTAX_BV(env->syntax, ONIG_SYN_USE_LEFT_MOST_NAMED_GROUP)) {
-	    num = tok->u.backref.ref1;
-	  }
-	  else {
-	    /* FIXME:
-	     * Use left most named group for now. This is the same as Perl.
-	     * However this should use the same strategy as normal back-
-	     * references on Ruby syntax; search right to left. */
-	    int len = tok->u.backref.num;
-	    num = len > 1 ? tok->u.backref.refs[0] : tok->u.backref.ref1;
-	  }
-	}
+        else if (c == '<' || c == '\'') {    /* (<name>), ('name') */
+          name = p;
+          r = fetch_named_backref_token(c, tok, &p, end, env);
+          if (r < 0) return r;
+          if (!PPEEK_IS(')')) return ONIGERR_UNDEFINED_GROUP_OPTION;
+          PINC;
+
+          if (IS_SYNTAX_BV(env->syntax, ONIG_SYN_USE_LEFT_MOST_NAMED_GROUP)) {
+            num = tok->u.backref.ref1;
+          }
+          else {
+            /* FIXME:
+             * Use left most named group for now. This is the same as Perl.
+             * However this should use the same strategy as normal back-
+             * references on Ruby syntax; search right to left. */
+            int len = tok->u.backref.num;
+            num = len > 1 ? tok->u.backref.refs[0] : tok->u.backref.ref1;
+          }
+        }
 #endif
-	else
-	  return ONIGERR_INVALID_CONDITION_PATTERN;
-	*np = node_new_enclose(ENCLOSE_CONDITION);
-	CHECK_NULL_RETURN_MEMERR(*np);
-	NENCLOSE(*np)->regnum = num;
-	if (IS_NOT_NULL(name)) NENCLOSE(*np)->state |= NST_NAME_REF;
+        else
+          return ONIGERR_INVALID_CONDITION_PATTERN;
+        *np = node_new_enclose(ENCLOSE_CONDITION);
+        CHECK_NULL_RETURN_MEMERR(*np);
+        NENCLOSE(*np)->regnum = num;
+        if (IS_NOT_NULL(name)) NENCLOSE(*np)->state |= NST_NAME_REF;
       }
       else
-	return ONIGERR_UNDEFINED_GROUP_OPTION;
+        return ONIGERR_UNDEFINED_GROUP_OPTION;
       break;
 
 #if 0
     case '|':   /* branch reset: (?|...) */
       if (IS_SYNTAX_OP2(env->syntax, ONIG_SYN_OP2_QMARK_VBAR_BRANCH_RESET)) {
-	/* TODO */
+        /* TODO */
       }
       else
-	return ONIGERR_UNDEFINED_GROUP_OPTION;
+        return ONIGERR_UNDEFINED_GROUP_OPTION;
       break;
 #endif
 
     case '^':   /* loads default options */
       if (!PEND && IS_SYNTAX_OP2(env->syntax, ONIG_SYN_OP2_OPTION_PERL)) {
-	/* d-imsx */
-	ONOFF(option, ONIG_OPTION_ASCII_RANGE, 1);
-	ONOFF(option, ONIG_OPTION_IGNORECASE, 1);
-	ONOFF(option, ONIG_OPTION_SINGLELINE, 0);
-	ONOFF(option, ONIG_OPTION_MULTILINE,  1);
-	ONOFF(option, ONIG_OPTION_EXTEND, 1);
-	PFETCH(c);
+        /* d-imsx */
+        ONOFF(option, ONIG_OPTION_ASCII_RANGE, 1);
+        ONOFF(option, ONIG_OPTION_IGNORECASE, 1);
+        ONOFF(option, ONIG_OPTION_SINGLELINE, 0);
+        ONOFF(option, ONIG_OPTION_MULTILINE,  1);
+        ONOFF(option, ONIG_OPTION_EXTEND, 1);
+        PFETCH(c);
       }
 #if 0
       else if (!PEND && IS_SYNTAX_OP2(env->syntax, ONIG_SYN_OP2_OPTION_RUBY)) {
-	/* d-imx */
-	ONOFF(option, ONIG_OPTION_ASCII_RANGE, 0);
-	ONOFF(option, ONIG_OPTION_POSIX_BRACKET_ALL_RANGE, 0);
-	ONOFF(option, ONIG_OPTION_WORD_BOUND_ALL_RANGE, 0);
-	ONOFF(option, ONIG_OPTION_IGNORECASE, 1);
-	ONOFF(option, ONIG_OPTION_MULTILINE,  1);
-	ONOFF(option, ONIG_OPTION_EXTEND, 1);
-	PFETCH(c);
+        /* d-imx */
+        ONOFF(option, ONIG_OPTION_ASCII_RANGE, 0);
+        ONOFF(option, ONIG_OPTION_POSIX_BRACKET_ALL_RANGE, 0);
+        ONOFF(option, ONIG_OPTION_WORD_BOUND_ALL_RANGE, 0);
+        ONOFF(option, ONIG_OPTION_IGNORECASE, 1);
+        ONOFF(option, ONIG_OPTION_MULTILINE,  1);
+        ONOFF(option, ONIG_OPTION_EXTEND, 1);
+        PFETCH(c);
       }
 #endif
       else {
-	return ONIGERR_UNDEFINED_GROUP_OPTION;
+        return ONIGERR_UNDEFINED_GROUP_OPTION;
       }
       /* fall through */
 #ifdef USE_POSIXLINE_OPTION
@@ -5334,120 +5338,120 @@ parse_enclose(Node** np, OnigToken* tok, int term, UChar** src, UChar* end,
     case '-': case 'i': case 'm': case 's': case 'x':
     case 'a': case 'd': case 'l': case 'u':
       {
-	int neg = 0;
-
-	while (1) {
-	  switch (c) {
-	  case ':':
-	  case ')':
-	  break;
-
-	  case '-':  neg = 1; break;
-	  case 'x':  ONOFF(option, ONIG_OPTION_EXTEND,     neg); break;
-	  case 'i':  ONOFF(option, ONIG_OPTION_IGNORECASE, neg); break;
-	  case 's':
-	    if (IS_SYNTAX_OP2(env->syntax, ONIG_SYN_OP2_OPTION_PERL)) {
-	      ONOFF(option, ONIG_OPTION_MULTILINE,  neg);
-	    }
-	    else
-	      return ONIGERR_UNDEFINED_GROUP_OPTION;
-	    break;
-
-	  case 'm':
-	    if (IS_SYNTAX_OP2(env->syntax, ONIG_SYN_OP2_OPTION_PERL)) {
-	      ONOFF(option, ONIG_OPTION_SINGLELINE, (neg == 0 ? 1 : 0));
-	    }
-	    else if (IS_SYNTAX_OP2(env->syntax, ONIG_SYN_OP2_OPTION_RUBY)) {
-	      ONOFF(option, ONIG_OPTION_MULTILINE,  neg);
-	    }
-	    else
-	      return ONIGERR_UNDEFINED_GROUP_OPTION;
-	    break;
+        int neg = 0;
+
+        while (1) {
+          switch (c) {
+          case ':':
+          case ')':
+          break;
+
+          case '-':  neg = 1; break;
+          case 'x':  ONOFF(option, ONIG_OPTION_EXTEND,     neg); break;
+          case 'i':  ONOFF(option, ONIG_OPTION_IGNORECASE, neg); break;
+          case 's':
+            if (IS_SYNTAX_OP2(env->syntax, ONIG_SYN_OP2_OPTION_PERL)) {
+              ONOFF(option, ONIG_OPTION_MULTILINE,  neg);
+            }
+            else
+              return ONIGERR_UNDEFINED_GROUP_OPTION;
+            break;
+
+          case 'm':
+            if (IS_SYNTAX_OP2(env->syntax, ONIG_SYN_OP2_OPTION_PERL)) {
+              ONOFF(option, ONIG_OPTION_SINGLELINE, (neg == 0 ? 1 : 0));
+            }
+            else if (IS_SYNTAX_OP2(env->syntax, ONIG_SYN_OP2_OPTION_RUBY)) {
+              ONOFF(option, ONIG_OPTION_MULTILINE,  neg);
+            }
+            else
+              return ONIGERR_UNDEFINED_GROUP_OPTION;
+            break;
 #ifdef USE_POSIXLINE_OPTION
-	  case 'p':
-	    ONOFF(option, ONIG_OPTION_MULTILINE|ONIG_OPTION_SINGLELINE, neg);
-	    break;
+          case 'p':
+            ONOFF(option, ONIG_OPTION_MULTILINE|ONIG_OPTION_SINGLELINE, neg);
+            break;
 #endif
 
-	  case 'a':     /* limits \d, \s, \w and POSIX brackets to ASCII range */
-	    if ((IS_SYNTAX_OP2(env->syntax, ONIG_SYN_OP2_OPTION_PERL) ||
-		 IS_SYNTAX_OP2(env->syntax, ONIG_SYN_OP2_OPTION_RUBY)) &&
-		(neg == 0)) {
-	      ONOFF(option, ONIG_OPTION_ASCII_RANGE, 0);
-	      ONOFF(option, ONIG_OPTION_POSIX_BRACKET_ALL_RANGE, 1);
-	      ONOFF(option, ONIG_OPTION_WORD_BOUND_ALL_RANGE, 1);
-	    }
-	    else
-	      return ONIGERR_UNDEFINED_GROUP_OPTION;
-	    break;
-
-	  case 'u':
-	    if ((IS_SYNTAX_OP2(env->syntax, ONIG_SYN_OP2_OPTION_PERL) ||
-		 IS_SYNTAX_OP2(env->syntax, ONIG_SYN_OP2_OPTION_RUBY)) &&
-		(neg == 0)) {
-	      ONOFF(option, ONIG_OPTION_ASCII_RANGE, 1);
-	      ONOFF(option, ONIG_OPTION_POSIX_BRACKET_ALL_RANGE, 1);
-	      ONOFF(option, ONIG_OPTION_WORD_BOUND_ALL_RANGE, 1);
-	    }
-	    else
-	      return ONIGERR_UNDEFINED_GROUP_OPTION;
-	    break;
-
-	  case 'd':
-	    if (IS_SYNTAX_OP2(env->syntax, ONIG_SYN_OP2_OPTION_PERL) &&
-		(neg == 0)) {
-	      ONOFF(option, ONIG_OPTION_ASCII_RANGE, 1);
-	    }
-	    else if (IS_SYNTAX_OP2(env->syntax, ONIG_SYN_OP2_OPTION_RUBY) &&
-		(neg == 0)) {
-	      ONOFF(option, ONIG_OPTION_ASCII_RANGE, 0);
-	      ONOFF(option, ONIG_OPTION_POSIX_BRACKET_ALL_RANGE, 0);
-	      ONOFF(option, ONIG_OPTION_WORD_BOUND_ALL_RANGE, 0);
-	    }
-	    else
-	      return ONIGERR_UNDEFINED_GROUP_OPTION;
-	    break;
-
-	  case 'l':
-	    if (IS_SYNTAX_OP2(env->syntax, ONIG_SYN_OP2_OPTION_PERL) && (neg == 0)) {
-	      ONOFF(option, ONIG_OPTION_ASCII_RANGE, 1);
-	    }
-	    else
-	      return ONIGERR_UNDEFINED_GROUP_OPTION;
-	    break;
-
-	  default:
-	    return ONIGERR_UNDEFINED_GROUP_OPTION;
-	  }
-
-	  if (c == ')') {
-	    *np = node_new_option(option);
-	    CHECK_NULL_RETURN_MEMERR(*np);
-	    *src = p;
-	    return 2; /* option only */
-	  }
-	  else if (c == ':') {
-	    OnigOptionType prev = env->option;
-
-	    env->option = option;
-	    r = fetch_token(tok, &p, end, env);
-	    if (r < 0) {
-	      env->option = prev;
-	      return r;
-	    }
-	    r = parse_subexp(&target, tok, term, &p, end, env);
-	    env->option = prev;
-	    if (r < 0) return r;
-	    *np = node_new_option(option);
-	    CHECK_NULL_RETURN_MEMERR(*np);
-	    NENCLOSE(*np)->target = target;
-	    *src = p;
-	    return 0;
-	  }
-
-	  if (PEND) return ONIGERR_END_PATTERN_IN_GROUP;
-	  PFETCH(c);
-	}
+          case 'a':     /* limits \d, \s, \w and POSIX brackets to ASCII range */
+            if ((IS_SYNTAX_OP2(env->syntax, ONIG_SYN_OP2_OPTION_PERL) ||
+                 IS_SYNTAX_OP2(env->syntax, ONIG_SYN_OP2_OPTION_RUBY)) &&
+                (neg == 0)) {
+              ONOFF(option, ONIG_OPTION_ASCII_RANGE, 0);
+              ONOFF(option, ONIG_OPTION_POSIX_BRACKET_ALL_RANGE, 1);
+              ONOFF(option, ONIG_OPTION_WORD_BOUND_ALL_RANGE, 1);
+            }
+            else
+              return ONIGERR_UNDEFINED_GROUP_OPTION;
+            break;
+
+          case 'u':
+            if ((IS_SYNTAX_OP2(env->syntax, ONIG_SYN_OP2_OPTION_PERL) ||
+                 IS_SYNTAX_OP2(env->syntax, ONIG_SYN_OP2_OPTION_RUBY)) &&
+                (neg == 0)) {
+              ONOFF(option, ONIG_OPTION_ASCII_RANGE, 1);
+              ONOFF(option, ONIG_OPTION_POSIX_BRACKET_ALL_RANGE, 1);
+              ONOFF(option, ONIG_OPTION_WORD_BOUND_ALL_RANGE, 1);
+            }
+            else
+              return ONIGERR_UNDEFINED_GROUP_OPTION;
+            break;
+
+          case 'd':
+            if (IS_SYNTAX_OP2(env->syntax, ONIG_SYN_OP2_OPTION_PERL) &&
+                (neg == 0)) {
+              ONOFF(option, ONIG_OPTION_ASCII_RANGE, 1);
+            }
+            else if (IS_SYNTAX_OP2(env->syntax, ONIG_SYN_OP2_OPTION_RUBY) &&
+                (neg == 0)) {
+              ONOFF(option, ONIG_OPTION_ASCII_RANGE, 0);
+              ONOFF(option, ONIG_OPTION_POSIX_BRACKET_ALL_RANGE, 0);
+              ONOFF(option, ONIG_OPTION_WORD_BOUND_ALL_RANGE, 0);
+            }
+            else
+              return ONIGERR_UNDEFINED_GROUP_OPTION;
+            break;
+
+          case 'l':
+            if (IS_SYNTAX_OP2(env->syntax, ONIG_SYN_OP2_OPTION_PERL) && (neg == 0)) {
+              ONOFF(option, ONIG_OPTION_ASCII_RANGE, 1);
+            }
+            else
+              return ONIGERR_UNDEFINED_GROUP_OPTION;
+            break;
+
+          default:
+            return ONIGERR_UNDEFINED_GROUP_OPTION;
+          }
+
+          if (c == ')') {
+            *np = node_new_option(option);
+            CHECK_NULL_RETURN_MEMERR(*np);
+            *src = p;
+            return 2; /* option only */
+          }
+          else if (c == ':') {
+            OnigOptionType prev = env->option;
+
+            env->option = option;
+            r = fetch_token(tok, &p, end, env);
+            if (r < 0) {
+              env->option = prev;
+              return r;
+            }
+            r = parse_subexp(&target, tok, term, &p, end, env);
+            env->option = prev;
+            if (r < 0) return r;
+            *np = node_new_option(option);
+            CHECK_NULL_RETURN_MEMERR(*np);
+            NENCLOSE(*np)->target = target;
+            *src = p;
+            return 0;
+          }
+
+          if (PEND) return ONIGERR_END_PATTERN_IN_GROUP;
+          PFETCH(c);
+        }
       }
       break;
 
