Warn on access/modify of $SAFE, and remove effects of modifying $SAFE

This removes the security features added by $SAFE = 1, and warns for access or modification of $SAFE from Ruby-level, as well as warning when calling all public C functions related to $SAFE. This modifies some internal functions that took a safe level argument to no longer take the argument. rb_require_safe now warns, rb_require_string has been added as a version that takes a VALUE and does not warn. One public C function that still takes a safe level argument and that this doesn't warn for is rb_eval_cmd. We may want to consider adding an alternative method that does not take a safe level argument, and warn for rb_eval_cmd.
author: Jeremy Evans <code@jeremyevans.net> 2019-09-20 19:06:22 -0700
committer: Jeremy Evans <code@jeremyevans.net> 2019-11-18 01:00:25 +0200
commit: c5c05460ac20abcbc0ed686eb4acf06da7a39a79 (patch)
tree: 991109a68f3b1cd2e256a936701d3b2badd3ddac /spec/ruby/library/set/delete_if_spec.rb
parent: 7b6a8b5b54448235e17ed187d9d73f56893e1b6f (diff)
0 files changed, 0 insertions, 0 deletions
diff --git a/.cvsignore b/.cvsignore
index 69a30e5f81..a72211d03f 100644
--- a/.cvsignore
+++ b/.cvsignore
@@ -3,10 +3,14 @@
 *.rej
 *.sav
 *~
+.*.list
+.*.time
 .ccmalloc
 .ppack
 .ext
-.rbconfig.time
+.git
+.svn
+.pc
 COPYING.LIB
 ChangeLog.pre-alpha
 ChangeLog.pre1_1
@@ -24,32 +28,20 @@ config.h.in
 config.log
 config.status
 configure
-foo.rb
 libruby.so.*
 miniruby
-miniruby.elhash
-miniruby.elhash2
-miniruby.orig2
-miniruby.plhash
-miniruby.plhash2
-modex.rb
 newdate.rb
 newver.rb
 parse.c
-parse.y.try
-pitest.rb
+patches
 ppack
 preview
 rbconfig.rb
-rename2.h
 repack
 riscos
 rubicon
 ruby
 ruby-man.rd.gz
-rubyunit
-st.c.power
-this that
 tmp
 web
 y.output
diff --git a/ChangeLog b/ChangeLog
index adb75e22c6..6432869b78 100644
--- a/ChangeLog
+++ b/ChangeLog
@@ -1,3 +1,6305 @@
+Fri Jan  9 19:25:25 2009  Shugo Maeda  <shugo@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* lib/net/imap.rb (disconnect): do not refer SSL::SSLSocket for
+	  environments without OpenSSL.  backported from trunk.
+	  fixed [ruby-dev:35755].
+
+Thu Jan  8 13:24:23 2009  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* parse.y (deferred_nodes, compstmt, arg, fixup_nodes, range_op): fix
+	  up fixnum range literal in conditional as automagical line number
+	  comparison.  [ruby-core:12124], [ruby-dev:35731]
+
+Wed Jan  7 10:09:46 2009  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* eval.c (timeofday): use monotonic clock.  based on a patch
+	  from zimbatm <zimbatm@oree.ch> in [ruby-core:16627].
+
+Tue Jan  6 09:03:35 2009  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* parse.y (yylex): 8 and 9 in octal integer should cause compile
+	  error.  [ruby-dev:35729]
+
+Mon Jan  5 11:14:39 2009  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* eval.c (rb_thread_schedule): runs deferred finalizers.
+
+	* gc.c (gc_sweep): sets rb_thread_pending to run deferred finalizers.
+
+	* rubysig.h (CHECK_INTS): now checks rb_thread_pending even on
+	  platforms where setitimer is not available.  [ruby-core:18045]
+
+Mon Jan  5 11:14:39 2009  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* rubysig.h (CHECK_INTS): gives the chance to perform to deferred
+	  finalizers before explicit GC.start or the process termination.
+	  [ruby-core:18045]
+
+Sun Jan  4 04:49:01 2009  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* win32/win32.c (rb_w32_telldir): just returns loc.
+
+	* win32/win32.c (rb_w32_rewinddir): needs to intialize loc.
+	  [ruby-core:18041]
+
+Sun Jan  4 04:45:26 2009  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* win32/win32.c (rb_w32_select): recalc the rest of timeout for each
+	  iterations.  [ruby-core:18015]
+
+Fri Jan  2 03:08:47 2009  Kouhei Sutou  <kou@cozmixng.org>
+
+	* test/rss/: use PNG instead of zlib as binary data. [ruby-dev:35666]
+
+Tue Nov 11 01:07:32 2008  Kazuhiro NISHIYAMA  <zn@mbf.nifty.com>
+
+	* configure.in: fix SEGV on Mac OS X 10.5.3 with --enable-pthread.
+	  a patch from Wataru Kimura in Bug #193 [ruby-core:17333].
+
+Mon Aug 11 09:37:17 2008  Yukihiro Matsumoto  <matz@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* ext/dl/dl.c (rb_str_to_ptr): should propagate taint to dlptr.
+
+	* ext/dl/dl.c (rb_ary_to_ptr): ditto.
+
+	* ext/dl/sym.c (rb_dlsym_call): should check taint of DLPtrData as
+	  well.
+
+Fri Aug  8 10:53:52 2008  Tanaka Akira  <akr@fsij.org>
+
+	* lib/resolv.rb: randomize source port and transaction id.
+	  CVE-2008-1447.
+
+	* lib/resolv-replace.rb (UDPSocket#bind): don't resolv host if host is
+	  "".
+
+Mon Aug  4 14:49:35 2008  URABE Shyouhei  <shyouhei@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* lib/net/smtp.rb (Net::SMTP::rcptto): fix a typo. a patch from
+	  Masao Takaku <masao at nii.ac.jp>
+	  fix [ruby-dev:35489].
+
+Mon Aug  4 14:13:15 2008  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* regex.c (xmalloc, xrealloc, xfree): not to use ruby managed memory.
+
+	* regex.c (DOUBLE_STACK, re_compile_fastmap0, re_adjust_startpos),
+	  (re_search, re_match_exec): check if failed to allocate memory.
+
+Mon Aug  4 13:53:42 2008  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* bignum.c (rb_big2str0, bigsqr): made interruptible.  [ruby-Bugs-20622]
+
+Mon Aug  4 13:31:41 2008  NAKAMURA Usaku  <usa@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* numeric.c (check_uint, rb_num2uint, rb_fix2uint): fixed wrong check
+	  about 64bit positive value.
+Mon Aug  4 13:31:41 2008  NAKAMURA Usaku  <usa@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* numeric.c (check_uint, rb_num2uint, rb_fix2uint): strict check.
+	  fixed [ruby-dev:33683]
+
+Thu Jul 17 21:42:07 2008  URABE Shyouhei  <shyouhei@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* lib/net/smtp.rb (Net::SMTP::start): revert to avoid RFC2821
+	  violation. [ruby-dev:35487]
+
+Thu Jul 17 21:32:49 2008  Tanaka Akira  <akr@fsij.org>
+
+	* string.c (rb_str_format_m): make tmp volatile to avoid possible GC
+	  problem.
+
+Thu Jul 17 21:30:55 2008  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* lib/optparse.rb (OptionParser#environment): requires shellwords.
+	  [ruby-dev:35466]
+
+Thu Jul 17 02:05:10 2008  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* lib/xmlrpc/client.rb (XMLRPC::Client#do_rpc): requires
+	  webrick/cookie.  [ ruby-Bugs-21139 ]
+
+Thu Jul 17 01:38:31 2008  Yusuke Endoh  <mame@tsg.ne.jp>
+
+	* ext/zlib/zlib.c (rb_gzfile_set_mtime): fix typo.  [ruby-core:17713]
+
+Sun Jul 13 00:08:16 2008  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* lib/ipaddr.rb (IPAddr#initialize): get rid of ArgumentError in
+	  IPAddr#to_range.  a patch from okkez <okkez000 AT gmail.com> in
+	  [ruby-dev:35091].
+
+Sun Jul 13 00:04:38 2008  Tanaka Akira  <akr@fsij.org>
+
+	* configure.in (erfc): erfc of glibc comes with Debian GNU/Linux Etch
+	  on IA64 is broken.  erfc(10000.0) aborts.
+	  use missing/erf.c instead.
+	  http://sources.redhat.com/ml/libc-hacker/2005-08/msg00008.html
+
+Thu Jul 10 18:50:48 2008  Tanaka Akira  <akr@fsij.org>
+
+	* common.mk (SPEC_GIT_BASE): update RubySpec GIT URL.
+
+Thu Jul 10 18:46:28 2008  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* file.c (rb_file_s_extname): fix for file name with spaces.
+	  [ruby-talk:307404]
+
+Thu Jul 10 18:42:37 2008  Masatoshi SEKI  <m_seki@mva.biglobe.ne.jp>
+
+	* lib/erb.rb (PercentScanner#scan): fix %% line bug. [ruby-core:17491]
+
+	* test/erb/test_erb.rb (test_percent): ditto.
+
+Thu Jul 10 18:40:22 2008  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* lib/net/ftp.rb (Net::FTP#sendport): use divmod.  [ruby-core:17557]
+
+Thu Jul 10 18:36:53 2008  Kazuhiro NISHIYAMA  <zn@mbf.nifty.com>
+
+	* ruby.c: Mac OS X needs origargc times of '\0' in
+	  origargv. [ruby-dev:35308]
+
+Thu Jul 10 13:53:08 2008  Tanaka Akira  <akr@fsij.org>
+
+	* include/ruby/ruby.h (POSFIXABLE): use FIXNUM_MAX+1 instead of
+	  FIXNUM_MAX to make it possible to convert to double accurately.
+	  It assumes FLT_RADIX is 2.
+	  fix RubyForge bug #14102.
+	  backported from 1.9.
+
+Mon Jul  7 16:21:38 2008  Yukihiro Matsumoto  <matz@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* lib/net/smtp.rb (Net::SMTP::start): use 'localhost' instead of
+	  'localhost.localdomain'.  [ruby-dev:35333]
+
+	* lib/net/smtp.rb (Net::SMTP::SMTP.start): ditto.
+
+Mon Jul  7 15:02:13 2008  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* eval.c (rb_longjmp): duplicate the thrown exception to set backtrace
+	  if it was frozen.  clear all raised flags.
+
+	* eval.c (stack_check): leave clearing flag to rb_longjmp.
+
+	* eval.c (rb_thread_set_raised, rb_thread_reset_raised): use generic
+	  flags.
+
+	* eval.c (Init_Proc), gc.c (Init_GC): freeze preallocated special exceptions.
+
+	* gc.c (rb_memerror): use thread raised flag instead of static flag,
+	  and raise nomem_error without backtrace if failed to make backtrace.
+	  [ruby-dev:34724]
+
+	* gc.c (ruby_xmalloc): increase malloc_increase only if malloc
+	  succeeds.  failed malloc size can be huge.  it may increase
+	  malloc_limit too big which cause less GC and memory full.
+	  (ruby_xrealloc): ditto.
+
+Mon Jul  7 12:23:05 2008  Masaki Suketa  <masaki.suketa@nifty.ne.jp>
+
+	* ext/win32ole/win32ole.c: avoid creating Ruby object during
+	  GC. thanks to arton <artonx AT yahoo.co.jp>. [ruby-dev:35313]
+
+	* ext/win32ole/tests: add test_win32ole_event.rb, remove
+	  testOLEEVENT.rb
+
+	* ext/win32ole/tests/testWIN32OLE.rb(test_convert_bignum):
+	  fix test.
+
+Mon Jul  7 12:23:05 2008  Masaki Suketa  <masaki.suketa@nifty.ne.jp>
+
+	* gc.c: add rb_during_gc(). based on a patch from arton <artonx AT
+	  yahoo.co.jp> at [ruby-dev:35313].   
+
+	* intern.h: ditto.
+
+Thu Jul  3 20:13:20 2008  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* marshal.c (w_object, marshal_dump, r_object0, marshal_load): search
+	  public methods only.  [ruby-core:17283]
+
+	* object.c (convert_type): ditto.
+
+	* lib/singleton.rb (Singleton#_dump): conversion method should be
+	  public.
+
+Wed Jul  2 19:06:43 2008  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* lib/cgi.rb (CGI::QueryExtension.read_multipart): blanks inside
+	  double quotes are allowed.  [ruby-list:45140]
+
+Wed Jul  2 19:03:37 2008  Tanaka Akira  <akr@fsij.org>
+
+	* numeric.c (num_coerce): call rb_Float(x) first.  don't depend on
+	  evaluation order of function arguments.
+
+Wed Jul  2 18:57:19 2008  Yukihiro Matsumoto  <matz@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* ext/syslog/syslog.c (syslog_write): syslog operations should be
+	  protected from $SAFE level 4.  a patch from Keita Yamaguchi
+	  <keita.yamaguchi at gmail.com>.
+
+	* ext/syslog/syslog.c (mSyslog_close): ditto.
+
+	* ext/syslog/syslog.c (mSyslog_set_mask): ditto.
+
+Wed Jul  2 18:26:20 2008  Tanaka Akira  <akr@fsij.org>
+
+	* math.c (domain_check): fix preprocess condition.
+
+Wed Jul  2 18:22:52 2008  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* lib/tmpdir.rb (@@systmpdir): prior LOCAL_APPDATA if possible, and
+	  should be clean.  based on a patch from arton <artonx AT
+	  yahoo.co.jp> at [ruby-dev:35269]
+
+Wed Jul  2 18:16:19 2008  Masaki Suketa  <masaki.suketa@nifty.ne.jp>
+
+	* ext/win32ole/win32ole.c (date2time_str): fix the overflow in
+	  some situation. [ruby-bugs-20793]
+
+Tue Jul  1 15:11:14 2008  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* array.c (rb_ary_fill): check if beg is too big.
+
+Mon Jun 30 20:35:32 2008  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* string.c (str_buf_cat): check for self concatenation.
+
+Sun Jun 29 21:39:54 2008  Tanaka Akira  <akr@fsij.org>
+
+	* eval.c (rb_obj_respond_to): use RTEST to test the result of
+	  respond_to? method.
+
+Sun Jun 29 21:20:17 2008  URABE Shyouhei  <shyouhei@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* array.c (rb_ary_fill): (compatibility) do not raise
+	  ArgumentError on negative length.  This behaviour shall change
+	  in a future release.
+
+Sun Jun 29 20:08:11 2008  Tanaka Akira  <akr@fsij.org>
+
+	* time.c (time_timeval): fix rounding negative float.
+
+Sun Jun 29 19:19:08 2008  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* test/inlinetest.rb (InlineTest.in_progname): workaround for frozen
+	  $0.  [ruby-dev:35261]
+
+	* lib/test/unit/ui/console/testrunner.rb (TestRunner#finished): ditto.
+
+Sun Jun 29 19:19:08 2008  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* ruby.c (set_arg0, ruby_prog_init): freeze $0.  a patch from Keita
+	  Yamaguchi <keita.yamaguchi at gmail.com>.
+
+Sun Jun 29 18:33:33 2008  Tanaka Akira  <akr@fsij.org>
+
+	* process.c: include sys/resource.h if HAVE_SYS_RESOURCE_H is defined.
+	  pointed by TOYOFUKU Chikanobu.  [ruby-dev:35258]
+
+Sun Jun 29 18:26:01 2008  Yukihiro Matsumoto  <matz@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* variable.c (rb_f_trace_var): should not be allowed at safe level 4.  
+	  a patch from Keita Yamaguchi <keita.yamaguchi at gmail.com>.
+
+	* eval.c (rb_call0): wrong condition to check insecure method.
+	  a patch from Keita Yamaguchi <keita.yamaguchi at gmail.com>.
+
+Sun Jun 29 18:22:52 2008  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* array.c (rb_ary_fill): not depend on unspecified behavior at integer
+	  overflow.  reported by Vincenzo Iozzo <snagg AT openssl.it>.
+
+Sun Jun 29 18:22:06 2008  Masaki Suketa  <masaki.suketa@nifty.ne.jp>
+
+	* ext/win32ole/win32ole.c(ole_invoke): fix memory leak.
+	  [ruby-bugs-20792]
+
+Sun Jun 29 18:19:11 2008  Akinori MUSHA  <knu@iDaemons.org>
+
+	* eval.c (PUSH_FRAME, PUSH_CLASS): Add volatile to avoid a
+	  possible optimization bug on OS X/PPC.  This at least makes
+	  build with gcc -O1 and `make test' pass.
+
+Sun Jun 29 17:24:43 2008  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* lib/rdoc/parsers/parse_rb.rb (RDoc#collect_first_comment): skip
+	  magic comment.
+
+Sun Jun 29 17:22:09 2008  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* ext/stringio/stringio.c (strio_each, strio_readlines): IO#each and
+	  IO#readlines do not affect $_.  [ruby-core:17277]
+
+Sun Jun 29 17:19:59 2008  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* ext/stringio/stringio.c (strio_readline, strio_each)
+	  (strio_readlines): set lastline.  [ruby-core:17257]
+
+Sun Jun 29 17:15:49 2008  NAKAMURA Usaku  <usa@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* ext/openssl/ossl.h: include winsock.h if USE_WINSOCK2 is not defined.
+	  a patch from arton <artonx at yahoo.co.jp> in [ruby-dev:35078]
+
+Sun Jun 29 17:09:48 2008  wanabe  <s.wanabe@gmail.com>
+
+	* util.c (ruby_strtod): ruby_strtod don't allow a trailing
+	  decimal point like "7.". [ruby-dev:34835] [ruby-dev:35009]
+
+Sat Jun 28 19:23:40 2008  URABE Shyouhei  <shyouhei@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* class.c (clone_method): use rb_copy_node_scope.
+	  fixed [ruby-list:45102]
+	  fixed [ruby-core:17393]
+
+Sat Jun 28 18:49:50 2008  URABE Shyouhei  <shyouhei@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* class.c: revert to r15855.
+
+Fri Jun 20 18:25:18 2008  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* string.c (rb_str_buf_append): should infect.
+
+Fri Jun 20 16:33:09 2008  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* array.c (rb_ary_store, rb_ary_splice): not depend on unspecified
+	  behavior at integer overflow.
+
+	* string.c (str_buf_cat): ditto.
+
+Wed Jun 18 22:24:46 2008  URABE Shyouhei  <shyouhei@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* array.c (ary_new, rb_ary_initialize, rb_ary_store,
+	  rb_ary_aplice, rb_ary_times): integer overflows should be
+	  checked. based on patches from Drew Yao <ayao at apple.com>
+	  fixed CVE-2008-2726
+
+	* string.c (rb_str_buf_append): fixed unsafe use of alloca,
+	  which led memory corruption. based on a patch from Drew Yao
+	  <ayao at apple.com> fixed CVE-2008-2726
+
+	* sprintf.c (rb_str_format): backported from trunk.
+
+	* intern.h: ditto.
+
+Tue Jun 17 15:09:46 2008  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* file.c (file_expand_path): no need to expand root path which has no
+	  short file name.  [ruby-dev:35095]
+
+Sun Jun 15 19:27:40 2008  Akinori MUSHA  <knu@iDaemons.org>
+
+	* configure.in: Fix $LOAD_PATH.  Properly expand vendor_ruby
+	  directories; submitted by Takahiro Kambe <taca at
+	  back-street.net> in [ruby-dev:35099].
+
+Mon Jun  9 17:56:30 2008  Akinori MUSHA  <knu@iDaemons.org>
+
+	* lib/set.rb (Set#delete_if): Call to_a.
+	  (SortedSet#delete_if, TC_SortedSet#test_sortedset): Use super to
+	  yield elements in sorted order; [ruby-core:17144] by Arthur
+	  Schreiber.
+	  (SortedSet#each, SortedSet#each, TC_Set#test_each)
+	  (TC_SortedSet#test_sortedset): Return self; [ruby-dev:35002] by
+	  Arthur Schreiber.
+
+Mon Jun  9 03:28:05 2008  Akinori MUSHA  <knu@iDaemons.org>
+
+	* ext/zlib/zlib.c (rb_deflate_initialize, Init_zlib): Fix up
+	  initialize_copy; [ruby-list:45016], [ruby-list:45018].
+
+Mon Jun  9 03:26:03 2008  Kazuhiro NISHIYAMA  <zn@mbf.nifty.com>
+
+	* NEWS: Mention new constants.
+
+Mon Jun  9 03:24:18 2008  Tanaka Akira  <akr@fsij.org>
+
+	* hash.c (hash_i): make Hash#hash order insensitive.
+
+Mon Jun  9 03:22:43 2008  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* configure.in (VENDOR_DIR): use LIBDIR instead of PREFIX as well as
+	  SITE_DIR.  a patch from Richard Brown <rbrown AT exherbo.org> in
+	  [ruby-core:17129].
+
+Mon Jun  9 03:21:20 2008  Tanaka Akira  <akr@fsij.org>
+
+	* gc.c (os_obj_of): assure to not free the scanning heap.
+
+Mon Jun  9 03:20:12 2008  NAKAMURA Usaku  <usa@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* io.c (rb_open_file, rb_io_s_sysopen): fmode should be unsigned int.
+	  fixed [ruby-dev:34979]
+
+Fri Jun  6 21:16:55 2008  NAKAMURA Usaku  <usa@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* win32/Makefile.sub (COMMON_HEADERS): include ws2tcpip.h.
+
+	* ext/socket/addrinfo.h (addrinfo, getaddrinfo, getnameinfo,
+	  freehostent, freeaddrinfo): undef before define because these are
+	  macros in some versions of Windows SDK.
+
+	* win32/setup.mak: maybe commit miss.
+
+Fri Jun  6 19:34:22 2008  Akinori MUSHA  <knu@iDaemons.org>
+
+	* mkconfig.rb: hide build path from rbconfig.rb.
+
+	* util.c (ruby_strtod, dtoa): initialize more variables for error
+	  handling.
+
+	* io.c (rscheck), marshal.c (w_nbyte, w_bytes, w_unique),
+	  (path2class, path2module): constified.
+
+	* pack.c (pack_unpack), process.c (rb_syswait): suppress warnings.
+
+	* suppress warnings on cygwin, mingw and mswin.
+
+Fri Jun  6 19:23:53 2008  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* file.c (file_expand_path): fix for non-existent files and SFN of
+	  symlinks.  [ruby-talk:303736]
+
+Fri Jun  6 18:25:43 2008  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* test/iconv: Tests fixed.
+
+Fri Jun  6 17:04:56 2008  Akinori MUSHA  <knu@iDaemons.org>
+
+	* win32/win32.h: include ws2tcpip.h. fixed [ruby-Bugs-20528]
+
+	* lib/time.rb (Time.xmlschema): don't use float.  fix
+	  http://rubyforge.org/tracker/index.php?func=detail&group_id=426&atid=1698&aid=20504
+
+	* object.c (rb_obj_alloc): RDoc updated.  a patch from Gaston
+	  Ramos <ramos.gaston at gmail.com> in [ruby-core:17073].
+
+	* lib/rdoc.rb: massive spelling correction patch from Evan Farrar
+	  <evanfarrar at gmail.com> in [ruby-doc:1382] applied.
+
+	* ext/openssl/ossl_ssl_session.c (ossl_ssl_session_initialize):
+	  Add a null check for ssl; submitted by akira yamada
+	  in [ruby-dev:34950].
+
+	* ext/openssl/ossl_ssl.c (Init_ossl_ssl): Define OP_NO_TICKET if
+	  SSL_OP_NO_TICKET is present; submitted by akira yamada
+	  in [ruby-dev:34944].
+
+	* test/openssl/test_ssl.rb (OpenSSL#test_server_session): Add a
+	  workaround for the case where OpenSSL is configured with
+	  --enable-tlsext; submitted by akira yamada in [ruby-dev:34944].
+
+Fri Jun  6 16:58:23 2008  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* ext/iconv/iconv.c (iconv_iconv): fix for length argument and now
+	  allows range.  [ruby-core:17092] [ruby-core:17115]
+
+Wed Jun  4 17:22:30 2008  Akinori MUSHA  <knu@iDaemons.org>
+
+	* NEWS: Fix typos and move misplaced entries.
+	  NEWS: Somehow optflags and warnflags were not actually included
+	  in this release.
+
+Tue Jun  3 19:33:22 2008  Akinori MUSHA  <knu@iDaemons.org>
+
+	* enumerator.c (enumerator_init_copy): Take care of
+	  initialize_copy as well as initialize.
+
+	* test/ruby/test_enumerator.rb: Pull in the test suite for
+	  enumerator from trunk.
+
+Tue Jun  3 12:51:57 2008  Akinori MUSHA  <knu@iDaemons.org>
+
+	* enumerator.c (enumerator_allocate, enumerator_ptr): Properly
+	  detect if the object is initialized and raise error when
+	  appropriate.
+	  (enumerator_initialize): Fix a typo in rdoc. [ruby-core:17052]
+
+Tue Jun  3 10:16:40 2008  Akinori MUSHA  <knu@iDaemons.org>
+
+	* lib/erb.rb (ERB::Compiler::TrimScanner#scan_line): Fix a bug
+	  where tokens are not yilelded one by one.
+	  (ERB::Compiler::TrimScanner#explicit_trim_line): Fix without-
+	  strscan problems. [ruby_core:17028].
+
+	* test/erb/test_erb.rb (TestERBCore#_test_01)
+	  (TestERBCore#test_02_safe_04): The expected value should come
+	  first for assert_equal().
+	  (TestERBCoreWOStrScan): Add test class for without-strscan.
+
+Mon Jun  2 19:47:16 2008  Akinori MUSHA  <knu@iDaemons.org>
+
+	* lib/delegate.rb (DelegateClass, Delegator#respond_to?):
+	  respond_to? must take optional second argument.  This was a
+	  latent bug exposed by a recent internal change of marshal.c to
+	  call respond_to? with a second argument; submitted by Jeremy
+	  Kemper <jeremy at bitsweat.net> in [ruby-core:17045].
+
+Sat May 31 23:53:35 2008  Akinori MUSHA  <knu@iDaemons.org>
+
+	* .: Release as Ruby 1.8.7.
+
+Sat May 31 23:33:34 2008  Akinori MUSHA  <knu@iDaemons.org>
+
+	* README, README.ja: Add a note about default C flags.
+
+Sat May 31 22:11:15 2008  Kazuhiro NISHIYAMA  <zn@mbf.nifty.com>
+
+	* version.c (ruby_description, ruby_copyright): backported from
+	  1.9. bug#19002, [ruby-dev:34883]
+
+	* error.c (report_bug): uses ruby_description.
+
+Sat May 31 20:56:04 2008  Akinori MUSHA  <knu@iDaemons.org>
+
+	* array.c (rb_ary_delete_if): should return enumerator if no block
+	  is given.  [ruby-dev:34901]
+
+Sat May 31 18:28:17 2008  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* suppress warnings with -Wwrite-string.
+
+Sat May 31 15:58:08 2008  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* Makefile.in, configure.in (warnflags): defaulted to -Wall
+	  -Wno-parentheses with gcc.  [ruby-dev:34810]
+
+Fri May 30 05:28:18 2008  NAKAMURA Usaku  <usa@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* enum.c (count_i, count_iter_i, count_all_i): add prototypes for VC.
+
+Fri May 30 04:32:07 2008  Akinori MUSHA  <knu@iDaemons.org>
+
+	* enum.c (count_i, count_iter_i): Sync with trunk.
+	  enum.c (enum_count, count_all_i, Init_Enumerable),
+	  array.c (rb_ary_count): Sync with trunk.  If no argument or
+	  block is given, count the number of all elements.
+
+Fri May 30 03:12:18 2008  Akinori MUSHA  <knu@iDaemons.org>
+
+	* ext/openssl/ossl_bn.c (ossl_bn_s_rand, ossl_bn_s_pseudo_rand):
+	  Int should be enough here.
+
+Fri May 30 02:35:00 2008  Akinori MUSHA  <knu@iDaemons.org>
+
+	* ext/openssl/ossl_bn.c (ossl_bn_s_rand, ossl_bn_s_pseudo_rand),
+	  ext/openssl/ossl_pkey_dh.c (ossl_dh_s_generate)
+	  (ossl_dh_initialize),
+	  ext/openssl/ossl_pkey_dsa.c (ossl_dsa_s_generate),
+	  ext/openssl/ossl_rand.c (ossl_rand_bytes)
+	  (ossl_rand_pseudo_bytes, ossl_rand_egd_bytes),
+	  ext/openssl/ossl_x509store.c (ossl_x509stctx_set_error): Do not
+	  use FIX2INT() without checking the value type.  Use NUM2INT()
+	  instead; found by akr in [ruby-dev:34890].
+
+Thu May 29 20:07:45 2008  Akinori MUSHA  <knu@iDaemons.org>
+
+	* configure.in, win32/Makefile.sub, mkconfig.rb, instruby.rb,
+	  ruby.c, lib/mkmf.rb, README.EXT, README.EXT.ja: Backport the
+	  vendor_ruby directory support.
+
+Thu May 29 17:52:31 2008  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* ext/zlib/extconf.rb: search zlib1, and regard mswin32 later than VC6
+	  as WIN32.  [ruby-core:16984]
+
+Wed May 28 17:54:29 2008  Akinori MUSHA  <knu@iDaemons.org>
+
+	* string.c (rb_str_start_with): Remove an unused variable.
+	  (rb_str_upto_m): Fix a prototype.
+
+Wed May 28 17:48:28 2008  Akinori MUSHA  <knu@iDaemons.org>
+
+	* range.c (range_step): Fix brokenness when a non-integer numeric
+	  value is specified as step. [rubyspec]
+	  (range_step): Make use of String#step internally if a string (or
+	  string-alike) range is given.
+
+	* string.c (rb_str_upto_m, Init_String): Add an optional second
+	  argument to specify if the last value should be included.
+
+Wed May 28 16:53:39 2008  Akinori MUSHA  <knu@iDaemons.org>
+
+	* array.c (rb_ary_slice_bang): Call rb_ary_modify_check() at the
+	  beginning. [rubyspec]
+
+Wed May 28 16:12:44 2008  Akinori MUSHA  <knu@iDaemons.org>
+
+	* lib/webrick/httpservlet/cgihandler.rb (WEBrick::HTTPServlet::CGIHandler#do_GET):
+	  Set the HTTP status code to 302 if a Location header field is
+	  present and the status code is not valid as a client
+	  redirection.  cf. RFC 3875 6.2.3, 6.2.4.
+
+Wed May 28 15:18:16 2008  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* lib/singleton.rb (SingletonClassMethods): _load should be public.
+
+Wed May 28 12:52:41 2008  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* marshal.c (w_object, marshal_dump, r_object0, marshal_load): search
+	  private methods too.  [ruby-dev:34671]
+
+	* object.c (convert_type): ditto.
+
+Tue May 27 23:26:49 2008  Yukihiro Matsumoto  <matz@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* error.c (rb_bug): description from rb_bug() should include
+	  patchlevel.  [ruby-dev:34826]
+
+Tue May 27 20:19:22 2008  Akinori MUSHA  <knu@iDaemons.org>
+
+	* array.c (rb_ary_slice_bang): Return an empty array instead of
+	  nil when pos is valid and len is adjusted from a valid value to
+	  zero; caught by RubySpec.
+
+Tue May 27 19:45:20 2008  Akinori MUSHA  <knu@iDaemons.org>
+
+	* numeric.c (flo_divmod): Revert the behavior change; do not
+	  suppress an exception when div is NaN or Inf. [ruby-dev:34857]
+
+Tue May 27 19:24:40 2008  Akinori MUSHA  <knu@iDaemons.org>
+
+	* enum.c (enum_to_a): Pass arguments through to #each().
+	  (enum_sort): Follow the enum_to_a signature change.
+	  (enum_reverse_each): Add #reverse_each().
+
+Tue May 27 18:54:02 2008  Akinori MUSHA  <knu@iDaemons.org>
+
+	* ext/stringio/stringio.c (strio_each_char, Init_stringio): Add
+	  StringIO#{each_char,chars}.
+
+Tue May 27 17:59:34 2008  Akinori MUSHA  <knu@iDaemons.org>
+
+	* ext/stringio/stringio.c (strio_each): Return an enumerator if no
+	  block is given.
+	  (strio_each_byte): Return an enumerator if no block is given,
+	  and return self if one is given as the rdoc says.
+
+	* io.c (rb_io_each_byte): Fix rdoc.  IO#each_byte returns self,
+	  not nil.
+
+Tue May 27 16:02:58 2008  Akinori MUSHA  <knu@iDaemons.org>
+
+	* eval.c (rb_mod_module_exec, Init_eval): Add
+	  Module#{module_exec,class_exec}.
+
+Tue May 27 15:36:37 2008  Akinori MUSHA  <knu@iDaemons.org>
+
+	* io.c (rb_io_each_char, argf_each_char, Init_IO):
+	  Add {IO#,ARGF.}{each_char,chars}.
+
+Tue May 27 13:46:52 2008  Akinori MUSHA  <knu@iDaemons.org>
+
+	* ext/stringio/stringio.c (Init_stringio): Define
+	  StringIO#{getbyte,readbyte}.
+
+Tue May 27 13:38:51 2008  Akinori MUSHA  <knu@iDaemons.org>
+
+	* io.c (Init_IO): Define {IO#,ARGF.}{getbyte,readbyte}.
+
+Tue May 27 13:26:15 2008  Akinori MUSHA  <knu@iDaemons.org>
+
+	* ext/stringio/stringio.c (Init_stringio): Define #bytes and
+	  #lines.
+
+Tue May 27 13:20:35 2008  Akinori MUSHA  <knu@iDaemons.org>
+
+	* io.c: (rb_io_lines, rb_io_bytes, Init_IO): Define
+	  IO#{lines,bytes} and ARGF.{lines,bytes}.
+
+Tue May 27 12:13:17 2008  NAKAMURA Usaku  <usa@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* file.c (BUFCHECK): wrong condition. [ruby-core:16921]
+
+	* file.c (file_expand_buf): shouldn't use buflen for length of string.
+
+Mon May 26 18:24:48 2008  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* file.c (BUFCHECK): no resize if enough room.
+
+	* file.c (file_expand_path): use BUFCHECK.
+
+Mon May 26 16:46:19 2008  NAKAMURA Usaku  <usa@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* file.c (ntfs_tail): filename which starts with '.' is valid.
+
+	* file.c (file_expand_path): cygwin symlink support.
+
+Mon May 26 12:16:43 2008  Akinori MUSHA  <knu@iDaemons.org>
+
+	* .: Release as Ruby 1.8.7-preview4.
+
+Mon May 26 12:12:26 2008  Akinori MUSHA  <knu@iDaemons.org>
+
+	* marshal.c (dump_ensure, load_ensure): should return values.
+
+	* eval.c (yield_under, yield_under_i, yield_args_under_i)
+	  (specific_eval, rb_obj_instance_exec, Init_eval): Implement
+	  Object#instance_exec(), a 1.9 feature.
+
+Mon May 26 11:53:21 2008  Akinori MUSHA  <knu@iDaemons.org>
+
+	* eval.c (rb_yield_0, proc_invoke, proc_arity): allow passing a
+	  block to a Proc.  [ruby-dev:23533]; by nobu; backported from
+	  1.9.  This implementation in current shape is known to be
+	  buggy/broken, especially with nested block invocation.  Take
+	  this as an experimental feature.
+
+	* parse.y (block_par, block_var): ditto.
+
+Mon May 26 08:00:52 2008  Akinori MUSHA  <knu@iDaemons.org>
+
+	* marshal.c (r_object0, Init_marshal): Fix the garbled s_call
+	  definition; fixes [ruby-dev:34843].
+
+Mon May 26 03:16:20 2008  Akinori MUSHA  <knu@iDaemons.org>
+
+	* hash.c (rb_hash_default): Fix rdoc.
+	  (rb_hash_each, env_each_value, env_each_pair): Return an
+	  enumerator if no block is given.
+	  (rb_hash_update): Update rdoc.
+	  (envix): Conditionalize the definition itself.
+	  (rb_f_getenv, env_fetch, env_keys, env_values, env_values_at)
+	  (env_select, env_inspect, env_to_a, env_empty_p, env_has_key)
+	  (env_has_value, env_index, env_indexes, env_to_hash, env_shift)
+	  (env_update): Require secure level 4.
+	  (env_each_value, env_each_i): Delay variable initialization.
+	  (env_each_key, env_each_value, env_reject_bang)
+	  (env_clear, env_replace): Omit duplicated secure level check.
+	  (env_has_value): Do to_str conversion.
+
+Sun May 25 19:48:12 2008  Akinori MUSHA  <knu@iDaemons.org>
+
+	* hash.c (env_delete_if): Return an enumerator if no block is
+	  given.
+	  (env_each_key): Delay a variable initialization after
+	  RETURN_ENUMERATOR().
+
+Sun May 25 05:07:19 2008  Akinori MUSHA  <knu@iDaemons.org>
+
+	* array.c (rb_ary_slice_bang): Be consistent with Array#slice()
+	  and String#slice!().  Just return nil when a negative length or
+	  out of boundary index is given instead of raising an exception
+	  via internal functions.
+	  (rb_ary_slice_bang): should not use rb_ary_subseq() which shares
+	  internal pointer.  splice modifies the receiver right after
+	  subseq.  [ruby-dev:34005]
+	  (rb_ary_slice_bang): should adjust length before making
+	  sub-array.
+
+	* enumerator.c (Init_Enumerator): Override
+	  Enumerable::Enumerator#each_with_index with #with_index.
+
+Sun May 25 03:13:09 2008  Akinori MUSHA  <knu@iDaemons.org>
+
+	* eval.c (Init_Thread): Initialize recursive_key.
+
+Sun May 25 02:45:49 2008  Akinori MUSHA  <knu@iDaemons.org>
+
+	* error.c (syserr_eqq): Use en.
+
+Sat May 24 22:32:49 2008  Yukihiro Matsumoto  <matz@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* object.c (rb_cstr_to_dbl): should clear errno before calling
+	  strtod(3).  [ruby-dev:34834]
+
+Sat May 24 22:27:44 2008  Yukihiro Matsumoto  <matz@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* marshal.c (marshal_load): should initialize arg.data used for
+	  reentrant check.  [ruby-dev:34837]
+
+Sat May 24 00:34:59 2008  Tanaka Akira  <akr@fsij.org>
+
+	* lib/rational.rb (Rational#to_i): fix rdoc.  Rational(-7,4).to_i
+	  should be -1.
+
+Fri May 23 20:22:44 2008  Yukihiro Matsumoto  <matz@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* marshal.c (reentrant_check): check reentrance via callcc.
+	  [ruby-dev:34802]
+
+Fri May 23 16:46:28 2008  Akinori MUSHA  <knu@iDaemons.org>
+
+	* enumerator.c (proc_call): Remove an unused static function.
+
+Fri May 23 13:46:09 2008  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* configure.in (cflags): commit miss.
+
+Fri May 23 09:52:21 2008  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* configure.in (MINIRUBY), common.mk (RUBYOPT): add purelib.rb.
+	  [ruby-core:16642]
+
+	* ext/extmk.rb: load purelib.rb only when not cross compiling.
+
+Fri May 23 08:47:02 2008  Yukihiro Matsumoto  <matz@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* error.c (syserr_eqq): === should be able to handle delegated
+	  objects as well.
+
+Fri May 23 04:22:19 2008  Hidetoshi NAGAI  <nagai@ai.kyutech.ac.jp>
+
+	* ext/tk/tcltklib.c, ext/tk/tkutil/tkutil.c: fix memory leak.
+
+	* ext/tk/lib/tk.rb: avoid trouble when finalize TclTkIp.
+
+	* ext/tk/lib/tk.rb, ext/tk/lib/tk/*: help to fix troubles when
+	  use Ttk widgets on old Tk scripts.
+
+	* ext/tk/sample/*: update and add demo scripts. some of them are
+	  introduction about new features of Tcl/Tk8.5.
+
+Fri May 23 03:48:10 2008  Akinori MUSHA  <knu@iDaemons.org>
+
+	* class.c (clone_method): Just use ruby_cref as cref.
+
+Fri May 23 01:03:23 2008  Akinori MUSHA  <knu@iDaemons.org>
+
+	* class.c (rb_singleton_class_clone): Pass Qnil, not 0.
+
+Fri May 23 00:51:48 2008  Akinori MUSHA  <knu@iDaemons.org>
+
+	* class.c (clone_method): Totally revamp the previous fix which
+	  was incorrect.
+	  (rb_mod_init_copy): Ditto.
+	  (singleton_class_clone_int): Ditto.
+
+Fri May 23 00:48:10 2008  Akinori MUSHA  <knu@iDaemons.org>
+
+	* eval.c (rb_copy_node_scope), node.h: Rename from copy_node_scope
+	  and export.
+
+Thu May 22 21:24:15 2008  Yukihiro Matsumoto  <matz@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* parse.y (top_local_setup): fixed memory leak bug based on a
+	  patch from Roger Pack <rogerpack2005 at gmail.com> in
+	  [ruby-core:16610].
+
+Thu May 22 14:20:54 2008  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* array.c (flatten): check if reentered.  [ruby-dev:34798]
+
+Thu May 22 08:28:49 2008  Yukihiro Matsumoto  <matz@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* array.c (flatten): free memo hash table before raising exception.
+	  [ruby-dev:34789]
+
+Thu May 22 06:30:10 2008  Hidetoshi NAGAI  <nagai@ai.kyutech.ac.jp>
+
+	* array.c (flatten): fix memory leak.
+
+Thu May 22 05:45:30 2008  Yukihiro Matsumoto  <matz@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* proc.c (proc_dup): should copy safe_level from src proc
+	  properly.  a patch from Keita Yamaguchi
+	  <keita.yamaguchi at gmail.com>
+
+Wed May 21 23:31:44 2008  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* eval.c (rb_get_method_body, rb_alias, rb_eval): should not cache
+	  uninitialized value, since search_method doesn't set origin if the
+	  method wasn't found.
+
+	* eval.c (search_method, remove_method, error_print, rb_alias)
+	  (rb_eval, rb_rescue2, search_required, Init_eval, rb_thread_create),
+	  gc.c (rb_source_filename, Init_stack), io.c (rb_io_getline),
+	  parse.y (rb_id2name, rb_parser_free): suppress warnings.
+
+Wed May 21 12:34:51 2008  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* hash.c (rb_hash_delete): rdoc fix based on a patch from Gaston Ramos
+	  <ramos.gaston AT gmail.com>.  [ruby-core:16825]
+
+Tue May 20 13:15:46 2008  Akinori MUSHA  <knu@iDaemons.org>
+
+	* file.c (lchmod_internal): Remove a compiler warning.
+
+Mon May 19 18:22:35 2008  Akinori MUSHA  <knu@iDaemons.org>
+
+	* ext/openssl/ossl_pkcs5.c (ossl_pkcs5_pbkdf2_hmac): Fix the type
+	  of md; pointed out by Takahiro Kambe <taca at back-street.net>
+	  in [ruby-dev:34748].
+
+Mon May 19 14:20:13 2008  NAKAMURA Usaku  <usa@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* sprintf.c (rb_f_sprintf): fixed SEGV on win32 with "% 0e" % 1.0/0.0.
+
+Mon May 19 13:29:58 2008  NAKAMURA Usaku  <usa@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* process.c (rb_f_system): set last_status when status == -1 because
+	  there is no path to set it on win32. this patch is derived from
+	  [ruby-core:16787], submitted by Luis Lavena <luislavena at gmail.com>
+
+Mon May 19 13:01:05 2008  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* common.mk ({MSPEC,RUBYSPEC}_GIT_URL): moved from Makefine.in.
+
+	* {win32,bcc32}/Makefile.sub (update-rubyspec): added.
+
+Mon May 19 11:53:45 2008  Akinori MUSHA  <knu@iDaemons.org>
+
+	* ext/openssl/openssl_missing.c (HMAC_CTX_copy): adopted
+	  prototype change in openssl bundled with newer OpenBSD.
+	  a patch from Takahiro Kambe <taca at back-street.net> in
+	  [ruby-dev:34691].
+
+Mon May 19 06:36:37 2008  Akinori MUSHA  <knu@iDaemons.org>
+
+	* .: Release as Ruby 1.8.7-preview3.
+
+Sun May 18 22:26:51 2008  GOTOU Yuuzou  <gotoyuzo@notwork.org>
+
+	* lib/webrick/httpservlet/filehandler.rb: should normalize path
+	  name in path_info to prevent script disclosure vulnerability on
+	  DOSISH filesystems. (fix: CVE-2008-1891)
+	  Note: NTFS/FAT filesystem should not be published by the platforms
+	  other than Windows. Pathname interpretation (including short
+	  filename) is less than perfect.
+
+	* lib/webrick/httpservlet/abstract.rb
+	  (WEBrick::HTTPServlet::AbstracServlet#redirect_to_directory_uri):
+	  should escape the value of Location: header.
+
+	* lib/webrick/httpservlet/cgi_runner.rb: accept interpreter
+	  command line arguments.
+
+Sat May 17 23:53:57 2008  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* file.c (file_expand_path): fix for short file name on Cygwin.
+
+Sat May 17 11:29:11 2008  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* file.c (rb_file_s_extname): first dot is not an extension name.
+
+Sat May 17 10:18:44 2008  Yukihiro Matsumoto  <matz@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* re.c (rb_reg_search): need to free allocated buffer in re_register.
+
+Fri May 16 17:01:44 2008  NAKAMURA Usaku  <usa@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* win32/Makefile.sub (test-rubyspec): added.
+
+Fri May 16 16:22:40 2008  Hidetoshi NAGAI  <nagai@ai.kyutech.ac.jp>
+
+	* ext/tk/tcltklib.c: sometimes freeze when receive Interrupt signal.
+
+Fri May 16 14:54:56 2008  Tanaka Akira  <akr@fsij.org>
+
+	* Makefile.in (update-rubyspec): move rubyspec to srcdir. 
+	  (test-rubyspec): ditto.
+
+Fri May 16 14:25:22 2008  Tanaka Akira  <akr@fsij.org>
+
+	* Makefile.in (test-rubyspec): use RUNRUBY.  suggested by nobu.
+
+Fri May 16 13:01:43 2008  Tanaka Akira  <akr@fsij.org>
+
+	* Makefile.in (update-rubyspec): new target to download rubyspec.
+	  (test-rubyspec): new target to run rubyspec.  this doesn't work
+	  before install.
+
+Fri May 16 08:15:52 2008  Hidetoshi NAGAI  <nagai@ai.kyutech.ac.jp>
+
+	* ext/tk/lib/tk.rb: fix memory (object) leak bug.
+
+	* ext/tk/sample/demos-jp/aniwave.rb, ext/tk/sample/demos-en/aniwave.rb:
+	  bug fix.
+
+Thu May 15 17:00:22 2008  Akinori MUSHA  <knu@iDaemons.org>
+
+	* string.c (Init_String): Define #bytesize as an alias for #size
+	  for compatibility with 1.9.
+
+Thu May 15 15:33:59 2008  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* file.c (file_expand_path): support for alternative data stream
+	  and ignored trailing garbages of NTFS.
+
+	* file.c (rb_file_s_basename): ditto.
+
+	* file.c (rb_file_s_extname): ditto.
+
+Wed May 14 19:24:59 2008  Akinori MUSHA  <knu@iDaemons.org>
+
+	* array.c (rb_ary_count): Override Enumerable#count for better
+	  performance.
+	  (rb_ary_nitems): Undo the backport.  Use #count {} instead.
+
+	* enumerator.c (enumerator_iter_i): Remove an unused function.
+	  (enumerator_with_index, enumerator_each): Remove unused
+	  variables.
+
+Wed May 14 17:15:11 2008  NAKAMURA Usaku  <usa@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* ext/tk/tkutil/extronf.rb: check stdndup() because it's not standard
+	  function of C.
+
+	* ext/tk/tkutil/tkutil.c (cbsubst_table_setup): use malloc() and
+	  strncpy() instead of strndup() if not available.
+
+Wed May 14 09:52:02 2008  Hidetoshi NAGAI  <nagai@ai.kyutech.ac.jp>
+
+	* ext/tk/tkutil/tkutil.c: improve handling callback-subst-keys. 
+	  Now, support longnam-keys (e.g. '%CTT' on tkdnd-2.0; however, still
+	  not support tkdnd-2.0 on tkextlib), and symbols of parameters (e.g. 
+	  :widget=>'%W', :keycode=>'%k', '%x'=>:x, '%X'=>:root_x, and so on; 
+	  those are attributes of event object). It means that Ruby/Tk accepts
+	  not only "widget.bind(ev, '%W', '%k', ...){|w, k, ...| ... }", but 
+	  also "widget.bind(ev, :widget, :keycode, ...){|w, k, ...| ... }". 
+	  It is potentially incompatible, when user passes symbols to the
+	  arguments of the callback block (the block receives the symbols as
+	  strings). I think that is very rare case (probably, used by Ruby/Tk
+	  experts only). When causes such trouble, please give strings instead
+	  of such symbol parameters (e.g. call Symbol#to_s method).
+
+	* ext/tk/lib/tk/event.rb, ext/tk/lib/tk/validation.rb, 
+	  ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/blt/treeview.rb, 
+	  ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/winico/winico.rb: ditto.
+
+	* ext/tk/tkutil/tkutil.c: strings are available on subst_tables on 
+	  TkUtil::CallbackSubst class (it is useful on Ruby 1.9). 
+
+	* ext/tk/lib/tk/spinbox.rb, ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/iwidgets/hierarchy.rb, 
+	  ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/iwidgets/spinner.rb, 
+	  ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/iwidgets/entryfield.rb, 
+	  ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/iwidgets/calendar.rb, 
+	  ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/blt/dragdrop.rb, 
+	  ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/tkDND/tkdnd.rb, 
+	  ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/treectrl/tktreectrl.rb, 
+	  ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/tktable/tktable.rb: disable code piece became 
+	  unnecessary by reason of the changes of ext/tk/tkutil/tkutil.c.
+
+Tue May 13 15:10:50 2008  Akinori MUSHA  <knu@iDaemons.org>
+
+	* enumerator.c: Update rdoc.
+	  (enumerator_initialize): Discourage the use.
+	  (enum_each_slice, enum_each_cons, enumerator_each)
+	  (enumerator_with_index): Add a note about a call without a block.
+
+	* NEWS: Intentionally omit enum_slice and enum_cons, which are
+	  removed in 1.9.
+
+Tue May 13 07:56:36 2008  Yukihiro Matsumoto  <matz@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* string.c (rb_str_cat): fixed buffer overrun reported by
+	  Christopher Thompson <cthompson at nexopia.com> in [ruby-core:16746]
+
+Mon May 12 13:57:19 2008  Yukihiro Matsumoto  <matz@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* eval.c (is_defined): add NODE_OP_ASGN_{OR,AND}.  "defined?(a||=1)"
+	  should not operate assignment.  [ruby-dev:34645]
+
+Mon May 12 12:59:23 2008  Hidetoshi NAGAI  <nagai@ai.kyutech.ac.jp>
+
+	* ext/tk/lib/tk/wm.rb: Wm#overrideredirect overwrites arguemnt to
+	  an invalid value.
+
+	* ext/tk/sample/ttk_wrapper.rb: support "if __FILE__ == $0" idiom.
+
+Mon May 12 12:36:55 2008  NAKAMURA Usaku  <usa@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* win32/win32.c (rb_w32_select): backport from trunk.
+	  [ruby-talk:300743]
+
+Mon May 12 12:33:21 2008  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* common.mk (RUBYLIB, RUBYOPT): clear.
+
+Mon May 12 10:41:10 2008  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* lib/delegate.rb (SimpleDelegator::dup): removed needless argument.
+	  [ruby-list:44910]
+
+	* lib/delegate.rb (clone, dup): keep relationship with the target
+	  object.
+
+Sun May 11 23:19:39 2008  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* enum.c (all_iter_i, any_iter_i): reduced duplicated code.
+
+Sun May 11 17:57:36 2008  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* configure.in (MINIRUBY): should not include extension library path.
+
+Sun May 11 10:36:10 2008  Kazuhiro NISHIYAMA  <zn@mbf.nifty.com>
+
+	* eval.c (method_name, method_owner): New methods; backported
+	  from 1.9. (UnboundMethod#name, UnboundMethod#owner)
+
+Sun May 11 02:48:13 2008    <nagai@orca16.orcabay.ddo.jp>
+
+	* ext/tk/lib/tk/pack.rb, ext/tk/lib/tk/grid.rb: fail to do pack/grid 
+	  without options.
+
+	* ext/tk/lib/tk.rb: add TkWindow#grid_anchor, grid_column, grid_row.
+
+Sat May 10 18:19:16 2008  Yukihiro Matsumoto  <matz@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* string.c (rb_str_each_line): RDoc updated.  [ruby-dev:34586]
+
+Sat May 10 13:17:56 2008  Hidetoshi NAGAI  <nagai@ai.kyutech.ac.jp>
+
+	* ext/tk/lib/tk/pack.rb, ext/tk/lib/tk/grid.rb: increase supported
+	  parameter patterns of configure method.
+
+Sat May 10 09:16:13 2008  Yukihiro Matsumoto  <matz@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* util.c (ruby_strtod): backported from 1.9.  a patch from Satoshi
+	  Nakagawa <psychs at limechat.net> in [ruby-dev:34625]. 
+	  fixed: [ruby-dev:34623]
+
+Fri May  9 23:33:25 2008  Hidetoshi NAGAI  <nagai@ai.kyutech.ac.jp>
+
+	* ext/tk/lib/tk/wm.rb: methods of Tk::Wm_for_General module cannot
+	  pass the given block to methods of Tk::Wm module.
+
+	* ext/tk/lib/tk/grid.rb: lack of module-method definitions.
+
+	* ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/tile.rb: lack of autoload definitions.
+
+	* ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/tile/tnotebook.rb: cannot use kanji (not UTF-8) 
+	  characters for headings.
+
+	* ext/tk/tcltklib.c: maybe a little more stable about @encoding value 
+	  of TclTkIp object.
+
+Wed May  7 08:46:44 2008  Yukihiro Matsumoto  <matz@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* struct.c (rb_struct_s_def): to_str should be called only once.
+	  [ruby-core:16647]
+
+Wed May  7 00:54:25 2008  Yukihiro Matsumoto  <matz@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* ext/zlib/zlib.c (gzreader_gets): may cause infinite loop.
+	  a patch from Kouya <kouyataifu4 at gmail.com> in
+	  [ruby-reference-manual:762].
+
+Sun May  4 09:35:51 2008  Masatoshi SEKI  <m_seki@mva.biglobe.ne.jp>
+
+	* sample/erb/erb4html.rb (ERB4Html) : add example of ERB#set_eoutvar.
+	  ERB4Html is an auto-quote ERB.
+
+Sat May  3 22:52:48 2008  Hidetoshi NAGAI  <nagai@ai.kyutech.ac.jp>
+
+	* ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/tile.rb, ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/tile/style.rb, 
+	  ext/tk/sample/ttk_wrapper.rb: improve treating and control themes. 
+	  add Tk::Tile.themes and Tk::Tile.set_theme(theme).
+
+Fri May  2 14:52:33 2008  Yukihiro Matsumoto  <matz@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* misc/ruby-mode.el: move fontifying code from hook.  a patch from
+	  Phil Hagelberg <phil at hagelb.org> in [ruby-core:16636].
+
+Fri May  2 13:47:51 2008  Yukihiro Matsumoto  <matz@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* re.c (match_select): restore previous behavior of MatchData#select.
+	  RDoc updated as well, mentioning the plan to remove this method
+	  in the future.  [ruby-dev:34556]
+
+Fri May  2 13:04:04 2008  Yukihiro Matsumoto  <matz@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* ext/dbm/dbm.c (Init_dbm): defines DBM::VERSION even when
+	  DB_VERSION_STRING is not available.  [ruby-dev:34569]
+
+Thu May  1 23:57:06 2008  James Edward Gray II  <jeg2@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	Merged 16257 from trunk.
+
+	* lib/net/telnet.rb:  This patch from Brian Candler adds a FailEOF mode which
+	  can be activated to have net/telnet raise EOFError exceptions when the 
+	  remote connection is closed.  The default behavior remains unchanged though.
+
+Thu May  1 23:43:21 2008  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* range.c (range_step): check if step can be converted to an integer.
+	  [ruby-dev:34558]
+
+	* range.c (range_step): allow float step bigger than zero but less
+	  than one.  [ruby-dev:34557]
+
+Wed Apr 30 20:22:40 2008  James Edward Gray II  <jeg2@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	Merged 16241 from trunk.
+
+	* lib/net/telnet.rb:  Fixing a bug where line endings would not be properly
+	  escaped when the two character ending was broken up into separate TCP
+	  packets.  Issue reported and patched by Brian Candler.
+
+Wed Apr 30 17:47:21 2008  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* re.c (rb_reg_search): use local variable.  a patch from wanabe
+	  <s.wanabe AT gmail.com> in [ruby-dev:34537].  [ruby-dev:34492]
+
+Sat Apr 26 19:40:34 2008  Guy Decoux  <decoux@moulon.inra.fr>
+
+	* class.c (struct clone_method_data): Add cref.
+	  (clone_method): Properly handle NODE_BMETHOD and NODE_DMETHOD.
+	  (rb_singleton_class_clone, singleton_class_clone_int): Set a
+	  proper value to klass and propagate cref. [ruby-core:16238]
+
+	* eval.c (rb_block_dup, rb_method_dup), intern.h: Add duplicator
+	  methods for use from class.c#clone_method().
+
+Fri Apr 25 15:46:37 2008  Hidetoshi NAGAI  <nagai@ai.kyutech.ac.jp>
+
+	* ext/tk/lib/tk.rb, ext/tk/lib/tk/scrollbar.rb, ext/tk/lib/tk/scale.rb:
+	  improve unknonw-option check when create a widget. 
+
+	* ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/blt/unix_dnd.rb, ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/blt/ted.rb,
+	  ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/treectrl/tktreectrl.rb: bug fix on 'cget'.
+
+	* ext/tk/lib/tk/menuspec.rb: option check will fail when 
+	  TkConfigMethod.__IGNORE_UNKNOWN_CONFIGURE_OPTION__ is true.
+
+	* ext/tk/lib/tk/palette.rb: bug fix.
+
+Fri Apr 25 12:37:54 2008  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* array.c (flatten): returns an instance of same class.
+	  [ruby-core:16554]
+
+Thu Apr 24 23:47:50 2008  Kazuhiro NISHIYAMA  <zn@mbf.nifty.com>
+
+	* lib/net/pop.rb: backported from 1.9. bug#19003
+
+	* ext/openssl/lib/openssl/ssl.rb: set_params; backported from 1.9.
+	  bug#19552, [ruby-dev:34402]
+
+	* ext/openssl/ossl_ssl.c: ditto.
+
+	* test/openssl/test_ssl.rb: ditto.
+
+Thu Apr 24 17:06:34 2008  Yukihiro Matsumoto  <matz@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* eval.c (THREAD_SAVE_CONTEXT): remove unnecessary
+	  FLUSH_REGISTER_WINDOWS before calling setjmp().  [ruby-core:16285]
+
+Thu Apr 24 14:15:11 2008  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* dln.c (dln_find_1): prior files with extensions to files sans
+	  extensions.  [ruby-core:16517]
+
+Wed Apr 23 15:39:31 2008  Akinori MUSHA  <knu@iDaemons.org>
+
+	* eval.c (bind_eval): Add Binding#eval, a shorthand method for
+	  eval(str, binding, ..); backported from 1.9.
+
+Wed Apr 23 15:28:52 2008  Kazuhiro NISHIYAMA  <zn@mbf.nifty.com>
+
+	* test/gdbm/test_gdbm.rb (TestGDBM#test_s_open_no_create): failed
+	  notice moved from comment to assertion message. [ruby-dev:29127]
+
+Wed Apr 23 14:00:05 2008  Akinori MUSHA  <knu@iDaemons.org>
+
+	* lib/mkmf.rb (create_makefile): Add a missing dependency on the
+	  target directory for each .rb file.  This will hopefully fix
+	  parallel make (-jN).  Tested on FreeBSD.
+
+Wed Apr 23 11:49:54 2008  Akinori MUSHA  <knu@iDaemons.org>
+
+	* lib/set.rb (Set#each, SortedSet#each, TC_Set#test_each): Return
+	  an enumerator if no block is given.
+
+Wed Apr 23 00:42:49 2008  Tanaka Akira  <akr@fsij.org>
+
+	* eval.c (error_print): show full stack grace except SystemStackError.
+	  backport from 1.9.  [ruby-dev:31014]
+
+Wed Apr 23 00:18:45 2008  Kazuhiro NISHIYAMA  <zn@mbf.nifty.com>
+
+	* test/ruby/test_symbol.rb (TestSymbol#test_to_proc): Improve
+	  tests of Symbol#to_proc.
+
+Tue Apr 22 22:43:05 2008  Akinori MUSHA  <knu@iDaemons.org>
+
+	* eval.c (rb_proc_new, YIELD_FUNC_LAMBDA): Add a new nd_state
+	  YIELD_FUNC_LAMBDA which avoids automatic `avalue' conversion for
+	  arguments.  This fixes a bug where [1,[2,3]].map(&:object_id)
+	  fails.
+
+	* intern.h, object.c: Hide rb_proc_new() from intern.h.  It should
+	  not be considered an official API function yet.
+
+Tue Apr 22 21:24:32 2008  Akinori MUSHA  <knu@iDaemons.org>
+
+	* eval.c (rb_proc_new): Turn the BLOCK_LAMBDA flag on.
+
+	* object.c (sym_to_proc), test/ruby/test_symbol.rb: Add back
+	  Symbol#to_proc, now that it passes the tests.
+
+Tue Apr 22 19:35:03 2008  Akinori MUSHA  <knu@iDaemons.org>
+
+	* enumerator.c (enumerator_initialize): Remove an undocumented
+	  feature (passing a block to the constructor) that's broken.
+	  This is not what I intended.
+
+Tue Apr 22 17:49:46 2008  Yukihiro Matsumoto  <matz@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* sprintf.c (rb_f_sprintf): should protect temporary string from
+	  GC.   [ruby-dev:34480]
+
+Tue Apr 22 17:12:05 2008  Yukihiro Matsumoto  <matz@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* regex.c (re_search): string might be NULL.  [ruby-core:16478]
+
+Tue Apr 22 16:44:00 2008  Kazuhiro NISHIYAMA  <zn@mbf.nifty.com>
+
+	* object.c (rb_obj_tap): Correct documentation; pointed out by
+	  okkez in [ruby-dev:34472].
+
+Tue Apr 22 10:05:51 2008  NAKAMURA Usaku  <usa@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* file.c (eaccess): workaround for recent msvcrt's behavior.
+	  [ruby-core:16460]
+
+Mon Apr 21 16:06:47 2008  Yukihiro Matsumoto  <matz@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* enumerator.c (enumerator_init): preserve the method name in ID.
+
+	* enumerator.c (enumerator_each): need not to call rb_to_id().
+
+	* enumerator.c (enumerator_with_index): ditto.
+
+Mon Apr 21 17:19:52 2008  Akinori MUSHA  <knu@iDaemons.org>
+
+	* eval.c (rb_f_method_name): New gloval function: __method__;
+	  backported from matzruby / 1.9.
+
+	* eval.c (rb_frame_this_func), intern.h: New internal function.
+
+	* intern.h (RETURN_ENUMERATOR): Use rb_frame_this_func() instead
+	  of rb_frame_last_func(), to accommodate the behavior to that of
+	  1.9.
+
+Mon Apr 21 15:54:48 2008  Yukihiro Matsumoto  <matz@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* lib/tempfile.rb (Tempfile::_close): check @data before modifying
+	  it; backported from 1.9.  [ruby-dev:34094]
+
+	* lib/tempfile.rb (Tempfile::close): clear @data and @tmpname.
+
+Mon Apr 21 10:17:17 2008  NAKAMURA Usaku  <usa@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* time.c: should include <errno.h> to refer errno.
+
+Mon Apr 21 10:02:43 2008  NAKAMURA Usaku  <usa@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* hash.c (recursive_hash): prototype.
+
+Mon Apr 21 10:00:51 2008  NAKAMURA Usaku  <usa@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* time.c (rb_strftime): check errno to detect strftime(3)'s error.
+	  this is workaround for recent version of MSVCRT.
+	  [ruby-dev:34456]
+
+Sun Apr 20 21:10:04 2008  Akinori MUSHA  <knu@iDaemons.org>
+
+	* .: Release as Ruby 1.8.7-preview2.
+
+Sun Apr 20 21:02:06 2008  Akinori MUSHA  <knu@iDaemons.org>
+
+	* enumerator.c: Resolve the method every time an enumeration
+	  method is run, not once when the enumerator is initialized as it
+	  was before, so that method_missing() and method (re)definition
+	  afterwards are both in effect; pointed out in: [ruby-core:16441]
+
+Sun Apr 20 17:59:25 2008  Akinori MUSHA  <knu@iDaemons.org>
+
+	* object.c, NEWS, test/ruby/test_symbol.rb: Revert Symbol#to_proc
+	  since it does not pass the tests.
+
+Sun Apr 20 14:29:35 2008  Technorama Ltd.  <oss-ruby@technorama.net>
+
+	* ext/openssl/ossl_ssl.c: initialize session class.
+
+Sat Apr 19 20:54:42 2008  akira yamada  <akira@arika.org>
+
+	* lib/uri/ftp.rb, lib/uri/generic.rb, test/uri/test_common.rb,
+	  test/uri/test_ftp.rb, test/uri/test_generic.rb: backported from 1.9.
+	  [ruby-dev:31318]
+
+Sat Apr 19 20:35:02 2008  Akinori MUSHA  <knu@iDaemons.org>
+
+	* lib/yaml/baseemitter.rb, lib/yaml/encoding.rb: performance
+	  tuning around String#gsub.
+
+	* lib/yaml/tag.rb: Replace nodoc with stopdoc so Module methods get
+	  documented.
+
+	* lib/yaml/store.rb (YAML::load): modified to support empty
+	  database.
+
+	* lib/yaml/store.rb (YAML::Store::marshal_dump_supports_canonical_option?):
+	  add a method to support faster PStore.
+
+Sat Apr 19 20:16:52 2008  Akinori MUSHA  <knu@iDaemons.org>
+
+	* lib/yaml/types.rb: Likewise, pass self to YAML::quick_emit;
+	  merged from 1.9.
+
+	* lib/yaml.rb (quick_emit): use combination of object_id and hash to
+	  identify repeated object references, since GC will reuse memory of
+	  objects during output of YAML. [ruby-Bugs-8548] [ruby-Bugs-3698];
+	  merged from 1.9.
+
+Sat Apr 19 20:05:39 2008  Akinori MUSHA  <knu@iDaemons.org>
+
+	* array.c (rb_ary_equal, rb_ary_eql, rb_ary_hash, rb_ary_cmp):
+	  Make Array#eql?, #hash, #== and #<=> use rb_exec_recursive() and
+	  handle recursive data properly.
+
+	* hash.c (hash_equal, rb_hash_hash): Make Hash#eql?, #hash and #==
+	  use rb_exec_recursive() and handle recursive data properly.
+
+Sat Apr 19 19:26:09 2008  Akinori MUSHA  <knu@iDaemons.org>
+
+	* intern.h, eval.c (rb_exec_recursive): New internal function to
+	  help perform recursive operation; backported from 1.9.
+
+Sat Apr 19 18:42:04 2008  Akinori MUSHA  <knu@iDaemons.org>
+
+	* intern.h, hash.c (rb_hash_lookup): New internal function to
+	  check if a key exists in a hash, ignoring #default; backported
+	  from 1.9.
+
+Fri Apr 18 18:56:57 2008  Akinori MUSHA  <knu@iDaemons.org>
+
+	* ext/syck/rubyext.c (syck_genericresolver_node_import): should
+	  not set instance variable "@kind" before initializing it.
+	  [ruby-dev:32677]
+
+	* ext/syck/rubyext.c (syck_resolver_initialize,
+	  syck_resolver_detect_implicit, syck_emitter_emit): remove unused
+	  variables.
+
+Fri Apr 18 18:54:57 2008  Akinori MUSHA  <knu@iDaemons.org>
+
+	* ext/syck/rubyext.c: Node#value defined twice.
+
+	* lib/yaml/: several method redefinitions causing warnings.
+
+Fri Apr 18 16:36:16 2008  Akinori MUSHA  <knu@iDaemons.org>
+
+	* lib/rexml/node.rb (REXML::Node::indent): should initialize rv
+	  variable.  a patch from Tadayoshi Funaba <tadf AT dotrb.org> in 
+	  [ruby-dev:32783].
+
+Fri Apr 18 16:01:37 2008  Akinori MUSHA  <knu@iDaemons.org>
+
+	* lib/rexml: Merge fixes since 1.8.6 made solely on the ruby_1_8_6
+	  branch.
+
+Wed Apr 16 06:11:49 2008  Akinori MUSHA  <knu@iDaemons.org>
+
+	* test/ruby/test_settracefunc.rb (TestSetTraceFunc#test_event):
+	  Fix tests to reflect the following changes: r15833, r15759.
+
+Wed Apr 16 05:03:48 2008  Akinori MUSHA  <knu@iDaemons.org>
+
+	* .: Release as Ruby 1.8.7-preview1.
+
+Wed Apr 16 02:09:14 2008  Kouhei Sutou  <kou@cozmixng.org>
+
+	* lib/xmlrpc/client.rb: fix cookie handling. [ruby-dev:34403]
+
+	* test/xmlrpc/test_cookie.rb: add a test for the above fix.
+
+Tue Apr 15 23:48:28 2008  Akinori MUSHA  <knu@iDaemons.org>
+
+	* version.h: Branch off ruby_1_8_7 from ruby_1_8 in preparation
+	  for the forthcoming 1.8.7 release.
+
+Tue Apr 15 23:40:39 2008  Akinori MUSHA  <knu@iDaemons.org>
+
+	* ext/syck/rubyext.c (rb_syck_mktime): Avoid buffer overflow.
+
+Tue Apr 15 20:32:03 2008  Tanaka Akira  <akr@fsij.org>
+
+	* re.c (match_inspect): backported from 1.9.
+
+Tue Apr 15 19:03:28 2008  Kazuhiro NISHIYAMA  <zn@mbf.nifty.com>
+
+	* eval.c (method_receiver, method_name, method_owner): New
+	  methods; backported from 1.9. bug#19007
+
+Tue Apr 15 18:39:14 2008  Kazuhiro NISHIYAMA  <zn@mbf.nifty.com>
+
+	* lib/uri.rb, lib/uri/ldaps.rb: added LDAPS
+	  scheme; backported from 1.9. bug#19015, [ruby-dev:31896]
+
+Tue Apr 15 17:45:43 2008  Kazuhiro NISHIYAMA  <zn@mbf.nifty.com>
+
+	* lib/net/smtp.rb: backported from 1.9. bug#19003
+
+Tue Apr 15 17:06:12 2008  Kazuhiro NISHIYAMA  <zn@mbf.nifty.com>
+
+	* test/ruby/test_symbol.rb (TestSymbol#test_to_proc): add tests.
+
+Tue Apr 15 16:58:55 2008  Hidetoshi NAGAI  <nagai@ai.kyutech.ac.jp>
+
+	* ext/tk/lib/tk/menuspec.rb: option check will fail when 
+	  TkConfigMethod.__IGNORE_UNKNOWN_CONFIGURE_OPTION__ is true.
+
+	* ext/tk/lib/tk/palette.rb: bug fix.
+
+Tue Apr 15 16:47:48 2008  Kazuhiro NISHIYAMA  <zn@mbf.nifty.com>
+
+	* signal.c, gc.c: New methods: GC.stress, GC.stress=;
+	  backported from 1.9. a patch from Tadashi Saito
+	  in [ruby-dev:34394] and bug#19000
+
+Tue Apr 15 12:35:44 2008  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* rubyio.h (rb_io_t): renamed from OpenFile.
+
+	* ruby.h (struct RHash), file.c, gc.c, io.c, ext/dl/dl.c,
+	  ext/io/wait/wait.c, ext/pty/pty.c, ext/readline/readline.c,
+	  ext/socket/socket.c: ditto.
+
+	* win32/win32.h: removed workaround for OpenFile.
+
+Tue Apr 15 00:15:29 2008  Hidetoshi NAGAI  <nagai@ai.kyutech.ac.jp>
+
+	* ext/tk/lib/tk/text.rb: typo. call a wrong method.
+
+	* ext/tk/lib/tk/itemconfig.rb: ditto.
+
+	* ext/tk/sample/ttk_wrapper.rb: bug fix.
+
+	* ext/tk/sample/tktextio.rb: add binding for 'Ctrl-u' at console mode.
+
+	* ext/tk/lib/tk.rb, ext/tk/lib/tk/itemfont.rb, ext/tk/lib/font.rb: 
+	  support __IGNORE_UNKNOWN_CONFIGURE_OPTION__ about font options.
+
+	* ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/iwidgets/scrolledcanvas.rb, 
+	  ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/iwidgets/scrolledlistbox.rb, 
+	  ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/iwidgets/scrolledtext.rb: bug fix. 
+
+	* ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/tile/tpaned.rb: improve TPaned#add.
+
+	* ext/tk/lib/tk/timer.rb: add TkTimer#at_end(proc) to register the 
+	  procedure which called at end of the timer.
+
+Mon Apr 14 19:54:21 2008  Akinori MUSHA  <knu@iDaemons.org>
+
+	* array.c (rb_ary_flatten, rb_ary_flatten_bang): Take an optional
+	  argument that determines the level of recursion to flatten;
+	  backported from 1.9.
+
+	* array.c (rb_ary_shuffle_bang, rb_ary_shuffle, rb_ary_choice,
+	  rb_ary_cycle, rb_ary_permutation, rb_ary_combination,
+	  rb_ary_product, rb_ary_take, rb_ary_take_while, rb_ary_drop,
+	  rb_ary_drop_while): New methods: Array#shuffle, #shuffle!,
+	  #choice, #cycle, #permutation, #combination, #product, #take,
+	  #take_while, #drop, #drop_while; backported from 1.9.
+
+Mon Apr 14 19:52:35 2008  Akinori MUSHA  <knu@iDaemons.org>
+
+	* ruby.h: New macro: RB_GC_GUARD().
+
+Mon Apr 14 19:49:35 2008  Akinori MUSHA  <knu@iDaemons.org>
+
+	* random.c (rb_genrand_int32, rb_genrand_real), intern.h: Export.
+
+	* string.c (rb_str_tmp_new), intern.h: New function.
+
+Mon Apr 14 19:18:55 2008  NAKAMURA Usaku  <usa@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* enum.c (inject_i, inject_op_i): prototype.
+
+Mon Apr 14 19:10:47 2008  Akinori MUSHA  <knu@iDaemons.org>
+
+	* enum.c New methods: Enumerable#take, #take_while, #drop and
+	  #drop_while; backported from 1.9.
+
+Mon Apr 14 18:50:15 2008  Akinori MUSHA  <knu@iDaemons.org>
+
+	* enum.c: New methods: Enumerable#one?, #none?, #minmax, #min_by,
+	  #max_by, #minmax_by and #cycle; backported from 1.9.
+
+	* enum.c (enum_find_index): Add support for find_index(obj);
+	  [ruby-dev:34313]; backported from 1.9.
+
+	* enum.c (enum_inject): Add support for Enumerable#inject(:binop);
+	  backported from 1.9.
+
+	* enum.c: Alias Enumerable#reject to #inject; backported from 1.9.
+
+Mon Apr 14 18:14:19 2008  Akinori MUSHA  <knu@iDaemons.org>
+
+	* enum.c (enum_find, enum_reject): Return an enumerator if no
+	  block is given; backported from 1.9.
+
+	* io.c (rb_io_each_line, rb_io_each_byte, rb_io_s_foreach,
+	  argf_each_line, argf_each_byte): Ditto.
+
+	* string.c (str_gsub): Ditto.
+
+Mon Apr 14 18:10:05 2008  NAKAMURA Usaku  <usa@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* enum.c (find_index_i, find_index_iter_i): add prototype for VC.
+
+Mon Apr 14 17:55:30 2008  Akinori MUSHA  <knu@iDaemons.org>
+
+	* array.c (rb_ary_collect_bang, rb_ary_select): Return an
+	  enumerator if no block is given; backported from 1.9.
+
+	* dir.c (dir_each, dir_foreach): Ditto.
+
+	* enum.c (enum_partition, enum_sort_by): Ditto.
+
+	* gc.c (os_each_obj): Ditto.
+
+	* hash.c (rb_hash_delete_if, rb_hash_reject_bang, rb_hash_select,
+	  rb_hash_each_value, rb_hash_each_key, rb_hash_each_pair,
+	  env_each_key, env_each_value, env_each, env_each_pair,
+	  env_reject_bang, env_delete_if, env_select): Ditto.
+
+	* numeric.c (num_step, int_upto, int_downto, int_dotimes): Ditto.
+
+Mon Apr 14 16:42:53 2008  Akinori MUSHA  <knu@iDaemons.org>
+
+	* ruby.h (rb_block_call_func): Fix prototype.
+
+	* enumerator.c (enumerator_iter_i, enumerator_each_i): Ditto.
+
+Mon Apr 14 15:49:05 2008  Akinori MUSHA  <knu@iDaemons.org>
+
+	* enum.c (enum_count, enum_find_index): New methods:
+	  Enumerable#count and #find_index; backported from 1.9.
+
+Mon Apr 14 14:16:08 2008  NAKAMURA Usaku  <usa@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* enumerator.c (enumerator_mark, enumerator_iter_i, enumerator_each_i,
+	  enumerator_allocate): add prototype.
+
+	* enumerator.c (enumerator_each_i): declare unused two arguments.
+
+Mon Apr 14 13:58:32 2008  Akinori MUSHA  <knu@iDaemons.org>
+
+	* string.c (rb_str_each_char): New methods: String#chars and
+	  #each_char; backported from 1.9.
+
+Mon Apr 14 13:42:20 2008  Akinori MUSHA  <knu@iDaemons.org>
+
+	* string.c (rb_str_each_line, rb_str_each_byte): Reflect
+	  enumerator integration.  #lines and #bytes are now aliases to
+	  #each_line and #each_byte, respectively.
+
+Mon Apr 14 13:19:36 2008  Akinori MUSHA  <knu@iDaemons.org>
+
+	* range.c (range_each, range_step): Return an enumerator if no
+	  block is given; backported from 1.9.
+
+	* struct.c (rb_struct_each, rb_struct_each_pair): Ditto.
+
+Mon Apr 14 13:07:59 2008  Akinori MUSHA  <knu@iDaemons.org>
+
+	* string.c (rb_str_partition, rb_str_rpartition,
+	  rb_str_start_with, rb_str_end_with): New methods:
+	  String#partition, #rpartition, #start_with? and #end_with?;
+	  backported from 1.9.  These methods are $KCODE aware unlike
+	  #index, #rindex and #include?.
+
+Sun Apr 13 15:55:52 2008  Kazuhiro NISHIYAMA  <zn@mbf.nifty.com>
+
+	* object.c (sym_to_proc): new method Symbol#to_proc; backported
+	  from 1.9. bug#19012
+
+Fri Apr 11 19:14:30 2008  Kazuhiro NISHIYAMA  <zn@mbf.nifty.com>
+
+	* object.c (rb_obj_tap): new method Object#tap; backported from
+	  1.9. bug#19008
+
+Fri Apr 11 18:58:09 2008  Kazuhiro NISHIYAMA  <zn@mbf.nifty.com>
+
+	* process.c: new method Process.exec; backported from 1.9. bug#19006
+
+Fri Apr 11 12:43:56 2008  Hidetoshi NAGAI  <nagai@ai.kyutech.ac.jp>
+
+	* ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/tile.rb, ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/tile/style.rb, 
+	  ext/tk/sample/tkextlib/tile/demo.rb: previous patch is not complete.
+
+Fri Apr 11 10:22:54 2008  Hidetoshi NAGAI  <nagai@ai.kyutech.ac.jp>
+
+	* ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/tile.rb:
+	  __define_LoadImages_proc_for_compatibility__! do nothing when the 
+	  Tcl command exists.
+
+	* ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/tile/style.rb:
+	  __define_wrapper_proc_for_compatibility__! do nothing when the Tcl
+	  command exists.
+
+	* ext/tk/sample/tkextlib/tile/demo.rb: don't create 'step' theme if 
+	  it already exists.
+
+Fri Apr 11 08:05:12 2008  Yukihiro Matsumoto  <matz@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* marshal.c (w_object): add volatile to avoid potential GC bug.  a
+	  patch from Tomoyuki Chikanaga <chikanag at nippon-control-system.co.jp>
+	  in [ruby-dev:34311].
+
+Thu Apr 10 20:29:13 2008  Akinori MUSHA  <knu@iDaemons.org>
+
+	* misc/rdebug.el, misc/README: Remove rdebug.el as per request
+	  from the maintainer and mention the ruby-debug project at
+	  RubyForge in README; bug#19043.
+
+Thu Apr 10 20:08:37 2008  Akinori MUSHA  <knu@iDaemons.org>
+
+	* enum.c (enum_first, enum_group_by): New methods:
+	  Enumerable#first and #group_by; backported from 1.9.
+
+Thu Apr 10 19:49:10 2008  Akinori MUSHA  <knu@iDaemons.org>
+
+	* enumerator.c (rb_eStopIteration), eval.c (rb_f_loop), ruby.h:
+	  Add a new exception class StopIteration, which breaks Kernel#loop
+	  iteration when raised; backported from 1.9.
+
+	* enumerator.c (enumerator_next, enumerator_rewind): Implement
+	  #next and #rewind using the "generator" library.
+
+	* lib/generator.rb: Implement Enumerable::Enumerator#next and
+	  #rewind.
+
+Thu Apr 10 19:29:48 2008  Akinori MUSHA  <knu@iDaemons.org>
+
+	* array.c (rb_ary_first, rb_ary_last): Return a shared array when
+	  possible.
+
+	* array.c (rb_ary_pop, rb_ary_pop_m, rb_ary_shift, rb_ary_shift_m):
+	  Array#pop and Array#shift can take an optional argument
+	  specifying the number of elements to remove and return;
+	  backported from 1.9.
+
+Thu Apr 10 14:00:44 2008  Tanaka Akira  <akr@fsij.org>
+
+	* lib/resolv.rb (Resolv::DNS#each_address): backport from 1.9 for
+	  CNAME.  [ruby-dev:34200]
+
+Thu Apr 10 01:42:25 2008  NAKAMURA Usaku  <usa@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* enum.c (iterate_method): add prototype to avoid warning on VC++.
+
+Wed Apr  9 23:12:41 2008  Hidetoshi NAGAI  <nagai@ai.kyutech.ac.jp>
+
+	* ext/tk/tcltklib.c: SEGV when tcltk-stubs is enabled.
+
+	* ext/tk/tcltklib.c: avoid error on a shared object.
+
+	* ext/tk/extconf.rb: support --with-tcltkversion
+
+	* ext/tk/README.tcltklib: add document about --with-tcltkversion
+
+	* ext/tk/sample/demos-jp/widget, ext/tk/sample/demos-en/widget, 
+	  ext/tk/sample/demos-jp/style.rb, ext/tk/sample/demos-en/style.rb, 
+	  ext/tk/sample/demos-jp/bind.rb, ext/tk/sample/demos-en/bind.rb: 
+	  bug fix.
+
+Wed Apr  9 21:54:45 2008  Akinori MUSHA  <knu@iDaemons.org>
+
+	* array.c (rb_ary_pop): Do not reallocate too often; backported
+	  from 1.9.
+
+Wed Apr  9 21:13:05 2008  Akinori MUSHA  <knu@iDaemons.org>
+
+	* array.c (rb_ary_each, rb_ary_each_index, rb_ary_reverse_each,
+	  rb_ary_reject, rb_ary_reject_bang): Array#each, #each_index,
+	  #reverse_each, #reject, #reject! and #delete_if return an
+	  enumerator if no block is given; backported from 1.9.
+
+Wed Apr  9 20:47:16 2008  Akinori MUSHA  <knu@iDaemons.org>
+
+	* array.c (rb_ary_index, rb_ary_index): Array#index and #rindex
+	  can take a block instead of an argument; backported from 1.9.
+
+Wed Apr  9 19:58:31 2008  Akinori MUSHA  <knu@iDaemons.org>
+
+	* enumerator.c, inits.c (rb_call_inits), ruby.h, intern.h,
+	  ext/enumerator, common.mk (OBJS, enumerator.$(OBJEXT)): Make the
+	  enumerator module built-in.
+
+	* enumerator.c: New method: Enumerable::Enumerator#with_index.
+
+	* enum.c (enum_each_with_index): Enumerable#each_with_index now
+	  returns an enumerator instead of raising an exception if no
+	  block is given.  Enumerable#enum_with_index, formerly defined in
+	  the enumerator module, is kept as an alias to each_with_index
+	  for backward compatibility.
+
+Wed Apr  9 19:43:51 2008  Akinori MUSHA  <knu@iDaemons.org>
+
+	* eval.c (rb_obj_method, rb_proc_call), intern.h: Export.
+
+Tue Apr  8 11:11:28 2008  Yukihiro Matsumoto  <matz@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* eval.c (EXEC_TAG): remove unnecessary FLUSH_REGISTER_WINDOWS for
+	  better performance on SPARC.  [ruby-core:16159]
+
+Tue Apr  8 10:49:54 2008  Yukihiro Matsumoto  <matz@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* re.c (rb_reg_quote): should always copy the quoting string.
+	  [ruby-core:16235]
+
+Mon Apr  7 21:35:08 2008  Akinori MUSHA  <knu@iDaemons.org>
+
+	* array.c (rb_ary_nitems): Backport Array#nitems with a block;
+	  suggested by Bertram Scharpf <lists@bertram-scharpf.de> in
+	  [ruby-talk:134083].
+
+Sun Apr  6 09:45:00 2008  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* dir.c (dir_tell): check if closed.  [ruby-core:16223]
+
+Sat Apr  5 10:05:00 2008  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* object.c (rb_check_to_integer): backported for range_step.
+
+Fri Apr  4 05:57:11 2008  Yukihiro Matsumoto  <matz@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* lib/net/pop.rb (Net::POP3::do_finish): clear @n_mails and
+	  @n_bytes as well.  [ruby-core:16144]
+
+Fri Apr  4 02:17:06 2008  Yukihiro Matsumoto  <matz@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* range.c (range_step): should not round step into integer if
+	  begin and end are numeric.  [ruby-core:15990]
+
+Tue Apr  1 14:43:38 2008  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* configure.in: get rid of empty expansion.
+
+	* {bcc,win}32/Makefile (config.h): need to define RUBY_SETJMP, etc.
+
+Tue Apr  1 11:36:19 2008  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* configure.in: _setjmp is available but _longjmp is not on mingw.
+
+Tue Apr  1 03:20:40 2008  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* configure.in (RUBY_SETJMP, RUBY_LONGJMP, RUBY_JMP_BUF): prefers
+	  _setjmp over setjmp and sigsetjmp.  [ruby-core:16023]
+	  __builtin_setjmp cannot handle a variable.
+
+	* configure.in (--with-setjmp-type): new option to override the
+	  default rule in the above.
+
+	* eval_intern.h (ruby_setjmp, ruby_longjmp), gc.c (rb_setjmp),
+	  vm_core.h (rb_jmpbuf_t): use RUBY_SETJMP, RUBY_LONGJMP and
+	  RUBY_JMP_BUF.
+
+Tue Apr  1 01:55:52 2008  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* lib/resolv.rb (Resolv::Config.default_config_hash): requires
+	  win32/resolv to use Win32::Resolv.  [ruby-dev:34138]
+
+Mon Mar 31 14:51:11 2008  Yukihiro Matsumoto  <matz@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* bignum.c (rb_big_div): Bignum#div should return integer for
+	  floating number operand.
+
+Sun Mar 30 07:00:32 2008  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* ext/tk/tcltklib.c: rb_hash_lookup has not been backported yet.
+
+Sat Mar 29 14:18:41 2008  Hidetoshi NAGAI  <nagai@ai.kyutech.ac.jp>
+
+	* ext/tk/*: full update Ruby/Tk to support Ruby(1.9|1.8) and Tc/Tk8.5.
+
+	* ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/tile.rb: [incompatible] remove TileWidgets' 
+	  instate/state/identify method to avoid the conflict with standard
+	  widget options. Those methods are renamed to ttk_instate/ttk_state/
+	  ttk_identify (tile_instate/tile_state/tile_identify are available 
+	  too). Although I don't recommend, if you realy need old methods, 
+	  please define "Tk::USE_OBSOLETE_TILE_STATE_METHOD = true" before 
+	  "require 'tkextlib/tile'".
+
+	* ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/tile.rb: "Tk::Tile::__Import_Tile_Widgets__!"
+	  is obsolete. It outputs warning. To control default widget set, 
+	  use "Tk.default_widget_set = :Ttk".
+
+	* ext/tk/lib/tk.rb: __IGNORE_UNKNOWN_CONFIGURE_OPTION__ method and 
+	  __set_IGNORE_UNKNOWN_CONFIGURE_OPTION__!(mode) method are defind 
+	  as module methods of TkConfigMethod. It may help users to wrap old 
+	  Ruby/Tk scripts (use standard widgets) to force to use Ttk widgets.
+	  Ttk widgets don't have some options of standard widgets which are 
+	  control the view of widgets. When set ignore-mode true, configure 
+	  method tries to ignoure such unknown options with no exception. 
+	  Of course, it may raise other troubles on the GUI design. 
+	  So, those are a little danger methods. 
+
+	* ext/tk/lib/tk/itemconfig.rb: __IGNORE_UNKNOWN_CONFIGURE_OPTION__ 
+	  method and __set_IGNORE_UNKNOWN_CONFIGURE_OPTION__!(mode) method 
+	  are defind as module methods of TkItemConfigMethod as the same 
+	  purpose as TkConfigMethod's ones.
+
+	* ext/tk/sample/ttk_wrapper.rb: A new example. This is a tool for 
+	  wrapping old Ruby/Tk scripts (which use standard widgets) to use 
+	  Ttk (Tile) widgets as default.
+
+	* ext/tk/sample/tkextlib/tile/demo.rb: use ttk_instate/ttk_state 
+	  method instead of instate/state method.
+
+	* ext/tk/lib/tk/root, ext/tk/lib/tk/namespace.rb,
+	  ext/tk/lib/tk/text.rb, ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/*: some 'instance_eval's  
+	  are replaced to "instance_exec(self)".
+
+	* ext/tk/lib/tk/event.rb: bug fix on KEY_TBL and PROC_TBL (?x is not 
+	  a character code on Ruby1.9).
+
+	* ext/tk/lib/tk/variable.rb: support new style of operation argument 
+	  on Tcl/Tk's 'trace' command for variables. 
+
+	* ext/tk/sample/demos-jp/widget, ext/tk/sample/demos-en/widget: bug fix
+
+	* ext/tk/sammple/demos-jp/textpeer.rb, 
+	  ext/tk/sammple/demos-en/textpeer.rb: new widget demo.
+
+	* ext/tk/tcltklib.c: decrase SEGV troubles (probably)
+
+	* ext/tk/lib/tk.rb: remove Thread.critical access if Ruby1.9
+
+	* ext/tk/lib/tk/multi-tk.rb: support Ruby1.9 (probably)
+
+	* ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/tile.rb: add method to define Tcl/Tk command 
+	  to make Tcl/Tk theme sources (based on different version of Tile 
+	  extension) available. 
+	  (Tk::Tile::__define_LoadImages_proc_for_comaptibility__)
+
+	* ext/tk/lib/tk.rb, ext/tk/lib/tk/wm.rb: support dockable frames
+	  (Tcl/Tk8.5 feature). 'wm' command can treat many kinds of widgets 
+	  as toplevel widgets.
+
+	* ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/tile/style.rb: ditto.
+	  (Tk::Tile::Style.__define_wrapper_proc_for_compatibility__)
+
+	* ext/tk/lib/tk/font.rb: add actual_hash and metrics_hash to get 
+	  properties as a hash. metrics_hash method returns a boolean value 
+	  for 'fixed' option. But metrics method returns numeric value 
+	  (0 or 1) for 'fixed' option, because of backward compatibility. 
+
+	* ext/tk/lib/tk/timer.rb: somtimes fail to set callback procedure.
+
+	* ext/tk/lib/tk.rb: add Tk.sleep and Tk.wakeup method. Tk.sleep 
+	  doesn't block the eventloop. It will be better to use the method 
+	  in event callbacks.
+
+	* ext/tk/sample/tksleep_sample.rb: sample script about Tk.sleep.
+
+Sat Mar 29 04:08:59 2008  Yukihiro Matsumoto  <matz@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* class.c (clone_method): should copy cref as well.
+	  [ruby-core:15833]
+
+Mon Mar 24 20:07:42 2008  Akinori MUSHA  <knu@iDaemons.org>
+
+	* eval.c (rb_eval): Call trace hook for if expression after the
+	  condition has been evaluated, not before; submitted by Rocky
+	  Bernstein in #18722.
+
+Mon Mar 24 19:44:53 2008  Akinori MUSHA  <knu@iDaemons.org>
+
+	* parse.y (yycompile): Always prepare a new array for each file's
+	  SCRIPT_LINES__ storage, instead of appending source lines every
+	  time a file is re-loaded; submitted by Rocky Bernstein in
+	  #18517.
+
+Mon Mar 24 10:25:54 2008  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* configure.in: sitearch should use target_cpu.  [ruby-core:15986]
+
+Mon Mar 24 01:24:24 2008  Masatoshi SEKI  <m_seki@mva.biglobe.ne.jp>
+
+	* lib/erb.rb (result): use proc instead of Thread. [ruby-dev:33692]
+
+Fri Mar 21 21:26:52 2008  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* lib/resolv.rb (Resolv::Hosts): should not use win32/resolv on cygwin.
+	  [ruby-dev:29945], [ruby-dev:34095]
+
+	* lib/win32/registry.rb (Win32::Registry.expand_environ): try upcased
+	  name too for cygwin.  [ruby-dev:29945]
+
+	* lib/win32/resolv.rb (Win32::Resolv.get_hosts_path): use expand_path.
+
+Fri Mar 21 21:10:00 2008  Akinori MUSHA  <knu@iDaemons.org>
+
+	* lib/ipaddr.rb: Say that I am the current maintainer.
+
+	* lib/set.rb: Ditto.
+
+	* lib/shellwords.rb: Ditto.
+
+	* ext/syslog/syslog.txt: Ditto.
+
+Fri Mar 21 09:24:28 2008  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* instruby.rb (open_for_install): write block result and rewrite only
+	  if changed from existing file.
+
+Wed Mar 19 21:01:08 2008  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* dir.c (dir_inspect, dir_path, dir_tell): check for frozen and closed
+	  is not needed.  [ruby-dev:32640]
+
+Wed Mar 19 20:25:40 2008  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* dir.c (Init_Dir): define inspect method.  [ruby-core:15960]
+
+Wed Mar 19 14:59:12 2008  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* misc/ruby-style.el (ruby-style-{case,label}-indent): fix for labels
+	  inside blocks in switch and function top level.
+
+Wed Mar 19 14:36:40 2008  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* bignum.c (rb_cstr_to_inum): treat successive underscores as
+	  nondigit.  [ruby-dev:34089]
+
+Wed Mar 19 00:01:23 2008  Masatoshi SEKI  <m_seki@mva.biglobe.ne.jp>
+
+	* lib/erb.rb (ERB::Compiler): Make some minor code optimization.
+
+Mon Mar 17 17:11:13 2008  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* misc/ruby-mode.el (ruby-mode): should use `run-mode-hooks' instead
+	  of calling `run-hooks' directly to run the mode hook.  patch from
+	  Chiyuan Zhang <pluskid AT gmail.com> in [ruby-core:15915]
+
+Mon Mar 17 16:41:08 2008  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* configure.in: unset GREP_OPTIONS.  [ruby-core:15918]
+
+Fri Mar 14 16:59:23 2008  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* configure.in (RUBY_LIB_PREFIX): fix for prefix.
+
+Fri Mar 14 16:35:11 2008  Yukihiro Matsumoto  <matz@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* lib/cgi.rb (CGI::Cookie::initialize): performance patch from
+	  Makoto Kuwata <kwa@kuwata-lab.com> in [ruby-dev:34048].
+
+Fri Mar 14 15:49:05 2008  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* configure.in (RUBY_LIB_PREFIX): use libdir.
+
+Fri Mar 14 10:12:29 2008  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* configure.in (RUBY_CHECK_VARTYPE): should not indent preprocessor
+	  directives.
+
+Thu Mar 13 00:37:20 2008  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* eval.c (rb_call0): yields the last executed node line number at
+	  return event.  [ruby-core:15855]
+
+Wed Mar 12 02:12:20 2008  Kazuhiro NISHIYAMA  <zn@mbf.nifty.com>
+
+	* lib/delegate.rb: check $@ to avoid NoMethodError.
+
+Tue Mar 11 19:48:09 2008  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* numeric.c (fix_coerce): try conversion before type check.
+	  [ruby-core:15838]
+
+Tue Mar 11 17:03:23 2008  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* lib/delegate.rb (Delegator#initialize, DelegateClass): skip correct
+	  backtrace.  [ruby-dev:34019]
+
+Tue Mar 11 16:43:53 2008  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* win32/win32.c (rb_w32_cmdvector): terminate shrunken command line.
+
+Tue Mar 11 12:39:03 2008  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* common.mk (clean-local): removes MINOBJS.
+
+Sat Mar  8 18:50:57 2008  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* file.c (isdirsep): backslash is valid path separator on cygwin too.
+
+Fri Mar  7 19:56:10 2008  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* lib/mkmf.rb: rdoc added.  [ruby-Patches-9762]
+
+Thu Mar  6 15:10:21 2008  NAKAMURA Usaku  <usa@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* {bcc32,win32}/Makefile.sub (RUNRUBY): use $(PROGRAM) instead of
+	  ruby$(EXEEXT).
+	  suggested by KIMURA Koichi <kimura.koichi at canon.co.jp>.
+	  [ruby-dev:34000]
+
+Thu Mar  6 12:15:06 2008  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* parse.y (opt_block_param): command can start just after block param
+	  definition.  [ruby-list:44479]
+
+Thu Mar  6 00:34:11 2008  Masatoshi SEKI  <m_seki@mva.biglobe.ne.jp>
+
+	* lib/erb.rb: update RDoc. Thanks Makoto Kuwata [ruby-dev:33702]
+
+Mon Mar  3 23:28:34 2008  GOTOU Yuuzou  <gotoyuzo@notwork.org>
+
+	* lib/webrick/httpservlet/filehandler.rb: should normalize path
+	  separators in path_info to prevent directory traversal attacks
+	  on DOSISH platforms.
+	  reported by Digital Security Research Group [DSECRG-08-026].
+
+	* lib/webrick/httpservlet/filehandler.rb: pathnames which have
+	  not to be published should be checked case-insensitively.
+
+Mon Mar  3 16:14:24 2008  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* hash.c (rb_any_hash): shrinks all results in Fixnum range.
+	  [ruby-core:15713]
+
+Sat Mar  1 02:35:08 2008  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* bignum.c (big2str_find_n1): check integer overflow.
+
+Tue Feb 26 16:06:00 2008  Technorama Ltd.  <oss-ruby@technorama.net>
+
+	* ext/openssl/ossl_pkey_{ec,dh,dsa,rsa}.c: Remove useless warnings.
+
+	* ext/openssl/ossl_asn1.c: Simplify code.
+
+	* ext/openssl/ossl_ssl_session.c Fix compiler warnings.
+	  Undefine #id if SSL_SESSION_get_id is not supported.
+
+Tue Feb 26 15:43:42 2008  Tanaka Akira  <akr@fsij.org>
+
+	* parse.y (tokadd_escape): refactored.  [ruby-core:15657]
+
+Mon Feb 25 17:30:29 2008  Technorama Ltd.  <oss-ruby@technorama.net>
+
+	* ext/openssl/digest.c ext/openssl/lib/openssl/digest.rb:
+	  Commit patch #9280 from Akinori MUSHA.
+	  Simplify the OpenSSL::Digest class and make use of the
+	  existing Digest framework.
+	  Enhance performance.
+
+Mon Feb 25 13:40:03 2008  Tanaka Akira  <akr@fsij.org>
+
+	* process.c (Init_process): share bignum objects for RLIM_INFINITY,
+	  RLIM_SAVED_MAX and RLIM_SAVED_CUR if they are equal.
+
+Sun Feb 24 23:29:48 2008  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* common.mk, {bcc,win}32/Makefile.sub (clean-local): remove
+	  intermediate files.
+
+Sun Feb 24 03:52:58 2008  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* util.c (valid_filename): use O_EXCL to get rid of clobbering
+	  existing files in race conditions.
+
+Fri Feb 22 19:50:19 2008  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* bignum.c (BIGZEROP): fix for longer Bignum zeros.  [ruby-Bugs-17454]
+
+Fri Feb 22 16:09:53 2008  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* bignum.c (rb_big_lshift, rb_big_rshift, rb_big_aref): removed excess
+	  arguments.
+
+Thu Feb 21 00:01:34 2008  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* configure.in (RPATHFLAG): -R option of HP-UX ld is not for runtime
+	  load path.  [ruby-list:44600]
+
+Wed Feb 20 23:55:19 2008  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* win32/win32.c (rb_w32_map_errno): exported.
+
+Wed Feb 20 13:08:52 2008  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* instruby.rb (parse_args): added --dir-mode, --script-mode and
+	  --cmd-type options.  [ruby-dev:33816]
+
+	* instruby.rb (parse_args): added bin-arch and bin-comm to install
+	  type, for compiled files and script files.
+
+	* instruby.rb (parse_args): deal with make style command line macros,
+	  and count as long syle options if prefixed with INSTALL_.
+
+	* instruby.rb (makedirs): use $dir_mode.  [ruby-dev:33805]
+
+	* instruby.rb (open_for_install): set file mode, which is now
+	  permission mode instead of access mode.
+
+	* instruby.rb (bin-comm): installs scripts with replacing shebang
+	  lines.
+
+Tue Feb 19 18:34:32 2008  Tanaka Akira  <akr@fsij.org>
+
+	* gc.c (STACK_LENGTH) [SPARC] : 0x80 offset removed.  [ruby-dev:33857]
+
+Tue Feb 19 14:27:32 2008  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* ext/readline/readline.c (readline_event): prevent polling.  based on
+	  a patch from error errorsson in [ruby-Bugs-17675].
+
+Tue Feb 19 12:08:29 2008  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* parse.y (yycompile): clear ruby_eval_tree_begin if parse failed.
+
+Mon Feb 18 16:23:45 2008  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* parse.y (yycompile): clear ruby_eval_tree_begin too before parse.
+
+Mon Feb 18 10:17:42 2008  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* ext/pty/lib/expect.rb (IO#expect): check if peer is closed.
+	  [ruby-Bugs-17940]
+
+Fri Feb 15 20:37:06 2008  Tadayoshi Funaba  <tadf@dotrb.org>
+
+	* lib/rational.rb (floor, ceil, truncate, round): do not use
+	  definitions of Numeric.
+
+	* lib/rational.rb (to_i): should returns truncated self.
+
+	* lib/complex.rb (numerator): requires
+	  Integer#{numerator,denominator}.
+
+	* lib/complex.rb (quo): do not use definition of Numeric.
+
+	* lib/complex.rb (div, divmod, floor, ceil, truncate, round):
+	  undef'ed.
+
+Fri Feb 15 15:23:12 2008  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* ext/iconv/iconv.c (iconv_convert): check upper bound.  a patch from
+	  Daniel Luz at [ruby-Bugs-17910].
+
+Fri Feb 15 02:42:25 2008  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* configure.in (ftruncate): check if available.
+
+	* file.c (rb_file_truncate): check if ftruncate instead of truncate.
+
+Fri Feb 15 02:40:54 2008  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* configure.in (sigsetmask): check when signal semantics is not POSIX.
+
+	* signal.c (USE_TRAP_MASK): set true if sigprocmask or sigsetmask is
+	  available.
+
+Thu Feb 14 17:44:32 2008  Yukihiro Matsumoto  <matz@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* ext/dl/ptr.c (dlmem_each_i): typo fixed.  a patch from IKOMA
+	  Yoshiki <ikoma AT mb.i-chubu.ne.jp> in [ruby-dev:33776].
+
+Thu Feb 14 16:02:51 2008  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* file.c (rb_file_s_utime): inhibits with secure level 2 or higher.
+
+Thu Feb 14 01:43:16 2008  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* lib/timeout.rb (Timeout::timeout): made sensitive to location on the
+	  stack.  [ruby-core:15458]
+
+Thu Feb 14 00:49:53 2008  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* common.mk (INSTRUBY_ARGS): pass mode to install.  [ruby-dev:33766]
+
+	* instruby.rb (parse_args): added --data-mode and --prog-mode options.
+
+Tue Feb 12 11:33:26 2008  Masatoshi SEKI  <m_seki@mva.biglobe.ne.jp>
+
+	* test/erb/test_erb.rb(TestERBCore): import from erb-2.0.4.
+
+	* test/erb/hello.erb: ditto
+
+Mon Feb 11 17:25:21 2008  Kouhei Sutou  <kou@cozmixng.org>
+
+	* lib/rss/rss.rb (RSS::VERSION), test/rss/test_version.rb, NEWS:
+	  0.2.3 -> 0.2.4.
+
+	* lib/rss/maker.rb, lib/rss/maker/, test/rss/test_maker_2.0.rb:
+	  fixed a bug that RSS::Maker.make("0.9")'s item doesn't make some
+	  elements if description is missed.
+	  Reported by Michael Auzenne. Thanks!!!
+
+	* lib/rss/maker/0.9.rb, test/rss/test_maker_0.9.rb:
+	  RSS::Maker.make("0.9") generates RSS 0.92 not RSS 0.91.
+
+Mon Feb 11 16:57:00 2008  Kazuhiro NISHIYAMA  <zn@mbf.nifty.com>
+
+	* ChangeLog: format-time-string under C locale. [ruby-dev:33261]
+
+Mon Feb 11 16:31:47 2008  URABE Shyouhei  <shyouhei@ice.uec.ac.jp>
+
+	* gc.c (rb_newobj): prohibit call of rb_newobj() during gc.
+	  Submitted by Sylvain Joyeux [ruby-core:12099].
+
+	* ext/dl/ptr.c: do not use LONG2NUM() inside dlptr_free().
+	  Slightly modified fix bassed on a patch by Sylvain Joyeux
+	  [ruby-core:12099] [ ruby-bugs-11859 ] [ ruby-bugs-11882 ]
+	  [ ruby-patches-13151 ].
+
+Mon Feb 11 00:22:55 2008  NARUSE, Yui  <naruse@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* lib/benchmark.rb (Job::Benchmark#item): fix typo.
+
+Sat Feb  9 23:22:52 2008  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* ext/bigdecimal/extconf.rb: simplified the condition.
+
+Sat Feb  9 17:51:24 2008  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* ext/bigdecimal/bigdecimal.c (BigDecimal_to_f): use strtod() for more
+	  precision.  [ruby-talk:290296]
+
+	* ext/bigdecimal/bigdecimal.c (BASE_FIG): made constant.
+
+	* ext/bigdecimal/extconf.rb: ditto.  [ruby-dev:33658]
+
+Sat Feb  9 00:44:52 2008  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* lib/irb.rb (IRB::Irb::eval_input): rescues Interrupt and other than
+	  SystemExit and SignalException.  [ruby-core:15359]
+
+Fri Feb  8 15:09:21 2008  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* lib/mkmf.rb (xsystem): expand macros like as make.
+
+Tue Feb  5 11:14:11 2008  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* lib/mkmf.rb (INSTALL_DIRS, install_dirs): added BINDIR.
+
+	* lib/mkmf.rb (install_files): rejects files matching to
+	  $NONINSTALLFILES.
+
+	* lib/mkmf.rb (init_mkmf): defaults $NONINSTALLFILES to backup and
+	  temporary filse.
+
+Mon Feb  4 16:44:24 2008  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* configure.in (darwin): NSIG is not defined if _XOPEN_SOURCE > 500L.
+	  [ruby-dev:33584]
+
+Sat Feb  2 20:06:42 2008  Yukihiro Matsumoto  <matz@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* lib/benchmark.rb (Benchmark::realtime): make Benchmark#realtime
+	  a bit faster.  a patch from Alexander Dymo <dymo AT ukrpost.ua> in
+	  [ruby-core:15337].
+
+Sat Feb  2 09:53:39 2008  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* configure.in (darwin): disabled fat-binary support which confuses
+	  configure much, since ``universal'' implies hidden cross-compiling.
+	  TODO: ruby and libruby.bundle might be possible to bound with `lipo'
+	  after builds for each archs.  Anyway, config.h and rbconfig.rb must
+	  be separated definitely at least.
+
+Fri Feb  1 21:42:37 2008  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* configure.in (darwin): _XOPEN_SOURCE is necessary to make ucontext_t
+	  consistent with the library implementation of MacOS X 10.5.
+	  [ruby-dev:33461]
+
+	* configure.in (darwin): ucontext on PowerPC MacOS X 10.5 is broken.
+
+Thu Jan 31 08:31:19 2008  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* common.mk (ext/extmk.rb, instruby.rb): inlined $(MAKE) so that can
+	  be executed even with -n.
+
+Thu Jan 31 07:00:19 2008  Masatoshi SEKI  <m_seki@mva.biglobe.ne.jp>
+
+	* lib/rinda/tuplespace.rb (bin_for_find): should find a symbol by
+	  Symbol class.
+
+	* test/rinda/test_rinda.rb (test_symbol_tuple): ditto.
+
+Wed Jan 30 22:07:58 2008  Tadayoshi Funaba  <tadf@dotrb.org>
+
+	* lib/date.rb: refined deprecated methods.
+
+Wed Jan 30 22:06:54 2008  Tadayoshi Funaba  <tadf@dotrb.org>
+
+	* bignum.c (rb_cstr_to_inum): '0_2' is a valid representation.
+
+Tue Jan 29 22:40:12 2008  Yusuke Endoh  <mame@tsg.ne.jp>
+
+	* range.c (step_i): rb_funcall receives VALUE as an argument.
+
+Tue Jan 29 11:53:05 2008  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* configure.in: rm largefile.h.
+
+Mon Jan 28 01:21:15 2008  Yukihiro Matsumoto  <matz@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* io.c (rb_open_file): should check NUL in path.
+	  <http://www.rubyist.net/~matz/20080125.html#c01>.
+
+	* io.c (rb_io_s_popen): ditto.
+
+	* io.c (rb_io_reopen): ditto.
+
+	* io.c (next_argv): ditto.
+
+	* io.c (rb_io_s_foreach): ditto.
+
+	* io.c (rb_io_s_readlines): ditto.
+
+	* io.c (rb_io_s_read): ditto.
+
+Fri Jan 25 22:33:38 2008  Yusuke Endoh  <mame@tsg.ne.jp>
+
+	* math.c: fix comment.  [ruby-dev:33276]
+
+Fri Jan 25 10:31:58 2008  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* */*.bat: set svn:mime-type to text/batch.
+
+Thu Jan 24 19:36:22 2008  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* lib/uri/generic.rb (URI::Generic::inspect): use Kernel#to_s instead
+	  object_id with printf.  [ruby-dev:33347]
+
+Tue Jan 22 11:22:47 2008  NAKAMURA Usaku  <usa@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* win32/setup.mak ($(ARCH)): if a macro is appended by $(APPEND),
+	  a space will be inserted on the top of the line.
+
+	* win32/Makefile.sub (MKFILES): stop make process if Makefile is
+	  updated.
+
+Mon Jan 21 17:34:41 2008  Akinori MUSHA  <knu@iDaemons.org>
+
+	* io.c (rb_io_mode_flags, rb_io_mode_modenum): Ignore encoding
+	  options for forward compatibility.
+
+Mon Jan 21 12:50:02 2008  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* eval.c, gc.c (setjmp): sigsetjmp is a macro on cygwin.
+
+Sat Jan 19 11:21:53 2008  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* configure.in (sigsetjmp): check if available.
+
+	* eval.c, gc.c (setjmp): do not use _setjmp if sigsetjmp is available.
+
+Sat Jan 19 11:10:11 2008  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* configure.in: Remove wrong assumptions about Cygwin.  a patch from
+	  Corinna Vinschen in [ruby-Bugs-17018].
+
+Thu Jan 17 21:06:01 2008  Tadayoshi Funaba  <tadf@dotrb.org>
+
+	* lib/date.rb (Date::Infinity#<=>): didn't work.  A patch from
+	  Dirkjan Bussink <d.bussink AT gmail.com> [ruby-core:15098].
+	  This is a bug obviously.  However it didn't affect the library's
+	  functions.
+
+	* lib/date.rb, lib/date/format.rb: some trivial changes.
+
+Tue Jan 15 15:09:28 2008  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* win32/setup.mak: strip out empty lines from CPP output.
+
+Tue Jan 15 03:41:42 2008  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* eval.c (eval): check if backtrace is empty.  [ruby-core:15040]
+
+Tue Jan 15 01:28:47 2008  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* common.mk: simplified dummy objects dependencies.
+
+Mon Jan 14 16:12:58 2008  Yukihiro Matsumoto  <matz@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* lib/shellwords.rb: scape should be an alias to shellescape.  a
+	  patch from Masahiro Kawato <m-kawato AT mwb.biglobe.ne.jp> in
+	  [ruby-dev:33060].
+
+Mon Jan 14 09:32:40 2008  Tadayoshi Funaba  <tadf@dotrb.org>
+
+	* lib/time.rb: do not reference Time directly from the inside of
+	  definitions. [ruby-dev:33059]
+
+Sat Jan 12 18:27:41 2008  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* eval.c (rb_define_alloc_func, rb_undef_alloc_func): should
+	  define/undef on a signleton class.  [ruby-core:09959]
+
+Sat Jan 12 12:04:14 2008  Tadayoshi Funaba  <tadf@dotrb.org>
+
+	* lib/date.rb, lib/date/format.rb: tuning for performance.
+
+Fri Jan 11 12:35:56 2008  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* configure.in: moved broken syscall checks from process.c etc.
+
+	* defines.h (WORDS_BIGENDIAN): honor __BIG_ENDIAN__ than the result of
+	  configure.
+
+	* dln.c: use dlopen on Mac OS X 10.3 or later.  backport from trunk.
+
+	* lib/rdoc/options.rb (check_diagram): more precise check, darwin
+	  is not Windows but minwg is on it.
+
+Thu Jan 10 10:53:50 2008  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* win32/win32.c (rb_w32_open_osfhandle): reverted to old definition.
+	  [ ruby-Bugs-16948 ]
+
+Tue Jan  8 20:02:08 2008  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* win{32,ce}/Makefile.sub: merged.
+
+Sun Jan  6 09:39:02 2008  Tadayoshi Funaba  <tadf@dotrb.org>
+
+	* lib/date.rb, lib/date/format.rb: introduced some constants
+	  (for internal use).
+
+	* sample/cal.rb: trivial adjustments.
+
+Fri Jan  4 23:08:48 2008  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* time.c (time_arg): use converted object.  [ruby-core:14759]
+
+Fri Jan  4 01:20:21 2008  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* win32.h: only VC6 needs extern "C++" for math.h.  [ruby-talk:285660]
+
+Thu Jan  3 11:28:58 2008  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* io.c (fptr_finalize): clear errno first.  [ruby-talk:284492]
+
+Wed Jan  2 10:18:56 2008  Tadayoshi Funaba  <tadf@dotrb.org>
+
+	* sample/time.rb: use Process.times instead of Time.times.
+
+Wed Jan  2 09:18:11 2008  Tadayoshi Funaba  <tadf@dotrb.org>
+
+	* sample/goodfriday.rb: examples for date are enough.  retired.
+
+Wed Jan  2 09:06:55 2008  Tadayoshi Funaba  <tadf@dotrb.org>
+
+	* sample/cal.rb: just updated with the newest version.
+
+Mon Dec 31 06:50:38 2007  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* trunk/common.mk: not use -I$(srcdir)/lib with $(MINIRUBY) for cross
+	  compiling.
+
+	* configure.in, {win,bcc}32/Makefile.sub (MINIRUBY): -I$(srcdir)/lib
+	  moved.
+
+Sun Dec 30 22:48:37 2007  Tadayoshi Funaba  <tadf@dotrb.org>
+
+	* lib/date.rb (_valid_time?): I'm not sure to recommend such an
+	  expression.  but anyway it is acceptable now.  [ruby-core:14580]
+
+Fri Dec 28 16:36:33 2007  NARUSE, Yui  <naruse@airemix.com>
+
+       * lib/resolv.rb (Resolv::DNS#each_address): now returns IPv6 address.
+
+Fri Dec 28 13:21:32 2007  Kouhei Sutou  <kou@cozmixng.org>
+
+	* lib/rss/rss.rb, test/rss/test_version.rb, NEWS: 0.2.2 -> 0.2.3.
+
+	* lib/rss/parser.rb, test/rss/test_parser.rb: supported "-" in tag name.
+	  Reported by Ray Chen. Thanks.
+
+Thu Dec 27 23:56:01 2007  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* mkconfig.rb: should not use the libraries under the source directory
+	  at cross compiling.
+
+Thu Dec 27 11:02:45 2007  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* intern.h, string.c (rb_str_set_len): added for upgrading path from
+	  1.8 to 1.9. [ruby-dev:32807]
+
+	* string.c (rb_str_lines, rb_str_bytes): ditto.
+
+Thu Dec 27 10:47:32 2007  Technorama Ltd.  <oss-ruby@technorama.net>
+
+	* ext/openssl/ossl_ssl.c: Only show a warning if the default
+	  DH callback is actually used.
+
+	* ext/openssl/ossl_rand.c: New method: random_add().
+
+Wed Dec 26 22:27:45 2007  NARUSE, Yui <naruse@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* lib/resolv.rb (Resolv::DNS::Name.==): fix for other is array of
+	  Resolv::DNS::Label::Str.
+
+	* lib/resolv.rb (Resolv::DNS::MessageEncoder#put_label): String#string
+	  is not defined, so replace to_s.
+
+	* lib/resolv.rb (Resolv::IPv6#to_name): ip6.int is obsoleted by
+	  int.arpa.
+
+Mon Dec 24 16:18:57 2007  Eric Hodel  <drbrain@segment7.net>
+
+	* lib/rdoc/ri/ri_options.rb:  Fix ri --help listing of gem ri paths.
+	  Merge of r14567 and r14569 from trunk.
+
+	* lib/rdoc/ri/ri_paths.rb:  Fix duplication of ri data for multiple
+	  gems.  Merge of r14567 from trunk
+
+Mon Dec 24 12:35:03 2007  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* win{32,ce}/Makefile.sub (MFLAGS): defaulted to -l.
+
+Mon Dec 24 11:56:31 2007  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* {bcc32,win{32,ce}}/Makefile.sub (SET_MAKE): set MFLAGS which is not
+	  set by default, to get rid of chaotic situation of MFLAGS/MAKEFLAGS.
+
+Sat Dec 22 14:49:46 2007  Tadayoshi Funaba  <tadf@dotrb.org>
+
+	* lib/date.rb: don't freeze nil even if 1.8 will not be aware of
+	  the issue. [ruby-dev:32677]
+
+Wed Dec 19 13:57:43 2007  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* configure.in (TIMEZONE_VOID): check whether timezone requires zero
+	  arguments.  [ruby-dev:32631]
+
+Wed Dec 19 12:01:42 2007  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* parse.y (f_rest_arg): check if duplicated.  [ruby-core:14140]
+
+Wed Dec 19 10:52:29 2007  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* bignum.c (rb_cstr_to_inum): an underscore succeeding after octal
+	  prefix is allowed.  [ruby-core:14139]
+
+Mon Dec 17 13:43:15 2007  Tanaka Akira  <akr@fsij.org>
+
+	* gc.c (stack_end_address): use local variable address instead of
+	  __builtin_frame_address(0) to avoid SEGV on SunOS 5.11 on x86 with
+	  gcc (GCC) 3.4.3 (csl-sol210-3_4-20050802).
+	  stack_end_address returned a frame address of garbage_collect
+	  since stack_end_address doesn't create its own frame.
+	  So a VALUE stored in a callee saved register, %edi, pushed into
+	  the stack at the beginning of garbage_collect was not marked.
+
+Mon Dec 17 12:21:25 2007  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* Makefile.in (RUNRUBY): added RUNRUBYOPT.
+
+Fri Dec 14 12:36:35 2007  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* configure.in (RUBY_CHECK_VARTYPE): check if a variable is defined
+	  and its type.
+
+	* configure.in (timezone, altzone): check for recent cygwin.
+
+	* missing/strftime.c (strftime): fix for timezone.  [ruby-dev:32536]
+
+	* lib/mkmf.rb (try_var): should fail for functions.
+
+	* ext/readline/extconf.rb: should use have_func for functions instead
+	  of have_var.
+
+Tue Dec 11 00:04:05 2007  Akinori MUSHA  <knu@iDaemons.org>
+
+	* array.c (rb_ary_slice_bang): If an invalid negative index (<
+	  -size) is given, do not raise an exception but return nil just
+	  like slice() does.
+
+	* test/ruby/test_array.rb (TestArray::test_slice,
+	  TestArray::test_slice!): Pull in test cases from trunk.
+
+Mon Dec 10 21:47:53 2007  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* transcode.c (str_transcode): allow non-registered encodings.
+	  [ruby-dev:32520]
+
+Mon Dec 10 21:00:30 2007  Yukihiro Matsumoto  <matz@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* array.c (rb_ary_slice_bang): should return nil if position out
+	  of range.  a patch from Akinori MUSHA <knu AT iDaemons.org>.
+	  [ruby-dev:32518]
+
+Mon Dec 10 18:28:06 2007  Yukihiro Matsumoto  <matz@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* lib/uri/common.rb (URI::REGEXP::PATTERN): typo in REG_NAME
+	  regular expression.  a patch from Ueda Satoshi
+	  <s-ueda AT livedoor.jp>.  [ruby-dev:32514]
+
+Sun Dec  9 12:39:01 2007  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* lib/cgi.rb (read_multipart): exclude blanks from header values.
+	  [ruby-list:44327]
+
+Wed Dec  5 23:38:50 2007  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* range.c (range_each): followed step_i change.
+
+Wed Dec  5 18:08:45 2007  Tanaka Akira  <akr@fsij.org>
+
+	* numeric.c (int_odd_p): new method Integer#odd?.
+	  (int_even_p): new method Integer#even?.
+	  (int_pred): new method Integer#pred.
+	  (fix_odd_p): new method Fixnum#odd?.
+	  (fix_even_p): new method Fixnum#even?.
+
+Wed Dec  5 15:15:21 2007  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* range.c (step_i, range_step): support non-fixnum steps.
+	  [ruby-talk:282100]
+
+Tue Dec  4 11:23:50 2007  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* bignum.c (rb_cstr_to_inum): trailing spaces may exist at sqeezing
+	  preceeding 0s.  [ruby-core:13873]
+
+Sun Dec  2 22:43:45 2007  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* eval.c (error_print): put newline unless multiple line message ends
+	  with a newline.  [ruby-dev:32429]
+
+Sun Dec  2 15:49:20 2007  Kouhei Sutou  <kou@cozmixng.org>
+
+	* lib/rss/rss.rb, test/rss/test_version.rb, NEWS: 0.2.1 -> 0.2.2.
+
+	* lib/rss/maker/itunes.rb: fixed new_itunes_category.
+	* lib/rss/maker/taxonomy.rb: new_taxo_topic -> new_topic because
+	  of consistency.
+
+	* test/rss/test_maker_itunes.rb, test/rss/test_itunes.rb: removed
+	  needless UTF-8 characters.
+
+Sun Dec  2 01:12:15 2007  James Edward Gray II  <jeg2@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	Merged 14070 from trunk.
+
+	* lib/xmlrpc/server.rb (XMLRPC::Server#server): Improve signal handling so
+	  pressing control-c in the controlling terminal or sending SIGTERM stops
+	  the XML-RPC server.
+
+Sat Dec  1 15:13:33 2007  Yukihiro Matsumoto  <matz@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* lib/resolv.rb: documentation update.  backported from 1.9.
+	  [ruby-core:13273]
+
+Sat Dec  1 03:30:47 2007  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* parse.y (newline_node): set line from outermost node before removing
+	  NODE_BEGIN.  [ruby-dev:32406]
+
+Fri Nov 30 21:53:28 2007  Kouhei Sutou  <kou@cozmixng.org>
+
+	* lib/rss/rss.rb, test/rss/test_version.rb: 0.2.0 -> 0.2.1.
+
+	* lib/rss/content.rb, lib/rss/content/1.0.rb,
+	  lib/rss/content/2.0.rb, lib/rss/maker/content.rb,
+	  test/rss/rss-testcase.rb, test/rss/test_content.rb,
+	  test/rss/test_maker_content.rb: supported content:encoded with RSS
+	  2.0.
+	  Suggested by Sam Lown. Thanks.
+
+	* NEWS: added the above changes.
+
+Thu Nov 29 16:59:10 2007  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* parse.y (stmt): remove unnecessary NODE_BEGIN.  [ruby-core:13814]
+
+Wed Nov 28 14:43:14 2007  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* ext/extmk.rb (extract_makefile): use dldflags instead of DLDFLAGS to
+	  get rid of mixing $LDFLAGS and $ARCH_FLAG.
+
+	* lib/mkmf.rb (configuration): ditto.
+
+	* lib/mkmf.rb (create_makefile): support for extensions which has no
+	  shared object.
+
+Wed Nov 28 09:51:42 2007  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* bignum.c (rb_big2str0): do not clobber space for sign.
+
+	* sprintf.c (remove_sign_bits): extends sign bit first.
+
+Wed Nov 21 01:04:12 2007  Yukihiro Matsumoto  <matz@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* object.c (nil_plus): remove unused function.  [ruby-core:13737]
+
+Sun Nov 18 14:03:44 2007  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* eval.c (rb_alias): do not call hook functions until initialization
+	  finishes.  [ruby-talk:279538]
+
+Sun Nov 18 09:09:48 2007  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* lib/mkmf.rb (String#tr_cpp): make preprocessor identifiers.
+
+Sat Nov 17 13:58:11 2007  Masaki Suketa  <masaki.suketa@nifty.ne.jp>
+
+	* ext/win32ole/win32ole.c (ole_invoke): bug fix. [ruby-talk:279100]
+
+Fri Nov 16 17:41:34 2007  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* ext/iconv/iconv.c (Document-class): moved the simplest example to
+	  the top.
+
+	* ext/iconv/iconv.c (iconv_s_iconv): Document-method: needs class
+	  prefix for class method.  [ruby-core:13542]
+
+	* ext/iconv/iconv.c (iconv_iconv): also instance method needs to be
+	  qualified.
+
+Fri Nov 16 11:16:41 2007  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* lib/yaml/rubytypes.rb (String#is_binary_data?): use Integer#fdiv.
+
+Thu Nov 15 19:50:46 2007  NAKAMURA Usaku  <usa@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* ext/curses/extconf.rb: check macro if cannot find func.
+	  [ruby-list:44224]
+
+Thu Nov 15 12:19:14 2007  Yukihiro Matsumoto  <matz@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* lib/cgi/session.rb (CGI::Session::FileStore::restore): use
+	  lockfile for exclusive locks.  a patch from <tommy AT tmtm.org>.
+	  [ruby-dev:32296]
+
+Wed Nov 14 01:52:59 2007  Tanaka Akira  <akr@fsij.org>
+
+	* missing/isinf.c (isinf): don't define if the macro is defined.
+
+Wed Nov 14 01:34:42 2007  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* numeric.c (round): fallback definition.
+
+	* numeric.c (flo_divmod, flo_round): use round() always.
+	  [ruby-dev:32269]
+
+Tue Nov 13 22:02:23 2007  Masatoshi SEKI  <m_seki@mva.biglobe.ne.jp>
+
+	* lib/drb/drb.rb: remove Thread.exclusive.
+
+	* lib/drb/extservm.rb: ditto.
+
+Tue Nov 13 16:33:07 2007  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* numeric.c (flodivmod): work around for infinity.
+
+	* numeric.c (flo_divmod): work around for platforms have no round().
+	  [ruby-dev:32247]
+
+Tue Nov 13 13:58:51 2007  Tanaka Akira  <akr@fsij.org>
+
+	* numeric.c (numeric.c): Integer#ord implemented.  [ruby-dev:32206]
+
+Tue Nov 13 02:57:04 2007  URABE Shyouhei  <shyouhei@ice.uec.ac.jp>
+
+	* numeric.c (flo_divmod): round to the nearest integer.
+	  [ ruby-Bugs-14540 ]
+
+Mon Nov 12 16:52:29 2007  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* lib/mkmf.rb (create_makefile): rdoc about srcprefix.  a patch from
+	  Daniel Berger <djberg96 AT gmail.com> in [ruby-core:13378].
+
+Mon Nov 12 13:53:06 2007  Yukihiro Matsumoto  <matz@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* misc/ruby-mode.el (ruby-parse-partial): handle stringified
+	  symbols properly using ruby-forward-string.
+
+Mon Nov 12 12:38:31 2007  Tanaka Akira  <akr@fsij.org>
+
+	* Makefile.in (lex.c): don't remove lex.c at first.
+
+Fri Nov  9 07:26:04 2007  Yukihiro Matsumoto  <matz@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* random.c: update MT URL.[ruby-core:13305].
+
+Wed Nov  7 03:32:38 2007  Yukihiro Matsumoto  <matz@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* lib/rexml/encodings/SHIFT-JIS.rb (REXML::Encoding): place -x for
+	  nkf conversion.  a patch from <moonwolf AT moonwolf.com>.
+	  [ruby-dev:32183]
+
+Mon Nov  5 05:17:04 2007  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* lib/optparse.rb (OptionParser::Switch::summarize): fix for long form
+	  option with very long argument.  a patch from Kobayashi Noritada
+	  <nori1 AT dolphin.c.u-tokyo.ac.jp> in [ruby-list:44179].
+
+Mon Nov  5 01:20:33 2007  Yukihiro Matsumoto  <matz@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* parse.y (call_args): remove "parenthesize argument(s) for future
+	  version" warning.  when I added this warning, I had a plan to
+	  reimplement the parser that is simpler than the current one.
+	  since we abandoned the plan, warning no longer required.
+
+Fri Nov  2 00:13:51 2007  Yukihiro Matsumoto  <matz@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* array.c (rb_ary_assoc): check and convert inner arrays (assocs)
+	  using #to_ary.
+
+	* hash.c (rb_hash_s_create): check and convert argument hash
+	  using #to_hash.
+
+	* hash.c (rb_hash_s_create): Hash#[] now takes assocs as source of
+	  hash conversion.
+
+Thu Nov  1 23:47:43 2007  Masatoshi SEKI  <m_seki@mva.biglobe.ne.jp>
+
+	* lib/drb/drb.rb (DRbTCPSocket): Improving with multiple network
+	  interface.
+
+	* test/drb/drbtest.rb: ditto.
+
+Fri Oct 26 17:14:14 2007  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* numeric.c (fix_pow): returns 1.0 for 0**0.0.
+
+	* numeric.c (fix_pow): returns infinity for 0**-1.  [ruby-dev:32084]
+
+Wed Oct 25 07:18:09 2007  James Edward Gray II  <jeg2@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	Merged 13781 from trunk.
+
+	* lib/net/telnet.rb (Net::Telnet#login): Allowing "passphrase" in
+	  addition to "password" for Telnet login prompts. [ruby-Bugs-10746]
+
+Wed Oct 25 06:46:21 2007  James Edward Gray II  <jeg2@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	Merged 13779 from trunk.
+
+	* lib/net/telnet.rb (Net::Telnet#login): Making the password prompt
+	  pattern case insensitive. [ruby-Bugs-10746]
+
+Thu Oct 25 14:19:33 2007  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* io.c (rb_io_tell, rb_io_seek): check errno too.  [ruby-dev:32093]
+
+Wed Oct 25 08:03:53 2007  James Edward Gray II  <jeg2@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	Merged 13767, 13768, 13769, and 13770 from trunk.
+
+	* lib/xmlrpc/parser.rb (XMLRPC::Convert::dateTime): Fixing a bug that
+	  caused time zone conversion to fail for some ISO 8601 date formats.
+	  [ruby-Bugs-12677]
+
+	* lib/xmlrpc/client.rb (XMLRPC::Client#do_rpc): Explicitly start
+	  the HTTP connection to support keepalive requests. [ruby-Bugs-9353]
+
+	* lib/xmlrpc/client.rb (XMLRPC::Client#do_rpc): Improving the error
+	  message for Content-Type check failures. [ruby-core:12163]
+
+	* lib/xmlrpc/utils.rb (XMLRPC::ParseContentType#parse_content_type):
+	  Making Content-Type checks case insensitive. [ruby-Bugs-3367]
+
+Sun Oct 21 21:16:43 2007  Kouhei Sutou  <kou@cozmixng.org>
+
+	* lib/rss.rb, lib/rss/, test/rss/, sample/rss/: merged from trunk.
+	- 0.1.6 -> 2.0.0.
+	- fixed image module URI. Thanks to Dmitry Borodaenko.
+	- supported Atom.
+	- supported ITunes module.
+	- supported Slash module.
+
+	* NEWS: added an entry for RSS Parser.
+
+Thu Oct 18 10:57:06 2007  Tanaka Akira  <akr@fsij.org>
+
+	* ruby.h (RCLASS_IV_TBL): defined.
+	  (RCLASS_M_TBL): ditto.
+	  (RCLASS_SUPER): ditto.
+	  (RMODULE_IV_TBL): ditto.
+	  (RMODULE_M_TBL): ditto.
+	  (RMODULE_SUPER): ditto.
+
+Mon Oct 15 22:08:55 2007  Akinori MUSHA  <knu@iDaemons.org>
+
+	* NEWS: Merge some of the sub-sections, as the differences were
+	  unclear.
+
+Mon Oct 15 21:57:07 2007  Akinori MUSHA  <knu@iDaemons.org>
+
+	* NEWS: Mention ipaddr enhancements.
+
+	* lib/ipaddr.rb (in_addr, in6_addr, addr_mask): Make some minor
+	  code optimization.
+
+	* lib/ipaddr.rb (<=>): Implement IPAddr#<=> and make IPAddr
+	  comparable.
+
+	* lib/ipaddr.rb (succ): Implement IPAddr#succ.  You can now create
+	  a range between two IPAddr's, which (Range) object is
+	  enumerable.
+
+	* lib/ipaddr.rb (to_range): A new method to create a Range object
+	  for the (network) address.
+
+	* lib/ipaddr.rb (coerce_other): Support type coercion and make &,
+	  |, == and include? accept a string or an integer instead of an
+	  IPAddr object as the argument.
+
+	* lib/ipaddr.rb (initialize): Give better error messages.
+
+	* lib/ipaddr.rb: Improve documentation.
+
+Mon Oct 15 21:24:25 2007  Akinori MUSHA  <knu@iDaemons.org>
+
+	* NEWS: Mention shellwords and tempfile enhancements.
+
+	* NEWS: Move the entry about Tk::X_Scrollable to a better section.
+
+Mon Oct 15 17:28:20 2007  NAKAMURA Usaku  <usa@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* ext/openssl/lib/openssl/buffering.rb (read, readpartial): revert
+	  r12496. handling EOF is a little differnt in ruby 1.8 and ruby 1.9.
+	  [ruby-dev:31979]
+
+Mon Oct 15 11:45:12 2007  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* marshal.c (r_bytes0): refined length check.  [ruby-dev:32059]
+
+Mon Oct 15 09:58:07 2007  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* marshal.c (r_bytes0): check if source has enough data.
+	  [ruby-dev:32054]
+
+Mon Oct 15 01:15:09 2007  Tanaka Akira  <akr@fsij.org>
+
+	* ext/socket/socket.c (s_accept_nonblock): make accepted fd
+	  nonblocking.  [ruby-talk:274079]
+
+Sun Oct 14 04:08:34 2007  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* configure.in (AC_SYS_LARGEFILE): keep results also in command
+	  options, to vail out of mismatch.  [ruby-list:44114]
+
+	* mkconfig.rb, lib/mkmf.rb (configuration): add DEFS.
+
+Sun Oct 14 03:55:52 2007  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* win32/mkexports.rb: deal with __fastcall name decorations.
+	  [ruby-list:44111]
+
+Sat Oct 13 09:02:16 2007  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* {bcc,win}32/mkexports.rb: explicit data.  [ruby-list:44108]
+
+Sat Oct 13 00:35:03 2007  Yukihiro Matsumoto  <matz@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* lib/rexml/source.rb (REXML::SourceFactory::SourceFactory): typo
+	  fixed.  [ruby-list:44099]
+
+Fri Oct 12 11:22:15 2007  Yukihiro Matsumoto  <matz@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* re.c (match_values_at): make #select to be alias to #values_at
+	  to adapt RDoc description.  [ruby-core:12588]
+
+Thu Oct 11 14:32:46 2007  NAKAMURA Usaku  <usa@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* {bcc32,win32}/Makefile.sub (COMMON_MACROS): workaround for old SDK's
+	  bug. [ruby-core:12584]
+
+Wed Oct 10 23:34:45 2007  Tanaka Akira  <akr@fsij.org>
+
+	* lib/securerandom.rb: new file.  [ruby-dev:31928]
+
+	* lib/cgi/session.rb (create_new_id): use securerandom if available.
+
+Tue Oct  9 01:01:55 2007  Tanaka Akira  <akr@fsij.org>
+
+	* re.c (rb_reg_s_union_m): Regexp.union accepts single
+	  argument which is an array of patterns.  [ruby-list:44084]
+
+Mon Oct  8 20:06:23 2007  GOTOU Yuuzou  <gotoyuzo@notwork.org>
+
+	* lib/net/http.rb, lib/open-uri.rb: remove
+	  Net::HTTP#enable_post_connection_check.  [ruby-dev:31960]
+
+	* lib/net/imap.rb: hostname should be verified against server's
+	  indentity as persented in the server's certificate. [ruby-dev:31960]
+
+	* ext/openssl/lib/net/telnets.rb, ext/openssl/lib/net/ftptls.rb: ditto.
+
+Sat Oct  6 23:14:54 2007  Yukihiro Matsumoto  <matz@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* string.c (rb_str_to_i): update RDoc since base can be any value
+	  between 2 and 36.  [ruby-talk:272879]
+
+Fri Oct  5 15:44:50 2007  Akinori MUSHA  <knu@iDaemons.org>
+
+	* lib/shellwords.rb: Add shellescape() and shelljoin().
+
+	* lib/shellwords.rb: Rename shellwords() to shellsplit() and make
+	  the former an alias to the latter.
+
+	* lib/shellwords.rb: Add escape(), split(), join() as class
+	  methods, which are aliases to their respective long names
+	  prefixed with `shell'.
+
+	* lib/shellwords.rb: Add String#shellescape(), String#shellsplit()
+	  and Array#shelljoin() for convenience.
+
+Fri Oct  5 15:40:04 2007  Akinori MUSHA  <knu@iDaemons.org>
+
+	* lib/tempfile.rb (Tempfile::make_tmpname): Allow to specify a
+	  suffix for a temporary file name.
+
+	* lib/tempfile.rb (Tempfile::make_tmpname): Make temporary file
+	  names less predictable by including a random string.
+	  [inspired by: akr]
+
+Tue Oct  2 21:20:14 2007  NAKAMURA Usaku  <usa@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* win32/win32.c (make_cmdvector): adjust escaped successive
+	  double-quote handling. (merge from trunk)
+
+Tue Oct  2 20:35:24 2007  NAKAMURA Usaku  <usa@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* win32/win32.c (init_env): initialize HOME and USER environment
+	  variables unless set. [ruby-core:12328] (merge from trunk)
+
+	* win32/win32.c (NtInitialize, getlogin): ditto.
+
+	* configure.in, win32/Makefile.sub (LIBS): need to link shell32
+	  library for SH* functions on mswin32 and mingw32.
+
+Mon Oct  1 12:50:59 2007  Yukihiro Matsumoto  <matz@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* gc.c (id2ref): valid id should not refer T_VALUE nor T_ICLASS.
+	  [ruby-dev:31911]
+
+Wed Sep 26 23:54:37 2007  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* ext/extmk.rb (extmake), lib/mkmf.rb (configuration): top_srcdir
+	  should not prefixed with DESTDIR.
+
+Wed Sep 26 08:36:31 2007  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* Makefile.in (ext/extinit.o): use $(OUTFLAG) as well as other
+	  objects.  [ruby-Bugs-14228]
+
+Wed Sep 26 05:12:17 2007  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* parse.y (yyerror): limit error message length.  [ruby-dev:31848]
+
+	* regex.c (re_mbc_startpos): separated from re_adjust_startpos.
+
+Tue Sep 25 13:47:38 2007  Yukihiro Matsumoto  <matz@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* eval.c (remove_method): should not remove undef place holder.
+	  [ruby-dev:31817]
+
+Mon Sep 24 16:52:11 2007  Urabe Shyouhei  <shyouhei@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* lib/net/http.rb: fix typo.
+
+Sun Sep 23 21:57:25 2007  GOTOU Yuuzou  <gotoyuzo@notwork.org>
+
+	* lib/net/http.rb: an SSL verification (the server hostname should
+	  be matched with its certificate's commonName) is added.
+	  this verification can be skipped by
+	  "Net::HTTP#enable_post_connection_check=(false)".
+	  suggested by Chris Clark <cclark at isecpartners.com>
+
+	* lib/net/open-uri.rb: use Net::HTTP#enable_post_connection_check to
+	  perform SSL post connection check.
+
+	* ext/openssl/lib/openssl/ssl.c
+	  (OpenSSL::SSL::SSLSocket#post_connection_check): refine error message.
+
+Sun Sep 23 09:05:05 2007  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* gc.c (os_obj_of, os_each_obj): hide objects to be finalized.
+	  [ruby-dev:31810]
+
+Sun Sep 23 08:58:01 2007  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* eval_method.ci (rb_attr): should not use alloca for unknowen size
+	  input.  [ruby-dev:31816]
+
+	* parse.y (rb_intern_str): prevent str from optimization.
+
+Sun Sep 23 05:42:35 2007  URABE Shyouhei  <shyouhei@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* lib/rdoc/options.rb (Options::check_diagram): dot -V output
+	  changed. [ ruby-Bugs-11978 ], Thanks Florian Frank.
+
+Sat Sep 22 06:02:11 2007  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* lib/optparse.rb (OptionParser::List::summarize): use each_line if
+	  defined rather than each.  [ruby-Patches-14096]
+
+Sat Sep 22 05:19:49 2007  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* ext/stringio/stringio.c (strio_init): separate from strio_initialize
+	  to share with strio_reopen properly.  [ruby-Bugs-13919]
+
+Fri Sep 21 15:46:20 2007  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* process.c (struct rb_exec_arg): proc should be a VALUE.
+
+	* process.c (rb_f_exec): suppress a warning.
+
+Fri Sep 21 03:05:35 2007  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* eval.c, intern.h, ext/thread/thread.c: should not free queue while
+	  any live threads are waiting.  [ruby-dev:30653]
+
+Thu Sep 20 17:24:59 2007  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* process.c (rb_detach_process): cast for the platforms where size of
+	  pointer differs from size of int.
+
+	* process.c (rb_f_exec, rb_f_system): should not exceptions after
+	  fork.  [ruby-core:08262]
+
+Fri Sep 14 00:34:25 2007  Masatoshi SEKI  <m_seki@mva.biglobe.ne.jp>
+
+	* lib/drb/extservm.rb (invoke_service): use Thread.exclusive instead of
+	  Thread.critical
+
+Wed Sep 12 23:12:22 2007  Yukihiro Matsumoto  <matz@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* ruby.c (proc_options): -W should be allowed in RUBYOPT
+	  environment variable.  [ruby-core:12118]
+
+Mon Sep 10 01:05:25 2007  Yukihiro Matsumoto  <matz@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* range.c (range_step): fixed integer overflow.  [ruby-dev:31763]
+
+Sun Sep  9 09:14:45 2007  Tadayoshi Funaba  <tadf@dotrb.org>
+
+	* lib/date/format.rb (_strptime): now also attaches an element
+	  which denotes leftover substring if exists.
+
+Sat Sep  8 10:22:20 2007  Yukihiro Matsumoto  <matz@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* struct.c (rb_struct_s_members): should raise TypeError instead
+	  of call rb_bug().  [ruby-dev:31709]
+
+	* marshal.c (r_object0): no nil check require any more.
+
+Sat Sep  8 09:38:19 2007  Tadayoshi Funaba  <tadf@dotrb.org>
+
+	* lib/date/format.rb (str[fp]time): now check specifications more
+	  strictly.
+
+Fri Sep  7 05:36:19 2007  Masatoshi SEKI  <m_seki@mva.biglobe.ne.jp>
+
+	* test/rinda/test_rinda.rb (MockClock): correct synchronous problems
+	  of the MultiThreading. [ruby-dev:31692]
+
+Wed Sep  5 22:02:27 2007  Yukihiro Matsumoto  <matz@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* array.c (rb_ary_subseq): need integer overflow check.
+	  [ruby-dev:31736]
+
+	* array.c (rb_ary_splice): ditto.  [ruby-dev:31737]
+
+	* array.c (rb_ary_fill): ditto.  [ruby-dev:31738]
+
+	* string.c (rb_str_splice): integer overflow for length.
+	  [ruby-dev:31739]
+
+Sun Sep  2 00:48:15 2007  Tadayoshi Funaba  <tadf@dotrb.org>
+
+	* lib/date/format.rb (_parse): improved parsing of ordinal dates.
+
+	* lib/date/format.rb (_parse): use named character classes in some
+	  regular expressions.
+
+Sat Sep  1 08:13:36 2007  Masaki Suketa  <masaki.suketa@nifty.ne.jp>
+
+	* ext/win32ole/win32ole.c: add WIN32OLE#ole_activex_initialize.
+
+Thu Aug 30 13:13:13 2007  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* lib/mkmf.rb (try_const, have_const): check for a const is defined.
+	  [ruby-core:04422]
+
+Thu Aug 30 13:10:57 2007  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* configure.in (group_member): check if presents.
+
+	* configure.in (XCFLAGS): add _GNU_SOURCE on linux.
+
+	* file.c (group_member): use system routine if available.
+
+Thu Aug 30 08:24:18 2007  Tanaka Akira  <akr@fsij.org>
+
+	* ruby.h (RHASH_TBL): defined for compatibility to 1.9.
+	* (RHASH_ITER_LEV): ditto.
+	* (RHASH_IFNONE): ditto.
+	* (RHASH_SIZE): ditto.
+	* (RHASH_EMPTY_P): ditto.
+
+Wed Aug 29 13:05:59 2007  Yukihiro Matsumoto  <matz@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* include/ruby/defines.h (flush_register_windows): call "ta 0x03"
+	  even on Linux/Sparc.  [ruby-dev:31674]
+
+Tue Aug 28 23:26:12 2007  Masaki Suketa  <masaki.suketa@nifty.ne.jp>
+
+	* ext/win32ole/win32ole.c (ole_type_progid, reg_enum_key,
+	  reg_get_val, ole_wc2mb): fix the bug. Thanks, arton.
+	  [ruby-dev:31576]
+
+Mon Aug 27 19:10:50 2007  Yukihiro Matsumoto  <matz@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* ext/etc/etc.c (etc_getlogin): update documentation to note
+	  security issue.  [ruby-Bugs-11821]
+
+Tue Aug 21 21:09:48 2007  Tanaka Akira  <akr@fsij.org>
+
+	* lib/tmpdir.rb (Dir.mktmpdir): make directory suffix specifiable.
+
+Tue Aug 21 13:57:04 2007  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* hash.c (st_foreach_func, rb_foreach_func): typedefed.
+
+Mon Aug 20 17:25:33 2007  Yukihiro Matsumoto  <matz@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* eval.c (mnew): should preserve noex as safe_level.
+
+	* eval.c (rb_call0): tighten security check condition..
+
+Sat Aug 18 21:32:20 2007  Tanaka Akira  <akr@fsij.org>
+
+	* lib/tmpdir.rb (Dir.mktmpdir): new method.
+	  [ruby-dev:31462]
+
+Sat Aug 18 17:44:42 2007  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* ext/tk/tcltklib.c (Init_tcltklib): use rb_set_end_proc().
+
+Sat Aug 18 15:59:52 2007  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* process.c (detach_process_watcher): should not pass the pointer
+	  to an auto variable to the thread to be created.  pointed and
+	  fix by KUBO Takehiro <kubo at jiubao.org>  [ruby-dev:30618]
+
+Sat Aug 18 12:24:30 2007  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* sample/test.rb, test/ruby/test_system.rb(valid_syntax?): keep
+	  comment lines first.
+
+Thu Aug 16 20:40:50 2007  Yukihiro Matsumoto  <matz@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* bignum.c (bigtrunc): RBIGNUM(x)->len may be zero.  out of bound
+	  access.  [ruby-dev:31404]
+
+Thu Aug 16 16:46:07 2007  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* configure.in (aix): enable shared by default.
+
+	* configure.in (aix): for 64bit-mode AIX.  [ruby-dev:31401]
+	  + use CC for LDSHARED if non-gcc,
+	  + moved -G option from *LDFLAGS to LDSHARED,
+	  + set -brtl only in XLDFLAGS.
+
+Thu Aug 16 13:06:08 2007  Tanaka Akira  <akr@fsij.org>
+
+	* bignum.c (big_lshift): make shift offset long type.
+	  (big_rshift): ditto.
+	  (rb_big_lshift): ditto.
+	  (big_rshift): ditto.
+	  [ruby-dev:31434]
+
+Thu Aug 16 04:09:19 2007  Masatoshi SEKI  <m_seki@mva.biglobe.ne.jp>
+
+	* lib/rinda/tuplespace.rb (Rinda::TupleSpace#start_keeper): improve
+	  keeper thread.
+
+Wed Aug 15 13:50:10 2007  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* hash.c (rb_hash_delete_key): delete the entry without calling block.
+
+	* hash.c (rb_hash_shift): should consider iter_lev too.
+
+	* hash.c (delete_if_i): use rb_hash_delete_key() so that the block
+	  isn't called twice.  [ruby-core:11556]
+
+Sun Arg 12 03:56:30 2007  Masatoshi SEKI  <m_seki@mva.biglobe.ne.jp>
+
+	* lib/rinda/tuplespace.rb: fix Rinda::TupleSpace keeper thread bug.
+	  the thread is started too early. [ruby-talk:264062]
+
+	* test/rinda/test_rinda.rb: ditto.
+
+Sat Aug 11 07:34:10 2007  Tadayoshi Funaba  <tadf@dotrb.org>
+
+	* lib/date/format.rb: reverted some wrongly erased "o" options
+	  (pointed out by nobu).
+
+Tue Aug  7 14:58:39 2007  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* ext/pty/pty.c (establishShell): handshaking before close slave
+	  device.  [ruby-talk:263410]
+
+	* ext/pty/pty.c (MasterDevice, SlaveDevice, deviceNo): constified.
+
+	* ext/pty/pty.c (SlaveName): removed static buffer.
+
+	* ext/pty/expect_sample.rb: support for autologin.
+
+Tue Aug  7 12:45:13 2007  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* configure.in (ac_cv_func_isinf): set yes also on OpenSolaris.
+	  [ruby-Bugs-12859]
+
+Mon Aug  6 17:36:29 2007  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* lib/rexml/encodings/{ISO-8859-15,CP-1252}.rb: fixed invalid syntax.
+
+Fri Aug  3 11:05:54 2007  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* ext/extmk.rb (extmake): save all CONFIG values.
+
+	* ext/extmk.rb (extmake): remove mkmf.log at clean, and extconf.h at
+	  distclean, respectively.
+
+	* ext/extmk.rb: remove rdoc at clean, and installed list file at
+	  distclean, respectively.
+
+Fri Aug  3 07:09:05 2007  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* lib/mkmf.rb: more verbose message.  [ruby-Bugs-12766]
+
+	* lib/mkmf.rb (have_type): suppress a warning with -Wall.
+
+	* lib/mkmf.rb (find_type): new method.
+
+Thu Aug  2 13:46:39 2007  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* sprintf.c (rb_f_sprintf): should not check positional number as
+	  width.  [ruby-core:11838]
+
+Mon Jul 30 11:16:40 2007  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* bignum.c (rb_big_aref): check for Bignum index range.
+	  [ruby-dev:31271]
+
+Sat Jul 28 09:35:41 2007  Yukihiro Matsumoto  <matz@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* ext/digest/lib/digest.rb (Digest::self.const_missing): avoid
+	  infinite recursive const_missing call.  [ruby-talk:262193]
+
+Thu Jul 26 13:57:45 2007  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* dln.c (load_1, dln_find_1): constified.
+
+	* dln.c (conv_to_posix_path): removed.
+
+	* ruby.c (usage): constified.
+
+	* ruby.c (rubylib_mangled_path, rubylib_mangled_path2): return
+	  VALUE instead of a pointer to static buffer.
+
+	* ruby.c (push_include_cygwin): fixed buffer overflow.
+	  [ruby-dev:31297]
+
+	* ruby.c (ruby_init_loadpath): not convert built-in paths.
+
+Sun Jul 22 16:07:12 2007  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* intern.h (is_ruby_native_thread): removed since declared as an int
+	  function in ruby.h already.
+
+Sun Jul 22 14:33:40 2007  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* file.c (rb_file_s_rename): deleted code to get rid of a bug of
+	  old Cygwin.
+
+	* file.c (rb_file_truncate): added prototype of GetLastError()
+	  on cygwin.  [ruby-dev:31239]
+
+	* intern.h (is_ruby_native_thread): prototype.
+
+	* missing/strftime.c (strftime): fix printf format and actual
+	  arguments.
+
+	* ext/Win32API/Win32API.c (Win32API_initialize): ditto.
+
+	* ext/tk/tcltklib.c (ip_finalize): ditto.
+
+	* ext/dl/ptr.c (rb_dlptr_inspect): ditto.  [ruby-dev:31268]
+
+	* ext/dl/sym.c (rb_dlsym_inspect): ditto.
+
+	* ext/socket/getnameinfo.c: include stdio.h always.
+
+	* ext/win32ole/win32ole.c (ole_hresult2msg, folevariable_name,
+	  folevariable_ole_type, folevariable_ole_type_detail,
+	  folevariable_value, folemethod_visible): missing return value.
+
+Sat Jul 21 17:48:26 2007  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* lib/mkmf.rb (create_makefile): make OBJS depend on RUBY_EXTCONF_H
+	  only if extconf.h is created.
+
+	* bcc32/{Makefile.sub,configure.bat,setup.mak: configure_args
+	  support.
+
+	* bcc32/setup.mak: check runtime version.
+
+	* win32/win32.c (rb_w32_open_osfhandle): prototype has changed
+	  in bcc 5.82.
+
+	* {win32,wince,bcc32}/setup.mak (-version-): no RUBY_EXTERN magic.
+
+	* win32/resource.rb: include patchlevel number.
+
+Sat Jul 21 12:06:48 2007  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* lib/mkmf.rb (init_mkmf): should remove mkmf.log too.
+
+Sat Jul 21 01:53:17 2007  Tadayoshi Funaba  <tadf@dotrb.org>
+
+	* lib/date/format.rb (Date._parse): completes calendar week based year.
+
+	* lib/date/format.rb (Date._parse): detects year of ordinal date in
+	  extended format.
+
+Fri Jul 20 15:22:51 2007  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* ext/openssl/ossl_config.c (ossl_config_set_section): do not
+	  initialize aggregations with dynamic values.  [ruby-talk:259306]
+
+Thu Jul 19 19:24:14 2007  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* eval.c (get_backtrace): check the result more.
+	  [ruby-dev:31261] [ruby-bugs-12398]
+
+Thu Jul 19 14:38:45 2007  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* bignum.c (rb_big_lshift, rb_big_rshift): separated functions
+	  to get rid of infinite recursion.  fixed calculation in edge
+	  cases.  [ruby-dev:31244]
+
+	* numeric.c (rb_fix_lshift, rb_fix_rshift): ditto.
+
+Wed Jul 18 16:57:41 2007  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* bignum.c (rb_big_pow): refine overflow check.  [ruby-dev:31242]
+
+Wed Jul 18 08:47:09 2007  Yukihiro Matsumoto  <matz@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* time.c (time_succ): Time#succ should return a time object in the
+	  same timezone mode to the original.  [ruby-talk:260256]
+
+Tue Jul 17 00:50:53 2007  Yukihiro Matsumoto  <matz@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* numeric.c (fix_pow): integer power calculation: 0**n => 0,
+	  1**n => 1, -1**n => 1 (n: even) / -1 (n: odd).
+
+	* test/ruby/test_fixnum.rb (TestFixnum::test_pow): update test
+	  suite.  pow(-3, 2^64) gives NaN when pow(3, 2^64) gives Inf.
+
+Mon Jul 16 23:07:51 2007  Yukihiro Matsumoto  <matz@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* lib/base64.rb (Base64::b64encode): should not specify /o option
+	  for regular expression.  [ruby-dev:31221]
+
+Mon Jul 16 18:29:33 2007  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* string.c (rb_str_rindex_m): accept string-like object convertible
+	  with #to_str method, as well as rb_str_index_m.  [ruby-core:11692]
+
+Mon Jul 16 05:45:53 2007  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* sprintf.c (rb_f_sprintf): more checks for format argument.
+	  [ruby-core:11569], [ruby-core:11570], [ruby-core:11571],
+	  [ruby-core:11573]
+
+Mon Jul 16 00:26:10 2007  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* bignum.c (rb_big_pow): removed invariant variable.  [ruby-dev:31236]
+
+Sun Jul 15 23:59:57 2007  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* bignum.c (rb_big_neg): SIGNED_VALUE isn't in 1.8.
+
+Sun Jul 15 22:24:49 2007  pegacorn  <subscriber.jp AT gmail.com>
+
+	* ext/digest/digest.c (rb_digest_instance_update,
+	  rb_digest_instance_finish, rb_digest_instance_reset,
+	  rb_digest_instance_block_length): %s in rb_raise() expects char*.
+	  [ruby-dev:31222]
+
+	* ext/openssl/ossl.h: include ossl_pkcs5.h.  [ruby-dev:31231]
+
+	* ext/openssl/ossl_pkcs5.h: new file for PKCS5.  [ruby-dev:31231]
+
+	* ext/openssl/ossl_x509name.c (ossl_x509name_to_s): use ossl_raise()
+	  instead of rb_raise().  [ruby-dev:31222]
+
+	* ext/sdbm/_sdbm.c: DOSISH platforms need io.h.  [ruby-dev:31232]
+
+	* ext/syck/syck.h: include stdlib.h for malloc() and free().
+	  [ruby-dev:31232]
+
+	* ext/syck/syck.h (syck_parser_set_input_type): prototype added.
+	  [ruby-dev:31231]
+
+	* win32/win32.c: include mbstring.h for _mbspbrk().  [ruby-dev:31232]
+
+	* win32.h (rb_w32_getcwd): prototype added.  [ruby-dev:31232]
+
+Sun Jul 15 21:07:43 2007  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* bignum.c (bigtrunc): do not empty Bignum.  [ruby-dev:31229]
+
+Sun Jul 15 19:05:28 2007  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* bignum.c (rb_cstr_to_inum): check leading non-digits.
+	  [ruby-core:11691]
+
+Sun Jul 15 04:42:20 2007  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* bignum.c (get2comp): do nothing for empty Bignum.  [ruby-dev:31225]
+
+Sat Jul 14 14:04:06 2007  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* enum.c (sort_by_cmp): check if reentered.  [ruby-dev:24291]
+
+Sat Jul 14 12:44:14 2007  NAKAMURA, Hiroshi  <nahi@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* test/openssl/test_pkcs7.rb: reverted the previous patch.  it should
+	  be as it was to check interface compatibility.  sorry for bothering
+	  with this.
+
+Sat Jul 14 12:16:17 2007  NAKAMURA, Hiroshi  <nahi@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* test/openssl/test_pkcs7.rb: follow the library change.  applied a
+	  patch from <zn at mbf.nifty.com> [ruby-dev:31214].
+	  NOTE: r12496 imports the latest openssl libs from trunk to ruby_1_8
+	  though its's not ChangeLog-ed.  maintainer should aware that.
+
+Sat Jul 14 02:51:52 2007  Yukihiro Matsumoto  <matz@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* numeric.c (fix_pow): 0**2 should not raise floating point
+	  exception.  [ruby-dev:31216]
+
+Sat Jul 14 02:25:48 2007  Yukihiro Matsumoto  <matz@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* numeric.c (int_pow): wrong overflow detection.  [ruby-dev:31213]
+
+	* numeric.c (int_pow): wrong overflow detection.  [ruby-dev:31215]
+
+Fri Jul 13 16:10:00 2007  Tanaka Akira  <akr@fsij.org>
+
+	* lib/open-uri.rb (URI::Generic#find_proxy): use ENV.to_hash to access
+	  http_proxy environment variable to avoid case insensitive
+	  environment search.
+
+Fri Jul 13 15:02:15 2007  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* win32/win32.c (CreateChild): enclose command line except for
+	  command.com which can not handle quotes.  [ruby-talk:258939]
+
+Fri Jul 13 10:10:46 2007  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* lib/mkmf.rb (link_command, cc_command, cpp_command): do not expand
+	  ::CONFIG which is an alias of MAKEFILE_CONFIG.
+
+Thu Jul 12 17:03:15 2007  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* struct.c (rb_struct_init_copy): disallow changing the size.
+	  [ruby-dev:31168]
+
+Wed Jul 11 23:38:14 2007  NAKAMURA, Hiroshi  <nahi@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* random.c: documentation fix.  srand(0) initializes PRNG with '0',
+	  not with random_seed.
+
+Tue Jul 10 14:50:01 2007  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* bcc32/{Makefile.sub,setup.mak}: remove surplus slash from srcdir.
+
+Fri Jul  6 15:22:58 2007  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* eval.c (rb_interrupt): suppress a gcc's officious warning.
+
+Thu Jul  5 16:44:28 2007  NAKAMURA Usaku  <usa@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* numeric.c (int_pow): fix previous nubu's commit.
+
+	* test/ruby/test_fixnum.rb: new test.
+
+Thu Jul  5 15:56:06 2007  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* numeric.c (int_pow): even number multiplication never be negative.
+
+Mon Jul  2 14:34:43 2007  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* sprintf.c (rb_f_sprintf): sign bit extension should not be done
+	  if FPLUS flag is specified.  [ruby-list:39224]
+
+Sat Jun 30 16:05:41 2007  Yukihiro Matsumoto  <matz@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* array.c (rb_ary_initialize): should call rb_ary_modify() first.
+	  [ruby-core:11562]
+
+Sat Jun 30 00:17:00 2007  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* parse.y (yylex): return non-valid token for an invalid
+	  instance/class variable name.  a patch from Yusuke ENDOH
+	  <mame AT tsg.ne.jp>.  [ruby-dev:31095]
+
+Fri Jun 29 11:23:09 2007  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* parse.y (dsym): return non-null NODE even if yyerror().  based on a
+	  patch from Yusuke ENDOH <mame AT tsg.ne.jp>.  [ruby-dev:31085]
+
+Tue Jun 26 16:35:21 2007  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* process.c (ruby_setreuid, ruby_setregid): rename to get rid of name
+	  clash.
+
+	* process.c (proc_exec_v, rb_proc_exec): preserve errno.
+
+Sat Jun 23 00:37:46 2007  Yukihiro Matsumoto  <matz@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* hash.c (rb_hash_select): remove unnecessary varargs for
+	  rb_hash_select.  a patch from Daniel Berger
+	  <Daniel.Berger at qwest.com>.   [ruby-core:11527]
+
+	* hash.c: ditto.
+
+Mon Jun 18 08:47:54 2007  Technorama Ltd.  <oss-ruby@technorama.net>
+
+	* ext/openssl/{extconf.rb,ossl_ssl_session.c}:
+	  Fix ruby-Bugs-11513.
+
+	* ext/openssl/ossl_pkey_ec.c
+	  New methods EC::Point.[eql,make_affine!,invert!,on_curve?,infinity?]
+	  By default output the same key form as the openssl command.
+
+	* ext/openssl/ossl_rand.c
+	  New method Random.status?
+
+Mon Jun 18 13:54:36 2007  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* eval.c (ruby_cleanup): return EXIT_FAILURE if any exceptions occured
+	  in at_exit blocks.  [ruby-core:11263]
+
+Mon Jun 18 01:14:10 2007  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* variable.c (rb_path2class): get rid of dangling pointer caused by
+	  optimized out value.
+
+	* variable.c (rb_global_entry, rb_f_untrace_var, rb_alias_variable,
+	  rb_generic_ivar_table, generic_ivar_get, generic_ivar_set,
+	  generic_ivar_defined, generic_ivar_remove, rb_mark_generic_ivar,
+	  rb_free_generic_ivar, rb_copy_generic_ivar,
+	  rb_obj_instance_variables): suppress warnings.
+
+Fri Jun 15 22:33:29 2007  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* common.mk (realclean): separate local and ext.
+
+	* ext/extmk.rb: not remove unrelated directories.
+
+Fri Jun 15 17:01:20 2007  NAKAMURA Usaku  <usa@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* ext/dl/lib/dl/win32.rb: seems that dl doesn't accept void argument.
+	  fixed [ruby-bugs:PR#5489].
+
+Thu Jun 14 17:09:48 2007  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* lib/rdoc/parsers/parse_c.rb (RDoc::C_Parser): handle more
+	  extensions.  [ruby-dev:30972]
+
+Wed Jun 13 06:05:12 2007  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* configure.in (darwin): prohibit loading extension libraries to
+	  miniruby.
+
+Wed Jun 13 05:47:58 2007  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* eval.c (rb_kill_thread): renamed in order to get rid of conflict
+	  with a BeOS system function.  [ruby-core:10830]
+
+Tue Jun 12 14:53:51 2007  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* lib/mkmf.rb (Logging.quiet, Logging.message): added quiet flag and
+	  use it.  [ruby-core:10909]
+
+	* lib/mkmf.rb (find_header): use header names in the message.
+
+Sun Jun 10 13:47:36 2007  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* test/ruby/test_beginendblock.rb (test_should_propagate_signaled):
+	  get rid of invoking shell.  [ruby-dev:30942]
+
+Thu Jun  7 19:02:48 2007  Tanaka Akira  <akr@fsij.org>
+
+	* lib/pp.rb: call original "method" method instead of redefined one.
+
+Mon Jun  4 11:11:12 2007  Shugo Maeda  <shugo@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* lib/net/imap.rb (ResponseParser#next_token): fixed
+	  error message. (backported from HEAD)
+
+	* lib/net/imap.rb (ResponseParser#parse_error): fixed
+	  the condition not to refer @token.symbol unexpectedly.
+	  Thanks, Dick Monahan. (backported from HEAD)
+
+Thu May 31 17:27:53 2007  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* lib/benchmark.rb (Benchmark::Job::item): avoid modifying the
+	  argument unintentionally.  [ruby-talk:253676]
+
+Thu May 31 02:12:32 2007  Masatoshi SEKI  <m_seki@mva.biglobe.ne.jp>
+
+	* lib/rinda/tuplespace.rb (Rinda::TupleBag): create index on tuple bag
+	  by first column.
+
+Wed May 30 13:27:40 2007  Shugo Maeda  <shugo@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* lib/net/ftp.rb (Net::FTP#transfercmd): skip 2XX
+	  responses for some FTP servers. (backported from HEAD)
+
+Wed May 30 05:17:55 2007  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* eval.c (rb_eval): get rid of SEGV at ZSUPER in a block
+	  [ruby-dev:30836]
+
+Wed May 30 04:29:43 2007  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* eval.c (thread_timer): timer thread should not receive any
+	  signals.  submitted by Sylvain Joyeux.  [ruby-core:08546]
+
+Wed May 30 04:18:37 2007  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* eval.c (rb_eval_cmd): just return if no exceptions.
+	  [ruby-dev:30820]
+
+Tue May 29 11:01:06 2007  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* win32/win32.c (rb_w32_opendir): store attributes of the second
+	  entries or later too.
+
+	* win32/win32.c (rb_w32_opendir, rb_w32_readdir): eliminate magic
+	  numbers.
+
+Mon May 28 02:54:05 2007  Masatoshi SEKI  <m_seki@mva.biglobe.ne.jp>
+
+	* lib/rinda/tuplespace.rb (Rinda::TupleBag#delete): use rindex and
+	  delete_at instead of delete for little improvement.
+
+Sat May 26 00:05:22 2007  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* test/ruby/test_beginendblock.rb (test_should_propagate_signaled):
+	  skip tests for exitstatus and termsig on the platforms where
+	  signals not supported.
+
+Wed May 23 06:51:46 2007  URABE Shyouhei  <shyouhei@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* lib/cgi.rb (CGI#[]): get rid of exceptions being raised.
+	  [ruby-dev:30740], Thanks Kentaro KAWAMOTO.
+
+Wed May 23 05:49:49 2007  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* ext/extmk.rb, ext/purelib.rb, lib/mkmf.rb, runruby.rb: clear default
+	  load path to get rid of load pre-installed extensions/libraries.
+	  [ruby-core:11017]
+
+Sat May 19 10:29:18 2007  Tadayoshi Funaba  <tadf@dotrb.org>
+
+	* lib/date/format.rb (Date._parse): detects some OFX dates
+	  (Of course not fully).
+
+Fri May 18 23:07:33 2007  Yukihiro Matsumoto  <matz@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* array.c (rb_ary_first): call rb_ary_subseq() instead of pushing
+	  values by itself.  [ruby-talk:252062]
+
+	* array.c (rb_ary_first): add negative length check.
+
+Fri May 18 17:10:31 2007  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* win32/win32.c (move_to_next_entry): loc also must move forward.
+	  [ruby-talk:251987]
+
+Fri May 18 03:02:40 2007  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* win32/mkexports.rb: preserve prefixed underscores for WINAPI
+	  symbols.
+
+	* wince/mkconfig_wce.rb, wince/mkexports.rb: obsolete.
+
+Thu May 17 17:03:11 2007  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* misc/ruby-style.el (ruby-style-label-indent): for yacc rules.
+
+Tue May 15 14:54:07 2007  NAKAMURA Usaku  <usa@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* win32/win32.c (init_stdhandle): stderr should be without buffering,
+	  but mswin32 use buffering when stderr is not connected to tty.
+
+Mon May 14 13:28:03 2007  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* ext/thread/thread.c (wait_list): supress a warning.
+
+Thu May 10 15:21:51 2007  NAKAMURA Usaku  <usa@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* ext/iconv/iconv.c (iconv_s_conv): rdoc fix.
+
+Thu May 10 10:14:14 2007  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* eval.c (rb_thread_priority): rdoc fix; the initial value is
+	  inherited from the creating thread.  [ruby-core:10607]
+
+Wed May  9 12:28:57 2007  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* bignum.c (Init_Bignum), numeric.c (Init_Numeric): added fdiv as
+	  aliases of quo.  [ruby-dev:30771]
+
+Wed May  9 11:55:15 2007  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* bignum.c (rb_big_quo): now calculate in integer.  [ruby-dev:30753]
+
+Wed May  9 11:51:06 2007  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* bignum.c (rb_big_pow): reduce multiplying for even number.
+
+	* bignum.c (rb_big_pow): truncate all zero BDIGITs. [ruby-dev:30733]
+
+	* bignum.c (rb_big_pow): improvement by calculating from MSB and using
+	  factorization.  <http://yowaken.dip.jp/tdiary/20070426.html#p01>
+
+	* numeric.c (int_pow): calculate power in Fixnum as possible.
+	  [ruby-dev:30726]
+
+Tue May  8 23:42:51 2007  Tadayoshi Funaba  <tadf@dotrb.org>
+
+	* lib/date/format.rb (Date._parse): revised treatment of
+	  hyphened/separatorless dates.
+
+	* lib/date/format.rb: some trivial adjustments.
+
+Tue May  8 20:25:05 2007  Tadayoshi Funaba  <tadf@dotrb.org>
+
+	* lib/date/format.rb: reverted.
+
+Sat May  5 16:26:33 2007  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* lib/date/format.rb (Format::Bag#method_missing): get rid of
+	  modifying orginal argument.  [ruby-core:11090]
+
+Mon Apr 30 01:17:51 2007  Masatoshi SEKI  <m_seki@mva.biglobe.ne.jp>
+
+	* lib/rinda/tuplespace.rb (TupleSpace#create_entry, TupleBag#push,
+	  delete): extract method, and rename parameter.
+
+Fri Apr 27 02:00:17 2007  Ryan Davis  <ryand-ruby@zenspider.com>
+
+	* signal.c: Fixed backwards compatibility for 'raise Interrupt'.
+
+	* lib/yaml/tag.rb: Running rdoc over the 1.8.6 tree skips
+	  Module. Patch from James Britt
+
+Thu Apr 26 13:54:51 2007  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* misc/ruby-style.el: new file.  C/C++ style for ruby source code.
+
+Wed Apr 25 19:49:16 2007  Tanaka Akira  <akr@fsij.org>
+
+	* ext/socket/socket.c (unix_send_io, unix_recv_io): use CMSG_DATA to
+	  align file descriptor appropriately.
+
+Tue Apr 24 09:33:57 2007  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* dir.c (do_stat, do_lstat, do_opendir): should not warn ENOTDIR.
+	  [ruby-talk:248288]
+
+Mon Apr 23 22:14:42 2007  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* ext/extmk.rb ($ruby): add extout directory to include path.
+	  [ruby-core:11003]
+
+	* lib/mkmf.rb (libpathflag): not to append RPATHFLAG to current
+	  directory.
+
+	* lib/mkmf.rb (init_mkmf): add current directory to default
+	  library path with highest priority.  [ruby-core:10960]
+
+	* lib/mkmf.rb (LINK_SO): LIBPATH to be placed before DLDFLAGS.
+
+Fri Apr 20 16:05:22 2007  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* configure.in (LIBPATHFLAG, RPATHFLAG): no needs to be quoted,
+	  it is done by libpathflag in mkmf.rb.
+
+Fri Apr 20 12:27:04 2007  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* lib/optparse.rb: fix to override conv proc.
+
+Fri Apr 20 12:17:05 2007  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* eval.c (ruby_cleanup): inversed the order of errinfos.
+
+Thu Apr 19 14:53:32 2007  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* lib/monitor.rb (ConditionVariable#wait, mon_enter, mon_exit_for_cond):
+	  ensures Thread.critical to be false.  [ruby-talk:248300]
+
+Wed Apr 18 10:41:21 2007  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* util.c (ruby_strtod): exponent is radix 10.  [ruby-talk:248272]
+
+Wed Apr 18 02:30:24 2007  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* configure.in (LDFLAGS): prepend -L. instead appending it to
+	  XLDFLAGS.  [ruby-core:10933]
+
+	* configure.in (Makefile): remove $U for automake from MISSING.
+	  [ruby-talk:248171]
+
+Tue Apr 17 16:46:46 2007  Yukihiro Matsumoto  <matz@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* eval.c (rb_yield_0): should not clear state on TAG_NEXT when
+	  it's invoked from within lambda body.  [ruby-talk:248136]
+
+	* eval.c (proc_invoke): handle TAG_NEXT which would be caused by
+	  next in the lambda body as well.
+
+Mon Apr 16 22:56:01 2007  Yukihiro Matsumoto  <matz@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* ext/pty/expect_sample.rb: avoid symbolic link representation for
+	  expect.  a patch from Kazuhiro NISHIYAMA <zn at mbf.nifty.com>.
+	  [ruby-dev:30714]
+
+Mon Apr 16 22:51:11 2007  Yukihiro Matsumoto  <matz@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* sample: replace TRUE, FALSE with true, false respectively.
+	  a patch from Kazuhiro NISHIYAMA <zn at mbf.nifty.com>.
+	  [ruby-dev:30713]
+
+Mon Apr 16 17:08:02 2007  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* lib/optparse.rb (make_switch): do not clobber converter if pattern
+	  has no convert method.  reported by sheepman in [ruby-dev:30709].
+
+Mon Apr 16 16:49:32 2007  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* ext/stringio/stringio.c (strio_seek): consistent behavior with
+	  IO#seek.  patch by sheepman in [ruby-dev:30710].
+
+Mon Apr 16 16:34:08 2007  Yukihiro Matsumoto  <matz@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* parse.y (parser_yylex): should set command_start after block
+	  starting "do"s and braces.  [ruby-core:10916]
+
+Sun Apr 15 09:19:57 2007  Tadayoshi Funaba  <tadf@dotrb.org>
+
+	* lib/date/format.rb: added some zone names.
+
+	* lib/date/format.rb (_parse): now interprets doted numerical
+	  dates as a big endian (except dd.mm.yyyy).
+
+Tue Apr 10 17:37:36 2007  NAKAMURA Usaku  <usa@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* win32/win32.c (rb_w32_fclose, rb_w32_close): need to save errno
+	  before calling original fclose()/close().
+
+Mon Apr  9 09:30:44 2007  Shugo Maeda  <shugo@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* lib/net/imap.rb (disconnect): call shutdown for
+	  SSLSocket. Thanks, Technorama Ltd.
+
+Thu Apr  5 00:42:48 2007  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* error.c (rb_notimplement), io.c (pipe_open): removed definite
+	  articles and UNIX manual section from messages.  [ruby-dev:30690]
+
+Wed Apr  4 17:09:17 2007  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* io.c (pipe_open): refined the message of NotImplementedError.
+	  [ruby-dev:30685]
+
+Wed Apr  4 10:18:04 2007  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* io.c (pipe_open): raise NotImplementedError for command "-" on
+	  platforms where fork(2) is not available.  [ruby-dev:30681]
+
+Tue Apr  3 15:45:41 2007  NAKAMURA Usaku  <usa@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* ext/socket/socket.c (s_recv, s_recvfrom): some systems (such as
+	  windows) doesn't set fromlen if the socket is connection-oriented.
+	  reported by Bram Whillock in [ruby-core:10512] [ruby-Bugs#9061]
+
+Sat Mar 24 23:40:29 2007  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* node.h (struct rb_thread.locals): explicit as struct.
+	  [ruby-core:10585]
+
+	* eval.c, node.h (enum rb_thread_status, struct rb_thread,
+	  rb_curr_thread, rb_main_thread): prefixed.  [ruby-core:10586]
+
+	* file.c (chompdirsep): made an unprefixed name static.
+
+	* io.c (io_fread): ditto.
+
+Sat Mar 24 01:54:03 2007  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* eval.c (ruby_cleanup): exit by SystemExit and SignalException in END
+	  block.  [ruby-core:10609]
+
+	* test/ruby/test_beginendblock.rb (test_should_propagate_exit_code):
+	  test for exit in END block.  [ruby-core:10760]
+
+	* test/ruby/test_beginendblock.rb (test_should_propagate_signaled):
+	  test for signal in END block.
+
+Thu Mar 22 23:13:17 2007  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* eval.c (rb_provided): check for extension library if SOEXT is
+	  explicitly given.  [ruby-dev:30657]
+
+Thu Mar 22 10:29:25 2007  NAKAMURA Usaku  <usa@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* test/ruby/test_bignum.rb (test_to_s): add tests for Bignum#to_s.
+
+Wed Mar 21 17:04:30 2007  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* bignum.c (rb_big2str0): round up for the most significant digit.
+	  [ruby-core:10686]
+
+Wed Mar 21 07:21:24 2007  Akinori MUSHA  <knu@iDaemons.org>
+
+	* ext/thread/thread.c (remove_one): Preserve List invariants;
+	  submitted by: MenTaLguY <mental AT rydia.net>
+	  in [ruby-core:10598] and [ruby-bugs:PR#9388].
+
+Tue Mar 20 22:54:50 2007  Yukihiro Matsumoto  <matz@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* marshal.c (w_extended): erroneous check condition when dump
+	  method is defined.  [ruby-core:10646]
+
+Tue Mar 20 15:37:24 2007  URABE Shyouhei  <shyouhei@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* distruby.rb: Add zip generation.
+
+Tue Mar 20 11:28:41 2007  Akinori MUSHA  <knu@iDaemons.org>
+
+	* lib/matrix.rb (Matrix::inverse_from): adding partial pivoting to
+	  the Gauss-Jordan algorithm, making it stable.  a patch from
+	  Peter Vanbroekhoven.  [ruby-core:10641]
+
+Mon Mar 19 11:39:29 2007  Minero Aoki  <aamine@loveruby.net>
+
+	* lib/net/protocol.rb (rbuf_read): extend buffer size for speed.
+
+Sun Mar 18 04:23:52 2007  Akinori MUSHA  <knu@iDaemons.org>
+
+	* NEWS: Add a note about the new `date' library defining
+	  Time#to_date and Time#to_datetime private methods.
+
+	* NEWS: Inform that the old `thread' library is considered to be
+	  stable.
+
+	* NEWS: Sort library entries in alphabetical order.
+
+Fri Mar 16 21:48:11 2007  Akinori MUSHA  <knu@iDaemons.org>
+
+	* ext/dl/dl.c (rb_ary2cary): Fix a bug in type validation;
+	  submitted by sheepman <sheepman AT sheepman.sakura.ne.jp>
+	  in [ruby-dev:30554].
+
+Fri Mar 16 18:28:06 2007  Akinori MUSHA  <knu@iDaemons.org>
+
+	* ext/etc/etc.c (etc_getgrgid): Fix a bug in Etc::getgrgid()
+	  always returning the (real) group entry of the running process;
+	  reported by: UEDA Hiroyuki <ueda AT netforest.ad.jp>
+	  in [ruby-dev:30586].
+
+Fri Mar 16 16:33:58 2007  Akinori MUSHA  <knu@iDaemons.org>
+
+	* ext/thread/thread.c (unlock_mutex_inner): Make sure that the
+	  given mutex is actually owned by the caller; submitted by:
+	  Sylvain Joyeux <sylvain.joyeux AT m4x.org> in [ruby-core:10598].
+
+Fri Mar 16 16:21:35 2007  Akinori MUSHA  <knu@iDaemons.org>
+
+	* ext/thread/thread.c (wait_condvar, lock_mutex): Fix a problem in
+	  ConditionVariable#wait that occurs when two threads that are
+	  trying to access the condition variable are also in concurrence
+	  for the given mutex; submitted by: Sylvain Joyeux
+	  <sylvain.joyeux AT m4x.org> and MenTaLguY <mental AT rydia.net>
+	  in [ruby-core:10598].
+
+Fri Mar 16 16:17:27 2007  Akinori MUSHA  <knu@iDaemons.org>
+
+	* test/thread/test_thread.rb: Add a test script for the `thread'
+	  library.  This should result in failure as of now with
+	  ext/thread; submitted by: Sylvain Joyeux <sylvain.joyeux AT
+	  m4x.org> in [ruby-core:10598].
+
+Wed Mar 14 12:30:00 2007  Shigeo Kobayashi  <shigeo@tinyforest.jp>
+
+	* ext/bigdecimal/bigdecimal.c: BigDecimal("-.31") is now
+	  treated as ("-0.31") not as ("0.31").
+
+Tue Mar 13 09:25:10 2007  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* common.mk (clear-installed-list): separated from install-prereq.
+
+Tue Mar 13 06:38:43 2007  Akinori MUSHA  <knu@iDaemons.org>
+
+	* NEWS: Reword and improve entries.
+
+Tue Mar 13 06:03:46 2007  Akinori MUSHA  <knu@iDaemons.org>
+
+	* stable version 1.8.6 released from the ruby_1_8_6 branch.
+
+Tue Mar 13 03:24:07 2007  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* runruby.rb: added --pure (turned on by default) and --debugger
+	  options.
+
+Tue Mar 13 02:50:28 2007  Akinori MUSHA  <knu@iDaemons.org>
+
+	* lib/cgi.rb (CGI::header): IIS >= 5.0 does not need the nph
+	  assumption any more; submitted by MIYASAKA Masaru <alkaid AT
+	  coral.ocn.ne.jp> in [ruby-dev:30537].
+
+Mon Mar 12 11:07:44 2007  Akinori MUSHA  <knu@iDaemons.org>
+
+	* ext/openssl/ossl_asn1.c (Init_ossl_asn1): Let rdoc know about
+	  externally defined modules; submitted by Technorama
+	  Ltd. <oss-ruby AT technorama.net> in [ruby-bugs:PR#4704].
+
+	* ext/openssl/ossl_bn.c (Init_ossl_bn): Ditto.
+
+	* ext/openssl/ossl_cipher.c (Init_ossl_cipher): Ditto.
+
+	* ext/openssl/ossl_digest.c (Init_ossl_digest): Ditto.
+
+	* ext/openssl/ossl_hmac.c (Init_ossl_hmac): Ditto.
+
+	* ext/openssl/ossl_pkey.c (Init_ossl_pkey): Ditto.
+
+	* ext/openssl/ossl_pkey_dh.c (Init_ossl_dh): Ditto.
+
+	* ext/openssl/ossl_pkey_dsa.c (Init_ossl_dsa): Ditto.
+
+	* ext/openssl/ossl_pkey_rsa.c (Init_ossl_rsa): Ditto.
+
+	* ext/openssl/ossl_rand.c (Init_ossl_rand): Ditto.
+
+	* ext/openssl/ossl_ssl.c (Init_ossl_ssl): Ditto.
+
+Mon Mar 12 01:05:17 2007  Akinori MUSHA  <knu@iDaemons.org>
+
+	* ext/dl/sym.c (rb_dlsym_inspect): Use "0x%x" rather for pointers.
+	  This might not be very right but it is commonly used in other
+	  parts of the code; submitted by sheepman <sheepman AT
+	  sheepman.sakura.ne.jp> in [ruby-dev:30532].
+
+	* ext/dl/ptr.c (rb_dlptr_inspect): Ditto.
+
+Mon Mar 12 00:59:19 2007  Akinori MUSHA  <knu@iDaemons.org>
+
+	* ext/dl/lib/dl/import.rb (DL::Importable::Internal::import,
+	  DL::Importable::Internal::callback): Avoid race condition for an
+	  instance variable; submitted by sheepman <sheepman AT
+	  sheepman.sakura.ne.jp> in [ruby-dev:30530].
+
+Sun Mar 11 18:57:50 2007  Akinori MUSHA  <knu@iDaemons.org>
+
+	* misc/README: Add a note about ruby-electric.el.
+
+	* misc/ruby-mode.el (ruby-non-block-do-re): Fix
+	  ruby-non-block-do-re. [ruby-core:03719]
+
+	* misc/inf-ruby.el: Synchronize the comment section with trunk.
+
+	* misc/README, misc/rdebug.el: Add rdebug.el, Emacs ruby-debug
+	  interface based on rubydb3x.el; submitted by Martin Nordholts
+	  <enselic AT gmail.com> in [ruby-bugs:PR#9023].
+
+Sun Mar 11 17:45:51 2007  Akinori MUSHA  <knu@iDaemons.org>
+
+	* ext/dl/mkcallback.rb (mkfunc): Make sure that a callback
+	  function is found in the function table before trying to call
+	  it; submitted by sheepman <sheepman AT sheepman.sakura.ne.jp>
+	  in [ruby-dev:30524].
+
+Sun Mar 11 12:09:37 2007  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* eval.c (error_handle): no message when exiting by signal.
+
+	* eval.c (ruby_cleanup): re-send signal.  [ruby-dev:30516]
+
+	* eval.c (rb_thread_interrupt): instantiate SignalException.
+
+	* eval.c (rb_thread_signal_raise): now takes signal number instead
+	  of signal name.
+
+	* intern.h (rb_thread_signal_raise, ruby_default_signal): prototypes.
+
+	* signal.c (esignal_init): takes a signal number and an optional
+	  signal name.
+
+	* signal.c (interrupt_init): pass SIGINT always.
+
+	* signal.c (ruby_default_signal): invoke system default signal
+	  handler.
+
+	* signal.c (rb_signal_exec, trap): handle SIGTERM.  [ruby-dev:30505]
+
+Tue Mar  6 19:08:46 2007  Akinori MUSHA  <knu@iDaemons.org>
+
+	* ext/digest/lib/md5.rb (MD5::new, MD5::md5): Do not modify
+	  Digest::MD5.
+
+	* ext/digest/lib/sha1.rb (SHA1::new, SHA1::sha1): Ditto.
+
+Tue Mar  6 18:58:37 2007  Keiju Ishitsuka  <keiju@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* lib/shell/process-controller.rb: fix thread synchronization
+	  problem for [ruby-dev:30477].
+
+Tue Mar  6 18:44:26 2007  Akinori MUSHA  <knu@iDaemons.org>
+
+	* ext/digest/lib/md5.rb (MD5::new, MD5::md5): Catch up with
+	  Digest's API changes; noted by: Kazuhiro Yoshida <moriq AT
+	  moriq.com> in [ruby-dev:30500].
+
+	* ext/digest/lib/sha1.rb (SHA1::new, SHA1::sha1): Ditto.
+
+Tue Mar  6 18:24:19 2007  Akinori MUSHA  <knu@iDaemons.org>
+
+	* time.c (time_to_s): Back out the format changes; discussed
+	  in [ruby-dev:30495].
+
+Tue Mar  6 11:53:25 2007  Hidetoshi NAGAI  <nagai@ai.kyutech.ac.jp>
+
+	* ext/tk/sample/irbtkw.rbw: fails to exit process.
+
+Mon Mar  5 20:14:49 2007  Akinori MUSHA  <knu@iDaemons.org>
+
+	* time.c (time_to_s): Correct the wrong format which did not
+	  really conform to RFC 2822; pointed out by: OHARA Shigeki <os at
+	  iij.ad.jp> in [ruby-dev:30487].
+
+Sun Mar  4 23:38:07 2007  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* file.c (rb_stat_s_utime): fixed a commit miss for the platforms
+	  where utimes() does not exist.
+
+	* lib/fileutils.rb (touch): ditto.
+
+Sun Mar  4 14:46:56 2007  WATANABE Hirofumi  <eban@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* util.c (push_element): should return a int value.
+
+Sun Mar  4 01:05:57 2007  Akinori MUSHA  <knu@iDaemons.org>
+
+	* lib/set.rb (Set#^, Set#&): Correct documentation.  Those methods
+	  return sets, not arrays; noted by Oliver Frank Wittich <nietz AT
+	  mangabrain.de>.
+
+Sat Mar  3 23:01:07 2007  Minero Aoki  <aamine@loveruby.net>
+
+	* lib/fileutils.rb (mv): could not move a directory between
+	  different filesystems. [ruby-dev:30411]
+
+Sat Mar  3 22:57:11 2007  Minero Aoki  <aamine@loveruby.net>
+
+	* lib/fileutils.rb (touch): last commit causes error if :mtime
+	  option was not given.
+
+Sat Mar  3 22:37:02 2007  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* file.c (rb_file_s_utime): allow nil to set the current time.
+
+	* lib/fileutils.rb (touch): ditto, and added :mtime and :nocreate
+	  options.  fixed: [ruby-talk:219037]
+
+Sat Mar  3 21:17:35 2007  Akinori MUSHA  <knu@iDaemons.org>
+
+	* eval.c (stack_check): Unset inline to fix build with GCC 3.4.6;
+	  submitted by: NISHIMATSU Takeshi <t_nissie AT yahoo.co.jp> in
+	  [ruby-list:43218].
+	  cf. http://gcc.gnu.org/bugzilla/show_bug.cgi?id=24556
+
+Sat Mar  3 19:05:31 2007  Akinori MUSHA  <knu@iDaemons.org>
+
+	* ext/thread/thread.c (push_list): Use ALLOC().
+
+	* ext/thread/thread.c (rb_mutex_alloc): Ditto.
+
+	* ext/thread/thread.c (rb_condvar_alloc): Ditto.
+
+Sat Mar  3 18:53:11 2007  Akinori MUSHA  <knu@iDaemons.org>
+
+	* NEWS: Add a note for String#intern.
+
+Sat Mar  3 16:23:13 2007  Akinori MUSHA  <knu@iDaemons.org>
+
+	* env.h (SCOPE_CLONE): Introduce a new scope flag to prevent a
+	  local_tbl region from getting freed many times; submitted by
+	  Chikanaga Tomoyuki <chikanag AT nippon-control-system.co.jp> in
+	  [ruby-dev:30460].
+
+	* eval.c (proc_invoke): Ditto.
+
+	* gc.c (obj_free): Ditto.
+
+	* parse.y (top_local_setup_gen): Ditto.
+
+Sat Mar  3 16:07:02 2007  Akinori MUSHA  <knu@iDaemons.org>
+
+	* object.c (rb_obj_ivar_set): RDoc updated according to a
+	  suggestion from Brian Candler <B.Candler AT pobox.com>.
+	  [ruby-core:10469]
+
+Thu Mar  1 21:38:07 2007  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* parse.y (stmt, arg): should not omit lhs of OP_ASGN1 even if
+	  empty.  [ruby-dev:30455]
+
+Thu Mar  1 08:55:38 2007  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* eval.c (rb_feature_p): check loading_tbl if the given ext is
+	  empty.  [ruby-dev:30452]
+
+	* eval.c (rb_feature_p): fix possible buffer overrun.
+
+Thu Mar  1 03:30:21 2007  Akinori MUSHA  <knu@iDaemons.org>
+
+	* ext/digest/digest.c (get_digest_base_metadata): Allow inheriting
+	  Digest::Base subclasses, which was unintentionally made
+	  impossible while restructuring Digest classes.
+
+Thu Mar  1 02:05:17 2007  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* mkconfig.rb (patchlevel): read from version.h.
+
+Thu Mar  1 00:09:39 2007  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* eval.c (rb_provided): return true only for features loaded from
+	  .rb files, and not search actual library type.  [ruby-dev:30414]
+
+Wed Feb 28 21:15:00 2007  WATANABE Hirofumi  <eban@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* configure.in (ac_cv_func_fcntl): fcntl support for MinGW.
+
+	* missing/flock.c: workaround for MinGW.
+
+Wed Feb 28 20:51:32 2007  URABE Shyouhei  <shyouhei@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* pack.c (pack_unpack): properly ignore non-base64 octets such as
+	  UTF-8 encoded BOMs; submitted by SOUMA Yutaka <holon@radastery.jp>
+	  to fix [ruby-core:10437]
+
+Wed Feb 28 18:59:57 2007  Akinori MUSHA  <knu@iDaemons.org>
+
+	* NEWS: Add NEWS, a document file to keep user visible feature
+	  changes between releases.
+
+Wed Feb 28 18:35:50 2007  NAKAMURA Usaku  <usa@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* ext/openssl/extconf.rb: no need to check unistd.h and sys/time.h.
+	  they are already checked at configure.
+	  reported by KOBAYASHI Yasuhiro [ruby-list:43225]
+
+Wed Feb 28 18:34:48 2007  NAKAMURA Usaku  <usa@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* lib/mkmf.rb ($DEFLIBPATH): default library paths ($(topdir), etc)
+	  should be the first elements of library paths list.
+	  reported by KOBAYASHI Yasuhiro [ruby-list:43225]
+
+Wed Feb 28 18:31:32 2007  Akinori MUSHA  <knu@iDaemons.org>
+
+	* doc/NEWS-1.8.0: Rename NEWS to NEWS-1.8.0.  This is way too old
+	  NEWS.
+
+Wed Feb 28 01:22:58 2007  NAKAMURA Usaku  <usa@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* test/{dbm,gdbm}/test_{dbm,gdbm}.rb: shouldn't use host_os. use
+	  target_os instead. reported by KOBAYASHI Yasuhiro [ruby-list:43225]
+
+Wed Feb 28 00:08:11 2007  URABE Shyouhei  <shyouhei@ice.uec.ac.jp>
+
+	* mkconfig.rb (RbConfig): add CONFIG['PATCHLEVEL']
+
+	* common.mk: new target dist
+
+	* distruby.rb: new file
+
+Tue Feb 27 22:18:45 2007  WATANABE Hirofumi  <eban@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* configure.in (--enable-auto-image-base): avoid the neccessity to
+	  rebase the shared libs as much as possible;
+	  submitted by Corinna Vinschen <spam at vinschen.de> in
+	  [ruby-talk:240964].
+
+Tue Feb 27 21:36:47 2007  WATANABE Hirofumi  <eban@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* util.c (__crt0_glob_function): use ruby_glob() instead of rb_globi().
+
+Tue Feb 27 21:33:04 2007  WATANABE Hirofumi  <eban@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* configure.in (ac_cv_func_setrlimit): workaround for djgpp.
+
+Tue Feb 27 19:38:52 2007  Akinori MUSHA  <knu@iDaemons.org>
+
+	* lib/base64.rb (Base64::b64encode): Fix documentation; submitted
+	  by David Symonds <dsymonds@gmail.com> in [ruby-core:10432].
+
+Tue Feb 27 19:36:57 2007  Akinori MUSHA  <knu@iDaemons.org>
+
+	* regex.c (calculate_must_string, slow_search, re_search): Silence
+	  warnings regarding char * vs. unsigned char * mismatch;
+	  submitted by Lyle Johnson <lyle.johnson@gmail.com>
+	  in [ruby-core:10416].
+
+	* ext/bigdecimal/bigdecimal.c (BigDecimal_load): Ditto.
+
+	* ext/digest/sha1/sha1ossl.c (SHA1_Finish): Ditto.
+
+	* ext/digest/rmd160/rmd160ossl.c (RMD160_Finish): Ditto.
+
+	* ext/digest/digest.c (rb_digest_base_finish,
+	  rb_digest_base_update): Ditto.
+
+	* ext/nkf/nkf.c (rb_str_resize, rb_nkf_kconv, rb_nkf_guess1,
+	  rb_nkf_guess2): Ditto.
+
+Tue Feb 27 03:40:09 2007  Akinori MUSHA  <knu@iDaemons.org>
+
+	* ext/thread/thread.c (wait_list_cleanup, rb_mutex_try_lock):
+	  Eliminate rb_thread_critical switching where unnecessary;
+	  implied by shugo in [ruby-dev:30412].
+
+	* ext/thread/thread.c (set_critical): Merge in
+	  thread_exclusive_ensure().
+
+	* ext/thread/thread.c: Consistently use 0 and 1 for
+	  rb_thread_critical values.
+
+Mon Feb 26 15:18:23 2007  Akinori MUSHA  <knu@iDaemons.org>
+
+	* ext/thread/thread.c: Use xmalloc()/xfree() instead of
+	  malloc()/free(); pointed out by shugo in [ruby-dev:30412].
+
+Sun Feb 25 23:02:55 2007  Akinori MUSHA  <knu@iDaemons.org>
+
+	* lib/test/unit/autorunner.rb (Test::Unit::AutoRunner::initialize):
+	  Initialize @workdir properly to silence a warning under -w.
+	  Submitted by <tommy at tmtm.org> in [ruby-dev:30400].
+
+Sun Feb 25 02:47:43 2007  Akinori MUSHA  <knu@iDaemons.org>
+
+	* defines.h: Pull the RUBY_MBCHAR_MAXSIZE definition from trunk,
+	  which is necessary for dir.c to compile on djgpp and emx.
+
+Sat Feb 24 10:42:01 2007  Minero Aoki  <aamine@loveruby.net>
+
+	* ext/racc/cparse/cparse.c (cparse_params_mark): remove useless
+	  rb_gc_mark.  Thanks Tomoyuki Chikanaga. [ruby-dev:30405]
+
+Fri Feb 23 15:10:46 2007  NAKAMURA Usaku  <usa@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* win32/win32.c (set_pioinfo_extra): new function for VC++8 SP1
+	  workaround. [ruby-core:10259]
+
+	* win32/win32.c (NtInitialize): call above function.
+
+Fri Feb 23 14:19:40 2007  NAKAMURA Usaku  <usa@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* signal.c (sighandler): need to tell to be interrupted to main
+	  context when handler is installed.
+
+	* win32/win32.[ch] (rb_win32_interrupted): new function to listen
+	  interrupt.
+
+Fri Feb 23 13:02:17 2007  Akinori MUSHA  <knu@iDaemons.org>
+
+	* numeric.c (fix_cmp, fix_equal): Remove FIX2LONG() to optimize.
+	  suggested in
+	  http://t-a-w.blogspot.com/2007/02/making-ruby-faster.html.
+	  [ruby-talk:240223]
+
+Fri Feb 23 12:43:17 2007  James Edward Gray II  <james@grayproductions.net>
+
+	* lib/xmlrpc/client.rb (XMLRPC::Client::do_rpc): Make the
+	  Content-Length parameter optional for responses in
+	  xmlrpc/client.rb; suggested by Daniel Berger
+	  <Daniel.Berger@qwest.com> and approved by the maintainer.
+
+	* lib/xmlrpc/create.rb (XMLRPC::Create::conv2value): Add DateTime
+	  support to xmlrpc; approved by the maintainer.
+
+Mon Feb 19 18:22:52 2007  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* configure.in, defines.h, eval.c (rb_feature_p, rb_provided,
+	  load_wait, search_required, rb_require_safe), ext/extmk.rb: Fix
+	  a bug where a statically linked extension cannot be autoloaded.
+	  [ruby-dev:30023] / [ruby-dev:30239]
+
+Mon Feb 19 17:14:28 2007  Yukihiro Matsumoto  <matz@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* ext/socket/socket.c (unix_peeraddr): wrong syscall name in error
+	  message for #peeraddr. a patch from Sam Roberts
+	  <sroberts at uniserve.com>.  [ruby-core:10366]
+
+Sun Feb 18 19:35:21 2007  Tadayoshi Funaba  <tadf@dotrb.org>
+
+	* lib/date/format.rb: updated based on date2 4.0.3.
+
+Fri Feb 16 11:18:21 2007  Eric Hodel  <drbrain@segment7.net>
+
+	* lib/.document: Apply patch for irb, e2mmap and README by Hugh Sasse
+	  <hgs at dmu.ac.uk> from [ruby-core:10135]
+
+	* lib/prettyprint.rb: Suppress RDoc for PrettyPrint test suite.
+
+Thu Feb 15 20:26:30 2007  Akinori MUSHA  <knu@iDaemons.org>
+
+	* lib/uri/ftp.rb: Revert the previous change pending discussion.
+
+Thu Feb 15 18:08:17 2007  Akinori MUSHA  <knu@iDaemons.org>
+
+	* dir.c (glob_helper): Fix the function declaration.
+
+Thu Feb 15 17:13:32 2007  Akinori MUSHA  <knu@iDaemons.org>
+
+	* version.h: Welcome to the post-1.8.6 world.  Radical changes are
+	  inhibited in the ruby_1_8 branch until the 1.8.6 final release
+	  goes out of the door.
+
+Thu Feb 15 16:44:14 2007  Akinori MUSHA  <knu@iDaemons.org>
+
+	* lib/uri/generic.rb (URI::Generic::userinfo): Considering how
+	  `scheme://user:@...', `scheme://:password@...' and
+	  `scheme://:@...' are parsed, an empty user name or password
+	  should be allowed and represented as it is.
+
+Thu Feb 15 11:46:05 2007  KIMURA Koichi  <hogemuta@gmail.com>
+
+	* dir.c, win32/win32.c, win32/dir.h, ruby.h, intern.h: Bring
+	  encoding aware globbing support in from trunk.  Dir.[] and
+	  Dir.glob() can now take many patterns in an array.  Minor fixes
+	  will follow.
+
+Thu Feb 15 11:00:26 2007  Akinori MUSHA  <knu@iDaemons.org>
+
+	* lib/uri/generic.rb (URI::Generic::userinfo): should support
+	  empty password.  [ruby-core:10290]
+
+	* lib/uri/generic.rb (URI::Generic::set_password): password can be
+	  cleared by nil.  [ruby-core:10290]
+
+	* lib/uri/common.rb (escape): regard second string argument as a
+	  character set properly. [ruby-dev:27692]
+
+	* lib/uri/ftp.rb: Attempt to conform to RFC 1738 with regard to
+	  relative/absolute paths.
+
+	* lib/uri: Lovely RDOC patches from mathew (metaATpoboxDOTcom).
+
+Thu Feb 15 10:57:38 2007  Tietew  <tietew@tietew.net>>
+
+	* lib/cgi.rb (CGI::unescapeHTML): invalid decoding for single
+	  unescaped ampersand.  a patch from Tietew
+	  <tietew+ruby-dev at tietew.net> in [ruby-dev:30292].
+	  fixed: [ruby-dev:30289]
+
+Thu Feb 15 10:48:40 2007  MenTaLguY  <mental@rydia.net>
+
+	* ext/thread/thread.c: Handle interrupted waits correctly.
+	  [ruby-bugs:PR#8663]
+
+Wed Feb 14 19:22:15 2007  Akinori MUSHA  <knu@iDaemons.org>
+
+	* ext/digest/lib/digest.rb (Digest::self.const_missing): Drop
+	  autoloads for sha2 classes in favor of handling in
+	  const_missing(), to work around a problem exposed on OS X.
+
+Tue Feb 13 02:21:12 2007  Sam Roberts  <sroberts@uniserve.com>
+
+	* io.c (rb_f_syscall): Fix buffer overflow with syscall
+	  arguments.  [ruby-bugs:PR#8541]
+
+Sun Feb 11 07:46:45 2007  Akinori MUSHA  <knu@iDaemons.org>
+
+	* lib/cgi.rb (CGI::QueryExtension::read_multipart): Properly parse
+	  a quoted-string in a Content-Disposition value.
+
+Sun Feb 11 06:27:54 2007  Akinori MUSHA  <knu@iDaemons.org>
+
+	* configure.in, ext/thread/extconf.rb, lib/thread.rb: Add a
+	  configure option `--disable-fastthread', to choose the original,
+	  pure ruby version of the "thread" library instead of the new,
+	  much faster implementation in ext/thread.
+
+Sun Feb 11 06:22:20 2007  Akinori MUSHA  <knu@iDaemons.org>
+
+	* ext/Setup: Add thread except for platforms without threads
+	  support.
+
+Sun Feb 11 06:15:16 2007  Akinori MUSHA  <knu@iDaemons.org>
+
+	* ext/thread/lib/thread.rb: Add a replacement of thread.rb that
+	  loads this extension.
+
+Sun Feb 11 05:39:47 2007  Akinori MUSHA  <knu@iDaemons.org>
+
+	* lib/thread.rb: Remove an ineffective part of the code.
+
+Sun Feb 11 05:32:54 2007  Akinori MUSHA  <knu@iDaemons.org>
+
+	* ext/thread/thread.c (rb_thread_exclusive): Implement
+	  Thread.exclusive.
+
+Sun Feb 11 05:26:51 2007  Akinori MUSHA  <knu@iDaemons.org>
+
+	* ext/thread/thread.c: Get rid of use of a dummy function.
+
+Sun Feb 11 01:45:31 2007  Hidetoshi NAGAI  <nagai@ai.kyutech.ac.jp>
+
+	* ext/thread/thread.c (Init_thread): Define missing aliases:
+	  Queue#enq and SizedQueue#enq.
+
+Sat Feb 10 09:27:35 2007  Masaki Suketa  <masaki.suketa@nifty.ne.jp>
+
+	* ext/win32ole/win32ole.c (ole_variant2val): fix compile error
+	  on VC++.
+
+Sat Feb 10 07:41:52 2007  Masaki Suketa  <masaki.suketa@nifty.ne.jp>
+
+	* ext/win32ole/win32ole.c (ole_variant2val): fix the bug when
+	  SAFEARRAY pointer is NULL.
+
+Sat Feb 10 00:13:11 2007  Hidetoshi NAGAI  <nagai@ai.kyutech.ac.jp>
+
+	* ext/tk/lib/tk.rb: fix typo (TkConfigMethod::__confinfo_cmd,
+	  __conv_keyonly_opts).
+
+Fri Feb  9 20:44:53 2007  Akinori MUSHA  <knu@iDaemons.org>
+
+	* ext/thread: Make style fixes (mostly de-K&R'ism) to match the
+	  rest of the source code.
+
+	* ext/thread: Make USE_MEM_POOLS an extconf option.
+
+Fri Feb  9 20:43:01 2007  Akinori MUSHA  <knu@iDaemons.org>
+
+	* ext/thread: Import the "fastthread" implementation by MenTaLguY
+	  in the original form.  This module is not hooked into the build
+	  yet since it needs some style fixes and adjustments.
+
+Fri Feb  9 15:46:09 2007  Akinori MUSHA  <knu@iDaemons.org>
+
+	* ext/bigdecimal: Synchronize with trunk.  Better function
+	  prototypes, removal of a useless method `!=', and document
+	  updates.
+
+Tue Feb 06 22:06:45 2007  NARUSE, Yui  <naruse@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* ext/nkf/nkf-utf8/{nkf.c,utf8tbl.c}:
+	  imported nkf 2007-01-28.
+	  * Fixed: can't decode MIME encode JIS string.
+	  * Fixed: Fullwitdh-halfwidth conversion.
+	  * Support DoCoMo's and Softbank's EMOJI
+	  * Support CP932, CP5022x, eucJP-ms UDC
+	  * Support UTF-32 encoding
+	  * Support beyond BMP
+	  [ruby-dev:29700] [ruby-dev:29922] [ruby-dev:30144]
+
+Wed Jan 31 14:52:09 2007  Yukihiro Matsumoto  <matz@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* eval.c (rb_iterate): need to PUSH_ITER in proper order.
+	  [ruby-core:10125]
+
+	* test/ruby/test_iterator.rb (TestIterator::test_block_given_within_iterator):
+	  add new test.  [ruby-core:10125]
+
+Tue Jan 30 14:58:51 2007  NAKAMURA Usaku  <usa@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* string.c (rb_str_sub_bang): calling rb_str_modify() should be just
+	  before actually modifying the string.
+	  fixed: [ruby-dev:30211] (originally reported by zunda)
+
+Tue Jan 30 12:05:35 2007  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* mkconfig.rb: autoconf 2.61 support.  [ruby-core:10016]
+
+Sat Jan 27 15:20:11 2007  Yukihiro Matsumoto  <matz@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* parse.y (dyna_var_lookup): should not alter dvar->val not to
+	  destroy living value.  [ruby-core:10076]
+
+	* parse.y (dyna_init): ditto.
+
+Fri Jan 26 12:03:39 2007  Hidetoshi NAGAI  <nagai@ai.kyutech.ac.jp>
+
+	* ext/tk/lib/tk.rb (TkConfigMethod#__confinfo_cmd,
+	  __conv_keyonly_optkeys): make them private [ruby-dev:30074].
+
+	* ext/tk/lib/tk/txtwin_abst.rb: fix typo [ruby-dev:30073].
+
+	* ext/tk/lib/tk/canvas.rb (TkCanvas#scan_dragto): lack of an argument.
+
+	* ext/tk/lib/tk/canvas.rb: clarify the including module name
+	  [ruby-dev:30080].
+
+	* ext/tk/lib/tk/scrollable.rb: change primary name of modules
+	  [ruby-dev:30080].
+
+Wed Jan 24 18:05:39 2007  Yukihiro Matsumoto  <matz@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* misc/ruby-mode.el (ruby-font-lock-syntactic-keywords): fix
+	  regexp font-lock bug.  [ruby-talk:235758]
+
+Tue Jan 23 11:02:33 2007  Yukihiro Matsumoto  <matz@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* lib/webrick/httprequest.rb (WEBrick::HTTPRequest::read_line):
+
+Tue Jan 23 18:26:12 2007  Yukihiro Matsumoto  <matz@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* lib/cgi.rb (CGI::QueryExtension::read_multipart): use == instead
+	  of ===.  [ruby-dev:30176]
+
+Tue Jan 23 10:48:17 2007  Yukihiro Matsumoto  <matz@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* hash.c: added documentation for Hash about how it uses eql? and
+	  hash methods for the keys.  [ruby-core:09995]
+
+Mon Jan 22 14:57:25 2007  Yukihiro Matsumoto  <matz@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* ext/socket/socket.c: fix errors in socket sample code.
+	  [ruby-core:09992]
+
+Sat Jan 13 23:54:48 2007  Masaki Suketa  <masaki.suketa@nifty.ne.jp>
+
+	* ext/win32ole/win32ole.c (ole_free, ole_type_free,
+	  olemethod_free, olevariable_free, oleparam_free,
+	  ole_event_free): fix memory leak.  [ruby-core:09846]
+
+Fri Jan 12 11:13:55 2007  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* ext/etc/etc.c (etc_getpwuid, etc_getgrgid): fix to correctly
+	  convert uid/gid from VALUE. (backport of r11521)
+
+Wed Jan 10 18:57:57 2007  Minero Aoki  <aamine@loveruby.net>
+
+	* ext/strscan/strscan.c (strscan_do_scan): should set kcode option
+	  before match. [ruby-dev:29914]
+
+	* test/strscan/test_stringscanner.rb: test it.
+
+	* re.c: export kcode_set_option and kcode_reset_option (with "rb_"
+	  prefix).
+
+	* intern.h: ditto.
+
+Tue Jan  9 17:45:17 2007  NAKAMURA Usaku  <usa@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* file.c (rb_find_file): should not call fpath_check() with NULL.
+	  fixed: [ruby-core:09867]
+
+Tue Jan  9 03:54:38 2007  Yukihiro Matsumoto  <matz@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* string.c (rb_str_upto): String#upto from empty string makes
+	  inifinite loop.  [ruby-core:09864]
+
+Sun Jan  7 12:13:26 2007  Eric Hodel  <drbrain@segment7.net>
+
+	* lib/rdoc/parsers/parse_c.rb (RDoc::C_Parser#find_class_comment):
+	  Look for class and module comments above rb_define_class and
+	  rb_define_module.  Patch by Daniel Berger <djberg96 at gmail.com>
+
+Sun Jan  7 10:32:12 2007  Eric Hodel  <drbrain@segment7.net>
+
+	* lib/rdoc/parsers/parse_c.rb (RDoc::C_Parser#handle_constants):
+	  Properly handle escaping of : in comments.
+	* test/rdoc/parsers/test_parse_c.rb:
+	  Test RDoc::C_Parser#do_classes and Rdoc::C_Parser#find_class_comment.
+
+Sun Jan  7 09:33:02 2007  Tadayoshi Funaba  <tadf@dotrb.org>
+
+	* lib/date/format.rb: updated based on date2 4.0.1.
+
+Wed Jan  3 11:36:51 2007  Yukihiro Matsumoto  <matz@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* io.c (ruby_dup): start GC on ENOMEM as well.
+
+Mon Jan  1 06:13:11 2007  Eric Hodel  <drbrain@segment7.net>
+
+	* lib/rdoc/parsers/c_parser.rb: Make Rdoc accessible.  Update constant
+	  value information.
+
+Mon Jan  1 06:13:11 2007  Eric Hodel  <drbrain@segment7.net>
+
+	* ext/bigdecimal/bigdecimal.c: Update constant comments to provide
+	  values for RDoc.
+
+Mon Jan  1 06:05:55 2007  Eric Hodel  <drbrain@segment7.net>
+
+	* lib/rdoc/parsers/parse_c.rb (RDoc::C_Parser#handle_constansts):
+	  Allow RDoc comment to give friendly value for rb_define_const.  Patch
+	  by Daniel Berger <djberg96 at gmail.com>, [ruby-patches-7499].
+	* lib/rdoc/parsers/parse_c.rb (RDoc::C_Parser#handle_constansts): Fix
+	  whitespace handling in constant comments.
+
+Sun Dec 31 00:31:16 2006  Tadayoshi Funaba  <tadf@dotrb.org>
+
+	* lib/date.rb, lib/date/format.rb: updated based on date2 4.0.
+
+Thu Dec 14 18:29:13 2006  Yukihiro Matsumoto  <matz@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* ext/readline/readline.c: NetBSD editline does not have
+	  rl_username_completion_function() and rl_completion_matches().
+	  a patch from Takahiro Kambe <taca at back-street.net>.
+	  [ruby-dev:30008]
+
+Thu Dec 14 18:20:43 2006  Yukihiro Matsumoto  <matz@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* lib/irb/locale.rb (IRB::Locale::puts): typo fixed.  a patch from
+	  NAKAMURA Usaku <usa@ruby-lang.org>.  [ruby-dev:30012]
+
+Mon Dec 11 11:58:36 2006  Akinori MUSHA  <knu@iDaemons.org>
+
+	* ext/digest/sha2/lib/sha2.rb: Moved one level up from under
+	  the superfluous subdirectory digest/.
+
+Mon Dec 11 11:46:18 2006  Yukihiro Matsumoto  <matz@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* variable.c (rb_define_const): typo fixed.
+
+Mon Dec 11 09:36:29 2006  Yukihiro Matsumoto  <matz@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* string.c (rb_str_aset): index double decode problem.
+	  [ruby-core:09695]
+
+Sat Dec  9 21:39:24 2006  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* eval.c (ruby_cleanup): keep the exception till after END blocks.
+	  [ruby-core:09675]
+
+Sat Dec  9 11:22:00 2006  Yukihiro Matsumoto  <matz@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* lib/irb/locale.rb (IRB::Locale::search_file): ues File.exist?
+	  instead of File.exists?.  a patch from Yutaka Kanemoto
+	  <kinpoco at gmail.com> in [ruby-dev:30000].
+
+Thu Dec  7 09:29:02 2006  Yukihiro Matsumoto  <matz@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* lib/weakref.rb (WeakRef::__setobj__): should support
+	  marshaling.  [ruby-talk:228508]
+
+	* lib/delegate.rb (Delegator::marshal_load): need to call
+	  __setobj__.
+
+Wed Dec  6 23:56:14 2006  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* Makefile.in, common.mk (NULLCMD): moved for platforms that empty
+	  command does not run.  fixed: [ruby-dev:29994]
+
+Wed Dec  6 17:17:26 2006  WATANABE Hirofumi  <eban@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* configure.in (SITE_DIR): fixed to emtpy RUBY_SITE_LIB in config.h on
+	  NetBSD.  fixed: [ruby-dev:29358]
+
+Tue Dec  5 00:59:05 2006  Yukihiro Matsumoto  <matz@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* misc/ruby-mode.el (ruby-parse-partial): need to parse "/=" as
+	  self assignment operator, not regex.  [ruby-talk:227324]
+
+Mon Dec  4 10:48:03 2006  Yukihiro Matsumoto  <matz@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* ruby.h (OFFT2NUM): use LONG2NUM() if sizeof(long) equals to
+	  sizeof(off_t).
+
+Mon Dec  4 10:43:46 2006  Yukihiro Matsumoto  <matz@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* parse.y (dyna_init_gen): dvar initialization only if dvar is
+	  assigned inner block.  [ruby-talk:227402]
+
+Mon Dec  4 08:32:49 2006  Shugo Maeda  <shugo@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* lib/cgi.rb (CGI::QueryExtension::read_multipart): should quote
+	  boundary. JVN#84798830
+
+Sat Dec  2 07:09:04 2006  GOTOU Yuuzou  <gotoyuzo@notwork.org>
+
+	* ext/openssl/ossl_ocsp.c: OpenSSL::OCSP::OSCPError should be
+	  subclass of OpenSSL::OpenSSLError. [ruby-dev:29980]
+
+Fri Dec  1 17:01:49 2006  NAKAMURA Usaku  <usa@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* gc.c (ruby_init_stack): decrease "stack level too deep" in Windows.
+	  merge from trunk.
+
+Fri Dec  1 16:31:53 2006  Hidetoshi NAGAI  <nagai@ai.kyutech.ac.jp>
+
+	* ext/tk/tcltklib.c: shouldn't run the killed thread at callback.
+	  [ruby-talk: 227408]
+
+Mon Nov 27 17:18:27 2006  Yukihiro Matsumoto  <matz@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* sprintf.c (rb_f_sprintf): need not to truncate string if no
+	  width specifier given for %s.  [ruby-dev:29952]
+
+Sun Nov 26 16:36:46 2006  URABE Shyouhei  <shyouhei@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* version.h: addition of RUBY_PATCHLEVEL.
+	* version.c: ditto.
+
+Fri Nov 24 10:17:51 2006  Yukihiro Matsumoto  <matz@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* bignum.c (bignorm): avoid segmentation.  a patch from Hiroyuki
+	  Ito <ZXB01226@nifty.com>.  [ruby-list:43012]
+
+Thu Nov 23 10:38:40 2006  Yukihiro Matsumoto  <matz@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* eval.c (rb_mod_define_method): set implicit visibility only when
+	  it's called for the target class (ruby_cbase).
+
+Wed Nov 22 16:00:49 2006  Hidetoshi NAGAI  <nagai@ai.kyutech.ac.jp>
+
+	* ext/tk/extconf.rb: support --with-X11/--without-X11 option.
+
+	* ext/tk/README.tcltklib: add description about --with-X11-* option
+	  [ruby-talk:225166] and --with-X11/--without-X11 option.
+
+	* ext/tk/tkutil/extconf.rb: able to be called manually
+	  [ruby-talk:225950].
+
+Wed Nov 15 23:22:54 2006  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* file.c (test_grpowned, rb_stat_grpowned): should honor
+	  supplementary group IDs.  [ruby-core:09546]
+
+Thu Nov  9 03:15:22 2006  Yukihiro Matsumoto  <matz@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* eval.c (BEGIN_CALLARGS): ruby_block may be NULL even when
+	  ITER_PRE.
+
+Tue Nov  7 18:34:34 2006  Akinori MUSHA  <knu@iDaemons.org>
+
+	* ext/digest/lib/digest/hmac.rb: Keep this out of the 1.8 tree
+	  until we reach a consensus that HMAC should be put under Digest.
+
+Tue Nov  7 18:05:01 2006  Hidetoshi NAGAI  <nagai@ai.kyutech.ac.jp>
+
+	* ext/tk/lib/tk/itemconfig.rb: minor bug fix.
+
+Mon Nov  6 20:11:20 2006  Kouhei Sutou  <kou@cozmixng.org>
+
+	* lib/rss/0.9.rb (RSS::Rss): removed needless include.
+
+Mon Nov  6 15:41:55 2006  Hidetoshi NAGAI  <nagai@ai.kyutech.ac.jp>
+
+	* ext/tk/lib/tk/itemconfig.rb: ext/tk/lib/tk/itemconfig.rb: bug
+	  fix on 'itemconfiginfo' method, and modify to make it easy to
+	  override 'itemconfiginfo' method.
+
+	* ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/tile/treeview.rb : support Tile 0.7.8.
+
+	* ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/version.rb : [new] add Tk::Tkextlib_RELEASE_DATE
+	  to get the information from scripts.
+
+	* ext/tk/lib/tk.rb: load 'tkextlib/version.rb', and update RELEASE_DATE
+
+	* ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/SUPPORT_STATUS: update.
+
+	* ext/tk/sample/editable_listbox.rb: [new] the listbox with editable
+	  items. It's one of the example about usage of Place geometry manager.
+
+	* ext/tk/sample/tktextio.rb: improve the functions of TkTextIO class.
+	  Those are required by 'irbtkw.rbw'.
+
+	* ext/tk/sample/irbtkw.rbw: [new] IRB on Ruby/Tk. It doesn't need any
+	  real console. IRB works on a text widget without I/O blocking. That
+	  is, thread switching on IRB will work properly, even if on Windows.
+
+Sun Nov  5 19:53:49 2006  Tadayoshi Funaba  <tadf@dotrb.org>
+
+	* lib/date.rb: updated based on date2 3.9.7.
+
+Sat Nov  4 13:13:57 2006  Shugo Maeda  <shugo@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* lib/net/imap.rb: accept NOMODSEQ. [ruby-core:9002]
+	  (backported from HEAD)
+
+Fri Nov  3 00:16:37 2006  Yukihiro Matsumoto  <matz@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* ext/socket/socket.c (ruby_getnameinfo__aix): AF_INET6 workaround
+	  for AIX.  a patch from Yutaka Kanemoto <kinpoco AT gmail.com>.
+	  [ruby-dev:29744]
+
+Thu Nov  2 15:43:39 2006  NAKAMURA Usaku  <usa@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* parse.y (primary): should set NODE even when compstmt is NULL.
+	  merge from trunk. fixed: [ruby-dev:29732]
+
+Thu Nov  2 14:48:30 2006  Akinori MUSHA  <knu@iDaemons.org>
+
+	* lib/set.rb (Set#^): Fix XOR operation against a container that
+	  holds duplicate values. [issue: #6444]
+
+Wed Nov  1 02:41:38 2006  Akinori MUSHA  <knu@iDaemons.org>
+
+	* ext/digest/lib/digest/hmac.rb (Digest::HMAC::update): Minor
+	  optimization.
+
+	* ext/digest/digest.c (rb_digest_instance_equal): Allow comparing
+	  a digest instance with another of a different class.
+
+Wed Nov  1 01:05:13 2006  NAKAMURA Usaku  <usa@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* eval.c (rb_call0): fixed bug of zsuper with both of opt and rest.
+	  fixed: [ruby-list:42928]
+
+	* test/ruby/test_super.rb: add tests to check above bug.
+
+Tue Oct 31 17:03:21 2006  Yukihiro Matsumoto  <matz@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* time.c (time_dup): duplicate the class of original time.
+	  [ruby-core:09357]
+
+	* lib/time.rb (Time::make_time, Time::rfc2822, Time::httpdate):
+	  should respect subclasses.  [ruby-core:09357]
+
+Mon Oct 30 23:40:52 2006  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* Makefile.in (miniruby): add XLDFLAGS.
+
+	* configure.in (aix): use -bE option for miniruby.  [ruby-dev:29698]
+
+	* dir.c (glob_helper): get rid of possible memory leak.
+
+	* win32/win32.c (cmdglob, rb_w32_cmdvector, rb_w32_opendir,
+	  rb_w32_get_environ): not to use GC before initialization.
+
+Mon Oct 30 19:29:20 2006  NAKAMURA Usaku  <usa@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* bignum.c (rb_big2str0): use better approximation.
+
+Mon Oct 30 18:35:33 2006  Yukihiro Matsumoto  <matz@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* bignum.c (rb_big2str0): wrong allocation length.  a patch from
+	  U.Nakamura <usa at garbagecollect.jp> [ruby-dev:29710]
+
+Mon Oct 30 12:34:02 2006  Yukihiro Matsumoto  <matz@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* eval.c (rb_eval): fix commit miss.  [ruby-dev:29707]
+
+Mon Oct 30 12:20:58 2006  Yukihiro Matsumoto  <matz@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* bignum.c (rb_big2str0): a bug in length adjustment.
+
+Mon Oct 30 11:15:40 2006  Yukihiro Matsumoto  <matz@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* sprintf.c (rb_str_format): should preserve leading zero
+	  information for negative %b and %x.  [ruby-talk:221347]
+
+Thu Oct 26 21:05:58 2006  GOTOU Yuuzou  <gotoyuzo@notwork.org>
+
+	* ext/openssl/ossl_pkcs7.c (ossl_pkcs7_verify): should clear error.
+	  (fix http://bugs.debian.org/394336)
+
+	* ext/openssl/ossl_ns_spki.c (ossl_spki_initialize): ditto.
+
+Thu Oct 26 15:21:10 2006  NAKAMURA Usaku  <usa@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* ext/digest/digest.c (Init_digest): typo.
+
+Wed Oct 25 17:23:28 2006  Akinori MUSHA  <knu@iDaemons.org>
+
+	* ext/digest, test/digest/test_digest.rb: Merge from trunk:
+	  - Introduce versioning in Digest::Base API, and prefix C
+	    constants with RUBY_ and C type names with rb_ to avoid name
+	    clash in writing extensions.
+	  - Introduce Digest::Class and Digest::Instance for ease of
+	    implementing subclasses and add-ons.
+	  - Digest::Instance module requires and assumes that any instance
+	    be resettable and clonable.  An instance method #new() is
+	    added so digest instances work just like digest classes.
+	  - The constructor does no longer take an initial string to feed;
+	    digest() and hexdigest() now do, instead.  This allows digest
+	    classes to take their own hashing parameters.
+	  - Make some changes to digest() and hexdigest() class methods,
+	    which now take extra arguments, which are passed through to
+	    the constructor in an internal call.
+	  - Add #digest_length/size/length() and #block_length(),
+	  - Add the Digest::SHA2 class to wrap up SHA2 variants: SHA256,
+	    SHA384 and SHA512, hoping this module would make a decent
+	    example of a digest subclass written in Ruby.
+	  - Rip BubbleBabble support out of the base class and have a
+	    separate module named digest/bubblebabble.
+	  - Remove RD documents in favor of newly written and embedded
+	    RDoc documentation.
+
+Wed Oct 25 08:03:23 2006  Tadayoshi Funaba  <tadf@dotrb.org>
+
+	* lib/date/format.rb: updated based on date2 3.9.6.
+	  [ruby-core:09323]
+
+Sun Oct 22 14:48:31 2006  Yukihiro Matsumoto  <matz@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* signal.c (ruby_signal): don't set SA_RESTART.  a backport from
+	  the HEAD.  [ruby-talk:220937]  [ruby-talk:147220]
+
+	* signal.c (Init_signal): avoid duplicated installation of SIGCHLD
+	  handler.
+
+Sun Oct 22 16:47:56 2006  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* string.c (rb_str_substr): should be infected with only original
+	  string, but not the shared string.  fixed: [ruby-core:09152]
+
+	* string.c (rb_str_new4): keep shared string untainted when orignal
+	  string is tainted.  fixed: [ruby-dev:29672]
+
+Sun Oct 22 05:20:34 2006  URABE Shyouhei  <shyouhei@ice.uec.ac.jp>
+
+	* configure.in: alloca is broken; use C_ALLOCA instead.
+	  [ruby-dev:29416]
+
+Fri Oct 20 10:47:43 2006  NAKAMURA Usaku  <usa@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* lib/mkmf.rb: fixed the bug of handling COMMON_MACROS.
+
+Fri Oct 20 08:42:38 2006  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* common.mk (NULLCMD): dummy command.
+
+	* bcc32/Makefile.sub (post-install-*): Borland make cannot ignore
+	  command-less double-colon rules.  [ruby-dev:29676]
+
+Fri Oct 20 00:37:07 2006  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* bcc32/Makefile.sub ($(LIBRUBY_SO)): execute pre-link hook.
+
+	* ext/extmk.rb: workaround for Borland make.
+
+Wed Oct 18 23:02:40 2006  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* array.c (rb_ary_shift): shorten copy size.  fixed: [ruby-list:42907]
+
+	* signal.c (Init_signal): handle SIGTERM.  fixed: [ruby-list:42895]
+
+	* win32/win32.c (rb_w32_utime): allow NULL to set the current time.
+	  [ruby-talk:219248]
+
+Wed Oct 18 00:55:33 2006  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* parse.y (parser_yylex): use particular enums.  [ruby-core:09221]
+
+Mon Oct 16 08:30:43 2006  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* mkconfig.rb: *OBJS are not needed for extension libraries.
+
+	* {bcc32,wince,win32}/Makefile.sub (config.status): fixed typo,
+	  missing comma.
+
+Sun Oct 15 01:03:08 2006  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* lib/test/unit/collector/dir.rb (Collector::Dir#collect): append base
+	  directory but not prepend.
+
+	* lib/test/unit/collector/dir.rb (Collector::Dir#collect_file): do not
+	  join with dot.  fixed: [ruby-core:09179]
+
+Sat Oct 14 23:39:50 2006  Yukihiro Matsumoto  <matz@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* parse.y (singleton): no need to re-create NODE_SELF() again.
+	  [ruby-core:09177]
+
+Sat Oct 14 23:25:31 2006  Yukihiro Matsumoto  <matz@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* parse.y (parser_warning, parser_warn): some error message may
+	  contain format specifiers.  a patch from Akinori MUSHA <knu at
+	  iDaemons.org>.  [ruby-dev:29657]
+
+	* ext/bigdecimal/bigdecimal.c (VpException): ditto.
+
+	* ext/dl/handle.c (rb_dlhandle_initialize): ditto.
+
+	* ext/gdbm/gdbm.c (rb_gdbm_fatal): ditto.
+
+Sat Oct 14 08:24:45 2006  Akinori MUSHA  <knu@iDaemons.org>
+
+	* ext/digest/lib/digest/hmac: Back out the addition of digest/hmac
+	  for now because the API is too premature for a stable branch.
+
+Sat Oct 14 00:55:08 2006  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* bcc32/Makefile.sub (post-install-ext): no longer needed.
+
+	* bcc32/configure.bat: get rid of a quirk of Borland make, which
+	  sets empty macro in command line to "1".
+
+Fri Oct 13 22:50:43 2006  Tadayoshi Funaba  <tadf@dotrb.org>
+
+	* lib/date.rb: updated based on date2 3.9.5.
+
+Fri Oct 13 22:33:28 2006  Minero Aoki  <aamine@loveruby.net>
+
+	* lib/fileutils.rb (FileUtils.cp_r): dereference_root=true is
+	  default in Ruby 1.8.  This line is wrongly removed in last commit.
+
+Fri Oct 13 18:19:31 2006  Yukihiro Matsumoto  <matz@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* object.c: Class#inherited RDoc added.  a patch from Daniel
+	  Berger <djberg96 at gmail.com>  [ruby-core:08942]
+
+Fri Oct 13 02:30:12 2006  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* lib/test/unit/collector/dir.rb (Collector::Dir#collect): prepend
+	  base directory to load path.
+
+	* lib/test/unit/collector/dir.rb (Collector::Dir#collect_file): should
+	  use the given File-like interface, but not File directly.
+
+	* test/testunit/collector/test_dir.rb (TestDir::FileSystem): implement
+	  File-like methods correctly.
+
+Fri Oct 13 01:48:42 2006  Yukihiro Matsumoto  <matz@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* lib/date.rb (Date::self.complete_hash): need to check if g is
+	  nil before dereference.  [ruby-core:09116]
+
+Fri Oct 13 00:34:26 2006  Yukihiro Matsumoto  <matz@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* object.c (rb_mod_cvar_defined): wrong id check.  a patch from
+	  Mauricio Fernandez <mfp at acm.org>.  [ruby-core:09158]
+
+	* object.c (rb_mod_cvar_get): typo fixed.  [ruby-core:09168]
+
+	* object.c (rb_mod_cvar_set): ditto.
+
+Wed Oct 11 22:21:41 2006  Akinori MUSHA  <knu@iDaemons.org>
+
+	* ext/digest: Merge from trunk; metadata location changed,
+	  Digest::Base#reset() added, Digest::Base#equal() changed, and
+	  digest/hmac added with some modifications made for ruby 1.8.
+
+Tue Oct 10 17:24:12 2006  NAKAMURA Usaku  <usa@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* {bcc32,win32,wince}/Makefile.sub (config.status): shouldn't use
+	  copy command instead of install. use -run install.
+
+Tue Oct 10 16:49:16 2006  Akinori MUSHA  <knu@iDaemons.org>
+
+	* ext/digest/digest.c (hexdigest_str_new, bubblebabble_str_new):
+	  Perform StringValue() checks properly.
+
+	* ext/digest/digest.c: Use RSTRING_{PTR,LEN} macros.
+
+Tue Oct 10 13:49:53 2006  Akinori MUSHA  <knu@iDaemons.org>
+
+	* ext/digest: Merge from trunk; apply all changes since the
+	  initial import, except for the removal of compatibility stub
+	  libraries (md5.rb and sha1.rb).
+
+Mon Oct  9 23:46:29 2006  Yukihiro Matsumoto  <matz@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* lib/parsedate.rb: documentation patch from Konrad Meyer
+	  <konrad.meyer@gmail.com>.  [ruby-doc:1238]
+
+	* lib/open3.rb, lib/ping.rb: ditto.
+
+Mon Oct  9 22:56:12 2006  Yukihiro Matsumoto  <matz@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* lib/rexml/encoding.rb (REXML::Encoding::check_encoding): spaces
+	  are allowed around equal sign.  [ruby-core:09032]
+
+	* lib/rexml/parsers/baseparser.rb (REXML::Parsers::BaseParser): ditto.
+
+Sat Oct  7 23:53:08 2006  Yukihiro Matsumoto  <matz@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* string.c (rb_str_scan): small documentation fix.
+	  [ruby-core:09007]
+
+Sat Oct  7 23:44:33 2006  Yukihiro Matsumoto  <matz@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* bignum.c (rb_big_rshift): a bug in right shift of negative
+	  bignums.  [ruby-core:09020]
+
+Sat Oct  7 00:27:58 2006  Yukihiro Matsumoto  <matz@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* class.c (rb_include_module): remove unnecessary check.
+	  [ruby-talk:218402]
+
+Fri Oct  6 04:30:30 2006  Akinori MUSHA  <knu@iDaemons.org>
+
+	* sample/openssl/c_rehash.rb: Use digest/md5 instead of obsolete md5.
+
+Wed Oct  4 18:47:25 2006  Hidetoshi NAGAI  <nagai@ai.kyutech.ac.jp>
+
+	* ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/*: bugfix and update
+	  (see ext/tk/ChangeLog.tkextlib).
+
+Wed Oct  4 17:25:14 2006  Yukihiro Matsumoto  <matz@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* eval.c (rb_call): check protected visibility based on real self,
+	  not ruby_frame->self.  [ruby-talk:217822]
+
+Wed Oct  4 08:52:30 2006  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* test/optparse/test_getopts.rb: changed the class name of test case
+	  to get rid of conflict with test_optparse.rb.
+
+Tue Oct  3 23:32:27 2006  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* lib/test/unit/testcase.rb (Test::Unit::TestCase.suite): test name
+	  must be string.  fixed: [ruby-core:08978]
+
+Mon Oct  2 23:47:55 2006  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* lib/test/unit/autorunner.rb (Test::Unit::AutoRunner::COLLECTORS):
+	  base directory should be lower precedence.  fixed: [ruby-dev:29622]
+
+	* lib/test/unit/autorunner.rb (Test::Unit::AutoRunner#options): typo.
+
+	* lib/test/unit/collector/dir.rb (Test::Unit::Collector::Dir#collect_file):
+	  load expanded path.  fixed: [ruby-dev:29621]
+
+Mon Oct  2 15:49:19 2006  NAKAMURA Usaku  <usa@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* instruby.rb: batfile should be CRLF'ed.
+
+Mon Oct  2 01:24:26 2006  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* common.mk (test-all): separate directory where running test cases
+	  from source tree.
+
+	* lib/test/unit/autorunner.rb (options): added --basedir, --workdir
+	  and --load-path options.
+
+	* lib/test/unit/collector/dir.rb (recursive_collect, collect_file):
+	  base directory support.
+
+Sun Oct  1 23:56:52 2006  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* Makefile.in, common.mk, ext/extmk.rb, win{32,ce}/Makefile.in: keep
+	  LIBRUBY_SO unless need to be removed.
+
+Sun Oct  1 23:12:19 2006  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* lib/optparse.rb (OptionParser#make_switch): pass arguments directly.
+
+Sat Sep 30 15:12:25 2006  Tadayoshi Funaba  <tadf@dotrb.org>
+
+	* lib/date.rb, lib/date/format.rb: updated based on date2 3.9.4.
+
+Fri Sep 29 12:11:04 2006  WATANABE Hirofumi  <eban@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* jcode.rb (succ!): call original succ! if $KCODE == 'n'.
+	  fixed: [ruby-talk:216845]
+
+Fri Sep 29 11:43:40 2006  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* lib/mkmf.rb (try_func): revert fallback checking undeclared function.
+	  fixed: [ruby-core:08949]
+
+Fri Sep 29 09:56:56 2006  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* ext/extmk.rb: extout is needed for also clean.
+	  fixed: [ruby-core:08944]
+
+	* lib/optparse.rb (OptionParser::Switch#conv_arg): unsplat by
+	  Proc#call if no conversion is given.
+
+Thu Sep 28 23:59:31 2006  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* node.h (struct thread): declare win32_exception_list on cygwin and
+	  win32 regardless if it is implemented.  Provisional fix for
+	  [ruby-core:08917].
+
+Thu Sep 28 20:53:16 2006  NAKAMURA Usaku  <usa@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* lib/tmpdir.rb: use return value of getdir.call for length.
+
+Wed Sep 27 01:04:49 2006  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* lib/mkmf.rb (try_func): check function pointer first and macro next.
+
+	* lib/mkmf.rb (have_type): simplified with typedef and sizeof.
+
+Tue Sep 26 23:57:03 2006  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* lib/optparse.rb (OptionParser#getopts): use strings as key.
+	  fixed: [ruby-dev:29614]
+
+Tue Sep 26 15:31:26 2006  NAKAMURA Usaku  <usa@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* {win32,wince}/Makefile.sub (CPP): check predefined value.
+
+Tue Sep 26 07:55:16 2006  Yukihiro Matsumoto  <matz@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* array.c (rb_ary_shift): should not move memory region if array
+	  body is shared.  a patch from Kent Sibilev <ksruby at gmail.com>.
+	  [ruby-core:08922]
+
+Mon Sep 25 22:26:26 2006  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* file.c (rb_path_end): skip root directory.  fixed: [ruby-core:08913]
+
+	* lib/mkmf.rb (init_mkmf): set default $LDFLAGS.  Patch by Michal
+	  Suchanek <hramrach at centrum.cz>.  [ruby-talk:216256]
+
+Mon Sep 25 08:14:43 2006  Yukihiro Matsumoto  <matz@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* array.c (rb_ary_shift): should clear shifting top element.
+	  [ruby-talk:216055]
+
+	* array.c (rb_ary_shift): avoid creating shared object if array
+	  size is small.
+
+Mon Sep 25 08:11:35 2006  Yukihiro Matsumoto  <matz@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* random.c (rb_f_rand): RDoc typo fix.  a patch from Frederick
+	  Cheung <fred at 82ask.com>.  [ruby-talk:216047]
+
+Sun Sep 24 22:28:20 2006  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* runruby.rb: extension library scripts moved into common directory.
+
+Sun Sep 24 14:59:50 2006  Tanaka Akira  <akr@fsij.org>
+
+	* node.h (struct thread): ia64 support is broken by sandbox patch.
+
+Sun Sep 24 12:11:16 2006  Tadayoshi Funaba  <tadf@dotrb.org>
+
+	* lib/date.rb, lib/date/format.rb: updated based on date2 3.9.3.
+
+Sat Sep 23 23:24:57 2006  why the lucky stiff  <why@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* eval.c (rb_thread_save_context, rb_thread_restore_context):
+	  sandbox hook to save and restore sandbox state.
+
+	* eval.c (thread_no_ensure): added THREAD_NO_ENSURE thread flag.
+
+	* eval.c (rb_thread_kill_bang): Thread#kill! uses the above flag
+	  to circumvent ensure, in order to prevent endless loops.
+	  [ruby-core:08768]
+
+	* eval.c (rb_thread_kill): fix Thread#kill docs, which returns
+	  the thread object in all cases.
+
+	* node.h: expose the rb_jmpbuf_t and rb_thread_t structs, along
+	  with the thread flags.  used by the sandbox extension.
+
+	* ruby.h: extern rb_eThreadError, so sandbox can swap it.
+
+Sat Sep 23 21:34:15 2006  Yukihiro Matsumoto  <matz@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* lib/cgi.rb (CGI::QueryExtension::read_multipart): CGI content
+	  may be empty.  a patch from Jamis Buck <jamis at 37signals.com>.
+
+Sat Sep 23 08:35:53 2006  Yukihiro Matsumoto  <matz@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* lib/rdoc/ri/ri_options.rb: prevent NameError.  [ruby-dev:29597]
+
+Sat Sep 23 01:04:20 2006  Tadayoshi Funaba  <tadf@dotrb.org>
+
+	* lib/date.rb, lib/date/format.rb: updated based on date2 3.9.2.
+
+Fri Sep 22 02:06:26 2006  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* .cvsignore: ignore timestamp files and installed list file.
+
+Fri Sep 22 01:36:34 2006  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* instruby.rb: include FileUtils unconditionally.
+
+Thu Sep 21 22:56:20 2006  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* common.mk (no-install): not install rdoc actually.
+
+	* common.mk (install-doc, no-install-doc): use instruby.rb.
+
+	* instruby.rb: rdoc installation.
+
+	* ext/extmk.rb: expand ruby executable names.
+
+Thu Sep 21 13:55:07 2006  Yukihiro Matsumoto  <matz@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* ext/etc/etc.c (etc_getpwuid): uid integer should be wraped in
+	  uid_t value.  [ruby-core:08897]
+
+	* ext/etc/etc.c (etc_getpwuid): uid_t may be bigger than plain
+	  'int' type.
+
+Wed Sep 20 23:17:41 2006  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* common.mk (pre-install-doc): create data directory before install.
+
+	* lib/mkmf.rb (dir_re): fixed typo.
+
+	* lib/mkmf.rb (install_dirs): remove extra slash.
+
+Wed Sep 20 09:53:38 2006  NAKAMURA Usaku  <usa@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* {bcc32,win32,wince}/Makefile.sub (INSTALLED_LIST): need to define
+	  this macro to install.
+
+Wed Sep 20 09:43:10 2006  Shugo Maeda  <shugo@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* lib/net/imap.rb: allow extra spaces in responses.
+	  Thanks, Tom Soderlund. (backported from HEAD)
+
+Wed Sep 20 09:25:39 2006  Yukihiro Matsumoto  <matz@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* ext/gdbm/gdbm.c: add RDoc documentation. a patch from Peter
+	  Adolphs <futzilogik at users dot sourceforge dot net>.
+	  [ruby-doc:1223]
+
+Tue Sep 19 01:28:00 2006  Minero Aoki  <aamine@loveruby.net>
+
+	* lib/fileutils.rb: backport from HEAD (rev 1.71).
+
+	* lib/fileutils.rb (FileUtils.cp_r): new option
+	  :remove_destination.
+
+Tue Sep 19 00:42:15 2006  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* object.c (rb_obj_ivar_defined, rb_mod_cvar_defined): new methods,
+	  Kernel#instance_variable_defined? and Module#class_variable_defined?.
+	  [ruby-dev:29587]
+
+	* lib/date/format.rb (Date::Bag#method_missing): use new method,
+	  instance_variable_defined? to check if an instance variable is
+	  defined.  fixed: [ruby-dev:29554]
+	  -- This didn't fix anything.
+
+Sun Sep 17 23:44:58 2006  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* lib/rdoc/rdoc.rb (RDoc::RDoc#document): scan only files modified
+	  after the previous generation.
+
+Sun Sep 17 17:42:13 2006  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* common.mk (install-doc): reverted.
+
+	* instruby.rb: stores file name list without destdir prefix.
+
+	* lib/rdoc/generators/ri_generator.rb: do not chdir twice.
+
+Sat Sep 16 23:14:29 2006  Yukihiro Matsumoto  <matz@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* ext/pty/pty.c (establishShell): remove remaining unused line.
+
+Sat Sep 16 16:40:44 2006  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* Makefile.in, common.in, instruby.rb, ext/extmk.rb, lib/mkmf.rb:
+	  use instruby.rb to install extensions instead of ext/extmk.rb.
+
+	* instruby.rb: store installed list into the file.
+
+	* ext/dbm/extconf.rb: allow multiple candidates for dbm-type.
+
+	* ext/io/wait/extconf.rb: suspicious checking_for.
+
+	* ext/pty/pty.c (establishShell): parent pid is not used.
+
+	* ext/pty/pty.c (freeDevice): not used.
+
+	* ext/pty/pty.c (get_device_once): removed garbage right brace.
+
+	* lib/mkmf.rb (checking_for): improved the messages.
+
+Thu Sep 14 16:11:15 2006  Yukihiro Matsumoto  <matz@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* string.c (rb_str_intern): raise SecurityError only when $SAFE
+	  level is greater than zero.  [ruby-core:08862]
+
+	* parse.y (rb_interned_p): new function to check if a string is
+	  already interned.
+
+	* object.c (str_to_id): use rb_str_intern().
+
+Wed Sep 13 18:43:05 2006  Yukihiro Matsumoto  <matz@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* README.EXT: English adjustment.  [ruby-core:08851] and
+	  [ruby-core:08852]
+
+Wed Sep 13 18:25:18 2006  Yukihiro Matsumoto  <matz@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* misc/ruby-mode.el (ruby-parse-partial): better here-doc support.
+	  a patch from Marshall T. Vandegrift <llasram at gmail.com>.
+	  [ruby-core:08804]
+
+Wed Sep 13 16:43:36 2006  Yukihiro Matsumoto  <matz@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* string.c (rb_str_intern): prohibit interning tainted string.
+
+Wed Sep 13 01:14:21 2006  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* lib/optparse.rb (OptionParser#getopts): works with pre-registered
+	  options.  [ruby-core:08826]
+
+Sun Sep 10 20:27:13 2006  Tadayoshi Funaba  <tadf@dotrb.org>
+
+	* lib/date.rb, lib/date/format.rb: updated based on date2 3.9.1.
+
+Tue Jan 10 09:18:03 2006  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* eval.c (stack_extend): fixed prototype.
+
+	* eval.c (rb_require_safe): prevent extension from loading twice.
+	  fixed: [ruby-dev:29523]
+
+Sat Sep  9 23:50:38 2006  Yukihiro Matsumoto  <matz@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* bignum.c (rb_big_mul0): bignum multiplication without
+	  normalization.
+
+	* bignum.c (rb_big_pow): use rb_big_mul0().  [ruby-dev:29547]
+
+Sat Sep  9 14:08:38 2006  Eric Hodel  <drbrain@segment7.net>
+
+	* lib/test/unit/testcase.rb (Test::Unit::TestCase#run): Rescue
+	  Exception in Test::Unit::TestCase#run.  [ruby-core:08783]
+
+Sat Sep  9 04:55:59 2006  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* lib/pstore.rb: open all in binary mode, and get rid of the quirk of
+	  msvcrt.  fixed: [ruby-dev:29518]
+
+Sat Sep  9 04:54:42 2006  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* Makefile.in, win32/Makefile.sub (MINIRUBY): append MINIRUBYOPT.
+
+	* mkconfig.rb, ext/extmk.rb, lib/mkmf.rb, win32/mkexports.rb: suppress
+	  warnings with $VERBOSE.
+
+	* ext/extmk.rb: Proc#call does not pass the block in 1.8.
+
+	* win32/resource.rb: add more info.
+
+Fri Sep  8 10:03:59 2006  GOTOU Yuuzou  <gotoyuzo@notwork.org>
+
+	* lib/webrick/cookie.rb (WEBrick::Cookie.parse_set_cookies): new
+	  method to parse multiple cookies per Set-Cookie header.
+	  Thanks to Aaron Patterson <aaron_patterson at speakeasy.net>.
+	  [ruby-core:08802]
+
+Fri Sep  8 08:59:30 2006  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* win32/Makefile.sub, win32/configure.bat win32/setup.mak: program
+	  name transform.
+
+Fri Sep  8 01:33:08 2006  Yukihiro Matsumoto  <matz@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* ruby.h (RSTRING_PTR): add migration macro.
+
+	* ruby.h (RARRAY_PTR): ditto.
+
+Thu Sep  7 23:27:05 2006  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* file.c (path_check_0, fpath_check): disable path check on cygwin.
+	  [ruby-talk:213074]
+
+Wed Sep 06 12:05:19 2006  NARUSE, Yui  <naruse@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* ext/nkf/lib/kconv.rb (Kconv::RegexpEucjp): fix regexp for euc-jp
+	  [ruby-dev:29344]
+
+	* ext/nkf/lib/kconv.rb (Kconv::toeuc): remove -m0 [ruby-dev:29505]
+
+Tue Sep  5 06:47:22 2006  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* time.c (time_to_s): variable declaration after an execution
+	  statement.
+
+Tue Sep  5 05:56:51 2006  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* numeric.c (flo_hash): improve collision.  fixed: [ruby-dev:29352]
+
+Tue Sep  5 05:49:41 2006  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* file.c (path_check_0): check if sticky bit is set on parent
+	  directories for executable path.  fixed: [ruby-dev:29415]
+
+Tue Sep  5 05:03:46 2006  Yukihiro Matsumoto  <matz@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* numeric.c (fix_plus): addition in Fixnum will never overflow
+	  long.  a patch from Ondrej Bilka <neleai at seznam.cz>.
+	  [ruby-core:08794]
+
+	* numeric.c (fix_minus): ditto.
+
+	* bignum.c (rb_big_pow): eagerly truncate resulting bignum.
+	  [ruby-core:08794]
+
+Mon Sep  4 23:15:34 2006  Yukihiro Matsumoto  <matz@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* time.c (time_to_s): make it conform to RFC2822 date format.
+	  [ruby-dev:29467]
+
+Mon Sep  4 21:43:57 2006  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* ext/dbm/extconf.rb: create makefile according to the result of check
+	  for dbm header.  fixed: [ruby-dev:29445]
+
+Mon Sep  4 21:42:35 2006  Tadayoshi Funaba  <tadf@dotrb.org>
+
+	* lib/date.rb, lib/date/format.rb: updated based on date2 3.9.
+
+Mon Sep  4 21:14:20 2006  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* time.c (time_strftime): include nul character.  fixed: [ruby-dev:29422]
+
+Mon Sep  4 16:29:33 2006  Yukihiro Matsumoto  <matz@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* lib/cgi.rb (CGI::out): specify -m0 -x option for nkf.
+	  [ruby-dev:29284]
+
+Mon Sep  4 16:13:23 2006  Yukihiro Matsumoto  <matz@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* io.c (pipe_open): command name should not contain null bytes.
+	  [ruby-dev:29421]
+
+	* process.c (proc_spawn): ditto.
+
+	* process.c (proc_spawn_n): ditto.
+
+	* process.c (rb_f_system): ditto.
+
+Sun Sep  3 15:32:44 2006  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* lib/mkmf.rb: get rid of nil.to_s.
+
+Sun Sep  3 06:24:38 2006  Tanaka Akira  <akr@fsij.org>
+
+	* ext/socket/socket.c (ruby_connect): sockerrlen should be socklen_t.
+
+Sun Sep  3 04:40:42 2006  Tanaka Akira  <akr@fsij.org>
+
+	* ext/socket/extconf.rb: check arpa/inet.h for ntohs.
+
+	* ext/socket/socket.c: include arpa/inet.h if available.
+
+Sun Sep  3 02:34:55 2006  Masatoshi SEKI  <m_seki@mva.biglobe.ne.jp>
+
+	* lib/drb/unix.rb (DRbUNIXSocket#close): don't get path if client mode.
+	  [ruby-dev:29417]
+
+Sun Sep  3 01:45:17 2006  Masatoshi SEKI  <m_seki@mva.biglobe.ne.jp>
+
+	* lib/drb/acl.rb (ACLEntry#initialize): examine whether '*' is
+	  included before IPAddr.new. [ruby-dev:29406]
+
+Sat Sep  2 13:23:01 2006  Tanaka Akira  <akr@fsij.org>
+
+	* common.mk (ia64.o): use the compiler driver to assemble ia64.s
+	  to use appropriate ABI.
+
+Sat Sep  2 03:36:22 2006  Tanaka Akira  <akr@fsij.org>
+
+	* common.mk, configure.in, defines.h, eval.c, gc.c, main.c,
+	  numeric.c, ruby.h, ia64.s: backport IA64 HP-UX support.
+
+Fri Sep  1 13:52:57 2006  Hidetoshi NAGAI  <nagai@ai.kyutech.ac.jp>
+
+	* ext/tk/lib/tk/font.rb: TkFont#current_configinfo() doesn't work
+	  on Tcl/Tk8.x.
+
+Thu Aug 31 12:46:55 2006  why the lucky stiff  <why@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* eval.c (ruby_init): rename top_cref to ruby_top_cref and export,
+	  along with ruby_cref, for use by the sandbox. [ruby-core:08762]
+
+	* node.h: ditto.
+
+Tue Aug 29 19:10:10 2006  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* hash.c (rb_hash_s_create): fixed memory leak, based on the patch
+	  by Kent Sibilev <ksruby at gmail.com>.  fixed: [ruby-talk:211233]
+
+Mon Aug 28 11:36:02 2006  Eric Hodel  <drbrain@segment7.net>
+
+	* lib/rdoc/parsers/parse_rb.rb: Fix typo.  Submitted by
+	  <calamitas at gmail.com>.  [ruby-core:08724]
+
+Mon Aug 28 07:53:44 2006  Eric Hodel  <drbrain@segment7.net>
+
+	* lib/rdoc/ri/ri_formatter.rb: Don't unescape HTML in HtmlFormatter.
+	  Submitted by Kent Sibilev <ksruby at gmail.com>.  [ruby-core:08392].
+
+Mon Aug 28 07:25:45 2006  Eric Hodel  <drbrain@segment7.net>
+
+	* file.c (File#size?): Fix documentation submitted by Rick Ohnemus.
+	  ruby-Bugs-5529.  [ruby-core:08725]
+
+Sat Aug 26 08:07:13 2006  Tadayoshi Funaba  <tadf@dotrb.org>
+
+	* lib/date.rb, lib/date/format.rb: updated based on date2 3.8.2.
+
+Fri Aug 25 22:32:04 2006  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* lib/rexml/source.rb (REXML::IOSource#initialize): encoding have to
+	  be set with the accessor.  fixed: [ruby-list:42737]
+
+Fri Aug 25 17:15:17 2006  Yukihiro Matsumoto  <matz@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* stable version 1.8.5 released.
+
+Fri Aug 25 17:02:06 2006  Yukihiro Matsumoto  <matz@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* gc.c (gc_sweep): typo fixed.
+
+Tue Aug 22 18:47:51 2006  Yukihiro Matsumoto  <matz@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* lib/rdoc/parsers/parse_c.rb (RDoc::C_Parser::handle_method):
+	  rdoc documents C module methods as instance methods. a patch in
+	  [ruby-core:08536].
+
+Sat Aug 19 14:15:02 2006  NAKAMURA Usaku  <usa@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* win32/Makefile.sub (config.status): include winsock2.h instead of
+	  winsock.h when --with-winsock2 is specified.
+	  fixed: [ruby-dev:29296]
+
+Sat Aug 19 11:28:08 2006  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* file.c (rb_file_s_rename): use errno if set properly.
+	  fixed: [ruby-dev:29293]
+
+Sat Aug 19 11:09:23 2006  Yukihiro Matsumoto  <matz@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* parse.y (then): remove semicolon warning.  [ruby-dev:29299]
+
+Thu Aug 17 19:15:16 2006  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* file.c (rb_stat_[rRwWxX]): check for super user.
+	  fixed: [ruby-core:08616]
+
+Thu Aug 17 14:47:06 2006  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* lib/mkmf.rb: added rdoc by Daniel Berger.  [ruby-core:08177]
+
+Thu Aug 17 00:39:05 2006  Masatoshi SEKI  <m_seki@mva.biglobe.ne.jp>
+
+	* lib/rinda/ring.rb (do_reply): Fix for RingServer fails to find a
+	  TupleSpace when TupleSpace resides in the same ruby process with
+	  RingServer. a patch from Kent Sibilev. [ruby-core:08453]
+
+Wed Aug 16 11:45:36 2006  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* process.c (proc_setuid, proc_setgid, proc_seteuid, proc_setegid):
+	  get rid of bogus implementations on Mac OS X.
+
+Tue Aug 15 19:10:18 2006  Eric Hodel  <drbrain@segment7.net>
+
+	* lib/rdoc/parsers/parse_c.rb (RDoc::C_Parser#find_class_comment): Fix
+	  broken class-level documentation.
+
+Wed Aug 16 11:09:26 2006  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* ruby.c (set_arg0): fill argv other than the first with an empty
+	  string instead of NULL.
+
+Wed Aug 16 11:08:00 2006  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* win32/win32.h: removed an excess macro.  fixed: [ruby-dev:29258]
+
+Tue Aug  8 23:49:06 2006  Yukihiro Matsumoto  <matz@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* lib/irb/extend-command.rb (IRB::ExtendCommandBundle): pacify
+	  RDoc.  a patch from Eric Hodel <drbrain at segment7.net>.
+	  [ruby-core:08522]
+
+Tue Aug  8 11:32:54 2006  NAKAMURA Usaku  <usa@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* Makefile.in, common.mk, configure.in: fix for platforms without
+	  rm. patches from Yutaka kanemoto <kinpoco at gmail.com>.
+	  [ruby-dev:29215]
+
+Mon Aug  7 17:56:59 2006  Yukihiro Matsumoto  <matz@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* ext/bigdecimal/bigdecimal.c, ext/digest/rmd160/rmd160ossl.c,
+	  ext/digest/sha1/sha1ossl.c, ext/readline/readline.c: move
+	  incluion of config.h to pacify AIX.  a patch from Yutaka
+	  Kanemoto <kinpoco at gmail.com>.  [ruby-dev:29197]
+
+Mon Aug  7 15:55:08 2006  Yukihiro Matsumoto  <matz@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* ext/syck/syck.c (syck_move_tokens): should avoid negative
+	  memmove.  [ruby-list:42625]
+
+Mon Aug  7 14:37:48 2006  Yukihiro Matsumoto  <matz@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* configure.in, common.mk: AIX link issue.  a patch from Yutaka
+	  Kanemoto <kinpoco at gmail.com>.  [ruby-dev:29190]
+
+	* ext/socket/socket.c: AIX socket support.  [ruby-dev:29190]
+
+Mon Aug  7 12:05:28 2006  Yukihiro Matsumoto  <matz@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* dln.c, eval.c, gc.c, regex.c, ruby.h: shut up AIX alloca
+	  warning.  a patch from Yutaka Kanemoto <kinpoco at gmail.com>.
+	  [ruby-dev:29191]
+
+Sun Aug  6 20:40:41 2006  Tadayoshi Funaba  <tadf@dotrb.org>
+
+	* lib/date/format.rb (str[fp]time): %[EO]U didn't denote %U.
+
+Sat Aug  5 17:07:43 2006  Yukihiro Matsumoto  <matz@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* parse.y (top_local_setup): local_vars[-1] should point
+	  ruby_scope itself to protect local_tbl from garbage collection.
+	  [ruby-dev:29049]
+
+Sat Aug  5 13:54:03 2006  Tadayoshi Funaba  <tadf@dotrb.org>
+
+	* lib/date/format.rb (str[fp]time): "%\n" means "\n".
+
+Fri Aug  4 15:21:00 2006  Eric Hodel  <drbrain@segment7.net>
+
+	* lib: Merge RDoc and .document from HEAD.
+	* lib/drb/ssl.rb: Close socket on SSLError [ruby-core:7197]
+
+Fri Aug  4 19:13:41 2006  Keiju Ishitsuka  <keiju@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* lib/irb/{init.rb,ruby-lex.rb,slex.rb}: can't input '\c' for
+	  [ruby-core: 7122].
+
+Fri Aug  4 14:02:14 2006  James Edward Gray II  <james@grayproductions.net>
+
+	* lib/date/format.rb (__strptime, strftime): allow multi-line patterns
+	  in Date#strftime the same as Time#strftime accepts.
+	  fixed: [ruby-core:08466]
+
+Fri Aug  4 13:56:51 2006  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* pack.c (pack_pack): check argument overrun for 'P'.  based on a
+	  patch by rucila <rucila at yahoo.cojp>.  fixed: [ruby-dev:29182]
+
+Tue Aug  1 17:44:03 2006  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* win32/win32.c (init_stdhandle): assign standard file handles.
+
+Tue Aug  1 12:24:58 2006  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* eval.c (Init_Binding): fix old commit miss.
+
+Mon Jul 31 17:08:20 2006  NAKAMURA Usaku  <usa@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* win32/win32.c (exit_handler): new function; release winsock and
+	  environment work area.
+
+	* win32/win32.c (NTInitialize): setup exit_handler.
+
+	* win32/win32.c (StartSockets): use exit_handler.
+
+	* win32/win32.c (rb_w32_getenv): use GetEnvironmentStrings() instead
+	  of GetEnvironmentVariable(), because the latter cannot distinguish
+	  wheather a null environment variable exists or not.
+	  fixed: [ruby-talk:205123]
+
+Mon Jul 31 16:15:13 2006  Tanaka Akira  <akr@fsij.org>
+
+	* test/ruby/test_process.rb (TestProcess#test_rlimit_nofile):
+	  setrlimit may fail with EINVAL.
+	  reported by MIYAMUKO Katsuyuki.  [ruby-dev:29174]
+
+Mon Jul 31 13:38:22 2006  GOTOU Yuuzou  <gotoyuzo@notwork.org>
+
+	* lib/webrick/httprequest.rb (WEBrick::HTTPReuqest#parse_uri): improve
+	  for the value of IPv6 address in the Host: header field.
+
+Mon Jul 31 09:22:12 2006  Yukihiro Matsumoto  <matz@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* ruby.h: use ifdef (or defined) for macro constants that may or
+	  may not be defined to shut up gcc's -Wundef warnings.
+	  [ruby-core:08447]
+
+Sun Jul 30 23:26:22 2006  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* eval.c (rb_call0): trace call/return of method defined from block.
+	  fixed: [ruby-core:08329]
+
+	* eval.c (rb_trap_eval): make the current thread runnable to deal with
+	  exceptions which occurred within the trap.  fixed: [ruby-dev:27729]
+
+	* lib/cgi/session.rb, lib/cgi/session/pstore.rb: suppress warnings.
+	  fixed: [ruby-talk:204896]
+
+Sat Jul 29 06:12:06 2006  Hidetoshi NAGAI  <nagai@ai.kyutech.ac.jp>
+
+	* ext/tk/lib/multi-tk.rb: freeze ip_name for security reason.
+
+Sat Jul 29 01:23:52 2006  Yukihiro Matsumoto  <matz@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* lib/logger.rb: improves the amount of documentation that Rdoc
+	  picks up when processing logger.rb by moving the require
+	  statement back before the comment block.  a patch from Hugh
+	  Sasse <hgs at dmu.ac.uk>.  [ruby-core:08422]
+
+Thu Jul 27 22:21:52 2006  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* time.c (time_to_s): fixed format mismatch.
+
+Thu Jul 27 21:19:54 2006  Yukihiro Matsumoto  <matz@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* math.c (domain_check): a new function to check domain error
+	  explicitly for systems that return NaN like FreeBSD.
+	  [ruby-core:07019]
+
+	* math.c (math_acos, math_asin, math_acosh, math_atanh, math_log,
+	  math_log10, math_sqrt): use domain_check().
+
+	* math.c (math_sqrt): fix documentation flaw.
+
+Thu Jul 27 18:12:12 2006  WATANABE Hirofumi  <eban@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* time.c: need to declare time_utc_offset.
+
+Thu Jul 27 17:01:01 2006  Yukihiro Matsumoto  <matz@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* io.c (io_close): always calls "close" method of the receiver.
+	  [ruby-core:6911] [ruby-core:8112]
+
+Thu Jul 27 16:49:01 2006  Yukihiro Matsumoto  <matz@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* time.c (time_to_s): use +0900 style timezone string for local time.
+	  [ruby-dev:29143]
+
+Thu Jul 27 16:41:15 2006  Yukihiro Matsumoto  <matz@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* ext/openssl/ossl.h: move <ruby.h> inclusion point to shut up
+	  Solaris compiler.  [ruby-core:08114]
+
+Wed Jul 26 22:20:59 2006  Yukihiro Matsumoto  <matz@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* configure.in: add support for as and ASFLAGS.  [ruby-dev:29138]
+
+Wed Jul 26 22:13:45 2006  Minero Aoki  <aamine@loveruby.net>
+
+	* lib/net/http.rb: sync with HEAD (rev 1.132).
+
+	* lib/net/http.rb (Net::HTTP#post, request_post, request): should
+	  set Content-Type: x-www-form-urlencoded by default.
+
+	* lib/net/http.rb (Net::HTTPHeader#content_type): should return
+	  nil when there's no Content-Type.
+
+	* lib/net/http.rb (Net::HTTPHeader#sub_type): should return nil
+	  when there's no sub Content-Type (e.g. "Content-Type: text").
+
+	* lib/net/http.rb (Net::HTTPHeader#type_params): wrongly failed
+	  when there's no Content-Type.
+
+Wed Jul 26 18:35:38 2006  Minero Aoki  <aamine@loveruby.net>
+
+	* ext/strscan/strscan.c: sync with HEAD (rev 1.25).
+
+	* ext/strscan/strscan.c (strscan_do_scan):
+	  StringScanner.new("").scan(//) should return "". [ruby-Bugs:4361]
+
+Wed Jul 26 18:14:19 2006  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* ext/pty/pty.c (getDevice): retry once after GC on failure.
+	  [ruby-core:08282]
+
+Wed Jul 26 17:28:16 2006  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* sprintf.c (rb_f_sprintf): prepend ".." to %u for negative bignum,
+	  but not "-".  fixed: [ruby-core:08167]
+
+Wed Jul 26 16:39:07 2006  Yukihiro Matsumoto  <matz@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* string.c (rb_str_scan): add string modification check.
+	  [ruby-core:7216]
+
+Wed Jul 26 16:06:03 2006  Yukihiro Matsumoto  <matz@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* lib/cgi.rb (CGI::QueryExtension::read_multipart): check
+	  multipart boundary end.  a patch from Fujioka <fuj at rabbix.jp>
+	  [ruby-dev:28470]
+
+Wed Jul 26 01:02:59 2006  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* configure.in: suppress warnings by automake 1.8 or later.
+
+Tue Jul 25 00:30:06 2006  Eric Hodel  <drbrain@segment7.net>
+
+	* lib/prettyprint.rb: RD to RDoc conversion by Hugh Sasse.
+
+Tue Jul 25 14:49:51 2006  NAKAMURA Usaku  <usa@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* lib/mkmf.rb (configuration): typo.
+
+Tue Jul 25 13:14:32 2006  Yukihiro Matsumoto  <matz@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* process.c (rb_proc_times): rename hz to hertz to avoid name
+	  crash on AIX.  [ruby-dev:29126]
+
+Mon Jul 24 22:03:40 2006  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* eval.c (backtrace): skip frames successive on node and method name.
+
+Mon Jul 24 17:55:55 2006  Yukihiro Matsumoto  <matz@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* process.c (rb_f_system): add security check.  [ruby-talk:202947]
+
+	* process.c (rb_f_system): move signal right before fork to avoid
+	  signal handler intervention.
+
+Mon Jul 24 15:51:52 2006  Tanaka Akira  <akr@fsij.org>
+
+	* ext/readline/readline.c (readline_readline): rl_deprep_term_function
+	  may be NULL with libedit.  reported by Ryan Davis.  [ruby-dev:29070]
+
+Mon Jul 24 15:19:55 2006  Yukihiro Matsumoto  <matz@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* eval.c (rb_call0): revert last change.  [ruby-dev:29112]
+	  [ruby-core:08374]
+
+Sun Jul 23 22:59:49 2006  Tanaka Akira  <akr@fsij.org>
+
+	* test/socket/test_unix.rb: disabled on cygwin.
+	  reported by Kouhei Yanagita.  [ruby-dev:29080]
+
+Fri Jul 21 21:21:08 2006  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* eval.c (rb_call0): include funcalled methods in caller list.
+	  fixed: [ruby-core:08290]
+
+Fri Jul 21 12:11:00 2006  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* ext/extmk.rb, lib/mkmf.rb (with_destdir): remove drive letter before
+	  prepending destdir on DOSISH.
+
+Thu Jul 20 15:07:14 2006  Yukihiro Matsumoto  <matz@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* ruby.h: export classes/modules to implement sandbox.
+	  [ruby-core:08283]
+
+Thu Jul 20 00:06:29 2006  Keiju Ishitsuka  <keiju@ishitsuka.com>
+
+	* lib/irb/completion.rb: support for completion of numeric
+	  number. [ruby-dev: 29038]
+
+Wed Jul 19 23:53:05 2006  Kouhei Sutou  <kou@cozmixng.org>
+
+	* lib/rss/parser.rb, lib/rss/utils.rb: added documents.
+
+Tue Jul 18 22:10:13 2006  Yukihiro Matsumoto  <matz@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* process.c (rb_f_system): block SIGCHLD during the process
+	  execution, like glibc system(3) does.  [ruby-talk:202361]
+
+Tue Jul 18 23:12:14 2006  NAKAMURA Usaku  <usa@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* win32/win32.c (open_ifs_socket): should not use plain malloc.
+
+	* win32/win32.c (rb_w32_opendir): should not use plain realloc.
+
 Tue Jul 18 18:05:49 2006  Yukihiro Matsumoto  <matz@ruby-lang.org>
 
 	* test/ruby/test_float.rb (TestFloat::test_strtod): update test to
@@ -14,11 +6316,6 @@ Tue Jul 18 15:49:42 2006  Yukihiro Matsumoto  <matz@ruby-lang.org>
 
 	* pack.c (pack_pack): taint 'p' packed strings.
 