@@ -5486,14 +5490,14 @@ parse_enclose(Node** np, OnigToken* tok, int term, UChar** src, UChar* end,
     }
     else if (NENCLOSE(*np)->type == ENCLOSE_CONDITION) {
       if (NTYPE(target) != NT_ALT) {
-	/* convert (?(cond)yes) to (?(cond)yes|empty) */
-	work1 = node_new_empty();
-	if (IS_NULL(work1)) goto err;
-	work2 = onig_node_new_alt(work1, NULL_NODE);
-	if (IS_NULL(work2)) goto err;
-	work1 = onig_node_new_alt(target, work2);
-	if (IS_NULL(work1)) goto err;
-	NENCLOSE(*np)->target = work1;
+        /* convert (?(cond)yes) to (?(cond)yes|empty) */
+        work1 = node_new_empty();
+        if (IS_NULL(work1)) goto err;
+        work2 = onig_node_new_alt(work1, NULL_NODE);
+        if (IS_NULL(work2)) goto err;
+        work1 = onig_node_new_alt(target, work2);
+        if (IS_NULL(work1)) goto err;
+        NENCLOSE(*np)->target = work1;
       }
     }
   }
@@ -5532,11 +5536,11 @@ set_quantifier(Node* qnode, Node* target, int group, ScanEnv* env)
     if (! group) {
       StrNode* sn = NSTR(target);
       if (str_node_can_be_split(sn, env->enc)) {
-	Node* n = str_node_split_last_char(sn, env->enc);
-	if (IS_NOT_NULL(n)) {
-	  qn->target = n;
-	  return 2;
-	}
+        Node* n = str_node_split_last_char(sn, env->enc);
+        if (IS_NOT_NULL(n)) {
+          qn->target = n;
+          return 2;
+        }
       }
     }
     break;
@@ -5550,43 +5554,43 @@ set_quantifier(Node* qnode, Node* target, int group, ScanEnv* env)
 
 #ifdef USE_WARNING_REDUNDANT_NESTED_REPEAT_OPERATOR
       if (nestq_num >= 0 && targetq_num >= 0 &&
-	  IS_SYNTAX_BV(env->syntax, ONIG_SYN_WARN_REDUNDANT_NESTED_REPEAT)) {
-	switch (ReduceTypeTable[targetq_num][nestq_num]) {
-	case RQ_ASIS:
-	  break;
-
-	case RQ_DEL:
-	  if (onig_warn != onig_null_warn) {
-	    onig_syntax_warn(env, "regular expression has redundant nested repeat operator '%s'",
-		PopularQStr[targetq_num]);
-	  }
-	  goto warn_exit;
-	  break;
-
-	default:
-	  if (onig_warn != onig_null_warn) {
-	    onig_syntax_warn(env, "nested repeat operator '%s' and '%s' was replaced with '%s' in regular expression",
-		PopularQStr[targetq_num], PopularQStr[nestq_num],
-		ReduceQStr[ReduceTypeTable[targetq_num][nestq_num]]);
-	  }
-	  goto warn_exit;
-	  break;
-	}
+          IS_SYNTAX_BV(env->syntax, ONIG_SYN_WARN_REDUNDANT_NESTED_REPEAT)) {
+        switch (ReduceTypeTable[targetq_num][nestq_num]) {
+        case RQ_ASIS:
+          break;
+
+        case RQ_DEL:
+          if (onig_warn != onig_null_warn) {
+            onig_syntax_warn(env, "regular expression has redundant nested repeat operator '%s'",
+                PopularQStr[targetq_num]);
+          }
+          goto warn_exit;
+          break;
+
+        default:
+          if (onig_warn != onig_null_warn) {
+            onig_syntax_warn(env, "nested repeat operator '%s' and '%s' was replaced with '%s' in regular expression",
+                PopularQStr[targetq_num], PopularQStr[nestq_num],
+                ReduceQStr[ReduceTypeTable[targetq_num][nestq_num]]);
+          }
+          goto warn_exit;
+          break;
+        }
       }
 
     warn_exit:
 #endif
       if (targetq_num >= 0) {
-	if (nestq_num >= 0) {
-	  onig_reduce_nested_quantifier(qnode, target);
-	  goto q_exit;
-	}
-	else if (targetq_num == 1 || targetq_num == 2) { /* * or + */
-	  /* (?:a*){n,m}, (?:a+){n,m} => (?:a*){n,n}, (?:a+){n,n} */
-	  if (! IS_REPEAT_INFINITE(qn->upper) && qn->upper > 1 && qn->greedy) {
-	    qn->upper = (qn->lower == 0 ? 1 : qn->lower);
-	  }
-	}
+        if (nestq_num >= 0) {
+          onig_reduce_nested_quantifier(qnode, target);
+          goto q_exit;
+        }
+        else if (targetq_num == 1 || targetq_num == 2) { /* * or + */
+          /* (?:a*){n,m}, (?:a+){n,m} => (?:a*){n,n}, (?:a+){n,n} */
+          if (! IS_REPEAT_INFINITE(qn->upper) && qn->upper > 1 && qn->greedy) {
+            qn->upper = (qn->lower == 0 ? 1 : qn->lower);
+          }
+        }
       }
     }
     break;
@@ -5652,7 +5656,7 @@ typedef struct {
 
 static int
 i_apply_case_fold(OnigCodePoint from, OnigCodePoint to[],
-		  int to_len, void* arg)
+                  int to_len, void* arg)
 {
   IApplyCaseFoldArg* iarg;
   ScanEnv* env;
@@ -5683,7 +5687,7 @@ i_apply_case_fold(OnigCodePoint from, OnigCodePoint to[],
     int is_in = onig_is_code_in_cc(env->enc, from, cc);
 #ifdef CASE_FOLD_IS_APPLIED_INSIDE_NEGATIVE_CCLASS
     if ((is_in != 0 && !IS_NCCLASS_NOT(cc)) ||
-	(is_in == 0 &&  IS_NCCLASS_NOT(cc))) {
+        (is_in == 0 &&  IS_NCCLASS_NOT(cc))) {
       if (add_flag) {
         if (is_singlebyte_range(*to, env->enc)) {
           BITSET_SET_BIT(bs, *to);
@@ -5721,26 +5725,26 @@ i_apply_case_fold(OnigCodePoint from, OnigCodePoint to[],
 
     if (onig_is_code_in_cc(env->enc, from, cc)
 #ifdef CASE_FOLD_IS_APPLIED_INSIDE_NEGATIVE_CCLASS
-	&& !IS_NCCLASS_NOT(cc)
+        && !IS_NCCLASS_NOT(cc)
 #endif
-	) {
+        ) {
       for (i = 0; i < to_len; i++) {
-	len = ONIGENC_CODE_TO_MBC(env->enc, to[i], buf);
-	if (i == 0) {
-	  snode = onig_node_new_str(buf, buf + len);
-	  CHECK_NULL_RETURN_MEMERR(snode);
-
-	  /* char-class expanded multi-char only
-	     compare with string folded at match time. */
-	  NSTRING_SET_AMBIG(snode);
-	}
-	else {
-	  r = onig_node_str_cat(snode, buf, buf + len);
-	  if (r < 0) {
-	    onig_node_free(snode);
-	    return r;
-	  }
-	}
+        len = ONIGENC_CODE_TO_MBC(env->enc, to[i], buf);
+        if (i == 0) {
+          snode = onig_node_new_str(buf, buf + len);
+          CHECK_NULL_RETURN_MEMERR(snode);
+
+          /* char-class expanded multi-char only
+             compare with string folded at match time. */
+          NSTRING_SET_AMBIG(snode);
+        }
+        else {
+          r = onig_node_str_cat(snode, buf, buf + len);
+          if (r < 0) {
+            onig_node_free(snode);
+            return r;
+          }
+        }
       }
 
       *(iarg->ptail) = onig_node_new_alt(snode, NULL_NODE);
@@ -5765,7 +5769,7 @@ cclass_case_fold(Node** np, CClassNode* cc, CClassNode* asc_cc, ScanEnv* env)
   iarg.ptail       = &(iarg.alt_root);
 
   r = ONIGENC_APPLY_ALL_CASE_FOLD(env->enc, env->case_fold_flag,
-				  i_apply_case_fold, &iarg);
+                                  i_apply_case_fold, &iarg);
   if (r != 0) {
     onig_node_free(iarg.alt_root);
     return r;
@@ -6270,8 +6274,8 @@ is_onechar_cclass(CClassNode* cc, OnigCodePoint* code)
       /* only one char found in the bbuf, save the code point. */
       c = data[0];
       if (((c < SINGLE_BYTE_SIZE) && BITSET_AT(cc->bs, c))) {
-	/* skip if c is included in the bitset */
-	c = not_found;
+        /* skip if c is included in the bitset */
+        c = not_found;
       }
     }
     else {
@@ -6284,10 +6288,10 @@ is_onechar_cclass(CClassNode* cc, OnigCodePoint* code)
     Bits b1 = cc->bs[i];
     if (b1 != 0) {
       if (((b1 & (b1 - 1)) == 0) && (c == not_found)) {
-	c = BITS_IN_ROOM * i + countbits(b1 - 1);
+        c = BITS_IN_ROOM * i + countbits(b1 - 1);
       }
       else {
-	return 0;  /* the character class contains multiple chars */
+        return 0;  /* the character class contains multiple chars */
       }
     }
   }
@@ -6304,16 +6308,19 @@ is_onechar_cclass(CClassNode* cc, OnigCodePoint* code)
 
 static int
 parse_exp(Node** np, OnigToken* tok, int term,
-	  UChar** src, UChar* end, ScanEnv* env)
+          UChar** src, UChar* end, ScanEnv* env)
 {
   int r, len, group = 0;
   Node* qn;
   Node** targetp;
+  unsigned int parse_depth;
 
   *np = NULL;
   if (tok->type == (enum TokenSyms )term)
     goto end_of_token;
 
+  parse_depth = env->parse_depth;
+
   switch (tok->type) {
   case TK_ALT:
   case TK_EOT:
@@ -6333,14 +6340,14 @@ parse_exp(Node** np, OnigToken* tok, int term,
       env->option = NENCLOSE(*np)->option;
       r = fetch_token(tok, src, end, env);
       if (r < 0) {
-	env->option = prev;
-	return r;
+        env->option = prev;
+        return r;
       }
       r = parse_subexp(&target, tok, term, src, end, env);
       env->option = prev;
       if (r < 0) {
-	onig_node_free(target);
-	return r;
+        onig_node_free(target);
+        return r;
       }
       NENCLOSE(*np)->target = target;
       return tok->type;
@@ -6378,20 +6385,20 @@ parse_exp(Node** np, OnigToken* tok, int term,
 
     string_loop:
       while (1) {
-	r = fetch_token(tok, src, end, env);
-	if (r < 0) return r;
-	if (r == TK_STRING) {
-	  r = onig_node_str_cat(*np, tok->backp, *src);
-	}
+        r = fetch_token(tok, src, end, env);
+        if (r < 0) return r;
+        if (r == TK_STRING) {
+          r = onig_node_str_cat(*np, tok->backp, *src);
+        }
 #ifndef NUMBERED_CHAR_IS_NOT_CASE_AMBIG
-	else if (r == TK_CODE_POINT) {
-	  r = node_str_cat_codepoint(*np, env->enc, tok->u.code);
-	}
+        else if (r == TK_CODE_POINT) {
+          r = node_str_cat_codepoint(*np, env->enc, tok->u.code);
+        }
 #endif
-	else {
-	  break;
-	}
-	if (r < 0) return r;
+        else {
+          break;
+        }
+        if (r < 0) return r;
       }
 
     string_end:
@@ -6407,36 +6414,36 @@ parse_exp(Node** np, OnigToken* tok, int term,
       CHECK_NULL_RETURN_MEMERR(*np);
       len = 1;
       while (1) {
-	if (len >= ONIGENC_MBC_MINLEN(env->enc)) {
-	  if (len == enclen(env->enc, NSTR(*np)->s, NSTR(*np)->end)) {
-	    r = fetch_token(tok, src, end, env);
-	    NSTRING_CLEAR_RAW(*np);
-	    goto string_end;
-	  }
-	}
-
-	r = fetch_token(tok, src, end, env);
-	if (r < 0) return r;
-	if (r != TK_RAW_BYTE) {
-	  /* Don't use this, it is wrong for little endian encodings. */
+        if (len >= ONIGENC_MBC_MINLEN(env->enc)) {
+          if (len == enclen(env->enc, NSTR(*np)->s, NSTR(*np)->end)) {
+            r = fetch_token(tok, src, end, env);
+            NSTRING_CLEAR_RAW(*np);
+            goto string_end;
+          }
+        }
+
+        r = fetch_token(tok, src, end, env);
+        if (r < 0) return r;
+        if (r != TK_RAW_BYTE) {
+          /* Don't use this, it is wrong for little endian encodings. */
 #ifdef USE_PAD_TO_SHORT_BYTE_CHAR
-	  int rem;
-	  if (len < ONIGENC_MBC_MINLEN(env->enc)) {
-	    rem = ONIGENC_MBC_MINLEN(env->enc) - len;
-	    (void )node_str_head_pad(NSTR(*np), rem, (UChar )0);
-	    if (len + rem == enclen(env->enc, NSTR(*np)->s)) {
-	      NSTRING_CLEAR_RAW(*np);
-	      goto string_end;
-	    }
-	  }
+          int rem;
+          if (len < ONIGENC_MBC_MINLEN(env->enc)) {
+            rem = ONIGENC_MBC_MINLEN(env->enc) - len;
+            (void )node_str_head_pad(NSTR(*np), rem, (UChar )0);
+            if (len + rem == enclen(env->enc, NSTR(*np)->s)) {
+              NSTRING_CLEAR_RAW(*np);
+              goto string_end;
+            }
+          }
 #endif
-	  return ONIGERR_TOO_SHORT_MULTI_BYTE_STRING;
-	}
+          return ONIGERR_TOO_SHORT_MULTI_BYTE_STRING;
+        }
 
-	r = node_str_cat_char(*np, (UChar )tok->u.c);
-	if (r < 0) return r;
+        r = node_str_cat_char(*np, (UChar )tok->u.c);
+        if (r < 0) return r;
 
-	len++;
+        len++;
       }
     }
     break;
@@ -6465,7 +6472,7 @@ parse_exp(Node** np, OnigToken* tok, int term,
       qstart = *src;
       qend = find_str_position(end_op, 2, qstart, end, &nextp, env->enc);
       if (IS_NULL(qend)) {
-	nextp = qend = end;
+        nextp = qend = end;
       }
       *np = node_new_str(qstart, qend);
       CHECK_NULL_RETURN_MEMERR(*np);
@@ -6477,30 +6484,30 @@ parse_exp(Node** np, OnigToken* tok, int term,
     {
       switch (tok->u.prop.ctype) {
       case ONIGENC_CTYPE_WORD:
-	*np = node_new_ctype(tok->u.prop.ctype, tok->u.prop.not,
-			     IS_ASCII_RANGE(env->option));
-	CHECK_NULL_RETURN_MEMERR(*np);
-	break;
+        *np = node_new_ctype(tok->u.prop.ctype, tok->u.prop.not,
+                             IS_ASCII_RANGE(env->option));
+        CHECK_NULL_RETURN_MEMERR(*np);
+        break;
 
       case ONIGENC_CTYPE_SPACE:
       case ONIGENC_CTYPE_DIGIT:
       case ONIGENC_CTYPE_XDIGIT:
-	{
-	  CClassNode* cc;
-
-	  *np = node_new_cclass();
-	  CHECK_NULL_RETURN_MEMERR(*np);
-	  cc = NCCLASS(*np);
-	  r = add_ctype_to_cc(cc, tok->u.prop.ctype, 0,
-	      IS_ASCII_RANGE(env->option), env);
-	  if (r != 0) return r;
-	  if (tok->u.prop.not != 0) NCCLASS_SET_NOT(cc);
-	}
-	break;
+        {
+          CClassNode* cc;
+
+          *np = node_new_cclass();
+          CHECK_NULL_RETURN_MEMERR(*np);
+          cc = NCCLASS(*np);
+          r = add_ctype_to_cc(cc, tok->u.prop.ctype, 0,
+              IS_ASCII_RANGE(env->option), env);
+          if (r != 0) return r;
+          if (tok->u.prop.not != 0) NCCLASS_SET_NOT(cc);
+        }
+        break;
 
       default:
-	return ONIGERR_PARSER_BUG;
-	break;
+        return ONIGERR_PARSER_BUG;
+        break;
       }
     }
     break;
@@ -6518,26 +6525,26 @@ parse_exp(Node** np, OnigToken* tok, int term,
 
       r = parse_char_class(np, &asc_node, tok, src, end, env);
       if (r != 0) {
-	onig_node_free(asc_node);
-	return r;
+        onig_node_free(asc_node);
+        return r;
       }
 
       cc = NCCLASS(*np);
       if (is_onechar_cclass(cc, &code)) {
-	onig_node_free(*np);
-	onig_node_free(asc_node);
-	*np = node_new_empty();
-	CHECK_NULL_RETURN_MEMERR(*np);
-	r = node_str_cat_codepoint(*np, env->enc, code);
-	if (r != 0) return r;
-	goto string_loop;
+        onig_node_free(*np);
+        onig_node_free(asc_node);
+        *np = node_new_empty();
+        CHECK_NULL_RETURN_MEMERR(*np);
+        r = node_str_cat_codepoint(*np, env->enc, code);
+        if (r != 0) return r;
+        goto string_loop;
       }
       if (IS_IGNORECASE(env->option)) {
-	r = cclass_case_fold(np, cc, NCCLASS(asc_node), env);
-	if (r != 0) {
-	  onig_node_free(asc_node);
-	  return r;
-	}
+        r = cclass_case_fold(np, cc, NCCLASS(asc_node), env);
+        if (r != 0) {
+          onig_node_free(asc_node);
+          return r;
+        }
       }
       onig_node_free(asc_node);
     }
@@ -6560,13 +6567,13 @@ parse_exp(Node** np, OnigToken* tok, int term,
   case TK_BACKREF:
     len = tok->u.backref.num;
     *np = node_new_backref(len,
-		   (len > 1 ? tok->u.backref.refs : &(tok->u.backref.ref1)),
-			   tok->u.backref.by_name,
+                   (len > 1 ? tok->u.backref.refs : &(tok->u.backref.ref1)),
+                           tok->u.backref.by_name,
 #ifdef USE_BACKREF_WITH_LEVEL
-			   tok->u.backref.exist_level,
-			   tok->u.backref.level,
+                           tok->u.backref.exist_level,
+                           tok->u.backref.level,
 #endif
-			   env);
+                           env);
     CHECK_NULL_RETURN_MEMERR(*np);
     break;
 
@@ -6576,10 +6583,10 @@ parse_exp(Node** np, OnigToken* tok, int term,
       int gnum = tok->u.call.gnum;
 
       if (gnum < 0 || tok->u.call.rel != 0) {
-	if (gnum > 0) gnum--;
-	gnum = BACKREF_REL_TO_ABS(gnum, env);
-	if (gnum <= 0)
-	  return ONIGERR_INVALID_BACKREF;
+        if (gnum > 0) gnum--;
+        gnum = BACKREF_REL_TO_ABS(gnum, env);
+        if (gnum <= 0)
+          return ONIGERR_INVALID_BACKREF;
       }
       *np = node_new_call(tok->u.call.name, tok->u.call.name_end, gnum);
       CHECK_NULL_RETURN_MEMERR(*np);
@@ -6598,9 +6605,9 @@ parse_exp(Node** np, OnigToken* tok, int term,
   case TK_INTERVAL:
     if (IS_SYNTAX_BV(env->syntax, ONIG_SYN_CONTEXT_INDEP_REPEAT_OPS)) {
       if (IS_SYNTAX_BV(env->syntax, ONIG_SYN_CONTEXT_INVALID_REPEAT_OPS))
-	return ONIGERR_TARGET_OF_REPEAT_OPERATOR_NOT_SPECIFIED;
+        return ONIGERR_TARGET_OF_REPEAT_OPERATOR_NOT_SPECIFIED;
       else
-	*np = node_new_empty();
+        *np = node_new_empty();
     }
     else {
       goto tk_byte;
@@ -6622,49 +6629,53 @@ parse_exp(Node** np, OnigToken* tok, int term,
   repeat:
     if (r == TK_OP_REPEAT || r == TK_INTERVAL) {
       if (is_invalid_quantifier_target(*targetp))
-	return ONIGERR_TARGET_OF_REPEAT_OPERATOR_INVALID;
+        return ONIGERR_TARGET_OF_REPEAT_OPERATOR_INVALID;
+
+      parse_depth++;
+      if (parse_depth > ParseDepthLimit)
+	return ONIGERR_PARSE_DEPTH_LIMIT_OVER;
 
       qn = node_new_quantifier(tok->u.repeat.lower, tok->u.repeat.upper,
-			       (r == TK_INTERVAL ? 1 : 0));
+                               (r == TK_INTERVAL ? 1 : 0));
       CHECK_NULL_RETURN_MEMERR(qn);
       NQTFR(qn)->greedy = tok->u.repeat.greedy;
       r = set_quantifier(qn, *targetp, group, env);
       if (r < 0) {
-	onig_node_free(qn);
-	return r;
+        onig_node_free(qn);
+        return r;
       }
 
       if (tok->u.repeat.possessive != 0) {
-	Node* en;
-	en = node_new_enclose(ENCLOSE_STOP_BACKTRACK);
-	if (IS_NULL(en)) {
-	  onig_node_free(qn);
-	  return ONIGERR_MEMORY;
-	}
-	NENCLOSE(en)->target = qn;
-	qn = en;
+        Node* en;
+        en = node_new_enclose(ENCLOSE_STOP_BACKTRACK);
+        if (IS_NULL(en)) {
+          onig_node_free(qn);
+          return ONIGERR_MEMORY;
+        }
+        NENCLOSE(en)->target = qn;
+        qn = en;
       }
 
       if (r == 0) {
-	*targetp = qn;
+        *targetp = qn;
       }
       else if (r == 1) {
-	onig_node_free(qn);
+        onig_node_free(qn);
       }
       else if (r == 2) { /* split case: /abc+/ */
-	Node *tmp;
-
-	*targetp = node_new_list(*targetp, NULL);
-	if (IS_NULL(*targetp)) {
-	  onig_node_free(qn);
-	  return ONIGERR_MEMORY;
-	}
-	tmp = NCDR(*targetp) = node_new_list(qn, NULL);
-	if (IS_NULL(tmp)) {
-	  onig_node_free(qn);
-	  return ONIGERR_MEMORY;
-	}
-	targetp = &(NCAR(tmp));
+        Node *tmp;
+
+        *targetp = node_new_list(*targetp, NULL);
+        if (IS_NULL(*targetp)) {
+          onig_node_free(qn);
+          return ONIGERR_MEMORY;
+        }
+        tmp = NCDR(*targetp) = node_new_list(qn, NULL);
+        if (IS_NULL(tmp)) {
+          onig_node_free(qn);
+          return ONIGERR_MEMORY;
+        }
+        targetp = &(NCAR(tmp));
       }
       goto re_entry;
     }
@@ -6675,7 +6686,7 @@ parse_exp(Node** np, OnigToken* tok, int term,
 
 static int
 parse_branch(Node** top, OnigToken* tok, int term,
-	     UChar** src, UChar* end, ScanEnv* env)
+             UChar** src, UChar* end, ScanEnv* env)
 {
   int r;
   Node *node, **headp;
@@ -6696,18 +6707,18 @@ parse_branch(Node** top, OnigToken* tok, int term,
     while (r != TK_EOT && r != term && r != TK_ALT) {
       r = parse_exp(&node, tok, term, src, end, env);
       if (r < 0) {
-	onig_node_free(node);
-	return r;
+        onig_node_free(node);
+        return r;
       }
 
       if (NTYPE(node) == NT_LIST) {
-	*headp = node;
-	while (IS_NOT_NULL(NCDR(node))) node = NCDR(node);
-	headp = &(NCDR(node));
+        *headp = node;
+        while (IS_NOT_NULL(NCDR(node))) node = NCDR(node);
+        headp = &(NCDR(node));
       }
       else {
-	*headp = node_new_list(node, NULL);
-	headp = &(NCDR(*headp));
+        *headp = node_new_list(node, NULL);
+        headp = &(NCDR(*headp));
       }
     }
   }
@@ -6718,7 +6729,7 @@ parse_branch(Node** top, OnigToken* tok, int term,
 /* term_tok: TK_EOT or TK_SUBEXP_CLOSE */
 static int
 parse_subexp(Node** top, OnigToken* tok, int term,
-	     UChar** src, UChar* end, ScanEnv* env)
+             UChar** src, UChar* end, ScanEnv* env)
 {
   int r;
   Node *node, *topnode, **headp;
@@ -6742,13 +6753,13 @@ parse_subexp(Node** top, OnigToken* tok, int term,
     while (r == TK_ALT) {
       r = fetch_token(tok, src, end, env);
       if (r < 0) {
-	onig_node_free(topnode);
-	return r;
+        onig_node_free(topnode);
+        return r;
       }
       r = parse_branch(&node, tok, term, src, end, env);
       if (r < 0) {
-	onig_node_free(topnode);
-	return r;
+        onig_node_free(topnode);
+        return r;
       }
 