-Tue Jul 18 14:38:40 2006  Yukihiro Matsumoto  <matz@ruby-lang.org>
-
-	* process.c (rb_f_system): call rb_sys_fail(0) if rb_last_status
-	  is nil.  [ruby-talk:202361]
-
 Tue Jul 18 14:03:02 2006  Yukihiro Matsumoto  <matz@ruby-lang.org>
 
 	* lib/webrick/httpserver.rb (WEBrick::HTTPServer::unmount): remove
@@ -100,7 +6397,7 @@ Thu Jul 13 22:23:56 2006  Hidetoshi NAGAI  <nagai@ai.kyutech.ac.jp>
 Thu Jul 13 20:32:19 2006  Kouhei Sutou  <kou@cozmixng.org>
 
 	* lib/rss/parser.rb: updated documents by a patch from
-	Hugh Sasse <hgs at dmu.ac.uk>. [ruby-core:8194]
+	  Hugh Sasse <hgs at dmu.ac.uk>. [ruby-core:8194]
 
 Wed Jul 12 13:54:09 2006  Yukihiro Matsumoto  <matz@ruby-lang.org>
 
@@ -478,7 +6775,7 @@ Tue Jun 20 20:18:05 2006  GOTOU Yuuzou  <gotoyuzo@notwork.org>
 
 	* sample/openssl/cipher.rb: rewrite all.
 
-Sat Jun 19 11:21:46 2006  Eric Hodel <drbrain@segment7.net>
+Sat Jun 19 11:21:46 2006  Eric Hodel  <drbrain@segment7.net>
 
 	* lib/test/unit/assertions.rb: Merge RDoc from HEAD.
 
@@ -818,11 +7115,11 @@ Thu Jun 15 23:02:47 2006  Masaki Suketa  <masaki.suketa@nifty.ne.jp>
 
 	* ext/win32ole/tests/testall.rb : ditto.
 
-Wed Jun 14 18:23:28 2006  Eric Hodel <drbrain@segment7.net>
+Wed Jun 14 18:23:28 2006  Eric Hodel  <drbrain@segment7.net>
 
 	* enum.c (enum_any): Documentation typo.
 
-Wed Jun 14 15:01:09 2006  Eric Hodel <drbrain@segment7.net>
+Wed Jun 14 15:01:09 2006  Eric Hodel  <drbrain@segment7.net>
 
 	* lib/rdoc/parsers/parse_rb.rb (RDoc::RubyParser#warn): Don't print
 	  warnings when -q is set.
@@ -1101,6 +7398,11 @@ Thu May 11 19:57:00 2006  Yukihiro Matsumoto  <matz@ruby-lang.org>
 	* util.c (ruby_strtod): differ addition to minimize error.
 	  [ruby-dev:28619]
 
+Fri Aug 11 15:39:25 2006  Eric Hodel  <drbrain@segment7.net>
+
+	* lib/yaml/tag.rb: Replace nodoc with stopdoc so Module methods get
+	  documented.
+
 Thu May 11 18:10:43 2006  Yukihiro Matsumoto  <matz@ruby-lang.org>
 
 	* util.c (ruby_strtod): should not raise ERANGE when the input
@@ -1136,7 +7438,7 @@ Wed May  3 02:12:07 2006  Yukihiro Matsumoto  <matz@ruby-lang.org>
 	  check from Sam Roberts <sroberts at uniserve.com>.
 	  [ruby-core:07691]
 
-Mon May	 1 12:23:19 2006    <sinara@blade.nagaokaut.ac.jp>
+Mon May  1 12:23:19 2006    <sinara@blade.nagaokaut.ac.jp>
 
 	* numeric.c (num_div): use floor rather than rb_Integer().
 	  [ruby-dev:28589]
@@ -1240,6 +7542,14 @@ Tue Apr 18 00:11:21 2006  Yukihiro Matsumoto  <matz@ruby-lang.org>
 	* eval.c: block_unique should be 1, not frame_unique.
 	  [ruby-dev:28577]
 
+Fri Aug 11 15:39:25 2006  Eric Hodel  <drbrain@segment7.net>
+
+	* lib/rdoc/parsers/parse_c.rb (RDoc::C_Parser#find_body): Make RDoc
+	  ignore C function prototypes.  Patch by Tilman Sauerbeck
+	  <tilman at code-monkey.de>.  [ruby-core:8574]
+	* lib/yaml/tag.rb: Replace nodoc with stopdoc so Module methods get
+	  documented.
+
 Mon Apr 10 01:03:10 2006  Yukihiro Matsumoto  <matz@ruby-lang.org>
 
 	* prec.c (prec_prec_f): documentation patch from
@@ -1869,7 +8179,7 @@ Sat Jan  7 15:40:07 2006  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
 	* parse.y (singleton): get rid of segfault on syntax error.
 	  fixed: [ruby-core:07070]
 
-Fri Jan  6 10:16:20 2006  Steven Lumos <steven@lumos.us>
+Fri Jan  6 10:16:20 2006  Steven Lumos  <steven@lumos.us>
 
 	* io.c (READ_DATA_PENDING): defined for 64bit Solaris on SPARC.
 	  [ruby-core:7057]
@@ -2451,7 +8761,7 @@ Tue Nov  1 14:20:11 2005  Yukihiro Matsumoto  <matz@ruby-lang.org>
 	* eval.c (exec_under): frame during eval should preserve external
 	  information.
 
-Tue Nov 01 10:50:17 2005  GOTOU Yuuzou  <gotoyuzo@notwork.org>
+Tue Nov  1 10:50:17 2005  GOTOU Yuuzou  <gotoyuzo@notwork.org>
 
 	* ext/openssl/extconf.rb: should check ERR_peek_last_error().
 	  [ruby-dev:27597]
@@ -2771,12 +9081,12 @@ Thu Oct  6 20:12:16 2005  Minero Aoki  <aamine@loveruby.net>
 	  [ruby-dev:26368] [ruby-dev:27389]
 	  (backported from trunk, rev 1.22)
 
-Wed Oct 05 04:42:38 2005  GOTOU Yuuzou  <gotoyuzo@notwork.org>
+Wed Oct  5 04:42:38 2005  GOTOU Yuuzou  <gotoyuzo@notwork.org>
 
 	* lib/xmlrpc/server.rb (XMLRPC::Server#initialize): should mount the
 	  servlet on "/".
 
-Wed Oct 05 03:59:09 2005  GOTOU Yuuzou  <gotoyuzo@notwork.org>
+Wed Oct  5 03:59:09 2005  GOTOU Yuuzou  <gotoyuzo@notwork.org>
 
 	* lib/xmlrpc/server.rb (XMLRPC::Server#serve): delete wrong call
 	  of "join".
@@ -3160,8 +9470,8 @@ Sat Sep 17 09:45:26 2005  Yukihiro Matsumoto  <matz@ruby-lang.org>
 Sat Sep 17 08:35:39 2005  Kouhei Sutou  <kou@cozmixng.org>
 
 	* lib/rss/maker/base.rb (RSS::Maker::ItemsBase#normalize): fixed
-	strange RSS::Maker::Item#max_size behavior.
-	Thanks to Kazuhiko <kazuhiko@fdiary.net>.
+	  strange RSS::Maker::Item#max_size behavior.
+	  Thanks to Kazuhiko <kazuhiko@fdiary.net>.
 
 	* test/rss/test_maker_1.0.rb (RSS::TestMaker10#test_items): ditto.
 
@@ -3572,7 +9882,7 @@ Fri Sep  2 23:51:54 2005  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
 
 	* lib: do not use __send__ to access private methods.  [ruby-dev:26935]
 
-Fri Sep  2 03:29:00 2005 Keiju Ishitsuka <keiju@ruby-lang.org>
+Fri Sep  2 03:29:00 2005  Keiju Ishitsuka  <keiju@ruby-lang.org>
 
 	* lib/irb/init.rb: make IRB -I option that is same befavior for ruby.
 	  [ruby-dev:26872], [ruby-dev: 26920]
@@ -3918,7 +10228,8 @@ Mon Aug  1 01:17:40 2005  Masatoshi SEKI  <m_seki@mva.biglobe.ne.jp>
 
 	* test/drb/ut_drb.rb: ditto.
 
-Mon Aug  1 00:07:32 2005  Keiju Ishitsuka <keiju@ruby-lang.org>
+Mon Aug  1 00:07:32 2005  Keiju Ishitsuka  <keiju@ruby-lang.org>
+
 	* lib/irb/context.rb: fix `irb --readline` option. [ruby-list:40955]
 
 Fri Jul 29 09:59:38 2005  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
@@ -4235,7 +10546,7 @@ Sun Jul 10 23:58:04 2005  Tanaka Akira  <akr@m17n.org>
 	  avoid unlink a directory by root.
 	  cf. [ruby-dev:26237]
 
-Sun Jul 10 22:18:17 CEST 2005	Michael Neumann	<mneumann@ruby-lang.org>
+Sun Jul 11 05:18:17 2005  Michael Neumann  <mneumann@ruby-lang.org>
 
 	* lib/xmlrpc/server.rb (XMLRPC::Server): Switch from GServer over to
 	  WEBrick. This makes file lib/xmlrpc/httpserver.rb obsolete (at least it is
@@ -4403,6 +10714,7 @@ Fri Jul  1 00:18:40 2005  Yukihiro Matsumoto  <matz@ruby-lang.org>
 	  destination object.  [ruby-talk:146894]
 
 Thu Jun 30 19:00:21 2005  Keiju Ishitsuka  <keiju@ruby-lang.org>
+
 	* lib/irb/ruby-lex.rb (RubyLex::identify_number): alternative implements
 	  for [ruby-dev:26410]. And support a numeric form of 0d99999.
 
@@ -4446,11 +10758,11 @@ Sat Jun 25 14:40:17 2005  Hirokazu Yamamoto  <ocean@m2.ccsnet.ne.jp>
 	* ext/sdbm/init.c (fsdbm_select): SDBM#select had returned the array
 	  which contained each elements twice. [ruby-dev:26358]
 
-Fri Jun 24 22:06:47 CEST 2005	Michael Neumann <mneumann@ruby-lang.org>
+Fri Jun 25 05:06:47 2005  Michael Neumann  <mneumann@ruby-lang.org>
 
 	* lib/xmlrpc/*, test/xmlrpc/*: backported changes from HEAD into 1.8
 
-Fri Jun 24 17:00:00 2005  Shigeo Kobayashi <shigeo@tinyforest.jp>
+Fri Jun 24 17:00:00 2005  Shigeo Kobayashi  <shigeo@tinyforest.jp>
 
 	* ext/bigdecimal/bigdecimal.c: patch from "NATORI Shin"
 	  (u-tokyo.ac.jp) applied to fix rounding bug.
@@ -4944,7 +11256,7 @@ Sat May 21 10:24:21 2005  Hirokazu Yamamoto  <ocean@m2.ccsnet.ne.jp>
 	* bcc32/Makefile.sub: tds files were not deleted when DESTDIR
 	  included '\' path delimiter. [ruby-dev:26193]
 
-Thu May 19 19:04:29 2005  speakillof <speakillof@yahoo.co.jp>
+Thu May 19 19:04:29 2005  speakillof  <speakillof@yahoo.co.jp>
 
 	* lib/rexml/encodings/SHIFT-JIS.rb: encoding and decoding were
 	  swapped. [ruby-core:4772]
@@ -5091,7 +11403,7 @@ Thu May 12 16:15:01 2005  Tanaka Akira  <akr@m17n.org>
 	  (swallow, rb_io_each_byte, rb_io_getc): don't rely EOF flag.
 	  [ruby-talk:141527]
 
-Thu May 12 15:56:20 2005  Tilman Sauerbeck <tilman@code-monkey.de>
+Thu May 12 15:56:20 2005  Tilman Sauerbeck  <tilman@code-monkey.de>
 
 	* lib/rdoc/parsers/parse_c.rb: show parsing progress for C files.
 	  [ruby-core:4341]
@@ -5374,7 +11686,6 @@ Sat Apr  9 11:59:57 2005  Kouhei Sutou  <kou@cozmixng.org>
 	  - gave a name to 'x'.
 	  - undef_method -> remove_method for avoiding a warning in ruby 1.6.
 
-
 	* lib/rss/parser.rb: @@setter -> @@setters.
 
 	* lib/rss/parser.rb
@@ -5402,34 +11713,28 @@ Sat Apr  9 11:59:57 2005  Kouhei Sutou  <kou@cozmixng.org>
 	  elements. (ex. have childlen elements, have some attributes and
 	  a child element and so on.)
 
-
 	* lib/rss/dublincore.rb: supported multiple Dublin Core items.
 	* lib/rss/maker/dublincore.rb: ditto.
 
 	* lib/rss/maker/image.rb: supproted new Dublin Core API.
 
-
 	* lib/rss/maker/base.rb: added default current_element implementation.
 
-
 	* lib/rss/trackback.rb (RSS::TrackBackUtils.new_with_value_if_need):
 	  moved to RSS::Utils.
 
 	* lib/rss/utils.rb (RSS::Utils.new_with_value_if_need):
 	  moved from RSS::TrackBackUtils.
 
-
 	* lib/rss/maker/image.rb: fixed invalid argument of
 	  add_need_initialize_variable bug.
 	* lib/rss/maker/trackback.rb: ditto.
 
-
 	* lib/rss/rss.rb (Hash#merge): added for ruby 1.6.
 
 	* lib/rss/rss.rb (RSS::BaseModel.date_writer): changed to accept nil
 	  for date value.
 
-
 	* test/test_dublincore.rb: added tests for plural accessor and
 	  multiple Dublin Core items.
 
@@ -5445,7 +11750,6 @@ Sat Apr  9 11:59:57 2005  Kouhei Sutou  <kou@cozmixng.org>
 	* test/rss/test_maker_dc.rb (test_date): added a test for #date=
 	  and #dc_date=.
 
-
 	* sample/rss/tdiary_plugin/rss-recent.rb:
 	  new option: @options['rss-recent.use-image-link']:
 	  use image as link instread of text if available.
@@ -6436,7 +12740,7 @@ Wed Feb  2 21:56:01 2005  Kouhei Sutou  <kou@cozmixng.org>
 Tue Feb  1 22:48:48 2005  Masatoshi SEKI  <m_seki@mva.biglobe.ne.jp>
 
 	* lib/drb/drb.rb (DRb::DRbObject#respond_to?): check marshal_dump and
-	_dump.
+	  _dump.
 
 Tue Feb  1 00:20:23 2005  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
 
@@ -7343,7 +13647,7 @@ Wed Dec 15 18:57:01 2004  Yukihiro Matsumoto  <matz@ruby-lang.org>
 Wed Dec 15 18:48:42 2004  Shugo Maeda  <shugo@ruby-lang.org>
 
 	* ext/curses/curses.c (window_subwin): call NUM2INT() before
-	GetWINDOW(). (backported from CVS HEAD)
+	  GetWINDOW(). (backported from CVS HEAD)
 
 Wed Dec 15 17:03:50 2004  NAKAMURA Usaku  <usa@ruby-lang.org>
 
@@ -7457,7 +13761,7 @@ Fri Dec 10 08:39:27 2004  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
 	* ext/socket/socket.c (sock_listen): get OpenFile just before calling
 	  listen(2).  fixed: [ruby-dev:25149]
 
-Thu Dec  9 17:00:00 2004  Akiyoshi, Masamichi <akiyoshi@hp.com>
+Thu Dec  9 17:00:00 2004  Akiyoshi, Masamichi  <akiyoshi@hp.com>
 
 	* ext/socket/socket.c, ext/socket/getaddrinfo.c: port to VMS
 
@@ -7465,7 +13769,7 @@ Thu Dec  9 16:31:02 2004  NAKAMURA Usaku  <usa@ruby-lang.org>
 
 	* ext/sdbm/init.c (GetDBM): typo.
 
-Thu Dec  9 16:05:00 2004  Akiyoshi, Masamichi <akiyoshi@hp.com>
+Thu Dec  9 16:05:00 2004  Akiyoshi, Masamichi  <akiyoshi@hp.com>
 
 	* defines.h: change path of vms.h
 	* vms/vms.h: delete reference for snprintf()
@@ -7551,7 +13855,7 @@ Wed Dec  8 14:31:36 2004  Yukihiro Matsumoto  <matz@ruby-lang.org>
 
 	* sprintf.c (rb_f_sprintf): [ruby-dev:25104]
 
-Tue Dec  7 19:08:00 2004  Akiyoshi, Masamichi <akiyoshi@hp.com>
+Tue Dec  7 19:08:00 2004  Akiyoshi, Masamichi  <akiyoshi@hp.com>
 
 	* io.c (io_fwrite): fix offset incrementation (for VMS and Human68k)
 
@@ -7966,7 +14270,7 @@ Thu Nov 18 18:41:08 2004  Kazuhiro NISHIYAMA  <zn@mbf.nifty.com>
 	* test/ruby/test_stringchar.rb (test_bang): added.
 
 	* string.c (rb_str_upcase_bang, rb_str_capitalize_bang)
-	(rb_str_swapcase_bang): missing rb_str_modify().  [ruby-dev:24915]
+	  (rb_str_swapcase_bang): missing rb_str_modify().  [ruby-dev:24915]
 
 Thu Nov 18 00:21:15 2004  Yukihiro Matsumoto  <matz@ruby-lang.org>
 
@@ -8582,7 +14886,7 @@ Mon Oct 18 15:58:01 2004  NAKAMURA Usaku  <usa@ruby-lang.org>
 Fri Oct 29 16:34:19 2004  Daiki Ueno  <ueno@unixuser.org>
 
 	* misc/ruby-mode.el (ruby-parse-partial): Parse the rest of the
-	line after opening heredoc identifier.  [ruby-dev:24635]
+	  line after opening heredoc identifier.  [ruby-dev:24635]
 
 Mon Oct 18 07:26:21 2004  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
 
@@ -8778,7 +15082,7 @@ Mon Oct  4 12:53:45 2004  Hidetoshi NAGAI  <nagai@ai.kyutech.ac.jp>
 Sun Oct  3 21:20:03 2004  Shugo Maeda  <shugo@ruby-lang.org>
 
 	* lib/net/imap.rb (TEXT_REGEXP): allow 8-bit characters for the german
-	version of Microsoft Exchange Server. (backported from HEAD)
+	  version of Microsoft Exchange Server. (backported from HEAD)
 
 	* lib/net/imap.rb (RTEXT_REGEXP): ditto.
 
@@ -9103,7 +15407,6 @@ Sun Sep 12 02:41:58 2004  Hidetoshi NAGAI  <nagai@ai.kyutech.ac.jp>
 	* ext/tcltklib/tcltklib.c: add TclTkIp#allow_ruby_exit? and
 	  allow_ruby_exit=
 
-
 	* ext/tk/lib/multi-tk.rb: ditto.
 
 	* ext/tk/lib/remote-tk.rb: ditto.
@@ -9347,7 +15650,7 @@ Thu Aug 19 15:15:24 2004  Yukihiro Matsumoto  <matz@ruby-lang.org>
 	* dir.c (free_dir): fix memory leak.  reported by yamamoto
 	  madoka.
 
-Thu Aug 19 11:00:00 2004 Akiyoshi, Masamichi <masamichi.akiyoshi@hp.com>
+Thu Aug 19 11:00:00 2004  Akiyoshi, Masamichi  <masamichi.akiyoshi@hp.com>
 
 	* dln.c (dln_load): Modify to call lib$find_image_symbol for VMS.
 	* io.c (rb_io_fwrite): Use fputc() for VMS non-stream file.
@@ -9584,9 +15887,9 @@ Sun Jul 18 03:21:42 2004  Akinori MUSHA  <knu@iDaemons.org>
 Sun Jul 18 03:12:11 2004  Shugo Maeda  <shugo@ruby-lang.org>
 
 	* lib/net/imap.rb (receive_responses): return if a LOGOUT response
-	received. (backported from HEAD)
+	  received. (backported from HEAD)
 	* lib/net/imap.rb (send_string_data): wait command continuation
-	requests before sending octet data of literals. (backported from HEAD)
+	  requests before sending octet data of literals. (backported from HEAD)
 
 Sat Jul 17 23:54:59 2004  Hidetoshi NAGAI  <nagai@ai.kyutech.ac.jp>
 
@@ -9657,7 +15960,7 @@ Thu Jul 15 23:53:38 2004  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
 Thu Jul 15 22:59:48 2004  Shugo Maeda  <shugo@ruby-lang.org>
 
 	* ext/readline/extconf.rb: added dir_config for curses, ncurses,
-	termcap. (backported from HEAD)
+	  termcap. (backported from HEAD)
 
 Thu Jul 15 20:29:15 2004  Hirokazu Yamamoto  <ocean@m2.ccsnet.ne.jp>
 
@@ -9689,7 +15992,6 @@ Thu Jul 15 10:15:04 2004  Hidetoshi NAGAI  <nagai@ai.kyutech.ac.jp>
 
 	* ext/tk/sample/tkextlib/: add samples of Iwidget and TkTable
 
-
 Wed Jul 14 18:08:37 2004  GOTOU Yuuzou  <gotoyuzo@notwork.org>
 
 	* ext/openssl/ossl_asn1.c (ossl_asn1cons_to_der): fix type of
@@ -10067,7 +16369,7 @@ Thu Jul  1 03:16:09 2004  GOTOU Yuuzou  <gotoyuzo@notwork.org>
 	* ext/opnessl/lib/openssl/ssl.rb
 	  (OpenSSL::SSL::SocketForwarder#listen): fix typo.
 
-Wed Jun 30 11:38:51 2004  Mikael Brockman <phubuh@phubuh.org>
+Wed Jun 30 11:38:51 2004  Mikael Brockman  <phubuh@phubuh.org>
 
 	* parse.y (primary): should not be NULL.  [ruby-core:03098]
 
@@ -10178,7 +16480,7 @@ Tue Jun 22 21:11:36 2004  Masaki Suketa  <masaki.suketa@nifty.ne.jp>
 Tue Jun 22 16:47:42 2004  Shugo Maeda  <shugo@ruby-lang.org>
 
 	* lib/net/ftp.rb (MDTM_REGEXP): fix for demon's ftp server.
-	Thanks, Rutger Nijlunsing.
+	  Thanks, Rutger Nijlunsing.
 
 Mon Jun 21 10:19:23 2004  NAKAMURA Usaku  <usa@ruby-lang.org>
 
@@ -10513,11 +16815,11 @@ Mon May 17 01:15:23 2004  why the lucky stiff  <why@ruby-lang.org>
 	* test/yaml/test_yaml.rb (test_perl_regexp): updated test to
 	  match new regexp serialization.
 
-Mon May 17 00:03:00 2004  Gavin Sinclair <gsinclair@soyabean.com.au>
+Mon May 17 00:03:00 2004  Gavin Sinclair  <gsinclair@soyabean.com.au>
 
 	* lib/drb/drb.rb: Cosmetic documentation changes.
 
-Sun May 16 22:36:00 2004  Gavin Sinclair <gsinclair@soyabean.com.au>
+Sun May 16 22:36:00 2004  Gavin Sinclair  <gsinclair@soyabean.com.au>
 
 	* lib/test/unit.rb: Removed :nodoc: directive (it prevented effective
 	  RDoc operation), and added file-level comment.
@@ -10529,7 +16831,7 @@ Sun May 16 20:55:49 2004  Tanaka Akira  <akr@m17n.org>
 	  (Init_dbm): define open flags: DBM::READER, DBM::WRITER, DBM::WRCREAT
 	  and DBM::NEWDB.
 
-Sun May 16 13:10:00 2004  Gavin Sinclair <gsinclair@soyabean.com.au>
+Sun May 16 13:10:00 2004  Gavin Sinclair  <gsinclair@soyabean.com.au>
 
 	* lib/test/unit/**/*.rb: Removed :nodoc: directives (many were
 	  generating warnings, many were on private methods).
@@ -10633,7 +16935,7 @@ Mon May 10 12:11:37 2004  Dave Thomas  <dave@pragprog.com>
 	* lib/rdoc/generators/html_generator.rb: Hack to search parents
 	  for unqualified constant names.
 
-Sun May  9 22:37:00 2004  Gavin Sinclair <gsinclair@soyabean.com.au>
+Sun May  9 22:37:00 2004  Gavin Sinclair  <gsinclair@soyabean.com.au>
 
 	* lib/net/ftp.rb: improved documentation
 	* lib/net/imap.rb: ditto
@@ -10695,11 +16997,11 @@ Wed May  5 03:40:29 2004  Masatoshi SEKI  <m_seki@mva.biglobe.ne.jp>
 
 	* lib/rinda/ring.rb: use recv instead of recvfrom.
 
-Tue May  4 23:52:00 2004  Gavin Sinclair <gsinclair@soyabean.com.au>
+Tue May  4 23:52:00 2004  Gavin Sinclair  <gsinclair@soyabean.com.au>
 
 	* lib/gserver.rb: documented
 
-Tue May  4 23:46:00 2004  Gavin Sinclair <gsinclair@soyabean.com.au>
+Tue May  4 23:46:00 2004  Gavin Sinclair  <gsinclair@soyabean.com.au>
 
 	* lib/xmlrpc/README.txt: introduced for documentation purposes
 
@@ -10828,7 +17130,7 @@ Mon Apr 19 08:14:18 2004  Dave Thomas  <dave@pragprog.com>
 	* lib/rdoc/parsers/parse_c.rb (RDoc::C_Parser::find_body): Allow for
 	  #ifdef HAVE_PROTOTYPES
 
-Fri Apr 16 22:33:00 2004  Gavin Sinclair <gsinclair@soyabean.com.au>
+Fri Apr 16 22:33:00 2004  Gavin Sinclair  <gsinclair@soyabean.com.au>
 
 	* ext/iconv/iconv.c: nearly finished RDoc comments.
 
@@ -10885,7 +17187,7 @@ Tue Apr 13 19:54:29 2004  Minero Aoki  <aamine@loveruby.net>
 	* lib/net/http.rb: should not overwrite HTTP request header.
 	  [ruby-list:39543]
 
-Tue Apr 13 01:30:00 2004  Gavin Sinclair <gsinclair@soyabean.com.au>
+Tue Apr 13 01:30:00 2004  Gavin Sinclair  <gsinclair@soyabean.com.au>
 
 	* ext/iconv/iconv.c: RDoc documentation (from RD; nearly finished).
 	* ext/iconv/charset_alias.rb: Prevent from RDoc'ing.
@@ -11109,7 +17411,7 @@ Thu Mar 25 02:00:18 2004  Dave Thomas  <dave@pragprog.com>
 	* lib/rdoc/generators/template/html/one_page_html.rb (Page):
 	  Fix to work with C modules.
 
-Wed Mar 24 21:17:00 2004  Gavin Sinclair <gsinclair@soyabean.com.au>
+Wed Mar 24 21:17:00 2004  Gavin Sinclair  <gsinclair@soyabean.com.au>
 
 	* lib/uri.rb: Documented (thanks Dmitry V. Sabanin).
 	* lib/uri/common.rb: Ditto.
@@ -11374,15 +17676,15 @@ Mon Feb 23 09:16:35 2004  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
 	* instruby.rb (DOSISH): embedded path in batch files should not be
 	  prefixed by DESTDIR.  [ruby-core:02186]
 
-Sun Feb 22 09:54:00 2004  Gavin Sinclair <gsinclair@soyabean.com.au>
+Sun Feb 22 09:54:00 2004  Gavin Sinclair  <gsinclair@soyabean.com.au>
 
 	* re.c: corrected documentation format (again)
 
-Sun Feb 22 09:43:00 2004  Gavin Sinclair <gsinclair@soyabean.com.au>
+Sun Feb 22 09:43:00 2004  Gavin Sinclair  <gsinclair@soyabean.com.au>
 
 	* re.c: corrected documentation format (rb_reg_initialize_m)
 
-Sat Feb 21 22:36:00 2004  Gavin Sinclair <gsinclair@soyabean.com.au>
+Sat Feb 21 22:36:00 2004  Gavin Sinclair  <gsinclair@soyabean.com.au>
 
 	* ext/zlib/zlib.c: documented, but needs more effort.
 
@@ -11410,11 +17712,11 @@ Thu Feb 19 22:39:04 2004  NAKAMURA, Hiroshi  <nahi@ruby-lang.org>
 	* test/rinda/test_rinda.rb: DRb.start_service only once in testsuites.
 	  DRb.start_service could handle this.
 
-Thu Feb 19 22:19:00 2004  Gavin Sinclair <gsinclair@soyabean.com.au>
+Thu Feb 19 22:19:00 2004  Gavin Sinclair  <gsinclair@soyabean.com.au>
 
 	* lib/ostruct.rb: documented
 
-Thu Feb 19 21:28:00 2004  Gavin Sinclair <gsinclair@soyabean.com.au>
+Thu Feb 19 21:28:00 2004  Gavin Sinclair  <gsinclair@soyabean.com.au>
 
 	* ext/strscan/strscan.c: improved documentation
 
@@ -11435,7 +17737,7 @@ Wed Feb 18 22:52:00 2004  Masatoshi SEKI  <m_seki@mva.biglobe.ne.jp>
 
 	* lib/drb/unix.rb: remove O_NONBLOCK, thanks \ay
 
-Wed Feb 18 22:47:00 2004  Gavin Sinclair <gsinclair@soyabean.com.au>
+Wed Feb 18 22:47:00 2004  Gavin Sinclair  <gsinclair@soyabean.com.au>
 
 	* ext/strscan/strscan.c: documented
 
@@ -11450,7 +17752,7 @@ Wed Feb 18 17:18:01 2004  WATANABE Hirofumi  <eban@ruby-lang.org>
 Wed Feb 18 10:40:38 2004  Yukihiro Matsumoto  <matz@ruby-lang.org>
 
 	* sprintf.c (rb_f_sprintf): do not prepend dots for negative
-	  numbers if FZERO is specified.  [ruby-dev:39218]
+	  numbers if FZERO is specified.  [ruby-list:39218]
 
 Tue Feb 17 23:40:34 2004  Guy Decoux  <ts@moulon.inra.fr>
 
@@ -11504,7 +17806,7 @@ Mon Feb 16 23:28:14 2004  NAKAMURA, Hiroshi  <nahi@ruby-lang.org>
 
 	* lib/csv.rb: document reduction.  [ruby-core:02429]
 
-Mon Feb 16 22:08:00 2004  Gavin Sinclair <gsinclair@soyabean.com.au>
+Mon Feb 16 22:08:00 2004  Gavin Sinclair  <gsinclair@soyabean.com.au>
 
 	* lib/generator.rb: corrected doc format
 	* lib/rinda/rinda.rb: added documentation (from Hugh Sasse)
@@ -11556,11 +17858,11 @@ Fri Feb 13 12:35:08 2004  Minero Aoki  <aamine@loveruby.net>
 	* test/fileutils/test_fileutils.rb: File.link may raise EINVAL and
 	  EACCES on Windows.
 
-Thu Feb 12 21:45:00 2004  Gavin Sinclair <gsinclair@soyabean.com.au>
+Thu Feb 12 21:45:00 2004  Gavin Sinclair  <gsinclair@soyabean.com.au>
 
 	* lib/ftools.rb: documented
 
-Thu Feb 12 21:25:00 2004  Gavin Sinclair <gsinclair@soyabean.com.au>
+Thu Feb 12 21:25:00 2004  Gavin Sinclair  <gsinclair@soyabean.com.au>
 
 	* lib/base64.rb: backported from HEAD (modularised and documented)
 
@@ -11687,11 +17989,11 @@ Mon Feb  2 01:54:00 2004  Tanaka Akira  <akr@m17n.org>
 	  (UDPSocket#send): recognize 3 arguments form.  try all addresses on
 	  4 arguments form.
 
-Sun Feb  1 18:17:00 2004  Gavin Sinclair <gsinclair@soyabean.com.au>
+Sun Feb  1 18:17:00 2004  Gavin Sinclair  <gsinclair@soyabean.com.au>
 
 	* lib/net/http.rb: merged coding style changes from HEAD.
 
-Sun Feb  1 16:15:00 2004  Gavin Sinclair <gsinclair@soyabean.com.au>
+Sun Feb  1 16:15:00 2004  Gavin Sinclair  <gsinclair@soyabean.com.au>
 
 	* lib/test/unit.rb: rearranged documentation for RDoc's sake.
 	* lib/matrix.rb: improved documentation.
@@ -12166,7 +18468,6 @@ Tue Dec 30 12:30:30 2003  Dave Thomas  <dave@pragprog.com>
 	  class and a method have the same name, finding Xxx.abc was trying
 	  to find 'abc' in method 'Xxx', not class 'Xxx'.
 
-
 Tue Dec 30 08:32:32 2003  Dave Thomas  <dave@pragprog.com>
 
 	* lib/rdoc/parsers/parse_rb.rb (RDoc::RubyParser::parse_method):
@@ -12174,7 +18475,6 @@ Tue Dec 30 08:32:32 2003  Dave Thomas  <dave@pragprog.com>
 
 	  def each_entry(&b) Dir.foreach(@path) {|f| yield P.new(f) } end
 
-
 Tue Dec 30 08:32:32 2003  Dave Thomas  <dave@pragprog.com>
 
 	* lib/rdoc/parsers/parse_rb.rb (RDoc::RubyParser::parse_method):
@@ -12453,7 +18753,7 @@ Tue Dec 23 22:47:14 2003  Yukihiro Matsumoto  <matz@ruby-lang.org>
 	* io.c (rb_io_check_writable): clear FMODE_RBUF before writing
 	  something.
 
-Tue Dec 23 22:25:00 2003  Gavin Sinclair <gsinclair@soyabean.com.au>
+Tue Dec 23 22:25:00 2003  Gavin Sinclair  <gsinclair@soyabean.com.au>
 
 	* lib/optparse.rb: incomplete RDoc documentation added in place of
 	  existing RD comments.  Tabs converted to spaces.
@@ -12477,7 +18777,7 @@ Tue Dec 23 18:09:40 2003  Yukihiro Matsumoto  <matz@ruby-lang.org>
 	* pack.c (pack_pack): remove unnecessary negative value check.
 	  [ruby-dev:22329]
 
-Tue Dec 23 17:26:55 2003  KONISHI Hiromasa   <konishih@fd6.so-net.ne.jp>
+Tue Dec 23 17:26:55 2003  KONISHI Hiromasa  <konishih@fd6.so-net.ne.jp>
 
 	* bcc32/Makefile.sub (config.h): bcc has finite(). [ruby-list:38940]
 
@@ -13280,7 +19580,7 @@ Tue Dec  2 21:31:42 2003  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
 
 	* test/runner.rb: exit with the test result.
 
-Tue Dec  2 20:18:48 2003  Eric Sunshine <sunshine@sunshineco.com>
+Tue Dec  2 20:18:48 2003  Eric Sunshine  <sunshine@sunshineco.com>
 
 	* configure.in (AC_PROG_YACC): AC_DEFINE(OLD_YACC) if Yacc is found
 	  instead of Bison or byacc.
@@ -13343,7 +19643,7 @@ Mon Dec  1 14:17:49 2003  Minero Aoki  <aamine@loveruby.net>
 	* test/fileutils/test_fileutils.rb: does much strict test on
 	  "same" files detecting.
 
-Mon Dec  1 09:28:14 2003  NAKAMURA Usaku <usa@ruby-lang.org>
+Mon Dec  1 09:28:14 2003  NAKAMURA Usaku  <usa@ruby-lang.org>
 
 	* bcc32/Makefile.sub, win32/Makefile.sub, wince/Makefile.sub
 	  (XCFLAGS): re-export $(XCFLAGS).
@@ -13427,7 +19727,7 @@ Fri Nov 28 19:37:56 2003  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
 	* test/ruby/test_env.rb (test_has_value, test_index): condition for
 	  aboves.
 
-Fri Nov 28 17:59:20 2003  NAKAMURA Usaku <usa@ruby-lang.org>
+Fri Nov 28 17:59:20 2003  NAKAMURA Usaku  <usa@ruby-lang.org>
 
 	* test/ruby/test_env.rb: add tests for ENV.
 
@@ -13513,7 +19813,7 @@ Wed Nov 26 00:55:30 2003  GOTOU Yuuzou  <gotoyuzo@notwork.org>
 	* lib/webrick/httpserver.rb (HTTPServer#run): should pass the
 	  request's keep_alive flag to the response.
 
-Tue Nov 25 21:41:35 2003  NAKAMURA Usaku <usa@ruby-lang.org>
+Tue Nov 25 21:41:35 2003  NAKAMURA Usaku  <usa@ruby-lang.org>
 
 	* defines.h (ENV_IGNORECASE): should define when DOSISH without
 	  human68k. [ruby-dev:22047]
@@ -13654,7 +19954,7 @@ Mon Nov 24 17:00:00 2003  Tanaka Akira  <akr@m17n.org>
 	* lib/open-uri.rb: validate option names.
 	  :content_length_proc and :progress_proc option implemented.
 
-Mon Nov 24 14:53:10 2003  NAKAMURA Usaku <usa@ruby-lang.org>
+Mon Nov 24 14:53:10 2003  NAKAMURA Usaku  <usa@ruby-lang.org>
 
 	* bcc32/Makefile.sub, win32/Makefile.sub, wince/Makefile.sub
 	  (XCFLAGS): output empty value instead of `-DRUBY_EXPORT'.
@@ -13677,12 +19977,12 @@ Sat Nov 22 22:48:46 2003  Hidetoshi NAGAI  <nagai@ai.kyutech.ac.jp>
 
 	* ext/tcltklib/tcltklib.c: add native thread check
 
-Sat Nov 22 18:49:47 2003  NAKAMURA Usaku <usa@ruby-lang.org>
+Sat Nov 22 18:49:47 2003  NAKAMURA Usaku  <usa@ruby-lang.org>
 
 	* ext/curses/curses.c (window_nodelay): nodelay() of NetBSD's
 	  libcruses returns no value, just like keypad().
 
-Sat Nov 22 17:36:36 2003  NAKAMURA Usaku <usa@ruby-lang.org>
+Sat Nov 22 17:36:36 2003  NAKAMURA Usaku  <usa@ruby-lang.org>
 
 	* bcc32/Makefile.sub, win32/Makefile.sub, wince/Makefile.sub
 	  (HAVE_GETCWD): output to config.h.
@@ -13791,7 +20091,7 @@ Wed Nov 19 14:32:08 2003  Minero Aoki  <aamine@loveruby.net>
 
 	* lib/fileutils.rb (cannot_overwrite_file?): add wince.
 
-Wed Nov 19 11:04:47 2003  NAKAMURA Usaku <usa@ruby-lang.org>
+Wed Nov 19 11:04:47 2003  NAKAMURA Usaku  <usa@ruby-lang.org>
 
 	* lib/fileutils.rb (cannot_overwrite_file?, have_st_ino?): bccwin32
 	  is same as mswin32.
@@ -13906,7 +20206,7 @@ Sun Nov 16 12:16:10 2003  Minero Aoki  <aamine@loveruby.net>
 	* lib/net/protocol.rb: logging response body. [experimental]
 	  [ruby-list:38800]
 
-Sun Nov 16 10:49:38 2003  Gavin Sinclair <gsinclair@soyabean.com.au>
+Sun Nov 16 10:49:38 2003  Gavin Sinclair  <gsinclair@soyabean.com.au>
 
 	* lib/thread.rb (Thread.exclusive): wrap method definition in
 	  class Thread to enable rdoc to process.
@@ -14079,7 +20379,8 @@ Sat Nov  8 13:49:50 2003  Hidetoshi NAGAI  <nagai@ai.kyutech.ac.jp>
 
 	* configure.in: improvement of pthread check
 
-Sat Nov  8 13:28:46 2003 Takaaki Tateishi <ttate@ttsky.net>
+Sat Nov  8 13:28:46 2003  Takaaki Tateishi  <ttate@ttsky.net>
+
 	* ext/dl/sym.c: Add DL.win32_last_error and DL.last_error.
 	  Thanks, Kaoru Shirai.
 
@@ -14182,7 +20483,7 @@ Wed Nov  5 17:05:18 2003  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
 
 	* lib/test/unit/ui/gtk/testrunner.rb: typo.
 
-Wed Nov  5 11:13:32 2003  NAKAMURA Usaku <usa@ruby-lang.org>
+Wed Nov  5 11:13:32 2003  NAKAMURA Usaku  <usa@ruby-lang.org>
 
 	* string.c: add #include "version.h". this file still depends on it.
 
@@ -14203,7 +20504,7 @@ Wed Nov  5 08:39:51 2003  GOTOU Yuuzou  <gotoyuzo@notwork.org>
 	* ext/openssl/ossl_ssl.c (ossl_ssl_get_peer_cert_chain): return nil
 	  if no cert-chain was given.
 
-Tue Nov  4 23:44:48 2003  NAKAMURA Usaku <usa@ruby-lang.org>
+Tue Nov  4 23:44:48 2003  NAKAMURA Usaku  <usa@ruby-lang.org>
 
 	* bcc32/Makefile.sub, win32/Makefile.sub, wince/Makefile.sub:
 	  remove needless version.h dependency.
@@ -14309,7 +20610,7 @@ Fri Oct 31 12:55:24 2003  WATANABE Hirofumi  <eban@ruby-lang.org>
 
 	* bcc32/Makefile.sub, win32/Makefile.sub, win32/Makefile.sub: ditto.
 
-Fri Oct 31 01:38:14 2003  NAKAMURA Usaku <usa@ruby-lang.org>
+Fri Oct 31 01:38:14 2003  NAKAMURA Usaku  <usa@ruby-lang.org>
 
 	* wince/Makefile.sub, win32/Makefile.sub (.y.c): allow white spaces
 	  at the beginning of line to remove by sed. (ruby-bugs-ja:PR#580)
@@ -14368,7 +20669,7 @@ Thu Oct 30 10:14:51 2003  NAKAMURA, Hiroshi  <nahi@ruby-lang.org>
 
 	* lib/test/unit/autorunner.rb: make fox runner work.
 
-Thu Oct 30 09:32:26 2003  NAKAMURA Usaku <usa@ruby-lang.org>
+Thu Oct 30 09:32:26 2003  NAKAMURA Usaku  <usa@ruby-lang.org>
 
 	* process.c (rb_f_system): fixed lack of security check before
 	  calling do_spawn() on win32. [ruby-talk:84555]
@@ -14397,7 +20698,7 @@ Wed Oct 29 22:02:04 2003  NAKAMURA, Hiroshi  <nahi@ruby-lang.org>
 	* test/drb/drbtest.rb: use rbconfig.rb to make the path of ruby
 	  interpreter to exec, instead of test/ruby/envutil.rb,
 
-Wed Oct 29 19:58:59 2003  NAKAMURA Usaku <usa@ruby-lang.org>
+Wed Oct 29 19:58:59 2003  NAKAMURA Usaku  <usa@ruby-lang.org>
 
 	* ext/tcltklib/tcltklib.c (CONST84): define CONST84 when it is not
 	  defined and TCL_MAJOR_VERSION >= 8.
@@ -14429,7 +20730,7 @@ Wed Oct 29 11:27:39 2003  Yukihiro Matsumoto  <matz@ruby-lang.org>
 
 	* parse.y (ret_args): node may be NULL. [ruby-talk:84530]
 
-Tue Oct 28 15:20:12 2003  NAKAMURA Usaku <usa@ruby-lang.org>
+Tue Oct 28 15:20:12 2003  NAKAMURA Usaku  <usa@ruby-lang.org>
 
 	* ext/tcltklib/tcltklib.c (VwaitVarProc, ip_rbVwaitObjCmd,
 	  WaitVariableProc, WaitVisibilityProc, WaitWindowProc,
@@ -14511,7 +20812,7 @@ Tue Oct 21 15:57:11 2003  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
 	* lib/test/unit/collector/dir.rb (Test::Unit::Collector::Dir#collect_file):
 	  prepend the directory of target file to the load path.
 
-Tue Oct 21 15:08:53 2003  NAKAMURA Usaku <usa@ruby-lang.org>
+Tue Oct 21 15:08:53 2003  NAKAMURA Usaku  <usa@ruby-lang.org>
 
 	* win32/win32.c (do_spawn, do_aspawn): should wait child process even
 	  if callded with P_OVERLAY.
@@ -14564,7 +20865,7 @@ Mon Oct 20 11:00:46 2003  Yukihiro Matsumoto  <matz@ruby-lang.org>
 	* gc.c (gc_sweep): do not update malloc_limit when malloc_increase
 	  is smaller than malloc_limit.
 
-Mon Oct 20 09:45:12 2003  NAKAMURA Usaku <usa@ruby-lang.org>
+Mon Oct 20 09:45:12 2003  NAKAMURA Usaku  <usa@ruby-lang.org>
 
 	* lib/debug.rb (debug_command): remove debug print.
 
@@ -14618,7 +20919,7 @@ Fri Oct 17 22:16:42 2003  Akinori MUSHA  <knu@iDaemons.org>
 	* lib/set.rb: It is not necessary to require
 	  'test/unit/ui/console/testrunner'.
 
-Fri Oct 17 11:15:22 2003  NAKAMURA Usaku <usa@ruby-lang.org>
+Fri Oct 17 11:15:22 2003  NAKAMURA Usaku  <usa@ruby-lang.org>
 
 	* test/ruby/test_range.rb: added.
 
@@ -14685,7 +20986,7 @@ Wed Oct 15 15:00:54 2003  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
 	* eval.c (ruby_run): just return FAILURE instead of parse error
 	  count.  [ruby-list:38569]
 
-Wed Oct 15 13:17:02 2003  NAKAMURA Usaku <usa@ruby-lang.org>
+Wed Oct 15 13:17:02 2003  NAKAMURA Usaku  <usa@ruby-lang.org>
 
 	* ext/digest/digest.c (rb_digest_base_alloc): need to initialize
 	  buffer. [ruby-dev:21622]
@@ -14698,7 +20999,7 @@ Wed Oct 15 11:23:05 2003  Yukihiro Matsumoto  <matz@ruby-lang.org>
 	  modules before invoking marshal_load.  these two fixes are done
 	  by Masatoshi Seki <m_seki@mva.biglobe.ne.jp>.
 
-Wed Oct 15 09:30:34 2003  NAKAMURA Usaku <usa@ruby-lang.org>
+Wed Oct 15 09:30:34 2003  NAKAMURA Usaku  <usa@ruby-lang.org>
 
 	* ext/enumerator/enumerator.c (enumerator_each): avoid VC++ warning.
 
@@ -14965,7 +21266,7 @@ Thu Oct  9 06:43:33 2003  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
 	* eval.c (rb_thread_start_0, rb_thread_raise, rb_callcc): save
 	  variables across THREAD_SAVE_CONTEXT.
 
-Thu Oct  9 12:05:46 2003  Eric Sunshine <sunshine@sunshineco.com>
+Thu Oct  9 12:05:46 2003  Eric Sunshine  <sunshine@sunshineco.com>
 
 	* configure.in: revived NextStep, OpenStep, and Rhapsody ports which
 	  had become unbuildable; enhanced --enable-fat-binary option so that
@@ -15384,7 +21685,7 @@ Fri Oct  3 16:13:19 2003  GOTOU Yuuzou  <gotoyuzo@notwork.org>
 	* ext/openssl/ossl_x509attr.c (ossl_x509attr_get_value): return
 	  DER encoded data in OpenSSL::ASN1 types.
 
-Fri Oct  3 13:02:00 2003  Nathaniel Talbott <ntalbott@ruby-lang.org>
+Fri Oct  3 13:02:00 2003  Nathaniel Talbott  <ntalbott@ruby-lang.org>
 
 	* lib/test/unit.rb: refactored to use optparse.
 
@@ -15407,7 +21708,7 @@ Fri Oct  3 08:14:32 2003  Yukihiro Matsumoto  <matz@ruby-lang.org>
 	* lib/irb/ruby-lex.rb (RubyLex::identify_identifier): support
 	  'class ::Foo' syntax. [ruby-talk:83514]
 
-Fri Oct  3 08:01:00 2003  Nathaniel Talbott <ntalbott@ruby-lang.org>
+Fri Oct  3 08:01:00 2003  Nathaniel Talbott  <ntalbott@ruby-lang.org>
 
 	* lib/test/unit/assertions.rb: added a default message for #assert,
 	  #assert_block, and #flunk.
@@ -15503,7 +21804,7 @@ Thu Oct  2 11:17:00 2003  Nathaniel Talbott  <ntalbott@ruby-lang.org>
 
 	* lib/test/unit/collector/objectspace.rb: ditto.
 
-Thu Oct  2 03:25:01 2003  NAKAMURA Usaku <usa@ruby-lang.org>
+Thu Oct  2 03:25:01 2003  NAKAMURA Usaku  <usa@ruby-lang.org>
 
 	* eval.c (rb_thread_raise): prototype; avoid VC++ warning.
 
@@ -15616,11 +21917,11 @@ Wed Oct  1 17:01:30 2003  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
 	* eval.c (rb_load): Object scope had priority over required file
 	  scope.  [ruby-dev:21415]
 
-Wed Oct 01 14:09:53 2003  Takaaki Uematsu <uema2x@jcom.home.ne.jp>
+Wed Oct  1 14:09:53 2003  Takaaki Uematsu  <uema2x@jcom.home.ne.jp>
 
 	* wince/mkconfig_wce.rb: sorry, forget to commit.
 
-Wed Oct 01 10:08:42 2003  Takaaki Uematsu <uema2x@jcom.home.ne.jp>
+Wed Oct  1 10:08:42 2003  Takaaki Uematsu  <uema2x@jcom.home.ne.jp>
 
 	* wince/setup.mak: add sigmarionIII SDK support.
 
@@ -15630,7 +21931,7 @@ Wed Oct 01 10:08:42 2003  Takaaki Uematsu <uema2x@jcom.home.ne.jp>
 
 	* wince/mkconfig_wce.rb: camouflage RUBY_PLATFORM for compiling ext.
 
-Wed Oct 01 08:02:52 2003  Takaaki Uematsu <uema2x@jcom.home.ne.jp>
+Wed Oct  1 08:02:52 2003  Takaaki Uematsu  <uema2x@jcom.home.ne.jp>
 
 	* wince/time_wce.c (time): add zero check.
 
@@ -15777,7 +22078,7 @@ Sat Sep 27 03:32:37 2003  NAKAMURA, Hiroshi  <nahi@ruby-lang.org>
 	  test/soap/marshal/test_marshal.rb crashed with
 	  test/ruby/test_marshal.rb.
 
-Sat Sep 27 01:30:59 2003  NAKAMURA Usaku <usa@ruby-lang.org>
+Sat Sep 27 01:30:59 2003  NAKAMURA Usaku  <usa@ruby-lang.org>
 
 	* ext/socket/socket.c (ruby_connect): on win32, type of the 4th
 	  argument of getsockopt is char *.
@@ -15802,7 +22103,7 @@ Fri Sep 26 00:10:13 2003  NAKAMURA, Hiroshi  <nahi@ruby-lang.org>
 
 	* lib/README: updated.
 
-Thu Sep 25 17:48:10 2003  NAKAMURA Usaku <usa@ruby-lang.org>
+Thu Sep 25 17:48:10 2003  NAKAMURA Usaku  <usa@ruby-lang.org>
 
 	* ext/openssl/ossl.c (ossl_buf2str): fix type of 1st argument for
 	  rb_protect.
@@ -15810,7 +22111,7 @@ Thu Sep 25 17:48:10 2003  NAKAMURA Usaku <usa@ruby-lang.org>
 	* ext/openssl/ossl_hmac.c (ossl_hmac_digest): should return meaningful
 	  value.
 
-Thu Sep 25 09:00:00 2003  Nathaniel Talbott <ntalbott@ruby-lang.org>
+Thu Sep 25 09:00:00 2003  Nathaniel Talbott  <ntalbott@ruby-lang.org>
 
 	* lib/ostruct.rb: Added OpenStruct#==.
 
@@ -15893,7 +22194,7 @@ Sat Sep 20 11:49:05 2003  NAKAMURA, Hiroshi  <nahi@ruby-lang.org>
 
 	* test/logger/test_logger.rb: new file.
 
-Fri Sep 19 11:39:00 2003  Nathaniel Talbott <ntalbott@ruby-lang.org>
+Fri Sep 19 11:39:00 2003  Nathaniel Talbott  <ntalbott@ruby-lang.org>
 
 	* test/testunit/*: Added.
 
@@ -16034,7 +22335,7 @@ Mon Sep 15 19:02:52 2003  NAKAMURA, Hiroshi  <nahi@ruby-lang.org>
 
 	* test/csv/mac.csv: added.  Sample CR separated CSV file.
 
-Fri Sep 12 22:41:48 2003 Michal Rokos <m.rokos@sh.cvut.cz>
+Fri Sep 12 22:41:48 2003  Michal Rokos  <m.rokos@sh.cvut.cz>
 
 	* ext/openssl/ossl.c: move ASN.1 stuff to ossl_asn1.[ch]
 
@@ -16058,7 +22359,7 @@ Fri Sep 12 12:09:54 2003  Yukihiro Matsumoto  <matz@ruby-lang.org>
 
 	* bignum.c (rb_big_xor): ditto.
 
-Fri Sep 12 07:06:14 2003   David Black <dblack@superlink.net>
+Fri Sep 12 07:06:14 2003  David Black  <dblack@superlink.net>
 
 	* lib/scanf.rb: Took out useless @matched_item variable; some small
 	  refactoring.
@@ -16083,7 +22384,7 @@ Wed Sep 10 22:47:30 2003  GOTOU Yuuzou  <gotoyuzo@notwork.org>
 	* ext/openssl/ossl_config.c (set_conf_section_i): should check
 	  if the argument is Array.
 
-Wed Sep 10 22:41:54 2003  Tietew <tietew@tietew.net>
+Wed Sep 10 22:41:54 2003  Tietew  <tietew@tietew.net>
 
 	* eval.c (win32_get_exception_list): avoid VC7 warning.
 	  [ruby-win32:577]
@@ -16101,7 +22402,7 @@ Tue Sep  9 05:17:04 2003  GOTOU Yuuzou  <gotoyuzo@notwork.org>
 
 	* ext/openssl/ossl_config.rb: avoid compile error in OpenSSL-0.9.6.
 
-Tue Sep 9 02:41:35 2003 Michal Rokos <m.rokos@sh.cvut.cz>
+Tue Sep  9 02:41:35 2003  Michal Rokos  <m.rokos@sh.cvut.cz>
 
 	* ext/openssl/ossl_config.c: Refine compatibility.
 
@@ -16171,7 +22472,7 @@ Sat Sep  6 02:26:34 2003  NAKAMURA, Hiroshi  <nahi@ruby-lang.org>
 
 	* test/ruby/test_*.rb: assert_same, assert_match, and so on.
 
-Sat Sep  6 18:45:46 2003  Mauricio Fernandez <batsman.geo@yahoo.com>
+Sat Sep  6 18:45:46 2003  Mauricio Fernandez  <batsman.geo@yahoo.com>
 
 	* parse.y (assignable): call rb_compile_error(), not rb_bug().
 	  [ruby-core:01523]
@@ -16190,7 +22491,7 @@ Sat Sep  6 17:40:41 2003  GOTOU Yuuzou  <gotoyuzo@notwork.org>
 
 	* ext/openssl/ossl_x509ext.c (X509::Extension#critical=): new method.
 
-Sat Sep  6 01:23:22 2003  NAKAMURA Usaku <usa@ruby-lang.org>
+Sat Sep  6 01:23:22 2003  NAKAMURA Usaku  <usa@ruby-lang.org>
 
 	* win32/win32.c (CreateChild): need to quote cmd if RUBYSHELL is set.
 
@@ -16471,12 +22772,12 @@ Sat Aug 30 03:58:21 2003  Yukihiro Matsumoto  <matz@ruby-lang.org>
 
 	* eval.c (rb_yield_0): stop TAG_RETURN/TAG_BREAK escaping.
 
-Fri Aug 29 22:35:00 2003  Shigeo Kobayashi <shigek@ruby-lang.org>
+Fri Aug 29 22:35:00 2003  Shigeo Kobayashi  <shigek@ruby-lang.org>
 
 	* bigdecimal.c *.html: The 2nd arg. for add,sub,mult, and div is 0,
 	  then result will be the same as +,-,*,/ respectively.
 
-Fri Aug 29 17:30:15 2003  Hidetoshi NAGAI <nagai@ai.kyutech.ac.jp>
+Fri Aug 29 17:30:15 2003  Hidetoshi NAGAI  <nagai@ai.kyutech.ac.jp>
 
 	* process.c: bug fix
 
@@ -16551,7 +22852,7 @@ Wed Aug 27 15:07:57 2003  Minero Aoki  <aamine@loveruby.net>
 	* lib/net/smtp.rb (check_response): AUTH CRAM-MD5 returns 334
 	  response. [ruby-list:38279]
 
-Wed Aug 27 05:10:15 2003  NAKAMURA Usaku <usa@ruby-lang.org>
+Wed Aug 27 05:10:15 2003  NAKAMURA Usaku  <usa@ruby-lang.org>
 
 	* win32/win32.c (map_errno): support winsock error.
 
@@ -16600,7 +22901,7 @@ Sat Aug 23 18:56:53 2003  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
 	* ext/nkf/nkf.c (rb_nkf_putchar): should use rb_str_resize() to just
 	  resize a string, rb_str_cat() disallows NULL.  [ruby-dev:21237]
 
-Sat Aug 23 16:48:41 2003  Keiju Ishitsuka <keiju@ishitsuka.com>
+Sat Aug 23 16:48:41 2003  Keiju Ishitsuka  <keiju@ishitsuka.com>
 
 	* lib/irb/ruby-lex.rb: bug fix for "foo" !~ /bar/. [ruby-talk:79942]
 
@@ -16625,7 +22926,7 @@ Fri Aug 22 17:07:05 2003  Yukihiro Matsumoto  <matz@ruby-lang.org>
 
 	* string.c (rb_str_scan): use rb_yield_splat().
 
-Fri Aug 22 06:13:22 2003  why the lucky stiff <why@ruby-lang.org>
+Fri Aug 22 06:13:22 2003  why the lucky stiff  <why@ruby-lang.org>
 
 	* ext/syck/rubyext.c: refactoring of the transfer method
 	  dispatch.  added yaml_org_handler for faster dispatch of
@@ -16813,7 +23114,7 @@ Fri Aug 15 02:08:53 2003  Yukihiro Matsumoto  <matz@ruby-lang.org>
 	* gc.c (id2ref): recycle check should be done by klass == 0.
 	  [ruby-core:01408]
 
-Fri Aug 15 01:34:23 2003 Michal Rokos <m.rokos@sh.cvut.cz>
+Fri Aug 15 01:34:23 2003  Michal Rokos  <m.rokos@sh.cvut.cz>
 
 	* ext/openssl/ossl_pkey.c: move generate_cb here
 
@@ -16845,7 +23146,7 @@ Thu Aug 14 20:03:34 2003  Masaki Suketa  <masaki.suketa@nifty.ne.jp>
 	* ext/win32ole/win32ole.c (ole_initialize): stop calling
 	  OleUninitialize at exit.
 
-Thu Aug 14 11:27:37 2003  NAKAMURA Usaku <usa@ruby-lang.org>
+Thu Aug 14 11:27:37 2003  NAKAMURA Usaku  <usa@ruby-lang.org>
 
 	* gc.c (rb_data_object_alloc): check type of 1st argument.
 	  [ruby-dev:21192]
@@ -16884,7 +23185,7 @@ Wed Aug 13 15:58:31 2003  WATANABE Hirofumi  <eban@ruby-lang.org>
 	* object.c (rb_class_s_alloc): add function prototype to avoid VC++
 	  warning.
 
-Wed Aug 13 13:50:59 2003  NAKAMURA Usaku <usa@ruby-lang.org>
+Wed Aug 13 13:50:59 2003  NAKAMURA Usaku  <usa@ruby-lang.org>
 
 	* ext/Win32API/Win32API.c (Win32API_initialize): should pass some
 	  class to first argument of Data_Wrap_Struct(). (ruby-bugs:PR#1109)
@@ -16917,6 +23218,7 @@ Tue Aug 12 02:48:56 2003  Yukihiro Matsumoto  <matz@ruby-lang.org>
 	* eval.c (THREAD_ALLOC): initialize IA64 members.
 
 Mon Aug 11 22:31:50 2003  NAKAMURA, Hiroshi  <nahi@ruby-lang.org>
+
 	* lib/debug.rb(debug_command): inspection command should inspect
 	  resulting value even if it's nil.  [ruby-dev:21180] by OMAE, jun
 	  <jun66j5@ybb.ne.jp>.
@@ -17043,7 +23345,7 @@ Wed Aug  6 17:23:57 2003  Yukihiro Matsumoto  <matz@ruby-lang.org>
 
 	* eval.c: initialize /* OK */ variables by Qnil to stop warnings.
 
-Wed Aug  6 04:58:32 2003  NAKAMURA Usaku <usa@ruby-lang.org>
+Wed Aug  6 04:58:32 2003  NAKAMURA Usaku  <usa@ruby-lang.org>
 
 	* ext/Setup*: add io/wait and openssl.
 
@@ -17117,9 +23419,10 @@ For the changes before 1.8.0, see doc/ChangeLog-1.8.0
 Local variables:
 add-log-time-format: (lambda ()
   (let* ((time (current-time))
+	 (system-time-locale "C")
 	 (diff (+ (cadr time) 32400))
 	 (lo (% diff 65536))
-	 (hi  (+ (car time) (/ diff 65536))))
+	 (hi (+ (car time) (/ diff 65536))))
   (format-time-string "%a %b %e %H:%M:%S %Y" (list hi lo) t)))
 indent-tabs-mode: t
 tab-width: 8
diff --git a/Makefile.in b/Makefile.in
index 8104217687..a37bcf65fb 100644
--- a/Makefile.in
+++ b/Makefile.in
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 SHELL = /bin/sh
+NULLCMD = :
 
 #### Start of system configuration section. ####
 
@@ -34,6 +35,9 @@ RIDATADIR = $(DESTDIR)$(datadir)/ri/$(MAJOR).$(MINOR)/system
 empty =
 OUTFLAG = @OUTFLAG@$(empty)
 CFLAGS = @CFLAGS@ @XCFLAGS@ @ARCH_FLAG@
+cflags = @cflags@
+optflags = @optflags@
+debugflags = @debugflags@
 CPPFLAGS = -I. -I$(srcdir) @CPPFLAGS@
 LDFLAGS = @STATIC@ $(CFLAGS) @LDFLAGS@
 EXTLDFLAGS = 
@@ -52,8 +56,8 @@ RUBY_SO_NAME=@RUBY_SO_NAME@
 EXEEXT = @EXEEXT@
 PROGRAM=$(RUBY_INSTALL_NAME)$(EXEEXT)
 RUBY = $(RUBY_INSTALL_NAME)
-MINIRUBY = @MINIRUBY@
-RUNRUBY = @RUNRUBY@
+MINIRUBY = @MINIRUBY@ $(MINIRUBYOPT)
+RUNRUBY = @RUNRUBY@ $(RUNRUBYOPT) --
 
 #### End of system configuration section. ####
 
@@ -79,10 +83,13 @@ NM            = @NM@
 AR            = @AR@
 ARFLAGS       = rcu
 RANLIB        = @RANLIB@
+AS            = @AS@
+ASFLAGS       = @ASFLAGS@
 
 OBJEXT        = @OBJEXT@
 MANTYPE	      = @MANTYPE@
 
+INSTALLED_LIST= .installed.list
 #### End of variables
 
 all:
@@ -94,7 +101,7 @@ all:
 
 miniruby$(EXEEXT):
 		@$(RM) $@
-		$(PURIFY) $(CC) $(MAINOBJ) $(MINIOBJS) $(LIBRUBY_A) $(LIBS) $(OUTFLAG)$@ $(LDFLAGS) $(MAINLIBS)
+		$(PURIFY) $(CC) $(LDFLAGS) $(XLDFLAGS) $(MAINLIBS) $(MAINOBJ) $(MINIOBJS) $(LIBRUBY_A) $(LIBS) $(OUTFLAG)$@
 
 $(PROGRAM):
 		@$(RM) $@
@@ -109,6 +116,7 @@ $(LIBRUBY_A):
 		@-$(RANLIB) $@ 2> /dev/null || true
 
 $(LIBRUBY_SO):
+		@-$(PRE_LIBRUBY_UPDATE)
 		$(LDSHARED) $(DLDFLAGS) $(OBJS) $(DLDOBJS) $(SOLIBS) $(OUTFLAG)$@
 		@-$(MINIRUBY) -e 'ARGV.each{|link| File.delete link if File.exist? link; \
 						  File.symlink "$(LIBRUBY_SO)", link}' \
@@ -150,9 +158,12 @@ $(srcdir)/configure: $(srcdir)/configure.in
 		cd $(srcdir) && $(AUTOCONF)
 
 lex.c: keywords
-	@-$(RM) $@
-	gperf -p -j1 -i 1 -g -o -t -N rb_reserved_word -k1,3,$$ $? > $@ || \
-	cp "$(srcdir)/$@" .
+	( gperf -C -p -j1 -i 1 -g -o -t -N rb_reserved_word -k1,3,$$ $? > $@.tmp && mv $@.tmp $@ ) || \
+	if test -f $@; then \
+	  touch $@ && echo $@ touched.; \
+	else \
+	  cp $(srcdir)/lex.c $@ && echo $@ copied.; \
+	fi
 
 .y.c:
 	$(YACC) $<
@@ -162,6 +173,9 @@ lex.c: keywords
 .c.@OBJEXT@:
 	$(CC) $(CFLAGS) $(CPPFLAGS) -c $<
 
+.s.@OBJEXT@:
+	$(AS) $(ASFLAGS) -o $@ $<
+
 clean-local::
 	@$(RM) ext/extinit.c ext/extinit.$(OBJEXT)
 
@@ -169,4 +183,20 @@ distclean-local::
 	@$(RM) ext/config.cache $(RBCONFIG)
 
 ext/extinit.$(OBJEXT): ext/extinit.c $(SETUP)
-	$(CC) $(CFLAGS) $(XCFLAGS) $(CPPFLAGS) -o$@ -c ext/extinit.c
+	$(CC) $(CFLAGS) $(XCFLAGS) $(CPPFLAGS) $(OUTFLAG)$@ -c ext/extinit.c
+
+update-rubyspec: 
+	if [ -d $(srcdir)/rubyspec ]; then \
+	  cd $(srcdir)/rubyspec/mspec; \
+	  git pull; \
+	  cd ../spec/rubyspec; \
+	  git pull; \
+	else \
+	  git clone $(MSPEC_GIT_URL) $(srcdir)/rubyspec/mspec; \
+	  git clone $(RUBYSPEC_GIT_URL) $(srcdir)/rubyspec/spec/rubyspec; \
+	fi
+
+test-rubyspec:
+	@if [ ! -d $(srcdir)/rubyspec ]; then echo No rubyspec here.  make update-rubyspec first.; exit 1; fi
+	$(RUNRUBY) $(srcdir)/rubyspec/mspec/bin/mspec -r$(srcdir)/ext/purelib.rb $(srcdir)/rubyspec/spec/rubyspec/$(MAJOR).$(MINOR)
+
diff --git a/NEWS b/NEWS
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..61373187e5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/NEWS
@@ -0,0 +1,629 @@
+= NEWS
+
+This document is a list of user visible feature changes made between
+releases except for bug fixes.
+
+Note that each entry is kept so brief that no reason behind or
+reference information is supplied with.  For a full list of changes
+with all sufficient information, see the ChangeLog file.
+
+== Changes since the 1.8.6 release
+
+=== Configuration changes
+
+* vendor_ruby directory
+
+  A new library directory named `vendor_ruby' is introduced in
+  addition to `site_ruby'.  The idea is to separate libraries
+  installed by the package system (`vendor') from manually (`site')
+  installed libraries preventing the former from getting overwritten
+  by the latter, while preserving the user option to override vendor
+  libraries with site libraries. (`site_ruby' takes precedence over
+  `vendor_ruby')
+
+  If you are a package maintainer, make each library package configure
+  the library passing the `--vendor' option to `extconf.rb' so that
+  the library files will get installed under `vendor_ruby'.
+
+  You can change the directory locations using configure options such
+  as `--with-sitedir=DIR' and `--with-vendordir=DIR'.
+
+=== Global constants
+
+* new constants
+
+  * RUBY_COPYRIGHT
+  * RUBY_DESCRIPTION
+
+=== Library updates (outstanding ones only)
+
+* new library
+
+  * securerandom
+
+* builtin classes
+
+  * Array#flatten
+  * Array#flatten!
+
+    Takes an optional argument that determines the level of recursion
+    to flatten.
+
+  * Array#eql?
+  * Array#hash
+  * Array#==
+  * Array#<=>
+
+    Handle recursive data properly.
+
+  * Array#index
+  * Array#rindex
+
+    Take a block instead of an argument.
+
+  * Array#collect!
+  * Array#map!
+  * Array#each
+  * Array#each_index
+  * Array#reverse_each
+  * Array#reject
+  * Array#reject!
+  * Array#delete_if
+
+    Return an enumerator if no block is given.
+
+    Note that #map and #collect still return an array unlike Ruby 1.9
+    to keep compatibility.
+
+  * Array#pop
+  * Array#shift
+
+    Take an optional argument specifying the number of elements to
+    remove.
+
+  * Array#choice
+  * Array#combination
+  * Array#cycle
+  * Array#drop
+  * Array#drop_while
+  * Array#permutation
+  * Array#product
+  * Array#shuffle
+  * Array#shuffle!
+  * Array#take,
+  * Array#take_while
+
+    New methods.
+
+  * Binding#eval
+
+    New method.
+
+  * Dir#each
+  * Dir#foreach
+
+    Return an enumerator if no block is given.
+
+  * Enumerable::Enumerator
+
+    New class for various enumeration defined by the enumerator library.
+
+  * Enumerable#each_slice
+  * Enumerable#each_cons
+  * Object#to_enum
+  * Object#enum_for
+
+    New methods for various enumeration defined by the enumerator library.
+
+  * Enumerable#count
+  * Enumerable#cycle
+  * Enumerable#drop
+  * Enumerable#drop_while
+  * Enumerable#find_index
+  * Enumerable#first
+  * Enumerable#group_by
+  * Enumerable#max_by
+  * Enumerable#min_by
+  * Enumerable#minmax
+  * Enumerable#minmax_by
+  * Enumerable#none?
+  * Enumerable#one?
+  * Enumerable#take
+  * Enumerable#take_while
+
+    New methods.
+
+  * Enumerable#find
+  * Enumerable#find_all
+  * Enumerable#partition
+  * Enumerable#reject
+  * Enumerable#select
+  * Enumerable#sort_by
+
+    Return an enumerator if no block is given.
+
+    Note that #map and #collect still return an array unlike Ruby 1.9
+    to keep compatibility.
+
+  * Enumerable#inject
+
+    Accepts a binary operator instead of a block.
+
+  * Enumerable#reduce
+
+    New alias to #inject.
+
+  * Hash#eql?
+  * Hash#hash
+  * Hash#==
+
+    Handle recursive data properly.
+
+  * Hash#delete_if
+  * Hash#each
+  * Hash#each_key
+  * Hash#each_pair
+  * Hash#each_value
+  * Hash#reject!
+  * Hash#select
+  * ENV.delete_if
+  * ENV.each
+  * ENV.each_key
+  * ENV.each_pair
+  * ENV.each_value
+  * ENV.reject!
+  * ENV.select
+
+    Return an enumerator if no block is given.
+
+  * GC.stress
+  * GC.stress=
+
+    New methods.
+
+  * Integer#ord
+  * Integer#odd?
+  * Integer#even?
+  * Integer#pred
+
+    New methods.
+
+  * Integer#downto
+  * Integer#times
+  * Integer#upto
+
+    Return an enumerator if no block is given.
+
+  * IO#each
+  * IO#each_line
+  * IO#each_byte
+  * IO.foreach
+  * ARGF.each
+  * ARGF.each_line
+  * ARGF.each_byte
+
+    Return an enumerator if no block is given.
+
+  * IO#bytes
+  * IO#chars
+  * IO#each_char
+  * IO#getbyte
+  * IO#lines
+  * IO#readbyte
+  * ARGF.bytes
+  * ARGF.chars
+  * ARGF.each_char
+  * ARGF.getbyte
+  * ARGF.lines
+  * ARGF.readbyte
+
+    New methods. 
+
+  * Method#name
+  * Method#owner
+  * Method#receiver
+  * UnboundMethod#name
+  * UnboundMethod#owner
+
+    New methods.
+
+  * Module#class_exec
+  * Module#module_exec
+
+    New methods.
+
+  * Numeric#step
+
+    Return an enumerator if no block is given.
+
+  * Object#instance_exec
+  * Object#tap
+
+    New methods.
+
+  * ObjectSpace.each_object
+
+    Return an enumerator if no block is given.
+
+  * Process.exec implemented.
+
+  * Range#each
+  * Range#step
+
+    Return an enumerator if no block is given.
+
+  * Regexp.union accepts an array of patterns.
+
+  * String#bytesize
+
+    New method, returning the size in bytes. (alias length and size)
+
+  * String#chars
+  * String#each_char
+  * String#partition
+  * String#rpartition
+  * String#start_with?
+  * String#end_with?
+
+    New methods.  These are $KCODE aware unlike #index, #rindex and
+    #include?.
+
+  * String#each_byte
+  * String#each
+  * String#each_line
+  * String#gsub(pattern)
+
+    Return an enumerator if no block is given.
+
+  * String#upto
+
+    An optional second argument is added to specify if the last value
+    should be included.
+
+  * StopIteration
+
+    New exception class that causes Kernel#loop to stop iteration when
+    raised.
+
+  * Struct#each
+  * Struct#each_pair
+
+    Return an enumerator if no block is given.
+
+  * Symbol#to_proc
+
+    New method.
+
+  * __method__
+
+    New global function that returns the name of the current method as
+    a Symbol.
+
+* enumerator
+
+  * Enumerator is now a built-in module.  The #next and #rewind
+    methods are implemented using the "generator" library.  Use with
+    care and be aware of the performance loss.
+
+* ipaddr
+
+  * New methods
+    * IPAddr#<=>
+    * IPAddr#succ
+
+      IPAddr objects are now comparable and enumerable having these
+      methods.  This also means that it is possible to have a Range
+      object between two IPAddr objects.
+
+    * IPAddr#to_range
+
+      A new method to create a Range object for the (network) address.
+
+  * Type coercion support
+    * IPAddr#&
+    * IPAddr#|
+    * IPAddr#==
+    * IPAddr#include?
+
+      These methods now accept a string or an integer instead of an
+      IPAddr object as the argument.
+
+* net/smtp
+
+  * Support SSL/TLS.
+
+* openssl
+
+  * New classes
+    * OpenSSL::PKey::EC
+    * OpenSSL::PKey::EC::Group
+    * OpenSSL::PKey::EC::Point
+    * OpenSSL::PKey::PKCS5
+    * OpenSSL::SSL::Session
+
+  * Documentation!
+
+  * Various new methods (see documentation).
+
+  * Remove redundant module namespace in Cipher, Digest, PKCS7, PKCS12.
+    Compatibility classes are provided which will be removed in Ruby 1.9.
+
+* shellwords
+
+  * Add methods for escaping shell-unsafe characters:
+    * Shellwords.join
+    * Shellwords.escape
+    * Array#shelljoin
+    * String#shellescape
+
+  * Add shorthand methods:
+    * Shellwords.split (alias shellwords)
+    * String#shellsplit
+
+* stringio
+
+  * StringIO#getbyte
+  * StringIO#readbyte
+
+    New methods. (aliases for compatibility with 1.9)
+
+  * StringIO#each_char
+  * StringIO#chars
+
+    New methods.
+
+  * StringIO#each
+  * StringIO#each_line
+  * StringIO#each_byte
+
+    Return an enumerator if no block is given.
+
+* tempfile
+
+  * Tempfile.open and Tempfile.new now accept a suffix for the
+    temporary file to be created.  To specify a suffix, pass an array
+    of [basename, suffix] as the first argument.
+
+      Tempfile.open(['image', 'jpg']) { |tempfile| ... }
+
+* tmpdir
+
+  * New method:
+
+    * Dir.mktmpdir
+
+* uri
+
+  * added LDAPS scheme.
+  * Change for RFC3986:
+    * FTP
+      * URI('ftp://example.com/foo').path #=> 'foo'
+      * URI('ftp://example.com/%2Ffoo').path #=> '/foo'
+      * URI::FTP.build([nil, 'example.com', nil, '/foo', 'i').to_s #=> 'ftp://example.com/%2Ffoo;type=i'
+    * URI merge
+      * URI('http://a/b/c/d;p?q').merge('?y') == URI('http://a/b/c/d;p?y')
+      * URI('http://a/b/c/d;p?q').merge('/./g') == URI('http://a/g')
+      * URI('http://a/b/c/d;p?q').merge('/../g') == URI('http://a/g')
+      * URI('http://a/b/c/d;p?q').merge('../../../g') == URI('http://a/g')
+      * URI('http://a/b/c/d;p?q').merge('../../../../g') == URI('http://a/g')
+
+* rss
+
+  * 0.1.6 -> 0.2.4
+
+  * Fix image module URI
+
+  * Atom support
+
+  * ITunes module support
+
+  * Slash module support
+
+  * content:encoded with RSS 2.0 support
+
+=== Interpreter Implementation
+
+* passing a block to a Proc [experimental]
+
+  This implementation in current shape is known to be buggy/broken,
+  especially with nested block invocation.  Take this as an
+  experimental feature.
+
+* stack trace
+
+  On non-SystemStackError exception, full stack trace is shown.
+
+=== Compatibility issues (excluding feature bug fixes)
+
+* String#slice! had some unintentional bugs and they have been fixed
+  because either they disagreed with documentation or their respective
+  behavior of #slice.  Unfortunately, this causes some
+  incompatibilities in the following (somewhat rare) cases.
+
+  * #slice! no longer expands the array when an out-of-boundary value
+    is given.
+
+      # Ruby 1.8.6
+      a = [1,2]
+      a.slice!(4,0)   #=> nil
+      a               #=> [1,2,nil,nil]
+
+      # Ruby 1.8.7
+      a = [1,2]
+      a.slice!(4,0)   #=> nil
+      a               #=> [1,2]
+
+  * #slice! no longer raises an exception but returns nil when a
+    negative length or out-of-boundary negative position is given.
+
+      # Ruby 1.8.6
+      a = [1,2]
+      a.slice!(1,-1)  #=> (raises IndexError)
+      a.slice!(-5,1)  #=> (raises IndexError)
+
+      # Ruby 1.8.7
+      a = [1,2]
+      a.slice!(1,-1)  #=> nil
+      a.slice!(-5,1)  #=> nil
+
+* String#to_i, String#hex and String#oct no longer accept a sequence
+  of underscores (`__') as part of a number.
+
+    # Ruby 1.8.6
+    '1__0'.to_i     #=> 10
+    '1__0'.to_i(2)  #=> 2  # 0b10
+    '1__0'.oct      #=> 8  # 010
+    '1__0'.hex      #=> 16 # 0x10
+
+    # Ruby 1.8.7
+    '1__0'.to_i     #=> 1
+    '1__0'.to_i(2)  #=> 1
+    '1__0'.oct      #=> 1
+    '1__0'.hex      #=> 1
+
+  The old behavior was inconsistent with Ruby syntax and considered as
+  a bug.
+
+* date
+
+  * Date.parse
+
+    '##.##.##' (where each '#' is a digit) is now taken as 'YY.MM.DD'
+    instead of 'MM.DD.YY'.  While the change may confuse you, you can
+    always use Date.strptime() when you know what you are dealing
+    with.
+
+* stringio
+
+  * StringIO#each_byte
+
+    The return value changed from nil to self.  This is what the
+    document says and the same as each_line() does.
+
+* tempfile
+
+  * The file name format has changed.  No dots are included by default
+    in temporary file names any more.  See above for how to specify a
+    suffix.
+
+* uri
+
+  * See above for details.
+
+== Changes since the 1.8.5 release
+
+=== New platforms/build tools support
+
+* IA64 HP-UX
+
+* Visual C++ 8 SP1
+
+* autoconf 2.6x
+
+=== Global constants
+
+* RUBY_PATCHLEVEL
+
+  New constant since 1.8.5-p1.
+
+=== Library updates (outstanding ones only)
+
+* builtin classes
+
+  * New method: Kernel#instance_variable_defined?
+
+  * New method: Module#class_variable_defined?
+
+  * New feature: Dir::glob() can now take an array of glob patterns.
+
+* date
+
+  * Updated based on date2 4.0.3.
+
+* digest
+
+  * New internal APIs for C and Ruby.
+
+  * Support for autoloading.
+
+      require 'digest'
+
+      # autoloads digest/md5
+      md = Digest::MD5.digest("string")
+
+  * New digest class methods: file
+
+  * New digest instance methods: clone, reset, new, inspect,
+    digest_length (alias size or length), block_length()
+
+  * New library: digest/bubblebabble
+
+  * New function: Digest(name)
+
+* fileutils
+
+  * New option for FileUtils.cp_r(): :remove_destination
+
+* nkf
+
+  * Updated based on nkf as of 2007-01-28.
+
+* thread
+
+  * Replaced with much faster mutex implementation in C.  The former
+    implementation, which is slow but considered to be stable, is
+    available with a configure option `--disable-fastthread'.
+
+* tk
+
+  * Updated Tile extension support based on Tile 0.7.8.
+
+  * Support --without-X11 configure option for non-X11 versions of
+    Tcl/Tk (e.g. Tcl/Tk Aqua).
+
+  * New sample script: irbtkw.rbw -- IRB on Ruby/Tk. It has no trouble
+    about STDIN blocking on Windows.
+
+* webrick
+
+  * New method: WEBrick::Cookie.parse_set_cookies()
+
+=== Compatibility issues (excluding feature bug fixes)
+
+* builtin classes
+
+  * String#intern now raises SecurityError when $SAFE level is greater
+    than zero.
+
+* date
+
+  * Time#to_date and Time#to_datetime are added as private methods.
+    They cause name conflict error in ActiveSupport 1.4.1 and prior,
+    which comes with Rails 1.2.2 and prior.  Updating ActiveSupport
+    and/or Rails to the latest versions fixes the problem.
+
+* digest
+
+  * The constructor does no longer take an initial string to feed.
+    The following examples show how to migrate:
+
+      # Before
+      md = Digest::MD5.new("string")
+      # After (works with any version)
+      md = Digest::MD5.new.update("string")
+        
+      # Before
+      hd = Digest::MD5.new("string").hexdigest
+      # After (works with any version)
+      hd = Digest::MD5.hexdigest("string")
+
+* fileutils
+
+  * A minor implementation change breaks Rake <=0.7.1.
+    Updating Rake to 0.7.2 or higher fixes the problem.
+
+* tk
+
+  * Tk::X_Scrollable (Y_Scrollable) is renamed to Tk::XScrollable
+    (YScrollable). Tk::X_Scrollable (Y_Scrollable) is still available,
+    but it is an alias name.
diff --git a/README b/README
index bde22dff78..1b79781367 100644
--- a/README
+++ b/README
@@ -22,16 +22,24 @@ Perl).  It is simple, straight-forward, and extensible.
 
 * How to get Ruby
 
-The Ruby distribution can be found on:
+The Ruby distribution files can be found in the following FTP site:
 
   ftp://ftp.ruby-lang.org/pub/ruby/
 
-You can get it by anonymous CVS.  How to check out is:
+The latest source code of this version series can be checked out
+through SVN with the following command:
 
-  $ cvs -d :pserver:anonymous@cvs.ruby-lang.org:/src login
-  (Logging in to anonymous@cvs.ruby-lang.org)
-  CVS password: anonymous
-  $ cvs -z4 -d :pserver:anonymous@cvs.ruby-lang.org:/src checkout ruby
+  $ svn co http://svn.ruby-lang.org/repos/ruby/branches/ruby_1_8/
+
+The trunk of the Ruby source tree can be checked out with the
+following command:
+
+  $ svn co http://svn.ruby-lang.org/repos/ruby/trunk/ ruby
+
+There are some other branches under development.  Try the following
+command and see the list of branches:
+
+  $ svn ls http://svn.ruby-lang.org/repos/ruby/branches/
 
 
 * Ruby home-page
@@ -62,7 +70,11 @@ This is what you need to do to compile and install Ruby:
 
   2. Run ./configure, which will generate config.h and Makefile.
 
-  3. Edit defines.h if you need.  Probably this step will not need.
+     Some C compiler flags may be added by default depending on your
+     environment.  Specify optflags=.. and warnflags=.. as necessary
+     to override them.
+
+  3. Edit defines.h if you need.  Usually this step will not be needed.
 
   4. Remove comment mark(#) before the module names from ext/Setup (or
      add module names if not present), if you want to link modules
diff --git a/README.EXT b/README.EXT
index e5d39911ca..637b19d25b 100644
--- a/README.EXT
+++ b/README.EXT
@@ -8,8 +8,8 @@ In C, variables have types and data do not have types.  In contrast,
 Ruby variables do not have a static type, and data themselves have
 types, so data will need to be converted between the languages.
 
-Data in Ruby are represented by C type `VALUE'.  Each VALUE data has
-its data-type.
+Data in Ruby are represented by the C type `VALUE'.  Each VALUE data
+has its data-type.
 
 To retrieve C data from a VALUE, you need to:
 
@@ -91,26 +91,26 @@ The data for type T_NIL, T_FALSE, T_TRUE are nil, true, false
 respectively.  They are singletons for the data type.
 
 The T_FIXNUM data is a 31bit length fixed integer (63bit length on
-some machines), which can be convert to a C integer by using the
+some machines), which can be converted to a C integer by using the
 FIX2INT() macro.  There is also NUM2INT() which converts any Ruby
 numbers into C integers.  The NUM2INT() macro includes a type check, so
 an exception will be raised if the conversion failed.  NUM2DBL() can
-be used to retrieve the double float value in same way.
+be used to retrieve the double float value in the same way.
 
-To get char* from a VALUE, version 1.7 recommend to use new macros
-StringValue() and StringValuePtr().  StringValue(var) replaces var's
-value to the result of "var.to_str()".  StringValuePtr(var) does same
-replacement and returns char* representation of var.  These macros
-will skip the replacement if var is a String.  Notice that the macros
-requires to take only lvalue as their argument, to change the value
-of var in the replacement. 
+In version 1.7 or later it is recommended that you use the new macros
+StringValue() and StringValuePtr() to get a char* from a VALUE.
+StringValue(var) replaces var's value with the result of "var.to_str()".
+StringValuePtr(var) does same replacement and returns char*
+representation of var.  These macros will skip the replacement if var is
+a String.  Notice that the macros take only the lvalue as their
+argument, to change the value of var in place.
 
-In version 1.6 or earlier, STR2CSTR() was used to do same thing
-but now it is obsoleted in version 1.7 because of STR2CSTR() has
-a risk of dangling pointer problem in to_str() impliclit conversion.
+In version 1.6 or earlier, STR2CSTR() was used to do the same thing
+but now it is deprecated in version 1.7, because STR2CSTR() has a risk
+of a dangling pointer problem in the to_str() impliclit conversion.
 
 Other data types have corresponding C structures, e.g. struct RArray
-for T_ARRAY etc. The VALUE of the type which has corresponding structure
+for T_ARRAY etc. The VALUE of the type which has the corresponding structure
 can be cast to retrieve the pointer to the struct.  The casting macro
 will be of the form RXXXX for each data type; for instance, RARRAY(obj). 
 See "ruby.h".
@@ -205,7 +205,7 @@ interpreter. Some (not all) of the useful functions are listed below:
   rb_ary_unshift(VALUE ary, VALUE val)
 
     Array operations.  The first argument to each functions must be an 
-    array.  They may dump core if other types given.
+    array.  They may dump core if other types are given.
 
 2. Extending Ruby with C
 
@@ -244,7 +244,7 @@ To define methods or singleton methods, use these functions:
 			          VALUE (*func)(), int argc)
 
 The `argc' represents the number of the arguments to the C function,
-which must be less than 17.  But I believe you don't need that much. :-)
+which must be less than 17.  But I doubt you'll need that many.
 
 If `argc' is negative, it specifies the calling sequence, not number of
 the arguments.  
@@ -272,7 +272,7 @@ private methods:
 
 The other is to define module functions, which are private AND singleton
 methods of the module.  For example, sqrt is the module function
-defined in Math module.  It can be call in the form like:
+defined in Math module.  It can be called in the following way:
 
   Math.sqrt(4)
 
@@ -291,7 +291,7 @@ in the Kernel module, can be defined using:
 
   void rb_define_global_function(const char *name, VALUE (*func)(), int argc)
 
-To define alias to the method,
+To define an alias for the method,
 
   void rb_define_alias(VALUE module, const char* new, const char* old);
 
@@ -321,7 +321,7 @@ There are several ways to invoke Ruby's features from C code.
 2.2.1 Evaluate Ruby Programs in a String
 
 The easiest way to use Ruby's functionality from a C program is to
-evaluate the string as Ruby program.  This function will do the job.
+evaluate the string as Ruby program.  This function will do the job:
 
   VALUE rb_eval_string(const char *str)
 
@@ -434,7 +434,7 @@ The prototypes of the getter and setter functions are as follows:
   (*getter)(ID id, void *data, struct global_entry* entry);
   (*setter)(VALUE val, ID id, void *data, struct global_entry* entry);
 
-3.3 Encapsulate C data into Ruby object
+3.3 Encapsulate C data into a Ruby object
 
 To wrap and objectify a C pointer as a Ruby object (so called
 DATA), use Data_Wrap_Struct().
@@ -619,7 +619,7 @@ are not exported to the Ruby world.  You need to protect them by
 If the file named extconf.rb exists, it will be executed to generate
 Makefile.
 
-extconf.rb is the file for check compilation conditions etc.  You
+extconf.rb is the file for checking compilation conditions etc.  You
 need to put
 
   require 'mkmf'
@@ -639,12 +639,12 @@ The value of the variables below will affect the Makefile.
   $LDFLAGS: included in LDFLAGS make variable (such as -L)
   $objs: list of object file names
 
-In normal, object files list is automatically generated by searching
-source files, but you need directs them explicitly if any sources will
+Normally, the object files list is automatically generated by searching
+source files, but you must define them explicitly if any sources will
 be generated while building.
 
 If a compilation condition is not fulfilled, you should not call
-``create_makefile''.  The Makefile will not generated, compilation will
+``create_makefile''.  The Makefile will not be generated, compilation will
 not be done.
 
 (5) prepare depend (optional)
@@ -654,7 +654,7 @@ check dependencies.  You can make this file by invoking
 
   % gcc -MM *.c > depend
 
-It's no harm.  Prepare it.
+It's harmless.  Prepare it.
 
 (6) generate Makefile
 
@@ -662,6 +662,11 @@ Try generating the Makefile by:
 
   ruby extconf.rb
 
+If the library should be installed under vendor_ruby directory
+instead of site_ruby directory, use --vendor option as follows.
+
+  ruby extconf.rb --vendor
+
 You don't need this step if you put the extension library under the ext
 directory of the ruby source tree.  In that case, compilation of the
 interpreter will do this step for you.
@@ -673,12 +678,12 @@ Type
   make
 
 to compile your extension.  You don't need this step either if you have
-put extension library under the ext directory of the ruby source tree.
+put the extension library under the ext directory of the ruby source tree.
 
 (8) debug
 
 You may need to rb_debug the extension.  Extensions can be linked
-statically by the adding directory name in the ext/Setup file so that
+statically by adding the directory name in the ext/Setup file so that
 you can inspect the extension with the debugger.
 
 (9) done, now you have the extension library
@@ -843,15 +848,15 @@ it can't be seen from Ruby programs.
  void rb_define_readonly_variable(const char *name, VALUE *var)
 
 Defines a read-only global variable.  Works just like
-rb_define_variable(), except defined variable is read-only.
+rb_define_variable(), except the defined variable is read-only.
 
  void rb_define_virtual_variable(const char *name,
 				 VALUE (*getter)(), VALUE (*setter)())
 
 Defines a virtual variable, whose behavior is defined by a pair of C
 functions.  The getter function is called when the variable is
-referred.  The setter function is called when the value is set to the
-variable.  The prototype for getter/setter functions are:
+referenced.  The setter function is called when the variable is set to a
+value.  The prototype for getter/setter functions are:
 
 	VALUE getter(ID id)
 	void setter(VALUE val, ID id)
@@ -1011,7 +1016,7 @@ Terminates the interpreter immediately.  This function should be
 called under the situation caused by the bug in the interpreter.  No
 exception handling nor ensure execution will be done.
 
-** Initialize and Starts the Interpreter
+** Initialize and Start the Interpreter
 
 The embedding API functions are below (not needed for extension libraries):
 
@@ -1031,6 +1036,32 @@ Starts execution of the interpreter.
 
 Specifies the name of the script ($0).
 
+** Hooks for the Interpreter Events
+
+ void rb_add_event_hook(rb_event_hook_func_t func, rb_event_t events)
+
+Adds a hook function for the specified interpreter events.
+events should be Or'ed value of:
+
+	RUBY_EVENT_LINE
+	RUBY_EVENT_CLASS
+	RUBY_EVENT_END
+	RUBY_EVENT_CALL
+	RUBY_EVENT_RETURN
+	RUBY_EVENT_C_CALL
+	RUBY_EVENT_C_RETURN
+	RUBY_EVENT_RAISE
+	RUBY_EVENT_ALL
+
+The definition of rb_event_hook_func_t is below:
+
+ typedef void (*rb_event_hook_func_t)(rb_event_t event, NODE *node,
+ 				      VALUE self, ID id, VALUE klass)
+
+ int rb_remove_event_hook(rb_event_hook_func_t func)
+
+Removes the specified hook function.
+
 Appendix C. Functions Available in extconf.rb
 
 These functions are available in extconf.rb:
@@ -1122,7 +1153,7 @@ Returns an array of the added directories ([include_dir, lib_dir]).
 
  pkg_config(pkg)
 
-Obtains the information of pkg by pkg-config command.  The actual
+Obtains the information for pkg by pkg-config command.  The actual
 command name can be overriden by --with-pkg-config command line
 option.
 
diff --git a/README.EXT.ja b/README.EXT.ja
index 30c4d520ba..73425c2cdb 100644
--- a/README.EXT.ja
+++ b/README.EXT.ja
@@ -765,6 +765,12 @@ Makefile��ºݤ��������뤿��ˤ�
 
 �Ȥ��Ƥ���������
 
+site_ruby �ǥ��쥯�ȥ�Ǥʤ���
+vendor_ruby �ǥ��쥯�ȥ�˥��󥹥ȡ��뤹����ˤ�
+�ʲ��Τ褦�� --vendor ���ץ�����ä��Ƥ���������
+
+  ruby extconf.rb --vendor
+
 �ǥ��쥯�ȥ��ext�ʲ����Ѱդ������ˤ�Ruby���Τ�make�λ���
 ��ưŪ��Makefile����������ޤ��Τǡ����Υ��ƥåפ����פǤ���
 
diff --git a/README.ja b/README.ja
index fc502dd440..71ce4ee12c 100644
--- a/README.ja
+++ b/README.ja
@@ -26,18 +26,25 @@ Ruby�ϥƥ����Ƚ����ط���ǽ�Ϥʤɤ�ͥ�졤Perl��Ʊ�����餤����
 
 * ����ˡ
 
-** ftp��
+** FTP��
 
 �ʲ��ξ��ˤ����Ƥ���ޤ���
 
   ftp://ftp.ruby-lang.org/pub/ruby/
 
-** CVS��
+** Subversion��
 
-  $ cvs -d :pserver:anonymous@cvs.ruby-lang.org:/src login
-  (Logging in to anonymous@cvs.ruby-lang.org)
-  CVS password: anonymous
-  $ cvs -z4 -d :pserver:anonymous@cvs.ruby-lang.org:src checkout ruby
+�ܥ֥�����Ruby�κǿ��Υ����������ɤϼ��Υ��ޥ�ɤǼ����Ǥ��ޤ���
+
+  $ svn co http://svn.ruby-lang.org/repos/ruby/branches/ruby_1_8/
+
+��ȯ��ü�Υ����������ɤϼ��Υ��ޥ�ɤǼ����Ǥ��ޤ���
+
+  $ svn co http://svn.ruby-lang.org/repos/ruby/trunk/ ruby
+
+¾�˳�ȯ��Υ֥����ΰ����ϼ��Υ��ޥ�ɤǸ����ޤ���
+
+  $ svn ls http://svn.ruby-lang.org/repos/ruby/branches/
 
 
 * �ۡ���ڡ���
@@ -85,6 +92,10 @@ Ruby��ĥ�⥸�塼��ˤĤ����ä��礦ruby-ext�᡼��󥰥ꥹ�Ȥ�
 
   2. configure��¹Ԥ���Makefile�ʤɤ���������
 
+     �Ķ��ˤ�äƤϥǥե���Ȥ�C����ѥ����ѥ��ץ�����դ�
+     �ޤ���configure���ץ����� optflags=.. warnflags=.. ��
+     �Ǿ�񤭤Ǥ��ޤ���
+
   3. (ɬ�פʤ��)defines.h���Խ�����
 
      ¿ʬ��ɬ��̵���Ȼפ��ޤ���
diff --git a/array.c b/array.c
index 6e6778d68d..7e8c12b683 100644
--- a/array.c
+++ b/array.c
@@ -20,6 +20,7 @@ VALUE rb_cArray;
 static ID id_cmp;
 
 #define ARY_DEFAULT_SIZE 16
+#define ARY_MAX_SIZE (LONG_MAX / sizeof(VALUE))
 
 void
 rb_mem_clear(mem, size)
@@ -120,7 +121,7 @@ ary_new(klass, len)
     if (len < 0) {
 	rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "negative array size (or size too big)");
     }
-    if (len > 0 && len * sizeof(VALUE) <= len) {
+    if (len > ARY_MAX_SIZE) {
 	rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "array size too big");
     }
     if (len == 0) len++;
@@ -195,6 +196,27 @@ rb_ary_new4(n, elts)
     return ary;
 }
 
+static VALUE
+ary_make_shared(ary)
+    VALUE ary;
+{
+    if (!FL_TEST(ary, ELTS_SHARED)) {
+	NEWOBJ(shared, struct RArray);
+	OBJSETUP(shared, rb_cArray, T_ARRAY);
+
+	shared->len = RARRAY(ary)->len;
+	shared->ptr = RARRAY(ary)->ptr;
+	shared->aux.capa = RARRAY(ary)->aux.capa;
+	RARRAY(ary)->aux.shared = (VALUE)shared;
+	FL_SET(ary, ELTS_SHARED);
+	OBJ_FREEZE(shared);
+	return (VALUE)shared;
+    }
+    else {
+	return RARRAY(ary)->aux.shared;
+    }
+}
+
 VALUE
 rb_assoc_new(car, cdr)
     VALUE car, cdr;
@@ -272,6 +294,7 @@ rb_ary_initialize(argc, argv, ary)
     long len;
     VALUE size, val;
 
+    rb_ary_modify(ary);
     if (rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "02", &size, &val) == 0) {
 	RARRAY(ary)->len = 0;
 	if (rb_block_given_p()) {
@@ -292,10 +315,9 @@ rb_ary_initialize(argc, argv, ary)
     if (len < 0) {
 	rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "negative array size");
     }
-    if (len > 0 && len * (long)sizeof(VALUE) <= len) {
+    if (len > ARY_MAX_SIZE) {
 	rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "array size too big");
     }
-    rb_ary_modify(ary);
     if (len > RARRAY(ary)->aux.capa) {
 	REALLOC_N(RARRAY(ary)->ptr, VALUE, len);
 	RARRAY(ary)->aux.capa = len;
@@ -358,6 +380,9 @@ rb_ary_store(ary, idx, val)
 		    idx - RARRAY(ary)->len);
 	}
     }
+    else if (idx >= ARY_MAX_SIZE) {
+	rb_raise(rb_eIndexError, "index %ld too big", idx);
+    }
 
     rb_ary_modify(ary);
     if (idx >= RARRAY(ary)->aux.capa) {
@@ -366,10 +391,10 @@ rb_ary_store(ary, idx, val)
 	if (new_capa < ARY_DEFAULT_SIZE) {
 	    new_capa = ARY_DEFAULT_SIZE;
 	}
-	new_capa += idx;
-	if (new_capa * (long)sizeof(VALUE) <= new_capa) {
-	    rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "index too big");
+	if (new_capa >= ARY_MAX_SIZE - idx) {
+	    new_capa = (ARY_MAX_SIZE - idx) / 2;
 	}
+	new_capa += idx;
 	REALLOC_N(RARRAY(ary)->ptr, VALUE, new_capa);
 	RARRAY(ary)->aux.capa = new_capa;
     }
@@ -384,6 +409,50 @@ rb_ary_store(ary, idx, val)
     RARRAY(ary)->ptr[idx] = val;
 }
 
+static VALUE
+ary_shared_array(klass, ary)
+    VALUE klass;
+    VALUE ary;
+{
+    VALUE val = ary_alloc(klass);
+
+    ary_make_shared(ary);
+    RARRAY(val)->ptr = RARRAY(ary)->ptr;
+    RARRAY(val)->len = RARRAY(ary)->len;
+    RARRAY(val)->aux.shared = RARRAY(ary)->aux.shared;
+    FL_SET(val, ELTS_SHARED);
+    return val;
+}
+
+static VALUE
+ary_shared_first(argc, argv, ary, last)
+    int argc;
+    VALUE *argv;
+    VALUE ary;
+    int last;
+{
+    VALUE nv, result;
+    long n;
+    long offset = 0;
+
+    rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "1", &nv);
+    n = NUM2LONG(nv);
+    if (n > RARRAY(ary)->len) {
+	n = RARRAY(ary)->len;
+    }
+    else if (n < 0) {
+	rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "negative array size");
+    }
+    if (last) {
+	offset = RARRAY(ary)->len - n;
+    }
+    result = ary_shared_array(rb_cArray, ary);
+    RARRAY(result)->ptr += offset;
+    RARRAY(result)->len = n;
+
+    return result;
+}
+
 /*
  *  call-seq:
  *     array << obj            -> array
@@ -431,18 +500,6 @@ rb_ary_push_m(argc, argv, ary)
     return ary;
 }
 
-/*
- *  call-seq:
- *     array.pop  -> obj or nil
- *  
- *  Removes the last element from <i>self</i> and returns it, or
- *  <code>nil</code> if the array is empty.
- *     
- *     a = [ "a", "m", "z" ]
- *     a.pop   #=> "z"
- *     a       #=> ["a", "m"]
- */
-
 VALUE
 rb_ary_pop(ary)
     VALUE ary;
@@ -450,7 +507,7 @@ rb_ary_pop(ary)
     rb_ary_modify_check(ary);
     if (RARRAY(ary)->len == 0) return Qnil;
     if (!FL_TEST(ary, ELTS_SHARED) &&
-	    RARRAY(ary)->len * 2 < RARRAY(ary)->aux.capa &&
+	    RARRAY(ary)->len * 3 < RARRAY(ary)->aux.capa &&
 	    RARRAY(ary)->aux.capa > ARY_DEFAULT_SIZE) {
 	RARRAY(ary)->aux.capa = RARRAY(ary)->len * 2;
 	REALLOC_N(RARRAY(ary)->ptr, VALUE, RARRAY(ary)->aux.capa);
@@ -458,54 +515,112 @@ rb_ary_pop(ary)
     return RARRAY(ary)->ptr[--RARRAY(ary)->len];
 }
 
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *     array.pop    -> obj or nil
+ *     array.pop(n) -> array
+ *  
+ *  Removes the last element from <i>self</i> and returns it, or
+ *  <code>nil</code> if the array is empty.
+ *
+ *  If a number _n_ is given, returns an array of the last n elements
+ *  (or less) just like <code>array.slice!(-n, n)</code> does.
+ *     
+ *     a = [ "a", "b", "c", "d" ]
+ *     a.pop     #=> "d"
+ *     a.pop(2)  #=> ["b", "c"]
+ *     a         #=> ["a"]
+ */
+
 static VALUE
-ary_make_shared(ary)
+rb_ary_pop_m(argc, argv, ary)
+    int argc;
+    VALUE *argv;
     VALUE ary;
 {
-    if (!FL_TEST(ary, ELTS_SHARED)) {
-	NEWOBJ(shared, struct RArray);
-	OBJSETUP(shared, rb_cArray, T_ARRAY);
+    VALUE result;
 
-	shared->len = RARRAY(ary)->len;
-	shared->ptr = RARRAY(ary)->ptr;
-	shared->aux.capa = RARRAY(ary)->aux.capa;
-	RARRAY(ary)->aux.shared = (VALUE)shared;
-	FL_SET(ary, ELTS_SHARED);
-	OBJ_FREEZE(shared);
-	return (VALUE)shared;
+    if (argc == 0) {
+	return rb_ary_pop(ary);
     }
-    else {
-	return RARRAY(ary)->aux.shared;
+
+    rb_ary_modify_check(ary);
+    result = ary_shared_first(argc, argv, ary, Qtrue);
+    RARRAY(ary)->len -= RARRAY(result)->len;
+    return result;
+}
+
+VALUE
+rb_ary_shift(ary)
+    VALUE ary;
+{
+    VALUE top;
+
+    rb_ary_modify_check(ary);
+    if (RARRAY(ary)->len == 0) return Qnil;
+    top = RARRAY(ary)->ptr[0];
+    if (!FL_TEST(ary, ELTS_SHARED)) {
+        if (RARRAY(ary)->len < ARY_DEFAULT_SIZE) {
+            MEMMOVE(RARRAY(ary)->ptr, RARRAY(ary)->ptr+1, VALUE, RARRAY(ary)->len-1);
+	    RARRAY(ary)->len--;
+            return top;
+        }
+        RARRAY(ary)->ptr[0] = Qnil;
+	ary_make_shared(ary);
     }
+    RARRAY(ary)->ptr++;		/* shift ptr */
+    RARRAY(ary)->len--;
+
+    return top;
 }
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *     array.shift   ->   obj or nil
+ *     array.shift    -> obj or nil
+ *     array.shift(n) -> array
  *  
  *  Returns the first element of <i>self</i> and removes it (shifting all
  *  other elements down by one). Returns <code>nil</code> if the array
  *  is empty.
+ *
+ *  If a number _n_ is given, returns an array of the first n elements
+ *  (or less) just like <code>array.slice!(0, n)</code> does.
  *     
  *     args = [ "-m", "-q", "filename" ]
- *     args.shift   #=> "-m"
- *     args         #=> ["-q", "filename"]
+ *     args.shift     #=> "-m"
+ *     args           #=> ["-q", "filename"]
+ *
+ *     args = [ "-m", "-q", "filename" ]
+ *     args.shift(2)  #=> ["-m", "-q"]
+ *     args           #=> ["filename"]
  */
 
-VALUE
-rb_ary_shift(ary)
+static VALUE
+rb_ary_shift_m(argc, argv, ary)
+    int argc;
+    VALUE *argv;
     VALUE ary;
 {
-    VALUE top;
+    VALUE result;
+    long n;
+
+    if (argc == 0) {
+	return rb_ary_shift(ary);
+    }
 
     rb_ary_modify_check(ary);
-    if (RARRAY(ary)->len == 0) return Qnil;
-    top = RARRAY(ary)->ptr[0];
-    ary_make_shared(ary);
-    RARRAY(ary)->ptr++;		/* shift ptr */
-    RARRAY(ary)->len--;
+    result = ary_shared_first(argc, argv, ary, Qfalse);
+    n = RARRAY(result)->len;
+    if (FL_TEST(ary, ELTS_SHARED)) {
+	RARRAY(ary)->ptr += n;
+	RARRAY(ary)->len -= n;
+	}
+    else {
+	MEMMOVE(RARRAY(ary)->ptr, RARRAY(ary)->ptr+n, VALUE, RARRAY(ary)->len-n);
+	RARRAY(ary)->len -= n;
+    }
 
-    return top;
+    return result;
 }
 
 VALUE
@@ -598,7 +713,7 @@ rb_ary_subseq(ary, beg, len)
     if (beg > RARRAY(ary)->len) return Qnil;
     if (beg < 0 || len < 0) return Qnil;
 
-    if (beg + len > RARRAY(ary)->len) {
+    if (RARRAY(ary)->len < len || RARRAY(ary)->len < beg + len) {
 	len = RARRAY(ary)->len - beg;
 	if (len < 0)
 	    len = 0;
@@ -740,17 +855,7 @@ rb_ary_first(argc, argv, ary)
 	return RARRAY(ary)->ptr[0];
     }
     else {
-	VALUE nv, result;
-	long n, i;
-
-	rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "01", &nv);
-	n = NUM2LONG(nv);
-	if (n > RARRAY(ary)->len) n = RARRAY(ary)->len;
-	result = rb_ary_new2(n);
-	for (i=0; i<n; i++) {
-	    rb_ary_push(result, RARRAY(ary)->ptr[i]);
-	}
-	return result;
+	return ary_shared_first(argc, argv, ary, Qfalse);
     }
 }
 
@@ -776,17 +881,7 @@ rb_ary_last(argc, argv, ary)
 	return RARRAY(ary)->ptr[RARRAY(ary)->len-1];
     }
     else {
-	VALUE nv, result;
-	long n, i;
-
-	rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "01", &nv);
-	n = NUM2LONG(nv);
-	if (n > RARRAY(ary)->len) n = RARRAY(ary)->len;
-	result = rb_ary_new2(n);
-	for (i=RARRAY(ary)->len-n; n--; i++) {
-	    rb_ary_push(result, RARRAY(ary)->ptr[i]);
-	}
-	return result;
+	return ary_shared_first(argc, argv, ary, Qtrue);
     }
 }
 
@@ -842,24 +937,41 @@ rb_ary_fetch(argc, argv, ary)
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *     array.index(obj)   ->  int or nil
+ *     array.index(obj)           ->  int or nil
+ *     array.index {|item| block} ->  int or nil
  *  
- *  Returns the index of the first object in <i>self</i> such that is 
- *  <code>==</code> to <i>obj</i>. Returns <code>nil</code> if
- *  no match is found.
+ *  Returns the index of the first object in <i>self</i> such that is
+ *  <code>==</code> to <i>obj</i>. If a block is given instead of an
+ *  argument, returns first object for which <em>block</em> is true.
+ *  Returns <code>nil</code> if no match is found.
  *     
  *     a = [ "a", "b", "c" ]
- *     a.index("b")   #=> 1
- *     a.index("z")   #=> nil
+ *     a.index("b")        #=> 1
+ *     a.index("z")        #=> nil
+ *     a.index{|x|x=="b"}  #=> 1
+ *
+ *  This is an alias of <code>#find_index</code>.
  */
 
 static VALUE
-rb_ary_index(ary, val)
+rb_ary_index(argc, argv, ary)
+    int argc;
+    VALUE *argv;
     VALUE ary;
-    VALUE val;
 {
+    VALUE val;
     long i;
 
+    if (argc  == 0) {
+	RETURN_ENUMERATOR(ary, 0, 0);
+	for (i=0; i<RARRAY(ary)->len; i++) {
+	    if (RTEST(rb_yield(RARRAY(ary)->ptr[i]))) {
+		return LONG2NUM(i);
+	    }
+	}
+	return Qnil;
+    }
+    rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "01", &val);
     for (i=0; i<RARRAY(ary)->len; i++) {
 	if (rb_equal(RARRAY(ary)->ptr[i], val))
 	    return LONG2NUM(i);
@@ -871,29 +983,44 @@ rb_ary_index(ary, val)
  *  call-seq:
  *     array.rindex(obj)    ->  int or nil
  *  
- *  Returns the index of the last object in <i>array</i> 
- *  <code>==</code> to <i>obj</i>. Returns <code>nil</code> if
- *  no match is found.
+ *  Returns the index of the last object in <i>array</i>
+ *  <code>==</code> to <i>obj</i>. If a block is given instead of an
+ *  argument, returns first object for which <em>block</em> is
+ *  true. Returns <code>nil</code> if no match is found.
  *     
  *     a = [ "a", "b", "b", "b", "c" ]
- *     a.rindex("b")   #=> 3
- *     a.rindex("z")   #=> nil
+ *     a.rindex("b")        #=> 3
+ *     a.rindex("z")        #=> nil
+ *     a.rindex{|x|x=="b"}  #=> 3
  */
 
 static VALUE
-rb_ary_rindex(ary, val)
+rb_ary_rindex(argc, argv, ary)
+    int argc;
+    VALUE *argv;
     VALUE ary;
-    VALUE val;
 {
+    VALUE val;
     long i = RARRAY(ary)->len;
 
+    if (argc == 0) {
+	RETURN_ENUMERATOR(ary, 0, 0);
+	while (i--) {
+	    if (RTEST(rb_yield(RARRAY(ary)->ptr[i])))
+		return LONG2NUM(i);
+	    if (i > RARRAY(ary)->len) {
+		i = RARRAY(ary)->len;
+	    }
+	}
+	return Qnil;
+    }
+    rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "01", &val);
     while (i--) {
+	if (rb_equal(RARRAY(ary)->ptr[i], val))
+	    return LONG2NUM(i);
 	if (i > RARRAY(ary)->len) {
 	    i = RARRAY(ary)->len;
-	    continue;
 	}
-	if (rb_equal(RARRAY(ary)->ptr[i], val))
-	    return LONG2NUM(i);
     }
     return Qnil;
 }
@@ -953,7 +1080,7 @@ rb_ary_splice(ary, beg, len, rpl)
 	    rb_raise(rb_eIndexError, "index %ld out of array", beg);
 	}
     }
-    if (beg + len > RARRAY(ary)->len) {
+    if (RARRAY(ary)->len < len || RARRAY(ary)->len < beg + len) {
 	len = RARRAY(ary)->len - beg;
     }
 
@@ -967,6 +1094,9 @@ rb_ary_splice(ary, beg, len, rpl)
     rb_ary_modify(ary);
 
     if (beg >= RARRAY(ary)->len) {
+	if (beg > ARY_MAX_SIZE - rlen) {
+	    rb_raise(rb_eIndexError, "index %ld too big", beg);
+	}
 	len = beg + rlen;
 	if (len >= RARRAY(ary)->aux.capa) {
 	    REALLOC_N(RARRAY(ary)->ptr, VALUE, len);
@@ -1126,6 +1256,7 @@ rb_ary_each(ary)
 {
     long i;
 
+    RETURN_ENUMERATOR(ary, 0, 0);
     for (i=0; i<RARRAY(ary)->len; i++) {
 	rb_yield(RARRAY(ary)->ptr[i]);
     }
@@ -1153,6 +1284,7 @@ rb_ary_each_index(ary)
 {
     long i;
 
+    RETURN_ENUMERATOR(ary, 0, 0);
     for (i=0; i<RARRAY(ary)->len; i++) {
 	rb_yield(LONG2NUM(i));
     }
@@ -1178,8 +1310,10 @@ static VALUE
 rb_ary_reverse_each(ary)
     VALUE ary;
 {
-    long len = RARRAY(ary)->len;
+    long len;
 
+    RETURN_ENUMERATOR(ary, 0, 0);
+    len = RARRAY(ary)->len;
     while (len--) {
 	rb_yield(RARRAY(ary)->ptr[len]);
 	if (RARRAY(ary)->len < len) {
@@ -1726,6 +1860,7 @@ rb_ary_collect_bang(ary)
 {
     long i;
 
+    RETURN_ENUMERATOR(ary, 0, 0);
     rb_ary_modify(ary);
     for (i = 0; i < RARRAY(ary)->len; i++) {
 	rb_ary_store(ary, i, rb_yield(RARRAY(ary)->ptr[i]));
@@ -1810,6 +1945,7 @@ rb_ary_select(ary)
     VALUE result;
     long i;
 
+    RETURN_ENUMERATOR(ary, 0, 0);
     result = rb_ary_new2(RARRAY(ary)->len);
     for (i = 0; i < RARRAY(ary)->len; i++) {
 	if (RTEST(rb_yield(RARRAY(ary)->ptr[i]))) {
@@ -1949,22 +2085,42 @@ rb_ary_slice_bang(argc, argv, ary)
     VALUE ary;
 {
     VALUE arg1, arg2;
-    long pos, len;
+    long pos, len, orig_len;
 
+    rb_ary_modify_check(ary);
     if (rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "11", &arg1, &arg2) == 2) {
 	pos = NUM2LONG(arg1);
 	len = NUM2LONG(arg2);
       delete_pos_len:
+	if (len < 0) return Qnil;
+	orig_len = RARRAY_LEN(ary);
 	if (pos < 0) {
-	    pos = RARRAY(ary)->len + pos;
+	    pos += orig_len;
+	    if (pos < 0) return Qnil;
+	}
+	else if (orig_len < pos) return Qnil;
+	if (orig_len < pos + len) {
+	    len = orig_len - pos;
 	}
-	arg2 = rb_ary_subseq(ary, pos, len);
-	rb_ary_splice(ary, pos, len, Qnil);	/* Qnil/rb_ary_new2(0) */
+	if (len == 0) return rb_ary_new2(0);
+	arg2 = rb_ary_new4(len, RARRAY_PTR(ary)+pos);
+	RBASIC(arg2)->klass = rb_obj_class(ary);
+	rb_ary_splice(ary, pos, len, Qnil);	/* Qundef in 1.9 */
 	return arg2;
     }
 
-    if (!FIXNUM_P(arg1) && rb_range_beg_len(arg1, &pos, &len, RARRAY(ary)->len, 1)) {
-	goto delete_pos_len;
+    if (!FIXNUM_P(arg1)) {
+	switch (rb_range_beg_len(arg1, &pos, &len, RARRAY_LEN(ary), 0)) {
+	  case Qtrue:
+	    /* valid range */
+	    goto delete_pos_len;
+	  case Qnil:
+	    /* invalid range */
+	    return Qnil;
+	  default:
+	    /* not a range */
+	    break;
+	}
     }
 
     return rb_ary_delete_at(ary, NUM2LONG(arg1));
@@ -1986,6 +2142,7 @@ rb_ary_reject_bang(ary)
 {
     long i1, i2;
 
+    RETURN_ENUMERATOR(ary, 0, 0);
     rb_ary_modify(ary);
     for (i1 = i2 = 0; i1 < RARRAY(ary)->len; i1++) {
 	VALUE v = RARRAY(ary)->ptr[i1];
@@ -2014,6 +2171,7 @@ static VALUE
 rb_ary_reject(ary)
     VALUE ary;
 {
+    RETURN_ENUMERATOR(ary, 0, 0);
     ary = rb_ary_dup(ary);
     rb_ary_reject_bang(ary);
     return ary;
@@ -2034,6 +2192,7 @@ static VALUE
 rb_ary_delete_if(ary)
     VALUE ary;
 {
+    RETURN_ENUMERATOR(ary, 0, 0);
     rb_ary_reject_bang(ary);
     return ary;
 }
@@ -2257,6 +2416,12 @@ rb_ary_fill(argc, argv, ary)
 	break;
     }
     rb_ary_modify(ary);
+    if (len < 0) {
+        return ary;
+    }
+    if (beg >= ARY_MAX_SIZE || len > ARY_MAX_SIZE - beg) {
+	rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "argument too big");
+    }
     end = beg + len;
     if (end > RARRAY(ary)->len) {
 	if (end >= RARRAY(ary)->aux.capa) {
@@ -2367,7 +2532,7 @@ rb_ary_times(ary, times)
     if (len < 0) {
 	rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "negative argument");
     }
-    if (LONG_MAX/len < RARRAY(ary)->len) {
+    if (ARY_MAX_SIZE/len < RARRAY(ary)->len) {
 	rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "argument too big");
     }
     len *= RARRAY(ary)->len;
@@ -2411,9 +2576,8 @@ rb_ary_assoc(ary, key)
     VALUE v;
 
     for (i = 0; i < RARRAY(ary)->len; ++i) {
-	v = RARRAY(ary)->ptr[i];
-	if (TYPE(v) == T_ARRAY &&
-	    RARRAY(v)->len > 0 &&
+	v = rb_check_array_type(RARRAY(ary)->ptr[i]);
+	if (!NIL_P(v) && RARRAY(v)->len > 0 &&
 	    rb_equal(RARRAY(v)->ptr[0], key))
 	    return v;
     }
@@ -2451,6 +2615,22 @@ rb_ary_rassoc(ary, value)
     return Qnil;
 }
 
+static VALUE recursive_equal _((VALUE, VALUE, int));
+static VALUE
+recursive_equal(ary1, ary2, recur)
+    VALUE ary1, ary2;
+    int recur;
+{
+    long i;
+
+    if (recur) return Qfalse;
+    for (i=0; i<RARRAY(ary1)->len; i++) {
+	if (!rb_equal(rb_ary_elt(ary1, i), rb_ary_elt(ary2, i)))
+	    return Qfalse;
+    }
+    return Qtrue;
+}
+
 /* 
  *  call-seq:
  *     array == other_array   ->   bool
@@ -2469,8 +2649,6 @@ static VALUE
 rb_ary_equal(ary1, ary2)
     VALUE ary1, ary2;
 {
-    long i;
-
     if (ary1 == ary2) return Qtrue;
     if (TYPE(ary2) != T_ARRAY) {
 	if (!rb_respond_to(ary2, rb_intern("to_ary"))) {
@@ -2479,8 +2657,20 @@ rb_ary_equal(ary1, ary2)
 	return rb_equal(ary2, ary1);
     }
     if (RARRAY(ary1)->len != RARRAY(ary2)->len) return Qfalse;
+    return rb_exec_recursive(recursive_equal, ary1, ary2);
+}
+
+static VALUE recursive_eql _((VALUE, VALUE, int));
+static VALUE
+recursive_eql(ary1, ary2, recur)
+    VALUE ary1, ary2;
+    int recur;
+{
+    long i;
+
+    if (recur) return Qfalse;
     for (i=0; i<RARRAY(ary1)->len; i++) {
-	if (!rb_equal(rb_ary_elt(ary1, i), rb_ary_elt(ary2, i)))
+	if (!rb_eql(rb_ary_elt(ary1, i), rb_ary_elt(ary2, i)))
 	    return Qfalse;
     }
     return Qtrue;
@@ -2498,33 +2688,26 @@ static VALUE
 rb_ary_eql(ary1, ary2)
     VALUE ary1, ary2;
 {
-    long i;
-
     if (ary1 == ary2) return Qtrue;
     if (TYPE(ary2) != T_ARRAY) return Qfalse;
     if (RARRAY(ary1)->len != RARRAY(ary2)->len) return Qfalse;
-    for (i=0; i<RARRAY(ary1)->len; i++) {
-	if (!rb_eql(rb_ary_elt(ary1, i), rb_ary_elt(ary2, i)))
-	    return Qfalse;
-    }
-    return Qtrue;
+    return rb_exec_recursive(recursive_eql, ary1, ary2);
 }
 
-/*
- *  call-seq:
- *     array.hash   -> fixnum
- *
- *  Compute a hash-code for this array. Two arrays with the same content
- *  will have the same hash code (and will compare using <code>eql?</code>).
- */
-
+static VALUE recursive_hash _((VALUE, VALUE, int));
 static VALUE
-rb_ary_hash(ary)
+recursive_hash(ary, dummy, recur)
     VALUE ary;
+    VALUE dummy;
+    int recur;
 {
     long i, h;
     VALUE n;
 
+    if (recur) {
+	return LONG2FIX(0);
+    }
+
     h = RARRAY(ary)->len;
     for (i=0; i<RARRAY(ary)->len; i++) {
 	h = (h << 1) | (h<0 ? 1 : 0);
@@ -2536,6 +2719,21 @@ rb_ary_hash(ary)
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
+ *     array.hash   -> fixnum
+ *
+ *  Compute a hash-code for this array. Two arrays with the same content
+ *  will have the same hash code (and will compare using <code>eql?</code>).
+ */
+
+static VALUE
+rb_ary_hash(ary)
+    VALUE ary;
+{
+    return rb_exec_recursive(recursive_hash, ary, 0);
+}
+
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
  *     array.include?(obj)   -> true or false
  *  
  *  Returns <code>true</code> if the given object is present in
@@ -2563,6 +2761,29 @@ rb_ary_includes(ary, item)
 }
 
 
+static VALUE recursive_cmp _((VALUE, VALUE, int));
+static VALUE
+recursive_cmp(ary1, ary2, recur)
+    VALUE ary1;
+    VALUE ary2;
+    int recur;
+{
+    long i, len;
+
+    if (recur) return Qnil;
+    len = RARRAY(ary1)->len;
+    if (len > RARRAY(ary2)->len) {
+	len = RARRAY(ary2)->len;
+    }
+    for (i=0; i<len; i++) {
+	VALUE v = rb_funcall(rb_ary_elt(ary1, i), id_cmp, 1, rb_ary_elt(ary2, i));
+	if (v != INT2FIX(0)) {
+	    return v;
+	}
+    }
+    return Qundef;
+}
+
 /* 
  *  call-seq:
  *     array <=> other_array   ->  -1, 0, +1
@@ -2587,19 +2808,13 @@ VALUE
 rb_ary_cmp(ary1, ary2)
     VALUE ary1, ary2;
 {
-    long i, len;
+    long len;
+    VALUE v;
 
     ary2 = to_ary(ary2);
-    len = RARRAY(ary1)->len;
-    if (len > RARRAY(ary2)->len) {
-	len = RARRAY(ary2)->len;
-    }
-    for (i=0; i<len; i++) {
-	VALUE v = rb_funcall(rb_ary_elt(ary1, i), id_cmp, 1, rb_ary_elt(ary2, i));
-	if (v != INT2FIX(0)) {
-	    return v;
-	}
-    }
+    if (ary1 == ary2) return INT2FIX(0);
+    v = rb_exec_recursive(recursive_cmp, ary1, ary2);
+    if (v != Qundef) return v;
     len = RARRAY(ary1)->len - RARRAY(ary2)->len;
     if (len == 0) return INT2FIX(0);
     if (len > 0) return INT2FIX(1);
@@ -2839,6 +3054,7 @@ rb_ary_compact(ary)
  *     array.nitems -> int
  *  
  *  Returns the number of non-<code>nil</code> elements in _self_.
+ *
  *  May be zero.
  *     
  *     [ 1, nil, 3, nil, 5 ].nitems   #=> 3
@@ -2851,111 +3067,692 @@ rb_ary_nitems(ary)
     long n = 0;
     VALUE *p, *pend;
 
-    p = RARRAY(ary)->ptr;
-    pend = p + RARRAY(ary)->len;
-
-    while (p < pend) {
+    for (p = RARRAY(ary)->ptr, pend = p + RARRAY(ary)->len; p < pend; p++) {
 	if (!NIL_P(*p)) n++;
-	p++;
     }
     return LONG2NUM(n);
 }
 
-static long
-flatten(ary, idx, ary2, memo)
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *     array.count      -> int
+ *     array.count(obj) -> int
+ *     array.count { |item| block }  -> int
+ *  
+ *  Returns the number of elements.  If an argument is given, counts
+ *  the number of elements which equals to <i>obj</i>.  If a block is
+ *  given, counts the number of elements yielding a true value.
+ *
+ *     ary = [1, 2, 4, 2]
+ *     ary.count             # => 4
+ *     ary.count(2)          # => 2
+ *     ary.count{|x|x%2==0}  # => 3
+ *
+ */
+
+static VALUE
+rb_ary_count(argc, argv, ary)
+    int argc;
+    VALUE *argv;
     VALUE ary;
-    long idx;
-    VALUE ary2, memo;
 {
-    VALUE id;
-    long i = idx;
-    long n, lim = idx + RARRAY(ary2)->len;
+    long n = 0;
 
-    id = rb_obj_id(ary2);
-    if (rb_ary_includes(memo, id)) {
-	rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "tried to flatten recursive array");
+    if (argc == 0) {
+	VALUE *p, *pend;
+
+	if (!rb_block_given_p())
+	    return LONG2NUM(RARRAY_LEN(ary));
+
+	for (p = RARRAY_PTR(ary), pend = p + RARRAY_LEN(ary); p < pend; p++) {
+	    if (RTEST(rb_yield(*p))) n++;
+	}
     }
-    rb_ary_push(memo, id);
-    rb_ary_splice(ary, idx, 1, ary2);
-    while (i < lim) {
-	VALUE tmp;
+    else {
+	VALUE obj, *p, *pend;
+
+	rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "1", &obj);
+	if (rb_block_given_p()) {
+	    rb_warn("given block not used");
+	}
+	for (p = RARRAY_PTR(ary), pend = p + RARRAY_LEN(ary); p < pend; p++) {
+	    if (rb_equal(*p, obj)) n++;
+	}
+    }
+
+    return LONG2NUM(n);
+}
 
-	tmp = rb_check_array_type(rb_ary_elt(ary, i));
-	if (!NIL_P(tmp)) {
-	    n = flatten(ary, i, tmp, memo);
-	    i += n; lim += n;
+static VALUE
+flatten(ary, level, modified)
+    VALUE ary;
+    int level;
+    int *modified;
+{
+    long i = 0;
+    VALUE stack, result, tmp, elt;
+    st_table *memo;
+    st_data_t id;
+
+    stack = ary_new(0, ARY_DEFAULT_SIZE);
+    result = ary_new(0, RARRAY_LEN(ary));
+    memo = st_init_numtable();
+    st_insert(memo, (st_data_t)ary, (st_data_t)Qtrue);
+    *modified = 0;
+
+    while (1) {
+	while (i < RARRAY(ary)->len) {
+	    elt = RARRAY(ary)->ptr[i++];
+	    tmp = rb_check_array_type(elt);
+	    if (RBASIC(result)->klass) {
+		rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "flatten reentered");
+	    }
+	    if (NIL_P(tmp) || (level >= 0 && RARRAY(stack)->len / 2 >= level)) {
+		rb_ary_push(result, elt);
+	    }
+	    else {
+		*modified = 1;
+		id = (st_data_t)tmp;
+		if (st_lookup(memo, id, 0)) {
+		    st_free_table(memo);
+		    rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "tried to flatten recursive array");
+		}
+		st_insert(memo, id, (st_data_t)Qtrue);
+		rb_ary_push(stack, ary);
+		rb_ary_push(stack, LONG2NUM(i));
+		ary = tmp;
+		i = 0;
+	    }
 	}
-	i++;
+	if (RARRAY(stack)->len == 0) {
+	    break;
+	}
+	id = (st_data_t)ary;
+	st_delete(memo, &id, 0);
+	tmp = rb_ary_pop(stack);
+	i = NUM2LONG(tmp);
+	ary = rb_ary_pop(stack);
     }
-    rb_ary_pop(memo);
 
-    return lim - idx - 1;	/* returns number of increased items */
+    st_free_table(memo);
+
+    RBASIC(result)->klass = rb_class_of(ary);
+    return result;
 }
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
  *     array.flatten! -> array or nil
+ *     array.flatten!(level) -> array or nil
  *  
  *  Flattens _self_ in place.
  *  Returns <code>nil</code> if no modifications were made (i.e.,
- *  <i>array</i> contains no subarrays.)
+ *  <i>array</i> contains no subarrays.)  If the optional <i>level</i>
+ *  argument determines the level of recursion to flatten.
  *     
  *     a = [ 1, 2, [3, [4, 5] ] ]
  *     a.flatten!   #=> [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
  *     a.flatten!   #=> nil
  *     a            #=> [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
+ *     a = [ 1, 2, [3, [4, 5] ] ]
+ *     a.flatten!(1) #=> [1, 2, 3, [4, 5]]
  */
 
 static VALUE
-rb_ary_flatten_bang(ary)
+rb_ary_flatten_bang(argc, argv, ary)
+    int argc;
+    VALUE *argv;
     VALUE ary;
 {
-    long i = 0;
-    int mod = 0;
-    VALUE memo = Qnil;
+    int mod = 0, level = -1;
+    VALUE result, lv;
 
-    while (i<RARRAY(ary)->len) {
-	VALUE ary2 = RARRAY(ary)->ptr[i];
-	VALUE tmp;
+    rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "01", &lv);
+    if (!NIL_P(lv)) level = NUM2INT(lv);
+    if (level == 0) return ary;
 
-	tmp = rb_check_array_type(ary2);
-	if (!NIL_P(tmp)) {
-	    if (NIL_P(memo)) {
-		memo = rb_ary_new();
-	    }
-	    i += flatten(ary, i, tmp, memo);
-	    mod = 1;
-	}
-	i++;
-    }
+    result = flatten(ary, level, &mod);
     if (mod == 0) return Qnil;
+    rb_ary_replace(ary, result);
+
     return ary;
 }
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
  *     array.flatten -> an_array
+ *     array.flatten(level) -> an_array
  *  
  *  Returns a new array that is a one-dimensional flattening of this
  *  array (recursively). That is, for every element that is an array,
- *  extract its elements into the new array.
+ *  extract its elements into the new array.  If the optional
+ *  <i>level</i> argument determines the level of recursion to flatten.
  *     
  *     s = [ 1, 2, 3 ]           #=> [1, 2, 3]
  *     t = [ 4, 5, 6, [7, 8] ]   #=> [4, 5, 6, [7, 8]]
  *     a = [ s, t, 9, 10 ]       #=> [[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6, [7, 8]], 9, 10]
- *     a.flatten                 #=> [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10
+ *     a.flatten                 #=> [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10]
+ *     a = [ 1, 2, [3, [4, 5] ] ]
+ *     a.flatten(1)              #=> [1, 2, 3, [4, 5]]
  */
 
 static VALUE
-rb_ary_flatten(ary)
+rb_ary_flatten(argc, argv, ary)
+    int argc;
+    VALUE *argv;
     VALUE ary;
 {
+    int mod = 0, level = -1;
+    VALUE result, lv;
+
+    rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "01", &lv);
+    if (!NIL_P(lv)) level = NUM2INT(lv);
+    if (level == 0) return ary;
+
+    result = flatten(ary, level, &mod);
+    if (OBJ_TAINTED(ary)) OBJ_TAINT(result);
+
+    return result;
+}
+
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *     array.shuffle!        -> array or nil
+ *  
+ *  Shuffles elements in _self_ in place.
+ */
+
+
+static VALUE
+rb_ary_shuffle_bang(ary)
+    VALUE ary;
+{
+    long i = RARRAY(ary)->len;
+
+    rb_ary_modify(ary);
+    while (i) {
+	long j = rb_genrand_real()*i;
+	VALUE tmp = RARRAY(ary)->ptr[--i];
+	RARRAY(ary)->ptr[i] = RARRAY(ary)->ptr[j];
+	RARRAY(ary)->ptr[j] = tmp;
+    }
+    return ary;
+}
+
+
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *     array.shuffle -> an_array
+ *  
+ *  Returns a new array with elements of this array shuffled.
+ *     
+ *     a = [ 1, 2, 3 ]           #=> [1, 2, 3]
+ *     a.shuffle                 #=> [2, 3, 1]
+ */
+
+static VALUE
+rb_ary_shuffle(VALUE ary)
+{
     ary = rb_ary_dup(ary);
-    rb_ary_flatten_bang(ary);
+    rb_ary_shuffle_bang(ary);
     return ary;
 }
 
 
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *     array.choice        -> obj
+ *  
+ *  Choose a random element from an array.
+ */
+
+
+static VALUE
+rb_ary_choice(ary)
+    VALUE ary;
+{
+    long i, j;
+
+    i = RARRAY(ary)->len;
+    if (i == 0) return Qnil;
+    j = rb_genrand_real()*i;
+    return RARRAY(ary)->ptr[j];
+}
+
+
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *     ary.cycle {|obj| block }
+ *     ary.cycle(n) {|obj| block }
+ *  
+ *  Calls <i>block</i> for each element repeatedly _n_ times or
+ *  forever if none or nil is given.  If a non-positive number is
+ *  given or the array is empty, does nothing.  Returns nil if the
+ *  loop has finished without getting interrupted.
+ *     
+ *     a = ["a", "b", "c"]
+ *     a.cycle {|x| puts x }  # print, a, b, c, a, b, c,.. forever.
+ *     a.cycle(2) {|x| puts x }  # print, a, b, c, a, b, c.
+ *     
+ */
+
+static VALUE
+rb_ary_cycle(argc, argv, ary)
+    int argc;
+    VALUE *argv;
+    VALUE ary;
+{
+    long n, i;
+    VALUE nv = Qnil;
+
+    rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "01", &nv);
+
+    RETURN_ENUMERATOR(ary, argc, argv);
+    if (NIL_P(nv)) {
+        n = -1;
+    }
+    else {
+        n = NUM2LONG(nv);
+        if (n <= 0) return Qnil;
+    }
+
+    while (RARRAY(ary)->len > 0 && (n < 0 || 0 < n--)) {
+        for (i=0; i<RARRAY(ary)->len; i++) {
+            rb_yield(RARRAY(ary)->ptr[i]);
+        }
+    }
+    return Qnil;
+}
+
+#define tmpbuf(n, size) rb_str_tmp_new((n)*(size))
+
+/*
+ * Recursively compute permutations of r elements of the set [0..n-1].
+ * When we have a complete permutation of array indexes, copy the values
+ * at those indexes into a new array and yield that array. 
+ *
+ * n: the size of the set 
+ * r: the number of elements in each permutation
+ * p: the array (of size r) that we're filling in
+ * index: what index we're filling in now
+ * used: an array of booleans: whether a given index is already used
+ * values: the Ruby array that holds the actual values to permute
+ */
+static void
+permute0(n, r, p, index, used, values)
+    long n, r, *p, index;
+    int *used;
+    VALUE values;
+{
+    long i,j;
+    for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
+	if (used[i] == 0) {
+	    p[index] = i;
+	    if (index < r-1) {             /* if not done yet */
+		used[i] = 1;               /* mark index used */
+		permute0(n, r, p, index+1, /* recurse */
+			 used, values);  
+		used[i] = 0;               /* index unused */
+	    }
+	    else {
+		/* We have a complete permutation of array indexes */
+		/* Build a ruby array of the corresponding values */
+		/* And yield it to the associated block */
+		VALUE result = rb_ary_new2(r);
+		VALUE *result_array = RARRAY(result)->ptr;
+		const VALUE *values_array = RARRAY(values)->ptr;
+
+		for (j = 0; j < r; j++) result_array[j] = values_array[p[j]];
+		RARRAY(result)->len = r;
+		rb_yield(result);
+	    }
+	}
+    }
+}
+
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *     ary.permutation { |p| block }          -> array
+ *     ary.permutation                        -> enumerator
+ *     ary.permutation(n) { |p| block }       -> array
+ *     ary.permutation(n)                     -> enumerator
+ *  
+ * When invoked with a block, yield all permutations of length <i>n</i>
+ * of the elements of <i>ary</i>, then return the array itself.
+ * If <i>n</i> is not specified, yield all permutations of all elements.
+ * The implementation makes no guarantees about the order in which 
+ * the permutations are yielded.
+ *
+ * When invoked without a block, return an enumerator object instead.
+ * 
+ * Examples:
+ *
+ *     a = [1, 2, 3]
+ *     a.permutation.to_a     #=> [[1,2,3],[1,3,2],[2,1,3],[2,3,1],[3,1,2],[3,2,1]]
+ *     a.permutation(1).to_a  #=> [[1],[2],[3]]
+ *     a.permutation(2).to_a  #=> [[1,2],[1,3],[2,1],[2,3],[3,1],[3,2]]
+ *     a.permutation(3).to_a  #=> [[1,2,3],[1,3,2],[2,1,3],[2,3,1],[3,1,2],[3,2,1]]
+ *     a.permutation(0).to_a  #=> [[]] # one permutation of length 0
+ *     a.permutation(4).to_a  #=> []   # no permutations of length 4
+ */
+
+static VALUE
+rb_ary_permutation(argc, argv, ary)
+    int argc;
+    VALUE *argv;
+    VALUE ary;
+{
+    VALUE num;
+    long r, n, i;
+
+    n = RARRAY(ary)->len;                  /* Array length */
+    RETURN_ENUMERATOR(ary, argc, argv);   /* Return enumerator if no block */
+    rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "01", &num);
+    r = NIL_P(num) ? n : NUM2LONG(num);   /* Permutation size from argument */
+
+    if (r < 0 || n < r) { 
+	/* no permutations: yield nothing */
+    }
+    else if (r == 0) { /* exactly one permutation: the zero-length array */
+	rb_yield(rb_ary_new2(0));
+    }
+    else if (r == 1) { /* this is a special, easy case */
+	for (i = 0; i < RARRAY(ary)->len; i++) {
+	    rb_yield(rb_ary_new3(1, RARRAY(ary)->ptr[i]));
+	}
+    }
+    else {             /* this is the general case */
+	volatile VALUE t0 = tmpbuf(n,sizeof(long));
+	long *p = (long*)RSTRING(t0)->ptr;
+	volatile VALUE t1 = tmpbuf(n,sizeof(int));
+	int *used = (int*)RSTRING(t1)->ptr;
+	VALUE ary0 = ary_make_shared(ary); /* private defensive copy of ary */
+
+	for (i = 0; i < n; i++) used[i] = 0; /* initialize array */
+
+	permute0(n, r, p, 0, used, ary0); /* compute and yield permutations */
+	RB_GC_GUARD(t0);
+	RB_GC_GUARD(t1);
+    }
+    return ary;
+}
+
+static long
+combi_len(n, k)
+    long n, k;
+{
+    long i, val = 1;
+
+    if (k*2 > n) k = n-k;
+    if (k == 0) return 1;
+    if (k < 0) return 0;
+    val = 1;
+    for (i=1; i <= k; i++,n--) {
+	long m = val;
+	val *= n;
+	if (val < m) {
+	    rb_raise(rb_eRangeError, "too big for combination");
+	}
+	val /= i;
+    }
+    return val;
+}
+
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *     ary.combination(n) { |c| block }    -> ary
+ *     ary.combination(n)                  -> enumerator
+ *  
+ * When invoked with a block, yields all combinations of length <i>n</i> 
+ * of elements from <i>ary</i> and then returns <i>ary</i> itself.
+ * The implementation makes no guarantees about the order in which 
+ * the combinations are yielded.
+ *
+ * When invoked without a block, returns an enumerator object instead.
+ *     
+ * Examples:
+ *
+ *     a = [1, 2, 3, 4]
+ *     a.combination(1).to_a  #=> [[1],[2],[3],[4]]
+ *     a.combination(2).to_a  #=> [[1,2],[1,3],[1,4],[2,3],[2,4],[3,4]]
+ *     a.combination(3).to_a  #=> [[1,2,3],[1,2,4],[1,3,4],[2,3,4]]
+ *     a.combination(4).to_a  #=> [[1,2,3,4]]
+ *     a.combination(0).to_a  #=> [[]] # one combination of length 0
+ *     a.combination(5).to_a  #=> []   # no combinations of length 5
+ *     
+ */
+
+static VALUE
+rb_ary_combination(ary, num)
+    VALUE ary;
+    VALUE num;
+{
+    long n, i, len;
+
+    n = NUM2LONG(num);
+    RETURN_ENUMERATOR(ary, 1, &num);
+    len = RARRAY(ary)->len;
+    if (n < 0 || len < n) {
+	/* yield nothing */
+    }
+    else if (n == 0) {
+	rb_yield(rb_ary_new2(0));
+    }
+    else if (n == 1) {
+	for (i = 0; i < len; i++) {
+	    rb_yield(rb_ary_new3(1, RARRAY(ary)->ptr[i]));
+	}
+    }
+    else {
+	volatile VALUE t0 = tmpbuf(n+1, sizeof(long));
+	long *stack = (long*)RSTRING(t0)->ptr;
+	long nlen = combi_len(len, n);
+	volatile VALUE cc = rb_ary_new2(n);
+	VALUE *chosen = RARRAY(cc)->ptr;
+	long lev = 0;
+
+	RBASIC(cc)->klass = 0;
+	MEMZERO(stack, long, n);
+	stack[0] = -1;
+	for (i = 0; i < nlen; i++) {
+	    chosen[lev] = RARRAY(ary)->ptr[stack[lev+1]];
+	    for (lev++; lev < n; lev++) {
+		chosen[lev] = RARRAY(ary)->ptr[stack[lev+1] = stack[lev]+1];
+	    }
+	    rb_yield(rb_ary_new4(n, chosen));
+	    do {
+		stack[lev--]++;
+	    } while (lev && (stack[lev+1]+n == len+lev+1));
+	}
+    }
+    return ary;
+}
+
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *     ary.product(other_ary, ...)
+ *  
+ *  Returns an array of all combinations of elements from all arrays.
+ *  The length of the returned array is the product of the length
+ *  of ary and the argument arrays
+ *     
+ *     [1,2,3].product([4,5])     # => [[1,4],[1,5],[2,4],[2,5],[3,4],[3,5]]
+ *     [1,2].product([1,2])       # => [[1,1],[1,2],[2,1],[2,2]]
+ *     [1,2].product([3,4],[5,6]) # => [[1,3,5],[1,3,6],[1,4,5],[1,4,6],
+ *                                #     [2,3,5],[2,3,6],[2,4,5],[2,4,6]]
+ *     [1,2].product()            # => [[1],[2]]
+ *     [1,2].product([])          # => []
+ */
+
+static VALUE
+rb_ary_product(argc, argv, ary)
+    int argc;
+    VALUE *argv;
+    VALUE ary;
+{
+    int n = argc+1;    /* How many arrays we're operating on */
+    volatile VALUE t0 = tmpbuf(n, sizeof(VALUE));
+    volatile VALUE t1 = tmpbuf(n, sizeof(int));
+    VALUE *arrays = (VALUE*)RSTRING(t0)->ptr; /* The arrays we're computing the product of */
+    int *counters = (int*)RSTRING(t1)->ptr; /* The current position in each one */
+    VALUE result;      /* The array we'll be returning */
+    long i,j;
+    long resultlen = 1;
+
+    RBASIC(t0)->klass = 0;
+    RBASIC(t1)->klass = 0;
+
+    /* initialize the arrays of arrays */
+    arrays[0] = ary;
+    for (i = 1; i < n; i++) arrays[i] = to_ary(argv[i-1]);
+    
+    /* initialize the counters for the arrays */
+    for (i = 0; i < n; i++) counters[i] = 0;
+
+    /* Compute the length of the result array; return [] if any is empty */
+    for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
+	long k = RARRAY(arrays[i])->len, l = resultlen;
+	if (k == 0) return rb_ary_new2(0);
+	resultlen *= k;
+	if (resultlen < k || resultlen < l || resultlen / k != l) {
+	    rb_raise(rb_eRangeError, "too big to product");
+	}
+    }
+
+    /* Otherwise, allocate and fill in an array of results */
+    result = rb_ary_new2(resultlen);
+    for (i = 0; i < resultlen; i++) {
+	int m;
+	/* fill in one subarray */
+	VALUE subarray = rb_ary_new2(n);
+	for (j = 0; j < n; j++) {
+	    rb_ary_push(subarray, rb_ary_entry(arrays[j], counters[j]));
+	}
+
+	/* put it on the result array */
+	rb_ary_push(result, subarray);
+
+	/*
+	 * Increment the last counter.  If it overflows, reset to 0
+	 * and increment the one before it.
+	 */
+	m = n-1;
+	counters[m]++;
+	while (m > 0 && counters[m] == RARRAY(arrays[m])->len) {
+	    counters[m] = 0;
+	    m--;
+	    counters[m]++;
+	}
+    }
+
+    return result;
+}
+
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *     ary.take(n)               => array
+ *  
+ *  Returns first n elements from <i>ary</i>.
+ *     
+ *     a = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 0]
+ *     a.take(3)             # => [1, 2, 3]
+ *     
+ */
+
+static VALUE
+rb_ary_take(obj, n)
+    VALUE obj;
+    VALUE n;
+{
+    long len = NUM2LONG(n);
+    if (len < 0) {
+	rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "attempt to take negative size");
+    }
+
+    return rb_ary_subseq(obj, 0, len);
+}
+
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *     ary.take_while {|arr| block }   => array
+ *  
+ *  Passes elements to the block until the block returns nil or false,
+ *  then stops iterating and returns an array of all prior elements.
+ *     
+ *     a = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 0]
+ *     a.take_while {|i| i < 3 }   # => [1, 2]
+ *     
+ */
+
+static VALUE
+rb_ary_take_while(ary)
+    VALUE ary;
+{
+    long i;
+
+    RETURN_ENUMERATOR(ary, 0, 0);
+    for (i = 0; i < RARRAY(ary)->len; i++) {
+	if (!RTEST(rb_yield(RARRAY(ary)->ptr[i]))) break;
+    }
+    return rb_ary_take(ary, LONG2FIX(i));
+}
+
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *     ary.drop(n)               => array
+ *  
+ *  Drops first n elements from <i>ary</i>, and returns rest elements
+ *  in an array.
+ *     
+ *     a = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 0]
+ *     a.drop(3)             # => [4, 5, 0]
+ *     
+ */
+
+static VALUE
+rb_ary_drop(ary, n)
+    VALUE ary;
+    VALUE n;
+{
+    VALUE result;
+    long pos = NUM2LONG(n);
+    if (pos < 0) {
+	rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "attempt to drop negative size");
+    }
+
+    result = rb_ary_subseq(ary, pos, RARRAY(ary)->len);
+    if (result == Qnil) result = rb_ary_new();
+    return result;
+}
+
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *     ary.drop_while {|arr| block }   => array
+ *  
+ *  Drops elements up to, but not including, the first element for
+ *  which the block returns nil or false and returns an array
+ *  containing the remaining elements.
+ *     
+ *     a = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 0]
+ *     a.drop_while {|i| i < 3 }   # => [3, 4, 5, 0]
+ *     
+ */
+
+static VALUE
+rb_ary_drop_while(ary)
+    VALUE ary;
+{
+    long i;
+
+    RETURN_ENUMERATOR(ary, 0, 0);
+    for (i = 0; i < RARRAY(ary)->len; i++) {
+	if (!RTEST(rb_yield(RARRAY(ary)->ptr[i]))) break;
+    }
+    return rb_ary_drop(ary, LONG2FIX(i));
+}
+
+
+
 /* Arrays are ordered, integer-indexed collections of any object. 
  * Array indexing starts at 0, as in C or Java.  A negative index is 
  * assumed to be relative to the end of the array---that is, an index of -1 
@@ -2993,8 +3790,8 @@ Init_Array()
     rb_define_method(rb_cArray, "concat", rb_ary_concat, 1);
     rb_define_method(rb_cArray, "<<", rb_ary_push, 1);
     rb_define_method(rb_cArray, "push", rb_ary_push_m, -1);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cArray, "pop", rb_ary_pop, 0);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cArray, "shift", rb_ary_shift, 0);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cArray, "pop", rb_ary_pop_m, -1);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cArray, "shift", rb_ary_shift_m, -1);
     rb_define_method(rb_cArray, "unshift", rb_ary_unshift_m, -1);
     rb_define_method(rb_cArray, "insert", rb_ary_insert, -1);
     rb_define_method(rb_cArray, "each", rb_ary_each, 0);
@@ -3003,8 +3800,9 @@ Init_Array()
     rb_define_method(rb_cArray, "length", rb_ary_length, 0);
     rb_define_alias(rb_cArray,  "size", "length");
     rb_define_method(rb_cArray, "empty?", rb_ary_empty_p, 0);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cArray, "index", rb_ary_index, 1);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cArray, "rindex", rb_ary_rindex, 1);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cArray, "find_index", rb_ary_index, -1);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cArray, "index", rb_ary_index, -1);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cArray, "rindex", rb_ary_rindex, -1);
     rb_define_method(rb_cArray, "indexes", rb_ary_indexes, -1);
     rb_define_method(rb_cArray, "indices", rb_ary_indexes, -1);
     rb_define_method(rb_cArray, "join", rb_ary_join_m, -1);
@@ -3048,9 +3846,22 @@ Init_Array()
     rb_define_method(rb_cArray, "uniq!", rb_ary_uniq_bang, 0);
     rb_define_method(rb_cArray, "compact", rb_ary_compact, 0);
     rb_define_method(rb_cArray, "compact!", rb_ary_compact_bang, 0);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cArray, "flatten", rb_ary_flatten, 0);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cArray, "flatten!", rb_ary_flatten_bang, 0);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cArray, "flatten", rb_ary_flatten, -1);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cArray, "flatten!", rb_ary_flatten_bang, -1);
     rb_define_method(rb_cArray, "nitems", rb_ary_nitems, 0);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cArray, "count", rb_ary_count, -1);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cArray, "shuffle!", rb_ary_shuffle_bang, 0);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cArray, "shuffle", rb_ary_shuffle, 0);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cArray, "choice", rb_ary_choice, 0);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cArray, "cycle", rb_ary_cycle, -1);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cArray, "permutation", rb_ary_permutation, -1);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cArray, "combination", rb_ary_combination, 1);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cArray, "product", rb_ary_product, -1);
+
+    rb_define_method(rb_cArray, "take", rb_ary_take, 1);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cArray, "take_while", rb_ary_take_while, 0);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cArray, "drop", rb_ary_drop, 1);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cArray, "drop_while", rb_ary_drop_while, 0);
 
     id_cmp = rb_intern("<=>");
     inspect_key = rb_intern("__inspect_key__");
diff --git a/bcc32/Makefile.sub b/bcc32/Makefile.sub
index 030a799e99..713b5c69df 100644
--- a/bcc32/Makefile.sub
+++ b/bcc32/Makefile.sub
@@ -4,8 +4,12 @@ SHELL = $(COMSPEC)
 MKFILES = Makefile
 
 #### Start of system configuration section. ####
+!ifndef OS
 OS = bccwin32
-RT = $(OS)
+!endif
+!if !defined(RT)
+!error RT not defined.  Retry from configure pass.
+!endif
 
 ## variables may be overridden by $(compile_dir)/Makefile
 !ifndef srcdir
@@ -135,9 +139,9 @@ MISSING = acosh.obj crypt.obj erf.obj win32.obj
 STACK = 0x2000000
 !endif
 
-XCFLAGS = -DRUBY_EXPORT -I. -I$(srcdir) -I$(srcdir)missing
+XCFLAGS = -DRUBY_EXPORT -I. -I$(srcdir) -I$(srcdir)/missing
 
-ARFLAGS = /a
+ARFLAGS = /a /p32
 LD = ilink32 -q -Gn
 LDSHARED  = $(LD)
 XLDFLAGS  = -Tpe c0x32.obj
@@ -153,8 +157,8 @@ EXEEXT = .exe
 PROGRAM=$(RUBY_INSTALL_NAME)$(EXEEXT)
 WPROGRAM=$(RUBYW_INSTALL_NAME)$(EXEEXT)
 RUBYDEF = $(RUBY_SO_NAME).def
-MINIRUBY = .\miniruby$(EXEEXT)
-RUNRUBY = .\ruby$(EXEEXT) "$(srcdir)runruby.rb" --extout="$(EXTOUT)" --
+MINIRUBY = .\miniruby$(EXEEXT) -I$(srcdir)/lib $(MINIRUBYOPT)
+RUNRUBY = .\$(PROGRAM) "$(srcdir)/runruby.rb" --extout="$(EXTOUT)" --
 
 ORGLIBPATH = $(LIB)
 
@@ -169,11 +173,13 @@ PREP          = miniruby$(EXEEXT)
 
 OBJEXT        = obj
 
+INSTALLED_LIST= .installed.list
+
 WINMAINOBJ    = winmain.$(OBJEXT)
 MINIOBJS      = dmydln.$(OBJEXT)
 
-.path.c = .;$(srcdir);$(srcdir)win32;$(srcdir)missing
-.path.h = .;$(srcdir);$(srcdir)win32;$(srcdir)missing
+.path.c = .;$(srcdir);$(srcdir)/win32;$(srcdir)/missing
+.path.h = .;$(srcdir);$(srcdir)/win32;$(srcdir)/missing
 .path.y = $(srcdir)
 .path. = $(srcdir)
 
@@ -181,21 +187,27 @@ MINIOBJS      = dmydln.$(OBJEXT)
 	$(CC) $(CFLAGS) $(XCFLAGS) -I. $(CPPFLAGS) -c $(<:/=\)
 
 .rc.res:
-	$(RC) $(RFLAGS) -I. -I$(<D). $(iconinc) -I$(srcdir)win32 $(RFLAGS) -fo$@ $(<:/=\)
+	$(RC) $(RFLAGS) -I. -I$(<D). $(iconinc) -I$(srcdir)/win32 $(RFLAGS) -fo$@ $(<:/=\)
 
 .y.c:
 	$(YACC) $(YFLAGS) $(<:\=/)
 	sed -e "s!^ *extern char \*getenv();!/* & */!;s/^\(#.*\)y\.tab/\1parse/" y.tab.c > $(@F)
 	@del y.tab.c
 
-all: $(srcdir)bcc32/Makefile.sub $(srcdir)common.mk
+all: $(srcdir)/bcc32/Makefile.sub $(srcdir)/common.mk
 
 ruby: $(PROGRAM)
 rubyw: $(WPROGRAM)
 
 !include $(srcdir)/common.mk
 
-PHONY: Makefile
+$(MKFILES): $(srcdir)/bcc32/Makefile.sub $(srcdir)/bcc32/configure.bat $(srcdir)/bcc32/setup.mak
+	$(COMSPEC) /C $(srcdir:/=\)\bcc32\configure.bat $(configure_args)
+	@echo $(MKFILES) should be updated, re-run $(MAKE).
+	@$(MAKE) > nul -q -f &&|
+PHONY: nul
+	@exit
+|
 
 CONFIG_H = ./.config.h.time
 
@@ -203,8 +215,8 @@ config: config.status
 
 config.status: $(CONFIG_H)
 
-$(CONFIG_H): $(MKFILES) $(srcdir)bcc32/Makefile.sub
-	@$(srcdir:/=\)win32\ifchange.bat config.h &&|
+$(CONFIG_H): $(MKFILES) $(srcdir)/bcc32/Makefile.sub
+	@$(srcdir:/=\)\win32\ifchange.bat config.h &&|
 \#define HAVE_SYS_TYPES_H 1
 \#define HAVE_SYS_STAT_H 1
 \#define HAVE_STDLIB_H 1
@@ -251,6 +263,7 @@ $(CONFIG_H): $(MKFILES) $(srcdir)bcc32/Makefile.sub
 \#define HAVE_STRTOD 1
 \#define HAVE_STRTOL 1
 \#define HAVE_STRTOUL 1
+\#define HAVE_VSNPRINTF 1
 \#define HAVE_ISNAN 1
 \#define HAVE_FINITE 1
 \#define HAVE_HYPOT 1
@@ -270,6 +283,9 @@ $(CONFIG_H): $(MKFILES) $(srcdir)bcc32/Makefile.sub
 \#define RSHIFT(x,y) ((x)>>(int)y)
 \#define FILE_COUNT level
 \#define FILE_READPTR curp
+\#define RUBY_SETJMP(env) _setjmp(env)
+\#define RUBY_LONGJMP(env,val) longjmp(env,val)
+\#define RUBY_JMP_BUF jmp_buf
 \#define inline __inline
 \#define NEED_IO_SEEK_BETWEEN_RW 1
 \#define STACK_GROW_DIRECTION -1
@@ -278,13 +294,16 @@ $(CONFIG_H): $(MKFILES) $(srcdir)bcc32/Makefile.sub
 \#define RUBY_LIB "/lib/ruby/$(MAJOR).$(MINOR)"
 \#define RUBY_SITE_LIB "/lib/ruby/site_ruby"
 \#define RUBY_SITE_LIB2 "/lib/ruby/site_ruby/$(MAJOR).$(MINOR)"
+\#define RUBY_VENDOR_LIB "/lib/ruby/vendor_ruby"
+\#define RUBY_VENDOR_LIB2 "/lib/ruby/vendor_ruby/$(MAJOR).$(MINOR)"
 \#define RUBY_PLATFORM "$(ARCH)-$(OS)"
 \#define RUBY_ARCHLIB "/lib/ruby/$(MAJOR).$(MINOR)/$(ARCH)-$(OS)"
 \#define RUBY_SITE_ARCHLIB "/lib/ruby/site_ruby/$(MAJOR).$(MINOR)/$(ARCH)-$(OS)"
+\#define RUBY_VENDOR_ARCHLIB "/lib/ruby/vendor_ruby/$(MAJOR).$(MINOR)/$(ARCH)-$(OS)"
 |
 	@exit > $@
 
-config.status: $(MKFILES) $(srcdir)bcc32/Makefile.sub $(srcdir)common.mk
+config.status: $(MKFILES) $(srcdir)/bcc32/Makefile.sub $(srcdir)/common.mk
 	@echo Creating $@
 	@type > $@ &&|
 # Generated automatically by Makefile.sub.
@@ -334,11 +353,8 @@ s,@RANLIB@,,;t t
 s,@AR@,$(AR),;t t
 s,@ARFLAGS@,$(ARFLAGS) ,;t t
 s,@LN_S@,$(LN_S),;t t
-s,@SET_MAKE@,$(SET_MAKE),;t t
+s,@SET_MAKE@,MFLAGS = -$$(MAKEFLAGS),;t t
 s,@CP@,copy > nul,;t t
-s,@INSTALL@,copy > nul,;t t
-s,@INSTALL_PROG@,$$(INSTALL),;t t
-s,@INSTALL_DATA@,$$(INSTALL),;t t
 s,@LIBOBJS@, acosh.obj crypt.obj erf.obj win32.obj,;t t
 s,@ALLOCA@,$(ALLOCA),;t t
 s,@DEFAULT_KCODE@,$(DEFAULT_KCODE),;t t
@@ -389,13 +405,14 @@ s,@COMPILE_CXX@,$$(CXX) $$(INCFLAGS) $$(CXXFLAGS) $$(CPPFLAGS) -P -c $$(<:/=\),;
 s,@COMPILE_RULES@,{$$(srcdir)}.%s{}.%s: {$$(topdir)}.%s{}.%s: {$$(hdrdir)}.%s{}.%s: .%s.%s:,;t t
 s,@RULE_SUBST@,{.;$$(VPATH)}%s,;t t
 s,@COMMON_LIBS@,m advapi32 avicap32 avifil32 cap comctl32 comdlg32 dlcapi gdi32 glu32 imagehlp imm32 inetmib1 kernel32 loadperf lsapi32 lz32 mapi32 mgmtapi mpr msacm32 msvfw32 nddeapi netapi32 ole32 oleaut32 oledlg olepro32 opengl32 pdh pkpd32 rasapi32 rasdlg rassapi rpcrt4 setupapi shell32 shfolder snmpapi sporder tapi32 url user32 vdmdbg version win32spl winmm wintrust wsock32,;t t
-s,@COMMON_MACROS@,WIN32_LEAN_AND_MEAN;t t
+s,@COMMON_MACROS@,WIN32_LEAN_AND_MEAN WIN32,;t t
 s,@COMMON_HEADERS@,winsock2.h windows.h,;t t
 s,@TRY_LINK@,$$(CC) -oconftest $$(INCFLAGS) -I$$(hdrdir) $$(CPPFLAGS) $$(CFLAGS) $$(LIBPATH) $$(LDFLAGS) $$(src) $$(LOCAL_LIBS) $$(LIBS),;t t
 s,@EXPORT_PREFIX@,_,;t t
 s,@arch@,$(ARCH)-$(OS),;t t
 s,@sitearch@,$(ARCH)-$(OS),;t t
 s,@sitedir@,$${prefix}/lib/ruby/site_ruby,;t t
+s,@vendordir@,$${prefix}/lib/ruby/vendor_ruby,;t t
 s,@configure_args@,--enable-shared $(configure_args),;t t
 s,@configure_input@,$$configure_input,;t t
 s,@srcdir@,$(srcdir),;t t
@@ -421,33 +438,75 @@ $(LIBRUBY_A):	$(OBJS) $(DMYEXT)
 
 $(LIBRUBY_SO): $(LIBRUBY_A) $(DLDOBJS) $(RUBYDEF) $(RUBY_SO_NAME).res
 		@echo $(DLDOBJS)
+		@$(PRE_LIBRUBY_UPDATE)
 		$(LIBRUBY_LDSHARED) $(LIBRUBY_DLDFLAGS) $(DLDOBJS:/=\),$(LIBRUBY_SO),nul,$(LIBRUBY_A) $(LIBS),$(RUBYDEF),$(RUBY_SO_NAME).res
 
 $(LIBRUBY): $(LIBRUBY_SO)
 
 $(RUBYDEF):	$(LIBRUBY_A) $(PREP)
-		$(MINIRUBY) $(srcdir)bcc32/mkexports.rb -output=$@ -base=$(RUBY_SO_NAME) $(LIBRUBY_A)
+		$(MINIRUBY) $(srcdir)/bcc32/mkexports.rb -output=$@ -base=$(RUBY_SO_NAME) $(LIBRUBY_A)
 
 $(RUBY_INSTALL_NAME).rc $(RUBYW_INSTALL_NAME).rc $(RUBY_SO_NAME).rc: rbconfig.rb
-		@$(MINIRUBY) $(srcdir)win32/resource.rb \
+		@$(MINIRUBY) $(srcdir)/win32/resource.rb \
 			-ruby_name=$(RUBY_INSTALL_NAME) \
 			-rubyw_name=$(RUBYW_INSTALL_NAME) \
 			-so_name=$(RUBY_SO_NAME) \
-			. $(icondirs) $(srcdir)win32
-
-post-install-ext::
-	$(MINIRUBY) -I$(srcdir)lib -rrbconfig -rfileutils \
-		-e "FileUtils.rm_f(Dir[ARGV[0]+Config::CONFIG['archdir']+'/**/*.tds'])" "$(DESTDIR:\=/)"
+			. $(icondirs) $(srcdir)/win32
+
+post-install-bin::
+	@$(NULLCMD)
+post-install-lib::
+	@$(NULLCMD)
+post-install-ext-comm::
+	@$(NULLCMD)
+post-install-ext-arch::
+	@$(NULLCMD)
+post-install-man::
+	@$(NULLCMD)
+post-install-doc::
+	@$(NULLCMD)
 
 clean-local::
-		@$(RM) ext\extinit.c ext\extinit.$(OBJEXT) *.tds *.il? $(RUBY_SO_NAME).lib
+		@$(RM) $(WINMAINOBJ) ext\extinit.c ext\extinit.$(OBJEXT) *.tds *.il? $(RUBY_SO_NAME).lib
 		@$(RM) $(RUBY_INSTALL_NAME).res $(RUBYW_INSTALL_NAME).res $(RUBY_SO_NAME).res
+		@$(RM) *.map *.pdb *.ilk *.exp $(RUBYDEF)
 
 distclean-local::
 		@$(RM) ext\config.cache $(RBCONFIG:/=\)
-		@$(RM) *.map *.pdb *.ilk *.exp $(RUBYDEF)
 		@$(RM) $(RUBY_INSTALL_NAME).rc $(RUBYW_INSTALL_NAME).rc $(RUBY_SO_NAME).rc
 
+update-rubyspec:
+	@echo SPEC_EXISTS=0 > $@.mk
+	@if exist $(srcdir:/=\)\rubyspec\nul echo SPEC_EXISTS=1 >> $@.mk
+	@type >> $@.mk &&|
+$()update-rubyspec:
+$()	@del $@.mk
+$()!if $$(SPEC_EXISTS)
+$()	cd $(srcdir:/=\)\rubyspec\mspec
+$()	git pull
+$()	cd ..\spec\rubyspec
+$()	git pull
+$()!else
+$()	git clone $(MSPEC_GIT_URL) $(srcdir)/rubyspec/mspec
+$()	git clone $(RUBYSPEC_GIT_URL) $(srcdir)/rubyspec/spec/rubyspec
+$()!endif
+|
+	@$(MAKE) -$(MAKEFLAGS)$(MFLAGS) -f $@.mk
+
+test-rubyspec:
+	@echo SPEC_EXISTS=0 > $@.mk
+	@if exist $(srcdir:/=\)\rubyspec\nul echo SPEC_EXISTS=1 >> $@.mk
+	@type >> $@.mk &&|
+$()test-rubyspec:
+$()!if $$(SPEC_EXISTS)
+$()	$(RUNRUBY) $(srcdir)/rubyspec/mspec/bin/mspec -r$(srcdir)/ext/purelib.rb $(srcdir)/rubyspec/spec/rubyspec/$(MAJOR).$(MINOR)
+$()!else
+$()	@echo No rubyspec here.  put rubyspec to srcdir first.
+$()	@cd $(srcdir:/=\)\rubyspec
+$()!endif
+|
+	@$(MAKE) -$(MAKEFLAGS) -f $@.mk
+
 ext/extinit.obj: ext/extinit.c $(SETUP)
 	$(CC) $(CFLAGS) $(XCFLAGS) $(CPPFLAGS) -o$@ -c ext/extinit.c
 
diff --git a/bcc32/configure.bat b/bcc32/configure.bat
index 123a3f23c8..95575cbc60 100644..100755
--- a/bcc32/configure.bat
+++ b/bcc32/configure.bat
@@ -6,70 +6,110 @@
 echo> ~tmp~.mak ####
 echo>> ~tmp~.mak conf = %0
 echo>> ~tmp~.mak $(conf:\=/): nul
-echo>> ~tmp~.mak 	@del ~tmp~.mak
+echo>> ~tmp~.mak 	@del ~setup~.mak
 echo>> ~tmp~.mak 	@-$(MAKE) -l$(MAKEFLAGS) -f $(@D)setup.mak \
+if exist pathlist.tmp del pathlist.tmp
+if exist confargs.mk del confargs.mk
 :loop
 if "%1" == "" goto :end
 if "%1" == "--prefix" goto :prefix
+if "%1" == "prefix" goto :prefix
 if "%1" == "--srcdir" goto :srcdir
 if "%1" == "srcdir" goto :srcdir
 if "%1" == "--target" goto :target
 if "%1" == "target" goto :target
 if "%1" == "--with-static-linked-ext" goto :extstatic
 if "%1" == "--program-suffix" goto :suffix
-if "%1" == "--program-name" goto :progname
+if "%1" == "RUBY_SUFFIX" goto :suffix
+if "%1" == "--program-name" goto :installname
+if "%1" == "--install-name" goto :installname
+if "%1" == "RUBY_INSTALL_NAME" goto :installname
+if "%1" == "--so-name" goto :soname
+if "%1" == "RUBY_SO_NAME" goto :soname
 if "%1" == "--enable-install-doc" goto :enable-rdoc
 if "%1" == "--disable-install-doc" goto :disable-rdoc
 if "%1" == "--extout" goto :extout
+if "%1" == "EXTOUT" goto :extout
+if "%1" == "--path" goto :path
 if "%1" == "-h" goto :help
 if "%1" == "--help" goto :help
-  echo>> ~tmp~.mak 	"%1" \
+  echo>>confargs.tmp 	%1 \
   shift
 goto :loop
 :srcdir
-  echo>> ~tmp~.mak 	-D"srcdir=%2" \
+  echo>> ~tmp~.mak 	-Dsrcdir=%2 \
+  echo>>confargs.tmp 	--srcdir=%2 \
   shift
   shift
 goto :loop
 :prefix
-  echo>> ~tmp~.mak 	-D"prefix=%2" \
+  echo>> ~tmp~.mak 	-Dprefix=%2 \
+  echo>>confargs.tmp 	%1=%2 \
   shift
   shift
 goto :loop
 :suffix
-  echo>> ~tmp~.mak 	-D"RUBY_SUFFIX=%2" \
+  echo>>confargs.mk !ifndef RUBY_SUFFIX
+  echo>>confargs.mk RUBY_SUFFIX = %2
+  echo>>confargs.mk !endif
+  echo>>confargs.tmp 	%1=%2 \
   shift
   shift
 goto :loop
 :installname
-  echo>> ~tmp~.mak 	-D"RUBY_INSTALL_NAME=%2" \
+  echo>>confargs.mk !ifndef RUBY_INSTALL_NAME
+  echo>>confargs.mk RUBY_INSTALL_NAME = %2
+  echo>>confargs.mk !endif
+  echo>>confargs.tmp 	%1=%2 \
   shift
   shift
 goto :loop
 :soname
-  echo>> ~tmp~.mak 	-D"RUBY_SO_NAME=%2" \
+  echo>>confargs.mk !ifndef RUBY_SO_NAME
+  echo>>confargs.mk RUBY_SO_NAME = %2
+  echo>>confargs.mk !endif
+  echo>>confargs.tmp 	%1=%2 \
   shift
   shift
 goto :loop
 :target
-  echo>> ~tmp~.mak 	"%2" \
+  echo>> ~tmp~.mak 	%2 \
+  echo>>confargs.tmp 	--target=%2 \
   shift
   shift
 goto :loop
 :extstatic
-  echo>> ~tmp~.mak 	-D"EXTSTATIC=static" \
+  echo>>confargs.mk !ifndef EXTSTATIC
+  echo>>confargs.mk EXTSTATIC = static
+  echo>>confargs.mk !endif
+  echo>>confargs.tmp 	%1 \
   shift
 goto :loop
 :enable-rdoc
-  echo>> ~tmp~.mak 	-D"RDOCTARGET=install-doc" \
+  echo>>confargs.mk !ifndef RDOCTARGET
+  echo>>confargs.mk RDOCTARGET = install-doc
+  echo>>confargs.mk !endif
+  echo>>confargs.tmp 	%1 \
   shift
 goto :loop
 :disable-rdoc
-  echo>> ~tmp~.mak 	-D"RDOCTARGET=install-nodoc" \
+  echo>>confargs.mk !ifndef RDOCTARGET
+  echo>>confargs.mk RDOCTARGET = install-nodoc
+  echo>>confargs.mk !endif
+  echo>>confargs.tmp 	%1 \
   shift
 goto :loop
 :extout
-  echo>> ~tmp~.mak 	"EXTOUT=%2" \
+  echo>>confargs.mk !ifndef EXTOUT
+  echo>>confargs.mk EXTOUT = %2
+  echo>>confargs.mk !endif
+  echo>>confargs.tmp 	%1=%2 \
+  shift
+  shift
+goto :loop
+:path
+  echo>>pathlist.tmp %2;\
+  echo>>confargs.tmp 	%1=%2 \
   shift
   shift
 goto :loop
@@ -83,10 +123,30 @@ goto :loop
   echo   --target=TARGET         configure for TARGET [i386-bccwin32]
   echo Optional Package:
   echo   --with-static-linked-ext link external modules statically
-  echo   --enable-install-doc    install rdoc indexes during install
+  echo   --disable-install-doc   install rdoc indexes during install
+  del *.tmp
   del ~tmp~.mak
 goto :exit
 :end
-echo>> ~tmp~.mak 	bcc32dir="$(@D)"
-make -s -f ~tmp~.mak
+echo>> ~tmp~.mak 	-Dbcc32dir=$(@D)
+if not exist confargs.tmp goto :noconfargs
+    echo>>confargs.mk configure_args = \
+    type>>confargs.mk confargs.tmp
+    echo.>>confargs.mk
+    echo>>confargs.mk ####
+:noconfargs
+if not exist pathlist.tmp goto :nopathlist
+    echo>>confargs.mk pathlist = \
+    type>>confargs.mk pathlist.tmp
+    echo.>>confargs.mk
+    echo>>confargs.mk ####
+    echo>>confargs.mk PATH = $(pathlist:;=/bin;)$(PATH)
+    echo>>confargs.mk INCLUDE = $(pathlist:;=/include;)
+    echo>>confargs.mk LIB = $(pathlist:;=/lib;)
+:nopathlist
+if exist confargs.mk copy confargs.mk ~setup~.mak > nul
+type>>~setup~.mak ~tmp~.mak
+del *.tmp > nul
+del ~tmp~.mak > nul
+make -s -f ~setup~.mak
 :exit
diff --git a/bcc32/mkexports.rb b/bcc32/mkexports.rb
index e34b441e2f..dc523e2541 100644..100755
--- a/bcc32/mkexports.rb
+++ b/bcc32/mkexports.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
 #!./miniruby -s
 
+$name = $library = $description = nil
+
 SYM = {}
 STDIN.reopen(open("nul"))
 ARGV.each do |obj|
diff --git a/bcc32/setup.mak b/bcc32/setup.mak
index 1c922c208f..483292ed51 100644
--- a/bcc32/setup.mak
+++ b/bcc32/setup.mak
@@ -1,13 +1,13 @@
 # -*- makefile -*-
 
 !if "$(srcdir)" != ""
-bcc32dir = $(srcdir)bcc32/
+bcc32dir = $(srcdir)/bcc32
 !elseif "$(bcc32dir)" == "bcc32/"
-srcdir = ./
+srcdir = .
 !elseif "$(bcc32dir:/bcc32/=)/bcc32/" == "$(bcc32dir)"
-srcdir = $(bcc32dir:/bcc32/=/)
+srcdir = $(bcc32dir:/bcc32/=)
 !else
-srcdir = $(bcc32dir)../
+srcdir = $(bcc32dir)/..
 !endif
 !ifndef prefix
 prefix = /usr
@@ -30,7 +30,9 @@ i586-$(OS): -prologue- -i586- -epilogue-
 i686-$(OS): -prologue- -i686- -epilogue-
 alpha-$(OS): -prologue- -alpha- -epilogue-
 
--prologue-: nul
+-prologue-: -basic-vars- -version- -system-vars-
+
+-basic-vars-: nul
 	@echo Creating $(MAKEFILE)
 	@type > $(MAKEFILE) &&|
 \#\#\# Makefile for ruby $(OS) \#\#\#
@@ -40,36 +42,68 @@ $(BANG)endif
 $(BANG)ifndef prefix
 prefix = $(prefix:\=/)
 $(BANG)endif
-$(BANG)ifndef EXTSTATIC
-EXTSTATIC = $(EXTSTATIC)
-$(BANG)endif
-!if defined(RDOCTARGET)
-$(BANG)ifndef RDOCTARGET
-RDOCTARGET = $(RDOCTARGET)
-$(BANG)endif
-!endif
-!if defined(EXTOUT)
-$(BANG)ifndef EXTOUT
-EXTOUT = $(EXTOUT)
-$(BANG)endif
+|
+!if exist(confargs.mk)
+	@type confargs.mk >> $(MAKEFILE)
+	@del confargs.mk
 !endif
+
+-system-vars-: -runtime- -bormm-
+
+-bormm-: nul
+	@-ilink32 -q -Gn -x usebormm.lib > nul
+	@-if exist usebormm.tds $(APPEND) MEMLIB = usebormm.lib
+	@if exist usebormm.* del usebormm.*
+
+-osname-: nul
+	@echo OS =  >>$(MAKEFILE)
+
+-runtime-: nul
+	type > conftest.c &&|
+\#include <stdio.h>
+int main(){printf("");return 0;}
 |
-	@type > usebormm.bat &&|
-@echo off
-ilink32 -Gn -x usebormm.lib > nul
-if exist usebormm.tds echo MEMLIB = usebormm.lib
+	bcc32 conftest.c cw32i.lib > nul
+	tdump conftest.exe < nul > conftest.i
+	grep "^Imports from CC" conftest.i > conftest.c
+	cpp32 -P- -DFile=\# -DImports=RTNAME -Dfrom== conftest.c > nul
+	$(MAKE) > nul -DBANG=$(BANG) -f &&|
+-runtime-: nul
+$(BANG)include conftest.i
+RT = $$(RTNAME:.DLL=)
+OS = $$(RT:CC32=)
+-runtime-:
+	del conftest.*
+$(BANG)if "$$(OS)" == "50"
+	echo OS = bccwin32 >> $(MAKEFILE)
+$(BANG)else
+	echo OS = bccwin32_$$(OS) >> $(MAKEFILE)
+$(BANG)endif
 |
-	@usebormm.bat >> $(MAKEFILE)
-	@del usebormm.*
+	@echo RT = $$(OS) >> $(MAKEFILE)
 
-	@cpp32 -I$(srcdir) -DRUBY_EXTERN="//" -P- -o$(MAKEFILE) > nul &&|
+-version-: nul
+	@cpp32 -I$(srcdir) -P- -o$(MAKEFILE) > nul &&|
 \#include "version.h"
 MAJOR = RUBY_VERSION_MAJOR
 MINOR = RUBY_VERSION_MINOR
 TEENY = RUBY_VERSION_TEENY
+
+BORLANDC = __BORLANDC__
 |
-	@type $(MAKEFILE).i >> $(MAKEFILE)
+	@$(MAKE) > nul -DBANG=$(BANG) -f &&,
+-version-: nul
+$(BANG)include $(MAKEFILE)
+$(BANG)include $(MAKEFILE).i
+-version-:
 	@del $(MAKEFILE).i
+	@type >> $(MAKEFILE) &&|
+MAJOR = $$(MAJOR)
+MINOR = $$(MINOR)
+TEENY = $$(TEENY)
+BORLANDC = $$(BORLANDC)
+|
+,
 
 -generic-: nul
 !if defined(PROCESSOR_ARCHITECTURE) ||  defined(PROCESSOR_LEVEL)
@@ -84,7 +118,6 @@ $(BANG)ifndef PROCESSOR_LEVEL
 PROCESSOR_LEVEL = $(PROCESSOR_LEVEL)
 $(BANG)endif
 !endif
-
 |
 !endif
 
@@ -117,17 +150,14 @@ $(BANG)endif
 -epilogue-: nul
 	@type >> $(MAKEFILE) &&|
 
-\# OS = $(OS)
-\# RT = $(RT)
 \# RUBY_INSTALL_NAME = ruby
 \# RUBY_SO_NAME = $$(RT)-$$(RUBY_INSTALL_NAME)$$(MAJOR)$$(MINOR)
 \# CFLAGS = -q $$(DEBUGFLAGS) $$(OPTFLAGS) $$(PROCESSOR_FLAG) -w- -wsus -wcpt -wdup -wext -wrng -wrpt -wzdi
-\# CPPFLAGS = -I. -I$$(srcdir) -I$$(srcdir)missing -DLIBRUBY_SO=\"$$(LIBRUBY_SO)\"
+\# CPPFLAGS = -I. -I$$(srcdir) -I$$(srcdir)/missing -DLIBRUBY_SO=\"$$(LIBRUBY_SO)\"
 \# STACK = 0x2000000
 \# LDFLAGS = -S:$$(STACK)
 \# RFLAGS = $$(iconinc)
 \# EXTLIBS = cw32.lib import32.lib user32.lib kernel32.lib
-$(BANG)include $$(srcdir)bcc32/Makefile.sub
+$(BANG)include $$(srcdir)/bcc32/Makefile.sub
 |
-	@$(srcdir:/=\)\win32\rm.bat config.h config.status
 	@echo type "`$(MAKE)'" to make ruby for $(OS).
diff --git a/bignum.c b/bignum.c
index 6a7a83c085..7f14aee709 100644
--- a/bignum.c
+++ b/bignum.c
@@ -11,8 +11,10 @@
 **********************************************************************/
 
 #include "ruby.h"
+#include "rubysig.h"
 
 #include <math.h>
+#include <float.h>
 #include <ctype.h>
 #ifdef HAVE_IEEEFP_H
 #include <ieeefp.h>
@@ -36,7 +38,21 @@ VALUE rb_cBignum;
 #define BIGLO(x) ((BDIGIT)((x) & (BIGRAD-1)))
 #define BDIGMAX ((BDIGIT)-1)
 
-#define BIGZEROP(x) (RBIGNUM(x)->len == 0 || (RBIGNUM(x)->len == 1 && BDIGITS(x)[0] == 0))
+#define BIGZEROP(x) (RBIGNUM(x)->len == 0 || \
+		     (BDIGITS(x)[0] == 0 && \
+		      (RBIGNUM(x)->len == 1 || bigzero_p(x))))
+
+static int bigzero_p(VALUE);
+static int
+bigzero_p(x)
+    VALUE x;
+{
+    long i;
+    for (i = 0; i < RBIGNUM(x)->len; ++i) {
+	if (BDIGITS(x)[i]) return 0;
+    }
+    return 1;
+}
 
 static VALUE
 bignew_1(klass, len, sign)
@@ -74,6 +90,7 @@ get2comp(x)
     BDIGIT *ds = BDIGITS(x);
     BDIGIT_DBL num;
 
+    if (!i) return;
     while (i--) ds[i] = ~ds[i];
     i = 0; num = 1;
     do {
@@ -96,32 +113,52 @@ rb_big_2comp(x)			/* get 2's complement */
 }
 
 static VALUE
-bignorm(x)
+bigtrunc(x)
     VALUE x;
 {
-    if (!FIXNUM_P(x)) {
-	long len = RBIGNUM(x)->len;
-	BDIGIT *ds = BDIGITS(x);
+    long len = RBIGNUM(x)->len;
+    BDIGIT *ds = BDIGITS(x);
+
+    if (len == 0) return x;
+    while (--len && !ds[len]);
+    RBIGNUM(x)->len = ++len;
+    return x;
+}
 
-	while (len-- && !ds[len]) ;
-	RBIGNUM(x)->len = ++len;
+static VALUE
+bigfixize(x)
+    VALUE x;
+{
+    long len = RBIGNUM(x)->len;
+    BDIGIT *ds = BDIGITS(x);
 
-	if (len*SIZEOF_BDIGITS <= sizeof(VALUE)) {
-	    long num = 0;
-	    while (len--) {
-		num = BIGUP(num) + ds[len];
+    if (len*SIZEOF_BDIGITS <= sizeof(VALUE)) {
+	long num = 0;
+	while (len--) {
+	    num = BIGUP(num) + ds[len];
+	}
+	if (num >= 0) {
+	    if (RBIGNUM(x)->sign) {
+		if (POSFIXABLE(num)) return LONG2FIX(num);
 	    }
-	    if (num >= 0) {
-		if (RBIGNUM(x)->sign) {
-		    if (POSFIXABLE(num)) return LONG2FIX(num);
-		}
-		else if (NEGFIXABLE(-(long)num)) return LONG2FIX(-(long)num);
+	    else {
+		if (NEGFIXABLE(-(long)num)) return LONG2FIX(-(long)num);
 	    }
 	}
     }
     return x;
 }
 
+static VALUE
+bignorm(x)
+    VALUE x;
+{
+    if (!FIXNUM_P(x) && TYPE(x) == T_BIGNUM) {
+	x = bigfixize(bigtrunc(x));
+    }
+    return x;
+}
+
 VALUE
 rb_big_norm(x)
     VALUE x;
@@ -328,6 +365,13 @@ rb_cstr_to_inum(str, base, badcheck)
     VALUE z;
     BDIGIT *zds;
 
+#define conv_digit(c) \
+    (!ISASCII(c) ? -1 : \
+     isdigit(c) ? ((c) - '0') : \
+     islower(c) ? ((c) - 'a' + 10) : \
+     isupper(c) ? ((c) - 'A' + 10) : \
+     -1)
+
     if (!str) {
 	if (badcheck) goto bad;
 	return INT2FIX(0);
@@ -419,8 +463,21 @@ rb_cstr_to_inum(str, base, badcheck)
 	break;
     }
     if (*str == '0') {		/* squeeze preceeding 0s */
-	while (*++str == '0');
-	--str;
+	int us = 0;
+	while ((c = *++str) == '0' || c == '_') {
+	    if (c == '_') {
+		if (++us >= 2)
+		    break;
+	    } else
+		us = 0;
+	}
+	if (!(c = *str) || ISSPACE(c)) --str;
+    }
+    c = *str;
+    c = conv_digit(c);
+    if (c < 0 || c >= base) {
+	if (badcheck) goto bad;
+	return INT2FIX(0);
     }
     len *= strlen(str)*sizeof(char);
 
@@ -454,27 +511,16 @@ rb_cstr_to_inum(str, base, badcheck)
     z = bignew(len, sign);
     zds = BDIGITS(z);
     for (i=len;i--;) zds[i]=0;
-    while (c = *str++) {
+    while ((c = *str++) != 0) {
 	if (c == '_') {
-	    if (badcheck) {
-		if (nondigit) goto bad;
-		nondigit = c;
+	    if (nondigit) {
+		if (badcheck) goto bad;
+		break;
 	    }
+	    nondigit = c;
 	    continue;
 	}
-	else if (!ISASCII(c)) {
-	    break;
-	}
-	else if (isdigit(c)) {
-	    c -= '0';
-	}
-	else if (islower(c)) {
-	    c -= 'a' - 10;
-	}
-	else if (isupper(c)) {
-	    c -= 'A' - 10;
-	}
-	else {
+	else if ((c = conv_digit(c)) < 0) {
 	    break;
 	}
 	if (c >= base) break;
@@ -533,7 +579,7 @@ rb_str_to_inum(str, base, badcheck)
 	    s = p;
 	}
     }
-    return rb_cstr_to_inum(s, base, badcheck); 
+    return rb_cstr_to_inum(s, base, badcheck);
 }
 
 #if HAVE_LONG_LONG
@@ -595,7 +641,7 @@ rb_ll2inum(n)
 }
 
 #endif  /* HAVE_LONG_LONG */
- 
+
 VALUE
 rb_cstr2inum(str, base)
     const char *str;
@@ -614,15 +660,16 @@ rb_str2inum(str, base)
 
 const char ruby_digitmap[] = "0123456789abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz";
 VALUE
-rb_big2str(x, base)
+rb_big2str0(x, base, trim)
     VALUE x;
     int base;
+    int trim;
 {
     volatile VALUE t;
     BDIGIT *ds;
     long i, j, hbase;
     VALUE ss;
-    char *s, c;
+    char *s;
 
     if (FIXNUM_P(x)) {
 	return rb_fix2str(x, base);
@@ -631,34 +678,37 @@ rb_big2str(x, base)
     if (BIGZEROP(x)) {
 	return rb_str_new2("0");
     }
+    if (i >= LONG_MAX/SIZEOF_BDIGITS/CHAR_BIT) {
+	rb_raise(rb_eRangeError, "bignum too big to convert into `string'");
+    }
     j = SIZEOF_BDIGITS*CHAR_BIT*i;
     switch (base) {
       case 2: break;
       case 3:
-	j = j * 647L / 1024;
+	j = j * 53L / 84 + 1;
 	break;
       case 4: case 5: case 6: case 7:
-	j /= 2;
+	j = (j + 1) / 2;
 	break;
       case 8: case 9:
-	j /= 3;
+	j = (j + 2) / 3;
 	break;
       case 10: case 11: case 12: case 13: case 14: case 15:
-	j = j * 241L / 800;
+	j = j * 28L / 93 + 1;
 	break;
       case 16: case 17: case 18: case 19: case 20: case 21:
       case 22: case 23: case 24: case 25: case 26: case 27:
       case 28: case 29: case 30: case 31:
-	j /= 4;
+	j = (j + 3) / 4;
 	break;
       case 32: case 33: case 34: case 35: case 36:
-	j /= 5;
+	j = (j + 4) / 5;
 	break;
       default:
 	rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "illegal radix %d", base);
 	break;
     }
-    j += 2;
+    j++;			/* space for sign */
 
     hbase = base * base;
 #if SIZEOF_BDIGITS > 2
@@ -667,11 +717,12 @@ rb_big2str(x, base)
 
     t = rb_big_clone(x);
     ds = BDIGITS(t);
-    ss = rb_str_new(0, j);
+    ss = rb_str_new(0, j+1);
     s = RSTRING(ss)->ptr;
 
     s[0] = RBIGNUM(x)->sign ? '+' : '-';
-    while (i && j) {
+    TRAP_BEG;
+    while (i && j > 1) {
 	long k = i;
 	BDIGIT_DBL num = 0;
 
@@ -680,30 +731,44 @@ rb_big2str(x, base)
 	    ds[k] = (BDIGIT)(num / hbase);
 	    num %= hbase;
 	}
-	if (ds[i-1] == 0) i--;
+	if (trim && ds[i-1] == 0) i--;
 	k = SIZEOF_BDIGITS;
 	while (k--) {
-	    c = (char)(num % base);
-	    s[--j] = ruby_digitmap[(int)c];
+	    s[--j] = ruby_digitmap[num % base];
 	    num /= base;
-	    if (i == 0 && num == 0) break;
+	    if (!trim && j <= 1) break;
+	    if (trim && i == 0 && num == 0) break;
 	}
     }
-    while (s[j] == '0') j++;
-    RSTRING(ss)->len -= RBIGNUM(x)->sign?j:j-1;
-    memmove(RBIGNUM(x)->sign?s:s+1, s+j, RSTRING(ss)->len);
+    if (trim) {while (s[j] == '0') j++;}
+    i = RSTRING(ss)->len - j;
+    if (RBIGNUM(x)->sign) {
+	memmove(s, s+j, i);
+	RSTRING(ss)->len = i-1;
+    }
+    else {
+	memmove(s+1, s+j, i);
+	RSTRING(ss)->len = i;
+    }
     s[RSTRING(ss)->len] = '\0';
+    TRAP_END;
 
     return ss;
 }
 
+VALUE
+rb_big2str(VALUE x, int base)
+{
+    return rb_big2str0(x, base, Qtrue);
+}
+
 /*
  *  call-seq:
  *     big.to_s(base=10)   =>  string
- *  
+ *
  *  Returns a string containing the representation of <i>big</i> radix
  *  <i>base</i> (2 through 36).
- *     
+ *
  *     12345654321.to_s         #=> "12345654321"
  *     12345654321.to_s(2)      #=> "1011011111110110111011110000110001"
  *     12345654321.to_s(8)      #=> "133766736061"
@@ -747,15 +812,15 @@ big2ulong(x, type)
 }
 
 unsigned long
-rb_big2ulong_pack(x)   
-    VALUE x;  
-{   
+rb_big2ulong_pack(x)
+    VALUE x;
+{
     unsigned long num = big2ulong(x, "unsigned long");
     if (!RBIGNUM(x)->sign) {
 	return -num;
     }
     return num;
-}  
+}
 
 unsigned long
 rb_big2ulong(x)
@@ -873,8 +938,8 @@ rb_dbl2big(d)
     return bignorm(dbl2big(d));
 }
 
-double
-rb_big2dbl(x)
+static double
+big2dbl(x)
     VALUE x;
 {
     double d = 0.0;
@@ -884,21 +949,30 @@ rb_big2dbl(x)
     while (i--) {
 	d = ds[i] + BIGRAD*d;
     }
+    if (!RBIGNUM(x)->sign) d = -d;
+    return d;
+}
+
+double
+rb_big2dbl(x)
+    VALUE x;
+{
+    double d = big2dbl(x);
+
     if (isinf(d)) {
 	rb_warn("Bignum out of Float range");
 	d = HUGE_VAL;
     }
-    if (!RBIGNUM(x)->sign) d = -d;
     return d;
 }
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
  *     big.to_f -> float
- *  
+ *
  *  Converts <i>big</i> to a <code>Float</code>. If <i>big</i> doesn't
  *  fit in a <code>Float</code>, the result is infinity.
- *     
+ *
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -911,11 +985,11 @@ rb_big_to_f(x)
 /*
  *  call-seq:
  *     big <=> numeric   => -1, 0, +1
- *  
+ *
  *  Comparison---Returns -1, 0, or +1 depending on whether <i>big</i> is
  *  less than, equal to, or greater than <i>numeric</i>. This is the
  *  basis for the tests in <code>Comparable</code>.
- *     
+ *
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -956,11 +1030,11 @@ rb_big_cmp(x, y)
 /*
  *  call-seq:
  *     big == obj  => true or false
- *  
+ *
  *  Returns <code>true</code> only if <i>obj</i> has the same value
  *  as <i>big</i>. Contrast this with <code>Bignum#eql?</code>, which
  *  requires <i>obj</i> to be a <code>Bignum</code>.
- *     
+ *
  *     68719476736 == 68719476736.0   #=> true
  */
 
@@ -995,11 +1069,11 @@ rb_big_eq(x, y)
 /*
  *  call-seq:
  *     big.eql?(obj)   => true or false
- *  
+ *
  *  Returns <code>true</code> only if <i>obj</i> is a
  *  <code>Bignum</code> with the same value as <i>big</i>. Contrast this
  *  with <code>Bignum#==</code>, which performs type conversions.
- *     
+ *
  *     68719476736.eql?(68719476736.0)   #=> false
  */
 
@@ -1040,7 +1114,7 @@ rb_big_uminus(x)
  * length, the result acts as if it had an infinite number of one
  * bits to the left. In hex representations, this is displayed
  * as two periods to the left of the digits.
- *  
+ *
  *   sprintf("%X", ~0x1122334455)    #=> "..FEEDDCCBBAA"
  */
 
@@ -1055,6 +1129,7 @@ rb_big_neg(x)
     if (!RBIGNUM(x)->sign) get2comp(z);
     ds = BDIGITS(z);
     i = RBIGNUM(x)->len;
+    if (!i) return INT2FIX(~0);
     while (i--) ds[i] = ~ds[i];
     RBIGNUM(z)->sign = !RBIGNUM(z)->sign;
     if (RBIGNUM(x)->sign) get2comp(z);
@@ -1070,7 +1145,7 @@ bigsub(x, y)
     BDIGIT *zds;
     BDIGIT_DBL_SIGNED num;
     long i = RBIGNUM(x)->len;
-    
+
     /* if x is larger than y, swap */
     if (RBIGNUM(x)->len < RBIGNUM(y)->len) {
 	z = x; x = y; y = z;	/* swap x y */
@@ -1091,11 +1166,11 @@ bigsub(x, y)
     z = bignew(RBIGNUM(x)->len, z==0);
     zds = BDIGITS(z);
 
-    for (i = 0, num = 0; i < RBIGNUM(y)->len; i++) { 
+    for (i = 0, num = 0; i < RBIGNUM(y)->len; i++) {
 	num += (BDIGIT_DBL_SIGNED)BDIGITS(x)[i] - BDIGITS(y)[i];
 	zds[i] = BIGLO(num);
 	num = BIGDN(num);
-    } 
+    }
     while (num && i < RBIGNUM(x)->len) {
 	num += BDIGITS(x)[i];
 	zds[i++] = BIGLO(num);
@@ -1105,7 +1180,7 @@ bigsub(x, y)
 	zds[i] = BDIGITS(x)[i];
 	i++;
     }
-    
+
     return z;
 }
 
@@ -1206,15 +1281,8 @@ rb_big_minus(x, y)
     }
 }
 
-/*
- *  call-seq:
- *     big * other  => Numeric
- *
- *  Multiplies big and other, returning the result.
- */
-
 VALUE
-rb_big_mul(x, y)
+rb_big_mul0(x, y)
     VALUE x, y;
 {
     long i, j;
@@ -1243,7 +1311,7 @@ rb_big_mul(x, y)
     zds = BDIGITS(z);
     while (j--) zds[j] = 0;
     for (i = 0; i < RBIGNUM(x)->len; i++) {
-	BDIGIT_DBL dd = BDIGITS(x)[i]; 
+	BDIGIT_DBL dd = BDIGITS(x)[i];
 	if (dd == 0) continue;
 	n = 0;
 	for (j = 0; j < RBIGNUM(y)->len; j++) {
@@ -1257,7 +1325,21 @@ rb_big_mul(x, y)
 	}
     }
 
-    return bignorm(z);
+    return z;
+}
+
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *     big * other  => Numeric
+ *
+ *  Multiplies big and other, returning the result.
+ */
+
+VALUE
+rb_big_mul(x, y)
+    VALUE x, y;
+{
+    return bignorm(rb_big_mul0(x, y));
 }
 
 static void
@@ -1306,7 +1388,7 @@ bigdivrem(x, y, divp, modp)
 
     dd = 0;
     q = yds[ny-1];
-    while ((q & (1<<(BITSPERDIG-1))) == 0) {
+    while ((q & (1U<<(BITSPERDIG-1))) == 0) {
 	q <<= 1;
 	dd++;
     }
@@ -1430,9 +1512,6 @@ rb_big_div(x, y)
       case T_BIGNUM:
 	break;
 
-      case T_FLOAT:
-	return rb_float_new(rb_big2dbl(x) / RFLOAT(y)->value);
-
       default:
 	return rb_num_coerce_bin(x, y);
     }
@@ -1475,9 +1554,9 @@ rb_big_modulo(x, y)
 /*
  *  call-seq:
  *     big.remainder(numeric)    => number
- *  
+ *
  *  Returns the remainder after dividing <i>big</i> by <i>numeric</i>.
- *     
+ *
  *     -1234567890987654321.remainder(13731)      #=> -6966
  *     -1234567890987654321.remainder(13731.24)   #=> -9906.22531493148
  */
@@ -1503,12 +1582,47 @@ rb_big_remainder(x, y)
     return bignorm(z);
 }
 
+static int
+bdigbitsize(BDIGIT x)
+{
+    int size = 1;
+    int nb = BITSPERDIG / 2;
+    BDIGIT bits = (~0 << nb);
+
+    if (!x) return 0;
+    while (x > 1) {
+	if (x & bits) {
+	    size += nb;
+	    x >>= nb;
+	}
+	x &= ~bits;
+	nb /= 2;
+	bits >>= nb;
+    }
+
+    return size;
+}
+
+static VALUE big_lshift _((VALUE, unsigned long));
+static VALUE big_rshift _((VALUE, unsigned long));
+
+static VALUE big_shift(x, n)
+    VALUE x;
+    int n;
+{
+    if (n < 0)
+	return big_lshift(x, (unsigned int)n);
+    else if (n > 0)
+	return big_rshift(x, (unsigned int)n);
+    return x;
+}
+
 /*
  *  call-seq:
  *     big.divmod(numeric)   => array
- *  
+ *
  *  See <code>Numeric#divmod</code>.
- *     
+ *
  */
 VALUE
 rb_big_divmod(x, y)
@@ -1535,22 +1649,51 @@ rb_big_divmod(x, y)
 /*
  *  call-seq:
  *     big.quo(numeric) -> float
- *  
+ *     big.fdiv(numeric) -> float
+ *
  *  Returns the floating point result of dividing <i>big</i> by
  *  <i>numeric</i>.
- *     
+ *
  *     -1234567890987654321.quo(13731)      #=> -89910996357705.5
  *     -1234567890987654321.quo(13731.24)   #=> -89909424858035.7
- *     
+ *
  */
 
 static VALUE
 rb_big_quo(x, y)
     VALUE x, y;
 {
-    double dx = rb_big2dbl(x);
+    double dx = big2dbl(x);
     double dy;
 
+    if (isinf(dx)) {
+#define DBL_BIGDIG ((DBL_MANT_DIG + BITSPERDIG) / BITSPERDIG)
+	VALUE z;
+	int ex, ey;
+
+	ex = (RBIGNUM(bigtrunc(x))->len - 1) * BITSPERDIG;
+	ex += bdigbitsize(BDIGITS(x)[RBIGNUM(x)->len - 1]);
+	ex -= 2 * DBL_BIGDIG * BITSPERDIG;
+	if (ex) x = big_shift(x, ex);
+
+	switch (TYPE(y)) {
+	  case T_FIXNUM:
+	    y = rb_int2big(FIX2LONG(y));
+	  case T_BIGNUM: {
+	    ey = (RBIGNUM(bigtrunc(y))->len - 1) * BITSPERDIG;
+	    ey += bdigbitsize(BDIGITS(y)[RBIGNUM(y)->len - 1]);
+	    ey -= DBL_BIGDIG * BITSPERDIG;
+	    if (ey) y = big_shift(y, ey);
+	  bignum:
+	    bigdivrem(x, y, &z, 0);
+	    return rb_float_new(ldexp(big2dbl(z), ex - ey));
+	  }
+	  case T_FLOAT:
+	    y = dbl2big(ldexp(frexp(RFLOAT(y)->value, &ey), DBL_MANT_DIG));
+	    ey -= DBL_MANT_DIG;
+	    goto bignum;
+	}
+    }
     switch (TYPE(y)) {
       case T_FIXNUM:
 	dy = (double)FIX2LONG(y);
@@ -1570,6 +1713,52 @@ rb_big_quo(x, y)
     return rb_float_new(dx / dy);
 }
 
+static VALUE
+bigsqr(x)
+    VALUE x;
+{
+    long len = RBIGNUM(x)->len, k = len / 2, i;
+    VALUE a, b, a2, z;
+    BDIGIT_DBL num;
+
+    if (len < 4000 / BITSPERDIG) {
+	return rb_big_mul0(x, x);
+    }
+
+    a = bignew(len - k, 1);
+    MEMCPY(BDIGITS(a), BDIGITS(x) + k, BDIGIT, len - k);
+    b = bignew(k, 1);
+    MEMCPY(BDIGITS(b), BDIGITS(x), BDIGIT, k);
+
+    a2 = bigtrunc(bigsqr(a));
+    z = bigsqr(b);
+    REALLOC_N(RBIGNUM(z)->digits, BDIGIT, (len = 2 * k + RBIGNUM(a2)->len) + 1);
+    while (RBIGNUM(z)->len < 2 * k) BDIGITS(z)[RBIGNUM(z)->len++] = 0;
+    MEMCPY(BDIGITS(z) + 2 * k, BDIGITS(a2), BDIGIT, RBIGNUM(a2)->len);
+    RBIGNUM(z)->len = len;
+    a2 = bigtrunc(rb_big_mul0(a, b));
+    len = RBIGNUM(a2)->len;
+    TRAP_BEG;
+    for (i = 0, num = 0; i < len; i++) {
+	num += (BDIGIT_DBL)BDIGITS(z)[i + k] + ((BDIGIT_DBL)BDIGITS(a2)[i] << 1);
+	BDIGITS(z)[i + k] = BIGLO(num);
+	num = BIGDN(num);
+    }
+    TRAP_END;
+    if (num) {
+	len = RBIGNUM(z)->len;
+	for (i += k; i < len && num; ++i) {
+	    num += (BDIGIT_DBL)BDIGITS(z)[i];
+	    BDIGITS(z)[i] = BIGLO(num);
+	    num = BIGDN(num);
+	}
+	if (num) {
+	    BDIGITS(z)[RBIGNUM(z)->len++] = BIGLO(num);
+	}
+    }
+    return bigtrunc(z);
+}
+
 /*
  *  call-seq:
  *     big ** exponent   #=> numeric
@@ -1589,7 +1778,7 @@ rb_big_pow(x, y)
 {
     double d;
     long yy;
-    
+
     if (y == INT2FIX(0)) return INT2FIX(1);
     switch (TYPE(y)) {
       case T_FLOAT:
@@ -1604,21 +1793,21 @@ rb_big_pow(x, y)
       case T_FIXNUM:
 	yy = FIX2LONG(y);
 	if (yy > 0) {
-	    VALUE z = x;
+	    VALUE z = 0;
+	    long mask;
+	    const long BIGLEN_LIMIT = 1024*1024 / SIZEOF_BDIGITS;
 
-	    if (RBIGNUM(x)->len * SIZEOF_BDIGITS * yy > 1024*1024) {
+	    if ((RBIGNUM(x)->len > BIGLEN_LIMIT) ||
+		(RBIGNUM(x)->len > BIGLEN_LIMIT / yy)) {
 		rb_warn("in a**b, b may be too big");
 		d = (double)yy;
 		break;
 	    }
-	    for (;;) {
-		yy -= 1;
-		if (yy == 0) break;
-		while (yy % 2 == 0) {
-		    yy /= 2;
-		    x = rb_big_mul(x, x);
+	    for (mask = FIXNUM_MAX + 1; mask; mask >>= 1) {
+		if (z) z = bigtrunc(bigsqr(z));
+		if (yy & mask) {
+		    z = z ? bigtrunc(rb_big_mul0(z, x)) : x;
 		}
-		z = rb_big_mul(z, x);
 	    }
 	    return bignorm(z);
 	}
@@ -1804,7 +1993,15 @@ rb_big_xor(xx, yy)
     return bignorm(z);
 }
 
-static VALUE rb_big_rshift _((VALUE,VALUE));
+static VALUE
+check_shiftdown(VALUE y, VALUE x)
+{
+    if (!RBIGNUM(x)->len) return INT2FIX(0);
+    if (RBIGNUM(y)->len > SIZEOF_LONG / SIZEOF_BDIGITS) {
+	return RBIGNUM(x)->sign ? INT2FIX(0) : INT2FIX(-1);
+    }
+    return Qnil;
+}
 
 /*
  * call-seq:
@@ -1817,15 +2014,46 @@ VALUE
 rb_big_lshift(x, y)
     VALUE x, y;
 {
+    long shift;
+    int neg = 0;
+
+    for (;;) {
+	if (FIXNUM_P(y)) {
+	    shift = FIX2LONG(y);
+	    if (shift < 0) {
+		neg = 1;
+		shift = -shift;
+	    }
+	    break;
+	}
+	else if (TYPE(y) == T_BIGNUM) {
+	    if (!RBIGNUM(y)->sign) {
+		VALUE t = check_shiftdown(y, x);
+		if (!NIL_P(t)) return t;
+		neg = 1;
+	    }
+	    shift = big2ulong(y, "long");
+	    break;
+	}
+	y = rb_to_int(y);
+    }
+
+    if (neg) return big_rshift(x, shift);
+    return big_lshift(x, shift);
+}
+
+static VALUE
+big_lshift(x, shift)
+    VALUE x;
+    unsigned long shift;
+{
     BDIGIT *xds, *zds;
-    int shift = NUM2INT(y);
-    int s1 = shift/BITSPERDIG;
+    long s1 = shift/BITSPERDIG;
     int s2 = shift%BITSPERDIG;
     VALUE z;
     BDIGIT_DBL num = 0;
     long len, i;
 
-    if (shift < 0) return rb_big_rshift(x, INT2FIX(-shift));
     len = RBIGNUM(x)->len;
     z = bignew(len+s1+1, RBIGNUM(x)->sign);
     zds = BDIGITS(z);
@@ -1849,21 +2077,53 @@ rb_big_lshift(x, y)
  * Shifts big right _numeric_ positions (left if _numeric_ is negative).
  */
 
-static VALUE
+VALUE
 rb_big_rshift(x, y)
     VALUE x, y;
 {
+    long shift;
+    int neg = 0;
+
+    for (;;) {
+	if (FIXNUM_P(y)) {
+	    shift = FIX2LONG(y);
+	    if (shift < 0) {
+		neg = 1;
+		shift = -shift;
+	    }
+	    break;
+	}
+	else if (TYPE(y) == T_BIGNUM) {
+	    if (RBIGNUM(y)->sign) {
+		VALUE t = check_shiftdown(y, x);
+		if (!NIL_P(t)) return t;
+	    }
+	    else {
+		neg = 1;
+	    }
+	    shift = big2ulong(y, "long");
+	    break;
+	}
+	y = rb_to_int(y);
+    }
+
+    if (neg) return big_lshift(x, shift);
+    return big_rshift(x, shift);
+}
+
+static VALUE
+big_rshift(x, shift)
+    VALUE x;
+    unsigned long shift;
+{
     BDIGIT *xds, *zds;
-    int shift = NUM2INT(y);
     long s1 = shift/BITSPERDIG;
-    long s2 = shift%BITSPERDIG;
+    int s2 = shift%BITSPERDIG;
     VALUE z;
     BDIGIT_DBL num = 0;
     long i, j;
     volatile VALUE save_x;
 
-    if (shift < 0) return rb_big_lshift(x, INT2FIX(-shift));
-
     if (s1 > RBIGNUM(x)->len) {
 	if (RBIGNUM(x)->sign)
 	    return INT2FIX(0);
@@ -1876,6 +2136,10 @@ rb_big_rshift(x, y)
     }
     xds = BDIGITS(x);
     i = RBIGNUM(x)->len; j = i - s1;
+    if (j == 0) {
+	if (RBIGNUM(x)->sign) return INT2FIX(0);
+	else return INT2FIX(-1);
+    }
     z = bignew(j, RBIGNUM(x)->sign);
     if (!RBIGNUM(x)->sign) {
 	num = ((BDIGIT_DBL)~0) << BITSPERDIG;
@@ -1895,20 +2159,20 @@ rb_big_rshift(x, y)
 /*
  *  call-seq:
  *     big[n] -> 0, 1
- *  
+ *
  *  Bit Reference---Returns the <em>n</em>th bit in the (assumed) binary
  *  representation of <i>big</i>, where <i>big</i>[0] is the least
  *  significant bit.
- *     
+ *
  *     a = 9**15
  *     50.downto(0) do |n|
  *       print a[n]
  *     end
- *     
+ *
  *  <em>produces:</em>
- *     
+ *
  *     000101110110100000111000011110010100111100010111001
- *     
+ *
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -1916,29 +2180,39 @@ rb_big_aref(x, y)
     VALUE x, y;
 {
     BDIGIT *xds;
-    int shift;
-    long s1, s2;
+    BDIGIT_DBL num;
+    unsigned long shift;
+    long i, s1, s2;
 
     if (TYPE(y) == T_BIGNUM) {
-	if (!RBIGNUM(y)->sign || RBIGNUM(x)->sign)
+	if (!RBIGNUM(y)->sign)
 	    return INT2FIX(0);
-	return INT2FIX(1);
+	if (RBIGNUM(bigtrunc(y))->len > SIZEOF_LONG/SIZEOF_BDIGITS) {
+	  out_of_range:
+	    return RBIGNUM(x)->sign ? INT2FIX(0) : INT2FIX(1);
+	}
+	shift = big2ulong(y, "long");
+    }
+    else {
+	i = NUM2LONG(y);
+	if (i < 0) return INT2FIX(0);
+	shift = (VALUE)i;
     }
-    shift = NUM2INT(y);
-    if (shift < 0) return INT2FIX(0);
     s1 = shift/BITSPERDIG;
     s2 = shift%BITSPERDIG;
 
+    if (s1 >= RBIGNUM(x)->len) goto out_of_range;
     if (!RBIGNUM(x)->sign) {
-	if (s1 >= RBIGNUM(x)->len) return INT2FIX(1);
-	x = rb_big_clone(x);
-	get2comp(x);
+	xds = BDIGITS(x);
+	i = 0; num = 1;
+	while (num += ~xds[i], ++i <= s1) {
+	    num = BIGDN(num);
+	}
     }
     else {
-	if (s1 >= RBIGNUM(x)->len) return INT2FIX(0);
+	num = BDIGITS(x)[s1];
     }
-    xds = BDIGITS(x);
-    if (xds[s1] & (1<<s2))
+    if (num & ((BDIGIT_DBL)1<<s2))
 	return INT2FIX(1);
     return INT2FIX(0);
 }
@@ -1989,9 +2263,9 @@ rb_big_coerce(x, y)
 /*
  *  call-seq:
  *     big.abs -> aBignum
- *  
+ *
  *  Returns the absolute value of <i>big</i>.
- *     
+ *
  *     -1234567890987654321.abs   #=> 1234567890987654321
  */
 
@@ -2019,7 +2293,7 @@ rb_big_rand(max, rand_buf)
     }
     v = bignew(len,1);
     len--;
-    BDIGITS(v)[len] = BDIGITS(max)[len] * rand_buf[len];    
+    BDIGITS(v)[len] = BDIGITS(max)[len] * rand_buf[len];
     while (len--) {
 	BDIGITS(v)[len] = ((BDIGIT)~0) * rand_buf[len];
     }
@@ -2030,10 +2304,10 @@ rb_big_rand(max, rand_buf)
 /*
  *  call-seq:
  *     big.size -> integer
- *  
+ *
  *  Returns the number of bytes in the machine representation of
  *  <i>big</i>.
- *     
+ *
  *     (256**10 - 1).size   #=> 12
  *     (256**20 - 1).size   #=> 20
  *     (256**40 - 1).size   #=> 40
@@ -2053,15 +2327,15 @@ rb_big_size(big)
  *  Fixnum. When a calculation involving
  *  Bignum objects returns a result that will fit in a
  *  Fixnum, the result is automatically converted.
- *     
+ *
  *  For the purposes of the bitwise operations and <code>[]</code>, a
  *  Bignum is treated as if it were an infinite-length
  *  bitstring with 2's complement representation.
- *     
+ *
  *  While Fixnum values are immediate, Bignum
  *  objects are not---assignment and parameter passing work with
  *  references to objects, not the objects themselves.
- *     
+ *
  */
 
 void
@@ -2082,6 +2356,7 @@ Init_Bignum()
     rb_define_method(rb_cBignum, "modulo", rb_big_modulo, 1);
     rb_define_method(rb_cBignum, "remainder", rb_big_remainder, 1);
     rb_define_method(rb_cBignum, "quo", rb_big_quo, 1);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cBignum, "fdiv", rb_big_quo, 1);
     rb_define_method(rb_cBignum, "**", rb_big_pow, 1);
     rb_define_method(rb_cBignum, "&", rb_big_and, 1);
     rb_define_method(rb_cBignum, "|", rb_big_or, 1);
diff --git a/class.c b/class.c
index 798ecebe72..096c7fbdf1 100644
--- a/class.c
+++ b/class.c
@@ -48,13 +48,23 @@ rb_class_new(super)
     return rb_class_boot(super);
 }
 
+struct clone_method_data {
+    st_table *tbl;
+    VALUE klass;
+};
+
 static int
-clone_method(mid, body, tbl)
+clone_method(mid, body, data)
     ID mid;
     NODE *body;
-    st_table *tbl;
+    struct clone_method_data *data;
 {
-    st_insert(tbl, mid, (st_data_t)NEW_METHOD(body->nd_body, body->nd_noex));
+    NODE *fbody = body->nd_body;
+
+    if (fbody && nd_type(fbody) == NODE_SCOPE) {
+	fbody = rb_copy_node_scope(fbody, ruby_cref);
+    }
+    st_insert(data->tbl, mid, (st_data_t)NEW_METHOD(fbody, body->nd_noex));
     return ST_CONTINUE;
 }
 
@@ -65,7 +75,8 @@ rb_mod_init_copy(clone, orig)
 {
     rb_obj_init_copy(clone, orig);
     if (!FL_TEST(CLASS_OF(clone), FL_SINGLETON)) {
-	RBASIC(clone)->klass = rb_singleton_class_clone(orig);
+	RBASIC(clone)->klass = RBASIC(orig)->klass;
+	RBASIC(clone)->klass = rb_singleton_class_clone(clone);
     }
     RCLASS(clone)->super = RCLASS(orig)->super;
     if (RCLASS(orig)->iv_tbl) {
@@ -78,9 +89,12 @@ rb_mod_init_copy(clone, orig)
 	st_delete(RCLASS(clone)->iv_tbl, (st_data_t*)&id, 0);
     }
     if (RCLASS(orig)->m_tbl) {
-	RCLASS(clone)->m_tbl = st_init_numtable();
-	st_foreach(RCLASS(orig)->m_tbl, clone_method,
-	  (st_data_t)RCLASS(clone)->m_tbl);
+	struct clone_method_data data;
+
+	data.tbl = RCLASS(clone)->m_tbl = st_init_numtable();
+	data.klass = (VALUE)clone;
+
+	st_foreach(RCLASS(orig)->m_tbl, clone_method, (st_data_t)&data);
     }
 
     return clone;
@@ -126,9 +140,22 @@ rb_singleton_class_clone(obj)
 	if (RCLASS(klass)->iv_tbl) {
 	    clone->iv_tbl = st_copy(RCLASS(klass)->iv_tbl);
 	}
-	clone->m_tbl = st_init_numtable();
-	st_foreach(RCLASS(klass)->m_tbl, clone_method,
-	  (st_data_t)clone->m_tbl);
+	{
+	    struct clone_method_data data;
+
+	    data.tbl = clone->m_tbl = st_init_numtable();
+	    switch (TYPE(obj)) {
+	      case T_CLASS:
+	      case T_MODULE:
+		data.klass = obj;
+		break;
+	      default:
+		data.klass = 0;
+		break;
+	    }
+
+	    st_foreach(RCLASS(klass)->m_tbl, clone_method, (st_data_t)&data);
+	}
 	rb_singleton_class_attached(RBASIC(clone)->klass, (VALUE)clone);
 	FL_SET(clone, FL_SINGLETON);
 	return (VALUE)clone;
@@ -379,9 +406,6 @@ rb_include_module(klass, module)
 	rb_secure(4);
     }
     
-    if (NIL_P(module)) return;
-    if (klass == module) return;
-
     if (TYPE(module) != T_MODULE) {
 	Check_Type(module, T_MODULE);
     }
diff --git a/common.mk b/common.mk
index d05592325d..bf49aade4a 100644
--- a/common.mk
+++ b/common.mk
@@ -1,13 +1,20 @@
 bin: $(PROGRAM) $(WPROGRAM)
-lib: $(LIBRUBY);
-dll: $(LIBRUBY_SO);
+lib: $(LIBRUBY)
+dll: $(LIBRUBY_SO)
 
-RUBYOPT       =
+RUBYLIB       = -
+RUBYOPT       = -
+
+SPEC_GIT_BASE = git://github.com/rubyspec
+MSPEC_GIT_URL = $(SPEC_GIT_BASE)/mspec.git
+RUBYSPEC_GIT_URL = $(SPEC_GIT_BASE)/rubyspec.git
 
 STATIC_RUBY   = static-ruby
 
 EXTCONF       = extconf.rb
 RBCONFIG      = ./.rbconfig.time
+LIBRUBY_EXTS  = ./.libruby-with-ext.time
+RDOCOUT       = $(EXTOUT)/rdoc
 
 DMYEXT	      = dmyext.$(OBJEXT)
 MAINOBJ	      = main.$(OBJEXT)
@@ -21,6 +28,7 @@ OBJS	      = array.$(OBJEXT) \
 		dir.$(OBJEXT) \
 		dln.$(OBJEXT) \
 		enum.$(OBJEXT) \
+		enumerator.$(OBJEXT) \
 		error.$(OBJEXT) \
 		eval.$(OBJEXT) \
 		file.$(OBJEXT) \
@@ -53,90 +61,243 @@ OBJS	      = array.$(OBJEXT) \
 		$(MISSING)
 
 SCRIPT_ARGS   =	--dest-dir="$(DESTDIR)" \
-		--make="$(MAKE)" \
+		--extout="$(EXTOUT)" \
 		--mflags="$(MFLAGS)" \
 		--make-flags="$(MAKEFLAGS)"
-EXTMK_ARGS    =	$(SCRIPT_ARGS) --extout="$(EXTOUT)" --extension $(EXTS) --extstatic $(EXTSTATIC) --
+EXTMK_ARGS    =	$(SCRIPT_ARGS) --extension $(EXTS) --extstatic $(EXTSTATIC) --
+INSTRUBY_ARGS =	$(SCRIPT_ARGS) \
+		--data-mode=$(INSTALL_DATA_MODE) \
+		--prog-mode=$(INSTALL_PROG_MODE) \
+		--installed-list $(INSTALLED_LIST)
+INSTALL_PROG_MODE = 0755
+INSTALL_DATA_MODE = 0644
+
+PRE_LIBRUBY_UPDATE = $(MINIRUBY) -e 'ARGV[1] or File.unlink(ARGV[0]) rescue nil' -- \
+			$(LIBRUBY_EXTS) $(LIBRUBY_SO_UPDATE)
+
+TESTSDIR      = $(srcdir)/test
+TESTWORKDIR   = testwork
 
 all: $(MKFILES) $(PREP) $(RBCONFIG) $(LIBRUBY)
-	@$(MINIRUBY) $(srcdir)/ext/extmk.rb $(EXTMK_ARGS)
+	@$(MINIRUBY) $(srcdir)/ext/extmk.rb --make="$(MAKE)" $(EXTMK_ARGS)
 prog: $(PROGRAM) $(WPROGRAM)
 
 miniruby$(EXEEXT): config.status $(LIBRUBY_A) $(MAINOBJ) $(MINIOBJS) $(OBJS) $(DMYEXT)
 
 $(PROGRAM): $(LIBRUBY) $(MAINOBJ) $(OBJS) $(EXTOBJS) $(SETUP) $(PREP)
 
-$(LIBRUBY_A):	$(OBJS) $(DMYEXT)
+$(LIBRUBY_A):	$(OBJS) $(DMYEXT) $(ARCHFILE)
 
-$(LIBRUBY_SO):	$(OBJS) $(DLDOBJS) $(LIBRUBY_A) $(PREP) $(ARCHFILE)
+$(LIBRUBY_SO):	$(OBJS) $(DLDOBJS) $(LIBRUBY_A) $(PREP) $(LIBRUBY_SO_UPDATE)
+
+$(LIBRUBY_EXTS):
+	@exit > $@
 
 $(STATIC_RUBY)$(EXEEXT): $(MAINOBJ) $(DLDOBJS) $(EXTOBJS) $(LIBRUBY_A)
 	@$(RM) $@
 	$(PURIFY) $(CC) $(MAINOBJ) $(DLDOBJS) $(EXTOBJS) $(LIBRUBY_A) $(MAINLIBS) $(EXTLIBS) $(LIBS) $(OUTFLAG)$@ $(LDFLAGS) $(XLDFLAGS)
 
-ruby.imp: $(LIBRUBY_A)
-	@$(NM) -Pgp $(LIBRUBY_A) | awk 'BEGIN{print "#!"}; $$2~/^[BD]$$/{print $$1}' | sort -u -o $@
+ruby.imp: $(OBJS)
+	@$(NM) -Pgp $(OBJS) | awk 'BEGIN{print "#!"}; $$2~/^[BD]$$/{print $$1}' | sort -u -o $@
 
 install: install-nodoc $(RDOCTARGET)
 install-all: install-nodoc install-doc
 
-install-nodoc: install-local install-ext
+install-nodoc: pre-install-nodoc do-install-nodoc post-install-nodoc
+pre-install-nodoc:: pre-install-local pre-install-ext
+do-install-nodoc: 
+	$(MINIRUBY) $(srcdir)/instruby.rb --make="$(MAKE)" $(INSTRUBY_ARGS) --mantype="$(MANTYPE)"
+post-install-nodoc:: post-install-local post-install-ext
+
 install-local: pre-install-local do-install-local post-install-local
-install-ext: pre-install-ext do-install-ext post-install-ext
+pre-install-local:: pre-install-bin pre-install-lib pre-install-man
+do-install-local:
+	$(MINIRUBY) $(srcdir)/instruby.rb --make="$(MAKE)" $(INSTRUBY_ARGS) --install=local --mantype="$(MANTYPE)"
+loadpath: $(PREP)
+	$(MINIRUBY) -e 'p $$:'
 
-do-install-local: $(RBCONFIG)
-	$(MINIRUBY) $(srcdir)/instruby.rb $(SCRIPT_ARGS) --mantype="$(MANTYPE)"
-do-install-ext: $(RBCONFIG)
-	$(MINIRUBY) $(srcdir)/ext/extmk.rb $(EXTMK_ARGS) install
+post-install-local:: post-install-bin post-install-lib post-install-man
 
-install-bin: $(RBCONFIG)
-	$(MINIRUBY) $(srcdir)/instruby.rb $(SCRIPT_ARGS) --install=bin
-install-lib: $(RBCONFIG)
-	$(MINIRUBY) $(srcdir)/instruby.rb $(SCRIPT_ARGS) --install=lib
-install-man: $(RBCONFIG)
-	$(MINIRUBY) $(srcdir)/instruby.rb $(SCRIPT_ARGS) --install=man --mantype="$(MANTYPE)"
+install-ext: pre-install-ext do-install-ext post-install-ext
+pre-install-ext:: pre-install-ext-arch pre-install-ext-comm
+do-install-ext:
+	$(MINIRUBY) $(srcdir)/instruby.rb --make="$(MAKE)" $(INSTRUBY_ARGS) --install=ext
+post-install-ext:: post-install-ext-arch post-install-ext-comm
+
+install-arch: pre-install-arch do-install-arch post-install-arch
+pre-install-arch:: pre-install-bin pre-install-ext-arch
+do-install-arch:
+	$(MINIRUBY) $(srcdir)/instruby.rb --make="$(MAKE)" $(INSTRUBY_ARGS) --install=bin --install=ext-arch
+post-install-arch:: post-install-bin post-install-ext-arch
+
+install-comm: pre-install-comm do-install-comm post-install-comm
+pre-install-comm:: pre-install-lib pre-install-ext-comm pre-install-man
+do-install-comm:
+	$(MINIRUBY) $(srcdir)/instruby.rb --make="$(MAKE)" $(INSTRUBY_ARGS) --install=lib --install=ext-comm --install=man
+post-install-comm:: post-install-lib post-install-ext-comm post-install-man
+
+install-bin: pre-install-bin do-install-bin post-install-bin
+pre-install-bin:: install-prereq
+do-install-bin:
+	$(MINIRUBY) $(srcdir)/instruby.rb --make="$(MAKE)" $(INSTRUBY_ARGS) --install=bin
+post-install-bin::
+	@$(NULLCMD)
+
+install-lib: pre-install-lib do-install-lib post-install-lib
+pre-install-lib:: install-prereq
+do-install-lib:
+	$(MINIRUBY) $(srcdir)/instruby.rb --make="$(MAKE)" $(INSTRUBY_ARGS) --install=lib
+post-install-lib::
+	@$(NULLCMD)
+
+install-ext-comm: pre-install-ext-comm do-install-ext-comm post-install-ext-comm
+pre-install-ext-comm:: install-prereq
+do-install-ext-comm:
+	$(MINIRUBY) $(srcdir)/instruby.rb --make="$(MAKE)" $(INSTRUBY_ARGS) --install=ext-comm
+post-install-ext-comm::
+	@$(NULLCMD)
+
+install-ext-arch: pre-install-ext-arch do-install-ext-arch post-install-ext-arch
+pre-install-ext-arch:: install-prereq
+do-install-ext-arch:
+	$(MINIRUBY) $(srcdir)/instruby.rb --make="$(MAKE)" $(INSTRUBY_ARGS) --install=ext-arch
+post-install-ext-arch::
+	@$(NULLCMD)
+
+install-man: pre-install-man do-install-man post-install-man
+pre-install-man:: install-prereq
+do-install-man:
+	$(MINIRUBY) $(srcdir)/instruby.rb --make="$(MAKE)" $(INSTRUBY_ARGS) --install=man --mantype="$(MANTYPE)"
+post-install-man::
+	@$(NULLCMD)
+
+what-where: no-install
+no-install: no-install-nodoc no-install-doc
+what-where-all: no-install-all
+no-install-all: no-install-nodoc
+
+what-where-nodoc: no-install-nodoc
+no-install-nodoc: pre-no-install-nodoc dont-install-nodoc post-no-install-nodoc
+pre-no-install-nodoc:: pre-no-install-local pre-no-install-ext
+dont-install-nodoc: 
+	$(MINIRUBY) $(srcdir)/instruby.rb -n --make="$(MAKE)" $(INSTRUBY_ARGS) --mantype="$(MANTYPE)"
+post-no-install-nodoc:: post-no-install-local post-no-install-ext
 
-what-where-all no-install-all: no-install no-install-doc
-what-where no-install: no-install-local no-install-ext
 what-where-local: no-install-local
-no-install-local: $(RBCONFIG)
-	$(MINIRUBY) $(srcdir)/instruby.rb -n $(SCRIPT_ARGS) --mantype="$(MANTYPE)"
-what-where-ext: no-install-ext
-no-install-ext: $(RBCONFIG)
-	$(MINIRUBY) $(srcdir)/ext/extmk.rb -n $(EXTMK_ARGS) install
+no-install-local: pre-no-install-local dont-install-local post-no-install-local
+pre-no-install-local:: pre-no-install-bin pre-no-install-lib pre-no-install-man
+dont-install-local:
+	$(MINIRUBY) $(srcdir)/instruby.rb -n --make="$(MAKE)" $(INSTRUBY_ARGS) --install=local --mantype="$(MANTYPE)"
+post-no-install-local:: post-no-install-bin post-no-install-lib post-no-install-man
 
-install-doc: pre-install-doc do-install-doc post-install-doc
+what-where-ext: no-install-ext
+no-install-ext: pre-no-install-ext dont-install-ext post-no-install-ext
+pre-no-install-ext:: pre-no-install-ext-arch pre-no-install-ext-comm
+dont-install-ext:
+	$(MINIRUBY) $(srcdir)/instruby.rb -n --make="$(MAKE)" $(INSTRUBY_ARGS) --install=ext
+post-no-install-ext:: post-no-install-ext-arch post-no-install-ext-comm
+
+what-where-arch: no-install-arch
+no-install-arch: pre-no-install-arch dont-install-arch post-no-install-arch
+pre-no-install-arch:: pre-no-install-bin pre-no-install-ext-arch
+dont-install-arch:
+	$(MINIRUBY) $(srcdir)/instruby.rb -n --make="$(MAKE)" $(INSTRUBY_ARGS) --install=bin --install=ext-arch
+post-no-install-arch:: post-no-install-lib post-no-install-man post-no-install-ext-arch
+
+what-where-comm: no-install-comm
+no-install-comm: pre-no-install-comm dont-install-comm post-no-install-comm
+pre-no-install-comm:: pre-no-install-lib pre-no-install-ext-comm pre-no-install-man
+dont-install-comm:
+	$(MINIRUBY) $(srcdir)/instruby.rb -n --make="$(MAKE)" $(INSTRUBY_ARGS) --install=lib --install=ext-comm --install=man
+post-no-install-comm:: post-no-install-lib post-no-install-ext-comm post-no-install-man
+
+what-where-bin: no-install-bin
+no-install-bin: pre-no-install-bin dont-install-bin post-no-install-bin
+pre-no-install-bin:: install-prereq
+dont-install-bin:
+	$(MINIRUBY) $(srcdir)/instruby.rb -n --make="$(MAKE)" $(INSTRUBY_ARGS) --install=bin
+post-no-install-bin::
+	@$(NULLCMD)
+
+what-where-lib: no-install-lib
+no-install-lib: pre-no-install-lib dont-install-lib post-no-install-lib
+pre-no-install-lib:: install-prereq
+dont-install-lib:
+	$(MINIRUBY) $(srcdir)/instruby.rb -n --make="$(MAKE)" $(INSTRUBY_ARGS) --install=lib
+post-no-install-lib::
+	@$(NULLCMD)
+
+what-where-ext-comm: no-install-ext-comm
+no-install-ext-comm: pre-no-install-ext-comm dont-install-ext-comm post-no-install-ext-comm
+pre-no-install-ext-comm:: install-prereq
+dont-install-ext-comm:
+	$(MINIRUBY) $(srcdir)/instruby.rb -n --make="$(MAKE)" $(INSTRUBY_ARGS) --install=ext-comm
+post-no-install-ext-comm::
+	@$(NULLCMD)
+
+what-where-ext-arch: no-install-ext-arch
+no-install-ext-arch: pre-no-install-ext-arch dont-install-ext-arch post-no-install-ext-arch
+pre-no-install-ext-arch:: install-prereq
+dont-install-ext-arch:
+	$(MINIRUBY) $(srcdir)/instruby.rb -n --make="$(MAKE)" $(INSTRUBY_ARGS) --install=ext-arch
+post-no-install-ext-arch::
+	@$(NULLCMD)
+
+what-where-man: no-install-man
+no-install-man: pre-no-install-man dont-install-man post-no-install-man
+pre-no-install-man:: install-prereq
+dont-install-man:
+	$(MINIRUBY) $(srcdir)/instruby.rb -n --make="$(MAKE)" $(INSTRUBY_ARGS) --install=man --mantype="$(MANTYPE)"
+post-no-install-man::
+	@$(NULLCMD)
+
+install-doc: rdoc pre-install-doc do-install-doc post-install-doc
+pre-install-doc:: install-prereq
 do-install-doc: $(PROGRAM)
+	$(MINIRUBY) $(srcdir)/instruby.rb --make="$(MAKE)" $(INSTRUBY_ARGS) --install=rdoc --rdoc-output="$(RDOCOUT)"
+post-install-doc::
+	@$(NULLCMD)
+
+rdoc: $(PROGRAM) PHONY
 	@echo Generating RDoc documentation
-	$(RUNRUBY) "$(srcdir)/bin/rdoc" --all --ri --op "$(RIDATADIR)" "$(srcdir)"
+	$(RUNRUBY) "$(srcdir)/bin/rdoc" --all --ri --op "$(RDOCOUT)" "$(srcdir)"
+
+what-where-doc: no-install-doc
+no-install-doc: pre-no-install-doc dont-install-doc post-no-install-doc
+pre-no-install-doc:: install-prereq
+dont-install-doc::
+	$(MINIRUBY) $(srcdir)/instruby.rb -n --make="$(MAKE)" $(INSTRUBY_ARGS) --install=rdoc --rdoc-output="$(RDOCOUT)"
+post-no-install-doc::
+	@$(NULLCMD)
+
+CLEAR_INSTALLED_LIST = clear-installed-list
 
-pre-install: pre-install-local pre-install-ext
-pre-install-local:: PHONY
-pre-install-ext:: PHONY
-pre-install-doc:: PHONY
+install-prereq: $(CLEAR_INSTALLED_LIST)
 
-post-install: post-install-local post-install-ext
-post-install-local:: PHONY
-post-install-ext:: PHONY
-post-install-doc:: PHONY
+clear-installed-list:
+	@exit > $(INSTALLED_LIST)
 
 clean: clean-ext clean-local
 clean-local::
-	@$(RM) $(OBJS) $(MAINOBJ) $(WINMAINOBJ) $(LIBRUBY_A) $(LIBRUBY_SO) $(LIBRUBY) $(LIBRUBY_ALIASES)
-	@$(RM) $(PROGRAM) $(WPROGRAM) miniruby$(EXEEXT) dmyext.$(OBJEXT) $(ARCHFILE)
+	@$(RM) $(OBJS) $(MINIOBJS) $(MAINOBJ) $(LIBRUBY_A) $(LIBRUBY_SO) $(LIBRUBY) $(LIBRUBY_ALIASES)
+	@$(RM) $(PROGRAM) $(WPROGRAM) miniruby$(EXEEXT) dmyext.$(OBJEXT) $(ARCHFILE) .*.time
+	@$(RM) y.tab.c y.output
 clean-ext:
-	@-$(MINIRUBY) $(srcdir)/ext/extmk.rb $(EXTMK_ARGS) clean
+	@-$(MINIRUBY) $(srcdir)/ext/extmk.rb --make="$(MAKE)" $(EXTMK_ARGS) clean
 
 distclean: distclean-ext distclean-local
 distclean-local:: clean-local
 	@$(RM) $(MKFILES) config.h rbconfig.rb
 	@$(RM) config.cache config.log config.status
-	@$(RM) *~ *.bak *.stackdump core *.core gmon.out y.tab.c y.output $(PREP)
+	@$(RM) *~ *.bak *.stackdump core *.core gmon.out $(PREP)
 distclean-ext:
-	@-$(MINIRUBY) $(srcdir)/ext/extmk.rb $(EXTMK_ARGS) distclean
+	@-$(MINIRUBY) $(srcdir)/ext/extmk.rb --make="$(MAKE)" $(EXTMK_ARGS) distclean
 
-realclean:: distclean
+realclean:: realclean-ext realclean-local
+realclean-local:: distclean-local
 	@$(RM) parse.c lex.c
+realclean-ext::
+	@-$(MINIRUBY) $(srcdir)/ext/extmk.rb --make="$(MAKE)" $(EXTMK_ARGS) realclean
 
 check: test test-all
 
@@ -144,10 +305,10 @@ test: miniruby$(EXEEXT) $(RBCONFIG) $(PROGRAM) PHONY
 	@$(MINIRUBY) $(srcdir)/rubytest.rb
 
 test-all:
-	$(RUNRUBY) -C "$(srcdir)/test" runner.rb --runner=$(TESTUI) $(TESTS)
+	$(RUNRUBY) "$(srcdir)/test/runner.rb" --basedir="$(TESTSDIR)" --runner=$(TESTUI) $(TESTS)
 
 extconf:
-	$(MINIRUBY) -I$(srcdir)/lib -run -e mkdir -- -p "$(EXTCONFDIR)"
+	$(MINIRUBY) -run -e mkdir -- -p "$(EXTCONFDIR)"
 	$(RUNRUBY) -C "$(EXTCONFDIR)" $(EXTCONF) $(EXTCONFARGS)
 
 $(RBCONFIG): $(srcdir)/mkconfig.rb config.status $(PREP)
@@ -157,7 +318,7 @@ $(RBCONFIG): $(srcdir)/mkconfig.rb config.status $(PREP)
 
 .PRECIOUS: $(MKFILES)
 
-.PHONY: test install install-nodoc install-doc
+.PHONY: test install install-nodoc install-doc dist
 
 PHONY:
 
@@ -188,6 +349,8 @@ nt.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}nt.c
 x68.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}x68.c
 os2.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}os2.c
 dl_os2.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}dl_os2.c
+ia64.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}ia64.s
+	$(CC) $(CFLAGS) -c $<
 
 # when I use -I., there is confliction at "OpenFile" 
 # so, set . into environment varible "include"
@@ -199,7 +362,8 @@ array.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}array.c {$(VPATH)}ruby.h config.h \
   {$(VPATH)}defines.h {$(VPATH)}intern.h {$(VPATH)}missing.h \
   {$(VPATH)}util.h {$(VPATH)}st.h
 bignum.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}bignum.c {$(VPATH)}ruby.h config.h \
-  {$(VPATH)}defines.h {$(VPATH)}intern.h {$(VPATH)}missing.h
+  {$(VPATH)}defines.h {$(VPATH)}intern.h {$(VPATH)}missing.h \
+  {$(VPATH)}rubysig.h
 class.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}class.c {$(VPATH)}ruby.h config.h \
   {$(VPATH)}defines.h {$(VPATH)}intern.h {$(VPATH)}missing.h \
   {$(VPATH)}rubysig.h {$(VPATH)}node.h {$(VPATH)}st.h
@@ -211,13 +375,13 @@ dir.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}dir.c {$(VPATH)}ruby.h config.h \
 dln.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}dln.c {$(VPATH)}ruby.h config.h \
   {$(VPATH)}defines.h {$(VPATH)}intern.h {$(VPATH)}missing.h \
   {$(VPATH)}dln.h
-dmydln.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}dmydln.c {$(VPATH)}dln.c {$(VPATH)}ruby.h \
-  config.h {$(VPATH)}defines.h {$(VPATH)}intern.h {$(VPATH)}missing.h \
-  {$(VPATH)}dln.h
+dmydln.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}dmydln.c dln.$(OBJEXT)
 dmyext.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}dmyext.c
 enum.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}enum.c {$(VPATH)}ruby.h config.h \
   {$(VPATH)}defines.h {$(VPATH)}intern.h {$(VPATH)}missing.h \
   {$(VPATH)}node.h {$(VPATH)}util.h
+enumerator.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}enumerator.c {$(VPATH)}ruby.h config.h \
+  {$(VPATH)}defines.h {$(VPATH)}intern.h {$(VPATH)}missing.h
 error.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}error.c {$(VPATH)}ruby.h config.h \
   {$(VPATH)}defines.h {$(VPATH)}intern.h {$(VPATH)}missing.h \
   {$(VPATH)}env.h {$(VPATH)}st.h
@@ -299,3 +463,6 @@ variable.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}variable.c {$(VPATH)}ruby.h config.h \
 version.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}version.c {$(VPATH)}ruby.h config.h \
   {$(VPATH)}defines.h {$(VPATH)}intern.h {$(VPATH)}missing.h \
   {$(VPATH)}version.h
+
+dist: $(PROGRAM)
+	$(RUNRUBY) $(srcdir)/distruby.rb
diff --git a/configure.in b/configure.in
index e90eac43ff..5633bc3c44 100644
--- a/configure.in
+++ b/configure.in
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ AC_INIT()
 
 AC_PREREQ(2.58)
 
-AC_DEFUN(RUBY_MINGW32,
+AC_DEFUN([RUBY_MINGW32],
 [case "$host_os" in
 cygwin*)
 AC_CACHE_CHECK(for mingw32 environment, rb_cv_mingw32,
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ test "$rb_cv_mingw32" = yes && target_os="mingw32"
   ;;
 esac])
 
-AC_DEFUN(RUBY_CPPOUTFILE,
+AC_DEFUN([RUBY_CPPOUTFILE],
 [AC_CACHE_CHECK(whether ${CPP} accepts -o, rb_cv_cppoutfile,
 [cppflags=$CPPFLAGS
 CPPFLAGS='-o conftest.i'
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ elif test -n "$rb_cv_cppoutfile"; then
 fi
 AC_SUBST(CPPOUTFILE)])
 
-AC_DEFUN(RUBY_PROG_GNU_LD,
+AC_DEFUN([RUBY_PROG_GNU_LD],
 [AC_CACHE_CHECK(whether the linker is GNU ld, rb_cv_prog_gnu_ld,
 [if `$CC $CFLAGS $CPPFLAGS $LDFLAGS --print-prog-name=ld 2>&1` -v 2>&1 | grep "GNU ld" > /dev/null; then
   rb_cv_prog_gnu_ld=yes
@@ -44,10 +44,20 @@ fi
 GNU_LD=$rb_cv_prog_gnu_ld
 AC_SUBST(GNU_LD)])
 
+unset GREP_OPTIONS
 rb_version=`grep RUBY_VERSION $srcdir/version.h`
 MAJOR=`expr "$rb_version" : '#define RUBY_VERSION "\([0-9][0-9]*\)\.[0-9][0-9]*\.[0-9][0-9]*"'`
 MINOR=`expr "$rb_version" : '#define RUBY_VERSION "[0-9][0-9]*\.\([0-9][0-9]*\)\.[0-9][0-9]*"'`
 TEENY=`expr "$rb_version" : '#define RUBY_VERSION "[0-9][0-9]*\.[0-9][0-9]*\.\([0-9][0-9]*\)"'`
+if test "$MAJOR" = ""; then
+  AC_MSG_ERROR(could not determine MAJOR number from version.h)
+fi
+if test "$MINOR" = ""; then
+  AC_MSG_ERROR(could not determine MINOR number from version.h)
+fi
+if test "$TEENY" = ""; then
+  AC_MSG_ERROR(could not determine TEENY number from version.h)
+fi
 AC_SUBST(MAJOR)
 AC_SUBST(MINOR)
 AC_SUBST(TEENY)
@@ -75,6 +85,7 @@ AC_CANONICAL_TARGET
 target_os=`echo $target_os | sed 's/linux-gnu$/linux/;s/linux-gnu/linux-/'`
 ac_install_sh='' # unusable for extension libraries.
 
+ifelse(currently,disabled, [
 dnl checks for fat-binary
 AC_ARG_ENABLE(fat-binary,
        [  --enable-fat-binary=ARCHS
@@ -128,6 +139,7 @@ if test "$fat_binary" != no; then
     done
     AC_DEFINE(NEXT_FAT_BINARY)
 fi
+], [fat_binary=no])
 
 case $target_cpu in
   i?86) frame_address=yes;;
@@ -149,6 +161,11 @@ if test x"${build}" != x"${host}"; then
 fi
 AC_PROG_CC
 AC_PROG_GCC_TRADITIONAL
+if test "$GCC" = yes; then
+    linker_flag=-Wl,
+else
+    linker_flag=
+fi
 
 RUBY_PROG_GNU_LD
 RUBY_CPPOUTFILE
@@ -169,6 +186,10 @@ if test -z "$AR"; then
   AC_CHECK_PROGS(AR, aal, ar)
 fi
 
+AC_CHECK_TOOL(AS, as)
+ASFLAGS=$ASFLAGS
+AC_SUBST(ASFLAGS)
+
 case "$target_os" in
 cygwin*|mingw*)
     AC_CHECK_TOOL(NM, nm)
@@ -225,7 +246,12 @@ else
 fi
 
 dnl check for large file stuff
+mv confdefs.h confdefs1.h
+: > confdefs.h
 AC_SYS_LARGEFILE
+mv confdefs.h largefile.h
+mv confdefs1.h confdefs.h
+cat largefile.h >> confdefs.h
 
 AC_CHECK_TYPES([long long, off_t])
 
@@ -282,16 +308,42 @@ if test "$rb_cv_stdarg" = yes; then
   AC_DEFINE(HAVE_STDARG_PROTOTYPES)
 fi
 
-AC_CACHE_CHECK([for noreturn], rb_cv_noreturn,
-[rb_cv_noreturn=x
-for mac in "x __attribute__ ((noreturn))" "__declspec(noreturn) x" x; do
+AC_DEFUN([RUBY_FUNC_ATTRIBUTE], [dnl
+m4_ifval([$2], dnl
+  [AS_VAR_PUSHDEF([attrib],[$2])], dnl
+  [AS_VAR_PUSHDEF([attrib],[FUNC_]AS_TR_CPP($1))] dnl
+)dnl
+m4_ifval([$3], dnl
+  [AS_VAR_PUSHDEF([rbcv],[$3])], dnl
+  [AS_VAR_PUSHDEF([rbcv],[rb_cv_func_][$1])]dnl
+)dnl
+AC_CACHE_CHECK(for [$1] function attribute, rbcv,
+[rbcv=x
+if test "${ac_c_werror_flag+set}"; then
+  rb_c_werror_flag="$ac_c_werror_flag"
+else
+  unset rb_c_werror_flag
+fi
+ac_c_werror_flag=yes
+for mac in "__attribute__ (($1)) x" "x __attribute__ (($1))" "__declspec($1) x" x; do
   AC_TRY_COMPILE(
-    [#define NORETURN(x) $mac
-NORETURN(void exit(int x));],
-    [],
-    [rb_cv_noreturn="$mac"; break])
-done])
-AC_DEFINE_UNQUOTED([NORETURN(x)], $rb_cv_noreturn)
+    [#define ]attrib[(x) $mac
+    ]attrib[(void conftest_attribute_check(void));], [],
+    [rbcv="$mac"; break])
+done
+if test "${rb_c_werror_flag+set}"; then
+  ac_c_werror_flag="$rb_c_werror_flag"
+else
+  unset ac_c_werror_flag
+fi
+])
+AC_DEFINE_UNQUOTED(attrib[(x)], $rbcv)
+AS_VAR_POPDEF([attrib])
+AS_VAR_POPDEF([rbcv])
+])
+
+RUBY_FUNC_ATTRIBUTE(noreturn, NORETURN)
+RUBY_FUNC_ATTRIBUTE(noinline, NOINLINE)
 
 AC_CACHE_CHECK([for RUBY_EXTERN], rb_cv_ruby_extern,
 [rb_cv_ruby_extern=no
@@ -320,28 +372,45 @@ AC_ARG_ENABLE(pthread,
        [  --enable-pthread        use pthread library.],
        [enable_pthread=$enableval], [enable_pthread=no])
 
+AC_ARG_ENABLE(fastthread,
+       [  --disable-fastthread    do not use the fastthread mutex], [
+	: handled by ext/thread/extconf.rb
+        ])
+
 dnl Checks for libraries.
 case "$target_os" in
 nextstep*)	;;
 openstep*)	;;
 rhapsody*)	;;
-darwin*)	LIBS="-lobjc $LIBS";;
+darwin*)	LIBS="-lobjc $LIBS"
+		CPPFLAGS="$CPPFLAGS -D_XOPEN_SOURCE -D_DARWIN_C_SOURCE"
+		AC_TRY_CPP([#include <AvailabilityMacros.h>
+		    #if MAC_OS_X_VERSION_MAX_ALLOWED <= 1040
+		    #error pre OS X 10.4
+		    [!<===== pre OS X 10.4 =====>]
+		    #endif
+		    ],
+		    [
+		    test "x$target_cpu" = xpowerpc && ac_cv_header_ucontext_h=no
+		    ],
+		    [
+		    AC_DEFINE(BROKEN_SETREUID, 1)
+		    AC_DEFINE(BROKEN_SETREGID, 1)
+		    ])
+		;;
 hpux*)		LIBS="-lm $LIBS"
 		ac_cv_c_inline=no;;
 human*)		ac_cv_func_getpgrp_void=yes
 		ac_cv_func_setitimer=no
 		;;
 beos*)		ac_cv_func_link=no;;
-cygwin*)	rb_cv_have_daylight=no
-		ac_cv_var_tzname=no
-		ac_cv_func__setjmp=no
-		ac_cv_func_setitimer=no
-		;;
+cygwin*)	;;
 mingw*)		if test "$with_winsock2" = yes; then
 		  LIBS="-lws2_32 $LIBS"
 		else
 		  LIBS="-lwsock32 $LIBS"
 		fi
+		LIBS="-lshell32 $LIBS"
 		ac_cv_header_a_out_h=no
 		ac_cv_header_pwd_h=no
 		ac_cv_header_utime_h=no
@@ -369,6 +438,7 @@ mingw*)		if test "$with_winsock2" = yes; then
 		rb_cv_binary_elf=no
 		rb_cv_negative_time_t=no
 		enable_pthread=no
+		ac_cv_func_fcntl=yes
 		;;
 os2-emx*)	LIBS="-lm $LIBS"
 		ac_cv_lib_dir_opendir=no;;
@@ -376,8 +446,11 @@ msdosdjgpp*)	LIBS="-lm $LIBS"
 		ac_cv_func_getpgrp_void=yes
 		ac_cv_func_setitimer=no
                 ac_cv_sizeof_rlim_t=4
+		ac_cv_func_setrlimit=no
 		;;
 bsdi*)          LIBS="-lm $LIBS"
+		AC_DEFINE(BROKEN_SETREUID, 1)
+		AC_DEFINE(BROKEN_SETREGID, 1)
                 ac_cv_sizeof_rlim_t=8;;
 freebsd*)	LIBS="-lm $LIBS"
 		AC_CACHE_CHECK([whether -lxpg4 has to be linked],
@@ -418,16 +491,17 @@ bow)		ac_cv_func_setitimer=no
 		;;
 superux*)     ac_cv_func_setitimer=no
               ;;
-solaris*2.10)  if test -z "$GCC"; then
-                      ac_cv_func_isinf=yes
+solaris*2.1*) if test -z "$GCC"; then
+	           ac_cv_func_isinf=yes
               fi
-               LIBS="-lm $LIBS"
+              LIBS="-lm $LIBS"
               ;;
 *) LIBS="-lm $LIBS";;
 esac
 AC_CHECK_LIB(crypt, crypt)
 AC_CHECK_LIB(dl, dlopen)	# Dynamic linking for SunOS/Solaris and SYSV
 AC_CHECK_LIB(dld, shl_load)	# Dynamic linking for HP-UX
+AC_CHECK_LIB(rt, clock_gettime)	# GNU/Linux
 
 case "$target_cpu" in
 alpha*)		case "$target_os"::"$GCC" in
@@ -472,22 +546,104 @@ AC_STRUCT_ST_RDEV
 dnl Checks for library functions.
 AC_TYPE_GETGROUPS
 AC_TYPE_SIGNAL
-AC_FUNC_ALLOCA
+case "${target_cpu}-${target_os}" in
+powerpc-darwin*)
+  AC_LIBSOURCES(alloca.c)
+  AC_SUBST([ALLOCA], [\${LIBOBJDIR}alloca.${ac_objext}])
+  AC_DEFINE(C_ALLOCA)
+  AC_DEFINE_UNQUOTED(alloca, alloca)
+  ;;
+*)
+  AC_FUNC_ALLOCA
+  ;;
+esac
 AC_FUNC_MEMCMP
 AC_FUNC_FSEEKO
 AC_CHECK_FUNCS(ftello)
+
+# http://sources.redhat.com/ml/libc-hacker/2005-08/msg00008.html
+# Debian GNU/Linux Etch's libc6.1 2.3.6.ds1-13etch5 has this problem.
+# Debian GNU/Linux Lenny's libc6.1 2.7-10 has no problem.
+AC_CACHE_CHECK(for broken erfc of glibc-2.3.6 on IA64, rb_broken_glibc_ia64_erfc,
+  [AC_TRY_RUN([
+#include <math.h>
+int
+main()
+{
+   erfc(10000.0);
+   return 0;
+}
+],
+	rb_broken_glibc_ia64_erfc=no,
+	rb_broken_glibc_ia64_erfc=yes,
+	rb_broken_glibc_ia64_erfc=no)])
+case $rb_broken_glibc_ia64_erfc in
+  yes) ac_cv_func_erf=no;;
+esac
+
 AC_REPLACE_FUNCS(dup2 memmove strcasecmp strncasecmp strerror strftime\
 		 strchr strstr strtoul crypt flock vsnprintf\
 		 isnan finite isinf hypot acosh erf)
 AC_CHECK_FUNCS(fmod killpg wait4 waitpid syscall chroot fsync getcwd eaccess\
-	      truncate chsize times utimes fcntl lockf lstat symlink link\
+	      truncate ftruncate chsize times utimes fcntl lockf lstat symlink link\
 	      readlink setitimer setruid seteuid setreuid setresuid\
 	      setproctitle setrgid setegid setregid setresgid issetugid pause\
 	      lchown lchmod getpgrp setpgrp getpgid setpgid initgroups\
 	      getgroups setgroups getpriority getrlimit setrlimit sysconf\
-              dlopen sigprocmask\
-	      sigaction _setjmp setsid telldir seekdir fchmod mktime timegm\
-	      cosh sinh tanh setuid setgid setenv unsetenv)
+	      group_member dlopen sigprocmask\
+	      sigaction sigsetjmp _setjmp _longjmp setsid telldir seekdir fchmod\
+	      mktime timegm gettimeofday\
+	      cosh sinh tanh round setuid setgid setenv unsetenv)
+
+AC_CACHE_CHECK(for __builtin_setjmp, ac_cv_func___builtin_setjmp,
+[AC_TRY_LINK([@%:@include <setjmp.h>
+    jmp_buf jb; void t(v) int v; {__builtin_longjmp(jb, v);}],
+    [__builtin_setjmp(jb);],
+    [ac_cv_func___builtin_setjmp=yes],
+    [ac_cv_func___builtin_setjmp=no])
+])
+
+test x$ac_cv_func__longjmp = xno && ac_cv_func__setjmp=no
+
+AC_MSG_CHECKING(for setjmp type)
+AC_ARG_WITH(setjmp-type, 
+	[  --with-setjmp-type      select setjmp type], [
+	case $withval in
+	__builtin_setjmp) setjmp_prefix=__builtin_;;
+	_setjmp) setjmp_prefix=_;;
+	sigsetjmp) setjmp_prefix=sig;;
+	setjmp) setjmp_prefix=;;
+	'') unset setjmp_prefix;;
+	*)   AC_MSG_ERROR(invalid setjmp type: $withval);;
+	esac], [unset setjmp_prefix])
+if test ${setjmp_prefix+set}; then
+    if test "${setjmp_prefix}" && eval test '$ac_cv_func_'${setjmp_prefix}setjmp = no; then
+	AC_MSG_ERROR(${setjmp_prefix}setjmp is not available)
+    fi
+elif test "$ac_cv_func___builtin_setjmp" = yes; then
+    setjmp_prefix=__builtin_
+elif test "$ac_cv_func__setjmp" = yes; then
+    setjmp_prefix=_
+elif test "$ac_cv_func_sigsetjmp" = yes; then
+    case $target_os in
+    solaris*|cygwin*)
+	setjmp_prefix=;;
+    *)
+	setjmp_prefix=sig;;
+    esac
+else
+    setjmp_prefix=
+fi
+if test x$setjmp_prefix = xsig; then
+    setjmp_sigmask=yes
+else
+    unset setjmp_sigmask
+fi
+AC_MSG_RESULT(${setjmp_prefix}setjmp)
+AC_DEFINE_UNQUOTED([RUBY_SETJMP(env)], [${setjmp_prefix}setjmp(env${setjmp_sigmask+,0})])
+AC_DEFINE_UNQUOTED([RUBY_LONGJMP(env,val)], [${setjmp_prefix}longjmp(env,val)])
+AC_DEFINE_UNQUOTED(RUBY_JMP_BUF, ${setjmp_sigmask+${setjmp_prefix}}jmp_buf)
+
 AC_ARG_ENABLE(setreuid,
        [  --enable-setreuid       use setreuid()/setregid() according to need even if obsolete.],
        [use_setreuid=$enableval])
@@ -513,6 +669,50 @@ AC_CACHE_CHECK(for external int daylight, rb_cv_have_daylight,
 if test "$rb_cv_have_daylight" = yes; then
   AC_DEFINE(HAVE_DAYLIGHT)
 fi
+AC_DEFUN([RUBY_CHECK_VARTYPE], [dnl
+AC_CACHE_CHECK([for external $1], rb_cv_var_$1,
+  [rb_cv_var_$1=no
+  AC_TRY_COMPILE([
+#ifndef _XOPEN_SOURCE
+#define _XOPEN_SOURCE 1
+#endif
+$2
+;
+const volatile void *volatile t;],
+    [t = &(&$1)[0];],
+    [for t in $3; do
+      AC_TRY_COMPILE([
+#ifndef _XOPEN_SOURCE
+#define _XOPEN_SOURCE 1
+#endif
+$2
+;
+extern $t $1;
+const volatile void *volatile t;],
+        [t = &(&$1)[0];],
+        [rb_cv_var_$1=$t; break])
+    done])])
+if test "[$rb_cv_var_]$1" != no; then
+  AC_DEFINE([HAVE_VAR_]m4_toupper($1))
+  AC_DEFINE_UNQUOTED([TYPEOF_VAR_]m4_toupper($1), $rb_cv_var_$1)
+fi])
+RUBY_CHECK_VARTYPE(timezone, [@%:@include <time.h>], [long int])
+RUBY_CHECK_VARTYPE(altzone, [@%:@include <time.h>], [long int])
+if test "$rb_cv_var_timezone" = no; then
+  AC_CHECK_FUNCS(timezone)
+  if test "$ac_cv_func_timezone" = yes; then
+    AC_CACHE_CHECK([whether timezone requires zero arguments], rb_cv_func_timezone_void,
+      [AC_TRY_COMPILE([@%:@include <time.h>],
+	[(void)timezone(0, 0);],
+	[rb_cv_func_timezone_void=no],
+	[rb_cv_func_timezone_void=yes])]
+    )
+    if test $rb_cv_func_timezone_void = yes; then
+      AC_DEFINE(TIMEZONE_VOID)
+    fi
+  fi
+fi
+
 AC_CACHE_CHECK(for negative time_t for gmtime(3), rb_cv_negative_time_t,
   [AC_TRY_RUN([
 #include <time.h>
@@ -554,6 +754,7 @@ fi
 if test "$ac_cv_func_sigprocmask" = yes && test "$ac_cv_func_sigaction" = yes; then
    AC_DEFINE(POSIX_SIGNAL)
 else
+  AC_CHECK_FUNCS(sigsetmask)
   AC_CACHE_CHECK(for BSD signal semantics, rb_cv_bsd_signal,
     [AC_TRY_RUN([
 #include <stdio.h>
@@ -576,7 +777,7 @@ main()
 ],
 	rb_cv_bsd_signal=yes,
 	rb_cv_bsd_signal=no,
-	rb_cv_bsd_signal=no)])
+	rb_cv_bsd_signal=$ac_cv_func_sigsetmask)])
   if test "$rb_cv_bsd_signal" = yes; then
     AC_DEFINE(BSD_SIGNAL)
   fi
@@ -591,6 +792,21 @@ AC_C_CHAR_UNSIGNED
 AC_C_INLINE
 AC_C_VOLATILE
 
+if test x"$target_cpu" = xia64; then
+    AC_LIBOBJ([ia64])
+    AC_CACHE_CHECK(for __libc_ia64_register_backing_store_base,
+                   rb_cv___libc_ia64_register_backing_store_base,
+    [rb_cv___libc_ia64_register_backing_store_base=no
+    AC_TRY_LINK(
+      [extern unsigned long __libc_ia64_register_backing_store_base;],
+      [unsigned long p = __libc_ia64_register_backing_store_base;
+       printf("%ld\n", p);],
+      [rb_cv___libc_ia64_register_backing_store_base=yes])])
+    if test $rb_cv___libc_ia64_register_backing_store_base = yes; then
+      AC_DEFINE(HAVE___LIBC_IA64_REGISTER_BACKING_STORE_BASE)
+    fi
+fi
+
 AC_CACHE_CHECK(whether right shift preserve sign bit, rb_cv_rshift_sign,
     [AC_TRY_RUN([
 int
@@ -675,7 +891,7 @@ else
   fi
 fi
 
-AC_DEFUN(RUBY_CHECK_IO_NEED,
+AC_DEFUN([RUBY_CHECK_IO_NEED],
 [AC_CACHE_CHECK(whether need to [$1], [$2],
     [AC_TRY_RUN([
 #include <stdio.h>
@@ -751,7 +967,7 @@ if test $rb_cv_huge_st_ino = yes; then
 fi
 
 if test "$ac_cv_func_sysconf" = yes; then
-  AC_DEFUN(RUBY_CHECK_SYSCONF, [dnl
+  AC_DEFUN([RUBY_CHECK_SYSCONF], [dnl
   AC_CACHE_CHECK([whether _SC_$1 is supported], rb_cv_have_sc_[]m4_tolower($1),
     [AC_TRY_COMPILE([#include <unistd.h>
       ],
@@ -823,7 +1039,7 @@ if test x"$enable_pthread" = xyes; then
     fi
 fi
 if test x"$ac_cv_header_ucontext_h" = xyes; then
-    if test x"$target_cpu" = xia64 -o x"$rb_with_pthread" = xyes; then
+    if test x"$rb_with_pthread" = xyes; then
 	AC_CHECK_FUNCS(getcontext setcontext)
     fi
 fi
@@ -897,7 +1113,7 @@ AC_SUBST(DLEXT2)dnl
 AC_SUBST(LIBEXT)dnl
 
 STATIC=
-: ${LIBPATHFLAG=' -L"%s"'}
+: ${LIBPATHFLAG=' -L%s'}
 : ${PATHFLAG=''}
 
 if test "$with_dln_a_out" != yes; then
@@ -922,11 +1138,23 @@ if test "$with_dln_a_out" != yes; then
     esac
   fi
 
+
+  AC_ARG_ENABLE(rpath,
+       [  --disable-rpath         embed run path into extension libraries.],
+       [enable_rpath=$enableval], [enable_rpath="$rb_cv_binary_elf"])
+  if test "$enable_rpath" = yes; then
+    LIBPATHFLAG=" -L%1\$-s"
+    RPATHFLAG=" ${linker_flag}-R%1\$-s"
+  fi
+
   case "$target_os" in
 	hpux*)		DLDFLAGS="$DLDFLAGS -E"
 			: ${LDSHARED='ld -b'}
 			XLDFLAGS="$XLDFLAGS -Wl,-E"
 			: ${LIBPATHENV=SHLIB_PATH}
+			if test "$rb_cv_prog_gnu_ld" = no; then
+			    RPATHFLAG=' +b %1$-s'
+			fi
 			rb_cv_dlopen=yes;;
 	solaris*) 	if test "$GCC" = yes; then
                           : ${LDSHARED='$(CC) -shared'}
@@ -961,7 +1189,7 @@ if test "$with_dln_a_out" != yes; then
 			rb_cv_dlopen=yes ;;
 	interix*) 	: ${LDSHARED="$CC -shared"}
 			XLDFLAGS="$XLDFLAGS -Wl,-E"
-			LIBPATHFLAG=" -L'%1\$-s'"
+			LIBPATHFLAG=" -L%1\$-s"
 			rb_cv_dlopen=yes ;;
 	freebsd*|dragonfly*)       : ${LDSHARED="$CC -shared"}
 			if test "$rb_cv_binary_elf" = yes; then
@@ -989,16 +1217,19 @@ if test "$with_dln_a_out" != yes; then
 			: ${LDFLAGS=""}
 			: ${LIBPATHENV=DYLD_LIBRARY_PATH}
 			rb_cv_dlopen=yes ;;
-	aix*)		: ${LDSHARED='/usr/ccs/bin/ld'}
-			XLDFLAGS="$XLDFLAGS -Wl,-bE:ruby.imp"
-			DLDFLAGS='-brtl -eInit_$(TARGET) -bI:$(topdir)/ruby.imp -bM:SRE -T512 -H512 '"$DLDFLAGS"
-			LDFLAGS="-brtl $LDFLAGS"
-			: ${ARCHFILE="ruby.imp"}
-			TRY_LINK='$(CC) $(LDFLAGS) -oconftest $(INCFLAGS) -I$(hdrdir) $(CPPFLAGS) $(CFLAGS)'
-			TRY_LINK="$TRY_LINK"' $(src) $(LIBPATH) $(LOCAL_LIBS) $(LIBS)'
-			: ${LIBPATHENV=SHLIB_PATH}
-			rb_cv_dlopen=yes ;;
-
+        aix*)           if test "$GCC" = yes; then
+			    : ${LDSHARED='$(CC) -shared'}
+			else
+			    : ${LDSHARED='$(CC)'}
+			fi
+			LDSHARED="$LDSHARED ${linker_flag}-G"
+			DLDFLAGS='-eInit_$(TARGET)'
+			XLDFLAGS="${linker_flag}-bE:ruby.imp ${linker_flag}-brtl"
+                        : ${ARCHFILE="ruby.imp"}
+                        TRY_LINK='$(CC) $(LDFLAGS) -oconftest $(INCFLAGS) -I$(hdrdir) $(CPPFLAGS)'
+                        TRY_LINK="$TRY_LINK"' $(CFLAGS) $(src) $(LIBPATH) $(LOCAL_LIBS) $(LIBS)'
+                        : ${LIBPATHENV=SHLIB_PATH}
+                        rb_cv_dlopen=yes ;;
 	human*)		: ${DLDFLAGS=''}
 			: ${LDSHARED=''}
 			: ${LDFLAGS=''}
@@ -1022,7 +1253,7 @@ if test "$with_dln_a_out" != yes; then
 			rb_cv_dlopen=yes;;
 	cygwin*|mingw*)	: ${LDSHARED="${CC} -shared -s"}
 			XLDFLAGS="$XLDFLAGS -Wl,--stack,0x02000000"
-			DLDFLAGS="${DLDFLAGS} -Wl,--enable-auto-import,--export-all"
+			DLDFLAGS="${DLDFLAGS} -Wl,--enable-auto-image-base,--enable-auto-import,--export-all"
 			: ${LIBPATHENV=""}
 			rb_cv_dlopen=yes ;;
 	hiuxmpp)	: ${LDSHARED='ld -r'} ;;
@@ -1033,18 +1264,6 @@ if test "$with_dln_a_out" != yes; then
 	*) 		: ${LDSHARED='ld'} ;;
   esac
   AC_MSG_RESULT($rb_cv_dlopen)
-
-  AC_ARG_ENABLE(rpath,
-       [  --disable-rpath         embed run path into extension libraries.],
-       [enable_rpath=$enableval], [enable_rpath="$rb_cv_binary_elf"])
-  if test "$enable_rpath" = yes; then
-    LIBPATHFLAG=" -L'%1\$-s'"
-    if test "$GCC" = yes; then
-       RPATHFLAG=" -Wl,-R'%1\$-s'"
-    else
-       RPATHFLAG=" -R'%1\$-s'"
-    fi
-  fi
 fi
 AC_SUBST(LINK_SO)
 AC_SUBST(LIBPATHFLAG)
@@ -1078,30 +1297,24 @@ if test "$dln_a_out_works" = yes; then
     STATIC=-Bstatic
   fi
   DLEXT=so
-  AC_DEFINE(DLEXT, ".so")
   CCDLFLAGS=
 else
   case "$target_os" in
-    hpux*)	DLEXT=sl
-	 	AC_DEFINE(DLEXT, ".sl");;
-    nextstep*)	DLEXT=bundle
-	 	AC_DEFINE(DLEXT, ".bundle");;
-    openstep*)	DLEXT=bundle
-	 	AC_DEFINE(DLEXT, ".bundle");;
-    rhapsody*)	DLEXT=bundle
-	 	AC_DEFINE(DLEXT, ".bundle");;
-    darwin*)	DLEXT=bundle
-	 	AC_DEFINE(DLEXT, ".bundle");;
-    os2-emx*)	DLEXT=dll
-	 	AC_DEFINE(DLEXT, ".dll");;
-    cygwin*|mingw*)	DLEXT=so
-	 	AC_DEFINE(DLEXT, ".so")
-		DLEXT2=dll
-	 	AC_DEFINE(DLEXT2, ".dll");;
-    *)		DLEXT=so
-    		AC_DEFINE(DLEXT, ".so");;
+    hpux*)	DLEXT=sl;;
+    nextstep*|openstep*|rhapsody*|darwin*)
+		DLEXT=bundle;;
+    os2-emx*)	DLEXT=dll;;
+    cygwin*|mingw*)
+		DLEXT=so DLEXT2=dll;;
+    *)		DLEXT=so;;
   esac
 fi
+len=2 # .rb
+n=`expr "$DLEXT"  : '.*'`; test "$n" -gt "$len" && len=$n
+n=`expr "$DLEXT2" : '.*'`; test "$n" -gt "$len" && len=$n
+AC_DEFINE_UNQUOTED(DLEXT_MAXLEN, `expr $len + 1`)
+test ".$DLEXT"  = "." || AC_DEFINE_UNQUOTED(DLEXT,  ".$DLEXT")
+test ".$DLEXT2" = "." || AC_DEFINE_UNQUOTED(DLEXT2, ".$DLEXT2")
 
 AC_SUBST(STRIP)dnl
 if test "$with_dln_a_out" = yes; then
@@ -1137,7 +1350,7 @@ case "$target_os" in
   human*)
     AC_CHECK_LIB(signal, _harderr)
     AC_CHECK_LIB(hmem, hmemset)
-    AC_CHECK_FUNCS(select gettimeofday)
+    AC_CHECK_FUNCS(select)
     AC_CACHE_CHECK(whether PD libc _dtos18 fail to convert big number,
 		   rb_cv_missing__dtos18,
     [AC_TRY_RUN(
@@ -1210,9 +1423,10 @@ if test x"$cross_compiling" = xyes; then
   PREP=fake.rb
   RUNRUBY='$(MINIRUBY) -I`cd $(srcdir)/lib; pwd`'
 else
-  MINIRUBY='./miniruby$(EXEEXT)'
+  MINIRUBY='./miniruby$(EXEEXT) -I$(srcdir)/lib'
+  MINIRUBY="$MINIRUBY"' -I$(EXTOUT)/common -I./- -r$(srcdir)/ext/purelib.rb'
   PREP='miniruby$(EXEEXT)'
-  RUNRUBY='$(MINIRUBY) $(srcdir)/runruby.rb --extout=$(EXTOUT) --'
+  RUNRUBY='$(MINIRUBY) $(srcdir)/runruby.rb --extout=$(EXTOUT)'
 fi
 AC_SUBST(MINIRUBY)
 AC_SUBST(PREP)
@@ -1299,14 +1513,8 @@ if test "$enable_shared" = 'yes'; then
 	LIBRUBY_ALIASES='lib$(RUBY_SO_NAME).sl.$(MAJOR).$(MINOR) lib$(RUBY_SO_NAME).sl'
 	;;
     aix*)
-	if test "$GCC" = yes; then
-	    LIBRUBY_LDSHARED='$(CC) -shared'
-	    LIBRUBY_DLDFLAGS='-Wl,-bE:ruby.imp'
-	else
-	    LIBRUBY_LDSHARED='/usr/ccs/bin/ld'
-	    LIBRUBY_DLDFLAGS='-bE:ruby.imp -bM:SRE -bnoentry'
-	fi
-	LIBRUBYARG_SHARED='-L${libdir} -Wl,lib$(RUBY_SO_NAME).so'
+	LIBRUBY_DLDFLAGS="${linker_flag}-bnoentry $XLDFLAGS"
+	LIBRUBYARG_SHARED='-L${libdir} -l${RUBY_SO_NAME}'
 	SOLIBS='-lm -lc'
 	;;
     beos*)
@@ -1323,21 +1531,17 @@ if test "$enable_shared" = 'yes'; then
 	LIBRUBY_ALIASES='lib$(RUBY_SO_NAME).$(MAJOR).$(MINOR).dylib lib$(RUBY_SO_NAME).dylib'
 	;;
     interix*)
-	LIBRUBYARG_SHARED='-L${libdir} -L. -l$(RUBY_SO_NAME)'
+	LIBRUBYARG_SHARED='-L. -L${libdir} -l$(RUBY_SO_NAME)'
 	;;
     *)
 	;;
   esac
 fi
 if test "$enable_rpath" = yes; then
-    if test "$GCC" = yes; then
-       LIBRUBYARG_SHARED='-Wl,-R -Wl,$(libdir) -L$(libdir) -L. '"$LIBRUBYARG_SHARED"
-    else
-       LIBRUBYARG_SHARED='-R $(libdir) -L$(libdir) -L. '"$LIBRUBYARG_SHARED"
-    fi
+    LIBRUBYARG_SHARED="${linker_flag}-R ${linker_flag}\$(libdir) -L\$(libdir) $LIBRUBYARG_SHARED"
 fi
 
-XLDFLAGS="$XLDFLAGS -L."
+LDFLAGS="-L. $LDFLAGS"
 AC_SUBST(ARCHFILE)
 
 dnl build rdoc index if requested
@@ -1351,6 +1555,9 @@ fi
 AC_SUBST(RDOCTARGET)
 
 case "$target_os" in
+    linux*)
+	XCFLAGS="$XCFLAGS -D_GNU_SOURCE=1"
+	;;
     netbsd*)
     	CFLAGS="$CFLAGS -pipe"
 	;;
@@ -1370,6 +1577,7 @@ case "$target_os" in
 	;;
     darwin*)
     	CFLAGS="$CFLAGS -pipe -fno-common"
+	MINIOBJS=dmydln.o
 	;;
     os2-emx)
     	CFLAGS="$CFLAGS -DOS2 -Zmts"
@@ -1392,7 +1600,7 @@ case "$target_os" in
 	  rm -f /tmp/main.o
 	  CFLAGS="$CFLAGS -std"
 	fi
-		;;
+	;;
     beos*)
 	case "$target_cpu" in
 	powerpc*)
@@ -1407,7 +1615,6 @@ case "$target_os" in
 		LIBRUBY_SO='cyg$(RUBY_SO_NAME)'${MAJOR}${MINOR}.dll
 		LIBRUBY='lib$(RUBY_SO_NAME).dll.a'
 	    fi
-	    AC_LIBOBJ([strftime])
 	    ;;
 	mingw*)
 	    RUBY_SO_NAME=${rb_cv_msvcrt}-'$(RUBY_INSTALL_NAME)'${MAJOR}${MINOR}
@@ -1449,6 +1656,13 @@ case "$build_os" in
   *msdosdjgpp*) FIRSTMAKEFILE=GNUmakefile:djgpp/GNUmakefile.in;;
 esac
 
+CPPFLAGS="$CPPFLAGS "'$(DEFS)'
+test -z "$CFLAGS" || CFLAGS="$CFLAGS "; CFLAGS="$CFLAGS"'${cflags}'
+test -z "$CPPFLAGS" || CPPFLAGS="$CPPFLAGS "; CPPFLAGS="$CPPFLAGS"'${cppflags}'
+AC_SUBST(cppflags, [])dnl
+AC_SUBST(cflags, ['${optflags} ${debugflags}'])dnl
+AC_SUBST(optflags)dnl
+AC_SUBST(debugflags)dnl
 AC_SUBST(XCFLAGS)dnl
 AC_SUBST(XLDFLAGS)dnl
 AC_SUBST(LIBRUBY_LDSHARED)
@@ -1493,37 +1707,53 @@ case "$target_os" in
     rubyw_install_name="$RUBYW_INSTALL_NAME"
     ;;
 esac
+RUBY_LIB_PREFIX=`eval echo \\"${libdir}/ruby\\"`
+
+AC_ARG_WITH(sitedir,
+	    [  --with-sitedir=DIR      site libraries in DIR [[LIBDIR/ruby/site_ruby]]],
+            [sitedir=$withval],
+            [sitedir='${libdir}/ruby/site_ruby'])
+SITE_DIR=`eval echo \\"${sitedir}\\"`
+
 case "$target_os" in
   cygwin*|mingw*|*djgpp*|os2-emx*)
-    RUBY_LIB_PREFIX="/lib/ruby"
+    RUBY_LIB_PREFIX="`eval echo "$RUBY_LIB_PREFIX" | sed 's|^NONE/|/|;s|^'"$prefix"'/|/|'`"
+    RUBY_SITE_LIB_PATH="`eval echo "$SITE_DIR" | sed 's|^NONE/|/|;s|^'"$prefix"'/|/|'`"
     ;;
   *)
-    RUBY_LIB_PREFIX="${prefix}/lib/ruby"
+    RUBY_LIB_PREFIX="`eval echo \\"$RUBY_LIB_PREFIX\\" | sed 's|^NONE/|'"$prefix"'/|'`"
+    RUBY_SITE_LIB_PATH="`eval echo \\"$SITE_DIR\\" | sed 's|^NONE/|'"$prefix"'/|'`"
     ;;
 esac
 RUBY_LIB_PATH="${RUBY_LIB_PREFIX}/${MAJOR}.${MINOR}"
+RUBY_SITE_LIB_PATH2="${RUBY_SITE_LIB_PATH}/${MAJOR}.${MINOR}"
 
-AC_ARG_WITH(sitedir,
-	    [  --with-sitedir=DIR      site libraries in DIR [PREFIX/lib/ruby/site_ruby]],
-            [sitedir=$withval],
-            [sitedir='${prefix}/lib/ruby/site_ruby'])
-SITE_DIR="`eval \"echo ${sitedir}\"`"
+AC_DEFINE_UNQUOTED(RUBY_LIB, "${RUBY_LIB_PATH}")
+AC_DEFINE_UNQUOTED(RUBY_SITE_LIB, "${RUBY_SITE_LIB_PATH}")
+AC_DEFINE_UNQUOTED(RUBY_SITE_LIB2, "${RUBY_SITE_LIB_PATH2}")
+
+AC_ARG_WITH(vendordir,
+	    [  --with-vendordir=DIR    vendor libraries in DIR [[LIBDIR/ruby/vendor_ruby]]],
+            [vendordir=$withval],
+            [vendordir='${libdir}/ruby/vendor_ruby'])
+VENDOR_DIR=`eval echo \\"${vendordir}\\"`
 case "$target_os" in
   cygwin*|mingw*|*djgpp*|os2-emx*)
-    RUBY_SITE_LIB_PATH="`expr "$SITE_DIR" : "$prefix\(/.*\)"`" ||
-    RUBY_SITE_LIB_PATH="$SITE_DIR";;
+    RUBY_VENDOR_LIB_PATH="`eval echo "$VENDOR_DIR" | sed 's|^NONE/|/|;s|^'"$prefix"'/|/|'`"
+    ;;
   *)
-    RUBY_SITE_LIB_PATH="$SITE_DIR";;
+    RUBY_VENDOR_LIB_PATH="`eval echo \\"$VENDOR_DIR\\" | sed 's|^NONE/|'"$prefix"'/|'`"
+    ;;
 esac
-RUBY_SITE_LIB_PATH2="${RUBY_SITE_LIB_PATH}/${MAJOR}.${MINOR}"
+RUBY_VENDOR_LIB_PATH2="${RUBY_VENDOR_LIB_PATH}/${MAJOR}.${MINOR}"
 
-AC_DEFINE_UNQUOTED(RUBY_LIB, "${RUBY_LIB_PATH}")
-AC_DEFINE_UNQUOTED(RUBY_SITE_LIB, "${RUBY_SITE_LIB_PATH}")
-AC_DEFINE_UNQUOTED(RUBY_SITE_LIB2, "${RUBY_SITE_LIB_PATH2}")
+AC_DEFINE_UNQUOTED(RUBY_VENDOR_LIB, "${RUBY_VENDOR_LIB_PATH}")
+AC_DEFINE_UNQUOTED(RUBY_VENDOR_LIB2, "${RUBY_VENDOR_LIB_PATH2}")
 
 AC_SUBST(arch)dnl
 AC_SUBST(sitearch)dnl
 AC_SUBST(sitedir)dnl
+AC_SUBST(vendordir)dnl
 
 configure_args=$ac_configure_args
 AC_SUBST(configure_args)dnl
@@ -1536,6 +1766,8 @@ if test "$fat_binary" != no ; then
 
     AC_DEFINE_UNQUOTED(RUBY_SITE_THIN_ARCHLIB,
                  "${RUBY_SITE_LIB_PATH}/" __ARCHITECTURE__ "-${target_os}")
+    AC_DEFINE_UNQUOTED(RUBY_VENDOR_THIN_ARCHLIB,
+                 "${RUBY_VENDOR_LIB_PATH}/" __ARCHITECTURE__ "-${target_os}")
     AC_DEFINE_UNQUOTED(RUBY_PLATFORM, __ARCHITECTURE__ "-${target_os}")
 else
     arch="${target_cpu}-${target_os}"
@@ -1543,12 +1775,13 @@ else
 fi
 
 case "$target_os" in
-  mingw*) sitearch="i386-$rb_cv_msvcrt" ;;
+  mingw*) sitearch="$target_cpu-$rb_cv_msvcrt" ;;
   *) sitearch="${arch}" ;;
 esac
 
 AC_DEFINE_UNQUOTED(RUBY_ARCHLIB, "${RUBY_LIB_PATH}/${arch}")
 AC_DEFINE_UNQUOTED(RUBY_SITE_ARCHLIB, "${RUBY_SITE_LIB_PATH2}/${sitearch}")
+AC_DEFINE_UNQUOTED(RUBY_VENDOR_ARCHLIB, "${RUBY_VENDOR_LIB_PATH2}/${sitearch}")
 
 AC_ARG_WITH(search-path,
 		[  --with-search-path=DIR specify the additional search path],
@@ -1585,12 +1818,15 @@ else
   echo "creating config.h"
   tr -d '\015' < confdefs.h > config.h
 fi
-: > confdefs.h
+tr -d '\015' < largefile.h > confdefs.h
+rm largefile.h
 
 AC_CONFIG_FILES($FIRSTMAKEFILE)
 AC_CONFIG_FILES(Makefile, [{
+	sed '/^MISSING/s/\$U\././g' Makefile
 	echo; test x"$EXEEXT" = x || echo 'miniruby: miniruby$(EXEEXT)'
 	test "$RUBY_INSTALL_NAME$EXEEXT" = ruby || echo 'ruby: $(PROGRAM);'
 	sed ['s/{\$([^(){}]*)[^{}]*}//g'] ${srcdir}/common.mk
-} >> Makefile], [RUBY_INSTALL_NAME=$RUBY_INSTALL_NAME EXEEXT=$EXEEXT])
+      } >> confmk$$.tmp && mv -f confmk$$.tmp Makefile],
+[RUBY_INSTALL_NAME=$RUBY_INSTALL_NAME EXEEXT=$EXEEXT])
 AC_OUTPUT
diff --git a/defines.h b/defines.h
index fb221da81d..f39097fea4 100644
--- a/defines.h
+++ b/defines.h
@@ -102,6 +102,16 @@ void xfree _((void*));
 #endif
 #endif
 
+#if defined(__NeXT__) || defined(__APPLE__)
+/* Do not trust WORDS_BIGENDIAN from configure since -arch compiler flag may
+   result in a different endian.  Instead trust __BIG_ENDIAN__ and
+   __LITTLE_ENDIAN__ which are set correctly by -arch. */
+#undef WORDS_BIGENDIAN
+#ifdef __BIG_ENDIAN__
+#define WORDS_BIGENDIAN
+#endif
+#endif
+
 #ifdef __NeXT__
 /* NextStep, OpenStep, Rhapsody */
 #ifndef S_IRUSR
@@ -155,13 +165,6 @@ void xfree _((void*));
 #ifndef S_ISREG
 #define S_ISREG(mode)  (((mode) & (0170000)) == (0100000))
 #endif
-/* Do not trust WORDS_BIGENDIAN from configure since -arch compiler flag may
-   result in a different endian.  Instead trust __BIG_ENDIAN__ and
-   __LITTLE_ENDIAN__ which are set correctly by -arch. */
-#undef WORDS_BIGENDIAN
-#ifdef __BIG_ENDIAN__
-#define WORDS_BIGENDIAN
-#endif
 #ifndef __APPLE__
 /* NextStep, OpenStep (but not Rhapsody) */
 #ifndef GETPGRP_VOID
@@ -203,6 +206,11 @@ void xfree _((void*));
 #define EXTERN RUBY_EXTERN	/* deprecated */
 #endif
 
+#ifndef RUBY_MBCHAR_MAXSIZE
+#define RUBY_MBCHAR_MAXSIZE INT_MAX
+        /* MB_CUR_MAX will not work well in C locale */
+#endif
+
 #if defined(sparc) || defined(__sparc__)
 static inline void
 flush_register_windows(void)
@@ -213,21 +221,16 @@ flush_register_windows(void)
 #endif
 # if defined(__sparc_v9__) || defined(__sparcv9) || defined(__arch64__)
 	("flushw")
-# elif defined(linux) || defined(__linux__)
-	("ta  0x83")
-# else /* Solaris, OpenBSD, NetBSD, etc. */
+# else
 	("ta  0x03")
 # endif /* trap always to flush register windows if we are on a Sparc system */
 	;
 }
 #  define FLUSH_REGISTER_WINDOWS flush_register_windows()
-#elif defined(__ia64__)
-void flush_register_windows(void)
-#  if defined(__GNUC__) && (( __GNUC__ == 3 && __GNUC_MINOR__ > 0 ) || __GNUC__ > 3)
-__attribute__ ((noinline))
-#  endif
-  ;
-#  define FLUSH_REGISTER_WINDOWS flush_register_windows()
+#elif defined(__ia64)
+void *rb_ia64_bsp(void);
+void rb_ia64_flushrs(void);
+#  define FLUSH_REGISTER_WINDOWS rb_ia64_flushrs()
 #else
 #  define FLUSH_REGISTER_WINDOWS ((void)0)
 #endif
@@ -251,6 +254,18 @@ __attribute__ ((noinline))
 #define ENV_IGNORECASE
 #endif
 
+#ifndef CASEFOLD_FILESYSTEM
+# if defined DOSISH || defined __VMS
+#   define CASEFOLD_FILESYSTEM 1
+# else
+#   define CASEFOLD_FILESYSTEM 0
+# endif
+#endif
+
+#ifndef DLEXT_MAXLEN
+#define DLEXT_MAXLEN 4
+#endif
+
 #ifndef RUBY_PLATFORM
 #define RUBY_PLATFORM "unknown-unknown"
 #endif
diff --git a/dir.c b/dir.c
index fd677c898d..c2c3f9452f 100644
--- a/dir.c
+++ b/dir.c
@@ -89,153 +89,261 @@ char *strchr _((char*,char));
 #define FNM_ERROR	2
 
 #define downcase(c) (nocase && ISUPPER(c) ? tolower(c) : (c))
+#define compare(c1, c2) (((unsigned char)(c1)) - ((unsigned char)(c2)))
+
+/* caution: in case *p == '\0'
+   Next(p) == p + 1 in single byte environment
+   Next(p) == p     in multi byte environment
+*/
+#if defined(CharNext)
+# define Next(p) CharNext(p)
+#elif defined(DJGPP)
+# define Next(p) ((p) + mblen(p, RUBY_MBCHAR_MAXSIZE))
+#elif defined(__EMX__)
+# define Next(p) ((p) + emx_mblen(p))
+static inline int
+emx_mblen(const char *p)
+{
+    int n = mblen(p, RUBY_MBCHAR_MAXSIZE);
+    return (n < 0) ? 1 : n;
+}
+#endif
 
-#ifndef CharNext		/* defined as CharNext[AW] on Windows. */
-# if defined(DJGPP)
-#   define CharNext(p) ((p) + mblen(p, MB_CUR_MAX))
-# else
-#   define CharNext(p) ((p) + 1)
-# endif
+#ifndef Next /* single byte environment */
+# define Next(p) ((p) + 1)
+# define Inc(p) (++(p))
+# define Compare(p1, p2) (compare(downcase(*(p1)), downcase(*(p2))))
+#else /* multi byte environment */
+# define Inc(p) ((p) = Next(p))
+# define Compare(p1, p2) (CompareImpl(p1, p2, nocase))
+static int
+CompareImpl(const char *p1, const char *p2, int nocase)
+{
+    const int len1 = Next(p1) - p1;
+    const int len2 = Next(p2) - p2;
+#ifdef _WIN32
+    char buf1[10], buf2[10]; /* large enough? */
 #endif
 
-#if defined DOSISH
-#define isdirsep(c) ((c) == '/' || (c) == '\\')
-#else
-#define isdirsep(c) ((c) == '/')
+    if (len1 < 0 || len2 < 0) {
+	rb_fatal("CompareImpl: negative len");
+    }
+
+    if (len1 == 0) return  len2;
+    if (len2 == 0) return -len1;
+
+#ifdef _WIN32
+    if (nocase && rb_w32_iswinnt()) {
+	if (len1 > 1) {
+	    if (len1 >= sizeof(buf1)) {
+		rb_fatal("CompareImpl: too large len");
+	    }
+	    memcpy(buf1, p1, len1);
+	    buf1[len1] = '\0';
+	    CharLower(buf1);
+	    p1 = buf1; /* trick */
+	}
+	if (len2 > 1) {
+	    if (len2 >= sizeof(buf2)) {
+		rb_fatal("CompareImpl: too large len");
+	    }
+	    memcpy(buf2, p2, len2);
+	    buf2[len2] = '\0';
+	    CharLower(buf2);
+	    p2 = buf2; /* trick */
+	}
+    }
 #endif
+    if (len1 == 1)
+	if (len2 == 1)
+	    return compare(downcase(*p1), downcase(*p2));
+	else {
+	    const int ret = compare(downcase(*p1), *p2);
+	    return ret ? ret : -1;
+	}
+    else
+	if (len2 == 1) {
+	    const int ret = compare(*p1, downcase(*p2));
+	    return ret ? ret : 1;
+	}
+	else {
+	    const int ret = memcmp(p1, p2, len1 < len2 ? len1 : len2);
+	    return ret ? ret : len1 - len2;
+	}
+}
+#endif /* environment */
 
 static char *
-range(pat, test, flags)
-    const char *pat;
-    int test;
+bracket(p, s, flags)
+    const char *p; /* pattern (next to '[') */
+    const char *s; /* string */
     int flags;
 {
-    int not, ok = 0;
-    int nocase = flags & FNM_CASEFOLD;
-    int escape = !(flags & FNM_NOESCAPE);
+    const int nocase = flags & FNM_CASEFOLD;
+    const int escape = !(flags & FNM_NOESCAPE);
 
-    not = *pat == '!' || *pat == '^';
-    if (not)
-	pat++;
+    int ok = 0, not = 0;
 
-    test = downcase(test);
+    if (*p == '!' || *p == '^') {
+	not = 1;
+	p++;
+    }
 
-    while (*pat != ']') {
-	int cstart, cend;
-        if (escape && *pat == '\\')
-	    pat++;
-	cstart = cend = *pat++;
-	if (!cstart)
+    while (*p != ']') {
+	const char *t1 = p;
+	if (escape && *t1 == '\\')
+	    t1++;
+	if (!*t1)
 	    return NULL;
-	if (*pat == '-' && pat[1] != ']') {
-	    pat++;
-	    if (escape && *pat == '\\')
-		pat++;
-	    cend = *pat++;
-	    if (!cend)
+	p = Next(t1);
+	if (p[0] == '-' && p[1] != ']') {
+	    const char *t2 = p + 1;
+	    if (escape && *t2 == '\\')
+		t2++;
+	    if (!*t2)
 		return NULL;
+	    p = Next(t2);
+	    if (!ok && Compare(t1, s) <= 0 && Compare(s, t2) <= 0)
+		ok = 1;
 	}
-	if (downcase(cstart) <= test && test <= downcase(cend))
-	    ok = 1;
+	else
+	    if (!ok && Compare(t1, s) == 0)
+		ok = 1;
     }
-    return ok == not ? NULL : (char *)pat + 1;
+
+    return ok == not ? NULL : (char *)p + 1;
 }
 
-#define ISDIRSEP(c) (pathname && isdirsep(c))
-#define PERIOD(s) (period && *(s) == '.' && \
-		  ((s) == string || ISDIRSEP((s)[-1])))
+/* If FNM_PATHNAME is set, only path element will be matched. (upto '/' or '\0')
+   Otherwise, entire string will be matched.
+   End marker itself won't be compared.
+   And if function succeeds, *pcur reaches end marker.
+*/
+#define UNESCAPE(p) (escape && *(p) == '\\' ? (p) + 1 : (p))
+#define ISEND(p) (!*(p) || (pathname && *(p) == '/'))
+#define RETURN(val) return *pcur = p, *scur = s, (val);
+
 static int
-fnmatch(pat, string, flags)
-    const char *pat;
-    const char *string;
+fnmatch_helper(pcur, scur, flags)
+    const char **pcur; /* pattern */
+    const char **scur; /* string */
     int flags;
 {
-    int c;
-    int test;
-    const char *s = string;
-    int escape = !(flags & FNM_NOESCAPE);
-    int pathname = flags & FNM_PATHNAME;
-    int period = !(flags & FNM_DOTMATCH);
-    int nocase = flags & FNM_CASEFOLD;
+    const int period = !(flags & FNM_DOTMATCH);
+    const int pathname = flags & FNM_PATHNAME;
+    const int escape = !(flags & FNM_NOESCAPE);
+    const int nocase = flags & FNM_CASEFOLD;
 
-    while (c = *pat++) {
-	switch (c) {
-	case '?':
-	    if (!*s || ISDIRSEP(*s) || PERIOD(s))
-		return FNM_NOMATCH;
-	    s++;
-	    break;
-	case '*':
-	    while ((c = *pat++) == '*')
-		;
+    const char *ptmp = 0;
+    const char *stmp = 0;
 
-	    if (PERIOD(s))
-		return FNM_NOMATCH;
+    const char *p = *pcur;
+    const char *s = *scur;
 
-	    if (!c) {
-		if (pathname && *rb_path_next(s))
-		    return FNM_NOMATCH;
-		else
-		    return 0;
-	    }
-	    else if (ISDIRSEP(c)) {
-		s = rb_path_next(s);
-		if (*s) {
-                    s++;
-		    break;
-                }
-		return FNM_NOMATCH;
-	    }
+    if (period && *s == '.' && *UNESCAPE(p) != '.') /* leading period */
+	RETURN(FNM_NOMATCH);
 
-	    test = escape && c == '\\' ? *pat : c;
-	    test = downcase(test);
-	    pat--;
-	    while (*s) {
-		if ((c == '?' || c == '[' || downcase(*s) == test) &&
-		    !fnmatch(pat, s, flags | FNM_DOTMATCH))
-		    return 0;
-		else if (ISDIRSEP(*s))
-		    break;
-		s++;
+    while (1) {
+	switch (*p) {
+	  case '*':
+	    do { p++; } while (*p == '*');
+	    if (ISEND(UNESCAPE(p))) {
+		p = UNESCAPE(p);
+		RETURN(0);
 	    }
-	    return FNM_NOMATCH;
+	    if (ISEND(s))
+		RETURN(FNM_NOMATCH);
+	    ptmp = p;
+	    stmp = s;
+	    continue;
 
-	case '[':
-	    if (!*s || ISDIRSEP(*s) || PERIOD(s))
-		return FNM_NOMATCH;
-	    pat = range(pat, *s, flags);
-	    if (pat == NULL)
-		return FNM_NOMATCH;
-	    s++;
-	    break;
+	  case '?':
+	    if (ISEND(s))
+		RETURN(FNM_NOMATCH);
+	    p++;
+	    Inc(s);
+	    continue;
 
-	case '\\':
-	    if (escape
-#if defined DOSISH
-		&& *pat && strchr("*?[]\\", *pat)
-#endif
-		) {
-		c = *pat;
-		if (!c)
-		    c = '\\';
-		else
-		    pat++;
+	  case '[': {
+	    const char *t;
+	    if (ISEND(s))
+		RETURN(FNM_NOMATCH);
+	    if ((t = bracket(p + 1, s, flags)) != 0) {
+		p = t;
+		Inc(s);
+		continue;
 	    }
-	    /* FALLTHROUGH */
+	    goto failed;
+	  }
+	}
 
-	default:
-#if defined DOSISH
-	    if (ISDIRSEP(c) && isdirsep(*s))
-		;
-	    else
-#endif
-	    if(downcase(c) != downcase(*s))
-		return FNM_NOMATCH;
-	    s++;
-	    break;
+	/* ordinary */
+	p = UNESCAPE(p);
+	if (ISEND(s))
+	    RETURN(ISEND(p) ? 0 : FNM_NOMATCH);
+	if (ISEND(p))
+	    goto failed;
+	if (Compare(p, s) != 0)
+	    goto failed;
+	Inc(p);
+	Inc(s);
+	continue;
+
+      failed: /* try next '*' position */
+	if (ptmp && stmp) {
+	    p = ptmp;
+	    Inc(stmp); /* !ISEND(*stmp) */
+	    s = stmp;
+	    continue;
+	}
+	RETURN(FNM_NOMATCH);
+    }
+}
+
+static int
+fnmatch(p, s, flags)
+    const char *p; /* pattern */
+    const char *s; /* string */
+    int flags;
+{
+    const int period = !(flags & FNM_DOTMATCH);
+    const int pathname = flags & FNM_PATHNAME;
+
+    const char *ptmp = 0;
+    const char *stmp = 0;
+
+    if (pathname) {
+	while (1) {
+	    if (p[0] == '*' && p[1] == '*' && p[2] == '/') {
+		do { p += 3; } while (p[0] == '*' && p[1] == '*' && p[2] == '/');
+		ptmp = p;
+		stmp = s;
+	    }
+	    if (fnmatch_helper(&p, &s, flags) == 0) {
+		while (*s && *s != '/') Inc(s);
+		if (*p && *s) {
+		    p++;
+		    s++;
+		    continue;
+		}
+		if (!*p && !*s)
+		    return 0;
+	    }
+	    /* failed : try next recursion */
+	    if (ptmp && stmp && !(period && *stmp == '.')) {
+		while (*stmp && *stmp != '/') Inc(stmp);
+		if (*stmp) {
+		    p = ptmp;
+		    stmp++;
+		    s = stmp;
+		    continue;
+		}
+	    }
+	    return FNM_NOMATCH;
 	}
     }
-    return !*s ? 0 : FNM_NOMATCH;
+    else
+	return fnmatch_helper(&p, &s, flags);
 }
 
 VALUE rb_cDir;
@@ -355,6 +463,29 @@ dir_check(dir)
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
+ *     dir.inspect => string
+ *
+ *  Return a string describing this Dir object.
+ */
+static VALUE
+dir_inspect(dir)
+    VALUE dir;
+{
+    struct dir_data *dirp;
+
+    Data_Get_Struct(dir, struct dir_data, dirp);
+    if (dirp->path) {
+	const char *c = rb_obj_classname(dir);
+	int len = strlen(c) + strlen(dirp->path) + 4;
+	VALUE s = rb_str_new(0, len);
+	snprintf(RSTRING_PTR(s), len+1, "#<%s:%s>", c, dirp->path);
+	return s;
+    }
+    return rb_funcall(dir, rb_intern("to_s"), 0, 0);
+}
+
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
  *     dir.path => string or nil
  *
  *  Returns the path parameter passed to <em>dir</em>'s constructor.
@@ -368,7 +499,7 @@ dir_path(dir)
 {
     struct dir_data *dirp;
 
-    GetDIR(dir, dirp);
+    Data_Get_Struct(dir, struct dir_data, dirp);
     if (!dirp->path) return Qnil;
     return rb_str_new2(dirp->path);
 }
@@ -431,6 +562,7 @@ dir_each(dir)
     struct dir_data *dirp;
     struct dirent *dp;
 
+    RETURN_ENUMERATOR(dir, 0, 0);
     GetDIR(dir, dirp);
     rewinddir(dirp->dir);
     for (dp = readdir(dirp->dir); dp != NULL; dp = readdir(dirp->dir)) {
@@ -538,6 +670,9 @@ dir_rewind(dir)
 {
     struct dir_data *dirp;
 
+    if (rb_safe_level() >= 4 && !OBJ_TAINTED(dir)) {
+	rb_raise(rb_eSecurityError, "Insecure: can't close");
+    }
     GetDIR(dir, dirp);
     rewinddir(dirp->dir);
     return dir;
@@ -559,9 +694,6 @@ dir_close(dir)
 {
     struct dir_data *dirp;
 
-    if (rb_safe_level() >= 4 && !OBJ_TAINTED(dir)) {
-	rb_raise(rb_eSecurityError, "Insecure: can't close");
-    }
     GetDIR(dir, dirp);
     closedir(dirp->dir);
     dirp->dir = NULL;
@@ -819,103 +951,252 @@ sys_warning_1(mesg)
     rb_sys_warning("%s", mesg);
 }
 
-#define GLOB_VERBOSE	(1U << (sizeof(int) * CHAR_BIT - 1))
+#define GLOB_VERBOSE	(1UL << (sizeof(int) * CHAR_BIT - 1))
 #define sys_warning(val) \
-    ((flags & GLOB_VERBOSE) && rb_protect((VALUE (*)_((VALUE)))sys_warning_1, (VALUE)(val), 0))
+    (void)((flags & GLOB_VERBOSE) && rb_protect((VALUE (*)_((VALUE)))sys_warning_1, (VALUE)(val), 0))
+
+#define GLOB_ALLOC(type) (type *)malloc(sizeof(type))
+#define GLOB_ALLOC_N(type, n) (type *)malloc(sizeof(type) * (n))
+#define GLOB_JUMP_TAG(status) ((status == -1) ? rb_memerror() : rb_jump_tag(status))
+
+/*
+ * ENOTDIR can be returned by stat(2) if a non-leaf element of the path
+ * is not a directory.
+ */
+#define to_be_ignored(e) ((e) == ENOENT || (e) == ENOTDIR)
+
+/* System call with warning */
+static int
+do_stat(const char *path, struct stat *pst, int flags)
+
+{
+    int ret = stat(path, pst);
+    if (ret < 0 && !to_be_ignored(errno))
+	sys_warning(path);
+
+    return ret;
+}
+
+static int
+do_lstat(const char *path, struct stat *pst, int flags)
+{
+    int ret = lstat(path, pst);
+    if (ret < 0 && !to_be_ignored(errno))
+	sys_warning(path);
+
+    return ret;
+}
+
+static DIR *
+do_opendir(const char *path, int flags)
+{
+    DIR *dirp = opendir(path);
+    if (dirp == NULL && !to_be_ignored(errno))
+	sys_warning(path);
+
+    return dirp;
+}
 
 /* Return nonzero if S has any special globbing chars in it.  */
 static int
-has_magic(s, send, flags)
-    const char *s, *send;
+has_magic(s, flags)
+    const char *s;
     int flags;
 {
-    register const char *p = s;
-    register char c;
-    int open = 0;
     const int escape = !(flags & FNM_NOESCAPE);
     const int nocase = flags & FNM_CASEFOLD;
 
-    while ((c = *p++) != '\0') {
+    register const char *p = s;
+    register char c;
+
+    while ((c = *p++) != 0) {
 	switch (c) {
-	  case '?':
 	  case '*':
-	    return Qtrue;
-
-	  case '[':	/* Only accept an open brace if there is a close */
-	    open++;	/* brace to match it.  Bracket expressions must be */
-	    continue;	/* complete, according to Posix.2 */
-	  case ']':
-	    if (open)
-		return Qtrue;
-	    continue;
+	  case '?':
+	  case '[':
+	    return 1;
 
 	  case '\\':
-	    if (escape && *p++ == '\0')
-		return Qfalse;
-	    break;
+	    if (escape && !(c = *p++))
+		return 0;
+	    continue;
 
 	  default:
 	    if (!FNM_SYSCASE && ISALPHA(c) && nocase)
-		return Qtrue;
+		return 1;
 	}
 
-	if (send && p >= send) break;
+	p = Next(p-1);
     }
-    return Qfalse;
+
+    return 0;
 }
 
-static char*
-extract_path(p, pend)
-    const char *p, *pend;
+/* Find separator in globbing pattern. */
+static char *
+find_dirsep(const char *s, int flags)
 {
-    char *alloc;
-    int len;
-
-    len = pend - p;
-    alloc = ALLOC_N(char, len+1);
-    memcpy(alloc, p, len);
-    if (len > 1 && pend[-1] == '/'
-#if defined DOSISH_DRIVE_LETTER
-    && pend[-2] != ':'
-#endif
-    ) {
-	alloc[len-1] = 0;
-    }
-    else {
-	alloc[len] = 0;
-    }
+    const int escape = !(flags & FNM_NOESCAPE);
 
-    return alloc;
-}
+    register const char *p = s;
+    register char c;
+    int open = 0;
 
-static char*
-extract_elem(path)
-    const char *path;
-{
-    const char *pend;
+    while ((c = *p++) != 0) {
+	switch (c) {
+	  case '[':
+	    open = 1;
+	    continue;
+	  case ']':
+	    open = 0;
+	    continue;
 
-    pend = strchr(path, '/');
-    if (!pend) pend = path + strlen(path);
+	  case '/':
+	    if (!open)
+		return (char *)p-1;
+	    continue;
+
+	  case '\\':
+	    if (escape && !(c = *p++))
+		return (char *)p-1;
+	    continue;
+	}
 
-    return extract_path(path, pend);
+	p = Next(p-1);
+    }
+
+    return (char *)p-1;
 }
 
+/* Remove escaping backslashes */
 static void
 remove_backslashes(p)
     char *p;
 {
-    char *pend = p + strlen(p);
     char *t = p;
+    char *s = p;
 
-    while (p < pend) {
+    while (*p) {
 	if (*p == '\\') {
-	    if (++p == pend) break;
+	    if (t != s)
+		memmove(t, s, p - s);
+	    t += p - s;
+	    s = ++p;
+	    if (!*p) break;
 	}
-	*t++ = *p++;
+	Inc(p);
     }
-    *t = '\0';
+
+    while (*p++);
+
+    if (t != s)
+	memmove(t, s, p - s); /* move '\0' too */
 }
 
+/* Globing pattern */
+enum glob_pattern_type { PLAIN, MAGICAL, RECURSIVE, MATCH_ALL, MATCH_DIR };
+
+struct glob_pattern {
+    char *str;
+    enum glob_pattern_type type;
+    struct glob_pattern *next;
+};
+
+static void glob_free_pattern(struct glob_pattern *list);
+
+static struct glob_pattern *
+glob_make_pattern(const char *p, int flags)
+{
+    struct glob_pattern *list, *tmp, **tail = &list;
+    int dirsep = 0; /* pattern is terminated with '/' */
+
+    while (*p) {
+	tmp = GLOB_ALLOC(struct glob_pattern);
+	if (!tmp) goto error;
+	if (p[0] == '*' && p[1] == '*' && p[2] == '/') {
+	    /* fold continuous RECURSIVEs (needed in glob_helper) */
+	    do { p += 3; } while (p[0] == '*' && p[1] == '*' && p[2] == '/');
+	    tmp->type = RECURSIVE;
+	    tmp->str = 0;
+	    dirsep = 1;
+	}
+	else {
+	    const char *m = find_dirsep(p, flags);
+	    char *buf = GLOB_ALLOC_N(char, m-p+1);
+	    if (!buf) {
+		free(tmp);
+		goto error;
+	    }
+	    memcpy(buf, p, m-p);
+	    buf[m-p] = '\0';
+	    tmp->type = has_magic(buf, flags) ? MAGICAL : PLAIN;
+	    tmp->str = buf;
+	    if (*m) {
+		dirsep = 1;
+		p = m + 1;
+	    }
+	    else {
+		dirsep = 0;
+		p = m;
+	    }
+	}
+	*tail = tmp;
+	tail = &tmp->next;
+    }
+
+    tmp = GLOB_ALLOC(struct glob_pattern);
+    if (!tmp) {
+      error:
+	*tail = 0;
+	glob_free_pattern(list);
+	return 0;
+    }
+    tmp->type = dirsep ? MATCH_DIR : MATCH_ALL;
+    tmp->str = 0;
+    *tail = tmp;
+    tmp->next = 0;
+
+    return list;
+}
+
+static void
+glob_free_pattern(struct glob_pattern *list)
+{
+    while (list) {
+	struct glob_pattern *tmp = list;
+	list = list->next;
+	if (tmp->str)
+	    free(tmp->str);
+	free(tmp);
+    }
+}
+
+static char *
+join_path(const char *path, int dirsep, const char *name)
+{
+    long len = strlen(path);
+    char *buf = GLOB_ALLOC_N(char, len+strlen(name)+(dirsep?1:0)+1);
+
+    if (!buf) return 0;
+    memcpy(buf, path, len);
+    if (dirsep) {
+	strcpy(buf+len, "/");
+	len++;
+    }
+    strcpy(buf+len, name);
+    return buf;
+}
+
+enum answer { YES, NO, UNKNOWN };
+
+#ifndef S_ISLNK
+#  ifndef S_IFLNK
+#    define S_ISLNK(m) (0)
+#  else
+#    define S_ISLNK(m) ((m & S_IFMT) == S_IFLNK)
+#  endif
+#endif
+
 #ifndef S_ISDIR
 #   define S_ISDIR(m) ((m & S_IFMT) == S_IFDIR)
 #endif
@@ -940,200 +1221,239 @@ glob_func_caller(val)
 
 #define glob_call_func(func, path, arg) (*func)(path, arg)
 
-static int glob_helper _((const char *path, const char *sub, int flags, int (*func)(const char *,VALUE), VALUE arg));
+static int glob_helper _((const char *, int, enum answer, enum answer, struct glob_pattern **, struct glob_pattern **, int, ruby_glob_func *, VALUE));
 
 static int
-glob_helper(path, sub, flags, func, arg)
+glob_helper(path, dirsep, exist, isdir, beg, end, flags, func, arg)
     const char *path;
-    const char *sub;
+    int dirsep; /* '/' should be placed before appending child entry's name to 'path'. */
+    enum answer exist; /* Does 'path' indicate an existing entry? */
+    enum answer isdir; /* Does 'path' indicate a directory or a symlink to a directory? */
+    struct glob_pattern **beg;
+    struct glob_pattern **end;
     int flags;
-    int (*func) _((const char *, VALUE));
+    ruby_glob_func *func;
     VALUE arg;
 {
     struct stat st;
-    const char *p, *m;
     int status = 0;
-    char *buf = 0;
-    char *newpath = 0;
+    struct glob_pattern **cur, **new_beg, **new_end;
+    int plain = 0, magical = 0, recursive = 0, match_all = 0, match_dir = 0;
+    int escape = !(flags & FNM_NOESCAPE);
 
-    p = sub ? sub : path;
-    if (!has_magic(p, 0, flags)) {
-#if !defined DOSISH
-	if (!(flags & FNM_NOESCAPE))
-#endif
-	{
-	    newpath = strdup(path);
-	    if (sub) {
-		p = newpath + (sub - path);
-		remove_backslashes(newpath + (sub - path));
-		sub = p;
+    for (cur = beg; cur < end; ++cur) {
+	struct glob_pattern *p = *cur;
+	if (p->type == RECURSIVE) {
+	    recursive = 1;
+	    p = p->next;
+	}
+	switch (p->type) {
+	case PLAIN:
+	    plain = 1;
+	    break;
+	case MAGICAL:
+	    magical = 1;
+	    break;
+	case MATCH_ALL:
+	    match_all = 1;
+	    break;
+	case MATCH_DIR:
+	    match_dir = 1;
+	    break;
+	case RECURSIVE:
+	    rb_bug("continuous RECURSIVEs");
+	}
+    }
+
+    if (*path) {
+	if (match_all && exist == UNKNOWN) {
+	    if (do_lstat(path, &st, flags) == 0) {
+		exist = YES;
+		isdir = S_ISDIR(st.st_mode) ? YES : S_ISLNK(st.st_mode) ? UNKNOWN : NO;
+	    }
+	    else {
+		exist = NO;
+		isdir = NO;
+	    }
+	}
+	if (match_dir && isdir == UNKNOWN) {
+	    if (do_stat(path, &st, flags) == 0) {
+		exist = YES;
+		isdir = S_ISDIR(st.st_mode) ? YES : NO;
 	    }
 	    else {
-		remove_backslashes(newpath);
-		p = path = newpath;
+		exist = NO;
+		isdir = NO;
 	    }
 	}
-	if (lstat(path, &st) == 0) {
+	if (match_all && exist == YES) {
 	    status = glob_call_func(func, path, arg);
+	    if (status) return status;
 	}
-	else if (errno != ENOENT) {
-	    /* In case stat error is other than ENOENT and
-	       we may want to know what is wrong. */
-	    sys_warning(path);
+	if (match_dir && isdir == YES) {
+	    char *tmp = join_path(path, dirsep, "");
+	    if (!tmp) return -1;
+	    status = glob_call_func(func, tmp, arg);
+	    free(tmp);
+	    if (status) return status;
 	}
-	xfree(newpath);
-	return status;
     }
 
-    while (p && !status) {
-	if (*p == '/') p++;
-	m = strchr(p, '/');
-	if (has_magic(p, m, flags)) {
-	    char *dir, *base, *magic;
-	    DIR *dirp;
-	    struct dirent *dp;
-	    int recursive = 0;
-
-	    struct d_link {
-		char *path;
-		struct d_link *next;
-	    } *tmp, *link, **tail = &link;
-
-	    base = extract_path(path, p);
-	    if (path == p) dir = ".";
-	    else dir = base;
-
-	    magic = extract_elem(p);
-	    if (stat(dir, &st) < 0) {
-	        if (errno != ENOENT)
-		    sys_warning(dir);
-	        free(base);
-	        free(magic);
-	        break;
-	    }
-	    if (S_ISDIR(st.st_mode)) {
-		if (m && strcmp(magic, "**") == 0) {
-		    int n = strlen(base);
-		    recursive = 1;
-		    REALLOC_N(buf, char, n+strlen(m)+3);
-		    sprintf(buf, "%s%s", base, *base ? m : m+1);
-		    status = glob_helper(buf, buf+n, flags, func, arg);
-		    if (status) goto finalize;
-		}
-		dirp = opendir(dir);
-		if (dirp == NULL) {
-		    sys_warning(dir);
-		    free(base);
-		    free(magic);
-		    break;
-		}
-	    }
-	    else {
-		free(base);
-		free(magic);
+    if (exist == NO || isdir == NO) return 0;
+
+    if (magical || recursive) {
+	struct dirent *dp;
+	DIR *dirp = do_opendir(*path ? path : ".", flags);
+	if (dirp == NULL) return 0;
+
+	for (dp = readdir(dirp); dp != NULL; dp = readdir(dirp)) {
+	    char *buf = join_path(path, dirsep, dp->d_name);
+	    enum answer new_isdir = UNKNOWN;
+
+	    if (!buf) {
+		status = -1;
 		break;
 	    }
-
-#if defined DOSISH_DRIVE_LETTER
-#define BASE (*base && !((isdirsep(*base) && !base[1]) || (base[1] == ':' && isdirsep(base[2]) && !base[3])))
+	    if (recursive && strcmp(dp->d_name, ".") != 0 && strcmp(dp->d_name, "..") != 0
+		&& fnmatch("*", dp->d_name, flags) == 0) {
+#ifndef _WIN32
+		if (do_lstat(buf, &st, flags) == 0)
+		    new_isdir = S_ISDIR(st.st_mode) ? YES : S_ISLNK(st.st_mode) ? UNKNOWN : NO;
+		else
+		    new_isdir = NO;
 #else
-#define BASE (*base && !(isdirsep(*base) && !base[1]))
+		new_isdir = dp->d_isdir ? (!dp->d_isrep ? YES : UNKNOWN) : NO;
 #endif
+	    }
 
-	    for (dp = readdir(dirp); dp != NULL; dp = readdir(dirp)) {
-		if (recursive) {
-		    if (strcmp(".", dp->d_name) == 0 || strcmp("..", dp->d_name) == 0)
-			continue;
-		    if (fnmatch("*", dp->d_name, flags) != 0)
-			continue;
-		    REALLOC_N(buf, char, strlen(base)+NAMLEN(dp)+strlen(m)+6);
-		    sprintf(buf, "%s%s%s", base, (BASE) ? "/" : "", dp->d_name);
-		    if (lstat(buf, &st) < 0) {
-			if (errno != ENOENT)
-			    sys_warning(buf);
-			continue;
-		    }
-		    if (S_ISDIR(st.st_mode)) {
-			char *t = buf+strlen(buf);
-		        strcpy(t, "/**");
-			strcpy(t+3, m);
-			status = glob_helper(buf, t, flags, func, arg);
-			if (status) break;
-			continue;
-		    }
-		    continue;
+	    new_beg = new_end = GLOB_ALLOC_N(struct glob_pattern *, (end - beg) * 2);
+	    if (!new_beg) {
+		status = -1;
+		break;
+	    }
+
+	    for (cur = beg; cur < end; ++cur) {
+		struct glob_pattern *p = *cur;
+		if (p->type == RECURSIVE) {
+		    if (new_isdir == YES) /* not symlink but real directory */
+			*new_end++ = p; /* append recursive pattern */
+		    p = p->next; /* 0 times recursion */
 		}
-		if (fnmatch(magic, dp->d_name, flags) == 0) {
-		    REALLOC_N(buf, char, strlen(base)+NAMLEN(dp)+2);
-		    sprintf(buf, "%s%s%s", base, (BASE) ? "/" : "", dp->d_name);
-		    if (!m) {
-			status = glob_call_func(func, buf, arg);
-			if (status) break;
-			continue;
-		    }
-		    tmp = ALLOC(struct d_link);
-		    tmp->path = buf;
-		    buf = 0;
-		    *tail = tmp;
-		    tail = &tmp->next;
+		if (p->type == PLAIN || p->type == MAGICAL) {
+		    if (fnmatch(p->str, dp->d_name, flags) == 0)
+			*new_end++ = p->next;
 		}
 	    }
-	    closedir(dirp);
-	  finalize:
-	    *tail = 0;
-	    free(base);
-	    free(magic);
-	    if (link) {
-		while (link) {
-		    if (status == 0) {
-			if (stat(link->path, &st) == 0) {
-			    if (S_ISDIR(st.st_mode)) {
-				int len = strlen(link->path);
-				int mlen = strlen(m);
-
-				REALLOC_N(buf, char, len+mlen+1);
-				sprintf(buf, "%s%s", link->path, m);
-				status = glob_helper(buf, buf+len, flags, func, arg);
-			    }
-			}
-			else {
-			    sys_warning(link->path);
-			}
+
+	    status = glob_helper(buf, 1, YES, new_isdir, new_beg, new_end, flags, func, arg);
+	    free(buf);
+	    free(new_beg);
+	    if (status) break;
+	}
+
+	closedir(dirp);
+    }
+    else if (plain) {
+	struct glob_pattern **copy_beg, **copy_end, **cur2;
+
+	copy_beg = copy_end = GLOB_ALLOC_N(struct glob_pattern *, end - beg);
+	if (!copy_beg) return -1;
+	for (cur = beg; cur < end; ++cur)
+	    *copy_end++ = (*cur)->type == PLAIN ? *cur : 0;
+
+	for (cur = copy_beg; cur < copy_end; ++cur) {
+	    if (*cur) {
+		char *buf;
+		char *name;
+		name = GLOB_ALLOC_N(char, strlen((*cur)->str) + 1);
+		if (!name) {
+		    status = -1;
+		    break;
+		}
+		strcpy(name, (*cur)->str);
+		if (escape) remove_backslashes(name);
+
+		new_beg = new_end = GLOB_ALLOC_N(struct glob_pattern *, end - beg);
+		if (!new_beg) {
+		    free(name);
+		    status = -1;
+		    break;
+		}
+		*new_end++ = (*cur)->next;
+		for (cur2 = cur + 1; cur2 < copy_end; ++cur2) {
+		    if (*cur2 && fnmatch((*cur2)->str, name, flags) == 0) {
+			*new_end++ = (*cur2)->next;
+			*cur2 = 0;
 		    }
-		    tmp = link;
-		    link = link->next;
-		    free(tmp->path);
-		    free(tmp);
 		}
-		break;
+
+		buf = join_path(path, dirsep, name);
+		free(name);
+		if (!buf) {
+		    free(new_beg);
+		    status = -1;
+		    break;
+		}
+		status = glob_helper(buf, 1, UNKNOWN, UNKNOWN, new_beg, new_end, flags, func, arg);
+		free(buf);
+		free(new_beg);
+		if (status) break;
 	    }
 	}
-	p = m;
+
+	free(copy_beg);
     }
-    xfree(buf);
-    xfree(newpath);
+
     return status;
 }
 
-int
-ruby_glob(path, flags, func, arg)
+static int
+ruby_glob0(path, flags, func, arg)
     const char *path;
     int flags;
-    int (*func) _((const char *, VALUE));
+    ruby_glob_func *func;
     VALUE arg;
 {
+    struct glob_pattern *list;
+    const char *root, *start;
+    char *buf;
+    int n;
+    int status;
+
+    start = root = path;
     flags |= FNM_SYSCASE;
-    return glob_helper(path, 0, flags & ~GLOB_VERBOSE, func, arg);
+#if defined DOSISH
+    root = rb_path_skip_prefix(root);
+#endif
+
+    if (root && *root == '/') root++;
+
+    n = root - start;
+    buf = GLOB_ALLOC_N(char, n + 1);
+    if (!buf) return -1;
+    MEMCPY(buf, start, char, n);
+    buf[n] = '\0';
+
+    list = glob_make_pattern(root, flags);
+    if (!list) {
+	free(buf);
+	return -1;
+    }
+    status = glob_helper(buf, 0, UNKNOWN, UNKNOWN, &list, &list + 1, flags, func, arg);
+    glob_free_pattern(list);
+    free(buf);
+
+    return status;
 }
 
 int
-ruby_globi(path, flags, func, arg)
+ruby_glob(path, flags, func, arg)
     const char *path;
     int flags;
-    int (*func) _((const char *, VALUE));
+    ruby_glob_func *func;
     VALUE arg;
 {
-    return glob_helper(path, 0, flags | FNM_CASEFOLD, func, arg);
+    return ruby_glob0(path, flags & ~GLOB_VERBOSE, func, arg);
 }
 
 static int rb_glob_caller _((const char *, VALUE));
@@ -1163,8 +1483,11 @@ rb_glob2(path, flags, func, arg)
     args.func = func;
     args.v = arg;
 
-    flags |= FNM_SYSCASE;
-    return glob_helper(path, 0, flags | GLOB_VERBOSE, rb_glob_caller, (VALUE)&args);
+    if (flags & FNM_SYSCASE) {
+	rb_warning("Dir.glob() ignores File::FNM_CASEFOLD");
+    }
+
+    return ruby_glob0(path, flags | GLOB_VERBOSE, rb_glob_caller, (VALUE)&args);
 }
 
 void
@@ -1174,19 +1497,10 @@ rb_glob(path, func, arg)
     VALUE arg;
 {
     int status = rb_glob2(path, 0, func, arg);
-    if (status) rb_jump_tag(status);
-}
-
-void
-rb_globi(path, func, arg)
-    const char *path;
-    void (*func) _((const char*, VALUE));
-    VALUE arg;
-{
-    int status = rb_glob2(path, FNM_CASEFOLD, func, arg);
-    if (status) rb_jump_tag(status);
+    if (status) GLOB_JUMP_TAG(status);
 }
 
+static void push_pattern _((const char* path, VALUE ary));
 static void
 push_pattern(path, ary)
     const char *path;
@@ -1195,150 +1509,196 @@ push_pattern(path, ary)
     rb_ary_push(ary, rb_tainted_str_new2(path));
 }
 
-static int
-push_globs(ary, s, flags)
-    VALUE ary;
-    const char *s;
-    int flags;
-{
-    return rb_glob2(s, flags, push_pattern, ary);
-}
-
-static int
-push_braces(ary, str, flags)
-    VALUE ary;
+int
+ruby_brace_expand(str, flags, func, arg)
     const char *str;
     int flags;
+    ruby_glob_func *func;
+    VALUE arg;
 {
-    char *buf = 0;
-    char *b;
-    const char *s, *p, *t;
-    const char *lbrace, *rbrace;
-    int nest = 0;
-    int status = 0;
+    const int escape = !(flags & FNM_NOESCAPE);
+    const char *p = str;
+    const char *s = p;
+    const char *lbrace = 0, *rbrace = 0;
+    int nest = 0, status = 0;
 
-    s = p = str;
-    lbrace = rbrace = 0;
     while (*p) {
-	if (*p == '{') {
+	if (*p == '{' && nest++ == 0) {
 	    lbrace = p;
-	    break;
 	}
-	p++;
-    }
-    while (*p) {
-	if (*p == '{') nest++;
-	if (*p == '}' && --nest == 0) {
+	if (*p == '}' && --nest <= 0) {
 	    rbrace = p;
 	    break;
 	}
-	p++;
+	if (*p == '\\' && escape) {
+	    if (!*++p) break;
+	}
+	Inc(p);
     }
 
     if (lbrace && rbrace) {
-	int len = strlen(s);
+	char *buf = GLOB_ALLOC_N(char, strlen(s) + 1);
+	long shift;
+
+	if (!buf) return -1;
+	memcpy(buf, s, lbrace-s);
+	shift = (lbrace-s);
 	p = lbrace;
-	while (*p != '}') {
-	    t = p + 1;
-	    for (p = t; *p!='}' && *p!=','; p++) {
-		/* skip inner braces */
-		if (*p == '{') {
-		    nest = 1;
-		    while (*++p != '}' || --nest) {
-			if (*p == '{') nest++;
-		    }
+	while (p < rbrace) {
+	    const char *t = ++p;
+	    nest = 0;
+	    while (p < rbrace && !(*p == ',' && nest == 0)) {
+		if (*p == '{') nest++;
+		if (*p == '}') nest--;
+		if (*p == '\\' && escape) {
+		    if (++p == rbrace) break;
 		}
+		Inc(p);
 	    }
-	    REALLOC_N(buf, char, len+1);
-	    memcpy(buf, s, lbrace-s);
-	    b = buf + (lbrace-s);
-	    memcpy(b, t, p-t);
-	    strcpy(b+(p-t), rbrace+1);
-	    status = push_braces(ary, buf, flags);
+	    memcpy(buf+shift, t, p-t);
+	    strcpy(buf+shift+(p-t), rbrace+1);
+	    status = ruby_brace_expand(buf, flags, func, arg);
 	    if (status) break;
 	}
+	free(buf);
     }
-    else {
-	status = push_globs(ary, str, flags);
+    else if (!lbrace && !rbrace) {
+	status = (*func)(s, arg);
     }
-    xfree(buf);
 
     return status;
 }
 
-#define isdelim(c) ((c)=='\0')
+struct brace_args {
+    ruby_glob_func *func;
+    VALUE value;
+    int flags;
+};
+
+static int glob_brace _((const char *, VALUE));
+static int
+glob_brace(path, val)
+    const char *path;
+    VALUE val;
+{
+    struct brace_args *arg = (struct brace_args *)val;
+
+    return ruby_glob0(path, arg->flags, arg->func, arg->value);
+}
+
+static int
+ruby_brace_glob0(str, flags, func, arg)
+    const char *str;
+    int flags;
+    ruby_glob_func *func;
+    VALUE arg;
+{
+    struct brace_args args;
+
+    args.func = func;
+    args.value = arg;
+    args.flags = flags;
+    return ruby_brace_expand(str, flags, glob_brace, (VALUE)&args);
+}
+
+int
+ruby_brace_glob(str, flags, func, arg)
+    const char *str;
+    int flags;
+    ruby_glob_func *func;
+    VALUE arg;
+{
+    return ruby_brace_glob0(str, flags & ~GLOB_VERBOSE, func, arg);
+}
+
+static int
+push_glob(VALUE ary, const char *str, int flags)
+{
+    struct glob_args args;
+
+    args.func = push_pattern;
+    args.v = ary;
+    return ruby_brace_glob0(str, flags | GLOB_VERBOSE, rb_glob_caller, (VALUE)&args);
+}
 
 static VALUE
-rb_push_glob(str, flags)
+rb_push_glob(str, flags) /* '\0' is delimiter */
     VALUE str;
     int flags;
 {
-    const char *p, *pend, *buf;
-    int nest, maxnest;
-    int status = 0;
-    int noescape = flags & FNM_NOESCAPE;
+    long offset = 0;
     VALUE ary;
 
     ary = rb_ary_new();
     SafeStringValue(str);
-    p = RSTRING(str)->ptr;
-    pend = p + RSTRING(str)->len;
-
-    while (p < pend) {
-	nest = maxnest = 0;
-	while (p < pend && isdelim(*p)) p++;
-	buf = p;
-	while (p < pend && !isdelim(*p)) {
-	    if (*p == '{') nest++, maxnest++;
-	    if (*p == '}') nest--;
-	    if (!noescape && *p == '\\') {
-		if (++p == pend) break;
-	    }
+
+    while (offset < RSTRING_LEN(str)) {
+	int status = push_glob(ary, RSTRING(str)->ptr + offset, flags);
+	char *p, *pend;
+	if (status) GLOB_JUMP_TAG(status);
+	if (offset >= RSTRING_LEN(str)) break;
+	p = RSTRING(str)->ptr + offset;
+	p += strlen(p) + 1;
+	pend = RSTRING(str)->ptr + RSTRING_LEN(str);
+	while (p < pend && !*p)
 	    p++;
-	}
-	if (maxnest == 0) {
-	    status = push_globs(ary, buf, flags);
-	    if (status) break;
-	}
-	else if (nest == 0) {
-	    status = push_braces(ary, buf, flags);
-	    if (status) break;
-	}
-	/* else unmatched braces */
+	offset = p - RSTRING(str)->ptr;
     }
-    if (status) rb_jump_tag(status);
-    if (rb_block_given_p()) {
-	rb_ary_each(ary);
-	return Qnil;
+
+    return ary;
+}
+
+static VALUE
+dir_globs(argc, argv, flags)
+    long argc;
+    VALUE *argv;
+    int flags;
+{
+    VALUE ary = rb_ary_new();
+    long i;
+
+    for (i = 0; i < argc; ++i) {
+	int status;
+	VALUE str = argv[i];
+	StringValue(str);
+	status = push_glob(ary, RSTRING(str)->ptr, flags);
+	if (status) GLOB_JUMP_TAG(status);
     }
+
     return ary;
 }
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *     Dir[ string ] => array
+ *     Dir[ array ]                 => array
+ *     Dir[ string [, string ...] ] => array
  *
  *  Equivalent to calling
- *  <em>dir</em>.<code>glob(</code><i>string,</i><code>0)</code>.
+ *  <code>Dir.glob(</code><i>array,</i><code>0)</code> and 
+ *  <code>Dir.glob([</code><i>string,...</i><code>],0)</code>.
  *
  */
 static VALUE
-dir_s_aref(obj, str)
-    VALUE obj, str;
-{
-    return rb_push_glob(str, 0);
-}
+dir_s_aref(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE obj)
+ {
+    if (argc == 1) {
+	return rb_push_glob(argv[0], 0);
+    }
+    return dir_globs(argc, argv, 0);
+ }
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *     Dir.glob( string, [flags] ) => array
- *     Dir.glob( string, [flags] ) {| filename | block }  => nil
+ *     Dir.glob( pattern, [flags] ) => array
+ *     Dir.glob( pattern, [flags] ) {| filename | block }  => nil
  *
- *  Returns the filenames found by expanding the pattern given in
- *  <i>string</i>, either as an <i>array</i> or as parameters to the
- *  block. Note that this pattern is not a regexp (it's closer to a
- *  shell glob). See <code>File::fnmatch</code> for the meaning of
- *  the <i>flags</i> parameter.
+ *  Returns the filenames found by expanding <i>pattern</i> which is
+ *  an +Array+ of the patterns or the pattern +String+, either as an
+ *  <i>array</i> or as parameters to the block. Note that this pattern
+ *  is not a regexp (it's closer to a shell glob). See
+ *  <code>File::fnmatch</code> for the meaning of the <i>flags</i>
+ *  parameter. Note that case sensitivity depends on your system (so
+ *  <code>File::FNM_CASEFOLD</code> is ignored)
  *
  *  <code>*</code>::        Matches any file. Can be restricted by
  *                          other values in the glob. <code>*</code>
@@ -1393,7 +1753,7 @@ dir_s_glob(argc, argv, obj)
     VALUE *argv;
     VALUE obj;
 {
-    VALUE str, rflags;
+    VALUE str, rflags, ary;
     int flags;
 
     if (rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "11", &str, &rflags) == 2)
@@ -1401,7 +1761,20 @@ dir_s_glob(argc, argv, obj)
     else
 	flags = 0;
 
-    return rb_push_glob(str, flags);
+    ary = rb_check_array_type(str);
+    if (NIL_P(ary)) {
+	ary = rb_push_glob(str, flags);
+    }
+    else {
+	volatile VALUE v = ary;
+	ary = dir_globs(RARRAY_LEN(v), RARRAY_PTR(v), flags);
+    }
+
+    if (rb_block_given_p()) {
+	rb_ary_each(ary);
+	return Qnil;
+    }
+    return ary;
 }
 
 static VALUE
@@ -1442,6 +1815,7 @@ dir_foreach(io, dirname)
 {
     VALUE dir;
 
+    RETURN_ENUMERATOR(io, 1, &dirname);
     dir = dir_open_dir(dirname);
     rb_ensure(dir_each, dir, dir_close, dir);
     return Qnil;
@@ -1488,6 +1862,8 @@ dir_entries(io, dirname)
  *                          have <code>c</code> in them (including at
  *                          the beginning or end). Equivalent to
  *                          <code>/ .* /x</code> in regexp.
+ *  <code>**</code>::       Matches directories recursively or files
+ *                          expansively.
  *  <code>?</code>::        Matches any one character. Equivalent to
  *                          <code>/.{1}/</code> in regexp.
  *  <code>[set]</code>::    Matches any one character in +set+.
@@ -1500,31 +1876,52 @@ dir_entries(io, dirname)
  *  parameters. The same glob pattern and flags are used by
  *  <code>Dir::glob</code>.
  *
- *     File.fnmatch('cat',       'cat')        #=> true
- *     File.fnmatch('cat',       'category')   #=> false
- *     File.fnmatch('c{at,ub}s', 'cats')       #=> false
- *     File.fnmatch('c{at,ub}s', 'cubs')       #=> false
- *     File.fnmatch('c{at,ub}s', 'cat')        #=> false
+ *     File.fnmatch('cat',       'cat')        #=> true  : match entire string
+ *     File.fnmatch('cat',       'category')   #=> false : only match partial string
+ *     File.fnmatch('c{at,ub}s', 'cats')       #=> false : { } isn't supported
+ *
+ *     File.fnmatch('c?t',     'cat')          #=> true  : '?' match only 1 character
+ *     File.fnmatch('c??t',    'cat')          #=> false : ditto
+ *     File.fnmatch('c*',      'cats')         #=> true  : '*' match 0 or more characters
+ *     File.fnmatch('c*t',     'c/a/b/t')      #=> true  : ditto
+ *     File.fnmatch('ca[a-z]', 'cat')          #=> true  : inclusive bracket expression
+ *     File.fnmatch('ca[^t]',  'cat')          #=> false : exclusive bracket expression ('^' or '!')
+ *
+ *     File.fnmatch('cat', 'CAT')                     #=> false : case sensitive
+ *     File.fnmatch('cat', 'CAT', File::FNM_CASEFOLD) #=> true  : case insensitive
+ *
+ *     File.fnmatch('?',   '/', File::FNM_PATHNAME)  #=> false : wildcard doesn't match '/' on FNM_PATHNAME
+ *     File.fnmatch('*',   '/', File::FNM_PATHNAME)  #=> false : ditto
+ *     File.fnmatch('[/]', '/', File::FNM_PATHNAME)  #=> false : ditto
+ *
+ *     File.fnmatch('\?',   '?')                       #=> true  : escaped wildcard becomes ordinary
+ *     File.fnmatch('\a',   'a')                       #=> true  : escaped ordinary remains ordinary
+ *     File.fnmatch('\a',   '\a', File::FNM_NOESCAPE)  #=> true  : FNM_NOESACPE makes '\' ordinary
+ *     File.fnmatch('[\?]', '?')                       #=> true  : can escape inside bracket expression
+ *
+ *     File.fnmatch('*',   '.profile')                      #=> false : wildcard doesn't match leading
+ *     File.fnmatch('*',   '.profile', File::FNM_DOTMATCH)  #=> true    period by default.
+ *     File.fnmatch('.*',  '.profile')                      #=> true
+ *
+ *     rbfiles = '**' '/' '*.rb' # you don't have to do like this. just write in single string.
+ *     File.fnmatch(rbfiles, 'main.rb')                    #=> false
+ *     File.fnmatch(rbfiles, './main.rb')                  #=> false
+ *     File.fnmatch(rbfiles, 'lib/song.rb')                #=> true
+ *     File.fnmatch('**.rb', 'main.rb')                    #=> true
+ *     File.fnmatch('**.rb', './main.rb')                  #=> false
+ *     File.fnmatch('**.rb', 'lib/song.rb')                #=> true
+ *     File.fnmatch('*',           'dave/.profile')                      #=> true
  *
- *     File.fnmatch('c?t',    'cat')                       #=> true
- *     File.fnmatch('c\?t',   'cat')                       #=> false
- *     File.fnmatch('c??t',   'cat')                       #=> false
- *     File.fnmatch('c*',     'cats')                      #=> true
- *     File.fnmatch('c/ * FIXME * /t', 'c/a/b/c/t')                 #=> true
- *     File.fnmatch('c*t',    'cat')                       #=> true
- *     File.fnmatch('c\at',   'cat')                       #=> true
- *     File.fnmatch('c\at',   'cat', File::FNM_NOESCAPE)   #=> false
- *     File.fnmatch('a?b',    'a/b')                       #=> true
- *     File.fnmatch('a?b',    'a/b', File::FNM_PATHNAME)   #=> false
+ *     pattern = '*' '/' '*'
+ *     File.fnmatch(pattern, 'dave/.profile', File::FNM_PATHNAME)  #=> false
+ *     File.fnmatch(pattern, 'dave/.profile', File::FNM_PATHNAME | File::FNM_DOTMATCH) #=> true
  *
- *     File.fnmatch('*',   '.profile')                            #=> false
- *     File.fnmatch('*',   '.profile', File::FNM_DOTMATCH)        #=> true
- *     File.fnmatch('*',   'dave/.profile')                       #=> true
- *     File.fnmatch('*',   'dave/.profile', File::FNM_DOTMATCH)   #=> true
- *     File.fnmatch('*',   'dave/.profile', File::FNM_PATHNAME)   #=> false
- *     File.fnmatch('* / FIXME *', 'dave/.profile', File::FNM_PATHNAME)   #=> false
- *     STRICT = File::FNM_PATHNAME | File::FNM_DOTMATCH
- *     File.fnmatch('* / FIXME *', 'dave/.profile', STRICT)               #=> true
+ *     pattern = '**' '/' 'foo'
+ *     File.fnmatch(pattern, 'a/b/c/foo', File::FNM_PATHNAME)     #=> true
+ *     File.fnmatch(pattern, '/a/b/c/foo', File::FNM_PATHNAME)    #=> true
+ *     File.fnmatch(pattern, 'c:/a/b/c/foo', File::FNM_PATHNAME)  #=> true
+ *     File.fnmatch(pattern, 'a/.b/c/foo', File::FNM_PATHNAME)    #=> false
+ *     File.fnmatch(pattern, 'a/.b/c/foo', File::FNM_PATHNAME | File::FNM_DOTMATCH) #=> true
  */
 static VALUE
 file_s_fnmatch(argc, argv, obj)
@@ -1575,6 +1972,7 @@ Init_Dir()
 
     rb_define_method(rb_cDir,"initialize", dir_initialize, 1);
     rb_define_method(rb_cDir,"path", dir_path, 0);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cDir,"inspect", dir_inspect, 0);
     rb_define_method(rb_cDir,"read", dir_read, 0);
     rb_define_method(rb_cDir,"each", dir_each, 0);
     rb_define_method(rb_cDir,"rewind", dir_rewind, 0);
@@ -1594,7 +1992,7 @@ Init_Dir()
     rb_define_singleton_method(rb_cDir,"unlink", dir_s_rmdir, 1);
 
     rb_define_singleton_method(rb_cDir,"glob", dir_s_glob, -1);
-    rb_define_singleton_method(rb_cDir,"[]", dir_s_aref, 1);
+    rb_define_singleton_method(rb_cDir,"[]", dir_s_aref, -1);
 
     rb_define_singleton_method(rb_cFile,"fnmatch", file_s_fnmatch, -1);
     rb_define_singleton_method(rb_cFile,"fnmatch?", file_s_fnmatch, -1);
diff --git a/distruby.rb b/distruby.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..613da0eb9c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/distruby.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,59 @@
+#!./miniruby
+
+if RUBY_PATCHLEVEL.zero?
+	dirname = sprintf 'ruby-%s', RUBY_VERSION
+	tagname = dirname.gsub /ruby-(\d)\.(\d)\.(\d)/, 'v\1_\2_\3'
+else
+	dirname = sprintf 'ruby-%s-p%u', RUBY_VERSION, RUBY_PATCHLEVEL
+	tagname = dirname.gsub /ruby-(\d)\.(\d)\.(\d)-p/, 'v\1_\2_\3_'
+end
+tgzname = dirname + '.tar.gz'
+tbzname = dirname + '.tar.bz2'
+zipname = dirname + '.zip'
+repos   = 'http://svn.ruby-lang.org/repos/ruby/tags/' + tagname
+
+STDERR.puts 'exporting sources...'
+system 'svn',  'export',  '-q', repos, dirname
+Dir.chdir dirname do
+	STDERR.puts 'generating configure...'
+	system 'autoconf'
+	system 'rm', '-rf', 'autom4te.cache'
+
+	STDERR.puts 'generating parse.c...'
+	system 'bison', '-y', '-o', 'parse.c', 'parse.y'
+end
+
+STDERR.puts 'generating tarballs...'
+ENV['GZIP'] = '-9'
+system 'tar', 'chofzp', tgzname, dirname
+system 'tar', 'chojfp', tbzname, dirname
+system 'zip', '-q9r', zipname, dirname
+
+require 'digest/md5'
+require 'digest/sha2'
+for name in [tgzname, tbzname, zipname] do
+	open name, 'rb' do |fp|
+		str = fp.read
+		md5 = Digest::MD5.hexdigest str
+		sha = Digest::SHA256.hexdigest str
+		printf "MD5(%s)= %s\nSHA256(%s)= %s\nSIZE(%s)= %s\n\n",
+				 name, md5,
+				 name, sha,
+				 name, str.size
+	end
+end
+
+
+
+# 
+# Local Variables:
+# mode: ruby
+# code: utf-8
+# indent-tabs-mode: t
+# tab-width: 3
+# ruby-indent-level: 3
+# fill-column: 79
+# default-justification: full
+# End:
+# vi: ts=3 sw=3
+
diff --git a/djgpp/configure.bat b/djgpp/configure.bat
index e6a5d79d4a..e6a5d79d4a 100644..100755
--- a/djgpp/configure.bat
+++ b/djgpp/configure.bat
diff --git a/dln.c b/dln.c
index a54401a35a..5ba25b6415 100644
--- a/dln.c
+++ b/dln.c
@@ -27,10 +27,6 @@
 char *dln_argv0;
 #endif
 
-#ifdef _AIX
-#pragma alloca
-#endif
-
 #if defined(HAVE_ALLOCA_H)
 #include <alloca.h>
 #endif
@@ -85,19 +81,28 @@ char *getenv();
 # include "macruby_private.h"
 #endif
 
+#if defined(__APPLE__) && defined(__MACH__)   /* Mac OS X */
+# if defined(HAVE_DLOPEN)
+   /* Mac OS X with dlopen (10.3 or later) */
+#  define MACOSX_DLOPEN
+# else
+#  define MACOSX_DYLD
+# endif
+#endif
+
 #ifdef __BEOS__
 # include <image.h>
 #endif
 
 #ifndef NO_DLN_LOAD
 
-#if defined(HAVE_DLOPEN) && !defined(USE_DLN_A_OUT) && !defined(_AIX) && !defined(__APPLE__) && !defined(_UNICOSMP)
+#if defined(HAVE_DLOPEN) && !defined(USE_DLN_A_OUT) && !defined(_AIX) && !defined(MACOSX_DYLD) && !defined(_UNICOSMP)
 /* dynamic load with dlopen() */
 # define USE_DLN_DLOPEN
 #endif
 
 #ifndef FUNCNAME_PATTERN
-# if defined(__hp9000s300) ||  (defined(__NetBSD__) && !defined(__ELF__)) || defined(__BORLANDC__) || (defined(__FreeBSD__) && !defined(__ELF__)) || (defined(__OpenBSD__) && !defined(__ELF__)) || defined(NeXT) || defined(__WATCOMC__) || defined(__APPLE__)
+# if defined(__hp9000s300) ||  (defined(__NetBSD__) && !defined(__ELF__)) || defined(__BORLANDC__) || (defined(__FreeBSD__) && !defined(__ELF__)) || (defined(__OpenBSD__) && !defined(__ELF__)) || defined(NeXT) || defined(__WATCOMC__) || defined(MACOSX_DYLD)
 #  define FUNCNAME_PATTERN "_Init_%s"
 # else
 #  define FUNCNAME_PATTERN "Init_%s"
@@ -640,7 +645,7 @@ load_1(fd, disp, need_init)
     long disp;
     const char *need_init;
 {
-    static char *libc = LIBC_NAME;
+    static const char *libc = LIBC_NAME;
     struct exec hdr;
     struct relocation_info *reloc = NULL;
     long block = 0;
@@ -1145,7 +1150,7 @@ dln_sym(name)
 #endif
 #endif
 #else
-#ifdef __APPLE__
+#ifdef MACOSX_DYLD
 #include <mach-o/dyld.h>
 #endif
 #endif
@@ -1407,7 +1412,7 @@ dln_load(file)
     }
 #endif /* _AIX */
 
-#if defined(NeXT) || defined(__APPLE__)
+#if defined(NeXT) || defined(MACOSX_DYLD)
 #define DLN_DEFINED
 /*----------------------------------------------------
    By SHIROYAMA Takayuki Psi@fortune.nest.or.jp
@@ -1531,7 +1536,7 @@ dln_load(file)
     }
 #endif /* __BEOS__*/
 
-#ifdef __MACOS__
+#ifdef __MACOS__   /* Mac OS 9 or before */
 # define DLN_DEFINED
     {
       OSErr err;
@@ -1680,64 +1685,35 @@ dln_find_file(fname, path)
 #endif
 }
 
-#if defined(__CYGWIN32__)
-const char *
-conv_to_posix_path(win32, posix, len)
-    char *win32;
-    char *posix;
-    int len;
-{
-    char *first = win32;
-    char *p = win32;
-    char *dst = posix;
-
-    posix[0] = '\0';
-    for (p = win32; *p; p++)
-	if (*p == ';') {
-	    *p = 0;
-	    cygwin32_conv_to_posix_path(first, posix);
-	    posix += strlen(posix);
-	    *posix++ = ':';
-	    first = p + 1;
-	    *p = ';';
-	}
-    if (len < strlen(first))
-	fprintf(stderr, "PATH length too long: %s\n", first);
-    else
-	cygwin32_conv_to_posix_path(first, posix);
-    return dst;
-}
-#endif
-
 static char fbuf[MAXPATHLEN];
 
 static char *
 dln_find_1(fname, path, exe_flag)
-    char *fname;
-    char *path;
+    const char *fname;
+    const char *path;
     int exe_flag;		/* non 0 if looking for executable. */
 {
-    register char *dp;
-    register char *ep;
+    register const char *dp;
+    register const char *ep;
     register char *bp;
     struct stat st;
 #ifdef __MACOS__
     const char* mac_fullpath;
 #endif
 
-    if (!fname) return fname;
-    if (fname[0] == '/') return fname;
+    if (!fname) return (char *)fname;
+    if (fname[0] == '/') return (char *)fname;
     if (strncmp("./", fname, 2) == 0 || strncmp("../", fname, 3) == 0)
-      return fname;
-    if (exe_flag && strchr(fname, '/')) return fname;
+      return (char *)fname;
+    if (exe_flag && strchr(fname, '/')) return (char *)fname;
 #ifdef DOSISH
-    if (fname[0] == '\\') return fname;
+    if (fname[0] == '\\') return (char *)fname;
 # ifdef DOSISH_DRIVE_LETTER
-    if (strlen(fname) > 2 && fname[1] == ':') return fname;
+    if (strlen(fname) > 2 && fname[1] == ':') return (char *)fname;
 # endif
     if (strncmp(".\\", fname, 2) == 0 || strncmp("..\\", fname, 3) == 0)
-      return fname;
-    if (exe_flag && strchr(fname, '\\')) return fname;
+      return (char *)fname;
+    if (exe_flag && strchr(fname, '\\')) return (char *)fname;
 #endif
 
     for (dp = path;; dp = ++ep) {
@@ -1805,26 +1781,9 @@ dln_find_1(fname, path, exe_flag)
 	}
 	memcpy(bp, fname, i + 1);
 
-#ifndef __MACOS__
-	if (stat(fbuf, &st) == 0) {
-	    if (exe_flag == 0) return fbuf;
-	    /* looking for executable */
-	    if (!S_ISDIR(st.st_mode) && eaccess(fbuf, X_OK) == 0)
-		return fbuf;
-	}
-#else
-	if (mac_fullpath = _macruby_exist_file_in_libdir_as_posix_name(fbuf)) {
-	    if (exe_flag == 0) return mac_fullpath;
-	    /* looking for executable */
-	    if (stat(mac_fullpath, &st) == 0) {
-		if (!S_ISDIR(st.st_mode) && eaccess(mac_fullpath, X_OK) == 0)
-		    return mac_fullpath;
-	    }
-	}
-#endif
 #if defined(DOSISH)
 	if (exe_flag) {
-	    static const char *extension[] = {
+	    static const char extension[][5] = {
 #if defined(MSDOS)
 		".com", ".exe", ".bat",
 #if defined(DJGPP)
@@ -1837,11 +1796,10 @@ dln_find_1(fname, path, exe_flag)
 		".r", ".R", ".x", ".X", ".bat", ".BAT",
 /* __human68k__ */
 #endif
-		(char *) NULL
 	    };
 	    int j;
 
-	    for (j = 0; extension[j]; j++) {
+	    for (j = 0; j < sizeof(extension) / sizeof(extension[0]); j++) {
 		if (fspace < strlen(extension[j])) {
 		    fprintf(stderr, "openpath: pathname too long (ignored)\n");
 		    fprintf(stderr, "\tDirectory \"%.*s\"\n", (int) (bp - fbuf), fbuf);
@@ -1858,9 +1816,28 @@ dln_find_1(fname, path, exe_flag)
 
 #endif
 	    }
+	    goto next;
 	}
 #endif /* MSDOS or _WIN32 or __human68k__ or __EMX__ */
 
+#ifndef __MACOS__
+	if (stat(fbuf, &st) == 0) {
+	    if (exe_flag == 0) return fbuf;
+	    /* looking for executable */
+	    if (!S_ISDIR(st.st_mode) && eaccess(fbuf, X_OK) == 0)
+		return fbuf;
+	}
+#else
+	if (mac_fullpath = _macruby_exist_file_in_libdir_as_posix_name(fbuf)) {
+	    if (exe_flag == 0) return mac_fullpath;
+	    /* looking for executable */
+	    if (stat(mac_fullpath, &st) == 0) {
+		if (!S_ISDIR(st.st_mode) && eaccess(mac_fullpath, X_OK) == 0)
+		    return mac_fullpath;
+	    }
+	}
+#endif
+
       next:
 	/* if not, and no other alternatives, life is bleak */
 	if (*ep == '\0') {
diff --git a/doc/NEWS b/doc/NEWS-1.8.0
index b4445fa59f..b4445fa59f 100644
--- a/doc/NEWS
+++ b/doc/NEWS-1.8.0
diff --git a/enum.c b/enum.c
index 2a29272ae9..df35c2fe03 100644
--- a/enum.c
+++ b/enum.c
@@ -15,7 +15,43 @@
 #include "util.h"
 
 VALUE rb_mEnumerable;
-static ID id_each, id_eqq, id_cmp;
+static ID id_each, id_eqq, id_cmp, id_size;
+
+struct iter_method_arg {
+    VALUE obj;
+    ID mid;
+    int argc;
+    VALUE *argv;
+};
+
+static VALUE iterate_method _((VALUE obj));
+static VALUE
+iterate_method(obj)
+    VALUE obj;
+{
+    struct iter_method_arg *arg;
+
+    arg = (struct iter_method_arg *)obj;
+    return rb_funcall2(arg->obj, arg->mid, arg->argc, arg->argv);
+}
+
+VALUE
+rb_block_call(obj, mid, argc, argv, bl_proc, data2)
+    VALUE obj;
+    ID mid;
+    int argc;
+    VALUE *argv;
+    VALUE (*bl_proc) (ANYARGS);
+    VALUE data2;
+{
+    struct iter_method_arg arg;
+
+    arg.obj = obj;
+    arg.mid = mid;
+    arg.argc = argc;
+    arg.argv = argv;
+    return rb_iterate(iterate_method, (VALUE)&arg, bl_proc, data2);
+}
 
 VALUE
 rb_each(obj)
@@ -48,18 +84,18 @@ grep_iter_i(i, arg)
  *  call-seq:
  *     enum.grep(pattern)                   => array
  *     enum.grep(pattern) {| obj | block }  => array
- *  
+ *
  *  Returns an array of every element in <i>enum</i> for which
  *  <code>Pattern === element</code>. If the optional <em>block</em> is
  *  supplied, each matching element is passed to it, and the block's
  *  result is stored in the output array.
- *     
+ *
  *     (1..100).grep 38..44   #=> [38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44]
  *     c = IO.constants
  *     c.grep(/SEEK/)         #=> ["SEEK_END", "SEEK_SET", "SEEK_CUR"]
  *     res = c.grep(/SEEK/) {|v| IO.const_get(v) }
  *     res                    #=> [2, 0, 1]
- *     
+ *
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -73,10 +109,99 @@ enum_grep(obj, pat)
     arg[1] = ary;
 
     rb_iterate(rb_each, obj, rb_block_given_p() ? grep_iter_i : grep_i, (VALUE)arg);
-    
+
     return ary;
 }
 
+static VALUE count_i _((VALUE, VALUE));
+static VALUE
+count_i(i, memop)
+    VALUE i, memop;
+{
+    VALUE *memo = (VALUE*)memop;
+
+    if (rb_equal(i, memo[1])) {
+	memo[0]++;
+    }
+    return Qnil;
+}
+
+static VALUE count_iter_i _((VALUE, VALUE));
+static VALUE
+count_iter_i(i, memop)
+    VALUE i, memop;
+{
+    VALUE *memo = (VALUE*)memop;
+
+    if (RTEST(rb_yield(i))) {
+	memo[0]++;
+    }
+    return Qnil;
+}
+
+static VALUE count_all_i _((VALUE, VALUE));
+static VALUE
+count_all_i(i, memop)
+    VALUE i, memop;
+{
+    VALUE *memo = (VALUE*)memop;
+
+    memo[0]++;
+    return Qnil;
+}
+
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *     enum.count                   => int
+ *     enum.count(item)             => int
+ *     enum.count {| obj | block }  => int
+ *
+ *  Returns the number of items in <i>enum</i>, where #size is called
+ *  if it responds to it, otherwise the items are counted through
+ *  enumeration.  If an argument is given, counts the number of items
+ *  in <i>enum</i>, for which equals to <i>item</i>.  If a block is
+ *  given, counts the number of elements yielding a true value.
+ *
+ *     ary = [1, 2, 4, 2]
+ *     ary.count             # => 4
+ *     ary.count(2)          # => 2
+ *     ary.count{|x|x%2==0}  # => 3
+ *
+ */
+
+static VALUE
+enum_count(argc, argv, obj)
+    int argc;
+    VALUE *argv;
+    VALUE obj;
+{
+    VALUE memo[2];	/* [count, condition value] */
+    rb_block_call_func *func;
+
+    if (argc == 0) {
+	if (rb_block_given_p()) {
+	    func = count_iter_i;
+	}
+	else {
+	    if (rb_respond_to(obj, id_size)) {
+		return rb_funcall(obj, id_size, 0, 0);
+	    }
+	    func = count_all_i;
+	}
+    }
+    else {
+	rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "1", &memo[1]);
+	if (rb_block_given_p()) {
+	    rb_warn("given block not used");
+	}
+        func = count_i;
+    }
+
+    memo[0] = 0;
+    rb_block_call(obj, id_each, 0, 0, func, (VALUE)&memo);
+    return INT2NUM(memo[0]);
+}
+
 static VALUE
 find_i(i, memo)
     VALUE i;
@@ -93,15 +218,15 @@ find_i(i, memo)
  *  call-seq:
  *     enum.detect(ifnone = nil) {| obj | block }  => obj or nil
  *     enum.find(ifnone = nil)   {| obj | block }  => obj or nil
- *  
+ *
  *  Passes each entry in <i>enum</i> to <em>block</em>. Returns the
  *  first for which <em>block</em> is not <code>false</code>.  If no
  *  object matches, calls <i>ifnone</i> and returns its result when it
  *  is specified, or returns <code>nil</code>
- *     
+ *
  *     (1..10).detect  {|i| i % 5 == 0 and i % 7 == 0 }   #=> nil
  *     (1..100).detect {|i| i % 5 == 0 and i % 7 == 0 }   #=> 35
- *     
+ *
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -114,6 +239,7 @@ enum_find(argc, argv, obj)
     VALUE if_none;
 
     rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "01", &if_none);
+    RETURN_ENUMERATOR(obj, argc, argv);
     rb_iterate(rb_each, obj, find_i, (VALUE)&memo);
     if (memo != Qundef) {
 	return memo;
@@ -124,6 +250,81 @@ enum_find(argc, argv, obj)
     return Qnil;
 }
 
+static VALUE find_index_i _((VALUE, VALUE));
+static VALUE
+find_index_i(i, memop)
+    VALUE i;
+    VALUE memop;
+{
+    VALUE *memo = (VALUE*)memop;
+
+    if (rb_equal(i, memo[2])) {
+	memo[0] = UINT2NUM(memo[1]);
+	rb_iter_break();
+    }
+    memo[1]++;
+    return Qnil;
+}
+
+static VALUE find_index_iter_i _((VALUE, VALUE));
+static VALUE
+find_index_iter_i(i, memop)
+    VALUE i;
+    VALUE memop;
+{
+    VALUE *memo = (VALUE*)memop;
+
+    if (RTEST(rb_yield(i))) {
+	memo[0] = UINT2NUM(memo[1]);
+	rb_iter_break();
+    }
+    memo[1]++;
+    return Qnil;
+}
+
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *     enum.find_index(value)            => int or nil
+ *     enum.find_index {| obj | block }  => int or nil
+ *
+ *  Compares each entry in <i>enum</i> with <em>value</em> or passes
+ *  to <em>block</em>.  Returns the index for the first for which the
+ *  evaluated value is non-false.  If no object matches, returns
+ *  <code>nil</code>
+ *
+ *     (1..10).find_index  {|i| i % 5 == 0 and i % 7 == 0 }   #=> nil
+ *     (1..100).find_index {|i| i % 5 == 0 and i % 7 == 0 }   #=> 34
+ *     (1..100).find_index(50)                                #=> 49
+ *
+ */
+
+static VALUE
+enum_find_index(argc, argv, obj)
+    int argc;
+    VALUE *argv;
+    VALUE obj;
+{
+    VALUE memo[3];	/* [return value, current index, condition value] */
+    rb_block_call_func *func;
+
+    if (argc == 0) {
+        RETURN_ENUMERATOR(obj, 0, 0);
+        func = find_index_iter_i;
+    }
+    else {
+	rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "1", &memo[2]);
+	if (rb_block_given_p()) {
+	    rb_warn("given block not used");
+	}
+        func = find_index_i;
+    }
+
+    memo[0] = Qnil;
+    memo[1] = 0;
+    rb_block_call(obj, id_each, 0, 0, func, (VALUE)memo);
+    return memo[0];
+}
+
 static VALUE
 find_all_i(i, ary)
     VALUE i, ary;
@@ -138,13 +339,13 @@ find_all_i(i, ary)
  *  call-seq:
  *     enum.find_all {| obj | block }  => array
  *     enum.select   {| obj | block }  => array
- *  
+ *
  *  Returns an array containing all elements of <i>enum</i> for which
  *  <em>block</em> is not <code>false</code> (see also
  *  <code>Enumerable#reject</code>).
- *     
+ *
  *     (1..10).find_all {|i|  i % 3 == 0 }   #=> [3, 6, 9]
- *     
+ *
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -152,7 +353,8 @@ enum_find_all(obj)
     VALUE obj;
 {
     VALUE ary = rb_ary_new();
-    
+
+    RETURN_ENUMERATOR(obj, 0, 0);
     rb_iterate(rb_each, obj, find_all_i, ary);
 
     return ary;
@@ -171,12 +373,12 @@ reject_i(i, ary)
 /*
  *  call-seq:
  *     enum.reject {| obj | block }  => array
- *  
+ *
  *  Returns an array for all elements of <i>enum</i> for which
  *  <em>block</em> is false (see also <code>Enumerable#find_all</code>).
- *     
+ *
  *     (1..10).reject {|i|  i % 3 == 0 }   #=> [1, 2, 4, 5, 7, 8, 10]
- *     
+ *
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -184,7 +386,8 @@ enum_reject(obj)
     VALUE obj;
 {
     VALUE ary = rb_ary_new();
-    
+
+    RETURN_ENUMERATOR(obj, 0, 0);
     rb_iterate(rb_each, obj, reject_i, ary);
 
     return ary;
@@ -212,13 +415,13 @@ collect_all(i, ary)
  *  call-seq:
  *     enum.collect {| obj | block }  => array
  *     enum.map     {| obj | block }  => array
- *  
+ *
  *  Returns a new array with the results of running <em>block</em> once
  *  for every element in <i>enum</i>.
- *     
+ *
  *     (1..4).collect {|i| i*i }   #=> [1, 4, 9, 16]
  *     (1..4).collect { "cat"  }   #=> ["cat", "cat", "cat", "cat"]
- *     
+ *
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -236,80 +439,135 @@ enum_collect(obj)
  *  call-seq:
  *     enum.to_a      =>    array
  *     enum.entries   =>    array
- *  
+ *
  *  Returns an array containing the items in <i>enum</i>.
- *     
+ *
  *     (1..7).to_a                       #=> [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7]
  *     { 'a'=>1, 'b'=>2, 'c'=>3 }.to_a   #=> [["a", 1], ["b", 2], ["c", 3]]
  */
 static VALUE
-enum_to_a(obj)
+enum_to_a(argc, argv, obj)
+    int argc;
+    VALUE *argv;
     VALUE obj;
 {
     VALUE ary = rb_ary_new();
 
-    rb_iterate(rb_each, obj, collect_all, ary);
+    rb_block_call(obj, id_each, argc, argv, collect_all, ary);
 
     return ary;
 }
 
+static VALUE inject_i _((VALUE, VALUE));
 static VALUE
-inject_i(i, memo)
+inject_i(i, p)
     VALUE i;
-    VALUE *memo;
+    VALUE p;
 {
-    if (*memo == Qundef) {
-        *memo = i;
+    VALUE *memo = (VALUE *)p;
+    if (memo[0] == Qundef) {
+	memo[0] = i;
+    }
+    else {
+	memo[0] = rb_yield_values(2, memo[0], i);
+    }
+    return Qnil;
+}
+
+static VALUE inject_op_i _((VALUE, VALUE));
+static VALUE
+inject_op_i(i, p)
+    VALUE i;
+    VALUE p;
+{
+    VALUE *memo = (VALUE *)p;
+
+    if (memo[0] == Qundef) {
+	memo[0] = i;
     }
     else {
-        *memo = rb_yield_values(2, *memo, i);
+	memo[0] = rb_funcall(memo[0], (ID)memo[1], 1, i);
     }
     return Qnil;
 }
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
+ *     enum.inject(initial, sym) => obj
+ *     enum.inject(sym)          => obj
  *     enum.inject(initial) {| memo, obj | block }  => obj
  *     enum.inject          {| memo, obj | block }  => obj
- *  
- *  Combines the elements of <i>enum</i> by applying the block to an
- *  accumulator value (<i>memo</i>) and each element in turn. At each
- *  step, <i>memo</i> is set to the value returned by the block. The
- *  first form lets you supply an initial value for <i>memo</i>. The
- *  second form uses the first element of the collection as a the
- *  initial value (and skips that element while iterating).
- *     
+ *
+ *     enum.reduce(initial, sym) => obj
+ *     enum.reduce(sym)          => obj
+ *     enum.reduce(initial) {| memo, obj | block }  => obj
+ *     enum.reduce          {| memo, obj | block }  => obj
+ *
+ *  Combines all elements of <i>enum</i> by applying a binary
+ *  operation, specified by a block or a symbol that names a
+ *  method or operator.
+ *
+ *  If you specify a block, then for each element in <i>enum<i>
+ *  the block is passed an accumulator value (<i>memo</i>) and the element.
+ *  If you specify a symbol instead, then each element in the collection
+ *  will be passed to the named method of <i>memo</i>.
+ *  In either case, the result becomes the new value for <i>memo</i>.
+ *  At the end of the iteration, the final value of <i>memo</i> is the
+ *  return value fo the method.
+ *
+ *  If you do not explicitly specify an <i>initial</i> value for <i>memo</i>,
+ *  then uses the first element of collection is used as the initial value
+ *  of <i>memo</i>.
+ *
+ *  Examples:
+ *
  *     # Sum some numbers
- *     (5..10).inject {|sum, n| sum + n }              #=> 45
+ *     (5..10).reduce(:+)                            #=> 45
+ *     # Same using a block and inject
+ *     (5..10).inject {|sum, n| sum + n }            #=> 45
  *     # Multiply some numbers
- *     (5..10).inject(1) {|product, n| product * n }   #=> 151200
- *     
+ *     (5..10).reduce(1, :*)                         #=> 151200
+ *     # Same using a block
+ *     (5..10).inject(1) {|product, n| product * n } #=> 151200
  *     # find the longest word
  *     longest = %w{ cat sheep bear }.inject do |memo,word|
  *        memo.length > word.length ? memo : word
  *     end
- *     longest                                         #=> "sheep"
- *     
- *     # find the length of the longest word
- *     longest = %w{ cat sheep bear }.inject(0) do |memo,word|
- *        memo >= word.length ? memo : word.length
- *     end
- *     longest                                         #=> 5
- *     
+ *     longest                                       #=> "sheep"
+ *
  */
-
 static VALUE
 enum_inject(argc, argv, obj)
     int argc;
-    VALUE *argv, obj;
+    VALUE *argv;
+    VALUE obj;
 {
-    VALUE memo = Qundef;
-
-    if (rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "01", &memo) == 0)
-	memo = Qundef;
-    rb_iterate(rb_each, obj, inject_i, (VALUE)&memo);
-    if (memo == Qundef) return Qnil;
-    return memo;
+    VALUE memo[2];
+    rb_block_call_func *iter = inject_i;
+
+    switch (rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "02", &memo[0], &memo[1])) {
+      case 0:
+	memo[0] = Qundef;
+	break;
+      case 1:
+	if (rb_block_given_p()) {
+	    break;
+	}
+	memo[1] = (VALUE)rb_to_id(memo[0]);
+	memo[0] = Qundef;
+	iter = inject_op_i;
+	break;
+      case 2:
+	if (rb_block_given_p()) {
+	    rb_warning("given block not used");
+	}
+	memo[1] = (VALUE)rb_to_id(memo[1]);
+	iter = inject_op_i;
+	break;
+    }
+    rb_block_call(obj, id_each, 0, 0, iter, (VALUE)memo);
+    if (memo[0] == Qundef) return Qnil;
+    return memo[0];
 }
 
 static VALUE
@@ -328,13 +586,13 @@ partition_i(i, ary)
 /*
  *  call-seq:
  *     enum.partition {| obj | block }  => [ true_array, false_array ]
- *  
+ *
  *  Returns two arrays, the first containing the elements of
  *  <i>enum</i> for which the block evaluates to true, the second
  *  containing the rest.
- *     
+ *
  *     (1..6).partition {|i| (i&1).zero?}   #=> [[2, 4, 6], [1, 3, 5]]
- *     
+ *
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -343,6 +601,8 @@ enum_partition(obj)
 {
     VALUE ary[2];
 
+    RETURN_ENUMERATOR(obj, 0, 0);
+
     ary[0] = rb_ary_new();
     ary[1] = rb_ary_new();
     rb_iterate(rb_each, obj, partition_i, (VALUE)ary);
@@ -350,11 +610,111 @@ enum_partition(obj)
     return rb_assoc_new(ary[0], ary[1]);
 }
 
+static VALUE
+group_by_i(i, hash)
+    VALUE i;
+    VALUE hash;
+{
+    VALUE group = rb_yield(i);
+    VALUE values;
+
+    values = rb_hash_aref(hash, group);
+    if (NIL_P(values)) {
+	values = rb_ary_new3(1, i);
+	rb_hash_aset(hash, group, values);
+    }
+    else {
+	rb_ary_push(values, i);
+    }
+    return Qnil;
+}
+
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *     enum.group_by {| obj | block }  => a_hash
+ *
+ *  Returns a hash, which keys are evaluated result from the
+ *  block, and values are arrays of elements in <i>enum</i>
+ *  corresponding to the key.
+ *
+ *     (1..6).group_by {|i| i%3}   #=> {0=>[3, 6], 1=>[1, 4], 2=>[2, 5]}
+ *
+ */
+
+static VALUE
+enum_group_by(obj)
+    VALUE obj;
+{
+    VALUE hash;
+
+    RETURN_ENUMERATOR(obj, 0, 0);
+
+    hash = rb_hash_new();
+    rb_block_call(obj, id_each, 0, 0, group_by_i, hash);
+
+    return hash;
+}
+
+static VALUE
+first_i(i, ary)
+    VALUE i;
+    VALUE *ary;
+{
+    if (NIL_P(ary[0])) {
+	ary[1] = i;
+	rb_iter_break();
+    }
+    else {
+	long n = NUM2LONG(ary[0]);
+
+	if (n <= 0) {
+	    rb_iter_break();
+	}
+	rb_ary_push(ary[1], i);
+	n--;
+	ary[0] = INT2NUM(n);
+    }
+    return Qnil;
+}
+
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *     enum.first      -> obj or nil
+ *     enum.first(n)   -> an_array
+ *
+ *  Returns the first element, or the first +n+ elements, of the enumerable.
+ *  If the enumerable is empty, the first form returns <code>nil</code>, and the
+ *  second form returns an empty array.
+ *
+ */
+
+static VALUE
+enum_first(argc, argv, obj)
+    int argc;
+    VALUE *argv;
+    VALUE obj;
+{
+    VALUE n, ary[2];
+
+    if (argc == 0) {
+	ary[0] = ary[1] = Qnil;
+    }
+    else {
+	rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "01", &n);
+	ary[0] = n;
+	ary[1] = rb_ary_new2(NUM2LONG(n));
+    }
+    rb_block_call(obj, id_each, 0, 0, first_i, (VALUE)ary);
+
+    return ary[1];
+}
+
+
 /*
  *  call-seq:
  *     enum.sort                     => array
  *     enum.sort {| a, b | block }   => array
- *  
+ *
  *  Returns an array containing the items in <i>enum</i> sorted,
  *  either according to their own <code><=></code> method, or by using
  *  the results of the supplied block. The block should return -1, 0, or
@@ -362,7 +722,7 @@ enum_partition(obj)
  *  Ruby 1.8, the method <code>Enumerable#sort_by</code> implements a
  *  built-in Schwartzian Transform, useful when key computation or
  *  comparison is expensive..
- *     
+ *
  *     %w(rhea kea flea).sort         #=> ["flea", "kea", "rhea"]
  *     (1..10).sort {|a,b| b <=> a}   #=> [10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1]
  */
@@ -371,7 +731,7 @@ static VALUE
 enum_sort(obj)
     VALUE obj;
 {
-    return rb_ary_sort(enum_to_a(obj));
+    return rb_ary_sort(enum_to_a(0, 0, obj));
 }
 
 static VALUE
@@ -391,65 +751,70 @@ sort_by_i(i, ary)
 }
 
 static int
-sort_by_cmp(aa, bb)
+sort_by_cmp(aa, bb, data)
     NODE **aa, **bb;
+    void *data;
 {
     VALUE a = aa[0]->u1.value;
     VALUE b = bb[0]->u1.value;
+    VALUE ary = (VALUE)data;
 
+    if (RBASIC(ary)->klass) {
+	rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "sort_by reentered");
+    }
     return rb_cmpint(rb_funcall(a, id_cmp, 1, b), a, b);
 }
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
  *     enum.sort_by {| obj | block }    => array
- *  
+ *
  *  Sorts <i>enum</i> using a set of keys generated by mapping the
  *  values in <i>enum</i> through the given block.
- *     
+ *
  *     %w{ apple pear fig }.sort_by {|word| word.length}
                     #=> ["fig", "pear", "apple"]
- *     
+ *
  *  The current implementation of <code>sort_by</code> generates an
  *  array of tuples containing the original collection element and the
  *  mapped value. This makes <code>sort_by</code> fairly expensive when
  *  the keysets are simple
- *     
+ *
  *     require 'benchmark'
  *     include Benchmark
- *     
+ *
  *     a = (1..100000).map {rand(100000)}
- *     
+ *
  *     bm(10) do |b|
  *       b.report("Sort")    { a.sort }
  *       b.report("Sort by") { a.sort_by {|a| a} }
  *     end
- *     
+ *
  *  <em>produces:</em>
- *     
+ *
  *     user     system      total        real
  *     Sort        0.180000   0.000000   0.180000 (  0.175469)
  *     Sort by     1.980000   0.040000   2.020000 (  2.013586)
- *     
+ *
  *  However, consider the case where comparing the keys is a non-trivial
  *  operation. The following code sorts some files on modification time
  *  using the basic <code>sort</code> method.
- *     
+ *
  *     files = Dir["*"]
  *     sorted = files.sort {|a,b| File.new(a).mtime <=> File.new(b).mtime}
  *     sorted   #=> ["mon", "tues", "wed", "thurs"]
- *     
+ *
  *  This sort is inefficient: it generates two new <code>File</code>
  *  objects during every comparison. A slightly better technique is to
  *  use the <code>Kernel#test</code> method to generate the modification
  *  times directly.
- *     
+ *
  *     files = Dir["*"]
  *     sorted = files.sort { |a,b|
  *       test(?M, a) <=> test(?M, b)
  *     }
  *     sorted   #=> ["mon", "tues", "wed", "thurs"]
- *     
+ *
  *  This still generates many unnecessary <code>Time</code> objects. A
  *  more efficient technique is to cache the sort keys (modification
  *  times in this case) before the sort. Perl users often call this
@@ -457,14 +822,14 @@ sort_by_cmp(aa, bb)
  *  construct a temporary array, where each element is an array
  *  containing our sort key along with the filename. We sort this array,
  *  and then extract the filename from the result.
- *     
+ *
  *     sorted = Dir["*"].collect { |f|
  *        [test(?M, f), f]
  *     }.sort.collect { |f| f[1] }
  *     sorted   #=> ["mon", "tues", "wed", "thurs"]
- *     
+ *
  *  This is exactly what <code>sort_by</code> does internally.
- *     
+ *
  *     sorted = Dir["*"].sort_by {|f| test(?M, f)}
  *     sorted   #=> ["mon", "tues", "wed", "thurs"]
  */
@@ -476,6 +841,8 @@ enum_sort_by(obj)
     VALUE ary;
     long i;
 
+    RETURN_ENUMERATOR(obj, 0, 0);
+
     if (TYPE(obj) == T_ARRAY) {
 	ary  = rb_ary_new2(RARRAY(obj)->len);
     }
@@ -485,7 +852,8 @@ enum_sort_by(obj)
     RBASIC(ary)->klass = 0;
     rb_iterate(rb_each, obj, sort_by_i, ary);
     if (RARRAY(ary)->len > 1) {
-	qsort(RARRAY(ary)->ptr, RARRAY(ary)->len, sizeof(VALUE), sort_by_cmp, 0);
+	qsort(RARRAY(ary)->ptr, RARRAY(ary)->len, sizeof(VALUE),
+	      sort_by_cmp, (void *)ary);
     }
     if (RBASIC(ary)->klass) {
 	rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "sort_by reentered");
@@ -498,11 +866,11 @@ enum_sort_by(obj)
 }
 
 static VALUE
-all_iter_i(i, memo)
+all_i(i, memo)
     VALUE i;
     VALUE *memo;
 {
-    if (!RTEST(rb_yield(i))) {
+    if (!RTEST(i)) {
 	*memo = Qfalse;
 	rb_iter_break();
     }
@@ -510,32 +878,28 @@ all_iter_i(i, memo)
 }
 
 static VALUE
-all_i(i, memo)
+all_iter_i(i, memo)
     VALUE i;
     VALUE *memo;
 {
-    if (!RTEST(i)) {
-	*memo = Qfalse;
-	rb_iter_break();
-    }
-    return Qnil;
+    return all_i(rb_yield(i), memo);
 }
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
  *     enum.all? [{|obj| block } ]   => true or false
- *  
+ *
  *  Passes each element of the collection to the given block. The method
  *  returns <code>true</code> if the block never returns
  *  <code>false</code> or <code>nil</code>. If the block is not given,
  *  Ruby adds an implicit block of <code>{|obj| obj}</code> (that is
  *  <code>all?</code> will return <code>true</code> only if none of the
  *  collection members are <code>false</code> or <code>nil</code>.)
- *     
+ *
  *     %w{ ant bear cat}.all? {|word| word.length >= 3}   #=> true
  *     %w{ ant bear cat}.all? {|word| word.length >= 4}   #=> false
  *     [ nil, true, 99 ].all?                             #=> false
- *     
+ *
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -549,11 +913,11 @@ enum_all(obj)
 }
 
 static VALUE
-any_iter_i(i, memo)
+any_i(i, memo)
     VALUE i;
     VALUE *memo;
 {
-    if (RTEST(rb_yield(i))) {
+    if (RTEST(i)) {
 	*memo = Qtrue;
 	rb_iter_break();
     }
@@ -561,21 +925,17 @@ any_iter_i(i, memo)
 }
 
 static VALUE
-any_i(i, memo)
+any_iter_i(i, memo)
     VALUE i;
     VALUE *memo;
 {
-    if (RTEST(i)) {
-	*memo = Qtrue;
-	rb_iter_break();
-    }
-    return Qnil;
+    return any_i(rb_yield(i), memo);
 }
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
  *     enum.any? [{|obj| block } ]   => true or false
- *  
+ *
  *  Passes each element of the collection to the given block. The method
  *  returns <code>true</code> if the block ever returns a value other
  *  than <code>false</code> or <code>nil</code>. If the block is not
@@ -583,11 +943,11 @@ any_i(i, memo)
  *  is <code>any?</code> will return <code>true</code> if at least one
  *  of the collection members is not <code>false</code> or
  *  <code>nil</code>.
- *     
+ *
  *     %w{ ant bear cat}.any? {|word| word.length >= 3}   #=> true
  *     %w{ ant bear cat}.any? {|word| word.length >= 4}   #=> true
  *     [ nil, true, 99 ].any?                             #=> true
- *     
+ *
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -601,6 +961,105 @@ enum_any(obj)
 }
 
 static VALUE
+one_i(i, memo)
+    VALUE i;
+    VALUE *memo;
+{
+    if (RTEST(i)) {
+	if (*memo == Qundef) {
+	    *memo = Qtrue;
+	}
+	else if (*memo == Qtrue) {
+	    *memo = Qfalse;
+	    rb_iter_break();
+	}
+    }
+    return Qnil;
+}
+
+static VALUE
+one_iter_i(i, memo)
+    VALUE i;
+    VALUE *memo;
+{
+    return one_i(rb_yield(i), memo);
+}
+
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *     enum.one? [{|obj| block }]   => true or false
+ *
+ *  Passes each element of the collection to the given block. The method
+ *  returns <code>true</code> if the block returns <code>true</code>
+ *  exactly once. If the block is not given, <code>one?</code> will return
+ *  <code>true</code> only if exactly one of the collection members is
+ *  true.
+ *
+ *     %w{ant bear cat}.one? {|word| word.length == 4}   #=> true
+ *     %w{ant bear cat}.one? {|word| word.length > 4}    #=> false
+ *     %w{ant bear cat}.one? {|word| word.length < 4}    #=> false
+ *     [ nil, true, 99 ].one?                            #=> false
+ *     [ nil, true, false ].one?                         #=> true
+ *
+ */
+
+static VALUE
+enum_one(obj)
+    VALUE obj;
+{
+    VALUE result = Qundef;
+
+    rb_block_call(obj, id_each, 0, 0, rb_block_given_p() ? one_iter_i : one_i, (VALUE)&result);
+    if (result == Qundef) return Qfalse;
+    return result;
+}
+
+static VALUE
+none_i(i, memo)
+    VALUE i;
+    VALUE *memo;
+{
+    if (RTEST(i)) {
+	*memo = Qfalse;
+	rb_iter_break();
+    }
+    return Qnil;
+}
+
+static VALUE
+none_iter_i(i, memo)
+    VALUE i;
+    VALUE *memo;
+{
+    return none_i(rb_yield(i), memo);
+}
+
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *     enum.none? [{|obj| block }]   => true or false
+ *
+ *  Passes each element of the collection to the given block. The method
+ *  returns <code>true</code> if the block never returns <code>true</code>
+ *  for all elements. If the block is not given, <code>none?</code> will return
+ *  <code>true</code> only if none of the collection members is true.
+ *
+ *     %w{ant bear cat}.none? {|word| word.length == 5}  #=> true
+ *     %w{ant bear cat}.none? {|word| word.length >= 4}  #=> false
+ *     [].none?                                          #=> true
+ *     [nil].none?                                       #=> true
+ *     [nil,false].none?                                 #=> true
+ */
+static VALUE
+enum_none(obj)
+    VALUE obj;
+{
+    VALUE result = Qtrue;
+
+    rb_block_call(obj, id_each, 0, 0, rb_block_given_p() ? none_iter_i : none_i, (VALUE)&result);
+    return result;
+}
+
+static VALUE
 min_i(i, memo)
     VALUE i;
     VALUE *memo;
@@ -643,11 +1102,11 @@ min_ii(i, memo)
  *  call-seq:
  *     enum.min                    => obj
  *     enum.min {| a,b | block }   => obj
- *  
+ *
  *  Returns the object in <i>enum</i> with the minimum value. The
  *  first form assumes all objects implement <code>Comparable</code>;
  *  the second uses the block to return <em>a <=> b</em>.
- *     
+ *
  *     a = %w(albatross dog horse)
  *     a.min                                  #=> "albatross"
  *     a.min {|a,b| a.length <=> b.length }   #=> "dog"
@@ -668,11 +1127,11 @@ enum_min(obj)
  *  call-seq:
  *     enum.max                    => obj
  *     enum.max {| a,b | block }   => obj
- *  
+ *
  *  Returns the object in <i>enum</i> with the maximum value. The
  *  first form assumes all objects implement <code>Comparable</code>;
  *  the second uses the block to return <em>a <=> b</em>.
- *     
+ *
  *     a = %w(albatross dog horse)
  *     a.max                                  #=> "horse"
  *     a.max {|a,b| a.length <=> b.length }   #=> "albatross"
@@ -720,15 +1179,15 @@ max_ii(i, memo)
  *  call-seq:
  *     enum.max                   => obj
  *     enum.max {|a,b| block }    => obj
- *  
+ *
  *  Returns the object in _enum_ with the maximum value. The
  *  first form assumes all objects implement <code>Comparable</code>;
  *  the second uses the block to return <em>a <=> b</em>.
- *     
+ *
  *     a = %w(albatross dog horse)
  *     a.max                                  #=> "horse"
  *     a.max {|a,b| a.length <=> b.length }   #=> "albatross"
- */  
+ */
 
 static VALUE
 enum_max(obj)
@@ -742,6 +1201,240 @@ enum_max(obj)
 }
 
 static VALUE
+minmax_i(i, memo)
+    VALUE i;
+    VALUE *memo;
+{
+    int n;
+
+    if (memo[0] == Qundef) {
+	memo[0] = i;
+	memo[1] = i;
+    }
+    else {
+	n = rb_cmpint(rb_funcall(i, id_cmp, 1, memo[0]), i, memo[0]);
+	if (n < 0) {
+	    memo[0] = i;
+	}
+	n = rb_cmpint(rb_funcall(i, id_cmp, 1, memo[1]), i, memo[1]);
+	if (n > 0) {
+	    memo[1] = i;
+	}
+    }
+    return Qnil;
+}
+
+static VALUE
+minmax_ii(i, memo)
+    VALUE i;
+    VALUE *memo;
+{
+    int n;
+
+    if (memo[0] == Qundef) {
+	memo[0] = i;
+	memo[1] = i;
+    }
+    else {
+	VALUE ary = memo[2];
+
+	RARRAY(ary)->ptr[0] = i;
+	RARRAY(ary)->ptr[1] = memo[0];
+	n = rb_cmpint(rb_yield(ary), i, memo[0]);
+	if (n < 0) {
+	    memo[0] = i;
+	}
+	RARRAY(ary)->ptr[0] = i;
+	RARRAY(ary)->ptr[1] = memo[1];
+	n = rb_cmpint(rb_yield(ary), i, memo[1]);
+	if (n > 0) {
+	    memo[1] = i;
+	}
+    }
+    return Qnil;
+}
+
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *     enum.minmax                   => [min,max]
+ *     enum.minmax {|a,b| block }    => [min,max]
+ *
+ *  Returns two elements array which contains the minimum and the
+ *  maximum value in the enumerable.  The first form assumes all
+ *  objects implement <code>Comparable</code>; the second uses the
+ *  block to return <em>a <=> b</em>.
+ *
+ *     a = %w(albatross dog horse)
+ *     a.minmax                                  #=> ["albatross", "horse"]
+ *     a.minmax {|a,b| a.length <=> b.length }   #=> ["dog", "albatross"]
+ */
+
+static VALUE
+enum_minmax(obj)
+    VALUE obj;
+{
+    VALUE result[3];
+    VALUE ary = rb_ary_new3(2, Qnil, Qnil);
+
+    result[0] = Qundef;
+    if (rb_block_given_p()) {
+	result[2] = ary;
+	rb_block_call(obj, id_each, 0, 0, minmax_ii, (VALUE)result);
+    }
+    else {
+	rb_block_call(obj, id_each, 0, 0, minmax_i, (VALUE)result);
+    }
+    if (result[0] != Qundef) {
+        RARRAY(ary)->ptr[0] = result[0];
+        RARRAY(ary)->ptr[1] = result[1];
+    }
+    return ary;
+}
+
+static VALUE
+min_by_i(i, memo)
+    VALUE i;
+    VALUE *memo;
+{
+    VALUE v;
+
+    v = rb_yield(i);
+    if (memo[0] == Qundef) {
+	memo[0] = v;
+	memo[1] = i;
+    }
+    else if (rb_cmpint(rb_funcall(v, id_cmp, 1, memo[0]), v, memo[0]) < 0) {
+	memo[0] = v;
+	memo[1] = i;
+    }
+    return Qnil;
+}
+
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *     enum.min_by {| obj| block }   => obj
+ *
+ *  Returns the object in <i>enum</i> that gives the minimum
+ *  value from the given block.
+ *
+ *     a = %w(albatross dog horse)
+ *     a.min_by {|x| x.length }   #=> "dog"
+ */
+
+static VALUE
+enum_min_by(obj)
+    VALUE obj;
+{
+    VALUE memo[2];
+
+    RETURN_ENUMERATOR(obj, 0, 0);
+
+    memo[0] = Qundef;
+    memo[1] = Qnil;
+    rb_block_call(obj, id_each, 0, 0, min_by_i, (VALUE)memo);
+    return memo[1];
+}
+
+static VALUE
+max_by_i(i, memo)
+    VALUE i;
+    VALUE *memo;
+{
+    VALUE v;
+
+    v = rb_yield(i);
+    if (memo[0] == Qundef) {
+	memo[0] = v;
+	memo[1] = i;
+    }
+    else if (rb_cmpint(rb_funcall(v, id_cmp, 1, memo[0]), v, memo[0]) > 0) {
+	memo[0] = v;
+	memo[1] = i;
+    }
+    return Qnil;
+}
+
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *     enum.max_by {| obj| block }   => obj
+ *
+ *  Returns the object in <i>enum</i> that gives the maximum
+ *  value from the given block.
+ *
+ *     a = %w(albatross dog horse)
+ *     a.max_by {|x| x.length }   #=> "albatross"
+ */
+
+static VALUE
+enum_max_by(obj)
+    VALUE obj;
+{
+    VALUE memo[2];
+
+    RETURN_ENUMERATOR(obj, 0, 0);
+
+    memo[0] = Qundef;
+    memo[1] = Qnil;
+    rb_block_call(obj, id_each, 0, 0, max_by_i, (VALUE)memo);
+    return memo[1];
+}
+
+static VALUE
+minmax_by_i(i, memo)
+    VALUE i;
+    VALUE *memo;
+{
+    VALUE v;
+
+    v = rb_yield(i);
+    if (memo[0] == Qundef) {
+	memo[0] = v;
+	memo[1] = v;
+	memo[2] = i;
+	memo[3] = i;
+    }
+    else {
+	if (rb_cmpint(rb_funcall(v, id_cmp, 1, memo[0]), v, memo[0]) < 0) {
+	    memo[0] = v;
+	    memo[2] = i;
+	}
+	if (rb_cmpint(rb_funcall(v, id_cmp, 1, memo[1]), v, memo[1]) > 0) {
+	    memo[1] = v;
+	    memo[3] = i;
+	}
+    }
+    return Qnil;
+}
+
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *     enum.minmax_by {| obj| block }   => [min, max]
+ *
+ *  Returns two elements array array containing the objects in
+ *  <i>enum</i> that gives the minimum and maximum values respectively
+ *  from the given block.
+ *
+ *     a = %w(albatross dog horse)
+ *     a.minmax_by {|x| x.length }   #=> ["dog", "albatross"]
+ */
+
+static VALUE
+enum_minmax_by(obj)
+    VALUE obj;
+{
+    VALUE memo[4];
+
+    RETURN_ENUMERATOR(obj, 0, 0);
+
+    memo[0] = Qundef;
+    memo[1] = Qundef;
+    memo[2] = Qnil;
+    memo[3] = Qnil;
+    rb_block_call(obj, id_each, 0, 0, minmax_by_i, (VALUE)memo);
+    return rb_assoc_new(memo[2], memo[3]);
+}
+
+static VALUE
 member_i(item, memo)
     VALUE item;
     VALUE *memo;
@@ -757,13 +1450,13 @@ member_i(item, memo)
  *  call-seq:
  *     enum.include?(obj)     => true or false
  *     enum.member?(obj)      => true or false
- *  
+ *
  *  Returns <code>true</code> if any member of <i>enum</i> equals
  *  <i>obj</i>. Equality is tested using <code>==</code>.
- *     
+ *
  *     IO.constants.include? "SEEK_SET"          #=> true
  *     IO.constants.include? "SEEK_NO_FURTHER"   #=> false
- *     
+ *
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -791,29 +1484,56 @@ each_with_index_i(val, memo)
 /*
  *  call-seq:
  *     enum.each_with_index {|obj, i| block }  -> enum
- *  
+ *
  *  Calls <em>block</em> with two arguments, the item and its index, for
  *  each item in <i>enum</i>.
- *     
+ *
  *     hash = Hash.new
  *     %w(cat dog wombat).each_with_index {|item, index|
  *       hash[item] = index
  *     }
  *     hash   #=> {"cat"=>0, "wombat"=>2, "dog"=>1}
- *     
+ *
  */
 
 static VALUE
 enum_each_with_index(obj)
     VALUE obj;
 {
-    VALUE memo = 0;
+    VALUE memo;
 
-    rb_need_block();
+    RETURN_ENUMERATOR(obj, 0, 0);
+
+    memo = 0;
     rb_iterate(rb_each, obj, each_with_index_i, (VALUE)&memo);
     return obj;
 }
 
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *     enum.reverse_each {|item| block } 
+ *  
+ *  Traverses <i>enum</i> in reverse order.
+ */
+
+static VALUE
+enum_reverse_each(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE obj)
+{
+    VALUE ary;
+    long i;
+
+    RETURN_ENUMERATOR(obj, argc, argv);
+
+    ary = enum_to_a(argc, argv, obj);
+
+    for (i = RARRAY_LEN(ary); --i >= 0; ) {
+	rb_yield(RARRAY_PTR(ary)[i]);
+    }
+
+    return obj;
+}
+
+
 static VALUE
 zip_i(val, memo)
     VALUE val;
@@ -843,7 +1563,7 @@ zip_i(val, memo)
  *  call-seq:
  *     enum.zip(arg, ...)                   => array
  *     enum.zip(arg, ...) {|arr| block }    => nil
- *  
+ *
  *  Converts any arguments to arrays, then merges elements of
  *  <i>enum</i> with corresponding elements from each argument. This
  *  generates a sequence of <code>enum#size</code> <em>n</em>-element
@@ -852,14 +1572,14 @@ zip_i(val, memo)
  *  <code>nil</code> values are supplied. If a block given, it is
  *  invoked for each output array, otherwise an array of arrays is
  *  returned.
- *     
+ *
  *     a = [ 4, 5, 6 ]
  *     b = [ 7, 8, 9 ]
- *     
+ *
  *     (1..3).zip(a, b)      #=> [[1, 4, 7], [2, 5, 8], [3, 6, 9]]
  *     "cat\ndog".zip([1])   #=> [["cat\n", 1], ["dog", nil]]
  *     (1..3).zip            #=> [[1], [2], [3]]
- *     
+ *
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -884,6 +1604,227 @@ enum_zip(argc, argv, obj)
     return result;
 }
 
+static VALUE
+take_i(i, arg)
+    VALUE i;
+    VALUE *arg;
+{
+    if (arg[1]-- == 0) rb_iter_break();
+    rb_ary_push(arg[0], i);
+    return Qnil;
+}
+
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *     enum.take(n)               => array
+ *
+ *  Returns first n elements from <i>enum</i>.
+ *
+ *     a = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 0]
+ *     a.take(3)             # => [1, 2, 3]
+ *
+ */
+
+static VALUE
+enum_take(obj, n)
+    VALUE obj;
+    VALUE n;
+{
+    VALUE args[2];
+    long len = NUM2LONG(n);
+
+    if (len < 0) {
+	rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "attempt to take negative size");
+    }
+
+    args[1] = len;
+    args[0] = rb_ary_new();
+    rb_block_call(obj, id_each, 0, 0, take_i, (VALUE)args);
+    return args[0];
+}
+
+
+static VALUE
+take_while_i(i, ary)
+    VALUE i;
+    VALUE *ary;
+{
+    if (!RTEST(rb_yield(i))) rb_iter_break();
+    rb_ary_push(*ary, i);
+    return Qnil;
+}
+
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *     enum.take_while {|arr| block }   => array
+ *
+ *  Passes elements to the block until the block returns nil or false,
+ *  then stops iterating and returns an array of all prior elements.
+ *
+ *     a = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 0]
+ *     a.take_while {|i| i < 3 }   # => [1, 2]
+ *
+ */
+
+static VALUE
+enum_take_while(obj)
+    VALUE obj;
+{
+    VALUE ary;
+
+    RETURN_ENUMERATOR(obj, 0, 0);
+    ary = rb_ary_new();
+    rb_block_call(obj, id_each, 0, 0, take_while_i, (VALUE)&ary);
+    return ary;
+}
+
+static VALUE
+drop_i(i, arg)
+    VALUE i;
+    VALUE *arg;
+{
+    if (arg[1] == 0) {
+	rb_ary_push(arg[0], i);
+    }
+    else {
+	arg[1]--;
+    }
+    return Qnil;
+}
+
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *     enum.drop(n)               => array
+ *
+ *  Drops first n elements from <i>enum</i>, and returns rest elements
+ *  in an array.
+ *
+ *     a = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 0]
+ *     a.drop(3)             # => [4, 5, 0]
+ *
+ */
+
+static VALUE
+enum_drop(obj, n)
+    VALUE obj;
+    VALUE n;
+{
+    VALUE args[2];
+    long len = NUM2LONG(n);
+
+    if (len < 0) {
+	rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "attempt to drop negative size");
+    }
+
+    args[1] = len;
+    args[0] = rb_ary_new();
+    rb_block_call(obj, id_each, 0, 0, drop_i, (VALUE)args);
+    return args[0];
+}
+
+
+static VALUE
+drop_while_i(i, args)
+    VALUE i;
+    VALUE *args;
+{
+    if (!args[1] && !RTEST(rb_yield(i))) {
+	args[1] = Qtrue;
+    }
+    if (args[1]) {
+	rb_ary_push(args[0], i);
+    }
+    return Qnil;
+}
+
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *     enum.drop_while {|arr| block }   => array
+ *
+ *  Drops elements up to, but not including, the first element for
+ *  which the block returns nil or false and returns an array
+ *  containing the remaining elements.
+ *
+ *     a = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 0]
+ *     a.drop_while {|i| i < 3 }   # => [3, 4, 5, 0]
+ *
+ */
+
+static VALUE
+enum_drop_while(obj)
+    VALUE obj;
+{
+    VALUE args[2];
+
+    RETURN_ENUMERATOR(obj, 0, 0);
+    args[0] = rb_ary_new();
+    args[1] = Qfalse;
+    rb_block_call(obj, id_each, 0, 0, drop_while_i, (VALUE)args);
+    return args[0];
+}
+
+static VALUE
+cycle_i(i, ary)
+    VALUE i;
+    VALUE ary;
+{
+    rb_ary_push(ary, i);
+    rb_yield(i);
+    return Qnil;
+}
+
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *     enum.cycle {|obj| block }
+ *     enum.cycle(n) {|obj| block }
+ *
+ *  Calls <i>block</i> for each element of <i>enum</i> repeatedly _n_
+ *  times or forever if none or nil is given.  If a non-positive
+ *  number is given or the collection is empty, does nothing.  Returns
+ *  nil if the loop has finished without getting interrupted.
+ *
+ *  Enumerable#cycle saves elements in an internal array so changes
+ *  to <i>enum</i> after the first pass have no effect.
+ *
+ *     a = ["a", "b", "c"]
+ *     a.cycle {|x| puts x }  # print, a, b, c, a, b, c,.. forever.
+ *     a.cycle(2) {|x| puts x }  # print, a, b, c, a, b, c.
+ *
+ */
+
+static VALUE
+enum_cycle(argc, argv, obj)
+    int argc;
+    VALUE *argv;
+    VALUE obj;
+{
+    VALUE ary;
+    VALUE nv = Qnil;
+    long n, i, len;
+
+    rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "01", &nv);
+
+    RETURN_ENUMERATOR(obj, argc, argv);
+    if (NIL_P(nv)) {
+        n = -1;
+    }
+    else {
+        n = NUM2LONG(nv);
+        if (n <= 0) return Qnil;
+    }
+    ary = rb_ary_new();
+    RBASIC(ary)->klass = 0;
+    rb_block_call(obj, id_each, 0, 0, cycle_i, ary);
+    len = RARRAY(ary)->len;
+    if (len == 0) return Qnil;
+    while (n < 0 || 0 < --n) {
+        for (i=0; i<len; i++) {
+            rb_yield(RARRAY(ary)->ptr[i]);
+        }
+    }
+    return Qnil;		/* not reached */
+}
+
 /*
  *  The <code>Enumerable</code> mixin provides collection classes with
  *  several traversal and searching methods, and with the ability to
@@ -900,32 +1841,51 @@ Init_Enumerable()
 {
     rb_mEnumerable = rb_define_module("Enumerable");
 
-    rb_define_method(rb_mEnumerable,"to_a", enum_to_a, 0);
-    rb_define_method(rb_mEnumerable,"entries", enum_to_a, 0);
-
-    rb_define_method(rb_mEnumerable,"sort", enum_sort, 0);
-    rb_define_method(rb_mEnumerable,"sort_by", enum_sort_by, 0);
-    rb_define_method(rb_mEnumerable,"grep", enum_grep, 1);
-    rb_define_method(rb_mEnumerable,"find", enum_find, -1);
-    rb_define_method(rb_mEnumerable,"detect", enum_find, -1);
-    rb_define_method(rb_mEnumerable,"find_all", enum_find_all, 0);
-    rb_define_method(rb_mEnumerable,"select", enum_find_all, 0);
-    rb_define_method(rb_mEnumerable,"reject", enum_reject, 0);
-    rb_define_method(rb_mEnumerable,"collect", enum_collect, 0);
-    rb_define_method(rb_mEnumerable,"map", enum_collect, 0);
-    rb_define_method(rb_mEnumerable,"inject", enum_inject, -1);
-    rb_define_method(rb_mEnumerable,"partition", enum_partition, 0);
-    rb_define_method(rb_mEnumerable,"all?", enum_all, 0);
-    rb_define_method(rb_mEnumerable,"any?", enum_any, 0);
-    rb_define_method(rb_mEnumerable,"min", enum_min, 0);
-    rb_define_method(rb_mEnumerable,"max", enum_max, 0);
-    rb_define_method(rb_mEnumerable,"member?", enum_member, 1);
-    rb_define_method(rb_mEnumerable,"include?", enum_member, 1);
-    rb_define_method(rb_mEnumerable,"each_with_index", enum_each_with_index, 0);
+    rb_define_method(rb_mEnumerable, "to_a", enum_to_a, -1);
+    rb_define_method(rb_mEnumerable, "entries", enum_to_a, -1);
+
+    rb_define_method(rb_mEnumerable, "sort", enum_sort, 0);
+    rb_define_method(rb_mEnumerable, "sort_by", enum_sort_by, 0);
+    rb_define_method(rb_mEnumerable, "grep", enum_grep, 1);
+    rb_define_method(rb_mEnumerable, "count", enum_count, -1);
+    rb_define_method(rb_mEnumerable, "find", enum_find, -1);
+    rb_define_method(rb_mEnumerable, "detect", enum_find, -1);
+    rb_define_method(rb_mEnumerable, "find_index", enum_find_index, -1);
+    rb_define_method(rb_mEnumerable, "find_all", enum_find_all, 0);
+    rb_define_method(rb_mEnumerable, "select", enum_find_all, 0);
+    rb_define_method(rb_mEnumerable, "reject", enum_reject, 0);
+    rb_define_method(rb_mEnumerable, "collect", enum_collect, 0);
+    rb_define_method(rb_mEnumerable, "map", enum_collect, 0);
+    rb_define_method(rb_mEnumerable, "inject", enum_inject, -1);
+    rb_define_method(rb_mEnumerable, "reduce", enum_inject, -1);
+    rb_define_method(rb_mEnumerable, "partition", enum_partition, 0);
+    rb_define_method(rb_mEnumerable, "group_by", enum_group_by, 0);
+    rb_define_method(rb_mEnumerable, "first", enum_first, -1);
+    rb_define_method(rb_mEnumerable, "all?", enum_all, 0);
+    rb_define_method(rb_mEnumerable, "any?", enum_any, 0);
+    rb_define_method(rb_mEnumerable, "one?", enum_one, 0);
+    rb_define_method(rb_mEnumerable, "none?", enum_none, 0);
+    rb_define_method(rb_mEnumerable, "min", enum_min, 0);
+    rb_define_method(rb_mEnumerable, "max", enum_max, 0);
+    rb_define_method(rb_mEnumerable, "minmax", enum_minmax, 0);
+    rb_define_method(rb_mEnumerable, "min_by", enum_min_by, 0);
+    rb_define_method(rb_mEnumerable, "max_by", enum_max_by, 0);
+    rb_define_method(rb_mEnumerable, "minmax_by", enum_minmax_by, 0);
+    rb_define_method(rb_mEnumerable, "member?", enum_member, 1);
+    rb_define_method(rb_mEnumerable, "include?", enum_member, 1);
+    rb_define_method(rb_mEnumerable, "each_with_index", enum_each_with_index, 0);
+    rb_define_method(rb_mEnumerable, "enum_with_index", enum_each_with_index, 0);
+    rb_define_method(rb_mEnumerable, "reverse_each", enum_reverse_each, -1);
     rb_define_method(rb_mEnumerable, "zip", enum_zip, -1);
+    rb_define_method(rb_mEnumerable, "take", enum_take, 1);
+    rb_define_method(rb_mEnumerable, "take_while", enum_take_while, 0);
+    rb_define_method(rb_mEnumerable, "drop", enum_drop, 1);
+    rb_define_method(rb_mEnumerable, "drop_while", enum_drop_while, 0);
+    rb_define_method(rb_mEnumerable, "cycle", enum_cycle, -1);
 
     id_eqq  = rb_intern("===");
     id_each = rb_intern("each");
     id_cmp  = rb_intern("<=>");
+    id_size = rb_intern("size");
 }
 
diff --git a/enumerator.c b/enumerator.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..f95d931b62
--- /dev/null
+++ b/enumerator.c
@@ -0,0 +1,450 @@
+/************************************************
+
+  enumerator.c - provides Enumerator class
+
+  $Author$
+
+  Copyright (C) 2001-2003 Akinori MUSHA
+
+  $Idaemons: /home/cvs/rb/enumerator/enumerator.c,v 1.1.1.1 2001/07/15 10:12:48 knu Exp $
+  $RoughId: enumerator.c,v 1.6 2003/07/27 11:03:24 nobu Exp $
+  $Id$
+
+************************************************/
+
+#include "ruby.h"
+
+/*
+ * Document-class: Enumerable::Enumerator
+ *
+ * A class which provides a method `each' to be used as an Enumerable
+ * object.
+ */
+VALUE rb_cEnumerator;
+static VALUE sym_each;
+
+VALUE rb_eStopIteration;
+
+struct enumerator {
+    VALUE obj;
+    ID    meth;
+    VALUE proc;
+    VALUE args;
+    rb_block_call_func *iter;
+};
+
+static void enumerator_mark _((void *));
+static void
+enumerator_mark(p)
+    void *p;
+{
+    struct enumerator *ptr = p;
+    rb_gc_mark(ptr->obj);
+    rb_gc_mark(ptr->args);
+}
+
+static struct enumerator *
+enumerator_ptr(obj)
+    VALUE obj;
+{
+    struct enumerator *ptr;
+
+    Data_Get_Struct(obj, struct enumerator, ptr);
+    if (RDATA(obj)->dmark != enumerator_mark) {
+	rb_raise(rb_eTypeError,
+		 "wrong argument type %s (expected Enumerable::Enumerator)",
+		 rb_obj_classname(obj));
+    }
+    if (!ptr || ptr->obj == Qundef) {
+	rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "uninitialized enumerator");
+    }
+    return ptr;
+}
+
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *    obj.to_enum(method = :each, *args)
+ *    obj.enum_for(method = :each, *args)
+ *
+ *  Returns Enumerable::Enumerator.new(self, method, *args).
+ *
+ *  e.g.:
+ *
+ *     str = "xyz"
+ *
+ *     enum = str.enum_for(:each_byte)
+ *     a = enum.map {|b| '%02x' % b } #=> ["78", "79", "7a"]
+ *
+ *     # protects an array from being modified
+ *     a = [1, 2, 3]
+ *     some_method(a.to_enum)
+ *
+ */
+static VALUE
+obj_to_enum(argc, argv, obj)
+    int argc;
+    VALUE *argv;
+    VALUE obj;
+{
+    VALUE meth = sym_each;
+
+    if (argc > 0) {
+	--argc;
+	meth = *argv++;
+    }
+    return rb_enumeratorize(obj, meth, argc, argv);
+}
+
+static VALUE
+each_slice_i(val, memo)
+    VALUE val;
+    VALUE *memo;
+{
+    VALUE ary = memo[0];
+    VALUE v = Qnil;
+    long size = (long)memo[1];
+
+    rb_ary_push(ary, val);
+
+    if (RARRAY_LEN(ary) == size) {
+	v = rb_yield(ary);
+	memo[0] = rb_ary_new2(size);
+    }
+
+    return v;
+}
+
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *    e.each_slice(n) {...}
+ *    e.each_slice(n)
+ *
+ *  Iterates the given block for each slice of <n> elements.  If no
+ *  block is given, returns an enumerator.
+ *
+ *  e.g.:
+ *      (1..10).each_slice(3) {|a| p a}
+ *      # outputs below
+ *      [1, 2, 3]
+ *      [4, 5, 6]
+ *      [7, 8, 9]
+ *      [10]
+ *
+ */
+static VALUE
+enum_each_slice(obj, n)
+    VALUE obj, n;
+{
+    long size = NUM2LONG(n);
+    VALUE args[2], ary;
+
+    if (size <= 0) rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "invalid slice size");
+    RETURN_ENUMERATOR(obj, 1, &n);
+    args[0] = rb_ary_new2(size);
+    args[1] = (VALUE)size;
+
+    rb_block_call(obj, SYM2ID(sym_each), 0, 0, each_slice_i, (VALUE)args);
+
+    ary = args[0];
+    if (RARRAY_LEN(ary) > 0) rb_yield(ary);
+
+    return Qnil;
+}
+
+static VALUE
+each_cons_i(val, memo)
+    VALUE val;
+    VALUE *memo;
+{
+    VALUE ary = memo[0];
+    VALUE v = Qnil;
+    long size = (long)memo[1];
+
+    if (RARRAY_LEN(ary) == size) {
+	rb_ary_shift(ary);
+    }
+    rb_ary_push(ary, val);
+    if (RARRAY_LEN(ary) == size) {
+	v = rb_yield(rb_ary_dup(ary));
+    }
+    return v;
+}
+
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *    each_cons(n) {...}
+ *    each_cons(n)
+ *
+ *  Iterates the given block for each array of consecutive <n>
+ *  elements.  If no block is given, returns an enumerator.a
+ *
+ *  e.g.:
+ *      (1..10).each_cons(3) {|a| p a}
+ *      # outputs below
+ *      [1, 2, 3]
+ *      [2, 3, 4]
+ *      [3, 4, 5]
+ *      [4, 5, 6]
+ *      [5, 6, 7]
+ *      [6, 7, 8]
+ *      [7, 8, 9]
+ *      [8, 9, 10]
+ *
+ */
+static VALUE
+enum_each_cons(obj, n)
+    VALUE obj, n;
+{
+    long size = NUM2LONG(n);
+    VALUE args[2];
+
+    if (size <= 0) rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "invalid size");
+    RETURN_ENUMERATOR(obj, 1, &n);
+    args[0] = rb_ary_new2(size);
+    args[1] = (VALUE)size;
+
+    rb_block_call(obj, SYM2ID(sym_each), 0, 0, each_cons_i, (VALUE)args);
+
+    return Qnil;
+}
+
+static VALUE enumerator_allocate _((VALUE));
+static VALUE
+enumerator_allocate(klass)
+    VALUE klass;
+{
+    struct enumerator *ptr;
+    VALUE enum_obj;
+
+    enum_obj = Data_Make_Struct(klass, struct enumerator,
+				enumerator_mark, -1, ptr);
+    ptr->obj = Qundef;
+
+    return enum_obj;
+}
+
+static VALUE enumerator_each_i _((VALUE, VALUE));
+static VALUE
+enumerator_each_i(v, enum_obj)
+    VALUE v;
+    VALUE enum_obj;
+{
+    return rb_yield(v);
+}
+
+static VALUE
+enumerator_init(enum_obj, obj, meth, argc, argv)
+    VALUE enum_obj;
+    VALUE obj;
+    VALUE meth;
+    int argc;
+    VALUE *argv;
+{
+    struct enumerator *ptr;
+
+    Data_Get_Struct(enum_obj, struct enumerator, ptr);
+
+    if (!ptr) {
+	rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "unallocated enumerator");
+    }
+
+    ptr->obj  = obj;
+    ptr->meth = rb_to_id(meth);
+    ptr->iter = enumerator_each_i;
+    if (argc) ptr->args = rb_ary_new4(argc, argv);
+
+    return enum_obj;
+}
+
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *    Enumerable::Enumerator.new(obj, method = :each, *args)
+ *
+ *  Creates a new Enumerable::Enumerator object, which is to be
+ *  used as an Enumerable object using the given object's given
+ *  method with the given arguments.
+ *
+ *  Use of this method is discouraged.  Use Kernel#enum_for() instead.
+ */
+static VALUE
+enumerator_initialize(argc, argv, obj)
+    int argc;
+    VALUE *argv;
+    VALUE obj;
+{
+    VALUE recv, meth = sym_each;
+
+    if (argc == 0)
+	rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "wrong number of argument (0 for 1)");
+    recv = *argv++;
+    if (--argc) {
+	meth = *argv++;
+	--argc;
+    }
+    return enumerator_init(obj, recv, meth, argc, argv);
+}
+
+/* :nodoc: */
+static VALUE
+enumerator_init_copy(obj, orig)
+    VALUE obj;
+    VALUE orig;
+{
+    struct enumerator *ptr0, *ptr1;
+
+    ptr0 = enumerator_ptr(orig);
+
+    Data_Get_Struct(obj, struct enumerator, ptr1);
+
+    if (!ptr1) {
+	rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "unallocated enumerator");
+    }
+
+    ptr1->obj  = ptr0->obj;
+    ptr1->meth = ptr0->meth;
+    ptr1->iter = ptr0->iter;
+    ptr1->args = ptr0->args;
+
+    return obj;
+}
+
+VALUE
+rb_enumeratorize(obj, meth, argc, argv)
+    VALUE obj;
+    VALUE meth;
+    int argc;
+    VALUE *argv;
+{
+    return enumerator_init(enumerator_allocate(rb_cEnumerator), obj, meth, argc, argv);
+}
+
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *    enum.each {...}
+ *
+ *  Iterates the given block using the object and the method specified
+ *  in the first place.  If no block is given, returns self.
+ *
+ */
+static VALUE
+enumerator_each(obj)
+    VALUE obj;
+{
+    struct enumerator *e;
+    int argc = 0;
+    VALUE *argv = 0;
+
+    if (!rb_block_given_p()) return obj;
+    e = enumerator_ptr(obj);
+    if (e->args) {
+	argc = RARRAY_LEN(e->args);
+	argv = RARRAY_PTR(e->args);
+    }
+    return rb_block_call(e->obj, e->meth, argc, argv, e->iter, (VALUE)e);
+}
+
+static VALUE
+enumerator_with_index_i(val, memo)
+    VALUE val;
+    VALUE *memo;
+{
+    val = rb_yield_values(2, val, INT2FIX(*memo));
+    ++*memo;
+    return val;
+}
+
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *    e.with_index {|(*args), idx| ... }
+ *    e.with_index
+ *
+ *  Iterates the given block for each elements with an index, which
+ *  start from 0.  If no block is given, returns an enumerator.
+ *
+ */
+static VALUE
+enumerator_with_index(obj)
+    VALUE obj;
+{
+    struct enumerator *e = enumerator_ptr(obj);
+    VALUE memo = 0;
+    int argc = 0;
+    VALUE *argv = 0;
+
+    RETURN_ENUMERATOR(obj, 0, 0);
+    if (e->args) {
+	argc = RARRAY_LEN(e->args);
+	argv = RARRAY_PTR(e->args);
+    }
+    return rb_block_call(e->obj, e->meth, argc, argv,
+			 enumerator_with_index_i, (VALUE)&memo);
+}
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *   e.next   => object
+ *
+ * Returns the next object in the enumerator, and move the internal
+ * position forward.  When the position reached at the end, internal
+ * position is rewinded then StopIteration is raised.
+ *
+ * Note that enumeration sequence by next method does not affect other
+ * non-external enumeration methods, unless underlying iteration
+ * methods itself has side-effect, e.g. IO#each_line.
+ *
+ * Caution: Calling this method causes the "generator" library to be
+ * loaded.
+ */
+
+static VALUE
+enumerator_next(obj)
+    VALUE obj;
+{
+    rb_require("generator");
+    return rb_funcall(obj, rb_intern("next"), 0, 0);
+}
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *   e.rewind   => e
+ *
+ * Rewinds the enumeration sequence by the next method.
+ */
+
+static VALUE
+enumerator_rewind(obj)
+    VALUE obj;
+{
+    rb_require("generator");
+    return rb_funcall(obj, rb_intern("rewind"), 0, 0);
+}
+
+void
+Init_Enumerator()
+{
+    rb_define_method(rb_mKernel, "to_enum", obj_to_enum, -1);
+    rb_define_method(rb_mKernel, "enum_for", obj_to_enum, -1);
+
+    rb_define_method(rb_mEnumerable, "each_slice", enum_each_slice, 1);
+    rb_define_method(rb_mEnumerable, "enum_slice", enum_each_slice, 1);
+    rb_define_method(rb_mEnumerable, "each_cons", enum_each_cons, 1);
+    rb_define_method(rb_mEnumerable, "enum_cons", enum_each_cons, 1);
+
+    rb_cEnumerator = rb_define_class_under(rb_mEnumerable, "Enumerator", rb_cObject);
+    rb_include_module(rb_cEnumerator, rb_mEnumerable);
+
+    rb_define_alloc_func(rb_cEnumerator, enumerator_allocate);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cEnumerator, "initialize", enumerator_initialize, -1);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cEnumerator, "initialize_copy", enumerator_init_copy, 1);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cEnumerator, "each", enumerator_each, 0);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cEnumerator, "each_with_index", enumerator_with_index, 0);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cEnumerator, "with_index", enumerator_with_index, 0);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cEnumerator, "next", enumerator_next, 0);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cEnumerator, "rewind", enumerator_rewind, 0);
+
+    rb_eStopIteration   = rb_define_class("StopIteration", rb_eIndexError);
+
+    sym_each	 	= ID2SYM(rb_intern("each"));
+
+    rb_provide("enumerator.so");	/* for backward compatibility */
+}
diff --git a/env.h b/env.h
index 3111133233..c50103f71e 100644
--- a/env.h
+++ b/env.h
@@ -43,6 +43,7 @@ extern struct SCOPE {
 #define SCOPE_MALLOC  1
 #define SCOPE_NOSTACK 2
 #define SCOPE_DONT_RECYCLE 4
+#define SCOPE_CLONE   8
 
 extern int ruby_in_eval;
 
diff --git a/error.c b/error.c
index febaad2c87..a991f55e57 100644
--- a/error.c
+++ b/error.c
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@
 #define EXIT_SUCCESS 0
 #endif
 
-extern const char ruby_version[], ruby_release_date[], ruby_platform[];
+extern const char *ruby_description;
 
 int ruby_nerrs;
 
@@ -208,8 +208,7 @@ rb_bug(fmt, va_alist)
 	va_init_list(args, fmt);
 	vfprintf(out, fmt, args);
 	va_end(args);
-	fprintf(out, "\nruby %s (%s) [%s]\n\n",
-		ruby_version, ruby_release_date, ruby_platform);
+	fprintf(out, "\n%s\n\n", ruby_description);
     }
     abort();
 }
@@ -258,7 +257,7 @@ rb_check_type(x, t)
     if (TYPE(x) != t) {
 	while (type->type >= 0) {
 	    if (type->type == t) {
-		char *etype;
+		const char *etype;
 
 		if (NIL_P(x)) {
 		    etype = "nil";
@@ -303,7 +302,7 @@ VALUE rb_eNoMethodError;
 VALUE rb_eSecurityError;
 VALUE rb_eNotImpError;
 VALUE rb_eNoMemError;
-static VALUE rb_cNameErrorMesg;
+VALUE rb_cNameErrorMesg;
 
 VALUE rb_eScriptError;
 VALUE rb_eSyntaxError;
@@ -334,7 +333,7 @@ rb_exc_new3(etype, str)
     VALUE etype, str;
 {
     StringValue(str);
-    return rb_exc_new(etype, RSTRING(str)->ptr, RSTRING(str)->len);
+    return rb_funcall(etype, rb_intern("new"), 1, str);
 }
 
 /*
@@ -488,18 +487,18 @@ static VALUE
 exc_backtrace(exc)
     VALUE exc;
 {
-    ID bt = rb_intern("bt");
+    static ID bt;
 
-    if (!rb_ivar_defined(exc, bt)) return Qnil;
-    return rb_ivar_get(exc, bt);
+    if (!bt) bt = rb_intern("bt");
+    return rb_attr_get(exc, bt);
 }
 
-static VALUE
-check_backtrace(bt)
+VALUE
+rb_check_backtrace(bt)
     VALUE bt;
 {
     long i;
-    static char *err = "backtrace must be Array of String";
+    static const char err[] = "backtrace must be Array of String";
 
     if (!NIL_P(bt)) {
 	int t = TYPE(bt);
@@ -532,7 +531,7 @@ exc_set_backtrace(exc, bt)
     VALUE exc;
     VALUE bt;
 {
-    return rb_iv_set(exc, "bt", check_backtrace(bt));
+    return rb_iv_set(exc, "bt", rb_check_backtrace(bt));
 }
 
 /*
@@ -728,7 +727,7 @@ name_err_mesg_to_str(obj)
     mesg = ptr[0];
     if (NIL_P(mesg)) return Qnil;
     else {
-	char *desc = 0;
+	const char *desc = 0;
 	VALUE d = 0, args[3];
 
 	obj = ptr[1];
@@ -882,7 +881,7 @@ syserr_initialize(argc, argv, self)
 #if !defined(_WIN32) && !defined(__VMS)
     char *strerror();
 #endif
-    char *err;
+    const char *err;
     VALUE mesg, error;
     VALUE klass = rb_obj_class(self);
 
@@ -952,18 +951,16 @@ syserr_eqq(self, exc)
     VALUE self, exc;
 {
     VALUE num, e;
+    ID en = rb_intern("errno");
 
-    if (!rb_obj_is_kind_of(exc, rb_eSystemCallError)) return Qfalse;
-    if (self == rb_eSystemCallError) return Qtrue;
+    if (!rb_obj_is_kind_of(exc, rb_eSystemCallError)) {
+	if (!rb_respond_to(exc, en)) return Qfalse;
+    }
+    else if (self == rb_eSystemCallError) return Qtrue;
 
-    num = rb_attr_get(exc, rb_intern("errno"));
+    num = rb_attr_get(exc, en);
     if (NIL_P(num)) {
-	VALUE klass = CLASS_OF(exc);
-
-	while (TYPE(klass) == T_ICLASS || FL_TEST(klass, FL_SINGLETON)) {
-	    klass = (VALUE)RCLASS(klass)->super;
-	}
-	num = rb_const_get(klass, rb_intern("Errno"));
+	num = rb_funcall(exc, en, 0, 0);
     }
     e = rb_const_get(self, rb_intern("Errno"));
     if (FIXNUM_P(num) ? num == e : rb_equal(num, e))
@@ -1083,7 +1080,7 @@ void
 rb_notimplement()
 {
     rb_raise(rb_eNotImpError,
-	     "the %s() function is unimplemented on this machine",
+	     "%s() function is unimplemented on this machine",
 	     rb_id2name(ruby_frame->last_func));
 }
 
diff --git a/eval.c b/eval.c
index c05abffe64..d2a2556494 100644
--- a/eval.c
+++ b/eval.c
@@ -29,11 +29,6 @@
 #endif
 
 #include <stdio.h>
-#if defined(HAVE_GETCONTEXT) && defined(HAVE_SETCONTEXT)
-#include <ucontext.h>
-#define USE_CONTEXT
-#endif
-#include <setjmp.h>
 
 #include "st.h"
 #include "dln.h"
@@ -53,9 +48,7 @@
 # ifdef HAVE_ALLOCA_H
 #  include <alloca.h>
 # else
-#  ifdef _AIX
- #pragma alloca
-#  else
+#  ifndef _AIX
 #   ifndef alloca /* predefined by HP cc +Olibcalls */
 void *alloca ();
 #   endif
@@ -79,6 +72,8 @@ char *strrchr _((const char*,const char));
 #include <unistd.h>
 #endif
 
+#include <time.h>
+
 #ifdef __BEOS__
 #include <net/socket.h>
 #endif
@@ -92,10 +87,6 @@ char *strrchr _((const char*,const char));
 #endif
 
 #ifdef USE_CONTEXT
-typedef struct {
-    ucontext_t context;
-    volatile int status;
-} rb_jmpbuf_t[1];
 
 NORETURN(static void rb_jump_context(rb_jmpbuf_t, int));
 static inline void
@@ -197,19 +188,18 @@ static int volatile freebsd_clear_carry_flag = 0;
 #    define POST_GETCONTEXT 0
 #  endif
 #  define ruby_longjmp(env, val) rb_jump_context(env, val)
-#  define ruby_setjmp(j) ((j)->status = 0, \
+#  define ruby_setjmp(just_before_setjmp, j) ((j)->status = 0, \
+     (just_before_setjmp), \
      PRE_GETCONTEXT, \
      getcontext(&(j)->context), \
      POST_GETCONTEXT, \
      (j)->status)
 #else
-typedef jmp_buf rb_jmpbuf_t;
-#  if !defined(setjmp) && defined(HAVE__SETJMP)
-#    define ruby_setjmp(env) _setjmp(env)
-#    define ruby_longjmp(env,val) _longjmp(env,val)
-#  else
-#    define ruby_setjmp(env) setjmp(env)
-#    define ruby_longjmp(env,val) longjmp(env,val)
+#  define ruby_setjmp(just_before_setjmp, env) \
+     ((just_before_setjmp), RUBY_SETJMP(env))
+#  define ruby_longjmp(env,val) RUBY_LONGJMP(env,val)
+#  ifdef __CYGWIN__
+int _setjmp(), _longjmp();
 #  endif
 #endif
 
@@ -228,7 +218,7 @@ typedef jmp_buf rb_jmpbuf_t;
 #include <sys/stat.h>
 
 VALUE rb_cProc;
-static VALUE rb_cBinding;
+VALUE rb_cBinding;
 static VALUE proc_invoke _((VALUE,VALUE,VALUE,VALUE));
 static VALUE rb_f_binding _((VALUE));
 static void rb_f_END _((void));
@@ -237,7 +227,7 @@ static VALUE block_pass _((VALUE,NODE*));
 
 VALUE rb_cMethod;
 static VALUE method_call _((int, VALUE*, VALUE));
-static VALUE rb_cUnboundMethod;
+VALUE rb_cUnboundMethod;
 static VALUE umethod_bind _((VALUE, VALUE));
 static VALUE rb_mod_define_method _((int, VALUE*, VALUE));
 NORETURN(static void rb_raise_jump _((VALUE)));
@@ -252,6 +242,8 @@ static int scope_vmode;
 #define SCOPE_SET(f)  (scope_vmode=(f))
 #define SCOPE_TEST(f) (scope_vmode&(f))
 
+VALUE (*ruby_sandbox_save)_((rb_thread_t));
+VALUE (*ruby_sandbox_restore)_((rb_thread_t));
 NODE* ruby_current_node;
 int ruby_safe_level = 0;
 /* safe-level:
@@ -460,7 +452,8 @@ rb_define_alloc_func(klass, func)
     VALUE (*func) _((VALUE));
 {
     Check_Type(klass, T_CLASS);
-    rb_add_method(CLASS_OF(klass), ID_ALLOCATOR, NEW_CFUNC(func, 0), NOEX_PRIVATE);
+    rb_add_method(rb_singleton_class(klass), ID_ALLOCATOR, NEW_CFUNC(func, 0),
+		  NOEX_PRIVATE);
 }
 
 void
@@ -468,7 +461,7 @@ rb_undef_alloc_func(klass)
     VALUE klass;
 {
     Check_Type(klass, T_CLASS);
-    rb_add_method(CLASS_OF(klass), ID_ALLOCATOR, 0, NOEX_UNDEF);
+    rb_add_method(rb_singleton_class(klass), ID_ALLOCATOR, 0, NOEX_UNDEF);
 }
 
 static NODE*
@@ -476,16 +469,16 @@ search_method(klass, id, origin)
     VALUE klass, *origin;
     ID id;
 {
-    NODE *body;
+    st_data_t body;
 
     if (!klass) return 0;
-    while (!st_lookup(RCLASS(klass)->m_tbl, id, (st_data_t *)&body)) {
+    while (!st_lookup(RCLASS(klass)->m_tbl, id, &body)) {
 	klass = RCLASS(klass)->super;
 	if (!klass) return 0;
     }
 
     if (origin) *origin = klass;
-    return body;
+    return (NODE *)body;
 }
 
 static NODE*
@@ -496,7 +489,7 @@ rb_get_method_body(klassp, idp, noexp)
 {
     ID id = *idp;
     VALUE klass = *klassp;
-    VALUE origin;
+    VALUE origin = 0;
     NODE * volatile body;
     struct cache_entry *ent;
 
@@ -564,7 +557,8 @@ remove_method(klass, mid)
     VALUE klass;
     ID mid;
 {
-    NODE *body;
+    st_data_t data;
+    NODE *body = 0;
 
     if (klass == rb_cObject) {
 	rb_secure(4);
@@ -576,8 +570,14 @@ remove_method(klass, mid)
     if (mid == __id__ || mid == __send__ || mid == init) {
 	rb_warn("removing `%s' may cause serious problem", rb_id2name(mid));
     }
-    if (!st_delete(RCLASS(klass)->m_tbl, &mid, (st_data_t *)&body) ||
-	!body->nd_body) {
+    if (st_lookup(RCLASS(klass)->m_tbl, mid, &data)) {
+	body = (NODE *)data;
+	if (!body || !body->nd_body) body = 0;
+	else {
+	    st_delete(RCLASS(klass)->m_tbl, &mid, &data);
+	}
+    }
+    if (!body) {
 	rb_name_error(mid, "method `%s' not defined in %s",
 		      rb_id2name(mid), rb_class2name(klass));
     }
@@ -747,8 +747,8 @@ extern NODE *ruby_eval_tree_begin;
 extern NODE *ruby_eval_tree;
 extern int ruby_nerrs;
 
-static VALUE rb_eLocalJumpError;
-static VALUE rb_eSysStackError;
+VALUE rb_eLocalJumpError;
+VALUE rb_eSysStackError;
 
 extern VALUE ruby_top_self;
 
@@ -760,7 +760,7 @@ static struct SCOPE *top_scope;
 static unsigned long frame_unique = 0;
 
 #define PUSH_FRAME() do {		\
-    struct FRAME _frame;		\
+    volatile struct FRAME _frame;	\
     _frame.prev = ruby_frame;		\
     _frame.tmp  = 0;			\
     _frame.node = ruby_current_node;	\
@@ -1029,7 +1029,7 @@ static struct tag *prot_tag;
 #define PROT_LAMBDA INT2FIX(2)	/* 5 */
 #define PROT_YIELD  INT2FIX(3)	/* 7 */
 
-#define EXEC_TAG()    (FLUSH_REGISTER_WINDOWS, ruby_setjmp(prot_tag->buf))
+#define EXEC_TAG()    ruby_setjmp(((void)0), prot_tag->buf)
 
 #define JUMP_TAG(st) do {		\
     ruby_frame = prot_tag->frame;	\
@@ -1057,14 +1057,14 @@ VALUE ruby_class;
 static VALUE ruby_wrapper;	/* security wrapper */
 
 #define PUSH_CLASS(c) do {		\
-    VALUE _class = ruby_class;		\
+    volatile VALUE _class = ruby_class;	\
     ruby_class = (c)
 
 #define POP_CLASS() ruby_class = _class; \
 } while (0)
 
-static NODE *ruby_cref = 0;
-static NODE *top_cref;
+NODE *ruby_cref = 0;
+NODE *ruby_top_cref;
 #define PUSH_CREF(c) ruby_cref = NEW_NODE(NODE_CREF,(c),0,ruby_cref)
 #define POP_CREF() ruby_cref = ruby_cref->nd_next
 
@@ -1080,9 +1080,11 @@ static NODE *top_cref;
     ruby_scope = _scope;		\
     scope_vmode = SCOPE_PUBLIC
 
-typedef struct thread * rb_thread_t;
-static rb_thread_t curr_thread = 0;
-static rb_thread_t main_thread;
+rb_thread_t rb_curr_thread;
+rb_thread_t rb_main_thread;
+#define main_thread rb_main_thread
+#define curr_thread rb_curr_thread
+
 static void scope_dup _((struct SCOPE *));
 
 #define POP_SCOPE() 			\
@@ -1103,8 +1105,8 @@ static void scope_dup _((struct SCOPE *));
 } while (0)
 
 static VALUE rb_eval _((VALUE,NODE*));
-static VALUE eval _((VALUE,VALUE,VALUE,char*,int));
-static NODE *compile _((VALUE, char*, int));
+static VALUE eval _((VALUE,VALUE,VALUE,const char*,int));
+static NODE *compile _((VALUE, const char*, int));
 
 static VALUE rb_yield_0 _((VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, int, int));
 
@@ -1113,8 +1115,9 @@ static VALUE rb_yield_0 _((VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, int, int));
 #define YIELD_PUBLIC_DEF  4
 #define YIELD_FUNC_AVALUE 1
 #define YIELD_FUNC_SVALUE 2
+#define YIELD_FUNC_LAMBDA 3
 
-static VALUE rb_call _((VALUE,VALUE,ID,int,const VALUE*,int));
+static VALUE rb_call _((VALUE,VALUE,ID,int,const VALUE*,int,VALUE));
 static VALUE module_setup _((VALUE,NODE*));
 
 static VALUE massign _((VALUE,NODE*,VALUE,int));
@@ -1202,6 +1205,8 @@ error_pos()
     }
 }
 
+VALUE rb_check_backtrace(VALUE);
+
 static VALUE
 get_backtrace(info)
     VALUE info;
@@ -1209,7 +1214,7 @@ get_backtrace(info)
     if (NIL_P(info)) return Qnil;
     info = rb_funcall(info, rb_intern("backtrace"), 0);
     if (NIL_P(info)) return Qnil;
-    return rb_check_array_type(info);
+    return rb_check_backtrace(info);
 }
 
 static void
@@ -1224,7 +1229,7 @@ error_print()
 {
     VALUE errat = Qnil;		/* OK */
     volatile VALUE eclass, e;
-    char *einfo;
+    const char *einfo;
     long elen;
 
     if (NIL_P(ruby_errinfo)) return;
@@ -1285,7 +1290,7 @@ error_print()
 	    long len = elen;
 
 	    if (RSTRING(epath)->ptr[0] == '#') epath = 0;
-	    if (tail = memchr(einfo, '\n', elen)) {
+	    if ((tail = memchr(einfo, '\n', elen)) != 0) {
 		len = tail - einfo;
 		tail++;		/* skip newline */
 	    }
@@ -1296,8 +1301,9 @@ error_print()
 		warn_print2(RSTRING(epath)->ptr, RSTRING(epath)->len);
 		warn_print(")\n");
 	    }
-	    if (tail) {
+	    if (tail && elen>len+1) {
 		warn_print2(tail, elen-len-1);
+		if (einfo[elen-1] != '\n') warn_print2("\n", 1);
 	    }
 	}
     }
@@ -1305,6 +1311,7 @@ error_print()
     if (!NIL_P(errat)) {
 	long i;
 	struct RArray *ep = RARRAY(errat);
+        int truncate = eclass == rb_eSysStackError;
 
 #define TRACE_MAX (TRACE_HEAD+TRACE_TAIL+5)
 #define TRACE_HEAD 8
@@ -1315,7 +1322,7 @@ error_print()
 	    if (TYPE(ep->ptr[i]) == T_STRING) {
 		warn_printf("\tfrom %s\n", RSTRING(ep->ptr[i])->ptr);
 	    }
-	    if (i == TRACE_HEAD && ep->len > TRACE_MAX) {
+	    if (truncate && i == TRACE_HEAD && ep->len > TRACE_MAX) {
 		warn_printf("\t ... %ld levels...\n",
 			ep->len - TRACE_HEAD - TRACE_TAIL);
 		i = ep->len - TRACE_TAIL;
@@ -1393,8 +1400,8 @@ ruby_init()
 	rb_call_inits();
 	ruby_class = rb_cObject;
 	ruby_frame->self = ruby_top_self;
-	top_cref = rb_node_newnode(NODE_CREF,rb_cObject,0,0);
-	ruby_cref = top_cref;
+	ruby_top_cref = rb_node_newnode(NODE_CREF,rb_cObject,0,0);
+	ruby_cref = ruby_top_cref;
 	rb_define_global_const("TOPLEVEL_BINDING", rb_f_binding(ruby_top_self));
 #ifdef __MACOS__
 	_macruby_init();
@@ -1436,8 +1443,7 @@ int ruby_in_eval;
 static void rb_thread_cleanup _((void));
 static void rb_thread_wait_other_threads _((void));
 
-static int thread_set_raised();
-static int thread_reset_raised();
+static int thread_no_ensure _((void));
 
 static VALUE exception_error;
 static VALUE sysstack_error;
@@ -1455,8 +1461,10 @@ error_handle(ex)
     int ex;
 {
     int status = EXIT_FAILURE;
+    rb_thread_t th = curr_thread;
 
-    if (thread_set_raised()) return EXIT_FAILURE;
+    if (rb_thread_set_raised(th))
+	return EXIT_FAILURE;
     switch (ex & TAG_MASK) {
       case 0:
 	status = EXIT_SUCCESS;
@@ -1498,6 +1506,9 @@ error_handle(ex)
 	if (rb_obj_is_kind_of(ruby_errinfo, rb_eSystemExit)) {
 	    status = sysexit_status(ruby_errinfo);
 	}
+	else if (rb_obj_is_instance_of(ruby_errinfo, rb_eSignal)) {
+	    /* no message when exiting by signal */
+	}
 	else {
 	    error_print();
 	}
@@ -1506,7 +1517,7 @@ error_handle(ex)
 	rb_bug("Unknown longjmp status %d", ex);
 	break;
     }
-    thread_reset_raised();
+    rb_thread_reset_raised(th);
     return status;
 }
 
@@ -1565,12 +1576,14 @@ ruby_cleanup(ex)
     int ex;
 {
     int state;
-    volatile VALUE err = ruby_errinfo;
+    volatile VALUE errs[2];
+    int nerr;
 
+    errs[1] = ruby_errinfo;
     ruby_safe_level = 0;
-    Init_stack((void*)&state);
+    Init_stack((void *)&state);
     ruby_finalize_0();
-    if (ruby_errinfo) err = ruby_errinfo;
+    errs[0] = ruby_errinfo;
     PUSH_TAG(PROT_NONE);
     PUSH_ITER(ITER_NOT);
     if ((state = EXEC_TAG()) == 0) {
@@ -1581,15 +1594,39 @@ ruby_cleanup(ex)
 	ex = state;
     }
     POP_ITER();
-    ruby_errinfo = err;
+    ruby_errinfo = errs[1];
     ex = error_handle(ex);
     ruby_finalize_1();
     POP_TAG();
 
-    if (err && rb_obj_is_kind_of(err, rb_eSystemExit)) {
-	VALUE st = rb_iv_get(err, "status");
-	return NUM2INT(st);
+    for (nerr = 0; nerr < sizeof(errs) / sizeof(errs[0]); ++nerr) {
+	VALUE err = errs[nerr];
+
+	if (!RTEST(err)) continue;
+
+	if (rb_obj_is_kind_of(err, rb_eSystemExit)) {
+	    return sysexit_status(err);
+	}
+	else if (rb_obj_is_kind_of(err, rb_eSignal)) {
+	    VALUE sig = rb_iv_get(err, "signo");
+	    ruby_default_signal(NUM2INT(sig));
+	}
+	else if (ex == 0) {
+	    ex = 1;
+	}
     }
+
+#if EXIT_SUCCESS != 0 || EXIT_FAILURE != 1
+    switch (ex) {
+#if EXIT_SUCCESS != 0
+      case 0: return EXIT_SUCCESS;
+#endif
+#if EXIT_FAILURE != 1
+      case 1: return EXIT_FAILURE;
+#endif
+    }
+#endif
+
     return ex;
 }
 
@@ -1853,7 +1890,7 @@ rb_eval_cmd(cmd, arg, level)
     POP_TAG();
     POP_FRAME();
 
-    jump_tag_but_local_jump(state, val);
+    if (state) jump_tag_but_local_jump(state, val);
     return val;
 }
 
@@ -1996,7 +2033,7 @@ void
 rb_frozen_class_p(klass)
     VALUE klass;
 {
-    char *desc = "something(?!)";
+    const char *desc = "something(?!)";
 
     if (OBJ_FROZEN(klass)) {
 	if (FL_TEST(klass, FL_SINGLETON))
@@ -2034,7 +2071,7 @@ rb_undef(klass, id)
     }
     body = search_method(klass, id, &origin);
     if (!body || !body->nd_body) {
-	char *s0 = " class";
+	const char *s0 = " class";
 	VALUE c = klass;
 
 	if (FL_TEST(c, FL_SINGLETON)) {
@@ -2125,9 +2162,10 @@ rb_alias(klass, name, def)
     VALUE klass;
     ID name, def;
 {
-    VALUE origin;
+    VALUE origin = 0;
     NODE *orig, *body, *node;
     VALUE singleton = 0;
+    st_data_t data;
 
     rb_frozen_class_p(klass);
     if (name == def) return;
@@ -2155,7 +2193,8 @@ rb_alias(klass, name, def)
     }
 
     rb_clear_cache_by_id(name);
-    if (RTEST(ruby_verbose) && st_lookup(RCLASS(klass)->m_tbl, name, (st_data_t *)&node)) {
+    if (RTEST(ruby_verbose) && st_lookup(RCLASS(klass)->m_tbl, name, &data)) {
+	node = (NODE *)data;
 	if (node->nd_cnt == 0 && node->nd_body) {
 	    rb_warning("discarding old %s", rb_id2name(name));
 	}
@@ -2163,6 +2202,9 @@ rb_alias(klass, name, def)
     st_insert(RCLASS(klass)->m_tbl, name,
 	      (st_data_t)NEW_METHOD(NEW_FBODY(body, def, origin),
 				    NOEX_WITH_SAFE(orig->nd_noex)));
+
+    if (!ruby_running) return;
+
     if (singleton) {
 	rb_funcall(singleton, singleton_added, 1, ID2SYM(name));
     }
@@ -2201,8 +2243,8 @@ rb_mod_alias_method(mod, newname, oldname)
     return mod;
 }
 
-static NODE*
-copy_node_scope(node, rval)
+NODE *
+rb_copy_node_scope(node, rval)
     NODE *node;
     NODE *rval;
 {
@@ -2268,7 +2310,7 @@ copy_node_scope(node, rval)
     int tmp_iter = ruby_iter->iter;\
     switch (tmp_iter) {\
       case ITER_PRE:\
-	ruby_block = ruby_block->outer;\
+	if (ruby_block) ruby_block = ruby_block->outer;\
       case ITER_PAS:\
 	tmp_iter = ITER_NOT;\
     }\
@@ -2281,9 +2323,9 @@ copy_node_scope(node, rval)
 
 #define MATCH_DATA *rb_svar(node->nd_cnt)
 
-static char* is_defined _((VALUE, NODE*, char*));
+static const char* is_defined _((VALUE, NODE*, char*));
 
-static char*
+static const char*
 arg_defined(self, node, buf, type)
     VALUE self;
     NODE *node;
@@ -2310,7 +2352,7 @@ arg_defined(self, node, buf, type)
     return type;
 }
 
-static char*
+static const char*
 is_defined(self, node, buf)
     VALUE self;
     NODE *node;			/* OK */
@@ -2403,6 +2445,8 @@ is_defined(self, node, buf)
       case NODE_ATTRSET:
       case NODE_OP_ASGN1:
       case NODE_OP_ASGN2:
+      case NODE_OP_ASGN_OR:
+      case NODE_OP_ASGN_AND:
       case NODE_MASGN:
       case NODE_LASGN:
       case NODE_DASGN:
@@ -2628,27 +2672,27 @@ set_trace_func(obj, trace)
     return trace;
 }
 
-static char *
+static const char *
 get_event_name(rb_event_t event)
 {
     switch (event) {
-    case RUBY_EVENT_LINE:
+      case RUBY_EVENT_LINE:
 	return "line";
-    case RUBY_EVENT_CLASS:
+      case RUBY_EVENT_CLASS:
 	return "class";
-    case RUBY_EVENT_END:
+      case RUBY_EVENT_END:
 	return "end";
-    case RUBY_EVENT_CALL:
+      case RUBY_EVENT_CALL:
 	return "call";
-    case RUBY_EVENT_RETURN:
+      case RUBY_EVENT_RETURN:
 	return "return";
-    case RUBY_EVENT_C_CALL:
+      case RUBY_EVENT_C_CALL:
 	return "c-call";
-    case RUBY_EVENT_C_RETURN:
+      case RUBY_EVENT_C_RETURN:
 	return "c-return";
-    case RUBY_EVENT_RAISE:
+      case RUBY_EVENT_RAISE:
 	return "raise";
-    default:
+      default:
 	return "unknown";
     }
 }
@@ -2665,7 +2709,8 @@ call_trace_func(event, node, self, id, klass)
     struct FRAME *prev;
     NODE *node_save;
     VALUE srcfile;
-    char *event_name;
+    const char *event_name;
+    rb_thread_t th = curr_thread;
 
     if (!trace_func) return;
     if (tracing) return;
@@ -2697,7 +2742,7 @@ call_trace_func(event, node, self, id, klass)
 	}
     }
     PUSH_TAG(PROT_NONE);
-    raised = thread_reset_raised();
+    raised = rb_thread_reset_raised(th);
     if ((state = EXEC_TAG()) == 0) {
 	srcfile = rb_str_new2(ruby_sourcefile?ruby_sourcefile:"(ruby)");
 	event_name = get_event_name(event);
@@ -2709,7 +2754,7 @@ call_trace_func(event, node, self, id, klass)
 					    klass),
 		    Qundef, 0);
     }
-    if (raised) thread_set_raised();
+    if (raised) rb_thread_set_raised(th);
     POP_TAG();
     POP_FRAME();
 
@@ -2901,6 +2946,7 @@ rb_eval(self, n)
     NODE * volatile node = n;
     int state;
     volatile VALUE result = Qnil;
+    st_data_t data;
 
 #define RETURN(v) do { \
     result = (v); \
@@ -3000,13 +3046,16 @@ rb_eval(self, n)
 	RETURN(Qfalse);
 
       case NODE_IF:
-	EXEC_EVENT_HOOK(RUBY_EVENT_LINE, node, self,
-			ruby_frame->last_func,
-			ruby_frame->last_class);
 	if (RTEST(rb_eval(self, node->nd_cond))) {
+	    EXEC_EVENT_HOOK(RUBY_EVENT_LINE, node, self,
+			    ruby_frame->last_func,
+			    ruby_frame->last_class);
 	    node = node->nd_body;
 	}
 	else {
+	    EXEC_EVENT_HOOK(RUBY_EVENT_LINE, node, self,
+			    ruby_frame->last_func,
+			    ruby_frame->last_class);
 	    node = node->nd_else;
 	}
 	goto again;
@@ -3183,7 +3232,7 @@ rb_eval(self, n)
 		    END_CALLARGS;
 		    ruby_current_node = node;
 		    SET_CURRENT_SOURCE();
-		    result = rb_call(CLASS_OF(recv),recv,each,0,0,0);
+		    result = rb_call(CLASS_OF(recv),recv,each,0,0,0,self);
 		}
 		POP_ITER();
 	    }
@@ -3309,7 +3358,7 @@ rb_eval(self, n)
 	    result = rb_eval(self, node->nd_head);
 	}
 	POP_TAG();
-	if (node->nd_ensr) {
+	if (node->nd_ensr && !thread_no_ensure()) {
 	    VALUE retval = prot_tag->retval; /* save retval */
 	    VALUE errinfo = ruby_errinfo;
 
@@ -3424,7 +3473,7 @@ rb_eval(self, n)
 
 	    ruby_current_node = node;
 	    SET_CURRENT_SOURCE();
-	    rb_call(CLASS_OF(recv),recv,node->nd_mid,argc,argv,scope);
+	    rb_call(CLASS_OF(recv),recv,node->nd_mid,argc,argv,scope,self);
 	    result = argv[argc-1];
 	}
 	break;
@@ -3442,7 +3491,7 @@ rb_eval(self, n)
 
 	    ruby_current_node = node;
 	    SET_CURRENT_SOURCE();
-	    result = rb_call(CLASS_OF(recv),recv,node->nd_mid,argc,argv,0);
+	    result = rb_call(CLASS_OF(recv),recv,node->nd_mid,argc,argv,0,self);
 	}
 	break;
 
@@ -3457,13 +3506,13 @@ rb_eval(self, n)
 
 	    ruby_current_node = node;
 	    SET_CURRENT_SOURCE();
-	    result = rb_call(CLASS_OF(self),self,node->nd_mid,argc,argv,1);
+	    result = rb_call(CLASS_OF(self),self,node->nd_mid,argc,argv,1,self);
 	}
 	break;
 
       case NODE_VCALL:
 	SET_CURRENT_SOURCE();
-	result = rb_call(CLASS_OF(self),self,node->nd_mid,0,0,2);
+	result = rb_call(CLASS_OF(self),self,node->nd_mid,0,0,2,self);
 	break;
 
       case NODE_SUPER:
@@ -3492,6 +3541,10 @@ rb_eval(self, n)
 		    }
 		    argv = RARRAY(RBASIC(ruby_scope)->klass)->ptr;
 		}
+		else if (!ruby_scope->local_vars) {
+		    argc = 0;
+		    argv = 0;
+		}
 		else {
 		    argv = ruby_scope->local_vars + 2;
 		}
@@ -3870,7 +3923,7 @@ rb_eval(self, n)
       case NODE_DEFN:
 	if (node->nd_defn) {
 	    NODE *body,  *defn;
-	    VALUE origin;
+	    VALUE origin = 0;
 	    int noex;
 
 	    if (NIL_P(ruby_class)) {
@@ -3904,7 +3957,7 @@ rb_eval(self, n)
 		noex |= NOEX_NOSUPER;
 	    }
 
-	    defn = copy_node_scope(node->nd_defn, ruby_cref);
+	    defn = rb_copy_node_scope(node->nd_defn, ruby_cref);
 	    rb_add_method(ruby_class, node->nd_mid, defn, noex);
 	    if (scope_vmode == SCOPE_MODFUNC) {
 		rb_add_method(rb_singleton_class(ruby_class),
@@ -3932,7 +3985,8 @@ rb_eval(self, n)
 
 	    if (OBJ_FROZEN(recv)) rb_error_frozen("object");
 	    klass = rb_singleton_class(recv);
-	    if (st_lookup(RCLASS(klass)->m_tbl, node->nd_mid, (st_data_t *)&body)) {
+	    if (st_lookup(RCLASS(klass)->m_tbl, node->nd_mid, &data)) {
+		body = (NODE *)data;
 		if (ruby_safe_level >= 4) {
 		    rb_raise(rb_eSecurityError, "redefining method prohibited");
 		}
@@ -3940,7 +3994,7 @@ rb_eval(self, n)
 		    rb_warning("redefine %s", rb_id2name(node->nd_mid));
 		}
 	    }
-	    defn = copy_node_scope(node->nd_defn, ruby_cref);
+	    defn = rb_copy_node_scope(node->nd_defn, ruby_cref);
 	    rb_add_method(klass, node->nd_mid, defn,
 			  NOEX_PUBLIC|(body?body->nd_noex&NOEX_UNDEF:0));
 	    result = Qnil;
@@ -4084,7 +4138,7 @@ rb_eval(self, n)
       case NODE_DEFINED:
 	{
 	    char buf[20];
-	    char *desc = is_defined(self, node->nd_head, buf);
+	    const char *desc = is_defined(self, node->nd_head, buf);
 
 	    if (desc) result = rb_str_new2(desc);
 	    else result = Qnil;
@@ -4181,7 +4235,7 @@ rb_obj_respond_to(obj, id, priv)
 	int n = 0;
 	args[n++] = ID2SYM(id);
 	if (priv) args[n++] = Qtrue;
-	return rb_funcall2(obj, respond_to, n, args);
+	return RTEST(rb_funcall2(obj, respond_to, n, args));
     }
 }
 
@@ -4519,8 +4573,9 @@ rb_longjmp(tag, mesg)
     VALUE mesg;
 {
     VALUE at;
+    rb_thread_t th = curr_thread;
 
-    if (thread_set_raised()) {
+    if (rb_thread_set_raised(th)) {
 	ruby_errinfo = exception_error;
 	JUMP_TAG(TAG_FATAL);
     }
@@ -4534,6 +4589,9 @@ rb_longjmp(tag, mesg)
 	at = get_backtrace(mesg);
 	if (NIL_P(at)) {
 	    at = make_backtrace();
+	    if (OBJ_FROZEN(mesg)) {
+		mesg = rb_obj_dup(mesg);
+	    }
 	    set_backtrace(mesg, at);
 	}
     }
@@ -4559,7 +4617,7 @@ rb_longjmp(tag, mesg)
 	    ruby_errinfo = mesg;
 	}
 	else if (status) {
-	    thread_reset_raised();
+	    rb_thread_reset_raised(th);
 	    JUMP_TAG(status);
 	}
     }
@@ -4574,11 +4632,20 @@ rb_longjmp(tag, mesg)
     if (!prot_tag) {
 	error_print();
     }
-    thread_reset_raised();
+    rb_thread_raised_clear(th);
     JUMP_TAG(tag);
 }
 
 void
+rb_exc_jump(mesg)
+    VALUE mesg;
+{
+    rb_thread_raised_clear(rb_curr_thread);
+    ruby_errinfo = mesg;
+    JUMP_TAG(TAG_RAISE);
+}
+
+void
 rb_exc_raise(mesg)
     VALUE mesg;
 {
@@ -4595,7 +4662,8 @@ rb_exc_fatal(mesg)
 void
 rb_interrupt()
 {
-    rb_raise(rb_eInterrupt, "");
+    static const char fmt[1] = {'\0'};
+    rb_raise(rb_eInterrupt, fmt);
 }
 
 /*
@@ -4742,7 +4810,7 @@ rb_f_block_given_p()
     return Qfalse;
 }
 
-static VALUE rb_eThreadError;
+VALUE rb_eThreadError;
 
 NORETURN(static void proc_jump_error(int, VALUE));
 static void
@@ -4751,7 +4819,7 @@ proc_jump_error(state, result)
     VALUE result;
 {
     char mesg[32];
-    char *statement;
+    const char *statement;
 
     switch (state) {
       case TAG_BREAK:
@@ -4865,7 +4933,7 @@ rb_yield_0(val, self, klass, flags, avalue)
     VALUE val, self, klass;	/* OK */
     int flags, avalue;
 {
-    NODE *node;
+    NODE *node, *var;
     volatile VALUE result = Qnil;
     volatile VALUE old_cref;
     volatile VALUE old_wrapper;
@@ -4907,27 +4975,35 @@ rb_yield_0(val, self, klass, flags, avalue)
 	self = block->self;
     }
     node = block->body;
+    var = block->var;
 