       *headp = onig_node_new_alt(node, NULL);
@@ -6796,8 +6807,8 @@ parse_regexp(Node** top, UChar** src, UChar* end, ScanEnv* env)
     NENCLOSE(np)->target = *top;
     r = scan_env_set_mem_node(env, num, np);
     if (r != 0) {
-	onig_node_free(np);
-	return r;
+        onig_node_free(np);
+        return r;
     }
     *top = np;
   }
@@ -6807,7 +6818,7 @@ parse_regexp(Node** top, UChar** src, UChar* end, ScanEnv* env)
 
 extern int
 onig_parse_make_tree(Node** root, const UChar* pattern, const UChar* end,
-		     regex_t* reg, ScanEnv* env)
+                     regex_t* reg, ScanEnv* env)
 {
   int r;
   UChar* p;
@@ -6834,7 +6845,7 @@ onig_parse_make_tree(Node** root, const UChar* pattern, const UChar* end,
 
 extern void
 onig_scan_env_set_error_string(ScanEnv* env, int ecode ARG_UNUSED,
-				UChar* arg, UChar* arg_end)
+                                UChar* arg, UChar* arg_end)
 {
   env->error     = arg;
   env->error_end = arg_end;
diff --git a/regparse.h b/regparse.h
index de980d0ac8..65da835a55 100644
--- a/regparse.h
+++ b/regparse.h
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@
 **********************************************************************/
 /*-
  * Copyright (c) 2002-2007  K.Kosako  <sndgk393 AT ybb DOT ne DOT jp>
- * Copyright (c) 2011-2016  K.Takata  <kentkt AT csc DOT jp>
+ * Copyright (c) 2011-2019  K.Takata  <kentkt AT csc DOT jp>
  * All rights reserved.
  *
  * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
@@ -69,8 +69,8 @@ RUBY_SYMBOL_EXPORT_BEGIN
 #define NTYPE(node)             ((node)->u.base.type)
 #define SET_NTYPE(node, ntype) \
     do { \
-	int value = ntype; \
-	memcpy(&((node)->u.base.type), &value, sizeof(int)); \
+        int value = ntype; \
+        memcpy(&((node)->u.base.type), &value, sizeof(int)); \
     } while (0)
 
 #define NSTR(node)         (&((node)->u.str))
diff --git a/ruby.c b/ruby.c
index 46bfc7be1f..28f43176d6 100644
--- a/ruby.c
+++ b/ruby.c
@@ -119,7 +119,11 @@ enum feature_flag_bits {
     EACH_FEATURES(DEFINE_FEATURE, COMMA),
     DEFINE_FEATURE(frozen_string_literal_set),
     feature_debug_flag_first,
+#if !USE_YJIT && USE_ZJIT
+    DEFINE_FEATURE(jit) = feature_zjit,
+#else
     DEFINE_FEATURE(jit) = feature_yjit,
+#endif
     feature_jit_mask = FEATURE_BIT(yjit) | FEATURE_BIT(zjit),
 
     feature_debug_flag_begin = feature_debug_flag_first - 1,
@@ -301,6 +305,8 @@ ruby_show_usage_line(const char *name, const char *secondary, const char *descri
                     description, help, highlight, width, columns);
 }
 
+RUBY_EXTERN const char ruby_api_version_name[];
+
 static void
 usage(const char *name, int help, int highlight, int columns)
 {
@@ -320,7 +326,7 @@ usage(const char *name, int help, int highlight, int columns)
         M("-a",		   "",                     "Split each input line ($_) into fields ($F)."),
         M("-c",		   "",			   "Check syntax (no execution)."),
         M("-Cdirpath",     "",			   "Execute program in specified directory."),
-        M("-d",		   ", --debug",		   "Set debugging flag ($DEBUG) to true."),
+        M("-d",		   ", --debug",		   "Set debugging flag ($DEBUG) and $VERBOSE to true."),
         M("-e 'code'",     "",			   "Execute given Ruby code; multiple -e allowed."),
         M("-Eex[:in]",     ", --encoding=ex[:in]", "Set default external and internal encodings."),
         M("-Fpattern",	   "",			   "Set input field separator ($;); used with -a."),
@@ -440,7 +446,7 @@ ruby_push_include(const char *path, VALUE (*filter)(VALUE))
 {
     const char sep = PATH_SEP_CHAR;
     const char *p, *s;
-    VALUE load_path = GET_VM()->load_path;
+    VALUE load_path = rb_root_box()->load_path;
 #ifdef __CYGWIN__
     char rubylib[FILENAME_MAX];
     VALUE buf = 0;
@@ -745,7 +751,7 @@ ruby_init_loadpath(void)
     rb_gc_register_address(&ruby_archlibdir_path);
     ruby_archlibdir_path = archlibdir;
 
-    load_path = GET_VM()->load_path;
+    load_path = rb_root_box()->load_path;
 
     ruby_push_include(getenv("RUBYLIB"), identical_path);
 
@@ -757,8 +763,6 @@ ruby_init_loadpath(void)
         rb_ary_push(load_path, path);
         paths += len + 1;
     }
-
-    rb_const_set(rb_cObject, rb_intern_const("TMP_RUBY_PREFIX"), ruby_prefix_path);
 }
 
 
@@ -909,7 +913,9 @@ moreswitches(const char *s, ruby_cmdline_options_t *opt, int envopt)
     argc = RSTRING_LEN(argary) / sizeof(ap);
     ap = 0;
     rb_str_cat(argary, (char *)&ap, sizeof(ap));
-    argv = ptr = ALLOC_N(char *, argc);
+
+    VALUE ptr_obj;
+    argv = ptr = RB_ALLOCV_N(char *, ptr_obj, argc);
     MEMMOVE(argv, RSTRING_PTR(argary), char *, argc);
 
     while ((i = proc_options(argc, argv, opt, envopt)) > 1 && envopt && (argc -= i) > 0) {
@@ -941,7 +947,8 @@ moreswitches(const char *s, ruby_cmdline_options_t *opt, int envopt)
         opt->crash_report = crash_report;
     }
 
-    ruby_xfree(ptr);
+    RB_ALLOCV_END(ptr_obj);
+
     /* get rid of GC */
     rb_str_resize(argary, 0);
     rb_str_resize(argstr, 0);
@@ -1198,14 +1205,12 @@ setup_yjit_options(const char *s)
 
 #if USE_ZJIT
 static void
-setup_zjit_options(ruby_cmdline_options_t *opt, const char *s)
+setup_zjit_options(const char *s)
 {
     // The option parsing is done in zjit/src/options.rs
-    extern void *rb_zjit_init_options(void);
-    extern bool rb_zjit_parse_option(void *options, const char *s);
+    extern bool rb_zjit_parse_option(const char *s);
 
-    if (!opt->zjit) opt->zjit = rb_zjit_init_options();
-    if (!rb_zjit_parse_option(opt->zjit, s)) {
+    if (!rb_zjit_parse_option(s)) {
         rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "invalid ZJIT option '%s' (--help will show valid zjit options)", s);
     }
 }
@@ -1465,7 +1470,7 @@ proc_long_options(ruby_cmdline_options_t *opt, const char *s, long argc, char **
         ruby_verbose = Qtrue;
     }
     else if (strcmp("jit", s) == 0) {
-#if USE_YJIT
+#if USE_YJIT || USE_ZJIT
         FEATURE_SET(opt->features, FEATURE_BIT(jit));
 #else
         rb_warn("Ruby was built without JIT support");
@@ -1483,7 +1488,7 @@ proc_long_options(ruby_cmdline_options_t *opt, const char *s, long argc, char **
     else if (is_option_with_optarg("zjit", '-', true, false, false)) {
 #if USE_ZJIT
         FEATURE_SET(opt->features, FEATURE_BIT(zjit));
-        setup_zjit_options(opt, s);
+        setup_zjit_options(s);
 #else
         rb_warn("Ruby was built without ZJIT support."
                 " You may need to install rustc to build Ruby with ZJIT.");
@@ -1772,7 +1777,6 @@ static void
 ruby_init_prelude(void)
 {
     Init_builtin_features();
-    rb_const_remove(rb_cObject, rb_intern_const("TMP_RUBY_PREFIX"));
 }
 
 void rb_call_builtin_inits(void);
@@ -1807,13 +1811,6 @@ ruby_opt_init(ruby_cmdline_options_t *opt)
         }
     }
 
-    /* [Feature #19785] Warning for removed GC environment variable.
-     * Remove this in Ruby 3.4. */
-    if (getenv("RUBY_GC_HEAP_INIT_SLOTS")) {
-        rb_warn_deprecated("The environment variable RUBY_GC_HEAP_INIT_SLOTS",
-                           "environment variables RUBY_GC_HEAP_%d_INIT_SLOTS");
-    }
-
     Init_ext(); /* load statically linked extensions before rubygems */
     Init_extra_exts();
 
@@ -1824,24 +1821,19 @@ ruby_opt_init(ruby_cmdline_options_t *opt)
 
     ruby_init_prelude();
 
-    if (rb_namespace_available())
-        rb_initialize_main_namespace();
+    /* Initialize the main box after loading libraries (including rubygems)
+     * to enable those in both root and main */
+    if (rb_box_available())
+        rb_initialize_main_box();
+    rb_box_init_done();
 
-    // Initialize JITs after prelude because JITing prelude is typically not optimal.
+    // Initialize JITs after ruby_init_prelude() because JITing prelude is typically not optimal.
 #if USE_YJIT
     rb_yjit_init(opt->yjit);
 #endif
 #if USE_ZJIT
-    if (opt->zjit) {
-        extern void rb_zjit_init(void *options);
-        rb_zjit_init(opt->zjit);
-    }
-#endif
-
-#if USE_YJIT
-    // Call yjit_hook.rb after rb_yjit_init() to use `RubyVM::YJIT.enabled?`
-    void Init_builtin_yjit_hook();
-    Init_builtin_yjit_hook();
+    extern void rb_zjit_init(bool);
+    rb_zjit_init(opt->zjit);
 #endif
 
     ruby_set_script_name(opt->script_name);
@@ -2330,8 +2322,8 @@ process_options(int argc, char **argv, ruby_cmdline_options_t *opt)
     char fbuf[MAXPATHLEN];
     int i = (int)proc_options(argc, argv, opt, 0);
     unsigned int dump = opt->dump & dump_exit_bits;
-    rb_vm_t *vm = GET_VM();
-    const long loaded_before_enc = RARRAY_LEN(vm->loaded_features);
+    const rb_box_t *box = rb_root_box();
+    const long loaded_before_enc = RARRAY_LEN(box->loaded_features);
 
     if (opt->dump & (DUMP_BIT(usage)|DUMP_BIT(help))) {
         const char *const progname =
@@ -2360,9 +2352,16 @@ process_options(int argc, char **argv, ruby_cmdline_options_t *opt)
         if (!FEATURE_USED_P(opt->features, yjit) && env_var_truthy("RUBY_YJIT_ENABLE")) {
             FEATURE_SET(opt->features, FEATURE_BIT(yjit));
         }
-#elif USE_ZJIT
+#endif
+#if USE_ZJIT
         if (!FEATURE_USED_P(opt->features, zjit) && env_var_truthy("RUBY_ZJIT_ENABLE")) {
             FEATURE_SET(opt->features, FEATURE_BIT(zjit));
+
+            // When the --zjit flag is specified, we would have call setup_zjit_options(""),
+            // which would have called rb_zjit_prepare_options() internally. This ensures we
+            // go through the same set up but with less overhead than setup_zjit_options("").
+            extern void rb_zjit_prepare_options();
+            rb_zjit_prepare_options();
         }
 #endif
     }
@@ -2378,9 +2377,9 @@ process_options(int argc, char **argv, ruby_cmdline_options_t *opt)
     }
 #endif
 #if USE_ZJIT
-    if (FEATURE_SET_P(opt->features, zjit) && !opt->zjit) {
-        extern void *rb_zjit_init_options(void);
-        opt->zjit = rb_zjit_init_options();
+    if (FEATURE_SET_P(opt->features, zjit)) {
+        bool rb_zjit_option_enable(void);
+        opt->zjit = rb_zjit_option_enable(); // set opt->zjit for Init_ruby_description() and calling rb_zjit_init()
     }
 #endif
 
@@ -2477,7 +2476,7 @@ process_options(int argc, char **argv, ruby_cmdline_options_t *opt)
     rb_obj_freeze(opt->script_name);
     if (IF_UTF8_PATH(uenc != lenc, 1)) {
         long i;
-        VALUE load_path = vm->load_path;
+        VALUE load_path = box->load_path;
         const ID id_initial_load_path_mark = INITIAL_LOAD_PATH_MARK;
         int modifiable = FALSE;
 
@@ -2500,11 +2499,11 @@ process_options(int argc, char **argv, ruby_cmdline_options_t *opt)
             RARRAY_ASET(load_path, i, path);
         }
         if (modifiable) {
-            rb_ary_replace(vm->load_path_snapshot, load_path);
+            rb_ary_replace(box->load_path_snapshot, load_path);
         }
     }
     {
-        VALUE loaded_features = vm->loaded_features;
+        VALUE loaded_features = box->loaded_features;
         bool modified = false;
         for (long i = loaded_before_enc; i < RARRAY_LEN(loaded_features); ++i) {
             VALUE path = RARRAY_AREF(loaded_features, i);
@@ -2516,7 +2515,7 @@ process_options(int argc, char **argv, ruby_cmdline_options_t *opt)
             RARRAY_ASET(loaded_features, i, path);
         }
         if (modified) {
-            rb_ary_replace(vm->loaded_features_snapshot, loaded_features);
+            rb_ary_replace(box->loaded_features_snapshot, loaded_features);
         }
     }
 
diff --git a/jit.rs b/ruby.rs
index b66b2d21ca..b66b2d21ca 100644
--- a/jit.rs
+++ b/ruby.rs
diff --git a/ruby_atomic.h b/ruby_atomic.h
index 085c307ac6..cbcfe682ce 100644
--- a/ruby_atomic.h
+++ b/ruby_atomic.h
@@ -2,6 +2,11 @@
 #define INTERNAL_ATOMIC_H
 