-    if (block->var) {
+    if (var) {
 	PUSH_TAG(PROT_NONE);
 	if ((state = EXEC_TAG()) == 0) {
-	    if (block->var == (NODE*)1) { /* no parameter || */
+	    NODE *bvar = NULL;
+	  block_var:
+	    if (var == (NODE*)1) { /* no parameter || */
 		if (lambda && RARRAY(val)->len != 0) {
 		    rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "wrong number of arguments (%ld for 0)",
 			     RARRAY(val)->len);
 		}
 	    }
-	    else if (block->var == (NODE*)2) {
+	    else if (var == (NODE*)2) {
 		if (TYPE(val) == T_ARRAY && RARRAY(val)->len != 0) {
 		    rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "wrong number of arguments (%ld for 0)",
 			     RARRAY(val)->len);
 		}
 	    }
-	    else if (nd_type(block->var) == NODE_MASGN) {
+	    else if (!bvar && nd_type(var) == NODE_BLOCK_PASS) {
+		bvar = var->nd_body;
+		var = var->nd_args;
+		goto block_var;
+	    }
+	    else if (nd_type(var) == NODE_MASGN) {
 		if (!avalue) {
-		    val = svalue_to_mrhs(val, block->var->nd_head);
+		    val = svalue_to_mrhs(val, var->nd_head);
 		}
-		massign(self, block->var, val, lambda);
+		massign(self, var, val, lambda);
 	    }
 	    else {
 		int len = 0;
@@ -4948,13 +5024,21 @@ rb_yield_0(val, self, klass, flags, avalue)
 		    val = Qnil;
 		  multi_values:
 		    {
-			ruby_current_node = block->var;
+			ruby_current_node = var;
 			rb_warn("multiple values for a block parameter (%d for 1)\n\tfrom %s:%d",
 				len, cnode->nd_file, nd_line(cnode));
 			ruby_current_node = cnode;
 		    }
 		}
-		assign(self, block->var, val, lambda);
+		assign(self, var, val, lambda);
+	    }
+	    if (bvar) {
+		VALUE blk;
+		if (flags & YIELD_PROC_CALL)
+		    blk = block->block_obj;
+		else
+		    blk = rb_block_proc();
+		assign(self, bvar, blk, 0);
 	    }
 	}
 	POP_TAG();
@@ -4971,12 +5055,18 @@ rb_yield_0(val, self, klass, flags, avalue)
     if ((state = EXEC_TAG()) == 0) {
       redo:
 	if (nd_type(node) == NODE_CFUNC || nd_type(node) == NODE_IFUNC) {
-	    if (node->nd_state == YIELD_FUNC_AVALUE) {
+	    switch (node->nd_state) {
+	      case YIELD_FUNC_LAMBDA:
+		if (!avalue) {
+		    val = rb_ary_new3(1, val);
+		}
+		break;
+	      case YIELD_FUNC_AVALUE:
 		if (!avalue) {
 		    val = svalue_to_avalue(val);
 		}
-	    }
-	    else {
+		break;
+	      default:
 		if (avalue) {
 		    val = avalue_to_svalue(val);
 		}
@@ -4996,8 +5086,10 @@ rb_yield_0(val, self, klass, flags, avalue)
 	    CHECK_INTS;
 	    goto redo;
 	  case TAG_NEXT:
-	    state = 0;
-	    result = prot_tag->retval;
+	    if (!lambda) {
+		state = 0;
+		result = prot_tag->retval;
+	    }
 	    break;
 	  case TAG_BREAK:
 	    if (TAG_DST()) {
@@ -5112,6 +5204,16 @@ rb_yield_splat(values)
     return rb_yield_0(values, 0, 0, 0, avalue);
 }
 
+static VALUE
+loop_i()
+{
+    for (;;) {
+	rb_yield_0(Qundef, 0, 0, 0, Qfalse);
+	CHECK_INTS;
+    }
+    return Qnil;
+}
+
 /*
  *  call-seq:
  *     loop {|| block } 
@@ -5124,15 +5226,14 @@ rb_yield_splat(values)
  *       break if !line or line =~ /^qQ/
  *       # ...
  *     end
+ *
+ *  StopIteration raised in the block breaks the loop.
  */
 
 static VALUE
 rb_f_loop()
 {
-    for (;;) {
-	rb_yield_0(Qundef, 0, 0, 0, Qfalse);
-	CHECK_INTS;
-    }
+    rb_rescue2(loop_i, (VALUE)0, 0, 0, rb_eStopIteration, (VALUE)0);
     return Qnil;		/* dummy */
 }
 
@@ -5259,7 +5360,7 @@ assign(self, lhs, val, pcall)
 		/* attr set */
 		ruby_current_node = lhs;
 		SET_CURRENT_SOURCE();
-		rb_call(CLASS_OF(recv), recv, lhs->nd_mid, 1, &val, scope);
+		rb_call(CLASS_OF(recv), recv, lhs->nd_mid, 1, &val, scope, self);
 	    }
 	    else {
 		/* array set */
@@ -5270,7 +5371,7 @@ assign(self, lhs, val, pcall)
 		ruby_current_node = lhs;
 		SET_CURRENT_SOURCE();
 		rb_call(CLASS_OF(recv), recv, lhs->nd_mid,
-			RARRAY(args)->len, RARRAY(args)->ptr, scope);
+			RARRAY(args)->len, RARRAY(args)->ptr, scope, self);
 	    }
 	}
 	break;
@@ -5291,9 +5392,9 @@ rb_iterate(it_proc, data1, bl_proc, data2)
     NODE *node = NEW_IFUNC(bl_proc, data2);
     VALUE self = ruby_top_self;
 
-    PUSH_ITER(ITER_PRE);
     PUSH_TAG(PROT_LOOP);
     PUSH_BLOCK(0, node);
+    PUSH_ITER(ITER_PRE);
     state = EXEC_TAG();
     if (state == 0) {
   iter_retry:
@@ -5307,9 +5408,9 @@ rb_iterate(it_proc, data1, bl_proc, data2)
 	state = 0;
 	goto iter_retry;
     }
+    POP_ITER();
     POP_BLOCK();
     POP_TAG();
-    POP_ITER();
 
     switch (state) {
       case 0:
@@ -5377,7 +5478,7 @@ rb_rescue2(b_proc, data1, r_proc, data2, va_alist)
 	if (handle) break;
 	handle = Qfalse;
 	va_init_list(args, data2);
-	while (eclass = va_arg(args, VALUE)) {
+	while ((eclass = va_arg(args, VALUE)) != 0) {
 	    if (rb_obj_is_kind_of(ruby_errinfo, eclass)) {
 		handle = Qtrue;
 		break;
@@ -5455,7 +5556,9 @@ rb_ensure(b_proc, data1, e_proc, data2)
     }
     POP_TAG();
     retval = prot_tag ? prot_tag->retval : Qnil;	/* save retval */
-    (*e_proc)(data2);
+    if (!thread_no_ensure()) {
+	(*e_proc)(data2);
+    }
     if (prot_tag) return_value(retval);
     if (state) JUMP_TAG(state);
     return result;
@@ -5487,21 +5590,14 @@ rb_with_disable_interrupt(proc, data)
     return result;
 }
 
-static inline void
+static void
 stack_check()
 {
-    static int overflowing = 0;
+    rb_thread_t th = rb_curr_thread;
 
-    if (!overflowing && ruby_stack_check()) {
-	int state;
-	overflowing = 1;
-	PUSH_TAG(PROT_NONE);
-	if ((state = EXEC_TAG()) == 0) {
-	    rb_exc_raise(sysstack_error);
-	}
-	POP_TAG();
-	overflowing = 0;
-	JUMP_TAG(state);
+    if (!rb_thread_raised_p(th, RAISED_STACKOVERFLOW) && ruby_stack_check()) {
+	rb_thread_raised_set(th, RAISED_STACKOVERFLOW);
+	rb_exc_raise(sysstack_error);
     }
 }
 
@@ -5550,7 +5646,7 @@ rb_method_missing(argc, argv, obj)
 {
     ID id;
     VALUE exc = rb_eNoMethodError;
-    char *format = 0;
+    const char *format = 0;
     NODE *cnode = ruby_current_node;
 
     if (argc == 0 || !SYMBOL_P(argv[0])) {
@@ -5626,7 +5722,6 @@ method_missing(obj, id, argc, argv, call_status)
 	MEMCPY(nargv+1, argv, VALUE, argc);
 	MEMCPY(nargv+1+argc, RARRAY(tmp)->ptr, VALUE, RARRAY(tmp)->len);
 	argc += RARRAY(tmp)->len;
-
     }
     else {
 	nargv = ALLOCA_N(VALUE, argc+1);
@@ -5741,8 +5836,7 @@ rb_call0(klass, recv, id, oid, argc, argv, body, flags)
     TMP_PROTECT;
     volatile int safe = -1;
 
-    if (NOEX_SAFE(flags) > ruby_safe_level &&
-	!(flags&NOEX_TAINTED) && ruby_safe_level == 0 && NOEX_SAFE(flags) > 2) {
+    if (NOEX_SAFE(flags) > ruby_safe_level && NOEX_SAFE(flags) > 2) {
 	rb_raise(rb_eSecurityError, "calling insecure method: %s",
 		 rb_id2name(id));
     }
@@ -5838,7 +5932,15 @@ rb_call0(klass, recv, id, oid, argc, argv, body, flags)
 
       case NODE_BMETHOD:
 	ruby_frame->flags |= FRAME_DMETH;
+	if (event_hooks) {
+	    struct BLOCK *data;
+	    Data_Get_Struct(body->nd_cval, struct BLOCK, data);
+	    EXEC_EVENT_HOOK(RUBY_EVENT_CALL, data->body, recv, id, klass);
+	}
 	result = proc_invoke(body->nd_cval, rb_ary_new4(argc, argv), recv, klass);
+	if (event_hooks) {
+	    EXEC_EVENT_HOOK(RUBY_EVENT_RETURN, ruby_current_node, recv, id, klass);
+	}
 	break;
 
       case NODE_SCOPE:
@@ -5921,14 +6023,21 @@ rb_call0(klass, recv, id, oid, argc, argv, body, flags)
 			while (opt && argc) {
 			    assign(recv, opt->nd_head, *argv, 1);
 			    argv++; argc--;
+			    ++i;
 			    opt = opt->nd_next;
 			}
 			if (opt) {
 			    rb_eval(recv, opt);
+			    while (opt) {
+				opt = opt->nd_next;
+				++i;
+			    }
 			}
+		    }
+		    if (!node->nd_rest) {
 			i = nopt;
 		    }
-		    if (node->nd_rest) {
+		    else {
 			VALUE v;
 			
 			if (argc > 0) {
@@ -5953,7 +6062,7 @@ rb_call0(klass, recv, id, oid, argc, argv, body, flags)
 	    }
 	    POP_TAG();
 	    if (event_hooks) {
-		EXEC_EVENT_HOOK(RUBY_EVENT_RETURN, body, recv, id, klass);
+		EXEC_EVENT_HOOK(RUBY_EVENT_RETURN, ruby_current_node, recv, id, klass);
 	    }
 	    POP_VARS();
 	    POP_CLASS();
@@ -5989,12 +6098,13 @@ rb_call0(klass, recv, id, oid, argc, argv, body, flags)
 }
 
 static VALUE
-rb_call(klass, recv, mid, argc, argv, scope)
+rb_call(klass, recv, mid, argc, argv, scope, self)
     VALUE klass, recv;
     ID    mid;
     int argc;			/* OK */
     const VALUE *argv;		/* OK */
     int scope;
+    VALUE self;
 {
     NODE  *body;		/* OK */
     int    noex;
@@ -6031,10 +6141,11 @@ rb_call(klass, recv, mid, argc, argv, scope)
 	if (noex & NOEX_PROTECTED) {
 	    VALUE defined_class = klass;
 
+	    if (self == Qundef) self = ruby_frame->self;
 	    if (TYPE(defined_class) == T_ICLASS) {
 		defined_class = RBASIC(defined_class)->klass;
 	    }
-	    if (!rb_obj_is_kind_of(ruby_frame->self, rb_class_real(defined_class)))
+	    if (!rb_obj_is_kind_of(self, rb_class_real(defined_class)))
 		return method_missing(recv, mid, argc, argv, CSTAT_PROT);
 	}
     }
@@ -6054,7 +6165,7 @@ rb_apply(recv, mid, args)
     argc = RARRAY(args)->len; /* Assigns LONG, but argc is INT */
     argv = ALLOCA_N(VALUE, argc);
     MEMCPY(argv, RARRAY(args)->ptr, VALUE, argc);
-    return rb_call(CLASS_OF(recv), recv, mid, argc, argv, 1);
+    return rb_call(CLASS_OF(recv), recv, mid, argc, argv, 1, Qundef);
 }
 
 /*
@@ -6087,7 +6198,7 @@ rb_f_send(argc, argv, recv)
 
     vid = *argv++; argc--;
     PUSH_ITER(rb_block_given_p()?ITER_PRE:ITER_NOT);
-    vid = rb_call(CLASS_OF(recv), recv, rb_to_id(vid), argc, argv, 1);
+    vid = rb_call(CLASS_OF(recv), recv, rb_to_id(vid), argc, argv, 1, Qundef);
     POP_ITER();
 
     return vid;
@@ -6116,7 +6227,7 @@ vafuncall(recv, mid, n, ar)
 	argv = 0;
     }
 
-    return rb_call(CLASS_OF(recv), recv, mid, n, argv, 1);
+    return rb_call(CLASS_OF(recv), recv, mid, n, argv, 1, Qundef);
 }
 
 VALUE
@@ -6175,7 +6286,7 @@ rb_funcall2(recv, mid, argc, argv)
     int argc;
     const VALUE *argv;
 {
-    return rb_call(CLASS_OF(recv), recv, mid, argc, argv, 1);
+    return rb_call(CLASS_OF(recv), recv, mid, argc, argv, 1, Qundef);
 }
 
 VALUE
@@ -6185,7 +6296,7 @@ rb_funcall3(recv, mid, argc, argv)
     int argc;
     const VALUE *argv;
 {
-    return rb_call(CLASS_OF(recv), recv, mid, argc, argv, 0);
+    return rb_call(CLASS_OF(recv), recv, mid, argc, argv, 0, Qundef);
 }
 
 VALUE
@@ -6207,7 +6318,7 @@ rb_call_super(argc, argv)
     }
 
     PUSH_ITER(ruby_iter->iter ? ITER_PRE : ITER_NOT);
-    result = rb_call(RCLASS(klass)->super, self, ruby_frame->orig_func, argc, argv, 3);
+    result = rb_call(RCLASS(klass)->super, self, ruby_frame->orig_func, argc, argv, 3, Qundef);
     POP_ITER();
 
     return result;
@@ -6253,7 +6364,9 @@ backtrace(lev)
     }
     for (; frame && (n = frame->node); frame = frame->prev) {
 	if (frame->prev && frame->prev->last_func) {
-	    if (frame->prev->node == n) continue;
+	    if (frame->prev->node == n) {
+		if (frame->prev->last_func == frame->last_func) continue;
+	    }
 	    snprintf(buf, BUFSIZ, "%s:%d:in `%s'",
 		     n->nd_file, nd_line(n),
 		     rb_id2name(frame->prev->last_func));
@@ -6333,10 +6446,16 @@ rb_frame_last_func()
     return ruby_frame->last_func;
 }
 
+ID
+rb_frame_this_func()
+{
+    return ruby_frame->orig_func;
+}
+
 static NODE*
 compile(src, file, line)
     VALUE src;
-    char *file;
+    const char *file;
     int line;
 {
     NODE *node;
@@ -6356,7 +6475,7 @@ compile(src, file, line)
 static VALUE
 eval(self, src, scope, file, line)
     VALUE self, src, scope;
-    char *file;
+    const char *file;
     int line;
 {
     struct BLOCK *data = NULL;
@@ -6470,16 +6589,17 @@ eval(self, src, scope, file, line)
     if (state) {
 	if (state == TAG_RAISE) {
 	    if (strcmp(file, "(eval)") == 0) {
-		VALUE mesg, errat;
+		VALUE mesg, errat, bt2;
 
 		errat = get_backtrace(ruby_errinfo);
-		mesg  = rb_attr_get(ruby_errinfo, rb_intern("mesg"));
-		if (!NIL_P(errat) && TYPE(errat) == T_ARRAY) {
+		mesg = rb_attr_get(ruby_errinfo, rb_intern("mesg"));
+		if (!NIL_P(errat) && TYPE(errat) == T_ARRAY &&
+		    (bt2 = backtrace(-2), RARRAY_LEN(bt2) > 0)) {
 		    if (!NIL_P(mesg) && TYPE(mesg) == T_STRING) {
 			rb_str_update(mesg, 0, 0, rb_str_new2(": "));
-			rb_str_update(mesg, 0, 0, RARRAY(errat)->ptr[0]);
+			rb_str_update(mesg, 0, 0, RARRAY_PTR(errat)[0]);
 		    }
-		    RARRAY(errat)->ptr[0] = RARRAY(backtrace(-2))->ptr[0];
+		    RARRAY_PTR(errat)[0] = RARRAY_PTR(bt2)[0];
 		}
 	    }
 	    rb_exc_raise(ruby_errinfo);
@@ -6516,7 +6636,7 @@ rb_f_eval(argc, argv, self)
     VALUE self;
 {
     VALUE src, scope, vfile, vline;
-    char *file = "(eval)";
+    const char *file = "(eval)";
     int line = 1;
 
     rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "13", &src, &scope, &vfile, &vline);
@@ -6633,12 +6753,28 @@ yield_under_i(self)
     return rb_yield_0(self, self, ruby_class, YIELD_PUBLIC_DEF, Qfalse);
 }
 
+static VALUE
+yield_args_under_i(vinfo)
+    VALUE vinfo;
+{
+    VALUE *info = (VALUE *)vinfo;
+
+    return rb_yield_0(info[0], info[1], ruby_class, YIELD_PUBLIC_DEF, Qtrue);
+}
+
 /* block eval under the class/module context */
 static VALUE
-yield_under(under, self)
-    VALUE under, self;
+yield_under(under, self, args)
+    VALUE under, self, args;
 {
-    return exec_under(yield_under_i, under, 0, self);
+    if (args == Qundef) {
+	return exec_under(yield_under_i, under, 0, self);
+    }
+    else {
+	VALUE info[2] = { args, self };
+
+	return exec_under(yield_args_under_i, under, 0, (VALUE)info);
+    }
 }
 
 static VALUE
@@ -6651,10 +6787,10 @@ specific_eval(argc, argv, klass, self)
 	if (argc > 0) {
 	    rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "wrong number of arguments (%d for 0)", argc);
 	}
-	return yield_under(klass, self);
+	return yield_under(klass, self, Qundef);
     }
     else {
-	char *file = "(eval)";
+	const char *file = "(eval)";
 	int   line = 1;
 
 	if (argc == 0) {
@@ -6723,6 +6859,41 @@ rb_obj_instance_eval(argc, argv, self)
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
+ *     obj.instance_exec(arg...) {|var...| block }                       => obj
+ *
+ *  Executes the given block within the context of the receiver
+ *  (_obj_). In order to set the context, the variable +self+ is set
+ *  to _obj_ while the code is executing, giving the code access to
+ *  _obj_'s instance variables.  Arguments are passed as block parameters.
+ *
+ *     class KlassWithSecret
+ *       def initialize
+ *         @secret = 99
+ *       end
+ *     end
+ *     k = KlassWithSecret.new
+ *     k.instance_exec(5) {|x| @secret+x }   #=> 104
+ */
+
+VALUE
+rb_obj_instance_exec(argc, argv, self)
+    int argc;
+    VALUE *argv;
+    VALUE self;
+{
+    VALUE klass;
+
+    if (SPECIAL_CONST_P(self)) {
+	klass = Qnil;
+    }
+    else {
+	klass = rb_singleton_class(self);
+    }
+    return yield_under(klass, self, rb_ary_new4(argc, argv));
+}
+
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
  *     mod.class_eval(string [, filename [, lineno]])  => obj
  *     mod.module_eval {|| block }                     => obj
  *  
@@ -6754,6 +6925,35 @@ rb_mod_module_eval(argc, argv, mod)
     return specific_eval(argc, argv, mod, mod);
 }
 
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *     mod.module_exec(arg...) {|var...| block }       => obj
+ *     mod.class_exec(arg...) {|var...| block }        => obj
+ *
+ *  Evaluates the given block in the context of the class/module.
+ *  The method defined in the block will belong to the receiver.
+ *
+ *     class Thing
+ *     end
+ *     Thing.class_exec{
+ *       def hello() "Hello there!" end
+ *     }
+ *     puts Thing.new.hello()
+ *
+ *  <em>produces:</em>
+ *
+ *     Hello there!
+ */
+
+VALUE
+rb_mod_module_exec(argc, argv, mod)
+    int argc;
+    VALUE *argv;
+    VALUE mod;
+{
+    return yield_under(mod, mod, rb_ary_new4(argc, argv));
+}
+
 VALUE rb_load_path;
 
 NORETURN(static void load_failed _((VALUE)));
@@ -6771,7 +6971,6 @@ rb_load(fname, wrap)
     volatile VALUE self = ruby_top_self;
     NODE *volatile last_node;
     NODE *saved_cref = ruby_cref;
-    TMP_PROTECT;
 
     if (wrap && ruby_safe_level >= 4) {
 	StringValue(fname);
@@ -6789,7 +6988,7 @@ rb_load(fname, wrap)
     ruby_errinfo = Qnil;	/* ensure */
     PUSH_VARS();
     PUSH_CLASS(ruby_wrapper);
-    ruby_cref = top_cref;
+    ruby_cref = ruby_top_cref;
     if (!wrap) {
 	rb_secure(4);		/* should alter global state */
 	ruby_class = rb_cObject;
@@ -6915,13 +7114,25 @@ static st_table *loading_tbl;
 #define IS_DLEXT(e) (strcmp(e, DLEXT) == 0)
 #endif
 
-static char *
+
+static const char *const loadable_ext[] = {
+    ".rb", DLEXT,
+#ifdef DLEXT2
+    DLEXT2,
+#endif
+    0
+};
+
+static int rb_feature_p _((const char *, const char *, int));
+static int search_required _((VALUE, VALUE *, VALUE *));
+
+static int
 rb_feature_p(feature, ext, rb)
     const char *feature, *ext;
     int rb;
 {
     VALUE v;
-    char *f, *e;
+    const char *f, *e;
     long i, len, elen;
 
     if (ext) {
@@ -6932,51 +7143,64 @@ rb_feature_p(feature, ext, rb)
 	len = strlen(feature);
 	elen = 0;
     }
-    for (i = 0; i < RARRAY(rb_features)->len; ++i) {
-	v = RARRAY(rb_features)->ptr[i];
+    for (i = 0; i < RARRAY_LEN(rb_features); ++i) {
+	v = RARRAY_PTR(rb_features)[i];
 	f = StringValuePtr(v);
-	if (strncmp(f, feature, len) != 0) continue;
+	if (RSTRING_LEN(v) < len || strncmp(f, feature, len) != 0)
+	    continue;
 	if (!*(e = f + len)) {
 	    if (ext) continue;
-	    return e;
+	    return 'u';
 	}
 	if (*e != '.') continue;
 	if ((!rb || !ext) && (IS_SOEXT(e) || IS_DLEXT(e))) {
-	    return e;
+	    return 's';
 	}
 	if ((rb || !ext) && (strcmp(e, ".rb") == 0)) {
-	    return e;
+	    return 'r';
+	}
+    }
+    if (loading_tbl) {
+	if (st_lookup(loading_tbl, (st_data_t)feature, 0)) {
+	    if (!ext) return 'u';
+	    return strcmp(ext, ".rb") ? 's' : 'r';
+	}
+	else {
+	    char *buf;
+
+	    if (ext && *ext) return 0;
+	    buf = ALLOCA_N(char, len + DLEXT_MAXLEN + 1);
+	    MEMCPY(buf, feature, char, len);
+	    for (i = 0; (e = loadable_ext[i]) != 0; i++) {
+		strncpy(buf + len, e, DLEXT_MAXLEN + 1);
+		if (st_lookup(loading_tbl, (st_data_t)buf, 0)) {
+		    return i ? 's' : 'r';
+		}
+	    }
 	}
     }
     return 0;
 }
 
-static const char *const loadable_ext[] = {
-    ".rb", DLEXT,
-#ifdef DLEXT2
-    DLEXT2,
-#endif
-    0
-};
-
 int
 rb_provided(feature)
     const char *feature;
 {
-    int i;
-    char *buf;
+    const char *ext = strrchr(feature, '.');
 
-    if (rb_feature_p(feature, 0, Qfalse))
-	return Qtrue;
-    if (!loading_tbl) return Qfalse;
-    if (st_lookup(loading_tbl, (st_data_t)feature, 0)) return Qtrue;
-    buf = ALLOCA_N(char, strlen(feature)+8);
-    strcpy(buf, feature);
-    for (i=0; ; i++) {
-	if (!loadable_ext[i]) break;
-	strcpy(buf+strlen(feature), loadable_ext[i]);
-	if (st_lookup(loading_tbl, (st_data_t)buf, 0)) return Qtrue;
+    if (ext && !strchr(ext, '/')) {
+	if (strcmp(".rb", ext) == 0) {
+	    if (rb_feature_p(feature, ext, Qtrue)) return Qtrue;
+	    return Qfalse;
+	}
+	else if (IS_SOEXT(ext) || IS_DLEXT(ext)) {
+	    if (rb_feature_p(feature, ext, Qfalse)) return Qtrue;
+	    return Qfalse;
+	}
     }
+    if (rb_feature_p(feature, feature + strlen(feature), Qtrue))
+	return Qtrue;
+
     return Qfalse;
 }
 
@@ -6994,19 +7218,41 @@ rb_provide(feature)
     rb_provide_feature(rb_str_new2(feature));
 }
 
-static int
-load_wait(ftptr)
-    char *ftptr;
+static char *
+load_lock(ftptr)
+    const char *ftptr;
 {
     st_data_t th;
 
-    if (!loading_tbl) return Qfalse;
-    if (!st_lookup(loading_tbl, (st_data_t)ftptr, &th)) return Qfalse;
+    if (!loading_tbl ||
+	!st_lookup(loading_tbl, (st_data_t)ftptr, &th))
+    {
+	/* loading ruby library should be serialized. */
+	if (!loading_tbl) {
+	    loading_tbl = st_init_strtable();
+	}
+	/* partial state */
+	ftptr = ruby_strdup(ftptr);
+	st_insert(loading_tbl, (st_data_t)ftptr, (st_data_t)curr_thread);
+	return (char *)ftptr;
+    }
     do {
-	if ((rb_thread_t)th == curr_thread) return Qtrue;
+	if ((rb_thread_t)th == curr_thread) return 0;
 	CHECK_INTS;
     } while (st_lookup(loading_tbl, (st_data_t)ftptr, &th));
-    return Qtrue;
+    return 0;
+}
+
+static void
+load_unlock(const char *ftptr)
+{
+    if (ftptr) {
+	st_data_t key = (st_data_t)ftptr;
+	
+	if (st_delete(loading_tbl, &key, 0)) {
+	    free((char *)key);
+	}
+    }
 }
 
 /*
@@ -7048,16 +7294,16 @@ search_required(fname, featurep, path)
 
     *featurep = fname;
     *path = 0;
-    ext = strrchr(ftptr = RSTRING(fname)->ptr, '.');
+    ext = strrchr(ftptr = RSTRING_PTR(fname), '.');
     if (ext && !strchr(ext, '/')) {
 	if (strcmp(".rb", ext) == 0) {
 	    if (rb_feature_p(ftptr, ext, Qtrue)) return 'r';
-	    if (*path = rb_find_file(fname)) return 'r';
+	    if ((*path = rb_find_file(fname)) != 0) return 'r';
 	    return 0;
 	}
 	else if (IS_SOEXT(ext)) {
 	    if (rb_feature_p(ftptr, ext, Qfalse)) return 's';
-	    tmp = rb_str_new(RSTRING(fname)->ptr, ext-RSTRING(fname)->ptr);
+	    tmp = rb_str_new(RSTRING_PTR(fname), ext-RSTRING_PTR(fname));
 	    *featurep = tmp;
 #ifdef DLEXT2
 	    OBJ_FREEZE(tmp);
@@ -7069,27 +7315,25 @@ search_required(fname, featurep, path)
 #else
 	    rb_str_cat2(tmp, DLEXT);
 	    OBJ_FREEZE(tmp);
-	    if (*path = rb_find_file(tmp)) {
+	    if ((*path = rb_find_file(tmp)) != 0) {
 		return 's';
 	    }
 #endif
 	}
 	else if (IS_DLEXT(ext)) {
 	    if (rb_feature_p(ftptr, ext, Qfalse)) return 's';
-	    if (*path = rb_find_file(fname)) return 's';
+	    if ((*path = rb_find_file(fname)) != 0) return 's';
 	}
     }
     tmp = fname;
-    switch (type = rb_find_file_ext(&tmp, loadable_ext)) {
+    type = rb_find_file_ext(&tmp, loadable_ext);
+    *featurep = tmp;
+    switch (type) {
       case 0:
-	if ((ext = rb_feature_p(ftptr, 0, Qfalse))) {
-	    type = strcmp(".rb", ext);
-	    break;
-	}
-	return 0;
+	ftptr = RSTRING_PTR(tmp);
+	return rb_feature_p(ftptr, 0, Qfalse);
 
       default:
-	*featurep = tmp;
 	ext = strrchr(ftptr = RSTRING(tmp)->ptr, '.');
 	if (rb_feature_p(ftptr, ext, !--type)) break;
 	*path = rb_find_file(tmp);
@@ -7137,20 +7381,13 @@ rb_require_safe(fname, safe)
 	ruby_safe_level = safe;
 	found = search_required(fname, &feature, &path);
 	if (found) {
-	    if (!path || load_wait(RSTRING(feature)->ptr)) {
+	    if (!path || !(ftptr = load_lock(RSTRING_PTR(feature)))) {
 		result = Qfalse;
 	    }
 	    else {
 		ruby_safe_level = 0;
 		switch (found) {
 		  case 'r':
-		    /* loading ruby library should be serialized. */
-		    if (!loading_tbl) {
-			loading_tbl = st_init_strtable();
-		    }
-		    /* partial state */
-		    ftptr = ruby_strdup(RSTRING(feature)->ptr);
-		    st_insert(loading_tbl, (st_data_t)ftptr, (st_data_t)curr_thread);
 		    rb_load(path, 0);
 		    break;
 
@@ -7175,11 +7412,7 @@ rb_require_safe(fname, safe)
     ruby_frame->last_func = saved.func;
     SCOPE_SET(saved.vmode);
     ruby_safe_level = saved.safe;
-    if (ftptr) {
-	if (st_delete(loading_tbl, (st_data_t *)&ftptr, 0)) { /* loading done */
-	    free(ftptr);
-	}
-    }
+    load_unlock(ftptr);
     if (state) JUMP_TAG(state);
     if (NIL_P(result)) {
 	load_failed(fname);
@@ -7198,6 +7431,24 @@ rb_require(fname)
     return rb_require_safe(fn, ruby_safe_level);
 }
 
+void
+ruby_init_ext(name, init)
+    const char *name;
+    void (*init) _((void));
+{
+    ruby_current_node = 0;
+    ruby_sourcefile = rb_source_filename(name);
+    ruby_sourceline = 0;
+    ruby_frame->last_func = 0;
+    ruby_frame->orig_func = 0;
+    SCOPE_SET(SCOPE_PUBLIC);
+    if (load_lock(name)) {
+	(*init)();
+	rb_provide(name);
+	load_unlock(name);
+    }
+}
+
 static void
 secure_visibility(self)
     VALUE self;
@@ -7864,6 +8115,37 @@ rb_exec_end_proc()
     ruby_safe_level = safe;
 }
 
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *     __method__         => symbol
+ *  
+ *  Returns the name of the current method as a Symbol.
+ *  If called from inside of an aliased method it will return the original
+ *  nonaliased name.
+ *  If called outside of a method, it returns <code>nil</code>.
+ *  
+ *    def foo
+ *      __method__
+ *    end
+ *    alias bar foo
+ *    
+ *    foo                # => :foo
+ *    bar                # => :foo
+ *
+ */
+
+static VALUE
+rb_f_method_name()
+{
+    struct FRAME* prev = ruby_frame->prev;
+    if (prev && prev->orig_func) {
+	return ID2SYM(prev->orig_func);
+    }
+    else {
+	return Qnil;
+    }
+}
+
 void
 Init_eval()
 {
@@ -7885,11 +8167,11 @@ Init_eval()
     __id__ = rb_intern("__id__");
     __send__ = rb_intern("__send__");
 
-    rb_global_variable((VALUE*)&top_scope);
-    rb_global_variable((VALUE*)&ruby_eval_tree_begin);
+    rb_global_variable((void *)&top_scope);
+    rb_global_variable((void *)&ruby_eval_tree_begin);
 
-    rb_global_variable((VALUE*)&ruby_eval_tree);
-    rb_global_variable((VALUE*)&ruby_dyna_vars);
+    rb_global_variable((void *)&ruby_eval_tree);
+    rb_global_variable((void *)&ruby_dyna_vars);
 
     rb_define_virtual_variable("$@", errat_getter, errat_setter);
     rb_define_hooked_variable("$!", &ruby_errinfo, 0, errinfo_setter);
@@ -7902,7 +8184,7 @@ Init_eval()
 
     rb_define_method(rb_mKernel, "respond_to?", obj_respond_to, -1);
     respond_to   = rb_intern("respond_to?");
-    rb_global_variable((VALUE*)&basic_respond_to);
+    rb_global_variable((void *)&basic_respond_to);
     basic_respond_to = rb_method_node(rb_cObject, respond_to);
     
     rb_define_global_function("raise", rb_f_raise, -1);
@@ -7920,9 +8202,12 @@ Init_eval()
     rb_define_global_function("global_variables", rb_f_global_variables, 0); /* in variable.c */
     rb_define_global_function("local_variables", rb_f_local_variables, 0);
 
+    rb_define_global_function("__method__", rb_f_method_name, 0);
+
     rb_define_method(rb_mKernel, "send", rb_f_send, -1);
     rb_define_method(rb_mKernel, "__send__", rb_f_send, -1);
     rb_define_method(rb_mKernel, "instance_eval", rb_obj_instance_eval, -1);
+    rb_define_method(rb_mKernel, "instance_exec", rb_obj_instance_exec, -1);
 
     rb_define_private_method(rb_cModule, "append_features", rb_mod_append_features, 1);
     rb_define_private_method(rb_cModule, "extend_object", rb_mod_extend_object, 1);
@@ -7938,7 +8223,9 @@ Init_eval()
     rb_define_method(rb_cModule, "public_class_method", rb_mod_public_method, -1);
     rb_define_method(rb_cModule, "private_class_method", rb_mod_private_method, -1);
     rb_define_method(rb_cModule, "module_eval", rb_mod_module_eval, -1);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cModule, "module_exec", rb_mod_module_exec, -1);
     rb_define_method(rb_cModule, "class_eval", rb_mod_module_eval, -1);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cModule, "class_exec", rb_mod_module_exec, -1);
 
     rb_undef_method(rb_cClass, "module_function");
 
@@ -8227,20 +8514,42 @@ proc_clone(self)
  * MISSING: documentation
  */
 
+#define PROC_TSHIFT (FL_USHIFT+1)
+#define PROC_TMASK  (FL_USER1|FL_USER2|FL_USER3)
+#define PROC_TMAX   (PROC_TMASK >> PROC_TSHIFT)
+
+static int proc_get_safe_level(VALUE);
+
 static VALUE
 proc_dup(self)
     VALUE self;
 {
     struct BLOCK *orig, *data;
     VALUE bind;
+    int safe = proc_get_safe_level(self);
 
     Data_Get_Struct(self, struct BLOCK, orig);
     bind = Data_Make_Struct(rb_obj_class(self),struct BLOCK,blk_mark,blk_free,data);
     blk_dup(data, orig);
+    if (safe > PROC_TMAX) safe = PROC_TMAX;
+    FL_SET(bind, (safe << PROC_TSHIFT) & PROC_TMASK);
 
     return bind;
 }
 
+VALUE
+rb_block_dup(self, klass, cref)
+    VALUE self, klass, cref;
+{
+    struct BLOCK *block;
+    VALUE obj = proc_dup(self);
+    Data_Get_Struct(obj, struct BLOCK, block);
+    block->klass = klass;
+    block->cref = NEW_NODE(nd_type(block->cref), cref, block->cref->u2.node,
+			   block->cref->u3.node);
+    return obj;
+}
+
 /*
  *  call-seq:
  *     binding -> a_binding
@@ -8298,9 +8607,34 @@ rb_f_binding(self)
     return bind;
 }
 
-#define PROC_TSHIFT (FL_USHIFT+1)
-#define PROC_TMASK  (FL_USER1|FL_USER2|FL_USER3)
-#define PROC_TMAX   (PROC_TMASK >> PROC_TSHIFT)
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *     binding.eval(string [, filename [,lineno]])  => obj
+ *
+ *  Evaluates the Ruby expression(s) in <em>string</em>, in the
+ *  <em>binding</em>'s context.  If the optional <em>filename</em> and
+ *  <em>lineno</em> parameters are present, they will be used when
+ *  reporting syntax errors.
+ *
+ *     def getBinding(param)
+ *       return binding
+ *     end
+ *     b = getBinding("hello")
+ *     b.eval("param")   #=> "hello"
+ */
+
+static VALUE
+bind_eval(argc, argv, bindval)
+    int argc;
+    VALUE *argv;
+    VALUE bindval;
+{
+    VALUE args[4];
+
+    rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "12", &args[0], &args[2], &args[3]);
+    args[1] = bindval;
+    return rb_f_eval(argc+1, args, Qnil /* self will be searched in eval */);
+}
 
 #define SAFE_LEVEL_MAX PROC_TMASK
 
@@ -8463,13 +8797,12 @@ proc_invoke(proc, args, self, klass)
     volatile VALUE old_wrapper = ruby_wrapper;
     volatile int pcall, avalue = Qtrue;
     volatile VALUE tmp = args;
+    VALUE bvar = Qnil;
 
     if (rb_block_given_p() && ruby_frame->last_func) {
 	if (klass != ruby_frame->last_class)
 	    klass = rb_obj_class(proc);
-	rb_warning("block for %s#%s is useless",
-		   rb_class2name(klass),
-		   rb_id2name(ruby_frame->last_func));
+	bvar = rb_block_proc();
     }
 
     Data_Get_Struct(proc, struct BLOCK, data);
@@ -8485,15 +8818,17 @@ proc_invoke(proc, args, self, klass)
     /* PUSH BLOCK from data */
     old_block = ruby_block;
     _block = *data;
+    _block.block_obj = bvar;
     if (self != Qundef) _block.frame.self = self;
     if (klass) _block.frame.last_class = klass;
     _block.frame.argc = RARRAY(tmp)->len;
     _block.frame.flags = ruby_frame->flags;
-    if (_block.frame.argc && (ruby_frame->flags & FRAME_DMETH)) {
+    if (_block.frame.argc && DMETHOD_P()) {
         NEWOBJ(scope, struct SCOPE);
         OBJSETUP(scope, tmp, T_SCOPE);
         scope->local_tbl = _block.scope->local_tbl;
         scope->local_vars = _block.scope->local_vars;
+        scope->flags |= SCOPE_CLONE;
         _block.scope = scope;
     }
     /* modify current frame */
@@ -8504,7 +8839,8 @@ proc_invoke(proc, args, self, klass)
     state = EXEC_TAG();
     if (state == 0) {
 	proc_set_safe_level(proc);
-	result = rb_yield_0(args, self, (self!=Qundef)?CLASS_OF(self):0, pcall, avalue);
+	result = rb_yield_0(args, self, (self!=Qundef)?CLASS_OF(self):0,
+			    pcall | YIELD_PROC_CALL, avalue);
     }
     else if (TAG_DST()) {
 	result = prot_tag->retval;
@@ -8523,6 +8859,7 @@ proc_invoke(proc, args, self, klass)
 	proc_jump_error(TAG_RETRY, Qnil); /* xxx */
 	JUMP_TAG(state);
 	break;
+      case TAG_NEXT:
       case TAG_BREAK:
 	if (!pcall && result != Qundef) {
 	    proc_jump_error(state, result);
@@ -8572,8 +8909,8 @@ proc_invoke(proc, args, self, klass)
  *     	from prog.rb:5
  */
 
-static VALUE
-proc_call(proc, args)
+VALUE
+rb_proc_call(proc, args)
     VALUE proc, args;		/* OK */
 {
     return proc_invoke(proc, args, Qundef, 0);
@@ -8607,30 +8944,36 @@ proc_arity(proc)
     VALUE proc;
 {
     struct BLOCK *data;
-    NODE *list;
+    NODE *var, *list;
     int n;
 
     Data_Get_Struct(proc, struct BLOCK, data);
-    if (data->var == 0) {
+    var = data->var;
+    if (var == 0) {
 	if (data->body && nd_type(data->body) == NODE_IFUNC &&
 	    data->body->nd_cfnc == bmcall) {
 	    return method_arity(data->body->nd_tval);
 	}
 	return INT2FIX(-1);
     }
-    if (data->var == (NODE*)1) return INT2FIX(0);
-    if (data->var == (NODE*)2) return INT2FIX(0);
-    switch (nd_type(data->var)) {
+    if (var == (NODE*)1) return INT2FIX(0);
+    if (var == (NODE*)2) return INT2FIX(0);
+    if (nd_type(var) == NODE_BLOCK_ARG) {
+	var = var->nd_args;
+	if (var == (NODE*)1) return INT2FIX(0);
+	if (var == (NODE*)2) return INT2FIX(0);
+    }
+    switch (nd_type(var)) {
       default:
 	return INT2FIX(1);
       case NODE_MASGN:
-	list = data->var->nd_head;
+	list = var->nd_head;
 	n = 0;
 	while (list) {
 	    n++;
 	    list = list->nd_next;
 	}
-	if (data->var->nd_args) return INT2FIX(-n-1);
+	if (var->nd_args) return INT2FIX(-n-1);
 	return INT2FIX(n);
     }
 }
@@ -8678,7 +9021,7 @@ proc_to_s(self)
 {
     struct BLOCK *data;
     NODE *node;
-    char *cname = rb_obj_classname(self);
+    const char *cname = rb_obj_classname(self);
     const int w = (sizeof(VALUE) * CHAR_BIT) / 4;
     long len = strlen(cname)+6+w; /* 6:tags 16:addr */
     VALUE str;
@@ -8900,7 +9243,7 @@ mnew(klass, obj, id, mklass)
     data->body = body;
     data->rklass = rklass;
     data->oid = oid;
-    data->safe_level = NOEX_WITH_SAFE(0);
+    data->safe_level = NOEX_WITH_SAFE(noex);
     OBJ_INFECT(method, klass);
 
     return method;
@@ -8992,6 +9335,57 @@ method_unbind(obj)
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
+ *     meth.receiver    => object
+ *
+ *  Returns the bound receiver of the method object.
+ */
+
+static VALUE
+method_receiver(obj)
+    VALUE obj;
+{
+    struct METHOD *data;
+
+    Data_Get_Struct(obj, struct METHOD, data);
+    return data->recv;
+}
+
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *     meth.name    => string
+ *
+ *  Returns the name of the method.
+ */
+
+static VALUE
+method_name(obj)
+    VALUE obj;
+{
+    struct METHOD *data;
+
+    Data_Get_Struct(obj, struct METHOD, data);
+    return rb_str_new2(rb_id2name(data->oid));
+}
+
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *     meth.owner    => class_or_module
+ *
+ *  Returns the class or module that defines the method.
+ */
+
+static VALUE
+method_owner(obj)
+    VALUE obj;
+{
+    struct METHOD *data;
+
+    Data_Get_Struct(obj, struct METHOD, data);
+    return data->klass;
+}
+
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
  *     obj.method(sym)    => method
  *  
  *  Looks up the named method as a receiver in <i>obj</i>, returning a
@@ -9018,7 +9412,7 @@ method_unbind(obj)
  *     m.call   #=> "Hello, @iv = Fred"
  */
 
-static VALUE
+VALUE
 rb_obj_method(obj, vid)
     VALUE obj;
     VALUE vid;
@@ -9085,6 +9479,29 @@ method_clone(self)
     return clone;
 }
 
+VALUE
+rb_method_dup(self, klass, cref)
+    VALUE self;
+    VALUE klass;
+    VALUE cref;
+{
+    VALUE clone;
+    struct METHOD *orig, *data;
+
+    Data_Get_Struct(self, struct METHOD, orig);
+    clone = Data_Make_Struct(CLASS_OF(self),struct METHOD, bm_mark, free, data);
+    *data = *orig;
+    data->rklass = klass;
+    if (data->body->nd_rval) {
+	NODE *tmp = NEW_NODE(nd_type(data->body->u2.node), cref,
+			     data->body->u2.node->u2.node,
+			     data->body->u2.node->u3.node);
+	data->body = NEW_NODE(nd_type(data->body), data->body->u1.node, tmp,
+			      data->body->u3.node);
+    }
+    return clone;
+}
+
 /*
  *  call-seq:
  *     meth.call(args, ...)    => obj
@@ -9338,7 +9755,7 @@ method_inspect(method)
     struct METHOD *data;
     VALUE str;
     const char *s;
-    char *sharp = "#";
+    const char *sharp = "#";
 
     Data_Get_Struct(method, struct METHOD, data);
     str = rb_str_buf_new2("#<");
@@ -9417,7 +9834,8 @@ rb_proc_new(func, val)
     VALUE proc = rb_iterate((VALUE(*)_((VALUE)))mproc, 0, func, val);
 
     Data_Get_Struct(proc, struct BLOCK, data);
-    data->body->nd_state = YIELD_FUNC_AVALUE;
+    data->body->nd_state = YIELD_FUNC_LAMBDA;
+    data->flags |= BLOCK_LAMBDA;
     return proc;
 }
 
@@ -9537,17 +9955,16 @@ rb_mod_define_method(argc, argv, mod)
 	rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "wrong argument type (expected Proc/Method)");
     }
 
-    if (SCOPE_TEST(SCOPE_PRIVATE)) {
-	noex = NOEX_PRIVATE;
-    }
-    else if (SCOPE_TEST(SCOPE_PROTECTED)) {
-	noex = NOEX_PROTECTED;
-    }
-    else {
-	noex = NOEX_PUBLIC;
+    noex = NOEX_PUBLIC;
+    if (ruby_cbase == mod) {
+	if (SCOPE_TEST(SCOPE_PRIVATE)) {
+	    noex = NOEX_PRIVATE;
+	}
+	else if (SCOPE_TEST(SCOPE_PROTECTED)) {
+	    noex = NOEX_PROTECTED;
+	}
     }
     rb_add_method(mod, id, node, noex);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cBinding, "dup", proc_dup, 0);
     return body;
 }
 
@@ -9577,12 +9994,17 @@ Init_Proc()
     rb_define_method(rb_eLocalJumpError, "reason", localjump_reason, 0);
 
     rb_global_variable(&exception_error);
-    exception_error = rb_exc_new2(rb_eFatal, "exception reentered");
+    exception_error = rb_exc_new3(rb_eFatal,
+				  rb_obj_freeze(rb_str_new2("exception reentered")));
+    OBJ_TAINT(exception_error);
+    OBJ_FREEZE(exception_error);
 
     rb_eSysStackError = rb_define_class("SystemStackError", rb_eStandardError);
     rb_global_variable(&sysstack_error);
-    sysstack_error = rb_exc_new2(rb_eSysStackError, "stack level too deep");
+    sysstack_error = rb_exc_new3(rb_eSysStackError,
+				 rb_obj_freeze(rb_str_new2("stack level too deep")));
     OBJ_TAINT(sysstack_error);
+    OBJ_FREEZE(sysstack_error);
 
     rb_cProc = rb_define_class("Proc", rb_cObject);
     rb_undef_alloc_func(rb_cProc);
@@ -9590,9 +10012,9 @@ Init_Proc()
 
     rb_define_method(rb_cProc, "clone", proc_clone, 0);
     rb_define_method(rb_cProc, "dup", proc_dup, 0);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cProc, "call", proc_call, -2);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cProc, "call", rb_proc_call, -2);
     rb_define_method(rb_cProc, "arity", proc_arity, 0);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cProc, "[]", proc_call, -2);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cProc, "[]", rb_proc_call, -2);
     rb_define_method(rb_cProc, "==", proc_eq, 1);
     rb_define_method(rb_cProc, "to_s", proc_to_s, 0);
     rb_define_method(rb_cProc, "to_proc", proc_to_self, 0);
@@ -9612,6 +10034,9 @@ Init_Proc()
     rb_define_method(rb_cMethod, "inspect", method_inspect, 0);
     rb_define_method(rb_cMethod, "to_s", method_inspect, 0);
     rb_define_method(rb_cMethod, "to_proc", method_proc, 0);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cMethod, "receiver", method_receiver, 0);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cMethod, "name", method_name, 0);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cMethod, "owner", method_owner, 0);
     rb_define_method(rb_cMethod, "unbind", method_unbind, 0);
     rb_define_method(rb_mKernel, "method", rb_obj_method, 1);
 
@@ -9623,6 +10048,8 @@ Init_Proc()
     rb_define_method(rb_cUnboundMethod, "arity", method_arity, 0);
     rb_define_method(rb_cUnboundMethod, "inspect", method_inspect, 0);
     rb_define_method(rb_cUnboundMethod, "to_s", method_inspect, 0);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cUnboundMethod, "name", method_name, 0);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cUnboundMethod, "owner", method_owner, 0);
     rb_define_method(rb_cUnboundMethod, "bind", umethod_bind, 1);
     rb_define_method(rb_cModule, "instance_method", rb_mod_method, 1);
 }
@@ -9669,22 +10096,11 @@ Init_Binding()
     rb_undef_alloc_func(rb_cBinding);
     rb_undef_method(CLASS_OF(rb_cBinding), "new");
     rb_define_method(rb_cBinding, "clone", proc_clone, 0);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cBinding, "dup", proc_dup, 0);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cBinding, "eval", bind_eval, -1);
     rb_define_global_function("binding", rb_f_binding, 0);
 }
 
-#ifdef __ia64__
-#if defined(__FreeBSD__)
-/*
- * FreeBSD/ia64 currently does not have a way for a process to get the
- * base address for the RSE backing store, so hardcode it.
- */
-#define __libc_ia64_register_backing_store_base (4ULL<<61)
-#else
-#pragma weak __libc_ia64_register_backing_store_base
-extern unsigned long __libc_ia64_register_backing_store_base;
-#endif
-#endif
-
 /* Windows SEH refers data on the stack. */
 #undef SAVE_WIN32_EXCEPTION_LIST
 #if defined _WIN32 || defined __CYGWIN__
@@ -9749,13 +10165,6 @@ VALUE rb_cThread;
 
 extern VALUE rb_last_status;
 
-enum thread_status {
-    THREAD_TO_KILL,
-    THREAD_RUNNABLE,
-    THREAD_STOPPED,
-    THREAD_KILLED,
-};
-
 #define WAIT_FD		(1<<0)
 #define WAIT_SELECT	(1<<1)
 #define WAIT_TIME	(1<<2)
@@ -9773,70 +10182,9 @@ enum thread_status {
 # endif
 #endif
 
-/* typedef struct thread * rb_thread_t; */
-
-struct thread {
-    struct thread *next, *prev;
-    rb_jmpbuf_t context;
-#ifdef SAVE_WIN32_EXCEPTION_LIST
-    DWORD win32_exception_list;
-#endif
-
-    VALUE result;
-
-    long   stk_len;
-    long   stk_max;
-    VALUE *stk_ptr;
-    VALUE *stk_pos;
-#ifdef __ia64__
-    VALUE *bstr_ptr;
-    long   bstr_len;
-#endif
-
-    struct FRAME *frame;
-    struct SCOPE *scope;
-    struct RVarmap *dyna_vars;
-    struct BLOCK *block;
-    struct iter *iter;
-    struct tag *tag;
-    VALUE klass;
-    VALUE wrapper;
-    NODE *cref;
-
-    int flags;		/* misc. states (vmode/rb_trap_immediate/raised) */
-
-    NODE *node;
-
-    int tracing;
-    VALUE errinfo;
-    VALUE last_status;
-    VALUE last_line;
-    VALUE last_match;
-
-    int safe;
-
-    enum thread_status status;
-    int wait_for;
-    int fd;
-    fd_set readfds;
-    fd_set writefds;
-    fd_set exceptfds;
-    int select_value;
-    double delay;
-    rb_thread_t join;
-
-    int abort;
-    int priority;
-    VALUE thgroup;
-
-    st_table *locals;
-
-    VALUE thread;
-};
-
-#define THREAD_RAISED 0x200	 /* temporary flag */
 #define THREAD_TERMINATING 0x400 /* persistent flag */
-#define THREAD_FLAGS_MASK  0x400 /* mask for persistent flags */
+#define THREAD_NO_ENSURE   0x800 /* persistent flag */
+#define THREAD_FLAGS_MASK 0xfc00 /* mask for persistent flags */
 
 #define FOREACH_THREAD_FROM(f,x) x = f; do { x = x->next;
 #define END_FOREACH_FROM(f,x) } while (x != f)
@@ -9855,7 +10203,7 @@ struct thread_status_t {
 
     int safe;
 
-    enum thread_status status;
+    enum rb_thread_status status;
     int wait_for;
     int fd;
     fd_set readfds;
@@ -9888,22 +10236,34 @@ struct thread_status_t {
     (dst)->join = (src)->join,			\
     0)
 
-static int
-thread_set_raised()
+int
+rb_thread_set_raised(th)
+    rb_thread_t th;
 {
-    if (curr_thread->flags & THREAD_RAISED) return 1;
-    curr_thread->flags |= THREAD_RAISED;
+    if (th->flags & RAISED_EXCEPTION) {
+	return 1;
+    }
+    th->flags |= RAISED_EXCEPTION;
     return 0;
 }
 
-static int
-thread_reset_raised()
+int
+rb_thread_reset_raised(th)
+    rb_thread_t th;
 {
-    if (!(curr_thread->flags & THREAD_RAISED)) return 0;
-    curr_thread->flags &= ~THREAD_RAISED;
+    if (!(th->flags & RAISED_EXCEPTION)) {
+	return 0;
+    }
+    th->flags &= ~RAISED_EXCEPTION;
     return 1;
 }
 
+static int
+thread_no_ensure()
+{
+    return ((curr_thread->flags & THREAD_NO_ENSURE) == THREAD_NO_ENSURE);
+}
+
 static void rb_thread_ready _((rb_thread_t));
 
 static VALUE run_trap_eval _((VALUE));
@@ -9937,6 +10297,7 @@ rb_trap_eval(cmd, sig, safe)
 
     if (state) {
 	rb_trap_immediate = 0;
+	rb_thread_ready(curr_thread);
 	JUMP_TAG(state);
     }
 
@@ -9950,7 +10311,7 @@ rb_trap_eval(cmd, sig, safe)
 
 static const char *
 thread_status_name(status)
-    enum thread_status status;
+    enum rb_thread_status status;
 {
     switch (status) {
       case THREAD_RUNNABLE:
@@ -10004,6 +10365,13 @@ static double
 timeofday()
 {
     struct timeval tv;
+#ifdef CLOCK_MONOTONIC
+    struct timespec tp;
+
+    if (clock_gettime(CLOCK_MONOTONIC, &tp) == 0) {
+	return (double)tp.tv_sec + (double)tp.tv_nsec * 1e-9;
+    }
+#endif
     gettimeofday(&tv, NULL);
     return (double)tv.tv_sec + (double)tv.tv_usec * 1e-6;
 }
@@ -10033,6 +10401,7 @@ thread_mark(th)
     rb_gc_mark(th->last_match);
     rb_mark_tbl(th->locals);
     rb_gc_mark(th->thgroup);
+    rb_gc_mark_maybe(th->sandbox);
 
     /* mark data in copied stack */
     if (th == curr_thread) return;
@@ -10043,9 +10412,9 @@ thread_mark(th)
 #if defined(THINK_C) || defined(__human68k__)
 	rb_gc_mark_locations(th->stk_ptr+2, th->stk_ptr+th->stk_len+2);
 #endif
-#ifdef __ia64__
+#ifdef __ia64
 	if (th->bstr_ptr) {
-	    rb_gc_mark_locations(th->bstr_ptr, th->bstr_ptr+th->bstr_len);
+            rb_gc_mark_locations(th->bstr_ptr, th->bstr_ptr+th->bstr_len);
 	}
 #endif
     }
@@ -10131,7 +10500,7 @@ thread_free(th)
 {
     if (th->stk_ptr) free(th->stk_ptr);
     th->stk_ptr = 0;
-#ifdef __ia64__
+#ifdef __ia64
     if (th->bstr_ptr) free(th->bstr_ptr);
     th->bstr_ptr = 0;
 #endif
@@ -10160,7 +10529,6 @@ static VALUE th_raise_exception;
 static NODE *th_raise_node;
 static VALUE th_cmd;
 static int   th_sig, th_safe;
-static char *th_signm;
 
 #define RESTORE_NORMAL		1
 #define RESTORE_FATAL		2
@@ -10171,6 +10539,9 @@ static char *th_signm;
 #define RESTORE_EXIT		7
 
 extern VALUE *rb_gc_stack_start;
+#ifdef __ia64
+extern VALUE *rb_gc_register_stack_start;
+#endif
 
 static void
 rb_thread_save_context(th)
@@ -10192,22 +10563,19 @@ rb_thread_save_context(th)
     th->stk_len = len;
     FLUSH_REGISTER_WINDOWS;
     MEMCPY(th->stk_ptr, th->stk_pos, VALUE, th->stk_len);
-#ifdef __ia64__
-    {
-	ucontext_t ctx;
-	VALUE *top, *bot;
-
-	getcontext(&ctx);
-	bot = (VALUE*)__libc_ia64_register_backing_store_base;
-#if defined(__FreeBSD__)
-	top = (VALUE*)ctx.uc_mcontext.mc_special.bspstore;
-#else
-	top = (VALUE*)ctx.uc_mcontext.sc_ar_bsp;
-#endif
-	th->bstr_len = top - bot;
-	REALLOC_N(th->bstr_ptr, VALUE, th->bstr_len);
-	MEMCPY(th->bstr_ptr, (VALUE*)__libc_ia64_register_backing_store_base, VALUE, th->bstr_len);
-    }
+#ifdef __ia64
+    th->bstr_pos = rb_gc_register_stack_start;
+    len = (VALUE*)rb_ia64_bsp() - th->bstr_pos;
+    th->bstr_len = 0;
+    if (len > th->bstr_max) {
+        VALUE *ptr = realloc(th->bstr_ptr, sizeof(VALUE) * len);
+        if (!ptr) rb_memerror();
+        th->bstr_ptr = ptr;
+        th->bstr_max = len;
+    }
+    th->bstr_len = len;
+    rb_ia64_flushrs();
+    MEMCPY(th->bstr_ptr, th->bstr_pos, VALUE, th->bstr_len);
 #endif
 #ifdef SAVE_WIN32_EXCEPTION_LIST
     th->win32_exception_list = win32_get_exception_list();
@@ -10237,6 +10605,10 @@ rb_thread_save_context(th)
     th->safe = ruby_safe_level;
 
     th->node = ruby_current_node;
+    if (ruby_sandbox_save != NULL)
+    {
+      ruby_sandbox_save(th);
+    }
 }
 
 static int
@@ -10262,7 +10634,7 @@ rb_thread_switch(n)
 	rb_raise_jump(th_raise_exception);
 	break;
       case RESTORE_SIGNAL:
-	rb_raise(rb_eSignal, "SIG%s", th_signm);
+	rb_thread_signal_raise(th_sig);
 	break;
       case RESTORE_EXIT:
 	ruby_errinfo = th_raise_exception;
@@ -10280,53 +10652,24 @@ rb_thread_switch(n)
 }
 
 #define THREAD_SAVE_CONTEXT(th) \
-    (rb_thread_save_context(th),\
-     rb_thread_switch((FLUSH_REGISTER_WINDOWS, ruby_setjmp((th)->context))))
+    (rb_thread_switch(ruby_setjmp(rb_thread_save_context(th), (th)->context)))
 
 NORETURN(static void rb_thread_restore_context _((rb_thread_t,int)));
+NORETURN(NOINLINE(static void rb_thread_restore_context_0(rb_thread_t,int,void*)));
+NORETURN(NOINLINE(static void stack_extend(rb_thread_t, int, VALUE *)));
 
-# if _MSC_VER >= 1300
-__declspec(noinline) static void stack_extend(rb_thread_t, int);
-# endif
 static void
-stack_extend(th, exit)
-    rb_thread_t th;
-    int exit;
+rb_thread_restore_context_0(rb_thread_t th, int exit, void *vp)
 {
-    VALUE space[1024];
-
-    memset(space, 0, 1);	/* prevent array from optimization */
-    rb_thread_restore_context(th, exit);
-}
-
-static void
-rb_thread_restore_context(th, exit)
-    rb_thread_t th;
-    int exit;
-{
-    VALUE v;
     static rb_thread_t tmp;
     static int ex;
     static VALUE tval;
 
-    if (!th->stk_ptr) rb_bug("unsaved context");
-
-#if STACK_GROW_DIRECTION < 0
-    if (&v > th->stk_pos) stack_extend(th, exit);
-#elif STACK_GROW_DIRECTION > 0
-    if (&v < th->stk_pos + th->stk_len) stack_extend(th, exit);
-#else
-    if (&v < rb_gc_stack_start) {
-	/* Stack grows downward */
-	if (&v > th->stk_pos) stack_extend(th, exit);
-    }
-    else {
-	/* Stack grows upward */
-	if (&v < th->stk_pos + th->stk_len) stack_extend(th, exit);
-    }
-#endif
-
     rb_trap_immediate = 0;	/* inhibit interrupts from here */
+    if (ruby_sandbox_restore != NULL)
+    {
+      ruby_sandbox_restore(th);
+    }
     ruby_frame = th->frame;
     ruby_scope = th->scope;
     ruby_class = th->klass;
@@ -10351,8 +10694,8 @@ rb_thread_restore_context(th, exit)
     ex = exit;
     FLUSH_REGISTER_WINDOWS;
     MEMCPY(tmp->stk_pos, tmp->stk_ptr, VALUE, tmp->stk_len);
-#ifdef __ia64__
-    MEMCPY((VALUE*)__libc_ia64_register_backing_store_base, tmp->bstr_ptr, VALUE, tmp->bstr_len);
+#ifdef __ia64
+    MEMCPY(tmp->bstr_pos, tmp->bstr_ptr, VALUE, tmp->bstr_len);
 #endif
 
     tval = rb_lastline_get();
@@ -10365,6 +10708,78 @@ rb_thread_restore_context(th, exit)
     ruby_longjmp(tmp->context, ex);
 }
 
+#ifdef __ia64
+#define C(a) rse_##a##0, rse_##a##1, rse_##a##2, rse_##a##3, rse_##a##4
+#define E(a) rse_##a##0= rse_##a##1= rse_##a##2= rse_##a##3= rse_##a##4
+static volatile int C(a), C(b), C(c), C(d), C(e);
+static volatile int C(f), C(g), C(h), C(i), C(j);
+static volatile int C(k), C(l), C(m), C(n), C(o);
+static volatile int C(p), C(q), C(r), C(s), C(t);
+int rb_dummy_false = 0;
+NORETURN(NOINLINE(static void register_stack_extend(rb_thread_t, int, void *, VALUE *)));
+static void
+register_stack_extend(rb_thread_t th, int exit, void *vp, VALUE *curr_bsp)
+{
+    if (rb_dummy_false) {
+        /* use registers as much as possible */
+        E(a) = E(b) = E(c) = E(d) = E(e) =
+        E(f) = E(g) = E(h) = E(i) = E(j) =
+        E(k) = E(l) = E(m) = E(n) = E(o) =
+        E(p) = E(q) = E(r) = E(s) = E(t) = 0;
+        E(a) = E(b) = E(c) = E(d) = E(e) =
+        E(f) = E(g) = E(h) = E(i) = E(j) =
+        E(k) = E(l) = E(m) = E(n) = E(o) =
+        E(p) = E(q) = E(r) = E(s) = E(t) = 0;
+    }
+    if (curr_bsp < th->bstr_pos+th->bstr_len) {
+        register_stack_extend(th, exit, &exit, (VALUE*)rb_ia64_bsp());
+    }
+    rb_thread_restore_context_0(th, exit, &exit);
+}
+#undef C
+#undef E
+#endif
+
+# if defined(_MSC_VER) && _MSC_VER >= 1300
+__declspec(noinline) static void stack_extend(rb_thread_t, int, VALUE*);
+# endif
+static void
+stack_extend(rb_thread_t th, int exit, VALUE *addr_in_prev_frame)
+{
+#define STACK_PAD_SIZE 1024
+    VALUE space[STACK_PAD_SIZE];
+
+#if STACK_GROW_DIRECTION < 0
+    if (addr_in_prev_frame > th->stk_pos) stack_extend(th, exit, &space[0]);
+#elif STACK_GROW_DIRECTION > 0
+    if (addr_in_prev_frame < th->stk_pos + th->stk_len) stack_extend(th, exit, &space[STACK_PAD_SIZE-1]);
+#else
+    if (addr_in_prev_frame < rb_gc_stack_start) {
+        /* Stack grows downward */
+        if (addr_in_prev_frame > th->stk_pos) stack_extend(th, exit, &space[0]);
+    }
+    else {
+        /* Stack grows upward */
+        if (addr_in_prev_frame < th->stk_pos + th->stk_len) stack_extend(th, exit, &space[STACK_PAD_SIZE-1]);
+    }
+#endif
+#ifdef __ia64
+    register_stack_extend(th, exit, space, (VALUE*)rb_ia64_bsp());
+#else
+    rb_thread_restore_context_0(th, exit, space);
+#endif
+}
+
+static void
+rb_thread_restore_context(th, exit)
+    rb_thread_t th;
+    int exit;
+{
+    VALUE v;
+    if (!th->stk_ptr) rb_bug("unsaved context");
+    stack_extend(th, exit, &v);
+}
+
 static void
 rb_thread_ready(th)
     rb_thread_t th;
@@ -10542,6 +10957,7 @@ rb_thread_schedule()
     }
 #endif
     rb_thread_pending = 0;
+    rb_gc_finalize_deferred();
     if (curr_thread == curr_thread->next
 	&& curr_thread->status == THREAD_RUNNABLE)
 	return;
@@ -10961,7 +11377,7 @@ rb_thread_join(th, limit)
     rb_thread_t th;
     double limit;
 {
-    enum thread_status last_status = THREAD_RUNNABLE;
+    enum rb_thread_status last_status = THREAD_RUNNABLE;
 
     if (rb_thread_critical) rb_thread_deadlock();
     if (!rb_thread_dead(th)) {
@@ -10984,7 +11400,7 @@ rb_thread_join(th, limit)
 	if (!rb_thread_dead(th)) return Qfalse;
     }
 
-    if (!NIL_P(th->errinfo) && (th->flags & THREAD_RAISED)) {
+    if (!NIL_P(th->errinfo) && (th->flags & RAISED_EXCEPTION)) {
 	VALUE oldbt = get_backtrace(th->errinfo);
 	VALUE errat = make_backtrace();
 	VALUE errinfo = rb_obj_dup(th->errinfo);
@@ -11151,10 +11567,19 @@ VALUE
 rb_thread_wakeup(thread)
     VALUE thread;
 {
+    if (!RTEST(rb_thread_wakeup_alive(thread)))
+	rb_raise(rb_eThreadError, "killed thread");
+    return thread;
+}
+
+VALUE
+rb_thread_wakeup_alive(thread)
+    VALUE thread;
+{
     rb_thread_t th = rb_thread_check(thread);
 
     if (th->status == THREAD_KILLED)
-	rb_raise(rb_eThreadError, "killed thread");
+	return Qnil;
     rb_thread_ready(th);
 
     return thread;
@@ -11192,16 +11617,34 @@ rb_thread_run(thread)
 }
 
 
+static void
+rb_kill_thread(th, flags)
+    rb_thread_t th;
+    int flags;
+{
+    if (th != curr_thread && th->safe < 4) {
+	rb_secure(4);
+    }
+    if (th->status == THREAD_TO_KILL || th->status == THREAD_KILLED)
+	return;
+    if (th == th->next || th == main_thread) rb_exit(EXIT_SUCCESS);
+
+    rb_thread_ready(th);
+    th->flags |= flags;
+    th->status = THREAD_TO_KILL;
+    if (!rb_thread_critical) rb_thread_schedule();
+}
+
+
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *     thr.exit        => thr or nil
- *     thr.kill        => thr or nil
- *     thr.terminate   => thr or nil
+ *     thr.exit        => thr
+ *     thr.kill        => thr
+ *     thr.terminate   => thr
  *  
- *  Terminates <i>thr</i> and schedules another thread to be run. If this thread
- *  is already marked to be killed, <code>exit</code> returns the
- *  <code>Thread</code>. If this is the main thread, or the last thread, exits
- *  the process.
+ *  Terminates <i>thr</i> and schedules another thread to be run, returning
+ *  the terminated <code>Thread</code>.  If this is the main thread, or the
+ *  last thread, exits the process.
  */
 
 VALUE
@@ -11210,22 +11653,35 @@ rb_thread_kill(thread)
 {
     rb_thread_t th = rb_thread_check(thread);
 
-    if (th != curr_thread && th->safe < 4) {
-	rb_secure(4);
-    }
-    if (th->status == THREAD_TO_KILL || th->status == THREAD_KILLED)
-	return thread;
-    if (th == th->next || th == main_thread) rb_exit(EXIT_SUCCESS);
-
-    rb_thread_ready(th);
-    th->status = THREAD_TO_KILL;
-    if (!rb_thread_critical) rb_thread_schedule();
+    rb_kill_thread(th, 0);
     return thread;
 }
 
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
+ *     thr.exit!        => thr
+ *     thr.kill!        => thr
+ *     thr.terminate!   => thr
+ *  
+ *  Terminates <i>thr</i> without calling ensure clauses and schedules
+ *  another thread to be run, returning the terminated <code>Thread</code>.
+ *  If this is the main thread, or the last thread, exits the process.
+ *
+ *  See <code>Thread#exit</code> for the safer version.
+ */
+
+static VALUE
+rb_thread_kill_bang(thread)
+    VALUE thread;
+{
+    rb_thread_t th = rb_thread_check(thread);
+    rb_kill_thread(th, THREAD_NO_ENSURE);
+    return thread;
+}
+
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
  *     Thread.kill(thread)   => thread
  *  
  *  Causes the given <em>thread</em> to exit (see <code>Thread::exit</code>).
@@ -11313,7 +11769,7 @@ rb_thread_pass()
 VALUE
 rb_thread_stop()
 {
-    enum thread_status last_status = THREAD_RUNNABLE;
+    enum rb_thread_status last_status = THREAD_RUNNABLE;
 
     rb_thread_critical = 0;
     if (curr_thread == curr_thread->next) {
@@ -11378,10 +11834,12 @@ rb_thread_sleep_forever()
 /*
  *  call-seq:
  *     thr.priority   => integer
- *  
- *  Returns the priority of <i>thr</i>. Default is zero; higher-priority threads
- *  will run before lower-priority threads.
- *     
+ *
+ *  Returns the priority of <i>thr</i>. Default is inherited from the
+ *  current thread which creating the new thread, or zero for the
+ *  initial main thread; higher-priority threads will run before
+ *  lower-priority threads.
+ *
  *     Thread.current.priority   #=> 0
  */
 
@@ -11396,10 +11854,10 @@ rb_thread_priority(thread)
 /*
  *  call-seq:
  *     thr.priority= integer   => thr
- *  
+ *
  *  Sets the priority of <i>thr</i> to <i>integer</i>. Higher-priority threads
  *  will run before lower-priority threads.
- *     
+ *
  *     count1 = count2 = 0
  *     a = Thread.new do
  *           loop { count1 += 1 }
@@ -11570,14 +12028,14 @@ rb_thread_group(thread)
     return group;
 }
 
-#ifdef __ia64__
+#ifdef __ia64
 # define IA64_INIT(x) x
 #else
 # define IA64_INIT(x)
 #endif
 
 #define THREAD_ALLOC(th) do {\
-    th = ALLOC(struct thread);\
+    th = ALLOC(struct rb_thread);\
 \
     th->next = 0;\
     th->prev = 0;\
@@ -11592,6 +12050,7 @@ rb_thread_group(thread)
     th->wait_for = 0;\
     IA64_INIT(th->bstr_ptr = 0);\
     IA64_INIT(th->bstr_len = 0);\
+    IA64_INIT(th->bstr_max = 0);\
     FD_ZERO(&th->readfds);\
     FD_ZERO(&th->writefds);\
     FD_ZERO(&th->exceptfds);\
@@ -11617,6 +12076,11 @@ rb_thread_group(thread)
     th->thgroup = thgroup_default;\
     th->locals = 0;\
     th->thread = 0;\
+    if (curr_thread == 0) {\
+      th->sandbox = Qnil;\
+    } else {\
+      th->sandbox = curr_thread->sandbox;\
+    }\
 } while (0)
 
 static rb_thread_t
@@ -11636,7 +12100,7 @@ rb_thread_alloc(klass)
     return th;
 }
 
-static int thread_init = 0;
+static int thread_init;
 
 #if defined(_THREAD_SAFE)
 static void
@@ -11655,6 +12119,11 @@ static void*
 thread_timer(dummy)
     void *dummy;
 {
+    sigset_t all_signals;
+
+    sigfillset(&all_signals);
+    pthread_sigmask(SIG_BLOCK, &all_signals, 0);
+
     for (;;) {
 #ifdef HAVE_NANOSLEEP
 	struct timespec req, rem;
@@ -11736,7 +12205,7 @@ rb_thread_start_0(fn, arg, th)
     volatile rb_thread_t th_save = th;
     volatile VALUE thread = th->thread;
     struct BLOCK *volatile saved_block = 0;
-    enum thread_status status;
+    enum rb_thread_status status;
     int state;
 
     if (OBJ_FROZEN(curr_thread->thgroup)) {
@@ -11807,7 +12276,7 @@ rb_thread_start_0(fn, arg, th)
     }
 
     if (state && status != THREAD_TO_KILL && !NIL_P(ruby_errinfo)) {
-	th->flags |= THREAD_RAISED;
+	th->flags |= RAISED_EXCEPTION;
 	if (state == TAG_FATAL) {
 	    /* fatal error within this thread, need to stop whole script */
 	    main_thread->errinfo = ruby_errinfo;
@@ -11844,7 +12313,7 @@ rb_thread_create(fn, arg)
     VALUE (*fn)();
     void *arg;
 {
-    Init_stack((VALUE*)&arg);
+    Init_stack((void *)&arg);
     return rb_thread_start_0(fn, arg, rb_thread_alloc(rb_cThread));
 }
 
@@ -12025,7 +12494,7 @@ rb_thread_status(thread)
     rb_thread_t th = rb_thread_check(thread);
 
     if (rb_thread_dead(th)) {
-	if (!NIL_P(th->errinfo) && (th->flags & THREAD_RAISED))
+	if (!NIL_P(th->errinfo) && (th->flags & RAISED_EXCEPTION))
 	    return Qnil;
 	return Qfalse;
     }
@@ -12046,7 +12515,7 @@ rb_thread_status(thread)
  *     thr.alive?              #=> false
  */
 
-static VALUE
+VALUE
 rb_thread_alive_p(thread)
     VALUE thread;
 {
@@ -12183,13 +12652,15 @@ rb_thread_interrupt()
 
 void
 rb_thread_signal_raise(sig)
-    char *sig;
+    int sig;
 {
-    if (sig == 0) return;	/* should not happen */
     rb_thread_critical = 0;
     if (curr_thread == main_thread) {
+	VALUE argv[1];
+
 	rb_thread_ready(curr_thread);
-	rb_raise(rb_eSignal, "SIG%s", sig);
+	argv[0] = INT2FIX(sig);
+	rb_exc_raise(rb_class_new_instance(1, argv, rb_eSignal));
     }
     rb_thread_ready(main_thread);
     if (!rb_thread_dead(curr_thread)) {
@@ -12197,7 +12668,7 @@ rb_thread_signal_raise(sig)
 	    return;
 	}
     }
-    th_signm = sig;
+    th_sig = sig;
     curr_thread = main_thread;
     rb_thread_restore_context(curr_thread, RESTORE_SIGNAL);
 }
@@ -12477,7 +12948,7 @@ static VALUE
 rb_thread_inspect(thread)
     VALUE thread;
 {
-    char *cname = rb_obj_classname(thread);
+    const char *cname = rb_obj_classname(thread);
     rb_thread_t th = rb_thread_check(thread);
     const char *status = thread_status_name(th->status);
     VALUE str;
@@ -12556,7 +13027,7 @@ rb_thread_atfork()
  *     3:  15 16
  */
 
-static VALUE rb_cCont;
+VALUE rb_cCont;
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
@@ -12832,6 +13303,109 @@ thgroup_add(group, thread)
 }
 
 
+/* variables for recursive traversals */
+static ID recursive_key;
+
+static VALUE
+recursive_check(hash, obj)
+    VALUE hash;
+    VALUE obj;
+{
+    if (NIL_P(hash) || TYPE(hash) != T_HASH) {
+	return Qfalse;
+    }
+    else {
+	VALUE list = rb_hash_aref(hash, ID2SYM(rb_frame_last_func()));
+
+	if (NIL_P(list) || TYPE(list) != T_HASH)
+	    return Qfalse;
+	if (NIL_P(rb_hash_lookup(list, obj)))
+	    return Qfalse;
+	return Qtrue;
+    }
+}
+
+static VALUE
+recursive_push(hash, obj)
+    VALUE hash;
+    VALUE obj;
+{
+    VALUE list, sym;
+
+    sym = ID2SYM(rb_frame_last_func());
+    if (NIL_P(hash) || TYPE(hash) != T_HASH) {
+	hash = rb_hash_new();
+	rb_thread_local_aset(rb_thread_current(), recursive_key, hash);
+	list = Qnil;
+    }
+    else {
+	list = rb_hash_aref(hash, sym);
+    }
+    if (NIL_P(list) || TYPE(list) != T_HASH) {
+	list = rb_hash_new();
+	rb_hash_aset(hash, sym, list);
+    }
+    rb_hash_aset(list, obj, Qtrue);
+    return hash;
+}
+
+static void
+recursive_pop(hash, obj)
+    VALUE hash;
+    VALUE obj;
+{
+    VALUE list, sym;
+
+    sym = ID2SYM(rb_frame_last_func());
+    if (NIL_P(hash) || TYPE(hash) != T_HASH) {
+	VALUE symname;
+	VALUE thrname;
+	symname = rb_inspect(sym);
+	thrname = rb_inspect(rb_thread_current());
+
+	rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "invalid inspect_tbl hash for %s in %s",
+		 StringValuePtr(symname), StringValuePtr(thrname));
+    }
+    list = rb_hash_aref(hash, sym);
+    if (NIL_P(list) || TYPE(list) != T_HASH) {
+	VALUE symname = rb_inspect(sym);
+	VALUE thrname = rb_inspect(rb_thread_current());
+	rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "invalid inspect_tbl list for %s in %s",
+		 StringValuePtr(symname), StringValuePtr(thrname));
+    }
+    rb_hash_delete(list, obj);
+}
+
+VALUE
+rb_exec_recursive(func, obj, arg)
+    VALUE (*func) _((VALUE, VALUE, int));
+    VALUE obj;
+    VALUE arg;
+{
+    VALUE hash = rb_thread_local_aref(rb_thread_current(), recursive_key);
+    VALUE objid = rb_obj_id(obj);
+
+    if (recursive_check(hash, objid)) {
+	return (*func) (obj, arg, Qtrue);
+    }
+    else {
+	VALUE result = Qundef;
+	int state;
+
+	hash = recursive_push(hash, objid);
+	PUSH_TAG(PROT_NONE);
+	if ((state = EXEC_TAG()) == 0) {
+	    result = (*func) (obj, arg, Qfalse);
+	}
+	POP_TAG();
+	recursive_pop(hash, objid);
+	if (state)
+	    JUMP_TAG(state);
+	return result;
+    }
+}
+
+
 /*
  *  +Thread+ encapsulates the behavior of a thread of
  *  execution, including the main thread of the Ruby script.
@@ -12846,6 +13420,7 @@ Init_Thread()
 {
     VALUE cThGroup;
 
+    recursive_key = rb_intern("__recursive_key__");
     rb_eThreadError = rb_define_class("ThreadError", rb_eStandardError);
     rb_cThread = rb_define_class("Thread", rb_cObject);
     rb_undef_alloc_func(rb_cThread);
@@ -12874,6 +13449,9 @@ Init_Thread()
     rb_define_method(rb_cThread, "kill", rb_thread_kill, 0);
     rb_define_method(rb_cThread, "terminate", rb_thread_kill, 0);
     rb_define_method(rb_cThread, "exit", rb_thread_kill, 0);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cThread, "kill!", rb_thread_kill_bang, 0);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cThread, "terminate!", rb_thread_kill_bang, 0);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cThread, "exit!", rb_thread_kill_bang, 0);
     rb_define_method(rb_cThread, "value", rb_thread_value, 0);
     rb_define_method(rb_cThread, "status", rb_thread_status, 0);
     rb_define_method(rb_cThread, "join", rb_thread_join_m, -1);
@@ -13045,13 +13623,3 @@ rb_throw(tag, val)
     argv[1] = val;
     rb_f_throw(2, argv);
 }
-
-/* flush_register_windows must not be inlined because flushrs doesn't flush
- * current frame in register stack. */
-#ifdef __ia64__
-void flush_register_windows(void)
-{
-    __asm__ ("flushrs");
-}
-#endif
-
diff --git a/ext/Setup b/ext/Setup
index 7b214abde3..d0d6317a5e 100644
--- a/ext/Setup
+++ b/ext/Setup
@@ -28,6 +28,7 @@
 #syck
 #syslog
 #tcltklib
+#thread
 #tk
 #win32ole
 #zlib
diff --git a/ext/Setup.atheos b/ext/Setup.atheos
index 9b1bdecb95..6bda3a4cfb 100644
--- a/ext/Setup.atheos
+++ b/ext/Setup.atheos
@@ -28,6 +28,7 @@ strscan
 syck
 syslog
 #tcltklib
+thread
 #tk
 #win32ole
 zlib
diff --git a/ext/Setup.dj b/ext/Setup.dj
index f2ed3a4f16..4f94788886 100644
--- a/ext/Setup.dj
+++ b/ext/Setup.dj
@@ -28,6 +28,7 @@ strscan
 syck
 #syslog
 #tcltklib
+thread
 #tk
 #win32ole
 zlib
diff --git a/ext/Setup.emx b/ext/Setup.emx
index 7ea04543c5..afc5923577 100644
--- a/ext/Setup.emx
+++ b/ext/Setup.emx
@@ -28,6 +28,7 @@ strscan
 #syck
 #syslog
 #tcltklib
+thread
 #tk
 #win32ole
 #zlib
diff --git a/ext/Setup.nt b/ext/Setup.nt
index 7a330f801a..9f8abf9b8d 100644
--- a/ext/Setup.nt
+++ b/ext/Setup.nt
@@ -28,6 +28,7 @@ strscan
 syck
 #syslog
 #tcltklib
+thread
 #tk
 win32ole
 #zlib
diff --git a/ext/Setup.x68 b/ext/Setup.x68
index 9b9563d941..0966e737e9 100644
--- a/ext/Setup.x68
+++ b/ext/Setup.x68
@@ -28,6 +28,7 @@ strscan
 #syck
 #syslog
 #tcltklib
+thread
 #tk
 #win32ole
 #zlib
diff --git a/ext/Win32API/Win32API.c b/ext/Win32API/Win32API.c
index 96ce8c6636..a4fd0396f0 100644
--- a/ext/Win32API/Win32API.c
+++ b/ext/Win32API/Win32API.c
@@ -108,7 +108,7 @@ Win32API_initialize(self, dllname, proc, import, export)
     }
 
     if (16 < RARRAY(a_import)->len) {
-	rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "too many parameters: %d\n", RARRAY(a_import)->len);
+	rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "too many parameters: %ld\n", RARRAY(a_import)->len);
     }
 
     rb_iv_set(self, "__import__", a_import);
diff --git a/ext/Win32API/lib/win32/registry.rb b/ext/Win32API/lib/win32/registry.rb
index 2671551a33..9a2f3827b7 100644
--- a/ext/Win32API/lib/win32/registry.rb
+++ b/ext/Win32API/lib/win32/registry.rb
@@ -493,7 +493,7 @@ module Win32
     # utility functions
     #
     def self.expand_environ(str)
-      str.gsub(/%([^%]+)%/) { ENV[$1] || $& }
+      str.gsub(/%([^%]+)%/) { ENV[$1] || ENV[$1.upcase] || $& }
     end
     
     @@type2name = { }
diff --git a/ext/Win32API/lib/win32/resolv.rb b/ext/Win32API/lib/win32/resolv.rb
index 6534d20760..92336fac28 100644
--- a/ext/Win32API/lib/win32/resolv.rb
+++ b/ext/Win32API/lib/win32/resolv.rb
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ module Win32
     
     def self.get_hosts_path
       path = get_hosts_dir
-      path = File.join(path.gsub(/\\/, File::SEPARATOR), 'hosts')
+      path = File.expand_path('hosts', path)
       File.exist?(path) ? path : nil
     end
     
diff --git a/ext/bigdecimal/bigdecimal.c b/ext/bigdecimal/bigdecimal.c
index 0abd20546a..636c0907d6 100644
--- a/ext/bigdecimal/bigdecimal.c
+++ b/ext/bigdecimal/bigdecimal.c
@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@
  *
  */
 
+#include "ruby.h"
 #include <ctype.h>
 #include <stdio.h>
 #include <stdlib.h>
@@ -20,7 +21,6 @@
 #include <errno.h>
 #include <float.h>
 #include <math.h>
-#include "ruby.h"
 #include "math.h"
 #include "version.h"
  
@@ -224,14 +224,14 @@ GetVpValue(VALUE v, int must)
 #ifdef ENABLE_NUMERIC_STRING
     case T_STRING:
         SafeStringValue(v);
-        return VpCreateRbObject(strlen(RSTRING(v)->ptr) + VpBaseFig() + 1,
-                                RSTRING(v)->ptr);
+        return VpCreateRbObject(strlen(RSTRING_PTR(v)) + VpBaseFig() + 1,
+                                RSTRING_PTR(v));
 #endif /* ENABLE_NUMERIC_STRING */
 
     case T_BIGNUM:
         bg = rb_big2str(v, 10);
-        return VpCreateRbObject(strlen(RSTRING(bg)->ptr) + VpBaseFig() + 1,
-                                RSTRING(bg)->ptr);
+        return VpCreateRbObject(strlen(RSTRING_PTR(bg)) + VpBaseFig() + 1,
+                                RSTRING_PTR(bg));
     default:
         goto SomeOneMayDoIt;
     }
@@ -240,7 +240,7 @@ SomeOneMayDoIt:
     if(must) {
         rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "%s can't be coerced into BigDecimal",
                     rb_special_const_p(v)?
-                    RSTRING(rb_inspect(v))->ptr:
+                    RSTRING_PTR(rb_inspect(v)):
                     rb_obj_classname(v)
                 );
     }
@@ -332,7 +332,7 @@ BigDecimal_load(VALUE self, VALUE str)
     unsigned long m=0;
 
     SafeStringValue(str);
-    pch = RSTRING(str)->ptr;
+    pch = (unsigned char *)RSTRING_PTR(str);
     /* First get max prec */
     while((*pch)!=(unsigned char)'\0' && (ch=*pch++)!=(unsigned char)':') {
         if(!ISDIGIT(ch)) {
@@ -341,7 +341,7 @@ BigDecimal_load(VALUE self, VALUE str)
         m = m*10 + (unsigned long)(ch-'0');
     }
     if(m>VpBaseFig()) m -= VpBaseFig();
-    GUARD_OBJ(pv,VpNewRbClass(m,pch,self));
+    GUARD_OBJ(pv,VpNewRbClass(m,(char *)pch,self));
     m /= VpBaseFig();
     if(m && pv->MaxPrec>m) pv->MaxPrec = m+1;
     return ToValue(pv);
@@ -474,7 +474,7 @@ VpNewRbClass(U_LONG mx, char *str, VALUE klass)
 }
 
 VP_EXPORT Real *
-VpCreateRbObject(U_LONG mx, char *str)
+VpCreateRbObject(U_LONG mx, const char *str)
 {
     Real *pv = VpAlloc(mx,str);
     pv->obj = (VALUE)Data_Wrap_Struct(rb_cBigDecimal, 0, BigDecimal_delete, pv);
@@ -586,19 +586,22 @@ BigDecimal_to_f(VALUE self)
 {
     ENTER(1);
     Real *p;
-    double d, d2;
+    double d;
     S_LONG e;
+    char *buf;
 
     GUARD_OBJ(p,GetVpValue(self,1));
     if(VpVtoD(&d, &e, p)!=1) return rb_float_new(d);
+    buf = ALLOCA_N(char,(unsigned int)VpNumOfChars(p,"E"));
+    VpToString(p, buf, 0, 0);
     errno = 0;
-    d2 = pow(10.0,(double)e);
-    if((errno == ERANGE && e>0) || (d2>1.0 && (fabs(d) > (DBL_MAX / d2)))) {
+    d = strtod(buf, 0);
+    if(errno == ERANGE) {
        VpException(VP_EXCEPTION_OVERFLOW,"BigDecimal to Float conversion",0);
        if(d>0.0) return rb_float_new(DBL_MAX);
        else      return rb_float_new(-DBL_MAX);
     }
-    return rb_float_new(d*d2);
+    return rb_float_new(d);
 }
 
 /* The coerce method provides support for Ruby type coercion. It is not
@@ -781,17 +784,6 @@ BigDecimal_eq(VALUE self, VALUE r)
     return BigDecimalCmp(self, r, '=');
 }
 
-/* Returns true if the values are not equal in value. Values may be coerced
- * to perform the comparison:
- *
- * BigDecimal.new('1.0') != 1.0  -> false
- */
-static VALUE
-BigDecimal_ne(VALUE self, VALUE r)
-{
-    return BigDecimalCmp(self, r, '!');
-}
-
 /* call-seq:
  * a < b
  *
@@ -1062,7 +1054,7 @@ static VALUE
 BigDecimal_remainder(VALUE self, VALUE r) /* remainder */
 {
     VALUE  f;
-    Real  *d,*rv;
+    Real  *d,*rv=0;
     f = BigDecimal_divremain(self,r,&d,&rv);
     if(f!=(VALUE)0) return f;
     return ToValue(rv);
@@ -1276,7 +1268,7 @@ BigDecimal_round(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
 {
     ENTER(5);
     Real   *c, *a;
-    int    iLoc;
+    int    iLoc = 0;
     U_LONG mx;
     VALUE  vLoc;
     VALUE  vRound;
@@ -1510,13 +1502,13 @@ BigDecimal_to_s(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
     if(rb_scan_args(argc,argv,"01",&f)==1) {
         if(TYPE(f)==T_STRING) {
             SafeStringValue(f);
-            psz = RSTRING(f)->ptr;
+            psz = RSTRING_PTR(f);
             if(*psz==' ') {
                 fPlus = 1; psz++;
             } else if(*psz=='+') {
                 fPlus = 2; psz++;
             }
-            while(ch=*psz++) {
+            while((ch=*psz++)!=0) {
                 if(ISSPACE(ch)) continue;
                 if(!ISDIGIT(ch)) {
                     if(ch=='F' || ch=='f') fmt = 1; /* F format */
@@ -1687,7 +1679,7 @@ BigDecimal_global_new(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
         mf = GetPositiveInt(nFig);
     }
     SafeStringValue(iniValue);
-    GUARD_OBJ(pv,VpCreateRbObject(mf, RSTRING(iniValue)->ptr));
+    GUARD_OBJ(pv,VpCreateRbObject(mf, RSTRING_PTR(iniValue)));
     return ToValue(pv);
 }
 
@@ -1718,7 +1710,7 @@ BigDecimal_new(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
         mf = GetPositiveInt(nFig);
     }
     SafeStringValue(iniValue);
-    GUARD_OBJ(pv,VpNewRbClass(mf, RSTRING(iniValue)->ptr,self));
+    GUARD_OBJ(pv,VpNewRbClass(mf, RSTRING_PTR(iniValue),self));
     return ToValue(pv);
 }
 
@@ -1811,76 +1803,94 @@ Init_bigdecimal(void)
     /* Exceptions */
 
     /*
-     * Determines whether overflow, underflow or zero divide result in 
+     * 0xff: Determines whether overflow, underflow or zero divide result in 
      * an exception being thrown. See BigDecimal.mode.
      */
     rb_define_const(rb_cBigDecimal, "EXCEPTION_ALL",INT2FIX(VP_EXCEPTION_ALL));
 
     /* 
-     * Determines what happens when the result of a computation is not a 
+     * 0x02: Determines what happens when the result of a computation is not a 
      * number (NaN). See BigDecimal.mode. 
      */
     rb_define_const(rb_cBigDecimal, "EXCEPTION_NaN",INT2FIX(VP_EXCEPTION_NaN));
 
     /* 
-     * Determines what happens when the result of a computation is infinity.
-     * See BigDecimal.mode.
+     * 0x01: Determines what happens when the result of a computation is
+     * infinity.  See BigDecimal.mode.
      */
     rb_define_const(rb_cBigDecimal, "EXCEPTION_INFINITY",INT2FIX(VP_EXCEPTION_INFINITY));
 
     /* 
-     * Determines what happens when the result of a computation is an underflow
-     * (a result too small to be represented). See BigDecimal.mode.
+     * 0x04: Determines what happens when the result of a computation is an
+     * underflow (a result too small to be represented). See BigDecimal.mode.
      */
     rb_define_const(rb_cBigDecimal, "EXCEPTION_UNDERFLOW",INT2FIX(VP_EXCEPTION_UNDERFLOW));
 
     /* 
-     * Determines what happens when the result of a computation is an underflow
-     * (a result too large to be represented). See BigDecimal.mode.
+     * 0x01: Determines what happens when the result of a computation is an
+     * underflow (a result too large to be represented). See BigDecimal.mode.
      */
     rb_define_const(rb_cBigDecimal, "EXCEPTION_OVERFLOW",INT2FIX(VP_EXCEPTION_OVERFLOW));
 
     /* 
-     * Determines what happens when a division by zero is performed.
+     * 0x01: Determines what happens when a division by zero is performed.
      * See BigDecimal.mode.
      */
     rb_define_const(rb_cBigDecimal, "EXCEPTION_ZERODIVIDE",INT2FIX(VP_EXCEPTION_ZERODIVIDE));
 
     /* 
-     * Determines what happens when a result must be rounded in order to
-     * fit in the appropriate number of significant digits. See 
+     * 0x100: Determines what happens when a result must be rounded in order to
+     * fit in the appropriate number of significant digits. See
      * BigDecimal.mode.
      */
     rb_define_const(rb_cBigDecimal, "ROUND_MODE",INT2FIX(VP_ROUND_MODE));
 
-    /* Indicates that values should be rounded away from zero. See BigDecimal.mode. */
+    /* 1: Indicates that values should be rounded away from zero. See
+     * BigDecimal.mode.
+     */
     rb_define_const(rb_cBigDecimal, "ROUND_UP",INT2FIX(VP_ROUND_UP));
-    /* Indicates that values should be rounded towards zero. See BigDecimal.mode. */
+
+    /* 2: Indicates that values should be rounded towards zero. See
+     * BigDecimal.mode.
+     */
     rb_define_const(rb_cBigDecimal, "ROUND_DOWN",INT2FIX(VP_ROUND_DOWN));
-    /* Indicates that digits >= 5 should be rounded up, others rounded down. See BigDecimal.mode. */
+
+    /* 3: Indicates that digits >= 5 should be rounded up, others rounded down.
+     * See BigDecimal.mode. */
     rb_define_const(rb_cBigDecimal, "ROUND_HALF_UP",INT2FIX(VP_ROUND_HALF_UP));
-    /* Indicates that digits >= 6 should be rounded up, others rounded down. See BigDecimal.mode. */
+
+    /* 4: Indicates that digits >= 6 should be rounded up, others rounded down.
+     * See BigDecimal.mode.
+     */
     rb_define_const(rb_cBigDecimal, "ROUND_HALF_DOWN",INT2FIX(VP_ROUND_HALF_DOWN));
-    /* Round towards +infinity. See BigDecimal.mode. */
+    /* 5: Round towards +infinity. See BigDecimal.mode. */
     rb_define_const(rb_cBigDecimal, "ROUND_CEILING",INT2FIX(VP_ROUND_CEIL));
-    /* Round towards -infinity. See BigDecimal.mode. */
+
+    /* 6: Round towards -infinity. See BigDecimal.mode. */
     rb_define_const(rb_cBigDecimal, "ROUND_FLOOR",INT2FIX(VP_ROUND_FLOOR));
-    /* Round towards the even neighbor. See BigDecimal.mode. */
+
+    /* 7: Round towards the even neighbor. See BigDecimal.mode. */
     rb_define_const(rb_cBigDecimal, "ROUND_HALF_EVEN",INT2FIX(VP_ROUND_HALF_EVEN));
 
-    /* Indicates that a value is not a number. See BigDecimal.sign. */
+    /* 0: Indicates that a value is not a number. See BigDecimal.sign. */
     rb_define_const(rb_cBigDecimal, "SIGN_NaN",INT2FIX(VP_SIGN_NaN));
-    /* Indicates that a value is +0. See BigDecimal.sign. */
+
+    /* 1: Indicates that a value is +0. See BigDecimal.sign. */
     rb_define_const(rb_cBigDecimal, "SIGN_POSITIVE_ZERO",INT2FIX(VP_SIGN_POSITIVE_ZERO));
-    /* Indicates that a value is -0. See BigDecimal.sign. */
+
+    /* -1: Indicates that a value is -0. See BigDecimal.sign. */
     rb_define_const(rb_cBigDecimal, "SIGN_NEGATIVE_ZERO",INT2FIX(VP_SIGN_NEGATIVE_ZERO));
-    /* Indicates that a value is positive and finite. See BigDecimal.sign. */
+
+    /* 2: Indicates that a value is positive and finite. See BigDecimal.sign. */
     rb_define_const(rb_cBigDecimal, "SIGN_POSITIVE_FINITE",INT2FIX(VP_SIGN_POSITIVE_FINITE));
-    /* Indicates that a value is negative and finite. See BigDecimal.sign. */
+
+    /* -2: Indicates that a value is negative and finite. See BigDecimal.sign. */
     rb_define_const(rb_cBigDecimal, "SIGN_NEGATIVE_FINITE",INT2FIX(VP_SIGN_NEGATIVE_FINITE));
-    /* Indicates that a value is positive and infinite. See BigDecimal.sign. */
+
+    /* 3: Indicates that a value is positive and infinite. See BigDecimal.sign. */
     rb_define_const(rb_cBigDecimal, "SIGN_POSITIVE_INFINITE",INT2FIX(VP_SIGN_POSITIVE_INFINITE));
-    /* Indicates that a value is negative and infinite. See BigDecimal.sign. */
+
+    /* -3: Indicates that a value is negative and infinite. See BigDecimal.sign. */
     rb_define_const(rb_cBigDecimal, "SIGN_NEGATIVE_INFINITE",INT2FIX(VP_SIGN_NEGATIVE_INFINITE));
 
     /* instance methods */
@@ -1921,7 +1931,6 @@ Init_bigdecimal(void)
     rb_define_method(rb_cBigDecimal, "==", BigDecimal_eq, 1);
     rb_define_method(rb_cBigDecimal, "===", BigDecimal_eq, 1);
     rb_define_method(rb_cBigDecimal, "eql?", BigDecimal_eq, 1);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cBigDecimal, "!=", BigDecimal_ne, 1);
     rb_define_method(rb_cBigDecimal, "<", BigDecimal_lt, 1);
     rb_define_method(rb_cBigDecimal, "<=", BigDecimal_le, 1);
     rb_define_method(rb_cBigDecimal, ">", BigDecimal_gt, 1);
@@ -1956,17 +1965,27 @@ static int gfCheckVal = 1;      /* Value checking flag in VpNmlz()  */
 static U_LONG gnPrecLimit = 0;  /* Global upper limit of the precision newly allocated */
 static U_LONG gfRoundMode = VP_ROUND_HALF_UP; /* Mode for general rounding operation   */
 
+#ifndef BASE_FIG
 static U_LONG BASE_FIG = 4;     /* =log10(BASE)  */
 static U_LONG BASE = 10000L;    /* Base value(value must be 10**BASE_FIG) */
                 /* The value of BASE**2 + BASE must be represented */
                 /* within one U_LONG. */
 static U_LONG HALF_BASE = 5000L;/* =BASE/2  */
-static S_LONG DBLE_FIG = 8;    /* figure of double */
 static U_LONG BASE1 = 1000L;    /* =BASE/10  */
+#else
+#ifndef BASE
+#error BASE_FIG is defined but BASE is not
+#endif
+#define HALF_BASE (BASE/2)
+#define BASE1 (BASE/10)
+#endif
+#ifndef DBLE_FIG
+#define DBLE_FIG (DBL_DIG+1)    /* figure of double */
+#endif
 
 static Real *VpConstOne;    /* constant 1.0 */
 static Real *VpPt5;        /* constant 0.5 */
-static U_LONG maxnr = 100;    /* Maximum iterations for calcurating sqrt. */
+#define maxnr 100UL    /* Maximum iterations for calcurating sqrt. */
                 /* used in VpSqrt() */
 
 /* ETC */
@@ -2083,8 +2102,8 @@ VpSetRoundMode(unsigned long n)
  *    (to let the compiler know they may be changed in outside
  *    (... but not actually..)).
  */
-volatile double gZero_ABCED9B1_CE73__00400511F31D = 0.0;
-volatile double gOne_ABCED9B4_CE73__00400511F31D  = 1.0;
+volatile const double gZero_ABCED9B1_CE73__00400511F31D = 0.0;
+volatile const double gOne_ABCED9B4_CE73__00400511F31D  = 1.0;
 static double
 Zero(void)
 {
@@ -2169,7 +2188,7 @@ VpIsNegDoubleZero(double v)
 }
 
 VP_EXPORT int
-VpException(unsigned short f,char *str,int always)
+VpException(unsigned short f, const char *str,int always)
 {
     VALUE exc;
     int   fatal=0;
@@ -2206,8 +2225,8 @@ VpException(unsigned short f,char *str,int always)
     return 0; /* 0 Means VpException() raised no exception */
 
 raise:
-    if(fatal) rb_fatal(str);
-    else   rb_raise(exc,str);
+    if(fatal) rb_fatal("%s", str);
+    else   rb_raise(exc, "%s", str);
     return 0;
 }
 
@@ -2311,7 +2330,7 @@ NaN:
  *    returns number of chars needed to represent vp in specified format.
  */
 VP_EXPORT U_LONG
-VpNumOfChars(Real *vp,char *pszFmt)
+VpNumOfChars(Real *vp,const char *pszFmt)
 {
     S_INT  ex;
     U_LONG nc;
@@ -2356,16 +2375,15 @@ VpNumOfChars(Real *vp,char *pszFmt)
 VP_EXPORT U_LONG
 VpInit(U_LONG BaseVal)
 {
-    U_LONG w;
-    double v;
-
     /* Setup +/- Inf  NaN -0 */
     VpGetDoubleNaN();
     VpGetDoublePosInf();
     VpGetDoubleNegInf();
     VpGetDoubleNegZero();
 
+#ifndef BASE_FIG
     if(BaseVal <= 0) {
+        U_LONG w;
         /* Base <= 0, then determine Base by calcuration. */
         BASE = 1;
         while(
@@ -2382,6 +2400,8 @@ VpInit(U_LONG BaseVal)
     BASE1 = BASE / 10;
     BASE_FIG = 0;
     while(BaseVal /= 10) ++BASE_FIG;
+#endif
+
     /* Allocates Vp constants. */
     VpConstOne = VpAlloc((U_LONG)1, "1");
     VpPt5 = VpAlloc((U_LONG)1, ".5");
@@ -2390,15 +2410,6 @@ VpInit(U_LONG BaseVal)
     gnAlloc = 0;
 #endif /* _DEBUG */
 
-    /* Determine # of digits available in one 'double'. */
-
-    v = 1.0;
-    DBLE_FIG = 0;
-    while(v + 1.0 > 1.0) {
-        ++DBLE_FIG;
-        v /= 10;
-    }
-
 #ifdef _DEBUG
     if(gfDebug) {
         printf("VpInit: BaseVal   = %lu\n", BaseVal);
@@ -2414,7 +2425,7 @@ VpInit(U_LONG BaseVal)
 }
 
 VP_EXPORT Real *
-VpOne()
+VpOne(void)
 {
     return VpConstOne;
 }
@@ -2464,7 +2475,7 @@ overflow:
  *   NULL be returned if memory allocation is failed,or any error.
  */
 VP_EXPORT Real *
-VpAlloc(U_LONG mx, char *szVal)
+VpAlloc(U_LONG mx, const char *szVal)
 {
     U_LONG i, ni, ipn, ipf, nf, ipe, ne, nalloc;
     char v,*psz;
@@ -2501,7 +2512,7 @@ VpAlloc(U_LONG mx, char *szVal)
     psz = ALLOCA_N(char,strlen(szVal)+1);
     i   = 0;
     ipn = 0;
-    while(psz[i]=szVal[ipn]) {
+    while((psz[i]=szVal[ipn])!=0) {
         if(ISDIGIT(psz[i])) ++ni;
         if(psz[i]=='_') {
             if(ni>0) {ipn++;continue;}
@@ -2544,7 +2555,7 @@ VpAlloc(U_LONG mx, char *szVal)
     else if(szVal[i] == '+')          ++i;
     /* Skip digits */
     ni = 0;            /* digits in mantissa */
-    while(v = szVal[i]) {
+    while((v = szVal[i]) != 0) {
         if(!ISDIGIT(v)) break;
         ++i;
         ++ni;
@@ -2558,7 +2569,7 @@ VpAlloc(U_LONG mx, char *szVal)
         if(szVal[i] == '.') {    /* xxx. */
             ++i;
             ipf = i;
-            while(v = szVal[i]) {    /* get fraction part. */
+            while((v = szVal[i]) != 0) {    /* get fraction part. */
                 if(!ISDIGIT(v)) break;
                 ++i;
                 ++nf;
@@ -2576,7 +2587,7 @@ VpAlloc(U_LONG mx, char *szVal)
             ipe = i;
             v = szVal[i];
             if((v == '-') ||(v == '+')) ++i;
-            while(v=szVal[i]) {
+            while((v=szVal[i])!=0) {
                 if(!ISDIGIT(v)) break;
                 ++i;
                 ++ne;
@@ -3879,7 +3890,7 @@ VpToFString(Real *a,char *psz,int fFmt,int fPlus)
  *   ne   ... number of characters in exp_chr[],not including '+/-'.
  */
 VP_EXPORT int
-VpCtoV(Real *a, char *int_chr, U_LONG ni, char *frac, U_LONG nf, char *exp_chr, U_LONG ne)
+VpCtoV(Real *a, const char *int_chr, U_LONG ni, const char *frac, U_LONG nf, const char *exp_chr, U_LONG ne)
 {
     U_LONG i, j, ind_a, ma, mi, me;
     U_LONG loc;
@@ -3915,7 +3926,7 @@ VpCtoV(Real *a, char *int_chr, U_LONG ni, char *frac, U_LONG nf, char *exp_chr,
     /* get integer part */
     i = 0;
     sign = 1;
-    if(ni > 0) {
+    if(ni >= 0) {
         if(int_chr[0] == '-') {
             sign = -1;
             ++i;
@@ -4428,7 +4439,7 @@ VpLeftRound(Real *y, int f, int nf)
     if(!VpHasVal(y)) return 0; /* Unable to round */
     v = y->frac[0];
     nf -= VpExponent(y)*BASE_FIG;
-    while(v=v/10) nf--;
+    while((v /= 10) != 0) nf--;
     nf += (BASE_FIG-1);
     return VpMidRound(y,f,nf);
 }
diff --git a/ext/bigdecimal/bigdecimal.h b/ext/bigdecimal/bigdecimal.h
index aabc551a76..4f77feab00 100644
--- a/ext/bigdecimal/bigdecimal.h
+++ b/ext/bigdecimal/bigdecimal.h
@@ -105,7 +105,7 @@ typedef struct {
 VP_EXPORT  Real *
 VpNewRbClass(U_LONG mx,char *str,VALUE klass);
 
-VP_EXPORT  Real *VpCreateRbObject(U_LONG mx,char *str);
+VP_EXPORT  Real *VpCreateRbObject(U_LONG mx,const char *str);
 
 VP_EXPORT U_LONG VpBaseFig(void);
 VP_EXPORT U_LONG VpDblFig(void);
@@ -126,13 +126,13 @@ VP_EXPORT int           VpIsRoundMode(unsigned long n);
 VP_EXPORT unsigned long VpGetRoundMode(void);
 VP_EXPORT unsigned long VpSetRoundMode(unsigned long n);
 
-VP_EXPORT int VpException(unsigned short f,char *str,int always);
+VP_EXPORT int VpException(unsigned short f,const char *str,int always);
 VP_EXPORT int VpIsNegDoubleZero(double v);
-VP_EXPORT U_LONG VpNumOfChars(Real *vp,char *pszFmt);
+VP_EXPORT U_LONG VpNumOfChars(Real *vp,const char *pszFmt);
 VP_EXPORT U_LONG VpInit(U_LONG BaseVal);
 VP_EXPORT void *VpMemAlloc(U_LONG mb);
 VP_EXPORT void VpFree(Real *pv);
-VP_EXPORT Real *VpAlloc(U_LONG mx, char *szVal);
+VP_EXPORT Real *VpAlloc(U_LONG mx, const char *szVal);
 VP_EXPORT int VpAsgn(Real *c,Real *a,int isw);
 VP_EXPORT int VpAddSub(Real *c,Real *a,Real *b,int operation);
 VP_EXPORT int VpMult(Real *c,Real *a,Real *b);
@@ -143,7 +143,7 @@ VP_EXPORT void VpSzMantissa(Real *a,char *psz);
 VP_EXPORT int VpToSpecialString(Real *a,char *psz,int fPlus);
 VP_EXPORT void VpToString(Real *a,char *psz,int fFmt,int fPlus);
 VP_EXPORT void VpToFString(Real *a,char *psz,int fFmt,int fPlus);
-VP_EXPORT int VpCtoV(Real *a,char *int_chr,U_LONG ni,char *frac,U_LONG nf,char *exp_chr,U_LONG ne);
+VP_EXPORT int VpCtoV(Real *a,const char *int_chr,U_LONG ni,const char *frac,U_LONG nf,const char *exp_chr,U_LONG ne);
 VP_EXPORT int VpVtoD(double *d,S_LONG *e,Real *m);
 VP_EXPORT void VpDtoV(Real *m,double d);
 VP_EXPORT void VpItoV(Real *m,S_INT ival);
@@ -155,7 +155,7 @@ VP_EXPORT void VpFrac(Real *y,Real *x);
 VP_EXPORT int VpPower(Real *y,Real *x,S_INT n);
 
 /* VP constants */
-VP_EXPORT Real *VpOne();
+VP_EXPORT Real *VpOne(void);
 
 /*  
  *  ------------------
diff --git a/ext/bigdecimal/bigdecimal_en.html b/ext/bigdecimal/bigdecimal_en.html
index 02c88df43e..c2b86faef6 100644
--- a/ext/bigdecimal/bigdecimal_en.html
+++ b/ext/bigdecimal/bigdecimal_en.html
@@ -379,7 +379,7 @@ after every n digits for readability.
 <CODE><PRE>
 BigDecimal("0.1234567890123456789").to_s(10)   #  ==> "0.1234567890 123456789E0"
 </PRE></CODE>
-n can be an string representing a positive integer number.
+n can be a string representing a positive integer number.
 <CODE><PRE>
 BigDecimal("0.1234567890123456789").to_s("10") #  ==> "0.1234567890 123456789E0"
 </PRE></CODE>
@@ -678,10 +678,9 @@ structure.
 </DL>
 
 <H3>Disadvantage of decimal representation</H3>
-Advantages stated so far can also be disadvantages if the input from outside is
- represented in binary.
-Translation error from decimal to binary or vice versa is inevitable.
-So,translation from Float(binary) to BigDecimal(decimal) is not alway done exactly.
+Because most computers have no internal decimal representaion.
+Once you use BigDecimal,you need to keep using it without
+considering computation cost if exact computation is required.
 
 <H4>Which is the first input?</H4>
 Because most people uses decimal notatin for numeric data representation,
diff --git a/ext/bigdecimal/bigdecimal_ja.html b/ext/bigdecimal/bigdecimal_ja.html
index 8fd95a6fe3..37bbcbbb09 100644
--- a/ext/bigdecimal/bigdecimal_ja.html
+++ b/ext/bigdecimal/bigdecimal_ja.html
@@ -676,10 +676,11 @@ exponent=1�Asign=2 �Ȃ琔�l�� 1234.56784321 �ł���̂͌���Β����ɕ�����܂��B
 
 <H3>10�i�̃f�����b�g</H3>
 ���͍��܂ł̃����b�g�́A���̂܂܃f�����b�g�ɂ��Ȃ�܂��B
-���������A10�i��2�i�A2�i��10�i�ɕϊ�����悤�ȑ���͕ϊ��덷
+���������A10�i��2�i�ɕϊ�����悤�ȑ���͕ϊ��덷
 �𔺂��ꍇ��������邱�Ƃ͂ł��܂���B
-���Ɍv�Z�@�����Ɏ�荞�܂ꂽ2�i���l�� BigDecimal �̓����\����
-�ϊ�����Ƃ��ɂ͌덷���������Ȃ��ꍇ������܂��B
+��T�̃R���s���[�^��10�i�̓����\���������Ă��Ȃ��̂ŁA
+BigDecimal �𗘗p���Č덷�����̌v�Z������ꍇ�́A�v�Z���x
+�𖳎����Ă��Ō�܂� BigDecimal ���g�p������K�v������܂��B
 
 <H3>�ŏ��͉����H</H3>
 �����Ōv�Z����Ƃ��ɂ킴�킴2�i�����g���l�͋ɂ߂Ă܂�ł��B
diff --git a/ext/bigdecimal/extconf.rb b/ext/bigdecimal/extconf.rb
index a68a656044..0c8b98e4a3 100644
--- a/ext/bigdecimal/extconf.rb
+++ b/ext/bigdecimal/extconf.rb
@@ -1,2 +1,10 @@
 require 'mkmf'
+
+base_fig = 0
+src = "(BASE * (BASE+1)) / BASE == (BASE+1)"
+while try_static_assert(src, nil, "-DBASE=10#{'0'*base_fig}UL")
+  base_fig += 1
+end
+$defs << "-DBASE=1#{'0'*base_fig}UL" << "-DBASE_FIG=#{base_fig}"
+
 create_makefile('bigdecimal')
diff --git a/ext/curses/curses.c b/ext/curses/curses.c
index 70a4b415bf..9c51a2127f 100644
--- a/ext/curses/curses.c
+++ b/ext/curses/curses.c
@@ -1255,7 +1255,6 @@ window_color_set(VALUE obj, VALUE col)
   GetWINDOW(obj, winp);
   res = wcolor_set(winp->window, NUM2INT(col), NULL);
   return (res == OK) ? Qtrue : Qfalse;
-  return Qfalse;
 }
 #endif /* USE_COLOR */
 
diff --git a/ext/curses/extconf.rb b/ext/curses/extconf.rb
index 01fe971093..0124bbbf4a 100644
--- a/ext/curses/extconf.rb
+++ b/ext/curses/extconf.rb
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ end
 
 if make
   for f in %w(beep bkgd bkgdset curs_set deleteln doupdate flash getbkgd getnstr init isendwin keyname keypad resizeterm scrl set setscrreg ungetch wattroff wattron wattrset wbkgd wbkgdset wdeleteln wgetnstr wresize wscrl wsetscrreg def_prog_mode reset_prog_mode timeout wtimeout nodelay init_color wcolor_set)
-    have_func(f)
+    have_func(f) || (have_macro(f, curses) && $defs.push(format("-DHAVE_%s", f.upcase)))
   end
   flag = "-D_XOPEN_SOURCE_EXTENDED"
   src = "int test_var[(sizeof(char*)>sizeof(int))*2-1];"
diff --git a/ext/dbm/dbm.c b/ext/dbm/dbm.c
index 69b7a6e7a7..0247387fdc 100644
--- a/ext/dbm/dbm.c
+++ b/ext/dbm/dbm.c
@@ -812,5 +812,7 @@ Init_dbm()
 
 #ifdef DB_VERSION_STRING
     rb_define_const(rb_cDBM, "VERSION",  rb_str_new2(DB_VERSION_STRING));
+#else
+    rb_define_const(rb_cDBM, "VERSION",  rb_str_new2("unknown"));
 #endif
 }
diff --git a/ext/dbm/extconf.rb b/ext/dbm/extconf.rb
index 19bfc1f6d3..0074ab605b 100644
--- a/ext/dbm/extconf.rb
+++ b/ext/dbm/extconf.rb
@@ -2,9 +2,13 @@ require 'mkmf'
 
 dir_config("dbm")
 
-dblib = with_config("dbm-type", nil)
+if dblib = with_config("dbm-type", nil)
+  dblib = dblib.split(/[ ,]+/)
+else
+  dblib = %w(db db2 db1 dbm gdbm gdbm_compat qdbm)
+end
 
-$dbm_conf_headers = {
+headers = {
   "db" => ["db.h"],
   "db1" => ["db1/ndbm.h", "db1.h", "ndbm.h"],
   "db2" => ["db2/db.h", "db2.h", "db.h"],
@@ -14,48 +18,36 @@ $dbm_conf_headers = {
   "qdbm" => ["relic.h"],
 }
 
-def db_check(db)
-  $dbm_conf_db_prefix = ""
-  $dbm_conf_have_gdbm = false
-  hsearch = ""
+def headers.db_check(db)
+  db_prefix = nil
+  have_gdbm = false
+  hsearch = nil
 
   case db
   when /^db2?$/
-    $dbm_conf_db_prefix = "__db_n"
+    db_prefix = "__db_n"
     hsearch = "-DDB_DBM_HSEARCH "
   when "gdbm"
-    $dbm_conf_have_gdbm = true
+    have_gdbm = true
   when "gdbm_compat"
-    $dbm_conf_have_gdbm = true
+    have_gdbm = true
     have_library("gdbm") or return false
   end
-
-  if have_library(db, db_prefix("dbm_open")) || have_func(db_prefix("dbm_open"))
-    for hdr in $dbm_conf_headers.fetch(db, ["ndbm.h"])
-      if have_header(hdr.dup) and have_type("DBM", hdr.dup, hsearch)
-	$defs << hsearch << '-DDBM_HDR="<'+hdr+'>"'
-	return true
-      end
-    end
-  end
-  return false
-end
-
-def db_prefix(func)
-  $dbm_conf_db_prefix+func
-end
-
-if dblib
-  db_check(dblib)
-else
-  for dblib in %w(db db2 db1 dbm gdbm gdbm_compat qdbm)
-    db_check(dblib) and break
+  db_prefix ||= ""
+
+  if (have_library(db, db_prefix+"dbm_open") || have_func(db_prefix+"dbm_open")) and
+      hdr = self.fetch(db, ["ndbm.h"]).find {|hdr| have_type("DBM", hdr, hsearch)}
+    have_func(db_prefix+"dbm_clearerr") unless have_gdbm
+    $defs << hsearch if hsearch
+    $defs << '-DDBM_HDR="<'+hdr+'>"'
+    true
+  else
+    false
   end
 end
 
-have_header("cdefs.h") 
-have_header("sys/cdefs.h") 
-if /DBM_HDR/ =~ $CFLAGS and have_func(db_prefix("dbm_open"))
-  have_func(db_prefix("dbm_clearerr")) unless $dbm_conf_have_gdbm
+if dblib.any? {|db| headers.db_check(db)}
+  have_header("cdefs.h")
+  have_header("sys/cdefs.h")
   create_makefile("dbm")
 end
diff --git a/ext/enumerator/.cvsignore b/ext/digest/bubblebabble/.cvsignore
index fc802ff1c2..4088712231 100644
--- a/ext/enumerator/.cvsignore
+++ b/ext/digest/bubblebabble/.cvsignore
@@ -1,2 +1,3 @@
 Makefile
 mkmf.log
+*.def
diff --git a/ext/digest/bubblebabble/bubblebabble.c b/ext/digest/bubblebabble/bubblebabble.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..3a03ceced0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ext/digest/bubblebabble/bubblebabble.c
@@ -0,0 +1,142 @@
+/************************************************
+
+  bubblebabble.c - BubbleBabble encoding support
+
+  $Author$
+  created at: Fri Oct 13 18:31:42 JST 2006
+
+  Copyright (C) 2006 Akinori MUSHA
+
+  $Id$
+
+************************************************/
+
+#include "ruby.h"
+#include "digest.h"
+
+static ID id_digest;
+
+static VALUE
+bubblebabble_str_new(VALUE str_digest)
+{
+    char *digest;
+    size_t digest_len;
+    VALUE str;
+    char *p;
+    int i, j, seed = 1;
+    static const char vowels[] = {
+        'a', 'e', 'i', 'o', 'u', 'y'
+    };
+    static const char consonants[] = {
+        'b', 'c', 'd', 'f', 'g', 'h', 'k', 'l', 'm', 'n',
+        'p', 'r', 's', 't', 'v', 'z', 'x'
+    };
+
+    StringValue(str_digest);
+    digest = RSTRING_PTR(str_digest);
+    digest_len = RSTRING_LEN(str_digest);
+
+    if ((LONG_MAX - 2) / 3 < (digest_len | 1)) {
+	rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "digest string too long");
+    }
+
+    str = rb_str_new(0, (digest_len | 1) * 3 + 2);
+    p = RSTRING_PTR(str);
+
+    i = j = 0;
+    p[j++] = 'x';
+
+    for (;;) {
+        unsigned char byte1, byte2;
+
+        if (i >= digest_len) {
+            p[j++] = vowels[seed % 6];
+            p[j++] = consonants[16];
+            p[j++] = vowels[seed / 6];
+            break;
+        } 
+
+        byte1 = digest[i++];
+        p[j++] = vowels[(((byte1 >> 6) & 3) + seed) % 6];
+        p[j++] = consonants[(byte1 >> 2) & 15];
+        p[j++] = vowels[((byte1 & 3) + (seed / 6)) % 6];
+
+        if (i >= digest_len) {
+            break;
+        }
+
+        byte2 = digest[i++];
+        p[j++] = consonants[(byte2 >> 4) & 15];
+        p[j++] = '-';
+        p[j++] = consonants[byte2 & 15];
+
+        seed = (seed * 5 + byte1 * 7 + byte2) % 36;
+    }
+
+    p[j] = 'x';
+
+    return str;
+}
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *     Digest.bubblebabble(string) -> bubblebabble_string
+ *
+ * Returns a BubbleBabble encoded version of a given _string_.
+ */
+static VALUE
+rb_digest_s_bubblebabble(VALUE klass, VALUE str)
+{
+    return bubblebabble_str_new(str);
+}
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *     Digest::Class.bubblebabble(string, ...) -> hash_string
+ *
+ * Returns the BubbleBabble encoded hash value of a given _string_.
+ */
+static VALUE
+rb_digest_class_s_bubblebabble(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE klass)
+{
+    return bubblebabble_str_new(rb_funcall2(klass, id_digest, argc, argv));
+}
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *     digest_obj.bubblebabble -> hash_string
+ *
+ * Returns the resulting hash value in a Bubblebabble encoded form.
+ */
+static VALUE
+rb_digest_instance_bubblebabble(VALUE self)
+{
+    return bubblebabble_str_new(rb_funcall(self, id_digest, 0));
+}
+
+/*
+ * This module adds some methods to Digest classes to perform
+ * BubbleBabble encoding.
+ */
+void
+Init_bubblebabble(void)
+{
+    VALUE mDigest, mDigest_Instance, cDigest_Class;
+
+    rb_require("digest");
+
+    mDigest = rb_path2class("Digest");
+    mDigest_Instance = rb_path2class("Digest::Instance");
+    cDigest_Class = rb_path2class("Digest::Class");
+
+    /* Digest::bubblebabble() */
+    rb_define_module_function(mDigest, "bubblebabble", rb_digest_s_bubblebabble, 1);
+
+    /* Digest::Class::bubblebabble() */
+    rb_define_singleton_method(cDigest_Class, "bubblebabble", rb_digest_class_s_bubblebabble, -1);
+
+    /* Digest::Instance#bubblebabble() */
+    rb_define_method(mDigest_Instance, "bubblebabble", rb_digest_instance_bubblebabble, 0);
+
+    id_digest = rb_intern("digest");
+}
diff --git a/ext/digest/bubblebabble/depend b/ext/digest/bubblebabble/depend
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..b20148ded4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ext/digest/bubblebabble/depend
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+bubblebabble.o: bubblebabble.c $(srcdir)/../digest.h $(hdrdir)/ruby.h \
+  $(topdir)/config.h $(hdrdir)/defines.h $(hdrdir)/intern.h \
+  $(srcdir)/../defs.h
diff --git a/ext/digest/bubblebabble/extconf.rb b/ext/digest/bubblebabble/extconf.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..53cb83934a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ext/digest/bubblebabble/extconf.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+require 'mkmf'
+
+$defs << "-DHAVE_CONFIG_H"
+$INCFLAGS << " -I$(srcdir)/.."
+
+create_makefile('digest/bubblebabble')
diff --git a/ext/digest/defs.h b/ext/digest/defs.h
index 5cfc77dd24..b9a3470e65 100644
--- a/ext/digest/defs.h
+++ b/ext/digest/defs.h
@@ -23,12 +23,8 @@
   typedef unsigned int  uint32_t;
 # if SIZEOF_LONG == 8
   typedef unsigned long uint64_t;
-# elif defined(__GNUC__)
-  typedef unsigned long long uint64_t;
-# elif defined(_MSC_VER)
-  typedef unsigned _int64 uint64_t;
-# elif defined(__BORLANDC__)
-  typedef unsigned __int64 uint64_t;
+# elif SIZEOF_LONG_LONG == 8
+  typedef unsigned LONG_LONG uint64_t;
 # else
 #  define NO_UINT64_T
 # endif
diff --git a/ext/digest/digest.c b/ext/digest/digest.c
index ead9da3c10..0b910e8c47 100644
--- a/ext/digest/digest.c
+++ b/ext/digest/digest.c
@@ -6,153 +6,487 @@
   created at: Fri May 25 08:57:27 JST 2001
 
   Copyright (C) 1995-2001 Yukihiro Matsumoto
-  Copyright (C) 2001 Akinori MUSHA
+  Copyright (C) 2001-2006 Akinori MUSHA
 
   $RoughId: digest.c,v 1.16 2001/07/13 15:38:27 knu Exp $
   $Id$
 
 ************************************************/
 
+#include "digest.h"
+
+static VALUE rb_mDigest;
+static VALUE rb_mDigest_Instance;
+static VALUE rb_cDigest_Class;
+static VALUE rb_cDigest_Base;
+
+static ID id_reset, id_update, id_finish, id_digest, id_hexdigest, id_digest_length;
+static ID id_metadata;
+
+RUBY_EXTERN void Init_digest_base(void);
+
 /*
- * This module provides an interface to the following hash algorithms:
+ * Document-module: Digest
  *
- *   - the MD5 Message-Digest Algorithm by the RSA Data Security,
- *     Inc., described in RFC 1321
- *
- *   - the SHA-1 Secure Hash Algorithm by NIST (the US' National
- *     Institute of Standards and Technology), described in FIPS PUB
- *     180-1.
+ * This module provides a framework for message digest libraries.
+ */
+
+static VALUE
+hexencode_str_new(VALUE str_digest)
+{
+    char *digest;
+    size_t digest_len;
+    int i;
+    VALUE str;
+    char *p;
+    static const char hex[] = {
+        '0', '1', '2', '3', '4', '5', '6', '7', '8', '9',
+        'a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e', 'f'
+    };
+
+    StringValue(str_digest);
+    digest = RSTRING_PTR(str_digest);
+    digest_len = RSTRING_LEN(str_digest);
+
+    if (LONG_MAX / 2 < digest_len) {
+        rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "digest string too long");
+    }
+
+    str = rb_str_new(0, digest_len * 2);
+
+    for (i = 0, p = RSTRING_PTR(str); i < digest_len; i++) {
+        unsigned char byte = digest[i];
+
+        p[i + i]     = hex[byte >> 4];
+        p[i + i + 1] = hex[byte & 0x0f];
+    }
+
+    return str;
+}
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *     Digest.hexencode(string) -> hexencoded_string
  *
- *   - the SHA-256/384/512 Secure Hash Algorithm by NIST (the US'
- *     National Institute of Standards and Technology), described in
- *     FIPS PUB 180-2.
+ * Generates a hex-encoded version of a given _string_.
+ */
+static VALUE
+rb_digest_s_hexencode(VALUE klass, VALUE str)
+{
+    return hexencode_str_new(str);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Document-module: Digest::Instance
  *
- *   - the RIPEMD-160 cryptographic hash function, designed by Hans
- *     Dobbertin, Antoon Bosselaers, and Bart Preneel.
+ * This module provides instance methods for a digest implementation
+ * object to calculate message digest values.
  */
 
-#include "digest.h"
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *     digest_obj.update(string) -> digest_obj
+ *     digest_obj << string -> digest_obj
+ *
+ * Updates the digest using a given _string_ and returns self.
+ *
+ * The update() method and the left-shift operator are overridden by
+ * each implementation subclass. (One should be an alias for the
+ * other)
+ */
+static VALUE
+rb_digest_instance_update(VALUE self, VALUE str)
+{
+    rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "%s does not implement update()", RSTRING_PTR(rb_inspect(self)));
+}
 
-static VALUE mDigest, cDigest_Base;
-static ID id_metadata;
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *     digest_obj.instance_eval { finish } -> digest_obj
+ *
+ * Finishes the digest and returns the resulting hash value.
+ *
+ * This method is overridden by each implementation subclass and often
+ * made private, because some of those subclasses may leave internal
+ * data uninitialized.  Do not call this method from outside.  Use
+ * #digest!() instead, which ensures that internal data be reset for
+ * security reasons.
+ */
+static VALUE
+rb_digest_instance_finish(VALUE self)
+{
+    rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "%s does not implement finish()", RSTRING_PTR(rb_inspect(self)));
+}
 
 /*
- * Digest::Base
+ * call-seq:
+ *     digest_obj.reset -> digest_obj
+ *
+ * Resets the digest to the initial state and returns self.
+ *
+ * This method is overridden by each implementation subclass.
  */
+static VALUE
+rb_digest_instance_reset(VALUE self)
+{
+    rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "%s does not implement reset()", RSTRING_PTR(rb_inspect(self)));
+}
 
-static algo_t *
-get_digest_base_metadata(klass)
-    VALUE klass;
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *     digest_obj.new -> another_digest_obj
+ *
+ * Returns a new, initialized copy of the digest object.  Equivalent
+ * to digest_obj.clone().reset().
+ */
+static VALUE
+rb_digest_instance_new(VALUE self)
 {
-    VALUE obj;
-    algo_t *algo;
+    VALUE clone = rb_obj_clone(self);
+    rb_funcall(clone, id_reset, 0);
+    return clone;
+}
 
-    if (rb_cvar_defined(klass, id_metadata) == Qfalse) {
-	rb_notimplement();
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *     digest_obj.digest -> string
+ *     digest_obj.digest(string) -> string
+ *
+ * If none is given, returns the resulting hash value of the digest,
+ * keeping the digest's state.
+ *
+ * If a _string_ is given, returns the hash value for the given
+ * _string_, resetting the digest to the initial state before and
+ * after the process.
+ */
+static VALUE
+rb_digest_instance_digest(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
+{
+    VALUE str, value;
+
+    if (rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "01", &str) > 0) {
+        rb_funcall(self, id_reset, 0);
+        rb_funcall(self, id_update, 1, str);
+        value = rb_funcall(self, id_finish, 0);
+        rb_funcall(self, id_reset, 0);
+    } else {
+        VALUE clone = rb_obj_clone(self);
+
+        value = rb_funcall(clone, id_finish, 0);
+        rb_funcall(clone, id_reset, 0);
     }
 
-    obj = rb_cvar_get(klass, id_metadata);
+    return value;
+}
 
-    Data_Get_Struct(obj, algo_t, algo);
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *     digest_obj.digest! -> string
+ *
+ * Returns the resulting hash value and resets the digest to the
+ * initial state.
+ */
+static VALUE
+rb_digest_instance_digest_bang(VALUE self)
+{
+    VALUE value = rb_funcall(self, id_finish, 0);
+    rb_funcall(self, id_reset, 0);
 
-    return algo;
+    return value;
 }
 
-static VALUE rb_digest_base_alloc _((VALUE));
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *     digest_obj.hexdigest -> string
+ *     digest_obj.hexdigest(string) -> string
+ *
+ * If none is given, returns the resulting hash value of the digest in
+ * a hex-encoded form, keeping the digest's state.
+ *
+ * If a _string_ is given, returns the hash value for the given
+ * _string_ in a hex-encoded form, resetting the digest to the initial
+ * state before and after the process.
+ */
 static VALUE
-rb_digest_base_alloc(klass)
-    VALUE klass;
+rb_digest_instance_hexdigest(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
 {
-    algo_t *algo;
-    VALUE obj;
-    void *pctx;
-
-    if (klass == cDigest_Base) {
-	rb_raise(rb_eNotImpError, "Digest::Base is an abstract class");
+    VALUE str, value;
+
+    if (rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "01", &str) > 0) {
+        rb_funcall(self, id_reset, 0);
+        rb_funcall(self, id_update, 1, str);
+        value = rb_funcall(self, id_finish, 0);
+        rb_funcall(self, id_reset, 0);
+    } else {
+        VALUE clone = rb_obj_clone(self);
+
+        value = rb_funcall(clone, id_finish, 0);
+        rb_funcall(clone, id_reset, 0);
     }
 
-    algo = get_digest_base_metadata(klass);
+    return hexencode_str_new(value);
+}
 
-    /* XXX: An uninitialized buffer leads ALGO_Equal() to fail */
-    pctx = xcalloc(algo->ctx_size, 1);
-    algo->init_func(pctx);
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *     digest_obj.hexdigest! -> string
+ *
+ * Returns the resulting hash value and resets the digest to the
+ * initial state.
+ */
+static VALUE
+rb_digest_instance_hexdigest_bang(VALUE self)
+{
+    VALUE value = rb_funcall(self, id_finish, 0);
+    rb_funcall(self, id_reset, 0);
 
-    obj = Data_Wrap_Struct(klass, 0, free, pctx);
+    return hexencode_str_new(value);
+}
 
-    return obj;
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *     digest_obj.to_s -> string
+ *
+ * Returns digest_obj.hexdigest().
+ */
+static VALUE
+rb_digest_instance_to_s(VALUE self)
+{
+    return rb_funcall(self, id_hexdigest, 0);
 }
 
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *     digest_obj.inspect -> string
+ *
+ * Creates a printable version of the digest object.
+ */
 static VALUE
-rb_digest_base_s_digest(klass, str)
-    VALUE klass;
+rb_digest_instance_inspect(VALUE self)
+{
     VALUE str;
+    size_t digest_len = 32;	/* about this size at least */
+    char *cname;
+
+    cname = rb_obj_classname(self);
+
+    /* #<Digest::ClassName: xxxxx...xxxx> */
+    str = rb_str_buf_new(2 + strlen(cname) + 2 + digest_len * 2 + 1);
+    rb_str_buf_cat2(str, "#<");
+    rb_str_buf_cat2(str, cname);
+    rb_str_buf_cat2(str, ": ");
+    rb_str_buf_append(str, rb_digest_instance_hexdigest(0, 0, self));
+    rb_str_buf_cat2(str, ">");
+    return str;
+}
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *     digest_obj == another_digest_obj -> boolean
+ *     digest_obj == string -> boolean
+ *
+ * If a string is given, checks whether it is equal to the hex-encoded
+ * hash value of the digest object.  If another digest instance is
+ * given, checks whether they have the same hash value.  Otherwise
+ * returns false.
+ */
+static VALUE
+rb_digest_instance_equal(VALUE self, VALUE other)
 {
-    algo_t *algo;
-    void *pctx;
-    size_t len;
-    unsigned char *digest;
-    volatile VALUE obj = rb_digest_base_alloc(klass);
+    VALUE str1, str2;
 
-    algo = get_digest_base_metadata(klass);
-    Data_Get_Struct(obj, void, pctx);
+    if (rb_obj_is_kind_of(other, rb_mDigest_Instance) == Qtrue) {
+        str1 = rb_digest_instance_digest(0, 0, self);
+        str2 = rb_digest_instance_digest(0, 0, other);
+    } else {
+        str1 = rb_digest_instance_to_s(self);
+        str2 = other;
+    }
 
-    StringValue(str);
-    algo->update_func(pctx, RSTRING(str)->ptr, RSTRING(str)->len);
+    /* never blindly assume that subclass methods return strings */
+    StringValue(str1);
+    StringValue(str2);
 
-    len = algo->digest_len;
+    if (RSTRING_LEN(str1) == RSTRING_LEN(str2) &&
+	rb_str_cmp(str1, str2) == 0) {
+	return Qtrue;
+    }
+    return Qfalse;
+}
 
-    digest = xmalloc(len);
-    algo->final_func(digest, pctx);
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *     digest_obj.digest_length -> integer
+ *
+ * Returns the length of the hash value of the digest.
+ *
+ * This method should be overridden by each implementation subclass.
+ * If not, digest_obj.digest().length() is returned.
+ */
+static VALUE
+rb_digest_instance_digest_length(VALUE self)
+{
+    /* subclasses really should redefine this method */
+    VALUE digest = rb_digest_instance_digest(0, 0, self);
 
-    obj = rb_str_new(digest, len);
+    /* never blindly assume that #digest() returns a string */
+    StringValue(digest);
+    return INT2NUM(RSTRING_LEN(digest));
+}
 
-    free(digest);
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *     digest_obj.length -> integer
+ *     digest_obj.size -> integer
+ *
+ * Returns digest_obj.digest_length().
+ */
+static VALUE
+rb_digest_instance_length(VALUE self)
+{
+    return rb_funcall(self, id_digest_length, 0);
+}
 
-    return obj;
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *     digest_obj.block_length -> integer
+ *
+ * Returns the block length of the digest.
+ *
+ * This method is overridden by each implementation subclass.
+ */
+static VALUE
+rb_digest_instance_block_length(VALUE self)
+{
+    rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "%s does not implement block_length()", RSTRING_PTR(rb_inspect(self)));
 }
 
+/*
+ * Document-class: Digest::Class
+ *
+ * This module stands as a base class for digest implementation
+ * classes.
+ */
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *     Digest::Class.digest(string, *parameters) -> hash_string
+ *
+ * Returns the hash value of a given _string_.  This is equivalent to
+ * Digest::Class.new(*parameters).digest(string), where extra
+ * _parameters_, if any, are passed through to the constructor and the
+ * _string_ is passed to #digest().
+ */
 static VALUE
-rb_digest_base_s_hexdigest(klass, str)
-    VALUE klass;
-    VALUE str;
+rb_digest_class_s_digest(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE klass)
 {
-    algo_t *algo;
-    void *pctx;
-    size_t len;
-    unsigned char *hexdigest;
-    volatile VALUE obj = rb_digest_base_alloc(klass);
+    VALUE str;
+    volatile VALUE obj;
 
-    algo = get_digest_base_metadata(klass);
-    Data_Get_Struct(obj, void, pctx);
+    if (argc < 1) {
+        rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "no data given");
+    }
+
+    str = *argv++;
+    argc--;
 
     StringValue(str);
-    algo->update_func(pctx, RSTRING(str)->ptr, RSTRING(str)->len);
 
-    len = algo->digest_len * 2;
+    obj = rb_obj_alloc(klass);
+    rb_obj_call_init(obj, argc, argv);
+
+    return rb_funcall(obj, id_digest, 1, str);
+}
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *     Digest::Class.hexdigest(string[, ...]) -> hash_string
+ *
+ * Returns the hex-encoded hash value of a given _string_.  This is
+ * almost equivalent to
+ * Digest.hexencode(Digest::Class.new(*parameters).digest(string)).
+ */
+static VALUE
+rb_digest_class_s_hexdigest(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE klass)
+{
+    return hexencode_str_new(rb_funcall2(klass, id_digest, argc, argv));
+}
+
+/*
+ * Document-class: Digest::Base
+ *
+ * This abstract class provides a common interface to message digest
+ * implementation classes written in C.
+ */
+
+static rb_digest_metadata_t *
+get_digest_base_metadata(VALUE klass)
+{
+    VALUE p;
+    VALUE obj;
+    rb_digest_metadata_t *algo;
+
+    for (p = klass; p; p = RCLASS(p)->super) {
+        if (rb_ivar_defined(p, id_metadata)) {
+            obj = rb_ivar_get(p, id_metadata);
+            break;
+        }
+    }
+
+    if (!p)
+        rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "Digest::Base cannot be directly inherited in Ruby");
+
+    Data_Get_Struct(obj, rb_digest_metadata_t, algo);
+
+    switch (algo->api_version) {
+      case 2:
+        break;
+
+      /*
+       * put conversion here if possible when API is updated
+       */
+
+      default:
+        rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "Incompatible digest API version");
+    }
+
+    return algo;
+}
+
+static VALUE
+rb_digest_base_alloc(VALUE klass)
+{
+    rb_digest_metadata_t *algo;
+    VALUE obj;
+    void *pctx;
 
-    hexdigest = xmalloc(len + 1); /* +1 is for '\0' */
-    algo->end_func(pctx, hexdigest);
+    if (klass == rb_cDigest_Base) {
+	rb_raise(rb_eNotImpError, "Digest::Base is an abstract class");
+    }
 
-    obj = rb_str_new(hexdigest, len);
+    algo = get_digest_base_metadata(klass);
+
+    pctx = xmalloc(algo->ctx_size);
+    algo->init_func(pctx);
 
-    free(hexdigest);
+    obj = Data_Wrap_Struct(klass, 0, free, pctx);
 
     return obj;
 }
 
+/* :nodoc: */
 static VALUE
-rb_digest_base_copy(copy, obj)
-    VALUE copy, obj;
+rb_digest_base_copy(VALUE copy, VALUE obj)
 {
-    algo_t *algo;
+    rb_digest_metadata_t *algo;
     void *pctx1, *pctx2;
 
     if (copy == obj) return copy;
+
     rb_check_frozen(copy);
+
     algo = get_digest_base_metadata(rb_obj_class(copy));
-    if (algo != get_digest_base_metadata(rb_obj_class(obj))) {
-	rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "wrong argument class");
-    }
+
     Data_Get_Struct(obj, void, pctx1);
     Data_Get_Struct(copy, void, pctx2);
     memcpy(pctx2, pctx1, algo->ctx_size);
@@ -160,157 +494,149 @@ rb_digest_base_copy(copy, obj)
     return copy;
 }
 
+/* :nodoc: */
 static VALUE
-rb_digest_base_update(self, str)
-    VALUE self, str;
+rb_digest_base_reset(VALUE self)
 {
-    algo_t *algo;
+    rb_digest_metadata_t *algo;
     void *pctx;
 
-    StringValue(str);
     algo = get_digest_base_metadata(rb_obj_class(self));
+
     Data_Get_Struct(self, void, pctx);
 
-    algo->update_func(pctx, RSTRING(str)->ptr, RSTRING(str)->len);
+    algo->init_func(pctx);
 
     return self;
 }
 
+/* :nodoc: */
 static VALUE
-rb_digest_base_init(argc, argv, self)
-    int argc;
-    VALUE* argv;
-    VALUE self;
+rb_digest_base_update(VALUE self, VALUE str)
 {
-    VALUE arg;
+    rb_digest_metadata_t *algo;
+    void *pctx;
+
+    algo = get_digest_base_metadata(rb_obj_class(self));
 
-    rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "01", &arg);
+    Data_Get_Struct(self, void, pctx);
 
-    if (!NIL_P(arg)) rb_digest_base_update(self, arg);
+    StringValue(str);
+    algo->update_func(pctx, (unsigned char *)RSTRING_PTR(str), RSTRING_LEN(str));
 
     return self;
 }
 
+/* :nodoc: */
 static VALUE
-rb_digest_base_digest(self)
-    VALUE self;
+rb_digest_base_finish(VALUE self)
 {
-    algo_t *algo;
-    void *pctx1, *pctx2;
-    unsigned char *digest;
-    size_t len;
+    rb_digest_metadata_t *algo;
+    void *pctx;
     VALUE str;
 
     algo = get_digest_base_metadata(rb_obj_class(self));
-    Data_Get_Struct(self, void, pctx1);
-
-    len = algo->ctx_size;
-
-    pctx2 = xmalloc(len);
-    memcpy(pctx2, pctx1, len);
-
-    len = algo->digest_len;
 
-    digest = xmalloc(len);
-    algo->final_func(digest, pctx2);
+    Data_Get_Struct(self, void, pctx);
 
-    str = rb_str_new(digest, len);
+    str = rb_str_new(0, algo->digest_len);
+    algo->finish_func(pctx, (unsigned char *)RSTRING_PTR(str));
 
-    free(digest);
-    free(pctx2);
+    /* avoid potential coredump caused by use of a finished context */
+    algo->init_func(pctx);
 
     return str;
 }
 
+/* :nodoc: */
 static VALUE
-rb_digest_base_hexdigest(self)
-    VALUE self;
+rb_digest_base_digest_length(VALUE self)
 {
-    algo_t *algo;
-    void *pctx1, *pctx2;
-    unsigned char *hexdigest;
-    size_t len;
-    VALUE str;
+    rb_digest_metadata_t *algo;
 
     algo = get_digest_base_metadata(rb_obj_class(self));
-    Data_Get_Struct(self, void, pctx1);
-
-    len = algo->ctx_size;
-
-    pctx2 = xmalloc(len);
-    memcpy(pctx2, pctx1, len);
-
-    len = algo->digest_len * 2;
 
-    hexdigest = xmalloc(len + 1); /* +1 is for '\0' */
-    algo->end_func(pctx2, hexdigest);
-
-    str = rb_str_new(hexdigest, len);
-
-    free(hexdigest);
-    free(pctx2);
-
-    return str;
+    return INT2NUM(algo->digest_len);
 }
 
+/* :nodoc: */
 static VALUE
-rb_digest_base_equal(self, other)
-    VALUE self, other;
+rb_digest_base_block_length(VALUE self)
 {
-    algo_t *algo;
-    VALUE klass;
-    VALUE str1, str2;
-
-    klass = rb_obj_class(self);
-    algo = get_digest_base_metadata(klass);
+    rb_digest_metadata_t *algo;
 
-    if (rb_obj_class(other) == klass) {
-	void *pctx1, *pctx2;
-
-	Data_Get_Struct(self, void, pctx1);
-	Data_Get_Struct(other, void, pctx2);
-
-	return algo->equal_func(pctx1, pctx2) ? Qtrue : Qfalse;
-    }
-
-    StringValue(other);
-    str2 = other;
-
-    if (RSTRING(str2)->len == algo->digest_len)
-	str1 = rb_digest_base_digest(self);
-    else
-	str1 = rb_digest_base_hexdigest(self);
-
-    if (RSTRING(str1)->len == RSTRING(str2)->len
-      && rb_str_cmp(str1, str2) == 0)
-	return Qtrue;
+    algo = get_digest_base_metadata(rb_obj_class(self));
 
-    return Qfalse;
+    return INT2NUM(algo->block_len);
 }
 
-/*
- * Init
- */
-
 void
-Init_digest()
+Init_digest(void)
 {
-    mDigest = rb_define_module("Digest");
+    id_reset           = rb_intern("reset");
+    id_update          = rb_intern("update");
+    id_finish          = rb_intern("finish");
+    id_digest          = rb_intern("digest");
+    id_hexdigest       = rb_intern("hexdigest");
+    id_digest_length   = rb_intern("digest_length");
+
+    /*
+     * module Digest
+     */
+    rb_mDigest = rb_define_module("Digest");
+
+    /* module functions */
+    rb_define_module_function(rb_mDigest, "hexencode", rb_digest_s_hexencode, 1);
+
+    /*
+     * module Digest::Instance
+     */
+    rb_mDigest_Instance = rb_define_module_under(rb_mDigest, "Instance");
+
+    /* instance methods that should be overridden */
+    rb_define_method(rb_mDigest_Instance, "update", rb_digest_instance_update, 1);
+    rb_define_method(rb_mDigest_Instance, "<<", rb_digest_instance_update, 1);
+    rb_define_private_method(rb_mDigest_Instance, "finish", rb_digest_instance_finish, 0);
+    rb_define_method(rb_mDigest_Instance, "reset", rb_digest_instance_reset, 0);
+    rb_define_method(rb_mDigest_Instance, "digest_length", rb_digest_instance_digest_length, 0);
+    rb_define_method(rb_mDigest_Instance, "block_length", rb_digest_instance_block_length, 0);
+
+    /* instance methods that may be overridden */
+    rb_define_method(rb_mDigest_Instance, "==", rb_digest_instance_equal, 1);
+    rb_define_method(rb_mDigest_Instance, "inspect", rb_digest_instance_inspect, 0);
+
+    /* instance methods that need not usually be overridden */
+    rb_define_method(rb_mDigest_Instance, "new", rb_digest_instance_new, 0);
+    rb_define_method(rb_mDigest_Instance, "digest", rb_digest_instance_digest, -1);
+    rb_define_method(rb_mDigest_Instance, "digest!", rb_digest_instance_digest_bang, 0);
+    rb_define_method(rb_mDigest_Instance, "hexdigest", rb_digest_instance_hexdigest, -1);
+    rb_define_method(rb_mDigest_Instance, "hexdigest!", rb_digest_instance_hexdigest_bang, 0);
+    rb_define_method(rb_mDigest_Instance, "to_s", rb_digest_instance_to_s, 0);
+    rb_define_method(rb_mDigest_Instance, "length", rb_digest_instance_length, 0);
+    rb_define_method(rb_mDigest_Instance, "size", rb_digest_instance_length, 0);
+
+    /*
+     * class Digest::Class
+     */
+    rb_cDigest_Class = rb_define_class_under(rb_mDigest, "Class", rb_cObject);
+    rb_include_module(rb_cDigest_Class, rb_mDigest_Instance);
+
+    /* class methods */
+    rb_define_singleton_method(rb_cDigest_Class, "digest", rb_digest_class_s_digest, -1);
+    rb_define_singleton_method(rb_cDigest_Class, "hexdigest", rb_digest_class_s_hexdigest, -1);
 
-    cDigest_Base = rb_define_class_under(mDigest, "Base", rb_cObject);
+    id_metadata = rb_intern("metadata");
 
-    rb_define_alloc_func(cDigest_Base, rb_digest_base_alloc);
-    rb_define_singleton_method(cDigest_Base, "digest", rb_digest_base_s_digest, 1);
-    rb_define_singleton_method(cDigest_Base, "hexdigest", rb_digest_base_s_hexdigest, 1);
+    /* class Digest::Base < Digest::Class */
+    rb_cDigest_Base = rb_define_class_under(rb_mDigest, "Base", rb_cDigest_Class);
 
-    rb_define_method(cDigest_Base, "initialize", rb_digest_base_init, -1);
-    rb_define_method(cDigest_Base, "initialize_copy",  rb_digest_base_copy, 1);
-    rb_define_method(cDigest_Base, "update", rb_digest_base_update, 1);
-    rb_define_method(cDigest_Base, "<<", rb_digest_base_update, 1);
-    rb_define_method(cDigest_Base, "digest", rb_digest_base_digest, 0);
-    rb_define_method(cDigest_Base, "hexdigest", rb_digest_base_hexdigest, 0);
-    rb_define_method(cDigest_Base, "to_s", rb_digest_base_hexdigest, 0);
-    rb_define_method(cDigest_Base, "==", rb_digest_base_equal, 1);
+    rb_define_alloc_func(rb_cDigest_Base, rb_digest_base_alloc);
 
-    id_metadata = rb_intern("metadata");
+    rb_define_method(rb_cDigest_Base, "initialize_copy",  rb_digest_base_copy, 1);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cDigest_Base, "reset", rb_digest_base_reset, 0);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cDigest_Base, "update", rb_digest_base_update, 1);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cDigest_Base, "<<", rb_digest_base_update, 1);
+    rb_define_private_method(rb_cDigest_Base, "finish", rb_digest_base_finish, 0);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cDigest_Base, "digest_length", rb_digest_base_digest_length, 0);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cDigest_Base, "block_length", rb_digest_base_block_length, 0);
 }
diff --git a/ext/digest/digest.h b/ext/digest/digest.h
index 5e846df040..6e4906c859 100644
--- a/ext/digest/digest.h
+++ b/ext/digest/digest.h
@@ -1,12 +1,12 @@
 /************************************************
 
-  digest.c -
+  digest.h - header file for ruby digest modules
 
   $Author$
   created at: Fri May 25 08:54:56 JST 2001
 
 
-  Copyright (C) 2001 Akinori MUSHA
+  Copyright (C) 2001-2006 Akinori MUSHA
 
   $RoughId: digest.h,v 1.3 2001/07/13 15:38:27 knu Exp $
   $Id$
@@ -15,18 +15,18 @@
 
 #include "ruby.h"
 
-typedef void (*hash_init_func_t) _((void *));
-typedef void (*hash_update_func_t) _((void *, unsigned char *, size_t));
-typedef void (*hash_end_func_t) _((void *, unsigned char *));
-typedef void (*hash_final_func_t) _((unsigned char *, void *));
-typedef int (*hash_equal_func_t) _((void *, void *));
+#define RUBY_DIGEST_API_VERSION	2
+
+typedef void (*rb_digest_hash_init_func_t)(void *);
+typedef void (*rb_digest_hash_update_func_t)(void *, unsigned char *, size_t);
+typedef void (*rb_digest_hash_finish_func_t)(void *, unsigned char *);
 
 typedef struct {
+    int api_version;
     size_t digest_len;
+    size_t block_len;
     size_t ctx_size;
-    hash_init_func_t init_func;
-    hash_update_func_t update_func;
-    hash_end_func_t end_func;
-    hash_final_func_t final_func;
-    hash_equal_func_t equal_func;
-} algo_t;
+    rb_digest_hash_init_func_t init_func;
+    rb_digest_hash_update_func_t update_func;
+    rb_digest_hash_finish_func_t finish_func;
+} rb_digest_metadata_t;
diff --git a/ext/digest/digest.txt b/ext/digest/digest.txt
deleted file mode 100644
index 5797dd18f9..0000000000
--- a/ext/digest/digest.txt
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,113 +0,0 @@
-.\" digest.txt -  -*- Indented-Text -*- created at: Fri May 25 08:13:50 JST 2001
-$RoughId: digest.txt,v 1.9 2001/07/13 19:46:51 knu Exp $
-$Id$
-
-** MD5(Class)
-
-A class to implement the MD5 Message-Digest Algorithm by RSA Data
-Security, Inc., described in RFC1321.
-
-Superclass: Digest::Base
-
-require 'digest/md5'
-
-** SHA1(Class)
-
-A class to implement the SHA-1 Secure Hash Algorithm by NIST (the US'
-National Institute of Standards and Technology), described in FIPS PUB
-180-1.
-
-Superclass: Digest::Base
-
-require 'digest/sha1'
-
-** SHA256(Class)
-** SHA384(Class)
-** SHA512(Class)
-
-Classes to implement the SHA-256/384/512 Secure Hash Algorithm(s) by
-NIST (the US' National Institute of Standards and Technology),
-described in FIPS PUB 180-2.
-
-Superclass: Digest::Base
-
-require 'digest/sha2'
-
-** RMD160(Class)
-
-A class to implement the RIPEMD-160 cryptographic hash function,
-designed by Hans Dobbertin, Antoon Bosselaers, and Bart Preneel.
-
-Superclass: Digest::Base
-
-require 'digest/rmd160'
-
-
-Those above classes provide a common interface as shown below.
-
-
-Class Methods:
-
-   new([str])
-
-	Creates a new digest object.  If a string argument is given,
-	it is added to the object. (see update.)
-
-   digest(str)
-
-	Immediately calculates and return the hash of the given
-	strings as a string.  Equivalent to new(str).digest.
-
-   hexdigest(str)
-
-	Immediately calculates and return the hash of the given
-	strings as a string of hexadecimal digits.  Equivalent to
-	new(str).hexdigest.
-
-Methods:
-
-   clone
-
-	Creates a copy of the digest object.
-
-   digest
-
-	Returns the hash of the added strings as a string of 16 bytes
-	for MD5, 20 bytes for SHA1 and RMD160, 32 bytes for SHA256, 48
-	bytes for SHA384, and 64 bytes for SHA512.
-
-   hexdigest
-   to_s
-
-	Returns the hash of the added strings as a string of 32
-	hexadecimal digits for MD5, 40 hexadecimal digits for SHA1 and
-	RMD160, 64 hexadecimal digits for SHA256, 96 hexadecimal
-	digits for SHA384, and 128 hexadecimal digits for SHA512.
-	This method is equal to:
-
-	def hexdigest
-	  digest.unpack("H*")[0]
-	end
-
-   update(str)
-   << str
-
-	Appends the string str to the digest object.  Repeated calls
-	are equivalent to a single call with the concatenation of all
-	the arguments, i.e. m.update(a); m.update(b) is equivalent to
-	m.update(a + b) and m << a << b is equivalent to m << a + b.
-
-   == md
-
-	Checks if the object is equal to the given digest object.
-
-   == str
-
-	Regards the value as either a digest value or a hexdigest
-	value (depending on the length) and checks if the object is
-	equal to the given string.
-
--------------------------------------------------------
-Local variables:
-fill-column: 70
-end:
diff --git a/ext/digest/digest.txt.ja b/ext/digest/digest.txt.ja
deleted file mode 100644
index 8997d25b9d..0000000000
--- a/ext/digest/digest.txt.ja
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,111 +0,0 @@
-.\" digest.txt.ja -  -*- Indented-Text -*- created at: Fri May 25 08:22:19 JST 2001
-$RoughId: digest.txt.jp,v 1.8 2001/07/13 15:38:27 knu Exp $
-$Id$
-
-** MD5(���饹)
-
-RFC1321�˵��Ҥ���Ƥ���RSA Data Security, Inc. �� MD5 Message-Digest
-Algorithm��������륯�饹��
-
-Superclass: Digest::Base
-
-require 'digest/md5'
-
-** SHA1(���饹)
-
-FIPS PUB 180-1�˵��Ҥ���Ƥ���NIST (the US' National Institute of
-Standards and Technology) �� SHA-1 Secure Hash Algorithm��������륯�饹��
-
-Superclass: Digest::Base
-
-require 'digest/sha1'
-
-** SHA256(���饹)
-** SHA384(���饹)
-** SHA512(���饹)
-
-FIPS PUB 180-2�˵��Ҥ���Ƥ���NIST (the US' National Institute of
-Standards and Technology) �� SHA-256/384/512 Secure Hash Algorithm��
-�������륯�饹��
-
-Superclass: Digest::Base
-
-require 'digest/sha2'
-
-** RMD160(���饹)
-
-Hans Dobbertin, Antoon Bosselaers, Bart Preneel �ˤ�ä��߷פ��줿 
-RIPEMD-160 �ϥå���ؿ���������륯�饹��
-
-Superclass: Digest::Base
-
-require 'digest/rmd160'
-
-
-�����Υ��饹�ϰʲ��Τ褦�ʶ��̤Υ��󥿡��ե��������󶡤��롣
-
-
-Class Methods:
-
-   new([str])
-
-        �����������������ȥ��֥������Ȥ��������롥ʸ���������Ϳ������
-        �Ȥ�����ɲä���(see update)��
-
-   digest(str)
-
-	Ϳ����줿ʸ������Ф���ϥå����ͤ�ʸ������֤���
-	new(str).digest ��������
-
-   hexdigest(str)
-
-	Ϳ����줿ʸ������Ф���ϥå����ͤ�ASCII�����ɤ�Ȥä�
-        16�ʿ�����򼨤�ʸ����˥��󥳡��ɤ����֤���
-	new(str).hexdigest ��������
-
-Methods:
-
-   clone
-
-	�����������ȥ��֥������Ȥ�ʣ�����롣
-
-   digest
-
-        ���ޤǤ��ɲä���ʸ������Ф���ϥå����ͤ�ʸ������֤���MD5�Ǥ�
-        16�Х���Ĺ��SHA1�����RMD160�Ǥ�20�Х���Ĺ��SHA256�Ǥ�32�Х���Ĺ��
-	SHA384�Ǥ�48�Х���Ĺ��SHA512�Ǥ�64�Х���Ĺ�Ȥʤ롣
-
-   hexdigest
-   to_s
-
-        ���ޤǤ��ɲä���ʸ������Ф���ϥå����ͤ�ASCII�����ɤ�Ȥä�
-        16�ʿ�����򼨤�ʸ����˥��󥳡��ɤ����֤���MD5�Ǥ�32�Х���Ĺ��
-        SHA1�����RMD160�Ǥ�40�Х���Ĺ��SHA256�Ǥ�64�Х���Ĺ��SHA384�Ǥ�
-	96�Х���Ĺ��SHA512�Ǥ�128�Х���Ĺ�Ȥʤ롣Ruby�ǽ񤯤Ȱʲ���Ʊ����
-
-	def hexdigest
-	  digest.unpack("H*")[0]
-	end
-
-   update(str)
-   << str
-
-        ʸ������ɲä��롣ʣ����update��Ƥ֤��Ȥ�ʸ�����Ϣ�뤷��
-	update��Ƥ֤��Ȥ������������ʤ�� m.update(a); m.update(b) ��
-	m.update(a + b) �ȡ� m << a << b �� m << a + b �Ȥ��줾������
-	�Ǥ��롣
-
-   == md
-
-	Ϳ����줿�����������ȥ��֥������Ȥ���Ӥ��롣
-
-   == str
-
-	Ϳ����줿ʸ����� digest �͡��⤷���� hexdigest �ͤ���Ӥ��롣
-	��������ͤȸ��뤫��Ϳ����줿ʸ�����Ĺ���ˤ�äƼ�ưȽ��
-	����롣
-
--------------------------------------------------------
-Local variables:
-fill-column: 70
-end:
diff --git a/ext/digest/extconf.rb b/ext/digest/extconf.rb
index cd512622a4..cf9127ecc0 100644
--- a/ext/digest/extconf.rb
+++ b/ext/digest/extconf.rb
@@ -3,4 +3,8 @@
 
 require "mkmf"
 
+$INSTALLFILES = {
+  "digest.h" => "$(RUBYARCHDIR)"
+}
+
 create_makefile("digest")
diff --git a/ext/digest/lib/digest.rb b/ext/digest/lib/digest.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..0c4ee3c2cc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ext/digest/lib/digest.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+require 'digest.so'
+
+module Digest
+  def self.const_missing(name)
+    case name
+    when :SHA256, :SHA384, :SHA512
+      lib = 'digest/sha2.so'
+    else
+      lib = File.join('digest', name.to_s.downcase)
+    end
+
+    begin
+      require lib
+    rescue LoadError => e
+      raise LoadError, "library not found for class Digest::#{name} -- #{lib}", caller(1)
+    end
+    unless Digest.const_defined?(name)
+      raise NameError, "uninitialized constant Digest::#{name}", caller(1)
+    end
+    Digest.const_get(name)
+  end
+
+  class ::Digest::Class
+    # creates a digest object and reads a given file, _name_.
+    # 
+    #  p Digest::SHA256.file("X11R6.8.2-src.tar.bz2").hexdigest
+    #  # => "f02e3c85572dc9ad7cb77c2a638e3be24cc1b5bea9fdbb0b0299c9668475c534"
+    def self.file(name)
+      new.file(name)
+    end
+  end
+
+  module Instance
+    # updates the digest with the contents of a given file _name_ and
+    # returns self.
+    def file(name)
+      File.open(name, "rb") {|f|
+        buf = ""
+        while f.read(16384, buf)
+          update buf
+        end
+      }
+      self
+    end
+  end
+end
+
+def Digest(name)
+  Digest.const_get(name)
+end
diff --git a/ext/digest/lib/md5.rb b/ext/digest/lib/md5.rb
index 1d05d7d04e..c399f2de1d 100644
--- a/ext/digest/lib/md5.rb
+++ b/ext/digest/lib/md5.rb
@@ -5,10 +5,19 @@
 
 require 'digest/md5'
 
-MD5 = Digest::MD5
+class MD5 < Digest::MD5
+  class << self
+    alias orig_new new
+    def new(str = nil)
+      if str
+        orig_new.update(str)
+      else
+        orig_new
+      end
+    end
 
-class MD5
-  def self.md5(*args)
-    new(*args)
+    def md5(*args)
+      new(*args)
+    end
   end
 end
diff --git a/ext/digest/lib/sha1.rb b/ext/digest/lib/sha1.rb
index c4ac6f66ea..4446e12e8d 100644
--- a/ext/digest/lib/sha1.rb
+++ b/ext/digest/lib/sha1.rb
@@ -5,10 +5,19 @@
 
 require 'digest/sha1'
 
-SHA1 = Digest::SHA1
+class SHA1 < Digest::SHA1
+  class << self
+    alias orig_new new
+    def new(str = nil)
+      if str
+        orig_new.update(str)
+      else
+        orig_new
+      end
+    end
 
-class SHA1
-  def self.sha1(*args)
-    new(*args)
+    def sha1(*args)
+      new(*args)
+    end
   end
 end
diff --git a/ext/digest/md5/extconf.rb b/ext/digest/md5/extconf.rb
index 9819241184..018f8ccb02 100644
--- a/ext/digest/md5/extconf.rb
+++ b/ext/digest/md5/extconf.rb
@@ -24,4 +24,6 @@ have_header("inttypes.h")
 
 have_header("unistd.h")
 
+$preload = %w[digest]
+
 create_makefile("digest/md5")
diff --git a/ext/digest/md5/md5.c b/ext/digest/md5/md5.c
index 6b61f031c4..993bc47a06 100644
--- a/ext/digest/md5/md5.c
+++ b/ext/digest/md5/md5.c
@@ -41,6 +41,12 @@
   1999-05-03 lpd Original version.
  */
 
+/*
+  This code was modified for use in Ruby.
+
+  - Akinori MUSHA <knu@idaemons.org>
+ */
+
 /*$OrigId: md5c.c,v 1.2 2001/03/26 08:57:14 matz Exp $ */
 /*$RoughId: md5.c,v 1.2 2001/07/13 19:48:41 knu Exp $ */
 /*$Id$ */
@@ -391,7 +397,7 @@ MD5_Update(MD5_CTX *pms, const uint8_t *data, size_t nbytes)
 }
 
 void
-MD5_Final(uint8_t *digest, MD5_CTX *pms)
+MD5_Finish(MD5_CTX *pms, uint8_t *digest)
 {
     static const uint8_t pad[64] = {
 	0x80, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
@@ -412,21 +418,3 @@ MD5_Final(uint8_t *digest, MD5_CTX *pms)
     for (i = 0; i < 16; ++i)
 	digest[i] = (uint8_t)(pms->state[i >> 2] >> ((i & 3) << 3));
 }
-
-void
-MD5_End(MD5_CTX *pctx, uint8_t *hexdigest)
-{
-    unsigned char digest[16];
-    size_t i;
-
-    MD5_Final(digest, pctx);
-
-    for (i = 0; i < 16; i++)
-        sprintf(hexdigest + i * 2, "%02x", digest[i]);
-}
-
-int MD5_Equal(MD5_CTX* pctx1, MD5_CTX* pctx2) {
-	return memcmp(pctx1->count, pctx2->count, sizeof(pctx1->count)) == 0
-		&& memcmp(pctx1->state, pctx2->state, sizeof(pctx1->state)) == 0
-		&& memcmp(pctx1->buffer, pctx2->buffer, sizeof(pctx1->buffer)) == 0;
-}
diff --git a/ext/digest/md5/md5.h b/ext/digest/md5/md5.h
index fc41380d38..f4580ef5e7 100644
--- a/ext/digest/md5/md5.h
+++ b/ext/digest/md5/md5.h
@@ -63,18 +63,15 @@ typedef struct md5_state_s {
 } MD5_CTX;
 
 #ifdef RUBY
+/* avoid name clash */
 #define MD5_Init	rb_Digest_MD5_Init
 #define MD5_Update	rb_Digest_MD5_Update
-#define MD5_Final	rb_Digest_MD5_Final
-#define MD5_End		rb_Digest_MD5_End
-#define MD5_Equal	rb_Digest_MD5_Equal
+#define MD5_Finish	rb_Digest_MD5_Finish
 #endif
 
 void	MD5_Init _((MD5_CTX *pms));
 void	MD5_Update _((MD5_CTX *pms, const uint8_t *data, size_t nbytes));
-void	MD5_Final _((uint8_t *digest, MD5_CTX *pms));
-void	MD5_End _((MD5_CTX *pctx, uint8_t *hexdigest));
-int	MD5_Equal _((MD5_CTX *pctx1, MD5_CTX *pctx2));
+void	MD5_Finish _((MD5_CTX *pms, uint8_t *digest));
 
 #define MD5_BLOCK_LENGTH		64
 #define MD5_DIGEST_LENGTH		16
diff --git a/ext/digest/md5/md5init.c b/ext/digest/md5/md5init.c
index 2acca16a46..17658f4fce 100644
--- a/ext/digest/md5/md5init.c
+++ b/ext/digest/md5/md5init.c
@@ -8,28 +8,33 @@
 #include "md5.h"
 #endif
 
-static algo_t md5 = {
+static rb_digest_metadata_t md5 = {
+    RUBY_DIGEST_API_VERSION,
     MD5_DIGEST_LENGTH,
+    MD5_BLOCK_LENGTH,
     sizeof(MD5_CTX),
-    (hash_init_func_t)MD5_Init,
-    (hash_update_func_t)MD5_Update,
-    (hash_end_func_t)MD5_End,
-    (hash_final_func_t)MD5_Final,
-    (hash_equal_func_t)MD5_Equal,
+    (rb_digest_hash_init_func_t)MD5_Init,
+    (rb_digest_hash_update_func_t)MD5_Update,
+    (rb_digest_hash_finish_func_t)MD5_Finish,
 };
 
+/*
+ * A class for calculating message digests using the MD5
+ * Message-Digest Algorithm by RSA Data Security, Inc., described in
+ * RFC1321.
+ */
 void
 Init_md5()
 {
     VALUE mDigest, cDigest_Base, cDigest_MD5;
 
-    rb_require("digest.so");
+    rb_require("digest");
 
     mDigest = rb_path2class("Digest");
     cDigest_Base = rb_path2class("Digest::Base");
 
     cDigest_MD5 = rb_define_class_under(mDigest, "MD5", cDigest_Base);
 
-    rb_cvar_set(cDigest_MD5, rb_intern("metadata"),
-		Data_Wrap_Struct(rb_cObject, 0, 0, &md5), Qtrue);
+    rb_ivar_set(cDigest_MD5, rb_intern("metadata"),
+      Data_Wrap_Struct(rb_cObject, 0, 0, &md5));
 }
diff --git a/ext/digest/md5/md5ossl.c b/ext/digest/md5/md5ossl.c
index d930c7ab51..d94ae2cd2f 100644
--- a/ext/digest/md5/md5ossl.c
+++ b/ext/digest/md5/md5ossl.c
@@ -1,30 +1,9 @@
 /* $Id$ */
 
 #include "md5ossl.h"
-#include <sys/types.h>
-#include <stdio.h>
-#include <string.h>
 
 void
-MD5_End(MD5_CTX *pctx, unsigned char *hexdigest)
+MD5_Finish(MD5_CTX *pctx, unsigned char *digest)
 {
-    unsigned char digest[16];
-    size_t i;
-
     MD5_Final(digest, pctx);
-
-    for (i = 0; i < 16; i++)
-        sprintf(hexdigest + i * 2, "%02x", digest[i]);
-}
-
-int
-MD5_Equal(MD5_CTX* pctx1, MD5_CTX* pctx2) {
-    return pctx1->num == pctx2->num
-      && pctx1->A == pctx2->A
-      && pctx1->B == pctx2->B
-      && pctx1->C == pctx2->C
-      && pctx1->D == pctx2->D
-      && pctx1->Nl == pctx2->Nl
-      && pctx1->Nh == pctx2->Nh
-      && memcmp(pctx1->data, pctx2->data, sizeof(pctx1->data)) == 0;
 }
diff --git a/ext/digest/md5/md5ossl.h b/ext/digest/md5/md5ossl.h
index 610f58db06..1680c4f5c9 100644
--- a/ext/digest/md5/md5ossl.h
+++ b/ext/digest/md5/md5ossl.h
@@ -6,7 +6,8 @@
 #include <stddef.h>
 #include <openssl/md5.h>
 
-void MD5_End(MD5_CTX *pctx, unsigned char *hexdigest);
-int MD5_Equal(MD5_CTX *pctx1, MD5_CTX *pctx2);
+#define MD5_BLOCK_LENGTH	MD5_CBLOCK
+
+void MD5_Finish(MD5_CTX *pctx, unsigned char *digest);
 
 #endif
diff --git a/ext/digest/rmd160/depend b/ext/digest/rmd160/depend
index 0ca79c5f40..a21d7188dc 100644
--- a/ext/digest/rmd160/depend
+++ b/ext/digest/rmd160/depend
@@ -1,7 +1,5 @@
 rmd160.o: rmd160.c rmd160.h $(srcdir)/../defs.h $(hdrdir)/ruby.h \
   $(topdir)/config.h $(hdrdir)/defines.h $(hdrdir)/intern.h
-rmd160hl.o: rmd160hl.c rmd160.h $(srcdir)/../defs.h $(hdrdir)/ruby.h \
-  $(topdir)/config.h $(hdrdir)/defines.h $(hdrdir)/intern.h
 rmd160init.o: rmd160init.c $(srcdir)/../digest.h $(hdrdir)/ruby.h \
   $(topdir)/config.h $(hdrdir)/defines.h $(hdrdir)/intern.h \
   rmd160.h $(srcdir)/../defs.h
diff --git a/ext/digest/rmd160/extconf.rb b/ext/digest/rmd160/extconf.rb
index 9358dbd09e..09359944f2 100644
--- a/ext/digest/rmd160/extconf.rb
+++ b/ext/digest/rmd160/extconf.rb
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ if !with_config("bundled-rmd160") &&
     have_library("crypto") && have_header("openssl/ripemd.h")
   $objs << "rmd160ossl.#{$OBJEXT}"
 else
-  $objs << "rmd160.#{$OBJEXT}" << "rmd160hl.#{$OBJEXT}"
+  $objs << "rmd160.#{$OBJEXT}"
 end
 
 have_header("sys/cdefs.h")
@@ -23,4 +23,6 @@ have_header("inttypes.h")
 
 have_header("unistd.h")
 
+$preload = %w[digest]
+
 create_makefile("digest/rmd160")
diff --git a/ext/digest/rmd160/rmd160.c b/ext/digest/rmd160/rmd160.c
index 2de3c99b29..88918728cd 100644
--- a/ext/digest/rmd160/rmd160.c
+++ b/ext/digest/rmd160/rmd160.c
@@ -409,7 +409,7 @@ RMD160_Update(RMD160_CTX *context, const uint8_t *data, size_t nbytes)
 /********************************************************************/
 
 void
-RMD160_Final(uint8_t digest[20], RMD160_CTX *context)
+RMD160_Finish(RMD160_CTX *context, uint8_t digest[20])
 {
 	uint32_t i;
 	uint32_t X[16];
@@ -454,11 +454,4 @@ RMD160_Final(uint8_t digest[20], RMD160_CTX *context)
 	}
 }
 
-int RMD160_Equal(RMD160_CTX* pctx1, RMD160_CTX* pctx2) {
-	return pctx1->buflen == pctx2->buflen
-		&& memcmp(pctx1->length, pctx2->length, sizeof(pctx1->length)) == 0
-		&& memcmp(pctx1->state, pctx2->state, sizeof(pctx1->state)) == 0
-		&& memcmp(pctx1->bbuffer, pctx2->bbuffer, sizeof(pctx1->bbuffer)) == 0;
-}
-
 /************************ end of file rmd160.c **********************/
diff --git a/ext/digest/rmd160/rmd160.h b/ext/digest/rmd160/rmd160.h
index 24f9a025f0..54d1ca9140 100644
--- a/ext/digest/rmd160/rmd160.h
+++ b/ext/digest/rmd160/rmd160.h
@@ -39,26 +39,14 @@ typedef struct {
 #define RMD160_Init	rb_Digest_RMD160_Init
 #define RMD160_Transform	rb_Digest_RMD160_Transform
 #define RMD160_Update	rb_Digest_RMD160_Update
-#define RMD160_Final	rb_Digest_RMD160_Final
-#define RMD160_Equal	rb_Digest_RMD160_Equal
-#ifndef _KERNEL
-#define RMD160_End	rb_Digest_RMD160_End
-#define RMD160_File	rb_Digest_RMD160_File
-#define RMD160_Data	rb_Digest_RMD160_Data
-#endif /* _KERNEL */
+#define RMD160_Finish	rb_Digest_RMD160_Finish
 #endif
 
 __BEGIN_DECLS
 void	RMD160_Init _((RMD160_CTX *));
 void	RMD160_Transform _((uint32_t[5], const uint32_t[16]));
 void	RMD160_Update _((RMD160_CTX *, const uint8_t *, size_t));
-void	RMD160_Final _((uint8_t[20], RMD160_CTX *));
-int	RMD160_Equal _((RMD160_CTX *, RMD160_CTX *));
-#ifndef	_KERNEL
-char	*RMD160_End _((RMD160_CTX *, char *));
-char	*RMD160_File _((char *, char *));
-char	*RMD160_Data _((const uint8_t *, size_t, char *));
-#endif /* _KERNEL */
+void	RMD160_Finish _((RMD160_CTX *, uint8_t[20]));
 __END_DECLS
 
 #define RMD160_BLOCK_LENGTH             64
diff --git a/ext/digest/rmd160/rmd160hl.c b/ext/digest/rmd160/rmd160hl.c
deleted file mode 100644
index 4c5e0217d9..0000000000
--- a/ext/digest/rmd160/rmd160hl.c
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,96 +0,0 @@
-/*	$NetBSD: rmd160hl.c,v 1.1.1.1 2001/03/06 11:21:05 agc Exp $	*/
-/*	$RoughId: rmd160hl.c,v 1.2 2001/07/13 19:49:10 knu Exp $	*/
-/*	$Id$	*/
-
-/* rmd160hl.c
- * ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
- * "THE BEER-WARE LICENSE" (Revision 42):
- * <phk@login.dkuug.dk> wrote this file.  As long as you retain this notice you
- * can do whatever you want with this stuff. If we meet some day, and you think
- * this stuff is worth it, you can buy me a beer in return.   Poul-Henning Kamp
- * ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
- *
- * from OpenBSD: rmd160hl.c,v 1.2 1999/08/17 09:13:12 millert Exp $
- */  
-
-#include "rmd160.h"
-
-#ifndef lint
-/* __RCSID("$NetBSD: rmd160hl.c,v 1.1.1.1 2001/03/06 11:21:05 agc Exp $"); */
-#endif	/* not lint */
-
-/* #include "namespace.h" */
-
-#include <assert.h>
-#include <errno.h>
-#include <fcntl.h>
-#include <stdio.h>
-#include <stdlib.h>
-#if defined(HAVE_UNISTD_H)
-# include <unistd.h>
-#endif
-
-#ifndef _DIAGASSERT
-#define _DIAGASSERT(cond)	assert(cond)
-#endif
-
-
-char *
-RMD160_End(RMD160_CTX *ctx, char *buf)
-{
-    size_t i;
-    char *p = buf;
-    uint8_t digest[20];
-    static const char hex[]="0123456789abcdef";
-
-    _DIAGASSERT(ctx != NULL);
-    /* buf may be NULL */
-
-    if (p == NULL && (p = malloc(41)) == NULL)
-	return 0;
-
-    RMD160_Final(digest,ctx);
-    for (i = 0; i < 20; i++) {
-	p[i + i] = hex[(uint32_t)digest[i] >> 4];
-	p[i + i + 1] = hex[digest[i] & 0x0f];
-    }
-    p[i + i] = '\0';
-    return(p);
-}
-
-char *
-RMD160_File(char *filename, char *buf)
-{
-    uint8_t buffer[BUFSIZ];
-    RMD160_CTX ctx;
-    int fd, num, oerrno;
-
-    _DIAGASSERT(filename != NULL);
-    /* XXX: buf may be NULL ? */
-
-    RMD160_Init(&ctx);
-
-    if ((fd = open(filename, O_RDONLY)) < 0)
-	return(0);
-
-    while ((num = read(fd, buffer, sizeof(buffer))) > 0)
-	RMD160_Update(&ctx, buffer, (size_t)num);
-
-    oerrno = errno;
-    close(fd);
-    errno = oerrno;
-    return(num < 0 ? 0 : RMD160_End(&ctx, buf));
-}
-
-char *
-RMD160_Data(const uint8_t *data, size_t len, char *buf)
-{
-    RMD160_CTX ctx;
-
-    _DIAGASSERT(data != NULL);
-    /* XXX: buf may be NULL ? */
-
-    RMD160_Init(&ctx);
-    RMD160_Update(&ctx, data, len);
-    return(RMD160_End(&ctx, buf));
-}
diff --git a/ext/digest/rmd160/rmd160init.c b/ext/digest/rmd160/rmd160init.c
index b16cdbbed8..763867df86 100644
--- a/ext/digest/rmd160/rmd160init.c
+++ b/ext/digest/rmd160/rmd160init.c
@@ -8,31 +8,33 @@
 #include "rmd160.h"
 #endif
 
-static algo_t rmd160 = {
+static rb_digest_metadata_t rmd160 = {
+    RUBY_DIGEST_API_VERSION,
     RMD160_DIGEST_LENGTH,
+    RMD160_BLOCK_LENGTH,
     sizeof(RMD160_CTX),
-    (hash_init_func_t)RMD160_Init,
-    (hash_update_func_t)RMD160_Update,
-    (hash_end_func_t)RMD160_End,
-    (hash_final_func_t)RMD160_Final,
-    (hash_equal_func_t)RMD160_Equal,
+    (rb_digest_hash_init_func_t)RMD160_Init,
+    (rb_digest_hash_update_func_t)RMD160_Update,
+    (rb_digest_hash_finish_func_t)RMD160_Finish,
 };
 
+/*
+ * A class for calculating message digests using RIPEMD-160
+ * cryptographic hash function, designed by Hans Dobbertin, Antoon
+ * Bosselaers, and Bart Preneel.
+ */
 void
 Init_rmd160()
 {
     VALUE mDigest, cDigest_Base, cDigest_RMD160;
-    ID id_metadata;
 
-    rb_require("digest.so");
+    rb_require("digest");
 
     mDigest = rb_path2class("Digest");
     cDigest_Base = rb_path2class("Digest::Base");
 
     cDigest_RMD160 = rb_define_class_under(mDigest, "RMD160", cDigest_Base);
 
-    id_metadata = rb_intern("metadata");
-
-    rb_cvar_set(cDigest_RMD160, id_metadata,
-		Data_Wrap_Struct(rb_cObject, 0, 0, &rmd160), Qtrue);
+    rb_ivar_set(cDigest_RMD160, rb_intern("metadata"),
+      Data_Wrap_Struct(rb_cObject, 0, 0, &rmd160));
 }
diff --git a/ext/digest/rmd160/rmd160ossl.c b/ext/digest/rmd160/rmd160ossl.c
index be66d81ff9..f24e63e3d8 100644
--- a/ext/digest/rmd160/rmd160ossl.c
+++ b/ext/digest/rmd160/rmd160ossl.c
@@ -1,45 +1,8 @@
 /* $Id$ */
 
-#include "rmd160ossl.h"
 #include "defs.h"
-#include <assert.h>
-#include <stdlib.h>
-
-#ifndef _DIAGASSERT
-#define _DIAGASSERT(cond)	assert(cond)
-#endif
-
-char *
-RMD160_End(RMD160_CTX *ctx, char *buf)
-{
-    size_t i;
-    char *p = buf;
-    uint8_t digest[20];
-    static const char hex[]="0123456789abcdef";
-
-    _DIAGASSERT(ctx != NULL);
-    /* buf may be NULL */
-
-    if (p == NULL && (p = malloc(41)) == NULL)
-	return 0;
-
-    RMD160_Final(digest,ctx);
-    for (i = 0; i < 20; i++) {
-	p[i + i] = hex[(uint32_t)digest[i] >> 4];
-	p[i + i + 1] = hex[digest[i] & 0x0f];
-    }
-    p[i + i] = '\0';
-    return(p);
-}
+#include "rmd160ossl.h"
 
-int RMD160_Equal(RMD160_CTX* pctx1, RMD160_CTX* pctx2) {
-	return pctx1->num == pctx2->num
-	  && pctx1->A == pctx2->A
-	  && pctx1->B == pctx2->B
-	  && pctx1->C == pctx2->C
-	  && pctx1->D == pctx2->D
-	  && pctx1->E == pctx2->E
-	  && pctx1->Nl == pctx2->Nl
-	  && pctx1->Nh == pctx2->Nh
-	  && memcmp(pctx1->data, pctx2->data, sizeof(pctx1->data)) == 0;
+void RMD160_Finish(RMD160_CTX *ctx, char *buf) {
+	RIPEMD160_Final((unsigned char *)buf, ctx);
 }
diff --git a/ext/digest/rmd160/rmd160ossl.h b/ext/digest/rmd160/rmd160ossl.h
index e8928d164b..3df38a01c0 100644
--- a/ext/digest/rmd160/rmd160ossl.h
+++ b/ext/digest/rmd160/rmd160ossl.h
@@ -10,12 +10,10 @@
 
 #define RMD160_Init	RIPEMD160_Init
 #define RMD160_Update	RIPEMD160_Update
-#define RMD160_Final	RIPEMD160_Final
 
 #define RMD160_BLOCK_LENGTH		RIPEMD160_CBLOCK
 #define RMD160_DIGEST_LENGTH		RIPEMD160_DIGEST_LENGTH
 
-char *RMD160_End(RMD160_CTX *ctx, char *buf);
-int RMD160_Equal(RMD160_CTX *pctx1, RMD160_CTX *pctx2);
+void RMD160_Finish(RMD160_CTX *ctx, char *buf);
 
 #endif
diff --git a/ext/digest/sha1/depend b/ext/digest/sha1/depend
index a159f456d3..61607844d0 100644
--- a/ext/digest/sha1/depend
+++ b/ext/digest/sha1/depend
@@ -1,7 +1,5 @@
 sha1.o: sha1.c sha1.h $(srcdir)/../defs.h $(hdrdir)/ruby.h \
   $(topdir)/config.h $(hdrdir)/defines.h $(hdrdir)/intern.h
-sha1hl.o: sha1hl.c sha1.h $(srcdir)/../defs.h $(hdrdir)/ruby.h \
-  $(topdir)/config.h $(hdrdir)/defines.h $(hdrdir)/intern.h
 sha1init.o: sha1init.c $(srcdir)/../digest.h $(hdrdir)/ruby.h \
   $(topdir)/config.h $(hdrdir)/defines.h $(hdrdir)/intern.h \
   sha1.h $(srcdir)/../defs.h
diff --git a/ext/digest/sha1/extconf.rb b/ext/digest/sha1/extconf.rb
index b93ac593ac..87b74c34af 100644
--- a/ext/digest/sha1/extconf.rb
+++ b/ext/digest/sha1/extconf.rb
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ if !with_config("bundled-sha1") &&
     have_library("crypto") && have_header("openssl/sha.h")
   $objs << "sha1ossl.#{$OBJEXT}"
 else
-  $objs << "sha1.#{$OBJEXT}" << "sha1hl.#{$OBJEXT}"
+  $objs << "sha1.#{$OBJEXT}"
 end
 
 have_header("sys/cdefs.h")
@@ -23,4 +23,6 @@ have_header("inttypes.h")
 
 have_header("unistd.h")
 
+$preload = %w[digest]
+
 create_makefile("digest/sha1")
diff --git a/ext/digest/sha1/sha1.c b/ext/digest/sha1/sha1.c
index 1012ef8751..6196ca6b82 100644
--- a/ext/digest/sha1/sha1.c
+++ b/ext/digest/sha1/sha1.c
@@ -129,9 +129,7 @@ do_R4(uint32_t *a, uint32_t *b, uint32_t *c, uint32_t *d, uint32_t *e, CHAR64LON
 /*
  * Hash a single 512-bit block. This is the core of the algorithm.
  */
-void SHA1_Transform(state, buffer)
-    uint32_t state[5];
-    const uint8_t buffer[64];
+void SHA1_Transform(uint32_t state[5], const uint8_t buffer[64])
 {
     uint32_t a, b, c, d, e;
     CHAR64LONG16 *block;
@@ -201,8 +199,7 @@ void SHA1_Transform(state, buffer)
 /*
  * SHA1_Init - Initialize new context
  */
-void SHA1_Init(context)
-    SHA1_CTX *context;
+void SHA1_Init(SHA1_CTX *context)
 {
 
     _DIAGASSERT(context != 0);
@@ -220,10 +217,7 @@ void SHA1_Init(context)
 /*
  * Run your data through this.
  */
-void SHA1_Update(context, data, len)
-    SHA1_CTX *context;
-    const uint8_t *data;
-    size_t len;
+void SHA1_Update(SHA1_CTX *context, const uint8_t *data, size_t len)
 {
     uint32_t i, j;
 
@@ -250,9 +244,7 @@ void SHA1_Update(context, data, len)
 /*
  * Add padding and return the message digest.
  */
-void SHA1_Final(digest, context)
-    uint8_t digest[20];
-    SHA1_CTX* context;
+void SHA1_Finish(SHA1_CTX* context, uint8_t digest[20])
 {
     size_t i;
     uint8_t finalcount[8];
@@ -275,9 +267,3 @@ void SHA1_Final(digest, context)
 		((context->state[i>>2] >> ((3-(i & 3)) * 8) ) & 255);
     }
 }
-
-int SHA1_Equal(SHA1_CTX* pctx1, SHA1_CTX* pctx2) {
-	return memcmp(pctx1->count, pctx2->count, sizeof(pctx1->count)) == 0
-		&& memcmp(pctx1->state, pctx2->state, sizeof(pctx1->state)) == 0
-		&& memcmp(pctx1->buffer, pctx2->buffer, sizeof(pctx1->buffer)) == 0;
-}
diff --git a/ext/digest/sha1/sha1.h b/ext/digest/sha1/sha1.h
index 2303cecc2b..60e3b01fe2 100644
--- a/ext/digest/sha1/sha1.h
+++ b/ext/digest/sha1/sha1.h
@@ -20,28 +20,17 @@ typedef struct {
 } SHA1_CTX;
 
 #ifdef RUBY
+/* avoid name clash */
 #define SHA1_Transform	rb_Digest_SHA1_Transform
 #define SHA1_Init	rb_Digest_SHA1_Init
 #define SHA1_Update	rb_Digest_SHA1_Update
-#define SHA1_Final	rb_Digest_SHA1_Final
-#define SHA1_Equal	rb_Digest_SHA1_Equal
-#ifndef _KERNEL
-#define SHA1_End	rb_Digest_SHA1_End
-#define SHA1_File	rb_Digest_SHA1_File
-#define SHA1_Data	rb_Digest_SHA1_Data
-#endif /* _KERNEL */
+#define SHA1_Finish	rb_Digest_SHA1_Finish
 #endif
 
 void	SHA1_Transform _((uint32_t state[5], const uint8_t buffer[64]));
 void	SHA1_Init _((SHA1_CTX *context));
 void	SHA1_Update _((SHA1_CTX *context, const uint8_t *data, size_t len));
-void	SHA1_Final _((uint8_t digest[20], SHA1_CTX *context));
-int	SHA1_Equal _((SHA1_CTX *pctx1, SHA1_CTX *pctx2));
-#ifndef _KERNEL
-char	*SHA1_End _((SHA1_CTX *, char *));
-char	*SHA1_File _((char *, char *));
-char	*SHA1_Data _((const uint8_t *, size_t, char *));
-#endif /* _KERNEL */
+void	SHA1_Finish _((SHA1_CTX *context, uint8_t digest[20]));
 
 #define SHA1_BLOCK_LENGTH		64
 #define SHA1_DIGEST_LENGTH		20
diff --git a/ext/digest/sha1/sha1hl.c b/ext/digest/sha1/sha1hl.c
deleted file mode 100644
index d1a236b22c..0000000000
--- a/ext/digest/sha1/sha1hl.c
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,102 +0,0 @@
-/*	$NetBSD: sha1hl.c,v 1.2 2001/03/10 15:55:14 tron Exp $	*/
-/*	$RoughId: sha1hl.c,v 1.2 2001/07/13 19:49:10 knu Exp $	*/
-/*	$Id$	*/
-
-/* sha1hl.c
- * ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
- * "THE BEER-WARE LICENSE" (Revision 42):
- * <phk@login.dkuug.dk> wrote this file.  As long as you retain this notice you
- * can do whatever you want with this stuff. If we meet some day, and you think
- * this stuff is worth it, you can buy me a beer in return.   Poul-Henning Kamp
- * ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
- */
-
-/* #include "namespace.h" */
-
-#include "sha1.h"
-#include <fcntl.h>
-
-#include <assert.h>
-#include <errno.h>
-#include <stdio.h>
-#include <stdlib.h>
-#if defined(HAVE_UNISTD_H)
-# include <unistd.h>
-#endif
-
-#if defined(LIBC_SCCS) && !defined(lint)
-/* __RCSID("$NetBSD: sha1hl.c,v 1.2 2001/03/10 15:55:14 tron Exp $"); */
-#endif /* LIBC_SCCS and not lint */
-
-#ifndef _DIAGASSERT
-#define _DIAGASSERT(cond)	assert(cond)
-#endif
-
-
-/* ARGSUSED */
-char *
-SHA1_End(ctx, buf)
-    SHA1_CTX *ctx;
-    char *buf;
-{
-    int i;
-    char *p = buf;
-    uint8_t digest[20];
-    static const char hex[]="0123456789abcdef";
-
-    _DIAGASSERT(ctx != NULL);
-    /* buf may be NULL */
-
-    if (p == NULL && (p = malloc(41)) == NULL)
-	return 0;
-
-    SHA1_Final(digest,ctx);
-    for (i = 0; i < 20; i++) {
-	p[i + i] = hex[((uint32_t)digest[i]) >> 4];
-	p[i + i + 1] = hex[digest[i] & 0x0f];
-    }
-    p[i + i] = '\0';
-    return(p);
-}
-
-char *
-SHA1_File (filename, buf)
-    char *filename;
-    char *buf;
-{
-    uint8_t buffer[BUFSIZ];
-    SHA1_CTX ctx;
-    int fd, num, oerrno;
-
-    _DIAGASSERT(filename != NULL);
-    /* XXX: buf may be NULL ? */
-
-    SHA1_Init(&ctx);
-
-    if ((fd = open(filename,O_RDONLY)) < 0)
-	return(0);
-
-    while ((num = read(fd, buffer, sizeof(buffer))) > 0)
-	SHA1_Update(&ctx, buffer, (size_t)num);
-
-    oerrno = errno;
-    close(fd);
-    errno = oerrno;
-    return(num < 0 ? 0 : SHA1_End(&ctx, buf));
-}
-
-char *
-SHA1_Data (data, len, buf)
-    const uint8_t *data;
-    size_t len;
-    char *buf;
-{
-    SHA1_CTX ctx;
-
-    _DIAGASSERT(data != NULL);
-    /* XXX: buf may be NULL ? */
-
-    SHA1_Init(&ctx);
-    SHA1_Update(&ctx, data, len);
-    return(SHA1_End(&ctx, buf));
-}
diff --git a/ext/digest/sha1/sha1init.c b/ext/digest/sha1/sha1init.c
index 426afb7cd0..b2146f05a9 100644
--- a/ext/digest/sha1/sha1init.c
+++ b/ext/digest/sha1/sha1init.c
@@ -8,31 +8,33 @@
 #include "sha1.h"
 #endif
 
-static algo_t sha1 = {
+static rb_digest_metadata_t sha1 = {
+    RUBY_DIGEST_API_VERSION,
     SHA1_DIGEST_LENGTH,
+    SHA1_BLOCK_LENGTH,
     sizeof(SHA1_CTX),
-    (hash_init_func_t)SHA1_Init,
-    (hash_update_func_t)SHA1_Update,
-    (hash_end_func_t)SHA1_End,
-    (hash_final_func_t)SHA1_Final,
-    (hash_equal_func_t)SHA1_Equal,
+    (rb_digest_hash_init_func_t)SHA1_Init,
+    (rb_digest_hash_update_func_t)SHA1_Update,
+    (rb_digest_hash_finish_func_t)SHA1_Finish,
 };
 
+/*
+ * A class for calculating message digests using the SHA-1 Secure Hash
+ * Algorithm by NIST (the US' National Institute of Standards and
+ * Technology), described in FIPS PUB 180-1.
+ */
 void
 Init_sha1()
 {
     VALUE mDigest, cDigest_Base, cDigest_SHA1;
-    ID id_metadata;
-
-    rb_require("digest.so");
-
+ 
+    rb_require("digest");
+ 
     mDigest = rb_path2class("Digest");
     cDigest_Base = rb_path2class("Digest::Base");
 
     cDigest_SHA1 = rb_define_class_under(mDigest, "SHA1", cDigest_Base);
 
-    id_metadata = rb_intern("metadata");
-
-    rb_cvar_set(cDigest_SHA1, id_metadata,
-		Data_Wrap_Struct(rb_cObject, 0, 0, &sha1), Qtrue);
+    rb_ivar_set(cDigest_SHA1, rb_intern("metadata"),
+      Data_Wrap_Struct(rb_cObject, 0, 0, &sha1));
 }
diff --git a/ext/digest/sha1/sha1ossl.c b/ext/digest/sha1/sha1ossl.c
index b125128f82..452cf35084 100644
--- a/ext/digest/sha1/sha1ossl.c
+++ b/ext/digest/sha1/sha1ossl.c
@@ -1,45 +1,10 @@
 /* $Id$ */
 
-#include "sha1ossl.h"
 #include "defs.h"
-#include <assert.h>
-#include <stdlib.h>
-
-#ifndef _DIAGASSERT
-#define _DIAGASSERT(cond)	assert(cond)
-#endif
+#include "sha1ossl.h"
 
-char *
-SHA1_End(SHA1_CTX *ctx, char *buf)
+void
+SHA1_Finish(SHA1_CTX *ctx, char *buf)
 {
-    int i;
-    char *p = buf;
-    uint8_t digest[20];
-    static const char hex[]="0123456789abcdef";
-
-    _DIAGASSERT(ctx != NULL);
-    /* buf may be NULL */
-
-    if (p == NULL && (p = malloc(41)) == NULL)
-	return 0;
-
-    SHA1_Final(digest,ctx);
-    for (i = 0; i < 20; i++) {
-	p[i + i] = hex[((uint32_t)digest[i]) >> 4];
-	p[i + i + 1] = hex[digest[i] & 0x0f];
-    }
-    p[i + i] = '\0';
-    return(p);
-}
-
-int SHA1_Equal(SHA1_CTX* pctx1, SHA1_CTX* pctx2) {
-	return pctx1->num == pctx2->num
-	  && pctx1->h0 == pctx2->h0
-	  && pctx1->h1 == pctx2->h1
-	  && pctx1->h2 == pctx2->h2
-	  && pctx1->h3 == pctx2->h3
-	  && pctx1->h4 == pctx2->h4
-	  && pctx1->Nl == pctx2->Nl
-	  && pctx1->Nh == pctx2->Nh
-	  && memcmp(pctx1->data, pctx2->data, sizeof(pctx1->data)) == 0;
+	SHA1_Final((unsigned char *)buf, ctx);
 }
diff --git a/ext/digest/sha1/sha1ossl.h b/ext/digest/sha1/sha1ossl.h
index c271cc47c6..8f9984cc64 100644
--- a/ext/digest/sha1/sha1ossl.h
+++ b/ext/digest/sha1/sha1ossl.h
@@ -8,10 +8,13 @@
 
 #define SHA1_CTX	SHA_CTX
 
+#ifdef SHA_BLOCK_LENGTH
 #define SHA1_BLOCK_LENGTH	SHA_BLOCK_LENGTH
+#else
+#define SHA1_BLOCK_LENGTH	SHA_CBLOCK
+#endif
 #define SHA1_DIGEST_LENGTH	SHA_DIGEST_LENGTH
 
-char *SHA1_End(SHA1_CTX *ctx, char *buf);
-int SHA1_Equal(SHA1_CTX *pctx1, SHA1_CTX *pctx2);
+void SHA1_Finish(SHA1_CTX *ctx, char *buf);
 
 #endif
diff --git a/ext/digest/sha2/depend b/ext/digest/sha2/depend
index 2587415fdc..225d6ad52b 100644
--- a/ext/digest/sha2/depend
+++ b/ext/digest/sha2/depend
@@ -1,7 +1,5 @@
 sha2.o: sha2.c sha2.h $(srcdir)/../defs.h $(hdrdir)/ruby.h \
   $(topdir)/config.h $(hdrdir)/defines.h $(hdrdir)/intern.h
-sha2hl.o: sha2hl.c sha2.h $(srcdir)/../defs.h $(hdrdir)/ruby.h \
-  $(topdir)/config.h $(hdrdir)/defines.h $(hdrdir)/intern.h
 sha2init.o: sha2init.c $(srcdir)/../digest.h $(hdrdir)/ruby.h \
   $(topdir)/config.h $(hdrdir)/defines.h $(hdrdir)/intern.h \
   sha2.h $(srcdir)/../defs.h
diff --git a/ext/digest/sha2/extconf.rb b/ext/digest/sha2/extconf.rb
index 7bb143e8d1..c084a51a64 100644
--- a/ext/digest/sha2/extconf.rb
+++ b/ext/digest/sha2/extconf.rb
@@ -8,7 +8,6 @@ $INCFLAGS << " -I$(srcdir)/.."
 
 $objs = [
   "sha2.#{$OBJEXT}",
-  "sha2hl.#{$OBJEXT}",
   "sha2init.#{$OBJEXT}",
 ]
 
@@ -18,6 +17,8 @@ have_header("inttypes.h")
 
 have_header("unistd.h")
 
+$preload = %w[digest]
+
 if have_type("uint64_t", "defs.h", $defs.join(' '))
   create_makefile("digest/sha2")
 end
diff --git a/ext/digest/sha2/lib/sha2.rb b/ext/digest/sha2/lib/sha2.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..52dd639f9b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ext/digest/sha2/lib/sha2.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,73 @@
+#--
+# sha2.rb - defines Digest::SHA2 class which wraps up the SHA256,
+#           SHA384, and SHA512 classes.
+#++
+# Copyright (c) 2006 Akinori MUSHA <knu@iDaemons.org>
+#
+# All rights reserved.  You can redistribute and/or modify it under the same
+# terms as Ruby.
+#
+#   $Id$
+
+require 'digest'
+
+module Digest
+  #
+  # A meta digest provider class for SHA256, SHA384 and SHA512.
+  #
+  class SHA2 < Digest::Class
+    # call-seq:
+    #     Digest::SHA2.new(bitlen = 256) -> digest_obj
+    #
+    # Creates a new SHA2 hash object with a given bit length.
+    def initialize(bitlen = 256)
+      case bitlen
+      when 256
+        @sha2 = Digest::SHA256.new
+      when 384
+        @sha2 = Digest::SHA384.new
+      when 512
+        @sha2 = Digest::SHA512.new
+      else
+        raise ArgumentError, "unsupported bit length: %s" % bitlen.inspect
+      end
+      @bitlen = bitlen
+    end
+
+    # :nodoc:
+    def reset
+      @sha2.reset
+      self
+    end
+
+    # :nodoc:
+    def update(str)
+      @sha2.update(str)
+      self
+    end
+    alias << update
+
+    def finish
+      @sha2.digest!
+    end
+    private :finish
+
+    def block_length
+      @sha2.block_length
+    end
+
+    def digest_length
+      @sha2.digest_length
+    end
+
+    # :nodoc:
+    def initialize_copy(other)
+      @sha2 = other.instance_eval { @sha2.clone }
+    end
+
+    # :nodoc:
+    def inspect
+      "#<%s:%d %s>" % [self.class.name, @bitlen, hexdigest]
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/ext/digest/sha2/sha2.c b/ext/digest/sha2/sha2.c
index 41ed2df106..aca9ee926f 100644
--- a/ext/digest/sha2/sha2.c
+++ b/ext/digest/sha2/sha2.c
@@ -515,7 +515,7 @@ void SHA256_Update(SHA256_CTX* context, const sha2_byte *data, size_t len) {
 	usedspace = freespace = 0;
 }
 
-void SHA256_Final(sha2_byte digest[], SHA256_CTX* context) {
+void SHA256_Finish(SHA256_CTX* context, sha2_byte digest[]) {
 	sha2_word32	*d = (sha2_word32*)digest;
 	unsigned int	usedspace;
 
@@ -578,12 +578,6 @@ void SHA256_Final(sha2_byte digest[], SHA256_CTX* context) {
 	usedspace = 0;
 }
 
-int SHA256_Equal(SHA256_CTX* pctx1, SHA256_CTX* pctx2) {
-	return pctx1->bitcount == pctx2->bitcount
-		&& memcmp(pctx1->state, pctx2->state, sizeof(pctx1->state)) == 0
-		&& memcmp(pctx1->buffer, pctx2->buffer, sizeof(pctx1->buffer)) == 0;
-}
-
 /*** SHA-512: *********************************************************/
 void SHA512_Init(SHA512_CTX* context) {
 	if (context == (SHA512_CTX*)0) {
@@ -852,7 +846,7 @@ void SHA512_Last(SHA512_CTX* context) {
 	SHA512_Transform(context, (const sha2_word64*)context->buffer);
 }
 
-void SHA512_Final(sha2_byte digest[], SHA512_CTX* context) {
+void SHA512_Finish(SHA512_CTX* context, sha2_byte digest[]) {
 	sha2_word64	*d = (sha2_word64*)digest;
 
 	/* Sanity check: */
@@ -881,12 +875,6 @@ void SHA512_Final(sha2_byte digest[], SHA512_CTX* context) {
 	MEMSET_BZERO(context, sizeof(SHA512_CTX));
 }
 
-int SHA512_Equal(SHA512_CTX* pctx1, SHA512_CTX* pctx2) {
-	return memcmp(pctx1->bitcount, pctx2->bitcount, sizeof(pctx1->bitcount)) == 0
-		&& memcmp(pctx1->state, pctx2->state, sizeof(pctx1->state)) == 0
-		&& memcmp(pctx1->buffer, pctx2->buffer, sizeof(pctx1->buffer)) == 0;
-}
-
 /*** SHA-384: *********************************************************/
 void SHA384_Init(SHA384_CTX* context) {
 	if (context == (SHA384_CTX*)0) {
@@ -901,7 +889,7 @@ void SHA384_Update(SHA384_CTX* context, const sha2_byte* data, size_t len) {
 	SHA512_Update((SHA512_CTX*)context, data, len);
 }
 
-void SHA384_Final(sha2_byte digest[], SHA384_CTX* context) {
+void SHA384_Finish(SHA384_CTX* context, sha2_byte digest[]) {
 	sha2_word64	*d = (sha2_word64*)digest;
 
 	/* Sanity check: */
@@ -929,9 +917,3 @@ void SHA384_Final(sha2_byte digest[], SHA384_CTX* context) {
 	/* Zero out state data */
 	MEMSET_BZERO(context, sizeof(SHA384_CTX));
 }
-
-int SHA384_Equal(SHA384_CTX* pctx1, SHA384_CTX* pctx2) {
-	return memcmp(pctx1->bitcount, pctx2->bitcount, sizeof(pctx1->bitcount)) == 0
-		&& memcmp(pctx1->state, pctx2->state, sizeof(pctx1->state)) == 0
-		&& memcmp(pctx1->buffer, pctx2->buffer, sizeof(pctx1->buffer)) == 0;
-}
diff --git a/ext/digest/sha2/sha2.h b/ext/digest/sha2/sha2.h
index 4689ad93ce..917d415b73 100644
--- a/ext/digest/sha2/sha2.h
+++ b/ext/digest/sha2/sha2.h
@@ -77,53 +77,29 @@ typedef SHA512_CTX SHA384_CTX;
 #ifdef RUBY
 #define SHA256_Init		rb_Digest_SHA256_Init
 #define SHA256_Update		rb_Digest_SHA256_Update
-#define SHA256_Final		rb_Digest_SHA256_Final
-#define SHA256_End		rb_Digest_SHA256_End
-#define SHA256_Data		rb_Digest_SHA256_Data
-#define SHA256_File		rb_Digest_SHA256_File
-#define SHA256_Equal		rb_Digest_SHA256_Equal
+#define SHA256_Finish		rb_Digest_SHA256_Finish
 
 #define SHA384_Init		rb_Digest_SHA384_Init
 #define SHA384_Update		rb_Digest_SHA384_Update
-#define SHA384_Final		rb_Digest_SHA384_Final
-#define SHA384_End		rb_Digest_SHA384_End
-#define SHA384_Data		rb_Digest_SHA384_Data
-#define SHA384_File		rb_Digest_SHA384_File
-#define SHA384_Equal		rb_Digest_SHA384_Equal
+#define SHA384_Finish		rb_Digest_SHA384_Finish
 
 #define SHA512_Init		rb_Digest_SHA512_Init
 #define SHA512_Update		rb_Digest_SHA512_Update
-#define SHA512_Final		rb_Digest_SHA512_Final
-#define SHA512_End		rb_Digest_SHA512_End
-#define SHA512_Data		rb_Digest_SHA512_Data
-#define SHA512_File		rb_Digest_SHA512_File
-#define SHA512_Equal		rb_Digest_SHA512_Equal
+#define SHA512_Finish		rb_Digest_SHA512_Finish
 #endif
 
 /*** SHA-256/384/512 Function Prototypes ******************************/
 void SHA256_Init _((SHA256_CTX *));
 void SHA256_Update _((SHA256_CTX*, const uint8_t*, size_t));
-void SHA256_Final _((uint8_t[SHA256_DIGEST_LENGTH], SHA256_CTX*));
-char* SHA256_End _((SHA256_CTX*, char[SHA256_DIGEST_STRING_LENGTH]));
-char* SHA256_Data _((const uint8_t*, size_t, char[SHA256_DIGEST_STRING_LENGTH]));
-char *SHA256_File _((char *, char *));
-int SHA256_Equal _((SHA256_CTX*, SHA256_CTX*));
+void SHA256_Finish _((SHA256_CTX*, uint8_t[SHA256_DIGEST_LENGTH]));
 
 void SHA384_Init _((SHA384_CTX*));
 void SHA384_Update _((SHA384_CTX*, const uint8_t*, size_t));
-void SHA384_Final _((uint8_t[SHA384_DIGEST_LENGTH], SHA384_CTX*));
-char* SHA384_End _((SHA384_CTX*, char[SHA384_DIGEST_STRING_LENGTH]));
-char* SHA384_Data _((const uint8_t*, size_t, char[SHA384_DIGEST_STRING_LENGTH]));
-char *SHA384_File _((char *, char *));
-int SHA384_Equal _((SHA384_CTX*, SHA384_CTX*));
+void SHA384_Finish _((SHA384_CTX*, uint8_t[SHA384_DIGEST_LENGTH]));
 
 void SHA512_Init _((SHA512_CTX*));
 void SHA512_Update _((SHA512_CTX*, const uint8_t*, size_t));
-void SHA512_Final _((uint8_t[SHA512_DIGEST_LENGTH], SHA512_CTX*));
-char* SHA512_End _((SHA512_CTX*, char[SHA512_DIGEST_STRING_LENGTH]));
-char* SHA512_Data _((const uint8_t*, size_t, char[SHA512_DIGEST_STRING_LENGTH]));
-char *SHA512_File _((char *, char *));
-int SHA512_Equal _((SHA512_CTX*, SHA512_CTX*));
+void SHA512_Finish _((SHA512_CTX*, uint8_t[SHA512_DIGEST_LENGTH]));
 
 #ifdef	__cplusplus
 }
diff --git a/ext/digest/sha2/sha2hl.c b/ext/digest/sha2/sha2hl.c
deleted file mode 100644
index 03fde538c3..0000000000
--- a/ext/digest/sha2/sha2hl.c
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,252 +0,0 @@
-/* $NetBSD: sha2hl.c,v 1.1 2001/03/12 09:08:40 agc Exp $	 */
-/* $RoughId: sha2hl.c,v 1.2 2001/07/13 19:49:10 knu Exp $ */
-/* $Id$ */
-
-/*
- * sha2hl.c
- * This code includes some functions taken from sha2.c, hence the
- * following licence reproduction.
- *
- * This code is not a verbatim copy, since some routines have been added,
- * and some bugs have been fixed.
- *
- * Version 1.0.0beta1
- *
- * Written by Aaron D. Gifford <me@aarongifford.com>
- *
- * Copyright 2000 Aaron D. Gifford.  All rights reserved.
- *
- * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
- * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
- * are met:
- * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
- *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
- * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
- *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
- *    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
- * 3. Neither the name of the copyright holder nor the names of contributors
- *    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
- *    without specific prior written permission.
- * 
- * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE AUTHOR(S) AND CONTRIBUTOR(S) ``AS IS'' AND
- * ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
- * IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
- * ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR(S) OR CONTRIBUTOR(S) BE LIABLE
- * FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
- * DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
- * OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
- * HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
- * LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
- * OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
- * SUCH DAMAGE.
- *
- */
-
-#include "sha2.h"
-
-#ifndef lint
-/* __RCSID("$NetBSD: sha2hl.c,v 1.1 2001/03/12 09:08:40 agc Exp $"); */
-#endif				/* not lint */
-
-/* #include "namespace.h" */
-
-#include <assert.h>
-#include <errno.h>
-#include <fcntl.h>
-#include <stdio.h>
-#include <string.h>
-#include <stdlib.h>
-#if defined(HAVE_UNISTD_H)
-# include <unistd.h>
-#endif
-
-#ifndef _DIAGASSERT
-#define _DIAGASSERT(cond)	assert(cond)
-#endif
-
-/*
- * Constant used by SHA256/384/512_End() functions for converting the
- * digest to a readable hexadecimal character string:
- */
-static const char sha2_hex_digits[] = "0123456789abcdef";
-
-char           *
-SHA256_File(char *filename, char *buf)
-{
-	uint8_t         buffer[BUFSIZ * 20];
-	SHA256_CTX      ctx;
-	int             fd, num, oerrno;
-
-	_DIAGASSERT(filename != NULL);
-	/* XXX: buf may be NULL ? */
-
-	SHA256_Init(&ctx);
-
-	if ((fd = open(filename, O_RDONLY)) < 0)
-		return (0);
-
-	while ((num = read(fd, buffer, sizeof(buffer))) > 0)
-		SHA256_Update(&ctx, buffer, (size_t) num);
-
-	oerrno = errno;
-	close(fd);
-	errno = oerrno;
-	return (num < 0 ? 0 : SHA256_End(&ctx, buf));
-}
-
-
-char           *
-SHA256_End(SHA256_CTX *ctx, char buffer[])
-{
-	uint8_t         digest[SHA256_DIGEST_LENGTH], *d = digest;
-	uint8_t	       *ret;
-	int             i;
-
-	/* Sanity check: */
-	assert(ctx != NULL);
-
-	if ((ret = buffer) != NULL) {
-		SHA256_Final(digest, ctx);
-
-		for (i = 0; i < SHA256_DIGEST_LENGTH; i++) {
-			*buffer++ = sha2_hex_digits[(*d & 0xf0) >> 4];
-			*buffer++ = sha2_hex_digits[*d & 0x0f];
-			d++;
-		}
-		*buffer = (char) 0;
-	} else {
-		(void) memset(ctx, 0, sizeof(SHA256_CTX));
-	}
-	(void) memset(digest, 0, SHA256_DIGEST_LENGTH);
-	return ret;
-}
-
-char           *
-SHA256_Data(const uint8_t * data, size_t len, char *digest)
-{
-	SHA256_CTX      ctx;
-
-	SHA256_Init(&ctx);
-	SHA256_Update(&ctx, data, len);
-	return SHA256_End(&ctx, digest);
-}
-
-char           *
-SHA384_File(char *filename, char *buf)
-{
-	SHA384_CTX      ctx;
-	uint8_t         buffer[BUFSIZ * 20];
-	int             fd, num, oerrno;
-
-	_DIAGASSERT(filename != NULL);
-	/* XXX: buf may be NULL ? */
-
-	SHA384_Init(&ctx);
-
-	if ((fd = open(filename, O_RDONLY)) < 0)
-		return (0);
-
-	while ((num = read(fd, buffer, sizeof(buffer))) > 0)
-		SHA384_Update(&ctx, buffer, (size_t) num);
-
-	oerrno = errno;
-	close(fd);
-	errno = oerrno;
-	return (num < 0 ? 0 : SHA384_End(&ctx, buf));
-}
-
-char           *
-SHA384_End(SHA384_CTX * ctx, char buffer[])
-{
-	uint8_t         digest[SHA384_DIGEST_LENGTH], *d = digest;
-	uint8_t	       *ret;
-	int             i;
-
-	/* Sanity check: */
-	assert(ctx != NULL);
-
-	if ((ret = buffer) != NULL) {
-		SHA384_Final(digest, ctx);
-
-		for (i = 0; i < SHA384_DIGEST_LENGTH; i++) {
-			*buffer++ = sha2_hex_digits[(*d & 0xf0) >> 4];
-			*buffer++ = sha2_hex_digits[*d & 0x0f];
-			d++;
-		}
-		*buffer = (char) 0;
-	} else {
-		(void) memset(ctx, 0, sizeof(SHA384_CTX));
-	}
-	(void) memset(digest, 0, SHA384_DIGEST_LENGTH);
-	return ret;
-}
-
-char           *
-SHA384_Data(const uint8_t * data, size_t len, char *digest)
-{
-	SHA384_CTX      ctx;
-
-	SHA384_Init(&ctx);
-	SHA384_Update(&ctx, data, len);
-	return SHA384_End(&ctx, digest);
-}
-
-char           *
-SHA512_File(char *filename, char *buf)
-{
-	SHA512_CTX      ctx;
-	uint8_t         buffer[BUFSIZ * 20];
-	int             fd, num, oerrno;
-
-	_DIAGASSERT(filename != NULL);
-	/* XXX: buf may be NULL ? */
-
-	SHA512_Init(&ctx);
-
-	if ((fd = open(filename, O_RDONLY)) < 0)
-		return (0);
-
-	while ((num = read(fd, buffer, sizeof(buffer))) > 0)
-		SHA512_Update(&ctx, buffer, (size_t) num);
-
-	oerrno = errno;
-	close(fd);
-	errno = oerrno;
-	return (num < 0 ? 0 : SHA512_End(&ctx, buf));
-}
-
-char           *
-SHA512_End(SHA512_CTX * ctx, char buffer[])
-{
-	uint8_t         digest[SHA512_DIGEST_LENGTH], *d = digest;
-	uint8_t	       *ret;
-	int             i;
-
-	/* Sanity check: */
-	assert(ctx != NULL);
-
-	if ((ret = buffer) != NULL) {
-		SHA512_Final(digest, ctx);
-
-		for (i = 0; i < SHA512_DIGEST_LENGTH; i++) {
-			*buffer++ = sha2_hex_digits[(*d & 0xf0) >> 4];
-			*buffer++ = sha2_hex_digits[*d & 0x0f];
-			d++;
-		}
-		*buffer = (char) 0;
-	} else {
-		(void) memset(ctx, 0, sizeof(SHA512_CTX));
-	}
-	(void) memset(digest, 0, SHA512_DIGEST_LENGTH);
-	return ret;
-}
-
-char           *
-SHA512_Data(const uint8_t * data, size_t len, char *digest)
-{
-	SHA512_CTX      ctx;
-
-	SHA512_Init(&ctx);
-	SHA512_Update(&ctx, data, len);
-	return SHA512_End(&ctx, digest);
-}
diff --git a/ext/digest/sha2/sha2init.c b/ext/digest/sha2/sha2init.c
index 4b14031811..c83a29316a 100644
--- a/ext/digest/sha2/sha2init.c
+++ b/ext/digest/sha2/sha2init.c
@@ -7,18 +7,23 @@
 #define FOREACH_BITLEN(func)	func(256) func(384) func(512)
 
 #define DEFINE_ALGO_METADATA(bitlen) \
-static algo_t sha##bitlen = { \
+static rb_digest_metadata_t sha##bitlen = { \
+    RUBY_DIGEST_API_VERSION, \
     SHA##bitlen##_DIGEST_LENGTH, \
+    SHA##bitlen##_BLOCK_LENGTH, \
     sizeof(SHA##bitlen##_CTX), \
-    (hash_init_func_t)SHA##bitlen##_Init, \
-    (hash_update_func_t)SHA##bitlen##_Update, \
-    (hash_end_func_t)SHA##bitlen##_End, \
-    (hash_final_func_t)SHA##bitlen##_Final, \
-    (hash_equal_func_t)SHA##bitlen##_Equal, \
+    (rb_digest_hash_init_func_t)SHA##bitlen##_Init, \
+    (rb_digest_hash_update_func_t)SHA##bitlen##_Update, \
+    (rb_digest_hash_finish_func_t)SHA##bitlen##_Finish, \
 };
 
 FOREACH_BITLEN(DEFINE_ALGO_METADATA)
 
+/*
+ * Classes for calculating message digests using the SHA-256/384/512
+ * Secure Hash Algorithm(s) by NIST (the US' National Institute of
+ * Standards and Technology), described in FIPS PUB 180-2.
+ */
 void
 Init_sha2()
 {
@@ -30,7 +35,7 @@ Init_sha2()
 
     FOREACH_BITLEN(DECLARE_ALGO_CLASS)
 
-    rb_require("digest.so");
+    rb_require("digest");
 
     id_metadata = rb_intern("metadata");
 
@@ -40,8 +45,8 @@ Init_sha2()
 #define DEFINE_ALGO_CLASS(bitlen) \
     cDigest_SHA##bitlen = rb_define_class_under(mDigest, "SHA" #bitlen, cDigest_Base); \
 \
-    rb_cvar_set(cDigest_SHA##bitlen, id_metadata, \
-		Data_Wrap_Struct(rb_cObject, 0, 0, &sha##bitlen), Qtrue);
+    rb_ivar_set(cDigest_SHA##bitlen, id_metadata, \
+      Data_Wrap_Struct(rb_cObject, 0, 0, &sha##bitlen));
 
     FOREACH_BITLEN(DEFINE_ALGO_CLASS)
 }
diff --git a/ext/digest/test.sh b/ext/digest/test.sh
index 6fb07d2177..328c7575e6 100644
--- a/ext/digest/test.sh
+++ b/ext/digest/test.sh
@@ -11,8 +11,6 @@ ${RUBY} extconf.rb --with-cflags="${CFLAGS}"
 ${MAKE} clean
 ${MAKE}
 
-mkdir -p lib/digest
-
 for algo in md5 rmd160 sha1 sha2; do
     args=--with-cflags="${CFLAGS}"
 
@@ -27,7 +25,6 @@ for algo in md5 rmd160 sha1 sha2; do
     ln -sf ../../$algo/$algo.so lib/digest/
 done
 
-${RUBY} -I. -I./lib test.rb
+${RUBY} -I. -I./lib ../../test/digest/test_digest.rb
 
 rm lib/digest/*.so
-rmdir lib/digest
diff --git a/ext/dl/dl.c b/ext/dl/dl.c
index df8089e5aa..f65247be86 100644
--- a/ext/dl/dl.c
+++ b/ext/dl/dl.c
@@ -459,7 +459,7 @@ rb_ary2cary(char t, VALUE v, long *size)
   VALUE val0;
 
   val0 = rb_check_array_type(v);
-  if(NIL_P(TYPE(val0))) {
+  if(NIL_P(val0)) {
     rb_raise(rb_eDLTypeError, "an array is expected.");
   }
   v = val0;
@@ -522,12 +522,15 @@ rb_str_to_ptr(VALUE self)
 {
   char *ptr;
   int  len;
+  VALUE p;
 
   len = RSTRING(self)->len;
   ptr = (char*)dlmalloc(len + 1);
   memcpy(ptr, RSTRING(self)->ptr, len);
   ptr[len] = '\0';
-  return rb_dlptr_new((void*)ptr,len,dlfree);
+  p = rb_dlptr_new((void*)ptr,len,dlfree);
+  OBJ_INFECT(p, self);
+  return p;
 }
 
 VALUE
@@ -545,13 +548,18 @@ rb_ary_to_ptr(int argc, VALUE argv[], VALUE self)
     ptr = rb_ary2cary(0, self, &size);
     break;
   }
-  return ptr ? rb_dlptr_new(ptr, size, dlfree) : Qnil;
+  if (ptr) {
+      VALUE p = rb_dlptr_new(ptr, size, dlfree);
+      OBJ_INFECT(p, self);
+      return p;
+  }
+  return Qnil;
 }
 
 VALUE
 rb_io_to_ptr(VALUE self)
 {
-  OpenFile *fptr;
+  rb_io_t *fptr;
   FILE     *fp;
 
   GetOpenFile(self, fptr);
@@ -563,7 +571,7 @@ rb_io_to_ptr(VALUE self)
 VALUE
 rb_dl_dlopen(int argc, VALUE argv[], VALUE self)
 {
-  rb_secure(4);
+  rb_secure(2);
   return rb_class_new_instance(argc, argv, rb_cDLHandle);
 }
 
diff --git a/ext/dl/handle.c b/ext/dl/handle.c
index 7a05115ec5..69d47caac0 100644
--- a/ext/dl/handle.c
+++ b/ext/dl/handle.c
@@ -66,12 +66,12 @@ rb_dlhandle_initialize(int argc, VALUE argv[], VALUE self)
   ptr = dlopen(clib, cflag);
 #if defined(HAVE_DLERROR)
   if (!ptr && (err = dlerror())) {
-    rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, err);
+    rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "%s", err);
   }
 #else
   if (!ptr) {
     err = dlerror();
-    rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, err);
+    rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "%s", err);
   }
 #endif
   Data_Get_Struct(self, struct dl_handle, dlhandle);
diff --git a/ext/dl/lib/dl/import.rb b/ext/dl/lib/dl/import.rb
index 63c9b2c050..01ee2490e8 100644
--- a/ext/dl/lib/dl/import.rb
+++ b/ext/dl/lib/dl/import.rb
@@ -87,7 +87,7 @@ module DL
 	  "  rs = dec.call(rs) if (dec && rs)",
 	  "  @retval = r",
 	  "  @args   = rs",
-	  "  @retval",
+	  "  r",
 	  "}",
 	].join("\n"))
 
@@ -169,7 +169,7 @@ module DL
 	  "  rs = dec.call(rs) if dec",
 	  "  @retval = r",
 	  "  @args   = rs",
-	  "  return @retval",
+	  "  return r",
 	  "end",
 	  "module_function :#{mname}",
 	].join("\n")
diff --git a/ext/dl/lib/dl/win32.rb b/ext/dl/lib/dl/win32.rb
index 92f473d392..0fed47c324 100644
--- a/ext/dl/lib/dl/win32.rb
+++ b/ext/dl/lib/dl/win32.rb
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ class Win32API
   DLL = {}
 
   def initialize(dllname, func, import, export = "0")
-    prototype = (export + import.to_s).tr("VPpNnLlIi", "0SSI")
+    prototype = (export + import.to_s).tr("VPpNnLlIi", "0SSI").sub(/^(.)0*$/, '\1')
     handle = DLL[dllname] ||= DL::Handle.new(dllname)
     @sym = handle.sym(func, prototype)
   end
diff --git a/ext/dl/mkcallback.rb b/ext/dl/mkcallback.rb
index b7ea1718d0..c9f92e4a0d 100644
--- a/ext/dl/mkcallback.rb
+++ b/ext/dl/mkcallback.rb
@@ -31,6 +31,9 @@ def mkfunc(rettype, fnum, argc)
     subst_code,
     "",
     "  obj = rb_hash_aref(DLFuncTable, rb_assoc_new(INT2NUM(#{rettype.to_s}),INT2NUM(#{fnum.to_s})));",
+    "  if(NIL_P(obj))",
+    "    rb_raise(rb_eDLError, \"callback function does not exist in DL::FuncTable\");",
+    "  Check_Type(obj, T_ARRAY);",
     "  proto = rb_ary_entry(obj, 0);",
     "  proc  = rb_ary_entry(obj, 1);",
     "  Check_Type(proto, T_STRING);",
diff --git a/ext/dl/ptr.c b/ext/dl/ptr.c
index 59de4d8c98..01eb31da20 100644
--- a/ext/dl/ptr.c
+++ b/ext/dl/ptr.c
@@ -4,30 +4,22 @@
 
 #include <ruby.h>
 #include <ctype.h>
-#include <version.h> /* for ruby version code */
+#include "st.h"
 #include "dl.h"
 
 VALUE rb_cDLPtrData;
 VALUE rb_mDLMemorySpace;
-static VALUE DLMemoryTable;
+static st_table* st_memory_table;
 
 #ifndef T_SYMBOL
 # define T_SYMBOL T_FIXNUM
 #endif
 
-#if RUBY_VERSION_CODE < 171
-static VALUE
-rb_hash_delete(VALUE hash, VALUE key)
-{
-  return rb_funcall(hash, rb_intern("delete"), 1, key);
-}
-#endif
-
 static void
 rb_dlmem_delete(void *ptr)
 {
   rb_secure(4);
-  rb_hash_delete(DLMemoryTable, DLLONG2NUM(ptr));
+  st_delete(st_memory_table, (st_data_t*)&ptr, NULL);
 }
 
 static void
@@ -37,7 +29,7 @@ rb_dlmem_aset(void *ptr, VALUE obj)
     rb_dlmem_delete(ptr);
   }
   else{
-    rb_hash_aset(DLMemoryTable, DLLONG2NUM(ptr), DLLONG2NUM(obj));
+    st_insert(st_memory_table, (st_data_t)ptr, (st_data_t)obj);
   }
 }
 
@@ -46,8 +38,8 @@ rb_dlmem_aref(void *ptr)
 {
   VALUE val;
 
-  val = rb_hash_aref(DLMemoryTable, DLLONG2NUM(ptr));
-  return val == Qnil ? Qnil : (VALUE)DLNUM2LONG(val);
+  if(!st_lookup(st_memory_table, (st_data_t)ptr, &val)) return Qnil;
+  return val == Qundef ? Qnil : val;
 }
 
 void
@@ -344,7 +336,7 @@ rb_dlptr_to_array(int argc, VALUE argv[], VALUE self)
       n = data->size / sizeof(void*);
       break;
     case 'S': case 's':
-      for (n=0; ((void**)(data->ptr))[n]; n++) {};
+      n = data->size / sizeof(char*);
       break;
     default:
 	n = 0;
@@ -466,8 +458,9 @@ rb_dlptr_inspect(VALUE self)
   char str[1024];
 
   Data_Get_Struct(self, struct ptr_data, data);
-  snprintf(str, 1023, "#<%s:0x%p ptr=0x%p size=%ld free=0x%p>",
-	   rb_class2name(CLASS_OF(self)), data, data->ptr, data->size, data->free);
+  snprintf(str, 1023, "#<%s:0x%lx ptr=0x%lx size=%ld free=0x%lx>",
+	   rb_class2name(CLASS_OF(self)), data, data->ptr, data->size,
+	   (long)data->free);
   return rb_str_new2(str);
 }
 
@@ -1009,20 +1002,18 @@ rb_dlptr_size(int argc, VALUE argv[], VALUE self)
   }
 }
 
-static VALUE
-dlmem_each_i(VALUE assoc, void *data)
+static int
+dlmem_each_i(void* key, VALUE value, void* arg)
 {
-  VALUE key, val;
-  key = rb_ary_entry(assoc, 0);
-  val = rb_ary_entry(assoc, 1);
-  rb_yield(rb_assoc_new(key,(VALUE)DLNUM2LONG(val)));
+  VALUE vkey = DLLONG2NUM(key);
+  rb_yield(rb_assoc_new(vkey, value));
   return Qnil;
 }
 
 VALUE
 rb_dlmem_each(VALUE self)
 {
-  rb_iterate(rb_each, DLMemoryTable, dlmem_each_i, 0);
+  st_foreach(st_memory_table, dlmem_each_i, 0);
   return Qnil;
 }
 
@@ -1061,7 +1052,7 @@ Init_dlptr()
   rb_define_method(rb_cDLPtrData, "size=", rb_dlptr_size, -1);
 
   rb_mDLMemorySpace = rb_define_module_under(rb_mDL, "MemorySpace");
-  DLMemoryTable = rb_hash_new();
-  rb_define_const(rb_mDLMemorySpace, "MemoryTable", DLMemoryTable);
+  st_memory_table = st_init_numtable();
+  rb_define_const(rb_mDLMemorySpace, "MemoryTable", Qnil); /* historical */
   rb_define_module_function(rb_mDLMemorySpace, "each", rb_dlmem_each, 0);
 }
diff --git a/ext/dl/sym.c b/ext/dl/sym.c
index 40b2035c00..933fb7f4f0 100644
--- a/ext/dl/sym.c
+++ b/ext/dl/sym.c
@@ -268,7 +268,7 @@ rb_dlsym_inspect(VALUE self)
   str_size = RSTRING(proto)->len + 100;
   str = dlmalloc(str_size);
   snprintf(str, str_size - 1,
-	   "#<DL::Symbol:0x%p func=0x%p '%s'>",
+          "#<DL::Symbol:0x%lx func=0x%lx '%s'>",
 	   sym, sym->func, RSTRING(proto)->ptr);
   val = rb_tainted_str_new2(str);
   dlfree(str);
@@ -492,6 +492,7 @@ rb_dlsym_call(int argc, VALUE argv[], VALUE self)
 	      rb_raise(rb_eDLTypeError, "unexpected type of argument #%d", i);
 	    }
 	  }
+	  rb_check_safe_obj(pval);
 	  Data_Get_Struct(pval, struct ptr_data, data);
 	  ANY2P(args[i]) = DLVOIDP(data->ptr);
 	}
diff --git a/ext/enumerator/enumerator.c b/ext/enumerator/enumerator.c
deleted file mode 100644
index 1c6e1d1ace..0000000000
--- a/ext/enumerator/enumerator.c
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,298 +0,0 @@
-/************************************************
-
-  enumerator.c - provides Enumerator class
-
-  $Author$
-
-  Copyright (C) 2001-2003 Akinori MUSHA
-
-  $Idaemons: /home/cvs/rb/enumerator/enumerator.c,v 1.1.1.1 2001/07/15 10:12:48 knu Exp $
-  $RoughId: enumerator.c,v 1.6 2003/07/27 11:03:24 nobu Exp $
-  $Id$
-
-************************************************/
-
-#include "ruby.h"
-#include "node.h"
-
-/*
- * Document-class: Enumerable::Enumerator
- *
- * A class which provides a method `each' to be used as an Enumerable
- * object.
- */
-static VALUE rb_cEnumerator;
-static ID sym_each, sym_each_with_index, sym_each_slice, sym_each_cons;
-static ID id_new, id_enum_obj, id_enum_method, id_enum_args;
-
-/*
- *  call-seq:
- *    obj.to_enum(method = :each, *args)
- *    obj.enum_for(method = :each, *args)
- *
- *  Returns Enumerable::Enumerator.new(self, method, *args).
- *
- *  e.g.:
- *     str = "xyz"
- *
- *     enum = str.enum_for(:each_byte)
- *     a = enum.map {|b| '%02x' % b } #=> ["78", "79", "7a"]
- *
- *     # protects an array from being modified
- *     a = [1, 2, 3]
- *     some_method(a.to_enum)
- *
- */
-static VALUE
-obj_to_enum(obj, enum_args)
-    VALUE obj, enum_args;
-{
-    rb_ary_unshift(enum_args, obj);
-
-    return rb_apply(rb_cEnumerator, id_new, enum_args);
-}
-
-/*
- *  call-seq:
- *    enum_with_index
- *
- *  Returns Enumerable::Enumerator.new(self, :each_with_index).
- *
- */
-static VALUE
-enumerator_enum_with_index(obj)
-    VALUE obj;
-{
-    return rb_funcall(rb_cEnumerator, id_new, 2, obj, sym_each_with_index);
-}
-
-static VALUE
-each_slice_i(val, memo)
-    VALUE val;
-    NODE *memo;
-{
-    VALUE ary = memo->u1.value;
-    long size = memo->u3.cnt;
-
-    rb_ary_push(ary, val);
-
-    if (RARRAY(ary)->len == size) {
-	rb_yield(ary);
-	memo->u1.value = rb_ary_new2(size);
-    }
-
-    return Qnil;
-}
-
-/*
- *  call-seq:
- *    e.each_slice(n) {...}
- *
- *  Iterates the given block for each slice of <n> elements.
- *
- *  e.g.:
- *      (1..10).each_slice(3) {|a| p a}
- *      # outputs below
- *      [1, 2, 3]
- *      [4, 5, 6]
- *      [7, 8, 9]
- *      [10]
- *
- */
-static VALUE
-enum_each_slice(obj, n)
-    VALUE obj, n;
-{
-    long size = NUM2LONG(n);
-    NODE *memo;
-    VALUE ary;
-
-    if (size <= 0) rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "invalid slice size");
-
-    memo = rb_node_newnode(NODE_MEMO, rb_ary_new2(size), 0, size);
-
-    rb_iterate(rb_each, obj, each_slice_i, (VALUE)memo);
-
-    ary = memo->u1.value;
-    if (RARRAY(ary)->len > 0) rb_yield(ary);
-
-    return Qnil;
-}
-
-/*
- *  call-seq:
- *    e.enum_slice(n)
- *
- *  Returns Enumerable::Enumerator.new(self, :each_slice, n).
- *
- */
-static VALUE
-enumerator_enum_slice(obj, n)
-    VALUE obj, n;
-{
-    return rb_funcall(rb_cEnumerator, id_new, 3, obj, sym_each_slice, n);
-}
-
-static VALUE
-each_cons_i(val, memo)
-    VALUE val;
-    NODE *memo;
-{
-    VALUE ary = memo->u1.value;
-    long size = memo->u3.cnt;
-
-    if (RARRAY(ary)->len == size) {
-	rb_ary_shift(ary);
-    }
-    rb_ary_push(ary, val);
-    if (RARRAY(ary)->len == size) {
-	rb_yield(rb_ary_dup(ary));
-    }
-    return Qnil;
-}
-
-/*
- *  call-seq:
- *    each_cons(n) {...}
- *
- *  Iterates the given block for each array of consecutive <n>
- *  elements.
- *
- *  e.g.:
- *      (1..10).each_cons(3) {|a| p a}
- *      # outputs below
- *      [1, 2, 3]
- *      [2, 3, 4]
- *      [3, 4, 5]
- *      [4, 5, 6]
- *      [5, 6, 7]
- *      [6, 7, 8]
- *      [7, 8, 9]
- *      [8, 9, 10]
- *
- */
-static VALUE
-enum_each_cons(obj, n)
-    VALUE obj, n;
-{
-    long size = NUM2LONG(n);
-    NODE *memo;
-
-    if (size <= 0) rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "invalid size");
-    memo = rb_node_newnode(NODE_MEMO, rb_ary_new2(size), 0, size);
-
-    rb_iterate(rb_each, obj, each_cons_i, (VALUE)memo);
-
-    return Qnil;
-}
-
-/*
- *  call-seq:
- *    e.enum_cons(n)
- *
- *  Returns Enumerable::Enumerator.new(self, :each_cons, n).
- *
- */
-static VALUE
-enumerator_enum_cons(obj, n)
-    VALUE obj, n;
-{
-    return rb_funcall(rb_cEnumerator, id_new, 3, obj, sym_each_cons, n);
-}
-
-/*
- *  call-seq:
- *    Enumerable::Enumerator.new(obj, method = :each, *args)
- *
- *  Creates a new Enumerable::Enumerator object, which is to be
- *  used as an Enumerable object using the given object's given
- *  method with the given arguments.
- *
- *  e.g.:
- *      str = "xyz"
- *
- *      enum = Enumerable::Enumerator.new(str, :each_byte)
- *      a = enum.map {|b| '%02x' % b } #=> ["78", "79", "7a"]
- *
- */
-static VALUE
-enumerator_initialize(argc, argv, obj)
-    int argc;
-    VALUE *argv;
-    VALUE obj;
-{
-    VALUE enum_obj, enum_method, enum_args;
-
-    rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "11*", &enum_obj, &enum_method, &enum_args);
-
-    if (enum_method == Qnil)
-	enum_method = sym_each;
-
-    rb_ivar_set(obj, id_enum_obj, enum_obj);
-    rb_ivar_set(obj, id_enum_method, enum_method);
-    rb_ivar_set(obj, id_enum_args, enum_args);
-
-    return Qnil;
-}
-
-static VALUE
-enumerator_iter(memo)
-    NODE *memo;
-{
-    return rb_apply(memo->u1.value, memo->u2.id, memo->u3.value);
-}
-
-/*
- *  call-seq:
- *    enum.each {...}
- *
- *  Iterates the given block using the object and the method specified
- *  in the first place.
- *
- */
-static VALUE
-enumerator_each(obj)
-    VALUE obj;
-{
-    VALUE val;
-
-    obj = (VALUE)rb_node_newnode(NODE_MEMO,
-				 rb_ivar_get(obj, id_enum_obj),
-				 rb_to_id(rb_ivar_get(obj, id_enum_method)),
-				 rb_ivar_get(obj, id_enum_args));
-    val = rb_iterate((VALUE (*)_((VALUE)))enumerator_iter, obj, rb_yield, 0);
-    return val;
-}
-
-void
-Init_enumerator()
-{
-    VALUE rb_mEnumerable;
-
-    rb_define_method(rb_mKernel, "to_enum", obj_to_enum, -2);
-    rb_define_method(rb_mKernel, "enum_for", obj_to_enum, -2);
-
-    rb_mEnumerable = rb_path2class("Enumerable");
-
-    rb_define_method(rb_mEnumerable, "enum_with_index", enumerator_enum_with_index, 0);
-    rb_define_method(rb_mEnumerable, "each_slice", enum_each_slice, 1);
-    rb_define_method(rb_mEnumerable, "enum_slice", enumerator_enum_slice, 1);
-    rb_define_method(rb_mEnumerable, "each_cons", enum_each_cons, 1);
-    rb_define_method(rb_mEnumerable, "enum_cons", enumerator_enum_cons, 1);
-
-    rb_cEnumerator = rb_define_class_under(rb_mEnumerable, "Enumerator", rb_cObject);
-    rb_include_module(rb_cEnumerator, rb_mEnumerable);
-
-    rb_define_method(rb_cEnumerator, "initialize", enumerator_initialize, -1);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cEnumerator, "each", enumerator_each, 0);
-
-    sym_each		= ID2SYM(rb_intern("each"));
-    sym_each_with_index	= ID2SYM(rb_intern("each_with_index"));
-    sym_each_slice	= ID2SYM(rb_intern("each_slice"));
-    sym_each_cons	= ID2SYM(rb_intern("each_cons"));
-
-    id_new		= rb_intern("new");
-    id_enum_obj		= rb_intern("enum_obj");
-    id_enum_method	= rb_intern("enum_method");
-    id_enum_args	= rb_intern("enum_args");
-}
diff --git a/ext/enumerator/enumerator.txt b/ext/enumerator/enumerator.txt
deleted file mode 100644
index 64c7d50226..0000000000
--- a/ext/enumerator/enumerator.txt
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,102 +0,0 @@
-.\" enumerator.txt -  -*- Indented-Text -*-
-$Idaemons: /home/cvs/rb/enumerator/enumerator.txt,v 1.2 2001/07/15 10:19:24 knu Exp $
-$RoughId: enumerator.txt,v 1.5 2003/02/20 12:24:51 knu Exp $
-$Id$
-
-** Enumerable::Enumerator(Class)
-
-A class which provides a method `each' to be used as an Enumerable
-object.
-
-Superclass: Object
-
-Mix-ins: Enumerable
-
-require 'enumerator'
-
-Class Methods:
-
-    new(obj, method = :each, *args)
-
-	Creates a new Enumerable::Enumerator object, which is to be
-	used as an Enumerable object using the given object's given
-	method with the given arguments.
-
-	e.g.:
-	    str = "xyz"
-
-	    enum = Enumerable::Enumerator.new(str, :each_byte)
-	    a = enum.map {|b| '%02x' % b } #=> ["78", "79", "7a"]
-
-Methods:
-
-    each {...}
-
-	Iterates the given block using the object and the method
-	specified in the first place.
-
-
-Requiring this module also adds some methods to the Object class:
-
-    to_enum(method = :each, *args)
-    enum_for(method = :each, *args)
-
-	Returns Enumerable::Enumerator.new(self, method, *args).
-
-	e.g.:
-	    str = "xyz"
-
-	    enum = str.enum_for(:each_byte)
-	    a = enum.map {|b| '%02x' % b } #=> ["78", "79", "7a"]
-
-	    # protects an array from being modified
-	    a = [1, 2, 3]
-	    some_method(a.to_enum)
-
-And the Enumerable module.
-
-    each_slice(n) {...}
-
-	Iterates the given block for each slice of <n> elements.
-
-	e.g.:
-	    (1..10).each_slice(3) {|a| p a}
-	    # outputs below
-	    [1, 2, 3]
-	    [4, 5, 6]
-	    [7, 8, 9]
-	    [10]
-
-    enum_slice(n)
-
-	Returns Enumerable::Enumerator.new(self, :each_slice, n).
-
-    each_cons(n) {...}
-
-	Iterates the given block for each array of consecutive <n>
-	elements.
-
-	e.g.:
-	    (1..10).each_cons(3) {|a| p a}
-	    # outputs below
-	    [1, 2, 3]
-	    [2, 3, 4]
-	    [3, 4, 5]
-	    [4, 5, 6]
-	    [5, 6, 7]
-	    [6, 7, 8]
-	    [7, 8, 9]
-	    [8, 9, 10]
-
-    enum_cons(n)
-
-	Returns Enumerable::Enumerator.new(self, :each_cons, n).
-
-    enum_with_index
-
-	Returns Enumerable::Enumerator.new(self, :each_with_index).
-
--------------------------------------------------------
-Local variables:
-fill-column: 70
-end:
diff --git a/ext/enumerator/extconf.rb b/ext/enumerator/extconf.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 94e2ee38b2..0000000000
--- a/ext/enumerator/extconf.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,2 +0,0 @@
-require 'mkmf'
-create_makefile('enumerator')
diff --git a/ext/etc/etc.c b/ext/etc/etc.c
index c79640d02a..ecb9e16411 100644
--- a/ext/etc/etc.c
+++ b/ext/etc/etc.c
@@ -35,6 +35,8 @@ char *getenv();
 char *getlogin();
 
 /* Returns the short user name of the currently logged in user.
+ * Unfortunately, it is often rather easy to fool getlogin().
+ * Avoid getlogin() for security-related purposes.
  *
  * e.g.
  *   Etc.getlogin -> 'guest'
@@ -126,12 +128,12 @@ etc_getpwuid(argc, argv, obj)
 {
 #if defined(HAVE_GETPWENT)
     VALUE id;
-    int uid;
+    uid_t uid;
     struct passwd *pwd;
 
     rb_secure(4);
     if (rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "01", &id) == 1) {
-	uid = NUM2INT(id);
+	uid = PW_VAL2UID(id);
     }
     else {
 	uid = getuid();
@@ -333,11 +335,11 @@ etc_getgrgid(obj, id)
     VALUE obj, id;
 {
 #ifdef HAVE_GETGRENT
-    int gid;
+    gid_t gid;
     struct group *grp;
 
     rb_secure(4);
-    gid = NUM2INT(id);
+    gid = PW_VAL2GID(id);
     grp = getgrgid(gid);
     if (grp == 0) rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "can't find group for %d", gid);
     return setup_group(grp);
diff --git a/ext/etc/extconf.rb b/ext/etc/extconf.rb
index 2496d36aa1..dbd0672545 100644
--- a/ext/etc/extconf.rb
+++ b/ext/etc/extconf.rb
@@ -35,7 +35,9 @@ if  a or b or c
 	f = "U#{f}"
       end
     end
-    $defs.push("-DPW_#{t.chomp('_t').upcase}2VAL=#{f}")
+    t = t.chomp('_t').upcase
+    $defs.push("-DPW_#{t}2VAL=#{f}")
+    $defs.push("-DPW_VAL2#{t}=#{f.sub(/([A-Z]+)2(NUM)/, '\22\1')}")
   end
   create_makefile("etc")
 end
diff --git a/ext/extmk.rb b/ext/extmk.rb
index 5badcc755f..64746552c1 100644
--- a/ext/extmk.rb
+++ b/ext/extmk.rb
@@ -1,13 +1,19 @@
 #! /usr/local/bin/ruby
 # -*- ruby -*-
 
+$extension = nil
+$extstatic = nil
 $force_static = nil
 $install = nil
 $destdir = nil
+$dryrun = false
 $clean = nil
 $nodynamic = nil
 $extinit = nil
 $extobjs = nil
+$extflags = ""
+$extlibs = nil
+$extpath = nil
 $ignore = nil
 $message = nil
 
@@ -73,12 +79,14 @@ def extract_makefile(makefile, keep = true)
   $static ||= m[/^EXTSTATIC[ \t]*=[ \t]*(\S+)/, 1] || false
   /^STATIC_LIB[ \t]*=[ \t]*\S+/ =~ m or $static = nil
   $preload = Shellwords.shellwords(m[/^preload[ \t]*=[ \t]*(.*)/, 1] || "")
-  $DLDFLAGS += " " + (m[/^DLDFLAGS[ \t]*=[ \t]*(.*)/, 1] || "")
+  $DLDFLAGS += " " + (m[/^dldflags[ \t]*=[ \t]*(.*)/, 1] || "")
   if s = m[/^LIBS[ \t]*=[ \t]*(.*)/, 1]
     s.sub!(/^#{Regexp.quote($LIBRUBYARG)} */, "")
     s.sub!(/ *#{Regexp.quote($LIBS)}$/, "")
     $libs = s
   end
+  $objs = (m[/^OBJS[ \t]*=[ \t](.*)/, 1] || "").split
+  $srcs = (m[/^SRCS[ \t]*=[ \t](.*)/, 1] || "").split
   $LOCAL_LIBS = m[/^LOCAL_LIBS[ \t]*=[ \t]*(.*)/, 1] || ""
   $LIBPATH = Shellwords.shellwords(m[/^libpath[ \t]*=[ \t]*(.*)/, 1] || "") - %w[$(libdir) $(topdir)]
   true
@@ -104,31 +112,51 @@ def extmake(target)
     Dir.chdir target
     top_srcdir = $top_srcdir
     topdir = $topdir
-    mk_srcdir = CONFIG["srcdir"]
-    mk_topdir = CONFIG["topdir"]
+    hdrdir = $hdrdir
     prefix = "../" * (target.count("/")+1)
-    $hdrdir = $top_srcdir = relative_from(top_srcdir, prefix)
+    $top_srcdir = relative_from(top_srcdir, prefix)
+    $hdrdir = relative_from(hdrdir, prefix)
     $topdir = prefix + $topdir
     $target = target
     $mdir = target
     $srcdir = File.join($top_srcdir, "ext", $mdir)
     $preload = nil
+    $objs = ""
+    $srcs = ""
     $compiled[target] = false
     makefile = "./Makefile"
     ok = File.exist?(makefile)
     unless $ignore
-      Config::CONFIG["hdrdir"] = $hdrdir
-      Config::CONFIG["srcdir"] = $srcdir
-      Config::CONFIG["topdir"] = $topdir
-      CONFIG["hdrdir"] = ($hdrdir == top_srcdir) ? top_srcdir : "$(topdir)"+top_srcdir[2..-1]
-      CONFIG["srcdir"] = "$(hdrdir)/ext/#{$mdir}"
-      CONFIG["topdir"] = $topdir
+      rbconfig0 = Config::CONFIG
+      mkconfig0 = CONFIG
+      rbconfig = {
+	"hdrdir" => $hdrdir,
+	"srcdir" => $srcdir,
+	"topdir" => $topdir,
+      }
+      mkconfig = {
+	"hdrdir" => "$(top_srcdir)",
+	"srcdir" => "$(top_srcdir)/ext/#{$mdir}",
+	"topdir" => $topdir,
+      }
+      rbconfig0.each_pair {|key, val| rbconfig[key] ||= val.dup}
+      mkconfig0.each_pair {|key, val| mkconfig[key] ||= val.dup}
+      Config.module_eval {
+	remove_const(:CONFIG)
+	const_set(:CONFIG, rbconfig)
+	remove_const(:MAKEFILE_CONFIG)
+	const_set(:MAKEFILE_CONFIG, mkconfig)
+      }
+      Object.class_eval {
+	remove_const(:CONFIG)
+	const_set(:CONFIG, mkconfig)
+      }
       begin
 	$extconf_h = nil
 	ok &&= extract_makefile(makefile)
 	if (($extconf_h && !File.exist?($extconf_h)) ||
 	    !(t = modified?(makefile, MTIMES)) ||
-            %W"#{$srcdir}/makefile.rb #{$srcdir}/extconf.rb #{$srcdir}/depend".any? {|f| modified?(f, [t])})
+	    ["#{$srcdir}/makefile.rb", "#{$srcdir}/extconf.rb", "#{$srcdir}/depend"].any? {|f| modified?(f, [t])})
         then
 	  ok = false
           init_mkmf
@@ -171,7 +199,11 @@ def extmake(target)
       $ignore or $continue or return false
     end
     $compiled[target] = true
-    if $clean and $clean != true
+    if $clean
+      FileUtils.rm_f("mkmf.log")
+      if $clean != true
+	FileUtils.rm_f([makefile, $extconf_h || "extconf.h"])
+      end
       File.unlink(makefile) rescue nil
     end
     if $static
@@ -185,13 +217,21 @@ def extmake(target)
       $extpath |= $LIBPATH
     end
   ensure
-    Config::CONFIG["srcdir"] = $top_srcdir
-    Config::CONFIG["topdir"] = topdir
-    CONFIG["srcdir"] = mk_srcdir
-    CONFIG["topdir"] = mk_topdir
-    CONFIG.delete("hdrdir")
-    $hdrdir = $top_srcdir = top_srcdir
+    unless $ignore
+      Config.module_eval {
+	remove_const(:CONFIG)
+	const_set(:CONFIG, rbconfig0)
+	remove_const(:MAKEFILE_CONFIG)
+	const_set(:MAKEFILE_CONFIG, mkconfig0)
+      }
+      Object.class_eval {
+	remove_const(:CONFIG)
+	const_set(:CONFIG, mkconfig0)
+      }
+    end
+    $top_srcdir = top_srcdir
     $topdir = topdir
+    $hdrdir = hdrdir
     Dir.chdir dir
   end
   begin
@@ -258,7 +298,7 @@ def parse_args()
   $mflags.unshift(*rest) unless rest.empty?
 
   def $mflags.set?(flag)
-    grep(/\A-(?!-).*#{'%c' % flag}/i) { return true }
+    grep(/\A-(?!-).*#{flag.chr}/i) { return true }
     false
   end
   def $mflags.defined?(var)
@@ -275,6 +315,7 @@ def parse_args()
   $continue = $mflags.set?(?k)
   if $extout
     $extout = '$(topdir)/'+$extout
+    Config::CONFIG["extout"] = CONFIG["extout"] = $extout
     $extout_prefix = $extout ? "$(extout)$(target_prefix)/" : ""
     $mflags << "extout=#$extout" << "extout_prefix=#$extout_prefix"
   end
@@ -284,9 +325,9 @@ parse_args()
 
 if target = ARGV.shift and /^[a-z-]+$/ =~ target
   $mflags.push(target)
-  target = target.sub(/^(dist|real)(?=(?:clean)?$)/, '')
   case target
-  when /clean/
+  when /^(dist|real)?(clean)$/
+    target = $2
     $ignore ||= true
     $clean = $1 ? $1[0] : true
   when /^install\b/
@@ -313,8 +354,16 @@ elsif sep = config_string('BUILD_FILE_SEPARATOR')
 else
   $ruby = '$(topdir)/miniruby' + EXEEXT
 end
-$ruby << " -I'$(topdir)' -I'$(hdrdir)/lib'"
+$ruby << " -I'$(topdir)'"
+unless CROSS_COMPILING
+  $ruby << " -I'$(top_srcdir)/lib'"
+  $ruby << " -I'$(extout)/$(arch)' -I'$(extout)/common'" if $extout
+  $ruby << " -I./- -I'$(top_srcdir)/ext' -rpurelib.rb"
+  ENV["RUBYLIB"] = "-"
+  ENV["RUBYOPT"] = "-rpurelib.rb"
+end
 $config_h = '$(topdir)/config.h'
+$mflags << "ruby=#$ruby"
 
 MTIMES = [__FILE__, 'rbconfig.rb', srcdir+'/lib/mkmf.rb'].collect {|f| File.mtime(f)}
 
@@ -363,12 +412,12 @@ else
     elsif (w = w.grep(String)).empty?
       proc {true}
     else
-      w.collect {|opt| opt.split(/,/)}.flatten.method(:any?)
+      proc {|c1| w.collect {|opt| opt.split(/,/)}.flatten.any?(&c1)}
     end
   }
   cond = proc {|ext|
     cond1 = proc {|n| File.fnmatch(n, ext, File::FNM_PATHNAME)}
-    withes.call(&cond1) or !withouts.call(&cond1)
+    withes.call(cond1) or !withouts.call(cond1)
   }
   exts |= Dir.glob("#{ext_prefix}/*/**/extconf.rb").collect {|d|
     d = File.dirname(d)
@@ -380,12 +429,7 @@ else
 end
 
 if $extout
-  Config.expand(extout = "#$extout", Config::CONFIG.merge("topdir"=>$topdir))
-  if $install
-    Config.expand(dest = "#{$destdir}#{$rubylibdir}")
-    FileUtils.cp_r(extout+"/.", dest, :verbose => true, :noop => $dryrun)
-    exit
-  end
+  extout = Config.expand("#{$extout}", Config::CONFIG.merge("topdir"=>$topdir))
   unless $ignore
     FileUtils.mkpath(extout)
   end
@@ -395,12 +439,14 @@ dir = Dir.pwd
 FileUtils::makedirs('ext')
 Dir::chdir('ext')
 
+hdrdir = $hdrdir
 $hdrdir = $top_srcdir = relative_from(srcdir, $topdir = "..")
 exts.each do |d|
   extmake(d) or abort
 end
-$hdrdir = $top_srcdir = srcdir
+$top_srcdir = srcdir
 $topdir = "."
+$hdrdir = hdrdir
 
 extinit = Struct.new(:c, :o) {
   def initialize(src)
@@ -412,14 +458,27 @@ if $ignore
   Dir.chdir ".."
   if $clean
     Dir.rmdir('ext') rescue nil
-    FileUtils.rm_rf(extout) if $extout
+    if $extout
+      FileUtils.rm_rf([extout+"/common", extout+"/include/ruby", extout+"/rdoc"])
+      FileUtils.rm_rf(extout+"/"+CONFIG["arch"])
+      if $clean != true
+	FileUtils.rm_rf(extout+"/include/"+CONFIG["arch"])
+	FileUtils.rm_f($mflags.defined?("INSTALLED_LIST")||ENV["INSTALLED_LIST"]||".installed.list")
+	Dir.rmdir(extout+"/include") rescue nil
+	Dir.rmdir(extout) rescue nil
+      end
+    end
   end
   exit
 end
 
-if $extlist.size > 0
-  $extinit ||= ""
-  $extobjs ||= ""
+$extinit ||= ""
+$extobjs ||= ""
+$extpath ||= []
+$extflags ||= ""
+$extlibs ||= []
+unless $extlist.empty?
+  $extinit << "\n" unless $extinit.empty?
   list = $extlist.dup
   built = []
   while e = list.shift
@@ -433,28 +492,33 @@ if $extlist.size > 0
     end
     f = format("%s/%s.%s", s, i, $LIBEXT)
     if File.exist?(f)
-      $extinit += "\tinit(Init_#{i}, \"#{t}.so\");\n"
-      $extobjs += "ext/#{f} "
+      $extinit << "    init(Init_#{i}, \"#{t}.so\");\n"
+      $extobjs << "ext/#{f} "
       built << t
     end
   end
 
   src = %{\
-extern char *ruby_sourcefile, *rb_source_filename();
-#define init(func, name) (ruby_sourcefile = src = rb_source_filename(name), func(), rb_provide(src))
-void Init_ext() {\n\tchar* src;\n#$extinit}
+#include "ruby.h"
+
+#define init(func, name) {void func _((void)); ruby_init_ext(name, func);}
+
+void ruby_init_ext _((const char *name, void (*init)(void)));
+
+void Init_ext _((void))\n{\n#$extinit}
 }
   if !modified?(extinit.c, MTIMES) || IO.read(extinit.c) != src
     open(extinit.c, "w") {|f| f.print src}
   end
 
-  $extobjs = "ext/#{extinit.o} " + $extobjs
+  $extobjs = "ext/#{extinit.o} #{$extobjs}"
   if RUBY_PLATFORM =~ /m68k-human|beos/
     $extflags.delete("-L/usr/local/lib")
   end
   $extpath.delete("$(topdir)")
   $extflags = libpathflag($extpath) << " " << $extflags.strip
   conf = [
+    ['LIBRUBY_SO_UPDATE', '$(LIBRUBY_EXTS)'],
     ['SETUP', $setup],
     [enable_config("shared", $enable_shared) ? 'DLDOBJS' : 'EXTOBJS', $extobjs],
     ['EXTLIBS', $extlibs.join(' ')], ['EXTLDFLAGS', $extflags]
@@ -471,7 +535,7 @@ rubies = []
 %w[RUBY RUBYW STATIC_RUBY].each {|r|
   n = r
   if r = arg_config("--"+r.downcase) || config_string(r+"_INSTALL_NAME")
-    rubies << r+EXEEXT
+    rubies << Config.expand(r+=EXEEXT)
     $mflags << "#{n}=#{r}"
   end
 }
@@ -480,15 +544,21 @@ Dir.chdir ".."
 unless $destdir.to_s.empty?
   $mflags.defined?("DESTDIR") or $mflags << "DESTDIR=#{$destdir}"
 end
-unless $extlist.empty?
-  rm_f(Config::CONFIG["LIBRUBY_SO"])
-end
 puts "making #{rubies.join(', ')}"
 $stdout.flush
 $mflags.concat(rubies)
 
 if $nmake == ?b
-  $mflags.collect {|flag| flag.sub!(/\A(?=\w+=)/, "-D")}
+  unless (vars = $mflags.grep(/\A\w+=/n)).empty?
+    open(mkf = "libruby.mk", "wb") do |tmf|
+      tmf.puts("!include Makefile")
+      tmf.puts
+      tmf.puts(*vars.map {|v| v.sub(/=/, " = ")})
+      tmf.puts("PRE_LIBRUBY_UPDATE = del #{mkf}")
+    end
+    $mflags.unshift("-f#{mkf}")
+    vars.each {|flag| flag.sub!(/\A/, "-D")}
+  end
 end
 system($make, *sysquote($mflags)) or exit($?.exitstatus)
 
diff --git a/ext/gdbm/gdbm.c b/ext/gdbm/gdbm.c
index d50cb91eed..82109fda90 100644
--- a/ext/gdbm/gdbm.c
+++ b/ext/gdbm/gdbm.c
@@ -6,6 +6,8 @@
   $Date$
   modified at: Mon Jan 24 15:59:52 JST 1994
 
+  Documentation by Peter Adolphs < futzilogik at users dot sourceforge dot net >
+
 ************************************************/
 
 #include "ruby.h"
@@ -14,6 +16,62 @@
 #include <fcntl.h>
 #include <errno.h>
 
+/*
+ * Document-class: GDBM
+ *
+ * == Summary
+ *
+ * Ruby extension for GNU dbm (gdbm) -- a simple database engine for storing
+ * key-value pairs on disk.
+ *
+ * == Description
+ *
+ * GNU dbm is a library for simple databases. A database is a file that stores
+ * key-value pairs. Gdbm allows the user to store, retrieve, and delete data by
+ * key. It furthermore allows a non-sorted traversal of all key-value pairs.
+ * A gdbm database thus provides the same functionality as a hash. As
+ * with objects of the Hash class, elements can be accessed with <tt>[]</tt>.
+ * Furthermore, GDBM mixes in the Enumerable module, thus providing convenient
+ * methods such as #find, #collect, #map, etc.
+ *
+ * A process is allowed to open several different databases at the same time.
+ * A process can open a database as a "reader" or a "writer". Whereas a reader
+ * has only read-access to the database, a writer has read- and write-access.
+ * A database can be accessed either by any number of readers or by exactly one
+ * writer at the same time.
+ *
+ * == Examples
+ *
+ * 1. Opening/creating a database, and filling it with some entries:
+ *
+ *      require 'gdbm'
+ *      
+ *      gdbm = GDBM.new("fruitstore.db")
+ *      gdbm["ananas"]    = "3"
+ *      gdbm["banana"]    = "8"
+ *      gdbm["cranberry"] = "4909"
+ *      gdbm.close
+ *
+ * 2. Reading out a database:
+ *
+ *      require 'gdbm'
+ *      
+ *      gdbm = GDBM.new("fruitstore.db")
+ *      gdbm.each_pair do |key, value|
+ *        print "#{key}: #{value}\n"
+ *      end
+ *      gdbm.close
+ *
+ *    produces
+ *
+ *      banana: 8
+ *      ananas: 3
+ *      cranberry: 4909
+ *
+ * == Links
+ *
+ * * http://www.gnu.org/software/gdbm/
+ */
 static VALUE rb_cGDBM, rb_eGDBMError, rb_eGDBMFatalError;
 
 #define RUBY_GDBM_RW_BIT 0x20000000
@@ -24,7 +82,7 @@ static void
 rb_gdbm_fatal(msg)
     char *msg;
 {
-    rb_raise(rb_eGDBMFatalError, msg);
+    rb_raise(rb_eGDBMFatalError, "%s", msg);
 }
 
 struct dbmdata {
@@ -54,11 +112,17 @@ free_dbm(dbmp)
     struct dbmdata *dbmp;
 {
     if (dbmp) {
-	if (dbmp->di_dbm) gdbm_close(dbmp->di_dbm);
-	free(dbmp);
+        if (dbmp->di_dbm) gdbm_close(dbmp->di_dbm);
+        free(dbmp);
     }
 }
 
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *     gdbm.close -> nil
+ *
+ * Closes the associated database file.
+ */
 static VALUE
 fgdbm_close(obj)
     VALUE obj;
@@ -72,6 +136,12 @@ fgdbm_close(obj)
     return Qnil;
 }
 
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *     gdbm.closed?  -> true or false
+ *
+ * Returns true if the associated database file has been closed.
+ */
 static VALUE
 fgdbm_closed(obj)
     VALUE obj;
@@ -80,9 +150,9 @@ fgdbm_closed(obj)
 
     Data_Get_Struct(obj, struct dbmdata, dbmp);
     if (dbmp == 0)
-	return Qtrue;
+        return Qtrue;
     if (dbmp->di_dbm == 0)
-	return Qtrue;
+        return Qtrue;
 
     return Qfalse;
 }
@@ -96,6 +166,29 @@ fgdbm_s_alloc(klass)
     return Data_Wrap_Struct(klass, 0, free_dbm, 0);
 }
 
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *      GDBM.new(filename, mode = 0666, flags = nil)
+ *
+ * Creates a new GDBM instance by opening a gdbm file named _filename_.
+ * If the file does not exist, a new file with file mode _mode_ will be
+ * created. _flags_ may be one of the following:
+ * * *READER*  - open as a reader
+ * * *WRITER*  - open as a writer
+ * * *WRCREAT* - open as a writer; if the database does not exist, create a new one
+ * * *NEWDB*   - open as a writer; overwrite any existing databases
+ *
+ * The values *WRITER*, *WRCREAT* and *NEWDB* may be combined with the following
+ * values by bitwise or:
+ * * *SYNC*    - cause all database operations to be synchronized to the disk
+ * * *NOLOCK*  - do not lock the database file
+ *
+ * If no _flags_ are specified, the GDBM object will try to open the database
+ * file as a writer and will create it if it does not already exist
+ * (cf. flag <tt>WRCREAT</tt>). If this fails (for instance, if another process
+ * has already opened the database as a reader), it will try to open the
+ * database file as a reader (cf. flag <tt>READER</tt>).
+ */
 static VALUE
 fgdbm_initialize(argc, argv, obj)
     int argc;
@@ -108,13 +201,13 @@ fgdbm_initialize(argc, argv, obj)
     int mode, flags = 0;
 
     if (rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "12", &file, &vmode, &vflags) == 1) {
-	mode = 0666;		/* default value */
+        mode = 0666;            /* default value */
     }
     else if (NIL_P(vmode)) {
-	mode = -1;		/* return nil if DB not exist */
+        mode = -1;              /* return nil if DB does not exist */
     }
     else {
-	mode = NUM2INT(vmode);
+        mode = NUM2INT(vmode);
     }
 
     if (!NIL_P(vflags))
@@ -160,6 +253,25 @@ fgdbm_initialize(argc, argv, obj)
     return obj;
 }
 
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *      GDBM.open(filename, mode = 0666, flags = nil)
+ *      GDBM.open(filename, mode = 0666, flags = nil) { |gdbm| ... }
+ *
+ * If called without a block, this is synonymous to GDBM::new.
+ * If a block is given, the new GDBM instance will be passed to the block
+ * as a parameter, and the corresponding database file will be closed
+ * after the execution of the block code has been finished.
+ *
+ * Example for an open call with a block:
+ *
+ *   require 'gdbm'
+ *   GDBM.open("fruitstore.db") do |gdbm|
+ *     gdbm.each_pair do |key, value|
+ *       print "#{key}: #{value}\n"
+ *     end
+ *   end
+ */
 static VALUE
 fgdbm_s_open(argc, argv, klass)
     int argc;
@@ -286,6 +398,12 @@ fgdbm_fetch(obj, keystr, ifnone)
     return valstr;
 }
 
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *      gdbm[key] -> value
+ *
+ * Retrieves the _value_ corresponding to _key_.
+ */
 static VALUE
 fgdbm_aref(obj, keystr)
     VALUE obj, keystr;
@@ -293,6 +411,13 @@ fgdbm_aref(obj, keystr)
     return rb_gdbm_fetch3(obj, keystr);
 }
 
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *      gdbm.fetch(key [, default]) -> value
+ *
+ * Retrieves the _value_ corresponding to _key_. If there is no value
+ * associated with _key_, _default_ will be returned instead.
+ */
 static VALUE
 fgdbm_fetch_m(argc, argv, obj)
     int argc;
@@ -304,11 +429,18 @@ fgdbm_fetch_m(argc, argv, obj)
     rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "11", &keystr, &ifnone);
     valstr = fgdbm_fetch(obj, keystr, ifnone);
     if (argc == 1 && !rb_block_given_p() && NIL_P(valstr))
-	rb_raise(rb_eIndexError, "key not found");
+        rb_raise(rb_eIndexError, "key not found");
 
     return valstr;
 }
 
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *      gdbm.index(value) -> key
+ *
+ * Returns the _key_ for a given _value_. If several keys may map to the
+ * same value, the key that is found first will be returned.
+ */
 static VALUE
 fgdbm_index(obj, valstr)
     VALUE obj, valstr;
@@ -350,6 +482,13 @@ fgdbm_indexes(argc, argv, obj)
     return new;
 }
 
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *      gdbm.select { |value| block } -> array
+ *
+ * Returns a new array of all values of the database for which _block_
+ * evaluates to true.
+ */
 static VALUE
 fgdbm_select(argc, argv, obj)
     int argc;
@@ -390,6 +529,12 @@ fgdbm_select(argc, argv, obj)
     return new;
 }
 
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *      gdbm.values_at(key, ...) -> array
+ *
+ * Returns an array of the values associated with each specified _key_.
+ */
 static VALUE
 fgdbm_values_at(argc, argv, obj)
     int argc;
@@ -429,19 +574,26 @@ rb_gdbm_delete(obj, keystr)
 
     GetDBM2(obj, dbmp, dbm);
     if (!gdbm_exists(dbm, key)) {
-	return Qnil;
+        return Qnil;
     }
 
     if (gdbm_delete(dbm, key)) {
-	dbmp->di_size = -1;
-	rb_raise(rb_eGDBMError, "%s", gdbm_strerror(gdbm_errno));
+        dbmp->di_size = -1;
+        rb_raise(rb_eGDBMError, "%s", gdbm_strerror(gdbm_errno));
     }
     else if (dbmp->di_size >= 0) {
-	dbmp->di_size--;
+        dbmp->di_size--;
     }
     return obj;
 }
 
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *      gdbm.delete(key) -> value or nil
+ *
+ * Removes the key-value-pair with the specified _key_ from this database and
+ * returns the corresponding _value_. Returns nil if the database is empty.
+ */
 static VALUE
 fgdbm_delete(obj, keystr)
     VALUE obj, keystr;
@@ -453,6 +605,13 @@ fgdbm_delete(obj, keystr)
     return valstr;
 }
 
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *      gdbm.shift -> (key, value) or nil
+ *
+ * Removes a key-value-pair from this database and returns it as a 
+ * two-item array [ _key_, _value_ ]. Returns nil if the database is empty.
+ */
 static VALUE
 fgdbm_shift(obj)
     VALUE obj;
@@ -471,6 +630,13 @@ fgdbm_shift(obj)
     return rb_assoc_new(keystr, valstr);
 }
 
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *      gdbm.delete_if { |key, value| block } -> gdbm
+ *      gdbm.reject! { |key, value| block } -> gdbm
+ *
+ * Deletes every key-value pair from _gdbm_ for which _block_ evaluates to true.
+ */
 static VALUE
 fgdbm_delete_if(obj)
     VALUE obj;
@@ -489,11 +655,11 @@ fgdbm_delete_if(obj)
     for (keystr = rb_gdbm_firstkey(dbm); RTEST(keystr);
          keystr = rb_gdbm_nextkey(dbm, keystr)) {
 
-	valstr = rb_gdbm_fetch2(dbm, keystr);
+        valstr = rb_gdbm_fetch2(dbm, keystr);
         ret = rb_protect(rb_yield, rb_assoc_new(keystr, valstr), &status);
         if (status != 0) break;
-	if (RTEST(ret)) rb_ary_push(ary, keystr);
-	GetDBM2(obj, dbmp, dbm);
+        if (RTEST(ret)) rb_ary_push(ary, keystr);
+        GetDBM2(obj, dbmp, dbm);
     }
 
     for (i = 0; i < RARRAY(ary)->len; i++)
@@ -504,6 +670,12 @@ fgdbm_delete_if(obj)
     return obj;
 }
 
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *      gdbm.clear -> gdbm
+ *
+ * Removes all the key-value pairs within _gdbm_.
+ */
 static VALUE
 fgdbm_clear(obj)
     VALUE obj;
@@ -518,11 +690,11 @@ fgdbm_clear(obj)
 
 #if 0
     while (key = gdbm_firstkey(dbm), key.dptr) {
-	if (gdbm_delete(dbm, key)) {
-	    free(key.dptr);
-	    rb_raise(rb_eGDBMError, "%s", gdbm_strerror(gdbm_errno));
-	}
-	free(key.dptr); 
+        if (gdbm_delete(dbm, key)) {
+            free(key.dptr);
+            rb_raise(rb_eGDBMError, "%s", gdbm_strerror(gdbm_errno));
+        }
+        free(key.dptr); 
     }
 #else
     while (key = gdbm_firstkey(dbm), key.dptr) {
@@ -542,6 +714,13 @@ fgdbm_clear(obj)
     return obj;
 }
 
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *     gdbm.invert  -> hash
+ *
+ * Returns a hash created by using _gdbm_'s values as keys, and the keys
+ * as values.
+ */
 static VALUE
 fgdbm_invert(obj)
     VALUE obj;
@@ -584,6 +763,14 @@ update_i(pair, dbm)
     return Qnil;
 }
 
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *     gdbm.update(other) -> gdbm
+ *
+ * Adds the key-value pairs of _other_ to _gdbm_, overwriting entries with
+ * duplicate keys with those from _other_. _other_ must have an each_pair
+ * method.
+ */
 static VALUE
 fgdbm_update(obj, other)
     VALUE obj, other;
@@ -592,6 +779,13 @@ fgdbm_update(obj, other)
     return obj;
 }
 
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *     gdbm.replace(other) -> gdbm
+ *
+ * Replaces the content of _gdbm_ with the key-value pairs of _other_.
+ * _other_ must have an each_pair method.
+ */
 static VALUE
 fgdbm_replace(obj, other)
     VALUE obj, other;
@@ -601,6 +795,13 @@ fgdbm_replace(obj, other)
     return obj;
 }
 
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *      gdbm[key]= value -> value
+ *      gdbm.store(key, value) -> value
+ *
+ * Associates the value _value_ with the specified _key_.
+ */
 static VALUE
 fgdbm_store(obj, keystr, valstr)
     VALUE obj, keystr, valstr;
@@ -622,13 +823,20 @@ fgdbm_store(obj, keystr, valstr)
     GetDBM2(obj, dbmp, dbm);
     dbmp->di_size = -1;
     if (gdbm_store(dbm, key, val, GDBM_REPLACE)) {
-	if (errno == EPERM) rb_sys_fail(0);
-	rb_raise(rb_eGDBMError, "%s", gdbm_strerror(gdbm_errno));
+        if (errno == EPERM) rb_sys_fail(0);
+        rb_raise(rb_eGDBMError, "%s", gdbm_strerror(gdbm_errno));
     }
 
     return valstr;
 }
 
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *      gdbm.length -> fixnum
+ *      gdbm.size -> fixnum
+ *
+ * Returns the number of key-value pairs in this database.
+ */
 static VALUE
 fgdbm_length(obj)
     VALUE obj;
@@ -651,6 +859,12 @@ fgdbm_length(obj)
     return INT2FIX(i);
 }
 
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *      gdbm.empty? -> true or false
+ *
+ * Returns true if the database is empty.
+ */
 static VALUE
 fgdbm_empty_p(obj)
     VALUE obj;
@@ -675,6 +889,13 @@ fgdbm_empty_p(obj)
     return Qfalse;
 }
 
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *      gdbm.each_value { |value| block } -> gdbm
+ *
+ * Executes _block_ for each key in the database, passing the corresponding
+ * _value_ as a parameter.
+ */
 static VALUE
 fgdbm_each_value(obj)
     VALUE obj;
@@ -693,6 +914,13 @@ fgdbm_each_value(obj)
     return obj;
 }
 
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *      gdbm.each_key { |key| block } -> gdbm
+ *
+ * Executes _block_ for each key in the database, passing the
+ * _key_ as a parameter.
+ */
 static VALUE
 fgdbm_each_key(obj)
     VALUE obj;
@@ -711,6 +939,13 @@ fgdbm_each_key(obj)
     return obj;
 }
 
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *      gdbm.each_pair { |key, value| block } -> gdbm
+ *
+ * Executes _block_ for each key in the database, passing the _key_ and the
+ * correspoding _value_ as a parameter.
+ */
 static VALUE
 fgdbm_each_pair(obj)
     VALUE obj;
@@ -724,12 +959,18 @@ fgdbm_each_pair(obj)
          keystr = rb_gdbm_nextkey(dbm, keystr)) {
 
         rb_yield(rb_assoc_new(keystr, rb_gdbm_fetch2(dbm, keystr)));
-	GetDBM2(obj, dbmp, dbm);
+        GetDBM2(obj, dbmp, dbm);
     }
 
     return obj;
 }
 
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *      gdbm.keys -> array
+ *
+ * Returns an array of all keys of this database.
+ */
 static VALUE
 fgdbm_keys(obj)
     VALUE obj;
@@ -749,6 +990,12 @@ fgdbm_keys(obj)
     return ary;
 }
 
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *      gdbm.values -> array
+ *
+ * Returns an array of all values of this database.
+ */
 static VALUE
 fgdbm_values(obj)
     VALUE obj;
@@ -762,14 +1009,22 @@ fgdbm_values(obj)
     ary = rb_ary_new();
     for (key = gdbm_firstkey(dbm); key.dptr; key = nextkey) {
         nextkey = gdbm_nextkey(dbm, key);
-	valstr = rb_gdbm_fetch(dbm, key);
+        valstr = rb_gdbm_fetch(dbm, key);
         free(key.dptr);
-	rb_ary_push(ary, valstr);
+        rb_ary_push(ary, valstr);
     }
 
     return ary;
 }
 
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *      gdbm.has_key?(k) -> true or false
+ *      gdbm.key?(k) -> true or false
+ *
+ * Returns true if the given key _k_ exists within the database.
+ * Returns false otherwise.
+ */
 static VALUE
 fgdbm_has_key(obj, keystr)
     VALUE obj, keystr;
@@ -788,6 +1043,14 @@ fgdbm_has_key(obj, keystr)
     return Qfalse;
 }
 
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *      gdbm.has_value?(v) -> true or false
+ *      gdbm.value?(v) -> true or false
+ *
+ * Returns true if the given value _v_ exists within the database.
+ * Returns false otherwise.
+ */
 static VALUE
 fgdbm_has_value(obj, valstr)
     VALUE obj, valstr;
@@ -813,6 +1076,12 @@ fgdbm_has_value(obj, valstr)
     return Qfalse;
 }
 
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *     gdbm.to_a -> array
+ *
+ * Returns an array of all key-value pairs contained in the database.
+ */
 static VALUE
 fgdbm_to_a(obj)
     VALUE obj;
@@ -832,6 +1101,14 @@ fgdbm_to_a(obj)
     return ary;
 }
 
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *     gdbm.reorganize -> gdbm
+ *
+ * Reorganizes the database file. This operation removes reserved space of
+ * elements that have already been deleted. It is only useful after a lot of
+ * deletions in the database.
+ */
 static VALUE
 fgdbm_reorganize(obj)
     VALUE obj;
@@ -845,6 +1122,16 @@ fgdbm_reorganize(obj)
     return obj;
 }
 
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *     gdbm.sync -> gdbm
+ *
+ * Unless the _gdbm_ object has been opened with the *SYNC* flag, it is not
+ * guarenteed that database modification operations are immediately applied to
+ * the database file. This method ensures that all recent modifications
+ * to the database are written to the file. Blocks until all writing operations
+ * to the disk have been finished.
+ */
 static VALUE
 fgdbm_sync(obj)
     VALUE obj;
@@ -858,6 +1145,12 @@ fgdbm_sync(obj)
     return obj;
 }
 
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *     gdbm.cachesize = size -> size
+ *
+ * Sets the size of the internal bucket cache to _size_.
+ */
 static VALUE
 fgdbm_set_cachesize(obj, val)
     VALUE obj, val;
@@ -869,11 +1162,21 @@ fgdbm_set_cachesize(obj, val)
     GetDBM2(obj, dbmp, dbm);
     optval = FIX2INT(val);
     if (gdbm_setopt(dbm, GDBM_CACHESIZE, &optval, sizeof(optval)) == -1) {
-	rb_raise(rb_eGDBMError, "%s", gdbm_strerror(gdbm_errno));
+        rb_raise(rb_eGDBMError, "%s", gdbm_strerror(gdbm_errno));
     }
     return val;
 }
 
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *     gdbm.fastmode = boolean -> boolean
+ *
+ * Turns the database's fast mode on or off. If fast mode is turned on, gdbm
+ * does not wait for writes to be flushed to the disk before continuing.
+ *
+ * This option is obsolete for gdbm >= 1.8 since fast mode is turned on by
+ * default. See also: #syncmode=
+ */
 static VALUE
 fgdbm_set_fastmode(obj, val)
     VALUE obj, val;
@@ -888,11 +1191,24 @@ fgdbm_set_fastmode(obj, val)
         optval = 1;
 
     if (gdbm_setopt(dbm, GDBM_FASTMODE, &optval, sizeof(optval)) == -1) {
-	rb_raise(rb_eGDBMError, "%s", gdbm_strerror(gdbm_errno));
+        rb_raise(rb_eGDBMError, "%s", gdbm_strerror(gdbm_errno));
     }
     return val;
 }
 
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *     gdbm.syncmode = boolean -> boolean
+ *
+ * Turns the database's synchronization mode on or off. If the synchronization
+ * mode is turned on, the database's in-memory state will be synchronized to
+ * disk after every database modification operation. If the synchronization
+ * mode is turned off, GDBM does not wait for writes to be flushed to the disk
+ * before continuing.
+ *
+ * This option is only available for gdbm >= 1.8 where syncmode is turned off
+ * by default. See also: #fastmode=
+ */
 static VALUE
 fgdbm_set_syncmode(obj, val)
     VALUE obj, val;
@@ -911,12 +1227,18 @@ fgdbm_set_syncmode(obj, val)
         optval = 1;
 
     if (gdbm_setopt(dbm, GDBM_FASTMODE, &optval, sizeof(optval)) == -1) {
-	rb_raise(rb_eGDBMError, "%s", gdbm_strerror(gdbm_errno));
+        rb_raise(rb_eGDBMError, "%s", gdbm_strerror(gdbm_errno));
     }
     return val;
 #endif
 }
 
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *     gdbm.to_hash -> hash
+ *
+ * Returns a hash of all key-value pairs contained in the database.
+ */
 static VALUE
 fgdbm_to_hash(obj)
     VALUE obj;
@@ -936,6 +1258,13 @@ fgdbm_to_hash(obj)
     return hash;
 }
 
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *      gdbm.reject { |key, value| block } -> hash
+ *
+ * Returns a hash copy of _gdbm_ where all key-value pairs from _gdbm_ for
+ * which _block_ evaluates to true are removed. See also: #delete_if
+ */
 static VALUE
 fgdbm_reject(obj)
     VALUE obj;
@@ -981,15 +1310,15 @@ Init_gdbm()
     rb_define_method(rb_cGDBM, "reject!", fgdbm_delete_if, 0);
     rb_define_method(rb_cGDBM, "reject", fgdbm_reject, 0);
     rb_define_method(rb_cGDBM, "clear", fgdbm_clear, 0);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cGDBM,"invert", fgdbm_invert, 0);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cGDBM,"update", fgdbm_update, 1);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cGDBM,"replace", fgdbm_replace, 1);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cGDBM,"reorganize", fgdbm_reorganize, 0);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cGDBM,"sync", fgdbm_sync, 0);
-    /* rb_define_method(rb_cGDBM,"setopt", fgdbm_setopt, 2); */
-    rb_define_method(rb_cGDBM,"cachesize=", fgdbm_set_cachesize, 1);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cGDBM,"fastmode=", fgdbm_set_fastmode, 1);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cGDBM,"syncmode=", fgdbm_set_syncmode, 1);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cGDBM, "invert", fgdbm_invert, 0);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cGDBM, "update", fgdbm_update, 1);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cGDBM, "replace", fgdbm_replace, 1);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cGDBM, "reorganize", fgdbm_reorganize, 0);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cGDBM, "sync", fgdbm_sync, 0);
+    /* rb_define_method(rb_cGDBM, "setopt", fgdbm_setopt, 2); */
+    rb_define_method(rb_cGDBM, "cachesize=", fgdbm_set_cachesize, 1);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cGDBM, "fastmode=", fgdbm_set_fastmode, 1);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cGDBM, "syncmode=", fgdbm_set_syncmode, 1);
 
     rb_define_method(rb_cGDBM, "include?", fgdbm_has_key, 1);
     rb_define_method(rb_cGDBM, "has_key?", fgdbm_has_key, 1);
@@ -1001,22 +1330,29 @@ Init_gdbm()
     rb_define_method(rb_cGDBM, "to_a", fgdbm_to_a, 0);
     rb_define_method(rb_cGDBM, "to_hash", fgdbm_to_hash, 0);
 
-    /* flags for gdbm_open() */
+    /* flag for #new and #open: open database as a reader */
     rb_define_const(rb_cGDBM, "READER",  INT2FIX(GDBM_READER|RUBY_GDBM_RW_BIT));
+    /* flag for #new and #open: open database as a writer */
     rb_define_const(rb_cGDBM, "WRITER",  INT2FIX(GDBM_WRITER|RUBY_GDBM_RW_BIT));
+    /* flag for #new and #open: open database as a writer; if the database does not exist, create a new one */
     rb_define_const(rb_cGDBM, "WRCREAT", INT2FIX(GDBM_WRCREAT|RUBY_GDBM_RW_BIT));
+    /* flag for #new and #open: open database as a writer; overwrite any existing databases  */
     rb_define_const(rb_cGDBM, "NEWDB",   INT2FIX(GDBM_NEWDB|RUBY_GDBM_RW_BIT));
 
+    /* flag for #new and #open. this flag is obsolete for gdbm >= 1.8 */
     rb_define_const(rb_cGDBM, "FAST", INT2FIX(GDBM_FAST));
     /* this flag is obsolete in gdbm 1.8.
        On gdbm 1.8, fast mode is default behavior. */
 
     /* gdbm version 1.8 specific */
 #if defined(GDBM_SYNC)
+    /* flag for #new and #open. only for gdbm >= 1.8 */
     rb_define_const(rb_cGDBM, "SYNC",    INT2FIX(GDBM_SYNC));
 #endif
 #if defined(GDBM_NOLOCK)
+    /* flag for #new and #open */
     rb_define_const(rb_cGDBM, "NOLOCK",  INT2FIX(GDBM_NOLOCK));
 #endif
+    /* version of the gdbm library*/
     rb_define_const(rb_cGDBM, "VERSION",  rb_str_new2(gdbm_version));
 }
diff --git a/ext/iconv/iconv.c b/ext/iconv/iconv.c
index 1c9d607de9..d989b97df2 100644
--- a/ext/iconv/iconv.c
+++ b/ext/iconv/iconv.c
@@ -43,7 +43,11 @@
  * 
  * == Examples
  *
- * 1. Instantiate a new Iconv and use method Iconv#iconv.
+ * 1. Simple conversion between two charsets.
+ *
+ *      converted_text = Iconv.conv('iso-8859-15', 'utf-8', text)
+ *
+ * 2. Instantiate a new Iconv and use method Iconv#iconv.
  *
  *      cd = Iconv.new(to, from)
  *      begin
@@ -53,20 +57,16 @@
  *        cd.close
  *      end
  *
- * 2. Invoke Iconv.open with a block.
+ * 3. Invoke Iconv.open with a block.
  *
  *      Iconv.open(to, from) do |cd|
  *        input.each { |s| output << cd.iconv(s) }
  *        output << cd.iconv(nil)
  *      end
  *
- * 3. Shorthand for (2).
+ * 4. Shorthand for (3).
  *
  *      Iconv.iconv(to, from, *input.to_a)
- *
- * 4. Simple conversion between two charsets.
- *
- *      converted_text = Iconv.new('iso-8859-15', 'utf-8').iconv(text)
  */
 
 /* Invalid value for iconv_t is -1 but 0 for VALUE, I hope VALUE is
@@ -101,7 +101,7 @@ static void iconv_dfree _((void *cd));
 static VALUE iconv_free _((VALUE cd));
 static VALUE iconv_try _((iconv_t cd, const char **inptr, size_t *inlen, char **outptr, size_t *outlen));
 static VALUE rb_str_derive _((VALUE str, const char* ptr, int len));
-static VALUE iconv_convert _((iconv_t cd, VALUE str, int start, int length, struct iconv_env_t* env));
+static VALUE iconv_convert _((iconv_t cd, VALUE str, long start, long length, struct iconv_env_t* env));
 static VALUE iconv_s_allocate _((VALUE klass));
 static VALUE iconv_initialize _((VALUE self, VALUE to, VALUE from));
 static VALUE iconv_s_open _((VALUE self, VALUE to, VALUE from));
@@ -170,7 +170,7 @@ iconv_create
 	}
 	if (cd == (iconv_t)-1) {
 	    int inval = errno == EINVAL;
-	    char *s = inval ? "invalid encoding " : "iconv";
+	    const char *s = inval ? "invalid encoding " : "iconv";
 	    volatile VALUE msg = rb_str_new(0, strlen(s) + RSTRING(to)->len +
 					    RSTRING(from)->len + 8);
 
@@ -362,13 +362,13 @@ rb_str_derive
 static VALUE
 iconv_convert
 #ifdef HAVE_PROTOTYPES
-    (iconv_t cd, VALUE str, int start, int length, struct iconv_env_t* env)
+    (iconv_t cd, VALUE str, long start, long length, struct iconv_env_t* env)
 #else /* HAVE_PROTOTYPES */
     (cd, str, start, length, env)
     iconv_t cd;
     VALUE str;
-    int start;
-    int length;
+    long start;
+    long length;
     struct iconv_env_t *env;
 #endif /* HAVE_PROTOTYPES */
 {
@@ -417,14 +417,9 @@ iconv_convert
 	slen = RSTRING(str)->len;
 	inptr = RSTRING(str)->ptr;
 
-	if (start < 0 ? (start += slen) < 0 : start >= slen)
-	    length = 0;
-	else if (length < 0 && (length += slen + 1) < 0)
-	    length = 0;
-	else if ((length -= start) < 0)
-	    length = 0;
-	else
-	    inptr += start;
+	inptr += start;
+	if (length < 0 || length > start + slen)
+	    length = slen - start;
     }
     instart = inptr;
     inlen = length;
@@ -606,7 +601,7 @@ iconv_s_convert
 }
 
 /*
- * Document-method: iconv
+ * Document-method: Iconv::iconv
  * call-seq: Iconv.iconv(to, from, *strs)
  *
  * Shorthand for
@@ -649,7 +644,7 @@ iconv_s_iconv
 
 /*
  * Document-method: Iconv::conv
- * call-seq: Iconv.iconv(to, from, *strs)
+ * call-seq: Iconv.conv(to, from, str)
  *
  * Shorthand for
  *   Iconv.iconv(to, from, str).join
@@ -715,7 +710,7 @@ iconv_finish
 }
 
 /*
- * Document-method: iconv
+ * Document-method: Iconv#iconv
  * call-seq: iconv(str, start=0, length=-1)
  *
  * Converts string and returns the result.
@@ -754,14 +749,22 @@ iconv_iconv
 {
     VALUE str, n1, n2;
     VALUE cd = check_iconv(self);
+    long start = 0, length = 0, slen = 0;
 
-    n1 = n2 = Qnil;
     rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "12", &str, &n1, &n2);
+    if (!NIL_P(str)) slen = RSTRING_LEN(StringValue(str));
+    if (argc != 2 || !RTEST(rb_range_beg_len(n1, &start, &length, slen, 0))) {
+	if (NIL_P(n1) || ((start = NUM2LONG(n1)) < 0 ? (start += slen) >= 0 : start < slen)) {
+	    if (NIL_P(n2)) {
+		length = -1;
+	    }
+	    else if ((length = NUM2LONG(n2)) >= slen - start) {
+		length = slen - start;
+	    }
+	}
+    }
 
-    return iconv_convert(VALUE2ICONV(cd), str,
-			 NIL_P(n1) ? 0 : NUM2INT(n1),
-			 NIL_P(n2) ? -1 : NUM2INT(n2),
-			 NULL);
+    return iconv_convert(VALUE2ICONV(cd), str, start, length, NULL);
 }
 
 /*
@@ -825,7 +828,7 @@ iconv_failure_inspect
     VALUE self;
 #endif /* HAVE_PROTOTYPES */
 {
-    char *cname = rb_class2name(CLASS_OF(self));
+    const char *cname = rb_class2name(CLASS_OF(self));
     VALUE success = rb_attr_get(self, rb_success);
     VALUE failed = rb_attr_get(self, rb_failed);
     VALUE str = rb_str_buf_cat2(rb_str_new2("#<"), cname);
diff --git a/ext/io/wait/extconf.rb b/ext/io/wait/extconf.rb
index 1352ef202e..e8181d25f5 100644
--- a/ext/io/wait/extconf.rb
+++ b/ext/io/wait/extconf.rb
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ target = "io/wait"
 
 unless macro_defined?("DOSISH", "#include <ruby.h>")
   fionread = %w[sys/ioctl.h sys/filio.h].find do |h|
-    checking_for("FIONREAD") {have_macro("FIONREAD", h)}
+    have_macro("FIONREAD", h)
   end
   if fionread
     $defs << "-DFIONREAD_HEADER=\"<#{fionread}>\""
diff --git a/ext/io/wait/wait.c b/ext/io/wait/wait.c
index 61d6527b36..02cb54a014 100644
--- a/ext/io/wait/wait.c
+++ b/ext/io/wait/wait.c
@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ static VALUE
 io_ready_p(io)
     VALUE io;
 {
-    OpenFile *fptr;
+    rb_io_t *fptr;
     FILE *fp;
     ioctl_arg n;
 
@@ -84,7 +84,7 @@ io_wait(argc, argv, io)
     VALUE *argv;
     VALUE io;
 {
-    OpenFile *fptr;
+    rb_io_t *fptr;
     fd_set rd;
     FILE *fp;
     int fd;
diff --git a/ext/nkf/lib/kconv.rb b/ext/nkf/lib/kconv.rb
index 091b88b1c0..4ffe8d984e 100644
--- a/ext/nkf/lib/kconv.rb
+++ b/ext/nkf/lib/kconv.rb
@@ -63,8 +63,8 @@ module Kconv
   RegexpEucjp = /\A(?:
 		    [\x00-\x7f]                         |
 		    \x8e        [\xa1-\xdf]             |
-		    \x8f        [\xa1-\xdf] [\xa1-\xfe] |
-		    [\xa1-\xdf] [\xa1-\xfe]
+		    \x8f        [\xa1-\xfe] [\xa1-\xfe] |
+		    [\xa1-\xfe] [\xa1-\xfe]
 		   )*\z/nx
 
   # Regexp of UTF-8 string (private constant)
@@ -156,7 +156,7 @@ module Kconv
   # convert halfwidth katakana to fullwidth katakana.
   # If you don't want it, use NKF.nkf('-exm0', str).
   def toeuc(str)
-    ::NKF::nkf('-em0', str)
+    ::NKF::nkf('-em', str)
   end
   module_function :toeuc
 
diff --git a/ext/nkf/nkf-utf8/nkf.c b/ext/nkf/nkf-utf8/nkf.c
index a0cdb81eab..3cd1b160da 100644
--- a/ext/nkf/nkf-utf8/nkf.c
+++ b/ext/nkf/nkf-utf8/nkf.c
@@ -40,8 +40,8 @@
 **    $B$^$G8fO"Mm$r$*4j$$$7$^$9!#(B
 ***********************************************************************/
 /* $Id$ */
-#define NKF_VERSION "2.0.7"
-#define NKF_RELEASE_DATE "2006-06-13"
+#define NKF_VERSION "2.0.8"
+#define NKF_RELEASE_DATE "2007-01-28"
 #include "config.h"
 #include "utf8tbl.h"
 
@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@
 **
 ** t    no operation
 **
-** j    Outout code is JIS 7 bit        (DEFAULT SELECT) 
+** j    Output code is JIS 7 bit        (DEFAULT SELECT) 
 ** s    Output code is MS Kanji         (DEFAULT SELECT) 
 ** e    Output code is AT&T JIS         (DEFAULT SELECT) 
 ** w    Output code is AT&T JIS         (DEFAULT SELECT) 
@@ -219,6 +219,7 @@ void  djgpp_setbinmode(FILE *fp)
 /* Input Assumption */
 
 #define         JIS_INPUT       4
+#define         EUC_INPUT      16
 #define         SJIS_INPUT      5
 #define         LATIN1_INPUT    6
 #define         FIXED_MIME      7
@@ -232,8 +233,15 @@ void  djgpp_setbinmode(FILE *fp)
 
 #define		UTF8           12
 #define		UTF8_INPUT     13
-#define		UTF16BE_INPUT  14
-#define		UTF16LE_INPUT  15
+#define		UTF16_INPUT    1015
+#define		UTF32_INPUT    1017
+
+/* byte order */
+
+#define		ENDIAN_BIG	1234
+#define		ENDIAN_LITTLE	4321
+#define		ENDIAN_2143	2143
+#define		ENDIAN_3412	3412
 
 #define         WISH_TRUE      15
 
@@ -353,8 +361,8 @@ static int ms_ucs_map_f = UCS_MAP_ASCII;
 /* no NEC special, NEC-selected IBM extended and IBM extended characters */
 static  int     no_cp932ext_f = FALSE;
 /* ignore ZERO WIDTH NO-BREAK SPACE */
-static  int     ignore_zwnbsp_f = TRUE;
 static  int     no_best_fit_chars_f = FALSE;
+static  int     input_endian = ENDIAN_BIG;
 static  nkf_char     unicode_subchar = '?'; /* the regular substitution character */
 static  void    nkf_each_char_to_hex(void (*f)(nkf_char c2,nkf_char c1), nkf_char c);
 static  void    encode_fallback_html(nkf_char c);
@@ -366,18 +374,21 @@ static  void    (*encode_fallback)(nkf_char c) = NULL;
 static  nkf_char     w2e_conv(nkf_char c2,nkf_char c1,nkf_char c0,nkf_char *p2,nkf_char *p1);
 static  nkf_char     w_iconv(nkf_char c2,nkf_char c1,nkf_char c0);
 static  nkf_char     w_iconv16(nkf_char c2,nkf_char c1,nkf_char c0);
+static  nkf_char     w_iconv32(nkf_char c2,nkf_char c1,nkf_char c0);
 static  nkf_char	unicode_to_jis_common(nkf_char c2,nkf_char c1,nkf_char c0,nkf_char *p2,nkf_char *p1);
 static  nkf_char	w_iconv_common(nkf_char c1,nkf_char c0,const unsigned short *const *pp,nkf_char psize,nkf_char *p2,nkf_char *p1);
 static  void    w16w_conv(nkf_char val, nkf_char *p2, nkf_char *p1, nkf_char *p0);
 static  nkf_char     ww16_conv(nkf_char c2, nkf_char c1, nkf_char c0);
 static  nkf_char     w16e_conv(nkf_char val,nkf_char *p2,nkf_char *p1);
+static  void    w_status(struct input_code *, nkf_char);
 #endif
 #ifdef UTF8_OUTPUT_ENABLE
-static  int     unicode_bom_f= 0;   /* Output Unicode BOM */
-static  int     w_oconv16_LE = 0;   /* utf-16 little endian */
+static  int     output_bom_f = FALSE;
+static  int     output_endian = ENDIAN_BIG;
 static  nkf_char     e2w_conv(nkf_char c2,nkf_char c1);
 static  void    w_oconv(nkf_char c2,nkf_char c1);
 static  void    w_oconv16(nkf_char c2,nkf_char c1);
+static  void    w_oconv32(nkf_char c2,nkf_char c1);
 #endif
 static  void    e_oconv(nkf_char c2,nkf_char c1);
 static  nkf_char     e2s_conv(nkf_char c2, nkf_char c1, nkf_char *p2, nkf_char *p1);
@@ -437,7 +448,7 @@ static unsigned char   stdibuf[IOBUF_SIZE];
 static unsigned char   stdobuf[IOBUF_SIZE];
 #endif
 static unsigned char   hold_buf[HOLD_SIZE*2];
-static int             hold_count;
+static int             hold_count = 0;
 
 /* MIME preprocessor fifo */
 
@@ -501,10 +512,10 @@ static nkf_char url_ungetc(nkf_char c,FILE *f);
 #endif
 #define PREFIX_EUCG3	NKF_INT32_C(0x8F00)
 #define CLASS_MASK	NKF_INT32_C(0xFF000000)
-#define CLASS_UTF16	NKF_INT32_C(0x01000000)
+#define CLASS_UNICODE	NKF_INT32_C(0x01000000)
 #define VALUE_MASK	NKF_INT32_C(0x00FFFFFF)
 #define UNICODE_MAX	NKF_INT32_C(0x0010FFFF)
-#define is_unicode_capsule(c) ((c & CLASS_MASK) == CLASS_UTF16)
+#define is_unicode_capsule(c) ((c & CLASS_MASK) == CLASS_UNICODE)
 #define is_unicode_bmp(c) ((c & VALUE_MASK) <= NKF_INT32_C(0xFFFF))
 
 #ifdef NUMCHAR_OPTION
@@ -537,7 +548,7 @@ static int exec_f = 0;
 
 #ifdef SHIFTJIS_CP932
 /* invert IBM extended characters to others */
-static int cp51932_f = TRUE;
+static int cp51932_f = FALSE;
 
 /* invert NEC-selected IBM extended characters to IBM extended characters */
 static int cp932inv_f = TRUE;
@@ -565,18 +576,13 @@ static void status_check(struct input_code *ptr, nkf_char c);
 static void e_status(struct input_code *, nkf_char);
 static void s_status(struct input_code *, nkf_char);
 
-#ifdef UTF8_INPUT_ENABLE
-static void w_status(struct input_code *, nkf_char);
-static void w16_status(struct input_code *, nkf_char);
-static int             utf16_mode = UTF16BE_INPUT;
-#endif
-
 struct input_code input_code_list[] = {
     {"EUC-JP",    0, 0, 0, {0, 0, 0}, e_status, e_iconv, 0},
     {"Shift_JIS", 0, 0, 0, {0, 0, 0}, s_status, s_iconv, 0},
 #ifdef UTF8_INPUT_ENABLE
     {"UTF-8",     0, 0, 0, {0, 0, 0}, w_status, w_iconv, 0},
-    {"UTF-16",    0, 0, 0, {0, 0, 0}, w16_status, w_iconv16, 0},
+    {"UTF-16",    0, 0, 0, {0, 0, 0},     NULL, w_iconv16, 0},
+    {"UTF-32",    0, 0, 0, {0, 0, 0},     NULL, w_iconv32, 0},
 #endif
     {0}
 };
@@ -848,6 +854,7 @@ int main(int argc, char **argv)
       }
     } else {
       int nfiles = argc;
+	int is_argument_error = FALSE;
       while (argc--) {
 	    is_inputcode_mixed = FALSE;
 	    is_inputcode_set   = FALSE;
@@ -857,7 +864,9 @@ int main(int argc, char **argv)
 #endif
           if ((fin = fopen((origfname = *argv++), "r")) == NULL) {
               perror(*--argv);
-              return(-1);
+		*argv++;
+		is_argument_error = TRUE;
+		continue;
           } else {
 #ifdef OVERWRITE
               int fd = 0;
@@ -1005,6 +1014,8 @@ int main(int argc, char **argv)
 #endif
           }
       }
+	if (is_argument_error)
+	    return(-1);
     }
 #ifdef EASYWIN /*Easy Win */
     if (file_out_f == FALSE) 
@@ -1185,13 +1196,19 @@ void options(unsigned char *cp)
 			codeset[i] = nkf_toupper(p[i]);
 		    }
 		    codeset[i] = 0;
-		    if(strcmp(codeset, "ISO-2022-JP") == 0 ||
-		      strcmp(codeset, "X-ISO2022JP-CP932") == 0 ||
+		    if(strcmp(codeset, "ISO-2022-JP") == 0){
+			input_f = JIS_INPUT;
+		    }else if(strcmp(codeset, "X-ISO2022JP-CP932") == 0 ||
 		      strcmp(codeset, "CP50220") == 0 ||
 		      strcmp(codeset, "CP50221") == 0 ||
-		      strcmp(codeset, "CP50222") == 0 ||
-		      strcmp(codeset, "ISO-2022-JP-MS") == 0){
+		      strcmp(codeset, "CP50222") == 0){
 			input_f = JIS_INPUT;
+#ifdef SHIFTJIS_CP932
+			cp51932_f = TRUE;
+#endif
+#ifdef UTF8_OUTPUT_ENABLE
+			ms_ucs_map_f = UCS_MAP_CP932;
+#endif
 		    }else if(strcmp(codeset, "ISO-2022-JP-1") == 0){
 			input_f = JIS_INPUT;
 #ifdef X0212_ENABLE
@@ -1205,13 +1222,11 @@ void options(unsigned char *cp)
 			x0213_f = TRUE;
 		    }else if(strcmp(codeset, "SHIFT_JIS") == 0){
 			input_f = SJIS_INPUT;
-			if (x0201_f==NO_X0201) x0201_f=TRUE;
 		    }else if(strcmp(codeset, "WINDOWS-31J") == 0 ||
 			     strcmp(codeset, "CSWINDOWS31J") == 0 ||
 			     strcmp(codeset, "CP932") == 0 ||
 			     strcmp(codeset, "MS932") == 0){
 			input_f = SJIS_INPUT;
-			x0201_f = FALSE;
 #ifdef SHIFTJIS_CP932
 			cp51932_f = TRUE;
 #endif
@@ -1220,10 +1235,9 @@ void options(unsigned char *cp)
 #endif
 		    }else if(strcmp(codeset, "EUCJP") == 0 ||
 			     strcmp(codeset, "EUC-JP") == 0){
-			input_f = JIS_INPUT;
+			input_f = EUC_INPUT;
 		    }else if(strcmp(codeset, "CP51932") == 0){
-			input_f = JIS_INPUT;
-			x0201_f = FALSE;
+			input_f = EUC_INPUT;
 #ifdef SHIFTJIS_CP932
 			cp51932_f = TRUE;
 #endif
@@ -1233,8 +1247,7 @@ void options(unsigned char *cp)
 		    }else if(strcmp(codeset, "EUC-JP-MS") == 0 ||
 			     strcmp(codeset, "EUCJP-MS") == 0 ||
 			     strcmp(codeset, "EUCJPMS") == 0){
-			input_f = JIS_INPUT;
-			x0201_f = FALSE;
+			input_f = EUC_INPUT;
 #ifdef SHIFTJIS_CP932
 			cp51932_f = FALSE;
 #endif
@@ -1243,8 +1256,7 @@ void options(unsigned char *cp)
 #endif
 		    }else if(strcmp(codeset, "EUC-JP-ASCII") == 0 ||
 			     strcmp(codeset, "EUCJP-ASCII") == 0){
-			input_f = JIS_INPUT;
-			x0201_f = FALSE;
+			input_f = EUC_INPUT;
 #ifdef SHIFTJIS_CP932
 			cp51932_f = FALSE;
 #endif
@@ -1257,17 +1269,13 @@ void options(unsigned char *cp)
 			x0213_f = TRUE;
 #ifdef SHIFTJIS_CP932
 			cp51932_f = FALSE;
-			cp932inv_f = FALSE;
 #endif
-			if (x0201_f==NO_X0201) x0201_f=TRUE;
 		    }else if(strcmp(codeset, "EUC-JISX0213") == 0 ||
 			     strcmp(codeset, "EUC-JIS-2004") == 0){
-			input_f = JIS_INPUT;
-			x0201_f = FALSE;
+			input_f = EUC_INPUT;
 			x0213_f = TRUE;
 #ifdef SHIFTJIS_CP932
 			cp51932_f = FALSE;
-			cp932inv_f = FALSE;
 #endif
 #ifdef UTF8_INPUT_ENABLE
 		    }else if(strcmp(codeset, "UTF-8") == 0 ||
@@ -1280,61 +1288,78 @@ void options(unsigned char *cp)
 			input_f = UTF8_INPUT;
 			nfc_f = TRUE;
 #endif
-		    }else if(strcmp(codeset, "UTF-16") == 0){
-			input_f = UTF16BE_INPUT;
-			utf16_mode = UTF16BE_INPUT;
-		    }else if(strcmp(codeset, "UTF-16BE") == 0 ||
+		    }else if(strcmp(codeset, "UTF-16") == 0 ||
+			     strcmp(codeset, "UTF-16BE") == 0 ||
 			     strcmp(codeset, "UTF-16BE-BOM") == 0){
-			input_f = UTF16BE_INPUT;
-			utf16_mode = UTF16BE_INPUT;
+			input_f = UTF16_INPUT;
+			input_endian = ENDIAN_BIG;
 		    }else if(strcmp(codeset, "UTF-16LE") == 0 ||
 			     strcmp(codeset, "UTF-16LE-BOM") == 0){
-			input_f = UTF16LE_INPUT;
-			utf16_mode = UTF16LE_INPUT;
+			input_f = UTF16_INPUT;
+			input_endian = ENDIAN_LITTLE;
+		    }else if(strcmp(codeset, "UTF-32") == 0 ||
+			     strcmp(codeset, "UTF-32BE") == 0 ||
+			     strcmp(codeset, "UTF-32BE-BOM") == 0){
+			input_f = UTF32_INPUT;
+			input_endian = ENDIAN_BIG;
+		    }else if(strcmp(codeset, "UTF-32LE") == 0 ||
+			     strcmp(codeset, "UTF-32LE-BOM") == 0){
+			input_f = UTF32_INPUT;
+			input_endian = ENDIAN_LITTLE;
 #endif
 		    }
                     continue;
 		}
                 if (strcmp(long_option[i].name, "oc=") == 0){
+		    x0201_f = FALSE;
 		    for (i=0; i < 16 && SPACE < p[i] && p[i] < DEL; i++){
 			codeset[i] = nkf_toupper(p[i]);
 		    }
 		    codeset[i] = 0;
-		    if(strcmp(codeset, "ISO-2022-JP") == 0 ||
-		       strcmp(codeset, "CP50220") == 0){
+		    if(strcmp(codeset, "ISO-2022-JP") == 0){
 			output_conv = j_oconv;
 		    }else if(strcmp(codeset, "X-ISO2022JP-CP932") == 0){
 			output_conv = j_oconv;
 			no_cp932ext_f = TRUE;
-		    }else if(strcmp(codeset, "CP50221") == 0 ||
-			     strcmp(codeset, "ISO-2022-JP-MS") == 0){
-			output_conv = j_oconv;
-			x0201_f = FALSE;
-		    }else if(strcmp(codeset, "ISO-2022-JP-1") == 0){
+#ifdef SHIFTJIS_CP932
+			cp932inv_f = FALSE;
+#endif
+#ifdef UTF8_OUTPUT_ENABLE
+			ms_ucs_map_f = UCS_MAP_CP932;
+#endif
+		    }else if(strcmp(codeset, "CP50220") == 0){
 			output_conv = j_oconv;
-#ifdef X0212_ENABLE
-			x0212_f = TRUE;
+			x0201_f = TRUE;
+#ifdef SHIFTJIS_CP932
+			cp932inv_f = FALSE;
 #endif
+#ifdef UTF8_OUTPUT_ENABLE
+			ms_ucs_map_f = UCS_MAP_CP932;
+#endif
+		    }else if(strcmp(codeset, "CP50221") == 0){
+			output_conv = j_oconv;
 #ifdef SHIFTJIS_CP932
-			cp51932_f = FALSE;
+			cp932inv_f = FALSE;
 #endif
-		    }else if(strcmp(codeset, "ISO-2022-JP-3") == 0){
+#ifdef UTF8_OUTPUT_ENABLE
+			ms_ucs_map_f = UCS_MAP_CP932;
+#endif
+		    }else if(strcmp(codeset, "ISO-2022-JP-1") == 0){
 			output_conv = j_oconv;
 #ifdef X0212_ENABLE
 			x0212_f = TRUE;
 #endif
-			x0213_f = TRUE;
 #ifdef SHIFTJIS_CP932
-			cp51932_f = FALSE;
+			cp932inv_f = FALSE;
 #endif
-		    }else if(strcmp(codeset, "ISO-2022-JP-MS") == 0){
+		    }else if(strcmp(codeset, "ISO-2022-JP-3") == 0){
 			output_conv = j_oconv;
-			x0201_f = FALSE;
 #ifdef X0212_ENABLE
 			x0212_f = TRUE;
 #endif
+			x0213_f = TRUE;
 #ifdef SHIFTJIS_CP932
-			cp51932_f = FALSE;
+			cp932inv_f = FALSE;
 #endif
 		    }else if(strcmp(codeset, "SHIFT_JIS") == 0){
 			output_conv = s_oconv;
@@ -1343,11 +1368,6 @@ void options(unsigned char *cp)
 			     strcmp(codeset, "CP932") == 0 ||
 			     strcmp(codeset, "MS932") == 0){
 			output_conv = s_oconv;
-			x0201_f = FALSE;
-#ifdef SHIFTJIS_CP932
-			cp51932_f = TRUE;
-			cp932inv_f = TRUE;
-#endif
 #ifdef UTF8_OUTPUT_ENABLE
 			ms_ucs_map_f = UCS_MAP_CP932;
 #endif
@@ -1356,9 +1376,8 @@ void options(unsigned char *cp)
 			output_conv = e_oconv;
 		    }else if(strcmp(codeset, "CP51932") == 0){
 			output_conv = e_oconv;
-			x0201_f = FALSE;
 #ifdef SHIFTJIS_CP932
-			cp51932_f = TRUE;
+			cp932inv_f = FALSE;
 #endif
 #ifdef UTF8_OUTPUT_ENABLE
 			ms_ucs_map_f = UCS_MAP_CP932;
@@ -1367,26 +1386,18 @@ void options(unsigned char *cp)
 			     strcmp(codeset, "EUCJP-MS") == 0 ||
 			     strcmp(codeset, "EUCJPMS") == 0){
 			output_conv = e_oconv;
-			x0201_f = FALSE;
 #ifdef X0212_ENABLE
 			x0212_f = TRUE;
 #endif
-#ifdef SHIFTJIS_CP932
-			cp51932_f = FALSE;
-#endif
 #ifdef UTF8_OUTPUT_ENABLE
 			ms_ucs_map_f = UCS_MAP_MS;
 #endif
 		    }else if(strcmp(codeset, "EUC-JP-ASCII") == 0 ||
 			     strcmp(codeset, "EUCJP-ASCII") == 0){
 			output_conv = e_oconv;
-			x0201_f = FALSE;
 #ifdef X0212_ENABLE
 			x0212_f = TRUE;
 #endif
-#ifdef SHIFTJIS_CP932
-			cp51932_f = FALSE;
-#endif
 #ifdef UTF8_OUTPUT_ENABLE
 			ms_ucs_map_f = UCS_MAP_ASCII;
 #endif
@@ -1405,32 +1416,42 @@ void options(unsigned char *cp)
 #endif
 			x0213_f = TRUE;
 #ifdef SHIFTJIS_CP932
-			cp51932_f = FALSE;
+			cp932inv_f = FALSE;
 #endif
 #ifdef UTF8_OUTPUT_ENABLE
 		    }else if(strcmp(codeset, "UTF-8") == 0){
 			output_conv = w_oconv;
 		    }else if(strcmp(codeset, "UTF-8N") == 0){
 			output_conv = w_oconv;
-			unicode_bom_f=1;
 		    }else if(strcmp(codeset, "UTF-8-BOM") == 0){
 			output_conv = w_oconv;
-			unicode_bom_f=2;
+			output_bom_f = TRUE;
 		    }else if(strcmp(codeset, "UTF-16BE") == 0){
-			output_conv = w_oconv16; 
-			unicode_bom_f=1;
+			output_conv = w_oconv16;
 		    }else if(strcmp(codeset, "UTF-16") == 0 ||
 			     strcmp(codeset, "UTF-16BE-BOM") == 0){
-			output_conv = w_oconv16; 
-			unicode_bom_f=2;
+			output_conv = w_oconv16;
+			output_bom_f = TRUE;
 		    }else if(strcmp(codeset, "UTF-16LE") == 0){
-			output_conv = w_oconv16; 
-			w_oconv16_LE = 1;
-			unicode_bom_f=1;
+			output_conv = w_oconv16;
+			output_endian = ENDIAN_LITTLE;
 		    }else if(strcmp(codeset, "UTF-16LE-BOM") == 0){
-			output_conv = w_oconv16; 
-			w_oconv16_LE = 1;
-			unicode_bom_f=2;
+			output_conv = w_oconv16;
+			output_endian = ENDIAN_LITTLE;
+			output_bom_f = TRUE;
+		    }else if(strcmp(codeset, "UTF-32") == 0 ||
+			     strcmp(codeset, "UTF-32BE") == 0){
+			output_conv = w_oconv32;
+		    }else if(strcmp(codeset, "UTF-32BE-BOM") == 0){
+			output_conv = w_oconv32;
+			output_bom_f = TRUE;
+		    }else if(strcmp(codeset, "UTF-32LE") == 0){
+			output_conv = w_oconv32;
+			output_endian = ENDIAN_LITTLE;
+		    }else if(strcmp(codeset, "UTF-32LE-BOM") == 0){
+			output_conv = w_oconv32;
+			output_endian = ENDIAN_LITTLE;
+			output_bom_f = TRUE;
 #endif
 		    }
                     continue;
@@ -1649,6 +1670,7 @@ void options(unsigned char *cp)
             continue;
         case 'e':           /* AT&T EUC output */
             output_conv = e_oconv;
+            cp932inv_f = FALSE;
             continue;
         case 's':           /* SJIS output */
             output_conv = s_oconv;
@@ -1695,57 +1717,72 @@ void options(unsigned char *cp)
 #endif
 #ifdef UTF8_OUTPUT_ENABLE
         case 'w':           /* UTF-8 output */
-            if ('1'== cp[0] && '6'==cp[1]) {
-		output_conv = w_oconv16; cp+=2;
+            if (cp[0] == '8') {
+		output_conv = w_oconv; cp++;
+		if (cp[0] == '0'){
+		    cp++;
+		} else {
+		    output_bom_f = TRUE;
+		}
+	    } else {
+		if ('1'== cp[0] && '6'==cp[1]) {
+		    output_conv = w_oconv16; cp+=2;
+		} else if ('3'== cp[0] && '2'==cp[1]) {
+		    output_conv = w_oconv32; cp+=2;
+		} else {
+		    output_conv = w_oconv;
+		    continue;
+		}
 		if (cp[0]=='L') {
-		    unicode_bom_f=2; cp++;
-		    w_oconv16_LE = 1;
-                    if (cp[0] == '0'){
-                        unicode_bom_f=1; cp++;
-                    }
+		    cp++;
+		    output_endian = ENDIAN_LITTLE;
 		} else if (cp[0] == 'B') {
-		    unicode_bom_f=2; cp++;
-                    if (cp[0] == '0'){
-                        unicode_bom_f=1; cp++;
-                    }
-                } 
-	    } else if (cp[0] == '8') {
-		output_conv = w_oconv; cp++;
-		unicode_bom_f=2;
+		    cp++;
+                } else {
+		    continue;
+                }
 		if (cp[0] == '0'){
-		    unicode_bom_f=1; cp++;
+		    cp++;
+		} else {
+		    output_bom_f = TRUE;
 		}
-	    } else
-                output_conv = w_oconv;
+	    }
             continue;
 #endif
 #ifdef UTF8_INPUT_ENABLE
-        case 'W':           /* UTF-8 input */
-            if ('1'== cp[0] && '6'==cp[1]) {
-		input_f = UTF16BE_INPUT;
-		utf16_mode = UTF16BE_INPUT;
-		cp += 2;
+        case 'W':           /* UTF input */
+	    if (cp[0] == '8') {
+		cp++;
+		input_f = UTF8_INPUT;
+	    }else{
+		if ('1'== cp[0] && '6'==cp[1]) {
+		    cp += 2;
+		    input_f = UTF16_INPUT;
+		    input_endian = ENDIAN_BIG;
+		} else if ('3'== cp[0] && '2'==cp[1]) {
+		    cp += 2;
+		    input_f = UTF32_INPUT;
+		    input_endian = ENDIAN_BIG;
+		} else {
+		    input_f = UTF8_INPUT;
+		    continue;
+		}
 		if (cp[0]=='L') {
 		    cp++;
-		    input_f = UTF16LE_INPUT;
-		    utf16_mode = UTF16LE_INPUT;
+		    input_endian = ENDIAN_LITTLE;
 		} else if (cp[0] == 'B') {
 		    cp++;
-		    input_f = UTF16BE_INPUT;
-		    utf16_mode = UTF16BE_INPUT;
 		}
-	    } else if (cp[0] == '8') {
-		cp++;
-		input_f = UTF8_INPUT;
-	    } else
-                input_f = UTF8_INPUT;
+	    }
             continue;
 #endif
         /* Input code assumption */
         case 'J':   /* JIS input */
-        case 'E':   /* AT&T EUC input */
             input_f = JIS_INPUT;
             continue;
+        case 'E':   /* AT&T EUC input */
+            input_f = EUC_INPUT;
+            continue;
         case 'S':   /* MS Kanji input */
             input_f = SJIS_INPUT;
             if (x0201_f==NO_X0201) x0201_f=TRUE;
@@ -1874,12 +1911,7 @@ void options(unsigned char *cp)
     }
 }
 
-#ifdef ANSI_C_PROTOTYPE
 struct input_code * find_inputcode_byfunc(nkf_char (*iconv_func)(nkf_char c2,nkf_char c1,nkf_char c0))
-#else
-struct input_code * find_inputcode_byfunc(iconv_func)
-     nkf_char (*iconv_func)();
-#endif
 {
     if (iconv_func){
         struct input_code *p = input_code_list;
@@ -2135,52 +2167,6 @@ void e_status(struct input_code *ptr, nkf_char c)
 }
 
 #ifdef UTF8_INPUT_ENABLE
-void w16_status(struct input_code *ptr, nkf_char c)
-{
-    switch (ptr->stat){
-      case -1:
-          break;
-      case 0:
-          if (ptr->_file_stat == 0){
-              if (c == 0xfe || c == 0xff){
-                  ptr->stat = c;
-                  status_push_ch(ptr, c);
-                  ptr->_file_stat = 1;
-              }else{
-                  status_disable(ptr);
-                  ptr->_file_stat = -1;
-              }
-          }else if (ptr->_file_stat > 0){
-              ptr->stat = 1;
-              status_push_ch(ptr, c);
-          }else if (ptr->_file_stat < 0){
-              status_disable(ptr);
-          }
-          break;
-
-      case 1:
-          if (c == EOF){
-              status_disable(ptr);
-              ptr->_file_stat = -1;
-          }else{
-              status_push_ch(ptr, c);
-              status_clear(ptr);
-          }
-          break;
-
-      case 0xfe:
-      case 0xff:
-          if (ptr->stat != c && (c == 0xfe || c == 0xff)){
-              status_push_ch(ptr, c);
-              status_clear(ptr);
-          }else{
-              status_disable(ptr);
-              ptr->_file_stat = -1;
-          }
-          break;
-    }
-}
-
 void w_status(struct input_code *ptr, nkf_char c)
 {
     switch (ptr->stat){
@@ -2200,6 +2186,9 @@ void w_status(struct input_code *ptr, nkf_char c)
           }else if (0xe0 <= c && c <= 0xef){
               ptr->stat = 2;
               status_push_ch(ptr, c);
+          }else if (0xf0 <= c && c <= 0xf4){
+              ptr->stat = 3;
+              status_push_ch(ptr, c);
           }else{
               status_disable(ptr);
           }
@@ -2222,6 +2211,17 @@ void w_status(struct input_code *ptr, nkf_char c)
               status_disable(ptr);
           }
           break;
+      case 3:
+	if (0x80 <= c && c <= 0xbf){
+	    if (ptr->index < ptr->stat){
+		status_push_ch(ptr, c);
+	    } else {
+	    	status_clear(ptr);
+	    }
+          }else{
+              status_disable(ptr);
+          }
+          break;
     }
 }
 #endif
@@ -2232,6 +2232,12 @@ void code_status(nkf_char c)
     struct input_code *result = 0;
     struct input_code *p = input_code_list;
     while (p->name){
+        if (!p->status_func) {
+	    ++p;
+	    continue;
+	}
+        if (!p->status_func)
+	    continue;
         (p->status_func)(p, c);
         if (p->stat > 0){
             action_flag = 0;
@@ -2374,17 +2380,17 @@ void module_connection(void)
 	i_bgetc = i_getc; i_getc = broken_getc;
 	i_bungetc = i_ungetc; i_ungetc = broken_ungetc;
     }
-    if (input_f == JIS_INPUT || input_f == LATIN1_INPUT) {
+    if (input_f == JIS_INPUT || input_f == EUC_INPUT || input_f == LATIN1_INPUT) {
         set_iconv(-TRUE, e_iconv);
     } else if (input_f == SJIS_INPUT) {
         set_iconv(-TRUE, s_iconv);
 #ifdef UTF8_INPUT_ENABLE
     } else if (input_f == UTF8_INPUT) {
         set_iconv(-TRUE, w_iconv);
-    } else if (input_f == UTF16BE_INPUT) {
-        set_iconv(-TRUE, w_iconv16);
-    } else if (input_f == UTF16LE_INPUT) {
+    } else if (input_f == UTF16_INPUT) {
         set_iconv(-TRUE, w_iconv16);
+    } else if (input_f == UTF32_INPUT) {
+        set_iconv(-TRUE, w_iconv32);
 #endif
     } else {
         set_iconv(FALSE, e_iconv);
@@ -2399,27 +2405,133 @@ void module_connection(void)
 }
 
 /*
+ * Check and Ignore BOM
+ */
+void check_bom(FILE *f)
+{
+    int c2;
+    switch(c2 = (*i_getc)(f)){
+    case 0x00:
+	if((c2 = (*i_getc)(f)) == 0x00){
+	    if((c2 = (*i_getc)(f)) == 0xFE){
+		if((c2 = (*i_getc)(f)) == 0xFF){
+		    if(!input_f){
+			set_iconv(TRUE, w_iconv32);
+		    }
+		    if (iconv == w_iconv32) {
+			input_endian = ENDIAN_BIG;
+			return;
+		    }
+		    (*i_ungetc)(0xFF,f);
+		}else (*i_ungetc)(c2,f);
+		(*i_ungetc)(0xFE,f);
+	    }else if(c2 == 0xFF){
+		if((c2 = (*i_getc)(f)) == 0xFE){
+		    if(!input_f){
+			set_iconv(TRUE, w_iconv32);
+		    }
+		    if (iconv == w_iconv32) {
+			input_endian = ENDIAN_2143;
+			return;
+		    }
+		    (*i_ungetc)(0xFF,f);
+		}else (*i_ungetc)(c2,f);
+		(*i_ungetc)(0xFF,f);
+	    }else (*i_ungetc)(c2,f);
+	    (*i_ungetc)(0x00,f);
+	}else (*i_ungetc)(c2,f);
+	(*i_ungetc)(0x00,f);
+	break;
+    case 0xEF:
+	if((c2 = (*i_getc)(f)) == 0xBB){
+	    if((c2 = (*i_getc)(f)) == 0xBF){
+		if(!input_f){
+		    set_iconv(TRUE, w_iconv);
+		}
+		if (iconv == w_iconv) {
+		    return;
+		}
+		(*i_ungetc)(0xBF,f);
+	    }else (*i_ungetc)(c2,f);
+	    (*i_ungetc)(0xBB,f);
+	}else (*i_ungetc)(c2,f);
+	(*i_ungetc)(0xEF,f);
+	break;
+    case 0xFE:
+	if((c2 = (*i_getc)(f)) == 0xFF){
+	    if((c2 = (*i_getc)(f)) == 0x00){
+		if((c2 = (*i_getc)(f)) == 0x00){
+		    if(!input_f){
+			set_iconv(TRUE, w_iconv32);
+		    }
+		    if (iconv == w_iconv32) {
+			input_endian = ENDIAN_3412;
+			return;
+		    }
+		    (*i_ungetc)(0x00,f);
+		}else (*i_ungetc)(c2,f);
+		(*i_ungetc)(0x00,f);
+	    }else (*i_ungetc)(c2,f);
+	    if(!input_f){
+		set_iconv(TRUE, w_iconv16);
+	    }
+	    if (iconv == w_iconv16) {
+		input_endian = ENDIAN_BIG;
+		return;
+	    }
+	    (*i_ungetc)(0xFF,f);
+	}else (*i_ungetc)(c2,f);
+	(*i_ungetc)(0xFE,f);
+	break;
+    case 0xFF:
+	if((c2 = (*i_getc)(f)) == 0xFE){
+	    if((c2 = (*i_getc)(f)) == 0x00){
+		if((c2 = (*i_getc)(f)) == 0x00){
+		    if(!input_f){
+			set_iconv(TRUE, w_iconv32);
+		    }
+		    if (iconv == w_iconv32) {
+			input_endian = ENDIAN_LITTLE;
+			return;
+		    }
+		    (*i_ungetc)(0x00,f);
+		}else (*i_ungetc)(c2,f);
+		(*i_ungetc)(0x00,f);
+	    }else (*i_ungetc)(c2,f);
+	    if(!input_f){
+		set_iconv(TRUE, w_iconv16);
+	    }
+	    if (iconv == w_iconv16) {
+		input_endian = ENDIAN_LITTLE;
+		return;
+	    }
+	    (*i_ungetc)(0xFE,f);
+	}else (*i_ungetc)(c2,f);
+	(*i_ungetc)(0xFF,f);
+	break;
+    default:
+	(*i_ungetc)(c2,f);
+	break;
+    }
+}
+
+/*
    Conversion main loop. Code detection only. 
  */
 
 nkf_char kanji_convert(FILE *f)
 {
-    nkf_char    c1,
-                    c2, c3;
+    nkf_char    c3, c2=0, c1, c0=0;
     int is_8bit = FALSE;
 
-    module_connection();
-    c2 = 0;
-
-    if(input_f == SJIS_INPUT
+    if(input_f == SJIS_INPUT || input_f == EUC_INPUT
 #ifdef UTF8_INPUT_ENABLE
-       || input_f == UTF8_INPUT || input_f == UTF16BE_INPUT || input_f == UTF16LE_INPUT
+       || input_f == UTF8_INPUT || input_f == UTF16_INPUT
 #endif
       ){
 	is_8bit = TRUE;
     }
 
-
     input_mode = ASCII;
     output_mode = ASCII;
     shift_mode = FALSE;
@@ -2428,6 +2540,9 @@ nkf_char kanji_convert(FILE *f)
 #define SEND ;             /* output c1 and c2, get next */
 #define LAST break         /* end of loop, go closing  */
 
+    module_connection();
+    check_bom(f);
+
     while ((c1 = (*i_getc)(f)) != EOF) {
 #ifdef INPUT_CODE_FIX
 	if (!input_f)
@@ -2435,7 +2550,7 @@ nkf_char kanji_convert(FILE *f)
 	    code_status(c1);
         if (c2) {
             /* second byte */
-            if (c2 > DEL) {
+            if (c2 > ((input_f == JIS_INPUT && ms_ucs_map_f) ? 0x92 : DEL)) {
                 /* in case of 8th bit is on */
                 if (!estab_f&&!mime_decode_mode) {
                     /* in case of not established yet */
@@ -2445,14 +2560,16 @@ nkf_char kanji_convert(FILE *f)
                     else 
                         c2 = 0;
                     NEXT;
-                } else
-                    /* in case of already established */
-                    if (c1 < AT) {
-                        /* ignore bogus code */
-                        c2 = 0;
-                        NEXT;
-                    } else
-                        SEND;
+                } else {
+		    /* in case of already established */
+		    if (c1 < AT) {
+			/* ignore bogus code and not CP5022x UCD */
+			c2 = 0;
+			NEXT;
+		    } else {
+			SEND;
+		    }
+		}
             } else
                 /* second byte, 7 bit code */
                 /* it might be kanji shitfted */
@@ -2464,25 +2581,68 @@ nkf_char kanji_convert(FILE *f)
                     SEND;
         } else {
             /* first byte */
-	    if (
 #ifdef UTF8_INPUT_ENABLE
-                iconv == w_iconv16
-#else
-                0
-#endif
-                ) {
-		c2 = c1;
-		c1 = (*i_getc)(f);
+	    if (iconv == w_iconv16) {
+		if (input_endian == ENDIAN_BIG) {
+		    c2 = c1;
+		    if ((c1 = (*i_getc)(f)) != EOF) {
+			if (0xD8 <= c2 && c2 <= 0xDB) {
+			    if ((c0 = (*i_getc)(f)) != EOF) {
+				c0 <<= 8;
+				if ((c3 = (*i_getc)(f)) != EOF) {
+				    c0 |= c3;
+				} else c2 = EOF;
+			    } else c2 = EOF;
+			}
+		    } else c2 = EOF;
+		} else {
+		    if ((c2 = (*i_getc)(f)) != EOF) {
+			if (0xD8 <= c2 && c2 <= 0xDB) {
+			    if ((c3 = (*i_getc)(f)) != EOF) {
+				if ((c0 = (*i_getc)(f)) != EOF) {
+				    c0 <<= 8;
+				    c0 |= c3;
+				} else c2 = EOF;
+			    } else c2 = EOF;
+			}
+		    } else c2 = EOF;
+		}
 		SEND;
+            } else if(iconv == w_iconv32){
+		int c3 = c1;
+		if((c2 = (*i_getc)(f)) != EOF &&
+		   (c1 = (*i_getc)(f)) != EOF &&
+		   (c0 = (*i_getc)(f)) != EOF){
+		    switch(input_endian){
+		    case ENDIAN_BIG:
+			c1 = (c2&0xFF)<<16 | (c1&0xFF)<<8 | (c0&0xFF);
+			break;
+		    case ENDIAN_LITTLE:
+			c1 = (c3&0xFF) | (c2&0xFF)<<8 | (c1&0xFF)<<16;
+			break;
+		    case ENDIAN_2143:
+			c1 = (c3&0xFF)<<16 | (c1&0xFF) | (c0&0xFF)<<8;
+			break;
+		    case ENDIAN_3412:
+			c1 = (c3&0xFF)<<8 | (c2&0xFF) | (c0&0xFF)<<16;
+			break;
+		    }
+		    c2 = 0;
+		}else{
+		    c2 = EOF;
+		}
+		SEND;
+            } else
+#endif
 #ifdef NUMCHAR_OPTION
-            } else if (is_unicode_capsule(c1)){
+            if (is_unicode_capsule(c1)){
                 SEND;
+	    } else
 #endif
-	    } else if (c1 > DEL) {
+	    if (c1 > ((input_f == JIS_INPUT && ms_ucs_map_f) ? 0x92 : DEL)) {
                 /* 8 bit code */
                 if (!estab_f && !iso8859_f) {
                     /* not established yet */
-		    if (!is_8bit) is_8bit = TRUE;
                     c2 = c1;
                     NEXT;
                 } else { /* estab_f==TRUE */
@@ -2573,13 +2733,13 @@ nkf_char kanji_convert(FILE *f)
                     /* normal ASCII code */ 
                     SEND;
                 }
-            } else if (!is_8bit && c1 == SI) {
+            } else if (c1 == SI && (!is_8bit || mime_decode_mode)) {
                 shift_mode = FALSE; 
                 NEXT;
-            } else if (!is_8bit && c1 == SO) {
+            } else if (c1 == SO && (!is_8bit || mime_decode_mode)) {
                 shift_mode = TRUE; 
                 NEXT;
-            } else if (!is_8bit && c1 == ESC ) {
+            } else if (c1 == ESC && (!is_8bit || mime_decode_mode)) {
                 if ((c1 = (*i_getc)(f)) == EOF) {
                     /*  (*oconv)(0, ESC); don't send bogus code */
                     LAST;
@@ -2687,6 +2847,44 @@ nkf_char kanji_convert(FILE *f)
                     (*oconv)(0, ESC);
                     SEND;
                 }
+	    } else if (c1 == ESC && iconv == s_iconv) {
+		/* ESC in Shift_JIS */
+		if ((c1 = (*i_getc)(f)) == EOF) {
+		    /*  (*oconv)(0, ESC); don't send bogus code */
+		    LAST;
+		} else if (c1 == '$') {
+		    /* J-PHONE emoji */
+		    if ((c1 = (*i_getc)(f)) == EOF) {
+			/*
+			   (*oconv)(0, ESC); don't send bogus code 
+			   (*oconv)(0, '$'); */
+			LAST;
+		    } else {
+			if (('E' <= c1 && c1 <= 'G') ||
+			    ('O' <= c1 && c1 <= 'Q')) {
+			    /*
+			       NUM : 0 1 2 3 4 5
+			       BYTE: G E F O P Q
+			       C%7 : 1 6 0 2 3 4
+			       C%7 : 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
+			       NUM : 2 0 3 4 5 X 1
+			     */
+			    static const int jphone_emoji_first_table[7] = {2, 0, 3, 4, 5, 0, 1};
+			    c0 = (jphone_emoji_first_table[c1 % 7] << 8) - SPACE + 0xE000 + CLASS_UNICODE;
+			    while ((c1 = (*i_getc)(f)) != EOF) {
+				if (SPACE <= c1 && c1 <= 'z') {
+				    (*oconv)(0, c1 + c0);
+				} else break; /* c1 == SO */
+			    }
+			}
+		    }
+		    if (c1 == EOF) LAST;
+		    NEXT;
+		} else {
+		    /* lonely ESC  */
+		    (*oconv)(0, ESC);
+		    SEND;
+		}
             } else if ((c1 == NL || c1 == CR) && broken_f&4) {
                 input_mode = ASCII; set_iconv(FALSE, 0);
                 SEND;
@@ -2716,22 +2914,47 @@ nkf_char kanji_convert(FILE *f)
 		}
 		c1 = CR;
 		SEND;
+	    } else if (c1 == DEL && input_mode == X0208 ) {
+		/* CP5022x */
+		c2 = c1;
+		NEXT;
 	    } else 
                 SEND;
         }
         /* send: */
 	switch(input_mode){
 	case ASCII:
-	    if ((*iconv)(c2, c1, 0) < 0){  /* can be EUC/SJIS */
-		nkf_char c0 = (*i_getc)(f);
-		if (c0 != EOF){
+	    switch ((*iconv)(c2, c1, c0)) {  /* can be EUC / SJIS / UTF-8 / UTF-16 */
+	    case -2:
+		/* 4 bytes UTF-8 */
+		if ((c0 = (*i_getc)(f)) != EOF) {
+		    code_status(c0);
+		    c0 <<= 8;
+		    if ((c3 = (*i_getc)(f)) != EOF) {
+			code_status(c3);
+			(*iconv)(c2, c1, c0|c3);
+		    }
+		}
+		break;
+	    case -1:
+		/* 3 bytes EUC or UTF-8 */
+		if ((c0 = (*i_getc)(f)) != EOF) {
 		    code_status(c0);
 		    (*iconv)(c2, c1, c0);
 		}
+		break;
 	    }
 	    break;
 	case X0208:
 	case X0213_1:
+	    if (ms_ucs_map_f &&
+		0x7F <= c2 && c2 <= 0x92 &&
+		0x21 <= c1 && c1 <= 0x7E) {
+		/* CP932 UDC */
+		if(c1 == 0x7F) return 0;
+		c1 = (c2 - 0x7F) * 94 + c1 - 0x21 + 0xE000 + CLASS_UNICODE;
+		c2 = 0;
+	    }
 	    (*oconv)(c2, c1); /* this is JIS, not SJIS/EUC case */
 	    break;
 #ifdef X0212_ENABLE
@@ -2747,6 +2970,7 @@ nkf_char kanji_convert(FILE *f)
 	}
 
         c2 = 0;
+        c0 = 0;
         continue;
         /* goto next_word */
     }
@@ -2771,7 +2995,8 @@ nkf_char kanji_convert(FILE *f)
 nkf_char
 h_conv(FILE *f, nkf_char c2, nkf_char c1)
 {
-    nkf_char    wc,c3;
+    nkf_char ret, c3, c0;
+    int hold_index;
 
 
     /** it must NOT be in the kanji shifte sequence      */
@@ -2818,10 +3043,10 @@ h_conv(FILE *f, nkf_char c2, nkf_char c1)
      ** Kanji codes by oconv and leave estab_f unchanged.
      **/
 
-    c3=c1;
-    wc = 0;
-    while (wc < hold_count){
-        c2 = hold_buf[wc++];
+    ret = c1;
+    hold_index = 0;
+    while (hold_index < hold_count){
+        c2 = hold_buf[hold_index++];
         if (c2 <= DEL
 #ifdef NUMCHAR_OPTION
             || is_unicode_capsule(c2)
@@ -2833,8 +3058,8 @@ h_conv(FILE *f, nkf_char c2, nkf_char c1)
             (*iconv)(X0201, c2, 0);
             continue;
         }
-        if (wc < hold_count){
-            c1 = hold_buf[wc++];
+        if (hold_index < hold_count){
+            c1 = hold_buf[hold_index++];
         }else{
             c1 = (*i_getc)(f);
             if (c1 == EOF){
@@ -2843,28 +3068,48 @@ h_conv(FILE *f, nkf_char c2, nkf_char c1)
             }
             code_status(c1);
         }
-        if ((*iconv)(c2, c1, 0) < 0){
-            nkf_char c0;
-            if (wc < hold_count){
-                c0 = hold_buf[wc++];
-            }else{
-                c0 = (*i_getc)(f);
-                if (c0 == EOF){
-                    c3 = EOF;
-                    break;
-                }
+        c0 = 0;
+        switch ((*iconv)(c2, c1, 0)) {  /* can be EUC/SJIS/UTF-8 */
+	case -2:
+	    /* 4 bytes UTF-8 */
+            if (hold_index < hold_count){
+                c0 = hold_buf[hold_index++];
+            } else if ((c0 = (*i_getc)(f)) == EOF) {
+		ret = EOF;
+		break;
+	    } else {
+                code_status(c0);
+		c0 <<= 8;
+		if (hold_index < hold_count){
+		    c3 = hold_buf[hold_index++];
+		} else if ((c3 = (*i_getc)(f)) == EOF) {
+		    c0 = ret = EOF;
+		    break;
+		} else {
+		    code_status(c3);
+		    (*iconv)(c2, c1, c0|c3);
+		}
+            }
+	    break;
+	case -1:
+	    /* 3 bytes EUC or UTF-8 */
+            if (hold_index < hold_count){
+                c0 = hold_buf[hold_index++];
+            } else if ((c0 = (*i_getc)(f)) == EOF) {
+		ret = EOF;
+		break;
+	    } else {
                 code_status(c0);
             }
             (*iconv)(c2, c1, c0);
-        }
+            break;
+	}
+	if (c0 == EOF) break;
     }
-    return c3;
+    return ret;
 }
 
-
-
-nkf_char
-push_hold_buf(nkf_char c2)
+nkf_char push_hold_buf(nkf_char c2)
 {
     if (hold_count >= HOLD_SIZE*2)
         return (EOF);
@@ -2879,7 +3124,7 @@ nkf_char s2e_conv(nkf_char c2, nkf_char c1, nkf_char *p2, nkf_char *p1)
 #endif
     static const nkf_char shift_jisx0213_s1a3_table[5][2] ={ { 1, 8}, { 3, 4}, { 5,12}, {13,14}, {15, 0} };
 #ifdef SHIFTJIS_CP932
-    if (cp51932_f && is_ibmext_in_sjis(c2)){
+    if (!cp932inv_f && is_ibmext_in_sjis(c2)){
 #if 0
         extern const unsigned short shiftjis_cp932[3][189];
 #endif
@@ -2889,6 +3134,17 @@ nkf_char s2e_conv(nkf_char c2, nkf_char c1, nkf_char *p2, nkf_char *p1)
             c1 = val & 0xff;
         }
     }
+    if (cp932inv_f
+        && CP932INV_TABLE_BEGIN <= c2 && c2 <= CP932INV_TABLE_END){
+#if 0
+        extern const unsigned short cp932inv[2][189];
+#endif
+        nkf_char c = cp932inv[c2 - CP932INV_TABLE_BEGIN][c1 - 0x40];
+        if (c){
+            c2 = c >> 8;
+            c1 = c & 0xff;
+        }
+    }
 #endif /* SHIFTJIS_CP932 */
 #ifdef X0212_ENABLE
     if (!x0213_f && is_ibmext_in_sjis(c2)){
@@ -2898,7 +3154,7 @@ nkf_char s2e_conv(nkf_char c2, nkf_char c1, nkf_char *p2, nkf_char *p1)
         val = shiftjis_x0212[c2 - 0xfa][c1 - 0x40];
         if (val){
             if (val > 0x7FFF){
-                c2 = PREFIX_EUCG3 | (val >> 8);
+                c2 = PREFIX_EUCG3 | ((val >> 8) & 0x7f);
                 c1 = val & 0xff;
             }else{
                 c2 = val >> 8;
@@ -2943,6 +3199,11 @@ nkf_char s_iconv(nkf_char c2, nkf_char c1, nkf_char c0)
 	c1 &= 0x7f;
     } else if ((c2 == EOF) || (c2 == 0) || c2 < SPACE) {
         /* NOP */
+    } else if (!x0213_f && 0xF0 <= c2 && c2 <= 0xF9 && 0x40 <= c1 && c1 <= 0xFC) {
+	/* CP932 UDC */
+	if(c1 == 0x7F) return 0;
+	c1 = (c2 - 0xF0) * 188 + (c1 - 0x40 - (0x7E < c1)) + 0xE000 + CLASS_UNICODE;
+	c2 = 0;
     } else {
         nkf_char ret = s2e_conv(c2, c1, &c2, &c1);
         if (ret) return ret;
@@ -2960,20 +3221,26 @@ nkf_char e_iconv(nkf_char c2, nkf_char c1, nkf_char c0)
         if (c0 == 0){
             return -1;
         }
-        c2 = (c2 << 8) | (c1 & 0x7f);
-        c1 = c0 & 0x7f;
+	if (!cp51932_f && !x0213_f && 0xF5 <= c1 && c1 <= 0xFE && 0xA1 <= c0 && c0 <= 0xFE) {
+	    /* encoding is eucJP-ms, so invert to Unicode Private User Area */
+	    c1 = (c1 - 0xF5) * 94 + c0 - 0xA1 + 0xE3AC + CLASS_UNICODE;
+	    c2 = 0;
+	} else {
+	    c2 = (c2 << 8) | (c1 & 0x7f);
+	    c1 = c0 & 0x7f;
 #ifdef SHIFTJIS_CP932
-        if (cp51932_f){
-            nkf_char s2, s1;
-            if (e2s_conv(c2, c1, &s2, &s1) == 0){
-                s2e_conv(s2, s1, &c2, &c1);
-                if (c2 < 0x100){
-                    c1 &= 0x7f;
-                    c2 &= 0x7f;
-                }
-            }
-        }
+	    if (cp51932_f){
+		nkf_char s2, s1;
+		if (e2s_conv(c2, c1, &s2, &s1) == 0){
+		    s2e_conv(s2, s1, &c2, &c1);
+		    if (c2 < 0x100){
+			c1 &= 0x7f;
+			c2 &= 0x7f;
+		    }
+		}
+	    }
 #endif /* SHIFTJIS_CP932 */
+        }
 #endif /* X0212_ENABLE */
     } else if (c2 == SSO){
         c2 = X0201;
@@ -2981,8 +3248,26 @@ nkf_char e_iconv(nkf_char c2, nkf_char c1, nkf_char c0)
     } else if ((c2 == EOF) || (c2 == 0) || c2 < SPACE) {
         /* NOP */
     } else {
-        c1 &= 0x7f;
-        c2 &= 0x7f;
+	if (!cp51932_f && ms_ucs_map_f && 0xF5 <= c2 && c2 <= 0xFE && 0xA1 <= c1 && c1 <= 0xFE) {
+	    /* encoding is eucJP-ms, so invert to Unicode Private User Area */
+	    c1 = (c2 - 0xF5) * 94 + c1 - 0xA1 + 0xE000 + CLASS_UNICODE;
+	    c2 = 0;
+	} else {
+	    c1 &= 0x7f;
+	    c2 &= 0x7f;
+#ifdef SHIFTJIS_CP932
+	    if (cp51932_f && 0x79 <= c2 && c2 <= 0x7c){
+		nkf_char s2, s1;
+		if (e2s_conv(c2, c1, &s2, &s1) == 0){
+		    s2e_conv(s2, s1, &c2, &c1);
+		    if (c2 < 0x100){
+			c1 &= 0x7f;
+			c2 &= 0x7f;
+		    }
+		}
+	    }
+#endif /* SHIFTJIS_CP932 */
+        }
     }
     (*oconv)(c2, c1);
     return 0;
@@ -3001,7 +3286,7 @@ nkf_char w2e_conv(nkf_char c2, nkf_char c1, nkf_char c0, nkf_char *p2, nkf_char
 #ifdef NUMCHAR_OPTION
         if (ret > 0){
             if (p2) *p2 = 0;
-            if (p1) *p1 = CLASS_UTF16 | ww16_conv(c2, c1, c0);
+            if (p1) *p1 = CLASS_UNICODE | ww16_conv(c2, c1, c0);
             ret = 0;
         }
 #endif
@@ -3012,43 +3297,63 @@ nkf_char w2e_conv(nkf_char c2, nkf_char c1, nkf_char c0, nkf_char *p2, nkf_char
 nkf_char w_iconv(nkf_char c2, nkf_char c1, nkf_char c0)
 {
     nkf_char ret = 0;
+    static const int w_iconv_utf8_1st_byte[] =
+    { /* 0xC0 - 0xFF */
+	20, 20, 21, 21, 21, 21, 21, 21, 21, 21, 21, 21, 21, 21, 21, 21,
+	21, 21, 21, 21, 21, 21, 21, 21, 21, 21, 21, 21, 21, 21, 21, 21,
+	30, 31, 31, 31, 31, 31, 31, 31, 31, 31, 31, 31, 31, 32, 33, 33,
+	40, 41, 41, 41, 42, 43, 43, 43, 50, 50, 50, 50, 60, 60, 70, 70};
     
-    /* throw away ZERO WIDTH NO-BREAK SPACE (U+FEFF) */
-    if(ignore_zwnbsp_f){
-	ignore_zwnbsp_f = FALSE;
-	if(c2 == 0xef && c1 == 0xbb && c0 == 0xbf)
-	    return 0;
-    }
-    
-    if (c2 == 0) /* 0x00-0x7f */
-	c1 &= 0x7F; /* 1byte */
-    else if (c0 == 0){
-	if ((c2 & 0xe0) == 0xc0){ /* 0xc0-0xdf */
-	    /* 2ytes */
-	    if((c2 & 0xFE) == 0xC0 || c1 < 0x80 || 0xBF < c1) return 0;
-	}else if ((c2 & 0xf0) == 0xe0) /* 0xe0-0xef */
-	    return -1; /* 3bytes */
-#ifdef __COMMENT__
-	else if (0xf0 <= c2)
-	    return 0; /* 4,5,6bytes */
-	else if ((c2 & 0xc0) == 0x80) /* 0x80-0xbf */
-	    return 0; /* trail byte */
-#endif
-	else return 0;
-    }else{
-	/* must be 3bytes */
-	if(c2 == 0xE0){
-	    if(c1 < 0xA0 || 0xBF < c1 || c0 < 0x80 || 0xBF < c0)
+    if (c2 < 0 || 0xff < c2) {
+    }else if (c2 == 0) { /* 0 : 1 byte*/
+	c0 = 0;
+    } else if ((c2 & 0xc0) == 0x80) { /* 0x80-0xbf : trail byte */
+	return 0;
+    } else{
+    	switch (w_iconv_utf8_1st_byte[c2 - 0xC0]) {
+	case 21:
+	    if (c1 < 0x80 || 0xBF < c1) return 0;
+	    break;
+	case 30:
+	    if (c0 == 0) return -1;
+	    if (c1 < 0xA0 || 0xBF < c1 || (c0 & 0xc0) != 0x80)
+		return 0;
+	    break;
+	case 31:
+	case 33:
+	    if (c0 == 0) return -1;
+	    if ((c1 & 0xc0) != 0x80 || (c0 & 0xc0) != 0x80)
+		return 0;
+	    break;
+	case 32:
+	    if (c0 == 0) return -1;
+	    if (c1 < 0x80 || 0x9F < c1 || (c0 & 0xc0) != 0x80)
+		return 0;
+	    break;
+	case 40:
+	    if (c0 == 0) return -2;
+	    if (c1 < 0x90 || 0xBF < c1 || (c0 & 0xc0c0) != 0x8080)
 		return 0;
-	}else if(c2 == 0xED){
-	    if(c1 < 0x80 || 0x9F < c1 || c0 < 0x80 || 0xBF < c0)
+	    break;
+	case 41:
+	    if (c0 == 0) return -2;
+	    if (c1 < 0x80 || 0xBF < c1 || (c0 & 0xc0c0) != 0x8080)
 		return 0;
-	}else if((c2 & 0xf0) == 0xe0){
-	    if(c1 < 0x80 || 0xBF < c1 || c0 < 0x80 || 0xBF < c0)
+	    break;
+	case 42:
+	    if (c0 == 0) return -2;
+	    if (c1 < 0x80 || 0x8F < c1 || (c0 & 0xc0c0) != 0x8080)
 		return 0;
-	}else return 0;
+	    break;
+	default:
+	    return 0;
+	    break;
+	}
     }
     if (c2 == 0 || c2 == EOF){
+    } else if ((c2 & 0xf8) == 0xf0) { /* 4 bytes */
+	c1 = CLASS_UNICODE | ww16_conv(c2, c1, c0);
+	c2 = 0;
     } else {
 	ret = w2e_conv(c2, c1, c0, &c2, &c1);
     }
@@ -3075,6 +3380,10 @@ void w16w_conv(nkf_char val, nkf_char *p2, nkf_char *p1, nkf_char *p0)
         *p2 = 0xe0 | (val >> 12);
         *p1 = 0x80 | ((val >> 6) & 0x3f);
         *p0 = 0x80 | (val        & 0x3f);
+    } else if (val <= NKF_INT32_C(0x10FFFF)) {
+        *p2 = 0xe0 |  (val >> 16);
+        *p1 = 0x80 | ((val >> 12) & 0x3f);
+        *p0 = 0x8080 | ((val << 2) & 0x3f00)| (val & 0x3f);
     } else {
         *p2 = 0;
         *p1 = 0;
@@ -3087,8 +3396,14 @@ void w16w_conv(nkf_char val, nkf_char *p2, nkf_char *p1, nkf_char *p0)
 nkf_char ww16_conv(nkf_char c2, nkf_char c1, nkf_char c0)
 {
     nkf_char val;
-    if (c2 >= 0xf0){
+    if (c2 >= 0xf8) {
 	val = -1;
+    } else if (c2 >= 0xf0){
+	/* c2: 1st, c1: 2nd, c0: 3rd/4th */
+	val = (c2 & 0x0f) << 18;
+        val |= (c1 & 0x3f) << 12;
+        val |= (c0 & 0x3f00) >> 2;
+        val |= (c0 & 0x3f);
     }else if (c2 >= 0xe0){
         val = (c2 & 0x0f) << 12;
         val |= (c1 & 0x3f) << 6;
@@ -3116,7 +3431,7 @@ nkf_char w16e_conv(nkf_char val, nkf_char *p2, nkf_char *p1)
 #ifdef NUMCHAR_OPTION
 	if (ret > 0){
 	    *p2 = 0;
-	    *p1 = CLASS_UTF16 | val;
+	    *p1 = CLASS_UNICODE | val;
 	    ret = 0;
 	}
 #endif
@@ -3128,27 +3443,19 @@ nkf_char w16e_conv(nkf_char val, nkf_char *p2, nkf_char *p1)
 #ifdef UTF8_INPUT_ENABLE
 nkf_char w_iconv16(nkf_char c2, nkf_char c1, nkf_char c0)
 {
-    nkf_char ret;
-
-    /* throw away ZERO WIDTH NO-BREAK SPACE (U+FEFF) */
-    if(ignore_zwnbsp_f){
-	ignore_zwnbsp_f = FALSE;
-	if (c2==0376 && c1==0377){
-	    utf16_mode = UTF16BE_INPUT;
-	    return 0;
-	}else if(c2==0377 && c1==0376){
-	    utf16_mode = UTF16LE_INPUT;
-	    return 0;
-	}
-    }
-    if (c2 != EOF && utf16_mode == UTF16LE_INPUT) {
-	nkf_char tmp;
-	tmp=c1; c1=c2; c2=tmp;
-    }
+    nkf_char ret = 0;
     if ((c2==0 && c1 < 0x80) || c2==EOF) {
 	(*oconv)(c2, c1);
 	return 0;
-    }else if((c2>>3)==27){ /* surrogate pair */
+    }else if (0xD8 <= c2 && c2 <= 0xDB) {
+	if (c0 < NKF_INT32_C(0xDC00) || NKF_INT32_C(0xDFFF) < c0)
+	    return -2;
+	c1 =  CLASS_UNICODE | ((c2 << 18) + (c1 << 10) + c0 - NKF_INT32_C(0x35FDC00));
+	c2 = 0;
+    }else if ((c2>>3) == 27) { /* unpaired surrogate */
+	/*
+	   return 2;
+	*/
 	return 1;
     }else ret = w16e_conv(((c2 & 0xff)<<8) + c1, &c2, &c1);
     if (ret) return ret;
@@ -3156,6 +3463,22 @@ nkf_char w_iconv16(nkf_char c2, nkf_char c1, nkf_char c0)
     return 0;
 }
 
+nkf_char w_iconv32(nkf_char c2, nkf_char c1, nkf_char c0)
+{
+    int ret = 0;
+
+    if ((c2 == 0 && c1 < 0x80) || c2==EOF) {
+    } else if (is_unicode_bmp(c1)) {
+	ret = w16e_conv(c1, &c2, &c1);
+    } else {
+	c2 = 0;
+	c1 =  CLASS_UNICODE | c1;
+    }
+    if (ret) return ret;
+    (*oconv)(c2, c1);
+    return 0;
+}
+
 nkf_char unicode_to_jis_common(nkf_char c2, nkf_char c1, nkf_char c0, nkf_char *p2, nkf_char *p1)
 {
 #if 0
@@ -3204,7 +3527,7 @@ nkf_char unicode_to_jis_common(nkf_char c2, nkf_char c1, nkf_char c0, nkf_char *
 		    if(no_best_fit_chars_table_932_C3[c1&0x3F]) return 1;
 		    break;
 		}
-	    }else if(cp51932_f){
+	    }else if(!cp932inv_f){
 		switch(c2){
 		case 0xC2:
 		    if(no_best_fit_chars_table_C2[c1&0x3F]) return 1;
@@ -3260,7 +3583,7 @@ nkf_char unicode_to_jis_common(nkf_char c2, nkf_char c1, nkf_char c0, nkf_char *
 			if(c0 == 0x8D) return 1;
 			break;
 		    case 0xBD:
-			if(c0 == 0x9E && cp51932_f) return 1;
+			if(c0 == 0x9E && !cp932inv_f) return 1;
 			break;
 		    case 0xBF:
 			if(0xA0 <= c0 && c0 <= 0xA5) return 1;
@@ -3277,7 +3600,7 @@ nkf_char unicode_to_jis_common(nkf_char c2, nkf_char c1, nkf_char c0, nkf_char *
 	ret = w_iconv_common(c1, c0, ppp[c2 - 0xE0], sizeof_utf8_to_euc_C2, p2, p1);
     }else return -1;
 #ifdef SHIFTJIS_CP932
-    if (!ret && cp51932_f && is_eucg3(*p2)) {
+    if (!ret && !cp932inv_f && is_eucg3(*p2)) {
 	nkf_char s2, s1;
 	if (e2s_conv(*p2, *p1, &s2, &s1) == 0) {
 	    s2e_conv(s2, s1, p2, p1);
@@ -3456,16 +3779,17 @@ void w_oconv(nkf_char c2, nkf_char c1)
 {
     nkf_char c0;
     nkf_char val;
-    if (c2 == EOF) {
-        (*o_putc)(EOF);
-        return;
-    }
 
-    if (unicode_bom_f==2) {
-	(*o_putc)('\357');
+    if (output_bom_f) {
+	output_bom_f = FALSE;
+    	(*o_putc)('\357');
 	(*o_putc)('\273');
 	(*o_putc)('\277');
-	unicode_bom_f=1;
+    }
+
+    if (c2 == EOF) {
+        (*o_putc)(EOF);
+        return;
     }
 
 #ifdef NUMCHAR_OPTION
@@ -3481,7 +3805,7 @@ void w_oconv(nkf_char c2, nkf_char c1)
             (*o_putc)(0x80 | ((val >> 6) & 0x3f));
             (*o_putc)(0x80 | (val        & 0x3f));
         } else if (val <= NKF_INT32_C(0x10FFFF)) {
-            (*o_putc)(0xE0 | ( val>>18));
+            (*o_putc)(0xF0 | ( val>>18));
             (*o_putc)(0x80 | ((val>>12) & 0x3f));
             (*o_putc)(0x80 | ((val>> 6) & 0x3f));
             (*o_putc)(0x80 | ( val      & 0x3f));
@@ -3512,20 +3836,20 @@ void w_oconv(nkf_char c2, nkf_char c1)
 
 void w_oconv16(nkf_char c2, nkf_char c1)
 {
-    if (c2 == EOF) {
-        (*o_putc)(EOF);
-        return;
-    }    
-
-    if (unicode_bom_f==2) {
-        if (w_oconv16_LE){
+    if (output_bom_f) {
+	output_bom_f = FALSE;
+        if (output_endian == ENDIAN_LITTLE){
             (*o_putc)((unsigned char)'\377');
             (*o_putc)('\376');
         }else{
             (*o_putc)('\376');
             (*o_putc)((unsigned char)'\377');
         }
-	unicode_bom_f=1;
+    }
+
+    if (c2 == EOF) {
+        (*o_putc)(EOF);
+        return;
     }
 
     if (c2 == ISO8859_1) {
@@ -3541,7 +3865,7 @@ void w_oconv16(nkf_char c2, nkf_char c1)
             if (c1 <= UNICODE_MAX) {
                 c2 = (c1 >> 10) + NKF_INT32_C(0xD7C0);   /* high surrogate */
                 c1 = (c1 & 0x3FF) + NKF_INT32_C(0xDC00); /* low surrogate */
-                if (w_oconv16_LE){
+                if (output_endian == ENDIAN_LITTLE){
                     (*o_putc)(c2 & 0xff);
                     (*o_putc)((c2 >> 8) & 0xff);
                     (*o_putc)(c1 & 0xff);
@@ -3560,8 +3884,9 @@ void w_oconv16(nkf_char c2, nkf_char c1)
         nkf_char val = e2w_conv(c2, c1);
         c2 = (val >> 8) & 0xff;
         c1 = val & 0xff;
+	if (!val) return;
     }
-    if (w_oconv16_LE){
+    if (output_endian == ENDIAN_LITTLE){
         (*o_putc)(c1);
         (*o_putc)(c2);
     }else{
@@ -3570,6 +3895,50 @@ void w_oconv16(nkf_char c2, nkf_char c1)
     }
 }
 
+void w_oconv32(nkf_char c2, nkf_char c1)
+{
+    if (output_bom_f) {
+	output_bom_f = FALSE;
+        if (output_endian == ENDIAN_LITTLE){
+            (*o_putc)((unsigned char)'\377');
+            (*o_putc)('\376');
+	    (*o_putc)('\000');
+	    (*o_putc)('\000');
+        }else{
+	    (*o_putc)('\000');
+	    (*o_putc)('\000');
+            (*o_putc)('\376');
+            (*o_putc)((unsigned char)'\377');
+        }
+    }
+
+    if (c2 == EOF) {
+        (*o_putc)(EOF);
+        return;
+    }
+
+    if (c2 == ISO8859_1) {
+        c1 |= 0x80;
+#ifdef NUMCHAR_OPTION
+    } else if (c2 == 0 && is_unicode_capsule(c1)) {
+	c1 &= VALUE_MASK;
+#endif
+    } else if (c2) {
+        c1 = e2w_conv(c2, c1);
+	if (!c1) return;
+    }
+    if (output_endian == ENDIAN_LITTLE){
+        (*o_putc)( c1 & NKF_INT32_C(0x000000FF));
+        (*o_putc)((c1 & NKF_INT32_C(0x0000FF00)) >>  8);
+        (*o_putc)((c1 & NKF_INT32_C(0x00FF0000)) >> 16);
+	(*o_putc)('\000');
+    }else{
+	(*o_putc)('\000');
+        (*o_putc)((c1 & NKF_INT32_C(0x00FF0000)) >> 16);
+        (*o_putc)((c1 & NKF_INT32_C(0x0000FF00)) >>  8);
+        (*o_putc)( c1 & NKF_INT32_C(0x000000FF));
+    }
+}
 #endif
 
 void e_oconv(nkf_char c2, nkf_char c1)
@@ -3578,8 +3947,26 @@ void e_oconv(nkf_char c2, nkf_char c1)
     if (c2 == 0 && is_unicode_capsule(c1)){
         w16e_conv(c1, &c2, &c1);
         if (c2 == 0 && is_unicode_capsule(c1)){
-	    if(encode_fallback)(*encode_fallback)(c1);
-            return;
+	    c2 = c1 & VALUE_MASK;
+	    if (x0212_f && 0xE000 <= c2 && c2 <= 0xE757) {
+		/* eucJP-ms UDC */
+		c1 &= 0xFFF;
+		c2 = c1 / 94;
+		c2 += c2 < 10 ? 0x75 : 0x8FEB;
+		c1 = 0x21 + c1 % 94;
+		if (is_eucg3(c2)){
+		    (*o_putc)(0x8f);
+		    (*o_putc)((c2 & 0x7f) | 0x080);
+		    (*o_putc)(c1 | 0x080);
+		}else{
+		    (*o_putc)((c2 & 0x7f) | 0x080);
+		    (*o_putc)(c1 | 0x080);
+		}
+		return;
+	    } else {
+		if (encode_fallback) (*encode_fallback)(c1);
+		return;
+	    }
         }
     }
 #endif
@@ -3599,7 +3986,7 @@ void e_oconv(nkf_char c2, nkf_char c1)
     } else if (is_eucg3(c2)){
 	output_mode = JAPANESE_EUC;
 #ifdef SHIFTJIS_CP932
-        if (cp51932_f){
+        if (!cp932inv_f){
             nkf_char s2, s1;
             if (e2s_conv(c2, c1, &s2, &s1) == 0){
                 s2e_conv(s2, s1, &c2, &c1);
@@ -3665,7 +4052,7 @@ nkf_char e2s_conv(nkf_char c2, nkf_char c1, nkf_char *p2, nkf_char *p1)
 {
     nkf_char ndx;
     if (is_eucg3(c2)){
-	ndx = c2 & 0xff;
+	ndx = c2 & 0x7f;
 	if (x0213_f){
 	    if((0x21 <= ndx && ndx <= 0x2F)){
 		if (p2) *p2 = ((ndx - 1) >> 1) + 0xec - ndx / 8 * 3;
@@ -3712,9 +4099,21 @@ void s_oconv(nkf_char c2, nkf_char c1)
     if (c2 == 0 && is_unicode_capsule(c1)){
         w16e_conv(c1, &c2, &c1);
         if (c2 == 0 && is_unicode_capsule(c1)){
-	    if(encode_fallback)(*encode_fallback)(c1);
-            return;
-        }
+	    c2 = c1 & VALUE_MASK;
+	    if (!x0213_f && 0xE000 <= c2 && c2 <= 0xE757) {
+		/* CP932 UDC */
+		c1 &= 0xFFF;
+		c2 = c1 / 188 + 0xF0;
+		c1 = c1 % 188;
+		c1 += 0x40 + (c1 > 0x3e);
+		(*o_putc)(c2);
+		(*o_putc)(c1);
+		return;
+	    } else {
+		if(encode_fallback)(*encode_fallback)(c1);
+		return;
+	    }
+	}
     }
 #endif
     if (c2 == EOF) {
@@ -3773,8 +4172,16 @@ void j_oconv(nkf_char c2, nkf_char c1)
     if (c2 == 0 && is_unicode_capsule(c1)){
         w16e_conv(c1, &c2, &c1);
         if (c2 == 0 && is_unicode_capsule(c1)){
-	    if(encode_fallback)(*encode_fallback)(c1);
-            return;
+	    c2 = c1 & VALUE_MASK;
+	    if (ms_ucs_map_f && 0xE000 <= c2 && c2 <= 0xE757) {
+		/* CP5022x UDC */
+		c1 &= 0xFFF;
+		c2 = 0x7F + c1 / 94;
+		c1 = 0x21 + c1 % 94;
+	    } else {
+		if (encode_fallback) (*encode_fallback)(c1);
+		return;
+	    }
         }
     }
 #endif
@@ -3831,7 +4238,9 @@ void j_oconv(nkf_char c2, nkf_char c1)
         }
         (*o_putc)(c1);
     } else {
-	if(c2<0x20 || 0x7e<c2 || c1<0x20 || 0x7e<c1) return;
+	if(ms_ucs_map_f
+	   ? c2<0x20 || 0x92<c2 || c1<0x20 || 0x7e<c1
+	   : c2<0x20 || 0x7e<c2 || c1<0x20 || 0x7e<c1) return;
 	if(x0213_f){
 	    if (output_mode!=X0213_1) {
 		output_mode = X0213_1;
@@ -4235,7 +4644,7 @@ void hira_conv(nkf_char c2, nkf_char c1)
                 return;
             } else if (c1 == 0x74 && (output_conv == w_oconv || output_conv == w_oconv16)) {
                 c2 = 0;
-                c1 = CLASS_UTF16 | 0x3094;
+                c1 = CLASS_UNICODE | 0x3094;
                 (*o_hira_conv)(c2,c1);
                 return;
             }
@@ -4246,7 +4655,7 @@ void hira_conv(nkf_char c2, nkf_char c1)
         }
     }
     if (hira_f & 2) {
-        if (c2 == 0 && c1 == (CLASS_UTF16 | 0x3094)) {
+        if (c2 == 0 && c1 == (CLASS_UNICODE | 0x3094)) {
             c2 = 0x25;
             c1 = 0x74;
         } else if (c2 == 0x24 && 0x20 < c1 && c1 < 0x74) {
@@ -4634,7 +5043,7 @@ nkf_char numchar_getc(FILE *f)
         }
     }
     if (c != -1){
-        return CLASS_UTF16 | c;
+        return CLASS_UNICODE | c;
     }
     while (i > 0){
         (*u)(buf[i], f);
@@ -5409,14 +5818,14 @@ void reinit(void)
 #endif
 #ifdef UTF8_INPUT_ENABLE
     no_cp932ext_f = FALSE;
-    ignore_zwnbsp_f = TRUE;
     no_best_fit_chars_f = FALSE;
     encode_fallback = NULL;
     unicode_subchar  = '?';
+    input_endian = ENDIAN_BIG;
 #endif
 #ifdef UTF8_OUTPUT_ENABLE
-    unicode_bom_f = 0;
-    w_oconv16_LE = 0;
+    output_bom_f = FALSE;
+    output_endian = ENDIAN_BIG;
 #endif
 #ifdef UNICODE_NORMALIZATION
     nfc_f = FALSE;
@@ -5450,9 +5859,7 @@ void reinit(void)
             prefix_table[i] = 0;
         }
     }
-#ifdef UTF8_INPUT_ENABLE
-    utf16_mode = UTF16BE_INPUT;
-#endif
+    hold_count = 0;
     mimeout_buf_count = 0;
     mimeout_mode = 0;
     base64_count = 0;
@@ -5525,16 +5932,16 @@ void usage(void)
     fprintf(stderr,"Flags:\n");
     fprintf(stderr,"b,u      Output is buffered (DEFAULT),Output is unbuffered\n");
 #ifdef DEFAULT_CODE_SJIS
-    fprintf(stderr,"j,s,e,w  Outout code is JIS 7 bit, Shift_JIS (DEFAULT), EUC-JP, UTF-8N\n");
+    fprintf(stderr,"j,s,e,w  Output code is JIS 7 bit, Shift_JIS (DEFAULT), EUC-JP, UTF-8N\n");
 #endif
 #ifdef DEFAULT_CODE_JIS
-    fprintf(stderr,"j,s,e,w  Outout code is JIS 7 bit (DEFAULT), Shift JIS, EUC-JP, UTF-8N\n");
+    fprintf(stderr,"j,s,e,w  Output code is JIS 7 bit (DEFAULT), Shift JIS, EUC-JP, UTF-8N\n");
 #endif
 #ifdef DEFAULT_CODE_EUC
-    fprintf(stderr,"j,s,e,w  Outout code is JIS 7 bit, Shift JIS, EUC-JP (DEFAULT), UTF-8N\n");
+    fprintf(stderr,"j,s,e,w  Output code is JIS 7 bit, Shift JIS, EUC-JP (DEFAULT), UTF-8N\n");
 #endif
 #ifdef DEFAULT_CODE_UTF8
-    fprintf(stderr,"j,s,e,w  Outout code is JIS 7 bit, Shift JIS, EUC-JP, UTF-8N (DEFAULT)\n");
+    fprintf(stderr,"j,s,e,w  Output code is JIS 7 bit, Shift JIS, EUC-JP, UTF-8N (DEFAULT)\n");
 #endif
 #ifdef UTF8_OUTPUT_ENABLE
     fprintf(stderr,"         After 'w' you can add more options. -w[ 8 [0], 16 [[BL] [0]] ]\n");
diff --git a/ext/nkf/nkf-utf8/utf8tbl.c b/ext/nkf/nkf-utf8/utf8tbl.c
index 9e59956a0a..e43ad553d6 100644
--- a/ext/nkf/nkf-utf8/utf8tbl.c
+++ b/ext/nkf/nkf-utf8/utf8tbl.c
@@ -7544,7 +7544,7 @@ const unsigned short cp932inv[2][189] = {
   0xFBFC, 0xFC40, 0xFC41, 0xFC42, 0xFC43, 0xFC44, 0xFC45, 0xFC46,
   0xFC47, 0xFC48, 0xFC49, 0xFC4A, 0xFC4B,      0,      0, 0xFA40,
   0xFA41, 0xFA42, 0xFA43, 0xFA44, 0xFA45, 0xFA46, 0xFA47, 0xFA48,
-  0xFA49,      0, 0xFA55, 0xFA56, 0xFA57,
+  0xFA49, 0x81CA, 0xFA55, 0xFA56, 0xFA57,
  },
 };
 #endif /* SHIFTJIS_CP932 */
diff --git a/ext/nkf/nkf.c b/ext/nkf/nkf.c
index 8eb92b6cd6..2bb0340a64 100644
--- a/ext/nkf/nkf.c
+++ b/ext/nkf/nkf.c
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ rb_nkf_putchar(c)
     o_len += incsize;
     rb_str_resize(result, o_len);
     incsize *= 2;
-    output = RSTRING(result)->ptr;
+    output = (unsigned char *)RSTRING(result)->ptr;
   }
   output[output_ctr++] = c;
 
@@ -158,13 +158,13 @@ rb_nkf_kconv(obj, opt, src)
 
   input_ctr = 0;
   StringValue(src);
-  input = RSTRING(src)->ptr;
+  input = (unsigned char *)RSTRING(src)->ptr;
   i_len = RSTRING(src)->len;
   result = rb_str_new(0, i_len*3 + 10);
   v = result;
 
   output_ctr = 0;
-  output     = RSTRING(result)->ptr;
+  output     = (unsigned char *)RSTRING(result)->ptr;
   o_len      = RSTRING(result)->len;
   *output    = '\0';
 
@@ -213,7 +213,7 @@ rb_nkf_guess1(obj, src)
   int sequence_counter = 0;
 
   StringValue(src);
-  p = RSTRING(src)->ptr;
+  p = (unsigned char *)RSTRING(src)->ptr;
   pend = p + RSTRING(src)->len;
   if (p == pend) return INT2FIX(_UNKNOWN);
 
@@ -328,7 +328,7 @@ rb_nkf_guess2(obj, src)
 
   input_ctr = 0;
   StringValue(src);
-  input = RSTRING(src)->ptr;
+  input = (unsigned char *)RSTRING(src)->ptr;
   i_len = RSTRING(src)->len;
 
   if(x0201_f == WISH_TRUE)
diff --git a/ext/openssl/extconf.rb b/ext/openssl/extconf.rb
index 11f74ff3d8..02e06b7149 100644
--- a/ext/openssl/extconf.rb
+++ b/ext/openssl/extconf.rb
@@ -36,8 +36,6 @@ end
 message "=== Checking for system dependent stuff... ===\n"
 have_library("nsl", "t_open")
 have_library("socket", "socket")
-have_header("unistd.h")
-have_header("sys/time.h")
 have_header("assert.h")
 
 message "=== Checking for required stuff... ===\n"
@@ -61,6 +59,8 @@ unless have_header("openssl/conf_api.h")
   exit 1
 end
 
+%w"rb_str_set_len rb_block_call".each {|func| have_func(func, "ruby.h")}
+
 message "=== Checking for OpenSSL features... ===\n"
 have_func("ERR_peek_last_error")
 have_func("BN_mod_add")
@@ -83,6 +83,8 @@ have_func("HMAC_CTX_cleanup")
 have_func("HMAC_CTX_copy")
 have_func("HMAC_CTX_init")
 have_func("PEM_def_callback")
+have_func("PKCS5_PBKDF2_HMAC")
+have_func("PKCS5_PBKDF2_HMAC_SHA1")
 have_func("X509V3_set_nconf")
 have_func("X509V3_EXT_nconf_nid")
 have_func("X509_CRL_add0_revoked")
@@ -92,6 +94,7 @@ have_func("X509_CRL_sort")
 have_func("X509_STORE_get_ex_data")
 have_func("X509_STORE_set_ex_data")
 have_func("OBJ_NAME_do_all_sorted")
+have_func("SSL_SESSION_get_id")
 have_func("OPENSSL_cleanse")
 if try_compile("#define FOO(a, ...) foo(a, ##__VA_ARGS__)\n int x(){FOO(1);FOO(1,2);FOO(1,2,3);}\n")
   $defs.push("-DHAVE_VA_ARGS_MACRO")
diff --git a/ext/openssl/lib/net/ftptls.rb b/ext/openssl/lib/net/ftptls.rb
index f433457923..a21c1f6c3c 100644
--- a/ext/openssl/lib/net/ftptls.rb
+++ b/ext/openssl/lib/net/ftptls.rb
@@ -29,13 +29,23 @@ require 'net/ftp'
 
 module Net
   class FTPTLS < FTP
+    def connect(host, port=FTP_PORT)
+      @hostname = host
+      super
+    end
+
     def login(user = "anonymous", passwd = nil, acct = nil)
+       store = OpenSSL::X509::Store.new
+       store.set_default_paths
        ctx = OpenSSL::SSL::SSLContext.new('SSLv23')
+       ctx.cert_store = store
+       ctx.verify_mode = OpenSSL::SSL::VERIFY_PEER
        ctx.key = nil
        ctx.cert = nil
        voidcmd("AUTH TLS")
        @sock = OpenSSL::SSL::SSLSocket.new(@sock, ctx)
        @sock.connect
+       @sock.post_connection_check(@hostname)
        super(user, passwd, acct)
        voidcmd("PBSZ 0")
     end
diff --git a/ext/openssl/lib/net/telnets.rb b/ext/openssl/lib/net/telnets.rb
index a872f41e6a..2b69280432 100644
--- a/ext/openssl/lib/net/telnets.rb
+++ b/ext/openssl/lib/net/telnets.rb
@@ -134,6 +134,9 @@ module Net
             @sock.verify_callback = @options['VerifyCallback']
             @sock.verify_depth    = @options['VerifyDepth']
             @sock.connect
+            if @options['VerifyMode'] != OpenSSL::SSL::VERIFY_NONE
+              @sock.post_connection_check(@options['Host'])
+            end
             @ssl = true
           end
           ''
diff --git a/ext/openssl/lib/openssl.rb b/ext/openssl/lib/openssl.rb
index 24a9eed136..f10985ed2c 100644
--- a/ext/openssl/lib/openssl.rb
+++ b/ext/openssl/lib/openssl.rb
@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@ require 'openssl.so'
 require 'openssl/bn'
 require 'openssl/cipher'
 require 'openssl/digest'
+require 'openssl/pkcs7'
 require 'openssl/ssl'
 require 'openssl/x509'
 
diff --git a/ext/openssl/lib/openssl/cipher.rb b/ext/openssl/lib/openssl/cipher.rb
index 049533d06b..290e9c1d2d 100644
--- a/ext/openssl/lib/openssl/cipher.rb
+++ b/ext/openssl/lib/openssl/cipher.rb
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@
 #require 'openssl'
 
 module OpenSSL
-  module Cipher
+  class Cipher
     %w(AES CAST5 BF DES IDEA RC2 RC4 RC5).each{|name|
       klass = Class.new(Cipher){
         define_method(:initialize){|*args|
@@ -41,18 +41,25 @@ module OpenSSL
       const_set("AES#{keylen}", klass)
     }
 
-    class Cipher
-      def random_key
-        str = OpenSSL::Random.random_bytes(self.key_len)
-        self.key = str
-        return str
-      end
-
-      def random_iv
-        str = OpenSSL::Random.random_bytes(self.iv_len)
-        self.iv = str
-        return str
-      end
+    # Generate, set, and return a random key.
+    # You must call cipher.encrypt or cipher.decrypt before calling this method.
+    def random_key
+      str = OpenSSL::Random.random_bytes(self.key_len)
+      self.key = str
+      return str
+    end
+
+    # Generate, set, and return a random iv.
+    # You must call cipher.encrypt or cipher.decrypt before calling this method.
+    def random_iv
+      str = OpenSSL::Random.random_bytes(self.iv_len)
+      self.iv = str
+      return str
+    end
+
+    # This class is only provided for backwards compatibility.  Use OpenSSL::Digest in the future.
+    class Cipher < Cipher
+      # add warning
     end
   end # Cipher
 end # OpenSSL
diff --git a/ext/openssl/lib/openssl/digest.rb b/ext/openssl/lib/openssl/digest.rb
index b3e4484805..4810f0121b 100644
--- a/ext/openssl/lib/openssl/digest.rb
+++ b/ext/openssl/lib/openssl/digest.rb
@@ -19,13 +19,17 @@
 #require 'openssl'
 
 module OpenSSL
-  module Digest
+  class Digest
 
     alg = %w(DSS DSS1 MD2 MD4 MD5 MDC2 RIPEMD160 SHA SHA1)
     if OPENSSL_VERSION_NUMBER > 0x00908000
       alg += %w(SHA224 SHA256 SHA384 SHA512)
     end
 
+    def self.digest(name, data)
+        super(data, name)
+    end
+
     alg.each{|name|
       klass = Class.new(Digest){
         define_method(:initialize){|*data|
@@ -44,6 +48,14 @@ module OpenSSL
       const_set(name, klass)
     }
 
+    # This class is only provided for backwards compatibility.  Use OpenSSL::Digest in the future.
+    class Digest < Digest
+      def initialize(*args)
+        # add warning
+        super(*args)
+      end
+    end
+
   end # Digest
 end # OpenSSL
 
diff --git a/ext/openssl/lib/openssl/pkcs7.rb b/ext/openssl/lib/openssl/pkcs7.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..1f88c1de5e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ext/openssl/lib/openssl/pkcs7.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+=begin
+= $RCSfile$ -- PKCS7
+
+= Licence
+  This program is licenced under the same licence as Ruby.
+  (See the file 'LICENCE'.)
+
+= Version
+  $Id: digest.rb 12148 2007-04-05 05:59:22Z technorama $
+=end
+
+module OpenSSL
+  class PKCS7
+    # This class is only provided for backwards compatibility.  Use OpenSSL::PKCS7 in the future.
+    class PKCS7 < PKCS7
+      def initialize(*args)
+        super(*args)
+
+        warn("Warning: OpenSSL::PKCS7::PKCS7 is deprecated after Ruby 1.9; use OpenSSL::PKCS7 instead")
+      end
+    end
+
+  end # PKCS7
+end # OpenSSL
+
diff --git a/ext/openssl/lib/openssl/ssl.rb b/ext/openssl/lib/openssl/ssl.rb
index ef7415f478..f722cb0c45 100644
--- a/ext/openssl/lib/openssl/ssl.rb
+++ b/ext/openssl/lib/openssl/ssl.rb
@@ -20,6 +20,33 @@ require "fcntl"
 
 module OpenSSL
   module SSL
+    class SSLContext
+      DEFAULT_PARAMS = {
+        :ssl_version => "SSLv23",
+        :verify_mode => OpenSSL::SSL::VERIFY_PEER,
+        :ciphers => "ALL:!ADH:!EXPORT:!SSLv2:RC4+RSA:+HIGH:+MEDIUM:+LOW",
+        :options => OpenSSL::SSL::OP_ALL,
+      }
+
+      DEFAULT_CERT_STORE = OpenSSL::X509::Store.new
+      DEFAULT_CERT_STORE.set_default_paths
+      if defined?(OpenSSL::X509::V_FLAG_CRL_CHECK_ALL)
+        DEFAULT_CERT_STORE.flags = OpenSSL::X509::V_FLAG_CRL_CHECK_ALL
+      end
+
+      def set_params(params={})
+        params = DEFAULT_PARAMS.merge(params)
+        self.ssl_version = params.delete(:ssl_version)
+        params.each{|name, value| self.__send__("#{name}=", value) }
+        if self.verify_mode != OpenSSL::SSL::VERIFY_NONE
+          unless self.ca_file or self.ca_path or self.cert_store
+            self.cert_store = DEFAULT_CERT_STORE
+          end
+        end
+        return params
+      end
+    end
+
     module SocketForwarder
       def addr
         to_io.addr
@@ -59,36 +86,49 @@ module OpenSSL
       end
     end
 
+    def verify_certificate_identity(cert, hostname)
+      should_verify_common_name = true
+      cert.extensions.each{|ext|
+        next if ext.oid != "subjectAltName"
+        ext.value.split(/,\s+/).each{|general_name|
+          if /\ADNS:(.*)/ =~ general_name
+            should_verify_common_name = false
+            reg = Regexp.escape($1).gsub(/\\\*/, "[^.]+")
+            return true if /\A#{reg}\z/i =~ hostname
+          elsif /\AIP Address:(.*)/ =~ general_name
+            should_verify_common_name = false
+            return true if $1 == hostname
+          end
+        }
+      }
+      if should_verify_common_name
+        cert.subject.to_a.each{|oid, value|
+          if oid == "CN"
+            reg = Regexp.escape(value).gsub(/\\\*/, "[^.]+")
+            return true if /\A#{reg}\z/i =~ hostname
+          end
+        }
+      end
+      return false
+    end
+    module_function :verify_certificate_identity
+
     class SSLSocket
       include Buffering
       include SocketForwarder
       include Nonblock
 
       def post_connection_check(hostname)
-        check_common_name = true
-        cert = peer_cert
-        cert.extensions.each{|ext|
-          next if ext.oid != "subjectAltName"
-          ext.value.split(/,\s+/).each{|general_name|
-            if /\ADNS:(.*)/ =~ general_name
-              check_common_name = false
-              reg = Regexp.escape($1).gsub(/\\\*/, "[^.]+")
-              return true if /\A#{reg}\z/i =~ hostname
-            elsif /\AIP Address:(.*)/ =~ general_name
-              check_common_name = false
-              return true if $1 == hostname
-            end
-          }
-        }
-        if check_common_name
-          cert.subject.to_a.each{|oid, value|
-            if oid == "CN"
-              reg = Regexp.escape(value).gsub(/\\\*/, "[^.]+")
-              return true if /\A#{reg}\z/i =~ hostname
-            end
-          }
+        unless OpenSSL::SSL.verify_certificate_identity(peer_cert, hostname)
+          raise SSLError, "hostname was not match with the server certificate"
         end
-        raise SSLError, "hostname not match"
+        return true
+      end
+
+      def session
+        SSL::Session.new(self)
+      rescue SSL::Session::SessionError
+        nil
       end
     end
 
@@ -114,6 +154,10 @@ module OpenSSL
         @svr.listen(backlog)
       end
 
+      def shutdown(how=Socket::SHUT_RDWR)
+        @svr.shutdown(how)
+      end
+
       def accept
         sock = @svr.accept
         begin
diff --git a/ext/openssl/openssl_missing.c b/ext/openssl/openssl_missing.c
index f77731ed65..724f36b8ae 100644
--- a/ext/openssl/openssl_missing.c
+++ b/ext/openssl/openssl_missing.c
@@ -22,17 +22,15 @@
 #include "openssl_missing.h"
 
 #if !defined(HAVE_HMAC_CTX_COPY)
-int
+void
 HMAC_CTX_copy(HMAC_CTX *out, HMAC_CTX *in)
 {
-    if (!out || !in) return 0;
+    if (!out || !in) return;
     memcpy(out, in, sizeof(HMAC_CTX));
 
-    if (!EVP_MD_CTX_copy(&out->md_ctx, &in->md_ctx)
-	    || !EVP_MD_CTX_copy(&out->i_ctx, &in->i_ctx)
-	    || !EVP_MD_CTX_copy(&out->o_ctx, &in->o_ctx))
-	return 0;
-    return 1;
+    EVP_MD_CTX_copy(&out->md_ctx, &in->md_ctx);
+    EVP_MD_CTX_copy(&out->i_ctx, &in->i_ctx);
+    EVP_MD_CTX_copy(&out->o_ctx, &in->o_ctx);
 }
 #endif /* HAVE_HMAC_CTX_COPY */
 #endif /* NO_HMAC */
diff --git a/ext/openssl/openssl_missing.h b/ext/openssl/openssl_missing.h
index e8c75ca42c..5a71f73c64 100644
--- a/ext/openssl/openssl_missing.h
+++ b/ext/openssl/openssl_missing.h
@@ -15,6 +15,10 @@
 extern "C" {
 #endif
 
+#ifndef TYPEDEF_D2I_OF
+typedef char *d2i_of_void();
+#endif
+
 /*
  * These functions are not included in headers of OPENSSL <= 0.9.6b
  */
@@ -56,14 +60,33 @@ extern "C" {
 	(char *(*)())d2i_PKCS7_RECIP_INFO, (char *)ri)
 #endif
 
+#if !defined(HAVE_EVP_MD_CTX_INIT)
 void HMAC_CTX_init(HMAC_CTX *ctx);
-int HMAC_CTX_copy(HMAC_CTX *out, HMAC_CTX *in);
+#endif
+
+#if !defined(HAVE_HMAC_CTX_COPY)
+void HMAC_CTX_copy(HMAC_CTX *out, HMAC_CTX *in);
+#endif
+
+#if !defined(HAVE_HMAC_CTX_CLEANUP)
 void HMAC_CTX_cleanup(HMAC_CTX *ctx);
+#endif
 
+#if !defined(HAVE_EVP_MD_CTX_CREATE)
 EVP_MD_CTX *EVP_MD_CTX_create(void);
+#endif
+
+#if !defined(HAVE_EVP_MD_CTX_INIT)
 void EVP_MD_CTX_init(EVP_MD_CTX *ctx);
+#endif
+
+#if !defined(HAVE_EVP_MD_CTX_CLEANUP)
 int EVP_MD_CTX_cleanup(EVP_MD_CTX *ctx);
+#endif
+
+#if !defined(HAVE_EVP_MD_CTX_DESTROY)
 void EVP_MD_CTX_destroy(EVP_MD_CTX *ctx);
+#endif
 
 #if !defined(HAVE_EVP_CIPHER_CTX_COPY)
 int EVP_CIPHER_CTX_copy(EVP_CIPHER_CTX *out, EVP_CIPHER_CTX *in);
@@ -107,19 +130,54 @@ int EVP_CIPHER_CTX_copy(EVP_CIPHER_CTX *out, EVP_CIPHER_CTX *in);
 #define OPENSSL_cleanse(p, l) memset(p, 0, l)
 #endif
 
+#if !defined(HAVE_X509_STORE_SET_EX_DATA)
 void *X509_STORE_get_ex_data(X509_STORE *str, int idx);
 int X509_STORE_set_ex_data(X509_STORE *str, int idx, void *data);
+#endif
+
+#if !defined(HAVE_X509_CRL_SET_VERSION)
 int X509_CRL_set_version(X509_CRL *x, long version);
+#endif
+
+#if !defined(HAVE_X509_CRL_SET_ISSUER_NAME)
 int X509_CRL_set_issuer_name(X509_CRL *x, X509_NAME *name);
+#endif
+
+#if !defined(HAVE_X509_CRL_SORT)
 int X509_CRL_sort(X509_CRL *c);
+#endif
+
+#if !defined(HAVE_X509_CRL_ADD0_REVOKED)
 int X509_CRL_add0_revoked(X509_CRL *crl, X509_REVOKED *rev);
+#endif
+
+#if !defined(HAVE_BN_MOD_SQR)
 int BN_mod_sqr(BIGNUM *r, const BIGNUM *a, const BIGNUM *m, BN_CTX *ctx);
+#endif
+
+#if !defined(HAVE_BN_MOD_ADD)
 int BN_mod_add(BIGNUM *r, const BIGNUM *a, const BIGNUM *b, const BIGNUM *m, BN_CTX *ctx);
+#endif
+
+#if !defined(HAVE_BN_MOD_SUB)
 int BN_mod_sub(BIGNUM *r, const BIGNUM *a, const BIGNUM *b, const BIGNUM *m, BN_CTX *ctx);
+#endif
+
+#if !defined(HAVE_BN_RAND_RANGE)
 int BN_rand_range(BIGNUM *r, BIGNUM *range);
+#endif
+
+#if !defined(HAVE_BN_PSEUDO_RAND_RANGE)
 int BN_pseudo_rand_range(BIGNUM *r, BIGNUM *range);
+#endif
+
+#if !defined(HAVE_CONF_GET1_DEFAULT_CONFIG_FILE)
 char *CONF_get1_default_config_file(void);
+#endif
+
+#if !defined(HAVE_PEM_DEF_CALLBACK)
 int PEM_def_callback(char *buf, int num, int w, void *key);
+#endif
 
 #if defined(__cplusplus)
 }
diff --git a/ext/openssl/ossl.c b/ext/openssl/ossl.c
index a98f2641cc..53f476fd65 100644
--- a/ext/openssl/ossl.c
+++ b/ext/openssl/ossl.c
@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ ossl_x509_ary2sk0(VALUE ary)
     sk = sk_X509_new_null();
     if (!sk) ossl_raise(eOSSLError, NULL); 
 
-    for (i = 0; i < RARRAY(ary)->len; i++) {
+    for (i = 0; i < RARRAY_LEN(ary); i++) {
         val = rb_ary_entry(ary, i);
         if (!rb_obj_is_kind_of(val, cX509Cert)) {
             sk_X509_pop_free(sk, X509_free);
@@ -131,7 +131,7 @@ ossl_buf2str(char *buf, int len)
     int status = 0;
 
     str = rb_protect((VALUE(*)_((VALUE)))ossl_str_new, len, &status);
-    if(!NIL_P(str)) memcpy(RSTRING(str)->ptr, buf, len);
+    if(!NIL_P(str)) memcpy(RSTRING_PTR(str), buf, len);
     OPENSSL_free(buf);
     if(status) rb_jump_tag(status);
 
@@ -170,7 +170,7 @@ ossl_pem_passwd_cb(char *buf, int max_len, int flag, void *pwd)
 	rflag = flag ? Qtrue : Qfalse;
 	pass  = rb_protect(ossl_pem_passwd_cb0, rflag, &status);
 	if (status) return -1; /* exception was raised. */
-	len = RSTRING(pass)->len;
+	len = RSTRING_LEN(pass);
 	if (len < 4) { /* 4 is OpenSSL hardcoded limit */
 	    rb_warning("password must be longer than 4 bytes");
 	    continue;
@@ -179,7 +179,7 @@ ossl_pem_passwd_cb(char *buf, int max_len, int flag, void *pwd)
 	    rb_warning("password must be shorter then %d bytes", max_len-1);
 	    continue;
 	}
-	memcpy(buf, RSTRING(pass)->ptr, len);
+	memcpy(buf, RSTRING_PTR(pass), len);
 	break;
     }
     return len;
@@ -310,6 +310,14 @@ ossl_raise(VALUE exc, const char *fmt, ...)
     rb_exc_raise(rb_exc_new(exc, buf, len));
 }
 
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *   OpenSSL.errors -> [String...]
+ *
+ * See any remaining errors held in queue.
+ *
+ * Any errors you see here are probably due to a bug in ruby's OpenSSL implementation.
+ */
 VALUE
 ossl_get_errors()
 {
@@ -345,12 +353,23 @@ ossl_debug(const char *fmt, ...)
 }
 #endif
 
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *   OpenSSL.debug -> true | false
+ */
 static VALUE
 ossl_debug_get(VALUE self)
 {
     return dOSSL;
 }
 
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *   OpenSSL.debug = boolean -> boolean
+ *
+ * Turns on or off CRYPTO_MEM_CHECK.
+ * Also shows some debugging message on stderr.
+ */
 static VALUE
 ossl_debug_set(VALUE self, VALUE val)
 {
@@ -427,8 +446,8 @@ Init_openssl()
     /*
      * Verify callback Proc index for ext-data
      */
-    ossl_verify_cb_idx =
-	X509_STORE_CTX_get_ex_new_index(0, "ossl_verify_cb_idx", 0, 0, 0);
+    if ((ossl_verify_cb_idx = X509_STORE_CTX_get_ex_new_index(0, "ossl_verify_cb_idx", 0, 0, 0)) < 0)
+        ossl_raise(eOSSLError, "X509_STORE_CTX_get_ex_new_index");
 
     /*
      * Init debug core
@@ -454,6 +473,7 @@ Init_openssl()
     Init_ossl_ns_spki();
     Init_ossl_pkcs12();
     Init_ossl_pkcs7();
+    Init_ossl_pkcs5();
     Init_ossl_pkey();
     Init_ossl_rand();
     Init_ossl_ssl();
diff --git a/ext/openssl/ossl.h b/ext/openssl/ossl.h
index 73e7246c46..3cc30ae2e8 100644
--- a/ext/openssl/ossl.h
+++ b/ext/openssl/ossl.h
@@ -17,6 +17,20 @@
 extern "C" {
 #endif
 
+#if 0
+  mOSSL = rb_define_module("OpenSSL");
+  mX509 = rb_define_module_under(mOSSL, "X509");
+#endif
+
+/*
+* OpenSSL has defined RFILE and Ruby has defined RFILE - so undef it!
+*/
+#if defined(RFILE) /*&& !defined(OSSL_DEBUG)*/
+#  undef RFILE
+#endif
+#include <ruby.h>
+#include <rubyio.h>
+
 /*
  * Check the OpenSSL version
  * The only supported are:
@@ -31,8 +45,12 @@ extern "C" {
 #endif
 
 #if defined(_WIN32)
-#  define OpenFile WINAPI_OpenFile
 #  define OSSL_NO_CONF_API 1
+#  ifdef USE_WINSOCK2
+#    include <winsock2.h>
+#  else
+#    include <winsock.h>
+#  endif
 #endif
 #include <errno.h>
 #include <openssl/err.h>
@@ -55,18 +73,6 @@ extern "C" {
 #  define OSSL_OCSP_ENABLED
 #  include <openssl/ocsp.h>
 #endif
-#if defined(_WIN32)
-#  undef OpenFile
-#endif
-
-/*
- * OpenSSL has defined RFILE and Ruby has defined RFILE - so undef it!
- */
-#if defined(RFILE) /*&& !defined(OSSL_DEBUG)*/
-#  undef RFILE
-#endif
-#include <ruby.h>
-#include <rubyio.h>
 
 /*
  * Common Module
@@ -117,11 +123,10 @@ VALUE ossl_x509crl_sk2ary(STACK_OF(X509_CRL) *crl);
 VALUE ossl_buf2str(char *buf, int len);
 #define ossl_str_adjust(str, p) \
 do{\
-    int len = RSTRING(str)->len;\
-    int newlen = (p) - (unsigned char*)RSTRING(str)->ptr;\
+    int len = RSTRING_LEN(str);\
+    int newlen = (p) - (unsigned char*)RSTRING_PTR(str);\
     assert(newlen <= len);\
-    RSTRING(str)->len = newlen;\
-    RSTRING(str)->ptr[newlen] = 0;\
+    rb_str_set_len(str, newlen);\
 }while(0)
 
 /*
@@ -202,6 +207,7 @@ void ossl_debug(const char *, ...);
 #include "ossl_ocsp.h"
 #include "ossl_pkcs12.h"
 #include "ossl_pkcs7.h"
+#include "ossl_pkcs5.h"
 #include "ossl_pkey.h"
 #include "ossl_rand.h"
 #include "ossl_ssl.h"
diff --git a/ext/openssl/ossl_asn1.c b/ext/openssl/ossl_asn1.c
index ee3d8599ad..8ceea95021 100644
--- a/ext/openssl/ossl_asn1.c
+++ b/ext/openssl/ossl_asn1.c
@@ -214,7 +214,7 @@ obj_to_asn1bstr(VALUE obj, long unused_bits)
     StringValue(obj);
     if(!(bstr = ASN1_BIT_STRING_new()))
 	ossl_raise(eASN1Error, NULL);
-    ASN1_BIT_STRING_set(bstr, RSTRING(obj)->ptr, RSTRING(obj)->len);
+    ASN1_BIT_STRING_set(bstr, RSTRING_PTR(obj), RSTRING_LEN(obj));
     bstr->flags &= ~(ASN1_STRING_FLAG_BITS_LEFT|0x07); /* clear */
     bstr->flags |= ASN1_STRING_FLAG_BITS_LEFT|(unused_bits&0x07);
 
@@ -229,7 +229,7 @@ obj_to_asn1str(VALUE obj)
     StringValue(obj);
     if(!(str = ASN1_STRING_new()))
 	ossl_raise(eASN1Error, NULL);
-    ASN1_STRING_set(str, RSTRING(obj)->ptr, RSTRING(obj)->len);
+    ASN1_STRING_set(str, RSTRING_PTR(obj), RSTRING_LEN(obj));
 
     return str;
 }
@@ -253,8 +253,8 @@ obj_to_asn1obj(VALUE obj)
     ASN1_OBJECT *a1obj;
 
     StringValue(obj);
-    a1obj = OBJ_txt2obj(RSTRING(obj)->ptr, 0);
-    if(!a1obj) a1obj = OBJ_txt2obj(RSTRING(obj)->ptr, 1);
+    a1obj = OBJ_txt2obj(RSTRING_PTR(obj), 0);
+    if(!a1obj) a1obj = OBJ_txt2obj(RSTRING_PTR(obj), 1);
     if(!a1obj) ossl_raise(eASN1Error, "invalid OBJECT ID");
 
     return a1obj;
@@ -295,7 +295,7 @@ obj_to_asn1derstr(VALUE obj)
     str = ossl_to_der(obj);
     if(!(a1str = ASN1_STRING_new()))
 	ossl_raise(eASN1Error, NULL);
-    ASN1_STRING_set(a1str, RSTRING(str)->ptr, RSTRING(str)->len);
+    ASN1_STRING_set(a1str, RSTRING_PTR(str), RSTRING_LEN(str));
 
     return a1str;
 }
@@ -445,7 +445,7 @@ decode_time(unsigned char* der, int length)
 /********/
 
 typedef struct {
-    char *name;
+    const char *name;
     VALUE *klass;
 } ossl_asn1_info_t;
 
@@ -678,7 +678,7 @@ static VALUE
 join_der(VALUE enumerable)
 {
     VALUE str = rb_str_new(0, 0);
-    rb_iterate(rb_each, enumerable, join_der_i, str);
+    rb_block_call(enumerable, rb_intern("each"), 0, 0, join_der_i, str);
     return str;
 }
 
@@ -699,13 +699,13 @@ ossl_asn1data_to_der(VALUE self)
 
     tag = ossl_asn1_tag(self);
     tag_class = ossl_asn1_tag_class(self);
-    if((length = ASN1_object_size(1, RSTRING(value)->len, tag)) <= 0)
+    if((length = ASN1_object_size(1, RSTRING_LEN(value), tag)) <= 0)
 	ossl_raise(eASN1Error, NULL);
     der = rb_str_new(0, length);
-    p = RSTRING(der)->ptr;
-    ASN1_put_object(&p, is_cons, RSTRING(value)->len, tag, tag_class);
-    memcpy(p, RSTRING(value)->ptr, RSTRING(value)->len);
-    p += RSTRING(value)->len;
+    p = RSTRING_PTR(der);
+    ASN1_put_object(&p, is_cons, RSTRING_LEN(value), tag, tag_class);
+    memcpy(p, RSTRING_PTR(value), RSTRING_LEN(value));
+    p += RSTRING_LEN(value);
     ossl_str_adjust(der, p);
 
     return der;
@@ -824,8 +824,8 @@ ossl_asn1_traverse(VALUE self, VALUE obj)
 
     obj = ossl_to_der_if_possible(obj);
     tmp = rb_str_new4(StringValue(obj));
-    p = RSTRING(tmp)->ptr;
-    ossl_asn1_decode0(&p, RSTRING(tmp)->len, &offset, 0, 0, 1);
+    p = RSTRING_PTR(tmp);
+    ossl_asn1_decode0(&p, RSTRING_LEN(tmp), &offset, 0, 0, 1);
 
     return Qnil;
 }
@@ -840,8 +840,8 @@ ossl_asn1_decode(VALUE self, VALUE obj)
 
     obj = ossl_to_der_if_possible(obj);
     tmp = rb_str_new4(StringValue(obj));
-    p = RSTRING(tmp)->ptr;
-    ary = ossl_asn1_decode0(&p, RSTRING(tmp)->len, &offset, 0, 1, 0);
+    p = RSTRING_PTR(tmp);
+    ary = ossl_asn1_decode0(&p, RSTRING_LEN(tmp), &offset, 0, 1, 0);
     ret = rb_ary_entry(ary, 0);
 
     return ret;
@@ -857,8 +857,8 @@ ossl_asn1_decode_all(VALUE self, VALUE obj)
 
     obj = ossl_to_der_if_possible(obj);
     tmp = rb_str_new4(StringValue(obj));
-    p = RSTRING(tmp)->ptr;
-    ret = ossl_asn1_decode0(&p, RSTRING(tmp)->len, &offset, 0, 0, 0);
+    p = RSTRING_PTR(tmp);
+    ret = ossl_asn1_decode0(&p, RSTRING_LEN(tmp), &offset, 0, 0, 0);
 
     return ret;
 }
@@ -973,21 +973,21 @@ ossl_asn1cons_to_der(VALUE self)
     explicit = ossl_asn1_is_explicit(self);
     value = join_der(ossl_asn1_get_value(self));
 
-    seq_len = ASN1_object_size(1, RSTRING(value)->len, tag);
+    seq_len = ASN1_object_size(1, RSTRING_LEN(value), tag);
     length = ASN1_object_size(1, seq_len, tn);
     str = rb_str_new(0, length);
-    p = RSTRING(str)->ptr;
+    p = RSTRING_PTR(str);
     if(tc == V_ASN1_UNIVERSAL)
-	ASN1_put_object(&p, 1, RSTRING(value)->len, tn, tc);
+	ASN1_put_object(&p, 1, RSTRING_LEN(value), tn, tc);
     else{
 	if(explicit){
 	    ASN1_put_object(&p, 1, seq_len, tn, tc);
-	    ASN1_put_object(&p, 1, RSTRING(value)->len, tag, V_ASN1_UNIVERSAL);
+	    ASN1_put_object(&p, 1, RSTRING_LEN(value), tag, V_ASN1_UNIVERSAL);
 	}
-	else ASN1_put_object(&p, 1, RSTRING(value)->len, tn, tc);
+	else ASN1_put_object(&p, 1, RSTRING_LEN(value), tn, tc);
     }
-    memcpy(p, RSTRING(value)->ptr, RSTRING(value)->len);
-    p += RSTRING(value)->len;
+    memcpy(p, RSTRING_PTR(value), RSTRING_LEN(value));
+    p += RSTRING_LEN(value);
     ossl_str_adjust(str, p);
 
     return str;
@@ -1007,7 +1007,7 @@ ossl_asn1obj_s_register(VALUE self, VALUE oid, VALUE sn, VALUE ln)
     StringValue(sn);
     StringValue(ln);
 
-    if(!OBJ_create(RSTRING(oid)->ptr, RSTRING(sn)->ptr, RSTRING(ln)->ptr))
+    if(!OBJ_create(RSTRING_PTR(oid), RSTRING_PTR(sn), RSTRING_PTR(ln)))
 	ossl_raise(eASN1Error, NULL);
 
     return Qtrue;
@@ -1087,6 +1087,10 @@ Init_ossl_asn1()
     VALUE ary;
     int i;
 
+#if 0 /* let rdoc know about mOSSL */
+    mOSSL = rb_define_module("OpenSSL");
+#endif
+
     sUNIVERSAL = rb_intern("UNIVERSAL");
     sCONTEXT_SPECIFIC = rb_intern("CONTEXT_SPECIFIC");
     sAPPLICATION = rb_intern("APPLICATION");
@@ -1108,9 +1112,9 @@ Init_ossl_asn1()
     }
 
     cASN1Data = rb_define_class_under(mASN1, "ASN1Data", rb_cObject);
-    rb_attr(cASN1Data, rb_intern("value"), 1, 1, Qtrue);
-    rb_attr(cASN1Data, rb_intern("tag"), 1, 1, Qtrue);
-    rb_attr(cASN1Data, rb_intern("tag_class"), 1, 1, Qtrue);
+    rb_attr(cASN1Data, rb_intern("value"), 1, 1, 0);
+    rb_attr(cASN1Data, rb_intern("tag"), 1, 1, 0);
+    rb_attr(cASN1Data, rb_intern("tag_class"), 1, 1, 0);
     rb_define_method(cASN1Data, "initialize", ossl_asn1data_initialize, 3);
     rb_define_method(cASN1Data, "to_der", ossl_asn1data_to_der, 0);
 
@@ -1162,5 +1166,5 @@ do{\
     rb_define_method(cASN1ObjectId, "oid", ossl_asn1obj_get_oid, 0);
     rb_define_alias(cASN1ObjectId, "short_name", "sn");
     rb_define_alias(cASN1ObjectId, "long_name", "ln");
-    rb_attr(cASN1BitString, rb_intern("unused_bits"), 1, 1, Qtrue);
+    rb_attr(cASN1BitString, rb_intern("unused_bits"), 1, 1, 0);
 }
diff --git a/ext/openssl/ossl_bio.c b/ext/openssl/ossl_bio.c
index 9c9aa24197..6db1fb9a62 100644
--- a/ext/openssl/ossl_bio.c
+++ b/ext/openssl/ossl_bio.c
@@ -19,16 +19,29 @@ ossl_obj2bio(VALUE obj)
     BIO *bio;
 
     if (TYPE(obj) == T_FILE) {
-	OpenFile *fptr;
+	rb_io_t *fptr;
+	FILE *fp;
+	int fd;
+
 	GetOpenFile(obj, fptr);
 	rb_io_check_readable(fptr);
-	bio = BIO_new_fp(fptr->f, BIO_NOCLOSE);
-    }       
+	if ((fd = dup(FPTR_TO_FD(fptr))) < 0){
+	    rb_sys_fail(0);
+	}
+	if (!(fp = fdopen(fd, "r"))){
+	    close(fd);
+	    rb_sys_fail(0);
+	}
+	if (!(bio = BIO_new_fp(fp, BIO_CLOSE))){
+	    fclose(fp);
+	    ossl_raise(eOSSLError, NULL);
+	}
+    }
     else {
 	StringValue(obj);
-	bio = BIO_new_mem_buf(RSTRING(obj)->ptr, RSTRING(obj)->len);
+	bio = BIO_new_mem_buf(RSTRING_PTR(obj), RSTRING_LEN(obj));
+	if (!bio) ossl_raise(eOSSLError, NULL);
     }
-    if (!bio) ossl_raise(eOSSLError, NULL);
 
     return bio;
 }
diff --git a/ext/openssl/ossl_bn.c b/ext/openssl/ossl_bn.c
index 47a607e60f..6856476261 100644
--- a/ext/openssl/ossl_bn.c
+++ b/ext/openssl/ossl_bn.c
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ VALUE eBNError;
  * Public
  */
 VALUE
-ossl_bn_new(BIGNUM *bn)
+ossl_bn_new(const BIGNUM *bn)
 {
     BIGNUM *newbn;
     VALUE obj;
@@ -100,6 +100,13 @@ ossl_bn_alloc(VALUE klass)
     return obj;
 }
 
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *    BN.new => aBN
+ *    BN.new(bn) => aBN
+ *    BN.new(string) => aBN
+ *    BN.new(string, 0 | 2 | 10 | 16) => aBN
+ */
 static VALUE
 ossl_bn_initialize(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
 {
@@ -124,22 +131,22 @@ ossl_bn_initialize(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
 
     switch (base) {
     case 0:
-	if (!BN_mpi2bn(RSTRING(str)->ptr, RSTRING(str)->len, bn)) {
+	if (!BN_mpi2bn(RSTRING_PTR(str), RSTRING_LEN(str), bn)) {
 	    ossl_raise(eBNError, NULL);
 	}
 	break;
     case 2:
-	if (!BN_bin2bn(RSTRING(str)->ptr, RSTRING(str)->len, bn)) {
+	if (!BN_bin2bn(RSTRING_PTR(str), RSTRING_LEN(str), bn)) {
 	    ossl_raise(eBNError, NULL);
 	}
 	break;
     case 10:
-	if (!BN_dec2bn(&bn, RSTRING(str)->ptr)) {
+	if (!BN_dec2bn(&bn, RSTRING_PTR(str))) {
 	    ossl_raise(eBNError, NULL);
 	}
 	break;
     case 16:
-	if (!BN_hex2bn(&bn, RSTRING(str)->ptr)) {
+	if (!BN_hex2bn(&bn, RSTRING_PTR(str))) {
 	    ossl_raise(eBNError, NULL);
 	}
 	break;
@@ -149,6 +156,19 @@ ossl_bn_initialize(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
     return self;
 }
 
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *    bn.to_s => string
+ *    bn.to_s(base) => string
+ *
+ * === Parameters
+ * * +base+ - integer
+ * * * Valid values:
+ * * * * 0 - MPI
+ * * * * 2 - binary
+ * * * * 10 - the default
+ * * * * 16 - hex
+ */
 static VALUE
 ossl_bn_to_s(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
 {
@@ -165,13 +185,13 @@ ossl_bn_to_s(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
     case 0:
 	len = BN_bn2mpi(bn, NULL);
         str = rb_str_new(0, len);
-	if (BN_bn2mpi(bn, RSTRING(str)->ptr) != len)
+	if (BN_bn2mpi(bn, RSTRING_PTR(str)) != len)
 	    ossl_raise(eBNError, NULL);
 	break;
     case 2:
 	len = BN_num_bytes(bn);
         str = rb_str_new(0, len);
-	if (BN_bn2bin(bn, RSTRING(str)->ptr) != len)
+	if (BN_bn2bin(bn, RSTRING_PTR(str)) != len)
 	    ossl_raise(eBNError, NULL);
 	break;
     case 10:
@@ -189,6 +209,10 @@ ossl_bn_to_s(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
     return str;
 }
 
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *    bn.to_i => integer
+ */
 static VALUE
 ossl_bn_to_i(VALUE self)
 {
@@ -233,6 +257,11 @@ ossl_bn_coerce(VALUE self, VALUE other)
 }
 
 #define BIGNUM_BOOL1(func)				\
+    /*							\
+     * call-seq:					\
+     *   bn.##func -> true | false			\
+     *							\
+     */							\
     static VALUE					\
     ossl_bn_##func(VALUE self)				\
     {							\
@@ -248,6 +277,11 @@ BIGNUM_BOOL1(is_one);
 BIGNUM_BOOL1(is_odd);
 
 #define BIGNUM_1c(func)					\
+    /*							\
+     * call-seq:					\
+     *   bn.##func -> aBN				\
+     *							\
+     */							\
     static VALUE					\
     ossl_bn_##func(VALUE self)				\
     {							\
@@ -267,6 +301,11 @@ BIGNUM_BOOL1(is_odd);
 BIGNUM_1c(sqr);
 
 #define BIGNUM_2(func)					\
+    /*							\
+     * call-seq:					\
+     *   bn.##func(bn2) -> aBN				\
+     *							\
+     */							\
     static VALUE					\
     ossl_bn_##func(VALUE self, VALUE other)		\
     {							\
@@ -287,6 +326,11 @@ BIGNUM_2(add);
 BIGNUM_2(sub);
 
 #define BIGNUM_2c(func)						\
+    /*								\
+     * call-seq:						\
+     *   bn.##func(bn2) -> aBN					\
+     *								\
+     */								\
     static VALUE						\
     ossl_bn_##func(VALUE self, VALUE other)			\
     {								\
@@ -310,6 +354,10 @@ BIGNUM_2c(gcd);
 BIGNUM_2c(mod_sqr);
 BIGNUM_2c(mod_inverse);
 
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *    bn1 / bn2 => [result, remainder]
+ */
 static VALUE
 ossl_bn_div(VALUE self, VALUE other)
 {
@@ -337,6 +385,11 @@ ossl_bn_div(VALUE self, VALUE other)
 }
 
 #define BIGNUM_3c(func)						\
+    /*								\
+     * call-seq:						\
+     *   bn.##func(bn1, bn2) -> aBN				\
+     *								\
+     */								\
     static VALUE						\
     ossl_bn_##func(VALUE self, VALUE other1, VALUE other2)	\
     {								\
@@ -360,6 +413,11 @@ BIGNUM_3c(mod_mul);
 BIGNUM_3c(mod_exp);
 
 #define BIGNUM_BIT(func)				\
+    /*							\
+     * call-seq:					\
+     *   bn.##func(bit) -> self				\
+     *							\
+     */							\
     static VALUE					\
     ossl_bn_##func(VALUE self, VALUE bit)		\
     {							\
@@ -374,6 +432,10 @@ BIGNUM_BIT(set_bit);
 BIGNUM_BIT(clear_bit);
 BIGNUM_BIT(mask_bits);
 
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *    bn.bit_set?(bit) => true | false
+ */
 static VALUE
 ossl_bn_is_bit_set(VALUE self, VALUE bit)
 {
@@ -389,6 +451,11 @@ ossl_bn_is_bit_set(VALUE self, VALUE bit)
 }
 
 #define BIGNUM_SHIFT(func)				\
+    /*							\
+     * call-seq:					\
+     *   bn.##func(bits) -> aBN				\
+     *							\
+     */							\
     static VALUE					\
     ossl_bn_##func(VALUE self, VALUE bits)		\
     {							\
@@ -410,7 +477,32 @@ ossl_bn_is_bit_set(VALUE self, VALUE bit)
 BIGNUM_SHIFT(lshift);
 BIGNUM_SHIFT(rshift);
 
+#define BIGNUM_SELF_SHIFT(func)				\
+    /*							\
+     * call-seq:					\
+     *   bn.##func!(bits) -> self			\
+     *							\
+     */							\
+    static VALUE					\
+    ossl_bn_self_##func(VALUE self, VALUE bits)		\
+    {							\
+	BIGNUM *bn;					\
+	int b;						\
+	b = NUM2INT(bits);				\
+	GetBN(self, bn);				\
+	if (!BN_##func(bn, bn, b))			\
+		ossl_raise(eBNError, NULL);		\
+	return self;					\
+    }
+BIGNUM_SELF_SHIFT(lshift);
+BIGNUM_SELF_SHIFT(rshift);
+
 #define BIGNUM_RAND(func)					\
+    /*								\
+     * call-seq:						\
+     *   BN.##func(bits [, fill [, odd]]) -> aBN		\
+     *								\
+     */								\
     static VALUE						\
     ossl_bn_s_##func(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE klass)	\
     {								\
@@ -423,7 +515,7 @@ BIGNUM_SHIFT(rshift);
 	    bottom = (odd == Qtrue) ? 1 : 0;			\
 	    /* FALLTHROUGH */					\
 	case 2:							\
-	    top = FIX2INT(fill);				\
+	    top = NUM2INT(fill);				\
 	}							\
 	b = NUM2INT(bits);					\
 	if (!(result = BN_new())) {				\
@@ -440,6 +532,11 @@ BIGNUM_RAND(rand);
 BIGNUM_RAND(pseudo_rand);
 
 #define BIGNUM_RAND_RANGE(func)					\
+    /*								\
+     * call-seq:						\
+     *   BN.##func(range) -> aBN				\
+     *								\
+     */								\
     static VALUE						\
     ossl_bn_s_##func##_range(VALUE klass, VALUE range)		\
     {								\
@@ -458,6 +555,16 @@ BIGNUM_RAND(pseudo_rand);
 BIGNUM_RAND_RANGE(rand);
 BIGNUM_RAND_RANGE(pseudo_rand);
 
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *    BN.generate_prime(bits, [, safe [, add [, rem]]]) => bn
+ *
+ * === Parameters
+ * * +bits+ - integer
+ * * +safe+ - boolean
+ * * +add+ - BN
+ * * +rem+ - BN
+ */
 static VALUE
 ossl_bn_s_generate_prime(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE klass)
 {
@@ -473,12 +580,8 @@ ossl_bn_s_generate_prime(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE klass)
 	safe = 0;
     }
     if (!NIL_P(vadd)) {
-	if (NIL_P(vrem)) {
-	    ossl_raise(rb_eArgError,
-		       "if ADD is specified, REM must be also given");
-	}
 	add = GetBNPtr(vadd);
-	rem = GetBNPtr(vrem);
+	rem = NIL_P(vrem) ? NULL : GetBNPtr(vrem);
     }
     if (!(result = BN_new())) {
 	ossl_raise(eBNError, NULL);
@@ -489,10 +592,15 @@ ossl_bn_s_generate_prime(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE klass)
     }
     WrapBN(klass, obj, result);
     
-	return obj;
+    return obj;
 }
 
 #define BIGNUM_NUM(func)			\
+    /*							\
+     * call-seq:					\
+     *   bn.##func -> integer				\
+     *							\
+     */							\
     static VALUE 				\
     ossl_bn_##func(VALUE self)			\
     {						\
@@ -522,6 +630,11 @@ ossl_bn_copy(VALUE self, VALUE other)
 }
 
 #define BIGNUM_CMP(func)				\
+    /*							\
+     * call-seq:					\
+     *   bn.##func(bn2) -> integer			\
+     *							\
+     */							\
     static VALUE					\
     ossl_bn_##func(VALUE self, VALUE other)		\
     {							\
@@ -541,6 +654,14 @@ ossl_bn_eql(VALUE self, VALUE other)
     return Qfalse;
 }
 
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *    bn.prime? => true | false
+ *    bn.prime?(checks) => true | false
+ *
+ * === Parameters
+ * * +checks+ - integer
+ */
 static VALUE
 ossl_bn_is_prime(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
 {
@@ -564,6 +685,16 @@ ossl_bn_is_prime(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
     return Qnil;
 }
 
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *    bn.prime_fasttest? => true | false
+ *    bn.prime_fasttest?(checks) => true | false
+ *    bn.prime_fasttest?(checks, trial_div) => true | false
+ *
+ * === Parameters
+ * * +checks+ - integer
+ * * +trial_div+ - boolean
+ */
 static VALUE
 ossl_bn_is_prime_fasttest(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
 {
@@ -600,6 +731,10 @@ ossl_bn_is_prime_fasttest(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
 void
 Init_ossl_bn()
 {
+#if 0 /* let rdoc know about mOSSL */
+    mOSSL = rb_define_module("OpenSSL");
+#endif
+
     if (!(ossl_bn_ctx = BN_CTX_new())) {
 	ossl_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "Cannot init BN_CTX");
     }
@@ -672,8 +807,10 @@ Init_ossl_bn()
     rb_define_method(cBN, "bit_set?", ossl_bn_is_bit_set, 1);
     rb_define_method(cBN, "mask_bits!", ossl_bn_mask_bits, 1);
     rb_define_method(cBN, "<<", ossl_bn_lshift, 1);
-    /* lshift1 - DON'T IMPL. */
     rb_define_method(cBN, ">>", ossl_bn_rshift, 1);
+    rb_define_method(cBN, "lshift!", ossl_bn_self_lshift, 1);
+    rb_define_method(cBN, "rshift!", ossl_bn_self_rshift, 1);
+    /* lshift1 - DON'T IMPL. */
     /* rshift1 - DON'T IMPL. */
 
     /*
diff --git a/ext/openssl/ossl_bn.h b/ext/openssl/ossl_bn.h
index 12aa484873..d6c396227b 100644
--- a/ext/openssl/ossl_bn.h
+++ b/ext/openssl/ossl_bn.h
@@ -14,9 +14,12 @@
 extern VALUE cBN;
 extern VALUE eBNError;
 
-VALUE ossl_bn_new(BIGNUM *);
+extern BN_CTX *ossl_bn_ctx;
+
+VALUE ossl_bn_new(const BIGNUM *);
 BIGNUM *GetBNPtr(VALUE);
 void Init_ossl_bn(void);
 
+
 #endif /* _OSS_BN_H_ */
 
diff --git a/ext/openssl/ossl_cipher.c b/ext/openssl/ossl_cipher.c
index 67e7573ae4..b680dc6e64 100644
--- a/ext/openssl/ossl_cipher.c
+++ b/ext/openssl/ossl_cipher.c
@@ -26,7 +26,6 @@
 /*
  * Classes
  */
-VALUE mCipher;
 VALUE cCipher;
 VALUE eCipherError;
 
@@ -84,6 +83,14 @@ ossl_cipher_alloc(VALUE klass)
     return obj;
 }
 
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *     Cipher.new(string) -> cipher
+ *
+ *  The string must contain a valid cipher name like "AES-128-CBC" or "3DES".
+ *
+ *  A list of cipher names is available by calling OpenSSL::Cipher.ciphers.
+ */
 static VALUE
 ossl_cipher_initialize(VALUE self, VALUE str)
 {
@@ -124,6 +131,12 @@ add_cipher_name_to_ary(const OBJ_NAME *name, VALUE ary)
     return NULL;
 }
 
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *     Cipher.ciphers -> array[string...]
+ *
+ *  Returns the names of all available ciphers in an array.
+ */
 static VALUE
 ossl_s_ciphers(VALUE self)
 {
@@ -141,6 +154,12 @@ ossl_s_ciphers(VALUE self)
 #endif
 }
 
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *     cipher.reset -> self
+ *
+ *  Internally calls EVP_CipherInit_ex(ctx, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, -1).
+ */
 static VALUE
 ossl_cipher_reset(VALUE self)
 {
@@ -167,22 +186,23 @@ ossl_cipher_init(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self, int mode)
 	 * We deprecated the arguments for this method, but we decided
 	 * keeping this behaviour for backward compatibility.
 	 */
+	char *cname  = rb_class2name(rb_obj_class(self));
+	rb_warn("argumtents for %s#encrypt and %s#decrypt were deprecated; "
+                "use %s#pkcs5_keyivgen to derive key and IV",
+                cname, cname, cname);
 	StringValue(pass);
 	GetCipher(self, ctx);
 	if (NIL_P(init_v)) memcpy(iv, "OpenSSL for Ruby rulez!", sizeof(iv));
 	else{
-	    char *cname  = rb_class2name(rb_obj_class(self));
-	    rb_warning("key derivation by %s#encrypt is deprecated; "
-		       "use %s::pkcs5_keyivgen instead", cname, cname);
 	    StringValue(init_v);
-	    if (EVP_MAX_IV_LENGTH > RSTRING(init_v)->len) {
+	    if (EVP_MAX_IV_LENGTH > RSTRING_LEN(init_v)) {
 		memset(iv, 0, EVP_MAX_IV_LENGTH);
-		memcpy(iv, RSTRING(init_v)->ptr, RSTRING(init_v)->len);
+		memcpy(iv, RSTRING_PTR(init_v), RSTRING_LEN(init_v));
 	    }
-	    else memcpy(iv, RSTRING(init_v)->ptr, sizeof(iv));
+	    else memcpy(iv, RSTRING_PTR(init_v), sizeof(iv));
 	}
 	EVP_BytesToKey(EVP_CIPHER_CTX_cipher(ctx), EVP_md5(), iv,
-		       RSTRING(pass)->ptr, RSTRING(pass)->len, 1, key, NULL);
+		       RSTRING_PTR(pass), RSTRING_LEN(pass), 1, key, NULL);
 	p_key = key;
 	p_iv = iv;
     }
@@ -196,18 +216,54 @@ ossl_cipher_init(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self, int mode)
     return self;
 }
 
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *     cipher.encrypt -> self
+ *
+ *  Make sure to call .encrypt or .decrypt before using any of the following methods:
+ *  * [key=, iv=, random_key, random_iv, pkcs5_keyivgen]
+ *
+ *  Internally calls EVP_CipherInit_ex(ctx, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, 1).
+ */
 static VALUE
 ossl_cipher_encrypt(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
 {
     return ossl_cipher_init(argc, argv, self, 1);
 }
 
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *     cipher.decrypt -> self
+ *
+ *  Make sure to call .encrypt or .decrypt before using any of the following methods:
+ *  * [key=, iv=, random_key, random_iv, pkcs5_keyivgen]
+ *
+ *  Internally calls EVP_CipherInit_ex(ctx, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, 0).
+ */
 static VALUE
 ossl_cipher_decrypt(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
 {
     return ossl_cipher_init(argc, argv, self, 0);
 }
 
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *     cipher.pkcs5_keyivgen(pass [, salt [, iterations [, digest]]] ) -> nil
+ *
+ *  Generates and sets the key/iv based on a password.
+ *
+ *  WARNING: This method is only PKCS5 v1.5 compliant when using RC2, RC4-40, or DES
+ *  with MD5 or SHA1.  Using anything else (like AES) will generate the key/iv using an
+ *  OpenSSL specific method.  Use a PKCS5 v2 key generation method instead.
+ *
+ *  === Parameters
+ *  +salt+ must be an 8 byte string if provided.
+ *  +iterations+ is a integer with a default of 2048.
+ *  +digest+ is a Digest object that defaults to 'MD5'
+ *
+ *  A minimum of 1000 iterations is recommended.
+ *
+ */
 static VALUE
 ossl_cipher_pkcs5_keyivgen(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
 {
@@ -221,15 +277,15 @@ ossl_cipher_pkcs5_keyivgen(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
     StringValue(vpass);
     if(!NIL_P(vsalt)){
 	StringValue(vsalt);
-	if(RSTRING(vsalt)->len != PKCS5_SALT_LEN)
+	if(RSTRING_LEN(vsalt) != PKCS5_SALT_LEN)
 	    rb_raise(eCipherError, "salt must be an 8-octet string");
-	salt = RSTRING(vsalt)->ptr;
+	salt = RSTRING_PTR(vsalt);
     }
     iter = NIL_P(viter) ? 2048 : NUM2INT(viter);
     digest = NIL_P(vdigest) ? EVP_md5() : GetDigestPtr(vdigest);
     GetCipher(self, ctx);
     EVP_BytesToKey(EVP_CIPHER_CTX_cipher(ctx), digest, salt,
-		   RSTRING(vpass)->ptr, RSTRING(vpass)->len, iter, key, iv); 
+		   RSTRING_PTR(vpass), RSTRING_LEN(vpass), iter, key, iv); 
     if (EVP_CipherInit_ex(ctx, NULL, NULL, key, iv, -1) != 1)
 	ossl_raise(eCipherError, NULL);
     OPENSSL_cleanse(key, sizeof key);
@@ -238,39 +294,75 @@ ossl_cipher_pkcs5_keyivgen(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
     return Qnil;
 }
 
+
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *     cipher << data -> string
+ *
+ *  === Parameters
+ *  +data+ is a nonempty string.
+ *
+ * This method is deprecated and not available in 1.9.x or later.
+ */
+static VALUE
+ossl_cipher_update_deprecated(VALUE self, VALUE data)
+{
+    char *cname;
+
+    cname = rb_class2name(rb_obj_class(self));
+    rb_warning("%s#<< is deprecated; use %s#update instead", cname, cname);
+    return rb_funcall(self, rb_intern("update"), 1, data);
+}
+
+
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *     cipher.update(data [, buffer]) -> string or buffer
+ *
+ *  === Parameters
+ *  +data+ is a nonempty string.
+ *  +buffer+ is an optional string to store the result.
+ */
 static VALUE 
-ossl_cipher_update(VALUE self, VALUE data)
+ossl_cipher_update(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
 {
     EVP_CIPHER_CTX *ctx;
     char *in;
     int in_len, out_len;
-    VALUE str;
+    VALUE data, str;
+
+    rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "11", &data, &str);
 
     StringValue(data);
-    in = RSTRING(data)->ptr;
-    if ((in_len = RSTRING(data)->len) == 0)
+    in = RSTRING_PTR(data);
+    if ((in_len = RSTRING_LEN(data)) == 0)
         rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "data must not be empty");
     GetCipher(self, ctx);
-    str = rb_str_new(0, in_len+EVP_CIPHER_CTX_block_size(ctx));
-    if (!EVP_CipherUpdate(ctx, RSTRING(str)->ptr, &out_len, in, in_len))
-	ossl_raise(eCipherError, NULL);
-    assert(out_len < RSTRING(str)->len);
-    RSTRING(str)->len = out_len;
-    RSTRING(str)->ptr[out_len] = 0;
+    out_len = in_len+EVP_CIPHER_CTX_block_size(ctx);
 
-    return str;
-}
+    if (NIL_P(str)) {
+        str = rb_str_new(0, out_len);
+    } else {
+        StringValue(str);
+        rb_str_resize(str, out_len);
+    }
 
-static VALUE
-ossl_cipher_update_deprecated(VALUE self, VALUE data)
-{
-    char *cname;
+    if (!EVP_CipherUpdate(ctx, RSTRING_PTR(str), &out_len, in, in_len))
+	ossl_raise(eCipherError, NULL);
+    assert(out_len < RSTRING_LEN(str));
+    rb_str_set_len(str, out_len);
 
-    cname = rb_class2name(rb_obj_class(self));
-    rb_warning("%s#<< is deprecated; use %s#update instead", cname, cname);
-    return ossl_cipher_update(self, data);
+    return str;
 }
 
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *     cipher.final -> aString
+ *
+ *  Returns the remaining data held in the cipher object.  Further calls to update() or final() will return garbage.
+ *
+ *  See EVP_CipherFinal_ex for further information.
+ */
 static VALUE 
 ossl_cipher_final(VALUE self)
 {
@@ -280,15 +372,20 @@ ossl_cipher_final(VALUE self)
 
     GetCipher(self, ctx);
     str = rb_str_new(0, EVP_CIPHER_CTX_block_size(ctx));
-    if (!EVP_CipherFinal_ex(ctx, RSTRING(str)->ptr, &out_len))
+    if (!EVP_CipherFinal_ex(ctx, RSTRING_PTR(str), &out_len))
 	ossl_raise(eCipherError, NULL);
-    assert(out_len <= RSTRING(str)->len);
-    RSTRING(str)->len = out_len;
-    RSTRING(str)->ptr[out_len] = 0;
+    assert(out_len <= RSTRING_LEN(str));
+    rb_str_set_len(str, out_len);
 
     return str;
 }
 
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *     cipher.name -> string
+ *
+ *  Returns the name of the cipher which may differ slightly from the original name provided.
+ */
 static VALUE
 ossl_cipher_name(VALUE self)
 {
@@ -299,6 +396,14 @@ ossl_cipher_name(VALUE self)
     return rb_str_new2(EVP_CIPHER_name(EVP_CIPHER_CTX_cipher(ctx)));
 }
 
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *     cipher.key = string -> string
+ *
+ *  Sets the cipher key.
+ *
+ *  Only call this method after calling cipher.encrypt or cipher.decrypt.
+ */
 static VALUE
 ossl_cipher_set_key(VALUE self, VALUE key)
 {
@@ -307,15 +412,23 @@ ossl_cipher_set_key(VALUE self, VALUE key)
     StringValue(key);
     GetCipher(self, ctx);
 
-    if (RSTRING(key)->len < EVP_CIPHER_CTX_key_length(ctx))
+    if (RSTRING_LEN(key) < EVP_CIPHER_CTX_key_length(ctx))
         ossl_raise(eCipherError, "key length too short");
 
-    if (EVP_CipherInit_ex(ctx, NULL, NULL, RSTRING(key)->ptr, NULL, -1) != 1)
+    if (EVP_CipherInit_ex(ctx, NULL, NULL, RSTRING_PTR(key), NULL, -1) != 1)
         ossl_raise(eCipherError, NULL);
 
     return key;
 }
 
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *     cipher.iv = string -> string
+ *
+ *  Sets the cipher iv.
+ *
+ *  Only call this method after calling cipher.encrypt or cipher.decrypt.
+ */
 static VALUE
 ossl_cipher_set_iv(VALUE self, VALUE iv)
 {
@@ -324,20 +437,32 @@ ossl_cipher_set_iv(VALUE self, VALUE iv)
     StringValue(iv);
     GetCipher(self, ctx);
 
-    if (RSTRING(iv)->len < EVP_CIPHER_CTX_iv_length(ctx))
+    if (RSTRING_LEN(iv) < EVP_CIPHER_CTX_iv_length(ctx))
         ossl_raise(eCipherError, "iv length too short");
 
-    if (EVP_CipherInit_ex(ctx, NULL, NULL, NULL, RSTRING(iv)->ptr, -1) != 1)
+    if (EVP_CipherInit_ex(ctx, NULL, NULL, NULL, RSTRING_PTR(iv), -1) != 1)
 	ossl_raise(eCipherError, NULL);
 
     return iv;
 }
 
+
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *     cipher.key_length = integer -> integer
+ *
+ *  Sets the key length of the cipher.  If the cipher is a fixed length cipher then attempting to set the key
+ *  length to any value other than the fixed value is an error.
+ *
+ *  Under normal circumstances you do not need to call this method (and probably shouldn't).
+ *
+ *  See EVP_CIPHER_CTX_set_key_length for further information.
+ */
 static VALUE
 ossl_cipher_set_key_length(VALUE self, VALUE key_length)
 {
-    EVP_CIPHER_CTX *ctx;
     int len = NUM2INT(key_length);
+    EVP_CIPHER_CTX *ctx;
  
     GetCipher(self, ctx);
     if (EVP_CIPHER_CTX_set_key_length(ctx, len) != 1)
@@ -346,6 +471,16 @@ ossl_cipher_set_key_length(VALUE self, VALUE key_length)
     return key_length;
 }
 
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *     cipher.padding = integer -> integer
+ *
+ *  Enables or disables padding. By default encryption operations are padded using standard block padding and the
+ *  padding is checked and removed when decrypting. If the pad parameter is zero then no padding is performed, the
+ *  total amount of data encrypted or decrypted must then be a multiple of the block size or an error will occur.
+ *
+ *  See EVP_CIPHER_CTX_set_padding for further information.
+ */
 static VALUE
 ossl_cipher_set_padding(VALUE self, VALUE padding)
 {
@@ -374,26 +509,51 @@ CIPHER_0ARG_INT(key_length)
 CIPHER_0ARG_INT(iv_length)
 CIPHER_0ARG_INT(block_size)
 
+#if 0
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *     cipher.key_length -> integer
+ *
+ */
+static VALUE ossl_cipher_key_length() { }
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *     cipher.iv_length -> integer
+ *
+ */
+static VALUE ossl_cipher_iv_length() { }
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *     cipher.block_size -> integer
+ *
+ */
+static VALUE ossl_cipher_block_size() { }
+#endif
+
 /*
  * INIT
  */
 void 
 Init_ossl_cipher(void)
 {
-    mCipher = rb_define_module_under(mOSSL, "Cipher");
-    eCipherError = rb_define_class_under(mOSSL, "CipherError", eOSSLError);
-    cCipher = rb_define_class_under(mCipher, "Cipher", rb_cObject);
+#if 0 /* let rdoc know about mOSSL */
+    mOSSL = rb_define_module("OpenSSL");
+#endif
+    cCipher = rb_define_class_under(mOSSL, "Cipher", rb_cObject);
+    eCipherError = rb_define_class_under(cCipher, "CipherError", eOSSLError);
 
     rb_define_alloc_func(cCipher, ossl_cipher_alloc);
     rb_define_copy_func(cCipher, ossl_cipher_copy);
-    rb_define_module_function(mCipher, "ciphers", ossl_s_ciphers, 0);
+    rb_define_module_function(cCipher, "ciphers", ossl_s_ciphers, 0);
     rb_define_method(cCipher, "initialize", ossl_cipher_initialize, 1);
     rb_define_method(cCipher, "reset", ossl_cipher_reset, 0);
     rb_define_method(cCipher, "encrypt", ossl_cipher_encrypt, -1);
     rb_define_method(cCipher, "decrypt", ossl_cipher_decrypt, -1);
     rb_define_method(cCipher, "pkcs5_keyivgen", ossl_cipher_pkcs5_keyivgen, -1);
-    rb_define_method(cCipher, "update", ossl_cipher_update, 1);
+    rb_define_method(cCipher, "update", ossl_cipher_update, -1);
+#if RUBY_VERSION_CODE < 190
     rb_define_method(cCipher, "<<", ossl_cipher_update_deprecated, 1);
+#endif
     rb_define_method(cCipher, "final", ossl_cipher_final, 0);
     rb_define_method(cCipher, "name", ossl_cipher_name, 0);
     rb_define_method(cCipher, "key=", ossl_cipher_set_key, 1);
@@ -404,3 +564,4 @@ Init_ossl_cipher(void)
     rb_define_method(cCipher, "block_size", ossl_cipher_block_size, 0);
     rb_define_method(cCipher, "padding=", ossl_cipher_set_padding, 1);
 }
+
diff --git a/ext/openssl/ossl_cipher.h b/ext/openssl/ossl_cipher.h
index 63c7a875e8..bed4fa853b 100644
--- a/ext/openssl/ossl_cipher.h
+++ b/ext/openssl/ossl_cipher.h
@@ -11,7 +11,6 @@
 #if !defined(_OSSL_CIPHER_H_)
 #define _OSSL_CIPHER_H_
 
-extern VALUE mCipher;
 extern VALUE cCipher;
 extern VALUE eCipherError;
 
diff --git a/ext/openssl/ossl_config.c b/ext/openssl/ossl_config.c
index ef89fdfe0d..cc8e324029 100644
--- a/ext/openssl/ossl_config.c
+++ b/ext/openssl/ossl_config.c
@@ -171,16 +171,16 @@ ossl_config_add_value(VALUE self, VALUE section, VALUE name, VALUE value)
     StringValue(name);
     StringValue(value);
     GetConfig(self, conf);
-    if(!(sv = _CONF_get_section(conf, RSTRING(section)->ptr))){
-	if(!(sv = _CONF_new_section(conf, RSTRING(section)->ptr))){
+    if(!(sv = _CONF_get_section(conf, RSTRING_PTR(section)))){
+	if(!(sv = _CONF_new_section(conf, RSTRING_PTR(section)))){
 	    ossl_raise(eConfigError, NULL);
 	}
     }
     if(!(cv = OPENSSL_malloc(sizeof(CONF_VALUE)))){
 	ossl_raise(eConfigError, NULL);
     }
-    cv->name = BUF_strdup(RSTRING(name)->ptr);
-    cv->value = BUF_strdup(RSTRING(value)->ptr);
+    cv->name = BUF_strdup(RSTRING_PTR(name));
+    cv->value = BUF_strdup(RSTRING_PTR(value));
     if(!cv->name || !cv->value || !_CONF_add_string(conf, sv, cv)){
 	OPENSSL_free(cv->name);
 	OPENSSL_free(cv->value);
@@ -201,7 +201,7 @@ ossl_config_get_value(VALUE self, VALUE section, VALUE name)
     StringValue(section);
     StringValue(name);
     GetConfig(self, conf);
-    str = NCONF_get_string(conf, RSTRING(section)->ptr, RSTRING(name)->ptr);
+    str = NCONF_get_string(conf, RSTRING_PTR(section), RSTRING_PTR(name));
     if(!str){
 	ERR_clear_error();
 	return Qnil;
@@ -245,8 +245,11 @@ set_conf_section_i(VALUE i, VALUE *arg)
 static VALUE
 ossl_config_set_section(VALUE self, VALUE section, VALUE hash)
 {
-    VALUE arg[2] = { self, section };
-    rb_iterate(rb_each, hash, set_conf_section_i, (VALUE)arg);
+    VALUE arg[2];
+
+    arg[0] = self;
+    arg[1] = section;
+    rb_block_call(hash, rb_intern("each"), 0, 0, set_conf_section_i, (VALUE)arg);
     return hash;
 }
 
diff --git a/ext/openssl/ossl_digest.c b/ext/openssl/ossl_digest.c
index d22f022442..879d399fe7 100644
--- a/ext/openssl/ossl_digest.c
+++ b/ext/openssl/ossl_digest.c
@@ -24,7 +24,6 @@
 /*
  * Classes
  */
-VALUE mDigest;
 VALUE cDigest;
 VALUE eDigestError;
 
@@ -36,11 +35,23 @@ static VALUE ossl_digest_alloc(VALUE klass);
 const EVP_MD *
 GetDigestPtr(VALUE obj)
 {
-    EVP_MD_CTX *ctx;
+    const EVP_MD *md;
+
+    if (TYPE(obj) == T_STRING) {
+    	const char *name = STR2CSTR(obj);
+
+        md = EVP_get_digestbyname(name);
+        if (!md)
+            ossl_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "Unsupported digest algorithm (%s).", name);
+    } else {
+        EVP_MD_CTX *ctx;
 
-    SafeGetDigest(obj, ctx);
+        SafeGetDigest(obj, ctx);
 
-    return EVP_MD_CTX_md(ctx); /*== ctx->digest*/
+        md = EVP_MD_CTX_md(ctx);
+    }
+
+    return md;
 }
 
 VALUE
@@ -51,7 +62,6 @@ ossl_digest_new(const EVP_MD *md)
 
     ret = ossl_digest_alloc(cDigest);
     GetDigest(ret, ctx);
-    EVP_MD_CTX_init(ctx);
     EVP_DigestInit_ex(ctx, md, NULL);
    
     return ret;
@@ -69,14 +79,18 @@ ossl_digest_alloc(VALUE klass)
     ctx = EVP_MD_CTX_create();
     if (ctx == NULL)
 	ossl_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "EVP_MD_CTX_create() failed");
-    EVP_MD_CTX_init(ctx);
     obj = Data_Wrap_Struct(klass, 0, EVP_MD_CTX_destroy, ctx);
-	
+
     return obj;
 }
 
 VALUE ossl_digest_update(VALUE, VALUE);
 
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *     Digest.new(string) -> digest
+ *
+ */
 static VALUE
 ossl_digest_initialize(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
 {
@@ -86,14 +100,9 @@ ossl_digest_initialize(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
     VALUE type, data;
 
     rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "11", &type, &data);
-    StringValue(type);
+    md = GetDigestPtr(type);
     if (!NIL_P(data)) StringValue(data);
-    name = StringValuePtr(type);
-    
-    md = EVP_get_digestbyname(name);
-    if (!md) {
-	ossl_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "Unsupported digest algorithm (%s).", name);
-    }
+
     GetDigest(self, ctx);
     EVP_DigestInit_ex(ctx, md, NULL);
     
@@ -118,6 +127,11 @@ ossl_digest_copy(VALUE self, VALUE other)
     return self;
 }
 
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *     digest.reset -> self
+ *
+ */
 static VALUE
 ossl_digest_reset(VALUE self)
 {
@@ -129,6 +143,11 @@ ossl_digest_reset(VALUE self)
     return self;
 }
 
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *     digest.update(string) -> aString
+ *
+ */
 VALUE
 ossl_digest_update(VALUE self, VALUE data)
 {
@@ -136,126 +155,77 @@ ossl_digest_update(VALUE self, VALUE data)
 
     StringValue(data);
     GetDigest(self, ctx);
-    EVP_DigestUpdate(ctx, RSTRING(data)->ptr, RSTRING(data)->len);
+    EVP_DigestUpdate(ctx, RSTRING_PTR(data), RSTRING_LEN(data));
 
     return self;
 }
 
-static void
-digest_final(EVP_MD_CTX *ctx, char **buf, int *buf_len)
-{
-    EVP_MD_CTX final;
-
-    if (!EVP_MD_CTX_copy(&final, ctx)) {
-	ossl_raise(eDigestError, NULL);
-    }
-    if (!(*buf = OPENSSL_malloc(EVP_MD_CTX_size(&final)))) {
-	EVP_MD_CTX_cleanup(&final);
-	ossl_raise(eDigestError, "Cannot allocate mem for digest");
-    }
-    EVP_DigestFinal_ex(&final, *buf, buf_len);
-    EVP_MD_CTX_cleanup(&final);
-}
-
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *      digest.finish -> aString
+ *
+ */
 static VALUE
-ossl_digest_digest(VALUE self)
+ossl_digest_finish(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
 {
     EVP_MD_CTX *ctx;
-    char *buf;
-    int buf_len;
-    VALUE digest;
-	
-    GetDigest(self, ctx);
-    digest_final(ctx, &buf, &buf_len);
-    digest = ossl_buf2str(buf, buf_len);
-	
-    return digest;
-}
+    VALUE str;
 
-static VALUE
-ossl_digest_hexdigest(VALUE self)
-{
-    EVP_MD_CTX *ctx;
-    char *buf, *hexbuf;
-    int buf_len;
-    VALUE hexdigest;
+    rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "01", &str);
 
     GetDigest(self, ctx);
-    digest_final(ctx, &buf, &buf_len);
-    if (string2hex(buf, buf_len, &hexbuf, NULL) != 2 * buf_len) {
-	OPENSSL_free(buf);
-	ossl_raise(eDigestError, "Memory alloc error");
-    }
-    OPENSSL_free(buf);
-    hexdigest = ossl_buf2str(hexbuf, 2 * buf_len);
-
-    return hexdigest;
-}
-
-static VALUE
-ossl_digest_s_digest(VALUE klass, VALUE str, VALUE data)
-{
-    VALUE obj = rb_class_new_instance(1, &str, klass);
-
-    ossl_digest_update(obj, data);
 
-    return ossl_digest_digest(obj);
-}
-
-static VALUE
-ossl_digest_s_hexdigest(VALUE klass, VALUE str, VALUE data)
-{
-    VALUE obj = rb_class_new_instance(1, &str, klass);
+    if (NIL_P(str)) {
+        str = rb_str_new(NULL, EVP_MD_CTX_size(ctx));
+    } else {
+        StringValue(str);
+        rb_str_resize(str, EVP_MD_CTX_size(ctx));
+    }
 
-    ossl_digest_update(obj, data);
+    EVP_DigestFinal_ex(ctx, RSTRING_PTR(str), NULL);
 
-    return ossl_digest_hexdigest(obj);
+    return str;
 }
 
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *      digest.name -> string
+ *
+ */
 static VALUE
-ossl_digest_equal(VALUE self, VALUE other)
+ossl_digest_name(VALUE self)
 {
     EVP_MD_CTX *ctx;
-    VALUE str1, str2;
 
-    if (rb_obj_is_kind_of(other, cDigest) == Qtrue) {
-	str2 = ossl_digest_digest(other);
-    } else {
-	StringValue(other);
-	str2 = other;
-    }
     GetDigest(self, ctx);
-    if (RSTRING(str2)->len == EVP_MD_CTX_size(ctx)) {
-	str1 = ossl_digest_digest(self);
-    } else {
-	str1 = ossl_digest_hexdigest(self);
-    }
-    if (RSTRING(str1)->len == RSTRING(str2)->len
-	&& rb_str_cmp(str1, str2) == 0) {
-	return Qtrue;
-    }
 
-    return Qfalse;
+    return rb_str_new2(EVP_MD_name(EVP_MD_CTX_md(ctx)));
 }
 
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *      digest.digest_size -> integer
+ *
+ *  Returns the output size of the digest.
+ */
 static VALUE
-ossl_digest_name(VALUE self)
+ossl_digest_size(VALUE self)
 {
     EVP_MD_CTX *ctx;
 
     GetDigest(self, ctx);
 
-    return rb_str_new2(EVP_MD_name(EVP_MD_CTX_md(ctx)));
+    return INT2NUM(EVP_MD_CTX_size(ctx));
 }
 
 static VALUE
-ossl_digest_size(VALUE self)
+ossl_digest_block_length(VALUE self)
 {
     EVP_MD_CTX *ctx;
 
     GetDigest(self, ctx);
 
-    return INT2NUM(EVP_MD_CTX_size(ctx));
+    return INT2NUM(EVP_MD_CTX_block_size(ctx));
 }
 
 /*
@@ -264,31 +234,26 @@ ossl_digest_size(VALUE self)
 void
 Init_ossl_digest()
 {
-    mDigest = rb_define_module_under(mOSSL, "Digest");
-	
-    eDigestError = rb_define_class_under(mDigest, "DigestError", eOSSLError);
-	
-    cDigest = rb_define_class_under(mDigest, "Digest", rb_cObject);
+    rb_require("openssl");
+    rb_require("digest");
+
+#if 0 /* let rdoc know about mOSSL */
+    mOSSL = rb_define_module("OpenSSL");
+#endif
+
+    cDigest = rb_define_class_under(mOSSL, "Digest", rb_path2class("Digest::Class"));
+    eDigestError = rb_define_class_under(cDigest, "DigestError", eOSSLError);
 	
     rb_define_alloc_func(cDigest, ossl_digest_alloc);
-    rb_define_singleton_method(cDigest, "digest", ossl_digest_s_digest, 2);
-    rb_define_singleton_method(cDigest, "hexdigest", ossl_digest_s_hexdigest, 2);
-	
+
     rb_define_method(cDigest, "initialize", ossl_digest_initialize, -1);
-    rb_define_method(cDigest, "reset", ossl_digest_reset, 0);
-    
     rb_define_copy_func(cDigest, ossl_digest_copy);
-    
-    rb_define_method(cDigest, "digest", ossl_digest_digest, 0);
-    rb_define_method(cDigest, "hexdigest", ossl_digest_hexdigest, 0);
-    rb_define_alias(cDigest, "inspect", "hexdigest");
-    rb_define_alias(cDigest, "to_s", "hexdigest");
-    
+    rb_define_method(cDigest, "reset", ossl_digest_reset, 0);
     rb_define_method(cDigest, "update", ossl_digest_update, 1);
     rb_define_alias(cDigest, "<<", "update");
-    
-    rb_define_method(cDigest, "==", ossl_digest_equal, 1);
-    
+    rb_define_private_method(cDigest, "finish", ossl_digest_finish, -1);
+    rb_define_method(cDigest, "digest_length", ossl_digest_size, 0);
+    rb_define_method(cDigest, "block_length", ossl_digest_block_length, 0);
+
     rb_define_method(cDigest, "name", ossl_digest_name, 0);
-    rb_define_method(cDigest, "size", ossl_digest_size, 0);
 }
diff --git a/ext/openssl/ossl_digest.h b/ext/openssl/ossl_digest.h
index 8a1f7964f2..8cc5b1bc56 100644
--- a/ext/openssl/ossl_digest.h
+++ b/ext/openssl/ossl_digest.h
@@ -11,7 +11,6 @@
 #if !defined(_OSSL_DIGEST_H_)
 #define _OSSL_DIGEST_H_
 
-extern VALUE mDigest;
 extern VALUE cDigest;
 extern VALUE eDigestError;
 
diff --git a/ext/openssl/ossl_engine.c b/ext/openssl/ossl_engine.c
index 71586e3620..cd835d1237 100644
--- a/ext/openssl/ossl_engine.c
+++ b/ext/openssl/ossl_engine.c
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ VALUE eEngineError;
  */
 #define OSSL_ENGINE_LOAD_IF_MATCH(x) \
 do{\
-  if(!strcmp(#x, RSTRING(name)->ptr)){\
+  if(!strcmp(#x, RSTRING_PTR(name))){\
     ENGINE_load_##x();\
     return Qtrue;\
   }\
@@ -75,7 +75,7 @@ ossl_engine_s_load(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE klass)
     OSSL_ENGINE_LOAD_IF_MATCH(openbsd_dev_crypto);
 #endif
     OSSL_ENGINE_LOAD_IF_MATCH(openssl);
-    rb_warning("no such builtin loader for `%s'", RSTRING(name)->ptr);
+    rb_warning("no such builtin loader for `%s'", RSTRING_PTR(name));
     return Qnil;
 #endif /* HAVE_ENGINE_LOAD_BUILTIN_ENGINES */
 }
@@ -112,7 +112,7 @@ ossl_engine_s_by_id(VALUE klass, VALUE id)
 
     StringValue(id);
     ossl_engine_s_load(1, &id, klass);
-    if(!(e = ENGINE_by_id(RSTRING(id)->ptr)))
+    if(!(e = ENGINE_by_id(RSTRING_PTR(id))))
 	ossl_raise(eEngineError, NULL);
     WrapEngine(klass, obj, e);
     if(rb_block_given_p()) rb_yield(obj);
@@ -281,8 +281,8 @@ ossl_engine_ctrl_cmd(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
     rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "11", &cmd, &val);
     StringValue(cmd);
     if (!NIL_P(val)) StringValue(val);
-    ret = ENGINE_ctrl_cmd_string(e, RSTRING(cmd)->ptr,
-				 NIL_P(val) ? NULL : RSTRING(val)->ptr, 0);
+    ret = ENGINE_ctrl_cmd_string(e, RSTRING_PTR(cmd),
+				 NIL_P(val) ? NULL : RSTRING_PTR(val), 0);
     if (!ret) ossl_raise(eEngineError, NULL);
 
     return self;
diff --git a/ext/openssl/ossl_hmac.c b/ext/openssl/ossl_hmac.c
index ca5917518f..ef77d6c427 100644
--- a/ext/openssl/ossl_hmac.c
+++ b/ext/openssl/ossl_hmac.c
@@ -57,6 +57,12 @@ ossl_hmac_alloc(VALUE klass)
     return obj;
 }
 
+
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *     HMAC.new(key, digest) -> hmac
+ *
+ */
 static VALUE
 ossl_hmac_initialize(VALUE self, VALUE key, VALUE digest)
 {
@@ -64,7 +70,7 @@ ossl_hmac_initialize(VALUE self, VALUE key, VALUE digest)
 
     StringValue(key);
     GetHMAC(self, ctx);
-    HMAC_Init_ex(ctx, RSTRING(key)->ptr, RSTRING(key)->len,
+    HMAC_Init_ex(ctx, RSTRING_PTR(key), RSTRING_LEN(key),
 		 GetDigestPtr(digest), NULL);
 
     return self;
@@ -81,12 +87,15 @@ ossl_hmac_copy(VALUE self, VALUE other)
     GetHMAC(self, ctx1);
     SafeGetHMAC(other, ctx2);
 
-    if (!HMAC_CTX_copy(ctx1, ctx2)) {
-	ossl_raise(eHMACError, NULL);
-    }
+    HMAC_CTX_copy(ctx1, ctx2);
     return self;
 }
 
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *     hmac.update(string) -> self
+ *
+ */
 static VALUE
 ossl_hmac_update(VALUE self, VALUE data)
 {
@@ -94,7 +103,7 @@ ossl_hmac_update(VALUE self, VALUE data)
 
     StringValue(data);
     GetHMAC(self, ctx);
-    HMAC_Update(ctx, RSTRING(data)->ptr, RSTRING(data)->len);
+    HMAC_Update(ctx, RSTRING_PTR(data), RSTRING_LEN(data));
 
     return self;
 }
@@ -104,9 +113,7 @@ hmac_final(HMAC_CTX *ctx, char **buf, int *buf_len)
 {
     HMAC_CTX final;
 
-    if (!HMAC_CTX_copy(&final, ctx)) {
-	ossl_raise(eHMACError, NULL);
-    }
+    HMAC_CTX_copy(&final, ctx);
     if (!(*buf = OPENSSL_malloc(HMAC_size(&final)))) {
 	HMAC_CTX_cleanup(&final);
 	OSSL_Debug("Allocating %d mem", HMAC_size(&final));
@@ -116,6 +123,11 @@ hmac_final(HMAC_CTX *ctx, char **buf, int *buf_len)
     HMAC_CTX_cleanup(&final);
 }
 
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *     hmac.digest -> aString
+ *
+ */
 static VALUE
 ossl_hmac_digest(VALUE self)
 {
@@ -131,6 +143,11 @@ ossl_hmac_digest(VALUE self)
     return digest;
 }
 
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *     hmac.hexdigest -> aString
+ *
+ */
 static VALUE
 ossl_hmac_hexdigest(VALUE self)
 {
@@ -151,6 +168,27 @@ ossl_hmac_hexdigest(VALUE self)
     return hexdigest;
 }
 
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *     hmac.reset -> self
+ *
+ */
+static VALUE
+ossl_hmac_reset(VALUE self)
+{
+    HMAC_CTX *ctx;
+
+    GetHMAC(self, ctx);
+    HMAC_Init_ex(ctx, NULL, 0, NULL, NULL);
+
+    return self;
+}
+
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *     HMAC.digest(digest, key, data) -> aString
+ *
+ */
 static VALUE
 ossl_hmac_s_digest(VALUE klass, VALUE digest, VALUE key, VALUE data)
 {
@@ -159,12 +197,17 @@ ossl_hmac_s_digest(VALUE klass, VALUE digest, VALUE key, VALUE data)
 	
     StringValue(key);
     StringValue(data);
-    buf = HMAC(GetDigestPtr(digest), RSTRING(key)->ptr, RSTRING(key)->len,
-	       RSTRING(data)->ptr, RSTRING(data)->len, NULL, &buf_len);
+    buf = HMAC(GetDigestPtr(digest), RSTRING_PTR(key), RSTRING_LEN(key),
+	       RSTRING_PTR(data), RSTRING_LEN(data), NULL, &buf_len);
 
     return rb_str_new(buf, buf_len);
 }
 
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *     HMAC.digest(digest, key, data) -> aString
+ *
+ */
 static VALUE
 ossl_hmac_s_hexdigest(VALUE klass, VALUE digest, VALUE key, VALUE data)
 {
@@ -175,8 +218,8 @@ ossl_hmac_s_hexdigest(VALUE klass, VALUE digest, VALUE key, VALUE data)
     StringValue(key);
     StringValue(data);
 	
-    buf = HMAC(GetDigestPtr(digest), RSTRING(key)->ptr, RSTRING(key)->len,
-	       RSTRING(data)->ptr, RSTRING(data)->len, NULL, &buf_len);
+    buf = HMAC(GetDigestPtr(digest), RSTRING_PTR(key), RSTRING_LEN(key),
+	       RSTRING_PTR(data), RSTRING_LEN(data), NULL, &buf_len);
     if (string2hex(buf, buf_len, &hexbuf, NULL) != 2 * buf_len) {
 	ossl_raise(eHMACError, "Cannot convert buf to hexbuf");
     }
@@ -191,6 +234,10 @@ ossl_hmac_s_hexdigest(VALUE klass, VALUE digest, VALUE key, VALUE data)
 void
 Init_ossl_hmac()
 {
+#if 0 /* let rdoc know about mOSSL */
+    mOSSL = rb_define_module("OpenSSL");
+#endif
+
     eHMACError = rb_define_class_under(mOSSL, "HMACError", eOSSLError);
 	
     cHMAC = rb_define_class_under(mOSSL, "HMAC", rb_cObject);
@@ -202,6 +249,7 @@ Init_ossl_hmac()
     rb_define_method(cHMAC, "initialize", ossl_hmac_initialize, 2);
     rb_define_copy_func(cHMAC, ossl_hmac_copy);
 
+    rb_define_method(cHMAC, "reset", ossl_hmac_reset, 0);
     rb_define_method(cHMAC, "update", ossl_hmac_update, 1);
     rb_define_alias(cHMAC, "<<", "update");
     rb_define_method(cHMAC, "digest", ossl_hmac_digest, 0);
diff --git a/ext/openssl/ossl_ns_spki.c b/ext/openssl/ossl_ns_spki.c
index b90a6b195e..738a203d93 100644
--- a/ext/openssl/ossl_ns_spki.c
+++ b/ext/openssl/ossl_ns_spki.c
@@ -62,14 +62,15 @@ ossl_spki_initialize(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
 	return self;
     }
     StringValue(buffer);
-    if (!(spki = NETSCAPE_SPKI_b64_decode(RSTRING(buffer)->ptr, -1))) {
-	p = RSTRING(buffer)->ptr;
-	if (!(spki = d2i_NETSCAPE_SPKI(NULL, &p, RSTRING(buffer)->len))) {
+    if (!(spki = NETSCAPE_SPKI_b64_decode(RSTRING_PTR(buffer), -1))) {
+	p = RSTRING_PTR(buffer);
+	if (!(spki = d2i_NETSCAPE_SPKI(NULL, &p, RSTRING_LEN(buffer)))) {
 	    ossl_raise(eSPKIError, NULL);
 	}
     }
     NETSCAPE_SPKI_free(DATA_PTR(self));
     DATA_PTR(self) = spki;
+    ERR_clear_error();
 
     return self;
 }
@@ -86,7 +87,7 @@ ossl_spki_to_der(VALUE self)
     if ((len = i2d_NETSCAPE_SPKI(spki, NULL)) <= 0)
         ossl_raise(eX509CertError, NULL);
     str = rb_str_new(0, len);
-    p = RSTRING(str)->ptr;
+    p = RSTRING_PTR(str);
     if (i2d_NETSCAPE_SPKI(spki, &p) <= 0)
         ossl_raise(eX509CertError, NULL);
     ossl_str_adjust(str, p);
@@ -182,8 +183,8 @@ ossl_spki_set_challenge(VALUE self, VALUE str)
 
     StringValue(str);
     GetSPKI(self, spki);
-    if (!ASN1_STRING_set(spki->spkac->challenge, RSTRING(str)->ptr,
-			 RSTRING(str)->len)) {
+    if (!ASN1_STRING_set(spki->spkac->challenge, RSTRING_PTR(str),
+			 RSTRING_LEN(str))) {
 	ossl_raise(eSPKIError, NULL);
     }
     
diff --git a/ext/openssl/ossl_ocsp.c b/ext/openssl/ossl_ocsp.c
index b1e721c24c..1e8e5903bd 100644
--- a/ext/openssl/ossl_ocsp.c
+++ b/ext/openssl/ossl_ocsp.c
@@ -109,9 +109,9 @@ ossl_ocspreq_initialize(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
     if(!NIL_P(arg)){
 	arg = ossl_to_der_if_possible(arg);
 	StringValue(arg);
-	p = (unsigned char*)RSTRING(arg)->ptr;
+	p = (unsigned char*)RSTRING_PTR(arg);
 	if(!d2i_OCSP_REQUEST((OCSP_REQUEST**)&DATA_PTR(self), &p,
-			     RSTRING(arg)->len)){
+			     RSTRING_LEN(arg))){
 	    ossl_raise(eOCSPError, "cannot load DER encoded request");
 	}
     }
@@ -134,7 +134,7 @@ ossl_ocspreq_add_nonce(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
     else{
 	StringValue(val);
 	GetOCSPReq(self, req);
-	ret = OCSP_request_add1_nonce(req, RSTRING(val)->ptr, RSTRING(val)->len);
+	ret = OCSP_request_add1_nonce(req, RSTRING_PTR(val), RSTRING_LEN(val));
     }
     if(!ret) ossl_raise(eOCSPError, NULL);
 
@@ -265,7 +265,7 @@ ossl_ocspreq_to_der(VALUE self)
     if((len = i2d_OCSP_REQUEST(req, NULL)) <= 0)
 	ossl_raise(eOCSPError, NULL);
     str = rb_str_new(0, len);
-    p = RSTRING(str)->ptr;
+    p = RSTRING_PTR(str);
     if(i2d_OCSP_REQUEST(req, &p) <= 0)
 	ossl_raise(eOCSPError, NULL);
     ossl_str_adjust(str, p);
@@ -316,9 +316,9 @@ ossl_ocspres_initialize(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
     if(!NIL_P(arg)){
 	arg = ossl_to_der_if_possible(arg);
 	StringValue(arg);
-	p = RSTRING(arg)->ptr;
+	p = RSTRING_PTR(arg);
 	if(!d2i_OCSP_RESPONSE((OCSP_RESPONSE**)&DATA_PTR(self), &p,
-			      RSTRING(arg)->len)){
+			      RSTRING_LEN(arg))){
 	    ossl_raise(eOCSPError, "cannot load DER encoded response");
 	}
     }
@@ -377,7 +377,7 @@ ossl_ocspres_to_der(VALUE self)
     if((len = i2d_OCSP_RESPONSE(res, NULL)) <= 0)
 	ossl_raise(eOCSPError, NULL);
     str = rb_str_new(0, len);
-    p = RSTRING(str)->ptr;
+    p = RSTRING_PTR(str);
     if(i2d_OCSP_RESPONSE(res, NULL) <= 0)
 	ossl_raise(eOCSPError, NULL);
     ossl_str_adjust(str, p);
@@ -436,7 +436,7 @@ ossl_ocspbres_add_nonce(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
     else{
 	StringValue(val);
 	GetOCSPBasicRes(self, bs);
-	ret = OCSP_basic_add1_nonce(bs, RSTRING(val)->ptr, RSTRING(val)->len);
+	ret = OCSP_basic_add1_nonce(bs, RSTRING_PTR(val), RSTRING_LEN(val));
     }
     if(!ret) ossl_raise(eOCSPError, NULL);
 
@@ -461,8 +461,8 @@ ossl_ocspbres_add_status(VALUE self, VALUE cid, VALUE status,
     if(!NIL_P(ext)){
 	/* All ary's members should be X509Extension */
 	Check_Type(ext, T_ARRAY);
-	for (i = 0; i < RARRAY(ext)->len; i++)
-	    OSSL_Check_Kind(RARRAY(ext)->ptr[i], cX509Ext);
+	for (i = 0; i < RARRAY_LEN(ext); i++)
+	    OSSL_Check_Kind(RARRAY_PTR(ext)[i], cX509Ext);
     }
 
     error = 0;
@@ -490,8 +490,8 @@ ossl_ocspbres_add_status(VALUE self, VALUE cid, VALUE status,
 	X509_EXTENSION *x509ext;
 	sk_X509_EXTENSION_pop_free(single->singleExtensions, X509_EXTENSION_free);
 	single->singleExtensions = NULL;
-	for(i = 0; i < RARRAY(ext)->len; i++){
-	    x509ext = DupX509ExtPtr(RARRAY(ext)->ptr[i]);
+	for(i = 0; i < RARRAY_LEN(ext); i++){
+	    x509ext = DupX509ExtPtr(RARRAY_PTR(ext)[i]);
 	    if(!OCSP_SINGLERESP_add_ext(single, x509ext, -1)){
 		X509_EXTENSION_free(x509ext);
 		error = 1;
@@ -681,7 +681,7 @@ Init_ossl_ocsp()
 {
     mOCSP = rb_define_module_under(mOSSL, "OCSP");
 
-    eOCSPError = rb_define_class_under(mOCSP, "OCSPError", rb_cObject);
+    eOCSPError = rb_define_class_under(mOCSP, "OCSPError", eOSSLError);
 
     cOCSPReq = rb_define_class_under(mOCSP, "Request", rb_cObject);
     rb_define_alloc_func(cOCSPReq, ossl_ocspreq_alloc);
diff --git a/ext/openssl/ossl_pkcs12.c b/ext/openssl/ossl_pkcs12.c
index e7d9954c5a..2ec69ba8db 100644
--- a/ext/openssl/ossl_pkcs12.c
+++ b/ext/openssl/ossl_pkcs12.c
@@ -30,7 +30,6 @@
 /*
  * Classes
  */
-VALUE mPKCS12;
 VALUE cPKCS12;
 VALUE ePKCS12Error;
 
@@ -49,32 +48,85 @@ ossl_pkcs12_s_allocate(VALUE klass)
     return obj;
 }
 
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *    PKCS12.create(pass, name, key, cert [, ca, [, key_pbe [, cert_pbe [, key_iter [, mac_iter [, keytype]]]]]])
+ *
+ * === Parameters
+ * * +pass+ - string
+ * * +name+ - A string describing the key.
+ * * +key+ - Any PKey.
+ * * +cert+ - A X509::Certificate.
+ * * * The public_key portion of the certificate must contain a valid public key.
+ * * * The not_before and not_after fields must be filled in.
+ * * +ca+ - An optional array of X509::Certificate's.
+ * * +key_pbe+ - string
+ * * +cert_pbe+ - string
+ * * +key_iter+ - integer
+ * * +mac_iter+ - integer
+ * * +keytype+ - An integer representing an MSIE specific extension.
+ *
+ * Any optional arguments may be supplied as nil to preserve the OpenSSL defaults.
+ *
+ * See the OpenSSL documentation for PKCS12_create().
+ */
 static VALUE
 ossl_pkcs12_s_create(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
 {
-    VALUE pass, name, pkey, cert, ca;
+    VALUE pass, name, pkey, cert, ca, key_nid, cert_nid, key_iter, mac_iter, keytype;
     VALUE obj;
     char *passphrase, *friendlyname;
     EVP_PKEY *key;
     X509 *x509;
     STACK_OF(X509) *x509s;
+    int nkey = 0, ncert = 0, kiter = 0, miter = 0, ktype = 0;
     PKCS12 *p12;
     
-    rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "41", &pass, &name, &pkey, &cert, &ca);
+    rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "46", &pass, &name, &pkey, &cert, &ca, &key_nid, &cert_nid, &key_iter, &mac_iter, &keytype);
     passphrase = NIL_P(pass) ? NULL : StringValuePtr(pass);
     friendlyname = NIL_P(name) ? NULL : StringValuePtr(name);
     key = GetPKeyPtr(pkey);
     x509 = GetX509CertPtr(cert);
     x509s = NIL_P(ca) ? NULL : ossl_x509_ary2sk(ca);
+/* TODO: make a VALUE to nid function */
+    if (!NIL_P(key_nid)) {
+        if ((nkey = OBJ_txt2nid(StringValuePtr(key_nid))) == NID_undef)
+            rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "Unknown PBE algorithm %s", StringValuePtr(key_nid));
+    }
+    if (!NIL_P(cert_nid)) {
+        if ((ncert = OBJ_txt2nid(StringValuePtr(cert_nid))) == NID_undef)
+            rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "Unknown PBE algorithm %s", StringValuePtr(cert_nid));
+    }
+    if (!NIL_P(key_iter))
+        kiter = NUM2INT(key_iter);
+    if (!NIL_P(mac_iter))
+        miter = NUM2INT(mac_iter);
+    if (!NIL_P(keytype))
+        ktype = NUM2INT(keytype);
+
     p12 = PKCS12_create(passphrase, friendlyname, key, x509, x509s,
-                        0, 0, 0, 0, 0);
+                        nkey, ncert, kiter, miter, ktype);
     sk_X509_pop_free(x509s, X509_free);
     if(!p12) ossl_raise(ePKCS12Error, NULL);
     WrapPKCS12(cPKCS12, obj, p12);
 
+    ossl_pkcs12_set_key(obj, pkey);
+    ossl_pkcs12_set_cert(obj, cert);
+    ossl_pkcs12_set_ca_certs(obj, ca);
+
     return obj;
 }
 
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *    PKCS12.new -> pkcs12
+ *    PKCS12.new(str) -> pkcs12
+ *    PKCS12.new(str, pass) -> pkcs12
+ *
+ * === Parameters
+ * * +str+ - Must be a DER encoded PKCS12 string.
+ * * +pass+ - string
+ */
 static VALUE
 ossl_pkcs12_initialize(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
 {
@@ -94,7 +146,7 @@ ossl_pkcs12_initialize(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
 
     pkey = cert = ca = Qnil;
     if(!PKCS12_parse((PKCS12*)DATA_PTR(self), passphrase, &key, &x509, &x509s))
-	ossl_raise(ePKCS12Error, NULL);
+	ossl_raise(ePKCS12Error, "PKCS12_parse");
     pkey = rb_protect((VALUE(*)_((VALUE)))ossl_pkey_new, (VALUE)key,
 		      &st); /* NO DUP */
     if(st) goto err;
@@ -129,7 +181,7 @@ ossl_pkcs12_to_der(VALUE self)
     if((len = i2d_PKCS12(p12, NULL)) <= 0)
 	ossl_raise(ePKCS12Error, NULL);
     str = rb_str_new(0, len);
-    p = RSTRING(str)->ptr;
+    p = RSTRING_PTR(str);
     if(i2d_PKCS12(p12, &p) <= 0)
 	ossl_raise(ePKCS12Error, NULL);
     ossl_str_adjust(str, p);
@@ -140,10 +192,14 @@ ossl_pkcs12_to_der(VALUE self)
 void
 Init_ossl_pkcs12()
 {
-    mPKCS12 = rb_define_module_under(mOSSL, "PKCS12");
-    cPKCS12 = rb_define_class_under(mPKCS12, "PKCS12", rb_cObject);
-    ePKCS12Error = rb_define_class_under(mPKCS12, "PKCS12Error", eOSSLError);
-    rb_define_module_function(mPKCS12, "create", ossl_pkcs12_s_create, -1);
+    /*
+     * Defines a file format commonly used to store private keys with
+     * accompanying public key certificates, protected with a password-based
+     * symmetric key.
+     */
+    cPKCS12 = rb_define_class_under(mOSSL, "PKCS12", rb_cObject);
+    ePKCS12Error = rb_define_class_under(cPKCS12, "PKCS12Error", eOSSLError);
+    rb_define_singleton_method(cPKCS12, "create", ossl_pkcs12_s_create, -1);
 
     rb_define_alloc_func(cPKCS12, ossl_pkcs12_s_allocate);
     rb_attr(cPKCS12, rb_intern("key"), 1, 0, Qfalse);
diff --git a/ext/openssl/ossl_pkcs12.h b/ext/openssl/ossl_pkcs12.h
index 01dde2bc30..24d25d00bb 100644
--- a/ext/openssl/ossl_pkcs12.h
+++ b/ext/openssl/ossl_pkcs12.h
@@ -6,7 +6,6 @@
 #if !defined(_OSSL_PKCS12_H_)
 #define _OSSL_PKCS12_H_
 
-extern VALUE mPKCS12;
 extern VALUE cPKCS12;
 extern VALUE ePKCS12Error;
 
diff --git a/ext/openssl/ossl_pkcs5.c b/ext/openssl/ossl_pkcs5.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..007889fc94
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ext/openssl/ossl_pkcs5.c
@@ -0,0 +1,96 @@
+/*
+ * $Id$
+ * Copyright (C) 2007 Technorama Ltd. <oss-ruby@technorama.net>
+ */
+#include "ossl.h"
+
+VALUE mPKCS5;
+VALUE ePKCS5;
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *    PKCS5.pbkdf2_hmac(pass, salt, iter, keylen, digest) => string
+ *
+ * === Parameters
+ * * +pass+ - string
+ * * +salt+ - string
+ * * +iter+ - integer - should be greater than 1000.  2000 is better.
+ * * +keylen+ - integer
+ * * +digest+ - a string or OpenSSL::Digest object.
+ *
+ * Available in OpenSSL 0.9.9?.
+ *
+ * Digests other than SHA1 may not be supported by other cryptography libraries.
+ */
+static VALUE
+ossl_pkcs5_pbkdf2_hmac(VALUE self, VALUE pass, VALUE salt, VALUE iter, VALUE keylen, VALUE digest)
+{
+#ifdef HAVE_PKCS5_PBKDF2_HMAC
+    VALUE str;
+    const EVP_MD *md;
+    int len = NUM2INT(keylen);
+
+    StringValue(pass);
+    StringValue(salt);
+    md = GetDigestPtr(digest);
+
+    str = rb_str_new(0, len);
+
+    if (PKCS5_PBKDF2_HMAC(RSTRING_PTR(pass), RSTRING_LEN(pass), RSTRING_PTR(salt), RSTRING_LEN(salt), NUM2INT(iter), md, len, RSTRING_PTR(str)) != 1)
+        ossl_raise(ePKCS5, "PKCS5_PBKDF2_HMAC");
+
+    return str;
+#else
+    rb_notimplement();
+#endif
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *    PKCS5.pbkdf2_hmac_sha1(pass, salt, iter, keylen) => string
+ *
+ * === Parameters
+ * * +pass+ - string
+ * * +salt+ - string
+ * * +iter+ - integer - should be greater than 1000.  2000 is better.
+ * * +keylen+ - integer
+ *
+ * This method is available almost any version OpenSSL.
+ *
+ * Conforms to rfc2898.
+ */
+static VALUE
+ossl_pkcs5_pbkdf2_hmac_sha1(VALUE self, VALUE pass, VALUE salt, VALUE iter, VALUE keylen)
+{
+#ifdef HAVE_PKCS5_PBKDF2_HMAC_SHA1
+    VALUE str;
+    int len = NUM2INT(keylen);
+
+    StringValue(pass);
+    StringValue(salt);
+
+    str = rb_str_new(0, len);
+
+    if (PKCS5_PBKDF2_HMAC_SHA1(RSTRING_PTR(pass), RSTRING_LEN(pass), RSTRING_PTR(salt), RSTRING_LEN(salt), NUM2INT(iter), len, RSTRING_PTR(str)) != 1)
+        ossl_raise(ePKCS5, "PKCS5_PBKDF2_HMAC_SHA1");
+
+    return str;
+#else
+    rb_notimplement();
+#endif
+}
+
+void
+Init_ossl_pkcs5()
+{
+    /*
+     * Password-based Encryption
+     *
+     */
+    mPKCS5 = rb_define_module_under(mOSSL, "PKCS5");
+    ePKCS5 = rb_define_class_under(mPKCS5, "PKCS5Error", eOSSLError);
+
+    rb_define_module_function(mPKCS5, "pbkdf2_hmac", ossl_pkcs5_pbkdf2_hmac, 5);
+    rb_define_module_function(mPKCS5, "pbkdf2_hmac_sha1", ossl_pkcs5_pbkdf2_hmac_sha1, 4);
+}
diff --git a/ext/openssl/ossl_pkcs5.h b/ext/openssl/ossl_pkcs5.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a3b132bc50
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ext/openssl/ossl_pkcs5.h
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+#if !defined(_OSSL_PKCS5_H_)
+#define _OSSL_PKCS5_H_
+
+void Init_ossl_pkcs5(void);
+
+#endif /* _OSSL_PKCS5_H_ */
diff --git a/ext/openssl/ossl_pkcs7.c b/ext/openssl/ossl_pkcs7.c
index 38a7dce7a2..6918844779 100644
--- a/ext/openssl/ossl_pkcs7.c
+++ b/ext/openssl/ossl_pkcs7.c
@@ -71,7 +71,6 @@
 /* 
  * Classes
  */
-VALUE mPKCS7;
 VALUE cPKCS7;
 VALUE cPKCS7Signer;
 VALUE cPKCS7Recipient;
@@ -134,7 +133,8 @@ DupPKCS7RecipientPtr(VALUE obj)
 }
 
 /*
- * Private
+ * call-seq:
+ *    PKCS7.read_smime(string) => pkcs7
  */
 static VALUE
 ossl_pkcs7_s_read_smime(VALUE klass, VALUE arg)
@@ -156,6 +156,10 @@ ossl_pkcs7_s_read_smime(VALUE klass, VALUE arg)
     return ret;
 }
 
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *    PKCS7.write_smime(pkcs7 [, data [, flags]]) => string
+ */
 static VALUE
 ossl_pkcs7_s_write_smime(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE klass)
 {
@@ -187,6 +191,10 @@ ossl_pkcs7_s_write_smime(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE klass)
     return str;
 }
 
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *    PKCS7.sign(cert, key, data, [, certs [, flags]]) => pkcs7
+ */
 static VALUE
 ossl_pkcs7_s_sign(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE klass)
 {
@@ -226,6 +234,10 @@ ossl_pkcs7_s_sign(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE klass)
     return ret;
 }
 
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *    PKCS7.encrypt(certs, data, [, cipher [, flags]]) => pkcs7
+ */
 static VALUE
 ossl_pkcs7_s_encrypt(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE klass)
 {
@@ -287,6 +299,13 @@ ossl_pkcs7_alloc(VALUE klass)
     return obj;
 }
 