 #include "ruby/atomic.h"
+#ifdef HAVE_STDATOMIC_H
+# include <stdatomic.h>
+#endif
+
+#define RUBY_ATOMIC_VALUE_LOAD(x) rbimpl_atomic_value_load(&(x), RBIMPL_ATOMIC_SEQ_CST)
 
 /* shim macros only */
 #define ATOMIC_ADD(var, val) RUBY_ATOMIC_ADD(var, val)
@@ -25,15 +30,44 @@
 #define ATOMIC_VALUE_CAS(var, oldval, val) RUBY_ATOMIC_VALUE_CAS(var, oldval, val)
 #define ATOMIC_VALUE_EXCHANGE(var, val) RUBY_ATOMIC_VALUE_EXCHANGE(var, val)
 
-static inline rb_atomic_t
-rbimpl_atomic_load_relaxed(rb_atomic_t *ptr)
+#define ATOMIC_LOAD_RELAXED(var) rbimpl_atomic_load(&(var), RBIMPL_ATOMIC_RELAXED)
+
+typedef RBIMPL_ALIGNAS(8) uint64_t rbimpl_atomic_uint64_t;
+
+static inline uint64_t
+rbimpl_atomic_u64_load_relaxed(const volatile rbimpl_atomic_uint64_t *value)
 {
-#if defined(HAVE_GCC_ATOMIC_BUILTINS)
-    return __atomic_load_n(ptr, __ATOMIC_RELAXED);
+#if defined(HAVE_GCC_ATOMIC_BUILTINS_64)
+    return __atomic_load_n(value, __ATOMIC_RELAXED);
+#elif defined(_WIN32)
+    uint64_t val = *value;
+    return InterlockedCompareExchange64(RBIMPL_CAST((uint64_t *)value), val, val);
+#elif defined(__sun) && defined(HAVE_ATOMIC_H) && (defined(_LP64) || defined(_I32LPx))
+    uint64_t val = *value;
+    return atomic_cas_64(value, val, val);
 #else
-    return *ptr;
+    // TODO: stdatomic
+
+    return *value;
+#endif
+}
+#define ATOMIC_U64_LOAD_RELAXED(var) rbimpl_atomic_u64_load_relaxed(&(var))
+
+static inline void
+rbimpl_atomic_u64_set_relaxed(volatile rbimpl_atomic_uint64_t *address, uint64_t value)
+{
+#if defined(HAVE_GCC_ATOMIC_BUILTINS_64)
+    __atomic_store_n(address, value, __ATOMIC_RELAXED);
+#elif defined(_WIN32)
+    InterlockedExchange64(address, value);
+#elif defined(__sun) && defined(HAVE_ATOMIC_H) && (defined(_LP64) || defined(_I32LPx))
+    atomic_swap_64(address, value);
+#else
+    // TODO: stdatomic
+
+    *address = value;
 #endif
 }
-#define ATOMIC_LOAD_RELAXED(var) rbimpl_atomic_load_relaxed(&(var))
+#define ATOMIC_U64_SET_RELAXED(var, val) rbimpl_atomic_u64_set_relaxed(&(var), val)
 
 #endif
diff --git a/rubyparser.h b/rubyparser.h
index 16f5cac81f..5af8f6db62 100644
--- a/rubyparser.h
+++ b/rubyparser.h
@@ -248,6 +248,7 @@ typedef struct RNode_SCOPE {
 
     rb_ast_id_table_t *nd_tbl;
     struct RNode *nd_body;
+    struct RNode *nd_parent;
     struct RNode_ARGS *nd_args;
 } rb_node_scope_t;
 
@@ -324,6 +325,9 @@ typedef struct RNode_IN {
     struct RNode *nd_head;
     struct RNode *nd_body;
     struct RNode *nd_next;
+    rb_code_location_t in_keyword_loc;
+    rb_code_location_t then_keyword_loc;
+    rb_code_location_t operator_loc;
 } rb_node_in_t;
 
 typedef struct RNode_LOOP {
@@ -778,7 +782,6 @@ struct rb_args_info {
 
     struct RNode_OPT_ARG *opt_args;
     unsigned int no_kwarg: 1;
-    unsigned int ruby2_keywords: 1;
     unsigned int forwarding: 1;
 };
 
@@ -901,6 +904,8 @@ typedef struct RNode_MODULE {
 
     struct RNode *nd_cpath;
     struct RNode *nd_body;
+    rb_code_location_t module_keyword_loc;
+    rb_code_location_t end_keyword_loc;
 } rb_node_module_t;
 
 typedef struct RNode_SCLASS {
@@ -908,6 +913,9 @@ typedef struct RNode_SCLASS {
 
     struct RNode *nd_recv;
     struct RNode *nd_body;
+    rb_code_location_t class_keyword_loc;
+    rb_code_location_t operator_loc;
+    rb_code_location_t end_keyword_loc;
 } rb_node_sclass_t;
 
 typedef struct RNode_COLON2 {
@@ -915,12 +923,16 @@ typedef struct RNode_COLON2 {
 
     struct RNode *nd_head;
     ID nd_mid;
+    rb_code_location_t delimiter_loc;
+    rb_code_location_t name_loc;
 } rb_node_colon2_t;
 
 typedef struct RNode_COLON3 {
     NODE node;
 
     ID nd_mid;
+    rb_code_location_t delimiter_loc;
+    rb_code_location_t name_loc;
 } rb_node_colon3_t;
 
 /* NODE_DOT2, NODE_DOT3, NODE_FLIP2, NODE_FLIP3 */
@@ -958,6 +970,7 @@ typedef struct RNode_DEFINED {
     NODE node;
 
     struct RNode *nd_head;
+    rb_code_location_t keyword_loc;
 } rb_node_defined_t;
 
 typedef struct RNode_POSTEXE {
@@ -1153,7 +1166,7 @@ typedef struct RNode_ERROR {
 #define RNODE_FILE(node) ((rb_node_file_t *)(node))
 #define RNODE_ENCODING(node) ((rb_node_encoding_t *)(node))
 