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *    PKCS7.new => pkcs7
+ *    PKCS7.new(string) => pkcs7
+ *
+ * Many methods in this class aren't documented.
+ */
 static VALUE
 ossl_pkcs7_initialize(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
 {
@@ -335,7 +354,7 @@ static int
 ossl_pkcs7_sym2typeid(VALUE sym)
 {
     int i, ret = Qnil;
-    char *s;
+    const char *s;
 
     static struct {
         const char *name;
@@ -364,6 +383,10 @@ ossl_pkcs7_sym2typeid(VALUE sym)
     return ret;
 }
 
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *    pkcs7.type = type => type
+ */
 static VALUE
 ossl_pkcs7_set_type(VALUE self, VALUE type)
 {
@@ -376,6 +399,10 @@ ossl_pkcs7_set_type(VALUE self, VALUE type)
     return type;
 }
 
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *    pkcs7.type => string or nil
+ */
 static VALUE
 ossl_pkcs7_get_type(VALUE self)
 {
@@ -583,7 +610,7 @@ ossl_pkcs7_set_certificates(VALUE self, VALUE ary)
 
     certs = pkcs7_get_certs_or_crls(self, 1);
     while((cert = sk_X509_pop(certs))) X509_free(cert);
-    rb_iterate(rb_each, ary, ossl_pkcs7_set_certs_i, self);
+    rb_block_call(ary, rb_intern("each"), 0, 0, ossl_pkcs7_set_certs_i, self);
 
     return ary;
 }
@@ -623,7 +650,7 @@ ossl_pkcs7_set_crls(VALUE self, VALUE ary)
 
     crls = pkcs7_get_certs_or_crls(self, 0);
     while((crl = sk_X509_CRL_pop(crls))) X509_CRL_free(crl);
-    rb_iterate(rb_each, ary, ossl_pkcs7_set_crls_i, self);
+    rb_block_call(ary, rb_intern("each"), 0, 0, ossl_pkcs7_set_crls_i, self);
 
     return ary;
 }
@@ -667,8 +694,10 @@ ossl_pkcs7_verify(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
     }
     ok = PKCS7_verify(p7, x509s, x509st, in, out, flg);
     BIO_free(in);
+    if (ok < 0) ossl_raise(ePKCS7Error, NULL);
     msg = ERR_reason_error_string(ERR_get_error());
     ossl_pkcs7_set_err_string(self, msg ? rb_str_new2(msg) : Qnil);
+    ERR_clear_error();
     data = ossl_membio2str(out);
     ossl_pkcs7_set_data(self, data);
     sk_X509_pop_free(x509s, X509_free);
@@ -749,7 +778,7 @@ ossl_pkcs7_to_der(VALUE self)
     if((len = i2d_PKCS7(pkcs7, NULL)) <= 0)
 	ossl_raise(ePKCS7Error, NULL);
     str = rb_str_new(0, len);
-    p = RSTRING(str)->ptr;
+    p = RSTRING_PTR(str);
     if(i2d_PKCS7(pkcs7, &p) <= 0)
 	ossl_raise(ePKCS7Error, NULL);
     ossl_str_adjust(str, p);
@@ -924,15 +953,12 @@ ossl_pkcs7ri_get_enc_key(VALUE self)
 void
 Init_ossl_pkcs7()
 {
-    mPKCS7 = rb_define_module_under(mOSSL, "PKCS7");
-
-    ePKCS7Error = rb_define_class_under(mPKCS7, "PKCS7Error", eOSSLError);
-
-    cPKCS7 = rb_define_class_under(mPKCS7, "PKCS7", rb_cObject);
-    rb_define_singleton_method(mPKCS7, "read_smime", ossl_pkcs7_s_read_smime, 1);
-    rb_define_singleton_method(mPKCS7, "write_smime", ossl_pkcs7_s_write_smime, -1);
-    rb_define_singleton_method(mPKCS7, "sign",  ossl_pkcs7_s_sign, -1);
-    rb_define_singleton_method(mPKCS7, "encrypt", ossl_pkcs7_s_encrypt, -1);
+    cPKCS7 = rb_define_class_under(mOSSL, "PKCS7", rb_cObject);
+    ePKCS7Error = rb_define_class_under(cPKCS7, "PKCS7Error", eOSSLError);
+    rb_define_singleton_method(cPKCS7, "read_smime", ossl_pkcs7_s_read_smime, 1);
+    rb_define_singleton_method(cPKCS7, "write_smime", ossl_pkcs7_s_write_smime, -1);
+    rb_define_singleton_method(cPKCS7, "sign",  ossl_pkcs7_s_sign, -1);
+    rb_define_singleton_method(cPKCS7, "encrypt", ossl_pkcs7_s_encrypt, -1);
     rb_attr(cPKCS7, rb_intern("data"), 1, 0, Qfalse);
     rb_attr(cPKCS7, rb_intern("error_string"), 1, 1, Qfalse);
     rb_define_alloc_func(cPKCS7, ossl_pkcs7_alloc);
@@ -962,8 +988,8 @@ Init_ossl_pkcs7()
     rb_define_alias(cPKCS7,  "to_s", "to_pem");
     rb_define_method(cPKCS7, "to_der", ossl_pkcs7_to_der, 0);
 
-    cPKCS7Signer = rb_define_class_under(mPKCS7, "SignerInfo", rb_cObject);
-    rb_define_const(mPKCS7, "Signer", cPKCS7Signer);
+    cPKCS7Signer = rb_define_class_under(cPKCS7, "SignerInfo", rb_cObject);
+    rb_define_const(cPKCS7, "Signer", cPKCS7Signer);
     rb_define_alloc_func(cPKCS7Signer, ossl_pkcs7si_alloc);
     rb_define_method(cPKCS7Signer, "initialize", ossl_pkcs7si_initialize,3);
     rb_define_method(cPKCS7Signer, "issuer", ossl_pkcs7si_get_issuer, 0);
@@ -971,14 +997,14 @@ Init_ossl_pkcs7()
     rb_define_method(cPKCS7Signer, "serial", ossl_pkcs7si_get_serial,0);
     rb_define_method(cPKCS7Signer,"signed_time",ossl_pkcs7si_get_signed_time,0);
 
-    cPKCS7Recipient = rb_define_class_under(mPKCS7,"RecipientInfo",rb_cObject);
+    cPKCS7Recipient = rb_define_class_under(cPKCS7,"RecipientInfo",rb_cObject);
     rb_define_alloc_func(cPKCS7Recipient, ossl_pkcs7ri_alloc);
     rb_define_method(cPKCS7Recipient, "initialize", ossl_pkcs7ri_initialize,1); 
     rb_define_method(cPKCS7Recipient, "issuer", ossl_pkcs7ri_get_issuer,0);
     rb_define_method(cPKCS7Recipient, "serial", ossl_pkcs7ri_get_serial,0);
     rb_define_method(cPKCS7Recipient, "enc_key", ossl_pkcs7ri_get_enc_key,0); 
 
-#define DefPKCS7Const(x) rb_define_const(mPKCS7, #x, INT2NUM(PKCS7_##x))
+#define DefPKCS7Const(x) rb_define_const(cPKCS7, #x, INT2NUM(PKCS7_##x))
 
     DefPKCS7Const(TEXT);
     DefPKCS7Const(NOCERTS);
diff --git a/ext/openssl/ossl_pkcs7.h b/ext/openssl/ossl_pkcs7.h
index f5942d65db..371c421103 100644
--- a/ext/openssl/ossl_pkcs7.h
+++ b/ext/openssl/ossl_pkcs7.h
@@ -11,7 +11,6 @@
 #if !defined(_OSSL_PKCS7_H_)
 #define _OSSL_PKCS7_H_
 
-extern VALUE mPKCS7;
 extern VALUE cPKCS7;
 extern VALUE cPKCS7Signer;
 extern VALUE cPKCS7Recipient;
diff --git a/ext/openssl/ossl_pkey.c b/ext/openssl/ossl_pkey.c
index db70333047..b295cfc25e 100644
--- a/ext/openssl/ossl_pkey.c
+++ b/ext/openssl/ossl_pkey.c
@@ -55,6 +55,10 @@ ossl_pkey_new(EVP_PKEY *pkey)
     case EVP_PKEY_DH:
 	return ossl_dh_new(pkey);
 #endif
+#if !defined(OPENSSL_NO_EC) && (OPENSSL_VERSION_NUMBER >= 0x0090802fL)
+    case EVP_PKEY_EC:
+	return ossl_ec_new(pkey);
+#endif
     default:
 	ossl_raise(ePKeyError, "unsupported key type");
     }
@@ -68,7 +72,7 @@ ossl_pkey_new_from_file(VALUE filename)
     EVP_PKEY *pkey;
 
     SafeStringValue(filename);
-    if (!(fp = fopen(RSTRING(filename)->ptr, "r"))) {
+    if (!(fp = fopen(RSTRING_PTR(filename), "r"))) {
 	ossl_raise(ePKeyError, "%s", strerror(errno));
     }
 
@@ -108,7 +112,7 @@ EVP_PKEY *
 DupPKeyPtr(VALUE obj)
 {
     EVP_PKEY *pkey;
-
+	
     SafeGetPKey(obj, pkey);
     CRYPTO_add(&pkey->references, 1, CRYPTO_LOCK_EVP_PKEY);
 
@@ -169,13 +173,12 @@ ossl_pkey_sign(VALUE self, VALUE digest, VALUE data)
     GetPKey(self, pkey);
     EVP_SignInit(&ctx, GetDigestPtr(digest));
     StringValue(data);
-    EVP_SignUpdate(&ctx, RSTRING(data)->ptr, RSTRING(data)->len);
+    EVP_SignUpdate(&ctx, RSTRING_PTR(data), RSTRING_LEN(data));
     str = rb_str_new(0, EVP_PKEY_size(pkey)+16);
-    if (!EVP_SignFinal(&ctx, RSTRING(str)->ptr, &buf_len, pkey))
+    if (!EVP_SignFinal(&ctx, RSTRING_PTR(str), &buf_len, pkey))
 	ossl_raise(ePKeyError, NULL);
-    assert(buf_len <= RSTRING(str)->len);
-    RSTRING(str)->len = buf_len;
-    RSTRING(str)->ptr[buf_len] = 0;
+    assert(buf_len <= RSTRING_LEN(str));
+    rb_str_set_len(str, buf_len);
 
     return str;
 }
@@ -190,8 +193,8 @@ ossl_pkey_verify(VALUE self, VALUE digest, VALUE sig, VALUE data)
     EVP_VerifyInit(&ctx, GetDigestPtr(digest));
     StringValue(sig);
     StringValue(data);
-    EVP_VerifyUpdate(&ctx, RSTRING(data)->ptr, RSTRING(data)->len);
-    switch (EVP_VerifyFinal(&ctx, RSTRING(sig)->ptr, RSTRING(sig)->len, pkey)) {
+    EVP_VerifyUpdate(&ctx, RSTRING_PTR(data), RSTRING_LEN(data));
+    switch (EVP_VerifyFinal(&ctx, RSTRING_PTR(sig), RSTRING_LEN(sig), pkey)) {
     case 0:
 	return Qfalse;
     case 1:
@@ -208,6 +211,10 @@ ossl_pkey_verify(VALUE self, VALUE digest, VALUE sig, VALUE data)
 void
 Init_ossl_pkey()
 {
+#if 0 /* let rdoc know about mOSSL */
+    mOSSL = rb_define_module("OpenSSL");
+#endif
+        
     mPKey = rb_define_module_under(mOSSL, "PKey");
 	
     ePKeyError = rb_define_class_under(mPKey, "PKeyError", eOSSLError);
@@ -223,10 +230,11 @@ Init_ossl_pkey()
     id_private_q = rb_intern("private?");
 	
     /*
-     * INIT rsa, dsa
+     * INIT rsa, dsa, dh, ec
      */
     Init_ossl_rsa();
     Init_ossl_dsa();
     Init_ossl_dh();
+    Init_ossl_ec();
 }
 
diff --git a/ext/openssl/ossl_pkey.h b/ext/openssl/ossl_pkey.h
index 880a104675..67ff1fddd0 100644
--- a/ext/openssl/ossl_pkey.h
+++ b/ext/openssl/ossl_pkey.h
@@ -77,7 +77,24 @@ extern DH *OSSL_DEFAULT_DH_1024;
 VALUE ossl_dh_new(EVP_PKEY *);
 void Init_ossl_dh(void);
 
+/*
+ * EC
+ */
+extern VALUE cEC;
+extern VALUE eECError;
+extern VALUE cEC_GROUP;
+extern VALUE eEC_GROUP;
+extern VALUE cEC_POINT;
+extern VALUE eEC_POINT;
+VALUE ossl_ec_new(EVP_PKEY *);
+void Init_ossl_ec(void);
+
+
 #define OSSL_PKEY_BN(keytype, name)					\
+/*									\
+ *  call-seq:								\
+ *     key.##name -> aBN						\
+ */									\
 static VALUE ossl_##keytype##_get_##name(VALUE self)			\
 {									\
 	EVP_PKEY *pkey;							\
@@ -89,6 +106,10 @@ static VALUE ossl_##keytype##_get_##name(VALUE self)			\
 		return Qnil;						\
 	return ossl_bn_new(bn);						\
 }									\
+/*									\
+ *  call-seq:								\
+ *     key.##name = bn -> bn						\
+ */									\
 static VALUE ossl_##keytype##_set_##name(VALUE self, VALUE bignum)	\
 {									\
 	EVP_PKEY *pkey;							\
diff --git a/ext/openssl/ossl_pkey_dh.c b/ext/openssl/ossl_pkey_dh.c
index 5b728ba353..02c3d99ed8 100644
--- a/ext/openssl/ossl_pkey_dh.c
+++ b/ext/openssl/ossl_pkey_dh.c
@@ -99,6 +99,15 @@ dh_generate(int size, int gen)
     return dh;
 }
 
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *     DH.generate(size [, generator]) -> dh
+ *
+ *  === Parameters
+ *  * +size+ is an integer representing the desired key size.  Keys smaller than 1024 should be considered insecure.
+ *  * +generator+ is a small number > 1, typically 2 or 5.
+ *
+ */
 static VALUE
 ossl_dh_s_generate(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE klass)
 {
@@ -107,9 +116,9 @@ ossl_dh_s_generate(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE klass)
     VALUE size, gen, obj;
 	
     if (rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "11", &size, &gen) == 2) {
-	g = FIX2INT(gen);
+	g = NUM2INT(gen);
     }
-    dh = dh_generate(FIX2INT(size), g);
+    dh = dh_generate(NUM2INT(size), g);
     obj = dh_instance(klass, dh);
     if (obj == Qfalse) {
 	DH_free(dh);
@@ -119,6 +128,21 @@ ossl_dh_s_generate(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE klass)
     return obj;
 }
 
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *     DH.new([size [, generator] | string]) -> dh
+ *
+ *  === Parameters
+ *  * +size+ is an integer representing the desired key size.  Keys smaller than 1024 should be considered insecure.
+ *  * +generator+ is a small number > 1, typically 2 or 5.
+ *  * +string+ contains the DER or PEM encoded key.
+ *
+ *  === Examples
+ *  * DH.new -> dh
+ *  * DH.new(1024) -> dh
+ *  * DH.new(1024, 5) -> dh
+ *  * DH.new(File.read('key.pem')) -> dh
+ */
 static VALUE
 ossl_dh_initialize(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
 {
@@ -134,7 +158,7 @@ ossl_dh_initialize(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
     }
     else if (FIXNUM_P(arg)) {
 	if (!NIL_P(gen)) {
-	    g = FIX2INT(gen);
+	    g = NUM2INT(gen);
 	}
 	if (!(dh = dh_generate(FIX2INT(arg), g))) {
 	    ossl_raise(eDHError, NULL);
@@ -158,19 +182,26 @@ ossl_dh_initialize(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
     return self;
 }
 
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *     dh.public? -> true | false
+ *
+ */
 static VALUE
 ossl_dh_is_public(VALUE self)
 {
     EVP_PKEY *pkey;
 
     GetPKeyDH(self, pkey);
-    /*
-     * Do we need to check dhp->dh->public_pkey?
-     * return Qtrue;
-     */
+
     return (pkey->pkey.dh->pub_key) ? Qtrue : Qfalse;
 }
 
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *     dh.private? -> true | false
+ *
+ */
 static VALUE
 ossl_dh_is_private(VALUE self)
 {
@@ -181,6 +212,11 @@ ossl_dh_is_private(VALUE self)
     return (DH_PRIVATE(pkey->pkey.dh)) ? Qtrue : Qfalse;
 }
 
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *     dh.to_pem -> aString
+ *
+ */
 static VALUE
 ossl_dh_export(VALUE self)
 {
@@ -201,6 +237,11 @@ ossl_dh_export(VALUE self)
     return str;
 }
 
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *     dh.to_der -> aString
+ *
+ */
 static VALUE
 ossl_dh_to_der(VALUE self)
 {       
@@ -213,7 +254,7 @@ ossl_dh_to_der(VALUE self)
     if((len = i2d_DHparams(pkey->pkey.dh, NULL)) <= 0)
 	ossl_raise(eDHError, NULL);
     str = rb_str_new(0, len);
-    p = RSTRING(str)->ptr;
+    p = RSTRING_PTR(str);
     if(i2d_DHparams(pkey->pkey.dh, &p) < 0)
 	ossl_raise(eDHError, NULL);
     ossl_str_adjust(str, p);
@@ -222,6 +263,9 @@ ossl_dh_to_der(VALUE self)
 }
 
 /*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *     dh.params -> hash
+ *
  * Stores all parameters of key to the hash
  * INSECURE: PRIVATE INFORMATIONS CAN LEAK OUT!!!
  * Don't use :-)) (I's up to you)
@@ -245,6 +289,9 @@ ossl_dh_get_params(VALUE self)
 }
 
 /*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *     dh.to_text -> aString
+ *
  * Prints all parameters of key to buffer
  * INSECURE: PRIVATE INFORMATIONS CAN LEAK OUT!!!
  * Don't use :-)) (I's up to you)
@@ -270,7 +317,10 @@ ossl_dh_to_text(VALUE self)
 }
 
 /*
- * Makes new instance DH PUBLIC_KEY from PRIVATE_KEY
+ *  call-seq:
+ *     dh.public_key -> aDH
+ *
+ *  Makes new instance DH PUBLIC_KEY from PRIVATE_KEY
  */
 static VALUE
 ossl_dh_to_public_key(VALUE self)
@@ -290,6 +340,11 @@ ossl_dh_to_public_key(VALUE self)
     return obj;
 }
 
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *     dh.check_params -> true | false
+ *
+ */
 static VALUE
 ossl_dh_check_params(VALUE self)
 {
@@ -307,6 +362,11 @@ ossl_dh_check_params(VALUE self)
     return codes == 0 ? Qtrue : Qfalse;
 }
 
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *     dh.generate_key -> self
+ *
+ */
 static VALUE
 ossl_dh_generate_key(VALUE self)
 {
@@ -321,6 +381,18 @@ ossl_dh_generate_key(VALUE self)
     return self;
 }
 
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *     dh.compute_key(pub_bn) -> aString
+ *
+ *  === Parameters
+ *  * +pub_bn+ is a OpenSSL::BN.
+ *
+ *  Returns aString containing a shared secret computed from the other parties public value.
+ *
+ *  See DH_compute_key() for further information.
+ *
+ */
 static VALUE
 ossl_dh_compute_key(VALUE self, VALUE pub)
 {
@@ -335,11 +407,10 @@ ossl_dh_compute_key(VALUE self, VALUE pub)
     pub_key = GetBNPtr(pub);
     len = DH_size(dh);
     str = rb_str_new(0, len);
-    if ((len = DH_compute_key(RSTRING(str)->ptr, pub_key, dh)) < 0) {
+    if ((len = DH_compute_key(RSTRING_PTR(str), pub_key, dh)) < 0) {
 	ossl_raise(eDHError, NULL);
     }
-    RSTRING(str)->len = len;
-    RSTRING(str)->ptr[len] = 0;
+    rb_str_set_len(str, len);
 
     return str;
 }
@@ -367,7 +438,7 @@ static unsigned char DEFAULT_DH_512_PRIM[] = {
 };
 static unsigned char DEFAULT_DH_512_GEN[] = { 0x02 }; 
 DH *OSSL_DEFAULT_DH_512 = NULL;
-
+  
 /* 
  * -----BEGIN DH PARAMETERS-----
  * MIGHAoGBAJ0lOVy0VIr/JebWn0zDwY2h+rqITFOpdNr6ugsgvkDXuucdcChhYExJ
@@ -406,7 +477,7 @@ ossl_create_dh(unsigned char *p, size_t plen, unsigned char *g, size_t glen)
     dh->g = BN_bin2bn(g, glen, NULL);
     if (dh->p == NULL || dh->g == NULL){
         DH_free(dh);
-        ossl_raise(eDHError, NULL);
+	ossl_raise(eDHError, NULL);
     }
 
     return dh;
@@ -418,6 +489,11 @@ ossl_create_dh(unsigned char *p, size_t plen, unsigned char *g, size_t glen)
 void
 Init_ossl_dh()
 {
+#if 0 /* let rdoc know about mOSSL and mPKey */
+    mOSSL = rb_define_module("OpenSSL");
+    mPKey = rb_define_module_under(mOSSL, "PKey");
+#endif
+
     eDHError = rb_define_class_under(mPKey, "DHError", ePKeyError);
     cDH = rb_define_class_under(mPKey, "DH", cPKey);
     rb_define_singleton_method(cDH, "generate", ossl_dh_s_generate, -1);
@@ -448,11 +524,9 @@ Init_ossl_dh()
 }
 
 #else /* defined NO_DH */
-#   warning >>> OpenSSL is compiled without DH support <<<
 void
 Init_ossl_dh()
 {
-    rb_warning("OpenSSL is compiled without DH support");
 }
 #endif /* NO_DH */
 
diff --git a/ext/openssl/ossl_pkey_dsa.c b/ext/openssl/ossl_pkey_dsa.c
index 39b1902d57..d9c7fcbe78 100644
--- a/ext/openssl/ossl_pkey_dsa.c
+++ b/ext/openssl/ossl_pkey_dsa.c
@@ -99,10 +99,18 @@ dsa_generate(int size)
     return dsa;
 }
 
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *    DSA.generate(size) -> dsa
+ *
+ *  === Parameters
+ *  * +size+ is an integer representing the desired key size.
+ *
+ */
 static VALUE
 ossl_dsa_s_generate(VALUE klass, VALUE size)
 {
-    DSA *dsa = dsa_generate(FIX2INT(size)); /* err handled by dsa_instance */
+    DSA *dsa = dsa_generate(NUM2INT(size)); /* err handled by dsa_instance */
     VALUE obj = dsa_instance(klass, dsa);
 
     if (obj == Qfalse) {
@@ -113,6 +121,22 @@ ossl_dsa_s_generate(VALUE klass, VALUE size)
     return obj;
 }
 
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *    DSA.new([size | string [, pass]) -> dsa
+ *
+ *  === Parameters
+ *  * +size+ is an integer representing the desired key size.
+ *  * +string+ contains a DER or PEM encoded key.
+ *  * +pass+ is a string that contains a optional password.
+ *
+ *  === Examples
+ *  * DSA.new -> dsa
+ *  * DSA.new(1024) -> dsa
+ *  * DSA.new(File.read('dsa.pem')) -> dsa
+ *  * DSA.new(File.read('dsa.pem'), 'mypassword') -> dsa
+ *
+ */
 static VALUE
 ossl_dsa_initialize(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
 {
@@ -163,6 +187,11 @@ ossl_dsa_initialize(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
     return self;
 }
 
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *    dsa.public? -> true | false
+ *
+ */
 static VALUE
 ossl_dsa_is_public(VALUE self)
 {
@@ -170,13 +199,14 @@ ossl_dsa_is_public(VALUE self)
 
     GetPKeyDSA(self, pkey);
 
-    /*
-     * Do we need to check dsap->dsa->public_pkey?
-     * return Qtrue;
-     */
     return (pkey->pkey.dsa->pub_key) ? Qtrue : Qfalse;
 }
 
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *    dsa.private? -> true | false
+ *
+ */
 static VALUE
 ossl_dsa_is_private(VALUE self)
 {
@@ -187,6 +217,19 @@ ossl_dsa_is_private(VALUE self)
     return (DSA_PRIVATE(self, pkey->pkey.dsa)) ? Qtrue : Qfalse;
 }
 
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *    dsa.to_pem([cipher, password]) -> aString
+ *
+ *  === Parameters
+ *  +cipher+ is an OpenSSL::Cipher.
+ *  +password+ is a string containing your password.
+ *
+ *  === Examples
+ *  * DSA.to_pem -> aString
+ *  * DSA.to_pem(cipher, 'mypassword') -> aString
+ *
+ */
 static VALUE
 ossl_dsa_export(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
 {
@@ -224,6 +267,11 @@ ossl_dsa_export(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
     return str;
 }
 
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *    dsa.to_der -> aString
+ *
+ */
 static VALUE
 ossl_dsa_to_der(VALUE self)
 {
@@ -241,7 +289,7 @@ ossl_dsa_to_der(VALUE self)
     if((len = i2d_func(pkey->pkey.dsa, NULL)) <= 0)
 	ossl_raise(eDSAError, NULL);
     str = rb_str_new(0, len);
-    p = RSTRING(str)->ptr;
+    p = RSTRING_PTR(str);
     if(i2d_func(pkey->pkey.dsa, &p) < 0)
 	ossl_raise(eDSAError, NULL);
     ossl_str_adjust(str, p);
@@ -250,6 +298,9 @@ ossl_dsa_to_der(VALUE self)
 }
 
 /*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *    dsa.params -> hash
+ *
  * Stores all parameters of key to the hash
  * INSECURE: PRIVATE INFORMATIONS CAN LEAK OUT!!!
  * Don't use :-)) (I's up to you)
@@ -274,6 +325,9 @@ ossl_dsa_get_params(VALUE self)
 }
 
 /*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *    dsa.to_text -> aString
+ *
  * Prints all parameters of key to buffer
  * INSECURE: PRIVATE INFORMATIONS CAN LEAK OUT!!!
  * Don't use :-)) (I's up to you)
@@ -299,6 +353,9 @@ ossl_dsa_to_text(VALUE self)
 }
 
 /*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *    dsa.public_key -> aDSA
+ *
  * Makes new instance DSA PUBLIC_KEY from PRIVATE_KEY
  */
 static VALUE
@@ -321,6 +378,11 @@ ossl_dsa_to_public_key(VALUE self)
 
 #define ossl_dsa_buf_size(pkey) (DSA_size((pkey)->pkey.dsa)+16)
 
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *    dsa.syssign(string) -> aString
+ *
+ */
 static VALUE
 ossl_dsa_sign(VALUE self, VALUE data)
 {
@@ -334,16 +396,20 @@ ossl_dsa_sign(VALUE self, VALUE data)
 	ossl_raise(eDSAError, "Private DSA key needed!");
     }
     str = rb_str_new(0, ossl_dsa_buf_size(pkey));
-    if (!DSA_sign(0, RSTRING(data)->ptr, RSTRING(data)->len, RSTRING(str)->ptr,
+    if (!DSA_sign(0, RSTRING_PTR(data), RSTRING_LEN(data), RSTRING_PTR(str),
 		  &buf_len, pkey->pkey.dsa)) { /* type is ignored (0) */
 	ossl_raise(eDSAError, NULL);
     }
-    RSTRING(str)->len = buf_len;
-    RSTRING(str)->ptr[buf_len] = 0;
+    rb_str_set_len(str, buf_len);
 
     return str;
 }
 
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *    dsa.sysverify(digest, sig) -> true | false
+ *
+ */
 static VALUE
 ossl_dsa_verify(VALUE self, VALUE digest, VALUE sig)
 {
@@ -354,8 +420,8 @@ ossl_dsa_verify(VALUE self, VALUE digest, VALUE sig)
     StringValue(digest);
     StringValue(sig);
     /* type is ignored (0) */
-    ret = DSA_verify(0, RSTRING(digest)->ptr, RSTRING(digest)->len,
-		     RSTRING(sig)->ptr, RSTRING(sig)->len, pkey->pkey.dsa);
+    ret = DSA_verify(0, RSTRING_PTR(digest), RSTRING_LEN(digest),
+		     RSTRING_PTR(sig), RSTRING_LEN(sig), pkey->pkey.dsa);
     if (ret < 0) {
 	ossl_raise(eDSAError, NULL);
     }
@@ -378,6 +444,11 @@ OSSL_PKEY_BN(dsa, priv_key);
 void
 Init_ossl_dsa()
 {
+#if 0 /* let rdoc know about mOSSL and mPKey */
+    mOSSL = rb_define_module("OpenSSL");
+    mPKey = rb_define_module_under(mOSSL, "PKey");
+#endif
+
     eDSAError = rb_define_class_under(mPKey, "DSAError", ePKeyError);
 
     cDSA = rb_define_class_under(mPKey, "DSA", cPKey);
@@ -406,12 +477,8 @@ Init_ossl_dsa()
 }
 
 #else /* defined NO_DSA */
-#   warning >>> OpenSSL is compiled without DSA support <<<
-
 void
 Init_ossl_dsa()
 {
-    rb_warning("OpenSSL is compiled without DSA support");
 }
-
 #endif /* NO_DSA */
diff --git a/ext/openssl/ossl_pkey_ec.c b/ext/openssl/ossl_pkey_ec.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..210054121d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ext/openssl/ossl_pkey_ec.c
@@ -0,0 +1,1582 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2006-2007 Technorama Ltd. <oss-ruby@technorama.net>
+ */
+
+#include "ossl.h"
+
+#if !defined(OPENSSL_NO_EC) && (OPENSSL_VERSION_NUMBER >= 0x0090802fL)
+
+typedef struct {
+	EC_GROUP *group;
+	int dont_free;
+} ossl_ec_group;
+
+typedef struct {
+	EC_POINT *point;
+	int dont_free;
+} ossl_ec_point;
+
+
+#define EXPORT_PEM 0
+#define EXPORT_DER 1
+
+
+#define GetPKeyEC(obj, pkey) do { \
+    GetPKey(obj, pkey); \
+    if (EVP_PKEY_type(pkey->type) != EVP_PKEY_EC) { \
+	ossl_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "THIS IS NOT A EC PKEY!"); \
+    } \
+} while (0)
+
+#define SafeGet_ec_group(obj, group) do { \
+    OSSL_Check_Kind(obj, cEC_GROUP); \
+    Data_Get_Struct(obj, ossl_ec_group, group); \
+} while(0)
+
+#define Get_EC_KEY(obj, key) do { \
+    EVP_PKEY *pkey; \
+    GetPKeyEC(obj, pkey); \
+    key = pkey->pkey.ec; \
+} while(0)
+
+#define Require_EC_KEY(obj, key) do { \
+    Get_EC_KEY(obj, key); \
+    if (key == NULL) \
+        rb_raise(eECError, "EC_KEY is not initialized"); \
+} while(0)
+
+#define SafeRequire_EC_KEY(obj, key) do { \
+    OSSL_Check_Kind(obj, cEC); \
+    Require_EC_KEY(obj, key); \
+} while (0)
+
+#define Get_EC_GROUP(obj, g) do { \
+    ossl_ec_group *ec_group; \
+    Data_Get_Struct(obj, ossl_ec_group, ec_group); \
+    if (ec_group == NULL) \
+        rb_raise(eEC_GROUP, "missing ossl_ec_group structure"); \
+    g = ec_group->group; \
+} while(0)
+
+#define Require_EC_GROUP(obj, group) do { \
+    Get_EC_GROUP(obj, group); \
+    if (group == NULL) \
+        rb_raise(eEC_GROUP, "EC_GROUP is not initialized"); \
+} while(0)
+
+#define SafeRequire_EC_GROUP(obj, group) do { \
+    OSSL_Check_Kind(obj, cEC_GROUP); \
+    Require_EC_GROUP(obj, group); \
+} while(0)
+
+#define Get_EC_POINT(obj, p) do { \
+    ossl_ec_point *ec_point; \
+    Data_Get_Struct(obj, ossl_ec_point, ec_point); \
+    if (ec_point == NULL) \
+        rb_raise(eEC_POINT, "missing ossl_ec_point structure"); \
+    p = ec_point->point; \
+} while(0)
+
+#define Require_EC_POINT(obj, point) do { \
+    Get_EC_POINT(obj, point); \
+    if (point == NULL) \
+        rb_raise(eEC_POINT, "EC_POINT is not initialized"); \
+} while(0)
+
+#define SafeRequire_EC_POINT(obj, point) do { \
+    OSSL_Check_Kind(obj, cEC_POINT); \
+    Require_EC_POINT(obj, point); \
+} while(0)
+
+VALUE cEC;
+VALUE eECError;
+VALUE cEC_GROUP;
+VALUE eEC_GROUP;
+VALUE cEC_POINT;
+VALUE eEC_POINT;
+
+static ID s_GFp;
+static ID s_GFp_simple;
+static ID s_GFp_mont;
+static ID s_GFp_nist;
+static ID s_GF2m;
+static ID s_GF2m_simple;
+
+static ID ID_uncompressed;
+static ID ID_compressed;
+static ID ID_hybrid;
+
+static VALUE ec_instance(VALUE klass, EC_KEY *ec)
+{
+    EVP_PKEY *pkey;
+    VALUE obj;
+	
+    if (!ec) {
+	return Qfalse;
+    }
+    if (!(pkey = EVP_PKEY_new())) {
+	return Qfalse;
+    }
+    if (!EVP_PKEY_assign_EC_KEY(pkey, ec)) {
+	EVP_PKEY_free(pkey);
+	return Qfalse;
+    }
+    WrapPKey(klass, obj, pkey);
+
+    return obj;
+}
+
+VALUE ossl_ec_new(EVP_PKEY *pkey)
+{
+    VALUE obj;
+
+    if (!pkey) {
+	obj = ec_instance(cEC, EC_KEY_new());
+    } else {
+	if (EVP_PKEY_type(pkey->type) != EVP_PKEY_EC) {
+	    ossl_raise(rb_eTypeError, "Not a EC key!");
+	}
+	WrapPKey(cEC, obj, pkey);
+    }
+    if (obj == Qfalse) {
+	ossl_raise(eECError, NULL);
+    }
+
+    return obj;
+}
+
+
+/*  call-seq:
+ *     OpenSSL::PKey::EC.new()
+ *     OpenSSL::PKey::EC.new(ec_key)
+ *     OpenSSL::PKey::EC.new(ec_group)
+ *     OpenSSL::PKey::EC.new("secp112r1")
+ *     OpenSSL::PKey::EC.new(pem_string)
+ *     OpenSSL::PKey::EC.new(der_string)
+ *
+ *  See the OpenSSL documentation for:
+ *     EC_KEY_*
+ */
+static VALUE ossl_ec_key_initialize(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
+{
+    EVP_PKEY *pkey;
+    EC_KEY *ec = NULL;
+    VALUE arg, pass;
+    VALUE group = Qnil;
+	
+    GetPKey(self, pkey);
+    if (pkey->pkey.ec)
+        rb_raise(eECError, "EC_KEY already initialized");
+
+    rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "02", &arg, &pass);
+
+    if (NIL_P(arg)) {
+        ec = EC_KEY_new();
+    } else {
+        if (rb_obj_is_kind_of(arg, cEC)) {
+            EC_KEY *other_ec = NULL;
+
+            SafeRequire_EC_KEY(arg, other_ec);
+            ec = EC_KEY_dup(other_ec);
+        } else if (rb_obj_is_kind_of(arg, cEC_GROUP)) {
+        	ec = EC_KEY_new();
+        	group = arg;
+        } else {
+            BIO *in = ossl_obj2bio(arg);
+
+            ec = PEM_read_bio_ECPrivateKey(in, NULL, NULL, NULL);
+            if (!ec) {
+                BIO_reset(in);
+                ec = PEM_read_bio_EC_PUBKEY(in, NULL, NULL, NULL);
+            }
+            if (!ec) {
+                BIO_reset(in);
+                ec = d2i_ECPrivateKey_bio(in, NULL);
+            }
+            if (!ec) {
+                BIO_reset(in);
+                ec = d2i_EC_PUBKEY_bio(in, NULL);
+            }
+
+            BIO_free(in);
+
+            if (ec == NULL) {
+                const char *name = STR2CSTR(arg);
+                int nid = OBJ_sn2nid(name);
+
+                if (nid == NID_undef)
+                    ossl_raise(eECError, "unknown curve name (%s)\n", name);
+
+                if ((ec = EC_KEY_new_by_curve_name(nid)) == NULL)
+                    ossl_raise(eECError, "unable to create curve (%s)\n", name);
+
+                EC_KEY_set_asn1_flag(ec, OPENSSL_EC_NAMED_CURVE);
+                EC_KEY_set_conv_form(ec, POINT_CONVERSION_UNCOMPRESSED);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    if (ec == NULL)
+        ossl_raise(eECError, NULL);
+
+    if (!EVP_PKEY_assign_EC_KEY(pkey, ec)) {
+	EC_KEY_free(ec);
+	ossl_raise(eECError, "EVP_PKEY_assign_EC_KEY");
+    }
+
+    rb_iv_set(self, "@group", Qnil);
+
+    if (!NIL_P(group))
+        rb_funcall(self, rb_intern("group="), 1, arg);
+
+    return self;
+}
+
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *     key.group   => group
+ *
+ *  Returns a constant <code>OpenSSL::EC::Group</code> that is tied to the key.
+ *  Modifying the returned group can make the key invalid.
+ */
+static VALUE ossl_ec_key_get_group(VALUE self)
+{
+    VALUE group_v;
+    EC_KEY *ec;
+    ossl_ec_group *ec_group;
+    EC_GROUP *group;
+
+    Require_EC_KEY(self, ec);
+
+    group_v = rb_iv_get(self, "@group");
+    if (!NIL_P(group_v))
+        return group_v;
+
+    if ((group = (EC_GROUP *)EC_KEY_get0_group(ec)) != NULL) {
+        group_v = rb_obj_alloc(cEC_GROUP);
+        SafeGet_ec_group(group_v, ec_group);
+        ec_group->group = group;
+        ec_group->dont_free = 1;
+        rb_iv_set(group_v, "@key", self);
+        rb_iv_set(self, "@group", group_v);
+        return group_v;
+    }
+
+    return Qnil;
+}
+
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *     key.group = group   => group
+ *
+ *  Returns the same object passed, not the group object associated with the key.
+ *  If you wish to access the group object tied to the key call key.group after setting
+ *  the group.
+ *
+ *  Setting the group will immediately destroy any previously assigned group object.
+ *  The group is internally copied by OpenSSL.  Modifying the original group after 
+ *  assignment will not effect the internal key structure.
+ *  (your changes may be lost).  BE CAREFUL.
+ *
+ *  EC_KEY_set_group calls EC_GROUP_free(key->group) then EC_GROUP_dup(), not EC_GROUP_copy.
+ *  This documentation is accurate for OpenSSL 0.9.8b.
+ */
+static VALUE ossl_ec_key_set_group(VALUE self, VALUE group_v)
+{
+    VALUE old_group_v;
+    EC_KEY *ec;
+    EC_GROUP *group;
+
+    Require_EC_KEY(self, ec);
+    SafeRequire_EC_GROUP(group_v, group);
+
+    old_group_v = rb_iv_get(self, "@group");
+    if (!NIL_P(old_group_v)) {
+        ossl_ec_group *old_ec_group;
+        SafeGet_ec_group(old_group_v, old_ec_group);
+
+        old_ec_group->group = NULL;
+        old_ec_group->dont_free = 0;
+        rb_iv_set(old_group_v, "@key", Qnil);
+    }
+
+    rb_iv_set(self, "@group", Qnil);
+
+    if (EC_KEY_set_group(ec, group) != 1)
+        ossl_raise(eECError, "EC_KEY_set_group");
+
+    return group_v;
+}
+
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *     key.private_key   => OpenSSL::BN
+ *
+ *  See the OpenSSL documentation for EC_KEY_get0_private_key()
+ */
+static VALUE ossl_ec_key_get_private_key(VALUE self)
+{
+    EC_KEY *ec;
+    const BIGNUM *bn;
+
+    Require_EC_KEY(self, ec);
+
+    if ((bn = EC_KEY_get0_private_key(ec)) == NULL)
+        return Qnil;
+
+    return ossl_bn_new(bn);
+}
+
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *     key.private_key = openssl_bn
+ *
+ *  See the OpenSSL documentation for EC_KEY_set_private_key()
+ */
+static VALUE ossl_ec_key_set_private_key(VALUE self, VALUE private_key)
+{
+    EC_KEY *ec;
+    BIGNUM *bn = NULL;
+
+    Require_EC_KEY(self, ec);
+    if (!NIL_P(private_key))
+        bn = GetBNPtr(private_key);
+
+    switch (EC_KEY_set_private_key(ec, bn)) {
+    case 1:
+        break;
+    case 0:
+        if (bn == NULL)
+            break;
+    default:
+        ossl_raise(eECError, "EC_KEY_set_private_key");
+    }
+
+    return private_key;
+}
+
+
+static VALUE ossl_ec_point_dup(const EC_POINT *point, VALUE group_v)
+{
+    VALUE obj;
+    const EC_GROUP *group;
+    ossl_ec_point *new_point;
+
+    obj = rb_obj_alloc(cEC_POINT);
+    Data_Get_Struct(obj, ossl_ec_point, new_point);
+
+    SafeRequire_EC_GROUP(group_v, group);
+
+    new_point->point = EC_POINT_dup(point, group);
+    if (new_point->point == NULL)
+        ossl_raise(eEC_POINT, "EC_POINT_dup");
+    rb_iv_set(obj, "@group", group_v);
+
+    return obj;
+}
+
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *     key.public_key   => OpenSSL::PKey::EC::Point
+ *
+ *  See the OpenSSL documentation for EC_KEY_get0_public_key()
+ */
+static VALUE ossl_ec_key_get_public_key(VALUE self)
+{
+    EC_KEY *ec;
+    const EC_POINT *point;
+    VALUE group;
+
+    Require_EC_KEY(self, ec);
+
+    if ((point = EC_KEY_get0_public_key(ec)) == NULL)
+        return Qnil;
+
+    group = rb_funcall(self, rb_intern("group"), 0);
+    if (NIL_P(group))
+        ossl_raise(eECError, "EC_KEY_get0_get0_group (has public_key but no group???");
+
+    return ossl_ec_point_dup(point, group);
+}
+
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *     key.public_key = ec_point
+ *
+ *  See the OpenSSL documentation for EC_KEY_set_public_key()
+ */
+static VALUE ossl_ec_key_set_public_key(VALUE self, VALUE public_key)
+{
+    EC_KEY *ec;
+    EC_POINT *point = NULL;
+
+    Require_EC_KEY(self, ec);
+    if (!NIL_P(public_key))
+        SafeRequire_EC_POINT(public_key, point);
+
+    switch (EC_KEY_set_public_key(ec, point)) {
+    case 1:
+        break;
+    case 0:
+        if (point == NULL)
+            break;
+    default:
+        ossl_raise(eECError, "EC_KEY_set_public_key");
+    }
+
+    return public_key;
+}
+
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *     key.public_key? => true or false
+ *
+ *  Both public_key? and private_key? may return false at the same time unlike other PKey classes.
+ */
+static VALUE ossl_ec_key_is_public_key(VALUE self)
+{
+    EC_KEY *ec;
+
+    Require_EC_KEY(self, ec);
+
+    return (EC_KEY_get0_public_key(ec) ? Qtrue : Qfalse);
+}
+
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *     key.private_key? => true or false
+ *
+ *  Both public_key? and private_key? may return false at the same time unlike other PKey classes.
+ */
+static VALUE ossl_ec_key_is_private_key(VALUE self)
+{
+    EC_KEY *ec;
+
+    Require_EC_KEY(self, ec);
+
+    return (EC_KEY_get0_private_key(ec) ? Qtrue : Qfalse);
+}
+
+static VALUE ossl_ec_key_to_string(VALUE self, int format)
+{
+    EC_KEY *ec;
+    BIO *out;
+    int i = -1;
+    int private = 0;
+    EVP_CIPHER *cipher = NULL;
+    char *password = NULL;
+    VALUE str;
+
+    Require_EC_KEY(self, ec);
+
+    if (EC_KEY_get0_public_key(ec) == NULL)
+        rb_raise(eECError, "can't export - no public key set");
+
+    if (EC_KEY_check_key(ec) != 1)
+	ossl_raise(eECError, "can't export - EC_KEY_check_key failed");
+
+    if (EC_KEY_get0_private_key(ec))
+        private = 1;
+
+    if (!(out = BIO_new(BIO_s_mem())))
+        ossl_raise(eECError, "BIO_new(BIO_s_mem())");
+
+    switch(format) {
+    case EXPORT_PEM:
+    	if (private) {
+    	    if (cipher || password)
+/* BUG: finish cipher/password key export */
+    	        rb_notimplement();
+            i = PEM_write_bio_ECPrivateKey(out, ec, cipher, NULL, 0, NULL, password);
+    	} else {
+    	    if (cipher || password)
+                rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "encryption is not supported when exporting this key type");
+
+            i = PEM_write_bio_EC_PUBKEY(out, ec);
+        }
+
+    	break;
+    case EXPORT_DER:
+        if (private) {
+    	    if (cipher || password)
+                rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "encryption is not supported when exporting this key type");
+
+            i = i2d_ECPrivateKey_bio(out, ec);
+        } else {
+    	    if (cipher || password)
+                rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "encryption is not supported when exporting this key type");
+
+            i = i2d_EC_PUBKEY_bio(out, ec);
+        }
+
+    	break;
+    default:
+        BIO_free(out);
+    	rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "unknown format (internal error)");
+    }
+
+    if (i != 1) {
+        BIO_free(out);
+        ossl_raise(eECError, "outlen=%d", i);
+    }
+
+    str = ossl_membio2str(out);
+
+    return str;
+}
+
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *     key.to_pem   => String
+ *
+ *  See the OpenSSL documentation for PEM_write_bio_ECPrivateKey()
+ */
+static VALUE ossl_ec_key_to_pem(VALUE self)
+{
+    return ossl_ec_key_to_string(self, EXPORT_PEM);
+}
+
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *     key.to_der   => String
+ *
+ *  See the OpenSSL documentation for i2d_ECPrivateKey_bio()
+ */
+static VALUE ossl_ec_key_to_der(VALUE self)
+{
+    return ossl_ec_key_to_string(self, EXPORT_DER);
+}
+
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *     key.to_text   => String
+ *
+ *  See the OpenSSL documentation for EC_KEY_print()
+ */
+static VALUE ossl_ec_key_to_text(VALUE self)
+{
+    EC_KEY *ec;
+    BIO *out;
+    VALUE str;
+
+    Require_EC_KEY(self, ec);
+    if (!(out = BIO_new(BIO_s_mem()))) {
+	ossl_raise(eECError, "BIO_new(BIO_s_mem())");
+    }
+    if (!EC_KEY_print(out, ec, 0)) {
+	BIO_free(out);
+	ossl_raise(eECError, "EC_KEY_print");
+    }
+    str = ossl_membio2str(out);
+
+    return str;
+}
+
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *     key.generate_key   => self
+ *
+ *  See the OpenSSL documentation for EC_KEY_generate_key()
+ */
+static VALUE ossl_ec_key_generate_key(VALUE self)
+{
+    EC_KEY *ec;
+
+    Require_EC_KEY(self, ec);
+
+    if (EC_KEY_generate_key(ec) != 1)
+	ossl_raise(eECError, "EC_KEY_generate_key");
+
+    return self;
+}
+
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *     key.check_key   => true
+ *
+ *  Raises an exception if the key is invalid.
+ *
+ *  See the OpenSSL documentation for EC_KEY_check_key()
+ */
+static VALUE ossl_ec_key_check_key(VALUE self)
+{
+    EC_KEY *ec;
+
+    Require_EC_KEY(self, ec);
+
+    if (EC_KEY_check_key(ec) != 1)
+	ossl_raise(eECError, "EC_KEY_check_key");
+
+    return Qtrue;
+}
+
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *     key.dh_compute_key(pubkey)   => String
+ *
+ *  See the OpenSSL documentation for ECDH_compute_key()
+ */
+static VALUE ossl_ec_key_dh_compute_key(VALUE self, VALUE pubkey)
+{
+    EC_KEY *ec;
+    EC_POINT *point;
+    int buf_len;
+    VALUE str;
+
+    Require_EC_KEY(self, ec);
+    SafeRequire_EC_POINT(pubkey, point);
+
+/* BUG: need a way to figure out the maximum string size */
+    buf_len = 1024;
+    str = rb_str_new(0, buf_len);
+/* BUG: take KDF as a block */
+    buf_len = ECDH_compute_key(RSTRING_PTR(str), buf_len, point, ec, NULL);
+    if (buf_len < 0)
+         ossl_raise(eECError, "ECDH_compute_key");
+
+    rb_str_resize(str, buf_len);
+
+    return str;
+}
+
+/* sign_setup */
+
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *     key.dsa_sign_asn1(data)   => String
+ *
+ *  See the OpenSSL documentation for ECDSA_sign()
+ */
+static VALUE ossl_ec_key_dsa_sign_asn1(VALUE self, VALUE data)
+{
+    EC_KEY *ec;
+    unsigned int buf_len;
+    VALUE str;
+
+    Require_EC_KEY(self, ec);
+    StringValue(data);
+
+    if (EC_KEY_get0_private_key(ec) == NULL)
+	ossl_raise(eECError, "Private EC key needed!");
+
+    str = rb_str_new(0, ECDSA_size(ec) + 16);
+    if (ECDSA_sign(0, (unsigned char *) RSTRING_PTR(data), RSTRING_LEN(data), (unsigned char *) RSTRING_PTR(str), &buf_len, ec) != 1)
+         ossl_raise(eECError, "ECDSA_sign");
+
+    rb_str_resize(str, buf_len);
+
+    return str;
+}
+
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *     key.dsa_verify(data, sig)   => true or false
+ *
+ *  See the OpenSSL documentation for ECDSA_verify()
+ */
+static VALUE ossl_ec_key_dsa_verify_asn1(VALUE self, VALUE data, VALUE sig)
+{
+    EC_KEY *ec;
+
+    Require_EC_KEY(self, ec);
+    StringValue(data);
+    StringValue(sig);
+
+    switch (ECDSA_verify(0, (unsigned char *) RSTRING_PTR(data), RSTRING_LEN(data), (unsigned char *) RSTRING_PTR(sig), RSTRING_LEN(sig), ec)) {
+    case 1:	return Qtrue;
+    case 0:	return Qfalse;
+    default:	break;
+    }
+
+    ossl_raise(eECError, "ECDSA_verify");
+}
+
+static void ossl_ec_group_free(ossl_ec_group *ec_group)
+{
+    if (!ec_group->dont_free && ec_group->group)
+        EC_GROUP_clear_free(ec_group->group);
+    free(ec_group);
+}
+
+static VALUE ossl_ec_group_alloc(VALUE klass)
+{
+    ossl_ec_group *ec_group;
+    VALUE obj;
+
+    obj = Data_Make_Struct(klass, ossl_ec_group, 0, ossl_ec_group_free, ec_group);
+
+    return obj;
+}
+
+/*  call-seq:
+ *     OpenSSL::PKey::EC::Group.new("secp112r1")
+ *     OpenSSL::PKey::EC::Group.new(ec_group)
+ *     OpenSSL::PKey::EC::Group.new(pem_string)
+ *     OpenSSL::PKey::EC::Group.new(der_string)
+ *     OpenSSL::PKey::EC::Group.new(pem_file)
+ *     OpenSSL::PKey::EC::Group.new(der_file)
+ *     OpenSSL::PKey::EC::Group.new(:GFp_simple)
+ *     OpenSSL::PKey::EC::Group.new(:GFp_mult)
+ *     OpenSSL::PKey::EC::Group.new(:GFp_nist)
+ *     OpenSSL::PKey::EC::Group.new(:GF2m_simple)
+ *     OpenSSL::PKey::EC::Group.new(:GFp, bignum_p, bignum_a, bignum_b)
+ *     OpenSSL::PKey::EC::Group.new(:GF2m, bignum_p, bignum_a, bignum_b)
+ *
+ *  See the OpenSSL documentation for EC_GROUP_*
+ */
+static VALUE ossl_ec_group_initialize(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
+{
+    VALUE arg1, arg2, arg3, arg4;
+    ossl_ec_group *ec_group;
+    EC_GROUP *group = NULL;
+
+    Data_Get_Struct(self, ossl_ec_group, ec_group);
+    if (ec_group->group != NULL)
+        rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "EC_GROUP is already initialized");
+
+    switch (rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "13", &arg1, &arg2, &arg3, &arg4)) {
+    case 1:
+        if (SYMBOL_P(arg1)) {
+            const EC_METHOD *method = NULL;
+            ID id = SYM2ID(arg1);
+
+            if (id == s_GFp_simple) {
+                method = EC_GFp_simple_method();
+            } else if (id == s_GFp_mont) {
+                method = EC_GFp_mont_method();
+            } else if (id == s_GFp_nist) {
+                method = EC_GFp_nist_method();
+            } else if (id == s_GF2m_simple) {
+                method = EC_GF2m_simple_method();
+            }
+
+            if (method) {
+                if ((group = EC_GROUP_new(method)) == NULL)
+                    ossl_raise(eEC_GROUP, "EC_GROUP_new");
+            } else {
+                rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "unknown symbol, must be :GFp_simple, :GFp_mont, :GFp_nist or :GF2m_simple");
+            }
+        } else if (rb_obj_is_kind_of(arg1, cEC_GROUP)) {
+            const EC_GROUP *arg1_group;
+
+            SafeRequire_EC_GROUP(arg1, arg1_group);
+            if ((group = EC_GROUP_dup(arg1_group)) == NULL)
+                ossl_raise(eEC_GROUP, "EC_GROUP_dup");
+        } else {
+            BIO *in = ossl_obj2bio(arg1);
+
+            group = PEM_read_bio_ECPKParameters(in, NULL, NULL, NULL);
+            if (!group) {
+                BIO_reset(in);
+                group = d2i_ECPKParameters_bio(in, NULL);
+            }
+
+            BIO_free(in);
+
+            if (!group) {
+                const char *name = STR2CSTR(arg1);
+                int nid = OBJ_sn2nid(name);
+
+                if (nid == NID_undef)
+                    ossl_raise(eEC_GROUP, "unknown curve name (%s)", name);
+
+                group = EC_GROUP_new_by_curve_name(nid);
+                if (group == NULL)
+                    ossl_raise(eEC_GROUP, "unable to create curve (%s)", name);
+
+                EC_GROUP_set_asn1_flag(group, OPENSSL_EC_NAMED_CURVE);
+                EC_GROUP_set_point_conversion_form(group, POINT_CONVERSION_UNCOMPRESSED);
+            }
+        }
+
+        break;
+    case 4:
+        if (SYMBOL_P(arg1)) {
+            ID id = SYM2ID(arg1);
+            EC_GROUP *(*new_curve)(const BIGNUM *, const BIGNUM *, const BIGNUM *, BN_CTX *) = NULL;
+            const BIGNUM *p = GetBNPtr(arg2);
+            const BIGNUM *a = GetBNPtr(arg3);
+            const BIGNUM *b = GetBNPtr(arg4);
+
+            if (id == s_GFp) {
+                new_curve = EC_GROUP_new_curve_GFp;
+            } else if (id == s_GF2m) {
+                new_curve = EC_GROUP_new_curve_GF2m;
+            } else {
+                rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "unknown symbol, must be :GFp or :GF2m");
+            }
+
+            if ((group = new_curve(p, a, b, ossl_bn_ctx)) == NULL)
+                ossl_raise(eEC_GROUP, "EC_GROUP_new_by_GF*");
+        } else {
+             rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "unknown argument, must be :GFp or :GF2m");
+        }
+
+        break;
+    default:
+        rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "wrong number of arguments");
+    }
+
+    if (group == NULL)
+        ossl_raise(eEC_GROUP, "");
+
+    ec_group->group = group;
+
+    return self;
+}
+
+/*  call-seq:
+ *     group1 == group2   => true | false
+ *
+ */
+static VALUE ossl_ec_group_eql(VALUE a, VALUE b)
+{
+    EC_GROUP *group1 = NULL, *group2 = NULL;
+
+    Require_EC_GROUP(a, group1);
+    SafeRequire_EC_GROUP(b, group2);
+
+    if (EC_GROUP_cmp(group1, group2, ossl_bn_ctx) == 1)
+       return Qfalse;
+
+    return Qtrue;
+}
+
+/*  call-seq:
+ *     group.generator   => ec_point
+ *
+ *  See the OpenSSL documentation for EC_GROUP_get0_generator()
+ */
+static VALUE ossl_ec_group_get_generator(VALUE self)
+{
+    VALUE point_obj;
+    EC_GROUP *group = NULL;
+
+    Require_EC_GROUP(self, group);
+
+    point_obj = ossl_ec_point_dup(EC_GROUP_get0_generator(group), self);
+
+    return point_obj;
+}
+
+/*  call-seq:
+ *     group.set_generator(generator, order, cofactor)   => self
+ *
+ *  See the OpenSSL documentation for EC_GROUP_set_generator()
+ */
+static VALUE ossl_ec_group_set_generator(VALUE self, VALUE generator, VALUE order, VALUE cofactor)
+{
+    EC_GROUP *group = NULL;
+    const EC_POINT *point;
+    const BIGNUM *o, *co;
+
+    Require_EC_GROUP(self, group);
+    SafeRequire_EC_POINT(generator, point);
+    o = GetBNPtr(order);
+    co = GetBNPtr(cofactor);
+
+    if (EC_GROUP_set_generator(group, point, o, co) != 1)
+        ossl_raise(eEC_GROUP, "EC_GROUP_set_generator");
+
+    return self;
+}
+
+/*  call-seq:
+ *     group.get_order   => order_bn
+ *
+ *  See the OpenSSL documentation for EC_GROUP_get_order()
+ */
+static VALUE ossl_ec_group_get_order(VALUE self)
+{
+    VALUE bn_obj;
+    BIGNUM *bn;
+    EC_GROUP *group = NULL;
+
+    Require_EC_GROUP(self, group);
+
+    bn_obj = ossl_bn_new(NULL);
+    bn = GetBNPtr(bn_obj);
+
+    if (EC_GROUP_get_order(group, bn, ossl_bn_ctx) != 1)
+        ossl_raise(eEC_GROUP, "EC_GROUP_get_order");
+
+    return bn_obj;
+}
+
+/*  call-seq:
+ *     group.get_cofactor   => cofactor_bn
+ *
+ *  See the OpenSSL documentation for EC_GROUP_get_cofactor()
+ */
+static VALUE ossl_ec_group_get_cofactor(VALUE self)
+{
+    VALUE bn_obj;
+    BIGNUM *bn;
+    EC_GROUP *group = NULL;
+
+    Require_EC_GROUP(self, group);
+
+    bn_obj = ossl_bn_new(NULL);
+    bn = GetBNPtr(bn_obj);
+
+    if (EC_GROUP_get_cofactor(group, bn, ossl_bn_ctx) != 1)
+        ossl_raise(eEC_GROUP, "EC_GROUP_get_cofactor");
+
+    return bn_obj;
+}
+
+/*  call-seq:
+ *     group.curve_name  => String
+ *
+ *  See the OpenSSL documentation for EC_GROUP_get_curve_name()
+ */
+static VALUE ossl_ec_group_get_curve_name(VALUE self)
+{
+    EC_GROUP *group = NULL;
+    int nid;
+
+    Get_EC_GROUP(self, group);
+    if (group == NULL)
+        return Qnil;
+
+    nid = EC_GROUP_get_curve_name(group);
+
+/* BUG: an nid or asn1 object should be returned, maybe. */
+    return rb_str_new2(OBJ_nid2sn(nid));
+}
+
+/*  call-seq:
+ *     EC.builtin_curves => [[name, comment], ...]
+ *
+ *  See the OpenSSL documentation for EC_builtin_curves()
+ */
+static VALUE ossl_s_builtin_curves(VALUE self)
+{
+    EC_builtin_curve *curves = NULL;
+    int n;
+    int crv_len = EC_get_builtin_curves(NULL, 0);
+    VALUE ary, ret;
+
+    curves = ALLOCA_N(EC_builtin_curve, crv_len);
+    if (curves == NULL)
+        return Qnil;
+    if (!EC_get_builtin_curves(curves, crv_len))
+        ossl_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "EC_get_builtin_curves");
+
+    ret = rb_ary_new2(crv_len);
+
+    for (n = 0; n < crv_len; n++) {
+        const char *sname = OBJ_nid2sn(curves[n].nid);
+        const char *comment = curves[n].comment;
+
+        ary = rb_ary_new2(2);
+        rb_ary_push(ary, rb_str_new2(sname));
+        rb_ary_push(ary, comment ? rb_str_new2(comment) : Qnil);
+        rb_ary_push(ret, ary);
+    }
+
+    return ret;
+}
+
+/*  call-seq:
+ *     group.asn1_flag  => Fixnum
+ *
+ *  See the OpenSSL documentation for EC_GROUP_get_asn1_flag()
+ */
+static VALUE ossl_ec_group_get_asn1_flag(VALUE self)
+{
+    EC_GROUP *group = NULL;
+    int flag;
+
+    Require_EC_GROUP(self, group);
+
+    flag = EC_GROUP_get_asn1_flag(group);
+
+    return INT2FIX(flag);
+}
+
+/*  call-seq:
+ *     group.asn1_flag = Fixnum   => Fixnum
+ *
+ *  See the OpenSSL documentation for EC_GROUP_set_asn1_flag()
+ */
+static VALUE ossl_ec_group_set_asn1_flag(VALUE self, VALUE flag_v)
+{
+    EC_GROUP *group = NULL;
+
+    Require_EC_GROUP(self, group);
+
+    EC_GROUP_set_asn1_flag(group, NUM2INT(flag_v));
+
+    return flag_v;
+}
+
+/*  call-seq:
+ *     group.point_conversion_form  => :uncompressed | :compressed | :hybrid 
+ *
+ *  See the OpenSSL documentation for EC_GROUP_get_point_conversion_form()
+ */
+static VALUE ossl_ec_group_get_point_conversion_form(VALUE self)
+{
+    EC_GROUP *group = NULL;
+    point_conversion_form_t form;
+    VALUE ret;
+
+    Require_EC_GROUP(self, group);
+
+    form = EC_GROUP_get_point_conversion_form(group);
+
+    switch (form) {
+    case POINT_CONVERSION_UNCOMPRESSED:	ret = ID_uncompressed; break;
+    case POINT_CONVERSION_COMPRESSED:	ret = ID_compressed; break;
+    case POINT_CONVERSION_HYBRID:	ret = ID_hybrid; break;
+    default:	rb_raise(eEC_GROUP, "unsupported point conversion form: %d, this module should be updated", form);
+    }
+    
+   return ID2SYM(ret);
+}
+
+/*  call-seq:
+ *     group.point_conversion_form = form => form
+ *
+ *  See the OpenSSL documentation for EC_GROUP_set_point_conversion_form()
+ */
+static VALUE ossl_ec_group_set_point_conversion_form(VALUE self, VALUE form_v)
+{
+    EC_GROUP *group = NULL;
+    point_conversion_form_t form;
+    ID form_id = SYM2ID(form_v);
+
+    Require_EC_GROUP(self, group);
+
+    if (form_id == ID_uncompressed) {
+        form = POINT_CONVERSION_UNCOMPRESSED;
+    } else if (form_id == ID_compressed) {
+        form = POINT_CONVERSION_COMPRESSED;
+    } else if (form_id == ID_hybrid) {
+        form = POINT_CONVERSION_HYBRID;
+    } else {
+        rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "form must be :compressed, :uncompressed, or :hybrid");
+    }
+
+    EC_GROUP_set_point_conversion_form(group, form);
+
+    return form_v;
+}
+
+/*  call-seq:
+ *     group.seed   => String or nil
+ *
+ *  See the OpenSSL documentation for EC_GROUP_get0_seed()
+ */
+static VALUE ossl_ec_group_get_seed(VALUE self)
+{
+    EC_GROUP *group = NULL;
+    size_t seed_len;
+
+    Require_EC_GROUP(self, group);
+
+    seed_len = EC_GROUP_get_seed_len(group);
+
+    if (seed_len == 0)
+        return Qnil;
+
+    return rb_str_new(EC_GROUP_get0_seed(group), seed_len);
+}
+
+/*  call-seq:
+ *     group.seed = seed  => seed
+ *
+ *  See the OpenSSL documentation for EC_GROUP_set_seed()
+ */
+static VALUE ossl_ec_group_set_seed(VALUE self, VALUE seed)
+{
+    EC_GROUP *group = NULL;
+
+    Require_EC_GROUP(self, group);
+    StringValue(seed);
+
+    if (EC_GROUP_set_seed(group, RSTRING_PTR(seed), RSTRING_LEN(seed)) != RSTRING_LEN(seed))
+        ossl_raise(eEC_GROUP, "EC_GROUP_set_seed");
+
+    return seed;
+}
+
+/* get/set curve GFp, GF2m */
+
+/*  call-seq:
+ *     group.degree   => Fixnum
+ *
+ *  See the OpenSSL documentation for EC_GROUP_get_degree()
+ */
+static VALUE ossl_ec_group_get_degree(VALUE self)
+{
+    EC_GROUP *group = NULL;
+
+    Require_EC_GROUP(self, group);
+
+    return INT2NUM(EC_GROUP_get_degree(group));
+}
+
+static VALUE ossl_ec_group_to_string(VALUE self, int format)
+{
+    EC_GROUP *group;
+    BIO *out;
+    int i = -1;
+    VALUE str;
+
+    Get_EC_GROUP(self, group);
+
+    if (!(out = BIO_new(BIO_s_mem())))
+        ossl_raise(eEC_GROUP, "BIO_new(BIO_s_mem())");
+
+    switch(format) {
+    case EXPORT_PEM:
+        i = PEM_write_bio_ECPKParameters(out, group);
+    	break;
+    case EXPORT_DER:
+        i = i2d_ECPKParameters_bio(out, group);
+    	break;
+    default:
+        BIO_free(out);
+    	rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "unknown format (internal error)");
+    }
+
+    if (i != 1) {
+        BIO_free(out);
+        ossl_raise(eECError, NULL);
+    }
+
+    str = ossl_membio2str(out);
+
+    return str;
+}
+
+/*  call-seq:
+ *     group.to_pem   => String
+ *
+ *  See the OpenSSL documentation for PEM_write_bio_ECPKParameters()
+ */
+static VALUE ossl_ec_group_to_pem(VALUE self)
+{
+    return ossl_ec_group_to_string(self, EXPORT_PEM);
+}
+
+/*  call-seq:
+ *     group.to_der   => String
+ *
+ *  See the OpenSSL documentation for i2d_ECPKParameters_bio()
+ */
+static VALUE ossl_ec_group_to_der(VALUE self)
+{
+    return ossl_ec_group_to_string(self, EXPORT_DER);
+}
+
+/*  call-seq:
+ *     group.to_text   => String
+ *
+ *  See the OpenSSL documentation for ECPKParameters_print()
+ */
+static VALUE ossl_ec_group_to_text(VALUE self)
+{
+    EC_GROUP *group;
+    BIO *out;
+    VALUE str;
+
+    Require_EC_GROUP(self, group);
+    if (!(out = BIO_new(BIO_s_mem()))) {
+	ossl_raise(eEC_GROUP, "BIO_new(BIO_s_mem())");
+    }
+    if (!ECPKParameters_print(out, group, 0)) {
+	BIO_free(out);
+	ossl_raise(eEC_GROUP, NULL);
+    }
+    str = ossl_membio2str(out);
+
+    return str;
+}
+
+
+static void ossl_ec_point_free(ossl_ec_point *ec_point)
+{
+    if (!ec_point->dont_free && ec_point->point)
+        EC_POINT_clear_free(ec_point->point);
+    free(ec_point);
+}
+
+static VALUE ossl_ec_point_alloc(VALUE klass)
+{
+    ossl_ec_point *ec_point;
+    VALUE obj;
+
+    obj = Data_Make_Struct(klass, ossl_ec_point, 0, ossl_ec_point_free, ec_point);
+
+    return obj;
+}
+
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *     OpenSSL::PKey::EC::Point.new(point)
+ *     OpenSSL::PKey::EC::Point.new(group)
+ *     OpenSSL::PKey::EC::Point.new(group, bn)
+ *
+ *  See the OpenSSL documentation for EC_POINT_*
+ */
+static VALUE ossl_ec_point_initialize(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
+{
+    ossl_ec_point *ec_point;
+    EC_POINT *point = NULL;
+    VALUE arg1, arg2;
+    VALUE group_v = Qnil;
+    const EC_GROUP *group = NULL;
+
+    Data_Get_Struct(self, ossl_ec_point, ec_point);
+    if (ec_point->point)
+        rb_raise(eEC_POINT, "EC_POINT already initialized");
+
+    switch (rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "11", &arg1, &arg2)) {
+    case 1:
+        if (rb_obj_is_kind_of(arg1, cEC_POINT)) {
+            const EC_POINT *arg_point;
+
+            group_v = rb_iv_get(arg1, "@group");
+            SafeRequire_EC_GROUP(group_v, group);
+            SafeRequire_EC_POINT(arg1, arg_point);
+
+            point = EC_POINT_dup(arg_point, group);
+        } else if (rb_obj_is_kind_of(arg1, cEC_GROUP)) {
+            group_v = arg1;
+            SafeRequire_EC_GROUP(group_v, group);
+
+            point = EC_POINT_new(group);
+        } else {
+            rb_raise(eEC_POINT, "wrong argument type: must be OpenSSL::PKey::EC::Point or OpenSSL::Pkey::EC::Group");
+        }
+
+        break;
+     case 2:
+        if (!rb_obj_is_kind_of(arg1, cEC_GROUP))
+            rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "1st argument must be OpenSSL::PKey::EC::Group");
+        group_v = arg1;
+        SafeRequire_EC_GROUP(group_v, group);
+        
+        if (rb_obj_is_kind_of(arg2, cBN)) {
+            const BIGNUM *bn = GetBNPtr(arg2);
+
+            point = EC_POINT_bn2point(group, bn, NULL, ossl_bn_ctx);
+        } else {
+            BIO *in = ossl_obj2bio(arg1);
+
+/* BUG: finish me */
+
+            BIO_free(in);
+
+            if (point == NULL) {
+                ossl_raise(eEC_POINT, "unknown type for 2nd arg");
+            }
+        }
+        break;
+    default:
+        rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "wrong number of arguments");
+    }
+
+    if (point == NULL)
+        ossl_raise(eEC_POINT, NULL);
+
+    if (NIL_P(group_v))
+        rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "missing group (internal error)");
+
+    ec_point->point = point;
+
+    rb_iv_set(self, "@group", group_v);
+
+    return self;
+}
+
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *     point1 == point2 => true | false
+ *
+ */
+static VALUE ossl_ec_point_eql(VALUE a, VALUE b)
+{
+    EC_POINT *point1, *point2;
+    VALUE group_v1 = rb_iv_get(a, "@group");
+    VALUE group_v2 = rb_iv_get(b, "@group");
+    const EC_GROUP *group;
+
+    if (ossl_ec_group_eql(group_v1, group_v2) == Qfalse)
+        return Qfalse;
+
+    Require_EC_POINT(a, point1);
+    SafeRequire_EC_POINT(b, point2);
+    SafeRequire_EC_GROUP(group_v1, group);
+
+    if (EC_POINT_cmp(group, point1, point2, ossl_bn_ctx) == 1)
+        return Qfalse;
+
+    return Qtrue;
+}
+
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *     point.infinity? => true | false
+ *
+ */
+static VALUE ossl_ec_point_is_at_infinity(VALUE self)
+{
+    EC_POINT *point;
+    VALUE group_v = rb_iv_get(self, "@group");
+    const EC_GROUP *group;
+
+    Require_EC_POINT(self, point);
+    SafeRequire_EC_GROUP(group_v, group);
+
+    switch (EC_POINT_is_at_infinity(group, point)) {
+    case 1: return Qtrue;
+    case 0: return Qfalse;
+    default: ossl_raise(cEC_POINT, "EC_POINT_is_at_infinity");
+    }
+}
+
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *     point.on_curve? => true | false
+ *
+ */
+static VALUE ossl_ec_point_is_on_curve(VALUE self)
+{
+    EC_POINT *point;
+    VALUE group_v = rb_iv_get(self, "@group");
+    const EC_GROUP *group;
+
+    Require_EC_POINT(self, point);
+    SafeRequire_EC_GROUP(group_v, group);
+
+    switch (EC_POINT_is_on_curve(group, point, ossl_bn_ctx)) {
+    case 1: return Qtrue;
+    case 0: return Qfalse;
+    default: ossl_raise(cEC_POINT, "EC_POINT_is_on_curve");
+    }
+}
+
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *     point.make_affine! => self
+ *
+ */
+static VALUE ossl_ec_point_make_affine(VALUE self)
+{
+    EC_POINT *point;
+    VALUE group_v = rb_iv_get(self, "@group");
+    const EC_GROUP *group;
+
+    Require_EC_POINT(self, point);
+    SafeRequire_EC_GROUP(group_v, group);
+
+    if (EC_POINT_make_affine(group, point, ossl_bn_ctx) != 1)
+        ossl_raise(cEC_POINT, "EC_POINT_make_affine");
+
+    return self;
+}
+
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *     point.invert! => self
+ *
+ */
+static VALUE ossl_ec_point_invert(VALUE self)
+{
+    EC_POINT *point;
+    VALUE group_v = rb_iv_get(self, "@group");
+    const EC_GROUP *group;
+
+    Require_EC_POINT(self, point);
+    SafeRequire_EC_GROUP(group_v, group);
+
+    if (EC_POINT_invert(group, point, ossl_bn_ctx) != 1)
+        ossl_raise(cEC_POINT, "EC_POINT_invert");
+
+    return self;
+}
+
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *     point.set_to_infinity! => self
+ *
+ */
+static VALUE ossl_ec_point_set_to_infinity(VALUE self)
+{
+    EC_POINT *point;
+    VALUE group_v = rb_iv_get(self, "@group");
+    const EC_GROUP *group;
+
+    Require_EC_POINT(self, point);
+    SafeRequire_EC_GROUP(group_v, group);
+
+    if (EC_POINT_set_to_infinity(group, point) != 1)
+        ossl_raise(cEC_POINT, "EC_POINT_set_to_infinity");
+
+    return self;
+}
+
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *     point.to_bn   => OpenSSL::BN
+ *
+ *  See the OpenSSL documentation for EC_POINT_point2bn()
+ */
+static VALUE ossl_ec_point_to_bn(VALUE self)
+{
+    EC_POINT *point;
+    VALUE bn_obj;
+    VALUE group_v = rb_iv_get(self, "@group");
+    const EC_GROUP *group;
+    point_conversion_form_t form;
+    BIGNUM *bn;
+
+    Require_EC_POINT(self, point);
+    SafeRequire_EC_GROUP(group_v, group);
+
+    form = EC_GROUP_get_point_conversion_form(group);
+
+    bn_obj = rb_obj_alloc(cBN);
+    bn = GetBNPtr(bn_obj);
+
+    if (EC_POINT_point2bn(group, point, form, bn, ossl_bn_ctx) == NULL)
+        ossl_raise(eEC_POINT, "EC_POINT_point2bn");
+
+    return bn_obj;
+}
+
+static void no_copy(VALUE klass)
+{
+    rb_undef_method(klass, "copy");
+    rb_undef_method(klass, "clone");
+    rb_undef_method(klass, "dup");
+    rb_undef_method(klass, "initialize_copy");
+}
+
+void Init_ossl_ec()
+{
+#ifdef DONT_NEED_RDOC_WORKAROUND
+    mOSSL = rb_define_module("OpenSSL");
+    mPKey = rb_define_module_under(mOSSL, "PKey");
+#endif
+
+    eECError = rb_define_class_under(mPKey, "ECError", ePKeyError);
+
+    cEC = rb_define_class_under(mPKey, "EC", cPKey);
+    cEC_GROUP = rb_define_class_under(cEC, "Group", rb_cObject);
+    cEC_POINT = rb_define_class_under(cEC, "Point", rb_cObject);
+    eEC_GROUP = rb_define_class_under(cEC_GROUP, "Error", eOSSLError);
+    eEC_POINT = rb_define_class_under(cEC_POINT, "Error", eOSSLError);
+
+    s_GFp = rb_intern("GFp");
+    s_GF2m = rb_intern("GF2m");
+    s_GFp_simple = rb_intern("GFp_simple");
+    s_GFp_mont = rb_intern("GFp_mont");
+    s_GFp_nist = rb_intern("GFp_nist");
+    s_GF2m_simple = rb_intern("GF2m_simple");
+
+    ID_uncompressed = rb_intern("uncompressed");
+    ID_compressed = rb_intern("compressed");
+    ID_hybrid = rb_intern("hybrid");
+
+#ifdef OPENSSL_EC_NAMED_CURVE
+    rb_define_const(cEC, "NAMED_CURVE", ULONG2NUM(OPENSSL_EC_NAMED_CURVE));
+#endif
+
+    rb_define_singleton_method(cEC, "builtin_curves", ossl_s_builtin_curves, 0);
+
+    rb_define_method(cEC, "initialize", ossl_ec_key_initialize, -1);
+/* copy/dup/cmp */
+
+    rb_define_method(cEC, "group", ossl_ec_key_get_group, 0);
+    rb_define_method(cEC, "group=", ossl_ec_key_set_group, 1);
+    rb_define_method(cEC, "private_key", ossl_ec_key_get_private_key, 0);
+    rb_define_method(cEC, "private_key=", ossl_ec_key_set_private_key, 1);
+    rb_define_method(cEC, "public_key", ossl_ec_key_get_public_key, 0);
+    rb_define_method(cEC, "public_key=", ossl_ec_key_set_public_key, 1);
+    rb_define_method(cEC, "private_key?", ossl_ec_key_is_private_key, 0);
+    rb_define_method(cEC, "public_key?", ossl_ec_key_is_public_key, 0);
+/*  rb_define_method(cEC, "", ossl_ec_key_get_, 0);
+    rb_define_method(cEC, "=", ossl_ec_key_set_ 1);
+    set/get enc_flags
+    set/get _conv_from
+    set/get asn1_flag (can use ruby to call self.group.asn1_flag)
+    set/get precompute_mult
+*/
+    rb_define_method(cEC, "generate_key", ossl_ec_key_generate_key, 0);
+    rb_define_method(cEC, "check_key", ossl_ec_key_check_key, 0);
+
+    rb_define_method(cEC, "dh_compute_key", ossl_ec_key_dh_compute_key, 1);
+    rb_define_method(cEC, "dsa_sign_asn1", ossl_ec_key_dsa_sign_asn1, 1);
+    rb_define_method(cEC, "dsa_verify_asn1", ossl_ec_key_dsa_verify_asn1, 2);
+/* do_sign/do_verify */
+
+    rb_define_method(cEC, "to_pem", ossl_ec_key_to_pem, 0);
+    rb_define_method(cEC, "to_der", ossl_ec_key_to_der, 0);
+    rb_define_method(cEC, "to_text", ossl_ec_key_to_text, 0);
+
+
+    rb_define_alloc_func(cEC_GROUP, ossl_ec_group_alloc);
+    rb_define_method(cEC_GROUP, "initialize", ossl_ec_group_initialize, -1);
+    rb_define_method(cEC_GROUP, "eql?", ossl_ec_group_eql, 1);
+    rb_define_alias(cEC_GROUP, "==", "eql?");
+/* copy/dup/cmp */
+
+    rb_define_method(cEC_GROUP, "generator", ossl_ec_group_get_generator, 0);
+    rb_define_method(cEC_GROUP, "set_generator", ossl_ec_group_set_generator, 3);
+    rb_define_method(cEC_GROUP, "order", ossl_ec_group_get_order, 0);
+    rb_define_method(cEC_GROUP, "cofactor", ossl_ec_group_get_cofactor, 0);
+
+    rb_define_method(cEC_GROUP, "curve_name", ossl_ec_group_get_curve_name, 0);
+/*    rb_define_method(cEC_GROUP, "curve_name=", ossl_ec_group_set_curve_name, 1); */
+
+    rb_define_method(cEC_GROUP, "asn1_flag", ossl_ec_group_get_asn1_flag, 0);
+    rb_define_method(cEC_GROUP, "asn1_flag=", ossl_ec_group_set_asn1_flag, 1);
+
+    rb_define_method(cEC_GROUP, "point_conversion_form", ossl_ec_group_get_point_conversion_form, 0);
+    rb_define_method(cEC_GROUP, "point_conversion_form=", ossl_ec_group_set_point_conversion_form, 1);
+
+    rb_define_method(cEC_GROUP, "seed", ossl_ec_group_get_seed, 0);
+    rb_define_method(cEC_GROUP, "seed=", ossl_ec_group_set_seed, 1);
+
+/* get/set GFp, GF2m */
+
+    rb_define_method(cEC_GROUP, "degree", ossl_ec_group_get_degree, 0);
+
+/* check* */
+
+
+    rb_define_method(cEC_GROUP, "to_pem", ossl_ec_group_to_pem, 0);
+    rb_define_method(cEC_GROUP, "to_der", ossl_ec_group_to_der, 0);
+    rb_define_method(cEC_GROUP, "to_text", ossl_ec_group_to_text, 0);
+
+
+    rb_define_alloc_func(cEC_POINT, ossl_ec_point_alloc);
+    rb_define_method(cEC_POINT, "initialize", ossl_ec_point_initialize, -1);
+    rb_attr(cEC_POINT, rb_intern("group"), 1, 0, 0);
+    rb_define_method(cEC_POINT, "eql?", ossl_ec_point_eql, 1);
+    rb_define_alias(cEC_POINT, "==", "eql?");
+
+    rb_define_method(cEC_POINT, "infinity?", ossl_ec_point_is_at_infinity, 0);
+    rb_define_method(cEC_POINT, "on_curve?", ossl_ec_point_is_on_curve, 0);
+    rb_define_method(cEC_POINT, "make_affine!", ossl_ec_point_make_affine, 0);
+    rb_define_method(cEC_POINT, "invert!", ossl_ec_point_invert, 0);
+    rb_define_method(cEC_POINT, "set_to_infinity!", ossl_ec_point_set_to_infinity, 0);
+/* all the other methods */
+
+    rb_define_method(cEC_POINT, "to_bn", ossl_ec_point_to_bn, 0);
+
+    no_copy(cEC);
+    no_copy(cEC_GROUP);
+    no_copy(cEC_POINT);
+}
+
+#else /* defined NO_EC */
+void Init_ossl_ec()
+{
+}
+#endif /* NO_EC */
diff --git a/ext/openssl/ossl_pkey_rsa.c b/ext/openssl/ossl_pkey_rsa.c
index 17bec2b7bb..9ac69e7ded 100644
--- a/ext/openssl/ossl_pkey_rsa.c
+++ b/ext/openssl/ossl_pkey_rsa.c
@@ -84,9 +84,19 @@ rsa_generate(int size, int exp)
 	    NULL);
 }
 
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *     RSA.generate(size [, exponent]) -> rsa
+ *
+ *  === Parameters
+ *  * +size+ is an integer representing the desired key size.  Keys smaller than 1024 should be considered insecure.
+ *  * +exponent+ is an odd number normally 3, 17, or 65537.
+ *
+ */
 static VALUE
 ossl_rsa_s_generate(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE klass)
 {
+/* why does this method exist?  why can't initialize take an optional exponent? */
     RSA *rsa;
     VALUE size, exp;
     VALUE obj;
@@ -104,6 +114,20 @@ ossl_rsa_s_generate(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE klass)
     return obj;
 }
 
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *     RSA.new([size | encoded_key] [, pass]) -> rsa
+ *
+ *  === Parameters
+ *  * +size+ is an integer representing the desired key size.
+ *  * +encoded_key+ is a string containing PEM or DER encoded key.
+ *  * +pass+ is an optional string with the password to decrypt the encoded key.
+ *
+ *  === Examples
+ *  * RSA.new(2048) -> rsa 
+ *  * RSA.new(File.read("rsa.pem")) -> rsa
+ *  * RSA.new(File.read("rsa.pem"), "mypassword") -> rsa
+ */
 static VALUE
 ossl_rsa_initialize(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
 {
@@ -157,6 +181,13 @@ ossl_rsa_initialize(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
     return self;
 }
 
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *     rsa.public? -> true
+ *
+ *  The return value is always true since every private key is also a public key.
+ *
+ */
 static VALUE
 ossl_rsa_is_public(VALUE self)
 {
@@ -164,12 +195,16 @@ ossl_rsa_is_public(VALUE self)
 
     GetPKeyRSA(self, pkey);
     /*
-     * SURPRISE! :-))
-     * Every key is public at the same time!
+     * This method should check for n and e.  BUG.
      */
     return Qtrue;
 }
 
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *     rsa.private? -> true | false
+ *
+ */
 static VALUE
 ossl_rsa_is_private(VALUE self)
 {
@@ -180,6 +215,18 @@ ossl_rsa_is_private(VALUE self)
     return (RSA_PRIVATE(self, pkey->pkey.rsa)) ? Qtrue : Qfalse;
 }
 
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *     rsa.to_pem([cipher, pass]) -> aString
+ *
+ *  === Parameters
+ *  * +cipher+ is a Cipher object.
+ *  * +pass+ is a string.
+ *
+ *  === Examples
+ *  * rsa.to_pem -> aString
+ *  * rsa.to_pem(cipher, pass) -> aString
+ */
 static VALUE
 ossl_rsa_export(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
 {
@@ -219,6 +266,11 @@ ossl_rsa_export(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
     return str;
 }
 
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *     rsa.to_der -> aString
+ *
+ */
 static VALUE
 ossl_rsa_to_der(VALUE self)
 {
@@ -236,7 +288,7 @@ ossl_rsa_to_der(VALUE self)
     if((len = i2d_func(pkey->pkey.rsa, NULL)) <= 0)
 	ossl_raise(eRSAError, NULL);
     str = rb_str_new(0, len);
-    p = RSTRING(str)->ptr;
+    p = RSTRING_PTR(str);
     if(i2d_func(pkey->pkey.rsa, &p) < 0)
 	ossl_raise(eRSAError, NULL);
     ossl_str_adjust(str, p);
@@ -246,6 +298,11 @@ ossl_rsa_to_der(VALUE self)
 
 #define ossl_rsa_buf_size(pkey) (RSA_size((pkey)->pkey.rsa)+16)
 
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *     rsa.public_encrypt(string [, padding]) -> aString
+ *
+ */
 static VALUE
 ossl_rsa_public_encrypt(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
 {
@@ -258,16 +315,20 @@ ossl_rsa_public_encrypt(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
     pad = (argc == 1) ? RSA_PKCS1_PADDING : NUM2INT(padding);
     StringValue(buffer);
     str = rb_str_new(0, ossl_rsa_buf_size(pkey));
-    buf_len = RSA_public_encrypt(RSTRING(buffer)->len, RSTRING(buffer)->ptr,
-				 RSTRING(str)->ptr, pkey->pkey.rsa,
+    buf_len = RSA_public_encrypt(RSTRING_LEN(buffer), RSTRING_PTR(buffer),
+				 RSTRING_PTR(str), pkey->pkey.rsa,
 				 pad);
     if (buf_len < 0) ossl_raise(eRSAError, NULL);
-    RSTRING(str)->len = buf_len;
-    RSTRING(str)->ptr[buf_len] = 0;
+    rb_str_set_len(str, buf_len);
 
     return str;
 }
 
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *     rsa.public_decrypt(string [, padding]) -> aString
+ *
+ */
 static VALUE
 ossl_rsa_public_decrypt(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
 {
@@ -280,16 +341,20 @@ ossl_rsa_public_decrypt(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
     pad = (argc == 1) ? RSA_PKCS1_PADDING : NUM2INT(padding);
     StringValue(buffer);
     str = rb_str_new(0, ossl_rsa_buf_size(pkey));
-    buf_len = RSA_public_decrypt(RSTRING(buffer)->len, RSTRING(buffer)->ptr,
-				 RSTRING(str)->ptr, pkey->pkey.rsa,
+    buf_len = RSA_public_decrypt(RSTRING_LEN(buffer), RSTRING_PTR(buffer),
+				 RSTRING_PTR(str), pkey->pkey.rsa,
 				 pad);
     if (buf_len < 0) ossl_raise(eRSAError, NULL);
-    RSTRING(str)->len = buf_len;
-    RSTRING(str)->ptr[buf_len] = 0;
+    rb_str_set_len(str, buf_len);
     
     return str;
 }
 
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *     rsa.private_encrypt(string [, padding]) -> aString
+ *
+ */
 static VALUE
 ossl_rsa_private_encrypt(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
 {
@@ -305,16 +370,21 @@ ossl_rsa_private_encrypt(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
     pad = (argc == 1) ? RSA_PKCS1_PADDING : NUM2INT(padding);
     StringValue(buffer);
     str = rb_str_new(0, ossl_rsa_buf_size(pkey));
-    buf_len = RSA_private_encrypt(RSTRING(buffer)->len, RSTRING(buffer)->ptr,
-				  RSTRING(str)->ptr, pkey->pkey.rsa,
+    buf_len = RSA_private_encrypt(RSTRING_LEN(buffer), RSTRING_PTR(buffer),
+				  RSTRING_PTR(str), pkey->pkey.rsa,
 				  pad);
     if (buf_len < 0) ossl_raise(eRSAError, NULL);
-    RSTRING(str)->len = buf_len;
-    RSTRING(str)->ptr[buf_len] = 0;
+    rb_str_set_len(str, buf_len);
     
     return str;
 }
 
+
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *     rsa.private_decrypt(string [, padding]) -> aString
+ *
+ */
 static VALUE
 ossl_rsa_private_decrypt(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
 {
@@ -330,17 +400,19 @@ ossl_rsa_private_decrypt(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
     pad = (argc == 1) ? RSA_PKCS1_PADDING : NUM2INT(padding);
     StringValue(buffer);
     str = rb_str_new(0, ossl_rsa_buf_size(pkey));
-    buf_len = RSA_private_decrypt(RSTRING(buffer)->len, RSTRING(buffer)->ptr,
-				  RSTRING(str)->ptr, pkey->pkey.rsa,
+    buf_len = RSA_private_decrypt(RSTRING_LEN(buffer), RSTRING_PTR(buffer),
+				  RSTRING_PTR(str), pkey->pkey.rsa,
 				  pad);
     if (buf_len < 0) ossl_raise(eRSAError, NULL);
-    RSTRING(str)->len = buf_len;
-    RSTRING(str)->ptr[buf_len] = 0;
+    rb_str_set_len(str, buf_len);
 
     return str;
 }
 
 /*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *     rsa.params -> hash
+ *
  * Stores all parameters of key to the hash
  * INSECURE: PRIVATE INFORMATIONS CAN LEAK OUT!!!
  * Don't use :-)) (I's up to you)
@@ -368,6 +440,9 @@ ossl_rsa_get_params(VALUE self)
 }
 
 /*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *     rsa.to_text -> aString
+ *
  * Prints all parameters of key to buffer
  * INSECURE: PRIVATE INFORMATIONS CAN LEAK OUT!!!
  * Don't use :-)) (It's up to you)
@@ -393,6 +468,9 @@ ossl_rsa_to_text(VALUE self)
 }
 
 /*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *     rsa.public_key -> aRSA
+ *
  * Makes new instance RSA PUBLIC_KEY from PRIVATE_KEY
  */
 static VALUE
@@ -415,7 +493,6 @@ ossl_rsa_to_public_key(VALUE self)
 
 /*
  * TODO: Test me
-extern BN_CTX *ossl_bn_ctx;
 
 static VALUE
 ossl_rsa_blinding_on(VALUE self)
@@ -459,6 +536,11 @@ OSSL_PKEY_BN(rsa, iqmp);
 void
 Init_ossl_rsa()
 {
+#if 0 /* let rdoc know about mOSSL and mPKey */
+    mOSSL = rb_define_module("OpenSSL");
+    mPKey = rb_define_module_under(mOSSL, "PKey");
+#endif
+
     eRSAError = rb_define_class_under(mPKey, "RSAError", ePKeyError);
 
     cRSA = rb_define_class_under(mPKey, "RSA", cPKey);
@@ -503,11 +585,9 @@ Init_ossl_rsa()
 }
 
 #else /* defined NO_RSA */
-#   warning >>> OpenSSL is compiled without RSA support <<<
 void
 Init_ossl_rsa()
 {
-    rb_warning("OpenSSL is compiled without RSA support");
 }
 #endif /* NO_RSA */
 
diff --git a/ext/openssl/ossl_rand.c b/ext/openssl/ossl_rand.c
index ec9883d70a..ad830fbc98 100644
--- a/ext/openssl/ossl_rand.c
+++ b/ext/openssl/ossl_rand.c
@@ -27,84 +27,150 @@ VALUE eRandomError;
 /*
  * Private
  */
+
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *     seed(str) -> str
+ *
+ */
 static VALUE
 ossl_rand_seed(VALUE self, VALUE str)
 {
     StringValue(str);
-    RAND_seed(RSTRING(str)->ptr, RSTRING(str)->len);
+    RAND_seed(RSTRING_PTR(str), RSTRING_LEN(str));
 
     return str;
 }
 
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *     add(str, entropy) -> self
+ *
+ */
+static VALUE
+ossl_rand_add(VALUE self, VALUE str, VALUE entropy)
+{
+    StringValue(str);
+    RAND_add(RSTRING_PTR(str), RSTRING_LEN(str), NUM2DBL(entropy));
+
+    return self;
+}
+
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *     load_random_file(filename) -> true
+ *
+ */
 static VALUE
 ossl_rand_load_file(VALUE self, VALUE filename)
 {
     SafeStringValue(filename);
 	
-    if(!RAND_load_file(RSTRING(filename)->ptr, -1)) {
+    if(!RAND_load_file(RSTRING_PTR(filename), -1)) {
 	ossl_raise(eRandomError, NULL);
     }
     return Qtrue;
 }
 
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *     write_random_file(filename) -> true
+ *
+ */
 static VALUE
 ossl_rand_write_file(VALUE self, VALUE filename)
 {
     SafeStringValue(filename);
-    if (RAND_write_file(RSTRING(filename)->ptr) == -1) {
+    if (RAND_write_file(RSTRING_PTR(filename)) == -1) {
 	ossl_raise(eRandomError, NULL);
     }
     return Qtrue;
 }
 
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *     random_bytes(length) -> aString
+ *
+ */
 static VALUE
 ossl_rand_bytes(VALUE self, VALUE len)
 {
     VALUE str;
-	
-    str = rb_str_new(0, FIX2INT(len));
-    if (!RAND_bytes(RSTRING(str)->ptr, FIX2INT(len))) {
+    int n = NUM2INT(len);
+
+    str = rb_str_new(0, n);
+    if (!RAND_bytes(RSTRING_PTR(str), n)) {
 	ossl_raise(eRandomError, NULL);
     }
 
     return str;
 }
 
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *     pseudo_bytes(length) -> aString
+ *
+ */
 static VALUE
 ossl_rand_pseudo_bytes(VALUE self, VALUE len)
 {
     VALUE str;
+    int n = NUM2INT(len);
 
-    str = rb_str_new(0, FIX2INT(len));
-    if (!RAND_pseudo_bytes(RSTRING(str)->ptr, FIX2INT(len))) {
+    str = rb_str_new(0, n);
+    if (!RAND_pseudo_bytes(RSTRING_PTR(str), n)) {
 	ossl_raise(eRandomError, NULL);
     }
 
     return str;
 }
 
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *     egd(filename) -> true
+ *
+ */
 static VALUE
 ossl_rand_egd(VALUE self, VALUE filename)
 {
     SafeStringValue(filename);
 	
-    if(!RAND_egd(RSTRING(filename)->ptr)) {
+    if(!RAND_egd(RSTRING_PTR(filename))) {
 	ossl_raise(eRandomError, NULL);
     }
     return Qtrue;
 }
 
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *     egd_bytes(filename, length) -> true
+ *
+ */
 static VALUE
 ossl_rand_egd_bytes(VALUE self, VALUE filename, VALUE len)
 {
+    long n = NUM2INT(len);
+
     SafeStringValue(filename);
 
-    if (!RAND_egd_bytes(RSTRING(filename)->ptr, FIX2INT(len))) {
+    if (!RAND_egd_bytes(RSTRING_PTR(filename), n)) {
 	ossl_raise(eRandomError, NULL);
     }
     return Qtrue;
 }
 
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *     status? => true | false
+ *
+ * Return true if the PRNG has been seeded with enough data, false otherwise.
+ */
+static VALUE
+ossl_rand_status(VALUE self)
+{
+    return RAND_status() ? Qtrue : Qfalse;
+}
+
 #define DEFMETH(class, name, func, argc) \
 	rb_define_method(class, name, func, argc); \
 	rb_define_singleton_method(class, name, func, argc);
@@ -115,16 +181,22 @@ ossl_rand_egd_bytes(VALUE self, VALUE filename, VALUE len)
 void
 Init_ossl_rand()
 {
+#if 0 /* let rdoc know about mOSSL */
+    mOSSL = rb_define_module("OpenSSL");
+#endif
+
     mRandom = rb_define_module_under(mOSSL, "Random");
 	
     eRandomError = rb_define_class_under(mRandom, "RandomError", eOSSLError);
 	
     DEFMETH(mRandom, "seed", ossl_rand_seed, 1);
+    DEFMETH(mRandom, "random_add", ossl_rand_add, 2);
     DEFMETH(mRandom, "load_random_file", ossl_rand_load_file, 1);
     DEFMETH(mRandom, "write_random_file", ossl_rand_write_file, 1);
     DEFMETH(mRandom, "random_bytes", ossl_rand_bytes, 1);
     DEFMETH(mRandom, "pseudo_bytes", ossl_rand_pseudo_bytes, 1);
     DEFMETH(mRandom, "egd", ossl_rand_egd, 1);
     DEFMETH(mRandom, "egd_bytes", ossl_rand_egd_bytes, 2);	
+    DEFMETH(mRandom, "status?", ossl_rand_status, 0)
 }
 
diff --git a/ext/openssl/ossl_ssl.c b/ext/openssl/ossl_ssl.c
index 92384f1b1a..01b86fec27 100644
--- a/ext/openssl/ossl_ssl.c
+++ b/ext/openssl/ossl_ssl.c
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@
  * 'OpenSSL for Ruby' project
  * Copyright (C) 2000-2002  GOTOU Yuuzou <gotoyuzo@notwork.org>
  * Copyright (C) 2001-2002  Michal Rokos <m.rokos@sh.cvut.cz>
+ * Copyright (C) 2001-2007  Technorama Ltd. <oss-ruby@technorama.net>
  * All rights reserved.
  */
 /*
@@ -30,9 +31,6 @@ VALUE eSSLError;
 VALUE cSSLContext;
 VALUE cSSLSocket;
 
-/*
- * SSLContext class
- */
 #define ossl_sslctx_set_cert(o,v)        rb_iv_set((o),"@cert",(v))
 #define ossl_sslctx_set_key(o,v)         rb_iv_set((o),"@key",(v))
 #define ossl_sslctx_set_client_ca(o,v)   rb_iv_set((o),"@client_ca",(v))
@@ -65,11 +63,12 @@ VALUE cSSLSocket;
 #define ossl_sslctx_get_tmp_dh_cb(o)     rb_iv_get((o),"@tmp_dh_callback")
 #define ossl_sslctx_get_sess_id_ctx(o)   rb_iv_get((o),"@session_id_context")
 
-static char *ossl_sslctx_attrs[] = {
+static const char *ossl_sslctx_attrs[] = {
     "cert", "key", "client_ca", "ca_file", "ca_path",
     "timeout", "verify_mode", "verify_depth",
     "verify_callback", "options", "cert_store", "extra_chain_cert",
     "client_cert_cb", "tmp_dh_callback", "session_id_context",
+    "session_get_cb", "session_new_cb", "session_remove_cb",
 };
 
 #define ossl_ssl_get_io(o)           rb_iv_get((o),"@io")
@@ -86,8 +85,10 @@ static char *ossl_sslctx_attrs[] = {
 #define ossl_ssl_set_key(o,v)        rb_iv_set((o),"@key",(v))
 #define ossl_ssl_set_tmp_dh(o,v)     rb_iv_set((o),"@tmp_dh",(v))
 
-static char *ossl_ssl_attr_readers[] = { "io", "context", };
-static char *ossl_ssl_attrs[] = { "sync_close", };
+static const char *ossl_ssl_attr_readers[] = { "io", "context", };
+static const char *ossl_ssl_attrs[] = { "sync_close", };
+
+ID ID_callback_state;
 
 /*
  * SSLContext class
@@ -141,22 +142,13 @@ ossl_sslctx_s_alloc(VALUE klass)
 }
 
 static VALUE
-ossl_sslctx_initialize(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
+ossl_sslctx_set_ssl_version(VALUE self, VALUE ssl_method)
 {
-    VALUE ssl_method;
     SSL_METHOD *method = NULL;
-    SSL_CTX *ctx;
+    const char *s;
     int i;
-    char *s;
 
-    for(i = 0; i < numberof(ossl_sslctx_attrs); i++){
-	char buf[32];
-	snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), "@%s", ossl_sslctx_attrs[i]);
-	rb_iv_set(self, buf, Qnil);
-    }
-    if (rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "01", &ssl_method) == 0){
-        return self;
-    }
+    SSL_CTX *ctx;
     if(TYPE(ssl_method) == T_SYMBOL)
 	s = rb_id2name(SYM2ID(ssl_method));
     else
@@ -175,6 +167,33 @@ ossl_sslctx_initialize(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
         ossl_raise(eSSLError, "SSL_CTX_set_ssl_version:");
     }
 
+    return ssl_method;
+}
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *    SSLContext.new => ctx
+ *    SSLContext.new(:TLSv1) => ctx
+ *    SSLContext.new("SSLv23_client") => ctx
+ *
+ * You can get a list of valid methods with OpenSSL::SSL::SSLContext::METHODS
+ */
+static VALUE
+ossl_sslctx_initialize(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
+{
+    VALUE ssl_method;
+    int i;
+
+    for(i = 0; i < numberof(ossl_sslctx_attrs); i++){
+	char buf[32];
+	snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), "@%s", ossl_sslctx_attrs[i]);
+	rb_iv_set(self, buf, Qnil);
+    }
+    if (rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "01", &ssl_method) == 0){
+        return self;
+    }
+    ossl_sslctx_set_ssl_version(self, ssl_method);
+
     return self;
 }
 
@@ -251,6 +270,8 @@ ossl_tmp_dh_callback(SSL *ssl, int is_export, int keylength)
 static DH*
 ossl_default_tmp_dh_callback(SSL *ssl, int is_export, int keylength)
 {
+    rb_warning("using default DH parameters.");
+
     switch(keylength){
     case 512:
 	return OSSL_DEFAULT_DH_512;
@@ -274,6 +295,143 @@ ossl_ssl_verify_callback(int preverify_ok, X509_STORE_CTX *ctx)
 }
 
 static VALUE
+ossl_call_session_get_cb(VALUE ary)
+{
+    VALUE ssl_obj, sslctx_obj, cb, ret;
+    
+    Check_Type(ary, T_ARRAY);
+    ssl_obj = rb_ary_entry(ary, 0);
+
+    sslctx_obj = rb_iv_get(ssl_obj, "@context");
+    if (NIL_P(sslctx_obj)) return Qnil;
+    cb = rb_iv_get(sslctx_obj, "@session_get_cb");
+    if (NIL_P(cb)) return Qnil;
+
+    return rb_funcall(cb, rb_intern("call"), 1, ary);
+}
+
+/* this method is currently only called for servers (in OpenSSL <= 0.9.8e) */
+static SSL_SESSION *
+ossl_sslctx_session_get_cb(SSL *ssl, unsigned char *buf, int len, int *copy)
+{
+    VALUE ary, ssl_obj, ret_obj;
+    SSL_SESSION *sess;
+    void *ptr;
+    int state = 0;
+
+    OSSL_Debug("SSL SESSION get callback entered");
+    if ((ptr = SSL_get_ex_data(ssl, ossl_ssl_ex_ptr_idx)) == NULL)
+    	return NULL;
+    ssl_obj = (VALUE)ptr;
+    ary = rb_ary_new2(2);
+    rb_ary_push(ary, ssl_obj);
+    rb_ary_push(ary, rb_str_new(buf, len));
+
+    ret_obj = rb_protect((VALUE(*)_((VALUE)))ossl_call_session_get_cb, ary, &state);
+    if (state) {
+        rb_ivar_set(ssl_obj, ID_callback_state, INT2NUM(state));
+        return NULL;
+    }
+    if (!rb_obj_is_instance_of(ret_obj, cSSLSession))
+        return NULL;
+
+    SafeGetSSLSession(ret_obj, sess);
+    *copy = 1;
+
+    return sess;
+}
+
+static VALUE
+ossl_call_session_new_cb(VALUE ary)
+{
+    VALUE ssl_obj, sslctx_obj, cb, ret;
+    
+    Check_Type(ary, T_ARRAY);
+    ssl_obj = rb_ary_entry(ary, 0);
+
+    sslctx_obj = rb_iv_get(ssl_obj, "@context");
+    if (NIL_P(sslctx_obj)) return Qnil;
+    cb = rb_iv_get(sslctx_obj, "@session_new_cb");
+    if (NIL_P(cb)) return Qnil;
+
+    return rb_funcall(cb, rb_intern("call"), 1, ary);
+}
+
+/* return 1 normal.  return 0 removes the session */
+static int
+ossl_sslctx_session_new_cb(SSL *ssl, SSL_SESSION *sess)
+{
+    VALUE ary, ssl_obj, sess_obj, ret_obj;
+    void *ptr;
+    int state = 0;
+
+    OSSL_Debug("SSL SESSION new callback entered");
+
+    if ((ptr = SSL_get_ex_data(ssl, ossl_ssl_ex_ptr_idx)) == NULL)
+    	return 1;
+    ssl_obj = (VALUE)ptr;
+    sess_obj = rb_obj_alloc(cSSLSession);
+    CRYPTO_add(&sess->references, 1, CRYPTO_LOCK_SSL_SESSION);
+    DATA_PTR(sess_obj) = sess;
+
+    ary = rb_ary_new2(2);
+    rb_ary_push(ary, ssl_obj);
+    rb_ary_push(ary, sess_obj);
+
+    ret_obj = rb_protect((VALUE(*)_((VALUE)))ossl_call_session_new_cb, ary, &state);
+    if (state) {
+        rb_ivar_set(ssl_obj, ID_callback_state, INT2NUM(state));
+        return 0; /* what should be returned here??? */
+    }
+
+    return RTEST(ret_obj) ? 1 : 0;
+}
+
+static VALUE
+ossl_call_session_remove_cb(VALUE ary)
+{
+    VALUE sslctx_obj, cb, ret;
+    
+    Check_Type(ary, T_ARRAY);
+    sslctx_obj = rb_ary_entry(ary, 0);
+
+    cb = rb_iv_get(sslctx_obj, "@session_remove_cb");
+    if (NIL_P(cb)) return Qnil;
+
+    return rb_funcall(cb, rb_intern("call"), 1, ary);
+}
+
+static void
+ossl_sslctx_session_remove_cb(SSL_CTX *ctx, SSL_SESSION *sess)
+{
+    VALUE ary, sslctx_obj, sess_obj, ret_obj;
+    void *ptr;
+    int state = 0;
+
+    OSSL_Debug("SSL SESSION remove callback entered");
+
+    if ((ptr = SSL_CTX_get_ex_data(ctx, ossl_ssl_ex_ptr_idx)) == NULL)
+    	return;
+    sslctx_obj = (VALUE)ptr;
+    sess_obj = rb_obj_alloc(cSSLSession);
+    CRYPTO_add(&sess->references, 1, CRYPTO_LOCK_SSL_SESSION);
+    DATA_PTR(sess_obj) = sess;
+
+    ary = rb_ary_new2(2);
+    rb_ary_push(ary, sslctx_obj);
+    rb_ary_push(ary, sess_obj);
+
+    ret_obj = rb_protect((VALUE(*)_((VALUE)))ossl_call_session_new_cb, ary, &state);
+    if (state) {
+/*
+  the SSL_CTX is frozen, nowhere to save state.
+  there is no common accessor method to check it either.
+        rb_ivar_set(sslctx_obj, ID_callback_state, INT2NUM(state));
+*/
+    }
+}
+
+static VALUE
 ossl_sslctx_add_extra_chain_cert_i(VALUE i, VALUE arg)
 {
     X509 *x509;
@@ -288,6 +446,14 @@ ossl_sslctx_add_extra_chain_cert_i(VALUE i, VALUE arg)
     return i;
 }
 
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *    ctx.setup => Qtrue # first time
+ *    ctx.setup => nil # thereafter
+ *
+ * This method is called automatically when a new SSLSocket is created.
+ * Normally you do not need to call this method (unless you are writing an extension in C).
+ */
 static VALUE
 ossl_sslctx_setup(VALUE self)
 {
@@ -307,10 +473,10 @@ ossl_sslctx_setup(VALUE self)
 	SSL_CTX_set_tmp_dh_callback(ctx, ossl_tmp_dh_callback);
     }
     else{
-	rb_warning("using default DH parameters.");
 	SSL_CTX_set_tmp_dh_callback(ctx, ossl_default_tmp_dh_callback);
     }
 #endif
+    SSL_CTX_set_ex_data(ctx, ossl_ssl_ex_ptr_idx, (void*)self);
 
     val = ossl_sslctx_get_cert_store(self);
     if(!NIL_P(val)){
@@ -327,7 +493,7 @@ ossl_sslctx_setup(VALUE self)
 
     val = ossl_sslctx_get_extra_cert(self);
     if(!NIL_P(val)){
-	rb_iterate(rb_each, val, ossl_sslctx_add_extra_chain_cert_i, self);
+	rb_block_call(val, rb_intern("each"), 0, 0, ossl_sslctx_add_extra_chain_cert_i, self);
     }
 
     /* private key may be bundled in certificate file. */
@@ -352,8 +518,8 @@ ossl_sslctx_setup(VALUE self)
     val = ossl_sslctx_get_client_ca(self);
     if(!NIL_P(val)){
 	if(TYPE(val) == T_ARRAY){
-	    for(i = 0; i < RARRAY(val)->len; i++){
-		client_ca = GetX509CertPtr(RARRAY(val)->ptr[i]);
+	    for(i = 0; i < RARRAY_LEN(val); i++){
+		client_ca = GetX509CertPtr(RARRAY_PTR(val)[i]);
         	if (!SSL_CTX_add_client_CA(ctx, client_ca)){
 		    /* Copies X509_NAME => FREE it. */
         	    ossl_raise(eSSLError, "SSL_CTX_add_client_CA");
@@ -397,12 +563,24 @@ ossl_sslctx_setup(VALUE self)
     val = ossl_sslctx_get_sess_id_ctx(self);
     if (!NIL_P(val)){
 	StringValue(val);
-	if (!SSL_CTX_set_session_id_context(ctx, RSTRING(val)->ptr,
-					    RSTRING(val)->len)){
-            ossl_raise(eSSLError, "SSL_CTX_set_session_id_context:");
+	if (!SSL_CTX_set_session_id_context(ctx, RSTRING_PTR(val),
+					    RSTRING_LEN(val))){
+	    ossl_raise(eSSLError, "SSL_CTX_set_session_id_context:");
 	}
     }
 
+    if (RTEST(rb_iv_get(self, "@session_get_cb"))) {
+	SSL_CTX_sess_set_get_cb(ctx, ossl_sslctx_session_get_cb);
+	OSSL_Debug("SSL SESSION get callback added");
+    }
+    if (RTEST(rb_iv_get(self, "@session_new_cb"))) {
+	SSL_CTX_sess_set_new_cb(ctx, ossl_sslctx_session_new_cb);
+	OSSL_Debug("SSL SESSION new callback added");
+    }
+    if (RTEST(rb_iv_get(self, "@session_remove_cb"))) {
+	SSL_CTX_sess_set_remove_cb(ctx, ossl_sslctx_session_remove_cb);
+	OSSL_Debug("SSL SESSION remove callback added");
+    }
     return Qtrue;
 }
 
@@ -422,6 +600,10 @@ ossl_ssl_cipher_to_ary(SSL_CIPHER *cipher)
     return ary;
 }
 
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *    ctx.ciphers => [[name, version, bits, alg_bits], ...]
+ */
 static VALUE
 ossl_sslctx_get_ciphers(VALUE self)
 {
@@ -450,6 +632,12 @@ ossl_sslctx_get_ciphers(VALUE self)
     return ary;
 }
 
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *    ctx.ciphers = "cipher1:cipher2:..."
+ *    ctx.ciphers = [name, ...]
+ *    ctx.ciphers = [[name, version, bits, alg_bits], ...]
+ */
 static VALUE
 ossl_sslctx_set_ciphers(VALUE self, VALUE v)
 {
@@ -462,12 +650,12 @@ ossl_sslctx_set_ciphers(VALUE self, VALUE v)
 	return v;
     else if (TYPE(v) == T_ARRAY) {
         str = rb_str_new(0, 0);
-        for (i = 0; i < RARRAY(v)->len; i++) {
+        for (i = 0; i < RARRAY_LEN(v); i++) {
             elem = rb_ary_entry(v, i);
             if (TYPE(elem) == T_ARRAY) elem = rb_ary_entry(elem, 0);
             elem = rb_String(elem);
             rb_str_append(str, elem);
-            if (i < RARRAY(v)->len-1) rb_str_cat2(str, ":");
+            if (i < RARRAY_LEN(v)-1) rb_str_cat2(str, ":");
         }
     } else {
         str = v;
@@ -479,13 +667,173 @@ ossl_sslctx_set_ciphers(VALUE self, VALUE v)
         ossl_raise(eSSLError, "SSL_CTX is not initialized.");
         return Qnil;
     }
-    if (!SSL_CTX_set_cipher_list(ctx, RSTRING(str)->ptr)) {
+    if (!SSL_CTX_set_cipher_list(ctx, RSTRING_PTR(str))) {
         ossl_raise(eSSLError, "SSL_CTX_set_cipher_list:");
     }
 
     return v;
 }
 
+
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *     ctx.session_add(session) -> true | false
+ *
+ */
+static VALUE
+ossl_sslctx_session_add(VALUE self, VALUE arg)
+{
+    SSL_CTX *ctx;
+    SSL_SESSION *sess;
+
+    Data_Get_Struct(self, SSL_CTX, ctx);
+    SafeGetSSLSession(arg, sess);
+
+    return SSL_CTX_add_session(ctx, sess) == 1 ? Qtrue : Qfalse;
+}
+
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *     ctx.session_remove(session) -> true | false
+ *
+ */
+static VALUE
+ossl_sslctx_session_remove(VALUE self, VALUE arg)
+{
+    SSL_CTX *ctx;
+    SSL_SESSION *sess;
+
+    Data_Get_Struct(self, SSL_CTX, ctx);
+    SafeGetSSLSession(arg, sess);
+
+    return SSL_CTX_remove_session(ctx, sess) == 1 ? Qtrue : Qfalse;
+}
+
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *     ctx.session_cache_mode -> integer
+ *
+ */
+static VALUE
+ossl_sslctx_get_session_cache_mode(VALUE self)
+{
+    SSL_CTX *ctx;
+
+    Data_Get_Struct(self, SSL_CTX, ctx);
+
+    return LONG2NUM(SSL_CTX_get_session_cache_mode(ctx));
+}
+
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *     ctx.session_cache_mode=(integer) -> integer
+ *
+ */
+static VALUE
+ossl_sslctx_set_session_cache_mode(VALUE self, VALUE arg)
+{
+    SSL_CTX *ctx;
+
+    Data_Get_Struct(self, SSL_CTX, ctx);
+
+    SSL_CTX_set_session_cache_mode(ctx, NUM2LONG(arg));
+
+    return arg;
+}
+
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *     ctx.session_cache_size -> integer
+ *
+ */
+static VALUE
+ossl_sslctx_get_session_cache_size(VALUE self)
+{
+    SSL_CTX *ctx;
+
+    Data_Get_Struct(self, SSL_CTX, ctx);
+
+    return LONG2NUM(SSL_CTX_sess_get_cache_size(ctx));
+}
+
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *     ctx.session_cache_size=(integer) -> integer
+ *
+ */
+static VALUE
+ossl_sslctx_set_session_cache_size(VALUE self, VALUE arg)
+{
+    SSL_CTX *ctx;
+
+    Data_Get_Struct(self, SSL_CTX, ctx);
+
+    SSL_CTX_sess_set_cache_size(ctx, NUM2LONG(arg));
+
+    return arg;
+}
+
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *     ctx.session_cache_stats -> Hash
+ *
+ */
+static VALUE
+ossl_sslctx_get_session_cache_stats(VALUE self)
+{
+    SSL_CTX *ctx;
+    VALUE hash;
+
+    Data_Get_Struct(self, SSL_CTX, ctx);
+
+    hash = rb_hash_new();
+    rb_hash_aset(hash, ID2SYM(rb_intern("cache_num")), LONG2NUM(SSL_CTX_sess_number(ctx)));
+    rb_hash_aset(hash, ID2SYM(rb_intern("connect")), LONG2NUM(SSL_CTX_sess_connect(ctx)));
+    rb_hash_aset(hash, ID2SYM(rb_intern("connect_good")), LONG2NUM(SSL_CTX_sess_connect_good(ctx)));
+    rb_hash_aset(hash, ID2SYM(rb_intern("connect_renegotiate")), LONG2NUM(SSL_CTX_sess_connect_renegotiate(ctx)));
+    rb_hash_aset(hash, ID2SYM(rb_intern("accept")), LONG2NUM(SSL_CTX_sess_accept(ctx)));
+    rb_hash_aset(hash, ID2SYM(rb_intern("accept_good")), LONG2NUM(SSL_CTX_sess_accept_good(ctx)));
+    rb_hash_aset(hash, ID2SYM(rb_intern("accept_renegotiate")), LONG2NUM(SSL_CTX_sess_accept_renegotiate(ctx)));
+    rb_hash_aset(hash, ID2SYM(rb_intern("cache_hits")), LONG2NUM(SSL_CTX_sess_hits(ctx)));
+    rb_hash_aset(hash, ID2SYM(rb_intern("cb_hits")), LONG2NUM(SSL_CTX_sess_cb_hits(ctx)));
+    rb_hash_aset(hash, ID2SYM(rb_intern("cache_misses")), LONG2NUM(SSL_CTX_sess_misses(ctx)));
+    rb_hash_aset(hash, ID2SYM(rb_intern("cache_full")), LONG2NUM(SSL_CTX_sess_cache_full(ctx)));
+    rb_hash_aset(hash, ID2SYM(rb_intern("timeouts")), LONG2NUM(SSL_CTX_sess_timeouts(ctx)));
+
+    return hash;
+}
+
+
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *     ctx.flush_sessions(time | nil) -> self
+ *
+ */
+static VALUE
+ossl_sslctx_flush_sessions(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
+{
+    VALUE arg1;
+    SSL_CTX *ctx;
+    time_t tm = 0;
+    int cb_state;
+
+    rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "01", &arg1);
+
+    Data_Get_Struct(self, SSL_CTX, ctx);
+
+    if (NIL_P(arg1)) {
+        tm = time(0);
+    } else if (rb_obj_is_instance_of(arg1, rb_cTime)) {
+        tm = NUM2LONG(rb_funcall(arg1, rb_intern("to_i"), 0));
+    } else {
+        rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "arg must be Time or nil");
+    }
+
+    SSL_CTX_flush_sessions(ctx, tm);
+
+    return self;
+}
+
 /*
  * SSLSocket class
  */
@@ -511,6 +859,20 @@ ossl_ssl_s_alloc(VALUE klass)
     return Data_Wrap_Struct(klass, 0, ossl_ssl_free, NULL);
 }
 
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *    SSLSocket.new(io) => aSSLSocket
+ *    SSLSocket.new(io, ctx) => aSSLSocket
+ *
+ * === Parameters
+ * * +io+ is a real ruby IO object.  Not an IO like object that responds to read/write.
+ * * +ctx+ is an OpenSSLSSL::SSLContext.
+ *
+ * The OpenSSL::Buffering module provides additional IO methods.
+ *
+ * This method will freeze the SSLContext if one is provided;
+ * however, session management is still allowed in the frozen SSLContext.
+ */
 static VALUE
 ossl_ssl_initialize(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
 {
@@ -536,7 +898,7 @@ ossl_ssl_setup(VALUE self)
     VALUE io, v_ctx, cb;
     SSL_CTX *ctx;
     SSL *ssl;
-    OpenFile *fptr;
+    rb_io_t *fptr;
 
     Data_Get_Struct(self, SSL, ssl);
     if(!ssl){
@@ -553,7 +915,7 @@ ossl_ssl_setup(VALUE self)
         GetOpenFile(io, fptr);
         rb_io_check_readable(fptr);
         rb_io_check_writable(fptr);
-        SSL_set_fd(ssl, TO_SOCKET(fileno(fptr->f)));
+        SSL_set_fd(ssl, TO_SOCKET(FPTR_TO_FD(fptr)));
 	SSL_set_ex_data(ssl, ossl_ssl_ex_ptr_idx, (void*)self);
 	cb = ossl_sslctx_get_verify_cb(v_ctx);
 	SSL_set_ex_data(ssl, ossl_ssl_ex_vcb_idx, (void*)cb);
@@ -567,61 +929,85 @@ ossl_ssl_setup(VALUE self)
 }
 
 #ifdef _WIN32
-#define ssl_get_error(ssl, ret) \
-  (errno = WSAGetLastError(), SSL_get_error(ssl, ret))
+#define ssl_get_error(ssl, ret) (errno = WSAGetLastError(), SSL_get_error(ssl, ret))
 #else
 #define ssl_get_error(ssl, ret) SSL_get_error(ssl, ret)
 #endif
 
 static VALUE
-ossl_start_ssl(VALUE self, int (*func)())
+ossl_start_ssl(VALUE self, int (*func)(), const char *funcname)
 {
     SSL *ssl;
-    OpenFile *fptr;
-    int ret;
+    rb_io_t *fptr;
+    int ret, ret2;
+    VALUE cb_state;
+
+    rb_ivar_set(self, ID_callback_state, Qnil);
 
     Data_Get_Struct(self, SSL, ssl);
     GetOpenFile(ossl_ssl_get_io(self), fptr);
     for(;;){
 	if((ret = func(ssl)) > 0) break;
-	switch(ssl_get_error(ssl, ret)){
+	switch((ret2 = ssl_get_error(ssl, ret))){
 	case SSL_ERROR_WANT_WRITE:
-            rb_io_wait_writable(fileno(fptr->f));
+            rb_io_wait_writable(FPTR_TO_FD(fptr));
             continue;
 	case SSL_ERROR_WANT_READ:
-            rb_io_wait_readable(fileno(fptr->f));
+            rb_io_wait_readable(FPTR_TO_FD(fptr));
             continue;
 	case SSL_ERROR_SYSCALL:
-	    if (errno) rb_sys_fail(0);
+	    if (errno) rb_sys_fail(funcname);
+	    ossl_raise(eSSLError, "%s SYSCALL returned=%d errno=%d state=%s", funcname, ret2, errno, SSL_state_string_long(ssl));
 	default:
-	    ossl_raise(eSSLError, NULL);
+	    ossl_raise(eSSLError, "%s returned=%d errno=%d state=%s", funcname, ret2, errno, SSL_state_string_long(ssl));
 	}
     }
 
+    cb_state = rb_ivar_get(self, ID_callback_state);
+    if (!NIL_P(cb_state))
+        rb_jump_tag(NUM2INT(cb_state));
+
     return self;
 }
 
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *    ssl.connect => self
+ */
 static VALUE
 ossl_ssl_connect(VALUE self)
 {
     ossl_ssl_setup(self);
-    return ossl_start_ssl(self, SSL_connect);
+    return ossl_start_ssl(self, SSL_connect, "SSL_connect");
 }
 
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *    ssl.accept => self
+ */
 static VALUE
 ossl_ssl_accept(VALUE self)
 {
     ossl_ssl_setup(self);
-    return ossl_start_ssl(self, SSL_accept);
+    return ossl_start_ssl(self, SSL_accept, "SSL_accept");
 }
 
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *    ssl.sysread(length) => string
+ *    ssl.sysread(length, buffer) => buffer
+ *
+ * === Parameters
+ * * +length+ is a positive integer.
+ * * +buffer+ is a string used to store the result.
+ */
 static VALUE
 ossl_ssl_read(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
 {
     SSL *ssl;
     int ilen, nread = 0;
     VALUE len, str;
-    OpenFile *fptr;
+    rb_io_t *fptr;
 
     rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "11", &len, &str);
     ilen = NUM2INT(len);
@@ -637,19 +1023,19 @@ ossl_ssl_read(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
     GetOpenFile(ossl_ssl_get_io(self), fptr);
     if (ssl) {
 	if(SSL_pending(ssl) <= 0)
-	    rb_thread_wait_fd(fileno(fptr->f));
+	    rb_thread_wait_fd(FPTR_TO_FD(fptr));
 	for (;;){
-	    nread = SSL_read(ssl, RSTRING(str)->ptr, RSTRING(str)->len);
+	    nread = SSL_read(ssl, RSTRING_PTR(str), RSTRING_LEN(str));
 	    switch(ssl_get_error(ssl, nread)){
 	    case SSL_ERROR_NONE:
 		goto end;
 	    case SSL_ERROR_ZERO_RETURN:
 		rb_eof_error();
 	    case SSL_ERROR_WANT_WRITE:
-                rb_io_wait_writable(fileno(fptr->f));
+                rb_io_wait_writable(FPTR_TO_FD(fptr));
                 continue;
 	    case SSL_ERROR_WANT_READ:
-                rb_io_wait_readable(fileno(fptr->f));
+                rb_io_wait_readable(FPTR_TO_FD(fptr));
 		continue;
 	    case SSL_ERROR_SYSCALL:
 		if(ERR_peek_error() == 0 && nread == 0) rb_eof_error();
@@ -666,19 +1052,22 @@ ossl_ssl_read(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
     }
 
   end:
-    RSTRING(str)->len = nread;
-    RSTRING(str)->ptr[nread] = 0;
+    rb_str_set_len(str, nread);
     OBJ_TAINT(str);
 
     return str;
 }
 
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *    ssl.syswrite(string) => integer
+ */
 static VALUE
 ossl_ssl_write(VALUE self, VALUE str)
 {
     SSL *ssl;
     int nwrite = 0;
-    OpenFile *fptr;
+    rb_io_t *fptr;
 
     StringValue(str);
     Data_Get_Struct(self, SSL, ssl);
@@ -686,15 +1075,15 @@ ossl_ssl_write(VALUE self, VALUE str)
 
     if (ssl) {
 	for (;;){
-	    nwrite = SSL_write(ssl, RSTRING(str)->ptr, RSTRING(str)->len);
+	    nwrite = SSL_write(ssl, RSTRING_PTR(str), RSTRING_LEN(str));
 	    switch(ssl_get_error(ssl, nwrite)){
 	    case SSL_ERROR_NONE:
 		goto end;
 	    case SSL_ERROR_WANT_WRITE:
-                rb_io_wait_writable(fileno(fptr->f));
+                rb_io_wait_writable(FPTR_TO_FD(fptr));
                 continue;
 	    case SSL_ERROR_WANT_READ:
-                rb_io_wait_readable(fileno(fptr->f));
+                rb_io_wait_readable(FPTR_TO_FD(fptr));
                 continue;
 	    case SSL_ERROR_SYSCALL:
 		if (errno) rb_sys_fail(0);
@@ -713,6 +1102,10 @@ ossl_ssl_write(VALUE self, VALUE str)
     return INT2NUM(nwrite);
 }
 
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *    ssl.sysclose => nil
+ */
 static VALUE
 ossl_ssl_close(VALUE self)
 {
@@ -726,6 +1119,10 @@ ossl_ssl_close(VALUE self)
     return Qnil;
 }
 
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *    ssl.cert => cert or nil
+ */
 static VALUE
 ossl_ssl_get_cert(VALUE self)
 {
@@ -750,6 +1147,10 @@ ossl_ssl_get_cert(VALUE self)
     return ossl_x509_new(cert);
 }
 
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *    ssl.peer_cert => cert or nil
+ */
 static VALUE
 ossl_ssl_get_peer_cert(VALUE self)
 {
@@ -775,6 +1176,10 @@ ossl_ssl_get_peer_cert(VALUE self)
     return obj;
 }
 
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *    ssl.peer_cert_chain => [cert, ...] or nil
+ */
 static VALUE
 ossl_ssl_get_peer_cert_chain(VALUE self)
 {
@@ -801,6 +1206,10 @@ ossl_ssl_get_peer_cert_chain(VALUE self)
     return ary;
 }
 
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *    ssl.cipher => [name, version, bits, alg_bits]
+ */
 static VALUE
 ossl_ssl_get_cipher(VALUE self)
 {
@@ -817,6 +1226,10 @@ ossl_ssl_get_cipher(VALUE self)
     return ossl_ssl_cipher_to_ary(cipher);
 }
 
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *    ssl.state => string
+ */
 static VALUE
 ossl_ssl_get_state(VALUE self)
 {
@@ -836,6 +1249,10 @@ ossl_ssl_get_state(VALUE self)
     return ret;
 }
 
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *    ssl.pending => integer
+ */
 static VALUE
 ossl_ssl_pending(VALUE self)
 {
@@ -850,10 +1267,82 @@ ossl_ssl_pending(VALUE self)
     return INT2NUM(SSL_pending(ssl));
 }
 
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *     ssl.session_reused? -> true | false
+ *
+ */
+static VALUE
+ossl_ssl_session_reused(VALUE self)
+{
+    SSL *ssl;
+
+    Data_Get_Struct(self, SSL, ssl);
+    if (!ssl) {
+        rb_warning("SSL session is not started yet.");
+        return Qnil;
+    }
+
+    switch(SSL_session_reused(ssl)) {
+    case 1:	return Qtrue;
+    case 0:	return Qfalse;
+    default:	ossl_raise(eSSLError, "SSL_session_reused");
+    }
+}
+
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *     ssl.session = session -> session
+ *
+ */
+static VALUE
+ossl_ssl_set_session(VALUE self, VALUE arg1)
+{
+    SSL *ssl;
+    SSL_SESSION *sess;
+
+/* why is ossl_ssl_setup delayed? */
+    ossl_ssl_setup(self);
+
+    Data_Get_Struct(self, SSL, ssl);
+    if (!ssl) {
+        rb_warning("SSL session is not started yet.");
+        return Qnil;
+    }
+
+    SafeGetSSLSession(arg1, sess);
+
+    if (SSL_set_session(ssl, sess) != 1)
+        ossl_raise(eSSLError, "SSL_set_session");
+
+    return arg1;
+}
+
+static VALUE
+ossl_ssl_get_verify_result(VALUE self)
+{
+    SSL *ssl;
+
+    Data_Get_Struct(self, SSL, ssl);
+    if (!ssl) {
+        rb_warning("SSL session is not started yet.");
+        return Qnil;
+    }
+
+    return INT2FIX(SSL_get_verify_result(ssl));
+}
+
 void
 Init_ossl_ssl()
 {
     int i;
+    VALUE ary;
+
+#if 0 /* let rdoc know about mOSSL */
+    mOSSL = rb_define_module("OpenSSL");
+#endif
+
+    ID_callback_state = rb_intern("@callback_state");
 
     ossl_ssl_ex_vcb_idx = SSL_get_ex_new_index(0,"ossl_ssl_ex_vcb_idx",0,0,0);
     ossl_ssl_ex_store_p = SSL_get_ex_new_index(0,"ossl_ssl_ex_store_p",0,0,0);
@@ -866,16 +1355,60 @@ Init_ossl_ssl()
     mSSL = rb_define_module_under(mOSSL, "SSL");
     eSSLError = rb_define_class_under(mSSL, "SSLError", eOSSLError);
 
-    /* class SSLContext */
+    Init_ossl_ssl_session();
+
+    /* class SSLContext
+     *
+     * The following attributes are available but don't show up in rdoc.
+     * All attributes must be set before calling SSLSocket.new(io, ctx).
+     * * ssl_version, cert, key, client_ca, ca_file, ca_path, timeout,
+     * * verify_mode, verify_depth client_cert_cb, tmp_dh_callback,
+     * * session_id_context, session_add_cb, session_new_cb, session_remove_cb
+     */
     cSSLContext = rb_define_class_under(mSSL, "SSLContext", rb_cObject);
     rb_define_alloc_func(cSSLContext, ossl_sslctx_s_alloc);
     for(i = 0; i < numberof(ossl_sslctx_attrs); i++)
         rb_attr(cSSLContext, rb_intern(ossl_sslctx_attrs[i]), 1, 1, Qfalse);
+    rb_define_alias(cSSLContext, "ssl_timeout", "timeout");
     rb_define_method(cSSLContext, "initialize",  ossl_sslctx_initialize, -1);
+    rb_define_method(cSSLContext, "ssl_version=", ossl_sslctx_set_ssl_version, 1);
     rb_define_method(cSSLContext, "ciphers",     ossl_sslctx_get_ciphers, 0);
     rb_define_method(cSSLContext, "ciphers=",    ossl_sslctx_set_ciphers, 1);
 
-    /* class SSLSocket */
+    rb_define_method(cSSLContext, "setup", ossl_sslctx_setup, 0);
+
+    
+    rb_define_const(cSSLContext, "SESSION_CACHE_OFF", LONG2FIX(SSL_SESS_CACHE_OFF));
+    rb_define_const(cSSLContext, "SESSION_CACHE_CLIENT", LONG2FIX(SSL_SESS_CACHE_CLIENT)); /* doesn't actually do anything in 0.9.8e */
+    rb_define_const(cSSLContext, "SESSION_CACHE_SERVER", LONG2FIX(SSL_SESS_CACHE_SERVER));
+    rb_define_const(cSSLContext, "SESSION_CACHE_BOTH", LONG2FIX(SSL_SESS_CACHE_BOTH)); /* no different than CACHE_SERVER in 0.9.8e */
+    rb_define_const(cSSLContext, "SESSION_CACHE_NO_AUTO_CLEAR", LONG2FIX(SSL_SESS_CACHE_NO_AUTO_CLEAR));
+    rb_define_const(cSSLContext, "SESSION_CACHE_NO_INTERNAL_LOOKUP", LONG2FIX(SSL_SESS_CACHE_NO_INTERNAL_LOOKUP));
+    rb_define_const(cSSLContext, "SESSION_CACHE_NO_INTERNAL_STORE", LONG2FIX(SSL_SESS_CACHE_NO_INTERNAL_STORE));
+    rb_define_const(cSSLContext, "SESSION_CACHE_NO_INTERNAL", LONG2FIX(SSL_SESS_CACHE_NO_INTERNAL));
+    rb_define_method(cSSLContext, "session_add",     ossl_sslctx_session_add, 1);
+    rb_define_method(cSSLContext, "session_remove",     ossl_sslctx_session_remove, 1);
+    rb_define_method(cSSLContext, "session_cache_mode",     ossl_sslctx_get_session_cache_mode, 0);
+    rb_define_method(cSSLContext, "session_cache_mode=",     ossl_sslctx_set_session_cache_mode, 1);
+    rb_define_method(cSSLContext, "session_cache_size",     ossl_sslctx_get_session_cache_size, 0);
+    rb_define_method(cSSLContext, "session_cache_size=",     ossl_sslctx_set_session_cache_size, 1);
+    rb_define_method(cSSLContext, "session_cache_stats",     ossl_sslctx_get_session_cache_stats, 0);
+    rb_define_method(cSSLContext, "flush_sessions",     ossl_sslctx_flush_sessions, -1);
+
+    ary = rb_ary_new2(numberof(ossl_ssl_method_tab));
+    for (i = 0; i < numberof(ossl_ssl_method_tab); i++) {
+        rb_ary_push(ary, ID2SYM(rb_intern(ossl_ssl_method_tab[i].name)));
+    }
+    rb_obj_freeze(ary);
+    /* holds a list of available SSL/TLS methods */
+    rb_define_const(cSSLContext, "METHODS", ary);
+
+    /* class SSLSocket
+     *
+     * The following attributes are available but don't show up in rdoc.
+     * * io, context, sync_close
+     *
+     */
     cSSLSocket = rb_define_class_under(mSSL, "SSLSocket", rb_cObject);
     rb_define_alloc_func(cSSLSocket, ossl_ssl_s_alloc);
     for(i = 0; i < numberof(ossl_ssl_attr_readers); i++)
@@ -895,6 +1428,9 @@ Init_ossl_ssl()
     rb_define_method(cSSLSocket, "cipher",     ossl_ssl_get_cipher, 0);
     rb_define_method(cSSLSocket, "state",      ossl_ssl_get_state, 0);
     rb_define_method(cSSLSocket, "pending",    ossl_ssl_pending, 0);
+    rb_define_method(cSSLSocket, "session_reused?",    ossl_ssl_session_reused, 0);
+    rb_define_method(cSSLSocket, "session=",    ossl_ssl_set_session, 1);
+    rb_define_method(cSSLSocket, "verify_result", ossl_ssl_get_verify_result, 0);
 
 #define ossl_ssl_def_const(x) rb_define_const(mSSL, #x, INT2FIX(SSL_##x))
 
@@ -930,6 +1466,9 @@ Init_ossl_ssl()
     ossl_ssl_def_const(OP_NO_SSLv2);
     ossl_ssl_def_const(OP_NO_SSLv3);
     ossl_ssl_def_const(OP_NO_TLSv1);
+#if defined(SSL_OP_NO_TICKET)
+    ossl_ssl_def_const(OP_NO_TICKET);
+#endif
     ossl_ssl_def_const(OP_PKCS1_CHECK_1);
     ossl_ssl_def_const(OP_PKCS1_CHECK_2);
     ossl_ssl_def_const(OP_NETSCAPE_CA_DN_BUG);
diff --git a/ext/openssl/ossl_ssl.h b/ext/openssl/ossl_ssl.h
index 5929eef856..487f41216c 100644
--- a/ext/openssl/ossl_ssl.h
+++ b/ext/openssl/ossl_ssl.h
@@ -11,11 +11,26 @@
 #if !defined(_OSSL_SSL_H_)
 #define _OSSL_SSL_H_
 
+#define GetSSLSession(obj, sess) do { \
+	Data_Get_Struct(obj, SSL_SESSION, sess); \
+	if (!sess) { \
+		ossl_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "SSL Session wasn't initialized."); \
+	} \
+} while (0)
+
+#define SafeGetSSLSession(obj, sess) do { \
+	OSSL_Check_Kind(obj, cSSLSession); \
+	GetSSLSession(obj, sess); \
+} while (0)
+        
 extern VALUE mSSL;
 extern VALUE eSSLError;
 extern VALUE cSSLSocket;
 extern VALUE cSSLContext;
+extern VALUE cSSLSession;
 
 void Init_ossl_ssl(void);
+void Init_ossl_ssl_session(void);
 
 #endif /* _OSSL_SSL_H_ */
+
diff --git a/ext/openssl/ossl_ssl_session.c b/ext/openssl/ossl_ssl_session.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..63c2bbb87a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ext/openssl/ossl_ssl_session.c
@@ -0,0 +1,298 @@
+/*
+ *  Copyright (C) 2004-2007 Technorama Ltd. <oss-ruby@technorama.net>
+ */
+
+#include "ossl.h"
+
+#define GetSSLSession(obj, sess) do { \
+	Data_Get_Struct(obj, SSL_SESSION, sess); \
+	if (!sess) { \
+		ossl_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "SSL Session wasn't initialized."); \
+	} \
+} while (0)
+
+#define SafeGetSSLSession(obj, sess) do { \
+	OSSL_Check_Kind(obj, cSSLSession); \
+	GetSSLSession(obj, sess); \
+} while (0)
+        
+
+VALUE cSSLSession;
+static VALUE eSSLSession;
+
+static VALUE ossl_ssl_session_alloc(VALUE klass)
+{
+	return Data_Wrap_Struct(klass, 0, SSL_SESSION_free, NULL);
+}
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *    Session.new(SSLSocket | string) => session
+ *
+ * === Parameters
+ * +SSLSocket+ is an OpenSSL::SSL::SSLSocket
+ * +string+ must be a DER or PEM encoded Session.
+*/
+static VALUE ossl_ssl_session_initialize(VALUE self, VALUE arg1)
+{
+	SSL_SESSION *ctx = NULL;
+	VALUE obj;
+	unsigned char *p;
+
+	if (RDATA(self)->data)
+		ossl_raise(eSSLSession, "SSL Session already initialized");
+
+	if (rb_obj_is_instance_of(arg1, cSSLSocket)) {
+		SSL *ssl;
+
+		Data_Get_Struct(arg1, SSL, ssl);
+
+		if (!ssl || (ctx = SSL_get1_session(ssl)) == NULL)
+			ossl_raise(eSSLSession, "no session available");
+	} else {
+		BIO *in = ossl_obj2bio(arg1);
+
+		ctx = PEM_read_bio_SSL_SESSION(in, NULL, NULL, NULL);
+
+		if (!ctx) {
+			BIO_reset(in);
+			ctx = d2i_SSL_SESSION_bio(in, NULL);
+		}
+
+		BIO_free(in);
+
+		if (!ctx)
+			ossl_raise(rb_eArgError, "unknown type");
+	}
+
+	/* should not happen */
+	if (ctx == NULL)
+		ossl_raise(eSSLSession, "ctx not set - internal error");
+
+	RDATA(self)->data = ctx;
+
+	return self;
+}
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *    session1 == session2 -> boolean
+ *
+*/
+static VALUE ossl_ssl_session_eq(VALUE val1, VALUE val2)
+{
+	SSL_SESSION *ctx1, *ctx2;
+
+	GetSSLSession(val1, ctx1);
+	SafeGetSSLSession(val2, ctx2);
+
+	switch (SSL_SESSION_cmp(ctx1, ctx2)) {
+	case 0:		return Qtrue;
+	default:	return Qfalse;
+	}
+}
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *    session.time -> Time
+ *
+*/
+static VALUE ossl_ssl_session_get_time(VALUE self)
+{
+	SSL_SESSION *ctx;
+	time_t t;
+
+	GetSSLSession(self, ctx);
+
+	t = SSL_SESSION_get_time(ctx);
+
+	if (t == 0)
+		return Qnil;
+
+	return rb_funcall(rb_cTime, rb_intern("at"), 1, LONG2NUM(t));
+}
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *    session.timeout -> integer
+ *
+ * How long until the session expires in seconds.
+ *
+*/
+static VALUE ossl_ssl_session_get_timeout(VALUE self)
+{
+	SSL_SESSION *ctx;
+	time_t t;
+
+	GetSSLSession(self, ctx);
+
+	t = SSL_SESSION_get_timeout(ctx);
+
+	return ULONG2NUM(t);
+}
+
+#define SSLSESSION_SET_TIME(func)						\
+	static VALUE ossl_ssl_session_set_##func(VALUE self, VALUE time_v)	\
+	{									\
+		SSL_SESSION *ctx;						\
+		time_t t;							\
+										\
+		GetSSLSession(self, ctx);					\
+										\
+		if (rb_obj_is_instance_of(time_v, rb_cTime)) {			\
+			time_v = rb_funcall(time_v, rb_intern("to_i"), 0);	\
+		} else if (FIXNUM_P(time_v)) {					\
+			;							\
+		} else {							\
+			rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "unknown type");			\
+		}								\
+										\
+		t = NUM2ULONG(time_v);						\
+										\
+		SSL_SESSION_set_##func(ctx, t);					\
+										\
+		return ossl_ssl_session_get_##func(self);			\
+	}
+
+SSLSESSION_SET_TIME(time)
+SSLSESSION_SET_TIME(timeout)
+
+#ifdef HAVE_SSL_SESSION_GET_ID
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *    session.id -> aString
+ *
+ * Returns the Session ID.
+*/
+static VALUE ossl_ssl_session_get_id(VALUE self)
+{
+	SSL_SESSION *ctx;
+	const unsigned char *p = NULL;
+	unsigned int i = 0;
+
+	GetSSLSession(self, ctx);
+
+	p = SSL_SESSION_get_id(ctx, &i);
+
+	return rb_str_new((const char *) p, i);
+}
+#endif
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *    session.to_der -> aString
+ *
+ * Returns an ASN1 encoded String that contains the Session object.
+*/
+static VALUE ossl_ssl_session_to_der(VALUE self)
+{
+	SSL_SESSION *ctx;
+	unsigned char buf[1024*10], *p;
+	int len;
+
+	GetSSLSession(self, ctx);
+
+	p = buf;
+	len = i2d_SSL_SESSION(ctx, &p);
+
+	if (len <= 0)
+		ossl_raise(eSSLSession, "i2d_SSL_SESSION");
+	else if (len >= sizeof(buf))
+		ossl_raise(eSSLSession, "i2d_SSL_SESSION too large");
+
+	return rb_str_new((const char *) p, len);
+}
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *    session.to_pem -> String
+ *
+ * Returns a PEM encoded String that contains the Session object.
+*/
+static VALUE ossl_ssl_session_to_pem(VALUE self)
+{
+	SSL_SESSION *ctx;
+	BIO *out;
+	BUF_MEM *buf;
+	VALUE str;
+	int i;
+         
+	GetSSLSession(self, ctx);
+
+	if (!(out = BIO_new(BIO_s_mem()))) {
+		ossl_raise(eSSLSession, "BIO_s_mem()");
+	}
+
+	if (!(i=PEM_write_bio_SSL_SESSION(out, ctx))) {
+		BIO_free(out);
+		ossl_raise(eSSLSession, "SSL_SESSION_print()");
+	}
+
+	BIO_get_mem_ptr(out, &buf);
+	str = rb_str_new(buf->data, buf->length);
+	BIO_free(out);
+
+	return str;
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *    session.to_text -> String
+ *
+ * Shows everything in the Session object.
+*/
+static VALUE ossl_ssl_session_to_text(VALUE self)
+{
+	SSL_SESSION *ctx;
+	BIO *out;
+	BUF_MEM *buf;
+	VALUE str;
+         
+	GetSSLSession(self, ctx);
+
+	if (!(out = BIO_new(BIO_s_mem()))) {
+		ossl_raise(eSSLSession, "BIO_s_mem()");
+	}
+
+	if (!SSL_SESSION_print(out, ctx)) {
+		BIO_free(out);
+		ossl_raise(eSSLSession, "SSL_SESSION_print()");
+	}
+
+	BIO_get_mem_ptr(out, &buf);
+	str = rb_str_new(buf->data, buf->length);
+	BIO_free(out);
+
+	return str;
+}
+                                                     
+
+void Init_ossl_ssl_session(void)
+{
+#if 0 /* let rdoc know about mOSSL */
+	mOSSL = rb_define_module("OpenSSL");
+	mSSL = rb_define_module_under(mOSSL, "SSL");
+#endif
+	cSSLSession = rb_define_class_under(mSSL, "Session", rb_cObject);
+	eSSLSession = rb_define_class_under(cSSLSession, "SessionError", eOSSLError);
+
+	rb_define_alloc_func(cSSLSession, ossl_ssl_session_alloc);
+	rb_define_method(cSSLSession, "initialize", ossl_ssl_session_initialize, 1);
+
+	rb_define_method(cSSLSession, "==", ossl_ssl_session_eq, 1);
+
+	rb_define_method(cSSLSession, "time", ossl_ssl_session_get_time, 0);
+	rb_define_method(cSSLSession, "time=", ossl_ssl_session_set_time, 1);
+	rb_define_method(cSSLSession, "timeout", ossl_ssl_session_get_timeout, 0);
+	rb_define_method(cSSLSession, "timeout=", ossl_ssl_session_set_timeout, 1);
+
+#ifdef HAVE_SSL_SESSION_GET_ID
+	rb_define_method(cSSLSession, "id", ossl_ssl_session_get_id, 0);
+#else
+	rb_undef_method(cSSLSession, "id");
+#endif
+	rb_define_method(cSSLSession, "to_der", ossl_ssl_session_to_der, 0);
+	rb_define_method(cSSLSession, "to_pem", ossl_ssl_session_to_pem, 0);
+	rb_define_method(cSSLSession, "to_text", ossl_ssl_session_to_text, 0);
+}
diff --git a/ext/openssl/ossl_x509attr.c b/ext/openssl/ossl_x509attr.c
index 7b88e294a9..ca1c59aba9 100644
--- a/ext/openssl/ossl_x509attr.c
+++ b/ext/openssl/ossl_x509attr.c
@@ -84,6 +84,10 @@ ossl_x509attr_alloc(VALUE klass)
     return obj;
 }
 
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *    Attribute.new(oid [, value]) => attr
+ */
 static VALUE
 ossl_x509attr_initialize(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
 {
@@ -95,9 +99,9 @@ ossl_x509attr_initialize(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
     if(rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "11", &oid, &value) == 1){
 	oid = ossl_to_der_if_possible(oid);
 	StringValue(oid);
-	p = RSTRING(oid)->ptr;
+	p = RSTRING_PTR(oid);
 	if(!d2i_X509_ATTRIBUTE((X509_ATTRIBUTE**)&DATA_PTR(self),
-			       &p, RSTRING(oid)->len)){
+			       &p, RSTRING_LEN(oid))){
 	    ossl_raise(eX509AttrError, NULL);
 	}
 	return self;
@@ -108,6 +112,10 @@ ossl_x509attr_initialize(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
     return self;
 }
 
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *    attr.oid = string => string
+ */
 static VALUE
 ossl_x509attr_set_oid(VALUE self, VALUE oid)
 {
@@ -125,6 +133,10 @@ ossl_x509attr_set_oid(VALUE self, VALUE oid)
     return oid;
 }
 
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *    attr.oid => string
+ */
 static VALUE
 ossl_x509attr_get_oid(VALUE self)
 {
@@ -156,6 +168,10 @@ ossl_x509attr_get_oid(VALUE self)
 #  define OSSL_X509ATTR_SET_SINGLE(attr) ((attr)->set = 0)
 #endif
 
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *    attr.value = asn1 => asn1
+ */
 static VALUE
 ossl_x509attr_set_value(VALUE self, VALUE value)
 {
@@ -179,6 +195,10 @@ ossl_x509attr_set_value(VALUE self, VALUE value)
     return value;
 }
 
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *    attr.value => asn1
+ */
 static VALUE
 ossl_x509attr_get_value(VALUE self)
 {
@@ -192,7 +212,7 @@ ossl_x509attr_get_value(VALUE self)
     if(OSSL_X509ATTR_IS_SINGLE(attr)){
 	length = i2d_ASN1_TYPE(attr->value.single, NULL);
 	str = rb_str_new(0, length);
-	p = RSTRING(str)->ptr;
+	p = RSTRING_PTR(str);
 	i2d_ASN1_TYPE(attr->value.single, &p);
 	ossl_str_adjust(str, p);
     }
@@ -200,7 +220,7 @@ ossl_x509attr_get_value(VALUE self)
 	length = i2d_ASN1_SET_OF_ASN1_TYPE(attr->value.set, NULL,
 			i2d_ASN1_TYPE, V_ASN1_SET, V_ASN1_UNIVERSAL, 0);
 	str = rb_str_new(0, length);
-	p = RSTRING(str)->ptr;
+	p = RSTRING_PTR(str);
 	i2d_ASN1_SET_OF_ASN1_TYPE(attr->value.set, &p,
 			i2d_ASN1_TYPE, V_ASN1_SET, V_ASN1_UNIVERSAL, 0);
 	ossl_str_adjust(str, p);
@@ -210,6 +230,10 @@ ossl_x509attr_get_value(VALUE self)
     return asn1;
 }
 
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *    attr.to_der => string
+ */
 static VALUE
 ossl_x509attr_to_der(VALUE self)
 {
@@ -222,10 +246,10 @@ ossl_x509attr_to_der(VALUE self)
     if((len = i2d_X509_ATTRIBUTE(attr, NULL)) <= 0)
 	ossl_raise(eX509AttrError, NULL);
     str = rb_str_new(0, len);
-    p = RSTRING(str)->ptr;
+    p = RSTRING_PTR(str);
     if(i2d_X509_ATTRIBUTE(attr, &p) <= 0)
 	ossl_raise(eX509AttrError, NULL);
-    RSTRING(str)->len = p - (unsigned char*)RSTRING(str)->ptr; 
+    rb_str_set_len(str, p - (unsigned char*)RSTRING_PTR(str)); 
 
     return str;
 }
diff --git a/ext/openssl/ossl_x509cert.c b/ext/openssl/ossl_x509cert.c
index fc587a31f3..b97f27ffa9 100644
--- a/ext/openssl/ossl_x509cert.c
+++ b/ext/openssl/ossl_x509cert.c
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ ossl_x509_new_from_file(VALUE filename)
     VALUE obj;
 
     SafeStringValue(filename);
-    if (!(fp = fopen(RSTRING(filename)->ptr, "r"))) {
+    if (!(fp = fopen(RSTRING_PTR(filename), "r"))) {
 	ossl_raise(eX509CertError, "%s", strerror(errno));
     }
     x509 = PEM_read_X509(fp, NULL, NULL, NULL);
@@ -125,6 +125,11 @@ ossl_x509_alloc(VALUE klass)
     return obj;
 }
 
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *    Certificate.new => cert
+ *    Certificate.new(string) => cert
+ */
 static VALUE 
 ossl_x509_initialize(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
 {
@@ -169,6 +174,10 @@ ossl_x509_copy(VALUE self, VALUE other)
     return self;
 }
 
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *    cert.to_der => string
+ */
 static VALUE 
 ossl_x509_to_der(VALUE self)
 {
@@ -181,7 +190,7 @@ ossl_x509_to_der(VALUE self)
     if ((len = i2d_X509(x509, NULL)) <= 0)
 	ossl_raise(eX509CertError, NULL);
     str = rb_str_new(0, len);
-    p = RSTRING(str)->ptr;
+    p = RSTRING_PTR(str);
     if (i2d_X509(x509, &p) <= 0)
 	ossl_raise(eX509CertError, NULL);
     ossl_str_adjust(str, p);
@@ -189,6 +198,10 @@ ossl_x509_to_der(VALUE self)
     return str;
 }
 
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *    cert.to_pem => string
+ */
 static VALUE 
 ossl_x509_to_pem(VALUE self)
 {
@@ -209,6 +222,10 @@ ossl_x509_to_pem(VALUE self)
     return str;
 }
 
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *    cert.to_text => string
+ */
 static VALUE
 ossl_x509_to_text(VALUE self)
 {
@@ -252,6 +269,10 @@ ossl_x509_to_req(VALUE self)
 }
 #endif
 
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *    cert.version => integer
+ */
 static VALUE 
 ossl_x509_get_version(VALUE self)
 {
@@ -262,6 +283,10 @@ ossl_x509_get_version(VALUE self)
     return LONG2NUM(X509_get_version(x509));
 }
 
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *    cert.version = integer => integer
+ */
 static VALUE 
 ossl_x509_set_version(VALUE self, VALUE version)
 {
@@ -279,6 +304,10 @@ ossl_x509_set_version(VALUE self, VALUE version)
     return version;
 }
 
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *    cert.serial => integer
+ */
 static VALUE 
 ossl_x509_get_serial(VALUE self)
 {
@@ -289,6 +318,10 @@ ossl_x509_get_serial(VALUE self)
     return asn1integer_to_num(X509_get_serialNumber(x509));
 }
 
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *    cert.serial = integer => integer
+ */
 static VALUE 
 ossl_x509_set_serial(VALUE self, VALUE num)
 {
@@ -302,6 +335,10 @@ ossl_x509_set_serial(VALUE self, VALUE num)
     return num;
 }
 
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *    cert.signature_algorithm => string
+ */
 static VALUE 
 ossl_x509_get_signature_algorithm(VALUE self)
 {
@@ -322,6 +359,10 @@ ossl_x509_get_signature_algorithm(VALUE self)
     return str;
 }
 
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *    cert.subject => name
+ */
 static VALUE 
 ossl_x509_get_subject(VALUE self)
 {
@@ -336,6 +377,10 @@ ossl_x509_get_subject(VALUE self)
     return ossl_x509name_new(name);
 }
 
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *    cert.subject = name => name
+ */
 static VALUE 
 ossl_x509_set_subject(VALUE self, VALUE subject)
 {
@@ -349,6 +394,10 @@ ossl_x509_set_subject(VALUE self, VALUE subject)
     return subject;
 }
 
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *    cert.issuer => name
+ */
 static VALUE 
 ossl_x509_get_issuer(VALUE self)
 {
@@ -363,6 +412,10 @@ ossl_x509_get_issuer(VALUE self)
     return ossl_x509name_new(name);
 }
 
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *    cert.issuer = name => name
+ */
 static VALUE 
 ossl_x509_set_issuer(VALUE self, VALUE issuer)
 {
@@ -376,6 +429,10 @@ ossl_x509_set_issuer(VALUE self, VALUE issuer)
     return issuer;
 }
 
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *    cert.not_before => time
+ */
 static VALUE 
 ossl_x509_get_not_before(VALUE self)
 {
@@ -390,6 +447,10 @@ ossl_x509_get_not_before(VALUE self)
     return asn1time_to_time(asn1time);
 }
 
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *    cert.not_before = time => time
+ */
 static VALUE 
 ossl_x509_set_not_before(VALUE self, VALUE time)
 {
@@ -405,6 +466,10 @@ ossl_x509_set_not_before(VALUE self, VALUE time)
     return time;
 }
 
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *    cert.not_after => time
+ */
 static VALUE 
 ossl_x509_get_not_after(VALUE self)
 {
@@ -419,6 +484,10 @@ ossl_x509_get_not_after(VALUE self)
     return asn1time_to_time(asn1time);
 }
 
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *    cert.not_before = time => time
+ */
 static VALUE 
 ossl_x509_set_not_after(VALUE self, VALUE time)
 {
@@ -434,6 +503,10 @@ ossl_x509_set_not_after(VALUE self, VALUE time)
     return time;
 }
 
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *    cert.public_key => key
+ */
 static VALUE 
 ossl_x509_get_public_key(VALUE self)
 {
@@ -448,6 +521,10 @@ ossl_x509_get_public_key(VALUE self)
     return ossl_pkey_new(pkey); /* NO DUP - OK */
 }
 
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *    cert.public_key = key => key
+ */
 static VALUE 
 ossl_x509_set_public_key(VALUE self, VALUE key)
 {
@@ -461,6 +538,10 @@ ossl_x509_set_public_key(VALUE self, VALUE key)
     return key;
 }
 
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *    cert.sign(key, digest) => self
+ */
 static VALUE 
 ossl_x509_sign(VALUE self, VALUE key, VALUE digest)
 {
@@ -479,6 +560,9 @@ ossl_x509_sign(VALUE self, VALUE key, VALUE digest)
 }
 
 /*
+ * call-seq:
+ *    cert.verify(key) => true | false
+ *
  * Checks that cert signature is made with PRIVversion of this PUBLIC 'key'
  */
 static VALUE 
@@ -501,6 +585,9 @@ ossl_x509_verify(VALUE self, VALUE key)
 }
 
 /*
+ * call-seq:
+ *    cert.check_private_key(key)
+ *
  * Checks if 'key' is PRIV key for this cert
  */
 static VALUE 
@@ -521,7 +608,8 @@ ossl_x509_check_private_key(VALUE self, VALUE key)
 }
 
 /*
- * Gets X509v3 extensions as array of X509Ext objects
+ * call-seq:
+ *    cert.extensions => [extension...]
  */
 static VALUE 
 ossl_x509_get_extensions(VALUE self)
@@ -546,7 +634,8 @@ ossl_x509_get_extensions(VALUE self)
 }
 
 /*
- * Sets X509_EXTENSIONs
+ * call-seq:
+ *    cert.extensions = [ext...] => [ext...]
  */
 static VALUE 
 ossl_x509_set_extensions(VALUE self, VALUE ary)
@@ -557,14 +646,14 @@ ossl_x509_set_extensions(VALUE self, VALUE ary)
 	
     Check_Type(ary, T_ARRAY);
     /* All ary's members should be X509Extension */
-    for (i=0; i<RARRAY(ary)->len; i++) {
-	OSSL_Check_Kind(RARRAY(ary)->ptr[i], cX509Ext);
+    for (i=0; i<RARRAY_LEN(ary); i++) {
+	OSSL_Check_Kind(RARRAY_PTR(ary)[i], cX509Ext);
     }
     GetX509(self, x509);
     sk_X509_EXTENSION_pop_free(x509->cert_info->extensions, X509_EXTENSION_free);
     x509->cert_info->extensions = NULL;
-    for (i=0; i<RARRAY(ary)->len; i++) {
-	ext = DupX509ExtPtr(RARRAY(ary)->ptr[i]);
+    for (i=0; i<RARRAY_LEN(ary); i++) {
+	ext = DupX509ExtPtr(RARRAY_PTR(ary)[i]);
 	
 	if (!X509_add_ext(x509, ext, -1)) { /* DUPs ext - FREE it */
 	    X509_EXTENSION_free(ext);
@@ -576,6 +665,10 @@ ossl_x509_set_extensions(VALUE self, VALUE ary)
     return ary;
 }
 
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *    cert.add_extension(extension) => extension
+ */
 static VALUE 
 ossl_x509_add_extension(VALUE self, VALUE extension)
 {
diff --git a/ext/openssl/ossl_x509crl.c b/ext/openssl/ossl_x509crl.c
index 0dc22416e7..be9ddacf48 100644
--- a/ext/openssl/ossl_x509crl.c
+++ b/ext/openssl/ossl_x509crl.c
@@ -287,14 +287,14 @@ ossl_x509crl_set_revoked(VALUE self, VALUE ary)
 
     Check_Type(ary, T_ARRAY);
     /* All ary members should be X509 Revoked */
-    for (i=0; i<RARRAY(ary)->len; i++) {
-	OSSL_Check_Kind(RARRAY(ary)->ptr[i], cX509Rev);
+    for (i=0; i<RARRAY_LEN(ary); i++) {
+	OSSL_Check_Kind(RARRAY_PTR(ary)[i], cX509Rev);
     }
     GetX509CRL(self, crl);
     sk_X509_REVOKED_pop_free(crl->crl->revoked, X509_REVOKED_free);
     crl->crl->revoked = NULL;
-    for (i=0; i<RARRAY(ary)->len; i++) {
-	rev = DupX509RevokedPtr(RARRAY(ary)->ptr[i]);
+    for (i=0; i<RARRAY_LEN(ary); i++) {
+	rev = DupX509RevokedPtr(RARRAY_PTR(ary)[i]);
 	if (!X509_CRL_add0_revoked(crl, rev)) { /* NO DUP - don't free! */
 	    ossl_raise(eX509CRLError, NULL);
 	}
@@ -461,14 +461,14 @@ ossl_x509crl_set_extensions(VALUE self, VALUE ary)
 	
     Check_Type(ary, T_ARRAY);
     /* All ary members should be X509 Extensions */
-    for (i=0; i<RARRAY(ary)->len; i++) {
-	OSSL_Check_Kind(RARRAY(ary)->ptr[i], cX509Ext);
+    for (i=0; i<RARRAY_LEN(ary); i++) {
+	OSSL_Check_Kind(RARRAY_PTR(ary)[i], cX509Ext);
     }
     GetX509CRL(self, crl);
     sk_X509_EXTENSION_pop_free(crl->crl->extensions, X509_EXTENSION_free);
     crl->crl->extensions = NULL;
-    for (i=0; i<RARRAY(ary)->len; i++) {
-	ext = DupX509ExtPtr(RARRAY(ary)->ptr[i]);
+    for (i=0; i<RARRAY_LEN(ary); i++) {
+	ext = DupX509ExtPtr(RARRAY_PTR(ary)[i]);
 	if(!X509_CRL_add_ext(crl, ext, -1)) { /* DUPs ext - FREE it */
 	    X509_EXTENSION_free(ext);
 	    ossl_raise(eX509CRLError, NULL);
diff --git a/ext/openssl/ossl_x509ext.c b/ext/openssl/ossl_x509ext.c
index 31ffec48fa..aa9366f901 100644
--- a/ext/openssl/ossl_x509ext.c
+++ b/ext/openssl/ossl_x509ext.c
@@ -229,23 +229,23 @@ ossl_x509extfactory_create_ext(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
     StringValue(value);
     if(NIL_P(critical)) critical = Qfalse;
 
-    nid = OBJ_ln2nid(RSTRING(oid)->ptr);
-    if(!nid) nid = OBJ_sn2nid(RSTRING(oid)->ptr);
-    if(!nid) ossl_raise(eX509ExtError, "unknown OID `%s'", RSTRING(oid)->ptr);
+    nid = OBJ_ln2nid(RSTRING_PTR(oid));
+    if(!nid) nid = OBJ_sn2nid(RSTRING_PTR(oid));
+    if(!nid) ossl_raise(eX509ExtError, "unknown OID `%s'", RSTRING_PTR(oid));
     valstr = rb_str_new2(RTEST(critical) ? "critical," : "");
     rb_str_append(valstr, value);
     GetX509ExtFactory(self, ctx);
 #ifdef HAVE_X509V3_EXT_NCONF_NID
     rconf = rb_iv_get(self, "@config");
     conf = NIL_P(rconf) ? NULL : GetConfigPtr(rconf);
-    ext = X509V3_EXT_nconf_nid(conf, ctx, nid, RSTRING(valstr)->ptr);
+    ext = X509V3_EXT_nconf_nid(conf, ctx, nid, RSTRING_PTR(valstr));
 #else
     if (!empty_lhash) empty_lhash = lh_new(NULL, NULL);
-    ext = X509V3_EXT_conf_nid(empty_lhash, ctx, nid, RSTRING(valstr)->ptr);
+    ext = X509V3_EXT_conf_nid(empty_lhash, ctx, nid, RSTRING_PTR(valstr));
 #endif
     if (!ext){
 	ossl_raise(eX509ExtError, "%s = %s",
-		   RSTRING(oid)->ptr, RSTRING(value)->ptr);
+		   RSTRING_PTR(oid), RSTRING_PTR(value));
     }
     WrapX509Ext(cX509Ext, obj, ext);
 
@@ -280,9 +280,9 @@ ossl_x509ext_initialize(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
     if(rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "12", &oid, &value, &critical) == 1){
 	oid = ossl_to_der_if_possible(oid);
 	StringValue(oid);
-	p  = RSTRING(oid)->ptr;
+	p  = RSTRING_PTR(oid);
 	if(!d2i_X509_EXTENSION((X509_EXTENSION**)&DATA_PTR(self),
-			       &p, RSTRING(oid)->len))
+			       &p, RSTRING_LEN(oid)))
 	    ossl_raise(eX509ExtError, NULL);
 	return self;
     }
@@ -319,14 +319,14 @@ ossl_x509ext_set_value(VALUE self, VALUE data)
 
     data = ossl_to_der_if_possible(data);
     StringValue(data);
-    if(!(s = OPENSSL_malloc(RSTRING(data)->len)))
+    if(!(s = OPENSSL_malloc(RSTRING_LEN(data))))
 	ossl_raise(eX509ExtError, "malloc error");
-    memcpy(s, RSTRING(data)->ptr, RSTRING(data)->len);
+    memcpy(s, RSTRING_PTR(data), RSTRING_LEN(data));
     if(!(asn1s = ASN1_OCTET_STRING_new())){
 	free(s);
 	ossl_raise(eX509ExtError, NULL);
     }
-    if(!M_ASN1_OCTET_STRING_set(asn1s, s, RSTRING(data)->len)){
+    if(!M_ASN1_OCTET_STRING_set(asn1s, s, RSTRING_LEN(data))){
 	free(s);
 	ASN1_OCTET_STRING_free(asn1s);
 	ossl_raise(eX509ExtError, NULL);
@@ -409,7 +409,7 @@ ossl_x509ext_to_der(VALUE obj)
     if((len = i2d_X509_EXTENSION(ext, NULL)) <= 0)
 	ossl_raise(eX509ExtError, NULL);
     str = rb_str_new(0, len);
-    p = RSTRING(str)->ptr;
+    p = RSTRING_PTR(str);
     if(i2d_X509_EXTENSION(ext, &p) < 0)
 	ossl_raise(eX509ExtError, NULL);
     ossl_str_adjust(str, p);
diff --git a/ext/openssl/ossl_x509name.c b/ext/openssl/ossl_x509name.c
index c5ed8b5457..b4434d2a34 100644
--- a/ext/openssl/ossl_x509name.c
+++ b/ext/openssl/ossl_x509name.c
@@ -109,6 +109,13 @@ ossl_x509name_init_i(VALUE i, VALUE args)
     return Qnil;
 }
 
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *    X509::Name.new => name
+ *    X509::Name.new(string) => name
+ *    X509::Name.new(dn) => name
+ *    X509::Name.new(dn, template) => name
+ */
 static VALUE
 ossl_x509name_initialize(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
 {
@@ -125,14 +132,14 @@ ossl_x509name_initialize(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
 	    VALUE args;
 	    if(NIL_P(template)) template = OBJECT_TYPE_TEMPLATE;
 	    args = rb_ary_new3(2, self, template);
-	    rb_iterate(rb_each, tmp, ossl_x509name_init_i, args);
+	    rb_block_call(tmp, rb_intern("each"), 0, 0, ossl_x509name_init_i, args);
 	}
 	else{
 	    unsigned char *p;
 	    VALUE str = ossl_to_der_if_possible(arg);
 	    StringValue(str);
-	    p = RSTRING(str)->ptr;
-	    if(!d2i_X509_NAME((X509_NAME**)&DATA_PTR(self), &p, RSTRING(str)->len)){
+	    p = RSTRING_PTR(str);
+	    if(!d2i_X509_NAME((X509_NAME**)&DATA_PTR(self), &p, RSTRING_LEN(str))){
 		ossl_raise(eX509NameError, NULL);
 	    }
 	}
@@ -141,6 +148,10 @@ ossl_x509name_initialize(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
     return self;
 }
 
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *    name.add_entry(oid, value [, type]) => self
+ */
 static
 VALUE ossl_x509name_add_entry(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
 {
@@ -152,8 +163,8 @@ VALUE ossl_x509name_add_entry(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
     StringValue(value);
     if(NIL_P(type)) type = rb_aref(OBJECT_TYPE_TEMPLATE, oid);
     GetX509Name(self, name);
-    if (!X509_NAME_add_entry_by_txt(name, RSTRING(oid)->ptr, NUM2INT(type),
-		RSTRING(value)->ptr, RSTRING(value)->len, -1, 0)) {
+    if (!X509_NAME_add_entry_by_txt(name, RSTRING_PTR(oid), NUM2INT(type),
+		RSTRING_PTR(value), RSTRING_LEN(value), -1, 0)) {
 	ossl_raise(eX509NameError, NULL);
     }
 
@@ -175,9 +186,14 @@ ossl_x509name_to_s_old(VALUE self)
     return str;
 }
 
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *    name.to_s => string
+ *    name.to_s(integer) => string
+ */
 static VALUE
 ossl_x509name_to_s(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
-{           
+{
     X509_NAME *name;
     VALUE flag, str;
     BIO *out;
@@ -188,17 +204,21 @@ ossl_x509name_to_s(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
 	return ossl_x509name_to_s_old(self);
     else iflag = NUM2ULONG(flag);
     if (!(out = BIO_new(BIO_s_mem())))
-	rb_raise(eX509NameError, NULL);
+	ossl_raise(eX509NameError, NULL);
     GetX509Name(self, name);
     if (!X509_NAME_print_ex(out, name, 0, iflag)){
 	BIO_free(out);
-	rb_raise(eX509NameError, NULL);
+	ossl_raise(eX509NameError, NULL);
     }
     str = ossl_membio2str(out);
 
     return str;
 }
 
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *    name.to_a => [[name, data, type], ...]
+ */
 static VALUE 
 ossl_x509name_to_a(VALUE self)
 {
@@ -266,6 +286,10 @@ ossl_x509name_eql(VALUE self, VALUE other)
     return (result == 0) ? Qtrue : Qfalse;
 }
 
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *    name.hash => integer
+ */
 static VALUE
 ossl_x509name_hash(VALUE self)
 {
@@ -279,6 +303,10 @@ ossl_x509name_hash(VALUE self)
     return ULONG2NUM(hash);
 }
 
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *    name.to_der => string
+ */
 static VALUE
 ossl_x509name_to_der(VALUE self)
 {
@@ -291,7 +319,7 @@ ossl_x509name_to_der(VALUE self)
     if((len = i2d_X509_NAME(name, NULL)) <= 0)
 	ossl_raise(eX509NameError, NULL);
     str = rb_str_new(0, len);
-    p = RSTRING(str)->ptr;
+    p = RSTRING_PTR(str);
     if(i2d_X509_NAME(name, &p) <= 0)
 	ossl_raise(eX509NameError, NULL);
     ossl_str_adjust(str, p);
diff --git a/ext/openssl/ossl_x509req.c b/ext/openssl/ossl_x509req.c
index d644250433..13a42dddaf 100644
--- a/ext/openssl/ossl_x509req.c
+++ b/ext/openssl/ossl_x509req.c
@@ -171,7 +171,7 @@ ossl_x509req_to_der(VALUE self)
     if ((len = i2d_X509_REQ(req, NULL)) <= 0)
 	ossl_raise(eX509CertError, NULL);
     str = rb_str_new(0, len);
-    p = RSTRING(str)->ptr;
+    p = RSTRING_PTR(str);
     if (i2d_X509_REQ(req, &p) <= 0)
 	ossl_raise(eX509ReqError, NULL);
     ossl_str_adjust(str, p);
@@ -403,14 +403,14 @@ ossl_x509req_set_attributes(VALUE self, VALUE ary)
     VALUE item;
 
     Check_Type(ary, T_ARRAY);
-    for (i=0;i<RARRAY(ary)->len; i++) {
-	OSSL_Check_Kind(RARRAY(ary)->ptr[i], cX509Attr);
+    for (i=0;i<RARRAY_LEN(ary); i++) {
+	OSSL_Check_Kind(RARRAY_PTR(ary)[i], cX509Attr);
     }
     GetX509Req(self, req);
     sk_X509_ATTRIBUTE_pop_free(req->req_info->attributes, X509_ATTRIBUTE_free);
     req->req_info->attributes = NULL;
-    for (i=0;i<RARRAY(ary)->len; i++) {
-	item = RARRAY(ary)->ptr[i];
+    for (i=0;i<RARRAY_LEN(ary); i++) {
+	item = RARRAY_PTR(ary)[i];
 	attr = DupX509AttrPtr(item);
 	if (!X509_REQ_add1_attr(req, attr)) {
 	    ossl_raise(eX509ReqError, NULL);
diff --git a/ext/openssl/ossl_x509revoked.c b/ext/openssl/ossl_x509revoked.c
index 3ccac8d26a..d0f816bad4 100644
--- a/ext/openssl/ossl_x509revoked.c
+++ b/ext/openssl/ossl_x509revoked.c
@@ -175,14 +175,14 @@ ossl_x509revoked_set_extensions(VALUE self, VALUE ary)
     VALUE item;
 
     Check_Type(ary, T_ARRAY);
-    for (i=0; i<RARRAY(ary)->len; i++) {
-	OSSL_Check_Kind(RARRAY(ary)->ptr[i], cX509Ext);
+    for (i=0; i<RARRAY_LEN(ary); i++) {
+	OSSL_Check_Kind(RARRAY_PTR(ary)[i], cX509Ext);
     }
     GetX509Rev(self, rev);
     sk_X509_EXTENSION_pop_free(rev->extensions, X509_EXTENSION_free);
     rev->extensions = NULL;
-    for (i=0; i<RARRAY(ary)->len; i++) {
-	item = RARRAY(ary)->ptr[i];
+    for (i=0; i<RARRAY_LEN(ary); i++) {
+	item = RARRAY_PTR(ary)[i];
 	ext = DupX509ExtPtr(item);
 	if(!X509_REVOKED_add_ext(rev, ext, -1)) {
 	    ossl_raise(eX509RevError, NULL);
diff --git a/ext/openssl/ossl_x509store.c b/ext/openssl/ossl_x509store.c
index cea845a1cc..769ce8a91a 100644
--- a/ext/openssl/ossl_x509store.c
+++ b/ext/openssl/ossl_x509store.c
@@ -118,11 +118,18 @@ ossl_x509store_set_vfy_cb(VALUE self, VALUE cb)
     return cb;
 }
 
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *    X509::Store.new => store
+ *
+ */
 static VALUE
 ossl_x509store_initialize(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
 {
     X509_STORE *store;
 
+/* BUG: This method takes any number of arguments but appears to ignore them. */
     GetX509Store(self, store);
     X509_STORE_set_verify_cb_func(store, ossl_verify_cb);
     ossl_x509store_set_vfy_cb(self, Qnil);
@@ -206,7 +213,7 @@ ossl_x509store_add_file(VALUE self, VALUE file)
 
     if(file != Qnil){
         Check_SafeStr(file);
-	path = RSTRING(file)->ptr;
+	path = RSTRING_PTR(file);
     }
     GetX509Store(self, store);
     lookup = X509_STORE_add_lookup(store, X509_LOOKUP_file());
@@ -227,7 +234,7 @@ ossl_x509store_add_path(VALUE self, VALUE dir)
 
     if(dir != Qnil){
         Check_SafeStr(dir);
-	path = RSTRING(dir)->ptr;
+	path = RSTRING_PTR(dir);
     }
     GetX509Store(self, store);
     lookup = X509_STORE_add_lookup(store, X509_LOOKUP_hash_dir());
@@ -451,7 +458,7 @@ ossl_x509stctx_set_error(VALUE self, VALUE err)
     X509_STORE_CTX *ctx;
 
     GetX509StCtx(self, ctx);
-    X509_STORE_CTX_set_error(ctx, FIX2INT(err));
+    X509_STORE_CTX_set_error(ctx, NUM2INT(err));
 
     return err;
 }
@@ -550,6 +557,10 @@ ossl_x509stctx_set_trust(VALUE self, VALUE trust)
     return trust;
 }
 
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *    storectx.time = time => time
+ */
 static VALUE
 ossl_x509stctx_set_time(VALUE self, VALUE time)
 {
diff --git a/ext/openssl/ruby_missing.h b/ext/openssl/ruby_missing.h
index 4bd08890f8..64b76f26b4 100644
--- a/ext/openssl/ruby_missing.h
+++ b/ext/openssl/ruby_missing.h
@@ -9,10 +9,33 @@
  * (See the file 'LICENCE'.)
  */
 #if !defined(_OSSL_RUBY_MISSING_H_)
-#define _OSS_RUBY_MISSING_H_
+#define _OSSL_RUBY_MISSING_H_
 
 #define rb_define_copy_func(klass, func) \
 	rb_define_method(klass, "initialize_copy", func, 1)
 
-#endif /* _OSS_RUBY_MISSING_H_ */
 
+#ifndef GetReadFile
+#define FPTR_TO_FD(fptr) (fptr->fd)
+#else
+#define FPTR_TO_FD(fptr) (fileno(GetReadFile(fptr)))
+#endif
+
+#ifndef HAVE_RB_IO_T
+#define rb_io_t OpenFile
+#endif
+
+#ifndef HAVE_RB_STR_SET_LEN
+/* these methods should probably be backported to 1.8 */
+#define rb_str_set_len(str, length) do {	\
+	RSTRING(str)->ptr[length] = 0;		\
+	RSTRING(str)->len = length;		\
+} while(0)
+#endif /* ! HAVE_RB_STR_SET_LEN */
+
+#ifndef HAVE_RB_BLOCK_CALL
+/* the openssl module doesn't use arg[3-4] and arg2 is always rb_each */
+#define rb_block_call(arg1, arg2, arg3, arg4, arg5, arg6) rb_iterate(rb_each, arg1, arg5, arg6)
+#endif /* ! HAVE_RB_BLOCK_CALL */
+
+#endif /* _OSSL_RUBY_MISSING_H_ */
diff --git a/ext/pty/expect_sample.rb b/ext/pty/expect_sample.rb
index bf8a2352fe..2a2e29f866 100644
--- a/ext/pty/expect_sample.rb
+++ b/ext/pty/expect_sample.rb
@@ -15,10 +15,6 @@ PTY.spawn("ftp ftp.ruby-lang.org") do |r_f,w_f,pid|
   
   $expect_verbose = false
   
-  r_f.expect(/^Name.*: /) do
-    w_f.print "ftp\n"
-  end
-  
   if !ENV['USER'].nil?
     username = ENV['USER']
   elsif !ENV['LOGNAME'].nil?
@@ -27,19 +23,16 @@ PTY.spawn("ftp ftp.ruby-lang.org") do |r_f,w_f,pid|
     username = 'guest'
   end
   
-  r_f.expect('word:') do
-    w_f.print username+"@\n"
-  end
-  r_f.expect("> ") do
-    w_f.print "cd pub/ruby\n"
+  r_f.expect(/^(Name).*: |(word):|> /) do
+    w_f.puts($1 ? "ftp" : $2 ? "#{username}@" : "cd pub/ruby")
   end
   r_f.expect("> ") do
     w_f.print "dir\n"
   end
   
-  r_f.expect("> ") do |output|
+  r_f.expect(/[^\-]> /) do |output|
     for x in output[0].split("\n")
-      if x =~ /(ruby.*\.tar\.gz)/ then
+      if x =~ /(ruby.*?\.tar\.gz)/ then
          fnames.push $1
       end
     end
diff --git a/ext/pty/lib/expect.rb b/ext/pty/lib/expect.rb
index aa9ab895d3..08191b05b9 100644
--- a/ext/pty/lib/expect.rb
+++ b/ext/pty/lib/expect.rb
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ class IO
       e_pat = pat
     end
     while true
-      if IO.select([self],nil,nil,timeout).nil? then
+      if !IO.select([self],nil,nil,timeout) or eof? then
         result = nil
         break
       end
diff --git a/ext/pty/pty.c b/ext/pty/pty.c
index db072744d6..939335242f 100644
--- a/ext/pty/pty.c
+++ b/ext/pty/pty.c
@@ -39,10 +39,10 @@
 
 #if !defined(HAVE_OPENPTY)
 #if defined(__hpux)
-static
-char	*MasterDevice = "/dev/ptym/pty%s",
-	*SlaveDevice =  "/dev/pty/tty%s",
-	*deviceNo[] = {
+static const
+char	MasterDevice[] = "/dev/ptym/pty%s",
+	SlaveDevice[] =  "/dev/pty/tty%s",
+	*const deviceNo[] = {
 		"p0","p1","p2","p3","p4","p5","p6","p7",
 		"p8","p9","pa","pb","pc","pd","pe","pf",
 		"q0","q1","q2","q3","q4","q5","q6","q7",
@@ -62,10 +62,10 @@ char	*MasterDevice = "/dev/ptym/pty%s",
 		0,
 	};
 #elif defined(_IBMESA)  /* AIX/ESA */
-static 
-char	*MasterDevice = "/dev/ptyp%s",
-  	*SlaveDevice = "/dev/ttyp%s",
-	*deviceNo[] = {
+static const
+char	MasterDevice[] = "/dev/ptyp%s",
+  	SlaveDevice[] = "/dev/ttyp%s",
+	*const deviceNo[] = {
 "00","01","02","03","04","05","06","07","08","09","0a","0b","0c","0d","0e","0f",
 "10","11","12","13","14","15","16","17","18","19","1a","1b","1c","1d","1e","1f",
 "20","21","22","23","24","25","26","27","28","29","2a","2b","2c","2d","2e","2f",
@@ -84,10 +84,10 @@ char	*MasterDevice = "/dev/ptyp%s",
 "f0","f1","f2","f3","f4","f5","f6","f7","f8","f9","fa","fb","fc","fd","fe","ff",
 		};
 #elif !defined(HAVE_PTSNAME)
-static 
-char	*MasterDevice = "/dev/pty%s",
-	*SlaveDevice = "/dev/tty%s",
-	*deviceNo[] = {
+static const
+char	MasterDevice[] = "/dev/pty%s",
+	SlaveDevice[] = "/dev/tty%s",
+	*const deviceNo[] = {
 		"p0","p1","p2","p3","p4","p5","p6","p7",
 		"p8","p9","pa","pb","pc","pd","pe","pf",
 		"q0","q1","q2","q3","q4","q5","q6","q7",
@@ -101,8 +101,6 @@ char	*MasterDevice = "/dev/pty%s",
 #endif
 #endif /* !defined(HAVE_OPENPTY) */
 
-static char SlaveName[DEVICELEN];
-
 #ifndef HAVE_SETEUID
 # ifdef HAVE_SETREUID
 #  define seteuid(e)	setreuid(-1, (e))
@@ -139,7 +137,7 @@ raise_from_wait(state, info)
     char buf[1024];
     VALUE exc;
 
-    snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), "pty - %s: %d", state, info->child_pid);
+    snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), "pty - %s: %ld", state, (long)info->child_pid);
     exc = rb_exc_new2(eChildExited, buf);
     rb_iv_set(exc, "status", rb_last_status);
     rb_funcall(info->thread, rb_intern("raise"), 1, exc);
@@ -155,17 +153,15 @@ pty_syswait(info)
 	cpid = rb_waitpid(info->child_pid, &status, WUNTRACED);
 	if (cpid == -1) return Qnil;
 
-#if defined(IF_STOPPED)
-	if (IF_STOPPED(status)) { /* suspend */
-	    raise_from_wait("stopped", info);
-	}
-#elif defined(WIFSTOPPED)
-	if (WIFSTOPPED(status)) { /* suspend */
-	    raise_from_wait("stopped", info);
-	}
+#if defined(WIFSTOPPED)
+#elif defined(IF_STOPPED)
+#define WIFSTOPPED(status) IF_STOPPED(status)
 #else
 ---->> Either IF_STOPPED or WIFSTOPPED is needed <<----
 #endif /* WIFSTOPPED | IF_STOPPED */
+	if (WIFSTOPPED(status)) { /* suspend */
+	    raise_from_wait("stopped", info);
+	}
 	else if (kill(info->child_pid, 0) == 0) {
 	    raise_from_wait("changed", info);
 	}
@@ -176,28 +172,32 @@ pty_syswait(info)
     }
 }
 
-static void getDevice _((int*, int*));
+static void getDevice _((int*, int*, char [DEVICELEN]));
 
 struct exec_info {
     int argc;
     VALUE *argv;
 };
 
+static VALUE pty_exec _((VALUE v));
+
 static VALUE
-pty_exec(arg)
-    struct exec_info *arg;
+pty_exec(v)
+    VALUE v;
 {
+    struct exec_info *arg = (struct exec_info *)v;
     return rb_f_exec(arg->argc, arg->argv);
 }
 
 static void
-establishShell(argc, argv, info)
+establishShell(argc, argv, info, SlaveName)
     int argc;
     VALUE *argv;
     struct pty_info *info;
-{	
-    static int		i,master,slave,currentPid;
-    char		*p,*getenv();
+    char SlaveName[DEVICELEN];
+{
+    int 		i,master,slave;
+    char		*p, tmp, *getenv();
     struct passwd	*pwent;
     VALUE		v;
     struct exec_info	arg;
@@ -220,10 +220,9 @@ establishShell(argc, argv, info)
 	argc = 1;
 	argv = &v;
     }
-    getDevice(&master,&slave);
+    getDevice(&master, &slave, SlaveName);
 
     info->thread = rb_thread_current();
-    currentPid = getpid();
     if((i = fork()) < 0) {
 	close(master);
 	close(slave);
@@ -231,8 +230,6 @@ establishShell(argc, argv, info)
     }
 
     if(i == 0) {	/* child */
-	currentPid = getpid();	
-
 	/*
 	 * Set free from process group and controlling terminal
 	 */
@@ -244,7 +241,7 @@ establishShell(argc, argv, info)
 	if (setpgrp() == -1)
 	    perror("setpgrp()");
 #  else /* SETGRP_VOID */
-	if (setpgrp(0, currentPid) == -1)
+	if (setpgrp(0, getpid()) == -1)
 	    rb_sys_fail("setpgrp()");
 	if ((i = open("/dev/tty", O_RDONLY)) < 0)
 	    rb_sys_fail("/dev/tty");
@@ -273,6 +270,7 @@ establishShell(argc, argv, info)
 	}
 	close(master);
 #endif
+	write(slave, "", 1);
 	dup2(slave,0);
 	dup2(slave,1);
 	dup2(slave,2);
@@ -288,6 +286,7 @@ establishShell(argc, argv, info)
 	_exit(1);
     }
 
+    read(master, &tmp, 1);
     close(slave);
 
     info->child_pid = i;
@@ -304,40 +303,36 @@ pty_finalize_syswait(info)
     return Qnil;
 }
 
-#ifdef HAVE_OPENPTY
+static int
+get_device_once(master, slave, SlaveName, fail)
+    int *master, *slave, fail;
+    char SlaveName[DEVICELEN];
+{
+#if defined HAVE_OPENPTY
 /*
  * Use openpty(3) of 4.3BSD Reno and later,
  * or the same interface function.
  */
-static void
-getDevice(master,slave)
-    int	*master,*slave;
-{
     if (openpty(master, slave, SlaveName,
 		(struct termios *)0, (struct winsize *)0) == -1) {
+	if (!fail) return -1;
 	rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "openpty() failed");
     }
-}
-#else /* HAVE_OPENPTY */
-#ifdef HAVE__GETPTY
-static void
-getDevice(master,slave)
-    int	*master,*slave;
-{
+
+    return 0;
+#elif defined HAVE__GETPTY
     char *name;
 
     if (!(name = _getpty(master, O_RDWR, 0622, 0))) {
+	if (!fail) return -1;
 	rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "_getpty() failed");
     }
 
     *slave = open(name, O_RDWR);
-    strcpy(SlaveName, name);
-}
+    strncpy(SlaveName, name, sizeof SlaveName);
+
+    return 0;
 #else /* HAVE__GETPTY */
-static void
-getDevice(master,slave)
-    int	*master,*slave;
-{
     int	 i,j;
 
 #ifdef HAVE_PTSNAME
@@ -358,11 +353,12 @@ getDevice(master,slave)
 #if defined I_PUSH && !defined linux
 			if(ioctl(j, I_PUSH, "ptem") != -1) {
 			    if(ioctl(j, I_PUSH, "ldterm") != -1) {
+				ioctl(j, I_PUSH, "ttcompat");
 #endif
 				*master = i;
 				*slave = j;
-				strcpy(SlaveName, pn);
-				return;
+				strncpy(SlaveName, pn, sizeof SlaveName);
+				return 0;
 #if defined I_PUSH && !defined linux
 			    }
 			}
@@ -373,36 +369,41 @@ getDevice(master,slave)
 	}
 	close(i);
     }
-    rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "can't get Master/Slave device");
+    if (!fail) rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "can't get Master/Slave device");
+    return -1;
 #else
     char **p;
     char MasterName[DEVICELEN];
 
     for (p = deviceNo; *p != NULL; p++) {
-	sprintf(MasterName,MasterDevice,*p);
+	snprintf(MasterName, sizeof MasterName, MasterDevice, *p);
 	if ((i = open(MasterName,O_RDWR,0)) >= 0) {
 	    *master = i;
-	    sprintf(SlaveName,SlaveDevice,*p);
+	    snprintf(SlaveName, sizeof SlaveName, SlaveDevice, *p);
 	    if ((j = open(SlaveName,O_RDWR,0)) >= 0) {
 		*slave = j;
 		chown(SlaveName, getuid(), getgid());
 		chmod(SlaveName, 0622);
-		return;
+		return 0;
 	    }
 	    close(i);
 	}
     }
-    rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "can't get %s", SlaveName);
+    if (fail) rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "can't get %s", SlaveName);
+    return -1;
+#endif
 #endif
 }
-#endif /* HAVE__GETPTY */
-#endif /* HAVE_OPENPTY */
 
 static void
-freeDevice()
+getDevice(master, slave, slavename)
+    int *master, *slave;
+    char slavename[DEVICELEN];
 {
-    chmod(SlaveName, 0666);
-    chown(SlaveName, 0, 0);
+    if (get_device_once(master, slave, slavename, 0)) {
+	rb_gc();
+	get_device_once(master, slave, slavename, 1);
+    }
 }
 
 /* ruby function: getpty */
@@ -415,14 +416,15 @@ pty_getpty(argc, argv, self)
     VALUE res;
     struct pty_info info;
     struct pty_info thinfo;
-    OpenFile *wfptr,*rfptr;
+    rb_io_t *wfptr,*rfptr;
     VALUE rport = rb_obj_alloc(rb_cFile);
     VALUE wport = rb_obj_alloc(rb_cFile);
-  
+    char SlaveName[DEVICELEN];
+
     MakeOpenFile(rport, rfptr);
     MakeOpenFile(wport, wfptr);
 
-    establishShell(argc, argv, &info);
+    establishShell(argc, argv, &info, SlaveName);
 
     rfptr->mode = rb_io_mode_flags("r");
     rfptr->f = fdopen(info.fd, "r");
diff --git a/ext/purelib.rb b/ext/purelib.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..dbe514c34a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ext/purelib.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+nul = nil
+$:.each_with_index {|path, index|
+  if /\A(?:\.\/)*-\z/ =~ path
+    nul = index
+    break
+  end
+}
+if nul
+  $:[nul..-1] = ["."]
+end
diff --git a/ext/racc/cparse/cparse.c b/ext/racc/cparse/cparse.c
index 197a0eb40b..18a26f670f 100644
--- a/ext/racc/cparse/cparse.c
+++ b/ext/racc/cparse/cparse.c
@@ -393,10 +393,6 @@ cparse_params_mark(void *ptr)
     rb_gc_mark(v->goto_check);
     rb_gc_mark(v->goto_default);
     rb_gc_mark(v->goto_pointer);
-    rb_gc_mark(v->goto_pointer);
-    rb_gc_mark(v->goto_pointer);
-    rb_gc_mark(v->goto_pointer);
-    rb_gc_mark(v->goto_pointer);
     rb_gc_mark(v->reduce_table);
     rb_gc_mark(v->token_table);
     rb_gc_mark(v->state);
diff --git a/ext/readline/extconf.rb b/ext/readline/extconf.rb
index b67a443dad..b820c0b32f 100644
--- a/ext/readline/extconf.rb
+++ b/ext/readline/extconf.rb
@@ -42,7 +42,9 @@ else
   end
 end
 
-have_readline_var("rl_filename_completion_function")
+have_func("rl_filename_completion_function")
+have_func("rl_username_completion_function")
+have_func("rl_completion_matches")
 have_readline_var("rl_deprep_term_function")
 have_readline_var("rl_completion_append_character")
 have_readline_var("rl_basic_word_break_characters")
@@ -57,7 +59,6 @@ have_func("rl_cleanup_after_signal")
 have_func("rl_clear_signals")
 have_func("rl_vi_editing_mode")
 have_func("rl_emacs_editing_mode")
-have_func("rl_clear_signals")
 have_func("replace_history_entry")
 have_func("remove_history")
 create_makefile("readline")
diff --git a/ext/readline/readline.c b/ext/readline/readline.c
index aa481ad719..c9acaadac9 100644
--- a/ext/readline/readline.c
+++ b/ext/readline/readline.c
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 /* readline.c -- GNU Readline module
    Copyright (C) 1997-2001  Shugo Maeda */
 
+#include "config.h"
 #include <errno.h>
 #include <stdio.h>
 #include <ctype.h>
@@ -33,21 +34,40 @@ static ID completion_proc, completion_case_fold;
 
 #ifndef HAVE_RL_FILENAME_COMPLETION_FUNCTION
 # define rl_filename_completion_function filename_completion_function
+#endif
+#ifndef HAVE_RL_USERNAME_COMPLETION_FUNCTION
 # define rl_username_completion_function username_completion_function
+#endif
+#ifndef HAVE_RL_COMPLETION_MATCHES
 # define rl_completion_matches completion_matches
 #endif
 
-static int readline_event(void);
 static char **readline_attempted_completion_function(const char *text,
                                                      int start, int end);
 
+#ifdef HAVE_RL_EVENT_HOOK
+#ifdef DOSISH
+#define BUSY_WAIT 1
+#else
+#define BUSY_WAIT 0
+#endif
+
+static int readline_event(void);
 static int
 readline_event()
 {
-    CHECK_INTS;
+#if BUSY_WAIT
     rb_thread_schedule();
+#else
+    fd_set rset;
+
+    FD_ZERO(&rset);
+    FD_SET(fileno(rl_instream), &rset);
+    rb_thread_select(fileno(rl_instream) + 1, &rset, NULL, NULL, NULL);
     return 0;
+#endif
 }
+#endif
 
 static VALUE
 readline_readline(argc, argv, self)
@@ -59,7 +79,7 @@ readline_readline(argc, argv, self)
     char *prompt = NULL;
     char *buff;
     int status;
-    OpenFile *ofp, *ifp;
+    rb_io_t *ofp, *ifp;
 
     rb_secure(4);
     if (rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "02", &tmp, &add_hist) > 0) {
@@ -83,7 +103,9 @@ readline_readline(argc, argv, self)
         rl_cleanup_after_signal();
 #elif defined HAVE_RL_DEPREP_TERM_FUNCTION
         /* restore terminal mode */
-        (*rl_deprep_term_function)();
+	if (rl_deprep_term_function != NULL) /* NULL in libedit. [ruby-dev:29116] */
+	    (*rl_deprep_term_function)();
+	else
 #else
         rl_deprep_terminal();
 #endif
diff --git a/ext/sdbm/_sdbm.c b/ext/sdbm/_sdbm.c
index d4cf621ea5..5b34824afc 100644
--- a/ext/sdbm/_sdbm.c
+++ b/ext/sdbm/_sdbm.c
@@ -71,7 +71,7 @@ static int   duppair proto((char *, datum));
 
 #include <stdio.h>
 #include <stdlib.h>
-#ifdef MSDOS
+#ifdef DOSISH
 #include <io.h>
 #endif
 #include <sys/types.h>
diff --git a/ext/socket/addrinfo.h b/ext/socket/addrinfo.h
index a22615ee00..e93adafba6 100644
--- a/ext/socket/addrinfo.h
+++ b/ext/socket/addrinfo.h
@@ -61,10 +61,15 @@
 #undef NI_NUMERICSERV
 #undef NI_DGRAM
 
+#undef addrinfo
 #define addrinfo addrinfo__compat
+#undef getaddrinfo
 #define getaddrinfo getaddrinfo__compat
+#undef getnameinfo
 #define getnameinfo getnameinfo__compat
+#undef freehostent
 #define freehostent freehostent__compat
+#undef freeaddrinfo
 #define freeaddrinfo freeaddrinfo__compat
 
 #ifndef __P
diff --git a/ext/socket/extconf.rb b/ext/socket/extconf.rb
index 41b715e0af..8a13ddba73 100644
--- a/ext/socket/extconf.rb
+++ b/ext/socket/extconf.rb
@@ -33,6 +33,9 @@ if /solaris/ =~ RUBY_PLATFORM and !try_compile("")
   # bug of gcc 3.0 on Solaris 8 ?
   headers << "sys/feature_tests.h"
 end
+if have_header("arpa/inet.h")
+  headers << "arpa/inet.h"
+end
 
 ipv6 = false
 default_ipv6 = /cygwin/ !~ RUBY_PLATFORM
@@ -153,6 +156,10 @@ main()
       if (ai->ai_addr == NULL)
         goto bad;
 #if defined(_AIX)
+      if (ai->ai_family == AF_INET6 && passive) {
+        inet6++;
+        continue;
+      }
       ai->ai_addr->sa_len = ai->ai_addrlen;
       ai->ai_addr->sa_family = ai->ai_family;
 #endif
@@ -252,7 +259,6 @@ unless getaddr_info_ok and have_func("getnameinfo", "netdb.h") and have_func("ge
   have_func("inet_ntop") or have_func("inet_ntoa")
   have_func("inet_pton") or have_func("inet_aton")
   have_func("getservbyport")
-  have_header("arpa/inet.h")
   have_header("arpa/nameser.h")
   have_header("resolv.h")
 end
diff --git a/ext/socket/getnameinfo.c b/ext/socket/getnameinfo.c
index 4c9c8f03c4..66f7e8818a 100644
--- a/ext/socket/getnameinfo.c
+++ b/ext/socket/getnameinfo.c
@@ -35,6 +35,7 @@
  */
 
 #include "config.h"
+#include <stdio.h>
 #include <sys/types.h>
 #ifndef _WIN32
 #if defined(__BEOS__)
@@ -51,15 +52,11 @@
 #endif
 #include <netdb.h>
 #if defined(HAVE_RESOLV_H)
-#ifdef _SX
-#include <stdio.h>
-#endif
 #include <resolv.h>
 #endif
 #endif
 #ifdef _WIN32
 #include <winsock2.h>
-#include <stdio.h>
 #define snprintf _snprintf
 #endif
 
diff --git a/ext/socket/socket.c b/ext/socket/socket.c
index 1a7c6ab085..1dcc7160e9 100644
--- a/ext/socket/socket.c
+++ b/ext/socket/socket.c
@@ -42,6 +42,9 @@
 #ifdef HAVE_NETINET_UDP_H
 # include <netinet/udp.h>
 #endif
+#ifdef HAVE_ARPA_INET_H
+# include <arpa/inet.h>
+#endif
 #include <netdb.h>
 #endif
 #include <errno.h>
@@ -195,6 +198,40 @@ ruby_getaddrinfo__aix(nodename, servname, hints, res)
 }
 #undef getaddrinfo
 #define getaddrinfo(node,serv,hints,res) ruby_getaddrinfo__aix((node),(serv),(hints),(res))
+static int
+ruby_getnameinfo__aix(sa, salen, host, hostlen, serv, servlen, flags)
+     const struct sockaddr *sa;
+     size_t salen;
+     char *host;
+     size_t hostlen;
+     char *serv;
+     size_t servlen;
+     int flags;
+{
+  struct sockaddr_in6 *sa6;
+  u_int32_t *a6;
+
+  if (sa->sa_family == AF_INET6) {
+    sa6 = (struct sockaddr_in6 *)sa;
+    a6 = sa6->sin6_addr.u6_addr.u6_addr32;
+
+    if (a6[0] == 0 && a6[1] == 0 && a6[2] == 0 && a6[3] == 0) {
+      strncpy(host, "::", hostlen);
+      snprintf(serv, servlen, "%d", sa6->sin6_port);
+      return 0;
+    }
+  }
+  return getnameinfo(sa, salen, host, hostlen, serv, servlen, flags);
+}
+#undef getnameinfo
+#define getnameinfo(sa, salen, host, hostlen, serv, servlen, flags) \
+            ruby_getnameinfo__aix((sa), (salen), (host), (hostlen), (serv), (servlen), (flags))
+#ifndef CMSG_SPACE
+# define CMSG_SPACE(len) (_CMSG_ALIGN(sizeof(struct cmsghdr)) + _CMSG_ALIGN(len))
+#endif
+#ifndef CMSG_LEN
+# define CMSG_LEN(len) (_CMSG_ALIGN(sizeof(struct cmsghdr)) + (len))
+#endif
 #endif
 
 #ifdef HAVE_CLOSESOCKET
@@ -207,7 +244,7 @@ init_sock(sock, fd)
     VALUE sock;
     int fd;
 {
-    OpenFile *fp;
+    rb_io_t *fp;
 
     MakeOpenFile(sock, fp);
     fp->f = rb_fdopen(fd, "r");
@@ -222,7 +259,7 @@ static VALUE
 bsock_s_for_fd(klass, fd)
     VALUE klass, fd;
 {
-    OpenFile *fptr;
+    rb_io_t *fptr;
     VALUE sock = init_sock(rb_obj_alloc(klass), NUM2INT(fd));
 
     GetOpenFile(sock, fptr);
@@ -238,7 +275,7 @@ bsock_shutdown(argc, argv, sock)
 {
     VALUE howto;
     int how;
-    OpenFile *fptr;
+    rb_io_t *fptr;
 
     if (rb_safe_level() >= 4 && !OBJ_TAINTED(sock)) {
 	rb_raise(rb_eSecurityError, "Insecure: can't shutdown socket");
@@ -263,7 +300,7 @@ static VALUE
 bsock_close_read(sock)
     VALUE sock;
 {
-    OpenFile *fptr;
+    rb_io_t *fptr;
 
     if (rb_safe_level() >= 4 && !OBJ_TAINTED(sock)) {
 	rb_raise(rb_eSecurityError, "Insecure: can't close socket");
@@ -282,7 +319,7 @@ static VALUE
 bsock_close_write(sock)
     VALUE sock;
 {
-    OpenFile *fptr;
+    rb_io_t *fptr;
 
     if (rb_safe_level() >= 4 && !OBJ_TAINTED(sock)) {
 	rb_raise(rb_eSecurityError, "Insecure: can't close socket");
@@ -347,7 +384,7 @@ bsock_setsockopt(sock, lev, optname, val)
     VALUE sock, lev, optname, val;
 {
     int level, option;
-    OpenFile *fptr;
+    rb_io_t *fptr;
     int i;
     char *v;
     int vlen;
@@ -430,7 +467,7 @@ bsock_getsockopt(sock, lev, optname)
     int level, option;
     socklen_t len;
     char *buf;
-    OpenFile *fptr;
+    rb_io_t *fptr;
 
     level = NUM2INT(lev);
     option = NUM2INT(optname);
@@ -454,7 +491,7 @@ bsock_getsockname(sock)
 {
     char buf[1024];
     socklen_t len = sizeof buf;
-    OpenFile *fptr;
+    rb_io_t *fptr;
 
     GetOpenFile(sock, fptr);
     if (getsockname(fileno(fptr->f), (struct sockaddr*)buf, &len) < 0)
@@ -468,7 +505,7 @@ bsock_getpeername(sock)
 {
     char buf[1024];
     socklen_t len = sizeof buf;
-    OpenFile *fptr;
+    rb_io_t *fptr;
 
     GetOpenFile(sock, fptr);
     if (getpeername(fileno(fptr->f), (struct sockaddr*)buf, &len) < 0)
@@ -484,7 +521,7 @@ bsock_send(argc, argv, sock)
 {
     VALUE mesg, to;
     VALUE flags;
-    OpenFile *fptr;
+    rb_io_t *fptr;
     FILE *f;
     int fd, n;
 
@@ -537,7 +574,7 @@ s_recvfrom(sock, argc, argv, from)
     VALUE *argv;
     enum sock_recv_type from;
 {
-    OpenFile *fptr;
+    rb_io_t *fptr;
     VALUE str;
     char buf[1024];
     socklen_t alen = sizeof buf;
@@ -588,7 +625,7 @@ s_recvfrom(sock, argc, argv, from)
 	    rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "sockaddr size differs - should not happen");
 	}
 #endif
-	if (alen) /* OSX doesn't return a 'from' result from recvfrom for connection-oriented sockets */
+	if (alen && alen != sizeof(buf)) /* OSX doesn't return a 'from' result from recvfrom for connection-oriented sockets */
 	    return rb_assoc_new(str, ipaddr((struct sockaddr*)buf));
 	else
 	    return rb_assoc_new(str, Qnil);
@@ -607,7 +644,7 @@ s_recvfrom(sock, argc, argv, from)
 static VALUE
 s_recvfrom_nonblock(VALUE sock, int argc, VALUE *argv, enum sock_recv_type from)
 {
-    OpenFile *fptr;
+    rb_io_t *fptr;
     VALUE str;
     char buf[1024];
     socklen_t alen = sizeof buf;
@@ -654,7 +691,7 @@ s_recvfrom_nonblock(VALUE sock, int argc, VALUE *argv, enum sock_recv_type from)
 	return str;
 
       case RECV_IP:
-        if (alen) /* connection-oriented socket may not return a from result */
+        if (alen && alen != sizeof(buf)) /* connection-oriented socket may not return a from result */
             addr = ipaddr((struct sockaddr*)buf);
         break;
 
@@ -1048,7 +1085,8 @@ ruby_connect(fd, sockaddr, len, socks)
     int mode;
 #if WAIT_IN_PROGRESS > 0
     int wait_in_progress = -1;
-    int sockerr, sockerrlen;
+    int sockerr;
+    socklen_t sockerrlen;
 #endif
 
 #if defined(HAVE_FCNTL)
@@ -1268,6 +1306,14 @@ init_inetsock(sock, remote_host, remote_serv, local_host, local_serv, type)
 		     inetsock_cleanup, (VALUE)&arg);
 }
 
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *    TCPSocket.new(remote_host, remote_port, local_host=nil, local_port=nil)
+ *
+ * Opens a TCP connection to +remote_host+ on +remote_port+.  If +local_host+
+ * and +local_port+ are specified, then those parameters are used on the local
+ * end to establish the connection.
+ */
 static VALUE
 tcp_init(argc, argv, sock)
      int argc;
@@ -1304,7 +1350,7 @@ static VALUE
 socks_s_close(sock)
     VALUE sock;
 {
-    OpenFile *fptr;
+    rb_io_t *fptr;
 
     if (rb_safe_level() >= 4 && !OBJ_TAINTED(sock)) {
 	rb_raise(rb_eSecurityError, "Insecure: can't close socket");
@@ -1418,8 +1464,26 @@ tcp_svr_init(argc, argv, sock)
 	return init_inetsock(sock, Qnil, arg1, Qnil, Qnil, INET_SERVER);
 }
 
+static void
+make_fd_nonblock(int fd)
+{
+    int flags;
+#ifdef F_GETFL
+    flags = fcntl(fd, F_GETFL);
+    if (flags == -1) {
+        rb_sys_fail(0);
+    }
+#else
+    flags = 0;
+#endif
+    flags |= O_NONBLOCK;
+    if (fcntl(fd, F_SETFL, flags) == -1) {
+        rb_sys_fail(0);
+    }
+}
+
 static VALUE
-s_accept_nonblock(VALUE klass, OpenFile *fptr, struct sockaddr *sockaddr, socklen_t *len)
+s_accept_nonblock(VALUE klass, rb_io_t *fptr, struct sockaddr *sockaddr, socklen_t *len)
 {
     int fd2;
 
@@ -1429,6 +1493,7 @@ s_accept_nonblock(VALUE klass, OpenFile *fptr, struct sockaddr *sockaddr, sockle
     if (fd2 < 0) {
         rb_sys_fail("accept(2)");
     }
+    make_fd_nonblock(fd2);
     return init_sock(rb_obj_alloc(klass), fd2);
 }
 
@@ -1477,7 +1542,7 @@ static VALUE
 tcp_accept(sock)
     VALUE sock;
 {
-    OpenFile *fptr;
+    rb_io_t *fptr;
     struct sockaddr_storage from;
     socklen_t fromlen;
 
@@ -1500,7 +1565,7 @@ tcp_accept(sock)
  * 	serv = TCPServer.new(2202)
  * 	begin
  * 	  sock = serv.accept_nonblock
- * 	rescue Errno::EAGAIN, Errno::ECONNABORTED, Errno::EPROTO, Errno::EINTR
+ * 	rescue Errno::EAGAIN, Errno::EWOULDBLOCK, Errno::ECONNABORTED, Errno::EPROTO, Errno::EINTR
  * 	  IO.select([serv])
  * 	  retry
  * 	end
@@ -1520,7 +1585,7 @@ static VALUE
 tcp_accept_nonblock(sock)
     VALUE sock;
 {
-    OpenFile *fptr;
+    rb_io_t *fptr;
     struct sockaddr_storage from;
     socklen_t fromlen;
 
@@ -1534,7 +1599,7 @@ static VALUE
 tcp_sysaccept(sock)
     VALUE sock;
 {
-    OpenFile *fptr;
+    rb_io_t *fptr;
     struct sockaddr_storage from;
     socklen_t fromlen;
 
@@ -1565,7 +1630,7 @@ init_unixsock(sock, path, server)
 {
     struct sockaddr_un sockaddr;
     int fd, status;
-    OpenFile *fptr;
+    rb_io_t *fptr;
 
     SafeStringValue(path);
     fd = ruby_socket(AF_UNIX, SOCK_STREAM, 0);
@@ -1617,7 +1682,7 @@ static VALUE
 ip_addr(sock)
     VALUE sock;
 {
-    OpenFile *fptr;
+    rb_io_t *fptr;
     struct sockaddr_storage addr;
     socklen_t len = sizeof addr;
 
@@ -1632,7 +1697,7 @@ static VALUE
 ip_peeraddr(sock)
     VALUE sock;
 {
-    OpenFile *fptr;
+    rb_io_t *fptr;
     struct sockaddr_storage addr;
     socklen_t len = sizeof addr;
 
@@ -1713,7 +1778,7 @@ static VALUE
 udp_connect(sock, host, port)
     VALUE sock, host, port;
 {
-    OpenFile *fptr;
+    rb_io_t *fptr;
     struct udp_arg arg;
     VALUE ret;
 
@@ -1731,7 +1796,7 @@ static VALUE
 udp_bind(sock, host, port)
     VALUE sock, host, port;
 {
-    OpenFile *fptr;
+    rb_io_t *fptr;
     struct addrinfo *res0, *res;
 
     rb_secure(3);
@@ -1756,7 +1821,7 @@ udp_send(argc, argv, sock)
     VALUE sock;
 {
     VALUE mesg, flags, host, port;
-    OpenFile *fptr;
+    rb_io_t *fptr;
     FILE *f;
     int n;
     struct addrinfo *res0, *res;
@@ -1855,7 +1920,7 @@ static VALUE
 unix_path(sock)
     VALUE sock;
 {
-    OpenFile *fptr;
+    rb_io_t *fptr;
 
     GetOpenFile(sock, fptr);
     if (fptr->path == 0) {
@@ -1902,7 +1967,7 @@ unix_send_io(sock, val)
 {
 #if defined(HAVE_SENDMSG) && (FD_PASSING_BY_MSG_CONTROL || FD_PASSING_BY_MSG_ACCRIGHTS)
     int fd;
-    OpenFile *fptr;
+    rb_io_t *fptr;
     struct msghdr msg;
     struct iovec vec[1];
     char buf[1];
@@ -1910,12 +1975,12 @@ unix_send_io(sock, val)
 #if FD_PASSING_BY_MSG_CONTROL
     struct {
 	struct cmsghdr hdr;
-	int fd;
+        char pad[8+sizeof(int)+8];
     } cmsg;
 #endif
 
     if (rb_obj_is_kind_of(val, rb_cIO)) {
-        OpenFile *valfptr;
+        rb_io_t *valfptr;
 	GetOpenFile(val, valfptr);
 	fd = fileno(valfptr->f);
     }
@@ -1940,12 +2005,13 @@ unix_send_io(sock, val)
 
 #if FD_PASSING_BY_MSG_CONTROL
     msg.msg_control = (caddr_t)&cmsg;
-    msg.msg_controllen = CMSG_SPACE(sizeof(int));
+    msg.msg_controllen = CMSG_LEN(sizeof(int));
     msg.msg_flags = 0;
+    MEMZERO((char*)&cmsg, char, sizeof(cmsg));
     cmsg.hdr.cmsg_len = CMSG_LEN(sizeof(int));
     cmsg.hdr.cmsg_level = SOL_SOCKET;
     cmsg.hdr.cmsg_type = SCM_RIGHTS;
-    cmsg.fd = fd;
+    *(int *)CMSG_DATA(&cmsg.hdr) = fd;
 #else
     msg.msg_accrights = (caddr_t)&fd;
     msg.msg_accrightslen = sizeof(fd);
@@ -1982,7 +2048,7 @@ unix_recv_io(argc, argv, sock)
 {
 #if defined(HAVE_RECVMSG) && (FD_PASSING_BY_MSG_CONTROL || FD_PASSING_BY_MSG_ACCRIGHTS)
     VALUE klass, mode;
-    OpenFile *fptr;
+    rb_io_t *fptr;
     struct msghdr msg;
     struct iovec vec[2];
     char buf[1];
@@ -1991,7 +2057,7 @@ unix_recv_io(argc, argv, sock)
 #if FD_PASSING_BY_MSG_CONTROL
     struct {
 	struct cmsghdr hdr;
-	int fd;
+        char pad[8+sizeof(int)+8];
     } cmsg;
 #endif
 
@@ -2020,7 +2086,7 @@ unix_recv_io(argc, argv, sock)
     cmsg.hdr.cmsg_len = CMSG_LEN(sizeof(int));
     cmsg.hdr.cmsg_level = SOL_SOCKET;
     cmsg.hdr.cmsg_type = SCM_RIGHTS;
-    cmsg.fd = -1;
+    *(int *)CMSG_DATA(&cmsg.hdr) = -1;
 #else
     msg.msg_accrights = (caddr_t)&fd;
     msg.msg_accrightslen = sizeof(fd);
@@ -2033,22 +2099,22 @@ unix_recv_io(argc, argv, sock)
 #if FD_PASSING_BY_MSG_CONTROL
     if (msg.msg_controllen != CMSG_SPACE(sizeof(int))) {
       rb_raise(rb_eSocket,
-          "file descriptor was not passed (msg_controllen : %d != %d)",
+          "file descriptor was not passed (msg_controllen=%d, %d expected)",
           msg.msg_controllen, CMSG_SPACE(sizeof(int)));
     }
-    if (cmsg.hdr.cmsg_len != CMSG_SPACE(0) + sizeof(int)) {
+    if (cmsg.hdr.cmsg_len != CMSG_LEN(sizeof(int))) {
       rb_raise(rb_eSocket,
-          "file descriptor was not passed (cmsg_len : %d != %d)",
-          cmsg.hdr.cmsg_len, CMSG_SPACE(0) + sizeof(int));
+          "file descriptor was not passed (cmsg_len=%d, %d expected)",
+          cmsg.hdr.cmsg_len, CMSG_LEN(sizeof(int)));
     }
     if (cmsg.hdr.cmsg_level != SOL_SOCKET) {
       rb_raise(rb_eSocket,
-          "file descriptor was not passed (cmsg_level : %d != %d)",
+          "file descriptor was not passed (cmsg_level=%d, %d expected)",
           cmsg.hdr.cmsg_level, SOL_SOCKET);
     }
     if (cmsg.hdr.cmsg_type != SCM_RIGHTS) {
       rb_raise(rb_eSocket,
-          "file descriptor was not passed (cmsg_type : %d != %d)",
+          "file descriptor was not passed (cmsg_type=%d, %d expected)",
           cmsg.hdr.cmsg_type, SCM_RIGHTS);
     }
 #else
@@ -2060,7 +2126,7 @@ unix_recv_io(argc, argv, sock)
 #endif
 
 #if FD_PASSING_BY_MSG_CONTROL
-    fd = cmsg.fd;
+    fd = *(int *)CMSG_DATA(&cmsg.hdr);
 #endif
 
     if (klass == Qnil)
@@ -2086,7 +2152,7 @@ static VALUE
 unix_accept(sock)
     VALUE sock;
 {
-    OpenFile *fptr;
+    rb_io_t *fptr;
     struct sockaddr_un from;
     socklen_t fromlen;
 
@@ -2109,7 +2175,7 @@ unix_accept(sock)
  * 	serv = UNIXServer.new("/tmp/sock")
  * 	begin
  * 	  sock = serv.accept_nonblock
- * 	rescue Errno::EAGAIN, Errno::ECONNABORTED, Errno::EPROTO, Errno::EINTR
+ * 	rescue Errno::EAGAIN, Errno::EWOULDBLOCK, Errno::ECONNABORTED, Errno::EPROTO, Errno::EINTR
  * 	  IO.select([serv])
  * 	  retry
  * 	end
@@ -2129,7 +2195,7 @@ static VALUE
 unix_accept_nonblock(sock)
     VALUE sock;
 {
-    OpenFile *fptr;
+    rb_io_t *fptr;
     struct sockaddr_un from;
     socklen_t fromlen;
 
@@ -2143,7 +2209,7 @@ static VALUE
 unix_sysaccept(sock)
     VALUE sock;
 {
-    OpenFile *fptr;
+    rb_io_t *fptr;
     struct sockaddr_un from;
     socklen_t fromlen;
 
@@ -2165,7 +2231,7 @@ static VALUE
 unix_addr(sock)
     VALUE sock;
 {
-    OpenFile *fptr;
+    rb_io_t *fptr;
     struct sockaddr_un addr;
     socklen_t len = sizeof addr;
 
@@ -2180,14 +2246,14 @@ static VALUE
 unix_peeraddr(sock)
     VALUE sock;
 {
-    OpenFile *fptr;
+    rb_io_t *fptr;
     struct sockaddr_un addr;
     socklen_t len = sizeof addr;
 
     GetOpenFile(sock, fptr);
 
     if (getpeername(fileno(fptr->f), (struct sockaddr*)&addr, &len) < 0)
-	rb_sys_fail("getsockname(2)");
+	rb_sys_fail("getpeername(2)");
     return unixaddr(&addr, len);
 }
 #endif
@@ -2460,7 +2526,7 @@ static VALUE
 sock_connect(sock, addr)
     VALUE sock, addr;
 {
-    OpenFile *fptr;
+    rb_io_t *fptr;
     int fd;
 
     StringValue(addr);
@@ -2516,7 +2582,7 @@ static VALUE
 sock_connect_nonblock(sock, addr)
     VALUE sock, addr;
 {
-    OpenFile *fptr;
+    rb_io_t *fptr;
     int n;
 
     StringValue(addr);
@@ -2614,7 +2680,7 @@ static VALUE
 sock_bind(sock, addr)
     VALUE sock, addr;
 {
-    OpenFile *fptr;
+    rb_io_t *fptr;
 
     StringValue(addr);
     GetOpenFile(sock, fptr);
@@ -2698,7 +2764,7 @@ static VALUE
 sock_listen(sock, log)
     VALUE sock, log;
 {
-    OpenFile *fptr;
+    rb_io_t *fptr;
     int backlog;
 
     rb_secure(4);
@@ -2855,7 +2921,7 @@ sock_recvfrom(argc, argv, sock)
  * 	client, client_sockaddr = socket.accept
  * 	begin
  * 	  pair = client.recvfrom_nonblock(20)
- * 	rescue Errno::EAGAIN
+ * 	rescue Errno::EAGAIN, Errno::EWOULDBLOCK
  * 	  IO.select([client])
  * 	  retry
  * 	end
@@ -2905,7 +2971,7 @@ sock_recvfrom_nonblock(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE sock)
  * 	socket.bind( sockaddr )
  * 	socket.listen( 5 )
  * 	client, client_sockaddr = socket.accept
- * 	puts "The client said, '#{socket.readline.chomp}'"
+ * 	puts "The client said, '#{client.readline.chomp}'"
  * 	client.puts "Hello from script one!"
  * 	socket.close
  * 
@@ -2974,7 +3040,7 @@ static VALUE
 sock_accept(sock)
     VALUE sock;
 {
-    OpenFile *fptr;
+    rb_io_t *fptr;
     VALUE sock2;
     char buf[1024];
     socklen_t len = sizeof buf;
@@ -3006,11 +3072,11 @@ sock_accept(sock)
  * 	socket.listen(5)
  * 	begin
  * 	  client_socket, client_sockaddr = socket.accept_nonblock
- * 	rescue Errno::EAGAIN, Errno::ECONNABORTED, Errno::EPROTO, Errno::EINTR
+ * 	rescue Errno::EAGAIN, Errno::EWOULDBLOCK, Errno::ECONNABORTED, Errno::EPROTO, Errno::EINTR
  * 	  IO.select([socket])
  * 	  retry
  * 	end
- * 	puts "The client said, '#{socket.readline.chomp}'"
+ * 	puts "The client said, '#{client_socket.readline.chomp}'"
  * 	client_socket.puts "Hello from script one!"
  * 	socket.close
  *
@@ -3037,7 +3103,7 @@ static VALUE
 sock_accept_nonblock(sock)
     VALUE sock;
 {
-    OpenFile *fptr;
+    rb_io_t *fptr;
     VALUE sock2;
     char buf[1024];
     socklen_t len = sizeof buf;
@@ -3065,8 +3131,8 @@ sock_accept_nonblock(sock)
  * 	socket.bind( sockaddr )
  * 	socket.listen( 5 )
  * 	client_fd, client_sockaddr = socket.sysaccept
- * 	puts "The client said, '#{socket.readline.chomp}'"
  * 	client_socket = Socket.for_fd( client_fd )
+ * 	puts "The client said, '#{client_socket.readline.chomp}'"
  * 	client_socket.puts "Hello from script one!"
  * 	socket.close
  * 
@@ -3090,7 +3156,7 @@ static VALUE
 sock_sysaccept(sock)
     VALUE sock;
 {
-    OpenFile *fptr;
+    rb_io_t *fptr;
     VALUE sock2;
     char buf[1024];
     socklen_t len = sizeof buf;
diff --git a/ext/stringio/stringio.c b/ext/stringio/stringio.c
index a64aaf837c..537fc19a4e 100644
--- a/ext/stringio/stringio.c
+++ b/ext/stringio/stringio.c
@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@
 
 #include "ruby.h"
 #include "rubyio.h"
+#include "re.h"
 #if defined(HAVE_FCNTL_H) || defined(_WIN32)
 #include <fcntl.h>
 #elif defined(HAVE_SYS_FCNTL_H)
@@ -136,6 +137,7 @@ check_modifiable(ptr)
 
 static VALUE strio_s_allocate _((VALUE));
 static VALUE strio_s_open _((int, VALUE *, VALUE));
+static void strio_init _((int, VALUE *, struct StringIO *));
 static VALUE strio_initialize _((int, VALUE *, VALUE));
 static VALUE strio_finalize _((VALUE));
 static VALUE strio_self _((VALUE));
@@ -161,6 +163,7 @@ static VALUE strio_rewind _((VALUE));
 static VALUE strio_seek _((int, VALUE *, VALUE));
 static VALUE strio_get_sync _((VALUE));
 static VALUE strio_each_byte _((VALUE));
+static VALUE strio_each_char _((VALUE));
 static VALUE strio_getc _((VALUE));
 static VALUE strio_ungetc _((VALUE, VALUE));
 static VALUE strio_readchar _((VALUE));
@@ -217,13 +220,24 @@ strio_initialize(argc, argv, self)
     VALUE self;
 {
     struct StringIO *ptr = check_strio(self);
-    VALUE string, mode;
-    int trunc = Qfalse;
 
     if (!ptr) {
 	DATA_PTR(self) = ptr = strio_alloc();
     }
     rb_call_super(0, 0);
+    strio_init(argc, argv, ptr);
+    return self;
+}
+
+static void
+strio_init(argc, argv, ptr)
+    int argc;
+    VALUE *argv;
+    struct StringIO *ptr;
+{
+    VALUE string, mode;
+    int trunc = Qfalse;
+
     switch (rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "02", &string, &mode)) {
       case 2:
 	if (FIXNUM_P(mode)) {
@@ -255,7 +269,6 @@ strio_initialize(argc, argv, self)
 	break;
     }
     ptr->string = string;
-    return self;
 }
 
 static VALUE
@@ -570,7 +583,8 @@ strio_reopen(argc, argv, self)
     if (argc == 1 && TYPE(*argv) != T_STRING) {
 	return strio_copy(self, *argv);
     }
-    return strio_initialize(argc, argv, self);
+    strio_init(argc, argv, StringIO(self));
+    return self;
 }
 
 /*
@@ -645,6 +659,9 @@ strio_seek(argc, argv, self)
 
     rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "11", NULL, &whence);
     offset = NUM2LONG(argv[0]);
+    if (CLOSED(ptr)) {
+	rb_raise(rb_eIOError, "closed stream");
+    }
     switch (NIL_P(whence) ? 0 : NUM2LONG(whence)) {
       case 0:
 	break;
@@ -655,7 +672,7 @@ strio_seek(argc, argv, self)
 	offset += RSTRING(ptr->string)->len;
 	break;
       default:
-	rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "invalid whence %ld", NUM2LONG(whence));
+	error_inval("invalid whence");
     }
     if (offset < 0) {
 	error_inval(0);
@@ -695,11 +712,14 @@ strio_each_byte(self)
     VALUE self;
 {
     struct StringIO *ptr = readable(StringIO(self));
-    while (ptr->pos < RSTRING(ptr->string)->len) {
-	char c = RSTRING(ptr->string)->ptr[ptr->pos++];
+
+    RETURN_ENUMERATOR(self, 0, 0);
+
+    while (ptr->pos < RSTRING_LEN(ptr->string)) {
+	char c = RSTRING_PTR(ptr->string)[ptr->pos++];
 	rb_yield(CHR2FIX(c));
     }
-    return Qnil;
+    return self;
 }
 
 /*
@@ -788,6 +808,41 @@ strio_readchar(self)
     return c;
 }
 
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *   strio.each_char {|char| block }  -> strio
+ *
+ * See IO#each_char.
+ */
+static VALUE
+strio_each_char(self)
+    VALUE self;
+{
+    struct StringIO *sio;
+    VALUE str;
+    const char *ptr;
+    size_t len;
+
+    RETURN_ENUMERATOR(self, 0, 0);
+
+    sio = readable(StringIO(self));
+    str = sio->string;
+    ptr = RSTRING_PTR(str);
+    len = RSTRING_LEN(str);
+
+    while (sio->pos < len) {
+	int pos = sio->pos;
+	char c = ptr[pos];
+        int n = mbclen(c);
+
+	if (len < pos + n) n = len - pos;
+
+	sio->pos += n;
+        rb_yield(rb_str_substr(str, pos, n));
+    }
+    return self;
+}
+
 static void
 bm_init_skip(skip, pat, m)
      long *skip;
@@ -935,7 +990,7 @@ strio_readline(argc, argv, self)
     VALUE *argv;
     VALUE self;
 {
-    VALUE line = strio_getline(argc, argv, readable(StringIO(self)));
+    VALUE line = strio_gets(argc, argv, self);
     if (NIL_P(line)) rb_eof_error();
     return line;
 }
@@ -956,6 +1011,8 @@ strio_each(argc, argv, self)
     struct StringIO *ptr = StringIO(self);
     VALUE line;
 
+    RETURN_ENUMERATOR(self, argc, argv);
+
     while (!NIL_P(line = strio_getline(argc, argv, readable(ptr)))) {
 	rb_yield(line);
     }
@@ -1279,11 +1336,17 @@ Init_stringio()
     rb_define_method(StringIO, "path", strio_path, 0);
 
     rb_define_method(StringIO, "each", strio_each, -1);
-    rb_define_method(StringIO, "each_byte", strio_each_byte, 0);
     rb_define_method(StringIO, "each_line", strio_each, -1);
+    rb_define_method(StringIO, "lines", strio_each, -1);
+    rb_define_method(StringIO, "each_byte", strio_each_byte, 0);
+    rb_define_method(StringIO, "bytes", strio_each_byte, 0);
+    rb_define_method(StringIO, "each_char", strio_each_char, 0);
+    rb_define_method(StringIO, "chars", strio_each_char, 0);
     rb_define_method(StringIO, "getc", strio_getc, 0);
+    rb_define_method(StringIO, "getbyte", strio_getc, 0);
     rb_define_method(StringIO, "ungetc", strio_ungetc, 1);
     rb_define_method(StringIO, "readchar", strio_readchar, 0);
+    rb_define_method(StringIO, "readbyte", strio_readchar, 0);
     rb_define_method(StringIO, "gets", strio_gets, -1);
     rb_define_method(StringIO, "readline", strio_readline, -1);
     rb_define_method(StringIO, "readlines", strio_readlines, -1);
diff --git a/ext/strscan/strscan.c b/ext/strscan/strscan.c
index a5a4ff7ba6..b5ee20282c 100644
--- a/ext/strscan/strscan.c
+++ b/ext/strscan/strscan.c
@@ -1,26 +1,15 @@
 /*
+    $Id$
 
-    strscan.c
-
-    Copyright (c) 1999-2004 Minero Aoki
+    Copyright (c) 1999-2006 Minero Aoki
 
     This program is free software.
     You can distribute/modify this program under the terms of
     the Ruby License. For details, see the file COPYING.
-
-    $Id$
-
 */
 
-
 #include "ruby.h"
 #include "re.h"
-#include "version.h"
-
-#if (RUBY_VERSION_CODE < 150)
-#  define rb_eRangeError rb_eArgError
-#  define rb_obj_freeze(obj) rb_str_freeze(obj)
-#endif
 
 #define STRSCAN_VERSION "0.7.0"
 
@@ -73,10 +62,12 @@ static VALUE infect _((VALUE str, struct strscanner *p));
 static VALUE extract_range _((struct strscanner *p, long beg_i, long end_i));
 static VALUE extract_beg_len _((struct strscanner *p, long beg_i, long len));
 
+static void check_strscan _((VALUE obj));
 static void strscan_mark _((struct strscanner *p));
 static void strscan_free _((struct strscanner *p));
 static VALUE strscan_s_allocate _((VALUE klass));
 static VALUE strscan_initialize _((int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self));
+static VALUE strscan_init_copy _((VALUE vself, VALUE vorig));
 
 static VALUE strscan_s_mustc _((VALUE self));
 static VALUE strscan_terminate _((VALUE self));
@@ -128,18 +119,14 @@ static VALUE inspect2 _((struct strscanner *p));
    ======================================================================= */
 
 static VALUE
-infect(str, p)
-    VALUE str;
-    struct strscanner *p;
+infect(VALUE str, struct strscanner *p)
 {
     OBJ_INFECT(str, p->str);
     return str;
 }
 
 static VALUE
-extract_range(p, beg_i, end_i)
-    struct strscanner *p;
-    long beg_i, end_i;
+extract_range(struct strscanner *p, long beg_i, long end_i)
 {
     if (beg_i > S_LEN(p)) return Qnil;
     if (end_i > S_LEN(p))
@@ -148,9 +135,7 @@ extract_range(p, beg_i, end_i)
 }
 
 static VALUE
-extract_beg_len(p, beg_i, len)
-    struct strscanner *p;
-    long beg_i, len;
+extract_beg_len(struct strscanner *p, long beg_i, long len)
 {
     if (beg_i > S_LEN(p)) return Qnil;
     if (beg_i + len > S_LEN(p))
@@ -158,30 +143,25 @@ extract_beg_len(p, beg_i, len)
     return infect(rb_str_new(S_PBEG(p) + beg_i, len), p);
 }
 
-
 /* =======================================================================
                                Constructor
    ======================================================================= */
 
-
 static void
-strscan_mark(p)
-    struct strscanner *p;
+strscan_mark(struct strscanner *p)
 {
     rb_gc_mark(p->str);
 }
 
 static void
-strscan_free(p)
-    struct strscanner *p;
+strscan_free(struct strscanner *p)
 {
     re_free_registers(&(p->regs));
     free(p);
 }
 
 static VALUE
-strscan_s_allocate(klass)
-    VALUE klass;
+strscan_s_allocate(VALUE klass)
 {
     struct strscanner *p;
     
@@ -200,10 +180,7 @@ strscan_s_allocate(klass)
  * +dup+ argument is obsolete and not used now.
  */
 static VALUE
-strscan_initialize(argc, argv, self)
-    int argc;
-    VALUE *argv;
-    VALUE self;
+strscan_initialize(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
 {
     struct strscanner *p;
     VALUE str, need_dup;
@@ -216,6 +193,40 @@ strscan_initialize(argc, argv, self)
     return self;
 }
 
+static void
+check_strscan(VALUE obj)
+{
+    if (TYPE(obj) != T_DATA || RDATA(obj)->dmark != (RUBY_DATA_FUNC)strscan_mark) {
+        rb_raise(rb_eTypeError,
+                 "wrong argument type %s (expected StringScanner)",
+                 rb_obj_classname(obj));
+    }
+}
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *   dup
+ *   clone
+ *
+ * Duplicates a StringScanner object.
+ */
+static VALUE
+strscan_init_copy(VALUE vself, VALUE vorig)
+{
+    struct strscanner *self, *orig;
+
+    Data_Get_Struct(vself, struct strscanner, self);
+    check_strscan(vorig);
+    Data_Get_Struct(vorig, struct strscanner, orig);
+    if (self != orig) {
+        self->flags = orig->flags;
+        self->str = orig->str;
+        self->prev = orig->prev;
+        self->curr = orig->curr;
+        re_copy_registers(&self->regs, &orig->regs);
+    }
+    return vself;
+}
 
 /* =======================================================================
                           Instance Methods
@@ -227,8 +238,7 @@ strscan_initialize(argc, argv, self)
  * This method is defined for backward compatibility.
  */
 static VALUE
-strscan_s_mustc(self)
-    VALUE self;
+strscan_s_mustc(VALUE self)
 {
     return self;
 }
@@ -237,8 +247,7 @@ strscan_s_mustc(self)
  * Reset the scan pointer (index 0) and clear matching data.
  */
 static VALUE
-strscan_reset(self)
-    VALUE self;
+strscan_reset(VALUE self)
 {
     struct strscanner *p;
 
@@ -256,8 +265,7 @@ strscan_reset(self)
  * Set the scan pointer to the end of the string and clear matching data.
  */
 static VALUE
-strscan_terminate(self)
-    VALUE self;
+strscan_terminate(VALUE self)
 {
     struct strscanner *p;
 
@@ -272,8 +280,7 @@ strscan_terminate(self)
  * This method is obsolete; use #terminate instead.
  */
 static VALUE
-strscan_clear(self)
-    VALUE self;
+strscan_clear(VALUE self)
 {
     rb_warning("StringScanner#clear is obsolete; use #terminate instead");
     return strscan_terminate(self);
@@ -283,8 +290,7 @@ strscan_clear(self)
  * Returns the string being scanned.
  */
 static VALUE
-strscan_get_string(self)
-    VALUE self;
+strscan_get_string(VALUE self)
 {
     struct strscanner *p;
 
@@ -299,8 +305,7 @@ strscan_get_string(self)
  * Returns +str+.
  */
 static VALUE
-strscan_set_string(self, str)
-    VALUE self, str;
+strscan_set_string(VALUE self, VALUE str)
 {
     struct strscanner *p;
 
@@ -328,8 +333,7 @@ strscan_set_string(self, str)
  *   s.scan(/Dec/)       # -> "Dec"
  */
 static VALUE
-strscan_concat(self, str)
-    VALUE self, str;
+strscan_concat(VALUE self, VALUE str)
 {
     struct strscanner *p;
 
@@ -344,7 +348,7 @@ strscan_concat(self, str)
  * value is zero.  In the 'terminated' position (i.e. the string is exhausted),
  * this value is the length of the string.
  *
- * In short, it's a 1-based index into the string.
+ * In short, it's a 0-based index into the string.
  *
  *   s = StringScanner.new('test string')
  *   s.pos               # -> 0
@@ -354,8 +358,7 @@ strscan_concat(self, str)
  *   s.pos               # -> 11
  */
 static VALUE
-strscan_get_pos(self)
-    VALUE self;
+strscan_get_pos(VALUE self)
 {
     struct strscanner *p;
 
@@ -373,8 +376,7 @@ strscan_get_pos(self)
  *   s.rest               # -> "ring"
  */
 static VALUE
-strscan_set_pos(self, v)
-    VALUE self, v;
+strscan_set_pos(VALUE self, VALUE v)
 {
     struct strscanner *p;
     long i;
@@ -388,14 +390,8 @@ strscan_set_pos(self, v)
     return INT2NUM(i);
 }
 
-
-/* I should implement this function? */
-#define strscan_prepare_re(re)  /* none */
-
 static VALUE
-strscan_do_scan(self, regex, succptr, getstr, headonly)
-    VALUE self, regex;
-    int succptr, getstr, headonly;
+strscan_do_scan(VALUE self, VALUE regex, int succptr, int getstr, int headonly)
 {
     struct strscanner *p;
     int ret;
@@ -404,10 +400,10 @@ strscan_do_scan(self, regex, succptr, getstr, headonly)
     GET_SCANNER(self, p);
 
     CLEAR_MATCH_STATUS(p);
-    if (EOS_P(p)) {
+    if (S_RESTLEN(p) < 0) {
         return Qnil;
     }
-    strscan_prepare_re(regex);
+    rb_kcode_set_option(regex);
     if (headonly) {
         ret = re_match(RREGEXP(regex)->ptr,
                        CURPTR(p), S_RESTLEN(p),
@@ -421,6 +417,7 @@ strscan_do_scan(self, regex, succptr, getstr, headonly)
                         S_RESTLEN(p),
                         &(p->regs));
     }
+    rb_kcode_reset_option();
 
     if (ret == -2) rb_raise(ScanError, "regexp buffer overflow");
     if (ret < 0) {
@@ -442,13 +439,7 @@ strscan_do_scan(self, regex, succptr, getstr, headonly)
 }
 
 /*
- * call-seq:
- *   scanner.scan(pattern) => String
- *
- */
-
-/*
- * call-seq: scan(pattern)
+ * call-seq: scan(pattern) => String
  *
  * Tries to match with +pattern+ at the current position. If there's a match,
  * the scanner advances the "scan pointer" and returns the matched string.
@@ -463,8 +454,7 @@ strscan_do_scan(self, regex, succptr, getstr, headonly)
  *
  */
 static VALUE
-strscan_scan(self, re)
-    VALUE self, re;
+strscan_scan(VALUE self, VALUE re)
 {
     return strscan_do_scan(self, re, 1, 1, 1);
 }
@@ -481,8 +471,7 @@ strscan_scan(self, re)
  *   p s.match?(/\s+/)   # -> nil
  */
 static VALUE
-strscan_match_p(self, re)
-    VALUE self, re;
+strscan_match_p(VALUE self, VALUE re)
 {
     return strscan_do_scan(self, re, 0, 0, 1);
 }
@@ -505,8 +494,7 @@ strscan_match_p(self, re)
  *
  */
 static VALUE
-strscan_skip(self, re)
-    VALUE self, re;
+strscan_skip(VALUE self, VALUE re)
 {
     return strscan_do_scan(self, re, 1, 0, 1);
 }
@@ -527,8 +515,7 @@ strscan_skip(self, re)
  * Mnemonic: it "checks" to see whether a #scan will return a value.
  */
 static VALUE
-strscan_check(self, re)
-    VALUE self, re;
+strscan_check(VALUE self, VALUE re)
 {
     return strscan_do_scan(self, re, 0, 1, 1);
 }
@@ -544,8 +531,7 @@ strscan_check(self, re)
  * "full" means "#scan with full parameters".
  */
 static VALUE
-strscan_scan_full(self, re, s, f)
-    VALUE self, re, s, f;
+strscan_scan_full(VALUE self, VALUE re, VALUE s, VALUE f)
 {
     return strscan_do_scan(self, re, RTEST(s), RTEST(f), 1);
 }
@@ -564,8 +550,7 @@ strscan_scan_full(self, re, s, f)
  *   s.scan_until(/XYZ/)      # -> nil
  */
 static VALUE
-strscan_scan_until(self, re)
-    VALUE self, re;
+strscan_scan_until(VALUE self, VALUE re)
 {
     return strscan_do_scan(self, re, 1, 1, 0);
 }
@@ -584,8 +569,7 @@ strscan_scan_until(self, re)
  *   s.exist? /e/            # -> nil
  */
 static VALUE
-strscan_exist_p(self, re)
-    VALUE self, re;
+strscan_exist_p(VALUE self, VALUE re)
 {
     return strscan_do_scan(self, re, 0, 0, 0);
 }
@@ -607,8 +591,7 @@ strscan_exist_p(self, re)
  *   s                           # 
  */
 static VALUE
-strscan_skip_until(self, re)
-    VALUE self, re;
+strscan_skip_until(VALUE self, VALUE re)
 {
     return strscan_do_scan(self, re, 1, 0, 0);
 }
@@ -627,8 +610,7 @@ strscan_skip_until(self, re)
  * Mnemonic: it "checks" to see whether a #scan_until will return a value.
  */
 static VALUE
-strscan_check_until(self, re)
-    VALUE self, re;
+strscan_check_until(VALUE self, VALUE re)
 {
     return strscan_do_scan(self, re, 0, 1, 0);
 }
@@ -643,16 +625,14 @@ strscan_check_until(self, re)
  * This method does affect the match register.
  */
 static VALUE
-strscan_search_full(self, re, s, f)
-    VALUE self, re, s, f;
+strscan_search_full(VALUE self, VALUE re, VALUE s, VALUE f)
 {
     return strscan_do_scan(self, re, RTEST(s), RTEST(f), 0);
 }
 