-/* FL     : 0..4: T_TYPES, 5: KEEP_WB, 6: PROMOTED, 7: FINALIZE, 8: UNUSED, 9: UNUSED, 10: EXIVAR, 11: FREEZE */
+/* FL     : 0..4: T_TYPES, 5: KEEP_WB, 6: PROMOTED, 7: FINALIZE, 8..10: UNUSED, 11: FREEZE */
 /* NODE_FL: 0..4: UNUSED,  5: UNUSED,  6: UNUSED,   7: NODE_FL_NEWLINE,
  *          8..14: nd_type,
  *          15..: nd_line
diff --git a/sample/drb/README.ja.rdoc b/sample/drb/README.ja.rdoc
deleted file mode 100644
index 1697b1b704..0000000000
--- a/sample/drb/README.ja.rdoc
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,59 +0,0 @@
-= サンプルスクリプト
-
-* Arrayをリモートから利用してイテレータを試す。
-  * darray.rb --- server
-  * darrayc.rb --- client
-
-* 簡易チャット
-  * dchats.rb --- server
-  * dchatc.rb --- client
-
-* 分散chasen
-  * dhasen.rb --- server
-  * dhasenc.rb --- client
-
-* 簡易ログサーバ
-  * dlogd.rb --- server
-  * dlogc.rb --- client
-
-* Queueサーバ。
-  クライアントdqin.rbはQueueサーバの知らないオブジェクト(DQEntry)を
-  pushするがDRbUnknownによりクライアントdqout.rbがpopできる。
-  * dqueue.rb --- server
-  * dqin.rb --- client。DQEntryオブジェクトをpushする
-  * dqout.rb --- client。DQEntryオブジェクトをpopする
-  * dqlib.rb --- DQEntryを定義したライブラリ
-
-* 名前による参照
-  IdConvをカスタマイズしてidでなく名前で参照する例
-  * name.rb --- server
-  * namec.rb --- client
-
-* extservのサンプル
-  * extserv_test.rb
-
-* TimerIdConvの使用例
-  * holders.rb --- server。ruby -d hodlers.rbとするとTimerIdConvを使用する。
-  * holderc.rb --- client
-
-* rinda.rbの使用例
-  * rinda_ts.rb --- TupleSpaceサーバ。
-  * rindac.rb --- TupleSpaceのclientでアプリケーションのclient
-  * rindas.rb --- TupleSpaceのclientでアプリケーションのserver
-
-* observerの使用例
-  cdbiff - http://namazu.org/~satoru/cdbiff/
-  * dbiff.rb --- dcdbiff server
-  * dcdbiff.rb --- dcdbiff client
-
-* drbsslの使用例
-  * drbssl_s.rb
-  * drbssl_c.rb
-
-* DRbProtocolの追加例
-  * http0.rb
-  * http0serv.rb
-
-* ringの使用例
-  * ring_place.rb
-  * ring_echo.rb
diff --git a/sample/drb/README.rdoc b/sample/drb/README.rdoc
deleted file mode 100644
index e6b457bc5c..0000000000
--- a/sample/drb/README.rdoc
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,56 +0,0 @@
-= Sample scripts
-
-* array and iterator
-  * darray.rb --- server
-  * darrayc.rb --- client
-
-* simple chat
-  * dchats.rb --- server
-  * dchatc.rb --- client
-
-* distributed chasen (for Japanese)
-  * dhasen.rb --- server
-  * dhasenc.rb --- client
-
-* simple log server
-  * dlogd.rb --- server
-  * dlogc.rb --- client
-
-* Queue server, and DRbUnknown demo
-  * dqueue.rb --- server
-  * dqin.rb --- client. push DQEntry objects.
-  * dqout.rb --- client. pop DQEntry objects.
-  * dqlib.rb --- define DQEntry
-
-* IdConv customize demo: reference by name
-  * name.rb --- server
-  * namec.rb --- client
-
-* extserv
-  * extserv_test.rb
-
-* IdConv customize demo 2: using TimerIdConv
-  * holders.rb --- server
-  * holderc.rb --- client
-
-* rinda, remote tuplespace
-  * rinda_ts.rb --- TupleSpace server.
-  * rindas.rb --- provide simple service via TupleSpace.
-  * rindac.rb --- service user
-
-* observer
-  cdbiff - http://namazu.org/~satoru/cdbiff/
-  * dbiff.rb --- dcdbiff server
-  * dcdbiff.rb --- dcdbiff client
-
-* drbssl
-  * drbssl_s.rb
-  * drbssl_c.rb
-
-* add DRbProtocol
-  * http0.rb
-  * http0serv.rb
-
-* Rinda::Ring
-  * ring_place.rb
-  * ring_echo.rb
diff --git a/sample/drb/acl.rb b/sample/drb/acl.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index d93eb9c1fc..0000000000
--- a/sample/drb/acl.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,15 +0,0 @@
-require 'drb/acl'
-
-list = %w(deny all
-          allow 192.168.1.1
-          allow ::ffff:192.168.1.2
-          allow 192.168.1.3
-)
-
-addr = ["AF_INET", 10, "lc630", "192.168.1.3"]
-
-acl = ACL.new
-p acl.allow_addr?(addr)
-
-acl = ACL.new(list, ACL::DENY_ALLOW)
-p acl.allow_addr?(addr)
diff --git a/sample/drb/darray.rb b/sample/drb/darray.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index d2ac39513f..0000000000
--- a/sample/drb/darray.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,12 +0,0 @@
-=begin
- distributed Ruby --- Array
- 	Copyright (c) 1999-2001 Masatoshi SEKI
-=end
-
-require 'drb/drb'
-
-here = ARGV.shift
-DRb.start_service(here, [1, 2, "III", 4, "five", 6])
-puts DRb.uri
-DRb.thread.join
-
diff --git a/sample/drb/darrayc.rb b/sample/drb/darrayc.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 579e11564e..0000000000
--- a/sample/drb/darrayc.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,47 +0,0 @@
-=begin
- distributed Ruby --- Array client
- 	Copyright (c) 1999-2001 Masatoshi SEKI
-=end
-
-require 'drb/drb'
-
-there = ARGV.shift || raise("usage: #{$0} <server_uri>")
-
-DRb.start_service(nil, nil)
-ro = DRbObject.new(nil, there)
-p ro.size
-
-puts "# collect"
-a = ro.collect { |x|
-  x + x
-}
-p a
-
-puts "# find"
-p ro.find { |x| x.kind_of? String }
-
-puts "# each, break"
-ro.each do |x|
-  next if x == "five"
-  puts x
-end
-
-puts "# each, break"
-ro.each do |x|
-  break if x == "five"
-  puts x
-end
-
-puts "# each, next"
-ro.each do |x|
-  next if x == "five"
-  puts x
-end
-
-puts "# each, redo"
-count = 0
-ro.each do |x|
-  count += 1
-  puts count
-  redo if count == 3
-end
diff --git a/sample/drb/dbiff.rb b/sample/drb/dbiff.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 290eb1d28b..0000000000
--- a/sample/drb/dbiff.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,51 +0,0 @@
-#
-# dbiff.rb - distributed cdbiff (server)
-#  * original: cdbiff by Satoru Takabayashi <http://namazu.org/~satoru/cdbiff>
-
-require 'drb/drb'
-require 'drb/eq'
-require 'drb/observer'
-
-class Biff
-  include DRb::DRbObservable
-
-  def initialize(filename, interval)
-    super()
-    @filename = filename
-    @interval = interval
-  end
-
-  def run
-    last = Time.now
-    while true
-      begin
-        sleep(@interval)
-        current = File::mtime(@filename)
-        if current > last
-          changed
-          begin
-            notify_observers(@filename, current)
-          rescue Error
-          end
-          last = current
-        end
-      rescue
-        next
-      end
-    end
-  end
-end
-
-def main
-  filename = "/var/mail/#{ENV['USER']}"
-  interval = 15
-  uri = 'druby://:19903'
-
-  biff = Biff.new(filename, interval)
-
-  DRb.start_service(uri, biff)
-  biff.run
-end
-
-main
-
diff --git a/sample/drb/dcdbiff.rb b/sample/drb/dcdbiff.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 6a24680c33..0000000000
--- a/sample/drb/dcdbiff.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,43 +0,0 @@
-#
-# dcdbiff.rb - distributed cdbiff (client)
-#  * original: cdbiff by Satoru Takabayashi <http://namazu.org/~satoru/cdbiff>
-
-require 'drb/drb'
-require 'drb/eq'
-
-class Notify
-  include DRbUndumped
-
-  def initialize(biff, command)
-    @biff = biff
-    @command = command
-
-    @biff.add_observer(self)
-  end
-
-  def update(filename, time)
-    p [filename, time] if $DEBUG
-    system(@command)
-  end
-
-  def done
-    begin
-      @biff.delete_observer(self)
-    rescue
-    end
-  end
-end
-
-def main
-  command = 'eject'
-  uri = 'druby://localhost:19903'
-
-  DRb.start_service
-  biff = DRbObject.new(nil, uri)
-  notify = Notify.new(biff, command)
-
-  trap("INT"){ notify.done }
-  DRb.thread.join
-end
-
-main
diff --git a/sample/drb/dchatc.rb b/sample/drb/dchatc.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 2b8ddbf4cc..0000000000
--- a/sample/drb/dchatc.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,41 +0,0 @@
-=begin
- distributed Ruby --- chat client
- 	Copyright (c) 1999-2000 Masatoshi SEKI
-=end
-
-require 'drb/drb'
-
-class ChatClient
-  include DRbUndumped
-
-  def initialize(name)
-    @name = name
-    @key = nil
-  end
-  attr_reader(:name)
-  attr_accessor(:key)
-
-  def message(there, str)
-    raise 'invalid key' unless @key == there
-    puts str
-  end
-end
-
-if __FILE__ == $0
-  begin
-    there = ARGV.shift
-    name = ARGV.shift
-    raise "usage" unless (there and name)
-  rescue
-    $stderr.puts("usage: #{$0} <server_uri> <your_name>")
-    exit 1
-  end
-  DRb.start_service
-  ro = DRbObject.new(nil, there)
-
-  chat = ChatClient.new(name)
-  entry = ro.add_member(chat)
-  while gets
-    entry.say($_)
-  end
-end
diff --git a/sample/drb/dchats.rb b/sample/drb/dchats.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index c96486a452..0000000000
--- a/sample/drb/dchats.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,69 +0,0 @@
-=begin
- distributed Ruby --- chat server
- 	Copyright (c) 1999-2000 Masatoshi SEKI
-=end
-require 'drb/drb'
-
-class ChatEntry
-  include DRbUndumped
-
-  def initialize(server, there)
-    @server = server
-    @there = there
-    @name = there.name
-    @key = there.key = Time.now
-  end
-  attr :name, true
-  attr :there
-
-  def say(str)
-    @server.distribute(@there, str)
-  end
-
-  def listen(str)
-    @there.message(@key, str)
-  end
-end
-
-
-class ChatServer
-  def initialize
-    @mutex = Thread::Mutex.new
-    @members = {}
-  end
-
-  def add_member(there)
-    client = ChatEntry.new(self, there)
-    @mutex.synchronize do
-      @members[there] = client
-    end
-    client
-  end
-
-  def distribute(there, str)
-    name = @members[there].name
-    msg = "<#{name}> #{str}"
-    msg2 = ">#{name}< #{str}"
-    @mutex.synchronize do
-      for m in @members.keys
-        begin
-          if m == there
-            @members[m].listen(msg2)
-           else
-            @members[m].listen(msg)
-          end
-        rescue
-          p $!
-          @members.delete(m)
-        end
-      end
-    end
-  end
-end
-
-if __FILE__ == $0
-  here = ARGV.shift
-  DRb.start_service(here, ChatServer.new)
-  puts DRb.uri
-  DRb.thread.join
-end
diff --git a/sample/drb/dhasen.rb b/sample/drb/dhasen.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 13ff38940e..0000000000
--- a/sample/drb/dhasen.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,41 +0,0 @@
-=begin
- distributed Ruby --- dRuby Sample Server --- chasen server
- 	Copyright (c) 1999-2001 Masatoshi SEKI
-=end
-
-=begin
- How to play.
-
- Terminal 1
- | % ruby dhasen.rb
- | druby://yourhost:7640
-
- Terminal 2
- | % ruby dhasenc.rb druby://yourhost:7640
-
-=end
-
-require 'drb/drb'
-require 'chasen'
-
-class Dhasen
-  include DRbUndumped
-
-  def initialize
-    @mutex = Thread::Mutex.new
-  end
-
-  def sparse(str, *arg)
-    @mutex.synchronize do
-      Chasen.getopt(*arg)
-      Chasen.sparse(str)
-    end
-  end
-end
-
-if __FILE__ == $0
-  DRb.start_service(nil, Dhasen.new)
-  puts DRb.uri
-  DRb.thread.join
-end
-
diff --git a/sample/drb/dhasenc.rb b/sample/drb/dhasenc.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index dddac9882c..0000000000
--- a/sample/drb/dhasenc.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,14 +0,0 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
-=begin
- distributed Ruby --- dRuby Sample Client -- chasen client
- 	Copyright (c) 1999-2001 Masatoshi SEKI
-=end
-
-require 'drb/drb'
-
-there = ARGV.shift || raise("usage: #{$0} <server_uri>")
-DRb.start_service
-dhasen = DRbObject.new(nil, there)
-
-print dhasen.sparse("本日は、晴天なり。", "-F", '(%BB %m %M)\n', "-j")
-print dhasen.sparse("本日は、晴天なり。", "-F", '(%m %M)\n')
diff --git a/sample/drb/dlogc.rb b/sample/drb/dlogc.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 3939a71827..0000000000
--- a/sample/drb/dlogc.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,16 +0,0 @@
-=begin
- distributed Ruby --- Log test
- 	Copyright (c) 1999-2001 Masatoshi SEKI
-=end
-
-require 'drb/drb'
-
-there = ARGV.shift || raise("usage: #{$0} <server_uri>")
-
-DRb.start_service
-ro = DRbObject.new(nil, there)
-ro.log(123)
-ro.log("hello")
-sleep 2
-ro.log("wakeup")
-
diff --git a/sample/drb/dlogd.rb b/sample/drb/dlogd.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index a87e660346..0000000000
--- a/sample/drb/dlogd.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,38 +0,0 @@
-=begin
- distributed Ruby --- Log server
- 	Copyright (c) 1999-2000 Masatoshi SEKI
-=end
-
-require 'drb/drb'
-
-class Logger
-  def initialize(fname)
-    @fname = fname.to_s
-    @fp = File.open(@fname, "a+")
-    @queue = Thread::Queue.new
-    @th = Thread.new { self.flush }
-  end
-
-  def log(str)
-    @queue.push("#{Time.now}\t" + str.to_s)
-  end
-
-  def flush
-    begin
-      while(1)
-        @fp.puts(@queue.pop)
-        @fp.flush
-      end
-    ensure
-      @fp.close
-    end
-  end
-end
-
-if __FILE__ == $0
-  here = ARGV.shift
-  DRb.start_service(here, Logger.new('/usr/tmp/dlogd.log'))
-  puts DRb.uri
-  DRb.thread.join
-end
-
diff --git a/sample/drb/dqin.rb b/sample/drb/dqin.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 4751335fff..0000000000
--- a/sample/drb/dqin.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,13 +0,0 @@
-=begin
- distributed Ruby --- store
- 	Copyright (c) 1999-2000 Masatoshi SEKI
-=end
-
-require 'drb/drb'
-require 'dqlib'
-
-there = ARGV.shift || raise("usage: #{$0} <server_uri>")
-
-DRb.start_service
-queue = DRbObject.new(nil, there)
-queue.push(DQEntry.new(DRb.uri))
diff --git a/sample/drb/dqlib.rb b/sample/drb/dqlib.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 75f2e6115b..0000000000
--- a/sample/drb/dqlib.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,14 +0,0 @@
-class DQEntry
-  def initialize(name)
-    @name = name
-  end
-
-  def greeting
-    "Hello, This is #{@name}."
-  end
-  alias to_s greeting
-end
-
-if __FILE__ == $0
-  puts DQEntry.new('DQEntry')
-end
diff --git a/sample/drb/dqout.rb b/sample/drb/dqout.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index f2b0b4ac95..0000000000
--- a/sample/drb/dqout.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,14 +0,0 @@
-=begin
- distributed Ruby --- fetch
- 	Copyright (c) 1999-2000 Masatoshi SEKI
-=end
-
-require 'drb/drb'
-require 'dqlib'
-
-there = ARGV.shift || raise("usage: #{$0} <server_uri>")
-
-DRb.start_service
-queue = DRbObject.new(nil, there)
-entry = queue.pop
-puts entry.greeting
diff --git a/sample/drb/dqueue.rb b/sample/drb/dqueue.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index a9afa8c858..0000000000
--- a/sample/drb/dqueue.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,11 +0,0 @@
-=begin
- distributed Ruby --- Queue
- 	Copyright (c) 1999-2000 Masatoshi SEKI
-=end
-
-require 'drb/drb'
-
-DRb.start_service(nil, Thread::Queue.new)
-puts DRb.uri
-DRb.thread.join
-
diff --git a/sample/drb/drbc.rb b/sample/drb/drbc.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 50a86c39e8..0000000000
--- a/sample/drb/drbc.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,45 +0,0 @@
-=begin
- distributed Ruby --- dRuby Sample Client
- 	Copyright (c) 1999-2000 Masatoshi SEKI
-=end
-
-require 'drb/drb'
-
-class DRbEx2
-  include DRbUndumped
-
-  def initialize(n)
-    @n = n
-  end
-
-  def to_i
-    @n.to_i
-  end
-end
-
-if __FILE__ == $0
-  there = ARGV.shift
-  unless there
-    $stderr.puts("usage: #{$0} <server_uri>")
-    exit 1
-  end
-
-  DRb.start_service()
-  ro = DRbObject.new_with_uri(there)
-
-  puts ro
-  p ro.to_a
-  puts ro.hello
-  p ro.hello
-  puts ro.sample(DRbEx2.new(1), 2, 3)
-  puts ro.sample(1, ro.sample(DRbEx2.new(1), 2, 3), DRbEx2.new(3))
-
-  begin
-    ro.err
-  rescue DRb::DRbUnknownError
-    p $!
-    p $!.unknown
-  rescue RuntimeError
-    p $!
-  end
-end
diff --git a/sample/drb/drbch.rb b/sample/drb/drbch.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 07fdcd5fae..0000000000
--- a/sample/drb/drbch.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,48 +0,0 @@
-=begin
- distributed Ruby --- dRuby Sample Client
- 	Copyright (c) 1999-2000 Masatoshi SEKI
-=end
-
-require 'drb/drb'
-require 'drb/http'
-
-class DRbEx2
-  include DRbUndumped
-
-  def initialize(n)
-    @n = n
-  end
-
-  def to_i
-    @n.to_i
-  end
-end
-
-if __FILE__ == $0
-  there = ARGV.shift
-  unless there
-    $stderr.puts("usage: #{$0} <server_uri>")
-    exit 1
-  end
-
-  DRb::DRbConn.proxy_map['x68k'] = 'http://x68k/~mas/http_cgi.rb'
-
-  DRb.start_service()
-  ro = DRbObject.new(nil, there)
-
-  puts ro
-  p ro.to_a
-  puts ro.hello
-  p ro.hello
-  puts ro.sample(DRbEx2.new(1), 2, 3)
-  puts ro.sample(1, ro.sample(DRbEx2.new(1), 2, 3), DRbEx2.new(3))
-
-  begin
-    ro.err
-  rescue DRb::DRbUnknownError
-    p $!
-    p $!.unknown
-  rescue RuntimeError
-    p $!
-  end
-end
diff --git a/sample/drb/drbm.rb b/sample/drb/drbm.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 3390608cd1..0000000000
--- a/sample/drb/drbm.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,60 +0,0 @@
-=begin
- multiple DRbServer
- 	Copyright (c) 1999-2002 Masatoshi SEKI
-=end
-
-=begin
- How to play.
-
- Terminal 1
- | % ruby drbm.rb
- | druby://yourhost:7640 druby://yourhost:7641
-
- Terminal 2
- | % ruby drbmc.rb druby://yourhost:7640 druby://yourhost:7641
- | [#<DRb::DRbObject .... @uri="druby://yourhost:7640">, "FOO"]
- | [#<DRb::DRbObject .... @uri="druby://yourhost:7641">, "FOO"]
-
-=end
-
-require 'drb/drb'
-
-class Hoge
-  include DRbUndumped
-  def initialize(s)
-    @str = s
-  end
-
-  def to_s
-    @str
-  end
-end
-
-class Foo
-  def initialize(s='FOO')
-    @hoge = Hoge.new(s)
-  end
-
-  def hello
-    @hoge
-  end
-end
-
-class Bar < Foo
-  def initialize(foo)
-    @hoge = foo.hello
-  end
-end
-
-
-if __FILE__ == $0
-  foo = Foo.new
-  s1 = DRb::DRbServer.new('druby://:7640', foo)
-  s2 = DRb::DRbServer.new('druby://:7641', Bar.new(foo))
-
-  puts "#{s1.uri} #{s2.uri}"
-
-  s1.thread.join
-  s2.thread.join
-end
-
diff --git a/sample/drb/drbmc.rb b/sample/drb/drbmc.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index fd191401e6..0000000000
--- a/sample/drb/drbmc.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,22 +0,0 @@
-=begin
-  multiple DRbServer client
- 	Copyright (c) 1999-2002 Masatoshi SEKI
-=end
-
-require 'drb/drb'
-
-if __FILE__ == $0
-  s1 = ARGV.shift
-  s2 = ARGV.shift
-  unless s1 && s2
-    $stderr.puts("usage: #{$0} <server_uri1> <server_uri2>")
-    exit 1
-  end
-
-  DRb.start_service()
-  r1 = DRbObject.new(nil, s1)
-  r2 = DRbObject.new(nil, s2)
-
-  p [r1.hello, r1.hello.to_s]
-  p [r2.hello, r2.hello.to_s]
-end
diff --git a/sample/drb/drbs-acl.rb b/sample/drb/drbs-acl.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 71c4f7bf42..0000000000
--- a/sample/drb/drbs-acl.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,51 +0,0 @@
-=begin
- distributed Ruby --- dRuby Sample Server
- 	Copyright (c) 1999-2000 Masatoshi SEKI
-=end
-
-=begin
- How to play.
-
- Terminal 1
- | % ruby drbs.rb
- | druby://yourhost:7640
-
- Terminal 2
- | % ruby drbc.rb druby://yourhost:7640
- | "hello"
- | 6
- | 10
-
-=end
-
-require 'drb/drb'
-require 'acl'
-
-class DRbEx
-  def initialize
-    @hello = 'hello'
-  end
-
-  def hello
-    info = Thread.current['DRb']
-    p info['socket'].peeraddr if info
-    @hello
-  end
-
-  def sample(a, b, c)
-    a.to_i + b.to_i + c.to_i
-  end
-end
-
-if __FILE__ == $0
-  acl = ACL.new(%w(deny all
-                   allow 192.168.1.*
-                   allow localhost))
-
-  DRb.install_acl(acl)
-
-  DRb.start_service(nil, DRbEx.new)
-  puts DRb.uri
-  DRb.thread.join
-end
-
diff --git a/sample/drb/drbs.rb b/sample/drb/drbs.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 5a913d9918..0000000000
--- a/sample/drb/drbs.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,64 +0,0 @@
-=begin
- distributed Ruby --- dRuby Sample Server
- 	Copyright (c) 1999-2000,2002 Masatoshi SEKI
-=end
-
-=begin
- How to play.
-
- Terminal 1
- | % ruby drbs.rb
- | druby://yourhost:7640
-
- Terminal 2
- | % ruby drbc.rb druby://yourhost:7640
- | "hello"
- | ....
-
-=end
-
-require 'drb/drb'
-
-class DRbEx
-  include DRbUndumped
-
-  def initialize
-    @hello = 'hello'
-  end
-
-  def hello
-    cntxt = Thread.current['DRb']
-    if cntxt
-      p cntxt['server'].uri
-      p cntxt['client'].peeraddr
-    end
-    Foo::Unknown.new
-  end
-
-  def err
-    raise FooError
-  end
-
-  def sample(a, b, c)
-    a.to_i + b.to_i + c.to_i
-  end
-end
-
-class Foo
-  class Unknown
-  end
-end
-
-class FooError < RuntimeError
-end
-
-if __FILE__ == $0
-  DRb.start_service(ARGV.shift || 'druby://:7640', DRbEx.new)
-  puts DRb.uri
-  Thread.new do
-    sleep 10
-    DRb.stop_service
-  end
-  DRb.thread.join
-end
-
diff --git a/sample/drb/drbssl_c.rb b/sample/drb/drbssl_c.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 65112f6e78..0000000000
--- a/sample/drb/drbssl_c.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,19 +0,0 @@
-#!/usr/bin/env ruby
-
-require 'drb'
-require 'drb/ssl'
-
-there = ARGV.shift || "drbssl://localhost:3456"
-
-config = Hash.new
-config[:SSLVerifyMode] = OpenSSL::SSL::VERIFY_PEER
-config[:SSLVerifyCallback] = lambda{|ok,x509_store|
-  p [ok, x509_store.error_string]
-  true
-}
-
-DRb.start_service(nil,nil,config)
-h = DRbObject.new(nil, there)
-while line = gets
-  p h.hello(line.chomp)
-end
diff --git a/sample/drb/drbssl_s.rb b/sample/drb/drbssl_s.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 4d96f591d4..0000000000
--- a/sample/drb/drbssl_s.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,31 +0,0 @@
-#!/usr/bin/env ruby
-
-require 'drb'
-require 'drb/ssl'
-
-here = ARGV.shift || "drbssl://localhost:3456"
-
-class HelloWorld
-  include DRbUndumped
-
-  def hello(name)
-    "Hello, #{name}."
-  end
-end
-
-config = Hash.new
-config[:verbose] = true
-begin
-  data = open("sample.key"){|io| io.read }
-  config[:SSLPrivateKey] = OpenSSL::PKey::RSA.new(data)
-  data = open("sample.crt"){|io| io.read }
-  config[:SSLCertificate] = OpenSSL::X509::Certificate.new(data)
-rescue
-  $stderr.puts "Switching to use self-signed certificate"
-  config[:SSLCertName] =
-    [ ["C","JP"], ["O","Foo.DRuby.Org"], ["CN", "Sample"] ]
-end
-
-DRb.start_service(here, HelloWorld.new, config)
-puts DRb.uri
-DRb.thread.join
diff --git a/sample/drb/extserv_test.rb b/sample/drb/extserv_test.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 2c4f485dc6..0000000000
--- a/sample/drb/extserv_test.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,80 +0,0 @@
-=begin
- dRuby sample
- 	Copyright (c) 2000 Masatoshi SEKI
-
-= How to play
-
-* Terminal 1
-
-  % ruby -I. extserv_test.rb server
-  druby://yourhost:12345
-
-* Terminal 2
-
-  % ruby -I. extserv_test.rb druby://yourhost:12345
-  ...
-
-=end
-
-require 'drb/drb'
-
-def ARGV.shift
-  it = super()
-  raise "usage:\nserver: #{$0} server [<uri>]\nclient: #{$0} [quit] <uri>" unless it
-  it
-end
-
-class Foo
-  include DRbUndumped
-
-  def initialize(str)
-    @str = str
-  end
-
-  def hello(it)
-    "#{it}: #{self}"
-  end
-
-  def to_s
-    @str
-  end
-end
-
-cmd = ARGV.shift
-case cmd
-when 'itest1', 'itest2'
-  require 'drb/extserv'
-
-  front = Foo.new(cmd)
-  server = DRb::DRbServer.new(nil, front)
-  es = DRb::ExtServ.new(ARGV.shift, ARGV.shift, server)
-  server.thread.join
-
-when 'server'
-  require 'drb/extservm'
-
-  DRb::ExtServManager.command['itest1'] = "ruby -I. #{$0} itest1"
-  DRb::ExtServManager.command['itest2'] = "ruby -I. #{$0} itest2"
-
-  s = DRb::ExtServManager.new
-  DRb.start_service(ARGV.shift, s)
-  puts DRb.uri
-  DRb.thread.join
-
-
-else
-  uri = (cmd == 'quit') ? ARGV.shift : cmd
-
-  DRb.start_service
-  s = DRbObject.new(nil, uri)
-  t1 = s.service('itest1').front
-  puts t1
-  t2 = s.service('itest2').front
-  puts t2
-  puts t1.hello(t2)
-  if (cmd == 'quit')
-    s.service('itest1').stop_service
-    s.service('itest2').stop_service
-  end
-end
-
diff --git a/sample/drb/gw_ct.rb b/sample/drb/gw_ct.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 0622784018..0000000000
--- a/sample/drb/gw_ct.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,29 +0,0 @@
-require 'drb/drb'
-
-class Foo
-  include DRbUndumped
-
-  def foo(n)
-    n + n
-  end
-
-  def bar(n)
-    yield(n) + yield(n)
-  end
-end
-
-DRb.start_service(nil)
-puts DRb.uri
-
-ro = DRbObject.new(nil, ARGV.shift)
-ro[:tcp] = Foo.new
-gets
-
-it = ro[:unix]
-p [it, it.foo(1)]
-gets
-
-p it.bar('2') {|n| n * 3}
-gets
-
-
diff --git a/sample/drb/gw_cu.rb b/sample/drb/gw_cu.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 8079cbdc4f..0000000000
--- a/sample/drb/gw_cu.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,28 +0,0 @@
-require 'drb/drb'
-require 'drb/unix'
-
-class Foo
-  include DRbUndumped
-
-  def foo(n)
-    n + n
-  end
-
-  def bar(n)
-    yield(n) + yield(n)
-  end
-end
-
-DRb.start_service('drbunix:', nil)
-puts DRb.uri
-
-ro = DRbObject.new(nil, ARGV.shift)
-ro[:unix] = Foo.new
-gets
-
-it = ro[:tcp]
-p [it, it.foo(1)]
-gets
-
-p it.bar('2') {|n| n * 3}
-gets
diff --git a/sample/drb/gw_s.rb b/sample/drb/gw_s.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index c2bea0baad..0000000000
--- a/sample/drb/gw_s.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,10 +0,0 @@
-require 'drb/drb'
-require 'drb/unix'
-require 'drb/gw'
-
-DRb.install_id_conv(DRb::GWIdConv.new)
-gw = DRb::GW.new
-s1 = DRb::DRbServer.new(ARGV.shift, gw)
-s2 = DRb::DRbServer.new(ARGV.shift, gw)
-s1.thread.join
-s2.thread.join
diff --git a/sample/drb/holderc.rb b/sample/drb/holderc.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index e627916d76..0000000000
--- a/sample/drb/holderc.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,22 +0,0 @@
-require 'drb/drb'
-
-begin
-  there = ARGV.shift || raise
-rescue
-  $stderr.puts("usage: #{$0} <server_uri>")
-  exit 1
-end
-
-DRb.start_service()
-ro = DRbObject.new(nil, there)
-
-ary = []
-10.times do
-  ary.push(ro.gen)
-end
-
-sleep 5 if $DEBUG
-
-ary.each do |e|
-  p e.sample([1])
-end
diff --git a/sample/drb/holders.rb b/sample/drb/holders.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 293426faa5..0000000000
--- a/sample/drb/holders.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,63 +0,0 @@
-=begin
-= How to play.
-
-==  with timeridconv:
-  % ruby -d holders.rb
-  druby://yourhost:1234
-
-  % ruby holderc.rb druby://yourhost:1234
-
-
-==  without timeridconv:
-  % ruby holders.rb
-  druby://yourhost:1234
-
-  % ruby holderc.rb druby://yourhost:1234
-=end
-
-
-require 'drb/drb'
-
-class DRbEx3
-  include DRbUndumped
-
-  def initialize(n)
-    @v = n
-  end
-
-  def sample(list)
-    sum = 0
-    list.each do |e|
-      sum += e.to_i
-    end
-    @v * sum
-  end
-end
-
-class DRbEx4
-  include DRbUndumped
-
-  def initialize
-    @curr = 1
-  end
-
-  def gen
-    begin
-      @curr += 1
-      DRbEx3.new(@curr)
-    ensure
-      GC.start
-    end
-  end
-end
-
-if __FILE__ == $0
-  if $DEBUG
-    require 'drb/timeridconv'
-    DRb.install_id_conv(DRb::TimerIdConv.new(2))
-  end
-
-  DRb.start_service(nil, DRbEx4.new)
-  puts DRb.uri
-  DRb.thread.join
-end
diff --git a/sample/drb/http0.rb b/sample/drb/http0.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index e40d810311..0000000000
--- a/sample/drb/http0.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,77 +0,0 @@
-require 'drb/drb'
-require 'net/http'
-require 'uri'
-
-module DRb
-  module HTTP0
-    class StrStream
-      def initialize(str='')
-        @buf = str
-      end
-      attr_reader :buf
-
-      def read(n)
-        begin
-          return @buf[0,n]
-        ensure
-          @buf[0,n] = ''
-        end
-      end
-
-      def write(s)
-        @buf.concat s
-      end
-    end
-
-    def self.uri_option(uri, config)
-      return uri, nil
-    end
-
-    def self.open(uri, config)
-      unless /^http:/ =~ uri
-        raise(DRbBadScheme, uri) unless uri =~ /^http:/
-        raise(DRbBadURI, 'can\'t parse uri:' + uri)