 /* DANGEROUS; need to synchronize with regex.c */
 static void
-adjust_registers_to_matched(p)
-    struct strscanner *p;
+adjust_registers_to_matched(struct strscanner *p)
 {
     if (p->regs.allocated == 0) {
         p->regs.beg = ALLOC_N(int, RE_NREGS);
@@ -666,15 +646,21 @@ adjust_registers_to_matched(p)
 
 /*
  * Scans one character and returns it.
+ * This method is multi-byte character sensitive.
+ * See also #get_byte.
  *
  *   s = StringScanner.new('ab')
  *   s.getch           # => "a"
  *   s.getch           # => "b"
  *   s.getch           # => nil
+ *
+ *   $KCODE = 'EUC'
+ *   s = StringScanner.new("\244\242")
+ *   s.getch           # => "\244\242"   # Japanese hira-kana "A" in EUC-JP
+ *   s.getch           # => nil
  */
 static VALUE
-strscan_getch(self)
-    VALUE self;
+strscan_getch(VALUE self)
 {
     struct strscanner *p;
     long len;
@@ -683,10 +669,10 @@ strscan_getch(self)
     CLEAR_MATCH_STATUS(p);
     if (EOS_P(p))
         return Qnil;
-
     len = mbclen(*CURPTR(p));
-    if (p->curr + len > S_LEN(p))
+    if (p->curr + len > S_LEN(p)) {
         len = S_LEN(p) - p->curr;
+    }
     p->prev = p->curr;
     p->curr += len;
     MATCHED(p);
@@ -696,24 +682,30 @@ strscan_getch(self)
 }
 
 /*
- * Scans one byte and returns it.  Similar to, but not the same as, #getch.
+ * Scans one byte and returns it.
+ * This method is NOT multi-byte character sensitive.
+ * See also #getch.
  *
- *  s = StringScanner.new('ab')
- *  s.get_byte         # => "a"
- *  s.get_byte         # => "b"
- *  s.get_byte         # => nil
+ *   s = StringScanner.new('ab')
+ *   s.get_byte         # => "a"
+ *   s.get_byte         # => "b"
+ *   s.get_byte         # => nil
+ *
+ *   s = StringScanner.new("\244\242")
+ *   s.get_byte         # => "\244"
+ *   s.get_byte         # => "\242"
+ *   s.get_byte         # => nil
  */
 static VALUE
-strscan_get_byte(self)
-    VALUE self;
+strscan_get_byte(VALUE self)
 {
     struct strscanner *p;
 
     GET_SCANNER(self, p);
     CLEAR_MATCH_STATUS(p);
-    if (EOS_P(p))
+    if (EOS_P(p)) {
         return Qnil;
-
+    }
     p->prev = p->curr;
     p->curr++;
     MATCHED(p);
@@ -727,8 +719,7 @@ strscan_get_byte(self)
  * This method is obsolete; use #get_byte instead.
  */
 static VALUE
-strscan_getbyte(self)
-    VALUE self;
+strscan_getbyte(VALUE self)
 {
     rb_warning("StringScanner#getbyte is obsolete; use #get_byte instead");
     return strscan_get_byte(self);
@@ -746,20 +737,19 @@ strscan_getbyte(self)
  *
  */
 static VALUE
-strscan_peek(self, vlen)
-    VALUE self, vlen;
+strscan_peek(VALUE self, VALUE vlen)
 {
     struct strscanner *p;
     long len;
 
     GET_SCANNER(self, p);
-
     len = NUM2LONG(vlen);
-    if (EOS_P(p))
+    if (EOS_P(p)) {
         return infect(rb_str_new("", 0), p);
-
-    if (p->curr + len > S_LEN(p))
+    }
+    if (p->curr + len > S_LEN(p)) {
         len = S_LEN(p) - p->curr;
+    }
     return extract_beg_len(p, p->curr, len);
 }
 
@@ -768,8 +758,7 @@ strscan_peek(self, vlen)
  * This method is obsolete; use #peek instead.
  */
 static VALUE
-strscan_peep(self, vlen)
-    VALUE self, vlen;
+strscan_peep(VALUE self, VALUE vlen)
 {
     rb_warning("StringScanner#peep is obsolete; use #peek instead");
     return strscan_peek(self, vlen);
@@ -784,18 +773,17 @@ strscan_peep(self, vlen)
  *   s.unscan
  *   s.scan(/../)         # => "te"
  *   s.scan(/\d/)         # => nil
- *   s.unscan             # ScanError: can't unscan: prev match had failed
+ *   s.unscan             # ScanError: unscan failed: previous match had failed
  */
 static VALUE
-strscan_unscan(self)
-    VALUE self;
+strscan_unscan(VALUE self)
 {
     struct strscanner *p;
 
     GET_SCANNER(self, p);
-    if (! MATCHED_P(p))
-        rb_raise(ScanError, "can't unscan: prev match had failed");
-
+    if (! MATCHED_P(p)) {
+        rb_raise(ScanError, "unscan failed: previous match had failed");
+    }
     p->curr = p->prev;
     CLEAR_MATCH_STATUS(p);
     return self;
@@ -814,8 +802,7 @@ strscan_unscan(self)
  *   s.bol?           # => true
  */
 static VALUE
-strscan_bol_p(self)
-    VALUE self;
+strscan_bol_p(VALUE self)
 {
     struct strscanner *p;
 
@@ -836,16 +823,12 @@ strscan_bol_p(self)
  *   p s.eos?          # => true
  */
 static VALUE
-strscan_eos_p(self)
-    VALUE self;
+strscan_eos_p(VALUE self)
 {
     struct strscanner *p;
 
     GET_SCANNER(self, p);
-    if (EOS_P(p))
-        return Qtrue;
-    else
-        return Qfalse;
+    return EOS_P(p) ? Qtrue : Qfalse;
 }
 
 /*
@@ -853,8 +836,7 @@ strscan_eos_p(self)
  * This method is obsolete, use #eos? instead.
  */
 static VALUE
-strscan_empty_p(self)
-    VALUE self;
+strscan_empty_p(VALUE self)
 {
     rb_warning("StringScanner#empty? is obsolete; use #eos? instead");
     return strscan_eos_p(self);
@@ -869,16 +851,12 @@ strscan_empty_p(self)
  *   s.rest?             # are opposites.
  */
 static VALUE
-strscan_rest_p(self)
-    VALUE self;
+strscan_rest_p(VALUE self)
 {
     struct strscanner *p;
 
     GET_SCANNER(self, p);
-    if (EOS_P(p))
-        return Qfalse;
-    else
-        return Qtrue;
+    return EOS_P(p) ? Qfalse : Qtrue;
 }
 
 /*
@@ -891,16 +869,12 @@ strscan_rest_p(self)
  *   s.matched?          # => false
  */
 static VALUE
-strscan_matched_p(self)
-    VALUE self;
+strscan_matched_p(VALUE self)
 {
     struct strscanner *p;
 
     GET_SCANNER(self, p);
-    if (MATCHED_P(p))
-        return Qtrue;
-    else
-        return Qfalse;
+    return MATCHED_P(p) ? Qtrue : Qfalse;
 }
 
 /*
@@ -911,8 +885,7 @@ strscan_matched_p(self)
  *   s.matched           # -> "test"
  */
 static VALUE
-strscan_matched(self)
-    VALUE self;
+strscan_matched(VALUE self)
 {
     struct strscanner *p;
 
@@ -934,8 +907,7 @@ strscan_matched(self)
  *   s.matched_size          # -> nil
  */
 static VALUE
-strscan_matched_size(self)
-    VALUE self;
+strscan_matched_size(VALUE self)
 {
     struct strscanner *p;
 
@@ -950,8 +922,7 @@ strscan_matched_size(self)
  * This method is obsolete; use #matched_size instead.
  */
 static VALUE
-strscan_matchedsize(self)
-    VALUE self;
+strscan_matchedsize(VALUE self)
 {
     rb_warning("StringScanner#matchedsize is obsolete; use #matched_size instead");
     return strscan_matched_size(self);
@@ -972,8 +943,7 @@ strscan_matchedsize(self)
  *   s.pre_match                        # -> ""
  */
 static VALUE
-strscan_aref(self, idx)
-    VALUE self, idx;
+strscan_aref(VALUE self, VALUE idx)
 {
     struct strscanner *p;
     long i;
@@ -1002,8 +972,7 @@ strscan_aref(self, idx)
  *   s.post_match            # -> "string"
  */
 static VALUE
-strscan_pre_match(self)
-    VALUE self;
+strscan_pre_match(VALUE self)
 {
     struct strscanner *p;
 
@@ -1023,8 +992,7 @@ strscan_pre_match(self)
  *   s.post_match            # -> "string"
  */
 static VALUE
-strscan_post_match(self)
-    VALUE self;
+strscan_post_match(VALUE self)
 {
     struct strscanner *p;
 
@@ -1039,8 +1007,7 @@ strscan_post_match(self)
  * If there is no more data (eos? = true), it returns <tt>""</tt>.
  */
 static VALUE
-strscan_rest(self)
-    VALUE self;
+strscan_rest(VALUE self)
 {
     struct strscanner *p;
 
@@ -1055,8 +1022,7 @@ strscan_rest(self)
  * <tt>s.rest_size</tt> is equivalent to <tt>s.rest.size</tt>.
  */
 static VALUE
-strscan_rest_size(self)
-    VALUE self;
+strscan_rest_size(VALUE self)
 {
     struct strscanner *p;
     long i;
@@ -1075,8 +1041,7 @@ strscan_rest_size(self)
  * This method is obsolete; use #rest_size instead.
  */
 static VALUE
-strscan_restsize(self)
-    VALUE self;
+strscan_restsize(VALUE self)
 {
     rb_warning("StringScanner#restsize is obsolete; use #rest_size instead");
     return strscan_rest_size(self);
@@ -1097,8 +1062,7 @@ strscan_restsize(self)
  *   s.inspect            # -> '#<StringScanner 10/21 "...ec 12" @ " 1975...">'
  */
 static VALUE
-strscan_inspect(self)
-    VALUE self;
+strscan_inspect(VALUE self)
 {
     struct strscanner *p;
     char buf[BUFSIZE];
@@ -1135,8 +1099,7 @@ strscan_inspect(self)
 }
 
 static VALUE
-inspect1(p)
-    struct strscanner *p;
+inspect1(struct strscanner *p)
 {
     char buf[BUFSIZE];
     char *bp = buf;
@@ -1155,8 +1118,7 @@ inspect1(p)
 }
 
 static VALUE
-inspect2(p)
-    struct strscanner *p;
+inspect2(struct strscanner *p)
 {
     char buf[BUFSIZE];
     char *bp = buf;
@@ -1235,7 +1197,7 @@ inspect2(p)
  * === Advancing the Scan Pointer
  *
  * - #getch
- * - #getbyte
+ * - #get_byte
  * - #scan
  * - #scan_until
  * - #skip
@@ -1251,7 +1213,7 @@ inspect2(p)
  *
  * === Finding Where we Are
  *
- * - #bol?
+ * - #beginning_of_line? (#bol?)
  * - #eos?
  * - #rest?
  * - #rest_size
@@ -1283,7 +1245,7 @@ inspect2(p)
  * There are aliases to several of the methods.
  */
 void
-Init_strscan()
+Init_strscan(void)
 {
     ID id_scanerr = rb_intern("ScanError");
     VALUE tmp;
@@ -1302,6 +1264,7 @@ Init_strscan()
     
     rb_define_alloc_func(StringScanner, strscan_s_allocate);
     rb_define_private_method(StringScanner, "initialize", strscan_initialize, -1);
+    rb_define_private_method(StringScanner, "initialize_copy", strscan_init_copy, 1);
     rb_define_singleton_method(StringScanner, "must_C_version", strscan_s_mustc, 0);
     rb_define_method(StringScanner, "reset",       strscan_reset,       0);
     rb_define_method(StringScanner, "terminate",   strscan_terminate,   0);
@@ -1336,7 +1299,7 @@ Init_strscan()
     rb_define_method(StringScanner, "unscan",      strscan_unscan,      0);
 
     rb_define_method(StringScanner, "beginning_of_line?", strscan_bol_p, 0);
-    rb_define_method(StringScanner, "bol?",        strscan_bol_p,       0);
+    rb_alias(StringScanner, rb_intern("bol?"), rb_intern("beginning_of_line?"));
     rb_define_method(StringScanner, "eos?",        strscan_eos_p,       0);
     rb_define_method(StringScanner, "empty?",      strscan_empty_p,     0);
     rb_define_method(StringScanner, "rest?",       strscan_rest_p,      0);
diff --git a/ext/syck/rubyext.c b/ext/syck/rubyext.c
index 078de4f78d..76e8279601 100644
--- a/ext/syck/rubyext.c
+++ b/ext/syck/rubyext.c
@@ -268,9 +268,13 @@ rb_syck_mktime(str, len)
     {
         char padded[] = "000000";
         char *end = ptr + 1;
+        char *p = end;
         while ( isdigit( *end ) ) end++;
-        MEMCPY(padded, ptr + 1, char, end - (ptr + 1));
-        usec = strtol(padded, NULL, 10);
+        if (end - p < sizeof(padded)) {
+            MEMCPY(padded, ptr + 1, char, end - (ptr + 1));
+            p = padded;
+        }
+        usec = strtol(p, NULL, 10);
     }
     else
     {
@@ -913,7 +917,6 @@ static VALUE
 syck_resolver_initialize( self )
     VALUE self;
 {
-    VALUE tags = rb_hash_new();
     rb_ivar_set(self, s_tags, rb_hash_new());
     return self;
 }
@@ -948,7 +951,6 @@ VALUE
 syck_resolver_detect_implicit( self, val )
     VALUE self, val;
 {
-    char *type_id;
     return rb_str_new2( "" );
 }
 
@@ -1304,7 +1306,6 @@ syck_genericresolver_node_import( self, node )
         break;
 
         case syck_seq_kind:
-            rb_iv_set(obj, "@kind", sym_seq);
             v = rb_ary_new2( syck_seq_count( n ) );
             for ( i = 0; i < syck_seq_count( n ); i++ )
             {
@@ -1315,10 +1316,10 @@ syck_genericresolver_node_import( self, node )
                 style = sym_inline;
             } 
             obj = rb_funcall( cSeq, s_new, 3, t, v, style );
+            rb_iv_set(obj, "@kind", sym_seq);
         break;
 
         case syck_map_kind:
-            rb_iv_set(obj, "@kind", sym_map);
             v = rb_hash_new();
             for ( i = 0; i < syck_map_count( n ); i++ )
             {
@@ -1329,6 +1330,7 @@ syck_genericresolver_node_import( self, node )
                 style = sym_inline;
             } 
             obj = rb_funcall( cMap, s_new, 3, t, v, style );
+            rb_iv_set(obj, "@kind", sym_map);
         break;
     }
 
@@ -2024,7 +2026,6 @@ syck_emitter_emit( argc, argv, self )
     VALUE self;
 {
     VALUE oid, proc;
-    char *anchor_name;
     SyckEmitter *emitter;
     struct emitter_xtra *bonus;
     SYMID symple;
@@ -2280,7 +2281,6 @@ Init_syck()
      */
     cScalar = rb_define_class_under( rb_syck, "Scalar", cNode );
     rb_define_alloc_func( cScalar, syck_scalar_alloc );
-    rb_define_attr( cNode, "value", 1, 0 );
     rb_define_method( cScalar, "initialize", syck_scalar_initialize, 3 );
     rb_define_method( cScalar, "value=", syck_scalar_value_set, 1 );
     rb_define_method( cScalar, "style=", syck_scalar_style_set, 1 );
diff --git a/ext/syck/syck.c b/ext/syck/syck.c
index 24a56a5e48..a83c8813c1 100644
--- a/ext/syck/syck.c
+++ b/ext/syck/syck.c
@@ -412,7 +412,8 @@ syck_move_tokens( SyckParser *p )
     skip = p->limit - p->token;
     if ( ( count = p->token - p->buffer ) )
     {
-        S_MEMMOVE( p->buffer, p->token, char, skip );
+	if (skip > 0)
+	    S_MEMMOVE( p->buffer, p->token, char, skip );
         p->token = p->buffer;
         p->marker -= count;
         p->cursor -= count;
diff --git a/ext/syck/syck.h b/ext/syck/syck.h
index c49f740173..e7d07e9c0d 100644
--- a/ext/syck/syck.h
+++ b/ext/syck/syck.h
@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@
 #define YAML_DOMAIN     "yaml.org,2002"
 
 #include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
 #include <ctype.h>
 #include "st.h"
 
@@ -399,6 +400,7 @@ int syck_scan_scalar( int, char *, long );
 void syck_parser_handler( SyckParser *, SyckNodeHandler );
 void syck_parser_error_handler( SyckParser *, SyckErrorHandler );
 void syck_parser_bad_anchor_handler( SyckParser *, SyckBadAnchorHandler );
+void syck_parser_set_input_type( SyckParser *, enum syck_parser_input );
 void syck_parser_file( SyckParser *, FILE *, SyckIoFileRead );
 void syck_parser_str( SyckParser *, char *, long, SyckIoStrRead );
 void syck_parser_str_auto( SyckParser *, char *, SyckIoStrRead );
diff --git a/ext/syslog/syslog.c b/ext/syslog/syslog.c
index 477489ddfe..ecc49318f7 100644
--- a/ext/syslog/syslog.c
+++ b/ext/syslog/syslog.c
@@ -22,6 +22,7 @@ static void syslog_write(int pri, int argc, VALUE *argv)
 {
     VALUE str;
 
+    rb_secure(4);
     if (argc < 1) {
         rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "no log message supplied");
     }
@@ -38,6 +39,7 @@ static void syslog_write(int pri, int argc, VALUE *argv)
 /* Syslog module methods */
 static VALUE mSyslog_close(VALUE self)
 {
+    rb_secure(4);
     if (!syslog_opened) {
         rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "syslog not opened");
     }
@@ -132,6 +134,7 @@ static VALUE mSyslog_get_mask(VALUE self)
 
 static VALUE mSyslog_set_mask(VALUE self, VALUE mask)
 {
+    rb_secure(4);
     if (!syslog_opened) {
         rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "must open syslog before setting log mask");
     }
diff --git a/ext/syslog/syslog.txt b/ext/syslog/syslog.txt
index 9aed35133d..35bd4cb057 100644
--- a/ext/syslog/syslog.txt
+++ b/ext/syslog/syslog.txt
@@ -7,7 +7,10 @@ Amos Gouaux, University of Texas at Dallas
 <amos+ruby@utdallas.edu>
 &
 Akinori MUSHA
-<knu@ruby-lang.org>
+<knu@iDaemons.org>
+
+Contact:
+  - Akinori MUSHA <knu@iDaemons.org> (current maintainer)
 
 ** Syslog(Module)
 
diff --git a/ext/thread/extconf.rb b/ext/thread/extconf.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..2f984efc6d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ext/thread/extconf.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+require 'mkmf'
+
+enable_config('fastthread', true) or exit
+
+if with_config('mem-pools', true)
+  $CPPFLAGS << ' -DUSE_MEM_POOLS'
+end
+
+create_makefile("thread")
diff --git a/ext/thread/lib/thread.rb b/ext/thread/lib/thread.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..6c533aba39
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ext/thread/lib/thread.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+unless defined? Thread
+  fail "Thread not available for this ruby interpreter"
+end
+
+require 'thread.so'
diff --git a/ext/thread/thread.c b/ext/thread/thread.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..68f172220a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ext/thread/thread.c
@@ -0,0 +1,1182 @@
+/*
+ * Optimized Ruby Mutex implementation, loosely based on thread.rb by
+ * Yukihiro Matsumoto <matz@ruby-lang.org>
+ *
+ *  Copyright 2006-2007  MenTaLguY <mental@rydia.net>
+ *
+ * RDoc taken from original.
+ *
+ * This file is made available under the same terms as Ruby.
+ */
+
+#include <ruby.h>
+#include <intern.h>
+#include <rubysig.h>
+
+static VALUE rb_cMutex;
+static VALUE rb_cConditionVariable;
+static VALUE rb_cQueue;
+static VALUE rb_cSizedQueue;
+
+static VALUE set_critical(VALUE value);
+
+static VALUE
+thread_exclusive(VALUE (*func)(ANYARGS), VALUE arg)
+{
+    VALUE critical = rb_thread_critical;
+
+    rb_thread_critical = 1;
+    return rb_ensure(func, arg, set_critical, (VALUE)critical);
+}
+
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *     Thread.exclusive { block }   => obj
+ *  
+ *  Wraps a block in Thread.critical, restoring the original value
+ *  upon exit from the critical section, and returns the value of the
+ *  block.
+ */
+
+static VALUE
+rb_thread_exclusive(void)
+{
+    return thread_exclusive(rb_yield, Qundef);
+}
+
+typedef struct _Entry {
+    VALUE value;
+    struct _Entry *next;
+} Entry;
+
+typedef struct _List {
+    Entry *entries;
+    Entry *last_entry;
+    Entry *entry_pool;
+    unsigned long size;
+} List;
+
+static void
+init_list(List *list)
+{
+    list->entries = NULL;
+    list->last_entry = NULL;
+    list->entry_pool = NULL;
+    list->size = 0;
+}
+
+static void
+mark_list(List *list)
+{
+    Entry *entry;
+    for (entry = list->entries; entry; entry = entry->next) {
+        rb_gc_mark(entry->value);
+    }
+}
+
+static void
+free_entries(Entry *first)
+{
+    Entry *next;
+    while (first) {
+        next = first->next;
+        xfree(first);
+        first = next;
+    }
+}
+
+static void
+finalize_list(List *list)
+{
+    free_entries(list->entries);
+    free_entries(list->entry_pool);
+}
+
+static void
+push_list(List *list, VALUE value)
+{
+    Entry *entry;
+
+    if (list->entry_pool) {
+        entry = list->entry_pool;
+        list->entry_pool = entry->next;
+    } else {
+        entry = ALLOC(Entry);
+    }
+
+    entry->value = value;
+    entry->next = NULL;
+
+    if (list->last_entry) {
+        list->last_entry->next = entry;
+    } else {
+        list->entries = entry;
+    }
+    list->last_entry = entry;
+
+    ++list->size;
+}
+
+static void
+push_multiple_list(List *list, VALUE *values, unsigned count)
+{
+    unsigned i;
+    for (i = 0; i < count; i++) {
+        push_list(list, values[i]);
+    }
+}
+
+static void
+recycle_entries(List *list, Entry *first_entry, Entry *last_entry)
+{
+#ifdef USE_MEM_POOLS
+    last_entry->next = list->entry_pool;
+    list->entry_pool = first_entry;
+#else
+    last_entry->next = NULL;
+    free_entries(first_entry);
+#endif
+}
+
+static VALUE
+shift_list(List *list)
+{
+    Entry *entry;
+    VALUE value;
+
+    entry = list->entries;
+    if (!entry) return Qnil;
+
+    list->entries = entry->next;
+    if (entry == list->last_entry) {
+        list->last_entry = NULL;
+    }
+
+    --list->size;
+
+    value = entry->value;
+    recycle_entries(list, entry, entry);
+
+    return value;
+}
+
+static void
+remove_one(List *list, VALUE value)
+{
+    Entry **ref;
+    Entry *prev;
+    Entry *entry;
+
+    for (ref = &list->entries, prev = NULL, entry = list->entries;
+              entry != NULL;
+              ref = &entry->next, prev = entry, entry = entry->next) {
+        if (entry->value == value) {
+            *ref = entry->next;
+            list->size--;
+            if (!entry->next) {
+                list->last_entry = prev;
+            }
+            recycle_entries(list, entry, entry);
+            break;
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+static void
+clear_list(List *list)
+{
+    if (list->last_entry) {
+        recycle_entries(list, list->entries, list->last_entry);
+        list->entries = NULL;
+        list->last_entry = NULL;
+        list->size = 0;
+    }
+}
+
+static VALUE
+array_from_list(List const *list)
+{
+    VALUE ary;
+    Entry *entry;
+    ary = rb_ary_new();
+    for (entry = list->entries; entry; entry = entry->next) {
+        rb_ary_push(ary, entry->value);
+    }
+    return ary;
+}
+
+static VALUE
+wake_thread(VALUE thread)
+{
+    return rb_thread_wakeup_alive(thread);
+}
+
+static VALUE
+run_thread(VALUE thread)
+{
+    thread = wake_thread(thread);
+    if (RTEST(thread) && !rb_thread_critical)
+	rb_thread_schedule();
+    return thread;
+}
+
+static VALUE
+wake_one(List *list)
+{
+    VALUE waking;
+
+    waking = Qnil;
+    while (list->entries && !RTEST(waking)) {
+	waking = wake_thread(shift_list(list));
+    }
+
+    return waking;
+}
+
+static VALUE
+wake_all(List *list)
+{
+    while (list->entries) {
+        wake_one(list);
+    }
+    return Qnil;
+}
+
+static VALUE
+wait_list_inner(List *list)
+{
+    push_list(list, rb_thread_current());
+    rb_thread_stop();
+    return Qnil;
+}
+
+static VALUE
+wait_list_cleanup(List *list)
+{
+    /* cleanup in case of spurious wakeups */
+    remove_one(list, rb_thread_current());
+    return Qnil;
+}
+
+static VALUE
+wait_list(List *list)
+{
+    return rb_ensure(wait_list_inner, (VALUE)list, wait_list_cleanup, (VALUE)list);
+}
+
+static void
+kill_waiting_threads(List *waiting)
+{
+    Entry *entry;
+
+    for (entry = waiting->entries; entry; entry = entry->next) {
+	rb_thread_kill(entry->value);
+    }
+}
+
+/*
+ * Document-class: Mutex
+ *
+ * Mutex implements a simple semaphore that can be used to coordinate access to
+ * shared data from multiple concurrent threads.
+ *
+ * Example:
+ *
+ *   require 'thread'
+ *   semaphore = Mutex.new
+ *
+ *   a = Thread.new {
+ *     semaphore.synchronize {
+ *       # access shared resource
+ *     }
+ *   }
+ *
+ *   b = Thread.new {
+ *     semaphore.synchronize {
+ *       # access shared resource
+ *     }
+ *   }
+ *
+ */
+
+typedef struct _Mutex {
+    VALUE owner;
+    List waiting;
+} Mutex;
+
+#define MUTEX_LOCKED_P(mutex) (RTEST((mutex)->owner) && rb_thread_alive_p((mutex)->owner))
+
+static void
+mark_mutex(Mutex *mutex)
+{
+    rb_gc_mark(mutex->owner);
+    mark_list(&mutex->waiting);
+}
+
+static void
+finalize_mutex(Mutex *mutex)
+{
+    finalize_list(&mutex->waiting);
+}
+
+static void
+free_mutex(Mutex *mutex)
+{
+    kill_waiting_threads(&mutex->waiting);
+    finalize_mutex(mutex);
+    xfree(mutex);
+}
+
+static void
+init_mutex(Mutex *mutex)
+{
+    mutex->owner = Qnil;
+    init_list(&mutex->waiting);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Document-method: new
+ * call-seq: Mutex.new
+ * 
+ * Creates a new Mutex
+ *
+ */
+
+static VALUE 
+rb_mutex_alloc(VALUE klass)
+{
+    Mutex *mutex;
+    mutex = ALLOC(Mutex);
+    init_mutex(mutex);
+    return Data_Wrap_Struct(klass, mark_mutex, free_mutex, mutex);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Document-method: locked?
+ * call-seq: locked?
+ *
+ * Returns +true+ if this lock is currently held by some thread.
+ *
+ */
+
+static VALUE
+rb_mutex_locked_p(VALUE self)
+{
+    Mutex *mutex;
+    Data_Get_Struct(self, Mutex, mutex);
+    return MUTEX_LOCKED_P(mutex) ? Qtrue : Qfalse;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Document-method: try_lock
+ * call-seq: try_lock
+ *
+ * Attempts to obtain the lock and returns immediately. Returns +true+ if the
+ * lock was granted.
+ *
+ */
+
+static VALUE
+rb_mutex_try_lock(VALUE self)
+{
+    Mutex *mutex;
+
+    Data_Get_Struct(self, Mutex, mutex);
+
+    if (MUTEX_LOCKED_P(mutex))
+        return Qfalse;
+
+    mutex->owner = rb_thread_current();
+    return Qtrue;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Document-method: lock
+ * call-seq: lock
+ *
+ * Attempts to grab the lock and waits if it isn't available.
+ *
+ */
+
+static VALUE
+lock_mutex(Mutex *mutex)
+{
+    VALUE current;
+    current = rb_thread_current();
+
+    rb_thread_critical = 1;
+
+    if (!MUTEX_LOCKED_P(mutex)) {
+	mutex->owner = current;
+    }
+    else {
+	do {
+	    wait_list(&mutex->waiting);
+	    rb_thread_critical = 1;
+	    if (!MUTEX_LOCKED_P(mutex)) {
+		mutex->owner = current;
+		break;
+	    }
+	} while (mutex->owner != current);
+    }
+
+    rb_thread_critical = 0;
+    return Qnil;
+}
+
+static VALUE
+rb_mutex_lock(VALUE self)
+{
+    Mutex *mutex;
+    Data_Get_Struct(self, Mutex, mutex);
+    lock_mutex(mutex);
+    return self;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Document-method: unlock
+ *
+ * Releases the lock. Returns +nil+ if ref wasn't locked.
+ *
+ */
+
+static VALUE
+unlock_mutex_inner(Mutex *mutex)
+{
+    VALUE waking;
+
+    if (mutex->owner != rb_thread_current()) {
+	rb_raise(rb_eThreadError, "not owner");
+    }
+
+    waking = wake_one(&mutex->waiting);
+    mutex->owner = waking;
+
+    return waking;
+}
+
+static VALUE
+set_critical(VALUE value)
+{
+    rb_thread_critical = (int)value;
+    return Qundef;
+}
+
+static VALUE
+unlock_mutex(Mutex *mutex)
+{
+    VALUE waking = thread_exclusive(unlock_mutex_inner, (VALUE)mutex);
+
+    if (!RTEST(waking)) {
+        return Qfalse;
+    }
+
+    run_thread(waking);
+
+    return Qtrue;
+}
+
+static VALUE
+rb_mutex_unlock(VALUE self)
+{
+    Mutex *mutex;
+    Data_Get_Struct(self, Mutex, mutex);
+
+    if (RTEST(unlock_mutex(mutex))) {
+        return self;
+    } else {
+        return Qnil;
+    }
+}
+
+/*
+ * Document-method: exclusive_unlock
+ * call-seq: exclusive_unlock { ... }
+ *
+ * If the mutex is locked, unlocks the mutex, wakes one waiting thread, and
+ * yields in a critical section.
+ *
+ */
+
+static VALUE
+rb_mutex_exclusive_unlock_inner(Mutex *mutex)
+{
+    VALUE waking;
+    waking = unlock_mutex_inner(mutex);
+    rb_yield(Qundef);
+    return waking;
+}
+
+static VALUE
+rb_mutex_exclusive_unlock(VALUE self)
+{
+    Mutex *mutex;
+    VALUE waking;
+    Data_Get_Struct(self, Mutex, mutex);
+
+    waking = thread_exclusive(rb_mutex_exclusive_unlock_inner, (VALUE)mutex);
+
+    if (!RTEST(waking)) {
+        return Qnil;
+    }
+
+    run_thread(waking);
+
+    return self;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Document-method: synchronize
+ * call-seq: synchronize { ... }
+ *
+ * Obtains a lock, runs the block, and releases the lock when the block
+ * completes.  See the example under Mutex.
+ *
+ */
+
+static VALUE
+rb_mutex_synchronize(VALUE self)
+{
+    rb_mutex_lock(self);
+    return rb_ensure(rb_yield, Qundef, rb_mutex_unlock, self);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Document-class: ConditionVariable
+ *
+ * ConditionVariable objects augment class Mutex. Using condition variables,
+ * it is possible to suspend while in the middle of a critical section until a
+ * resource becomes available.
+ *
+ * Example:
+ *
+ *   require 'thread'
+ *
+ *   mutex = Mutex.new
+ *   resource = ConditionVariable.new
+ *
+ *   a = Thread.new {
+ *     mutex.synchronize {
+ *       # Thread 'a' now needs the resource
+ *       resource.wait(mutex)
+ *       # 'a' can now have the resource
+ *     }
+ *   }
+ *
+ *   b = Thread.new {
+ *     mutex.synchronize {
+ *       # Thread 'b' has finished using the resource
+ *       resource.signal
+ *     }
+ *   }
+ *
+ */
+
+typedef struct _ConditionVariable {
+    List waiting;
+} ConditionVariable;
+
+static void
+mark_condvar(ConditionVariable *condvar)
+{
+    mark_list(&condvar->waiting);
+}
+
+static void
+finalize_condvar(ConditionVariable *condvar)
+{
+    finalize_list(&condvar->waiting);
+}
+
+static void
+free_condvar(ConditionVariable *condvar)
+{
+    kill_waiting_threads(&condvar->waiting);
+    finalize_condvar(condvar);
+    xfree(condvar);
+}
+
+static void
+init_condvar(ConditionVariable *condvar)
+{
+    init_list(&condvar->waiting);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Document-method: new
+ * call-seq: ConditionVariable.new
+ *
+ * Creates a new ConditionVariable
+ *
+ */
+
+static VALUE
+rb_condvar_alloc(VALUE klass)
+{
+    ConditionVariable *condvar;
+
+    condvar = ALLOC(ConditionVariable);
+    init_condvar(condvar);
+
+    return Data_Wrap_Struct(klass, mark_condvar, free_condvar, condvar);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Document-method: wait
+ * call-seq: wait
+ *
+ * Releases the lock held in +mutex+ and waits; reacquires the lock on wakeup.
+ *
+ */
+
+static void
+wait_condvar(ConditionVariable *condvar, Mutex *mutex)
+{
+    VALUE waking;
+
+    rb_thread_critical = 1;
+    if (rb_thread_current() != mutex->owner) {
+        rb_thread_critical = 0;
+        rb_raise(rb_eThreadError, "not owner of the synchronization mutex");
+    }
+    waking = unlock_mutex_inner(mutex);
+    if (RTEST(waking)) {
+	wake_thread(waking);
+    }
+    rb_ensure(wait_list, (VALUE)&condvar->waiting, lock_mutex, (VALUE)mutex);
+}
+
+static VALUE
+legacy_exclusive_unlock(VALUE mutex)
+{
+    return rb_funcall(mutex, rb_intern("exclusive_unlock"), 0);
+}
+
+typedef struct {
+    ConditionVariable *condvar;
+    VALUE mutex;
+} legacy_wait_args;
+
+static VALUE
+legacy_wait(VALUE unused, legacy_wait_args *args)
+{
+    wait_list(&args->condvar->waiting);
+    rb_funcall(args->mutex, rb_intern("lock"), 0);
+    return Qnil;
+}
+
+static VALUE
+rb_condvar_wait(VALUE self, VALUE mutex_v)
+{
+    ConditionVariable *condvar;
+    Data_Get_Struct(self, ConditionVariable, condvar);
+
+    if (CLASS_OF(mutex_v) != rb_cMutex) {
+        /* interoperate with legacy mutex */
+        legacy_wait_args args;
+        args.condvar = condvar;
+        args.mutex = mutex_v;
+        rb_iterate(legacy_exclusive_unlock, mutex_v, legacy_wait, (VALUE)&args);
+    } else {
+        Mutex *mutex;
+        Data_Get_Struct(mutex_v, Mutex, mutex);
+        wait_condvar(condvar, mutex);
+    }
+
+    return self;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Document-method: broadcast
+ * call-seq: broadcast
+ *
+ * Wakes up all threads waiting for this condition.
+ *
+ */
+
+static VALUE
+rb_condvar_broadcast(VALUE self)
+{
+    ConditionVariable *condvar;
+
+    Data_Get_Struct(self, ConditionVariable, condvar);
+  
+    thread_exclusive(wake_all, (VALUE)&condvar->waiting);
+    rb_thread_schedule();
+
+    return self;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Document-method: signal
+ * call-seq: signal
+ *
+ * Wakes up the first thread in line waiting for this condition.
+ *
+ */
+
+static void
+signal_condvar(ConditionVariable *condvar)
+{
+    VALUE waking = thread_exclusive(wake_one, (VALUE)&condvar->waiting);
+
+    if (RTEST(waking)) {
+        run_thread(waking);
+    }
+}
+
+static VALUE
+rb_condvar_signal(VALUE self)
+{
+    ConditionVariable *condvar;
+    Data_Get_Struct(self, ConditionVariable, condvar);
+    signal_condvar(condvar);
+    return self;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Document-class: Queue
+ *
+ * This class provides a way to synchronize communication between threads.
+ *
+ * Example:
+ *
+ *   require 'thread'
+ *
+ *   queue = Queue.new
+ *
+ *   producer = Thread.new do
+ *     5.times do |i|
+ *       sleep rand(i) # simulate expense
+ *       queue << i
+ *       puts "#{i} produced"
+ *     end
+ *   end
+ *
+ *   consumer = Thread.new do
+ *     5.times do |i|
+ *       value = queue.pop
+ *       sleep rand(i/2) # simulate expense
+ *       puts "consumed #{value}"
+ *     end
+ *   end
+ *
+ *   consumer.join
+ *
+ */
+
+typedef struct _Queue {
+    Mutex mutex;
+    ConditionVariable value_available;
+    ConditionVariable space_available;
+    List values;
+    unsigned long capacity;
+} Queue;
+
+static void
+mark_queue(Queue *queue)
+{
+    mark_mutex(&queue->mutex);
+    mark_condvar(&queue->value_available);
+    mark_condvar(&queue->space_available);
+    mark_list(&queue->values);
+}
+
+static void
+finalize_queue(Queue *queue)
+{
+    finalize_mutex(&queue->mutex);
+    finalize_condvar(&queue->value_available);
+    finalize_condvar(&queue->space_available);
+    finalize_list(&queue->values);
+}
+
+static void
+free_queue(Queue *queue)
+{
+    kill_waiting_threads(&queue->mutex.waiting);
+    kill_waiting_threads(&queue->space_available.waiting);
+    kill_waiting_threads(&queue->value_available.waiting);
+    finalize_queue(queue);
+    xfree(queue);
+}
+
+static void
+init_queue(Queue *queue)
+{
+    init_mutex(&queue->mutex);
+    init_condvar(&queue->value_available);
+    init_condvar(&queue->space_available);
+    init_list(&queue->values);
+    queue->capacity = 0;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Document-method: new
+ * call-seq: new
+ *
+ * Creates a new queue.
+ *
+ */
+
+static VALUE
+rb_queue_alloc(VALUE klass)
+{
+    Queue *queue;
+    queue = ALLOC(Queue);
+    init_queue(queue);
+    return Data_Wrap_Struct(klass, mark_queue, free_queue, queue);
+}
+
+static VALUE
+rb_queue_marshal_load(VALUE self, VALUE data)
+{
+    Queue *queue;
+    VALUE array;
+    Data_Get_Struct(self, Queue, queue);
+
+    array = rb_marshal_load(data);
+    if (TYPE(array) != T_ARRAY) {
+	rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "expected Array of queue data");
+    }
+    if (RARRAY(array)->len < 1) {
+	rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "missing capacity value");
+    }
+    queue->capacity = NUM2ULONG(rb_ary_shift(array));
+    push_multiple_list(&queue->values, RARRAY(array)->ptr, (unsigned)RARRAY(array)->len);
+
+    return self;
+}
+
+static VALUE
+rb_queue_marshal_dump(VALUE self)
+{
+    Queue *queue;
+    VALUE array;
+    Data_Get_Struct(self, Queue, queue);
+
+    array = array_from_list(&queue->values);
+    rb_ary_unshift(array, ULONG2NUM(queue->capacity));
+    return rb_marshal_dump(array, Qnil);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Document-method: clear
+ * call-seq: clear
+ *
+ * Removes all objects from the queue.
+ *
+ */
+
+static VALUE
+rb_queue_clear(VALUE self)
+{
+    Queue *queue;
+    Data_Get_Struct(self, Queue, queue);
+
+    lock_mutex(&queue->mutex);
+    clear_list(&queue->values);
+    signal_condvar(&queue->space_available);
+    unlock_mutex(&queue->mutex);
+
+    return self;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Document-method: empty?
+ * call-seq: empty?
+ *
+ * Returns +true+ if the queue is empty.
+ *
+ */
+
+static VALUE
+rb_queue_empty_p(VALUE self)
+{
+    Queue *queue;
+    VALUE result;
+    Data_Get_Struct(self, Queue, queue);
+
+    lock_mutex(&queue->mutex);
+    result = queue->values.size == 0 ? Qtrue : Qfalse;
+    unlock_mutex(&queue->mutex);
+
+    return result;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Document-method: length
+ * call-seq: length
+ *
+ * Returns the length of the queue.
+ *
+ */
+
+static VALUE
+rb_queue_length(VALUE self)
+{
+    Queue *queue;
+    VALUE result;
+    Data_Get_Struct(self, Queue, queue);
+
+    lock_mutex(&queue->mutex);
+    result = ULONG2NUM(queue->values.size);
+    unlock_mutex(&queue->mutex);
+
+    return result;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Document-method: num_waiting
+ * call-seq: num_waiting
+ *
+ * Returns the number of threads waiting on the queue.
+ *
+ */
+
+static VALUE
+rb_queue_num_waiting(VALUE self)
+{
+    Queue *queue;
+    VALUE result;
+    Data_Get_Struct(self, Queue, queue);
+
+    lock_mutex(&queue->mutex);
+    result = ULONG2NUM(queue->value_available.waiting.size +
+      queue->space_available.waiting.size);
+    unlock_mutex(&queue->mutex);
+
+    return result;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Document-method: pop
+ * call_seq: pop(non_block=false)
+ *
+ * Retrieves data from the queue.  If the queue is empty, the calling thread is
+ * suspended until data is pushed onto the queue.  If +non_block+ is true, the
+ * thread isn't suspended, and an exception is raised.
+ *
+ */
+
+static VALUE
+rb_queue_pop(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
+{
+    Queue *queue;
+    int should_block;
+    VALUE result;
+    Data_Get_Struct(self, Queue, queue);
+
+    if (argc == 0) {
+        should_block = 1;
+    } else if (argc == 1) {
+        should_block = !RTEST(argv[0]);
+    } else {
+        rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "wrong number of arguments (%d for 1)", argc);
+    }
+
+    lock_mutex(&queue->mutex);
+    if (!queue->values.entries && !should_block) {
+        unlock_mutex(&queue->mutex);
+        rb_raise(rb_eThreadError, "queue empty");
+    }
+
+    while (!queue->values.entries) {
+        wait_condvar(&queue->value_available, &queue->mutex);
+    }
+
+    result = shift_list(&queue->values);
+    if (queue->capacity && queue->values.size < queue->capacity) {
+        signal_condvar(&queue->space_available);
+    }
+    unlock_mutex(&queue->mutex);
+
+    return result;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Document-method: push
+ * call-seq: push(obj)
+ *
+ * Pushes +obj+ to the queue.
+ *
+ */
+
+static VALUE
+rb_queue_push(VALUE self, VALUE value)
+{
+    Queue *queue;
+    Data_Get_Struct(self, Queue, queue);
+
+    lock_mutex(&queue->mutex);
+    while (queue->capacity && queue->values.size >= queue->capacity) {
+        wait_condvar(&queue->space_available, &queue->mutex);
+    }
+    push_list(&queue->values, value);
+    signal_condvar(&queue->value_available);
+    unlock_mutex(&queue->mutex);
+
+    return self;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Document-class: SizedQueue
+ *
+ * This class represents queues of specified size capacity.  The push operation
+ * may be blocked if the capacity is full.
+ *
+ * See Queue for an example of how a SizedQueue works.
+ *
+ */
+
+/*
+ * Document-method: new
+ * call-seq: new
+ *
+ * Creates a fixed-length queue with a maximum size of +max+.
+ *
+ */
+
+/*
+ * Document-method: max
+ * call-seq: max
+ *
+ * Returns the maximum size of the queue.
+ *
+ */
+
+static VALUE
+rb_sized_queue_max(VALUE self)
+{
+    Queue *queue;
+    VALUE result;
+    Data_Get_Struct(self, Queue, queue);
+
+    lock_mutex(&queue->mutex);
+    result = ULONG2NUM(queue->capacity);
+    unlock_mutex(&queue->mutex);
+
+    return result;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Document-method: max=
+ * call-seq: max=(size)
+ *
+ * Sets the maximum size of the queue.
+ *
+ */
+
+static VALUE
+rb_sized_queue_max_set(VALUE self, VALUE value)
+{
+    Queue *queue;
+    unsigned long new_capacity;
+    unsigned long difference;
+    Data_Get_Struct(self, Queue, queue);
+
+    new_capacity = NUM2ULONG(value);
+
+    if (new_capacity < 1) {
+        rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "value must be positive");
+    }
+
+    lock_mutex(&queue->mutex);
+    if (queue->capacity && new_capacity > queue->capacity) {
+        difference = new_capacity - queue->capacity;
+    } else {
+        difference = 0;
+    }
+    queue->capacity = new_capacity;
+    for (; difference > 0; --difference) {
+        signal_condvar(&queue->space_available);
+    }
+    unlock_mutex(&queue->mutex);
+
+    return self;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Document-method: push
+ * call-seq: push(obj)
+ *
+ * Pushes +obj+ to the queue.  If there is no space left in the queue, waits
+ * until space becomes available.
+ *
+ */
+
+/*
+ * Document-method: pop
+ * call-seq: pop(non_block=false)
+ *
+ * Retrieves data from the queue and runs a waiting thread, if any.
+ *
+ */
+
+/* for marshalling mutexes and condvars */
+
+static VALUE
+dummy_load(VALUE self, VALUE string)
+{
+    return Qnil;
+}
+
+static VALUE
+dummy_dump(VALUE self)
+{
+    return rb_str_new2("");
+}
+
+void
+Init_thread(void)
+{
+    rb_define_singleton_method(rb_cThread, "exclusive", rb_thread_exclusive, 0);
+
+    rb_cMutex = rb_define_class("Mutex", rb_cObject);
+    rb_define_alloc_func(rb_cMutex, rb_mutex_alloc);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cMutex, "marshal_load", dummy_load, 1);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cMutex, "marshal_dump", dummy_dump, 0);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cMutex, "locked?", rb_mutex_locked_p, 0);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cMutex, "try_lock", rb_mutex_try_lock, 0);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cMutex, "lock", rb_mutex_lock, 0);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cMutex, "unlock", rb_mutex_unlock, 0);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cMutex, "exclusive_unlock", rb_mutex_exclusive_unlock, 0);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cMutex, "synchronize", rb_mutex_synchronize, 0);
+
+    rb_cConditionVariable = rb_define_class("ConditionVariable", rb_cObject);
+    rb_define_alloc_func(rb_cConditionVariable, rb_condvar_alloc);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cConditionVariable, "marshal_load", dummy_load, 1);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cConditionVariable, "marshal_dump", dummy_dump, 0);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cConditionVariable, "wait", rb_condvar_wait, 1);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cConditionVariable, "broadcast", rb_condvar_broadcast, 0);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cConditionVariable, "signal", rb_condvar_signal, 0);
+
+    rb_cQueue = rb_define_class("Queue", rb_cObject);
+    rb_define_alloc_func(rb_cQueue, rb_queue_alloc);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cQueue, "marshal_load", rb_queue_marshal_load, 1);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cQueue, "marshal_dump", rb_queue_marshal_dump, 0);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cQueue, "clear", rb_queue_clear, 0);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cQueue, "empty?", rb_queue_empty_p, 0);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cQueue, "length", rb_queue_length, 0);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cQueue, "num_waiting", rb_queue_num_waiting, 0);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cQueue, "pop", rb_queue_pop, -1);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cQueue, "push", rb_queue_push, 1);
+    rb_alias(rb_cQueue, rb_intern("enq"), rb_intern("push"));
+    rb_alias(rb_cQueue, rb_intern("<<"), rb_intern("push"));
+    rb_alias(rb_cQueue, rb_intern("deq"), rb_intern("pop"));
+    rb_alias(rb_cQueue, rb_intern("shift"), rb_intern("pop"));
+    rb_alias(rb_cQueue, rb_intern("size"), rb_intern("length"));
+
+    rb_cSizedQueue = rb_define_class("SizedQueue", rb_cQueue);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cSizedQueue, "initialize", rb_sized_queue_max_set, 1);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cSizedQueue, "num_waiting", rb_queue_num_waiting, 0);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cSizedQueue, "pop", rb_queue_pop, -1);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cSizedQueue, "push", rb_queue_push, 1);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cSizedQueue, "max", rb_sized_queue_max, 0);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cSizedQueue, "max=", rb_sized_queue_max_set, 1);
+    rb_alias(rb_cSizedQueue, rb_intern("enq"), rb_intern("push"));
+    rb_alias(rb_cSizedQueue, rb_intern("<<"), rb_intern("push"));
+    rb_alias(rb_cSizedQueue, rb_intern("deq"), rb_intern("pop"));
+    rb_alias(rb_cSizedQueue, rb_intern("shift"), rb_intern("pop"));
+}
+
diff --git a/ext/tk/ChangeLog.tkextlib b/ext/tk/ChangeLog.tkextlib
index fa5524da01..8c5d01a954 100644
--- a/ext/tk/ChangeLog.tkextlib
+++ b/ext/tk/ChangeLog.tkextlib
@@ -1,3 +1,69 @@
+2008-05-12  Hidetoshi NAGAI  <nagai@ai.kyutech.ac.jp>
+
+	* ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/tkDND/shape.rb: wrong package name.
+
+--------------< ... some changes ... >------------------
+
+2007-05-26  Hidetoshi NAGAI  <nagai@ai.kyutech.ac.jp>
+
+	* ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/tcllib/tablelist.rb: fix typo.
+
+	* ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/tile/dialog.rb: forget to give an argument.
+
+	* ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/version.rb: update RELEASE_DATE.
+
+2007-01-26  Hidetoshi NAGAI  <nagai@ai.kyutech.ac.jp>
+
+	* ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/iwidgets/checkbox.rb: wrong number of arguments 
+	  [ruby-Bugs-7776].
+
+	* ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/iwidgets/radiobox.rb: ditto.
+
+	* ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/blt/tile/checkbutton.rb: change primary name 
+	  of class [ruby-dev:30080].
+
+	* ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/blt/tile/radiobutton.rb: ditto.
+
+2006-11-07  Hidetoshi NAGAI  <nagai@ai.kyutech.ac.jp>
+
+	* lib/tkextlib/tile/treeview.rb : minor bug fix.
+
+	* lib/tkextlib/blt/table.rb: fix bugs which forbade use of 
+	  '::blt::table' command. Now, probably, it'll works properly.
+
+2006-11-06  Hidetoshi NAGAI  <nagai@ai.kyutech.ac.jp>
+
+	* lib/tkextlib/version.rb: keep release date of tkextlib on 
+	  "Tk::Tkextlib_RELEASE_DATE".
+
+	* lib/tkextlib/tile/treeview.rb : support Tile 0.7.8. 
+	  Now, you can handle tree items as objects. 
+
+2006-10-04  Hidetoshi NAGAI  <nagai@ai.kyutech.ac.jp>
+
+	* lib/tkextlib/tile.rb, lib/tkextlib/tile/* : support Tile 0.7.6.
+
+2006-10-03  Hidetoshi NAGAI  <nagai@ai.kyutech.ac.jp>
+
+	* lib/tkextlib/SUPPORT_STATUS: [ruby-talk:211939] check links
+	  of extensions.
+
+	* lib/tkextlib/blt/container.rb: define instance methods properly.
+
+        * lib/tkextlib/tile/tcombobox.rb: bug fix [ruby-talk:213003].
+
+	* lib/tkextlib/tile/tnotebook.rb: ditto.
+
+	* lib/tkextlib/tile/treeview.rb: ditto.
+
+	* lib/tkextlib/tile/sizegrip.rb: [new] add 'ttk::sizegrip' widget.
+
+2006-08-31  Hidetoshi NAGAI  <nagai@ai.kyutech.ac.jp>
+
+	* lib/tkextlib/blt.rb: double dashes (--) option doesn't work
+	  properly on some versions of BLT (wrong description on the
+	  manual of `blt::bgexec'?).
+
 2005-12-11  Hidetoshi NAGAI  <nagai@ai.kyutech.ac.jp>
 
 	* lib/tkextlib/SUPPORT_STATUS: update to support libraries in
diff --git a/ext/tk/MANUAL_tcltklib.eng b/ext/tk/MANUAL_tcltklib.eng
index 1db61f228e..6fa775b7de 100644
--- a/ext/tk/MANUAL_tcltklib.eng
+++ b/ext/tk/MANUAL_tcltklib.eng
@@ -125,7 +125,24 @@ module TclTklib
          : Tcl7.6 doesn't have this flag. So PARSE_VARNAME is 
          : defined as 0. 
 
+  module TclTkLib::RELEASE_TYPE
+    : Defines release type number of Tcl/Tk
+
+       ALPHA
+         : ALPHA release
+
+       BETA
+         : BETA release
+
+       FINAL
+         : FINAL release
+
   [module methods]
+     get_version()
+        : return an array of major, minor, release-type number, 
+        : number, release-type name, and patchlevel of current 
+        : Tcl/Tk library.
+
      mainloop(check_root = true)
        : Starts the eventloop. If 'check_root' is true, this method 
        : doesn't return when a root widget exists. 
@@ -431,6 +448,10 @@ class TclTkIp
        : slave interpreter, same to the TclTkLib module method with
        : the same name. 
 
+    encoding_table
+       : For Ruby m17n. Return encoding relation table between Ruby's 
+       : Encoding object and Tcl's encoding name.
+
 class TkCallbackBreak < StandardError
 class TkCallbackContinue < StandardError
   : They are exception classes to break or continue the Tk callback 
@@ -441,5 +462,8 @@ class TkCallbackContinue < StandardError
   : If raise TkCallbackContinue, returns 'continue' code (Then the Tk
   : interpreter will break the operateion for the current bindtag and 
   : starts the operation for the next buindtag for the current event).
+  : However, current tcltklib supports Ruby's 'break' and 'next' to 
+  : get the same effect. That is, those classes are obsolete. Those 
+  : exist for backward compatibility. 
 
 (eof)
diff --git a/ext/tk/MANUAL_tcltklib.eucj b/ext/tk/MANUAL_tcltklib.eucj
index 5dd36726ba..7df42997b4 100644
--- a/ext/tk/MANUAL_tcltklib.eucj
+++ b/ext/tk/MANUAL_tcltklib.eucj
@@ -221,7 +221,23 @@ require "tcltklib" �����, �ʲ��Υ⥸�塼��, ���饹�����Ѳ�ǽ�Ǥ�.
          : ������Ф����Ϥ��Ǥ��뤫�顤index_name ������ nil ��
          : ���ͤФʤ�ʤ���
 
+   �⥸�塼�� TclTkLib::RELEASE_TYPE
+      : Tcl/Tk �Υ�꡼���������ֹ�����
+
+      ���  ALPHA
+         : ALPHA ��꡼��
+
+      ���  BETA
+         : BETA ��꡼��
+
+      ���  FINAL
+         : FINAL ��꡼��
+
    �⥸�塼��᥽�å�
+      get_version()
+         : Tcl/Tk �� major, minor, release-type �ֹ�, release-type ̾,
+         : patchlevel ������ˤ����֤���
+
       mainloop(check_root = true)
          : ���٥�ȥ롼�פ�ư���롥check_root �� true �Ǥ���С�
          : root widget ��¸�ߤ���¤ꡤ���Υ᥽�åɤϽ�λ���ʤ���
@@ -543,6 +559,9 @@ require "tcltklib" �����, �ʲ��Υ⥸�塼��, ���饹�����Ѳ�ǽ�Ǥ�.
          : ���졼�� IP �ξ��ˤ��ͤ����꤬������ʤ� (̵�뤵���)��
          : ����ʳ������Ǥϰ�����ޤ�� TclTkLib ��Ʊ̾�᥽�åɤ�Ʊ����
 
+      encoding_table
+         : Ruby m17n �Ѥ� Ruby �� Tk �Ȥδ֤� encoding �б�ɽ���֤���
+
 ���饹 TkCallbackBreak < StandardError
 ���饹 TkCallbackContinue < StandardError
    : �����ϥ��٥�ȥ�����Хå��ˤ����ơ�������Хå�������Ŭ�ڤ���
@@ -553,5 +572,8 @@ require "tcltklib" �����, �ʲ��Υ⥸�塼��, ���饹�����Ѳ�ǽ�Ǥ�.
    : �ɤ��֤�ɬ�פ����롥Ruby �μ�³�������̤��ͤ��֤��ΤǤϡ����줬��
    : �̤�����ͤǤ���Τ��ݤ�����̤��Ǥ��ʤ����ᡤ�㳰ȯ�������Ѥ���
    : ������ԤäƤ��롥
+   : ���������ߤǤϡ�������Хå���³���� Ruby �� break, next �ǽ�λ��
+   : �뤳�Ȥ�Ʊ���η�̤����뤳�Ȥ��Ǥ���褦�ˤʤäƤ��롥����椨��
+   : ������ɬ�פʤ���ΤǤϤ��뤬���ߴ����Τ���˻Ĥ��Ƥ��롥
 
 (eof)
diff --git a/ext/tk/README.1st b/ext/tk/README.1st
index df6c819d26..fce5b0242b 100644
--- a/ext/tk/README.1st
+++ b/ext/tk/README.1st
@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 If you want to use Ruby/Tk (tk.rb and so on), you must have tcltklib.so 
-which is working correctly. If you fail to call 'require "tcltklib"', 
-you may not have tcltklib.so. When you have some troubles on compiling
-tcltklib, please read README files on tcltklib. 
+which is working correctly. When you have some troubles on compiling, 
+please read README.tcltklib and README.ActiveTcl. 
 Even if there is a tcltklib.so on your Ruby library directry, it will not 
 work without Tcl/Tk libraries (e.g. libtcl8.4.so) on your environment. 
 You must also check that your Tcl/Tk is installed properly. 
@@ -9,11 +8,9 @@ You must also check that your Tcl/Tk is installed properly.
 --------------------------------------------
  ( the following is written in EUC-JP )
 
-Ruby/Tk (tk.rb �ʤ�) ��Ȥ��������ˤϡ�tcltklib.so ��������ư����
-���ʤ���Фʤ�ޤ��󡥤⤷ 'require "tcltklib"' �˼��Ԥ���褦�ʤ顤
-tcltklib.so �����󥹥ȡ��뤵��Ƥ��ʤ��Τ��⤷��ޤ���tcltklib ��
-����ѥ�����˲������꤬�����Ƥ�����ϡ�tcltklib �� README �ե�����
-�򸫤Ƥ���������
+Ruby/Tk (tk.rb �ʤ�) ��Ȥ��������ˤϡ�tcltklib.so ��������ư���Ƥ���
+����Фʤ�ޤ��󡥥���ѥ�����˲������꤬���������ϡ�README.tcltklib 
+�� README.ActiveTcl �򸫤Ƥ���������
 ���Ȥ� Ruby �Υ饤�֥��ǥ��쥯�ȥ�� tcltklib.so ��¸�ߤ��Ƥ����Ȥ���
 �⡤�¹ԴĶ��� Tcl/Tk �饤�֥�� (libtcl8.4.so �ʤ�) ���ʤ���е�ǽ����
 ����Tcl/Tk �����������󥹥ȡ��뤵��Ƥ��뤫������å����Ƥ���������
diff --git a/ext/tk/README.tcltklib b/ext/tk/README.tcltklib
index 5d1da48a45..8c6dd5178f 100644
--- a/ext/tk/README.tcltklib
+++ b/ext/tk/README.tcltklib
@@ -5,10 +5,14 @@ Tcl/Tk libraries or header files are installed but are not found, you can
 give the information by arguments of the 'configure' script. Please give 
 some or all of the following options. 
 
+ --with-tcltkversion=<version> 
+      force version of Tcl/Tk libaray
+      (e.g. libtcl8.4g.so ==> --with-tcltkversion=8.4g)
+
  --with-tcllib=<libname>       (e.g. libtcl8.4.so ==> --with-tcllib=tcl8.4)
  --with-tklib=<libname>        (e.g. libtk8.4.so  ==> --with-tklib=tk8.4)
 
- --enable-tcltk_stubs          (if you force to enable stubs)
+ --enable-tcltk-stubs          (if you force to enable stubs)
 
  --with-tcl-dir=<path> 
       equal to "--with-tcl-include=<path>/include --with-tcl-lib=<path>/lib"
@@ -16,18 +20,18 @@ some or all of the following options.
  --with-tk-dir=<path> 
       equal to "--with-tk-include=<path>/include --with-tk-lib=<path>/lib"
 
- --with-tcl-include=<dir>      the directry containts 'tcl.h'
- --with-tk-include=<dir>       the directry containts 'tk.h'
+ --with-tcl-include=<dir>      the directry contains 'tcl.h'
+ --with-tk-include=<dir>       the directry contains 'tk.h'
 
- --with-tcl-lib=<dir>          the directry containts 'libtcl<version>.so'
- --with-tk-lib=<dir>           the directry containts 'libtk<version>.so'
+ --with-tcl-lib=<dir>          the directry contains 'libtcl<version>.so'
+ --with-tk-lib=<dir>           the directry contains 'libtk<version>.so'
 
  --enable-mac-tcltk-framework  (MacOS X) use Tcl/Tk framework
                                (Obsolete. Please use '--enable-tcltk-framework'.)
 
  --enable-tcltk-framework      use Tcl/Tk framework
 
- --with-tcltk-framework=<dir>  the directory containts Tcl/Tk framework; 
+ --with-tcltk-framework=<dir>  the directory contains Tcl/Tk framework; 
                                "<dir>/Tcl.framework" and "<dir>/Tk.framework".
                                When this option is given, it is assumed that 
                                --enable-tcltk-framework option is given also.
@@ -41,6 +45,15 @@ some or all of the following options.
       (e.g. "/Library/Frameworks/Tk.framework/Headers")
 
 
+ --with-X11 / --without-X11    use / not use the X Window System
+
+ --with-X11-dir=<path> 
+      equal to "--with-X11-include=<path>/include --with-X11-lib=<path>/lib"
+
+ --with-X11-include=<dir>      the directry contais X11 header files
+ --with-X11-lib=<dir>          the directry contais X11 libraries
+
+
 If you forgot to give the options when do 'configure' on toplevel
 directry of Ruby sources, please try something like as the followings.
 
diff --git a/ext/tk/extconf.rb b/ext/tk/extconf.rb
index 8c8d833481..4807ea7b40 100644
--- a/ext/tk/extconf.rb
+++ b/ext/tk/extconf.rb
@@ -2,7 +2,8 @@
 
 require 'mkmf'
 
-is_win32 = (/mswin32|mingw|cygwin|bccwin32/ =~ RUBY_PLATFORM)
+#is_win32 = (/mswin32|mingw|cygwin|bccwin32/ =~ RUBY_PLATFORM)
+is_win32 = (/mswin|mingw|cygwin|bccwin|wince/ =~ RUBY_PLATFORM)
 #is_macosx = (/darwin/ =~ RUBY_PLATFORM)
 
 def find_framework(tcl_hdr, tk_hdr)
@@ -39,16 +40,68 @@ unless is_win32
   have_library("m", "log") 
 end
 
-dir_config("tk")
-dir_config("tcl")
-dir_config("X11")
+tk_idir,  tk_ldir  = dir_config("tk")
+tcl_idir, tcl_ldir = dir_config("tcl")
+x11_idir, x11_ldir = dir_config("X11")
+
+tk_ldir2  = with_config("tk-lib")
+tcl_ldir2 = with_config("tcl-lib")
+x11_ldir2 = with_config("X11-lib")
+
+tk_ldir_list  = [tk_ldir2,  tk_ldir]
+tcl_ldir_list = [tcl_ldir2, tcl_ldir]
 
 tklib = with_config("tklib")
 tcllib = with_config("tcllib")
 stubs = enable_config("tcltk_stubs") || with_config("tcltk_stubs")
 
-def find_tcl(tcllib, stubs)
-  paths = ["/usr/local/lib", "/usr/pkg/lib", "/usr/lib"]
+tcltk_version = with_config("tcltkversion")
+
+use_X = with_config("X11", (! is_win32))
+
+def check_tcltk_version(version)
+  return [nil, nil] unless version
+
+  version = version.strip
+
+  tclver = version.dup
+  tkver  = version.dup
+
+  major = dot = minor = dot = plvl = ext = nil
+
+  if version =~ /^(\d)(\.?)(\d)(\.?)(\d*)(.*)$/
+    major = $1; minor_dot = $2; minor = $3; plvl_dot  = $4; plvl = $5; ext = $6
+    dot = ! minor_dot.empty?
+    if plvl_dot.empty? && ! plvl.empty?
+      minor << plvl
+    end
+  elsif version =~ /^(\d)(\.?)(\d?)(.*)$/
+    major = $1; minor_dot = $2; minor = $3; ext = $4
+    dot = ! minor_dot.empty?
+  else # unknown -> believe user
+    return [tclver, tkver]
+  end
+
+  # check Tcl7.6 / Tk4.2 ?
+  if major == "7" # Tcl7.6 ( not support Tclversion < 7.6 )
+    # Tk4.2
+    tkver  = "4" + ((dot)? ".": "") + ((minor.empty)? "": "2") + ext
+  elsif major == "4" # Tk4.2 ( not support Tkversion < 4.2 )
+    # Tcl7.6
+    tclver = "7" + ((dot)? ".": "") + ((minor.empty)? "": "6") + ext
+  end
+
+  [tclver, tkver]
+end
+
+def find_tcl(tcllib, stubs, version, *opt_paths)
+  default_paths = ["/usr/local/lib", "/usr/pkg/lib", "/usr/lib"]
+  default_paths << "/Tcl/lib"  # default for ActiveTcl
+
+  if (paths = opt_paths.compact).empty?
+    paths = default_paths
+  end
+
   if stubs
     func = "Tcl_InitStubs"
     lib = "tclstub"
@@ -56,22 +109,42 @@ def find_tcl(tcllib, stubs)
     func = "Tcl_FindExecutable"
     lib = "tcl"
   end
+
+  if version && ! version.empty?
+    versions = [version]
+  else
+    versions = %w[8.6 8.5 8.4 8.3 8.2 8.1 8.0 7.6]
+  end
+
   if tcllib
-    find_library(tcllib, func, *paths)
-  elsif find_library(lib, func, *paths)
-    true
+    st = find_library(tcllib, func, *paths)
   else
-    %w[8.5 8.4 8.3 8.2 8.1 8.0 7.6].find { |ver|
-      find_library("#{lib}#{ver}", func, *paths) or
-        find_library("#{lib}#{ver.delete('.')}", func, *paths) or
-        find_library("tcl#{ver}", func, *paths) or
-        find_library("tcl#{ver.delete('.')}", func, *paths)
-    }
+    st = versions.find { |ver|
+           find_library("#{lib}#{ver}", func, *paths) or
+           find_library("#{lib}#{ver.delete('.')}", func, *paths) or
+           find_library("#{lib}#{ver}g", func, *paths) or
+           find_library("#{lib}#{ver.delete('.')}g", func, *paths) or
+           find_library("tcl#{ver}", func, *paths) or
+           find_library("tcl#{ver.delete('.')}", func, *paths) or
+           find_library("tcl#{ver}g", func, *paths) or
+           find_library("tcl#{ver.delete('.')}g", func, *paths)
+         } || (!version && find_library(lib, func, *paths))
+  end
+
+  unless st
+    puts("Warning:: cannot find Tcl library. tcltklib will not be compiled (tcltklib is disabled on your Ruby == Ruby/Tk will not work). Please check configure options.")
   end
+  st
 end
 
-def find_tk(tklib, stubs)
-  paths = ["/usr/local/lib", "/usr/pkg/lib", "/usr/lib"]
+def find_tk(tklib, stubs, version, *opt_paths)
+  default_paths = ["/usr/local/lib", "/usr/pkg/lib", "/usr/lib"]
+  default_paths << "/Tcl/lib"  # default for ActiveTcl
+
+  if (paths = opt_paths.compact).empty?
+    paths = default_paths
+  end
+
   if stubs
     func = "Tk_InitStubs"
     lib = "tkstub"
@@ -79,20 +152,45 @@ def find_tk(tklib, stubs)
     func = "Tk_Init"
     lib = "tk"
   end
+
+  if version && ! version.empty?
+    versions = [version]
+  else
+    versions = %w[8.6 8.5 8.4 8.3 8.2 8.1 8.0 4.2]
+  end
+
   if tklib
-    find_library(tklib, func, *paths)
-  elsif find_library(lib, func, *paths)
-    true
+    st = find_library(tklib, func, *paths)
   else
-    %w[8.5 8.4 8.3 8.2 8.1 8.0 4.2].find { |ver|
-      find_library("#{lib}#{ver}", func, *paths) or
-        find_library("#{lib}#{ver.delete('.')}", func, *paths) or
-        find_library("tk#{ver}", func, *paths) or
-        find_library("tk#{ver.delete('.')}", func, *paths)
-    }
+    st = versions.find { |ver|
+           find_library("#{lib}#{ver}", func, *paths) or
+           find_library("#{lib}#{ver.delete('.')}", func, *paths) or
+           find_library("#{lib}#{ver}g", func, *paths) or
+           find_library("#{lib}#{ver.delete('.')}g", func, *paths) or
+           find_library("tk#{ver}", func, *paths) or
+           find_library("tk#{ver.delete('.')}", func, *paths) or 
+           find_library("tk#{ver}g", func, *paths) or
+           find_library("tk#{ver.delete('.')}g", func, *paths)
+         } || (!version && find_library(lib, func, *paths))
+  end
+
+  unless st
+    puts("Warning:: cannot find Tk library. tcltklib will not be compiled (tcltklib is disabled on your Ruby == Ruby/Tk will not work). Please check configure options.")
   end
+  st
 end
 
+def find_X11(*opt_paths)
+  default_paths = 
+    [ "/usr/X11/lib", "/usr/lib/X11", "/usr/X11R6/lib", "/usr/openwin/lib" ]
+  paths = opt_paths.compact.concat(default_paths)
+  st = find_library("X11", "XOpenDisplay", *paths)
+  unless st
+    puts("Warning:: cannot find X11 library. tcltklib will not be compiled (tcltklib is disabled on your Ruby == Ruby/Tk will not work). Please check configure options. If your Tcl/Tk don't require X11, please try --without-X11.")
+  end
+  st
+end 
+
 def pthread_check()
   tcl_major_ver = nil
   tcl_minor_ver = nil
@@ -271,12 +369,13 @@ EOF
   end
 end
 
-if tcltk_framework || 
-   (have_header("tcl.h") && have_header("tk.h") &&
-    (is_win32 || find_library("X11", "XOpenDisplay",
-      "/usr/X11/lib", "/usr/lib/X11", "/usr/X11R6/lib", "/usr/openwin/lib")) &&
-    find_tcl(tcllib, stubs) &&
-    find_tk(tklib, stubs))
+tclver, tkver = check_tcltk_version(tcltk_version)
+
+if have_header("tcl.h") && have_header("tk.h") && 
+    ( tcltk_framework || 
+        ( ( !use_X || find_X11(x11_ldir2, x11_ldir) ) &&
+            find_tcl(tcllib, stubs, tclver, *tcl_ldir_list) &&
+            find_tk(tklib, stubs, tkver, *tk_ldir_list) ) )
   $CPPFLAGS += ' -DUSE_TCL_STUBS -DUSE_TK_STUBS' if stubs
   $CPPFLAGS += ' -D_WIN32' if /cygwin/ =~ RUBY_PLATFORM
 
@@ -303,7 +402,11 @@ if tcltk_framework ||
     $INSTALLFILES ||= []
     $INSTALLFILES << ["lib/tkextlib/SUPPORT_STATUS", "$(RUBYLIBDIR)", "lib"]
 
+    have_func("rb_hash_lookup", "ruby.h")
+
     # create
+    $defs << %[-DRUBY_VERSION=\\"#{RUBY_VERSION}\\"]
+    $defs << %[-DRUBY_RELEASE_DATE=\\"#{RUBY_RELEASE_DATE}\\"]
     create_makefile("tcltklib")
   end
 end
diff --git a/ext/tk/lib/multi-tk.rb b/ext/tk/lib/multi-tk.rb
index 36cb4388ae..ec718678f0 100644
--- a/ext/tk/lib/multi-tk.rb
+++ b/ext/tk/lib/multi-tk.rb
@@ -114,7 +114,14 @@ MultiTkIp_OK.freeze
 class MultiTkIp
   BASE_DIR = File.dirname(__FILE__)
 
-  @@SLAVE_IP_ID = ['slave'.freeze, '0'.taint].freeze
+  WITH_RUBY_VM  = Object.const_defined?(:VM) && ::VM.class == Class
+  WITH_ENCODING = Object.const_defined?(:Encoding) && ::Encoding.class == Class
+
+  (@@SLAVE_IP_ID = ['slave'.freeze, '0'.taint]).instance_eval{
+    @mutex = Mutex.new
+    def mutex; @mutex; end
+    freeze
+  }
 
   @@IP_TABLE = {}.taint unless defined?(@@IP_TABLE)
 
@@ -126,14 +133,18 @@ class MultiTkIp
   unless defined?(@@TK_CMD_TBL)
     @@TK_CMD_TBL = Object.new.taint
 
-    @@TK_CMD_TBL.instance_variable_set('@tbl', {}.taint)
+    # @@TK_CMD_TBL.instance_variable_set('@tbl', {}.taint)
+    @@TK_CMD_TBL.instance_variable_set('@tbl', Hash.new{|hash,key|
+                                           fail IndexError, 
+                                                "unknown command ID '#{key}'"
+                                       }.taint)
 
     class << @@TK_CMD_TBL
       allow = [
-        '__send__', '__id__', 'freeze', 'inspect', 'kind_of?', 
+        '__send__', '__id__', 'freeze', 'inspect', 'kind_of?', 'object_id', 
         '[]', '[]=', 'delete', 'each', 'has_key?'
       ]
-      instance_methods.each{|m| undef_method(m) unless allow.index(m)}
+      instance_methods.each{|m| undef_method(m) unless allow.index(m.to_s)}
 
       def kind_of?(klass)
         @tbl.kind_of?(klass)
@@ -206,7 +217,7 @@ class MultiTkIp
     def initialize(ip, cmd)
       @ip = ip
       @cmd = cmd
-      freeze
+      self.freeze
     end
     attr_reader :ip, :cmd
     def inspect
@@ -573,7 +584,11 @@ class MultiTkIp
       # raise exception
       begin
         bt = _toUTF8(e.backtrace.join("\n"))
-        bt.instance_variable_set(:@encoding, 'utf-8')
+        if MultiTkIp::WITH_ENCODING
+          bt.force_encoding('utf-8')
+        else
+          bt.instance_variable_set(:@encoding, 'utf-8')
+        end
       rescue Exception
         bt = e.backtrace.join("\n")
       end
@@ -695,6 +710,11 @@ class MultiTkIp
 
   ######################################
 
+  unless self.const_defined? :RUN_EVENTLOOP_ON_MAIN_THREAD
+    ### Ruby 1.9 !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
+    RUN_EVENTLOOP_ON_MAIN_THREAD = false
+  end
+
   if self.const_defined? :DEFAULT_MASTER_NAME
     name = DEFAULT_MASTER_NAME.to_s
   else
@@ -723,7 +743,41 @@ class MultiTkIp
       fail ArgumentError, "expecting a Hash object for the 2nd argument"
     end
 
-    @interp = TclTkIp.new(name, _keys2opts(keys))
+    if !WITH_RUBY_VM || RUN_EVENTLOOP_ON_MAIN_THREAD ### check Ruby 1.9 !!!!!!!
+      @interp = TclTkIp.new(name, _keys2opts(keys))
+    else ### Ruby 1.9 !!!!!!!!!!!
+      @interp_thread = Thread.new{
+        current = Thread.current
+        current[:interp] = interp = TclTkIp.new(name, _keys2opts(keys))
+        #sleep
+        current[:mutex] = mutex = Mutex.new
+        current[:root_check] = cond_var = ConditionVariable.new
+
+        begin
+          current[:status] = interp.mainloop(true)
+        rescue Exception=>e
+          current[:status] = e
+        ensure
+          mutex.synchronize{ cond_var.broadcast }
+        end
+        current[:status] = interp.mainloop(false)
+      }
+      until @interp_thread[:interp]
+        Thread.pass
+      end
+      # INTERP_THREAD.run
+      @interp = @interp_thread[:interp]
+
+      def self.mainloop(check_root = true)
+        begin
+          TclTkLib.set_eventloop_window_mode(true)
+          @interp_thread.value
+        ensure
+          TclTkLib.set_eventloop_window_mode(false)
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
     @ip_name = nil
 
     @callback_status = [].taint
@@ -853,22 +907,26 @@ class MultiTkIp
     Thread.new{
       current = Thread.current
       loop {
-        mtx, ret, table, script = @init_ip_env_queue.deq
-        begin        
+        mtx, cond, ret, table, script = @init_ip_env_queue.deq
+        begin
           ret[0] = table.each{|tg, ip| ip._init_ip_env(script) }
         rescue Exception => e
           ret[0] = e
         ensure
-          mtx.unlock
+          mtx.synchronize{ cond.signal }
         end
+        mtx = cond = ret = table = script = nil  # clear variables for GC
       }
     }
 
     def self.__init_ip_env__(table, script)
       ret = []
-      mtx = Mutex.new.lock
-      @init_ip_env_queue.enq([mtx, ret, table, script])
-      mtx.lock
+      mtx  = (Thread.current[:MultiTk_ip_Mutex] ||= Mutex.new)
+      cond = (Thread.current[:MultiTk_ip_CondVar] ||= ConditionVariable.new)
+      mtx.synchronize{
+        @init_ip_env_queue.enq([mtx, cond, ret, table, script])
+        cond.wait(mtx)
+      }
       if ret[0].kind_of?(Exception)
         raise ret[0]
       else
@@ -947,9 +1005,11 @@ class MultiTkIp
   private :_parse_slaveopts
 
   def _create_slave_ip_name
-    name = @@SLAVE_IP_ID.join('')
-    @@SLAVE_IP_ID[1].succ!
-    name
+    @@SLAVE_IP_ID.mutex.synchronize{
+      name = @@SLAVE_IP_ID.join('')
+      @@SLAVE_IP_ID[1].succ!
+      name.freeze
+    }
   end
   private :_create_slave_ip_name
 
@@ -1206,7 +1266,20 @@ class MultiTkIp
 
     if safeip == nil
       # create master-ip
-      @interp = TclTkIp.new(name, _keys2opts(tk_opts))
+      unless WITH_RUBY_VM
+        @interp = TclTkIp.new(name, _keys2opts(tk_opts))
+      else ### Ruby 1.9 !!!!!!!!!!!
+        @interp_thread = Thread.new{
+          Thread.current[:interp] = interp = TclTkIp.new(name, _keys2opts(tk_opts))
+          #sleep
+          TclTkLib.mainloop(true)
+        }
+        until @interp_thread[:interp]
+          Thread.pass
+        end
+        # INTERP_THREAD.run
+        @interp = @interp_thread[:interp]
+      end
 
       @ip_name = nil
       if safe
@@ -1221,6 +1294,8 @@ class MultiTkIp
         @safe_base = true
         @interp, @ip_name = master.__create_safe_slave_obj(safe_opts, 
                                                            name, tk_opts)
+        # @interp_thread = nil if RUBY_VERSION < '1.9.0' ### !!!!!!!!!!!
+        @interp_thread = nil unless WITH_RUBY_VM  ### Ruby 1.9 !!!!!!!!!!!
         if safe
           safe = master.safe_level if safe < master.safe_level
           @safe_level = [safe]
@@ -1229,6 +1304,8 @@ class MultiTkIp
         end
       else
         @interp, @ip_name = master.__create_trusted_slave_obj(name, tk_opts)
+        # @interp_thread = nil if RUBY_VERSION < '1.9.0' ### !!!!!!!!!!!
+        @interp_thread = nil unless WITH_RUBY_VM  ### Ruby 1.9 !!!!!!!!!!!
         if safe
           safe = master.safe_level if safe < master.safe_level
           @safe_level = [safe]
@@ -1263,11 +1340,11 @@ class MultiTkIp
     @@DEFAULT_MASTER.assign_receiver_and_watchdog(self)
 
     @@IP_TABLE[@threadgroup] = self
-    _init_ip_internal(@@INIT_IP_ENV, @@ADD_TK_PROCS)
     @@TK_TABLE_LIST.size.times{ 
       (tbl = {}).tainted? || tbl.taint
       @tk_table_list << tbl
     }
+    _init_ip_internal(@@INIT_IP_ENV, @@ADD_TK_PROCS)
 
     class << self
       undef :instance_eval
@@ -1345,8 +1422,13 @@ class << MultiTkIp
   alias __new new
   private :__new
 
-
   def new_master(safe=nil, keys={})
+    if MultiTkIp::WITH_RUBY_VM
+      #### TODO !!!!!!
+      fail RuntimeError, 
+           'sorry, still not support multiple master-interpreters on Ruby VM'
+    end
+
     if safe.kind_of?(Hash)
       keys = safe
     elsif safe.kind_of?(Integer)
@@ -1563,8 +1645,13 @@ class MultiTkIp
     return if slave?
     names.each{|name|
       name = name.to_s
+
+      return if @interp.deleted?
       @interp._invoke('rename', name, '')
+
+      return if @interp.deleted?
       @interp._invoke('interp', 'slaves').split.each{|slave|
+        return if @interp.deleted?
         @interp._invoke('interp', 'alias', slave, name, '') rescue nil
       }
     }
@@ -1614,11 +1701,16 @@ class MultiTkIp
     id = @@TK_TABLE_LIST.size
     obj = Object.new
     @@TK_TABLE_LIST << obj
-    obj.instance_eval <<-EOD
+    obj.instance_variable_set(:@id, id)
+    obj.instance_variable_set(:@mutex, Mutex.new)
+    obj.instance_eval{
+      def self.mutex
+        @mutex
+      end
       def self.method_missing(m, *args)
-         MultiTkIp.tk_object_table(#{id}).__send__(m, *args)
+        MultiTkIp.tk_object_table(@id).__send__(m, *args)
       end
-    EOD
+    }
     obj.freeze
     @@IP_TABLE.each{|tg, ip| ip._add_new_tables }
     return obj
@@ -2338,6 +2430,11 @@ end
 class MultiTkIp
   def mainloop(check_root = true, restart_on_dead = true)
     raise SecurityError, "no permission to manipulate" unless self.manipulable?
+
+    if WITH_RUBY_VM  ### Ruby 1.9 !!!!!!!!!!!
+      return @interp_thread.value if @interp_thread
+    end
+
     #return self if self.slave?
     #return self if self != @@DEFAULT_MASTER
     if self != @@DEFAULT_MASTER
@@ -2746,9 +2843,10 @@ class MultiTkIp
     i = -1
     brace = 1
     str.each_byte {|c|
+      c = c.chr
       i += 1
-      brace += 1 if c == ?{
-      brace -= 1 if c == ?}
+      brace += 1 if c == '{'
+      brace -= 1 if c == '}'
       break if brace == 0
     }
     if i == 0
@@ -3187,15 +3285,44 @@ end
 
 
 # encoding convert
+class << MultiTkIp
+  def encoding_table
+    __getip.encoding_table
+  end
+end
 class MultiTkIp
-  def encoding
+  def encoding_table
+    @interp.encoding_table
+  end
+
+  def force_default_encoding=(mode)
     raise SecurityError, "no permission to manipulate" unless self.manipulable?
-    @interp.encoding
+    @interp.force_default_encoding = mode
   end
+  def force_default_encoding?
+    raise SecurityError, "no permission to manipulate" unless self.manipulable?
+    @interp.force_default_encoding?
+  end
+
+  def default_encoding=(enc)
+    raise SecurityError, "no permission to manipulate" unless self.manipulable?
+    @interp.default_encoding = enc
+  end
+
   def encoding=(enc)
     raise SecurityError, "no permission to manipulate" unless self.manipulable?
     @interp.encoding = enc
   end
+  def encoding_name
+    raise SecurityError, "no permission to manipulate" unless self.manipulable?
+    @interp.encoding_name
+  end
+  def encoding_obj
+    raise SecurityError, "no permission to manipulate" unless self.manipulable?
+    @interp.encoding_obj
+  end
+  alias encoding encoding_name
+  alias default_encoding encoding_name
 
   def encoding_convertfrom(str, enc=None)
     raise SecurityError, "no permission to manipulate" unless self.manipulable?
@@ -3212,13 +3339,30 @@ end
 
 
 # remove methods for security
+if MultiTkIp::WITH_RUBY_VM && 
+    ! MultiTkIp::RUN_EVENTLOOP_ON_MAIN_THREAD ### check Ruby 1.9 !!!!!!!
+  class MultiTkIp
+    INTERP_THREAD = @@DEFAULT_MASTER.instance_variable_get('@interp_thread')
+    INTERP_MUTEX  = INTERP_THREAD[:mutex]
+    INTERP_ROOT_CHECK = INTERP_THREAD[:root_check]
+  end
+  module TkCore
+    INTERP_THREAD = MultiTkIp::INTERP_THREAD
+    INTERP_MUTEX  = MultiTkIp::INTERP_MUTEX
+    INTERP_ROOT_CHECK = MultiTkIp::INTERP_ROOT_CHECK
+  end
+  class MultiTkIp
+    remove_const(:INTERP_THREAD)
+    remove_const(:INTERP_MUTEX)
+    remove_const(:INTERP_ROOT_CHECK)
+  end
+end
+
 class MultiTkIp
   # undef_method :instance_eval
   undef_method :instance_variable_get
   undef_method :instance_variable_set
 end
-
-
 # end of MultiTkIp definition
 
 # defend against modification
diff --git a/ext/tk/lib/tcltk.rb b/ext/tk/lib/tcltk.rb
index 1a6694dbff..7f6f41605d 100644
--- a/ext/tk/lib/tcltk.rb
+++ b/ext/tk/lib/tcltk.rb
@@ -265,7 +265,7 @@ class TclTkWidget < TclTkCommand
       # (used in TclTkInterpreter#initialize())
 
       # need two arguments
-      fail("illegal # of parameter") if args.size != 2
+      fail("invalid # of parameter") if args.size != 2
 
       # ip: interpreter(TclTkIp)
       # exp: tcl/tk representation
diff --git a/ext/tk/lib/tk.rb b/ext/tk/lib/tk.rb
index eefe4b5556..c5d5b804d2 100644
--- a/ext/tk/lib/tk.rb
+++ b/ext/tk/lib/tk.rb
@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 #
 #               tk.rb - Tk interface module using tcltklib
-#                       $Date$
 #                       by Yukihiro Matsumoto <matz@netlab.jp>
 
 # use Shigehiro's tcltklib
@@ -10,6 +9,9 @@ require 'tkutil'
 # autoload
 require 'tk/autoload'
 
+# for Mutex
+require 'thread'
+
 class TclTkIp
   # backup original (without encoding) _eval and _invoke
   alias _eval_without_enc _eval
@@ -37,7 +39,12 @@ module TkComm
 
   #Tk_CMDTBL = {}
   #Tk_WINDOWS = {}
-  Tk_IDs = ["00000".taint, "00000".taint].freeze  # [0]-cmdid, [1]-winid
+  Tk_IDs = ["00000".taint, "00000".taint]  # [0]-cmdid, [1]-winid
+  Tk_IDs.instance_eval{
+    @mutex = Mutex.new
+    def mutex; @mutex; end
+    freeze
+  }
 
   # for backward compatibility
   Tk_CMDTBL = Object.new
@@ -218,7 +225,9 @@ module TkComm
       TkCore::INTERP.tk_windows[val]? 
            TkCore::INTERP.tk_windows[val] : _genobj_for_tkwidget(val)
     when /\Ai(_\d+_)?\d+\z/
-      TkImage::Tk_IMGTBL[val]? TkImage::Tk_IMGTBL[val] : val
+      TkImage::Tk_IMGTBL.mutex.synchronize{
+        TkImage::Tk_IMGTBL[val]? TkImage::Tk_IMGTBL[val] : val
+      }
     when /\A-?\d+\.?\d*(e[-+]?\d+)?\z/
       val.to_f
     when /\\ /
@@ -335,6 +344,8 @@ if USE_TCLs_LIST_FUNCTIONS
       if dst_enc != true && dst_enc != false
         if (s_enc = s.instance_variable_get(:@encoding))
           s_enc = s_enc.to_s
+        elsif TkCore::WITH_ENCODING
+          s_enc = s.encoding.name
         else
           s_enc = sys_enc
         end
@@ -347,11 +358,20 @@ if USE_TCLs_LIST_FUNCTIONS
     if sys_enc && dst_enc
       dst.map!{|s| _toUTF8(s)}
       ret = TkCore::INTERP._merge_tklist(*dst)
-      if dst_enc.kind_of?(String)
-        ret = _fromUTF8(ret, dst_enc)
-        ret.instance_variable_set(:@encoding, dst_enc)
-      else
-        ret.instance_variable_set(:@encoding, 'utf-8')
+      if TkCore::WITH_ENCODING
+        if dst_enc.kind_of?(String)
+          ret = _fromUTF8(ret, dst_enc)
+          ret.force_encoding(dst_enc)
+        else
+          ret.force_encoding('utf-8')
+        end
+      else # without encoding
+        if dst_enc.kind_of?(String)
+          ret = _fromUTF8(ret, dst_enc)
+          ret.instance_variable_set(:@encoding, dst_enc)
+        else
+          ret.instance_variable_set(:@encoding, 'utf-8')
+        end
       end
       ret
     else
@@ -411,46 +431,6 @@ else
       tk_split_sublist(token, depth - 1)
     }
   end
-=begin
-  def tk_split_list(str)
-    return [] if str == ""
-    idx = str.index('{')
-    while idx and idx > 0 and str[idx-1] == ?\\
-      idx = str.index('{', idx+1)
-    end
-    unless idx
-      list = tk_tcl2ruby(str)
-      unless Array === list
-        list = [list]
-      end
-      return list
-    end
-
-    list = tk_tcl2ruby(str[0,idx])
-    list = [] if list == ""
-    str = str[idx+1..-1]
-    i = -1
-    escape = false
-    brace = 1
-    str.each_byte {|c|
-      i += 1
-      brace += 1 if c == ?{ && !escape
-      brace -= 1 if c == ?} && !escape
-      escape = (c == ?\\)
-      break if brace == 0
-    }
-    if str.size == i + 1
-      return tk_split_list(str[0, i])
-    end
-    if str[0, i] == ' '
-      list.push ' '
-    else
-      list.push tk_split_list(str[0, i])
-    end
-    list += tk_split_list(str[i+1..-1])
-    list
-  end
-=end
 
   def tk_split_simplelist(str, src_enc=true, dst_enc=true)
     return [] if str == ""
@@ -601,7 +581,9 @@ end
   end
   def image_obj(val)
     if val =~ /^i(_\d+_)?\d+$/
-      TkImage::Tk_IMGTBL[val]? TkImage::Tk_IMGTBL[val] : val
+      TkImage::Tk_IMGTBL.mutex.synchronize{
+        TkImage::Tk_IMGTBL[val]? TkImage::Tk_IMGTBL[val] : val
+      }
     else
       val
     end
@@ -783,15 +765,17 @@ end
     id = "c" + TkCore::INTERP._ip_id_ + TkComm::Tk_IDs[0]
   end
   def _next_cmd_id
-    id = _curr_cmd_id
-    #Tk_IDs[0] += 1
-    TkComm::Tk_IDs[0].succ!
-    id
+    TkComm::Tk_IDs.mutex.synchronize{
+      id = _curr_cmd_id
+      #Tk_IDs[0] += 1
+      TkComm::Tk_IDs[0].succ!
+      id
+    }
   end
   private :_curr_cmd_id, :_next_cmd_id
   module_function :_curr_cmd_id, :_next_cmd_id
 
-  def install_cmd(cmd)
+  def TkComm.install_cmd(cmd, local_cmdtbl=nil)
     return '' if cmd == ''
     begin
       ns = TkCore::INTERP._invoke_without_enc('namespace', 'current')
@@ -810,6 +794,15 @@ end
     @cmdtbl = [] unless defined? @cmdtbl
     @cmdtbl.taint unless @cmdtbl.tainted?
     @cmdtbl.push id
+
+    if local_cmdtbl && local_cmdtbl.kind_of?(Array)
+      begin
+        local_cmdtbl << id
+      rescue Exception
+        # ignore
+      end
+    end
+
     #return Kernel.format("rb_out %s", id);
     if ns
       'rb_out' << TkCore::INTERP._ip_id_ << ' ' << ns << ' ' << id
@@ -817,14 +810,30 @@ end
       'rb_out' << TkCore::INTERP._ip_id_ << ' ' << id
     end
   end
-  def uninstall_cmd(id)
+  def TkComm.uninstall_cmd(id, local_cmdtbl=nil)
     #id = $1 if /rb_out\S* (c(_\d+_)?\d+)/ =~ id
     id = $4 if id =~ /rb_out\S*(?:\s+(::\S*|[{](::.*)[}]|["](::.*)["]))? (c(_\d+_)?(\d+))/
+
+    if local_cmdtbl && local_cmdtbl.kind_of?(Array)
+      begin
+        local_cmdtbl.delete(id)
+      rescue Exception
+        # ignore
+      end
+    end
+    @cmdtbl.delete(id)
+
     #Tk_CMDTBL.delete(id)
     TkCore::INTERP.tk_cmd_tbl.delete(id)
   end
   # private :install_cmd, :uninstall_cmd
-  module_function :install_cmd, :uninstall_cmd
+  # module_function :install_cmd, :uninstall_cmd
+  def install_cmd(cmd)
+    TkComm.install_cmd(cmd, @cmdtbl)
+  end
+  def uninstall_cmd(id)
+    TkComm.uninstall_cmd(id, @cmdtbl)
+  end
 
 =begin
   def install_win(ppath,name=nil)
@@ -856,8 +865,10 @@ end
         return TkCore::INTERP.tk_windows[@path] = self
       end
     else
-      name = "w" + TkCore::INTERP._ip_id_ + Tk_IDs[1]
-      Tk_IDs[1].succ!
+      Tk_IDs.mutex.synchronize{
+        name = "w" + TkCore::INTERP._ip_id_ + Tk_IDs[1]
+        Tk_IDs[1].succ!
+      }
     end
     if !ppath or ppath == '.'
       @path = '.' + name
@@ -936,7 +947,12 @@ module TkComm
 
   def _bindinfo(what, context=nil)
     if context
-      tk_call_without_enc(*what+["<#{tk_event_sequence(context)}>"]) .collect {|cmdline|
+      if TkCore::WITH_RUBY_VM  ### Ruby 1.9 !!!!
+        enum_obj = tk_call_without_enc(*what+["<#{tk_event_sequence(context)}>"]).each_line
+      else
+        enum_obj = tk_call_without_enc(*what+["<#{tk_event_sequence(context)}>"])
+      end
+      enum_obj.collect {|cmdline|
 =begin
         if cmdline =~ /^rb_out\S* (c(?:_\d+_)?\d+)\s+(.*)$/
           #[Tk_CMDTBL[$1], $2]
@@ -1082,6 +1098,14 @@ module TkCore
   include TkComm
   extend TkComm
 
+  WITH_RUBY_VM  = Object.const_defined?(:VM) && ::VM.class == Class
+  WITH_ENCODING = Object.const_defined?(:Encoding) && ::Encoding.class == Class
+
+  unless self.const_defined? :RUN_EVENTLOOP_ON_MAIN_THREAD
+    ### Ruby 1.9 !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
+    RUN_EVENTLOOP_ON_MAIN_THREAD = false
+  end
+
   unless self.const_defined? :INTERP
     if self.const_defined? :IP_NAME
       name = IP_NAME.to_s
@@ -1099,14 +1123,49 @@ module TkCore
       opts = ''
     end
 
-    INTERP = TclTkIp.new(name, opts)
+    if !WITH_RUBY_VM || RUN_EVENTLOOP_ON_MAIN_THREAD ### check Ruby 1.9 !!!!!!!
+      INTERP = TclTkIp.new(name, opts)
+    else
+      INTERP_MUTEX = Mutex.new
+      INTERP_ROOT_CHECK = ConditionVariable.new
+      INTERP_THREAD = Thread.new{
+        begin
+          Thread.current[:interp] = interp = TclTkIp.new(name, opts)
+        rescue => e
+          Thread.current[:interp] = e
+          raise e
+        end
+        Thread.current[:status] = nil
+        #sleep
+
+        begin
+          Thread.current[:status] = TclTkLib.mainloop(true)
+        rescue Exception=>e
+          Thread.current[:status] = e
+        ensure
+          INTERP_MUTEX.synchronize{ INTERP_ROOT_CHECK.broadcast }
+        end
+        Thread.current[:status] = TclTkLib.mainloop(false)
+      }
+
+      until INTERP_THREAD[:interp]
+        Thread.pass
+      end
+      # INTERP_THREAD.run
+      raise INTERP_THREAD[:interp] if INTERP_THREAD[:interp].kind_of? Exception
+
+      INTERP = INTERP_THREAD[:interp]
+    end
 
     def INTERP.__getip
       self
     end
 
     INTERP.instance_eval{
-      @tk_cmd_tbl = {}.taint
+      # @tk_cmd_tbl = {}.taint
+      @tk_cmd_tbl = Hash.new{|hash, key|
+        fail IndexError, "unknown command ID '#{key}'"
+      }.taint
       def @tk_cmd_tbl.[]=(idx,val)
         if self.has_key?(idx) && Thread.current.group != ThreadGroup::Default
           fail SecurityError,"cannot change the entried command"
@@ -1157,6 +1216,10 @@ module TkCore
     class Tk_OBJECT_TABLE
       def initialize(id)
         @id = id
+        @mutex = Mutex.new
+      end
+      def mutex
+        @mutex
       end
       def method_missing(m, *args, &b)
         TkCore::INTERP.tk_object_table(@id).__send__(m, *args, &b)
@@ -1235,7 +1298,7 @@ module TkCore
                              }) << ' %W')
 
   INTERP.add_tk_procs(TclTkLib::FINALIZE_PROC_NAME, '', 
-                      "bind all <#{WIDGET_DESTROY_HOOK}> {}")
+                      "catch { bind all <#{WIDGET_DESTROY_HOOK}> {} }")
 
   INTERP.add_tk_procs('rb_out', 'ns args', <<-'EOL')
     if [regexp {^::} $ns] {
@@ -1342,7 +1405,11 @@ module TkCore
               "\n---< backtrace of Ruby side >-----\n" + 
               _toUTF8(e.backtrace.join("\n")) + 
               "\n---< backtrace of Tk side >-------"
-        msg.instance_variable_set(:@encoding, 'utf-8')
+        if TkCore::WITH_ENCODING
+          msg.force_encoding('utf-8')
+        else
+          msg.instance_variable_set(:@encoding, 'utf-8')
+        end
       rescue Exception
         msg = e.class.inspect + ': ' + e.message + "\n" + 
               "\n---< backtrace of Ruby side >-----\n" + 
@@ -1398,6 +1465,13 @@ module TkCore
   end
 
   def after(ms, cmd=Proc.new)
+    cmdid = install_cmd(proc{ret = cmd.call;uninstall_cmd(cmdid); ret})
+    after_id = tk_call_without_enc("after",ms,cmdid)
+    after_id.instance_variable_set('@cmdid', cmdid)
+    after_id
+  end
+=begin
+  def after(ms, cmd=Proc.new)
     crit_bup = Thread.critical
     Thread.critical = true
 
@@ -1420,8 +1494,16 @@ module TkCore
 #      tk_call("after",ms,cmdid)
 #    end
   end
+=end
 
   def after_idle(cmd=Proc.new)
+    cmdid = install_cmd(proc{ret = cmd.call;uninstall_cmd(cmdid); ret})
+    after_id = tk_call_without_enc('after','idle',cmdid)
+    after_id.instance_variable_set('@cmdid', cmdid)
+    after_id
+  end
+=begin
+  def after_idle(cmd=Proc.new)
     crit_bup = Thread.critical
     Thread.critical = true
 
@@ -1432,9 +1514,15 @@ module TkCore
 
     tk_call_without_enc('after','idle',cmdid)
   end
+=end
 
   def after_cancel(afterId)
     tk_call_without_enc('after','cancel',afterId)
+    if (cmdid = afterId.instance_variable_get('@cmdid'))
+      afterId.instance_variable_set('@cmdid', nil)
+      uninstall_cmd(cmdid)
+    end
+    afterId
   end
 
   def windowingsystem
@@ -1554,7 +1642,27 @@ module TkCore
   end
 
   def mainloop(check_root = true)
-    TclTkLib.mainloop(check_root)
+    if !TkCore::WITH_RUBY_VM || TkCore::RUN_EVENTLOOP_ON_MAIN_THREAD
+      TclTkLib.mainloop(check_root)
+    else ### Ruby 1.9 !!!!!
+      begin
+        TclTkLib.set_eventloop_window_mode(true)
+        if check_root
+          INTERP_MUTEX.synchronize{
+            INTERP_ROOT_CHECK.wait(INTERP_MUTEX)
+            status = INTERP_THREAD[:status]
+            if status
+              INTERP_THREAD[:status] = nil
+              raise status if status.kind_of?(Exception)
+            end
+          }
+        else
+          INTERP_THREAD.value
+        end
+      ensure
+        TclTkLib.set_eventloop_window_mode(false)
+      end
+    end
   end
 
   def mainloop_thread?
@@ -1562,7 +1670,12 @@ module TkCore
     # nil   : there is no mainloop
     # false : mainloop is running on the other thread
     #         ( At then, it is dangerous to call Tk interpreter directly. )
-    TclTkLib.mainloop_thread?
+    if !TkCore::WITH_RUBY_VM || TkCore::RUN_EVENTLOOP_ON_MAIN_THREAD
+      ### Ruby 1.9 !!!!!!!!!!!
+      TclTkLib.mainloop_thread?
+    else
+      Thread.current == INTERP_THREAD
+    end
   end
 
   def mainloop_exist?
@@ -1914,7 +2027,7 @@ module Tk
   end
 
   def root
-    TkRoot.new
+    Tk::Root.new
   end
 
   def Tk.load_tclscript(file, enc=nil)
@@ -2030,6 +2143,27 @@ module Tk
     tk_call_without_enc('destroy', '.')
   end
 
+  ################################################
+
+  def Tk.sleep(ms = nil, id = nil)
+    if id
+      var = (id.kind_of?(TkVariable))? id: TkVarAccess.new(id.to_s)
+    else
+      var = TkVariable.new
+    end
+
+    var.value = tk_call_without_enc('after', ms, proc{ var.value = 0 }) if ms
+    var.thread_wait
+    ms
+  end
+
+  def Tk.wakeup(id)
+    ((id.kind_of?(TkVariable))? id: TkVarAccess.new(id.to_s)).value = 0
+    nil
+  end
+
+  ################################################
+
   def Tk.pack(*args)
     TkPack.configure(*args)
   end
@@ -2205,16 +2339,432 @@ end
 #  convert kanji string to/from utf-8
 ###########################################
 if (/^(8\.[1-9]|9\.|[1-9][0-9])/ =~ Tk::TCL_VERSION && !Tk::JAPANIZED_TK)
+  module Tk
+    module Encoding
+      extend Encoding
+
+      TkCommandNames = ['encoding'.freeze].freeze
+
+      #############################################
+
+      if TkCore::WITH_ENCODING ### Ruby 1.9
+        RubyEncoding = ::Encoding
+
+        # for saving GC cost
+        #ENCNAMES_CMD = ['encoding'.freeze, 'names'.freeze]
+        BINARY_NAME  = 'binary'.freeze
+        UTF8_NAME    = 'utf-8'.freeze
+        DEFAULT_EXTERNAL_NAME = RubyEncoding.default_external.name.freeze
+
+        BINARY  = RubyEncoding.find(BINARY_NAME)
+        UNKNOWN = RubyEncoding.find('ASCII-8BIT')
+
+        ### start of creating ENCODING_TABLE
+        ENCODING_TABLE = TkCore::INTERP.encoding_table
+=begin
+        ENCODING_TABLE = {
+          'binary'       => BINARY, 
+          # 'UNKNOWN-8BIT' => UNKNOWN, 
+        }
+
+        list = TkCore::INTERP._invoke_without_enc(ENCNAMES_CMD[0], 
+                                                  ENCNAMES_CMD[1])
+        TkCore::INTERP._split_tklist(list).each{|name|
+          begin
+            enc = RubyEncoding.find(name)
+          rescue ArgumentError
+            case name
+            when 'identity'
+              enc = BINARY
+            when 'shiftjis'
+              enc = RubyEncoding.find('Shift_JIS')
+            when 'unicode'
+              enc = RubyEncoding.find('UTF-8')
+              #if Tk.tk_call('set', 'tcl_platform(byteOrder)') =='littleEndian'
+              #  enc = RubyEncoding.find('UTF-16LE')
+              #else
+              #  enc = RubyEncoding.find('UTF-16BE')
+              #end
+            when 'symbol'
+              # single byte data
+              enc = RubyEncoding.find('ASCII-8BIT') ### ???
+            else
+              # unsupported on Ruby, but supported on Tk
+              enc = TkCore::INTERP.create_dummy_encoding_for_tk(name)
+            end
+          end
+          ENCODING_TABLE[name.freeze] = enc
+        }
+=end
+=begin
+        def ENCODING_TABLE.get_name(enc)
+          orig_enc = enc
+
+          # unles enc, use system default
+          #  1st: Ruby/Tk default encoding
+          #  2nd: Tcl/Tk default encoding
+          #  3rd: Ruby's default_external
+          enc ||= TkCore::INTERP.encoding
+          enc ||= TclTkLib.encoding_system
+          enc ||= DEFAULT_EXTERNAL_NAME
+
+          if enc.kind_of?(RubyEncoding)
+            # Ruby's Encoding object
+            if (name = self.key(enc))
+              return name
+            end
+
+            # Is it new ?
+            list = TkCore::INTERP._invoke_without_enc(ENCNAMES_CMD[0], 
+                                                      ENCNAMES_CMD[1])
+            TkComm.simplelist(list).each{|name|
+              if ((enc == RubyEncoding.find(name)) rescue false)
+                # new relation!! update table
+                self[name.freeze] = enc
+                return name
+              end
+            }
+          else
+            # String or Symbol ?
+            if self[name = enc.to_s]
+              return name
+            end
+
+            # Is it new ?
+            if (enc_obj = (RubyEncoding.find(name) rescue false))
+              list = TkCore::INTERP._invoke_without_enc(ENCNAMES_CMD[0], 
+                                                        ENCNAMES_CMD[1])
+              if TkComm.simplelist(list).index(name)
+                # Tk's encoding name ?
+                self[name.freeze] = enc_obj  # new relation!! update table
+                return name
+              else
+                # Ruby's encoding name ?
+                if (name = self.key(enc_obj))
+                  return name
+                end
+              end
+            end
+          end
+
+          fail ArgumentError, "unsupported Tk encoding '#{orig_enc}'"
+        end
+
+        def ENCODING_TABLE.get_obj(enc)
+          # returns the encoding object.
+          # If 'enc' is the encoding name on Tk only, it returns nil.
+          ((obj = self[self.get_name(enc)]).kind_of?(RubyEncoding))? obj: nil
+        end
+=end
+        ### end of creating ENCODING_TABLE
+
+      end
+
+      #############################################
+
+      if TkCore::WITH_ENCODING
+        ################################
+        ### Ruby 1.9
+        ################################
+        def force_default_encoding(mode)
+          TkCore::INTERP.force_default_encoding = mode
+        end
+
+        def force_default_encoding?
+          TkCore::INTERP.force_default_encoding?
+        end
+
+        def default_encoding=(enc)
+          TkCore::INTERP.default_encoding = Tk::Encoding::ENCODING_TABLE.get_name(enc)
+        end
+
+        def encoding=(enc)
+          TkCore::INTERP.encoding = Tk::Encoding::ENCODING_TABLE.get_name(enc)
+        end
+
+        def encoding_name
+          Tk::Encoding::ENCODING_TABLE.get_name(TkCore::INTERP.encoding)
+        end
+        def encoding_obj
+          Tk::Encoding::ENCODING_TABLE.get_obj(TkCore::INTERP.encoding)
+        end
+        alias encoding encoding_name
+        alias default_encoding encoding_name
+
+        def tk_encoding_names
+          TkComm.simplelist(TkCore::INTERP._invoke_without_enc(Tk::Encoding::ENCNAMES_CMD[0], Tk::Encoding::ENCNAMES_CMD[1]))
+       end
+        def encoding_names
+          self.tk_encoding_names.find_all{|name|
+            Tk::Encoding::ENCODING_TABLE.get_name(name) rescue false
+          }
+        end
+        def encoding_objs
+          self.tk_encoding_names.map!{|name|
+            Tk::Encoding::ENCODING_TABLE.get_obj(name) rescue nil
+          }.compact
+        end
+
+        def encoding_system=(enc)
+          TclTkLib.encoding_system = Tk::Encoding::ENCODING_TABLE.get_name(enc)
+        end
+
+        def encoding_system_name
+          Tk::Encoding::ENCODING_TABLE.get_name(TclTkLib.encoding_system)
+        end
+        def encoding_system_obj
+          Tk::Encoding::ENCODING_TABLE.get_obj(TclTkLib.encoding_system)
+        end
+        alias encoding_system encoding_system_name
+
+        ################################
+      else
+        ################################
+        ### Ruby 1.8-
+        ################################
+        def force_default_encoding=(mode)
+          true
+        end
+
+        def force_default_encoding?
+          true
+        end
+
+        def default_encoding=(enc)
+          TkCore::INTERP.default_encoding = enc
+        end
+
+        def encoding=(enc)
+          TkCore::INTERP.encoding = enc
+        end
+
+        def encoding_obj
+          TkCore::INTERP.encoding
+        end
+        def encoding_name
+          TkCore::INTERP.encoding
+        end
+        alias encoding encoding_name
+        alias default_encoding encoding_name
+
+        def tk_encoding_names
+          TkComm.simplelist(Tk.tk_call('encoding', 'names'))
+        end
+        def encoding_objs
+          self.tk_encoding_names
+        end
+        def encoding_names
+          self.tk_encoding_names
+        end
+
+        def encoding_system=(enc)
+          TclTkLib.encoding_system = enc
+        end
+
+        def encoding_system_name
+          TclTkLib.encoding_system
+        end
+        def encoding_system_obj
+          TclTkLib.encoding_system
+        end
+        alias encoding_system encoding_system_name
+
+        ################################
+      end
+
+      def encoding_convertfrom(str, enc=nil)
+        enc = encoding_system_name unless enc
+        str = str.dup
+        if TkCore::WITH_ENCODING
+          if str.kind_of?(Tk::EncodedString)
+            str.__instance_variable_set('@encoding', nil)
+          else
+            str.instance_variable_set('@encoding', nil)
+          end
+          str.force_encoding('binary')
+        else
+          str.instance_variable_set('@encoding', 'binary')
+        end
+        ret = TkCore::INTERP._invoke_without_enc('encoding', 'convertfrom', 
+                                                 enc, str)
+        if TkCore::WITH_ENCODING
+          ret.force_encoding('utf-8')
+        else
+          Tk::UTF8_String.new(ret)
+        end
+        ret
+      end
+      alias encoding_convert_from encoding_convertfrom
+
+      def encoding_convertto(str, enc=nil)
+        # str must be a UTF-8 string
+        enc = encoding_system_name unless enc
+        ret = TkCore::INTERP._invoke_without_enc('encoding', 'convertto', 
+                                                 enc, str)
+        #ret.instance_variable_set('@encoding', 'binary')
+        if TkCore::WITH_ENCODING
+          #ret.force_encoding(Tk::Encoding::ENCODING_TABLE.get_obj('binary'))
+          ret.force_encoding(Tk::Encoding::ENCODING_TABLE.get_obj(enc))
+        end
+        ret
+      end
+      alias encoding_convert_to encoding_convertto
+
+      def encoding_dirs
+        # Tcl8.5 feature
+        TkComm.simplelist(Tk.tk_call_without_enc('encoding', 'dirs'))
+      end
+
+      def encoding_dirs=(dir_list) # an array or a Tcl's list string
+        # Tcl8.5 feature
+        Tk.tk_call_without_enc('encoding', 'dirs', dir_list)
+      end
+    end
+
+    extend Encoding
+  end
+
   class TclTkIp
+    def force_default_encoding=(mode)
+      @force_default_encoding = (mode)? true: false
+    end
+
+    def force_default_encoding?
+      @force_default_encoding ||= false
+    end
+
+    def default_encoding=(name)
+      name = name.name if name.kind_of?(::Encoding) if Tk::WITH_ENCODING
+      @encoding = name
+    end
+
     # from tkencoding.rb by ttate@jaist.ac.jp
-    attr_accessor :encoding
+    #attr_accessor :encoding
+    def encoding=(name)
+      self.force_default_encoding = true  # for comaptibility
+      self.default_encoding = name
+    end
 
-    alias __eval _eval
-    alias __invoke _invoke
+    def encoding_name
+      (@encoding)? @encoding.dup: nil
+    end
+    alias encoding encoding_name
+    alias default_encoding encoding_name
+
+    def encoding_obj
+      if Tk::WITH_ENCODING
+        Tk::Encoding.tcl2rb_encoding(@encoding)
+      else
+        (@encoding)? @encoding.dup: nil
+      end
+    end
 
     alias __toUTF8 _toUTF8
     alias __fromUTF8 _fromUTF8
 
+    if Object.const_defined?(:Encoding) && ::Encoding.class == Class
+      # with Encoding (Ruby 1.9+)
+      #
+      # use functions on Tcl as default.
+      # but when unsupported encoding on Tcl, use methods on Ruby.
+      #
+      def _toUTF8(str, enc = nil)
+        if enc
+          # use given encoding
+          begin
+            enc_name = Tk::Encoding::ENCODING_TABLE.get_name(enc)
+          rescue
+            # unknown encoding for Tk -> try to convert encoding on Ruby
+            str = str.dup.force_encoding(enc)
+            str.encode!(Tk::Encoding::UTF8_NAME) # modify self !!
+            return str  # if no error, probably succeed converting
+          end
+        end
+
+        enc_name ||= str.instance_variable_get(:@encoding)
+
+        enc_name ||= 
+          Tk::Encoding::ENCODING_TABLE.get_name(str.encoding) rescue nil
+
+        unless enc_name
+          # str.encoding isn't supported by Tk -> try to convert on Ruby
+          begin
+            return str.encode(Tk::Encoding::UTF8_NAME) # new string
+          rescue
+            # error -> ignore, try to use default encoding of Ruby/Tk
+          end
+        end
+
+        #enc_name ||= 
+        #  Tk::Encoding::ENCODING_TABLE.get_name(Tk.encoding) rescue nil
+        enc_name ||= Tk::Encoding::ENCODING_TABLE.get_name(nil)
+
+        # is 'binary' encoding?
+        if enc_name == Tk::Encoding::BINARY_NAME
+          return str.dup.force_encoding(Tk::Encoding::BINARY_NAME)
+        end
+
+        # force default encoding?
+        if ! str.kind_of?(Tk::EncodedString) && self.force_default_encoding?
+          enc_name = Tk::Encoding::ENCODING_TABLE.get_name(Tk.default_encoding)
+        end
+
+        encstr = __toUTF8(str, enc_name)
+        encstr.force_encoding(Tk::Encoding::UTF8_NAME)
+        encstr
+      end
+      def _fromUTF8(str, enc = nil)
+        # str must be UTF-8 or binary.
+        enc_name = str.instance_variable_get(:@encoding)
+        enc_name ||= 
+          Tk::Encoding::ENCODING_TABLE.get_name(str.encoding) rescue nil
+
+        # is 'binary' encoding?
+        if enc_name == Tk::Encoding::BINARY_NAME
+          return str.dup.force_encoding(Tk::Encoding::BINARY_NAME)
+        end
+
+        # get target encoding name (if enc == nil, use default encoding)
+        begin
+          enc_name = Tk::Encoding::ENCODING_TABLE.get_name(enc)
+        rescue
+          # then, enc != nil
+          # unknown encoding for Tk -> try to convert encoding on Ruby
+          str = str.dup.force_encoding(Tk::Encoding::UTF8_NAME)
+          str.encode!(enc) # modify self !!
+          return str  # if no error, probably succeed converting
+        end
+
+        encstr = __fromUTF8(str, enc_name)
+        encstr.force_encoding(Tk::Encoding::ENCODING_TABLE.get_obj(enc_name))
+        encstr
+      end
+      ###
+    else
+      # without Encoding (Ruby 1.8)
+      def _toUTF8(str, encoding = nil)
+        __toUTF8(str, encoding)
+      end
+      def _fromUTF8(str, encoding = nil)
+        __fromUTF8(str, encoding)
+      end
+      ###
+    end
+
+    alias __eval _eval
+    alias __invoke _invoke
+
+    def _eval(cmd)
+      _fromUTF8(__eval(_toUTF8(cmd)))
+    end
+
+    def _invoke(*cmds)
+      _fromUTF8(__invoke(*(cmds.collect{|cmd| _toUTF8(cmd)})))
+    end
+
+    alias _eval_with_enc _eval
+    alias _invoke_with_enc _invoke
+
 =begin
     #### --> definition is moved to TclTkIp module
 
@@ -2264,17 +2814,6 @@ if (/^(8\.[1-9]|9\.|[1-9][0-9])/ =~ Tk::TCL_VERSION && !Tk::JAPANIZED_TK)
     end
 =end
 
-    def _eval(cmd)
-      _fromUTF8(__eval(_toUTF8(cmd)))
-    end
-
-    def _invoke(*cmds)
-      _fromUTF8(__invoke(*(cmds.collect{|cmd| _toUTF8(cmd)})))
-    end
-
-    alias _eval_with_enc _eval
-    alias _invoke_with_enc _invoke
-
 =begin
     def _eval(cmd)
       if defined?(@encoding) && @encoding != 'utf-8'
@@ -2331,127 +2870,214 @@ if (/^(8\.[1-9]|9\.|[1-9][0-9])/ =~ Tk::TCL_VERSION && !Tk::JAPANIZED_TK)
 
   module TclTkLib
     class << self
-      alias _encoding encoding
-      alias _encoding= encoding=
-      def encoding=(name)
-        TkCore::INTERP.encoding = name
+      def force_default_encoding=(mode)
+        TkCore::INTERP.force_default_encoding = mode
       end
-      def encoding
-        TkCore::INTERP.encoding
-      end
-    end
-  end
 
-  module Tk
-    module Encoding
-      extend Encoding
+      def force_default_encoding?
+        TkCore::INTERP.force_default_encoding?
+      end
 
-      TkCommandNames = ['encoding'.freeze].freeze
+      def default_encoding=(name)
+        TkCore::INTERP.default_encoding = name
+      end
 
+      alias _encoding encoding
+      alias _encoding= encoding=
       def encoding=(name)
+        name = name.name if name.kind_of?(::Encoding) if Tk::WITH_ENCODING
         TkCore::INTERP.encoding = name
       end
 
-      def encoding
+      def encoding_name
         TkCore::INTERP.encoding
       end
+      alias encoding encoding_name
+      alias default_encoding encoding_name
 
-      def encoding_names
-        TkComm.simplelist(Tk.tk_call('encoding', 'names'))
+      def encoding_obj
+        if Tk::WITH_ENCODING
+          Tk::Encoding.tcl2rb_encoding(TkCore::INTERP.encoding)
+        else
+          TkCore::INTERP.encoding
+        end
       end
+    end
+  end
 
-      def encoding_system
-        Tk.tk_call('encoding', 'system')
+  # estimate encoding
+  unless TkCore::WITH_ENCODING 
+    case $KCODE
+    when /^e/i  # EUC
+      Tk.encoding = 'euc-jp'
+      Tk.encoding_system = 'euc-jp'
+    when /^s/i  # SJIS
+      begin
+        if Tk.encoding_system == 'cp932'
+          Tk.encoding = 'cp932'
+        else
+          Tk.encoding = 'shiftjis'
+          Tk.encoding_system = 'shiftjis'
+        end
+      rescue StandardError, NameError
+        Tk.encoding = 'shiftjis'
+        Tk.encoding_system = 'shiftjis'
       end
-
-      def encoding_system=(enc)
-        Tk.tk_call('encoding', 'system', enc)
+    when /^u/i  # UTF8
+      Tk.encoding = 'utf-8'
+      Tk.encoding_system = 'utf-8'
+    else        # NONE
+      if defined? DEFAULT_TK_ENCODING
+        Tk.encoding_system = DEFAULT_TK_ENCODING
       end
-
-      def encoding_convertfrom(str, enc=nil)
-        # str is an usual enc string or a Tcl's internal string expression
-        # in enc (which is returned from 'encoding_convertto' method). 
-        # the return value is a UTF-8 string.
-        enc = encoding_system unless enc
-        ret = TkCore::INTERP.__invoke('encoding', 'convertfrom', enc, str)
-        ret.instance_variable_set('@encoding', 'utf-8')
-        ret
+      begin
+        Tk.encoding = Tk.encoding_system
+      rescue StandardError, NameError
+        Tk.encoding = 'utf-8'
+        Tk.encoding_system = 'utf-8'
       end
-      alias encoding_convert_from encoding_convertfrom
+    end
 
-      def encoding_convertto(str, enc=nil)
-        # str must be a UTF-8 string.
-        # The return value is a Tcl's internal string expression in enc. 
-        # To get an usual enc string, use Tk.fromUTF8(ret_val, enc).
-        enc = encoding_system unless enc
-        ret = TkCore::INTERP.__invoke('encoding', 'convertto', enc, str)
-        ret.instance_variable_set('@encoding', 'binary')
-        ret
-      end
-      alias encoding_convert_to encoding_convertto
+  else ### Ruby 1.9 !!!!!!!!!!!!
+    loc_enc_obj = ::Encoding.find(::Encoding.locale_charmap)
+    ext_enc_obj = ::Encoding.default_external
+    tksys_enc_name = Tk::Encoding::ENCODING_TABLE.get_name(Tk.encoding_system)
+    # p [Tk.encoding, Tk.encoding_system, loc_enc_obj, ext_enc_obj]
 
-      def encoding_dirs
-        # Tcl8.5 feature
-        TkComm.simplelist(Tk.tk_call_without_enc('encoding', 'dirs'))
+=begin
+    if ext_enc_obj == Tk::Encoding::UNKNOWN
+      if defind? DEFAULT_TK_ENCODING
+        if DEFAULT_TK_ENCODING.kind_of?(::Encoding)
+          tk_enc_name    = DEFAULT_TK_ENCODING.name
+          tksys_enc_name = DEFAULT_TK_ENCODING.name
+        else
+          tk_enc_name    = DEFAULT_TK_ENCODING
+          tksys_enc_name = DEFAULT_TK_ENCODING
+        end
+      else
+        tk_enc_name    = loc_enc_obj.name
+        tksys_enc_name = loc_enc_obj.name
       end
+    else
+      tk_enc_name    = ext_enc_obj.name
+      tksys_enc_name = ext_enc_obj.name
+    end
 
-      def encoding_dirs=(dir_list) # an array or a Tcl's list string
-        # Tcl8.5 feature
-        Tk.tk_call_without_enc('encoding', 'dirs', dir_list)
+    # Tk.encoding = tk_enc_name
+    Tk.default_encoding = tk_enc_name
+    Tk.encoding_system = tksys_enc_name
+=end
+
+    if ext_enc_obj == Tk::Encoding::UNKNOWN
+      if loc_enc_obj == Tk::Encoding::UNKNOWN
+        # use Tk.encoding_system
+      else
+        # use locale_charmap
+        begin
+          loc_enc_name = Tk::Encoding::ENCODING_TABLE.get_name(loc_enc_obj)
+          if loc_enc_name && loc_enc_name != tksys_enc_name
+            # use locale_charmap
+            Tk.encoding_system = loc_enc_name
+          else
+            # use Tk.encoding_system
+          end
+        rescue ArgumentError
+          # unsupported encoding on Tk -> use Tk.encoding_system
+        end
+      end
+    else
+      begin
+        ext_enc_name = Tk::Encoding::ENCODING_TABLE.get_name(ext_enc_obj)
+        if ext_enc_name && ext_enc_name != tksys_enc_name
+          # use default_external
+          Tk.encoding_system = ext_enc_name
+        else
+          # use Tk.encoding_system
+        end
+      rescue ArgumentError
+        # unsupported encoding on Tk -> use Tk.encoding_system
       end
     end
 
-    extend Encoding
-  end
+    # setup Tk.encoding
+    enc_name = nil
 
-  # estimate encoding
-  case $KCODE
-  when /^e/i  # EUC
-    Tk.encoding = 'euc-jp'
-    Tk.encoding_system = 'euc-jp'
-  when /^s/i  # SJIS
     begin
-      if Tk.encoding_system == 'cp932'
-        Tk.encoding = 'cp932'
-      else
-        Tk.encoding = 'shiftjis'
-        Tk.encoding_system = 'shiftjis'
+      default_def = DEFAULT_TK_ENCODING
+      if ::Encoding.find(default_def.to_s) != Tk::Encoding::UNKNOWN
+        enc_name = Tk::Encoding::ENCODING_TABLE.get_name(default_def)
       end
-    rescue StandardError, NameError
-      Tk.encoding = 'shiftjis'
-      Tk.encoding_system = 'shiftjis'
-    end
-  when /^u/i  # UTF8
-    Tk.encoding = 'utf-8'
-    Tk.encoding_system = 'utf-8'
-  else        # NONE
-    if defined? DEFAULT_TK_ENCODING
-      Tk.encoding_system = DEFAULT_TK_ENCODING
+    rescue NameError
+      # ignore
+      enc_name = nil
+    rescue ArgumentError
+      enc_name = nil
+      fail ArgumentError, 
+           "DEFAULT_TK_ENCODING has an unknown encoding #{default_def}"
     end
-    begin
-      Tk.encoding = Tk.encoding_system
-    rescue StandardError, NameError
-      Tk.encoding = 'utf-8'
-      Tk.encoding_system = 'utf-8'
+
+    unless enc_name
+      if ext_enc_obj == Tk::Encoding::UNKNOWN
+        if loc_enc_obj == Tk::Encoding::UNKNOWN
+          # use Tk.encoding_system
+          enc_name = tksys_enc_name
+        else
+          # use locale_charmap
+          begin
+            loc_enc_name = Tk::Encoding::ENCODING_TABLE.get_name(loc_enc_obj)
+            if loc_enc_name && loc_enc_name != tksys_enc_name
+              # use locale_charmap
+              enc_name = loc_enc_name
+            else
+              # use Tk.encoding_system
+              enc_name = tksys_enc_name
+            end
+          rescue ArgumentError
+            # unsupported encoding on Tk -> use Tk.encoding_system
+            enc_name = tksys_enc_name
+          end
+        end
+      else
+        begin
+          ext_enc_name = Tk::Encoding::ENCODING_TABLE.get_name(ext_enc_obj)
+          if ext_enc_name && ext_enc_name != tksys_enc_name
+            # use default_external
+            enc_name = ext_enc_name
+          else
+            # use Tk.encoding_system
+            enc_name = tksys_enc_name
+          end
+        rescue ArgumentError
+          # unsupported encoding on Tk -> use Tk.encoding_system
+          enc_name = tksys_enc_name
+        end
+      end
     end
+
+    Tk.default_encoding = (enc_name)? enc_name: tksys_enc_name
   end
 
 else
   # dummy methods
-  class TclTkIp
-    attr_accessor :encoding
-
-    alias __eval _eval
-    alias __invoke _invoke
-
-    alias _eval_with_enc _eval
-    alias _invoke_with_enc _invoke
-  end
-
   module Tk
     module Encoding
       extend Encoding
 
+      def force_default_encoding=(mode)
+        nil
+      end
+
+      def force_default_encoding?
+        nil
+      end
+
+      def default_encoding=(enc)
+        nil
+      end
+      def default_encoding
+        nil
+      end
+
       def encoding=(name)
         nil
       end
@@ -2487,6 +3113,16 @@ else
 
     extend Encoding
   end
+
+  class TclTkIp
+    attr_accessor :encoding
+
+    alias __eval _eval
+    alias __invoke _invoke
+
+    alias _eval_with_enc _eval
+    alias _invoke_with_enc _invoke
+  end
 end
 
 
@@ -2609,7 +3245,15 @@ module TkTreatFont
               next
             else
               fnt = hash_kv(fnt) if fnt.kind_of?(Hash)
-              tk_call(*(__config_cmd << "-#{optkey}" << fnt))
+              unless TkConfigMethod.__IGNORE_UNKNOWN_CONFIGURE_OPTION__
+                tk_call(*(__config_cmd << "-#{optkey}" << fnt))
+              else
+                begin
+                  tk_call(*(__config_cmd << "-#{optkey}" << fnt))
+                rescue
+                  # ignore
+                end
+              end
             end
           end
           next
@@ -2663,7 +3307,15 @@ module TkTreatFont
         fobj = fontobj          # create a new TkFont object
       else
         ltn = hash_kv(ltn) if ltn.kind_of?(Hash)
-        tk_call(*(__config_cmd << "-#{optkey}" << ltn))
+        unless TkConfigMethod.__IGNORE_UNKNOWN_CONFIGURE_OPTION__
+          tk_call(*(__config_cmd << "-#{optkey}" << ltn))
+        else
+          begin
+            tk_call(*(__config_cmd << "-#{optkey}" << ltn))
+          rescue => e
+            # ignore
+          end
+        end
         next
       end
 
@@ -2715,7 +3367,15 @@ module TkTreatFont
         fobj = fontobj          # create a new TkFont object
       else
         knj = hash_kv(knj) if knj.kind_of?(Hash)
-        tk_call(*(__config_cmd << "-#{optkey}" << knj))
+        unless TkConfigMethod.__IGNORE_UNKNOWN_CONFIGURE_OPTION__
+          tk_call(*(__config_cmd << "-#{optkey}" << knj))
+        else
+          begin
+            tk_call(*(__config_cmd << "-#{optkey}" << knj))
+          rescue => e
+            # ignore
+          end
+        end
         next
       end
 
@@ -2816,6 +3476,14 @@ module TkConfigMethod
   include TkUtil
   include TkTreatFont
 
+  def TkConfigMethod.__IGNORE_UNKNOWN_CONFIGURE_OPTION__
+    @mode || false
+  end
+  def TkConfigMethod.__set_IGNORE_UNKNOWN_CONFIGURE_OPTION__!(mode)
+    fail SecurityError, "can't change the mode" if $SAFE>=4
+    @mode = (mode)? true: false
+  end
+
   def __cget_cmd
     [self.path, 'cget']
   end
@@ -2829,7 +3497,7 @@ module TkConfigMethod
   def __confinfo_cmd
     __config_cmd
   end
-  private :__config_cmd
+  private :__confinfo_cmd
 
   def __configinfo_struct
     {:key=>0, :alias=>1, :db_name=>1, :db_class=>2, 
@@ -2837,6 +3505,11 @@ module TkConfigMethod
   end
   private :__configinfo_struct
 
+  def __optkey_aliases
+    {}
+  end
+  private :__optkey_aliases
+
   def __numval_optkeys
     []
   end
@@ -2926,6 +3599,7 @@ module TkConfigMethod
     }
     keys2
   end
+  private :__conv_keyonly_opts
 
   def config_hash_kv(keys, enc_mode = nil, conf = nil)
     hash_kv(__conv_keyonly_opts(keys), enc_mode, conf)
@@ -2942,7 +3616,7 @@ module TkConfigMethod
     val
   end
 
-  def cget(slot)
+  def __cget_core(slot)
     orig_slot = slot
     slot = slot.to_s
  
@@ -2950,6 +3624,11 @@ module TkConfigMethod
       fail ArgumentError, "Invalid option `#{orig_slot.inspect}'"
     end
 
+    alias_name, real_name = __optkey_aliases.find{|k, v| k.to_s == slot}
+    if real_name
+      slot = real_name.to_s
+    end
+
     if ( method = _symbolkey2str(__val2ruby_optkeys())[slot] )
       optval = tk_call_without_enc(*(__cget_cmd << "-#{slot}"))
       begin
@@ -3018,11 +3697,41 @@ module TkConfigMethod
       tk_tcl2ruby(tk_call_without_enc(*(__cget_cmd << "-#{slot}")), true)
     end
   end
+  private :__cget_core
 
-  def configure(slot, value=None)
+  def cget(slot)
+    unless TkConfigMethod.__IGNORE_UNKNOWN_CONFIGURE_OPTION__
+      __cget_core(slot)
+    else
+      begin
+        __cget_core(slot)
+      rescue => e
+        if current_configinfo.has_key?(slot.to_s)
+          # error on known option
+          fail e
+        else
+          # unknown option
+          nil
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+  def cget_strict(slot)
+    # never use TkConfigMethod.__IGNORE_UNKNOWN_CONFIGURE_OPTION__
+    __cget_core(slot)
+  end
+
+  def __configure_core(slot, value=None)
     if slot.kind_of? Hash
       slot = _symbolkey2str(slot)
 
+      __optkey_aliases.each{|alias_name, real_name|
+        alias_name = alias_name.to_s
+        if slot.has_key?(alias_name)
+          slot[real_name.to_s] = slot.delete(alias_name)
+        end
+      }
+
       __methodcall_optkeys.each{|key, method|
         value = slot.delete(key.to_s)
         self.__send__(method, value) if value
@@ -3059,6 +3768,11 @@ module TkConfigMethod
         fail ArgumentError, "Invalid option `#{orig_slot.inspect}'"
       end
 
+      alias_name, real_name = __optkey_aliases.find{|k, v| k.to_s == slot}
+      if real_name
+        slot = real_name.to_s
+      end
+
       if ( conf = __keyonly_optkeys.find{|k, v| k.to_s == slot} )
         defkey, undefkey = conf
         if value
@@ -3082,12 +3796,55 @@ module TkConfigMethod
     end
     self
   end
+  private :__configure_core
+
+  def __check_available_configure_options(keys)
+    availables = self.current_configinfo.keys
+
+    # add non-standard keys
+    availables |= __font_optkeys.map{|k|
+      [k.to_s, "latin#{k}", "ascii#{k}", "kanji#{k}"]
+    }.flatten
+    availables |= __methodcall_optkeys.keys.map{|k| k.to_s}
+    availables |= __keyonly_optkeys.keys.map{|k| k.to_s}
+
+    keys = _symbolkey2str(keys)
+    keys.delete_if{|k, v| !(availables.include?(k))}
+  end
+
+  def configure(slot, value=None)
+    unless TkConfigMethod.__IGNORE_UNKNOWN_CONFIGURE_OPTION__
+      __configure_core(slot, value)
+    else
+      if slot.kind_of?(Hash)
+        begin
+          __configure_core(slot)
+        rescue
+          slot = __check_available_configure_options(slot)
+          __configure_core(slot) unless slot.empty?
+        end
+      else
+        begin
+          __configure_core(slot, value)
+        rescue => e
+          if current_configinfo.has_key?(slot.to_s)
+            # error on known option
+            fail e
+          else
+            # unknown option
+            nil
+          end
+        end
+      end
+    end
+    self
+  end
 
   def configure_cmd(slot, value)
     configure(slot, install_cmd(value))
   end
 
-  def configinfo(slot = nil)
+  def __configinfo_core(slot = nil)
     if TkComm::GET_CONFIGINFO_AS_ARRAY
       if (slot && 
           slot.to_s =~ /^(|latin|ascii|kanji)(#{__font_optkeys.join('|')})$/)
@@ -3098,6 +3855,10 @@ module TkConfigMethod
           conf[__configinfo_struct[:key]][1..-1]
         if ( ! __configinfo_struct[:alias] \
             || conf.size > __configinfo_struct[:alias] + 1 )
+          fnt = conf[__configinfo_struct[:default_value]]
+          if TkFont.is_system_font?(fnt)
+            conf[__configinfo_struct[:default_value]] = TkNamedFont.new(fnt)
+          end
           conf[__configinfo_struct[:current_value]] = fontobj(fontkey)
         elsif ( __configinfo_struct[:alias] \
                && conf.size == __configinfo_struct[:alias] + 1 \
@@ -3109,6 +3870,12 @@ module TkConfigMethod
       else
         if slot
           slot = slot.to_s
+
+          alias_name, real_name = __optkey_aliases.find{|k, v| k.to_s == slot}
+          if real_name
+            slot = real_name.to_s
+          end
+
           case slot
           when /^(#{__val2ruby_optkeys().keys.join('|')})$/
             method = _symbolkey2str(__val2ruby_optkeys())[slot]
@@ -3434,6 +4201,11 @@ module TkConfigMethod
             fontconf = ret.assoc(optkey)
             if fontconf && fontconf.size > 2
               ret.delete_if{|inf| inf[0] =~ /^(|latin|ascii|kanji)#{optkey}$/}
+              fnt = fontconf[__configinfo_struct[:default_value]]
+              if TkFont.is_system_font?(fnt)
+                fontconf[__configinfo_struct[:default_value]] \
+                  = TkNamedFont.new(fnt)
+              end
               fontconf[__configinfo_struct[:current_value]] = fontobj(optkey)
               ret.push(fontconf)
             end
@@ -3458,6 +4230,10 @@ module TkConfigMethod
 
         if ( ! __configinfo_struct[:alias] \
             || conf.size > __configinfo_struct[:alias] + 1 )
+          fnt = conf[__configinfo_struct[:default_value]]
+          if TkFont.is_system_font?(fnt)
+            conf[__configinfo_struct[:default_value]] = TkNamedFont.new(fnt)
+          end
           conf[__configinfo_struct[:current_value]] = fontobj(fontkey)
           { conf.shift => conf }
         elsif ( __configinfo_struct[:alias] \
@@ -3473,6 +4249,12 @@ module TkConfigMethod
       else
         if slot
           slot = slot.to_s
+
+          alias_name, real_name = __optkey_aliases.find{|k, v| k.to_s == slot}
+          if real_name
+            slot = real_name.to_s
+          end
+
           case slot
           when /^(#{__val2ruby_optkeys().keys.join('|')})$/
             method = _symbolkey2str(__val2ruby_optkeys())[slot]
@@ -3805,6 +4587,11 @@ module TkConfigMethod
               ret.delete('latin' << optkey)
               ret.delete('ascii' << optkey)
               ret.delete('kanji' << optkey)
+              fnt = fontconf[__configinfo_struct[:default_value]]
+              if TkFont.is_system_font?(fnt)
+                fontconf[__configinfo_struct[:default_value]] \
+                  = TkNamedFont.new(fnt)
+              end
               fontconf[__configinfo_struct[:current_value]] = fontobj(optkey)
               ret[optkey] = fontconf
             end
@@ -3819,6 +4606,19 @@ module TkConfigMethod
       end
     end
   end
+  private :__configinfo_core
+
+  def configinfo(slot = nil)
+    if slot && TkConfigMethod.__IGNORE_UNKNOWN_CONFIGURE_OPTION__
+      begin
+        __configinfo_core(slot)
+      rescue
+        Array.new(__configinfo_struct.values.max).unshift(slot.to_s)
+      end
+    else
+      __configinfo_core(slot)
+    end
+  end
 
   def current_configinfo(slot = nil)
     if TkComm::GET_CONFIGINFO_AS_ARRAY
@@ -3918,7 +4718,12 @@ class TkObject<TkKernel
       begin
         cget(name)
       rescue
-        super(id, *args)
+        if self.kind_of?(TkWindow)
+          fail NameError, 
+               "unknown option '#{id}' for #{self.inspect} (deleted widget?)"
+        else
+          super(id, *args)
+        end
 #        fail NameError, 
 #             "undefined local variable or method `#{name}' for #{self.to_s}", 
 #             error_at
@@ -3973,6 +4778,15 @@ end
 class TkWindow<TkObject
   include TkWinfo
   extend TkBindCore
+  include Tk::Wm_for_General
+
+  @@WIDGET_INSPECT_FULL = false
+  def TkWindow._widget_inspect_full_?
+    @@WIDGET_INSPECT_FULL
+  end
+  def TkWindow._widget_inspect_full_=(mode)
+    @@WIDGET_INSPECT_FULL = (mode && true) || false
+  end
 
   TkCommandNames = [].freeze
   ## ==> If TkCommandNames[0] is a string (not a null string), 
@@ -4036,6 +4850,13 @@ class TkWindow<TkObject
           fontkeys[fkey] = keys.delete(fkey) if keys.key?(fkey)
         }
 
+        __optkey_aliases.each{|alias_name, real_name|
+          alias_name = alias_name.to_s
+          if keys.has_key?(alias_name)
+            keys[real_name.to_s] = keys.delete(alias_name)
+          end
+        }
+
         __methodcall_optkeys.each{|key|
           key = key.to_s
           methodkeys[key] = keys.delete(key) if keys.key?(key)
@@ -4068,13 +4889,48 @@ class TkWindow<TkObject
     end
 
     if keys and keys != None
-      tk_call_without_enc(cmd, @path, *hash_kv(keys, true))
+      unless TkConfigMethod.__IGNORE_UNKNOWN_CONFIGURE_OPTION__
+        tk_call_without_enc(cmd, @path, *hash_kv(keys, true))
+      else
+        begin
+          tk_call_without_enc(cmd, @path, *hash_kv(keys, true))
+        rescue => e
+          tk_call_without_enc(cmd, @path)
+          keys = __check_available_configure_options(keys)
+          unless keys.empty?
+            begin
+              # try to configure
+              configure(keys)
+            rescue
+              # fail => includes options adaptable when creattion only?
+              begin
+                tk_call_without_enc('destroy', @path)
+              rescue
+                # cannot rescue options error
+                fail e 
+              else
+                # re-create widget
+                tk_call_without_enc(cmd, @path, *hash_kv(keys, true))
+              end
+            end
+          end
+        end
+      end
     else
       tk_call_without_enc(cmd, @path)
     end
   end
   private :create_self
 
+  def inspect
+    if @@WIDGET_INSPECT_FULL
+      super
+    else
+      str = super
+      str[0..(str.index(' '))] << '@path=' << @path.inspect << '>'
+    end
+  end
+
   def exist?
     TkWinfo.exist?(self)
   end
@@ -4196,6 +5052,15 @@ class TkWindow<TkObject
     self
   end
 
+  def grid_anchor(anchor=None)
+    if anchor == None
+      TkGrid.anchor(self)
+    else
+      TkGrid.anchor(self, anchor)
+      self
+    end
+  end
+
   def grid_forget
     #tk_call('grid', 'forget', epath)
     TkGrid.forget(self)
@@ -4227,12 +5092,14 @@ class TkWindow<TkObject
     TkGrid.columnconfigure(self, index, keys)
   end
   alias grid_columnconfigure grid_columnconfig
+  alias grid_column grid_columnconfig
 
   def grid_rowconfig(index, keys)
     #tk_call('grid', 'rowconfigure', epath, index, *hash_kv(keys))
     TkGrid.rowconfigure(self, index, keys)
   end
   alias grid_rowconfigure grid_rowconfig
+  alias grid_row grid_rowconfig
 
   def grid_columnconfiginfo(index, slot=nil)
     #if slot
@@ -4475,11 +5342,13 @@ class TkWindow<TkObject
     end
 
     children.each{|path, obj|
-      if defined?(@cmdtbl)
-        for id in @cmdtbl
-          uninstall_cmd id
+      obj.instance_eval{
+        if defined?(@cmdtbl)
+          for id in @cmdtbl
+            uninstall_cmd id
+          end
         end
-      end
+      }
       TkCore::INTERP.tk_windows.delete(path)
     }
 
@@ -4584,7 +5453,7 @@ class TkWindow<TkObject
     bindtags(bindtags().unshift(tag))
   end
 end
-
+TkWidget = TkWindow
 
 # freeze core modules
 #TclTkLib.freeze
@@ -4597,7 +5466,7 @@ end
 #Tk.freeze
 
 module Tk
-  RELEASE_DATE = '2006-07-14'.freeze
+  RELEASE_DATE = '2008-05-23'.freeze
 
   autoload :AUTO_PATH,        'tk/variable'
   autoload :TCL_PACKAGE_PATH, 'tk/variable'
@@ -4609,6 +5478,7 @@ end
 
 # call setup script for Tk extension libraries (base configuration)
 begin
+  require 'tkextlib/version.rb'
   require 'tkextlib/setup.rb'
 rescue LoadError
   # ignore
diff --git a/ext/tk/lib/tk/autoload.rb b/ext/tk/lib/tk/autoload.rb
index 6b3773f4ea..0773f7708d 100644
--- a/ext/tk/lib/tk/autoload.rb
+++ b/ext/tk/lib/tk/autoload.rb
@@ -1,9 +1,19 @@
 #
 #  autoload
 #
-
-#######################
+############################################
 #  geometry manager
+module Tk
+  autoload :Grid,             'tk/grid'
+  def Grid(*args); TkGrid.configure(*args); end
+
+  autoload :Pack,             'tk/pack'
+  def Pack(*args); TkPack.configure(*args); end
+
+  autoload :Place,            'tk/place'
+  def Place(*args); TkPlace.configure(*args); end
+end
+
 autoload :TkGrid,             'tk/grid'
 def TkGrid(*args); TkGrid.configure(*args); end
 
@@ -14,19 +24,117 @@ autoload :TkPlace,            'tk/place'
 def TkPlace(*args); TkPlace.configure(*args); end
 
 
-#######################
-# others
+############################################
+# classes on Tk module
+module Tk
+  autoload :Button,           'tk/button'
+
+  autoload :Canvas,           'tk/canvas'
+
+  autoload :CheckButton,      'tk/checkbutton'
+  autoload :Checkbutton,      'tk/checkbutton'
+
+  autoload :Entry,            'tk/entry'
+
+  autoload :Frame,            'tk/frame'
+
+  autoload :Label,            'tk/label'
+
+  autoload :LabelFrame,       'tk/labelframe'
+  autoload :Labelframe,       'tk/labelframe'
+
+  autoload :Listbox,          'tk/listbox'
+
+  autoload :Menu,             'tk/menu'
+  autoload :MenuClone,        'tk/menu'
+  autoload :CloneMenu,        'tk/menu'
+  autoload :SystemMenu,       'tk/menu'
+  autoload :SysMenu_Help,     'tk/menu'
+  autoload :SysMenu_System,   'tk/menu'
+  autoload :SysMenu_Apple,    'tk/menu'
+  autoload :Menubutton,       'tk/menu'
+  autoload :MenuButton,       'tk/menu'
+  autoload :OptionMenubutton, 'tk/menu'
+  autoload :OptionMenBbutton, 'tk/menu'
+
+  autoload :Message,          'tk/message'
+
+  autoload :PanedWindow,      'tk/panedwindow'
+  autoload :Panedwindow,      'tk/panedwindow'
+
+  autoload :RadioButton,      'tk/radiobutton'
+  autoload :Radiobutton,      'tk/radiobutton'
+
+  autoload :Root,             'tk/root'
+
+  autoload :Scale,            'tk/scale'
+
+  autoload :Scrollbar,        'tk/scrollbar'
+  autoload :XScrollbar,       'tk/scrollbar'
+  autoload :YScrollbar,       'tk/scrollbar'
+
+  autoload :Spinbox,          'tk/spinbox'
+
+  autoload :Text,             'tk/text'
+
+  autoload :Toplevel,         'tk/toplevel'
+end
+
+
+############################################
+# sub-module of Tk
+module Tk
+  autoload :Clock,            'tk/clock'
+
+  autoload :OptionObj,        'tk/optionobj'
+
+  autoload :X_Scrollable,     'tk/scrollable'
+  autoload :Y_Scrollable,     'tk/scrollable'
+  autoload :Scrollable,       'tk/scrollable'
+
+  autoload :Wm,               'tk/wm'
+  autoload :Wm_for_General,   'tk/wm'
+
+  autoload :MacResource,      'tk/macpkg'
+
+  autoload :WinDDE,           'tk/winpkg'
+  autoload :WinRegistry,      'tk/winpkg'
+
+  autoload :ValidateConfigure,     'tk/validation'
+  autoload :ItemValidateConfigure, 'tk/validation'
+
+  autoload :EncodedString,    'tk/encodedstr'
+  def Tk.EncodedString(str, enc = nil); Tk::EncodedString.new(str, enc); end
+
+  autoload :BinaryString,     'tk/encodedstr'
+  def Tk.BinaryString(str); Tk::BinaryString.new(str); end
+
+  autoload :UTF8_String,      'tk/encodedstr'
+  def Tk.UTF8_String(str); Tk::UTF8_String.new(str); end
+
+end
+
+
+############################################
+#  toplevel classes/modules (fixed)
 autoload :TkBgError,          'tk/bgerror'
 
 autoload :TkBindTag,          'tk/bindtag'
 autoload :TkBindTagAll,       'tk/bindtag'
 autoload :TkDatabaseClass,    'tk/bindtag'
 
-autoload :TkButton,           'tk/button'
-
 autoload :TkConsole,          'tk/console'
 
-autoload :TkCanvas,           'tk/canvas'
+autoload :TkcItem,            'tk/canvas'
+autoload :TkcArc,             'tk/canvas'
+autoload :TkcBitmap,          'tk/canvas'
+autoload :TkcImage,           'tk/canvas'
+autoload :TkcLine,            'tk/canvas'
+autoload :TkcOval,            'tk/canvas'
+autoload :TkcPolygon,         'tk/canvas'
+autoload :TkcRectangle,       'tk/canvas'
+autoload :TkcText,            'tk/canvas'
+autoload :TkcWindow,          'tk/canvas'
 
 autoload :TkcTagAccess,       'tk/canvastag'
 autoload :TkcTag,             'tk/canvastag'
@@ -36,9 +144,6 @@ autoload :TkcTagAll,          'tk/canvastag'
 autoload :TkcTagCurrent,      'tk/canvastag'
 autoload :TkcTagGroup,        'tk/canvastag'
 
-autoload :TkCheckButton,      'tk/checkbutton'
-autoload :TkCheckbutton,      'tk/checkbutton'
-
 autoload :TkClipboard,        'tk/clipboard'
 
 autoload :TkComposite,        'tk/composite'
@@ -52,14 +157,10 @@ autoload :TkWarning,          'tk/dialog'
 autoload :TkWarning2,         'tk/dialog'
 autoload :TkWarningObj,       'tk/dialog'
 
-autoload :TkEntry,            'tk/entry'
-
 autoload :TkEvent,            'tk/event'
 
 autoload :TkFont,             'tk/font'
-autoload :TkTreatTagFont,     'tk/font'
-
-autoload :TkFrame,            'tk/frame'
+autoload :TkNamedFont,        'tk/font'
 
 autoload :TkImage,            'tk/image'
 autoload :TkBitmapImage,      'tk/image'
@@ -71,30 +172,12 @@ autoload :TkTreatItemFont,    'tk/itemfont'
 
 autoload :TkKinput,           'tk/kinput'
 
-autoload :TkLabel,            'tk/label'
-
-autoload :TkLabelFrame,       'tk/labelframe'
-autoload :TkLabelframe,       'tk/labelframe'
-
-autoload :TkListbox,          'tk/listbox'
-
-autoload :TkMacResource,      'tk/macpkg'
-
-autoload :TkMenu,             'tk/menu'
-autoload :TkMenuClone,        'tk/menu'
 autoload :TkSystemMenu,       'tk/menu'
-autoload :TkSysMenu_Help,     'tk/menu'
-autoload :TkSysMenu_System,   'tk/menu'
-autoload :TkSysMenu_Apple,    'tk/menu'
-autoload :TkMenubutton,       'tk/menu'
-autoload :TkOptionMenubutton, 'tk/menu'
 
 autoload :TkMenubar,          'tk/menubar'
 
 autoload :TkMenuSpec,         'tk/menuspec'
 
-autoload :TkMessage,          'tk/message'
-
 autoload :TkManageFocus,      'tk/mngfocus'
 
 autoload :TkMsgCatalog,       'tk/msgcat'
@@ -110,53 +193,46 @@ autoload :TkPackage,          'tk/package'
 
 autoload :TkPalette,          'tk/palette'
 
-autoload :TkPanedWindow,      'tk/panedwindow'
-autoload :TkPanedwindow,      'tk/panedwindow'
-
-autoload :TkRadioButton,      'tk/radiobutton'
-autoload :TkRadiobutton,      'tk/radiobutton'
-
 autoload :TkRoot,             'tk/root'
 
-autoload :TkScale,            'tk/scale'
-
-autoload :TkScrollbar,        'tk/scrollbar'
-autoload :TkXScrollbar,       'tk/scrollbar'
-autoload :TkYScrollbar,       'tk/scrollbar'
-
 autoload :TkScrollbox,        'tk/scrollbox'
 
 autoload :TkSelection,        'tk/selection'
 
-autoload :TkSpinbox,          'tk/spinbox'
-
 autoload :TkTreatTagFont,     'tk/tagfont'
 
-autoload :TkText,             'tk/text'
-
 autoload :TkTextImage,        'tk/textimage'
+autoload :TktImage,           'tk/textimage'
 
 autoload :TkTextMark,         'tk/textmark'
 autoload :TkTextNamedMark,    'tk/textmark'
 autoload :TkTextMarkInsert,   'tk/textmark'
 autoload :TkTextMarkCurrent,  'tk/textmark'
 autoload :TkTextMarkAnchor,   'tk/textmark'
+autoload :TktMark,            'tk/textmark'
+autoload :TktNamedMark,       'tk/textmark'
+autoload :TktMarkInsert,      'tk/textmark'
+autoload :TktMarkCurrent,     'tk/textmark'
+autoload :TktMarkAnchor,      'tk/textmark'
 
 autoload :TkTextTag,          'tk/texttag'
 autoload :TkTextNamedTag,     'tk/texttag'
 autoload :TkTextTagSel,       'tk/texttag'
+autoload :TktTag,             'tk/texttag'
+autoload :TktNamedTag,        'tk/texttag'
+autoload :TktTagSel,          'tk/texttag'
 
 autoload :TkTextWindow,       'tk/textwindow'
+autoload :TktWindow,          'tk/textwindow'
 
 autoload :TkAfter,            'tk/timer'
 autoload :TkTimer,            'tk/timer'
 autoload :TkRTTimer,          'tk/timer'
 
-autoload :TkToplevel,         'tk/toplevel'
-
 autoload :TkTextWin,          'tk/txtwin_abst'
 
 autoload :TkValidation,       'tk/validation'
+autoload :TkValidateCommand,  'tk/validation'
 
 autoload :TkVariable,         'tk/variable'
 autoload :TkVarAccess,        'tk/variable'
@@ -166,31 +242,173 @@ autoload :TkNamedVirtualEvent,'tk/virtevent'
 
 autoload :TkWinfo,            'tk/winfo'
 
-autoload :TkWinDDE,           'tk/winpkg'
-autoload :TkWinRegistry,      'tk/winpkg'
-
 autoload :TkXIM,              'tk/xim'
 
 
-#######################
-# sub-module of Tk
+############################################
+#  toplevel classes/modules (switchable)
 module Tk
-  autoload :Clock,            'tk/clock'
-  autoload :OptionObj,        'tk/optionobj'
-  autoload :X_Scrollable,     'tk/scrollable'
-  autoload :Y_Scrollable,     'tk/scrollable'
-  autoload :Scrollable,       'tk/scrollable'
-  autoload :Wm,               'tk/wm'
+  @TOPLEVEL_ALIAS_TABLE = {}
+  @TOPLEVEL_ALIAS_TABLE[:Tk] = {
+    :TkButton             => 'tk/button', 
 
-  autoload :ValidateConfigure,     'tk/validation'
-  autoload :ItemValidateConfigure, 'tk/validation'
+    :TkCanvas             => 'tk/canvas', 
 
-  autoload :EncodedString,    'tk/encodedstr'
-  def Tk.EncodedString(str, enc = nil); Tk::EncodedString.new(str, enc); end
+    :TkCheckButton        => 'tk/checkbutton', 
+    :TkCheckbutton        => 'tk/checkbutton', 
 
-  autoload :BinaryString,     'tk/encodedstr'
-  def Tk.BinaryString(str); Tk::BinaryString.new(str); end
+    # :TkDialog             => 'tk/dialog', 
+    # :TkDialog2            => 'tk/dialog', 
+    # :TkDialogObj          => 'tk/dialog', 
+    # :TkWarning            => 'tk/dialog', 
+    # :TkWarning2           => 'tk/dialog', 
+    # :TkWarningObj         => 'tk/dialog', 
 
-  autoload :UTF8_String,      'tk/encodedstr'
-  def Tk.UTF8_String(str); Tk::UTF8_String.new(str); end
+    :TkEntry              => 'tk/entry', 
+
+    :TkFrame              => 'tk/frame', 
+
+    :TkLabel              => 'tk/label', 
+
+    :TkLabelFrame         => 'tk/labelframe', 
+    :TkLabelframe         => 'tk/labelframe', 
+
+    :TkListbox            => 'tk/listbox', 
+
+    :TkMacResource        => 'tk/macpkg', 
+
+    :TkMenu               => 'tk/menu', 
+    :TkMenuClone          => 'tk/menu', 
+    :TkCloneMenu          => 'tk/menu', 
+    # :TkSystemMenu         => 'tk/menu', 
+    :TkSysMenu_Help       => 'tk/menu', 
+    :TkSysMenu_System     => 'tk/menu', 
+    :TkSysMenu_Apple      => 'tk/menu', 
+    :TkMenubutton         => 'tk/menu', 
+    :TkMenuButton         => 'tk/menu', 
+    :TkOptionMenubutton   => 'tk/menu', 
+    :TkOptionMenuButton   => 'tk/menu', 
+
+    :TkMessage            => 'tk/message', 
+
+    :TkPanedWindow        => 'tk/panedwindow', 
+    :TkPanedwindow        => 'tk/panedwindow', 
+
+    :TkRadioButton        => 'tk/radiobutton', 
+    :TkRadiobutton        => 'tk/radiobutton', 
+
+    # :TkRoot               => 'tk/root', 
+
+    :TkScale              => 'tk/scale', 
+
+    :TkScrollbar          => 'tk/scrollbar', 
+    :TkXScrollbar         => 'tk/scrollbar', 
+    :TkYScrollbar         => 'tk/scrollbar', 
+
+    :TkSpinbox            => 'tk/spinbox', 
+
+    :TkText               => 'tk/text', 
+
+    :TkToplevel           => 'tk/toplevel', 
+
+    :TkWinDDE             => 'tk/winpkg', 
+    :TkWinRegistry        => 'tk/winpkg', 
+  }
+
+  @TOPLEVEL_ALIAS_OWNER = {}
+
+  @TOPLEVEL_ALIAS_SETUP_PROC = {}
+
+  @current_default_widget_set = nil
+end
+
+
+############################################
+#  methods to control default widget set
+############################################
+
+class << Tk
+  def default_widget_set
+    @current_default_widget_set
+  end
+
+  def default_widget_set=(target)
+    target = target.to_sym
+    return target if target == @current_default_widget_set
+
+    if (cmd = @TOPLEVEL_ALIAS_SETUP_PROC[target])
+      cmd.call(target)
+    end
+
+    _replace_toplevel_aliases(target)
+  end
+
+  def __set_toplevel_aliases__(target, obj, *symbols)
+    @TOPLEVEL_ALIAS_TABLE[target = target.to_sym] ||= {}
+    symbols.each{|sym|
+      @TOPLEVEL_ALIAS_TABLE[target][sym = sym.to_sym] = obj
+      # if @current_default_widget_set == target
+      if @TOPLEVEL_ALIAS_OWNER[sym] == target
+        Object.class_eval{remove_const sym} if Object.const_defined?(sym)
+        Object.const_set(sym, obj)
+      end
+    }
+  end
+
+  ###################################
+  private
+  def _replace_toplevel_aliases(target)
+    # check already autoloaded
+    if (table = @TOPLEVEL_ALIAS_TABLE[current = @current_default_widget_set])
+      table.each{|sym, file|
+        if !Object.autoload?(sym) && Object.const_defined?(sym) && 
+            @TOPLEVEL_ALIAS_TABLE[current][sym].kind_of?(String)
+          # autoload -> class
+          @TOPLEVEL_ALIAS_TABLE[current][sym] = Object.const_get(sym)
+        end
+      }
+    end
+
+    # setup autoloads
+    @TOPLEVEL_ALIAS_TABLE[target].each{|sym, file|
+      Object.class_eval{remove_const sym} if Object.const_defined?(sym)
+      if file.kind_of?(String)
+        # file => autoload target file
+        Object.autoload(sym, file)
+      else
+        # file => loaded class object
+        Object.const_set(sym, file)
+      end
+      @TOPLEVEL_ALIAS_OWNER[sym] = target
+    }
+
+    # update current alias
+    @current_default_widget_set = target
+  end
+end
+
+############################################
+# setup default widget set => :Tk
+Tk.default_widget_set = :Tk
+
+
+############################################
+#  depend on the version of Tcl/Tk
+# major, minor, type, type_name, patchlevel = TclTkLib.get_version
+
+############################################
+# Ttk (Tile) support
+=begin
+if major > 8 || 
+    (major == 8 && minor > 5) || 
+    (major == 8 && minor == 5 && type >= TclTkLib::RELEASE_TYPE::BETA) 
+  # Tcl/Tk 8.5 beta or later
+  Object.autoload :Ttk, 'tkextlib/tile'
+  Tk.autoload :Tile, 'tkextlib/tile'
+
+  require 'tk/ttk_selector'
 end
+=end
+Object.autoload :Ttk, 'tkextlib/tile'
+Tk.autoload :Tile, 'tkextlib/tile'
+require 'tk/ttk_selector'
diff --git a/ext/tk/lib/tk/bindtag.rb b/ext/tk/lib/tk/bindtag.rb
index 9023a08e06..88c8367a88 100644
--- a/ext/tk/lib/tk/bindtag.rb
+++ b/ext/tk/lib/tk/bindtag.rb
@@ -8,30 +8,64 @@ class TkBindTag
 
   #BTagID_TBL = {}
   BTagID_TBL = TkCore::INTERP.create_table
-  Tk_BINDTAG_ID = ["btag".freeze, "00000".taint].freeze
 
-  TkCore::INTERP.init_ip_env{ BTagID_TBL.clear }
+  (Tk_BINDTAG_ID = ["btag".freeze, "00000".taint]).instance_eval{
+    @mutex = Mutex.new
+    def mutex; @mutex; end
+    freeze
+  }
+
+  TkCore::INTERP.init_ip_env{
+    BTagID_TBL.mutex.synchronize{ BTagID_TBL.clear }
+  }
 
   def TkBindTag.id2obj(id)
-    BTagID_TBL[id]? BTagID_TBL[id]: id
+    BTagID_TBL.mutex.synchronize{
+      (BTagID_TBL[id])? BTagID_TBL[id]: id
+    }
   end
 
+=begin
   def TkBindTag.new_by_name(name, *args, &b)
-    return BTagID_TBL[name] if BTagID_TBL[name]
+    BTagID_TBL.mutex.synchronize{
+      return BTagID_TBL[name] if BTagID_TBL[name]
+    }
+
     self.new.instance_eval{
-      BTagID_TBL.delete @id
-      @id = name
-      BTagID_TBL[@id] = self
+      BTagID_TBL.mutex.synchronize{
+        BTagID_TBL.delete @id
+        @id = name
+        BTagID_TBL[@id] = self
+      }
       bind(*args, &b) if args != []
       self
     }
   end
+=end
+  def TkBindTag.new_by_name(name, *args, &b)
+    obj = nil
+    BTagID_TBL.mutex.synchronize{
+      if BTagID_TBL[name]
+        obj = BTagID_TBL[name]
+      else
+        (obj = BTagID_TBL[name] = self.allocate).instance_eval{
+          @id = name
+        }
+      end
+    }
+    bind(*args, &b) if obj && args != []
+    obj
+  end
 
   def initialize(*args, &b)
-    # @id = Tk_BINDTAG_ID.join('')
-    @id = Tk_BINDTAG_ID.join(TkCore::INTERP._ip_id_)
-    Tk_BINDTAG_ID[1].succ!
-    BTagID_TBL[@id] = self
+    Tk_BINDTAG_ID.mutex.synchronize{
+      # @id = Tk_BINDTAG_ID.join('')
+      @id = Tk_BINDTAG_ID.join(TkCore::INTERP._ip_id_)
+      Tk_BINDTAG_ID[1].succ!
+    }
+    BTagID_TBL.mutex.synchronize{
+      BTagID_TBL[@id] = self
+    }
     bind(*args, &b) if args != []
   end
 
@@ -63,14 +97,37 @@ end
 
 
 class TkDatabaseClass<TkBindTag
+=begin
   def self.new(name, *args, &b)
-    return BTagID_TBL[name] if BTagID_TBL[name]
+    BTagID_TBL.mutex.synchronize{
+      return BTagID_TBL[name] if BTagID_TBL[name]
+    }
     super(name, *args, &b)
   end
 
   def initialize(name, *args, &b)
     @id = name
-    BTagID_TBL[@id] = self
+    BTagID_TBL.mutex.synchronize{
+      BTagID_TBL[@id] = self
+    }
+    bind(*args, &b) if args != []
+  end
+=end
+  def self.new(name, *args, &b)
+    BTagID_TBL.mutex.synchronize{
+      if BTagID_TBL[name]
+        BTagID_TBL[name]
+      else
+        BTagID_TBL[name] = self.allocate.instance_eval{
+          initialize(name, *args, &b)
+          self
+        }
+      end
+    }
+  end
+
+  def initialize(name, *args, &b)
+    @id = name
     bind(*args, &b) if args != []
   end
 
diff --git a/ext/tk/lib/tk/button.rb b/ext/tk/lib/tk/button.rb
index 407a47c400..770a5785bb 100644
--- a/ext/tk/lib/tk/button.rb
+++ b/ext/tk/lib/tk/button.rb
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
 require 'tk'
 require 'tk/label'
 
-class TkButton<TkLabel
+class Tk::Button<Tk::Label
   TkCommandNames = ['button'.freeze].freeze
   WidgetClassName = 'Button'.freeze
   WidgetClassNames[WidgetClassName] = self
@@ -25,3 +25,6 @@ class TkButton<TkLabel
     self
   end
 end
+
+#TkButton = Tk::Button unless Object.const_defined? :TkButton
+Tk.__set_toplevel_aliases__(:Tk, Tk::Button, :TkButton)
diff --git a/ext/tk/lib/tk/canvas.rb b/ext/tk/lib/tk/canvas.rb
index 02b4a8cb20..36ea008a17 100644
--- a/ext/tk/lib/tk/canvas.rb
+++ b/ext/tk/lib/tk/canvas.rb
@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 #
 #               tk/canvas.rb - Tk canvas classes
-#                       $Date$
 #                       by Yukihiro Matsumoto <matz@caelum.co.jp>
 #
 require 'tk'
@@ -40,9 +39,9 @@ module TkCanvasItemConfig
   private :__item_pathname
 end
 
-class TkCanvas<TkWindow
+class Tk::Canvas<TkWindow
   include TkCanvasItemConfig
-  include Scrollable
+  include Tk::Scrollable
 
   TkCommandNames = ['canvas'.freeze].freeze
   WidgetClassName = 'Canvas'.freeze
@@ -169,6 +168,8 @@ class TkCanvas<TkWindow
     #tk_tcl2ruby(tk_send_without_enc('canvasy', screen_y, *args))
     number(tk_send_without_enc('canvasy', screen_y, *args))
   end
+  alias canvas_x canvasx
+  alias canvas_y canvasy
 
   def coords(tag, *args)
     if args == []
@@ -186,11 +187,17 @@ class TkCanvas<TkWindow
   end
 
   def delete(*args)
-    if TkcItem::CItemID_TBL[self.path]
+    tbl = nil
+    TkcItem::CItemID_TBL.mutex.synchronize{
+      tbl = TkcItem::CItemID_TBL[self.path]
+    }
+    if tbl
       args.each{|tag|
         find('withtag', tag).each{|item|
           if item.kind_of?(TkcItem)
-            TkcItem::CItemID_TBL[self.path].delete(item.id)
+            TkcItem::CItemID_TBL.mutex.synchronize{
+              tbl.delete(item.id)
+            }
           end
         }
       }
@@ -543,8 +550,8 @@ class TkCanvas<TkWindow
     tk_send_without_enc('scan', 'mark', x, y)
     self
   end
-  def scan_dragto(x, y)
-    tk_send_without_enc('scan', 'dragto', x, y)
+  def scan_dragto(x, y, gain=None)
+    tk_send_without_enc('scan', 'dragto', x, y, gain)
     self
   end
 
@@ -573,6 +580,10 @@ class TkCanvas<TkWindow
   end
 end
 
+#TkCanvas = Tk::Canvas unless Object.const_defined? :TkCanvas
+Tk.__set_toplevel_aliases__(:Tk, Tk::Canvas, :TkCanvas)
+
+
 class TkcItem<TkObject
   extend Tk
   include TkcTagAccess
@@ -581,9 +592,12 @@ class TkcItem<TkObject
 
   CItemTypeName = nil
   CItemTypeToClass = {}
+
   CItemID_TBL = TkCore::INTERP.create_table
 
-  TkCore::INTERP.init_ip_env{ CItemID_TBL.clear }
+  TkCore::INTERP.init_ip_env{
+    CItemID_TBL.mutex.synchronize{ CItemID_TBL.clear }
+  }
 
   def TkcItem.type2class(type)
     CItemTypeToClass[type]
@@ -591,8 +605,13 @@ class TkcItem<TkObject
 
   def TkcItem.id2obj(canvas, id)
     cpath = canvas.path
-    return id unless CItemID_TBL[cpath]
-    CItemID_TBL[cpath][id]? CItemID_TBL[cpath][id]: id
+    CItemID_TBL.mutex.synchronize{
+      if CItemID_TBL[cpath]
+        CItemID_TBL[cpath][id]? CItemID_TBL[cpath][id]: id
+      else
+        id
+      end
+    }
   end
 
   ########################################
@@ -625,6 +644,13 @@ class TkcItem<TkObject
         fontkeys[fkey] = keys.delete(fkey) if keys.key?(fkey)
       }
 
+      __item_optkey_aliases(nil).each{|alias_name, real_name|
+        alias_name = alias_name.to_s
+        if keys.has_key?(alias_name)
+          keys[real_name.to_s] = keys.delete(alias_name)
+        end
+      }
+
       __item_methodcall_optkeys(nil).each{|key|
         key = key.to_s
         methodkeys[key] = keys.delete(key) if keys.key?(key)
@@ -658,15 +684,17 @@ class TkcItem<TkObject
   ########################################
 
   def initialize(parent, *args)
-    #unless parent.kind_of?(TkCanvas)
-    #  fail ArgumentError, "expect TkCanvas for 1st argument"
+    #unless parent.kind_of?(Tk::Canvas)
+    #  fail ArgumentError, "expect Tk::Canvas for 1st argument"
     #end
     @parent = @c = parent
     @path = parent.path
 
     @id = create_self(*args) # an integer number as 'canvas item id'
-    CItemID_TBL[@path] = {} unless CItemID_TBL[@path]
-    CItemID_TBL[@path][@id] = self
+    CItemID_TBL.mutex.synchronize{
+      CItemID_TBL[@path] = {} unless CItemID_TBL[@path]
+      CItemID_TBL[@path][@id] = self
+    }
   end
   def create_self(*args)
     self.class.create(@c, *args) # return an integer number as 'canvas item id'
@@ -687,7 +715,9 @@ class TkcItem<TkObject
 
   def delete
     @c.delete @id
-    CItemID_TBL[@path].delete(@id) if CItemID_TBL[@path]
+    CItemID_TBL.mutex.synchronize{
+      CItemID_TBL[@path].delete(@id) if CItemID_TBL[@path]
+    }
     self
   end
   alias remove  delete
diff --git a/ext/tk/lib/tk/canvastag.rb b/ext/tk/lib/tk/canvastag.rb
index a5650ee68b..49796d80b2 100644
--- a/ext/tk/lib/tk/canvastag.rb
+++ b/ext/tk/lib/tk/canvastag.rb
@@ -63,6 +63,9 @@ module TkcTagAccess
   def cget(option)
     @c.itemcget(@id, option)
   end
+  def cget_strict(option)
+    @c.itemcget_strict(@id, option)
+  end
 
   def configure(key, value=None)
     @c.itemconfigure(@id, key, value)
@@ -199,14 +202,26 @@ class TkcTag<TkObject
   include TkcTagAccess
 
   CTagID_TBL = TkCore::INTERP.create_table
-  Tk_CanvasTag_ID = ['ctag'.freeze, '00000'.taint].freeze
 
-  TkCore::INTERP.init_ip_env{ CTagID_TBL.clear }
+  (Tk_CanvasTag_ID = ['ctag'.freeze, '00000'.taint]).instance_eval{
+    @mutex = Mutex.new
+    def mutex; @mutex; end
+    freeze
+  }
+
+  TkCore::INTERP.init_ip_env{
+    CTagID_TBL.mutex.synchronize{ CTagID_TBL.clear }
+  }
 
   def TkcTag.id2obj(canvas, id)
     cpath = canvas.path
-    return id unless CTagID_TBL[cpath]
-    CTagID_TBL[cpath][id]? CTagID_TBL[cpath][id]: id
+    CTagID_TBL.mutex.synchronize{
+      if CTagID_TBL[cpath]
+        CTagID_TBL[cpath][id]? CTagID_TBL[cpath][id]: id
+      else 
+        id
+      end
+    }
   end
 
   def initialize(parent, mode=nil, *args)
@@ -215,11 +230,15 @@ class TkcTag<TkObject
     #end
     @c = parent
     @cpath = parent.path
-    # @path = @id = Tk_CanvasTag_ID.join('')
-    @path = @id = Tk_CanvasTag_ID.join(TkCore::INTERP._ip_id_)
-    CTagID_TBL[@cpath] = {} unless CTagID_TBL[@cpath]
-    CTagID_TBL[@cpath][@id] = self
-    Tk_CanvasTag_ID[1].succ!
+    Tk_CanvasTag_ID.mutex.synchronize{
+      # @path = @id = Tk_CanvasTag_ID.join('')
+      @path = @id = Tk_CanvasTag_ID.join(TkCore::INTERP._ip_id_)
+      Tk_CanvasTag_ID[1].succ!
+    }
+    CTagID_TBL.mutex.synchronize{
+      CTagID_TBL[@cpath] = {} unless CTagID_TBL[@cpath]
+      CTagID_TBL[@cpath][@id] = self
+    }
     if mode
       tk_call_without_enc(@c.path, "addtag", @id, mode, *args)
     end
@@ -238,7 +257,9 @@ class TkcTag<TkObject
 
   def delete
     @c.delete @id
-    CTagID_TBL[@cpath].delete(@id) if CTagID_TBL[@cpath]
+    CTagID_TBL.mutex.synchronize{
+      CTagID_TBL[@cpath].delete(@id) if CTagID_TBL[@cpath]
+    }
     self
   end
   alias remove  delete
@@ -288,23 +309,38 @@ class TkcTag<TkObject
 end
 
 class TkcTagString<TkcTag
-  def self.new(parent, name, *args)
-    if CTagID_TBL[parent.path] && CTagID_TBL[parent.path][name]
-      return CTagID_TBL[parent.path][name]
-    else
-      super(parent, name, *args)
+  def self.new(parent, name, mode=nil, *args)
+    obj = nil
+    CTagID_TBL.mutex.synchronize{
+      if CTagID_TBL[parent.path] && CTagID_TBL[parent.path][name]
+        obj = CTagID_TBL[parent.path][name]
+      else
+        # super(parent, name, *args)
+        (obj = self.allocate).instance_eval{
+          @c = parent
+          @cpath = parent.path
+          @path = @id = name
+          CTagID_TBL[@cpath] = {} unless CTagID_TBL[@cpath]
+          CTagID_TBL[@cpath][@id] = self
+        }
+      end
+    }
+    if obj && mode
+      tk_call_without_enc(@c.path, "addtag", @id, mode, *args)
     end
+    obj
   end
 
   def initialize(parent, name, mode=nil, *args)
+    # dummy:: not called by 'new' method
+
     #unless parent.kind_of?(TkCanvas)
     #  fail ArgumentError, "expect TkCanvas for 1st argument"
     #end
     @c = parent
     @cpath = parent.path
     @path = @id = name
-    CTagID_TBL[@cpath] = {} unless CTagID_TBL[@cpath]
-    CTagID_TBL[@cpath][@id] = self
+
     if mode
       tk_call_without_enc(@c.path, "addtag", @id, mode, *args)
     end
@@ -312,7 +348,11 @@ class TkcTagString<TkcTag
 end
 TkcNamedTag = TkcTagString
 
-class TkcTagAll<TkcTag
+class TkcTagAll<TkcTagString
+  def self.new(parent)
+    super(parent, 'all')
+  end
+=begin
   def initialize(parent)
     #unless parent.kind_of?(TkCanvas)
     #  fail ArgumentError, "expect TkCanvas for 1st argument"
@@ -320,12 +360,19 @@ class TkcTagAll<TkcTag
     @c = parent
     @cpath = parent.path
     @path = @id = 'all'
-    CTagID_TBL[@cpath] = {} unless CTagID_TBL[@cpath]
-    CTagID_TBL[@cpath][@id] = self
+    CTagID_TBL.mutex.synchronize{
+      CTagID_TBL[@cpath] = {} unless CTagID_TBL[@cpath]
+      CTagID_TBL[@cpath][@id] = self
+    }
   end
+=end
 end
 
-class TkcTagCurrent<TkcTag
+class TkcTagCurrent<TkcTagString
+  def self.new(parent)
+    super(parent, 'current')
+  end
+=begin
   def initialize(parent)
     #unless parent.kind_of?(TkCanvas)
     #  fail ArgumentError, "expect TkCanvas for 1st argument"
@@ -333,13 +380,21 @@ class TkcTagCurrent<TkcTag
     @c = parent
     @cpath = parent.path
     @path = @id = 'current'
-    CTagID_TBL[@cpath] = {} unless CTagID_TBL[@cpath]
-    CTagID_TBL[@cpath][@id] = self
+    CTagID_TBL.mutex.synchronize{
+      CTagID_TBL[@cpath] = {} unless CTagID_TBL[@cpath]
+      CTagID_TBL[@cpath][@id] = self
+    }
   end
+=end
 end
 
 class TkcGroup<TkcTag
-  Tk_cGroup_ID = ['tkcg'.freeze, '00000'.taint].freeze
+  (Tk_cGroup_ID = ['tkcg'.freeze, '00000'.taint]).instance_eval{
+    @mutex = Mutex.new
+    def mutex; @mutex; end
+    freeze
+  }
+
   #def create_self(parent, *args)
   def initialize(parent, *args)
     #unless parent.kind_of?(TkCanvas)
@@ -347,11 +402,15 @@ class TkcGroup<TkcTag
     #end
     @c = parent
     @cpath = parent.path
-    # @path = @id = Tk_cGroup_ID.join('')
-    @path = @id = Tk_cGroup_ID.join(TkCore::INTERP._ip_id_)
-    CTagID_TBL[@cpath] = {} unless CTagID_TBL[@cpath]
-    CTagID_TBL[@cpath][@id] = self
-    Tk_cGroup_ID[1].succ!
+    Tk_cGroup_ID.mutex.synchronize{
+      # @path = @id = Tk_cGroup_ID.join('')
+      @path = @id = Tk_cGroup_ID.join(TkCore::INTERP._ip_id_)
+      Tk_cGroup_ID[1].succ!
+    }
+    CTagID_TBL.mutex.synchronize{
+      CTagID_TBL[@cpath] = {} unless CTagID_TBL[@cpath]
+      CTagID_TBL[@cpath][@id] = self
+    }
     include(*args) if args != []
   end
   #private :create_self
diff --git a/ext/tk/lib/tk/checkbutton.rb b/ext/tk/lib/tk/checkbutton.rb
index d76d99c0f2..b1186a87ed 100644
--- a/ext/tk/lib/tk/checkbutton.rb
+++ b/ext/tk/lib/tk/checkbutton.rb
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
 require 'tk'
 require 'tk/radiobutton'
 
-class TkCheckButton<TkRadioButton
+class Tk::CheckButton<Tk::RadioButton
   TkCommandNames = ['checkbutton'.freeze].freeze
   WidgetClassName = 'Checkbutton'.freeze
   WidgetClassNames[WidgetClassName] = self
@@ -22,4 +22,9 @@ class TkCheckButton<TkRadioButton
     self
   end
 end
-TkCheckbutton = TkCheckButton
+
+Tk::Checkbutton = Tk::CheckButton
+#TkCheckButton = Tk::CheckButton unless Object.const_defined? :TkCheckButton
+#TkCheckbutton = Tk::Checkbutton unless Object.const_defined? :TkCheckbutton
+Tk.__set_toplevel_aliases__(:Tk, Tk::CheckButton, 
+                            :TkCheckButton, :TkCheckbutton)
diff --git a/ext/tk/lib/tk/composite.rb b/ext/tk/lib/tk/composite.rb
index eaed8ed363..883d43c3ea 100644
--- a/ext/tk/lib/tk/composite.rb
+++ b/ext/tk/lib/tk/composite.rb
@@ -34,7 +34,8 @@ module TkComposite
 
     if klass
       # WidgetClassName is a known class
-      if klass <= TkFrame || klass < TkComposite
+      #if klass <= TkFrame || klass < TkComposite
+      if klass <= TkFrame || klass < Tk::Frame || klass < TkComposite
         # klass is valid for the base frame
         if self.class <= klass
           # use my classname
@@ -50,7 +51,8 @@ module TkComposite
 
       else
         # klass is invalid for the base frame
-        if self.class < TkFrame || self.class.superclass < TkComposite
+        #if self.class < TkFrame || self.class.superclass < TkComposite
+        if self.class < TkFrame || self.class.superclass < Tk::Frame || self.class.superclass < TkComposite
           # my class name is valid for the base frame -> use my classname
           base_class_name = self.class.name
           if base_class_name == ''
@@ -69,7 +71,8 @@ module TkComposite
 
     else
       # no valid WidgetClassName
-      if self.class < TkFrame || self.class.superclass < TkComposite
+      #if self.class < TkFrame || self.class.superclass < TkComposite
+      if self.class < TkFrame || self.class.superclass < Tk::Frame || self.class.superclass < TkComposite
         # my class name is valid for the base frame -> use my classname
         base_class_name = self.class.name
         if base_class_name == ''
@@ -108,8 +111,12 @@ module TkComposite
     end
 
     if base_class_name
+      # @frame = Tk::Frame.new(parent, :class=>base_class_name)
+      # --> use current TkFrame class
       @frame = TkFrame.new(parent, :class=>base_class_name)
     else
+      # @frame = Tk::Frame.new(parent)
+      # --> use current TkFrame class
       @frame = TkFrame.new(parent)
     end
     @path = @epath = @frame.path
@@ -133,6 +140,11 @@ module TkComposite
   def initialize_composite(*args) end
   private :initialize_composite
 
+  def inspect
+    str = super
+    str.chop << ' @epath=' << @epath.inspect << '>'
+  end
+
   def option_methods(*opts)
     opts.each{|m_set, m_cget, m_info|
       m_set  = m_set.to_s
@@ -169,6 +181,57 @@ module TkComposite
     delegate_alias(option, option, *wins)
   end
 
+  def __cget_delegates(slot)
+    slot = slot.to_s
+
+    if @option_methods.include?(slot)
+      if @option_methods[slot][:cget]
+        return self.__send__(@option_methods[slot][:cget])
+      else
+        if @option_setting[slot]
+          return @option_setting[slot]
+        else
+          return ''
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    tbl = @delegates[slot]
+    tbl = @delegates['DEFAULT'] unless tbl
+
+    begin
+      if tbl
+        opt, wins = tbl[-1]
+        opt = slot if opt == 'DEFAULT'
+        if wins && wins[-1]
+          # return wins[-1].cget(opt)
+          return wins[-1].cget_strict(opt)
+        end
+      end
+    rescue
+    end
+
+    return None
+  end
+  private :__cget_delegates
+
+  def cget(slot)
+    if (ret = __cget_delegates(slot)) == None
+      super(slot)
+    else
+      ret
+    end
+  end
+
+  def cget_strict(slot)
+    if (ret = __cget_delegates(slot)) == None
+      super(slot)
+    else
+      ret
+    end
+  end
+
+=begin
   def cget(slot)
     slot = slot.to_s
 
@@ -200,6 +263,7 @@ module TkComposite
 
     super(slot)
   end
+=end
 
   def configure(slot, value=None)
     if slot.kind_of? Hash
diff --git a/ext/tk/lib/tk/encodedstr.rb b/ext/tk/lib/tk/encodedstr.rb
index 797e514a4c..02de0b0d85 100644
--- a/ext/tk/lib/tk/encodedstr.rb
+++ b/ext/tk/lib/tk/encodedstr.rb
@@ -70,13 +70,89 @@ module Tk
       # @encoding = ( enc || 
       #              ((self.class::Encoding)? 
       #                  self.class::Encoding : Tk.encoding_system) )
-      @encoding = ( enc || 
-                   ((self.class::Encoding)?
+      enc ||= (self.class::Encoding)?
                          self.class::Encoding : 
-                         ((Tk.encoding)? Tk.encoding : Tk.encoding_system) ) )
+                         ((Tk.encoding)? Tk.encoding : Tk.encoding_system)
+      if TkCore::WITH_ENCODING
+        unless encobj = Tk::Encoding::ENCODING_TABLE.get_obj(enc)
+          fail ArgumentError, "unsupported Tk encoding '#{enc}'"
+        end
+        self.force_encoding(encobj)
+      else
+        @encoding = enc
+      end
+    end
+
+    if TkCore::WITH_ENCODING
+      alias encoding_obj encoding
+      alias __encoding   encoding
+      def encoding
+        Tk::Encoding::ENCODING_TABLE.get_name(super())
+      end
+    else
+      def encoding
+        @encoding
+      end
+      alias encoding_obj encoding
     end
 
-    attr_reader :encoding
+    if TkCore::WITH_ENCODING
+      # wrapper methods for compatibility
+      alias __instance_variable_get instance_variable_get
+      alias __instance_variable_set instance_variable_set
+      alias __instance_eval         instance_eval
+      alias __instance_variables    instance_variables
+
+      def instance_variable_get(key)
+        if (key.to_s == '@encoding')
+          self.encoding
+        else
+          super(key)
+        end
+      end
+
+      def instance_variable_set(key, value)
+        if (key.to_s == '@encoding')
+          if value
+            self.force_encoding(value)
+          else
+            self.force_encoding(Tk::Encoding::UNKNOWN)
+          end
+          value
+        else
+          super(key, value)
+        end
+      end
+
+      def instance_eval(*args, &b)
+        old_enc = @encoding = self.encoding
+
+        ret = super(*args, &b)
+
+        if @encoding
+          if @encoding != old_enc
+            # modified by user
+            self.force_encoding(@encoding)
+          end
+          remove_instance_variable(:@encoding)
+        else
+          begin
+            remove_instance_variable(:@encoding)
+            # user sets to nil -> use current default
+            self.force_encoding(Tk.encoding)
+          rescue NameError
+            # removed by user -> ignore, because user don't use @encoding
+          end
+        end
+        ret
+      end
+    end
+
+    def instance_variables
+      ret = super()
+      ret << :@encoding  # fake !!
+      ret
+    end
   end
   # def Tk.EncodedString(str, enc = nil)
   #   Tk::EncodedString.new(str, enc)
diff --git a/ext/tk/lib/tk/entry.rb b/ext/tk/lib/tk/entry.rb
index 4ac3f28229..8ce8def1e7 100644
--- a/ext/tk/lib/tk/entry.rb
+++ b/ext/tk/lib/tk/entry.rb
@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 #
 #               tk/entry.rb - Tk entry classes
-#                       $Date$
 #                       by Yukihiro Matsumoto <matz@caelum.co.jp>
 
 require 'tk'
@@ -8,7 +7,7 @@ require 'tk/label'
 require 'tk/scrollable'
 require 'tk/validation'
 
-class TkEntry<TkLabel
+class Tk::Entry<Tk::Label
   include X_Scrollable
   include TkValidation
 
@@ -115,3 +114,6 @@ class TkEntry<TkLabel
     val
   end
 end
+
+#TkEntry = Tk::Entry unless Object.const_defined? :TkEntry
+Tk.__set_toplevel_aliases__(:Tk, Tk::Entry, :TkEntry)
diff --git a/ext/tk/lib/tk/event.rb b/ext/tk/lib/tk/event.rb
index 70a1e38bbe..d8aad6248b 100644
--- a/ext/tk/lib/tk/event.rb
+++ b/ext/tk/lib/tk/event.rb
@@ -39,7 +39,9 @@ module TkEvent
       RESIZEREQ   =           0x200000
       CIRCREQ     =           0x400000
 
-      MWHEEL      =           0x10000000
+      MWHEEL      =           KEY
+
+      STRING_DATA =           0x80000000  # special flag for 'data' field
 
       ALL         =           0xFFFFFFFF
 
@@ -155,7 +157,7 @@ module TkEvent
       'borderwidth' => (Grp::CREATE|Grp::CONFIG),
       'button'      => Grp::BUTTON, 
       'count'       => Grp::EXPOSE, 
-      'data'        => Grp::VIRTUAL, 
+      'data'        => (Grp::VIRTUAL|Grp::STRING_DATA), 
       'delta'       => Grp::MWHEEL, 
       'detail'      => (Grp::FOCUS|Grp::CROSSING),
       'focus'       => Grp::CROSSING,
@@ -223,7 +225,8 @@ module TkEvent
         rescue
           next
         end
-        next if !val || val == '??'
+        # next if !val || val == '??'
+        next if !val || (val == '??' && (flag & Grp::STRING_DATA))
         fields[key] = val
       }
 
@@ -298,34 +301,65 @@ module TkEvent
       [ ?b, ?n, :num ], 
       [ ?c, ?n, :count ], 
       [ ?d, ?s, :detail ], 
+      # ?e
       [ ?f, ?b, :focus ], 
+      # ?g
       [ ?h, ?n, :height ], 
       [ ?i, ?s, :win_hex ], 
+      # ?j
       [ ?k, ?n, :keycode ], 
+      # ?l
       [ ?m, ?s, :mode ], 
+      # ?n
       [ ?o, ?b, :override ], 
       [ ?p, ?s, :place ], 
+      # ?q
+      # ?r
       [ ?s, ?x, :state ], 
       [ ?t, ?n, :time ], 
+      # ?u
+      [ ?v, ?n, :value_mask ], 
       [ ?w, ?n, :width ], 
       [ ?x, ?n, :x ], 
       [ ?y, ?n, :y ], 
+      # ?z
       [ ?A, ?s, :char ], 
       [ ?B, ?n, :borderwidth ], 
+      # ?C
       [ ?D, ?n, :wheel_delta ], 
       [ ?E, ?b, :send_event ], 
+      # ?F
+      # ?G
+      # ?H
+      # ?I
+      # ?J
       [ ?K, ?s, :keysym ], 
+      # ?L
+      # ?M
       [ ?N, ?n, :keysym_num ], 
+      # ?O
       [ ?P, ?s, :property ], 
+      # ?Q
       [ ?R, ?s, :rootwin_id ], 
       [ ?S, ?s, :subwindow ], 
       [ ?T, ?n, :type ], 
+      # ?U
+      # ?V
       [ ?W, ?w, :widget ], 
       [ ?X, ?n, :x_root ], 
       [ ?Y, ?n, :y_root ], 
+      # ?Z
       nil
     ]
 
+    # [ <'%' subst-key str>, <proc type char>, <instance var (accessor) name>]
+    #   the subst-key string will be converted to a bytecode (128+idx).
+    LONGKEY_TBL = [
+      # for example, for %CTT and %CST subst-key on tkdnd-2.0
+      # ['CTT', ?l, :drop_target_type], 
+      # ['CST', ?l, :drop_source_type], 
+    ]
+
     # [ <proc type char>, <proc/method to convert tcl-str to ruby-obj>]
     PROC_TBL = [
       [ ?n, TkComm.method(:num_or_str) ], 
@@ -345,6 +379,24 @@ module TkEvent
       nil
     ]
 
+=begin
+    # for Ruby m17n :: ?x --> String --> char-code ( getbyte(0) )
+    KEY_TBL.map!{|inf|
+      if inf.kind_of?(Array)
+        inf[0] = inf[0].getbyte(0) if inf[0].kind_of?(String)
+        inf[1] = inf[1].getbyte(0) if inf[1].kind_of?(String)
+      end
+      inf
+    }
+
+    PROC_TBL.map!{|inf|
+      if inf.kind_of?(Array)
+        inf[0] = inf[0].getbyte(0) if inf[0].kind_of?(String)
+      end
+      inf
+    }
+=end
+
     # setup tables to be used by scan_args, _get_subst_key, _get_all_subst_keys
     #
     #     _get_subst_key() and _get_all_subst_keys() generates key-string 
@@ -357,7 +409,8 @@ module TkEvent
     #     ( which are Tcl strings ) to ruby objects based on the key string 
     #     that is generated by _get_subst_key() or _get_all_subst_keys(). 
     #
-    _setup_subst_table(KEY_TBL, PROC_TBL);
+    _setup_subst_table(KEY_TBL, PROC_TBL)
+    # _setup_subst_table(KEY_TBL, LONGKEY_TBL, PROC_TBL) # if use longname-keys
 
     #
     # NOTE: The order of parameters which passed to callback procedure is 
@@ -405,6 +458,7 @@ module TkEvent
     extra_args_tbl = klass._get_extra_args_tbl
 
     if args.compact.size > 0
+      args.map!{|arg| klass._sym2subst(arg)}
       args = args.join(' ')
       keys = klass._get_subst_key(args)
 
diff --git a/ext/tk/lib/tk/font.rb b/ext/tk/lib/tk/font.rb
index de02d4957c..62d628c132 100644
--- a/ext/tk/lib/tk/font.rb
+++ b/ext/tk/lib/tk/font.rb
@@ -11,13 +11,18 @@ class TkFont
 
   TkCommandNames = ['font'.freeze].freeze
 
-  Tk_FontID = ["@font".freeze, "00000".taint].freeze
+  (Tk_FontID = ["@font".freeze, "00000".taint]).instance_eval{
+    @mutex = Mutex.new
+    def mutex; @mutex; end
+    freeze
+  }
+
   Tk_FontNameTBL = TkCore::INTERP.create_table
   Tk_FontUseTBL  = TkCore::INTERP.create_table
 
   TkCore::INTERP.init_ip_env{ 
-    Tk_FontNameTBL.clear
-    Tk_FontUseTBL.clear
+    Tk_FontNameTBL.mutex.synchronize{ Tk_FontNameTBL.clear }
+    Tk_FontUseTBL.mutex.synchronize{ Tk_FontUseTBL.clear }
   }
 
   # option_type : default => string
@@ -31,13 +36,26 @@ class TkFont
   MetricType = Hash.new(?n)
   MetricType['fixed'] = ?b
 
+  # system font names
+  SYSTEM_FONT_NAMES = []
+  def SYSTEM_FONT_NAMES.add(font_names)
+    (@mutex ||= Mutex.new).synchronize{
+      self.replace(self | font_names.map{|name| name.to_s})
+    }
+  end
+  def SYSTEM_FONT_NAMES.include?(name)
+    (@mutex ||= Mutex.new).synchronize{
+      super(name.to_s)
+    }
+  end
+
   # set default font
   case Tk::TK_VERSION
-  when /^4\.*/
+  when /^4\..*/
     DEFAULT_LATIN_FONT_NAME = 'a14'.freeze
     DEFAULT_KANJI_FONT_NAME = 'k14'.freeze
 
-  when /^8\.*/
+  when /^8\.[0-4]/
     if JAPANIZED_TK
       begin
         fontnames = tk_call('font', 'names')
@@ -103,6 +121,15 @@ class TkFont
     DEFAULT_LATIN_FONT_NAME = ltn.freeze
     DEFAULT_KANJI_FONT_NAME = knj.freeze
 
+  when /^8\.[5-9]/, /^9\..*/
+    if tk_call('font', 'names') =~ /\bTkDefaultFont\b/
+      DEFAULT_LATIN_FONT_NAME = 'TkDefaultFont'.freeze
+      DEFAULT_KANJI_FONT_NAME = 'TkDefaultFont'.freeze
+    else
+      DEFAULT_LATIN_FONT_NAME = 'Helvetica'.freeze
+      DEFAULT_KANJI_FONT_NAME = 'mincho'.freeze
+    end
+
   else # unknown version
     DEFAULT_LATIN_FONT_NAME = 'Helvetica'.freeze
     DEFAULT_KANJI_FONT_NAME = 'mincho'.freeze
@@ -121,6 +148,7 @@ class TkFont
       unless compound.kind_of?(TkFont)
         fail ArgumentError, "a TkFont object is expected for the 1st argument"
       end
+
       @compound = compound
       case type
       when 'kanji', 'latin', 'ascii'
@@ -145,6 +173,9 @@ class TkFont
     def font
       @compound.__send__(@type + '_font_id')
     end
+    alias font_id font
+    alias name font
+    alias to_s font
 
     def [](slot)
       @compound.__send__(@type + '_configinfo', slot)
@@ -163,6 +194,14 @@ class TkFont
   ###################################
   # class methods
   ###################################
+  def TkFont.is_system_font?(fnt)
+    # true  --> system font which is available on the current system
+    # false --> not system font (or unknown system font)
+    # nil   --> system font name, but not available on the current system
+    fnt = fnt.to_s
+    SYSTEM_FONT_NAMES.include?(fnt) && self.names.index(fnt) && true
+  end
+
   def TkFont.actual(fnt, option=nil)
     fnt = '{}' if fnt == ''
     if fnt.kind_of?(TkFont)
@@ -171,6 +210,9 @@ class TkFont
       actual_core(fnt, nil, option)
     end
   end
+  def TkFont.actual_hash(fnt, option=nil)
+    Hash[TkFont.actual_hash(fnt, option)]
+  end
 
   def TkFont.actual_displayof(fnt, win, option=nil)
     fnt = '{}' if fnt == ''
@@ -181,6 +223,9 @@ class TkFont
       actual_core(fnt, win, option)
     end
   end
+  def TkFont.actual_hash_displayof(fnt, option=nil)
+    Hash[TkFont.actual_hash_displayof(fnt, option)]
+  end
 
   def TkFont.configure(fnt, slot, value=None)
     if fnt.kind_of?(TkFont)
@@ -234,6 +279,33 @@ class TkFont
       metrics_core(fnt, nil, option)
     end
   end
+  def TkFont.metrics_hash(fnt, option=nil)
+    if option
+      val = TkFont.metrics(fnt, option)
+      case TkFont::MetricsType[option.to_s]
+      when ?n
+        val = TkComm::num_or_str(val)
+      when ?b
+        val = TkComm::bool(val)
+      else
+        # do nothing
+      end
+      return val
+    end
+
+    h = Hash[TkFont.metrics(fnt)]
+    h.keys.each{|k| 
+      case TkFont::MetricsType[k.to_s]
+      when ?n
+        h[k] = TkComm::num_or_str(h[k])
+      when ?b
+        h[k] = TkComm::bool(h[k])
+      else
+        # do nothing
+      end
+    }
+    h
+  end
 
   def TkFont.metrics_displayof(fnt, win, option=nil)
     fnt = '{}' if fnt == ''
@@ -244,13 +316,40 @@ class TkFont
       metrics_core(fnt, win, option)
     end
   end
+  def TkFont.metrics_hash_displayof(fnt, win, option=nil)
+    if option
+      val = TkFont.metrics_displayof(fnt, win, option)
+      case TkFont::MetricsType[option.to_s]
+      when ?n
+        val = TkComm::num_or_str(val)
+      when ?b
+        val = TkComm::bool(val)
+      else
+        # do nothing
+      end
+      return val
+    end
+
+    h = Hash[TkFont.metrics_displayof(fnt, win, option)]
+    h.keys.each{|k| 
+      case TkFont::MetricsType[k.to_s]
+      when ?n
+        h[k] = TkComm::num_or_str(h[k])
+      when ?b
+        h[k] = TkComm::bool(h[k])
+      else
+        # do nothing
+      end
+    }
+    h
+  end
 
   def TkFont.families(win=nil)
     case (Tk::TK_VERSION)
-    when /^4\.*/
+    when /^4\..*/
       ['fixed']
 
-    when /^8\.*/
+    when /^8\..*/
       if win
         tk_split_simplelist(tk_call('font', 'families', '-displayof', win))
       else
@@ -261,13 +360,16 @@ class TkFont
 
   def TkFont.names
     case (Tk::TK_VERSION)
-    when /^4\.*/
+    when /^4\..*/
       r = ['fixed']
       r += ['a14', 'k14'] if JAPANIZED_TK
-      Tk_FontNameTBL.each_value{|obj| r.push(obj)}
-      r | []
+      Tk_FontNameTBL.mutex.synchronize{
+        Tk_FontNameTBL.each_value{|obj| r.push(obj)}
+      }
+      #r | []
+      r.uniq
 
-    when /^8\.*/
+    when /^8\..*/
       tk_split_simplelist(tk_call('font', 'names'))
 
     end
@@ -285,10 +387,15 @@ class TkFont
   end
 
   def TkFont.get_obj(name)
+    name = name.to_s
     if name =~ /^(@font[0-9]+)(|c|l|k)$/
-      Tk_FontNameTBL[$1]
+      Tk_FontNameTBL.mutex.synchronize{
+        Tk_FontNameTBL[$1]
+      }
     else
-      nil
+      Tk_FontNameTBL.mutex.synchronize{
+        Tk_FontNameTBL[name]
+      }
     end
   end
 
@@ -298,7 +405,7 @@ class TkFont
     path = [win, tag, key].join(';')
 
     case (Tk::TK_VERSION)
-    when /^4\.*/
+    when /^4\..*/
       regexp = /^-(|kanji)#{key} /
 
       conf_list = tk_split_simplelist(tk_call(*args)).
@@ -324,7 +431,7 @@ class TkFont
 
       TkFont.new(ltn, knj).call_font_configure([path, key], *args)
 
-    when /^8\.*/
+    when /^8\.[0-4]/
       regexp = /^-#{key} /
 
       conf_list = tk_split_simplelist(tk_call(*args)).
@@ -360,26 +467,66 @@ class TkFont
           compound = []
         end
         if compound == []
-          TkFont.new(fnt).call_font_configure([path, key], *args)
+          if TkFont.is_system_font?(fnt)
+            TkNamedFont.new(fnt).call_font_configure([path, key], *args)
+          else
+            TkFont.new(fnt).call_font_configure([path, key], *args)
+          end
         else
           TkFont.new(compound[0], 
                      compound[1]).call_font_configure([path, key], *args)
         end
       end
+
+    when /^8\.[5-9]/, /^9\..*/
+      regexp = /^-#{key} /
+
+      conf_list = tk_split_simplelist(tk_call(*args)).
+        find_all{|prop| prop =~ regexp}.
+        collect{|prop| tk_split_simplelist(prop)}
+
+      if conf_list.size == 0
+        raise RuntimeError, "the widget may not support 'font' option"
+      end
+
+      args << {}
+
+      optkey = "-#{key}"
+
+      info = conf_list.find{|conf| conf[0] == optkey}
+      fnt = info[-1]
+      fnt = nil if fnt == [] || fnt == ""
+
+      unless fnt
+        # create dummy
+        # TkFont.new(nil, nil).call_font_configure([path, key], *args)
+        dummy_fnt = TkFont.allocate
+        dummy_fnt.instance_eval{ init_dummy_fontobj() }
+        dummy_fnt
+      else
+        if TkFont.is_system_font?(fnt)
+          TkNamedFont.new(fnt).call_font_configure([path, key], *args)
+        else
+          TkFont.new(fnt).call_font_configure([path, key], *args)
+        end
+      end
     end
   end
 
   def TkFont.used_on(path=nil)
-    if path
-      Tk_FontUseTBL[path]
-    else
-      Tk_FontUseTBL.values | []
-    end
+    Tk_FontUseTBL.mutex.synchronize{
+      if path
+        Tk_FontUseTBL[path]
+      else
+        # Tk_FontUseTBL.values | []
+        Tk_FontUseTBL.values.uniq
+      end
+    }
   end
 
   def TkFont.failsafe(font)
     begin
-      if /^8\.*/ === Tk::TK_VERSION  && JAPANIZED_TK
+      if /^8\..*/ === Tk::TK_VERSION  && JAPANIZED_TK
         tk_call('font', 'failsafe', font)
       end
     rescue
@@ -392,15 +539,20 @@ class TkFont
   private
   ###################################
   def init_dummy_fontobj
-    @id = Tk_FontID.join(TkCore::INTERP._ip_id_)
-    Tk_FontID[1].succ!
-    Tk_FontNameTBL[@id] = self
+    Tk_FontID.mutex.synchronize{
+      @id = Tk_FontID.join(TkCore::INTERP._ip_id_)
+      Tk_FontID[1].succ!
+    }
+    Tk_FontNameTBL.mutex.synchronize{
+      Tk_FontNameTBL[@id] = self
+    }
 
-    @latin_desscendant = nil
-    @kanji_desscendant = nil
+    # @latin_desscendant = nil
+    # @kanji_desscendant = nil
+    @descendant = [nil, nil] # [latin, kanji]
 
     case (Tk::TK_VERSION)
-    when /^4\.*/
+    when /^4\..*/
       @latinfont = ""
       @kanjifont = ""
       if JAPANIZED_TK
@@ -436,13 +588,23 @@ class TkFont
     ltn = '{}' if ltn == ''
     knj = '{}' if knj == ''
 
-    # @id = Tk_FontID.join('')
-    @id = Tk_FontID.join(TkCore::INTERP._ip_id_)
-    Tk_FontID[1].succ!
-    Tk_FontNameTBL[@id] = self
+    Tk_FontID.mutex.synchronize{
+      # @id = Tk_FontID.join('')
+      @id = Tk_FontID.join(TkCore::INTERP._ip_id_)
+      Tk_FontID[1].succ!
+    }
+    Tk_FontNameTBL.mutex.synchronize{
+      Tk_FontNameTBL[@id] = self
+    }
+
+    # @latin_desscendant = nil
+    # @kanji_desscendant = nil
+    @descendant = [nil, nil] # [latin, kanji]
 
-    @latin_desscendant = nil
-    @kanji_desscendant = nil
+    # @latinfont = @id + 'l'
+    # @kanjifont = @id + 'k'
+    # @compoundfont = @id + 'c'
+    # @fontslot = {}
 
     if knj.kind_of?(Hash) && !keys
       keys = knj
@@ -474,7 +636,7 @@ class TkFont
 
     if ltn
       if JAPANIZED_TK && !knj
-        if Tk::TK_VERSION =~ /^4.*/
+        if Tk::TK_VERSION =~ /^4..*/
           knj = DEFAULT_KANJI_FONT_NAME
         else
           knj = ltn 
@@ -625,9 +787,14 @@ class TkFont
     if JAPANIZED_TK
       @compoundfont = [[@latinfont], [@kanjifont]]
       @fontslot = {'font'=>@latinfont, 'kanjifont'=>@kanjifont}
+      # @fontslot.clear
+      # @fontslot['font'] = @latinfont
+      # @fontslot['kanjifont'] = @kanjifont
     else
       @compoundfont = @latinfont
       @fontslot = {'font'=>@latinfont}
+      # @fontslot.clear
+      # @fontslot['font'] = @latinfont
     end
   end
 
@@ -753,6 +920,7 @@ class TkFont
       end
 
       @fontslot = {'font'=>@compoundfont}
+      # @fontslot['font'] = @compoundfont
       begin
         tk_call('font', 'create', @compoundfont, 
                 '-compound', [@latinfont, @kanjifont], *hash_kv(keys))
@@ -833,6 +1001,7 @@ class TkFont
       end
 
       @fontslot = {'font'=>@compoundfont}
+      # @fontslot['font'] = @compoundfont
       tk_call('font', 'configure', @compoundfont, *hash_kv(keys))
     end
   end
@@ -887,25 +1056,39 @@ class TkFont
 
     keys = _symbolkey2str(args.pop).update(fontslot)
     args.concat(hash_kv(keys))
-    tk_call(*args)
-    Tk_FontUseTBL[[win, tag, optkey].join(';')] = self
+    begin
+      tk_call(*args)
+    rescue => e
+      unless TkConfigMethod.__IGNORE_UNKNOWN_CONFIGURE_OPTION__
+        fail e
+      end
+    end
+    Tk_FontUseTBL.mutex.synchronize{
+      Tk_FontUseTBL[[win, tag, optkey].join(';')] = self
+    }
     self
   end
 
   def used
     ret = []
-    Tk_FontUseTBL.each{|key,value|
+    table = nil
+    Tk_FontUseTBL.mutex.synchronize{
+      table = Tk_FontUseTBL.clone # to avoid deadlock
+    }
+    table.each{|key,value|
       next unless self == value
       if key.include?(';')
         win, tag, optkey = key.split(';')
         winobj = tk_tcl2ruby(win)
-        if winobj.kind_of? TkText
+        #if winobj.kind_of? TkText
+        if winobj.kind_of?(TkText) || winobj.kind_of?(Tk::Text)
           if optkey
             ret.push([winobj, winobj.tagid2obj(tag), optkey])
           else
             ret.push([winobj, winobj.tagid2obj(tag)])
           end
-        elsif winobj.kind_of? TkCanvas
+        #elsif winobj.kind_of? TkCanvas
+        elsif winobj.kind_of?(TkCanvas) || winobj.kind_of?(Tk::Canvas)
           if (tagobj = TkcTag.id2obj(winobj, tag)).kind_of? TkcTag
             if optkey
               ret.push([winobj, tagobj, optkey])
@@ -925,7 +1108,8 @@ class TkFont
               ret.push([winobj, tag])
             end
           end
-        elsif winobj.kind_of? TkMenu
+        #elsif winobj.kind_of? TkMenu
+        elsif winobj.kind_of?(TkMenu) || winobj.kind_of?(Tk::Menu)
           if optkey
             ret.push([winobj, tag, optkey])
           else
@@ -957,6 +1141,8 @@ class TkFont
     @compoundfont
   end
   alias font_id font
+  alias name font
+  alias to_s font
 
   def latin_font_id
     @latinfont
@@ -964,11 +1150,18 @@ class TkFont
 
   def latin_font
     # @latinfont
+    if @descendant[0] # [0] -> latin
+      @descendant[0]
+    else
+      @descendant[0] = DescendantFont.new(self, 'latin')
+    end
+=begin
     if @latin_descendant
       @latin_descendant
     else
       @latin_descendant = DescendantFont.new(self, 'latin')
     end
+=end
   end
   alias latinfont latin_font
 
@@ -978,50 +1171,87 @@ class TkFont
 
   def kanji_font
     # @kanjifont
+    if @descendant[1] # [1] -> kanji
+      @descendant[1]
+    else
+      @descendant[1] = DescendantFont.new(self, 'kanji')
+    end
+=begin
     if @kanji_descendant
       @kanji_descendant
     else
       @kanji_descendant = DescendantFont.new(self, 'kanji')
     end
+=end
   end
   alias kanjifont kanji_font
 
   def actual(option=nil)
     actual_core(@compoundfont, nil, option)
   end
+  def actual_hash(option=nil)
+    Hash[actual(option)]
+  end
 
   def actual_displayof(win, option=nil)
     win = '.' unless win
     actual_core(@compoundfont, win, option)
   end
+  def actual_hash_displayof(win, option=nil)
+    Hash[actual_displayof(win, option)]
+  end
 
   def latin_actual(option=nil)
-    actual_core(@latinfont, nil, option)
+    if @latinfont == nil
+      actual_core(@compoundfont, nil, option) # use @compoundfont
+    else
+      actual_core(@latinfont, nil, option)
+    end
+  end
+  def latin_actual_hash(option=nil)
+    Hash[latin_actual(option)]
   end
 
   def latin_actual_displayof(win, option=nil)
     win = '.' unless win
-    actual_core(@latinfont, win, option)
+    if @latinfont == nil
+      actual_core(@compoundfont, win, option) # use @compoundfont
+    else
+      actual_core(@latinfont, win, option)
+    end
+  end
+  def latin_actual_hash_displayof(win, option=nil)
+    Hash[latin_actual_displayof(win, option)]
   end
 
   def kanji_actual(option=nil)
     #if JAPANIZED_TK
-    if @kanjifont != ""
+    if @kanjifont == nil
+      actual_core(@compoundfont, nil, option) # use @compoundfont
+    elsif @kanjifont != ""
       actual_core(@kanjifont, nil, option)
     else
       actual_core_tk4x(nil, nil, option)
     end
   end
+  def kanji_actual_hash(option=nil)
+    Hash[kanji_actual(option)]
+  end
 
   def kanji_actual_displayof(win, option=nil)
     #if JAPANIZED_TK
-    if @kanjifont != ""
+    if @kanjifont == nil
+      actual_core(@compoundfont, nil, option) # use @compoundfont
+    elsif @kanjifont != ""
       win = '.' unless win
       actual_core(@kanjifont, win, option)
     else
       actual_core_tk4x(nil, win, option)
     end
   end
+  def kanji_actual_hash_displayof(win, option=nil)
+    Hash[kanji_actual_displayof(win, option)]
+  end
 
   def [](slot)
     configinfo slot
@@ -1065,10 +1295,15 @@ class TkFont
       configinfo(slot)
     end
   end
+  def latin_current_configinfo(slot=nil)
+    Hash[latin_configinfo(slot)]
+  end
 
   def kanji_configure(slot, value=None)
     #if JAPANIZED_TK
-    if @kanjifont != ""
+    if @kanjifont == nil
+      configure_core(@compoundfont, slot, value) # use @compoundfont
+    elsif @kanjifont != ""
       configure_core(@kanjifont, slot, value)
       configure('size'=>configinfo('size')) # to reflect new configuration
     else
@@ -1080,13 +1315,18 @@ class TkFont
 
   def kanji_configinfo(slot=nil)
     #if JAPANIZED_TK
-    if @kanjifont != ""
+    if @kanjifont == nil
+      configure_core(@compoundfont, slot) # use @compoundfont
+    elsif @kanjifont != ""
       configinfo_core(@kanjifont, slot)
     else
       #[]
       configinfo(slot)
     end
   end
+  def kanji_current_configinfo(slot=nil)
+    Hash[kanji_configinfo(slot)]
+  end
 
   def replace(ltn, knj=None)
     knj = ltn if knj == None
@@ -1096,12 +1336,30 @@ class TkFont
   end
 
   def latin_replace(ltn)
-    latin_replace_core(ltn)
-    reset_pointadjust
+    if @latinfont
+      latin_replace_core(ltn)
+      reset_pointadjust
+    else
+      # not compound font -> copy properties of ltn
+      latinkeys = {}
+      begin
+        actual_core(ltn).each{|key,val| latinkeys[key] = val}
+      rescue
+        latinkeys = {}
+      end
+      begin
+        tk_call('font', 'configure', @compoundfont, *hash_kv(latinkeys))
+      rescue
+        # not exist? (deleted?) -> create font
+        tk_call('font', 'create', @compoundfont, *hash_kv(latinkeys))
+      end
+    end
+
     self
   end
 
   def kanji_replace(knj)
+    return self unless @kanjifont  # ignore
     kanji_replace_core(knj)
     reset_pointadjust
     self
@@ -1119,41 +1377,215 @@ class TkFont
   def metrics(option=nil)
     metrics_core(@compoundfont, nil, option)
   end
+  def metrics_hash(option=nil)
+    if option
+      val = metrics(option)
+      case TkFont::MetricsType[option.to_s]
+      when ?n
+        val = TkComm::num_or_str(val)
+      when ?b
+        val = TkComm::bool(val)
+      else
+        # do nothing
+      end
+      return val
+    end
+
+    h = Hash[metrics(option)]
+    h.keys.each{|k| 
+      case TkFont::MetricsType[k.to_s]
+      when ?n
+        h[k] = TkComm::num_or_str(h[k])
+      when ?b
+        h[k] = TkComm::bool(h[k])
+      else
+        # do nothing
+      end
+    }
+    h
+  end
 
   def metrics_displayof(win, option=nil)
     win = '.' unless win
     metrics_core(@compoundfont, win, option)
   end
+  def metrics_hash_displayof(win, option=nil)
+    if option
+      val = metrics_displayof(win, option)
+      case TkFont::MetricsType[option.to_s]
+      when ?n
+        val = TkComm::num_or_str(val)
+      when ?b
+        val = TkComm::bool(val)
+      else
+        # do nothing
+      end
+      return val
+    end
+
+    h = Hash[metrics_displayof(win, option)]
+    h.keys.each{|k| 
+      case TkFont::MetricsType[k.to_s]
+      when ?n
+        h[k] = TkComm::num_or_str(h[k])
+      when ?b
+        h[k] = TkComm::bool(h[k])
+      else
+        # do nothing
+      end
+    }
+    h
+  end
 
   def latin_metrics(option=nil)
-    metrics_core(@latinfont, nil, option)
+    if @latinfont == nil
+      metrics_core(@compoundfont, nil, option) # use @compoundfont
+    else
+      metrics_core(@latinfont, nil, option)
+    end
+  end
+  def latin_metrics_hash(option=nil)
+    if option
+      val = latin_metrics(option)
+      case TkFont::MetricsType[option.to_s]
+      when ?n
+        val = TkComm::num_or_str(val)
+      when ?b
+        val = TkComm::bool(val)
+      else
+        # do nothing
+      end
+      return val
+    end
+
+    h = Hash[latin_metrics(option)]
+    h.keys.each{|k| 
+      case TkFont::MetricsType[k.to_s]
+      when ?n
+        h[k] = TkComm::num_or_str(h[k])
+      when ?b
+        h[k] = TkComm::bool(h[k])
+      else
+        # do nothing
+      end
+    }
+    h
   end
 
   def latin_metrics_displayof(win, option=nil)
     win = '.' unless win
-    metrics_core(@latinfont, win, option)
+    if @latinfont == nil
+      metrics_core(@compoundfont, win, option) # use @compoundfont
+    else
+      metrics_core(@latinfont, win, option)
+    end
+  end
+  def latin_metrics_hash_displayof(win, option=nil)
+    if option
+      val = latin_metrics_displayof(win, option)
+      case TkFont::MetricsType[option.to_s]
+      when ?n
+        val = TkComm::num_or_str(val)
+      when ?b
+        val = TkComm::bool(val)
+      else
+        # do nothing
+      end
+      return val
+    end
+
+    h = Hash[latin_metrics_displayof(win, option)]
+    h.keys.each{|k| 
+      case TkFont::MetricsType[k.to_s]
+      when ?n
+        h[k] = TkComm::num_or_str(h[k])
+      when ?b
+        h[k] = TkComm::bool(h[k])
+      else
+        # do nothing
+      end
+    }
+    h
   end
 
   def kanji_metrics(option=nil)
-    if JAPANIZED_TK
+    if @latinfont == nil
+      metrics_core(@compoundfont, nil, option) # use @compoundfont
+    elsif JAPANIZED_TK
       metrics_core(@kanjifont, nil, option)
     else
       metrics_core_tk4x(nil, nil, option)
     end
   end
+  def kanji_metrics_hash(option=nil)
+    if option
+      val = kanji_metrics(option)
+      case TkFont::MetricsType[option.to_s]
+      when ?n
+        val = TkComm::num_or_str(val)
+      when ?b
+        val = TkComm::bool(val)
+      else
+        # do nothing
+      end
+      return val
+    end
+
+    h = Hash[kanji_metrics(option)]
+    h.keys.each{|k| 
+      case TkFont::MetricsType[k.to_s]
+      when ?n
+        h[k] = TkComm::num_or_str(h[k])
+      when ?b
+        h[k] = TkComm::bool(h[k])
+      else
+        # do nothing
+      end
+    }
+    h
+  end
 
   def kanji_metrics_displayof(win, option=nil)
-    if JAPANIZED_TK
-      win = '.' unless win
+    win = '.' unless win
+    if @latinfont == nil
+      metrics_core(@compoundfont, win, option) # use @compoundfont
+    elsif JAPANIZED_TK
       metrics_core(@kanjifont, win, option)
     else
       metrics_core_tk4x(nil, win, option)
     end
   end
+  def kanji_metrics_hash_displayof(win, option=nil)
+    if option
+      val = kanji_metrics_displayof(win, option)
+      case TkFont::MetricsType[option.to_s]
+      when ?n
+        val = TkComm::num_or_str(val)
+      when ?b
+        val = TkComm::bool(val)
+      else
+        # do nothing
+      end
+      return val
+    end
+
+    h = Hash[kanji_metrics_displayof(win, option)]
+    h.keys.each{|k| 
+      case TkFont::MetricsType[k.to_s]
+      when ?n
+        h[k] = TkComm::num_or_str(h[k])
+      when ?b
+        h[k] = TkComm::bool(h[k])
+      else
+        # do nothing
+      end
+    }
+    h
+  end
 
   def reset_pointadjust
     begin
-      if /^8\.*/ === Tk::TK_VERSION  && JAPANIZED_TK
+      if /^8\..*/ === Tk::TK_VERSION  && JAPANIZED_TK
         configure('pointadjust' => latin_actual.assoc('size')[1].to_f / 
                                       kanji_actual.assoc('size')[1].to_f )
       end
@@ -1166,7 +1598,7 @@ class TkFont
   # private alias
   ###################################
   case (Tk::TK_VERSION)
-  when /^4\.*/
+  when /^4\..*/
     alias create_latinfont        create_latinfont_tk4x
     alias create_kanjifont        create_kanjifont_tk4x
     alias create_compoundfont     create_compoundfont_tk4x
@@ -1449,7 +1881,7 @@ module TkFont::CoreMethods
       end
     else
       l = tk_split_simplelist(tk_call('font', 'configure', font))
-      r = {}
+      h = {}
       while key=l.shift
         if key == '-compound'
           l.shift
@@ -1458,45 +1890,57 @@ module TkFont::CoreMethods
           val = l.shift
           case TkFont::OptionType[key]
           when ?n
-            r.push [key, num_or_str(val)]
+            h[key] = num_or_str(val)
           when ?b
-            r.push [key, bool(val)]
+            h[key] = bool(val)
           else
-            r.push [key, val]
+            h[key] = val
           end
         end
       end
-      r
+      h
     end
   end
 
   def delete_core_tk4x
-    TkFont::Tk_FontNameTBL.delete(@id)
-    TkFont::Tk_FontUseTBL.delete_if{|key,value| value == self}
+    TkFont::Tk_FontNameTBL.mutex.synchronize{
+      TkFont::Tk_FontNameTBL.delete(@id)
+    }
+    TkFont::Tk_FontUseTBL.mutex.synchronize{
+      TkFont::Tk_FontUseTBL.delete_if{|key,value| value == self}
+    }
   end
 
   def delete_core_tk8x
     begin
-      tk_call('font', 'delete', @latinfont)
+      tk_call('font', 'delete', @latinfont) if @latinfont
     rescue
     end
     begin
-      tk_call('font', 'delete', @kanjifont)
+      tk_call('font', 'delete', @kanjifont) if @kanjifont
     rescue
     end
     begin
-      tk_call('font', 'delete', @compoundfont)
+      tk_call('font', 'delete', @compoundfont) if @compoundfont
     rescue
     end
-    TkFont::Tk_FontNameTBL.delete(@id)
-    TkFont::Tk_FontUseTBL.delete_if{|key,value| value == self}
+    TkFont::Tk_FontNameTBL.mutex.synchronize{
+      TkFont::Tk_FontNameTBL.delete(@id)
+    }
+    TkFont::Tk_FontUseTBL.mutex.synchronize{
+      TkFont::Tk_FontUseTBL.delete_if{|key,value| value == self}
+    }
   end
 
   def latin_replace_core_tk4x(ltn)
     create_latinfont_tk4x(ltn)
     @compoundfont[0] = [@latinfont] if JAPANIZED_TK
     @fontslot['font'] = @latinfont
-    TkFont::Tk_FontUseTBL.dup.each{|w, fobj|
+    table = nil
+    TkFont::Tk_FontUseTBL.mutex.synchronize{
+      table = TkFont::Tk_FontUseTBL.clone
+    }
+    table.each{|w, fobj|
       if self == fobj
         begin
           if w.include?(';')
@@ -1504,11 +1948,14 @@ module TkFont::CoreMethods
             optkey = 'font' if optkey == nil || optkey == ''
             winobj = tk_tcl2ruby(win)
 #           winobj.tagfont_configure(tag, {'font'=>@latinfont})
-            if winobj.kind_of? TkText
+            #if winobj.kind_of? TkText
+            if winobj.kind_of?(TkText) || winobj.kind_of?(Tk::Text)
               tk_call(win, 'tag', 'configure', tag, "-#{optkey}", @latinfont)
-            elsif winobj.kind_of? TkCanvas
+            #elsif winobj.kind_of? TkCanvas
+            elsif winobj.kind_of?(TkCanvas) || winobj.kind_of?(Tk::Canvas)
               tk_call(win, 'itemconfigure', tag, "-#{optkey}", @latinfont)
-            elsif winobj.kind_of? TkMenu
+            #elsif winobj.kind_of? TkMenu
+            elsif winobj.kind_of?(TkMenu) || winobj.kind_of?(Tk::Menu)
               tk_call(win, 'entryconfigure', tag, "-#{optkey}", @latinfont)
             else
               raise RuntimeError, "unknown widget type"
@@ -1518,7 +1965,9 @@ module TkFont::CoreMethods
             tk_call(w, 'configure', '-font', @latinfont)
           end
         rescue
-          TkFont::Tk_FontUseTBL.delete(w)
+          TkFont::Tk_FontUseTBL.mutex.synchronize{
+            TkFont::Tk_FontUseTBL.delete(w)
+          }
         end
       end
     }
@@ -1531,7 +1980,11 @@ module TkFont::CoreMethods
     create_kanjifont_tk4x(knj)
     @compoundfont[1] = [@kanjifont]
     @fontslot['kanjifont'] = @kanjifont
-    TkFont::Tk_FontUseTBL.dup.each{|w, fobj|
+    table = nil
+    TkFont::Tk_FontUseTBL.mutex.synchronize{
+      table = TkFont::Tk_FontUseTBL.clone
+    }
+    table.dup.each{|w, fobj|
       if self == fobj
         begin
           if w.include?(';')
@@ -1539,11 +1992,14 @@ module TkFont::CoreMethods
             optkey = 'kanjifont' unless optkey
             winobj = tk_tcl2ruby(win)
 #           winobj.tagfont_configure(tag, {'kanjifont'=>@kanjifont})
-            if winobj.kind_of? TkText
+            #if winobj.kind_of? TkText
+            if winobj.kind_of?(TkText) || winobj.kind_of?(Tk::Text)
               tk_call(win, 'tag', 'configure', tag, "-#{optkey}", @kanjifont)
-            elsif winobj.kind_of? TkCanvas
+            #elsif winobj.kind_of? TkCanvas
+            elsif winobj.kind_of?(TkCanvas) || winobj.kind_of?(Tk::Canvas)
               tk_call(win, 'itemconfigure', tag, "-#{optkey}", @kanjifont)
-            elsif winobj.kind_of? TkMenu
+            #elsif winobj.kind_of? TkMenu
+            elsif winobj.kind_of?(TkMenu) || winobj.kind_of?(Tk::Menu)
               tk_call(win, 'entryconfigure', tag, "-#{optkey}", @latinfont)
             else
               raise RuntimeError, "unknown widget type"
@@ -1553,7 +2009,9 @@ module TkFont::CoreMethods
             tk_call(w, 'configure', '-kanjifont', @kanjifont)
           end
         rescue
-          TkFont::Tk_FontUseTBL.delete(w)
+          Tk_FontUseTBL.mutex.synchronize{
+            TkFont::Tk_FontUseTBL.delete(w)
+          }
         end
       end
     }
@@ -1618,8 +2076,11 @@ module TkFont::CoreMethods
       rescue
         latinkeys = {}
       end
-      if latinkeys != {}
+      begin
         tk_call('font', 'configure', @compoundfont, *hash_kv(latinkeys))
+      rescue
+        # not exist? (deleted?) -> create font
+        tk_call('font', 'create', @compoundfont, *hash_kv(latinkeys))
       end
     end    
     self
@@ -1711,6 +2172,13 @@ module TkFont::CoreMethods
       r = []
       while key=l.shift
         r.push [key[1..-1], l.shift.to_i]
+=begin
+        if key == '-fixed'  # boolean value
+          r.push [key[1..-1], bool(l.shift)]
+        else
+          r.push [key[1..-1], l.shift.to_i]
+        end
+=end
       end
       r
     end
@@ -1720,7 +2188,7 @@ module TkFont::CoreMethods
   # private alias
   ###################################
   case (Tk::TK_VERSION)
-  when /^4\.*/
+  when /^4\..*/
     alias actual_core             actual_core_tk4x
     alias configure_core          configure_core_tk4x
     alias configinfo_core         configinfo_core_tk4x
@@ -1760,3 +2228,117 @@ class TkFont
   include TkFont::CoreMethods
   extend  TkFont::CoreMethods
 end
+
+class TkNamedFont < TkFont
+  # for built-in named fonts
+  def TkNamedFont.find(name)
+    name = name.to_s
+    unless (obj = Tk_FontNameTBL[name])
+      obj = self.new(name) if TkFont.is_system_font?(name)
+    end
+    obj
+  end
+
+  def TkNamedFont.new(name, keys=nil)
+    name = name.to_s
+    obj = nil
+    Tk_FontNameTBL.mutex.synchronize{
+      unless (obj = Tk_FontNameTBL[name])
+        (obj = self.allocate).instance_eval{
+          @id = @compoundfont = name.to_s
+          @latinfont = nil
+          @kanjifont = nil
+          @descendant = [self, self] # [latin, kanji] : dummy
+          Tk_FontNameTBL[@id] = self
+        }
+      end
+    }
+    obj.instance_eval{ initialize(name, keys) }
+    obj
+  end
+
+  ###########################
+  private
+  ###########################
+  def initialize(name, keys=nil)
+    @id = @compoundfont = name.to_s
+
+    # if not exist named font, create it.
+    begin
+      if keys
+        tk_call('font', 'configure', @compoundfont, keys)
+      else
+        tk_call('font', 'configure', @compoundfont)
+      end
+    rescue
+      # the named font doesn't exist -> create
+      if keys
+        tk_call('font', 'create', @compoundfont, keys)
+      else
+        tk_call('font', 'create', @compoundfont)
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def create_latinfont(fnt)
+    # ignore
+  end
+  def create_kanjifont(fnt)
+    # ignore
+  end
+  def create_compoundfont(ltn, knj, keys)
+    # ignore
+  end
+
+  ###########################
+  public
+  ###########################
+  def latin_font_id
+    @compoundfont
+  end
+  def kanji_font_id
+    @compoundfont
+  end
+end
+
+#######################################
+# define system font names
+#######################################
+if Tk::TCL_MAJOR_VERSION > 8 || 
+    (Tk::TCL_MAJOR_VERSION == 8 && Tk::TCL_MINOR_VERSION >= 5)
+  # add standard fonts of Tcl/Tk 8.5+
+  TkFont::SYSTEM_FONT_NAMES.add [
+    'TkDefaultFont', 'TkTextFont', 'TkFixedFont', 'TkMenuFont', 
+    'TkHeadingFont', 'TkCaptionFont', 'TkSmallCaptionFont', 
+    'TkIconFont', 'TkTooltipFont'
+  ]
+end
+
+# platform-specific fonts
+#  -- windows
+TkFont::SYSTEM_FONT_NAMES.add [
+  'ansifixed', 'ansi', 'device', 'oemfixed', 'systemfixed', 'system'
+]
+
+#  --  macintosh, macosx
+TkFont::SYSTEM_FONT_NAMES.add ['system', 'application']
+
+if Tk::TCL_MAJOR_VERSION > 8 || 
+    (Tk::TCL_MAJOR_VERSION == 8 && Tk::TCL_MINOR_VERSION >= 5)
+  TkFont::SYSTEM_FONT_NAMES.add ['menu']
+end
+
+#  --  macosx (Aqua theme)
+if Tk::TCL_MAJOR_VERSION > 8 || 
+    (Tk::TCL_MAJOR_VERSION == 8 && Tk::TCL_MINOR_VERSION >= 5)
+  TkFont::SYSTEM_FONT_NAMES.add [
+    'systemSystemFont', 'systemEmphasizedSystemFont', 
+    'systemSmallSystemFont', 'systemSmallEmphasizedSystemFont', 
+    'systemApplicationFont', 'systemLabelFont', 'systemViewsFont', 
+    'systemMenuTitleFont', 'systemMenuItemFont', 'systemMenuItemMarkFont', 
+    'systemMenuItemCmdKeyFont', 'systemWindowTitleFont', 
+    'systemPushButtonFont', 'systemUtilityWindowTitleFont', 
+    'systemAlertHeaderFont', 'systemToolbarFont', 'systemMiniSystemFont', 
+    'systemDetailSystemFont', 'systemDetailEmphasizedSystemFont'
+  ]
+end
diff --git a/ext/tk/lib/tk/frame.rb b/ext/tk/lib/tk/frame.rb
index 6636fef5b5..263b160f29 100644
--- a/ext/tk/lib/tk/frame.rb
+++ b/ext/tk/lib/tk/frame.rb
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 #
 require 'tk'
 
-class TkFrame<TkWindow
+class Tk::Frame<TkWindow
   TkCommandNames = ['frame'.freeze].freeze
   WidgetClassName = 'Frame'.freeze
   WidgetClassNames[WidgetClassName] = self
@@ -126,3 +126,6 @@ class TkFrame<TkWindow
     end
   end
 end
+
+#TkFrame = Tk::Frame unless Object.const_defined? :TkFrame
+Tk.__set_toplevel_aliases__(:Tk, Tk::Frame, :TkFrame)
diff --git a/ext/tk/lib/tk/grid.rb b/ext/tk/lib/tk/grid.rb
index 10fdf3569b..0dfd7263a7 100644
--- a/ext/tk/lib/tk/grid.rb
+++ b/ext/tk/lib/tk/grid.rb
@@ -22,6 +22,7 @@ module TkGrid
     list(tk_call_without_enc('grid', 'bbox', *args))
   end
 
+=begin
   def configure(win, *args)
     if args[-1].kind_of?(Hash)
       opts = args.pop
@@ -53,6 +54,48 @@ module TkGrid
       tk_call_without_enc('grid', 'configure', *params)
     end
   end
+=end
+  def configure(*args)
+    if args[-1].kind_of?(Hash)
+      opts = args.pop
+    else
+      opts = {}
+    end
+    fail ArgumentError, 'no widget is given' if args.empty?
+    params = []
+    args.flatten(1).each{|win|
+      case win
+      when '-', ?-              # RELATIVE PLACEMENT (increase columnspan)
+        params.push('-')
+      when /^-+$/             # RELATIVE PLACEMENT (increase columnspan)
+        params.concat(win.to_s.split(//))
+      when '^', ?^              # RELATIVE PLACEMENT (increase rowspan)
+        params.push('^')
+      when /^\^+$/             # RELATIVE PLACEMENT (increase rowspan)
+        params.concat(win.to_s.split(//))
+      when 'x', :x, ?x, nil, '' # RELATIVE PLACEMENT (empty column)
+        params.push('x')
+      when /^x+$/             # RELATIVE PLACEMENT (empty column)
+        params.concat(win.to_s.split(//))
+      else
+        params.push(_epath(win))
+      end
+    }
+    opts.each{|k, v|
+      params.push("-#{k}")
+      params.push(_epath(v))  # have to use 'epath' (hash_kv() is unavailable)
+    }
+    if Tk::TCL_MAJOR_VERSION < 8 ||
+        (Tk::TCL_MAJOR_VERSION == 8 && Tk::TCL_MINOR_VERSION <= 3)
+      if params[0] == '-' || params[0] == 'x' || params[0] == '^'
+        tk_call_without_enc('grid', *params)
+      else
+        tk_call_without_enc('grid', 'configure', *params)
+      end
+    else
+      tk_call_without_enc('grid', 'configure', *params)
+    end
+  end
   alias grid configure
 
   def columnconfigure(master, index, args)
@@ -61,12 +104,14 @@ module TkGrid
     tk_call_without_enc("grid", 'columnconfigure', 
                         master, index, *hash_kv(args))
   end
+  alias column columnconfigure
 
   def rowconfigure(master, index, args)
     # master = master.epath if master.kind_of?(TkObject)
     master = _epath(master)
     tk_call_without_enc("grid", 'rowconfigure', master, index, *hash_kv(args))
   end
+  alias row rowconfigure
 
   def columnconfiginfo(master, index, slot=nil)
     # master = master.epath if master.kind_of?(TkObject)
@@ -189,10 +234,10 @@ module TkGrid
     list(tk_call_without_enc('grid', 'slaves', master, *hash_kv(args)))
   end
 
-  module_function :bbox, :forget, :propagate, :info
+  module_function :anchor, :bbox, :add, :forget, :propagate, :info
   module_function :remove, :size, :slaves, :location
   module_function :grid, :configure, :columnconfigure, :rowconfigure
-  module_function :columnconfiginfo, :rowconfiginfo
+  module_function :column, :row, :columnconfiginfo, :rowconfiginfo
 end
 =begin
 def TkGrid(win, *args)
diff --git a/ext/tk/lib/tk/image.rb b/ext/tk/lib/tk/image.rb
index 35e2c4e394..dffdc19644 100644
--- a/ext/tk/lib/tk/image.rb
+++ b/ext/tk/lib/tk/image.rb
@@ -10,9 +10,16 @@ class TkImage<TkObject
   TkCommandNames = ['image'.freeze].freeze
 
   Tk_IMGTBL = TkCore::INTERP.create_table
-  Tk_Image_ID = ['i'.freeze, '00000'.taint].freeze
 
-  TkCore::INTERP.init_ip_env{ Tk_IMGTBL.clear }
+  (Tk_Image_ID = ['i'.freeze, '00000'.taint]).instance_eval{
+    @mutex = Mutex.new
+    def mutex; @mutex; end
+    freeze
+  }
+
+  TkCore::INTERP.init_ip_env{
+    Tk_IMGTBL.mutex.synchronize{ Tk_IMGTBL.clear }
+  }
 
   def self.new(keys=nil)
     if keys.kind_of?(Hash)
@@ -27,7 +34,10 @@ class TkImage<TkObject
           obj = name
         else
           name = _get_eval_string(name)
-          obj = Tk_IMGTBL[name]
+          obj = nil
+          Tk_IMGTBL.mutex.synchronize{
+            obj = Tk_IMGTBL[name]
+          }
         end
         if obj
           if !(keys[:without_creating] || keys['without_creating'])
@@ -43,7 +53,13 @@ class TkImage<TkObject
         end
       end
     end
-    super(keys)
+    (obj = self.allocate).instance_eval{
+      Tk_IMGTBL.mutex.synchronize{
+        initialize(keys)
+        Tk_IMGTBL[@path] = self
+      }
+    }
+    obj
   end
 
   def initialize(keys=nil)
@@ -55,19 +71,22 @@ class TkImage<TkObject
       without_creating = keys.delete('without_creating')
     end
     unless @path
-      # @path = Tk_Image_ID.join('')
-      @path = Tk_Image_ID.join(TkCore::INTERP._ip_id_)
-      Tk_Image_ID[1].succ!
+      Tk_Image_ID.mutex.synchronize{
+        # @path = Tk_Image_ID.join('')
+        @path = Tk_Image_ID.join(TkCore::INTERP._ip_id_)
+        Tk_Image_ID[1].succ!
+      }
     end
     unless without_creating
       tk_call_without_enc('image', 'create', 
                           @type, @path, *hash_kv(keys, true))
     end
-    Tk_IMGTBL[@path] = self
   end
 
   def delete
-    Tk_IMGTBL.delete(@id) if @id
+    Tk_IMGTBL.mutex.synchronize{
+      Tk_IMGTBL.delete(@id) if @id
+    }
     tk_call_without_enc('image', 'delete', @path)
     self
   end
@@ -85,8 +104,10 @@ class TkImage<TkObject
   end
 
   def TkImage.names
-    Tk.tk_call_without_enc('image', 'names').split.collect!{|id|
-      (Tk_IMGTBL[id])? Tk_IMGTBL[id] : id
+    Tk_IMGTBL.mutex.synchronize{
+      Tk.tk_call_without_enc('image', 'names').split.collect!{|id|
+        (Tk_IMGTBL[id])? Tk_IMGTBL[id] : id
+      }
     }
   end
 
@@ -135,7 +156,7 @@ class TkPhotoImage<TkImage
     self
   end
 
-  def cget(option)
+  def cget_strict(option)
     case option.to_s
     when 'data', 'file'
       tk_send 'cget', '-' << option.to_s
@@ -143,6 +164,23 @@ class TkPhotoImage<TkImage
       tk_tcl2ruby(tk_send('cget', '-' << option.to_s))
     end
   end
+  def cget(option)
+    unless TkConfigMethod.__IGNORE_UNKNOWN_CONFIGURE_OPTION__
+      cget_strict(option)
+    else
+      begin
+        cget_strict(option)
+      rescue => e
+        if current_configinfo.has_key?(option.to_s)
+          # error on known option
+          fail e
+        else
+          # unknown option
+          nil
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
 
   def copy(src, *opts)
     if opts.size == 0
diff --git a/ext/tk/lib/tk/itemconfig.rb b/ext/tk/lib/tk/itemconfig.rb
index 0b84be38b8..9c6a98d0f8 100644
--- a/ext/tk/lib/tk/itemconfig.rb
+++ b/ext/tk/lib/tk/itemconfig.rb
@@ -8,6 +8,11 @@ require 'tk/itemfont.rb'
 module TkItemConfigOptkeys
   include TkUtil
 
+  def __item_optkey_aliases(id)
+    {}
+  end
+  private :__item_optkey_aliases
+
   def __item_numval_optkeys(id)
     []
   end
@@ -115,6 +120,14 @@ module TkItemConfigMethod
   include TkTreatItemFont
   include TkItemConfigOptkeys
 
+  def TkItemConfigMethod.__IGNORE_UNKNOWN_CONFIGURE_OPTION__
+    @mode || false
+  end
+  def TkItemConfigMethod.__set_IGNORE_UNKNOWN_CONFIGURE_OPTION__!(mode)
+    fail SecurityError, "can't change the mode" if $SAFE>=4
+    @mode = (mode)? true: false
+  end
+
   def __item_cget_cmd(id)
     # maybe need to override
     [self.path, 'itemcget', id]
@@ -149,7 +162,7 @@ module TkItemConfigMethod
 
   ################################################
 
-  def itemcget(tagOrId, option)
+  def __itemcget_core(tagOrId, option)
     orig_opt = option
     option = option.to_s
 
@@ -157,6 +170,11 @@ module TkItemConfigMethod
       fail ArgumentError, "Invalid option `#{orig_opt.inspect}'"
     end
 