-      end
-      ClientSide.new(uri, config)
-    end
-
-    class ClientSide
-      def initialize(uri, config)
-        @uri = uri
-        @res = nil
-        @config = config
-        @msg = DRbMessage.new(config)
-        @proxy = ENV['HTTP_PROXY']
-      end
-
-      def close; end
-      def alive?; false; end
-
-      def send_request(ref, msg_id, *arg, &b)
-        stream = StrStream.new
-        @msg.send_request(stream, ref, msg_id, *arg, &b)
-        @reply_stream = StrStream.new
-        post(@uri, stream.buf)
-      end
-
-      def recv_reply
-        @msg.recv_reply(@reply_stream)
-      end
-
-      def post(url, data)
-        it = URI.parse(url)
-        path = [(it.path=='' ? '/' : it.path), it.query].compact.join('?')
-        http = Net::HTTP.new(it.host, it.port)
-        sio = StrStream.new
-        http.post(path, data, {'Content-Type'=>'application/octetstream;'}) do |str|
-          sio.write(str)
-          if @config[:load_limit] < sio.buf.size
-            raise TypeError, 'too large packet'
-          end
-        end
-        @reply_stream = sio
-      end
-    end
-  end
-  DRbProtocol.add_protocol(HTTP0)
-end
diff --git a/sample/drb/http0serv.rb b/sample/drb/http0serv.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 2e853312e1..0000000000
--- a/sample/drb/http0serv.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,120 +0,0 @@
-require 'webrick'
-require 'drb/drb'
-require_relative 'http0'
-
-module DRb
-  module HTTP0
-
-    def self.open_server(uri, config)
-      unless /^http:/ =~ uri
-        raise(DRbBadScheme, uri) unless uri =~ /^http:/
-        raise(DRbBadURI, 'can\'t parse uri:' + uri)
-      end
-      Server.new(uri, config)
-    end
-
-    class Callback < WEBrick::HTTPServlet::AbstractServlet
-      def initialize(config, drb)
-        @config = config
-        @drb = drb
-        @queue = Thread::Queue.new
-      end
-
-      def do_POST(req, res)
-        @req = req
-        @res = res
-        @drb.push(self)
-        @res.body = @queue.pop
-        @res['content-type'] = 'application/octet-stream;'
-      end
-
-      def req_body
-        @req.body
-      end
-
-      def reply(body)
-        @queue.push(body)
-      end
-
-      def close
-        @queue.push('')
-      end
-    end
-
-    class Server
-      def initialize(uri, config)
-        @uri = uri
-        @config = config
-        @queue = Thread::Queue.new
-        setup_webrick(uri)
-      end
-      attr_reader :uri
-
-      def close
-        @server.shutdown if @server
-        @server = nil
-      end
-
-      def push(callback)
-        @queue.push(callback)
-      end
-
-      def accept
-        client = @queue.pop
-        ServerSide.new(uri, client, @config)
-      end
-
-      def setup_webrick(uri)
-        logger = WEBrick::Log::new($stderr, WEBrick::Log::FATAL)
-        u = URI.parse(uri)
-        s = WEBrick::HTTPServer.new(:Port => u.port,
-          :AddressFamily => Socket::AF_INET,
-          :BindAddress => u.host,
-          :Logger => logger,
-          :ServerType => Thread)
-        s.mount(u.path, Callback, self)
-        @server = s
-        s.start
-      end
-    end
-
-    class ServerSide
-      def initialize(uri, callback, config)
-        @uri = uri
-        @callback = callback
-        @config = config
-        @msg = DRbMessage.new(@config)
-        @req_stream = StrStream.new(@callback.req_body)
-      end
-      attr_reader :uri
-
-      def close
-        @callback.close if @callback
-        @callback = nil
-      end
-
-      def alive?; false; end
-
-      def recv_request
-        begin
-          @msg.recv_request(@req_stream)
-        rescue
-          close
-          raise $!
-        end
-      end
-
-      def send_reply(succ, result)
-        begin
-          return unless @callback
-          stream = StrStream.new
-          @msg.send_reply(stream, succ, result)
-          @callback.reply(stream.buf)
-        rescue
-          close
-          raise $!
-        end
-      end
-    end
-  end
-end
diff --git a/sample/drb/name.rb b/sample/drb/name.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 6d88186dab..0000000000
--- a/sample/drb/name.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,117 +0,0 @@
-=begin
- distributed Ruby --- NamedObject Sample
- 	Copyright (c) 2000-2001 Masatoshi SEKI
-=end
-
-=begin
-How to play.
-
-* start server
- Terminal 1
- | % ruby name.rb druby://yourhost:7640
- | druby://yourhost:7640
- | [return] to exit
-
-* start client
- Terminal 2
- | % ruby namec.rb druby://yourhost:7640
- | #<DRb::DRbObject:0x40164174 @uri="druby://yourhost:7640", @ref="seq">
- | #<DRb::DRbObject:0x40163c9c @uri="druby://yourhost:7640", @ref="mutex">
- | 1
- | 2
- | [return] to continue
-
-* restart server
- Terminal 1
- type [return]
- | % ruby name.rb druby://yourhost:7640
- | druby://yourhost:7640
- | [return] to exit
-
-* continue client
- Terminal 2
- type [return]
- | 1
- | 2
-=end
-
-require 'drb/drb'
-
-module DRbNamedObject
-  DRbNAMEDICT = {}
-  DRBNAMEMUTEX = Thread::Mutex.new
-  attr_reader(:drb_name)
-
-  def drb_name=(name)
-    @drb_name = name
-    DRBNAMEMUTEX.synchronize do
-      raise(IndexError, name) if DRbNAMEDICT[name]
-      DRbNAMEDICT[name] = self
-    end
-  end
-end
-
-class DRbNamedIdConv < DRb::DRbIdConv
-  def initialize
-    @dict = DRbNamedObject::DRbNAMEDICT
-  end
-
-  def to_obj(ref)
-    @dict.fetch(ref) do super end
-  end
-
-  def to_id(obj)
-    if obj.kind_of? DRbNamedObject
-      return obj.drb_name
-    else
-      return super
-    end
-  end
-end
-
-class Seq
-  include DRbUndumped
-  include DRbNamedObject
-
-  def initialize(v, name)
-    @counter = v
-    @mutex = Thread::Mutex.new
-    self.drb_name = name
-  end
-
-  def next_value
-    @mutex.synchronize do
-      @counter += 1
-      return @counter
-    end
-  end
-end
-
-class Front
-  def initialize
-    seq = Seq.new(0, 'seq')
-    mutex = Thread::Mutex.new
-    mutex.extend(DRbUndumped)
-    mutex.extend(DRbNamedObject)
-    mutex.drb_name = 'mutex'
-    @name = {}
-    @name['seq'] = seq
-    @name['mutex'] = mutex
-  end
-
-  def [](k)
-    @name[k]
-  end
-end
-
-if __FILE__ == $0
-  uri = ARGV.shift
-
-  name_conv = DRbNamedIdConv.new
-
-  DRb.install_id_conv(name_conv)
-  DRb.start_service(uri, Front.new)
-  puts DRb.uri
-  DRb.thread.join
-end
-
diff --git a/sample/drb/namec.rb b/sample/drb/namec.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 98b9d0e532..0000000000
--- a/sample/drb/namec.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,36 +0,0 @@
-=begin
- distributed Ruby --- NamedObject Sample Client
- 	Copyright (c) 2000-2001 Masatoshi SEKI
-=end
-
-require 'drb/drb'
-
-begin
-  there = ARGV.shift || raise
-rescue
-  puts "usage: #{$0} <server_uri>"
-  exit 1
-end
-
-DRb.start_service()
-ro = DRbObject.new(nil, there)
-
-seq = ro["seq"]
-mutex = ro["mutex"]
-
-p seq
-p mutex
-
-mutex.synchronize do
-  p seq.next_value
-  p seq.next_value
-end
-
-puts '[return] to continue'
-gets
-
-mutex.synchronize do
-  p seq.next_value
-  p seq.next_value
-end
-
diff --git a/sample/drb/old_tuplespace.rb b/sample/drb/old_tuplespace.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 2d5310086e..0000000000
--- a/sample/drb/old_tuplespace.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,212 +0,0 @@
-#!/usr/local/bin/ruby
-# TupleSpace
-# Copyright (c) 1999-2000 Masatoshi SEKI
-# You can redistribute it and/or modify it under the same terms as Ruby.
-
-class TupleSpace
-  class Template
-    def initialize(list)
-      @list = list
-      @check_idx = []
-      @list.each_with_index do |x, i|
-        @check_idx.push i if x
-      end
-      @size = @list.size
-    end
-
-    attr :size
-    alias length size
-
-    def match(tuple)
-      return nil if tuple.size != self.size
-      @check_idx.each do |i|
-        unless @list[i] === tuple[i]
-          return false
-        end
-      end
-      return true
-    end
-  end
-
-  def initialize
-    @que = {}
-    @waiting = {}
-    @que.taint		# enable tainted communication
-    @waiting.taint
-    self.taint
-  end
-
-  def wakeup_waiting(tuple)
-    sz = tuple.length
-    return nil unless @waiting[sz]
-
-    x = nil
-    i = -1
-    found = false
-    @waiting[sz] = @waiting[sz].find_all { |x|
-      if x[0].match(tuple)
-        begin
-          x[1].wakeup
-        rescue ThreadError
-        end
-        false
-      else
-        true
-      end
-    }
-  end
-
-  def put_waiting(template, thread)
-    sz = template.length
-    @waiting[sz] = [] unless @waiting[sz]
-    @waiting[sz].push([Template.new(template), thread])
-  end
-  private :wakeup_waiting
-  private :put_waiting
-
-  def get_que(template)
-    sz = template.length
-    return nil unless @que[sz]
-
-    template = Template.new(template)
-
-    x = nil
-    i = -1
-    found = false
-    @que[sz].each_with_index do |x, i|
-      if template.match(x)
-        found = true
-        break
-      end
-    end
-    return nil unless found
-
-    @que[sz].delete_at(i)
-
-    return x
-  end
-
-  def put_que(tuple)
-    sz = tuple.length
-    @que[sz] = [] unless @que[sz]
-    @que[sz].push tuple
-  end
-  private :get_que
-  private :put_que
-
-  def out(*tuples)
-    tuples.each do |tuple|
-      Thread.critical = true
-      put_que(tuple)
-      wakeup_waiting(tuple)
-      Thread.critical = false
-    end
-  end
-  alias put out
-  alias write out
-
-  def in(template, non_block=false)
-    begin
-      loop do
-        Thread.critical = true
-        tuple = get_que(template)
-        unless tuple
-          if non_block
-            raise ThreadError, "queue empty"
-          end
-          put_waiting(template, Thread.current)
-          Thread.stop
-        else
-          return tuple
-        end
-      end
-    ensure
-      Thread.critical = false
-    end
-  end
-  alias get in
-  alias take in
-
-  def rd(template, non_block=false)
-    tuple = self.in(template, non_block)
-    out(tuple)
-    tuple
-  end
-  alias read rd
-
-  def mv(dest, template, non_block=false)
-    tuple = self.in(template, non_block)
-    begin
-      dest.out(tuple)
-    rescue
-      self.out(tuple)
-    end
-  end
-  alias move mv
-end
-
-if __FILE__ == $0
-  ts = TupleSpace.new
-  clients = []
-  servers = []
-
-  def server(ts, id)
-    Thread.start {
-      loop do
-        req = ts.in(['req', nil, nil])
-        ac = req[1]
-        num = req[2]
-        sleep id
-        ts.out([ac, id, num, num * num])
-      end
-    }
-  end
-
-  def client(ts, n)
-    Thread.start {
-      ac = Object.new
-      tuples = (1..10).collect { |i|
-        ['req', ac, i * 10 + n]
-      }
-      ts.out(*tuples)
-      ts.out(tuples[0])
-      puts "out: #{n}"
-      11.times do |i|
-        ans = ts.in([ac, nil, nil, nil])
-        puts "client(#{n}) server(#{ans[1]}) #{ans[2]} #{ans[3]}"
-      end
-    }
-  end
-
-  def watcher(ts)
-    Thread.start {
-      loop do
-        begin
-          sleep 1
-          p ts.rd(['req', nil, nil], true)
-        rescue ThreadError
-          puts "'req' not found."
-        end
-      end
-    }
-  end
-
-  (0..3).each do |n|
-    servers.push(server(ts, n))
-  end
-
-  (1..6).each do |n|
-    clients.push(client(ts, n))
-  end
-
-  (1..3).each do
-    watcher(ts)
-  end
-
-  clients.each do |t|
-    t.join
-  end
-end
-
-
-
diff --git a/sample/drb/rinda_ts.rb b/sample/drb/rinda_ts.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 6f2fae5c0f..0000000000
--- a/sample/drb/rinda_ts.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,7 +0,0 @@
-require 'drb/drb'
-require 'rinda/tuplespace'
-
-uri = ARGV.shift
-DRb.start_service(uri, Rinda::TupleSpace.new)
-puts DRb.uri
-DRb.thread.join
diff --git a/sample/drb/rindac.rb b/sample/drb/rindac.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 72be09deaf..0000000000
--- a/sample/drb/rindac.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,17 +0,0 @@
-require 'drb/drb'
-require 'rinda/rinda'
-
-uri = ARGV.shift || raise("usage: #{$0} <server_uri>")
-
-DRb.start_service
-ts = Rinda::TupleSpaceProxy.new(DRbObject.new(nil, uri))
-
-(1..10).each do |n|
-  ts.write(['sum', DRb.uri, n])
-end
-
-(1..10).each do |n|
-  ans = ts.take(['ans', DRb.uri, n, nil])
-  p [ans[2], ans[3]]
-end
-
diff --git a/sample/drb/rindas.rb b/sample/drb/rindas.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 9fd9ada2d1..0000000000
--- a/sample/drb/rindas.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,18 +0,0 @@
-require 'drb/drb'
-require 'rinda/rinda'
-
-def do_it(v)
-  puts "do_it(#{v})"
-  v + v
-end
-
-uri = ARGV.shift || raise("usage: #{$0} <server_uri>")
-
-DRb.start_service
-ts = Rinda::TupleSpaceProxy.new(DRbObject.new(nil, uri))
-
-while true
-  r = ts.take(['sum', nil, nil])
-  v = do_it(r[2])
-  ts.write(['ans', r[1], r[2], v])
-end
diff --git a/sample/drb/ring_echo.rb b/sample/drb/ring_echo.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index c54628b54c..0000000000
--- a/sample/drb/ring_echo.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,29 +0,0 @@
-require 'drb/drb'
-require 'drb/eq'
-require 'rinda/ring'
-
-class RingEcho
-  include DRbUndumped
-  def initialize(name)
-    @name = name
-  end
-
-  def echo(str)
-    "#{@name}: #{str}"
-  end
-end
-
-DRb.start_service
-
-renewer = Rinda::SimpleRenewer.new
-
-finder = Rinda::RingFinger.new
-ts = finder.lookup_ring_any
-ts.read_all([:name, :RingEcho, nil, nil]).each do |tuple|
-  p tuple[2]
-  puts tuple[2].echo('Hello, World') rescue nil
-end
-ts.write([:name, :RingEcho, RingEcho.new(DRb.uri), ''], renewer)
-
-DRb.thread.join
-
diff --git a/sample/drb/ring_inspect.rb b/sample/drb/ring_inspect.rb
deleted file mode 100644