+    alias_name, real_name = __item_optkey_aliases(tagid(tagOrId)).find{|k, v| k.to_s == option}
+    if real_name
+      option = real_name.to_s
+    end
+
     if ( method = _symbolkey2str(__item_val2ruby_optkeys(tagid(tagOrId)))[option] )
       optval = tk_call_without_enc(*(__item_cget_cmd(tagid(tagOrId)) << "-#{option}"))
       begin
@@ -224,11 +242,45 @@ module TkItemConfigMethod
       tk_tcl2ruby(tk_call_without_enc(*(__item_cget_cmd(tagid(tagOrId)) << "-#{option}")), true)
     end
   end
+  private :__itemcget_core
 
-  def itemconfigure(tagOrId, slot, value=None)
+  def itemcget(tagOrId, option)
+    unless TkItemConfigMethod.__IGNORE_UNKNOWN_CONFIGURE_OPTION__
+      __itemcget_core(tagOrId, option)
+    else
+      begin
+        __itemcget_core(tagOrId, option)
+      rescue => e
+        begin
+          if __current_itemconfiginfo(tagOrId).has_key?(option.to_s)
+            # not tag error & option is known -> error on known option
+            fail e
+          else
+            # not tag error & option is unknown
+            nil
+          end
+        rescue
+          fail e  # tag error
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+  def itemcget_strict(tagOrId, option)
+    # never use TkItemConfigMethod.__IGNORE_UNKNOWN_CONFIGURE_OPTION__
+    __itemcget_core(tagOrId, option)
+  end
+
+  def __itemconfigure_core(tagOrId, slot, value=None)
     if slot.kind_of? Hash
       slot = _symbolkey2str(slot)
 
+      __item_optkey_aliases(tagid(tagOrId)).each{|alias_name, real_name|
+        alias_name = alias_name.to_s
+        if slot.has_key?(alias_name)
+          slot[real_name.to_s] = slot.delete(alias_name)
+        end
+      }
+
       __item_methodcall_optkeys(tagid(tagOrId)).each{|key, method|
         value = slot.delete(key.to_s)
         self.__send__(method, tagOrId, value) if value
@@ -265,6 +317,11 @@ module TkItemConfigMethod
         fail ArgumentError, "Invalid option `#{orig_slot.inspect}'"
       end
 
+      alias_name, real_name = __item_optkey_aliases(tagid(tagOrId)).find{|k, v| k.to_s == slot}
+      if real_name
+        slot = real_name.to_s
+      end
+
       if ( conf = __item_keyonly_optkeys(tagid(tagOrId)).find{|k, v| k.to_s == slot } )
         defkey, undefkey = conf
         if value
@@ -288,8 +345,58 @@ module TkItemConfigMethod
     end
     self
   end
+  private :__itemconfigure_core
 
-  def itemconfiginfo(tagOrId, slot = nil)
+  def __check_available_itemconfigure_options(tagOrId, keys)
+    id = tagid(tagOrId)
+
+    availables = self.__current_itemconfiginfo(id).keys
+
+    # add non-standard keys
+    availables |= __font_optkeys.map{|k|
+      [k.to_s, "latin#{k}", "ascii#{k}", "kanji#{k}"]
+    }.flatten
+    availables |= __item_methodcall_optkeys(id).keys.map{|k| k.to_s}
+    availables |= __item_keyonly_optkeys(id).keys.map{|k| k.to_s}
+
+    keys = _symbolkey2str(keys)
+
+    keys.delete_if{|k, v| !(availables.include?(k))}
+  end
+
+  def itemconfigure(tagOrId, slot, value=None)
+    unless TkItemConfigMethod.__IGNORE_UNKNOWN_CONFIGURE_OPTION__
+      __itemconfigure_core(tagOrId, slot, value)
+    else
+      if slot.kind_of?(Hash)
+        begin
+          __itemconfigure_core(tagOrId, slot)
+        rescue
+          slot = __check_available_itemconfigure_options(tagOrId, slot)
+          __itemconfigure_core(tagOrId, slot) unless slot.empty?
+        end
+      else
+        begin
+          __itemconfigure_core(tagOrId, slot, value)
+        rescue => e
+          begin
+            if __current_itemconfiginfo(tagOrId).has_key?(slot.to_s)
+              # not tag error & option is known -> error on known option
+              fail e
+            else
+              # not tag error & option is unknown
+              nil
+            end
+          rescue
+            fail e  # tag error
+          end
+        end
+      end
+    end
+    self
+  end
+
+  def __itemconfiginfo_core(tagOrId, slot = nil)
     if TkComm::GET_CONFIGINFO_AS_ARRAY
       if (slot && slot.to_s =~ /^(|latin|ascii|kanji)(#{__item_font_optkeys(tagid(tagOrId)).join('|')})$/)
         fontkey  = $2
@@ -299,6 +406,10 @@ module TkItemConfigMethod
           conf[__item_configinfo_struct(tagid(tagOrId))[:key]][1..-1]
         if ( ! __item_configinfo_struct(tagid(tagOrId))[:alias] \
             || conf.size > __item_configinfo_struct(tagid(tagOrId))[:alias] + 1 )
+          fnt = conf[__item_configinfo_struct(tagid(tagOrId))[:default_value]]
+          if TkFont.is_system_font?(fnt)
+            conf[__item_configinfo_struct(tagid(tagOrId))[:default_value]] = TkNamedFont.new(fnt)
+          end
           conf[__item_configinfo_struct(tagid(tagOrId))[:current_value]] = tagfontobj(tagid(tagOrId), fontkey)
         elsif ( __item_configinfo_struct(tagid(tagOrId))[:alias] \
                && conf.size == __item_configinfo_struct(tagid(tagOrId))[:alias] + 1 \
@@ -310,6 +421,12 @@ module TkItemConfigMethod
       else
         if slot
           slot = slot.to_s
+
+          alias_name, real_name = __item_optkey_aliases(tagid(tagOrId)).find{|k, v| k.to_s == slot}
+          if real_name
+            slot = real_name.to_s
+          end
+
           case slot
           when /^(#{__item_val2ruby_optkeys(tagid(tagOrId)).keys.join('|')})$/
             method = _symbolkey2str(__item_val2ruby_optkeys(tagid(tagOrId)))[slot]
@@ -594,7 +711,7 @@ module TkItemConfigMethod
                 if v.empty?
                   conf[__item_configinfo_struct(tagid(tagOrId))[:current_value]] = nil
                 else
-                  conf[__item_configinfo_struct(tagid(tagOrId))[:current_value]] = TkVarAccess.new
+                  conf[__item_configinfo_struct(tagid(tagOrId))[:current_value]] = TkVarAccess.new(v)
                 end
               end
 
@@ -635,6 +752,10 @@ module TkItemConfigMethod
             fontconf = ret.assoc(optkey)
             if fontconf && fontconf.size > 2
               ret.delete_if{|inf| inf[0] =~ /^(|latin|ascii|kanji)#{optkey}$/}
+              fnt = fontconf[__item_configinfo_struct(tagid(tagOrId))[:default_value]]
+              if TkFont.is_system_font?(fnt)
+                fontconf[__item_configinfo_struct(tagid(tagOrId))[:default_value]] = TkNamedFont.new(fnt)
+              end
               fontconf[__item_configinfo_struct(tagid(tagOrId))[:current_value]] = tagfontobj(tagid(tagOrId), optkey)
               ret.push(fontconf)
             end
@@ -658,7 +779,11 @@ module TkItemConfigMethod
 
         if ( ! __item_configinfo_struct(tagid(tagOrId))[:alias] \
             || conf.size > __item_configinfo_struct(tagid(tagOrId))[:alias] + 1 )
-          conf[__item_configinfo_struct(tagid(tagOrId))[:current_value]] = fontobj(tagid(tagOrId), fontkey)
+          fnt = conf[__item_configinfo_struct(tagid(tagOrId))[:default_value]]
+          if TkFont.is_system_font?(fnt)
+            conf[__item_configinfo_struct(tagid(tagOrId))[:default_value]] = TkNamedFont.new(fnt)
+          end
+          conf[__item_configinfo_struct(tagid(tagOrId))[:current_value]] = tagfontobj(tagid(tagOrId), fontkey)
           { conf.shift => conf }
         elsif ( __item_configinfo_struct(tagid(tagOrId))[:alias] \
                && conf.size == __item_configinfo_struct(tagid(tagOrId))[:alias] + 1 )
@@ -673,6 +798,12 @@ module TkItemConfigMethod
       else
         if slot
           slot = slot.to_s
+
+          alias_name, real_name = __item_optkey_aliases(tagid(tagOrId)).find{|k, v| k.to_s == slot}
+          if real_name
+            slot = real_name.to_s
+          end
+
           case slot
           when /^(#{__item_val2ruby_optkeys(tagid(tagOrId)).keys.join('|')})$/
             method = _symbolkey2str(__item_val2ruby_optkeys(tagid(tagOrId)))[slot]
@@ -1006,6 +1137,10 @@ module TkItemConfigMethod
               ret.delete('latin' << optkey)
               ret.delete('ascii' << optkey)
               ret.delete('kanji' << optkey)
+              fnt = fontconf[__item_configinfo_struct(tagid(tagOrId))[:default_value]]
+              if TkFont.is_system_font?(fnt)
+                fontconf[__item_configinfo_struct(tagid(tagOrId))[:default_value]] = TkNamedFont.new(fnt)
+              end
               fontconf[__item_configinfo_struct(tagid(tagOrId))[:current_value]] = tagfontobj(tagid(tagOrId), optkey)
               ret[optkey] = fontconf
             end
@@ -1020,13 +1155,32 @@ module TkItemConfigMethod
       end
     end
   end
+  private :__itemconfiginfo_core
 
-  def current_itemconfiginfo(tagOrId, slot = nil)
+  def itemconfiginfo(tagOrId, slot = nil)
+    if slot && TkItemConfigMethod.__IGNORE_UNKNOWN_CONFIGURE_OPTION__
+      begin
+        __itemconfiginfo_core(tagOrId, slot)
+      rescue => e
+        begin
+          __itemconfiginfo_core(tagOrId)
+          # not tag error -> option is unknown
+          Array.new(__item_configinfo_struct.values.max).unshift(slot.to_s)
+        rescue
+          fail e  # tag error
+        end
+      end
+    else
+      __itemconfiginfo_core(tagOrId, slot)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def __current_itemconfiginfo(tagOrId, slot = nil)
     if TkComm::GET_CONFIGINFO_AS_ARRAY
       if slot
         org_slot = slot
         begin
-          conf = itemconfiginfo(tagOrId, slot)
+          conf = __itemconfiginfo_core(tagOrId, slot)
           if ( ! __item_configinfo_struct(tagid(tagOrId))[:alias] \
               || conf.size > __item_configinfo_struct(tagid(tagOrId))[:alias] + 1 )
             return {conf[0] => conf[-1]}
@@ -1037,20 +1191,25 @@ module TkItemConfigMethod
           "there is a configure alias loop about '#{org_slot}'"
       else
         ret = {}
-        itemconfiginfo(tagOrId).each{|conf|
+        __itemconfiginfo_core(tagOrId).each{|conf|
           if ( ! __item_configinfo_struct(tagid(tagOrId))[:alias] \
               || conf.size > __item_configinfo_struct(tagid(tagOrId))[:alias] + 1 )
             ret[conf[0]] = conf[-1]
           end
         }
+
         ret
       end
     else # ! TkComm::GET_CONFIGINFO_AS_ARRAY
       ret = {}
-      itemconfiginfo(slot).each{|key, conf|     
+      __itemconfiginfo_core(tagOrId, slot).each{|key, conf|
         ret[key] = conf[-1] if conf.kind_of?(Array)
       }
       ret
     end
   end
+
+  def current_itemconfiginfo(tagOrId, slot = nil)
+    __current_itemconfiginfo(tagOrId, slot)
+  end
 end
diff --git a/ext/tk/lib/tk/itemfont.rb b/ext/tk/lib/tk/itemfont.rb
index ab9e3ff6c9..4c5c917c57 100644
--- a/ext/tk/lib/tk/itemfont.rb
+++ b/ext/tk/lib/tk/itemfont.rb
@@ -94,7 +94,16 @@ module TkTreatItemFont
                                       *(__item_config_cmd(tagid(tagOrId)) << {}))
               next
             else
-              tk_call(*(__item_config_cmd(tagid(tagOrId)) << "-#{optkey}" << fnt))
+              fnt = hash_kv(fnt) if fnt.kind_of?(Hash)
+              unless TkItemConfigMethod.__IGNORE_UNKNOWN_CONFIGURE_OPTION__
+                tk_call(*(__item_config_cmd(tagid(tagOrId)) << "-#{optkey}" << fnt))
+              else
+                begin
+                  tk_call(*(__item_config_cmd(tagid(tagOrId)) << "-#{optkey}" << fnt))
+                rescue => e
+                  # ignore
+                end
+              end
             end
           end
           next
@@ -147,7 +156,16 @@ module TkTreatItemFont
       elsif Tk::JAPANIZED_TK
         fobj = fontobj          # create a new TkFont object
       else
-        tk_call(*(__item_config_cmd(tagid(tagOrId)) << "-#{optkey}" << ltn))
+        ltn = hash_kv(ltn) if ltn.kind_of?(Hash)
+        unless TkItemConfigMethod.__IGNORE_UNKNOWN_CONFIGURE_OPTION__
+          tk_call(*(__item_config_cmd(tagid(tagOrId)) << "-#{optkey}" << ltn))
+        else
+          begin
+            tk_call(*(__item_config_cmd(tagid(tagOrId)) << "-#{optkey}" << ltn))
+          rescue => e
+            # ignore
+          end
+        end
         next
       end
 
@@ -198,7 +216,16 @@ module TkTreatItemFont
       elsif Tk::JAPANIZED_TK
         fobj = fontobj          # create a new TkFont object
       else
-        tk_call(*(__item_config_cmd(tagid(tagOrId)) << "-#{optkey}" << knj))
+        knj = hash_kv(knj) if knj.kind_of?(Hash)
+        unless TkItemConfigMethod.__IGNORE_UNKNOWN_CONFIGURE_OPTION__
+          tk_call(*(__item_config_cmd(tagid(tagOrId)) << "-#{optkey}" << knj))
+        else
+          begin
+            tk_call(*(__item_config_cmd(tagid(tagOrId)) << "-#{optkey}" << knj))
+          rescue => e
+            # ignore
+          end
+        end
         next
       end
 
diff --git a/ext/tk/lib/tk/label.rb b/ext/tk/lib/tk/label.rb
index 8b45db9b30..80b3d778f1 100644
--- a/ext/tk/lib/tk/label.rb
+++ b/ext/tk/lib/tk/label.rb
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 #
 require 'tk'
 
-class TkLabel<TkWindow
+class Tk::Label<TkWindow
   TkCommandNames = ['label'.freeze].freeze
   WidgetClassName = 'Label'.freeze
   WidgetClassNames[WidgetClassName] = self
@@ -16,3 +16,6 @@ class TkLabel<TkWindow
   #end
   #private :create_self
 end
+
+#TkLabel = Tk::Label unless Object.const_defined? :TkLabel
+Tk.__set_toplevel_aliases__(:Tk, Tk::Label, :TkLabel)
diff --git a/ext/tk/lib/tk/labelframe.rb b/ext/tk/lib/tk/labelframe.rb
index 73d5603200..995b5b7e72 100644
--- a/ext/tk/lib/tk/labelframe.rb
+++ b/ext/tk/lib/tk/labelframe.rb
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
 require 'tk'
 require 'tk/frame'
 
-class TkLabelFrame<TkFrame
+class Tk::LabelFrame<Tk::Frame
   TkCommandNames = ['labelframe'.freeze].freeze
   WidgetClassName = 'Labelframe'.freeze
   WidgetClassNames[WidgetClassName] = self
@@ -22,4 +22,8 @@ class TkLabelFrame<TkFrame
   end
   private :__val2ruby_optkeys
 end
-TkLabelframe = TkLabelFrame
+
+Tk::Labelframe = Tk::LabelFrame
+#TkLabelFrame = Tk::LabelFrame unless Object.const_defined? :TkLabelFrame
+#TkLabelframe = Tk::Labelframe unless Object.const_defined? :TkLabelframe
+Tk.__set_toplevel_aliases__(:Tk, Tk::LabelFrame, :TkLabelFrame, :TkLabelframe)
diff --git a/ext/tk/lib/tk/listbox.rb b/ext/tk/lib/tk/listbox.rb
index 41d02d279e..bb039ffb0e 100644
--- a/ext/tk/lib/tk/listbox.rb
+++ b/ext/tk/lib/tk/listbox.rb
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ module TkListItemConfig
   private :__item_listval_optkeys
 end
 
-class TkListbox<TkTextWin
+class Tk::Listbox<TkTextWin
   include TkListItemConfig
   include Scrollable
 
@@ -277,3 +277,6 @@ class TkListbox<TkTextWin
   end
 =end
 end
+
+#TkListbox = Tk::Listbox unless Object.const_defined? :TkListbox
+Tk.__set_toplevel_aliases__(:Tk, Tk::Listbox, :TkListbox)
diff --git a/ext/tk/lib/tk/macpkg.rb b/ext/tk/lib/tk/macpkg.rb
index 1802073f46..67b0a4bb60 100644
--- a/ext/tk/lib/tk/macpkg.rb
+++ b/ext/tk/lib/tk/macpkg.rb
@@ -20,9 +20,14 @@ module Tk
   end
 end
 
-module TkMacResource
+module Tk::MacResource
+end
+#TkMacResource = Tk::MacResource
+Tk.__set_toplevel_aliases__(:Tk, Tk::MacResource, :TkMacResource)
+
+module Tk::MacResource
   extend Tk
-  extend TkMacResource
+  extend Tk::MacResource
 
   TkCommandNames = ['resource'.freeze].freeze
 
diff --git a/ext/tk/lib/tk/menu.rb b/ext/tk/lib/tk/menu.rb
index ddddc8e53e..3ae0548dd1 100644
--- a/ext/tk/lib/tk/menu.rb
+++ b/ext/tk/lib/tk/menu.rb
@@ -34,15 +34,16 @@ module TkMenuEntryConfig
   private :__item_val2ruby_optkeys
 
   alias entrycget itemcget
+  alias entrycget_strict itemcget_strict
   alias entryconfigure itemconfigure
   alias entryconfiginfo itemconfiginfo
   alias current_entryconfiginfo current_itemconfiginfo
 
-  private :itemcget, :itemconfigure
-  private :itemconfiginfo, :current_itemconfiginfo
+  private :itemcget, :itemcget_strict
+  private :itemconfigure, :itemconfiginfo, :current_itemconfiginfo
 end
 
-class TkMenu<TkWindow
+class Tk::Menu<TkWindow
   include Wm
   include TkMenuEntryConfig
   extend TkMenuSpec
@@ -140,9 +141,9 @@ class TkMenu<TkWindow
     type = keys.delete('type') if keys.has_key?('type')
 
     if keys.empty?
-      TkMenuClone.new(self, parent, type)
+      Tk::MenuClone.new(self, parent, type)
     else
-      TkMenuClone.new(self, parent, type, keys)
+      Tk::MenuClone.new(self, parent, type, keys)
     end
   end
 
@@ -202,6 +203,9 @@ class TkMenu<TkWindow
     tk_send_without_enc('unpost')
     self
   end
+  def xposition(index)
+    number(tk_send_without_enc('xposition', _get_eval_enc_str(index)))
+  end
   def yposition(index)
     number(tk_send_without_enc('yposition', _get_eval_enc_str(index)))
   end
@@ -381,8 +385,11 @@ class TkMenu<TkWindow
 =end
 end
 
+#TkMenu = Tk::Menu unless Object.const_defined? :TkMenu
+Tk.__set_toplevel_aliases__(:Tk, Tk::Menu, :TkMenu)
+
 
-class TkMenuClone<TkMenu
+class Tk::MenuClone<Tk::Menu
 =begin
   def initialize(parent, type=None)
     widgetname = nil
@@ -436,9 +443,12 @@ class TkMenuClone<TkMenu
     @src_menu
   end
 end
-TkCloneMenu = TkMenuClone
+Tk::CloneMenu = Tk::MenuClone
+#TkMenuClone = Tk::MenuClone unless Object.const_defined? :TkMenuClone
+#TkCloneMenu = Tk::CloneMenu unless Object.const_defined? :TkCloneMenu
+Tk.__set_toplevel_aliases__(:Tk, Tk::MenuClone, :TkMenuClone, :TkCloneMenu)
 
-module TkSystemMenu
+module Tk::SystemMenu
   def initialize(parent, keys=nil)
     if parent.kind_of? Hash
       keys = _symbolkey2str(parent)
@@ -461,38 +471,60 @@ module TkSystemMenu
     end
   end
 end
+TkSystemMenu = Tk::SystemMenu
 
 
-class TkSysMenu_Help<TkMenu
+class Tk::SysMenu_Help<Tk::Menu
   # for all platform
-  include TkSystemMenu
+  include Tk::SystemMenu
   SYSMENU_NAME = 'help'
 end
+#TkSysMenu_Help = Tk::SysMenu_Help unless Object.const_defined? :TkSysMenu_Help
+Tk.__set_toplevel_aliases__(:Tk, Tk::SysMenu_Help, :TkSysMenu_Help)
 
 
-class TkSysMenu_System<TkMenu
+class Tk::SysMenu_System<Tk::Menu
   # for Windows
-  include TkSystemMenu
+  include Tk::SystemMenu
   SYSMENU_NAME = 'system'
 end
+#TkSysMenu_System = Tk::SysMenu_System unless Object.const_defined? :TkSysMenu_System
+Tk.__set_toplevel_aliases__(:Tk, Tk::SysMenu_System, :TkSysMenu_System)
 
 
-class TkSysMenu_Apple<TkMenu
+class Tk::SysMenu_Apple<Tk::Menu
   # for Machintosh
-  include TkSystemMenu
+  include Tk::SystemMenu
   SYSMENU_NAME = 'apple'
 end
+#TkSysMenu_Apple = Tk::SysMenu_Apple unless Object.const_defined? :TkSysMenu_Apple
+Tk.__set_toplevel_aliases__(:Tk, Tk::SysMenu_Apple, :TkSysMenu_Apple)
 
 
-class TkMenubutton<TkLabel
+class Tk::Menubutton<Tk::Label
   TkCommandNames = ['menubutton'.freeze].freeze
   WidgetClassName = 'Menubutton'.freeze
   WidgetClassNames[WidgetClassName] = self
   def create_self(keys)
     if keys and keys != None
-      # tk_call_without_enc('menubutton', @path, *hash_kv(keys, true))
-      tk_call_without_enc(self.class::TkCommandNames[0], @path, 
-                          *hash_kv(keys, true))
+      unless TkConfigMethod.__IGNORE_UNKNOWN_CONFIGURE_OPTION__
+        # tk_call_without_enc('menubutton', @path, *hash_kv(keys, true))
+        tk_call_without_enc(self.class::TkCommandNames[0], @path, 
+                            *hash_kv(keys, true))
+      else
+        begin
+          tk_call_without_enc(self.class::TkCommandNames[0], @path, 
+                              *hash_kv(keys, true))
+        rescue
+          tk_call_without_enc(self.class::TkCommandNames[0], @path)
+          keys = __check_available_configure_options(keys)
+          unless keys.empty?
+            tk_call_without_enc('destroy', @path) rescue nil
+            tk_call_without_enc(self.class::TkCommandNames[0], @path, 
+                                *hash_kv(keys, true))
+          end
+        end
+      end
     else
       # tk_call_without_enc('menubutton', @path)
       tk_call_without_enc(self.class::TkCommandNames[0], @path)
@@ -506,10 +538,13 @@ class TkMenubutton<TkLabel
   private :__boolval_optkeys
 
 end
-TkMenuButton = TkMenubutton
+Tk::MenuButton = Tk::Menubutton
+#TkMenubutton = Tk::Menubutton unless Object.const_defined? :TkMenubutton
+#TkMenuButton = Tk::MenuButton unless Object.const_defined? :TkMenuButton
+Tk.__set_toplevel_aliases__(:Tk, Tk::Menubutton, :TkMenubutton, :TkMenuButton)
 
 
-class TkOptionMenubutton<TkMenubutton
+class Tk::OptionMenubutton<Tk::Menubutton
   TkCommandNames = ['tk_optionMenu'.freeze].freeze
 
   class OptionMenu<TkMenu
@@ -596,6 +631,9 @@ class TkOptionMenubutton<TkMenubutton
     @menu.delete(index, last)
     self
   end
+  def xposition(index)
+    @menu.xposition(index)
+  end
   def yposition(index)
     @menu.yposition(index)
   end
@@ -605,6 +643,9 @@ class TkOptionMenubutton<TkMenubutton
   def menucget(key)
     @menu.cget(key)
   end
+  def menucget_strict(key)
+    @menu.cget_strict(key)
+  end
   def menuconfigure(key, val=None)
     @menu.configure(key, val)
     self
@@ -618,6 +659,9 @@ class TkOptionMenubutton<TkMenubutton
   def entrycget(index, key)
     @menu.entrycget(index, key)
   end
+  def entrycget_strict(index, key)
+    @menu.entrycget_strict(index, key)
+  end
   def entryconfigure(index, key, val=None)
     @menu.entryconfigure(index, key, val)
     self
@@ -629,4 +673,9 @@ class TkOptionMenubutton<TkMenubutton
     @menu.current_entryconfiginfo(index, key)
   end
 end
-TkOptionMenuButton = TkOptionMenubutton
+
+Tk::OptionMenuButton = Tk::OptionMenubutton
+#TkOptionMenubutton = Tk::OptionMenubutton unless Object.const_defined? :TkOptionMenubutton
+#TkOptionMenuButton = Tk::OptionMenuButton unless Object.const_defined? :TkOptionMenuButton
+Tk.__set_toplevel_aliases__(:Tk, Tk::OptionMenubutton, 
+                            :TkOptionMenubutton, :TkOptionMenuButton)
diff --git a/ext/tk/lib/tk/menubar.rb b/ext/tk/lib/tk/menubar.rb
index 392b6fbd4e..ef9da809b9 100644
--- a/ext/tk/lib/tk/menubar.rb
+++ b/ext/tk/lib/tk/menubar.rb
@@ -89,7 +89,7 @@ require 'tk/frame'
 require 'tk/composite'
 require 'tk/menuspec'
 
-class TkMenubar<TkFrame
+class TkMenubar<Tk::Frame
   include TkComposite
   include TkMenuSpec
   
diff --git a/ext/tk/lib/tk/menuspec.rb b/ext/tk/lib/tk/menuspec.rb
index 118a4f42b1..2a2eb9ba3c 100644
--- a/ext/tk/lib/tk/menuspec.rb
+++ b/ext/tk/lib/tk/menuspec.rb
@@ -61,8 +61,12 @@ module TkMenuSpec
     tearoff = orig_opts.delete('tearoff') if orig_opts.key?('tearoff')
 
     if menu_name
+      #menu = Tk::Menu.new(parent, :widgetname=>menu_name, :tearoff=>tearoff)
+      # --> use current TkMenu class
       menu = TkMenu.new(parent, :widgetname=>menu_name, :tearoff=>tearoff)
     else
+      #menu = Tk::Menu.new(parent, :tearoff=>tearoff)
+      # --> use current TkMenu class
       menu = TkMenu.new(parent, :tearoff=>tearoff)
     end
 
@@ -150,21 +154,22 @@ module TkMenuSpec
 
   def _use_menubar?(parent)
     use_menubar = false
-    if parent.kind_of?(TkRoot) || parent.kind_of?(TkToplevel)
-      return true 
+    if parent.kind_of?(Tk::Root) || parent.kind_of?(Tk::Toplevel)
+      true 
+    elsif parent.current_configinfo.has_key?('menu')
+      true
     else
-      begin
-        parent.cget('menu')
-        return true 
-      rescue
-      end
+      false
     end
-    false
   end
   private :_use_menubar?
 
   def _create_menu_for_menubar(parent)
-    unless (mbar = parent.menu).kind_of?(TkMenu)
+    #unless (mbar = parent.menu).kind_of?(TkMenu)
+    # --> use current TkMenu class
+    mbar = parent.menu
+    unless mbar.kind_of?(Tk::Menu) || mbar.kind_of?(TkMenu)
+      #mbar = Tk::Menu.new(parent, :tearoff=>false)
       mbar = TkMenu.new(parent, :tearoff=>false)
       parent.menu(mbar)
     end
@@ -190,7 +195,6 @@ module TkMenuSpec
 
     if _use_menubar?(parent)
       # menubar by menu entries
-
       mbar = _create_menu_for_menubar(parent)
 
       menu_name = nil
@@ -221,6 +225,8 @@ module TkMenuSpec
 
     else
       # menubar by menubuttons
+      #mbtn = Tk::Menubutton.new(parent)
+      # --> use current TkMenubutton class
       mbtn = TkMenubutton.new(parent)
 
       menu_name = nil
diff --git a/ext/tk/lib/tk/message.rb b/ext/tk/lib/tk/message.rb
index 79121bebb3..946b68c704 100644
--- a/ext/tk/lib/tk/message.rb
+++ b/ext/tk/lib/tk/message.rb
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
 require 'tk'
 require 'tk/label'
 
-class TkMessage<TkLabel
+class Tk::Message<Tk::Label
   TkCommandNames = ['message'.freeze].freeze
   WidgetClassName = 'Message'.freeze
   WidgetClassNames[WidgetClassName] = self
@@ -17,3 +17,6 @@ class TkMessage<TkLabel
   #end
   private :create_self
 end
+
+#TkMessage = Tk::Message unless Object.const_defined? :TkMessage
+Tk.__set_toplevel_aliases__(:Tk, Tk::Message, :TkMessage)
diff --git a/ext/tk/lib/tk/msgcat.rb b/ext/tk/lib/tk/msgcat.rb
index 061e43fd89..162953f425 100644
--- a/ext/tk/lib/tk/msgcat.rb
+++ b/ext/tk/lib/tk/msgcat.rb
@@ -74,7 +74,11 @@ class TkMsgCatalog < TkObject
               "\n---< backtrace of Ruby side >-----\n" + 
               _toUTF8(e.backtrace.join("\n")) + 
               "\n---< backtrace of Tk side >-------"
-        msg.instance_variable_set(:@encoding, 'utf-8')
+        if TkCore::WITH_ENCODING
+          msg.force_encoding('utf-8')
+        else
+          msg.instance_variable_set(:@encoding, 'utf-8')
+        end
       rescue Exception
         msg = e.class.inspect + ': ' + e.message + "\n" + 
               "\n---< backtrace of Ruby side >-----\n" + 
diff --git a/ext/tk/lib/tk/namespace.rb b/ext/tk/lib/tk/namespace.rb
index 5bf6474c5b..20a8d65215 100644
--- a/ext/tk/lib/tk/namespace.rb
+++ b/ext/tk/lib/tk/namespace.rb
@@ -12,17 +12,24 @@ class TkNamespace < TkObject
   ].freeze
 
   Tk_Namespace_ID_TBL = TkCore::INTERP.create_table
-  Tk_Namespace_ID = ["ns".freeze, "00000".taint].freeze
+
+  (Tk_Namespace_ID = ["ns".freeze, "00000".taint]).instance_eval{
+    @mutex = Mutex.new
+    def mutex; @mutex; end
+    freeze
+  }
 
   Tk_NsCode_RetObjID_TBL = TkCore::INTERP.create_table
 
   TkCore::INTERP.init_ip_env{
-    Tk_Namespace_ID_TBL.clear
-    Tk_NsCode_RetObjID_TBL.clear
+    Tk_Namespace_ID_TBL.mutex.synchronize{ Tk_Namespace_ID_TBL.clear }
+    Tk_NsCode_RetObjID_TBL.mutex.synchronize{ Tk_NsCode_RetObjID_TBL.clear }
   }
 
   def TkNamespace.id2obj(id)
-    Tk_Namespace_ID_TBL[id]? Tk_Namespace_ID_TBL[id]: id
+    Tk_Namespace_ID_TBL.mutex.synchronize{
+      Tk_Namespace_ID_TBL[id]? Tk_Namespace_ID_TBL[id]: id
+    }
   end
 
   #####################################
@@ -65,11 +72,27 @@ class TkNamespace < TkObject
     def cget(slot)
       if slot == :namespace || slot == 'namespace'
         ns = super(slot)
-        if TkNamespace::Tk_Namespace_ID_TBL.key?(ns)
-          TkNamespace::Tk_Namespace_ID_TBL[ns]
-        else
-          ns
-        end
+        Tk_Namespace_ID_TBL.mutex.synchronize{
+          if TkNamespace::Tk_Namespace_ID_TBL.key?(ns)
+            TkNamespace::Tk_Namespace_ID_TBL[ns]
+          else
+            ns
+          end
+        }
+      else
+        super(slot)
+      end
+    end
+    def cget_strict(slot)
+      if slot == :namespace || slot == 'namespace'
+        ns = super(slot)
+        Tk_Namespace_ID_TBL.mutex.synchronize{
+          if TkNamespace::Tk_Namespace_ID_TBL.key?(ns)
+            TkNamespace::Tk_Namespace_ID_TBL[ns]
+          else
+            ns
+          end
+        }
       else
         super(slot)
       end
@@ -79,9 +102,11 @@ class TkNamespace < TkObject
       if slot
         if slot == :namespace || slot == 'namespace'
           val = super(slot)
-          if TkNamespace::Tk_Namespace_ID_TBL.key?(val)
-            val = TkNamespace::Tk_Namespace_ID_TBL[val]
-          end
+          Tk_Namespace_ID_TBL.mutex.synchronize{
+            if TkNamespace::Tk_Namespace_ID_TBL.key?(val)
+              val = TkNamespace::Tk_Namespace_ID_TBL[val]
+            end
+          }
         else
           val = super(slot)
         end
@@ -96,19 +121,23 @@ class TkNamespace < TkObject
         info = super()
 
         if TkComm::GET_CONFIGINFO_AS_ARRAY
-          info.map!{|inf| 
-            if inf[0] == 'namespace' && 
-                TkNamespace::Tk_Namespace_ID_TBL.key?(inf[-1])
-              [inf[0], TkNamespace::Tk_Namespace_ID_TBL[inf[-1]]]
-            else
-              inf
-            end
+          Tk_Namespace_ID_TBL.mutex.synchronize{
+            info.map!{|inf| 
+              if inf[0] == 'namespace' && 
+                  TkNamespace::Tk_Namespace_ID_TBL.key?(inf[-1])
+                [inf[0], TkNamespace::Tk_Namespace_ID_TBL[inf[-1]]]
+              else
+                inf
+              end
+            }
           }
         else # ! TkComm::GET_CONFIGINFO_AS_ARRAY
           val = info['namespace']
-          if TkNamespace::Tk_Namespace_ID_TBL.key?(val)
-            info['namespace'] = TkNamespace::Tk_Namespace_ID_TBL[val]
-          end
+          Tk_Namespace_ID_TBL.mutex.synchronize{
+            if TkNamespace::Tk_Namespace_ID_TBL.key?(val)
+              info['namespace'] = TkNamespace::Tk_Namespace_ID_TBL[val]
+            end
+          }
         end
 
         info
@@ -215,9 +244,11 @@ class TkNamespace < TkObject
 
   def initialize(name = nil, parent = nil)
     unless name
-      # name = Tk_Namespace_ID.join('')
-      name = Tk_Namespace_ID.join(TkCore::INTERP._ip_id_)
-      Tk_Namespace_ID[1].succ!
+      Tk_Namespace_ID.mutex.synchronize{
+        # name = Tk_Namespace_ID.join('')
+        name = Tk_Namespace_ID.join(TkCore::INTERP._ip_id_)
+        Tk_Namespace_ID[1].succ!
+      }
     end
     name = __tk_call('namespace', 'current') if name == ''
     if parent
@@ -252,7 +283,9 @@ class TkNamespace < TkObject
     # create namespace
     __tk_call('namespace', 'eval', @fullname, '')
 
-    Tk_Namespace_ID_TBL[@fullname] = self
+    Tk_Namespace_ID_TBL.mutex.synchronize{
+      Tk_Namespace_ID_TBL[@fullname] = self
+    }
   end
 
   def self.children(*args)
@@ -260,11 +293,13 @@ class TkNamespace < TkObject
     # <pattern> must be glob-style pattern
     tk_split_simplelist(tk_call('namespace', 'children', *args)).collect{|ns|
       # ns is fullname
-      if Tk_Namespace_ID_TBL.key?(ns)
-        Tk_Namespace_ID_TBL[ns]
-      else
-        ns
-      end
+      Tk_Namespace_ID_TBL.mutex.synchronize{
+        if Tk_Namespace_ID_TBL.key?(ns)
+          Tk_Namespace_ID_TBL[ns]
+        else
+          ns
+        end
+      }
     }
   end
   def children(pattern=None)
@@ -290,14 +325,24 @@ class TkNamespace < TkObject
   def code(script = Proc.new)
     if script.kind_of?(String)
       cmd = proc{|*args|
-        ret = ScopeArgs.new(@fullname,*args).instance_eval(script)
+        if TkCore::WITH_RUBY_VM  ### Ruby 1.9 !!!!
+          obj = ScopeArgs.new(@fullname,*args)
+          ret = obj.instance_exec(obj, script)
+        else
+          ret = ScopeArgs.new(@fullname,*args).instance_eval(script)
+        end
         id = ret.object_id
         TkNamespace::Tk_NsCode_RetObjID_TBL[id] = ret
         id
       }
     elsif script.kind_of?(Proc)
       cmd = proc{|*args|
-        ret = ScopeArgs.new(@fullname,*args).instance_eval(&script)
+        if TkCore::WITH_RUBY_VM  ### Ruby 1.9 !!!!
+          obj = ScopeArgs.new(@fullname,*args)
+          ret = obj.instance_exec(obj, &script)
+        else
+          ret = ScopeArgs.new(@fullname,*args).instance_eval(&script)
+        end
         id = ret.object_id
         TkNamespace::Tk_NsCode_RetObjID_TBL[id] = ret
         id
@@ -319,11 +364,13 @@ class TkNamespace < TkObject
 
   def self.current
     ns = self.current_path
-    if Tk_Namespace_ID_TBL.key?(ns)
-      Tk_Namespace_ID_TBL[ns]
-    else
-      ns
-    end
+    Tk_Namespace_ID_TBL.mutex.synchronize{
+      if Tk_Namespace_ID_TBL.key?(ns)
+        Tk_Namespace_ID_TBL[ns]
+      else
+        ns
+      end
+    }
   end
   def current_namespace
     # ns_tk_call('namespace', 'current')
@@ -335,11 +382,13 @@ class TkNamespace < TkObject
   def self.delete(*ns_list)
     tk_call('namespace', 'delete', *ns_list)
     ns_list.each{|ns|
-      if ns.kind_of?(TkNamespace)
-        Tk_Namespace_ID_TBL.delete(ns.path)
-      else
-        Tk_Namespace_ID_TBL.delete(ns.to_s)
-      end
+      Tk_Namespace_ID_TBL.mutex.synchronize{
+        if ns.kind_of?(TkNamespace)
+          Tk_Namespace_ID_TBL.delete(ns.path)
+        else
+          Tk_Namespace_ID_TBL.delete(ns.to_s)
+        end
+      }
     }
   end
   def delete
@@ -371,7 +420,7 @@ class TkNamespace < TkObject
 
   def self.eval(namespace, cmd = Proc.new, *args)
     #tk_call('namespace', 'eval', namespace, cmd, *args)
-    TkNamespace.new(namespece).eval(cmd, *args)
+    TkNamespace.new(namespace).eval(cmd, *args)
   end
 =begin
   def eval(cmd = Proc.new, *args)
@@ -444,11 +493,13 @@ class TkNamespace < TkObject
 
   def self.parent(namespace=None)
     ns = tk_call('namespace', 'parent', namespace)
-    if Tk_Namespace_ID_TBL.key?(ns)
-      Tk_Namespace_ID_TBL[ns]
-    else
-      ns
-    end
+    Tk_Namespace_ID_TBL.mutex.synchronize{
+      if Tk_Namespace_ID_TBL.key?(ns)
+        Tk_Namespace_ID_TBL[ns]
+      else
+        ns
+      end
+    }
   end
   def parent
     tk_call('namespace', 'parent', @fullname)
diff --git a/ext/tk/lib/tk/optiondb.rb b/ext/tk/lib/tk/optiondb.rb
index a806f3971d..186811d37d 100644
--- a/ext/tk/lib/tk/optiondb.rb
+++ b/ext/tk/lib/tk/optiondb.rb
@@ -8,7 +8,11 @@ module TkOptionDB
   extend Tk
 
   TkCommandNames = ['option'.freeze].freeze
-  CmdClassID = ['CMD_CLASS'.freeze, '00000'.taint].freeze
+  (CmdClassID = ['CMD_CLASS'.freeze, '00000'.taint]).instance_eval{
+    @mutex = Mutex.new
+    def mutex; @mutex; end
+    freeze
+  }
 
   module Priority
     WidgetDefault = 20
@@ -250,8 +254,10 @@ module TkOptionDB
   def __create_new_class(klass, func, safe = 4, add = false, parent = nil)
     if klass.kind_of?(TkWindow)
       carrier = klass.path
-      klass = CmdClassID.join(TkCore::INTERP._ip_id_)
-      CmdClassID[1].succ!
+      CmdClassID.mutex.synchronize{
+        klass = CmdClassID.join(TkCore::INTERP._ip_id_)
+        CmdClassID[1].succ!
+      }
       parent = nil # ignore parent
     else
       klass = klass.to_s if klass.kind_of?(Symbol)
@@ -312,7 +318,7 @@ module TkOptionDB
         :singleton_methods, :remove_const, :remove_method, :undef_method, 
         :to_s, :inspect, :display, :method, :methods, :respond_to?, 
         :instance_variable_get, :instance_variable_set, :instance_method, 
-        :instance_eval, :instance_variables, :kind_of?, :is_a?,
+        :instance_eval, :instance_exec, :instance_variables, :kind_of?, :is_a?,
         :private_methods, :protected_methods, :public_methods ].each{|m|
         alias_method(m, :__null_method)
       }
@@ -362,7 +368,7 @@ module TkOptionDB
 
   def new_proc_class_random(klass, func, safe = 4, add = false, &b)
     eval_under_random_base(){
-      TkOption.new_proc_class(klass, func, safe, add, self, &b)
+      TkOptionDB.new_proc_class(klass, func, safe, add, self, &b)
     }
   end
   module_function :new_proc_class_random
diff --git a/ext/tk/lib/tk/pack.rb b/ext/tk/lib/tk/pack.rb
index 8fab363121..220a38e524 100644
--- a/ext/tk/lib/tk/pack.rb
+++ b/ext/tk/lib/tk/pack.rb
@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ module TkPack
 
   TkCommandNames = ['pack'.freeze].freeze
 
+=begin
   def configure(win, *args)
     if args[-1].kind_of?(Hash)
       opts = args.pop
@@ -29,6 +30,22 @@ module TkPack
     }
     tk_call_without_enc("pack", 'configure', *params)
   end
+=end
+  def configure(*args)
+    if args[-1].kind_of?(Hash)
+      opts = args.pop
+    else
+      opts = {}
+    end
+    fail ArgumentError, 'no widget is given' if args.empty?
+    params = []
+    args.flatten(1).each{|win| params.push(_epath(win))}
+    opts.each{|k, v|
+      params.push("-#{k}")
+      params.push(_epath(v))  # have to use 'epath' (hash_kv() is unavailable)
+    }
+    tk_call_without_enc("pack", 'configure', *params)
+  end
   alias pack configure
 
   def forget(*args)
diff --git a/ext/tk/lib/tk/package.rb b/ext/tk/lib/tk/package.rb
index d1eb27674d..0c329732f5 100644
--- a/ext/tk/lib/tk/package.rb
+++ b/ext/tk/lib/tk/package.rb
@@ -136,4 +136,8 @@ module TkPackage
   def vsatisfies(version1, version2)
     bool(tk_call('package', 'vsatisfies', version1, version2))
   end
+
+  def prefer(setting = None)
+    tk_call('package', 'prefer', setting)
+  end
 end
diff --git a/ext/tk/lib/tk/palette.rb b/ext/tk/lib/tk/palette.rb
index 2b6fdf5d90..2d08d50f6a 100644
--- a/ext/tk/lib/tk/palette.rb
+++ b/ext/tk/lib/tk/palette.rb
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ module TkPalette
   ].freeze
 
   def TkPalette.set(*args)
-    args = args.to_a.flatten if args.kind_of? Hash
+    args = args[0].to_a.flatten if args[0].kind_of? Hash
     tk_call('tk_setPalette', *args)
   end
   def TkPalette.setPalette(*args)
diff --git a/ext/tk/lib/tk/panedwindow.rb b/ext/tk/lib/tk/panedwindow.rb
index c6cf3cd11f..030144e677 100644
--- a/ext/tk/lib/tk/panedwindow.rb
+++ b/ext/tk/lib/tk/panedwindow.rb
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 #
 require 'tk'
 
-class TkPanedWindow<TkWindow
+class Tk::PanedWindow<TkWindow
   TkCommandNames = ['panedwindow'.freeze].freeze
   WidgetClassName = 'Panedwindow'.freeze
   WidgetClassNames[WidgetClassName] = self
@@ -76,11 +76,32 @@ class TkPanedWindow<TkWindow
     self
   end
 
-  def panecget(win, key)
+  def panecget_strict(win, key)
     # win = win.epath if win.kind_of?(TkObject)
     win = _epath(win)
     tk_tcl2ruby(tk_send_without_enc('panecget', win, "-#{key}"))
   end
+  def panecget(win, key)
+    unless TkItemConfigMethod.__IGNORE_UNKNOWN_CONFIGURE_OPTION__
+      panecget_strict(win, key)
+    else
+      begin
+        panecget_strict(win, key)
+      rescue => e
+        begin
+          if current_paneconfiginfo(win).has_key?(option.to_s)
+            # not tag error & option is known -> error on known option
+            fail e
+          else
+            # not tag error & option is unknown
+            nil
+          end
+        rescue
+          fail e  # tag error
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
 
   def paneconfigure(win, key, value=nil)
     # win = win.epath if win.kind_of?(TkObject)
@@ -229,4 +250,9 @@ class TkPanedWindow<TkWindow
     list(tk_send_without_enc('panes'))
   end
 end
-TkPanedwindow = TkPanedWindow
+
+Tk::Panedwindow = Tk::PanedWindow
+#TkPanedWindow = Tk::PanedWindow unless Object.const_defined? :TkPanedWindow
+#TkPanedwindow = Tk::Panedwindow unless Object.const_defined? :TkPanedwindow
+Tk.__set_toplevel_aliases__(:Tk, Tk::PanedWindow, 
+                            :TkPanedWindow, :TkPanedwindow)
diff --git a/ext/tk/lib/tk/radiobutton.rb b/ext/tk/lib/tk/radiobutton.rb
index f8f67d709a..1f864ec06b 100644
--- a/ext/tk/lib/tk/radiobutton.rb
+++ b/ext/tk/lib/tk/radiobutton.rb
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
 require 'tk'
 require 'tk/button'
 
-class TkRadioButton<TkButton
+class Tk::RadioButton<Tk::Button
   TkCommandNames = ['radiobutton'.freeze].freeze
   WidgetClassName = 'Radiobutton'.freeze
   WidgetClassNames[WidgetClassName] = self
@@ -63,4 +63,9 @@ class TkRadioButton<TkButton
     end
   end
 end
-TkRadiobutton = TkRadioButton
+
+Tk::Radiobutton = Tk::RadioButton
+#TkRadioButton = Tk::RadioButton unless Object.const_defined? :TkRadioButton
+#TkRadiobutton = Tk::Radiobutton unless Object.const_defined? :TkRadiobutton
+Tk.__set_toplevel_aliases__(:Tk, Tk::RadioButton, 
+                            :TkRadioButton, :TkRadiobutton)
diff --git a/ext/tk/lib/tk/root.rb b/ext/tk/lib/tk/root.rb
index 0e5584c7c1..7237b4c614 100644
--- a/ext/tk/lib/tk/root.rb
+++ b/ext/tk/lib/tk/root.rb
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ require 'tk'
 require 'tk/wm'
 require 'tk/menuspec'
 
-class TkRoot<TkWindow
+class Tk::Root<TkWindow
   include Wm
   include TkMenuSpec
 
@@ -14,28 +14,7 @@ class TkRoot<TkWindow
   end
   private :__methodcall_optkeys
 
-=begin
-  ROOT = []
-  def TkRoot.new(keys=nil)
-    if ROOT[0]
-      Tk_WINDOWS["."] = ROOT[0]
-      return ROOT[0]
-    end
-    new = super(:without_creating=>true, :widgetname=>'.')
-    if keys  # wm commands
-      keys.each{|k,v|
-        if v.kind_of? Array
-          new.send(k,*v)
-        else
-          new.send(k,v)
-        end
-      }
-    end
-    ROOT[0] = new
-    Tk_WINDOWS["."] = new
-  end
-=end
-  def TkRoot.new(keys=nil, &b)
+  def Root.new(keys=nil, &b)
     unless TkCore::INTERP.tk_windows['.']
       TkCore::INTERP.tk_windows['.'] = 
         super(:without_creating=>true, :widgetname=>'.'){}
@@ -62,7 +41,13 @@ class TkRoot<TkWindow
       }
     end
 
-    root.instance_eval(&b) if block_given?
+    if block_given?
+      if TkCore::WITH_RUBY_VM  ### Ruby 1.9 !!!!
+        root.instance_exec(root, &b)
+      else
+        root.instance_eval(&b)
+      end
+    end
     root
   end
 
@@ -102,7 +87,9 @@ class TkRoot<TkWindow
     self.menu
   end
 
-  def TkRoot.destroy
+  def Root.destroy
     TkCore::INTERP._invoke('destroy', '.')
   end
 end
+
+TkRoot = Tk::Root unless Object.const_defined? :TkRoot
diff --git a/ext/tk/lib/tk/scale.rb b/ext/tk/lib/tk/scale.rb
index 0b703aa055..7e758d92f4 100644
--- a/ext/tk/lib/tk/scale.rb
+++ b/ext/tk/lib/tk/scale.rb
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 #
 require 'tk'
 
-class TkScale<TkWindow
+class Tk::Scale<TkWindow
   TkCommandNames = ['scale'.freeze].freeze
   WidgetClassName = 'Scale'.freeze
   WidgetClassNames[WidgetClassName] = self
@@ -14,9 +14,31 @@ class TkScale<TkWindow
         cmd = keys.delete('command')
         keys['command'] = proc{|val| cmd.call(val.to_f)}
       end
-      #tk_call_without_enc('scale', @path, *hash_kv(keys, true))
-      tk_call_without_enc(self.class::TkCommandNames[0], @path, 
-                          *hash_kv(keys, true))
+      unless TkConfigMethod.__IGNORE_UNKNOWN_CONFIGURE_OPTION__
+        #tk_call_without_enc('scale', @path, *hash_kv(keys, true))
+        tk_call_without_enc(self.class::TkCommandNames[0], @path, 
+                            *hash_kv(keys, true))
+      else
+        begin
+          tk_call_without_enc(self.class::TkCommandNames[0], @path, 
+                              *hash_kv(keys, true))
+        rescue
+          tk_call_without_enc(self.class::TkCommandNames[0], @path)
+          keys = __check_available_configure_options(keys)
+          unless keys.empty?
+            begin
+              tk_call_without_enc('destroy', @path)
+            rescue
+              # cannot destroy
+              configure(keys)
+            else
+              # re-create widget
+              tk_call_without_enc(self.class::TkCommandNames[0], @path, 
+                                  *hash_kv(keys, true))
+            end
+          end
+        end
+      end
     else
       #tk_call_without_enc('scale', @path)
       tk_call_without_enc(self.class::TkCommandNames[0], @path)
@@ -84,3 +106,6 @@ class TkScale<TkWindow
     val
   end
 end
+
+#TkScale = Tk::Scale unless Object.const_defined? :TkScale
+Tk.__set_toplevel_aliases__(:Tk, Tk::Scale, :TkScale)
diff --git a/ext/tk/lib/tk/scrollable.rb b/ext/tk/lib/tk/scrollable.rb
index ec27b76467..96959b7a4b 100644
--- a/ext/tk/lib/tk/scrollable.rb
+++ b/ext/tk/lib/tk/scrollable.rb
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
 require 'tk'
 
 module Tk
-  module X_Scrollable
+  module XScrollable
     def xscrollcommand(cmd=Proc.new)
       configure_cmd 'xscrollcommand', cmd
       # Tk.update  # avoid scrollbar trouble
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ module Tk
     end
   end
 
-  module Y_Scrollable
+  module YScrollable
     def yscrollcommand(cmd=Proc.new)
       configure_cmd 'yscrollcommand', cmd
       # Tk.update  # avoid scrollbar trouble
@@ -72,8 +72,11 @@ module Tk
     end
   end
 
+  X_Scrollable = XScrollable
+  Y_Scrollable = YScrollable
+
   module Scrollable
-    include X_Scrollable
-    include Y_Scrollable
+    include XScrollable
+    include YScrollable
   end
 end
diff --git a/ext/tk/lib/tk/scrollbar.rb b/ext/tk/lib/tk/scrollbar.rb
index 70aadfdd4c..87db46a9f9 100644
--- a/ext/tk/lib/tk/scrollbar.rb
+++ b/ext/tk/lib/tk/scrollbar.rb
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 #
 require 'tk'
 
-class TkScrollbar<TkWindow
+class Tk::Scrollbar<TkWindow
   TkCommandNames = ['scrollbar'.freeze].freeze
   WidgetClassName = 'Scrollbar'.freeze
   WidgetClassNames[WidgetClassName] = self
@@ -19,9 +19,31 @@ class TkScrollbar<TkWindow
     }
 
     if keys and keys != None
-      #tk_call_without_enc('scrollbar', @path, *hash_kv(keys, true))
-      tk_call_without_enc(self.class::TkCommandNames[0], @path, 
-                          *hash_kv(keys, true))
+      unless TkConfigMethod.__IGNORE_UNKNOWN_CONFIGURE_OPTION__
+        #tk_call_without_enc('scrollbar', @path, *hash_kv(keys, true))
+        tk_call_without_enc(self.class::TkCommandNames[0], @path, 
+                            *hash_kv(keys, true))
+      else
+        begin
+          tk_call_without_enc(self.class::TkCommandNames[0], @path, 
+                              *hash_kv(keys, true))
+        rescue
+          tk_call_without_enc(self.class::TkCommandNames[0], @path)
+          keys = __check_available_configure_options(keys)
+          unless keys.empty?
+            begin
+              tk_call_without_enc('destroy', @path)
+            rescue
+              # cannot destroy
+              configure(keys)
+            else
+              # re-create widget
+              tk_call_without_enc(self.class::TkCommandNames[0], @path, 
+                                  *hash_kv(keys, true))
+            end
+          end
+        end
+      end
     else
       #tk_call_without_enc('scrollbar', @path)
       tk_call_without_enc(self.class::TkCommandNames[0], @path)
@@ -103,9 +125,33 @@ class TkScrollbar<TkWindow
   def activate(element=None)
     tk_send_without_enc('activate', element)
   end
+
+  def moveto(fraction)
+    tk_send_without_enc('moveto', fraction)
+    self
+  end
+
+  def scroll(*args)
+    tk_send_without_enc('scroll', *args)
+    self
+  end
+
+  def scroll_units(num)
+    scroll(num, 'units')
+    self
+  end
+
+  def scroll_pages(num)
+    scroll(num, 'pages')
+    self
+  end
 end
 
-class TkXScrollbar<TkScrollbar
+#TkScrollbar = Tk::Scrollbar unless Object.const_defined? :TkScrollbar
+Tk.__set_toplevel_aliases__(:Tk, Tk::Scrollbar, :TkScrollbar)
+
+
+class Tk::XScrollbar<Tk::Scrollbar
   def create_self(keys)
     keys = {} unless keys
     keys['orient'] = 'horizontal'
@@ -114,7 +160,11 @@ class TkXScrollbar<TkScrollbar
   private :create_self
 end
 
-class TkYScrollbar<TkScrollbar
+#TkXScrollbar = Tk::XScrollbar unless Object.const_defined? :TkXScrollbar
+Tk.__set_toplevel_aliases__(:Tk, Tk::XScrollbar, :TkXScrollbar)
+
+
+class Tk::YScrollbar<Tk::Scrollbar
   def create_self(keys)
     keys = {} unless keys
     keys['orient'] = 'vertical'
@@ -122,3 +172,6 @@ class TkYScrollbar<TkScrollbar
   end
   private :create_self
 end
+
+#TkYScrollbar = Tk::YScrollbar unless Object.const_defined? :TkYScrollbar
+Tk.__set_toplevel_aliases__(:Tk, Tk::YScrollbar, :TkYScrollbar)
diff --git a/ext/tk/lib/tk/scrollbox.rb b/ext/tk/lib/tk/scrollbox.rb
index fd04057fb6..d20742a666 100644
--- a/ext/tk/lib/tk/scrollbox.rb
+++ b/ext/tk/lib/tk/scrollbox.rb
@@ -1,16 +1,19 @@
 #
 #               tk/scrollbox.rb - Tk Listbox with Scrollbar
 #                                 as an example of Composite Widget
-#                       $Date$
 #                       by Yukihiro Matsumoto <matz@netlab.co.jp>
 #
 require 'tk'
 require 'tk/listbox'
 
-class TkScrollbox<TkListbox
+class TkScrollbox<Tk::Listbox
   include TkComposite
   def initialize_composite(keys=nil)
+    #list = Tk::Listbox.new(@frame)
+    # -> use current TkListbox class
     list = TkListbox.new(@frame)
+    #scroll = Tk::Scrollbar.new(@frame)
+    # -> use current TkScrollbar class
     scroll = TkScrollbar.new(@frame)
     @path = list.path
 
diff --git a/ext/tk/lib/tk/spinbox.rb b/ext/tk/lib/tk/spinbox.rb
index 9a10977d12..34dc1904f7 100644
--- a/ext/tk/lib/tk/spinbox.rb
+++ b/ext/tk/lib/tk/spinbox.rb
@@ -1,12 +1,11 @@
 #
 #               tk/spinbox.rb - Tk spinbox classes
-#                       $Date$
 #                       by Yukihiro Matsumoto <matz@caelum.co.jp>
 #
 require 'tk'
 require 'tk/entry'
 
-class TkSpinbox<TkEntry
+class Tk::Spinbox<Tk::Entry
   TkCommandNames = ['spinbox'.freeze].freeze
   WidgetClassName = 'Spinbox'.freeze
   WidgetClassNames[WidgetClassName] = self
@@ -38,6 +37,24 @@ class TkSpinbox<TkEntry
         nil
       ]
 
+=begin
+      # for Ruby m17n :: ?x --> String --> char-code ( getbyte(0) )
+      KEY_TBL.map!{|inf|
+        if inf.kind_of?(Array)
+          inf[0] = inf[0].getbyte(0) if inf[0].kind_of?(String)
+          inf[1] = inf[1].getbyte(0) if inf[1].kind_of?(String)
+        end
+        inf
+      }
+
+      PROC_TBL.map!{|inf|
+        if inf.kind_of?(Array)
+          inf[0] = inf[0].getbyte(0) if inf[0].kind_of?(String)
+        end
+        inf
+      }
+=end
+
       _setup_subst_table(KEY_TBL, PROC_TBL);
 
       def self.ret_val(val)
@@ -97,3 +114,6 @@ class TkSpinbox<TkEntry
     _fromUTF8(tk_send_without_enc('set', _get_eval_enc_str(str)))
   end
 end
+
+#TkSpinbox = Tk::Spinbox unless Object.const_defined? :TkSpinbox
+Tk.__set_toplevel_aliases__(:Tk, Tk::Spinbox, :TkSpinbox)
diff --git a/ext/tk/lib/tk/text.rb b/ext/tk/lib/tk/text.rb
index 49d4b5625b..4ec82bed1d 100644
--- a/ext/tk/lib/tk/text.rb
+++ b/ext/tk/lib/tk/text.rb
@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 #
 #               tk/text.rb - Tk text classes
-#                       $Date$
 #                       by Yukihiro Matsumoto <matz@caelum.co.jp>
 require 'tk'
 require 'tk/itemfont'
@@ -33,34 +32,40 @@ module TkTextTagConfig
   def tag_cget(tagOrId, option)
     itemcget(['tag', tagOrId], option)
   end
+  def tag_cget_strict(tagOrId, option)
+    itemcget_strict(['tag', tagOrId], option)
+  end
   def tag_configure(tagOrId, slot, value=None)
     itemconfigure(['tag', tagOrId], slot, value)
   end
   def tag_configinfo(tagOrId, slot=nil)
-    itemconfigure(['tag', tagOrId], slot)
+    itemconfiginfo(['tag', tagOrId], slot)
   end
   def current_tag_configinfo(tagOrId, slot=nil)
-    itemconfigure(['tag', tagOrId], slot)
+    current_itemconfiginfo(['tag', tagOrId], slot)
   end
 
   def window_cget(tagOrId, option)
     itemcget(['window', tagOrId], option)
   end
+  def window_cget_strict(tagOrId, option)
+    itemcget_strict(['window', tagOrId], option)
+  end
   def window_configure(tagOrId, slot, value=None)
     itemconfigure(['window', tagOrId], slot, value)
   end
   def window_configinfo(tagOrId, slot=nil)
-    itemconfigure(['window', tagOrId], slot)
+    itemconfiginfo(['window', tagOrId], slot)
   end
   def current_window_configinfo(tagOrId, slot=nil)
-    itemconfigure(['window', tagOrId], slot)
+    current_itemconfiginfo(['window', tagOrId], slot)
   end
 
-  private :itemcget, :itemconfigure
-  private :itemconfiginfo, :current_itemconfiginfo
+  private :itemcget, :itemcget_strict
+  private :itemconfigure, :itemconfiginfo, :current_itemconfiginfo
 end
 
-class TkText<TkTextWin
+class Tk::Text<TkTextWin
   ItemConfCMD = ['tag'.freeze, 'configure'.freeze].freeze
   #include TkTreatTextTagFont
   include TkTextTagConfig
@@ -74,9 +79,9 @@ class TkText<TkTextWin
 
       mod = mod.to_s
       if mod =~ /^\s*[+-]?\d/
-        TkText::IndexString.new(String.new(id) << ' + ' << mod)
+        Tk::Text::IndexString.new(String.new(id) << ' + ' << mod)
       else
-        TkText::IndexString.new(String.new(id) << ' ' << mod)
+        Tk::Text::IndexString.new(String.new(id) << ' ' << mod)
       end
     end
 
@@ -85,20 +90,20 @@ class TkText<TkTextWin
 
       mod = mod.to_s
       if mod =~ /^\s*[+-]?\d/
-        TkText::IndexString.new(String.new(id) << ' - ' << mod)
+        Tk::Text::IndexString.new(String.new(id) << ' - ' << mod)
       elsif mod =~ /^\s*[-]\s+(\d.*)$/
-        TkText::IndexString.new(String.new(id) << ' - -' << $1)
+        Tk::Text::IndexString.new(String.new(id) << ' - -' << $1)
       else
-        TkText::IndexString.new(String.new(id) << ' ' << mod)
+        Tk::Text::IndexString.new(String.new(id) << ' ' << mod)
       end
     end
 
     def chars(mod)
       fail ArgumentError, 'expect Integer'  unless mod.kind_of?(Integer)
       if mod < 0
-        TkText::IndexString.new(String.new(id) << ' ' << mod.to_s << ' chars')
+        Tk::Text::IndexString.new(String.new(id) << ' ' << mod.to_s << ' chars')
       else
-        TkText::IndexString.new(String.new(id) << ' + ' << mod.to_s << ' chars')
+        Tk::Text::IndexString.new(String.new(id) << ' + ' << mod.to_s << ' chars')
       end
     end
     alias char chars
@@ -107,9 +112,9 @@ class TkText<TkTextWin
       # Tk8.5 feature
       fail ArgumentError, 'expect Integer'  unless mod.kind_of?(Integer)
       if mod < 0
-        TkText::IndexString.new(String.new(id) << ' ' << mod.to_s << ' display chars')
+        Tk::Text::IndexString.new(String.new(id) << ' ' << mod.to_s << ' display chars')
       else
-        TkText::IndexString.new(String.new(id) << ' + ' << mod.to_s << ' display chars')
+        Tk::Text::IndexString.new(String.new(id) << ' + ' << mod.to_s << ' display chars')
       end
     end
     alias display_char display_chars
@@ -118,9 +123,9 @@ class TkText<TkTextWin
       # Tk8.5 feature
       fail ArgumentError, 'expect Integer'  unless mod.kind_of?(Integer)
       if mod < 0
-        TkText::IndexString.new(String.new(id) << ' ' << mod.to_s << ' any chars')
+        Tk::Text::IndexString.new(String.new(id) << ' ' << mod.to_s << ' any chars')
       else
-        TkText::IndexString.new(String.new(id) << ' + ' << mod.to_s << ' any chars')
+        Tk::Text::IndexString.new(String.new(id) << ' + ' << mod.to_s << ' any chars')
       end
     end
     alias any_char any_chars
@@ -129,9 +134,9 @@ class TkText<TkTextWin
       # Tk8.5 feature
       fail ArgumentError, 'expect Integer'  unless mod.kind_of?(Integer)
       if mod < 0
-        TkText::IndexString.new(String.new(id) << ' ' << mod.to_s << ' indices')
+        Tk::Text::IndexString.new(String.new(id) << ' ' << mod.to_s << ' indices')
       else
-        TkText::IndexString.new(String.new(id) << ' + ' << mod.to_s << ' indices')
+        Tk::Text::IndexString.new(String.new(id) << ' + ' << mod.to_s << ' indices')
       end
     end
 
@@ -139,9 +144,9 @@ class TkText<TkTextWin
       # Tk8.5 feature
       fail ArgumentError, 'expect Integer'  unless mod.kind_of?(Integer)
       if mod < 0
-        TkText::IndexString.new(String.new(id) << ' ' << mod.to_s << ' display indices')
+        Tk::Text::IndexString.new(String.new(id) << ' ' << mod.to_s << ' display indices')
       else
-        TkText::IndexString.new(String.new(id) << ' + ' << mod.to_s << ' display indices')
+        Tk::Text::IndexString.new(String.new(id) << ' + ' << mod.to_s << ' display indices')
       end
     end
 
@@ -149,18 +154,18 @@ class TkText<TkTextWin
       # Tk8.5 feature
       fail ArgumentError, 'expect Integer'  unless mod.kind_of?(Integer)
       if mod < 0
-        TkText::IndexString.new(String.new(id) << ' ' << mod.to_s << ' any indices')
+        Tk::Text::IndexString.new(String.new(id) << ' ' << mod.to_s << ' any indices')
       else
-        TkText::IndexString.new(String.new(id) << ' + ' << mod.to_s << ' any indices')
+        Tk::Text::IndexString.new(String.new(id) << ' + ' << mod.to_s << ' any indices')
       end
     end
 
     def lines(mod)
       fail ArgumentError, 'expect Integer'  unless mod.kind_of?(Integer)
       if mod < 0
-        TkText::IndexString.new(String.new(id) << ' ' << mod.to_s << ' lines')
+        Tk::Text::IndexString.new(String.new(id) << ' ' << mod.to_s << ' lines')
       else
-        TkText::IndexString.new(String.new(id) << ' + ' << mod.to_s << ' lines')
+        Tk::Text::IndexString.new(String.new(id) << ' + ' << mod.to_s << ' lines')
       end
     end
     alias line lines
@@ -169,9 +174,9 @@ class TkText<TkTextWin
       # Tk8.5 feature
       fail ArgumentError, 'expect Integer'  unless mod.kind_of?(Integer)
       if mod < 0
-        TkText::IndexString.new(String.new(id) << ' ' << mod.to_s << ' display_lines')
+        Tk::Text::IndexString.new(String.new(id) << ' ' << mod.to_s << ' display_lines')
       else
-        TkText::IndexString.new(String.new(id) << ' + ' << mod.to_s << ' display lines')
+        Tk::Text::IndexString.new(String.new(id) << ' + ' << mod.to_s << ' display lines')
       end
     end
     alias display_line display_lines
@@ -180,43 +185,43 @@ class TkText<TkTextWin
       # Tk8.5 feature
       fail ArgumentError, 'expect Integer'  unless mod.kind_of?(Integer)
       if mod < 0
-        TkText::IndexString.new(String.new(id) << ' ' << mod.to_s << ' any_lines')
+        Tk::Text::IndexString.new(String.new(id) << ' ' << mod.to_s << ' any_lines')
       else
-        TkText::IndexString.new(String.new(id) << ' + ' << mod.to_s << ' any lines')
+        Tk::Text::IndexString.new(String.new(id) << ' + ' << mod.to_s << ' any lines')
       end
     end
     alias any_line any_lines
 
     def linestart
-      TkText::IndexString.new(String.new(id) << ' linestart')
+      Tk::Text::IndexString.new(String.new(id) << ' linestart')
     end
     def lineend
-      TkText::IndexString.new(String.new(id) << ' lineend')
+      Tk::Text::IndexString.new(String.new(id) << ' lineend')
     end
 
     def display_linestart
       # Tk8.5 feature
-      TkText::IndexString.new(String.new(id) << ' display linestart')
+      Tk::Text::IndexString.new(String.new(id) << ' display linestart')
     end
     def display_lineend
       # Tk8.5 feature
-      TkText::IndexString.new(String.new(id) << ' display lineend')
+      Tk::Text::IndexString.new(String.new(id) << ' display lineend')
     end
 
     def wordstart
-      TkText::IndexString.new(String.new(id) << ' wordstart')
+      Tk::Text::IndexString.new(String.new(id) << ' wordstart')
     end
     def wordend
-      TkText::IndexString.new(String.new(id) << ' wordend')
+      Tk::Text::IndexString.new(String.new(id) << ' wordend')
     end
 
     def display_wordstart
       # Tk8.5 feature
-      TkText::IndexString.new(String.new(id) << ' display wordstart')
+      Tk::Text::IndexString.new(String.new(id) << ' display wordstart')
     end
     def display_wordend
       # Tk8.5 feature
-      TkText::IndexString.new(String.new(id) << ' display wordend')
+      Tk::Text::IndexString.new(String.new(id) << ' display wordend')
     end
   end
 
@@ -251,7 +256,11 @@ class TkText<TkTextWin
   def self.new(*args, &block)
     obj = super(*args){}
     obj.init_instance_variable
-    obj.instance_eval(&block) if defined? yield
+    if TkCore::WITH_RUBY_VM  ### Ruby 1.9 !!!!
+      obj.instance_exec(obj, &block) if defined? yield
+    else
+      obj.instance_eval(&block) if defined? yield
+    end
     obj
   end
 
@@ -261,8 +270,12 @@ class TkText<TkTextWin
   end
 
   def __destroy_hook__
-    TkTextTag::TTagID_TBL.delete(@path)
-    TkTextMark::TMarkID_TBL.delete(@path)
+    TkTextTag::TTagID_TBL.mutex.synchronize{
+      TkTextTag::TTagID_TBL.delete(@path)
+    }
+    TkTextTag::TMarkID_TBL.mutex.synchronize{
+      TkTextMark::TMarkID_TBL.delete(@path)
+    }
   end
 
   def create_self(keys)
@@ -285,16 +298,16 @@ class TkText<TkTextWin
   private :__strval_optkeys
 
   def self.at(x, y)
-    TkText::IndexString.at(x, y)
+    Tk::Text::IndexString.at(x, y)
   end
 
   def at(x, y)
-    TkText::IndexString.at(x, y)
+    Tk::Text::IndexString.at(x, y)
   end
 
   def index(idx)
-    TkText::IndexString.new(tk_send_without_enc('index', 
-                                                _get_eval_enc_str(idx)))
+    Tk::Text::IndexString.new(tk_send_without_enc('index', 
+                                                  _get_eval_enc_str(idx)))
   end
 
   def get_displaychars(*index)
@@ -396,7 +409,7 @@ class TkText<TkTextWin
   end
   alias previous_mark mark_previous
 
-  def image_cget(index, slot)
+  def image_cget_strict(index, slot)
     case slot.to_s
     when 'text', 'label', 'show', 'data', 'file'
       _fromUTF8(tk_send_without_enc('image', 'cget', 
@@ -408,6 +421,28 @@ class TkText<TkTextWin
     end
   end
 
+  def image_cget(index, slot)
+    unless TkItemConfigMethod.__IGNORE_UNKNOWN_CONFIGURE_OPTION__
+      image_cget_strict(index, slot)
+    else
+      begin
+        image_cget_strict(index, slot)
+      rescue => e
+        begin
+          if current_image_configinfo(index).has_key?(slot.to_s)
+            # not tag error & option is known -> error on known option
+            fail e
+          else
+            # not tag error & option is unknown
+            nil
+          end
+        rescue
+          fail e  # tag error
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
   def image_configure(index, slot, value=None)
     if slot.kind_of?(Hash)
       _fromUTF8(tk_send_without_enc('image', 'configure', 
@@ -713,15 +748,17 @@ class TkText<TkTextWin
   def tag_delete(*tags)
     tk_send_without_enc('tag', 'delete', 
                         *(tags.collect{|tag| _get_eval_enc_str(tag)}))
-    if TkTextTag::TTagID_TBL[@path]
-      tags.each{|tag|
-        if tag.kind_of?(TkTextTag)
-          TkTextTag::TTagID_TBL[@path].delete(tag.id) 
-        else
-          TkTextTag::TTagID_TBL[@path].delete(tag) 
-        end
-      }
-    end
+    TkTextTag::TTagID_TBL.mutex.synchronize{
+      if TkTextTag::TTagID_TBL[@path]
+        tags.each{|tag|
+          if tag.kind_of?(TkTextTag)
+            TkTextTag::TTagID_TBL[@path].delete(tag.id) 
+          else
+            TkTextTag::TTagID_TBL[@path].delete(tag) 
+          end
+        }
+      end
+    }
     self
   end
   alias deltag tag_delete
@@ -968,7 +1005,7 @@ class TkText<TkTextWin
                             false, true)
     r = []
     while key=l.shift
-      r.push [TkText::IndexString.new(key), TkText::IndexString.new(l.shift)]
+      r.push [Tk::Text::IndexString.new(key), Tk::Text::IndexString.new(l.shift)]
     end
     r
   end
@@ -978,7 +1015,7 @@ class TkText<TkTextWin
                                    _get_eval_enc_str(tag), 
                                    _get_eval_enc_str(first), 
                                    _get_eval_enc_str(last))).collect{|idx|
-      TkText::IndexString.new(idx)
+      Tk::Text::IndexString.new(idx)
     }
   end
 
@@ -987,7 +1024,7 @@ class TkText<TkTextWin
                                    _get_eval_enc_str(tag), 
                                    _get_eval_enc_str(first), 
                                    _get_eval_enc_str(last))).collect{|idx|
-      TkText::IndexString.new(idx)
+      Tk::Text::IndexString.new(idx)
     }
   end
 
@@ -1183,6 +1220,11 @@ class TkText<TkTextWin
   end
 
   def _ktext_length(txt)
+    if TkCore::WITH_ENCODING ### Ruby 1.9 !!!!!!!!!!!!!
+      return txt.length
+    end
+    ###########################
+
     if $KCODE !~ /n/i
       return txt.gsub(/[^\Wa-zA-Z_\d]/, ' ').length
     end
@@ -1232,7 +1274,7 @@ class TkText<TkTextWin
     if ret == ""
       nil
     else
-      TkText::IndexString.new(ret)
+      Tk::Text::IndexString.new(ret)
     end
   end
 
@@ -1267,7 +1309,7 @@ class TkText<TkTextWin
     if ret == ""
       nil
     else
-      TkText::IndexString.new(ret)
+      Tk::Text::IndexString.new(ret)
     end
   end
 
@@ -1456,10 +1498,10 @@ class TkText<TkTextWin
       # retrieve index
       idx = str.index(/ /, i)
       if idx
-        result.push(TkText::IndexString.new(str[i..(idx-1)]))
+        result.push(Tk::Text::IndexString.new(str[i..(idx-1)]))
         i = idx + 1
       else
-        result.push(TkText::IndexString.new(str[i..-1]))
+        result.push(Tk::Text::IndexString.new(str[i..-1]))
         break
       end
     end
@@ -1527,13 +1569,17 @@ class TkText<TkTextWin
   end
 end
 
+#TkText = Tk::Text unless Object.const_defined? :TkText
+Tk.__set_toplevel_aliases__(:Tk, Tk::Text, :TkText)
+
+
 #######################################
 
-class TkText::Peer < TkText
+class Tk::Text::Peer < Tk::Text
   # Tk8.5 feature
   def initialize(text, parent=nil, keys={})
-    unless text.kind_of?(TkText)
-      fail ArgumentError, "TkText is expected for 1st argument"
+    unless text.kind_of?(Tk::Text)
+      fail ArgumentError, "Tk::Text is expected for 1st argument"
     end
     @src_text = text
     super(parent, keys)
diff --git a/ext/tk/lib/tk/textimage.rb b/ext/tk/lib/tk/textimage.rb
index a29b23c7dd..fb306a9c17 100644
--- a/ext/tk/lib/tk/textimage.rb
+++ b/ext/tk/lib/tk/textimage.rb
@@ -5,11 +5,11 @@ require 'tk'
 require 'tk/text'
 
 class TkTextImage<TkObject
-  include TkText::IndexModMethods
+  include Tk::Text::IndexModMethods
 
   def initialize(parent, index, keys)
-    #unless parent.kind_of?(TkText)
-    #  fail ArgumentError, "expect TkText for 1st argument"
+    #unless parent.kind_of?(Tk::Text)
+    #  fail ArgumentError, "expect Tk::Text for 1st argument"
     #end
     @t = parent
     if index == 'end' || index == :end
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ class TkTextImage<TkObject
   end
 
   def id
-    TkText::IndexString.new(@id)
+    Tk::Text::IndexString.new(@id)
   end
   def mark
     @path
@@ -52,6 +52,10 @@ class TkTextImage<TkObject
     @t.image_cget(@index, slot)
   end
 
+  def cget_strict(slot)
+    @t.image_cget_strict(@index, slot)
+  end
+
   def configure(slot, value=None)
     @t.image_configure(@index, slot, value)
     self
@@ -80,3 +84,5 @@ class TkTextImage<TkObject
     value
   end
 end
+
+TktImage = TkTextImage
diff --git a/ext/tk/lib/tk/textmark.rb b/ext/tk/lib/tk/textmark.rb
index 650d95af70..72c1ce1ab4 100644
--- a/ext/tk/lib/tk/textmark.rb
+++ b/ext/tk/lib/tk/textmark.rb
@@ -5,38 +5,54 @@ require 'tk'
 require 'tk/text'
 
 class TkTextMark<TkObject
-  include TkText::IndexModMethods
+  include Tk::Text::IndexModMethods
 
   TMarkID_TBL = TkCore::INTERP.create_table
-  Tk_TextMark_ID = ['mark'.freeze, '00000'.taint].freeze
 
-  TkCore::INTERP.init_ip_env{ TMarkID_TBL.clear }
+  (Tk_TextMark_ID = ['mark'.freeze, '00000'.taint]).instance_eval{
+    @mutex = Mutex.new
+    def mutex; @mutex; end
+    freeze
+  }
+
+  TkCore::INTERP.init_ip_env{
+    TMarkID_TBL.mutex.synchronize{ TMarkID_TBL.clear }
+  }
 
   def TkTextMark.id2obj(text, id)
     tpath = text.path
-    return id unless TMarkID_TBL[tpath]
-    TMarkID_TBL[tpath][id]? TMarkID_TBL[tpath][id]: id
+    TMarkID_TBL.mutex.synchronize{
+      if TMarkID_TBL[tpath]
+        TMarkID_TBL[tpath][id]? TMarkID_TBL[tpath][id]: id
+      else
+        id 
+      end
+    }
   end
 
   def initialize(parent, index)
-    #unless parent.kind_of?(TkText)
-    #  fail ArgumentError, "expect TkText for 1st argument"
+    #unless parent.kind_of?(Tk::Text)
+    #  fail ArgumentError, "expect Tk::Text for 1st argument"
     #end
     @parent = @t = parent
     @tpath = parent.path
-    # @path = @id = Tk_TextMark_ID.join('')
-    @path = @id = Tk_TextMark_ID.join(TkCore::INTERP._ip_id_).freeze
-    TMarkID_TBL[@id] = self
-    TMarkID_TBL[@tpath] = {} unless TMarkID_TBL[@tpath]
-    TMarkID_TBL[@tpath][@id] = self
-    Tk_TextMark_ID[1].succ!
+    Tk_TextMark_ID.mutex.synchronize{
+      # @path = @id = Tk_TextMark_ID.join('')
+      @path = @id = Tk_TextMark_ID.join(TkCore::INTERP._ip_id_).freeze
+      Tk_TextMark_ID[1].succ!
+    }
+    TMarkID_TBL.mutex.synchronize{
+      TMarkID_TBL[@id] = self
+      TMarkID_TBL[@tpath] = {} unless TMarkID_TBL[@tpath]
+      TMarkID_TBL[@tpath][@id] = self
+    }
     tk_call_without_enc(@t.path, 'mark', 'set', @id, 
                         _get_eval_enc_str(index))
     @t._addtag id, self
   end
 
   def id
-    TkText::IndexString.new(@id)
+    Tk::Text::IndexString.new(@id)
   end
 
   def exist?
@@ -49,15 +65,15 @@ class TkTextMark<TkObject
   end
 
 =begin
-  # move to TkText::IndexModMethods module
+  # move to Tk::Text::IndexModMethods module
   def +(mod)
     return chars(mod) if mod.kind_of?(Numeric)
 
     mod = mod.to_s
     if mod =~ /^\s*[+-]?\d/
-      TkText::IndexString.new(@id + ' + ' + mod)
+      Tk::Text::IndexString.new(@id + ' + ' + mod)
     else
-      TkText::IndexString.new(@id + ' ' + mod)
+      Tk::Text::IndexString.new(@id + ' ' + mod)
     end
   end
 
@@ -66,11 +82,11 @@ class TkTextMark<TkObject
 
     mod = mod.to_s
     if mod =~ /^\s*[+-]?\d/
-      TkText::IndexString.new(@id + ' - ' + mod)
+      Tk::Text::IndexString.new(@id + ' - ' + mod)
     elsif mod =~ /^\s*[-]\s+(\d.*)$/
-      TkText::IndexString.new(@id + ' - -' + $1)
+      Tk::Text::IndexString.new(@id + ' - -' + $1)
     else
-      TkText::IndexString.new(@id + ' ' + mod)
+      Tk::Text::IndexString.new(@id + ' ' + mod)
     end
   end
 =end
@@ -121,46 +137,68 @@ class TkTextMark<TkObject
     end
   end
 end
+TktMark = TkTextMark
 
 class TkTextNamedMark<TkTextMark
-  def self.new(parent, name, *args)
-    if TMarkID_TBL[parent.path] && TMarkID_TBL[parent.path][name]
-      return TMarkID_TBL[parent.path][name]
-    else
-      super(parent, name, *args)
-    end
+  def self.new(parent, name, index=nil)
+    TMarkID_TBL.mutex.synchronize{
+      if TMarkID_TBL[parent.path] && TMarkID_TBL[parent.path][name]
+        obj = TMarkID_TBL[parent.path][name]
+      else
+        # super(parent, name, *args)
+        (obj = self.allocate).instance_eval{
+          @parent = @t = parent
+          @tpath = parent.path
+          @path = @id = name
+          TMarkID_TBL[@id] = self
+          TMarkID_TBL[@tpath] = {} unless TMarkID_TBL[@tpath]
+          TMarkID_TBL[@tpath][@id] = self unless TMarkID_TBL[@tpath][@id]
+          @t._addtag @id, self
+        }
+        obj
+      end
+
+      if obj && index
+        tk_call_without_enc(parent.path, 'mark', 'set', name, 
+                            _get_eval_enc_str(index))
+      end
+      obj
+    }
   end
 
   def initialize(parent, name, index=nil)
-    #unless parent.kind_of?(TkText)
-    #  fail ArgumentError, "expect TkText for 1st argument"
+    # dummy:: not called by 'new' method
+
+    #unless parent.kind_of?(Tk::Text)
+    #  fail ArgumentError, "expect Tk::Text for 1st argument"
     #end
     @parent = @t = parent
     @tpath = parent.path
     @path = @id = name
-    TMarkID_TBL[@id] = self
-    TMarkID_TBL[@tpath] = {} unless TMarkID_TBL[@tpath]
-    TMarkID_TBL[@tpath][@id] = self unless TMarkID_TBL[@tpath][@id]
     tk_call_without_enc(@t.path, 'mark', 'set', @id, 
                         _get_eval_enc_str(index)) if index
-    @t._addtag id, self
+    @t._addtag @id, self
   end
 end
+TktNamedMark = TkTextNamedMark
 
 class TkTextMarkInsert<TkTextNamedMark
   def self.new(parent,*args)
     super(parent, 'insert', *args)
   end
 end
+TktMarkInsert = TkTextMarkInsert
 
 class TkTextMarkCurrent<TkTextNamedMark
   def self.new(parent,*args)
     super(parent, 'current', *args)
   end
 end
+TktMarkCurrent = TkTextMarkCurrent
 
 class TkTextMarkAnchor<TkTextNamedMark
   def self.new(parent,*args)
     super(parent, 'anchor', *args)
   end
 end
+TktMarkAnchor = TkTextMarkAnchor
diff --git a/ext/tk/lib/tk/texttag.rb b/ext/tk/lib/tk/texttag.rb
index cc2c56210f..b08d923ea1 100644
--- a/ext/tk/lib/tk/texttag.rb
+++ b/ext/tk/lib/tk/texttag.rb
@@ -7,17 +7,29 @@ require 'tk/tagfont'
 
 class TkTextTag<TkObject
   include TkTreatTagFont
-  include TkText::IndexModMethods
+  include Tk::Text::IndexModMethods
 
   TTagID_TBL = TkCore::INTERP.create_table
-  Tk_TextTag_ID = ['tag'.freeze, '00000'.taint].freeze
 
-  TkCore::INTERP.init_ip_env{ TTagID_TBL.clear }
+  (Tk_TextTag_ID = ['tag'.freeze, '00000'.taint]).instance_eval{
+    @mutex = Mutex.new
+    def mutex; @mutex; end
+    freeze
+  }
+
+  TkCore::INTERP.init_ip_env{
+    TTagID_TBL.mutex.synchronize{ TTagID_TBL.clear }
+  }
 
   def TkTextTag.id2obj(text, id)
     tpath = text.path
-    return id unless TTagID_TBL[tpath]
-    TTagID_TBL[tpath][id]? TTagID_TBL[tpath][id]: id
+    TTagID_TBL.mutex.synchronize{
+      if TTagID_TBL[tpath]
+        TTagID_TBL[tpath][id]? TTagID_TBL[tpath][id]: id
+      else 
+        id
+      end
+    }
   end
 
   def initialize(parent, *args)
@@ -26,12 +38,16 @@ class TkTextTag<TkObject
     #end
     @parent = @t = parent
     @tpath = parent.path
-    # @path = @id = Tk_TextTag_ID.join('')
-    @path = @id = Tk_TextTag_ID.join(TkCore::INTERP._ip_id_).freeze
-    # TTagID_TBL[@id] = self
-    TTagID_TBL[@tpath] = {} unless TTagID_TBL[@tpath]
-    TTagID_TBL[@tpath][@id] = self
-    Tk_TextTag_ID[1].succ!
+    Tk_TextTag_ID.mutex.synchronize{
+      # @path = @id = Tk_TextTag_ID.join('')
+      @path = @id = Tk_TextTag_ID.join(TkCore::INTERP._ip_id_).freeze
+      Tk_TextTag_ID[1].succ!
+    }
+    TTagID_TBL.mutex.synchronize{
+      TTagID_TBL[@id] = self
+      TTagID_TBL[@tpath] = {} unless TTagID_TBL[@tpath]
+      TTagID_TBL[@tpath][@id] = self
+    }
     #tk_call @t.path, "tag", "configure", @id, *hash_kv(keys)
     if args != []
       keys = args.pop
@@ -47,7 +63,7 @@ class TkTextTag<TkObject
   end
 
   def id
-    TkText::IndexString.new(@id)
+    Tk::Text::IndexString.new(@id)
   end
 
   def exist?
@@ -60,11 +76,11 @@ class TkTextTag<TkObject
   end
 
   def first
-    TkText::IndexString.new(@id + '.first')
+    Tk::Text::IndexString.new(@id + '.first')
   end
 
   def last
-    TkText::IndexString.new(@id + '.last')
+    Tk::Text::IndexString.new(@id + '.last')
   end
 
   def add(*indices)
@@ -83,7 +99,7 @@ class TkTextTag<TkObject
     l = tk_split_simplelist(tk_call_without_enc(@t.path, 'tag', 'ranges', @id))
     r = []
     while key=l.shift
-      r.push [TkText::IndexString.new(key), TkText::IndexString.new(l.shift)]
+      r.push [Tk::Text::IndexString.new(key), Tk::Text::IndexString.new(l.shift)]
     end
     r
   end
@@ -92,7 +108,7 @@ class TkTextTag<TkObject
     simplelist(tk_call_without_enc(@t.path, 'tag', 'nextrange', @id, 
                                    _get_eval_enc_str(first), 
                                    _get_eval_enc_str(last))).collect{|idx|
-      TkText::IndexString.new(idx)
+      Tk::Text::IndexString.new(idx)
     }
   end
 
@@ -100,7 +116,7 @@ class TkTextTag<TkObject
     simplelist(tk_call_without_enc(@t.path, 'tag', 'prevrange', @id, 
                                    _get_eval_enc_str(first), 
                                    _get_eval_enc_str(last))).collect{|idx|
-      TkText::IndexString.new(idx)
+      Tk::Text::IndexString.new(idx)
     }
   end
 
@@ -116,6 +132,9 @@ class TkTextTag<TkObject
   def cget(key)
     @t.tag_cget @id, key
   end
+  def cget_strict(key)
+    @t.tag_cget_strict @id, key
+  end
 =begin
   def cget(key)
     case key.to_s
@@ -221,40 +240,58 @@ class TkTextTag<TkObject
 
   def destroy
     tk_call_without_enc(@t.path, 'tag', 'delete', @id)
-    TTagID_TBL[@tpath].delete(@id) if TTagID_TBL[@tpath]
+    TTagID_TBL.mutex.synchronize{
+      TTagID_TBL[@tpath].delete(@id) if TTagID_TBL[@tpath]
+    }
     self
   end
 end
+TktTag = TkTextTag
 
 class TkTextNamedTag<TkTextTag
   def self.new(parent, name, *args)
-    if TTagID_TBL[parent.path] && TTagID_TBL[parent.path][name]
-      tagobj = TTagID_TBL[parent.path][name]
-      if args != []
-        keys = args.pop
-        if keys.kind_of?(Hash)
-          tagobj.add(*args) if args != []
-          tagobj.configure(keys)
-        else
-          args.push keys
-          tagobj.add(*args)
-        end
+    tagobj = nil
+    TTagID_TBL.mutex.synchronize{
+      if TTagID_TBL[parent.path] && TTagID_TBL[parent.path][name]
+        tagobj = TTagID_TBL[parent.path][name]
+      else
+        # super(parent, name, *args)
+        (tagobj = self.allocate).instance_eval{
+          @parent = @t = parent
+          @tpath = parent.path
+          @path = @id = name
+          TTagID_TBL[@id] = self
+          TTagID_TBL[@tpath] = {} unless TTagID_TBL[@tpath]
+          TTagID_TBL[@tpath][@id] = self unless TTagID_TBL[@tpath][@id]
+          @t._addtag @id, self
+        }
+      end
+    }
+
+    if args != []
+      keys = args.pop
+      if keys.kind_of?(Hash)
+        tagobj.add(*args) if args != []
+        tagobj.configure(keys)
+      else
+        args.push keys
+        tagobj.add(*args)
       end
-      return tagobj
-    else
-      super(parent, name, *args)
     end
+
+    tagobj
   end
 
   def initialize(parent, name, *args)
-    #unless parent.kind_of?(TkText)
-    #  fail ArgumentError, "expect TkText for 1st argument"
+    # dummy:: not called by 'new' method
+
+    #unless parent.kind_of?(Tk::Text)
+    #  fail ArgumentError, "expect Tk::Text for 1st argument"
     #end
     @parent = @t = parent
     @tpath = parent.path
     @path = @id = name
-    TTagID_TBL[@tpath] = {} unless TTagID_TBL[@tpath]
-    TTagID_TBL[@tpath][@id] = self unless TTagID_TBL[@tpath][@id]
+
     #if mode
     #  tk_call @t.path, "addtag", @id, *args
     #end
@@ -268,12 +305,14 @@ class TkTextNamedTag<TkTextTag
         add(*args)
       end
     end
-    @t._addtag id, self
+    @t._addtag @id, self
   end
 end
+TktNamedTag = TkTextNamedTag
 
 class TkTextTagSel<TkTextNamedTag
   def self.new(parent, *args)
     super(parent, 'sel', *args)
   end
 end
+TktTagSel = TkTextTagSel
diff --git a/ext/tk/lib/tk/textwindow.rb b/ext/tk/lib/tk/textwindow.rb
index 605c40addd..004422e4f3 100644
--- a/ext/tk/lib/tk/textwindow.rb
+++ b/ext/tk/lib/tk/textwindow.rb
@@ -5,11 +5,11 @@ require 'tk'
 require 'tk/text'
 
 class TkTextWindow<TkObject
-  include TkText::IndexModMethods
+  include Tk::Text::IndexModMethods
 
   def initialize(parent, index, keys = {})
-    #unless parent.kind_of?(TkText)
-    #  fail ArgumentError, "expect TkText for 1st argument"
+    #unless parent.kind_of?(Tk::Text)
+    #  fail ArgumentError, "expect Tk::Text for 1st argument"
     #end
     @t = parent
     if index == 'end' || index == :end
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ class TkTextWindow<TkObject
   end
 
   def id
-    TkText::IndexString.new(_epath(@id))
+    Tk::Text::IndexString.new(_epath(@id))
   end
   def mark
     @path
@@ -72,6 +72,9 @@ class TkTextWindow<TkObject
   def cget(slot)
     @t.window_cget(@index, slot)
   end
+  def cget_strict(slot)
+    @t.window_cget_strict(@index, slot)
+  end
 
   def configure(slot, value=None)
     if slot.kind_of?(Hash)
@@ -147,3 +150,5 @@ class TkTextWindow<TkObject
     value
   end
 end
+
+TktWindow = TkTextWindow
diff --git a/ext/tk/lib/tk/timer.rb b/ext/tk/lib/tk/timer.rb
index 47f2b79350..91840d0575 100644
--- a/ext/tk/lib/tk/timer.rb
+++ b/ext/tk/lib/tk/timer.rb
@@ -11,7 +11,12 @@ class TkTimer
 
   TkCommandNames = ['after'.freeze].freeze
 
-  Tk_CBID = ['a'.freeze, '00000'.taint].freeze
+  (Tk_CBID = ['a'.freeze, '00000'.taint]).instance_eval{
+    @mutex = Mutex.new
+    def mutex; @mutex; end
+    freeze
+  }
+
   Tk_CBTBL = {}.taint
 
   TkCore::INTERP.add_tk_procs('rb_after', 'id', <<-'EOL')
@@ -96,9 +101,9 @@ class TkTimer
       return self
     end
     @after_script = "rb_after #{@id}"
-    @after_id = tk_call_without_enc('after', sleep, @after_script)
     @current_args = args
     @current_script = [sleep, @after_script]
+    @after_id = tk_call_without_enc('after', sleep, @after_script)
     self
   end
 
@@ -106,7 +111,8 @@ class TkTimer
     if @running == false || @proc_max == 0 || @do_loop == 0
       Tk_CBTBL.delete(@id) ;# for GC
       @running = false
-      @wait_var.value = 0
+      # @wait_var.value = 0
+      __at_end__
       return
     end
     if @current_pos >= @proc_max
@@ -115,7 +121,8 @@ class TkTimer
       else
         Tk_CBTBL.delete(@id) ;# for GC
         @running = false
-        @wait_var.value = 0
+        # @wait_var.value = 0
+        __at_end__
         return
       end
     end
@@ -138,12 +145,16 @@ class TkTimer
   end
 
   def initialize(*args, &b)
-    # @id = Tk_CBID.join('')
-    @id = Tk_CBID.join(TkCore::INTERP._ip_id_)
-    Tk_CBID[1].succ!
+    Tk_CBID.mutex.synchronize{
+      # @id = Tk_CBID.join('')
+      @id = Tk_CBID.join(TkCore::INTERP._ip_id_)
+      Tk_CBID[1].succ!
+    }
 
     @wait_var = TkVariable.new(0)
 
+    @at_end_proc = nil
+
     @cb_cmd = TkCore::INTERP.get_cb_entry(self.method(:do_callback))
 
     @set_next = true
@@ -203,6 +214,12 @@ class TkTimer
 
   attr_accessor :loop_exec
 
+  def __at_end__
+    @at_end_proc.call(self) if @at_end_proc
+    @wait_var.value = 0  # for wait
+  end
+  private :__at_end__
+
   def cb_call
     @cb_cmd.call
   end
@@ -420,7 +437,8 @@ class TkTimer
 
   def cancel
     @running = false
-    @wait_var.value = 0
+    # @wait_var.value = 0
+    __at_end__
     tk_call 'after', 'cancel', @after_id if @after_id
     @after_id = nil
 
@@ -464,6 +482,21 @@ class TkTimer
     end
   end
 
+  def at_end(*arg, &b)
+    if arg.empty?
+      if b 
+        @at_end_proc = b
+      else 
+        # no proc
+        return @at_end_proc 
+      end
+    else
+      fail ArgumentError, "wrong number of arguments" if arg.length != 1 || b
+      @at_end_proc = arg[0]
+    end
+    self
+  end
+
   def wait(on_thread = true, check_root = false)
     if $SAFE >= 4
       fail SecurityError, "can't wait timer at $SAFE >= 4"
@@ -562,7 +595,8 @@ class TkRTTimer < TkTimer
     if @running == false || @proc_max == 0 || @do_loop == 0
       Tk_CBTBL.delete(@id) ;# for GC
       @running = false
-      @wait_var.value = 0
+      # @wait_var.value = 0
+      __at_end__
       return
     end
     if @current_pos >= @proc_max
@@ -571,7 +605,8 @@ class TkRTTimer < TkTimer
       else
         Tk_CBTBL.delete(@id) ;# for GC
         @running = false
-        @wait_var.value = 0
+        # @wait_var.value = 0
+        __at_end__
         return
       end
     end
diff --git a/ext/tk/lib/tk/toplevel.rb b/ext/tk/lib/tk/toplevel.rb
index 5e199e1330..bd6e8307f5 100644
--- a/ext/tk/lib/tk/toplevel.rb
+++ b/ext/tk/lib/tk/toplevel.rb
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ require 'tk'
 require 'tk/wm'
 require 'tk/menuspec'
 
-class TkToplevel<TkWindow
+class Tk::Toplevel<TkWindow
   include Wm
   include TkMenuSpec
 
@@ -72,7 +72,7 @@ class TkToplevel<TkWindow
 
     conf_methods = _symbolkey2str(__methodcall_optkeys())
 
-    keys.each{|k,v|
+    keys.each{|k,v| # k is a String
       if conf_methods.key?(k)
         wm_cmds[conf_methods[k]] = v
       elsif Wm.method_defined?(k)
@@ -117,9 +117,10 @@ class TkToplevel<TkWindow
       end
       if @classname.kind_of? TkBindTag
         @db_class = @classname
-        @classname = @classname.id
+        keys['class'] = @classname = @classname.id
       elsif @classname
         @db_class = TkDatabaseClass.new(@classname)
+        keys['class'] = @classname
       else
         @db_class = self.class
         @classname = @db_class::WidgetClassName
@@ -165,9 +166,10 @@ class TkToplevel<TkWindow
     end
     if @classname.kind_of? TkBindTag
       @db_class = @classname
-      @classname = @classname.id
+      keys['class'] = @classname = @classname.id
     elsif @classname
       @db_class = TkDatabaseClass.new(@classname)
+      keys['class'] = @classname
     else
       @db_class = self.class
       @classname = @db_class::WidgetClassName
@@ -255,3 +257,6 @@ class TkToplevel<TkWindow
     end
   end
 end
+
+#TkToplevel = Tk::Toplevel unless Object.const_defined? :TkToplevel
+Tk.__set_toplevel_aliases__(:Tk, Tk::Toplevel, :TkToplevel)
diff --git a/ext/tk/lib/tk/ttk_selector.rb b/ext/tk/lib/tk/ttk_selector.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..72ed637a38
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ext/tk/lib/tk/ttk_selector.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,76 @@
+#
+#  ttk_selector
+#
+######################################
+#  toplevel classes/modules
+module Tk
+  @TOPLEVEL_ALIAS_TABLE[:Ttk] = {
+    :TkButton       => 'tkextlib/tile/tbutton', 
+
+    :TkCheckbutton  => 'tkextlib/tile/tcheckbutton', 
+    :TkCheckButton  => 'tkextlib/tile/tcheckbutton', 
+
+    # :TkDialog       => 'tkextlib/tile/dialog', 
+
+    :TkEntry        => 'tkextlib/tile/tentry', 
+
+    :TkCombobox     => 'tkextlib/tile/tcombobox', 
+
+    :TkFrame        => 'tkextlib/tile/tframe', 
+
+    :TkLabel        => 'tkextlib/tile/tlabel', 
+
+    :TkLabelframe   => 'tkextlib/tile/tlabelframe', 
+    :TkLabelFrame   => 'tkextlib/tile/tlabelframe', 
+
+    :TkMenubutton   => 'tkextlib/tile/tmenubutton', 
+    :TkMenuButton   => 'tkextlib/tile/tmenubutton', 
+
+    :TkNotebook     => 'tkextlib/tile/tnotebook', 
+
+    # :TkPaned        => 'tkextlib/tile/tpaned', 
+    :TkPanedwindow  => 'tkextlib/tile/tpaned', 
+    :TkPanedWindow  => 'tkextlib/tile/tpaned', 
+
+    :TkProgressbar  => 'tkextlib/tile/tprogressbar', 
+
+    :TkRadiobutton  => 'tkextlib/tile/tradiobutton', 
+    :TkRadioButton  => 'tkextlib/tile/tradiobutton', 
+
+    :TkScale        => 'tkextlib/tile/tscale', 
+    # :TkProgress     => 'tkextlib/tile/tscale', 
+
+    :TkScrollbar    => 'tkextlib/tile/tscrollbar', 
+    :TkXScrollbar   => 'tkextlib/tile/tscrollbar', 
+    :TkYScrollbar   => 'tkextlib/tile/tscrollbar', 
+
+    :TkSeparator    => 'tkextlib/tile/tseparator', 
+
+    :TkSizeGrip     => 'tkextlib/tile/sizegrip', 
+    :TkSizegrip     => 'tkextlib/tile/sizegrip', 
+
+    # :TkSquare       => 'tkextlib/tile/tsquare', 
+
+    :TkTreeview     => 'tkextlib/tile/treeview', 
+  }
+  @TOPLEVEL_ALIAS_TABLE[:Tile] = @TOPLEVEL_ALIAS_TABLE[:Ttk]
+
+  ################################################
+  # register some Ttk widgets as default
+  # (Ttk is a standard library on Tcl/Tk8.5+)
+  @TOPLEVEL_ALIAS_TABLE[:Ttk].each{|sym, file|
+    unless Object.autoload?(sym) || Object.const_defined?(sym)
+      Object.autoload(sym, file)
+    end
+  }
+
+  ################################################
+
+  @TOPLEVEL_ALIAS_SETUP_PROC[:Tile] = 
+    @TOPLEVEL_ALIAS_SETUP_PROC[:Ttk] = proc{|mod|
+    unless Tk.autoload?(:Tile) || Tk.const_defined?(:Tile) 
+      Object.autoload :Ttk, 'tkextlib/tile'
+      Tk.autoload :Tile, 'tkextlib/tile'
+    end
+  }
+end
diff --git a/ext/tk/lib/tk/txtwin_abst.rb b/ext/tk/lib/tk/txtwin_abst.rb
index 5520360eab..540f806d17 100644
--- a/ext/tk/lib/tk/txtwin_abst.rb
+++ b/ext/tk/lib/tk/txtwin_abst.rb
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
 require 'tk'
 
 class TkTextWin<TkWindow
-  TkCommnadNames = [].freeze
+  TkCommandNames = [].freeze
   #def create_self
   #  fail RuntimeError, "TkTextWin is an abstract class"
   #end
diff --git a/ext/tk/lib/tk/validation.rb b/ext/tk/lib/tk/validation.rb
index 0c5b5c61b9..60bd433cdc 100644
--- a/ext/tk/lib/tk/validation.rb
+++ b/ext/tk/lib/tk/validation.rb
@@ -50,7 +50,8 @@ module Tk
       key2class.each{|key, klass|
         if keys[key].kind_of?(Array)
           cmd, *args = keys[key]
-          keys[key] = klass.new(cmd, args.join(' '))
+          #keys[key] = klass.new(cmd, args.join(' '))
+          keys[key] = klass.new(cmd, *args)
         # elsif keys[key].kind_of?(Proc) ||  keys[key].kind_of?(Method)
         elsif TkComm._callback_entry?(keys[key])
           keys[key] = klass.new(keys[key])
@@ -151,7 +152,8 @@ module Tk
       key2class.each{|key, klass|
         if keys[key].kind_of?(Array)
           cmd, *args = keys[key]
-          keys[key] = klass.new(cmd, args.join(' '))
+          #keys[key] = klass.new(cmd, args.join(' '))
+          keys[key] = klass.new(cmd, *args)
         # elsif keys[key].kind_of?(Proc) || keys[key].kind_of?(Method)
         elsif TkComm._callback_entry?(keys[key])
           keys[key] = klass.new(keys[key])
@@ -249,6 +251,24 @@ class TkValidateCommand
       nil
     ]
 
+=begin
+    # for Ruby m17n :: ?x --> String --> char-code ( getbyte(0) )
+    KEY_TBL.map!{|inf|
+      if inf.kind_of?(Array)
+        inf[0] = inf[0].getbyte(0) if inf[0].kind_of?(String)
+        inf[1] = inf[1].getbyte(0) if inf[1].kind_of?(String)
+      end
+      inf
+    }
+
+    PROC_TBL.map!{|inf|
+      if inf.kind_of?(Array)
+        inf[0] = inf[0].getbyte(0) if inf[0].kind_of?(String)
+      end
+      inf
+    }
+=end
+
     _setup_subst_table(KEY_TBL, PROC_TBL);
 
     #
@@ -277,6 +297,7 @@ class TkValidateCommand
     extra_args_tbl = klass._get_extra_args_tbl
 
     if args.compact.size > 0
+      args.map!{|arg| klass._sym2subst(arg)}
       args = args.join(' ')
       keys = klass._get_subst_key(args)
       if cmd.kind_of?(String)
diff --git a/ext/tk/lib/tk/variable.rb b/ext/tk/lib/tk/variable.rb
index e5cacadc1a..f738a96ee7 100644
--- a/ext/tk/lib/tk/variable.rb
+++ b/ext/tk/lib/tk/variable.rb
@@ -16,11 +16,22 @@ class TkVariable
   #TkVar_ID_TBL = {}
   TkVar_CB_TBL = TkCore::INTERP.create_table
   TkVar_ID_TBL = TkCore::INTERP.create_table
-  Tk_VARIABLE_ID = ["v".freeze, "00000".taint].freeze
+  (Tk_VARIABLE_ID = ["v".freeze, "00000".taint]).instance_eval{
+    @mutex = Mutex.new
+    def mutex; @mutex; end
+    freeze
+  }
+  TkCore::INTERP.init_ip_env{
+    TkVar_CB_TBL.mutex.synchronize{ TkVar_CB_TBL.clear }
+    TkVar_ID_TBL.mutex.synchronize{ TkVar_ID_TBL.clear }
+  }
+
+  major, minor, type, type_name, patchlevel = TclTkLib.get_version
+  USE_OLD_TRACE_OPTION_STYLE = (major < 8) || (major == 8 && minor < 4)
 
   #TkCore::INTERP.add_tk_procs('rb_var', 'args', 
   #     "ruby [format \"TkVariable.callback %%Q!%s!\" $args]")
-TkCore::INTERP.add_tk_procs('rb_var', 'args', <<-'EOL')
+  TkCore::INTERP.add_tk_procs('rb_var', 'args', <<-'EOL')
     if {[set st [catch {eval {ruby_cmd TkVariable callback} $args} ret]] != 0} {
        set idx [string first "\n\n" $ret]
        if {$idx > 0} {
@@ -44,10 +55,10 @@ TkCore::INTERP.add_tk_procs('rb_var', 'args', <<-'EOL')
   def TkVariable.callback(id, name1, name2, op)
     #name1,name2,op = tk_split_list(args)
     #name1,name2,op = tk_split_simplelist(args)
-    if TkVar_CB_TBL[id]
+    if cb_obj = TkVar_CB_TBL[id]
       #_get_eval_string(TkVar_CB_TBL[name1].trace_callback(name2,op))
       begin
-        _get_eval_string(TkVar_CB_TBL[id].trace_callback(name2, op))
+        _get_eval_string(cb_obj.trace_callback(name2, op))
       rescue SystemExit
         exit(0)
       rescue Interrupt
@@ -59,7 +70,11 @@ TkCore::INTERP.add_tk_procs('rb_var', 'args', <<-'EOL')
                 "\n---< backtrace of Ruby side >-----\n" + 
                 _toUTF8(e.backtrace.join("\n")) + 
                 "\n---< backtrace of Tk side >-------"
-          msg.instance_variable_set(:@encoding, 'utf-8')
+          if TkCore::WITH_ENCODING
+            msg.force_encoding('utf-8')
+          else
+            msg.instance_variable_set(:@encoding, 'utf-8')
+          end
         rescue Exception
           msg = e.class.inspect + ': ' + e.message + "\n" + 
                 "\n---< backtrace of Ruby side >-----\n" + 
@@ -267,11 +282,15 @@ TkCore::INTERP.add_tk_procs('rb_var', 'args', <<-'EOL')
   def initialize(val="", type=nil)
     # @id = Tk_VARIABLE_ID.join('')
     begin
-      @id = Tk_VARIABLE_ID.join(TkCore::INTERP._ip_id_)
-      Tk_VARIABLE_ID[1].succ!
+      Tk_VARIABLE_ID.mutex.synchronize{
+        @id = Tk_VARIABLE_ID.join(TkCore::INTERP._ip_id_)
+        Tk_VARIABLE_ID[1].succ!
+      }
     end until INTERP._invoke_without_enc('info', 'globals', @id).empty?
 
-    TkVar_ID_TBL[@id] = self
+    TkVar_ID_TBL.mutex.synchronize{
+      TkVar_ID_TBL[@id] = self
+    }
 
     @var  = @id
     @elem = nil
@@ -1263,56 +1282,101 @@ end
     end
   end
 
+  def _check_trace_opt(opts)
+    if opts.kind_of?(Array)
+      opt_str = opts.map{|s| s.to_s}.join(' ')
+    else
+      opt_str = opts.to_s
+    end
+
+    fail ArgumentError, 'null trace option' if opt_str.empty?
+
+    if opt_str =~ /[^arwu\s]/
+      # new format (Tcl/Tk8.4+?)
+      if opts.kind_of?(Array)
+        opt_ary = opts.map{|opt| opt.to_s.strip}
+      else
+        opt_ary = opt_str.split(/\s+|\|/)
+        opt_ary.delete('')
+      end
+      if USE_OLD_TRACE_OPTION_STYLE
+        opt_ary.uniq.map{|opt|
+          case opt
+          when 'array'
+            'a'
+          when 'read'
+            'r'
+          when 'write'
+            'w'
+          when 'unset'
+            'u'
+          else
+            fail ArgumentError, "unsupported trace option '#{opt}' on Tcl/Tk#{Tk::TCL_PATCHLEVEL}"
+          end
+        }.join
+      else
+        opt_ary
+      end
+    else
+      # old format
+      opt_ary = opt_str.delete('^arwu').split(//).uniq
+      if USE_OLD_TRACE_OPTION_STYLE
+        opt_ary.join
+      else
+        opt_ary.map{|c|
+          case c
+          when 'a'
+            'array'
+          when 'r'
+            'read'
+          when 'w'
+            'write'
+          when 'u'
+            'unset'
+          end
+        }
+      end
+    end
+  end
+  private :_check_trace_opt
+
   def trace(opts, cmd = Proc.new)
-    @trace_var = [] if @trace_var == nil
-    #opts = ['r','w','u'].find_all{|c| opts.index(c)}.join('')
-    opts = opts.to_s
-    opts = ['r','w','u'].find_all{|c| opts.index(c)}.join('')
-    @trace_var.unshift([opts,cmd])
+    opts = _check_trace_opt(opts)
+    (@trace_var ||= []).unshift([opts,cmd])
+
     if @trace_opts == nil
       TkVar_CB_TBL[@id] = self
-      @trace_opts = opts.dup
-      Tk.tk_call_without_enc('trace', 'variable', @id, @trace_opts, 
-                             'rb_var ' << @id)
-=begin
-      if /^(8\.([4-9]|[1-9][0-9])|9\.|[1-9][0-9])/ =~ Tk::TCL_VERSION
-        # TCL_VERSION >= 8.4
-        Tk.tk_call_without_enc('trace', 'add', 'variable', 
-                               @id, @trace_opts, 'rb_var')
+      @trace_opts = opts
+      if USE_OLD_TRACE_OPTION_STYLE
+        Tk.tk_call_without_enc('trace', 'variable', 
+                               @id, @trace_opts, 'rb_var ' << @id)
       else
-        # TCL_VERSION <= 8.3
-        Tk.tk_call_without_enc('trace', 'variable', @id, @trace_opts, 'rb_var')
+        Tk.tk_call_without_enc('trace', 'add', 'variable', 
+                               @id, @trace_opts, 'rb_var ' << @id)
       end
-=end
     else
       newopts = @trace_opts.dup
-      #opts.each_byte{|c| newopts += c.chr unless newopts.index(c)}
-      opts.each_byte{|c| newopts.concat(c.chr) unless newopts.index(c)}
-      if newopts != @trace_opts
-        Tk.tk_call_without_enc('trace', 'vdelete', @id, @trace_opts, 
-                               'rb_var ' << @id)
-        @trace_opts.replace(newopts)
-        Tk.tk_call_without_enc('trace', 'variable', @id, @trace_opts, 
-                               'rb_var ' << @id)
-=begin
-        if /^(8\.([4-9]|[1-9][0-9])|9\.|[1-9][0-9])/ =~ Tk::TCL_VERSION
-          # TCL_VERSION >= 8.4
-          Tk.tk_call_without_enc('trace', 'remove', 'variable', 
-                                 @id, @trace_opts, 'rb_var')
-          @trace_opts.replace(newopts)
-          Tk.tk_call_without_enc('trace', 'add', 'variable', 
-                                 @id, @trace_opts, 'rb_var')
-        else
-          # TCL_VERSION <= 8.3
+      if USE_OLD_TRACE_OPTION_STYLE
+        opts.each_byte{|c| newopts.concat(c.chr) unless newopts.index(c.chr)}
+        if newopts != @trace_opts
           Tk.tk_call_without_enc('trace', 'vdelete', 
-                                 @id, @trace_opts, 'rb_var')
+                                 @id, @trace_opts, 'rb_var ' << @id)
           @trace_opts.replace(newopts)
           Tk.tk_call_without_enc('trace', 'variable', 
-                                 @id, @trace_opts, 'rb_var')
+                                 @id, @trace_opts, 'rb_var ' << @id)
+        end
+      else
+        newopts |= opts
+        unless (newopts - @trace_opts).empty?
+          Tk.tk_call_without_enc('trace', 'remove', 'variable', 
+                                 @id, @trace_opts, 'rb_var ' << @id)
+          @trace_opts.replace(newopts)
+          Tk.tk_call_without_enc('trace', 'add', 'variable', 
+                                 @id, @trace_opts, 'rb_var ' << @id)
         end
-=end
       end
     end
+
     self
   end
 
@@ -1321,65 +1385,54 @@ end
       fail(RuntimeError, 
            "invalid for a TkVariable which denotes an element of Tcl's array")
     end
-    @trace_elem = {} if @trace_elem == nil
-    @trace_elem[elem] = [] if @trace_elem[elem] == nil
-    opts = opts.to_s
-    opts = ['r','w','u'].find_all{|c| opts.index(c)}.join('')
-    @trace_elem[elem].unshift([opts,cmd])
+
+    opts = _check_trace_opt(opts)
+
+    ((@trace_elem ||= {})[elem] ||= []).unshift([opts,cmd])
+
     if @trace_opts == nil
       TkVar_CB_TBL[@id] = self
-      @trace_opts = opts.dup
-      Tk.tk_call_without_enc('trace', 'variable', @id, @trace_opts, 
-                             'rb_var ' << @id)
-=begin
-      if /^(8\.([4-9]|[1-9][0-9])|9\.|[1-9][0-9])/ =~ Tk::TCL_VERSION
-        # TCL_VERSION >= 8.4
+      @trace_opts = opts
+      if USE_OLD_TRACE_OPTION_STYLE
         Tk.tk_call_without_enc('trace', 'add', 'variable', 
-                               @id, @trace_opts, 'rb_var')
+                               @id, @trace_opts, 'rb_var ' << @id)
       else
-        # TCL_VERSION <= 8.3
         Tk.tk_call_without_enc('trace', 'variable', 
-                               @id, @trace_opts, 'rb_var')
+                               @id, @trace_opts, 'rb_var ' << @id)
       end
-=end
     else
       newopts = @trace_opts.dup
-      # opts.each_byte{|c| newopts += c.chr unless newopts.index(c)}
-      opts.each_byte{|c| newopts.concat(c.chr) unless newopts.index(c)}
-      if newopts != @trace_opts
-        Tk.tk_call_without_enc('trace', 'vdelete', @id, @trace_opts, 
-                               'rb_var ' << @id)
-        @trace_opts.replace(newopts)
-        Tk.tk_call_without_enc('trace', 'variable', @id, @trace_opts, 
-                               'rb_var ' << @id)
-=begin
-        if /^(8\.([4-9]|[1-9][0-9])|9\.|[1-9][0-9])/ =~ Tk::TCL_VERSION
-          # TCL_VERSION >= 8.4
-          Tk.tk_call_without_enc('trace', 'remove', 'variable', 
-                                 @id, @trace_opts, 'rb_var')
-          @trace_opts.replace(newopts)
-          Tk.tk_call_without_enc('trace', 'add', 'variable', 
-                                 @id, @trace_opts, 'rb_var')
-        else
-          # TCL_VERSION <= 8.3
+      if USE_OLD_TRACE_OPTION_STYLE
+        opts.each_byte{|c| newopts.concat(c.chr) unless newopts.index(c.chr)}
+        if newopts != @trace_opts
           Tk.tk_call_without_enc('trace', 'vdelete', 
-                                 @id, @trace_opts, 'rb_var')
+                                 @id, @trace_opts, 'rb_var ' << @id)
           @trace_opts.replace(newopts)
           Tk.tk_call_without_enc('trace', 'variable', 
-                                 @id, @trace_opts, 'rb_var')
+                                 @id, @trace_opts, 'rb_var ' << @id)
+        end
+      else
+        newopts |= opts
+        unless (newopts - @trace_opts).empty?
+          Tk.tk_call_without_enc('trace', 'remove', 'variable', 
+                                 @id, @trace_opts, 'rb_var ' << @id)
+          @trace_opts.replace(newopts)
+          Tk.tk_call_without_enc('trace', 'add', 'variable', 
+                                 @id, @trace_opts, 'rb_var ' << @id)
         end
-=end
       end
     end
+
     self
   end
 
-  def trace_vinfo
+  def trace_info
     return [] unless @trace_var
     @trace_var.dup
   end
+  alias trace_vinfo trace_info
 
-  def _trace_vinfo_for_element(elem)
+  def trace_info_for_element(elem)
     if @elem
       fail(RuntimeError, 
            "invalid for a TkVariable which denotes an element of Tcl's array")
@@ -1388,141 +1441,180 @@ end
     return [] unless @trace_elem[elem]
     @trace_elem[elem].dup
   end
+  alias trace_vinfo_for_element trace_info_for_element
 
-  def trace_vdelete(opts,cmd)
+  def trace_remove(opts,cmd)
     return self unless @trace_var.kind_of? Array
-    opts = opts.to_s
-    opts = ['r','w','u'].find_all{|c| opts.index(c)}.join('')
+
+    opts = _check_trace_opt(opts)
+
     idx = -1
-    newopts = ''
-    @trace_var.each_with_index{|e,i| 
-      if idx < 0 && e[0] == opts && e[1] == cmd
-        idx = i
-        next
-      end
-      # e[0].each_byte{|c| newopts += c.chr unless newopts.index(c)}
-      e[0].each_byte{|c| newopts.concat(c.chr) unless newopts.index(c)}
-    }
+    if USE_OLD_TRACE_OPTION_STYLE
+      newopts = ''
+      @trace_var.each_with_index{|e, i|
+        if idx < 0 && e[1] == cmd
+          diff = false
+          ['a', 'r', 'w', 'u'].each{|c|
+            break if (diff = e[0].index(c) ^ opts.index(c))
+          }
+          unless diff
+            #find
+            idx = i
+            next
+          end
+        end
+        e[0].each_byte{|c| newopts.concat(c.chr) unless newopts.index(c.chr)}
+      }
+    else
+      newopts = []
+      @trace_var.each_with_index{|e, i|
+        if idx < 0 && e[1] == cmd && 
+            e[0].size == opts.size && (e[0] - opts).empty?
+          # find
+          idx = i
+          next
+        end
+        newopts |= e[0]
+      }
+    end
+
     if idx >= 0
       @trace_var.delete_at(idx) 
     else
       return self
     end
 
-    @trace_elem.each{|elem|
+    (@trace_elem ||= {}).each{|elem|
       @trace_elem[elem].each{|e|
-        # e[0].each_byte{|c| newopts += c.chr unless newopts.index(c)}
-        e[0].each_byte{|c| newopts.concat(c.chr) unless newopts.index(c)}
+        if USE_OLD_TRACE_OPTION_STYLE
+          e[0].each_byte{|c| newopts.concat(c.chr) unless newopts.index(c.chr)}
+        else
+          newopts |= e[0]
+        end
       }
     }
 
-    newopts = newopts.to_s
-    newopts = ['r','w','u'].find_all{|c| newopts.index(c)}.join('')
-    if newopts != @trace_opts
-      Tk.tk_call_without_enc('trace', 'vdelete', @id, @trace_opts, 
-                             'rb_var ' << @id)
-=begin
-      if /^(8\.([4-9]|[1-9][0-9])|9\.|[1-9][0-9])/ =~ Tk::TCL_VERSION
-        # TCL_VERSION >= 8.4
-        Tk.tk_call_without_enc('trace', 'remove', 'variable', 
-                               @id, @trace_opts, 'rb_var')
-      else
-        # TCL_VERSION <= 8.3
+    if USE_OLD_TRACE_OPTION_STYLE
+      diff = false
+      @trace_opts.each_byte{|c| break if (diff = ! newopts.index(c))}
+      if diff
         Tk.tk_call_without_enc('trace', 'vdelete', 
-                               @id, @trace_opts, 'rb_var')
+                               @id, @trace_opts, 'rb_var ' << @id)
+        @trace_opts.replace(newopts)
+        unless @trace_opts.empty?
+          Tk.tk_call_without_enc('trace', 'variable', 
+                                 @id, @trace_opts, 'rb_var ' << @id)
+        end
       end
-=end
-      @trace_opts.replace(newopts)
-      if @trace_opts != ''
-        Tk.tk_call_without_enc('trace', 'variable', @id, @trace_opts, 
-                               'rb_var ' << @id)
-=begin
-        if /^(8\.([4-9]|[1-9][0-9])|9\.|[1-9][0-9])/ =~ Tk::TCL_VERSION
-          # TCL_VERSION >= 8.4
+    else
+      unless (@trace_opts - newopts).empty?
+        Tk.tk_call_without_enc('trace', 'remove', 'variable', 
+                               @id, @trace_opts, 'rb_var ' << @id)
+        @trace_opts.replace(newopts)
+        unless @trace_opts.empty?
           Tk.tk_call_without_enc('trace', 'add', 'variable', 
-                                 @id, @trace_opts, 'rb_var')
-        else
-          # TCL_VERSION <= 8.3
-          Tk.tk_call_without_enc('trace', 'variable', 
-                                 @id, @trace_opts, 'rb_var')
+                                 @id, @trace_opts, 'rb_var ' << @id)
         end
-=end
       end
     end
 
     self
   end
+  alias trace_delete  trace_remove
+  alias trace_vdelete trace_remove
 
-  def trace_vdelete_for_element(elem,opts,cmd)
+  def trace_remove_for_element(elem,opts,cmd)
     if @elem
       fail(RuntimeError, 
            "invalid for a TkVariable which denotes an element of Tcl's array")
     end
     return self unless @trace_elem.kind_of? Hash
     return self unless @trace_elem[elem].kind_of? Array
-    opts = opts.to_s
-    opts = ['r','w','u'].find_all{|c| opts.index(c)}.join('')
+
+    opts = _check_trace_opt(opts)
+
     idx = -1
-    @trace_elem[elem].each_with_index{|e,i| 
-      if idx < 0 && e[0] == opts && e[1] == cmd
-        idx = i
-        next
-      end
-    }
+    if USE_OLD_TRACE_OPTION_STYLE
+      @trace_elem[elem].each_with_index{|e, i|
+        if idx < 0 && e[1] == cmd
+          diff = false
+          ['a', 'r', 'w', 'u'].each{|c|
+            break if (diff = e[0].index(c) ^ opts.index(c))
+          }
+          unless diff
+            #find
+            idx = i
+            next
+          end
+        end
+      }
+    else
+      @trace_elem[elem].each_with_index{|e, i|
+        if idx < 0 && e[1] == cmd && 
+            e[0].size == opts.size && (e[0] - opts).empty?
+          # find
+          idx = i
+          next
+        end
+      }
+    end
+
     if idx >= 0
       @trace_elem[elem].delete_at(idx)
     else
       return self
     end
 
-    newopts = ''
-    @trace_var.each{|e| 
-      # e[0].each_byte{|c| newopts += c.chr unless newopts.index(c)}
-      e[0].each_byte{|c| newopts.concat(c.chr) unless newopts.index(c)}
-    }
-    @trace_elem.each{|elem|
-      @trace_elem[elem].each{|e|
-        # e[0].each_byte{|c| newopts += c.chr unless newopts.index(c)}
-        e[0].each_byte{|c| newopts.concat(c.chr) unless newopts.index(c)}
+    if USE_OLD_TRACE_OPTION_STYLE
+      newopts = ''
+      @trace_var.each{|e| 
+        e[0].each_byte{|c| newopts.concat(c.chr) unless newopts.index(c.chr)}
       }
-    }
+      @trace_elem.each{|elem|
+        @trace_elem[elem].each{|e|
+          e[0].each_byte{|c| newopts.concat(c.chr) unless newopts.index(c.chr)}
+        }
+      }
+    else
+      newopts = []
+      @trace_var.each{|e|
+        newopts |= e[0]
+      }
+      @trace_elem.each{|elem|
+        @trace_elem[elem].each{|e|
+          e[0].each_byte{|c| newopts.concat(c.chr) unless newopts.index(c.chr)}
+        }
+      }
+    end
 
-    newopts = newopts.to_s
-    newopts = ['r','w','u'].find_all{|c| newopts.index(c)}.join('')
-    if newopts != @trace_opts
-      Tk.tk_call_without_enc('trace', 'vdelete', @id, @trace_opts, 
-                             'rb_var ' << @id)
-=begin
-      if /^(8\.([4-9]|[1-9][0-9])|9\.|[1-9][0-9])/ =~ Tk::TCL_VERSION
-        # TCL_VERSION >= 8.4
-        Tk.tk_call_without_enc('trace', 'remove', 'variable', 
-                               @id, @trace_opts, 'rb_var')
-      else
-        # TCL_VERSION <= 8.3
+    if USE_OLD_TRACE_OPTION_STYLE
+      diff = false
+      @trace_opts.each_byte{|c| break if (diff = ! newopts.index(c))}
+      if diff
         Tk.tk_call_without_enc('trace', 'vdelete', 
-                               @id, @trace_opts, 'rb_var')
+                               @id, @trace_opts, 'rb_var ' << @id)
+        @trace_opts.replace(newopts)
+        unless @trace_opts.empty?
+          Tk.tk_call_without_enc('trace', 'variable', 
+                                 @id, @trace_opts, 'rb_var ' << @id)
+        end
       end
-=end
-      @trace_opts.replace(newopts)
-      if @trace_opts != ''
-        Tk.tk_call_without_enc('trace', 'variable', @id, @trace_opts, 
-                               'rb_var ' << @id)
-=begin
-        if /^(8\.([4-9]|[1-9][0-9])|9\.|[1-9][0-9])/ =~ Tk::TCL_VERSION
-          # TCL_VERSION >= 8.4
+    else
+      unless (@trace_opts - newopts).empty?
+        Tk.tk_call_without_enc('trace', 'remove', 'variable', 
+                               @id, @trace_opts, 'rb_var ' << @id)
+        @trace_opts.replace(newopts)
+        unless @trace_opts.empty?
           Tk.tk_call_without_enc('trace', 'add', 'variable', 
-                                 @id, @trace_opts, 'rb_var')
-        else
-          # TCL_VERSION <= 8.3
-          Tk.tk_call_without_enc('trace', 'variable', @id, 
-                                 @trace_opts, 'rb_var')
+                                 @id, @trace_opts, 'rb_var ' << @id)
         end
-=end
       end
     end
 
     self
   end
+  alias trace_delete_for_element  trace_remove_for_element
+  alias trace_vdelete_for_element trace_remove_for_element
 end
 
 class TkVarAccess<TkVariable
@@ -1532,12 +1624,23 @@ class TkVarAccess<TkVariable
       return name 
     end
 
-    if v = TkVar_ID_TBL[name]
-      v.value = args[0] unless args.empty?
-      return v
-    end
+    name = name.to_s
+    v = nil
+    TkVar_ID_TBL.mutex.synchronize{
+      if v = TkVar_ID_TBL[name]
+        v.value = args[0] unless args.empty?
+        return v
+      else
+        (v = self.allocate).instance_eval{
+          @id = name
+          TkVar_ID_TBL[@id] = self
+          @var = @id
+        }
+      end
+    }
 
-    super(name, *args)
+    v.instance_eval{ initialize(name, *args) }
+    v
   end
 
   def self.new_hash(name, *args)
@@ -1549,27 +1652,38 @@ class TkVarAccess<TkVariable
       return name 
     end
 
-    if v = TkVar_ID_TBL[name]
-      unless v.is_hash?
-        fail ArgumentError, "already exist as a scalar variable"
+    name = name.to_s
+    v = nil
+    TkVar_ID_TBL.mutex.synchronize{
+      if v = TkVar_ID_TBL[name]
+        unless v.is_hash?
+          fail ArgumentError, "already exist as a scalar variable"
+        end
+        v.value = args[0] unless args.empty?
+        return v
+      else
+        (v = self.allocate).instance_eval{
+          @id = name
+          TkVar_ID_TBL[@id] = self
+          @var = @id
+        }
       end
-      v.value = args[0] unless args.empty?
-      return v
-    end
+    }
 
     INTERP._invoke_without_enc('global', name)
     if args.empty? && INTERP._invoke_without_enc('array', 'exist', name) == '0'
-      self.new(name, {})  # force creating
+      v.instance_eval{ initialize(name, {}) }  # force creating
     else
-      self.new(name, *args)
+      v.instance_eval{ initialize(name, *args) }
     end
+    v
   end
 
   def initialize(varname, val=nil)
-    @id = varname
-    TkVar_ID_TBL[@id] = self
+    # @id = varname
+    # TkVar_ID_TBL[@id] = self
 
-    @var  = @id
+    # @var  = @id
     @elem = nil
 
     @def_default = false
diff --git a/ext/tk/lib/tk/virtevent.rb b/ext/tk/lib/tk/virtevent.rb
index d47e80aecd..ae31ac1f8f 100644
--- a/ext/tk/lib/tk/virtevent.rb
+++ b/ext/tk/lib/tk/virtevent.rb
@@ -9,10 +9,17 @@ class TkVirtualEvent<TkObject
 
   TkCommandNames = ['event'.freeze].freeze
 
-  TkVirtualEventID = ["VirtEvent".freeze, "00000".taint].freeze
+  (TkVirtualEventID = ["VirtEvent".freeze, "00000".taint]).instance_eval{
+    @mutex = Mutex.new
+    def mutex; @mutex; end
+    freeze
+  }
+
   TkVirtualEventTBL = TkCore::INTERP.create_table
 
-  TkCore::INTERP.init_ip_env{ TkVirtualEventTBL.clear }
+  TkCore::INTERP.init_ip_env{
+    TkVirtualEventTBL.mutex.synchronize{ TkVirtualEventTBL.clear }
+  }
 
   class PreDefVirtEvent<self
     def self.new(event, *sequences)
@@ -21,22 +28,30 @@ class TkVirtualEvent<TkObject
       elsif event !~ /^<.*>$/
         event = '<' + event + '>'
       end
-      if TkVirtualEvent::TkVirtualEventTBL.has_key?(event)
-        TkVirtualEvent::TkVirtualEventTBL[event]
-      else
-        super(event, *sequences)
-      end
+      TkVirtualEvent::TkVirtualEventTBL.mutex.synchronize{
+        if TkVirtualEvent::TkVirtualEventTBL.has_key?(event)
+          TkVirtualEvent::TkVirtualEventTBL[event]
+        else
+          # super(event, *sequences)
+          (obj = self.allocate).instance_eval{
+            initialize(event, *sequences)
+            TkVirtualEvent::TkVirtualEventTBL[@id] = self
+          }
+        end
+      }
     end
 
     def initialize(event, *sequences)
       @path = @id = event
-      TkVirtualEvent::TkVirtualEventTBL[@id] = self
-      add(*sequences)
+      _add_sequences(sequences)
     end
   end
 
   def TkVirtualEvent.getobj(event)
-    obj = TkVirtualEventTBL[event]
+    obj = nil
+    TkVirtualEventTBL.mutex.synchronize{
+      obj = TkVirtualEventTBL[event]
+    }
     if obj
       obj
     else
@@ -55,19 +70,31 @@ class TkVirtualEvent<TkObject
   end
 
   def initialize(*sequences)
-    # @path = @id = '<' + TkVirtualEventID.join('') + '>'
-    @path = @id = '<' + TkVirtualEventID.join(TkCore::INTERP._ip_id_) + '>'
-    TkVirtualEventID[1].succ!
-    add(*sequences)
+    TkVirtualEventID.mutex.synchronize{
+      # @path = @id = '<' + TkVirtualEventID.join('') + '>'
+      @path = @id = '<' + TkVirtualEventID.join(TkCore::INTERP._ip_id_) + '>'
+      TkVirtualEventID[1].succ!
+    }
+    _add_sequences(sequences)
   end
 
-  def add(*sequences)
-    if sequences != []
+  def _add_sequences(seq_ary)
+    unless seq_ary.empty?
       tk_call_without_enc('event', 'add', "<#{@id}>", 
-                          *(sequences.collect{|seq| 
+                          *(seq_ary.collect{|seq| 
                               "<#{tk_event_sequence(seq)}>"
                             }) )
-      TkVirtualEventTBL[@id] = self
+    end
+    self
+  end
+  private :_add_sequences
+
+  def add(*sequences)
+    if sequences != []
+      _add_sequences(sequences)
+      TkVirtualEventTBL.mutex.synchronize{
+        TkVirtualEventTBL[@id] = self
+      }
     end
     self
   end
@@ -75,20 +102,26 @@ class TkVirtualEvent<TkObject
   def delete(*sequences)
     if sequences == []
       tk_call_without_enc('event', 'delete', "<#{@id}>")
-      TkVirtualEventTBL.delete(@id)
+      TkVirtualEventTBL.mutex.synchronize{
+        TkVirtualEventTBL.delete(@id)
+      }
     else
       tk_call_without_enc('event', 'delete', "<#{@id}>", 
                           *(sequences.collect{|seq| 
                               "<#{tk_event_sequence(seq)}>"
                             }) )
-      TkVirtualEventTBL.delete(@id) if info == []
+      if tk_call_without_enc('event','info',"<#{@id}>").empty?
+        TkVirtualEventTBL.mutex.synchronize{
+          TkVirtualEventTBL.delete(@id)
+        }
+      end
     end
     self
   end
 
   def info
     tk_call_without_enc('event','info',"<#{@id}>").split(/\s+/).collect!{|seq|
-      l = seq.scan(/<*[^<>]+>*/).collect!{|subseq|
+      lst = seq.scan(/<*[^<>]+>*/).collect!{|subseq|
         case (subseq)
         when /^<<[^<>]+>>$/
           TkVirtualEvent.getobj(subseq[1..-2])
@@ -98,7 +131,7 @@ class TkVirtualEvent<TkObject
           subseq.split('')
         end
       }.flatten
-      (l.size == 1) ? l[0] : l
+      (lst.size == 1) ? lst[0] : lst
     }
   end
 end
diff --git a/ext/tk/lib/tk/winpkg.rb b/ext/tk/lib/tk/winpkg.rb
index 737fb959b5..89fb391c77 100644
--- a/ext/tk/lib/tk/winpkg.rb
+++ b/ext/tk/lib/tk/winpkg.rb
@@ -7,9 +7,14 @@
 #
 require 'tk'
 
-module TkWinDDE
+module Tk::WinDDE
+end
+#TkWinDDE = Tk::WinDDE
+Tk.__set_toplevel_aliases__(:Tk, Tk::WinDDE, :TkWinDDE)
+
+module Tk::WinDDE
   extend Tk
-  extend TkWinDDE
+  extend Tk::WinDDE
 
   TkCommandNames = ['dde'.freeze].freeze
 
@@ -85,9 +90,14 @@ module TkWinDDE
                   :poke, :request, :services, :eval
 end
 
-module TkWinRegistry
+module Tk::WinRegistry
+end
+#TkWinRegistry = Tk::WinRegistry
+Tk.__set_toplevel_aliases__(:Tk, Tk::WinRegistry, :TkWinRegistry)
+
+module Tk::WinRegistry
   extend Tk
-  extend TkWinRegistry
+  extend Tk::WinRegistry
 
   TkCommandNames = ['registry'.freeze].freeze
 
diff --git a/ext/tk/lib/tk/wm.rb b/ext/tk/lib/tk/wm.rb
index 1f432a3848..0394296189 100644
--- a/ext/tk/lib/tk/wm.rb
+++ b/ext/tk/lib/tk/wm.rb
@@ -5,273 +5,407 @@ require 'tk'
 
 module Tk
   module Wm
-    include TkComm
+    #include TkComm
+    extend TkCore
 
     TkCommandNames = ['wm'.freeze].freeze
 
     TOPLEVEL_METHODCALL_OPTKEYS = {}
 
-    def aspect(*args)
+    def Wm.aspect(win, *args)
       if args.length == 0
-        list(tk_call_without_enc('wm', 'aspect', path))
+        list(tk_call_without_enc('wm', 'aspect', win.epath))
       else
         args = args[0] if args.length == 1 && args[0].kind_of?(Array)
-        tk_call('wm', 'aspect', path, *args)
-        self
+        tk_call('wm', 'aspect', win.epath, *args)
+        win
       end
     end
+    def aspect(*args)
+      Wm.aspect(self, *args)
+    end
+    alias wm_aspect aspect
     TOPLEVEL_METHODCALL_OPTKEYS['aspect'] = 'aspect'
 
-    def attributes(slot=nil,value=None)
+    def Wm.attributes(win, slot=nil,value=TkComm::None)
       if slot == nil
-        lst = tk_split_list(tk_call('wm', 'attributes', path))
+        lst = tk_split_list(tk_call('wm', 'attributes', win.epath))
         info = {}
         while key = lst.shift
           info[key[1..-1]] = lst.shift
         end
         info
       elsif slot.kind_of? Hash
-        tk_call('wm', 'attributes', path, *hash_kv(slot))
-        self
-      elsif value == None
-        tk_call('wm', 'attributes', path, "-#{slot}")
+        tk_call('wm', 'attributes', win.epath, *hash_kv(slot))
+        win
+      elsif value == TkComm::None
+        tk_call('wm', 'attributes', win.epath, "-#{slot}")
       else
-        tk_call('wm', 'attributes', path, "-#{slot}", value)
-        self
+        tk_call('wm', 'attributes', win.epath, "-#{slot}", value)
+        win
       end
     end
+    def attributes(slot=nil,value=TkComm::None)
+      Wm.attributes(self, slot, value)
+    end
+    alias wm_attributes attributes
     TOPLEVEL_METHODCALL_OPTKEYS['attributes'] = 'attributes'
 
-    def client(name=None)
-      if name == None
-        tk_call('wm', 'client', path)
+    def Wm.client(win, name=TkComm::None)
+      if name == TkComm::None
+        tk_call('wm', 'client', win.epath)
       else
         name = '' if name == nil
-        tk_call('wm', 'client', path, name)
-        self
+        tk_call('wm', 'client', win.epath, name)
+        win
       end
     end
+    def client(name=TkComm::None)
+      Wm.client(self, name)
+    end
+    alias wm_client client
     TOPLEVEL_METHODCALL_OPTKEYS['client'] = 'client'
 
-    def colormapwindows(*args)
+    def Wm.colormapwindows(win, *args)
       if args.size == 0
-        list(tk_call_without_enc('wm', 'colormapwindows', path))
+        list(tk_call_without_enc('wm', 'colormapwindows', win.epath))
       else
         args = args[0] if args.length == 1 && args[0].kind_of?(Array)
-        tk_call_without_enc('wm', 'colormapwindows', path, *args)
-        self
+        tk_call_without_enc('wm', 'colormapwindows', win.epath, *args)
+        win
       end
     end
+    def colormapwindows(*args)
+      Wm.colormapwindows(self, *args)
+    end
+    alias wm_colormapwindows colormapwindows
     TOPLEVEL_METHODCALL_OPTKEYS['colormapwindows'] = 'colormapwindows'
 
-    def wm_command(value=nil)
+    def Wm.command(win, value=nil)
       if value
-        tk_call('wm', 'command', path, value)
-        self
+        tk_call('wm', 'command', epath, value)
+        win
       else
-        #procedure(tk_call('wm', 'command', path))
-        tk_call('wm', 'command', path)
+        #procedure(tk_call('wm', 'command', epath))
+        tk_call('wm', 'command', epath)
       end
     end
+    def wm_command(value=nil)
+      Wm.command(self, value)
+    end
     TOPLEVEL_METHODCALL_OPTKEYS['wm_command'] = 'wm_command'
 
-    def deiconify(ex = true)
+    def Wm.deiconify(win, ex = true)
       if ex
-        tk_call_without_enc('wm', 'deiconify', path)
+        tk_call_without_enc('wm', 'deiconify', win.epath)
       else
-        self.iconify
+        Wm.iconify(win)
       end
-      self
+      win
     end
+    def deiconify(ex = true)
+      Wm.deiconify(self, ex)
+    end
+    alias wm_deiconify deiconify
 
-    def focusmodel(mode = nil)
+    def Wm.focusmodel(win, mode = nil)
       if mode
-        tk_call_without_enc('wm', 'focusmodel', path, mode)
-        self
+        tk_call_without_enc('wm', 'focusmodel', win.epath, mode)
+        win
       else
-        tk_call_without_enc('wm', 'focusmodel', path)
+        tk_call_without_enc('wm', 'focusmodel', win.epath)
       end
     end
+    def focusmodel(mode = nil)
+      Wm.focusmodel(self, mode)
+    end
+    alias wm_focusmodel focusmodel
     TOPLEVEL_METHODCALL_OPTKEYS['focusmodel'] = 'focusmodel'
 
+    def Wm.forget(win)
+      # Tcl/Tk 8.5+ 
+      # work with dockable frames
+      tk_call_without_enc('wm', 'forget', win.epath)
+      win
+    end
+    def wm_forget
+      Wm.forget(self)
+    end
+
+    def Wm.frame(win)
+      tk_call_without_enc('wm', 'frame', win.epath)
+    end
     def frame
-      tk_call_without_enc('wm', 'frame', path)
+      Wm.frame(self)
     end
+    alias wm_frame frame
 
-    def geometry(geom=nil)
+    def Wm.geometry(win, geom=nil)
       if geom
-        tk_call_without_enc('wm', 'geometry', path, geom)
-        self
+        tk_call_without_enc('wm', 'geometry', win.epath, geom)
+        win
       else
-        tk_call_without_enc('wm', 'geometry', path)
+        tk_call_without_enc('wm', 'geometry', win.epath)
       end
     end
+    def geometry(geom=nil)
+      Wm.geometry(self, geom)
+    end
+    alias wm_geometry geometry
     TOPLEVEL_METHODCALL_OPTKEYS['geometry'] = 'geometry'
 
-    def wm_grid(*args)
+    def Wm.grid(win, *args)
       if args.size == 0
-        list(tk_call_without_enc('wm', 'grid', path))
+        list(tk_call_without_enc('wm', 'grid', win.epath))
       else
         args = args[0] if args.length == 1 && args[0].kind_of?(Array)
-        tk_call_without_enc('wm', 'grid', path, *args)
-        self
+        tk_call_without_enc('wm', 'grid', win.epath, *args)
+        win
       end
     end
+    def wm_grid(*args)
+      Wm.grid(self, *args)
+    end
     TOPLEVEL_METHODCALL_OPTKEYS['wm_grid'] = 'wm_grid'
 
-    def group(leader = nil)
+    def Wm.group(win, leader = nil)
       if leader
-        tk_call('wm', 'group', path, leader)
-        self
+        tk_call('wm', 'group', win.epath, leader)
+        win
       else
-        window(tk_call('wm', 'group', path))
+        window(tk_call('wm', 'group', win.epath))
       end
     end
+    def group(leader = nil)
+      Wm.group(self, leader)
+    end
+    alias wm_group group
     TOPLEVEL_METHODCALL_OPTKEYS['group'] = 'group'
 
-    def iconbitmap(bmp=nil)
+    def Wm.iconbitmap(win, bmp=nil)
       if bmp
-        tk_call_without_enc('wm', 'iconbitmap', path, bmp)
-        self
+        tk_call_without_enc('wm', 'iconbitmap', win.epath, bmp)
+        win
       else
-        image_obj(tk_call_without_enc('wm', 'iconbitmap', path))
+        image_obj(tk_call_without_enc('wm', 'iconbitmap', win.epath))
       end
     end
+    def iconbitmap(bmp=nil)
+      Wm.iconbitmap(self, bmp)
+    end
+    alias wm_iconbitmap iconbitmap
     TOPLEVEL_METHODCALL_OPTKEYS['iconbitmap'] = 'iconbitmap'
 
-    def iconphoto(*imgs)
+    def Wm.iconphoto(win, *imgs)
       if imgs.empty?
-        @wm_iconphoto = nil unless defined? @wm_iconphoto
-        return @wm_iconphoto 
+        win.instance_eval{
+          @wm_iconphoto = nil unless defined? @wm_iconphoto
+          return @wm_iconphoto 
+        }
       end
 
       imgs = imgs[0] if imgs.length == 1 && imgs[0].kind_of?(Array)
-      tk_call_without_enc('wm', 'iconphoto', path, *imgs)
-      @wm_iconphoto = imgs
-      self
+      tk_call_without_enc('wm', 'iconphoto', win.epath, *imgs)
+      win.instance_eval{ @wm_iconphoto = imgs  }
+      win
+    end
+    def iconphoto(*imgs)
+      Wm.iconphoto(self, *imgs)
     end
+    alias wm_iconphoto iconphoto
     TOPLEVEL_METHODCALL_OPTKEYS['iconphoto'] = 'iconphoto'
 
-    def iconphoto_default(*imgs)
+    def Wm.iconphoto_default(win, *imgs)
       imgs = imgs[0] if imgs.length == 1 && imgs[0].kind_of?(Array)
-      tk_call_without_enc('wm', 'iconphoto', path, '-default', *imgs)
-      self
+      tk_call_without_enc('wm', 'iconphoto', win.epath, '-default', *imgs)
+      win
+    end
+    def iconphoto_default(*imgs)
+      Wm.iconphoto_default(self, *imgs)
     end
+    alias wm_iconphoto_default iconphoto_default
 
-    def iconify(ex = true)
+    def Wm.iconify(win, ex = true)
       if ex
-        tk_call_without_enc('wm', 'iconify', path)
+        tk_call_without_enc('wm', 'iconify', win.epath)
       else
-        self.deiconify
+        Wm.deiconify(win)
       end
-      self
+      win
+    end
+    def iconify(ex = true)
+      Wm.iconify(self, ex)
     end
+    alias wm_iconify iconify
 
-    def iconmask(bmp=nil)
+    def Wm.iconmask(win, bmp=nil)
       if bmp
-        tk_call_without_enc('wm', 'iconmask', path, bmp)
-        self
+        tk_call_without_enc('wm', 'iconmask', win.epath, bmp)
+        win
       else
-        image_obj(tk_call_without_enc('wm', 'iconmask', path))
+        image_obj(tk_call_without_enc('wm', 'iconmask', win.epath))
       end
     end
+    def iconmask(bmp=nil)
+      Wm.iconmask(self, bmp)
+    end
+    alias wm_iconmask iconmask
     TOPLEVEL_METHODCALL_OPTKEYS['iconmask'] = 'iconmask'
 
-    def iconname(name=nil)
+    def Wm.iconname(win, name=nil)
       if name
-        tk_call('wm', 'iconname', path, name)
-        self
+        tk_call('wm', 'iconname', win.epath, name)
+        win
       else
-        tk_call('wm', 'iconname', path)
+        tk_call('wm', 'iconname', win.epath)
       end
     end
+    def iconname(name=nil)
+      Wm.iconname(self, name)
+    end
+    alias wm_iconname iconname
     TOPLEVEL_METHODCALL_OPTKEYS['iconname'] = 'iconname'
 
-    def iconposition(*args)
+    def Wm.iconposition(win, *args)
       if args.size == 0
-        list(tk_call_without_enc('wm', 'iconposition', path))
+        list(tk_call_without_enc('wm', 'iconposition', win.epath))
       else
         args = args[0] if args.length == 1 && args[0].kind_of?(Array)
-        tk_call_without_enc('wm', 'iconposition', path, *args)
-        self
+        tk_call_without_enc('wm', 'iconposition', win.epath, *args)
+        win
       end
     end
+    def iconposition(*args)
+      Wm.iconposition(self, *args)
+    end
+    alias wm_iconposition iconposition
     TOPLEVEL_METHODCALL_OPTKEYS['iconposition'] = 'iconposition'
 
-    def iconwindow(win = nil)
-      if win
-        tk_call_without_enc('wm', 'iconwindow', path, win)
-        self
+    def Wm.iconwindow(win, iconwin = nil)
+      if iconwin
+        tk_call_without_enc('wm', 'iconwindow', win.epath, iconwin)
+        win
       else
-        w = tk_call_without_enc('wm', 'iconwindow', path)
+        w = tk_call_without_enc('wm', 'iconwindow', win.epath)
         (w == '')? nil: window(w)
       end
     end
+    def iconwindow(iconwin = nil)
+      Wm.iconwindow(self, iconwin)
+    end
+    alias wm_iconwindow iconwindow
     TOPLEVEL_METHODCALL_OPTKEYS['iconwindow'] = 'iconwindow'
 
-    def maxsize(*args)
+    def Wm.manage(win)
+      # Tcl/Tk 8.5+ feature
+      tk_call_without_enc('wm', 'manage', win.epath)
+      win
+    end
+    def wm_manage
+      Wm.manage(self)
+    end
+=begin
+    def Wm.manage(win, use_id = nil)
+      # Tcl/Tk 8.5+ feature
+      # --------------------------------------------------------------
+      # In the future release, I want to support to embed the 'win' 
+      # into the container which has window-id 'use-id'.
+      # It may give users frexibility on controlling their GUI. 
+      # However, it may be difficult for current Tcl/Tk (Tcl/Tk8.5.1), 
+      # because it seems to require to modify Tcl/Tk's source code.
+      # --------------------------------------------------------------
+      if use_id
+        tk_call_without_enc('wm', 'manage', win.epath, '-use', use_id)
+      else
+        tk_call_without_enc('wm', 'manage', win.epath)
+      end
+      win
+    end
+=end
+
+    def Wm.maxsize(win, *args)
       if args.size == 0
-        list(tk_call_without_enc('wm', 'maxsize', path))
+        list(tk_call_without_enc('wm', 'maxsize', win.epath))
       else
         args = args[0] if args.length == 1 && args[0].kind_of?(Array)
-        tk_call_without_enc('wm', 'maxsize', path, *args)
-        self
+        tk_call_without_enc('wm', 'maxsize', win.epath, *args)
+        win
       end
     end
+    def maxsize(*args)
+      Wm.maxsize(self, *args)
+    end
+    alias wm_maxsize maxsize
     TOPLEVEL_METHODCALL_OPTKEYS['maxsize'] = 'maxsize'
 
-    def minsize(*args)
+    def Wm.minsize(win, *args)
       if args.size == 0
-        list(tk_call_without_enc('wm', 'minsize', path))
+        list(tk_call_without_enc('wm', 'minsize', win.epath))
       else
         args = args[0] if args.length == 1 && args[0].kind_of?(Array)
-        tk_call_without_enc('wm', 'minsize', path, *args)
-        self
+        tk_call_without_enc('wm', 'minsize', win.path, *args)
+        win
       end
     end
+    def minsize(*args)
+      Wm.minsize(self, *args)
+    end
+    alias wm_minsize minsize
     TOPLEVEL_METHODCALL_OPTKEYS['minsize'] = 'minsize'
 
-    def overrideredirect(mode=None)
-      if mode == None
-        bool(tk_call_without_enc('wm', 'overrideredirect', path))
+    def Wm.overrideredirect(win, mode=TkComm::None)
+      if mode == TkComm::None
+        bool(tk_call_without_enc('wm', 'overrideredirect', win.epath))
       else
-        tk_call_without_enc('wm', 'overrideredirect', path, mode)
-        self
+        tk_call_without_enc('wm', 'overrideredirect', win.epath, mode)
+        win
       end
     end
+    def overrideredirect(mode=TkComm::None)
+      Wm.overrideredirect(self, mode)
+    end
+    alias wm_overrideredirect overrideredirect
     TOPLEVEL_METHODCALL_OPTKEYS['overrideredirect'] = 'overrideredirect'
 
-    def positionfrom(who=None)
-      if who == None
-        r = tk_call_without_enc('wm', 'positionfrom', path)
+    def Wm.positionfrom(win, who=TkComm::None)
+      if who == TkComm::None
+        r = tk_call_without_enc('wm', 'positionfrom', win.epath)
         (r == "")? nil: r
       else
-        tk_call_without_enc('wm', 'positionfrom', path, who)
-        self
+        tk_call_without_enc('wm', 'positionfrom', win.epath, who)
+        win
       end
     end
+    def positionfrom(who=TkComm::None)
+      Wm.positionfrom(self, who)
+    end
+    alias wm_positionfrom positionfrom
     TOPLEVEL_METHODCALL_OPTKEYS['positionfrom'] = 'positionfrom'
 
-    def protocol(name=nil, cmd=nil, &b)
+    def Wm.protocol(win, name=nil, cmd=nil, &b)
       if cmd
-        tk_call_without_enc('wm', 'protocol', path, name, cmd)
-        self
+        tk_call_without_enc('wm', 'protocol', win.epath, name, cmd)
+        win
       elsif b
-        tk_call_without_enc('wm', 'protocol', path, name, proc(&b))
-        self
+        tk_call_without_enc('wm', 'protocol', win.epath, name, proc(&b))
+        win
       elsif name
-        result = tk_call_without_enc('wm', 'protocol', path, name)
+        result = tk_call_without_enc('wm', 'protocol', win.epath, name)
         (result == "")? nil : tk_tcl2ruby(result)
       else
-        tk_split_simplelist(tk_call_without_enc('wm', 'protocol', path))
+        tk_split_simplelist(tk_call_without_enc('wm', 'protocol', win.epath))
       end
     end
+    def protocol(name=nil, cmd=nil, &b)
+      Wm.protocol(self, name, cmd, &b)
+    end
+    alias wm_protocol protocol
 
-    def protocols(kv=nil)
+    def Wm.protocols(win, kv=nil)
       unless kv
         ret = {}
-        self.protocol.each{|name|
-          ret[name] = self.protocol(name)
+        Wm.protocol(win).each{|name|
+          ret[name] = Wm.protocol(win, name)
         }
         return ret
       end
@@ -279,82 +413,140 @@ module Tk
       unless kv.kind_of?(Hash)
         fail ArgumentError, 'expect a hash of protocol=>command'
       end
-      kv.each{|k, v| self.protocol(k, v)}
-      self
+      kv.each{|k, v| Wm.protocol(win, k, v)}
+      win
     end
+    def protocols(kv=nil)
+      Wm.protocols(self, kv)
+    end
+    alias wm_protocols protocols
     TOPLEVEL_METHODCALL_OPTKEYS['protocols'] = 'protocols'
 
-    def resizable(*args)
+    def Wm.resizable(win, *args)
       if args.length == 0
-        list(tk_call_without_enc('wm', 'resizable', path)).collect{|e| bool(e)}
+        list(tk_call_without_enc('wm', 'resizable', win.epath)).map!{|e| bool(e)}
       else
         args = args[0] if args.length == 1 && args[0].kind_of?(Array)
-        tk_call_without_enc('wm', 'resizable', path, *args)
-        self
+        tk_call_without_enc('wm', 'resizable', win.epath, *args)
+        win
       end
     end
+    def resizable(*args)
+      Wm.resizable(self, *args)
+    end
+    alias wm_resizable resizable
     TOPLEVEL_METHODCALL_OPTKEYS['resizable'] = 'resizable'
 
-    def sizefrom(who=None)
-      if who == None
-        r = tk_call_without_enc('wm', 'sizefrom', path)
+    def Wm.sizefrom(win, who=TkComm::None)
+      if who == TkComm::None
+        r = tk_call_without_enc('wm', 'sizefrom', win.epath)
         (r == "")? nil: r
       else
-        tk_call_without_enc('wm', 'sizefrom', path, who)
-        self
+        tk_call_without_enc('wm', 'sizefrom', win.epath, who)
+        win
       end
     end
+    def sizefrom(who=TkComm::None)
+      Wm.sizefrom(self, who)
+    end
+    alias wm_sizefrom sizefrom
     TOPLEVEL_METHODCALL_OPTKEYS['sizefrom'] = 'sizefrom'
 
+    def Wm.stackorder(win)
+      list(tk_call('wm', 'stackorder', win.epath))
+    end
     def stackorder
-      list(tk_call('wm', 'stackorder', path))
+      Wm.stackorder(self)
     end
+    alias wm_stackorder stackorder
 
-    def stackorder_isabove(win)
-      bool(tk_call('wm', 'stackorder', path, 'isabove', win))
+    def Wm.stackorder_isabove(win, target)
+      bool(tk_call('wm', 'stackorder', win.epath, 'isabove', target))
+    end
+    def Wm.stackorder_is_above(win, target)
+      Wm.stackorder_isabove(win, target)
+    end
+    def stackorder_isabove(target)
+      Wm.stackorder_isabove(self, target)
     end
+    alias stackorder_is_above stackorder_isabove
+    alias wm_stackorder_isabove stackorder_isabove
+    alias wm_stackorder_is_above stackorder_isabove
 
-    def stackorder_isbelow(win)
-      bool(tk_call('wm', 'stackorder', path, 'isbelow', win))
+    def Wm.stackorder_isbelow(win, target)
+      bool(tk_call('wm', 'stackorder', win.epath, 'isbelow', target))
     end
+    def Wm.stackorder_is_below(win, target)
+      Wm.stackorder_isbelow(win, target)
+    end
+    def stackorder_isbelow(target)
+      Wm.stackorder_isbelow(self, target)
+    end
+    alias stackorder_is_below stackorder_isbelow
+    alias wm_stackorder_isbelow stackorder_isbelow
+    alias wm_stackorder_is_below stackorder_isbelow
 
-    def state(st=nil)
+    def Wm.state(win, st=nil)
       if st
-        tk_call_without_enc('wm', 'state', path, st)
-        self
+        tk_call_without_enc('wm', 'state', win.epath, st)
+        win
       else
-        tk_call_without_enc('wm', 'state', path)
+        tk_call_without_enc('wm', 'state', win.epath)
       end
     end
+    def state(st=nil)
+      Wm.state(self, st)
+    end
+    alias wm_state state
     TOPLEVEL_METHODCALL_OPTKEYS['state'] = 'state'
 
-    def title(str=nil)
+    def Wm.title(win, str=nil)
       if str
-        tk_call('wm', 'title', path, str)
-        self
+        tk_call('wm', 'title', win.epath, str)
+        win
       else
-        tk_call('wm', 'title', path)
+        tk_call('wm', 'title', win.epath)
       end
     end
+    def title(str=nil)
+      Wm.title(self, str)
+    end
+    alias wm_title title
     TOPLEVEL_METHODCALL_OPTKEYS['title'] = 'title'
 
-    def transient(master=nil)
+    def Wm.transient(win, master=nil)
       if master
-        tk_call_without_enc('wm', 'transient', path, master)
-        self
+        tk_call_without_enc('wm', 'transient', win.epath, master)
+        win
       else
-        window(tk_call_without_enc('wm', 'transient', path))
+        window(tk_call_without_enc('wm', 'transient', win.epath))
       end
     end
+    def transient(master=nil)
+      Wm.transient(self, master)
+    end
+    alias wm_transient transient
     TOPLEVEL_METHODCALL_OPTKEYS['transient'] = 'transient'
 
-    def withdraw(ex = true)
+    def Wm.withdraw(win, ex = true)
       if ex
-        tk_call_without_enc('wm', 'withdraw', path)
+        tk_call_without_enc('wm', 'withdraw', win.epath)
       else
-        self.deiconify
+        Wm.deiconify(win)
       end
-      self
+      win
     end
+    def withdraw(ex = true)
+      Wm.withdraw(self, ex)
+    end
+    alias wm_withdraw withdraw
+  end
+
+  module Wm_for_General
+    Wm.instance_methods.each{|m|
+      if (m = m.to_s) =~ /^wm_(.*)$/
+        eval "def #{m}(*args, &b); Tk::Wm.#{$1}(self, *args, &b); end"
+      end
+    }
   end
 end
diff --git a/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/SUPPORT_STATUS b/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/SUPPORT_STATUS
index 8d7b6fc44a..cfbe274c86 100644
--- a/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/SUPPORT_STATUS
+++ b/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/SUPPORT_STATUS
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 
   [ current support status of Tcl/Tk extensions ]
 
-  *******<<<  RELEASE_DATE of the libraries : 2005/12/11  >>>*******
+  *** RELEASE_DATE of the libraries => see 'tkextlib/version.rb' ***
 
 The following list shows *CURRENT* status when this file was modifyed
 at last. If you want to add other Tcl/Tk extensions to the planed list
@@ -56,23 +56,23 @@ script may give you some hints about that.
 ===< support with some examples (may be beta quality) >=======================
 
 Tcllib       1.8     
-Tklib        0.4.1   http://sf.net/projects/tcllib               ==> tcllib
+Tklib        0.4.1   http://sourceforge.net/projects/tcllib      ==> tcllib
 
-IWidgets     4.0.2   http://sf.net/projects/incrTcl              ==> iwidgets
+IWidgets     4.0.2   http://sourceforge.net/projects/incrtcl     ==> iwidgets
 
-BWidgets     1.7     http://sf.net/projects/tcllib               ==> bwidget
+BWidgets     1.7     http://sourceforge.net/projects/tcllib      ==> bwidget
 
-TkTable      2.9     http://sf.net/projects/tktable              ==> tktable
+TkTable      2.9     http://sourceforge.net/projects/tktable     ==> tktable
                          * see also <http://www.korus.hu/~fery/ruby/tktable.rb>
                                     written by Ferenc Engard (ferenc@engard.hu)
 
-vu           2.3.0   http://tktable.sourceforge.net              ==> vu
+vu           2.3.0   http://sourceforge.net/projects/tktable     ==> vu
 
-TkHTML       2.0     http://www.hwaci.com/sw/tkhtml/index.html   ==> tkHTML
+TkHTML       2.0     http://www.hwaci.com/sw/tkhtml/             ==> tkHTML
 
 ICONS        1.0     http://www.satisoft.com/tcltk/icons/        ==> ICONS
 
-TkImg        1.3     http://sf.net/projects/tkimg                ==> tkimg
+TkImg        1.3     http://sourceforge.net/projects/tkimg       ==> tkimg
 
 
 BLT          2.4z    http://sourceforge.net/projects/blt
@@ -81,20 +81,20 @@ BLT          2.4z    http://sourceforge.net/projects/blt
                       ==> blt
 
 TkTreeCtrl   CVS/Hd(2005-12-02)
-                     http://tktreectrl.sourceforge.net/          ==> treectrl
+                     http://sourceforge.net/projects/tktreectrl  ==> treectrl
 
-Tile         CVS/Hd(2005-12-07)
-                     http://tktable.sourceforge.net/tile/        ==> tile
+Tile         0.8.0/8.5.1
+                     http://sourceforge.net/projects/tktable     ==> tile
 
 
 
 ===< support (may be alpha or beta quality) >=================================
 
 IncrTcl      CVS/Hd(2005-02-14)
-                     http://sf.net/projects/incrTcl              ==> itcl, itk
+                     http://sourceforge.net/projects/incrtcl     ==> itcl, itk
 
 TclX         CVS/Hd(2005-02-07)
-                     http://sf.net/projects/tclx
+                     http://sourceforge.net/projects/tclx
                        ==> tclx (partial support; infox command and 
                                                    XPG/3 message catalogs only)
 
@@ -105,7 +105,7 @@ Trofs        0.4.3   http://math.nist.gov/~DPorter/tcltk/trofs/
 ===< possibly available (not tested; alpha quality) >=========================
 
 winico       0.6
-                     http://tktable.sourceforge.net
+                     http://sourceforge.net/projects/tktable
                        ==> winico (win32 only)
 
 TkTrans      latest(2004-10-11)
@@ -160,17 +160,17 @@ QuickTimeTcl ***     http://hem.fyristorg.com/matben/qt/
 
 ===< may not support (already exist, out of Ruby/Tk scope, and so on) >=======
 
-TkCon        ***     http://sf.net/projects/tkcon
+TkCon        ***     http://sourceforge.net/projects/tkcon
 
-Expect       ***     http://sf.net/projects/expect
+Expect       ***     http://sourceforge.net/projects/expect
 
-TclXML       ***     http://sf.net/projects/tclxml
+TclXML       ***     http://sourceforge.net/projects/tclxml
 
-TclXSLT      ***     http://sf.net/projects/tclxml
+TclXSLT      ***     http://sourceforge.net/projects/tclxml
 
-TclDOM       ***     http://sf.net/projects/tclxml
+TclDOM       ***     http://sourceforge.net/projects/tclxml
 
-TclSOAP      ***     http://sf.net/projects/tclsoap
+TclSOAP      ***     http://sourceforge.net/projects/tclsoap
 
 Snack        ***     http://www.speech.kth.se/~kare/snack2.2.tar.gz
                         * use Snack for Ruby 
@@ -182,7 +182,7 @@ tDOM         ***     http://www.tdom.org
 
 Mk4tcl       ***     http://www.equi4.com/metakit/tcl.html
 
-Memchan      ***     http://memchan.sourceforge.net/
+Memchan      ***     http://sourceforge.net/projects/memchan
 
 XOTcl        ***     http://www.xotcl.org/
 
diff --git a/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/blt.rb b/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/blt.rb
index 8ac8605513..115eb927ba 100644
--- a/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/blt.rb
+++ b/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/blt.rb
@@ -68,7 +68,7 @@ module Tk
 
       params.concat(hash_kv(args.shift, true)) if args[0].kind_of?(Hash)
 
-      params << '--'
+      params << '--' if args[0] =~ /^\s*-[^-]/
       params.concat(args)
 
       tk_call('::blt::bgexec', *params)
@@ -85,7 +85,7 @@ module Tk
 
       params.concat(hash_kv(args.shift, true)) if args[0].kind_of?(Hash)
 
-      params << '--'
+      params << '--' if args[0] =~ /^\s*-[^-]/
       params.concat(args)
       params << '&'
 
diff --git a/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/blt/bitmap.rb b/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/blt/bitmap.rb
index 31cf8d4229..23c6d2d064 100644
--- a/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/blt/bitmap.rb
+++ b/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/blt/bitmap.rb
@@ -13,7 +13,16 @@ module Tk::BLT
     TkCommandNames = ['::blt::bitmap'.freeze].freeze
 
     BITMAP_ID_TBL = TkCore::INTERP.create_table
-    BITMAP_ID = ['blt_bitmap_id'.freeze, '00000'.taint].freeze
+
+    (BITMAP_ID = ['blt_bitmap_id'.freeze, '00000'.taint]).instance_eval{
+      @mutex = Mutex.new
+      def mutex; @mutex; end
+      freeze
+    }
+
+    TkCore::INTERP.init_ip_env{
+      BITMAP_ID_TBL.mutex.synchronize{ BITMAP_ID_TBL.clear }
+    }
 
     def self.data(name)
       dat = tk_simple_list(tk_call('::blt::bitmap', 'data', name))
@@ -64,9 +73,13 @@ module Tk::BLT
       if name
         @id = name
       else
-        @id = BITMAP_ID.join(TkCore::INTERP._ip_id_)
-        BITMAP_ID[1].succ!
-        BITMAP_ID_TBL[@id] = self
+        BITMAP_ID.mutex.synchronize{
+          @id = BITMAP_ID.join(TkCore::INTERP._ip_id_)
+          BITMAP_ID[1].succ!
+        }
+        BITMAP_ID_TBL.mutex.synchronize{
+          BITMAP_ID_TBL[@id] = self
+        }
       end
 
       @path = @id
diff --git a/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/blt/busy.rb b/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/blt/busy.rb
index 4726e466f4..2f807fcd9c 100644
--- a/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/blt/busy.rb
+++ b/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/blt/busy.rb
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ module Tk::BLT
     class Shield < TkWindow
       def self.shield_path(win)
         win = window(win) unless win.kind_of?(TkWindow)
-        if win.kind_of?(TkToplevel)
+        if win.kind_of?(Tk::Toplevel)
           win.path + '._Busy'
         else
           win.path + '_Busy'
diff --git a/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/blt/component.rb b/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/blt/component.rb
index ad78a5430b..b2005b2f2b 100644
--- a/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/blt/component.rb
+++ b/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/blt/component.rb
@@ -85,6 +85,9 @@ module Tk::BLT
     def axis_cget(id, option)
       ret = itemcget(['axis', tagid(id)], option)
     end
+    def axis_cget_strict(id, option)
+      ret = itemcget_strict(['axis', tagid(id)], option)
+    end
     def axis_configure(*args)
       slot = args.pop
       if slot.kind_of?(Hash)
@@ -118,6 +121,9 @@ module Tk::BLT
     def crosshairs_cget(option)
       itemcget('crosshairs', option)
     end
+    def crosshairs_cget_strict(option)
+      itemcget_strict('crosshairs', option)
+    end
     def crosshairs_configure(slot, value=None)
       itemconfigure('crosshairs', slot, value)
     end
@@ -131,6 +137,9 @@ module Tk::BLT
     def element_cget(id, option)
       itemcget(['element', tagid(id)], option)
     end
+    def element_cget_strict(id, option)
+      itemcget_strict(['element', tagid(id)], option)
+    end
     def element_configure(*args)
       slot = args.pop
       if slot.kind_of?(Hash)
@@ -152,6 +161,9 @@ module Tk::BLT
     def bar_cget(id, option)
       itemcget(['bar', tagid(id)], option)
     end
+    def bar_cget_strict(id, option)
+      itemcget_strict(['bar', tagid(id)], option)
+    end
     def bar_configure(*args)
       slot = args.pop
       if slot.kind_of?(Hash)
@@ -173,6 +185,9 @@ module Tk::BLT
     def line_cget(id, option)
       itemcget(['line', tagid(id)], option)
     end
+    def line_cget_strict(id, option)
+      itemcget_strict(['line', tagid(id)], option)
+    end
     def line_configure(*args)
       slot = args.pop
       if slot.kind_of?(Hash)
@@ -194,6 +209,9 @@ module Tk::BLT
     def gridline_cget(option)
       itemcget('grid', option)
     end
+    def gridline_cget_strict(option)
+      itemcget_strict('grid', option)
+    end
     def gridline_configure(slot, value=None)
       itemconfigure('grid', slot, value)
     end
@@ -207,6 +225,9 @@ module Tk::BLT
     def legend_cget(option)
       itemcget('legend', option)
     end
+    def legend_cget_strict(option)
+      itemcget_strict('legend', option)
+    end
     def legend_configure(slot, value=None)
       itemconfigure('legend', slot, value)
     end
@@ -220,6 +241,9 @@ module Tk::BLT
     def pen_cget(id, option)
       itemcget(['pen', tagid(id)], option)
     end
+    def pen_cget_strict(id, option)
+      itemcget_strict(['pen', tagid(id)], option)
+    end
     def pen_configure(*args)
       slot = args.pop
       if slot.kind_of?(Hash)
@@ -241,6 +265,9 @@ module Tk::BLT
     def postscript_cget(option)
       itemcget('postscript', option)
     end
+    def postscript_cget_strict(option)
+      itemcget_strict('postscript', option)
+    end
     def postscript_configure(slot, value=None)
       itemconfigure('postscript', slot, value)
     end
@@ -254,6 +281,9 @@ module Tk::BLT
     def marker_cget(id, option)
       itemcget(['marker', tagid(id)], option)
     end
+    def marker_cget_strict(id, option)
+      itemcget_strict(['marker', tagid(id)], option)
+    end
     def marker_configure(*args)
       slot = args.pop
       if slot.kind_of?(Hash)
@@ -273,11 +303,12 @@ module Tk::BLT
     end
 
     alias __itemcget itemcget
+    alias __itemcget_strict itemcget_strict
     alias __itemconfiginfo itemconfiginfo
     alias __current_itemconfiginfo current_itemconfiginfo
     private :__itemcget, :__itemconfiginfo, :__current_itemconfiginfo
 
-    def itemcget(tagOrId, option)
+    def itemcget_strict(tagOrId, option)
       ret = __itemcget(tagid(tagOrId), option)
       if option == 'bindtags' || option == :bindtags
         ret.collect{|tag| TkBindTag.id2obj(tag)}
@@ -285,6 +316,27 @@ module Tk::BLT
         ret
       end
     end
+    def itemcget(tagOrId, option)
+      unless TkItemConfigMethod.__IGNORE_UNKNOWN_CONFIGURE_OPTION__
+        itemcget_strict(tagOrId, option)
+      else
+        begin
+          itemcget_strict(tagOrId, option)
+        rescue => e
+          begin
+            if current_itemconfiginfo(tagOrId).has_key?(option.to_s)
+              # error on known option
+              fail e
+            else
+              # unknown option
+              nil
+            end
+          rescue
+            fail e  # tag error
+          end
+        end
+      end
+    end
     def itemconfiginfo(tagOrId, slot = nil)
       ret = __itemconfiginfo(tagid(tagOrId), slot)
 
@@ -321,19 +373,30 @@ module Tk::BLT
       ret
     end
 
-    private :itemcget, :itemconfigure
-    private :itemconfiginfo, :current_itemconfiginfo
+    private :itemcget, :itemcget_strict
+    private :itemconfigure, :itemconfiginfo, :current_itemconfiginfo
 
     #################
 
     class Axis < TkObject
-      OBJ_ID = ['blt_chart_axis'.freeze, '00000'.taint].freeze
-      OBJ_TBL={}
+      (OBJ_ID = ['blt_chart_axis'.freeze, '00000'.taint]).instance_eval{
+        @mutex = Mutex.new
+        def mutex; @mutex; end
+        freeze
+      }
+
+      AxisID_TBL = TkCore::INTERP.create_table
+
+      TkCore::INTERP.init_ip_env{
+        AxisID_TBL.mutex.synchronize{ AxisID_TBL.clear }
+      }
 
       def self.id2obj(chart, id)
         cpath = chart.path
-        return id unless OBJ_TBL[cpath]
-        OBJ_TBL[cpath][id]? OBJ_TBL[cpath][id]: id
+        AxisID_TBL.mutex.synchronize{
+          return id unless AxisID_TBL[cpath]
+          AxisID_TBL[cpath][id]? AxisID_TBL[cpath][id]: id
+        }
       end
 
       def self.new(chart, axis=nil, keys={})
@@ -341,12 +404,48 @@ module Tk::BLT
           keys = axis
           axis = nil
         end
-        OBJ_TBL[chart.path] = {} unless OBJ_TBL[chart.path]
-        return OBJ_TBL[chart.path][axis] if axis && OBJ_TBL[chart.path][axis]
-        super(chart, axis, keys)
+        if keys
+          keys = _symbolkey2str(keys)
+          not_create = keys.delete('without_creating')
+        else
+          not_create = false
+        end
+
+        obj = nil
+        AxisID_TBL.mutex.synchronize{
+          chart_path = chart.path
+          AxisID_TBL[chart_path] ||= {}
+          if axis && AxisID_TBL[chart_path][axis]
+            obj = AxisID_TBL[chart_path][axis]
+          else
+            (obj = self.allocate).instance_eval{
+              if axis
+                @axis = @id = axis.to_s
+              else
+                OBJ_ID.mutex.synchronize{
+                  @axis = @id = OBJ_ID.join(TkCore::INTERP._ip_id_).freeze
+                  OBJ_ID[1].succ!
+                }
+              end
+              @path = @id
+              @parent = @chart = chart
+              @cpath = @chart.path
+              Axis::AxisID_TBL[@cpath][@axis] = self
+              unless not_create
+                tk_call(@chart, 'axis', 'create', @axis, keys)
+                return obj
+              end
+            }
+          end
+        }
+
+        obj.configure(keys) if obj && ! keys.empty?
+        obj
       end
 
       def initialize(chart, axis=nil, keys={})
+        # dummy:: not called by 'new' method
+
         if axis.kind_of?(Hash)
           keys = axis
           axis = nil
@@ -354,13 +453,15 @@ module Tk::BLT
         if axis
           @axis = @id = axis.to_s
         else
-          @axis = @id = OBJ_ID.join(TkCore::INTERP._ip_id_).freeze
-          OBJ_ID[1].succ!
+          OBJ_ID.mutex.synchronize{
+            @axis = @id = OBJ_ID.join(TkCore::INTERP._ip_id_).freeze
+            OBJ_ID[1].succ!
+          }
         end
         @path = @id
         @parent = @chart = chart
         @cpath = @chart.path
-        Axis::OBJ_TBL[@cpath][@axis] = self
+        # Axis::AxisID_TBL[@cpath][@axis] = self
         keys = _symbolkey2str(keys)
         unless keys.delete('without_creating')
           # @chart.axis_create(@axis, keys)
@@ -379,6 +480,9 @@ module Tk::BLT
       def cget(option)
         @chart.axis_cget(@id, option)
       end
+      def cget_strict(option)
+        @chart.axis_cget_strict(@id, option)
+      end
       def configure(key, value=None)
         @chart.axis_configure(@id, key, value)
         self
@@ -438,17 +542,34 @@ module Tk::BLT
     #################
 
     class Crosshairs < TkObject
-      OBJ_TBL={}
+      CrosshairsID_TBL = TkCore::INTERP.create_table
+
+      TkCore::INTERP.init_ip_env{
+        CrosshairsID_TBL.mutex.synchronize{ CrosshairsID_TBL.clear }
+      }
 
       def self.new(chart, keys={})
-        return OBJ_TBL[chart.path] if OBJ_TBL[chart.path]
-        super(chart, keys)
+        obj = nil
+        CrosshairsID_TBL.mutex.synchronize{
+          unless (obj = CrosshairsID_TBL[chart.path])
+            (obj = self.allocate).instance_eval{
+              @parent = @chart = chart
+              @cpath = @chart.path
+              @path = @id = 'crosshairs'
+              Crosshairs::CrosshairsID_TBL[@cpath] = self
+            }
+          end
+        }
+        chart.crosshair_configure(keys) if obj && ! keys.empty?
+        obj
       end
 
       def initialize(chart, keys={})
+        # dummy:: not called by 'new' method
+
         @parent = @chart = chart
         @cpath = @chart.path
-        Crosshairs::OBJ_TBL[@cpath] = self
+        # Crosshairs::CrosshairsID_TBL[@cpath] = self
         @chart.crosshair_configure(keys) unless keys.empty?
         @path = @id = 'crosshairs'
       end
@@ -464,6 +585,9 @@ module Tk::BLT
       def cget(option)
         @chart.crosshair_cget(option)
       end
+      def cget_strict(option)
+        @chart.crosshair_cget_strict(option)
+      end
       def configure(key, value=None)
         @chart.crosshair_configure(key, value)
         self
@@ -500,12 +624,18 @@ module Tk::BLT
 
       ElementTypeName = 'element'
       ElementTypeToClass = { ElementTypeName=>self }
+
       ElementID_TBL = TkCore::INTERP.create_table
 
-      TkCore::INTERP.init_ip_env{ ElementID_TBL.clear }
+      TkCore::INTERP.init_ip_env{
+        ElementID_TBL.mutex.synchronize{ ElementID_TBL.clear }
+      }
 
-      OBJ_ID = ['blt_chart_element'.freeze, '00000'.taint].freeze
-      OBJ_TBL={}
+      (OBJ_ID = ['blt_chart_element'.freeze, '00000'.taint]).instance_eval{
+        @mutex = Mutex.new
+        def mutex; @mutex; end
+        freeze
+      }
 
       def Element.type2class(type)
         ElementTypeToClass[type]
@@ -513,8 +643,10 @@ module Tk::BLT
 
       def Element.id2obj(chart, id)
         cpath = chart.path
-        return id unless OBJ_TBL[cpath]
-        OBJ_TBL[cpath][id]? OBJ_TBL[cpath][id]: id
+        ElementID_TBL.mutex.synchronize{
+          return id unless ElementID_TBL[cpath]
+          ElementID_TBL[cpath][id]? ElementID_TBL[cpath][id]: id
+        }
       end
 
       def self.new(chart, element=nil, keys={})
@@ -522,14 +654,49 @@ module Tk::BLT
           keys = element
           element = nil
         end
-        OBJ_TBL[chart.path] = {} unless OBJ_TBL[chart.path]
-        if element && OBJ_TBL[chart.path][element]
-          return OBJ_TBL[chart.path][element]
+        if keys
+          keys = _symbolkey2str(keys)
+          not_create = keys.delete('without_creating')
+        else
+          not_create = false
         end
-        super(chart, element, keys)
+
+        obj = nil
+        ElementID_TBL.mutex.synchronize{
+          chart_path = chart.path
+          ElementID_TBL[chart_path] ||= {}
+          if element && ElementID_TBL[chart_path][element]
+            obj = ElementID_TBL[chart_path][element]
+          else
+            (obj = self.allocate).instance_eval{
+              if element
+                @element = @id = element.to_s
+              else
+                OBJ_ID.mutex.synchronize{
+                  @element = @id = OBJ_ID.join(TkCore::INTERP._ip_id_).freeze
+                  OBJ_ID[1].succ!
+                }
+              end
+              @path = @id
+              @parent = @chart = chart
+              @cpath = @chart.path
+              @typename = self.class::ElementTypeName
+              Element::ElementID_TBL[@cpath][@element] = self
+              unless not_create
+                tk_call(@chart, @typename, 'create', @element, keys)
+                return obj
+              end
+            }
+          end
+        }
+
+        obj.configure(keys) if obj && ! keys.empty?
+        obj
       end
 
       def initialize(chart, element=nil, keys={})
+        # dummy:: not called by 'new' method
+
         if element.kind_of?(Hash)
           keys = element
           element = nil
@@ -537,14 +704,16 @@ module Tk::BLT
         if element
           @element = @id = element.to_s
         else
-          @element = @id = OBJ_ID.join(TkCore::INTERP._ip_id_).freeze
-          OBJ_ID[1].succ!
+          OBJ_ID.mutex.synchronize{
+            @element = @id = OBJ_ID.join(TkCore::INTERP._ip_id_).freeze
+            OBJ_ID[1].succ!
+          }
         end
         @path = @id
         @parent = @chart = chart
         @cpath = @chart.path
         @typename = self.class::ElementTypeName
-        Element::OBJ_TBL[@cpath][@element] = self
+        # Element::ElementID_TBL[@cpath][@element] = self
         keys = _symbolkey2str(keys)
         unless keys.delete('without_creating')
           # @chart.element_create(@element, keys)
@@ -564,6 +733,9 @@ module Tk::BLT
         # @chart.element_cget(@id, option)
         @chart.__send__(@typename + '_cget', @id, option)
       end
+      def cget_strict(option)
+        @chart.__send__(@typename + '_cget_strict', @id, option)
+      end
       def configure(key, value=None)
         # @chart.element_configure(@id, key, value)
         @chart.__send__(@typename + '_configure', @id, key, value)
@@ -622,17 +794,33 @@ module Tk::BLT
     #################
 
     class GridLine < TkObject
-      OBJ_TBL={}
+      GridLineID_TBL = TkCore::INTERP.create_table
+      TkCore::INTERP.init_ip_env{
+        GridLineID_TBL.mutex.synchronize{ GridLineID_TBL.clear }
+      }
 
       def self.new(chart, keys={})
-        return OBJ_TBL[chart.path] if OBJ_TBL[chart.path]
-        super(chart, keys)
+        obj = nil
+        GridLineID_TBL.mutex.synchronize{
+          unless (obj = GridLineID_TBL[chart.path])
+            (obj = self.allocate).instance_eval{
+              @parent = @chart = chart
+              @cpath = @chart.path
+              @path = @id = 'grid'
+              GridLine::GridLineID_TBL[@cpath] = self
+            }
+          end
+        }
+        chart.gridline_configure(keys) if obj && ! keys.empty?
+        obj
       end
 
       def initialize(chart, keys={})
+        # dummy:: not called by 'new' method
+
         @parent = @chart = chart
         @cpath = @chart.path
-        GridLine::OBJ_TBL[@cpath] = self
+        # GridLine::GridLineID_TBL[@cpath] = self
         @chart.gridline_configure(keys) unless keys.empty?
         @path = @id = 'grid'
       end
@@ -648,6 +836,9 @@ module Tk::BLT
       def cget(option)
         @chart.gridline_cget(option)
       end
+      def cget_strict(option)
+        @chart.gridline_cget_strict(option)
+      end
       def configure(key, value=None)
         @chart.gridline_configure(key, value)
         self
@@ -676,18 +867,35 @@ module Tk::BLT
     #################
 
     class Legend < TkObject
-      OBJ_TBL={}
+      LegendID_TBL = TkCore::INTERP.create_table
+
+      TkCore::INTERP.init_ip_env{
+        LegendID_TBL.mutex.synchronize{ LegendID_TBL.clear }
+      }
 
       def self.new(chart, keys={})
-        return OBJ_TBL[chart.path] if OBJ_TBL[chart.path]
-        super(chart, keys)
+        obj = nil
+        LegenedID_TBL.mutex.synchronize{
+          unless (obj = LegenedID_TBL[chart.path])
+            (obj = self.allocate).instance_eval{
+              @parent = @chart = chart
+              @cpath = @chart.path
+              @path = @id = 'crosshairs'
+              Legend::LegenedID_TBL[@cpath] = self
+            }
+          end
+        }
+        chart.legend_configure(keys) if obj && ! keys.empty?
+        obj
       end
 
       def initialize(chart, keys={})
+        # dummy:: not called by 'new' method
+
         @parent = @chart = chart
         @cpath = @chart.path
-        Crosshairs::OBJ_TBL[@cpath] = self
-        @chart.crosshair_configure(keys) unless keys.empty?
+        # Legend::LegendID_TBL[@cpath] = self
+        @chart.legend_configure(keys) unless keys.empty?
         @path = @id = 'legend'
       end
 
@@ -702,6 +910,9 @@ module Tk::BLT
       def cget(option)
         @chart.legend_cget(option)
       end
+      def cget_strict(option)
+        @chart.legend_cget_strict(option)
+      end
       def configure(key, value=None)
         @chart.legend_configure(key, value)
         self
@@ -729,13 +940,24 @@ module Tk::BLT
     #################
 
     class Pen < TkObject
-      OBJ_ID = ['blt_chart_pen'.freeze, '00000'.taint].freeze
-      OBJ_TBL={}
+      (OBJ_ID = ['blt_chart_pen'.freeze, '00000'.taint]).instance_eval{
+        @mutex = Mutex.new
+        def mutex; @mutex; end
+        freeze
+      }
+
+      PenID_TBL = TkCore::INTERP.create_table
+
+      TkCore::INTERP.init_ip_env{
+        PenID_TBL.mutex.synchronize{ PenID_TBL.clear }
+      }
 
       def self.id2obj(chart, id)
         cpath = chart.path
-        return id unless OBJ_TBL[cpath]
-        OBJ_TBL[cpath][id]? OBJ_TBL[cpath][id]: id
+        PenID_TBL.mutex.synchronize{
+          return id unless PenID_TBL[cpath]
+          PenID_TBL[cpath][id]? PenID_TBL[cpath][id]: id
+        }
       end
 
       def self.new(chart, pen=nil, keys={})
@@ -743,9 +965,43 @@ module Tk::BLT
           keys = pen
           pen = nil
         end
-        OBJ_TBL[chart.path] = {} unless OBJ_TBL[chart.path]
-        return OBJ_TBL[chart.path][pen] if pen && OBJ_TBL[chart.path][pen]
-        super(chart, pen, keys)
+        if keys
+          keys = _symbolkey2str(keys)
+          not_create = keys.delete('without_creating')
+        else
+          not_create = false
+        end
+
+        obj = nil
+        PenID_TBL.mutex.synchronize{
+          chart_path = chart.path
+          PenID_TBL[chart_path] ||= {}
+          if pen && PenID_TBL[chart_path][pen]
+            obj = PenID_TBL[chart_path][pen]
+          else
+            (obj = self.allocate).instance_eval{
+              if pen
+                @pen = @id = pen.to_s
+              else
+                OBJ_ID.mutex.synchronize{
+                  @pen = @id = OBJ_ID.join(TkCore::INTERP._ip_id_).freeze
+                  OBJ_ID[1].succ!
+                }
+              end
+              @path = @id
+              @parent = @chart = chart
+              @cpath = @chart.path
+              Pen::PenID_TBL[@cpath][@pen] = self
+              unless not_create
+                tk_call(@chart, 'pen', 'create', @pen, keys)
+                return obj
+              end
+            }
+          end
+        }
+
+        obj.configure(keys) if obj && ! keys.empty?
+        obj
       end
 
       def initialize(chart, pen=nil, keys={})
@@ -756,13 +1012,15 @@ module Tk::BLT
         if pen
           @pen = @id = pen.to_s
         else
-          @pen = @id = OBJ_ID.join(TkCore::INTERP._ip_id_).freeze
-          OBJ_ID[1].succ!
+          OBJ_ID.mutex.synchronize{
+            @pen = @id = OBJ_ID.join(TkCore::INTERP._ip_id_).freeze
+            OBJ_ID[1].succ!
+          }
         end
         @path = @id
         @parent = @chart = chart
         @cpath = @chart.path
-        Pen::OBJ_TBL[@cpath][@pen] = self
+        Pen::PenID_TBL[@cpath][@pen] = self
         keys = _symbolkey2str(keys)
         unless keys.delete('without_creating')
           # @chart.pen_create(@pen, keys)
@@ -781,6 +1039,9 @@ module Tk::BLT
       def cget(option)
         @chart.pen_cget(@id, option)
       end
+      def cget_strict(option)
+        @chart.pen_cget_strict(@id, option)
+      end
       def configure(key, value=None)
         @chart.pen_configure(@id, key, value)
         self
@@ -805,17 +1066,34 @@ module Tk::BLT
     #################
 
     class Postscript < TkObject
-      OBJ_TBL={}
+      PostscriptID_TBL = TkCore::INTERP.create_table
+
+      TkCore::INTERP.init_ip_env{
+        PostscriptID_TBL.mutex.synchronize{ PostscriptID_TBL.clear }
+      }
 
       def self.new(chart, keys={})
-        return OBJ_TBL[chart.path] if OBJ_TBL[chart.path]
-        super(chart, keys)
+        obj = nil
+        PostscriptID_TBL.mutex.synchronize{
+          unless (obj = PostscriptID_TBL[chart.path])
+            (obj = self.allocate).instance_eval{
+              @parent = @chart = chart
+              @cpath = @chart.path
+              @path = @id = 'postscript'
+              Postscript::PostscriptID_TBL[@cpath] = self
+            }
+          end
+        }
+        chart.postscript_configure(keys) if obj && ! keys.empty?
+        obj
       end
 
       def initialize(chart, keys={})
+        # dummy:: not called by 'new' method
+
         @parent = @chart = chart
         @cpath = @chart.path
-        Postscript::OBJ_TBL[@cpath] = self
+        # Postscript::PostscriptID_TBL[@cpath] = self
         @chart.postscript_configure(keys) unless keys.empty?
         @path = @id = 'postscript'
       end
@@ -831,6 +1109,9 @@ module Tk::BLT
       def cget(option)
         @chart.postscript_cget(option)
       end
+      def cget_strict(option)
+        @chart.postscript_cget_strict(option)
+      end
       def configure(key, value=None)
         @chart.postscript_configure(key, value)
         self
@@ -870,7 +1151,9 @@ module Tk::BLT
       MarkerTypeToClass = {}
       MarkerID_TBL = TkCore::INTERP.create_table
 
-      TkCore::INTERP.init_ip_env{ MarkerID_TBL.clear }
+      TkCore::INTERP.init_ip_env{
+        MarkerID_TBL.mutex.synchronize{ MarkerID_TBL.clear }
+      }
 
       def Marker.type2class(type)
         MarkerTypeToClass[type]
@@ -878,8 +1161,13 @@ module Tk::BLT
 
       def Marker.id2obj(chart, id)
         cpath = chart.path
-        return id unless MarkerID_TBL[cpath]
-        MarkerID_TBL[cpath][id]? MarkerID_TBL[cpath][id]: id
+        MarkerID_TBL.mutex.synchronize{
+          if MarkerID_TBL[cpath]
+            MarkerID_TBL[cpath][id]? MarkerID_TBL[cpath][id]: id
+          else
+            id
+          end
+        }
       end
 
       def self._parse_create_args(keys)
@@ -902,6 +1190,13 @@ module Tk::BLT
             fontkeys[fkey] = keys.delete(fkey) if keys.key?(fkey)
           }
 
+          __item_optkey_aliases(nil).each{|alias_name, real_name|
+            alias_name = alias_name.to_s
+            if keys.has_key?(alias_name)
+              keys[real_name.to_s] = keys.delete(alias_name)
+            end
+          }
+
           __item_methodcall_optkeys(nil).each{|key|
             key = key.to_s
             methodkeys[key] = keys.delete(key) if keys.key?(key)
@@ -943,10 +1238,10 @@ module Tk::BLT
           @parent = @chart = chart
           @cpath = chart.path
           @id = id
-          unless Tk::BLT::PlotComponent::Marker::MarkerID_TBL[@cpath]
-            Tk::BLT::PlotComponent::Marker::MarkerID_TBL[@cpath] = {}
-          end
-          Tk::BLT::PlotComponent::Marker::MarkerID_TBL[@cpath][@id] = self
+          Tk::BLT::PlotComponent::Marker::MarkerID_TBL.mutex.synchronize{
+            Tk::BLT::PlotComponent::Marker::MarkerID_TBL[@cpath] ||= {}
+            Tk::BLT::PlotComponent::Marker::MarkerID_TBL[@cpath][@id] = self
+          }
         }
         obj
       end
@@ -956,10 +1251,10 @@ module Tk::BLT
         @cpath = parent.path
 
         @path = @id = create_self(*args) # an integer number as 'item id'
-        unless Tk::BLT::PlotComponent::Marker::MarkerID_TBL[@cpath]
-          Tk::BLT::PlotComponent::Marker::MarkerID_TBL[@cpath] = {}
-        end
-        Tk::BLT::PlotComponent::Marker::MarkerID_TBL[@cpath][@id] = self
+        Tk::BLT::PlotComponent::Marker::MarkerID_TBL.mutex.synchronize{
+          Tk::BLT::PlotComponent::Marker::MarkerID_TBL[@cpath] ||= {}
+          Tk::BLT::PlotComponent::Marker::MarkerID_TBL[@cpath][@id] = self
+        }
       end
       def create_self(*args)
         self.class.create(@chart, *args) # return an integer as 'item id'
@@ -977,6 +1272,9 @@ module Tk::BLT
       def cget(option)
         @chart.marker_cget(@id, option)
       end
+      def cget_strict(option)
+        @chart.marker_cget_strict(@id, option)
+      end
       def configure(key, value=None)
         @chart.marker_configure(@id, key, value)
         self
@@ -1037,14 +1335,14 @@ module Tk::BLT
     #################
 
     def __destroy_hook__
-      Axis::OBJ_TBL.delete(@path)
-      Crosshairs::OBJ_TBL.delete(@path)
-      Element::OBJ_TBL.delete(@path)
-      GridLine::OBJ_TBL.delete(@path)
-      Legend::OBJ_TBL.delete(@path)
-      Pen::OBJ_TBL.delete(@path)
-      Postscript::OBJ_TBL.delete(@path)
-      Marker::OBJ_TBL.delete(@path)
+      Axis::AxisID_TBL.delete(@path)
+      Crosshairs::CrosshairsID_TBL.delete(@path)
+      Element::ElementID_TBL.delete(@path)
+      GridLine::GridLineID_TBL.delete(@path)
+      Legend::LegendID_TBL.delete(@path)
+      Pen::PenID_TBL.delete(@path)
+      Postscript::PostscriptID_TBL.delete(@path)
+      Marker::MarkerID_TBL.delete(@path)
       super()
     end
 
@@ -1559,6 +1857,9 @@ module Tk::BLT
     def xaxis_cget(option)
       itemcget('xaxis', option)
     end
+    def xaxis_cget_strict(option)
+      itemcget_strict('xaxis', option)
+    end
     def xaxis_configure(slot, value=None)
       if slot.kind_of?(Hash)
         slot = _symbolkey2str(slot)
@@ -1628,6 +1929,9 @@ module Tk::BLT
     def x2axis_cget(option)
       itemcget('x2axis', option)
     end
+    def x2axis_cget_strict(option)
+      itemcget_strict('x2axis', option)
+    end
     def x2axis_configure(slot, value=None)
       if slot.kind_of?(Hash)
         slot = _symbolkey2str(slot)
@@ -1697,6 +2001,9 @@ module Tk::BLT
     def yaxis_cget(option)
       itemcget('yaxis', option)
     end
+    def yaxis_cget_strict(option)
+      itemcget_strict('yaxis', option)
+    end
     def yaxis_configure(slot, value=None)
       if slot.kind_of?(Hash)
         slot = _symbolkey2str(slot)
@@ -1766,6 +2073,9 @@ module Tk::BLT
     def y2axis_cget(option)
       itemcget('y2axis', option)
     end
+    def y2axis_cget_strict(option)
+      itemcget_strict('y2axis', option)
+    end
     def y2axis_configure(slot, value=None)
       if slot.kind_of?(Hash)
         slot = _symbolkey2str(slot)
diff --git a/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/blt/container.rb b/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/blt/container.rb
index 60ba1dec1e..cdbec21f25 100644
--- a/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/blt/container.rb
+++ b/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/blt/container.rb
@@ -11,18 +11,18 @@ module Tk::BLT
     TkCommandNames = ['::blt::container'.freeze].freeze
     WidgetClassName = 'Container'.freeze
     WidgetClassNames[WidgetClassName] = self
-  end
 
-  def __strval_optkeys
-    super() << 'name'
-  end
-  private :__strval_optkeys
+    def __strval_optkeys
+      super() << 'name'
+    end
+    private :__strval_optkeys
 
-  def find_command(pat)
-    list(tk_send_without_enc(tk_call(self.path, 'find', '-command', pat)))
-  end
+    def find_command(pat)
+      Hash[*simplelist(tk_send_without_enc('find', '-command', pat))]
+    end
 
-  def find_name(pat)
-    list(tk_send_without_enc(tk_call(self.path, 'find', '-name', pat)))
+    def find_name(pat)
+      Hash[*simplelist(tk_send_without_enc('find', '-name', pat))]
+    end
   end
 end
diff --git a/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/blt/dragdrop.rb b/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/blt/dragdrop.rb
index 68fb9e591a..201548504a 100644
--- a/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/blt/dragdrop.rb
+++ b/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/blt/dragdrop.rb
@@ -81,6 +81,24 @@ module Tk::BLT
           nil
         ]
 
+=begin
+        # for Ruby m17n :: ?x --> String --> char-code ( getbyte(0) )
+        KEY_TBL.map!{|inf|
+          if inf.kind_of?(Array)
+            inf[0] = inf[0].getbyte(0) if inf[0].kind_of?(String)
+            inf[1] = inf[1].getbyte(0) if inf[1].kind_of?(String)
+          end
+          inf
+        }
+
+        PROC_TBL.map!{|inf|
+          if inf.kind_of?(Array)
+            inf[0] = inf[0].getbyte(0) if inf[0].kind_of?(String)
+          end
+          inf
+        }
+=end
+
         _setup_subst_table(KEY_TBL, PROC_TBL)
 
         def self.ret_val(val)
@@ -107,6 +125,24 @@ module Tk::BLT
           nil
         ]
 
+=begin
+        # for Ruby m17n :: ?x --> String --> char-code ( getbyte(0) )
+        KEY_TBL.map!{|inf|
+          if inf.kind_of?(Array)
+            inf[0] = inf[0].getbyte(0) if inf[0].kind_of?(String)
+            inf[1] = inf[1].getbyte(0) if inf[1].kind_of?(String)
+          end
+          inf
+        }
+
+        PROC_TBL.map!{|inf|
+          if inf.kind_of?(Array)
+            inf[0] = inf[0].getbyte(0) if inf[0].kind_of?(String)
+          end
+          inf
+        }
+=end
+
         _setup_subst_table(KEY_TBL, PROC_TBL)
 
         def self.ret_val(val)
@@ -145,6 +181,24 @@ module Tk::BLT
         nil
       ]
 
+=begin
+      # for Ruby m17n :: ?x --> String --> char-code ( getbyte(0) )
+      KEY_TBL.map!{|inf|
+        if inf.kind_of?(Array)
+          inf[0] = inf[0].getbyte(0) if inf[0].kind_of?(String)
+          inf[1] = inf[1].getbyte(0) if inf[1].kind_of?(String)
+        end
+        inf
+      }
+
+      PROC_TBL.map!{|inf|
+        if inf.kind_of?(Array)
+          inf[0] = inf[0].getbyte(0) if inf[0].kind_of?(String)
+        end
+        inf
+      }
+=end
+
       _setup_subst_table(KEY_TBL, PROC_TBL)
     end
 
diff --git a/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/blt/eps.rb b/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/blt/eps.rb
index 586a42470c..0dba87a7cc 100644
--- a/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/blt/eps.rb
+++ b/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/blt/eps.rb
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ module Tk::BLT
   end
 end
 
-class TkCanvas
+class Tk::Canvas
   alias __BLT_EPS_item_strval_optkeys __item_strval_optkeys
   def __item_strval_optkeys(id)
     __BLT_EPS_item_strval_optkeys(id) + [
diff --git a/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/blt/htext.rb b/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/blt/htext.rb
index a0cf3dc036..0d9cb30185 100644
--- a/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/blt/htext.rb
+++ b/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/blt/htext.rb
@@ -22,6 +22,7 @@ module Tk::BLT
     WidgetClassNames[WidgetClassName] = self
 
     alias window_cget itemcget
+    alias window_cget_strict itemcget_strict
     alias window_configure itemconfigure
     alias window_configuinfo itemconfiginfo
     alias current_window_configuinfo current_itemconfiginfo
diff --git a/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/blt/table.rb b/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/blt/table.rb
index fc1bf54e65..dfa10269ed 100644
--- a/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/blt/table.rb
+++ b/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/blt/table.rb
@@ -17,97 +17,103 @@ module Tk::BLT
 
     module TableContainer
       def blt_table_add(*args)
-        Tk::BLT::Table.add(@path, *args)
+        Tk::BLT::Table.add(self, *args)
         self
       end
 
       def blt_table_arrange()
-        Tk::BLT::Table.arrange(@path)
+        Tk::BLT::Table.arrange(self)
         self
       end
 
       def blt_table_cget(*args)
-        Tk::BLT::Table.cget(@path, *args)
+        Tk::BLT::Table.cget(self, *args)
+      end
+      def blt_table_cget_strict(*args)
+        Tk::BLT::Table.cget_strict(self, *args)
       end
 
       def blt_table_configure(*args)
-        Tk::BLT::Table.configure(@path, *args)
+        Tk::BLT::Table.configure(self, *args)
         self
       end
 
       def blt_table_configinfo(*args)
-        Tk::BLT::Table.configinfo(@path, *args)
+        Tk::BLT::Table.configinfo(self, *args)
       end
 
       def blt_table_current_configinfo(*args)
-        Tk::BLT::Table.current_configinfo(@path, *args)
+        Tk::BLT::Table.current_configinfo(self, *args)
       end
 
       def blt_table_locate(x, y)
-        Tk::BLT::Table.locate(@path, x, y)
+        Tk::BLT::Table.locate(self, x, y)
       end
 
       def blt_table_delete(*args)
-        Tk::BLT::Table.delete(@path, *args)
+        Tk::BLT::Table.delete(self, *args)
         self
       end
 
       def blt_table_extents(item)
-        Tk::BLT::Table.extents(@path, item)
+        Tk::BLT::Table.extents(self, item)
       end
 
       def blt_table_insert(*args)
-        Tk::BLT::Table.insert(@path, *args)
+        Tk::BLT::Table.insert(self, *args)
         self
       end
 
       def blt_table_insert_before(*args)
-        Tk::BLT::Table.insert_before(@path, *args)
+        Tk::BLT::Table.insert_before(self, *args)
         self
       end
 
       def blt_table_insert_after(*args)
-        Tk::BLT::Table.insert_after(@path, *args)
+        Tk::BLT::Table.insert_after(self, *args)
         self
       end
 
       def blt_table_join(first, last)
-        Tk::BLT::Table.join(@path, first, last)
+        Tk::BLT::Table.join(self, first, last)
         self
       end
 
       def blt_table_save()
-        Tk::BLT::Table.save(@path)
+        Tk::BLT::Table.save(self)
       end
 
       def blt_table_search(*args)
-        Tk::BLT::Table.search(@path, *args)
+        Tk::BLT::Table.search(self, *args)
       end
 
       def blt_table_split(*args)
-        Tk::BLT::Table.split(@path, *args)
+        Tk::BLT::Table.split(self, *args)
         self
       end
 
       def blt_table_itemcget(*args)
-        Tk::BLT::Table.itemcget(@path, *args)
+        Tk::BLT::Table.itemcget(self, *args)
+      end
+      def blt_table_itemcget_strict(*args)
+        Tk::BLT::Table.itemcget_strict(self, *args)
       end
 
       def blt_table_itemconfigure(*args)
-        Tk::BLT::Table.itemconfigure(@path, *args)
+        Tk::BLT::Table.itemconfigure(self, *args)
         self
       end
 
       def blt_table_itemconfiginfo(*args)
-        Tk::BLT::Table.itemconfiginfo(@path, *args)
+        Tk::BLT::Table.itemconfiginfo(self, *args)
       end
 
       def blt_table_current_itemconfiginfo(*args)
-        Tk::BLT::Table.current_itemconfiginfo(@path, *args)
+        Tk::BLT::Table.current_itemconfiginfo(self, *args)
       end
 
       def blt_table_iteminfo(item)
-        Tk::BLT::Table.iteminfo(@path, item)
+        Tk::BLT::Table.iteminfo(self, item)
       end
     end
   end
@@ -117,28 +123,32 @@ end
 ############################################
 class << Tk::BLT::Table
   def __item_cget_cmd(id) # id := [ container, item ]
-    ['::blt::table', 'cget', id[0].path, id[1]]
+    win = (id[0].kind_of?(TkWindow))? id[0].path: id[0].to_s
+    ['::blt::table', 'cget', win, id[1]]
   end
   private :__item_cget_cmd
 
   def __item_config_cmd(id) # id := [ container, item, ... ]
     container, *items = id
-    ['::blt::table', 'configure', container.path, *items]
+    win = (container.kind_of?(TkWindow))? container.path: container.to_s
+    ['::blt::table', 'configure', win, *items]
   end
   private :__item_config_cmd
 
   def __item_pathname(id)
-    id[0].path + ';'
+    win = (id[0].kind_of?(TkWindow))? id[0].path: id[0].to_s
+    win + ';'
   end
   private :__item_pathname
 
   alias __itemcget itemcget
+  alias __itemcget_strict itemcget_strict
   alias __itemconfigure itemconfigure
   alias __itemconfiginfo itemconfiginfo
   alias __current_itemconfiginfo current_itemconfiginfo
 
-  private :__itemcget, :__itemconfigure
-  private :__itemconfiginfo, :__current_itemconfiginfo
+  private :__itemcget, :__itemcget_strict
+  private :__itemconfigure, :__itemconfiginfo, :__current_itemconfiginfo
 
   def __boolval_optkeys
     super() << 'propagate'
@@ -173,6 +183,9 @@ class << Tk::BLT::Table
   def cget(container, option)
     __itemcget([container], option)
   end
+  def cget_strict(container, option)
+    __itemcget_strict([container], option)
+  end
 
   def configure(container, *args)
     __itemconfigure([container], *args)
@@ -189,11 +202,15 @@ class << Tk::BLT::Table
   def itemcget(container, item, option)
     __itemcget([container, tagid(item)], option)
   end
+  def itemcget_strict(container, item, option)
+    __itemcget_strict([container, tagid(item)], option)
+  end
 
   def itemconfigure(container, *args)
     if args[-1].kind_of?(Hash)
       # container, item, item, ... , hash_optkeys
       keys = args.pop
+      fail ArgumentError, 'no item is given' if args.empty?
       id = [container]
       args.each{|item| id << tagid(item)}
       __itemconfigure(id, keys)
@@ -201,10 +218,12 @@ class << Tk::BLT::Table
       # container, item, item, ... , option, value
       val = args.pop
       opt = args.pop
+      fail ArgumentError, 'no item is given' if args.empty?
       id = [container]
       args.each{|item| id << tagid(item)}
       __itemconfigure(id, opt, val)
     end
+    container
   end
 
   def itemconfiginfo(container, *args)
@@ -222,11 +241,35 @@ class << Tk::BLT::Table
       slot = nil
     end
 
+    fail ArgumentError, 'no item is given' if args.empty?
+
     id = [container]
     args.each{|item| id << tagid(item)}
     __itemconfiginfo(id, slot)
   end
 
+  def current_itemconfiginfo(container, *args)
+    slot = args[-1]
+    if slot.kind_of?(String) || slot.kind_of?(Symbol)
+      slot = slot.to_s
+      if slot[0] == ?. || slot =~ /^\d+,\d+$/ || slot =~ /^(c|C|r|R)(\*|\d+)/
+        #   widget     ||    row,col          ||    Ci or Ri
+        slot = nil
+      else
+        # option
+        slot = args.pop
+      end
+    else
+      slot = nil
+    end
+
+    fail ArgumentError, 'no item is given' if args.empty?
+
+    id = [container]
+    args.each{|item| id << tagid(item)}
+    __current_itemconfiginfo(id, slot)
+  end
+
   def info(container)
     ret = {}
     inf = list(tk_call('::blt::table', 'info', container))
@@ -238,12 +281,22 @@ class << Tk::BLT::Table
   end
 
   def iteminfo(container, item)
-    ret = {}
-    inf = list(tk_call('::blt::table', 'info', container, tagid(item)))
-    until inf.empty?
-      opt = inf.slice!(0..1)
-      ret[opt[1..-1]] = opt[1]
+    inf = list(tk_call('::blt::table', 'info', container, tagid(item)).chomp)
+
+    ret = []
+    until inf.empty? || (inf[0].kind_of?(String) && inf[0] =~ /^-/)
+      ret << inf.shift
     end
+
+    if inf.length > 1
+      keys = {}
+      while inf.length > 1
+        opt = inf.slice!(0..1)
+        keys[opt[0][1..-1]] = opt[1]
+      end
+      ret << keys
+    end
+
     ret
   end
 
@@ -253,7 +306,7 @@ class << Tk::BLT::Table
     tk_call('::blt::table', container)
     begin
       class << container
-        include Tk::BLT::TABLE::TableContainer
+        include Tk::BLT::Table::TableContainer
       end
     rescue
       warn('fail to include TableContainer methods (frozen object?)')
@@ -276,10 +329,12 @@ class << Tk::BLT::Table
       }
       tk_call('::blt::table', container, *args)
     end
+    container
   end
 
   def arrange(container)
     tk_call('::blt::table', 'arrange', container)
+    container
   end
 
   def delete(container, *args)
diff --git a/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/blt/tabset.rb b/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/blt/tabset.rb
index c26b6ee001..ca81ad8f95 100644
--- a/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/blt/tabset.rb
+++ b/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/blt/tabset.rb
@@ -12,14 +12,26 @@ module Tk::BLT
       include TkTreatItemFont
 
       TabID_TBL = TkCore::INTERP.create_table
-      TabsetTab_ID = ['blt_tabset_tab'.freeze, '00000'.taint].freeze
 
-      TkCore::INTERP.init_ip_env{ TabID_TBL.clear }
+      (TabsetTab_ID = ['blt_tabset_tab'.freeze, '00000'.taint]).instance_eval{
+        @mutex = Mutex.new
+        def mutex; @mutex; end
+        freeze
+      }
+
+      TkCore::INTERP.init_ip_env{
+        TabID_TBL.mutex.synchronize{ TabID_TBL.clear }
+      }
 
       def self.id2obj(tabset, id)
         tpath = tabset.path
-        return id unless TabID_TBL[tpath]
-        TabID_TBL[tpath][id]? TabID_TBL[tpath]: id
+        TabID_TBL.mutex.synchronize{
+          if TabID_TBL[tpath]
+            TabID_TBL[tpath][id]? TabID_TBL[tpath]: id
+          else
+            id
+          end
+        }
       end
 
       def self.new(parent, pos=nil, name=nil, keys={})
@@ -32,12 +44,20 @@ module Tk::BLT
           keys = name
           name = nil
         end
-
-        if name && TabID_TBL[parent.path] && TabID_TBL[parent.path][name]
-          TabID_TBL[parent.path][name]
-        else
-          super(parent, pos, name, keys)
-        end
+        obj = nil
+        TabID_TBL.mutex.synchronize{
+          if name && TabID_TBL[parent.path] && TabID_TBL[parent.path][name]
+            obj = TabID_TBL[parent.path][name]
+            obj.configure if keys && ! keys.empty?
+          else
+            (obj = self.allocate).instance_eval{
+              initialize(parent, pos, name, keys)
+              TabID_TBL[@tpath] = {} unless TabID_TBL[@tpath]
+              TabID_TBL[@tpath][@id] = self
+            }
+          end
+        }
+        obj
       end
 
       def initialize(parent, pos, name, keys)
@@ -45,9 +65,6 @@ module Tk::BLT
         @tpath = parent.path
         if name
           @path = @id = name
-          TabID_TBL[@tpath] = {} unless TabID_TBL[@tpath]
-          TabID_TBL[@tpath][@id] = self
-
           unless (list(tk_call(@tpath, 'tab', 'names', @id)).empty?)
             if pos
               idx = tk_call(@tpath, 'index', '-name', @id)
@@ -58,18 +75,18 @@ module Tk::BLT
               end
             end
             tk_call(@tpath, 'tab', 'configure', @id, keys)
-            return
+          else
+            pos = 'end' unless pos
+            tk_call(@tpath, 'insert', pos, @id, keys)
           end
-
         else
-          @path = @id = TabsetTab_ID.join(TkCore::INTERP._ip_id_)
-          TabID_TBL[@tpath] = {} unless TabID_TBL[@tpath]
-          TabID_TBL[@tpath][@id] = self
-          TabsetTab_ID[1].succ!
+          TabsetTab_ID.mutex.synchronize{
+            @path = @id = TabsetTab_ID.join(TkCore::INTERP._ip_id_)
+            TabsetTab_ID[1].succ!
+          }
+          pos = 'end' unless pos
+          tk_call(@tpath, 'insert', pos, @id, keys)
         end
-
-        pos = 'end' unless pos
-        tk_call(@tpath, 'insert', pos, @id, keys)
       end
 
       #def bind(context, cmd=Proc.new, *args)
@@ -111,6 +128,9 @@ module Tk::BLT
       def cget(*args)
         @t.tab_cget(@id, *args)
       end
+      def cget_strict(*args)
+        @t.tab_cget_strict(@id, *args)
+      end
       def configure(*args)
         @t.tab_configure(@id, *args)
       end
@@ -123,7 +143,9 @@ module Tk::BLT
 
       def delete()
         @t.delete(@id)
-        TabID_TBL[@tpath].delete(@id)
+        TabID_TBL.mutex.synchronize{
+          TabID_TBL[@tpath].delete(@id)
+        }
         self
       end
 
@@ -184,7 +206,9 @@ module Tk::BLT
     WidgetClassNames[WidgetClassName] = self
 
     def __destroy_hook__
-      Tk::BLT::Tabset::Tab::TabID_TBL.delete(@path)
+      Tk::BLT::Tabset::Tab::TabID_TBL.mutex.synchronize{
+        Tk::BLT::Tabset::Tab::TabID_TBL.delete(@path)
+      }
     end
 
     ########################################
@@ -219,6 +243,7 @@ module Tk::BLT
     private :__item_pathname
 
     alias tab_cget itemcget
+    alias tab_cget_strict itemcget_strict
     alias tab_configure itemconfigure
     alias tab_configinfo itemconfiginfo
     alias current_tab_configinfo current_itemconfiginfo
@@ -291,11 +316,15 @@ module Tk::BLT
     def delete(first, last=None)
       tk_send('delete', tagindex(first), tagindex(last))
       if first.kind_of?(Tk::BLT::Tabset::Tab)
-        TabID_TBL[@path].delete(first.id)
+        TabID_TBL.mutex.synchronize{
+          TabID_TBL[@path].delete(first.id)
+        }
       end
       # middle tabs of the range are unknown
       if last.kind_of?(Tk::BLT::Tabset::Tab)
-        TabID_TBL[@path].delete(last.id)
+        TabID_TBL.mutex.synchronize{
+          TabID_TBL[@path].delete(last.id)
+        }
       end
       self
     end
diff --git a/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/blt/ted.rb b/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/blt/ted.rb
index 39495842b4..670265fc78 100644
--- a/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/blt/ted.rb
+++ b/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/blt/ted.rb
@@ -30,11 +30,14 @@ module Tk::BLT
       end
       private :__item_config_cmd
 
-      private :itemcget, :itemconfigure
-      private :itemconfiginfo, :current_itemconfiginfo
+      private :itemcget, :itemcget_strict
+      private :itemconfigure, :itemconfiginfo, :current_itemconfiginfo
 
       def cget(master, option)
-        itemconfigure(master, slot, value)
+        itemcget(master, option)
+      end
+      def cget_strict(master, option)
+        itemcget_strict(master, option)
       end
       def configure(master, slot, value=None)
         itemconfigure(master, slot, value)
diff --git a/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/blt/tile/button.rb b/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/blt/tile/button.rb
index dd715c8b98..2e0863cfbe 100644
--- a/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/blt/tile/button.rb
+++ b/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/blt/tile/button.rb
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ require 'tkextlib/blt/tile.rb'
 
 module Tk::BLT
   module Tile
-    class Button < TkButton
+    class Button < Tk::Button
       TkCommandNames = ['::blt::tile::button'.freeze].freeze
     end
   end
diff --git a/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/blt/tile/checkbutton.rb b/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/blt/tile/checkbutton.rb
index ebe79179a5..da230b5925 100644
--- a/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/blt/tile/checkbutton.rb
+++ b/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/blt/tile/checkbutton.rb
@@ -9,9 +9,9 @@ require 'tkextlib/blt/tile.rb'
 
 module Tk::BLT
   module Tile
-    class Checkbutton < TkCheckbutton
+    class CheckButton < Tk::CheckButton
       TkCommandNames = ['::blt::tile::checkbutton'.freeze].freeze
     end
-    CheckButton = Checkbutton
+    Checkbutton = CheckButton
   end
 end
diff --git a/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/blt/tile/frame.rb b/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/blt/tile/frame.rb
index 10469fd35f..5434af4b72 100644
--- a/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/blt/tile/frame.rb
+++ b/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/blt/tile/frame.rb
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ require 'tkextlib/blt/tile.rb'
 
 module Tk::BLT
   module Tile
-    class Frame < TkFrame
+    class Frame < Tk::Frame
       TkCommandNames = ['::blt::tile::frame'.freeze].freeze
     end
   end
diff --git a/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/blt/tile/label.rb b/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/blt/tile/label.rb
index ec67babd58..f370c1403b 100644
--- a/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/blt/tile/label.rb
+++ b/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/blt/tile/label.rb
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ require 'tkextlib/blt/tile.rb'
 
 module Tk::BLT
   module Tile
-    class Label < TkLabel
+    class Label < Tk::Label
       TkCommandNames = ['::blt::tile::label'.freeze].freeze
     end
   end
diff --git a/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/blt/tile/radiobutton.rb b/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/blt/tile/radiobutton.rb
index 7573aa08d6..814f9a5cc4 100644
--- a/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/blt/tile/radiobutton.rb
+++ b/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/blt/tile/radiobutton.rb
@@ -9,9 +9,9 @@ require 'tkextlib/blt/tile.rb'
 
 module Tk::BLT
   module Tile
-    class Radiobutton < TkRadiobutton
+    class RadioButton < Tk::RadioButton
       TkCommandNames = ['::blt::tile::radiobutton'.freeze].freeze
     end
-    RadioButton = Radiobutton
+    Radiobutton = RadioButton
   end
 end
diff --git a/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/blt/tile/scrollbar.rb b/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/blt/tile/scrollbar.rb
index ba3bf316f0..2ae871d518 100644
--- a/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/blt/tile/scrollbar.rb
+++ b/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/blt/tile/scrollbar.rb
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ require 'tkextlib/blt/tile.rb'
 
 module Tk::BLT
   module Tile
-    class Scrollbar < TkScrollbar
+    class Scrollbar < Tk::Scrollbar
       TkCommandNames = ['::blt::tile::scrollbar'.freeze].freeze
     end
   end
diff --git a/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/blt/tile/toplevel.rb b/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/blt/tile/toplevel.rb
index 6cc2c91415..76d5f86b1b 100644
--- a/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/blt/tile/toplevel.rb
+++ b/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/blt/tile/toplevel.rb
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ require 'tkextlib/blt/tile.rb'
 
 module Tk::BLT
   module Tile
-    class Toplevel < TkToplevel
+    class Toplevel < Tk::Toplevel
       TkCommandNames = ['::blt::tile::toplevel'.freeze].freeze
     end
   end
diff --git a/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/blt/tree.rb b/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/blt/tree.rb
index 07dc7ef7e8..77b85f1717 100644
--- a/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/blt/tree.rb
+++ b/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/blt/tree.rb
@@ -12,53 +12,77 @@ module Tk::BLT
 
     ###################################
 
-   class Node < TkObject
+    class Node < TkObject
       TreeNodeID_TBL = TkCore::INTERP.create_table
-      TkCore::INTERP.init_ip_env{ TreeNodeID_TBL.clear }
+
+      TkCore::INTERP.init_ip_env{
+        TreeNodeID_TBL.mutex.synchronize{ TreeNodeID_TBL.clear }
+      }
 
       def self.id2obj(tree, id)
         tpath = tree.path
-        return id unless TreeNodeID_TBL[tpath]
-        if TreeNodeID_TBL[tpath][id]
-          TreeNodeID_TBL[tpath][id]
-        else
-          begin
-            self.new(tree, nil, 'node'=>Integer(id))
-          rescue
+        TreeNodeID_TBL.mutex.synchronize{
+          if TreeNodeID_TBL[tpath]
+            if TreeNodeID_TBL[tpath][id]
+              TreeNodeID_TBL[tpath][id]
+            else
+              begin
+                # self.new(tree, nil, 'node'=>Integer(id))
+                id = Integer(id)
+                if bool(tk_call(@tpath, 'exists', id))
+                  (obj = self.allocate).instance_eval{
+                    @parent = @tree = tree
+                    @tpath = tpath
+                    @path = @id = id
+                    TreeNodeID_TBL[@tpath] = {} unless TreeNodeID_TBL[@tpath]
+                    TreeNodeID_TBL[@tpath][@id] = self
+                  }
+                  obj
+                else
+                  id
+                end
+              rescue
+                id
+              end
+            end
+          else
             id
           end
-        end
+        }
       end
 
       def self.new(tree, parent, keys={})
         keys = _symbolkey2str(keys)
         tpath = tree.path
 
-        if (id = keys['node']) && (obj = TreeNodeID_TBL[tpath][id])
-          keys.delete('node')
-          tk_call(tree.path, 'move', id, parent, keys) if parent
-          return obj
-        end
+        TreeNodeID_TBL.mutex.synchronize{
+          TreeNodeID_TBL[tpath] ||= {}
+          if (id = keys['node']) && (obj = TreeNodeID_TBL[tpath][id])
+            keys.delete('node')
+            tk_call(tree.path, 'move', id, parent, keys) if parent
+            return obj
+          end
 
-        super(tree, parent, keys)
+          (obj = self.allocate).instance_eval{
+            initialize(tree, parent, keys)
+            TreeNodeID_TBL[tpath][@id] = self
+          }
+          obj
+        }
       end
 
       def initialize(tree, parent, keys={})
         @parent = @tree = tree
         @tpath = @parent.path
 
-        parent = tk_call(@tpath, 'root') unless parent
-
         if (id = keys['node']) && bool(tk_call(@tpath, 'exists', id))
           @path = @id = id
           keys.delete('node')
           tk_call(@tpath, 'move', @id, parent, keys) if parent
         else
+          parent = tk_call(@tpath, 'root') unless parent
           @path = @id = tk_call(@tpath, 'insert', parent, keys)
         end
-
-        TreeNodeID_TBL[@tpath] = {} unless TreeNodeID_TBL[@tpath]
-        TreeNodeID_TBL[@tpath][@id] = self
       end
 
       def id
@@ -243,17 +267,42 @@ module Tk::BLT
 
     class Tag < TkObject
       TreeTagID_TBL = TkCore::INTERP.create_table
-      TkCore::INTERP.init_ip_env{ TreeTagID_TBL.clear }
-      TreeTag_ID = ['blt_tree_tag'.freeze, '00000'.taint].freeze
+
+      TkCore::INTERP.init_ip_env{
+        TreeTagID_TBL.mutex.synchronize{ TreeTagID_TBL.clear }
+      }
+
+      (TreeTag_ID = ['blt_tree_tag'.freeze, '00000'.taint]).instance_eval{
+        @mutex = Mutex.new
+        def mutex; @mutex; end
+        freeze
+      }
 
       def self.id2obj(tree, id)
         tpath = tree.path
-        return id unless TreeTagID_TBL[tpath]
-        if TreeTagID_TBL[tpath][id]
-          TreeTagID_TBL[tpath][id]
-        else
-          self.new(tree, id)
-        end
+        TreeTagID_TBL.mutex.synchronize{
+          if TreeTagID_TBL[tpath]
+            if TreeTagID_TBL[tpath][id]
+              TreeTagID_TBL[tpath][id]
+            else
+              begin
+                # self.new(tree, id)
+                (obj = self.allocate).instance_eval{
+                  @parent = @tree = tree
+                  @tpath = @parent.path
+                  @path = @id = id.dup.freeze if id
+                  TreeTagID_TBL[@tpath] = {} unless TreeTagID_TBL[@tpath]
+                  TreeTagID_TBL[@tpath][@id] = self
+                }
+                obj
+              rescue
+                id
+              end
+            end
+          else
+            id
+          end
+        }
       end
 
       def initialize(tree, tag_str = nil)
@@ -263,12 +312,15 @@ module Tk::BLT
         if tag_str
           @path = @id = tag_str.dup.freeze
         else
-          @path = @id = TreeTag_ID.join(TkCore::INTERP._ip_id_)
-          TreeTagID_TBL[@id] = self
-          TreeTag_ID[1].succ!
+          TreeTag_ID.mutex.synchronize{
+            @path = @id = TreeTag_ID.join(TkCore::INTERP._ip_id_)
+            TreeTag_ID[1].succ!
+          }
         end
-        TreeTagID_TBL[@tpath] = {} unless TreeTagID_TBL[@tpath]
-        TreeTagID_TBL[@tpath][@id] = self
+        TreeTagID_TBL.mutex.synchronize{
+          TreeTagID_TBL[@tpath] = {} unless TreeTagID_TBL[@tpath]
+          TreeTagID_TBL[@tpath][@id] = self
+        }
       end
 
       def id
@@ -287,7 +339,9 @@ module Tk::BLT
 
       def forget()
         tk_call(@tpath, 'tag', 'forget', @id)
-        TreeTagID_TBL[@tpath].delete(@id)
+        TreeTagID_TBL.mutex.synchronize{
+          TreeTagID_TBL[@tpath].delete(@id)
+        }
         self
       end
 
@@ -312,44 +366,63 @@ module Tk::BLT
 
     class Notify < TkObject
       NotifyID_TBL = TkCore::INTERP.create_table
-      TkCore::INTERP.init_ip_env{ NotifyID_TBL.clear }
+
+      TkCore::INTERP.init_ip_env{
+        NotifyID_TBL.mutex.synchronize{ NotifyID_TBL.clear }
+      }
 
       def self.id2obj(tree, id)
         tpath = tree.path
-        return id unless NotifyID_TBL[tpath]
-        if NotifyID_TBL[tpath][id]
-          NotifyID_TBL[tpath][id]
-        else
-          begin
-            self.new([tree, id])
-          rescue
-            id
+        NotifyID_TBL.mutex.synchronize{
+          if NotifyID_TBL[tpath]
+            if NotifyID_TBL[tpath][id]
+              NotifyID_TBL[tpath][id]
+            else
+              (obj = self.allocate).instance_eval{
+                @parent = @tree = tree
+                @tpath = @parent.path
+                @path = @id = id
+                NotifyID_TBL[@tpath] ||= {}
+                NotifyID_TBL[@tpath][@id] = self
+              }
+              obj
+            end
+          else
+            return id
           end
-        end
+        }
       end
 
       def self.new(tree, *args, &b)
-        if tree.kind_of?(Array)
-          # not create
-          if obj = NotifyID_TBL[tree[0].path][tree[1]]
+        NotifyID_TBL.mutex.synchronize{
+          if tree.kind_of?(Array)
+            # not create
+            tpath = tree[0].path            
+            NotifyID_TBL[tpath] ||= {}
+            unless (obj = NotifyID_TBL[tpath][tree[1]])
+              (NotifyID_TBL[tpath][tree[1]] = 
+                 obj = self.allocate).instance_eval{
+                @parent = @tree = tree[0]
+                @tpath = @parent.path
+                @path = @id = tree[1]
+              }
+            end
             return obj
-          else
-            return super(false, tree[0], tree[1])
           end
-        end
 
-        super(true, tree, *args, &b)
+          (obj = self.allocate).instance_eval{
+            initialize(tree, *args, &b)
+            NotifyID_TBL[@tpath] ||= {}
+            NotifyID_TBL[@tpath][@id] = self
+          }
+          return obj
+        }
       end
 
-      def initialize(create, tree, *args, &b)
+      def initialize(tree, *args, &b)
         @parent = @tree = tree
         @tpath = @parent.path
 
-        unless create
-          @path = @id = args[0]
-          return
-        end
-
         # if args[0].kind_of?(Proc) || args[0].kind_of?(Method)
         if TkComm._callback_entry?(args[0])
           cmd = args.shift
@@ -378,7 +451,9 @@ module Tk::BLT
 
       def delete()
         tk_call(@tpath, 'notify', 'delete', @id)
-        NotifyID_TBL[tpath].delete(@id)
+        NotifyID_TBL.mutex.synchronize{
+          NotifyID_TBL[@tpath].delete(@id)
+        }
         self
       end
 
@@ -395,44 +470,69 @@ module Tk::BLT
 
     class Trace < TkObject
       TraceID_TBL = TkCore::INTERP.create_table
-      TkCore::INTERP.init_ip_env{ TraceID_TBL.clear }
+
+      TkCore::INTERP.init_ip_env{
+        TraceID_TBL.mutex.synchronize{ TraceID_TBL.clear }
+      }
 
       def self.id2obj(tree, id)
         tpath = tree.path
-        return id unless TraceID_TBL[tpath]
-        if TraceID_TBL[tpath][id]
-          TraceID_TBL[tpath][id]
-        else
-          begin
-            self.new([tree, id])
-          rescue
+        TraceID_TBL.mutex.synchronize{
+          if TraceID_TBL[tpath]
+            if TraceID_TBL[tpath][id]
+              TraceID_TBL[tpath][id]
+            else
+              begin
+                # self.new([tree, id])
+                (obj = self.allocate).instance_eval{
+                  @parent = @tree = tree
+                  @tpath = @parent.path
+                  @path = @id = node  # == traceID
+                  TraceID_TBL[@tpath] ||= {}
+                  TraceID_TBL[@tpath][@id] = self
+                }
+                obj
+              rescue
+                id
+              end
+            end
+          else
             id
           end
-        end
+        }
       end
 
       def self.new(tree, *args, &b)
-        if tree.kind_of?(Array)
-          # not create
-          if obj = TraceID_TBL[tree[0].path][tree[1]]
+        TraceID_TBL.mutex.synchronize{
+          if tree.kind_of?(Array)
+            # not create
+            tpath = tree[0].path
+            TraceID_TBL[tpath] ||= {}
+            unless (obj = TraceID_TBL[tpath][tree[1]])
+              (TraceID_TBL[tpath][tree[1]] = 
+                 obj = self.allocate).instance_eval{
+                @parent = @tree = tree
+                @tpath = @parent.path
+                @path = @id = tree[1]  # == traceID
+              }
+            end
             return obj
-          else
-            return super(false, tree[0], tree[1])
           end
-        end
 
-        super(true, tree, *args, &b)
+          # super(true, tree, *args, &b)
+          (obj = self.allocate).instance_eval{
+            initialize(tree, *args, &b)
+            TraceID_TBL[@tpath] ||= {}
+            TraceID_TBL[@tpath][@id] = self
+          }
+          return obj
+        }
       end
 
-      def initialize(create, tree, node, key, opts, cmd=nil, &b)
+      def initialize(tree, node, key, opts, cmd=nil, &b)
         @parent = @tree = tree
         @tpath = @parent.path
 
-        unless create
-          @path = @id = node  # == traceID
-          return
-        end
-
         if !cmd
           if b
             cmd = Proc.new(&b)
@@ -459,7 +559,9 @@ module Tk::BLT
 
       def delete()
         tk_call(@tpath, 'trace', 'delete', @id)
-        TraceID_TBL[tpath].delete(@id)
+        TraceID_TBL.mutex.synchronize{
+          TraceID_TBL[tpath].delete(@id)
+        }
         self
       end
 
@@ -475,7 +577,12 @@ module Tk::BLT
     ###################################
 
     TreeID_TBL = TkCore::INTERP.create_table
-    Tree_ID = ['blt_tree'.freeze, '00000'.taint].freeze
+
+    (Tree_ID = ['blt_tree'.freeze, '00000'.taint]).instance_eval{
+      @mutex = Mutex.new
+      def mutex; @mutex; end
+      freeze
+    }
 
     def __keyonly_optkeys
       {
@@ -498,7 +605,9 @@ module Tk::BLT
     end
 
     def self.id2obj(id)
-      TreeID_TBL[id]? TreeID_TBL[id]: id
+      TreeID_TBL.mutex.synchronize{
+        TreeID_TBL[id]? TreeID_TBL[id]: id
+      }
     end
 
     def self.names(pat = None)
@@ -513,27 +622,45 @@ module Tk::BLT
     end
 
     def self.new(name = nil)
-      return TreeID_TBL[name] if name && TreeID_TBL[name]
-      super(name)
+      TreeID_TBL.mutex.synchronize{
+        if name && TreeID_TBL[name]
+          TreeID_TBL[name] 
+        else
+          (obj = self.allocate).instance_eval{
+            initialize(name)
+            TreeID_TBL[@id] = self
+          }
+          obj
+        end
+      }
     end
 
     def initialzie(name = nil)
       if name
         @path = @id = name
       else
-        @path = @id = Tree_ID.join(TkCore::INTERP._ip_id_)
-        TreeID_TBL[@id] = self
-        Tree_ID[1].succ!
+        Tree_ID.mutex.synchronize{
+          @path = @id = Tree_ID.join(TkCore::INTERP._ip_id_)
+          Tree_ID[1].succ!
+        }
       end
-      TreeID_TBL[@id] = self
+
       tk_call('::blt::tree', 'create', @id)
     end
 
     def __destroy_hook__
-      Tk::BLT::Tree::Node::TreeNodeID_TBL.delete(@path)
-      Tk::BLT::Tree::Tag::TreeTagID_TBL.delete(@path)
-      Tk::BLT::Tree::Notify::NotifyID_TBL.delete(@path)
-      Tk::BLT::Tree::Trace::TraceID_TBL.delete(@path)
+      Tk::BLT::Tree::Node::TreeNodeID_TBL.mutex.synchronize{
+        Tk::BLT::Tree::Node::TreeNodeID_TBL.delete(@path)
+      }
+      Tk::BLT::Tree::Tag::TreeTagID_TBL.mutex.synchronize{
+        Tk::BLT::Tree::Tag::TreeTagID_TBL.delete(@path)
+      }
+      Tk::BLT::Tree::Notify::NotifyID_TBL.mutex.synchronize{
+        Tk::BLT::Tree::Notify::NotifyID_TBL.delete(@path)
+      }
+      Tk::BLT::Tree::Trace::TraceID_TBL.mutex.synchronize{
+        Tk::BLT::Tree::Trace::TraceID_TBL.delete(@path)
+      }
     end
 
     def tagid(tag)
@@ -592,12 +719,14 @@ module Tk::BLT
 
     def delete(*nodes)
       tk_call('::blt::tree', 'delete', *(nodes.collect{|node| tagid(node)}))
-      nodes.each{|node|
-        if node.kind_of?(Tk::BLT::Tree::Node)
-          Tk::BLT::Tree::Node::TreeNodeID_TBL[@path].delete(node.id)
-        else
-          Tk::BLT::Tree::Node::TreeNodeID_TBL[@path].delete(node.to_s)
-        end
+      Tk::BLT::Tree::Node::TreeNodeID_TBL.mutex.synchronize{
+        nodes.each{|node|
+          if node.kind_of?(Tk::BLT::Tree::Node)
+            Tk::BLT::Tree::Node::TreeNodeID_TBL[@path].delete(node.id)
+          else
+            Tk::BLT::Tree::Node::TreeNodeID_TBL[@path].delete(node.to_s)
+          end
+        }
       }
       self
     end
@@ -728,7 +857,9 @@ module Tk::BLT
         id.delete
       else
         tk_call(@path, 'notify', 'delete', id)
-        Tk::BLT::Tree::Notify::NotifyID_TBL[@path].delete(id.to_s)
+        Tk::BLT::Tree::Notify::NotifyID_TBL.mutex.synchronize{
+          Tk::BLT::Tree::Notify::NotifyID_TBL[@path].delete(id.to_s)
+        }
       end
       self
     end
@@ -835,7 +966,9 @@ module Tk::BLT
     def tag_forget(tag)
       tag = tag.id if tag.kind_of?(Tk::BLT::Tree::Tag)
       tk_call(@path, 'tag', 'forget', tag)
-      TreeTagID_TBL[@path].delete(tag)
+      TreeTagID_TBL.mutex.synchronize{
+        TreeTagID_TBL[@path].delete(tag)
+      }
       self
     end
 
@@ -889,7 +1022,9 @@ module Tk::BLT
     def trace_delete(*args)
       args = args.collect{|id| tagid(id)}
       tk_call(@path, 'trace', 'delete', *args)
-      args.each{|id| Tk::BLT::Tree::Trace::TraceID_TBL[@path].delete(id.to_s)}
+      Tk::BLT::Tree::Trace::TraceID_TBL.mutex.synchronize{
+        args.each{|id| Tk::BLT::Tree::Trace::TraceID_TBL[@path].delete(id.to_s)}
+      }
       self
     end
 
diff --git a/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/blt/treeview.rb b/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/blt/treeview.rb
index 0343d28b9c..c5a5697186 100644
--- a/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/blt/treeview.rb
+++ b/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/blt/treeview.rb
@@ -98,6 +98,9 @@ module Tk::BLT::Treeview::ConfigMethod
   def column_cget(name, option)
     itemcget(['column', name], option)
   end
+  def column_cget_strict(name, option)
+    itemcget_strict(['column', name], option)
+  end
   def column_configure(name, slot, value=None)
     itemconfigure(['column', name], slot, value)
   end
@@ -111,6 +114,9 @@ module Tk::BLT::Treeview::ConfigMethod
   def button_cget(option)
     itemcget('button', option)
   end
+  def button_cget_strict(option)
+    itemcget_strict('button', option)
+  end
   def button_configure(slot, value=None)
     itemconfigure('button', slot, value)
   end
@@ -129,6 +135,14 @@ module Tk::BLT::Treeview::ConfigMethod
       ret
     end
   end
+  def entry_cget_strict(option)
+    ret = itemcget_strict('entry', option)
+    if option == 'bindtags' || option == :bindtags
+      ret.collect{|tag| TkBindTag.id2obj(tag)}
+    else
+      ret
+    end
+  end
   def entry_configure(slot, value=None)
     itemconfigure('entry', slot, value)
   end
@@ -170,6 +184,9 @@ module Tk::BLT::Treeview::ConfigMethod
   def sort_cget(option)
     itemcget('sort', option)
   end
+  def sort_cget_strict(option)
+    itemcget_strict('sort', option)
+  end
   def sort_configure(slot, value=None)
     itemconfigure('sort', slot, value)
   end
@@ -183,6 +200,9 @@ module Tk::BLT::Treeview::ConfigMethod
   def text_cget(option)
     itemcget('text', option)
   end
+  def text_cget_strict(option)
+    itemcget_strict('text', option)
+  end
   def text_configure(slot, value=None)
     itemconfigure('text', slot, value)
   end
@@ -193,8 +213,8 @@ module Tk::BLT::Treeview::ConfigMethod
     current_itemconfiginfo('text', slot)
   end
 
-  private :itemcget, :itemconfigure
-  private :itemconfiginfo, :current_itemconfiginfo
+  private :itemcget, :itemcget_strict
+  private :itemconfigure, :itemconfiginfo, :current_itemconfiginfo
 end
 
 class Tk::BLT::Treeview
@@ -239,6 +259,24 @@ class Tk::BLT::Treeview
         nil
       ]
 
+=begin
+      # for Ruby m17n :: ?x --> String --> char-code ( getbyte(0) )
+      KEY_TBL.map!{|inf|
+        if inf.kind_of?(Array)
+          inf[0] = inf[0].getbyte(0) if inf[0].kind_of?(String)
+          inf[1] = inf[1].getbyte(0) if inf[1].kind_of?(String)
+        end
+        inf
+      }
+
+      PROC_TBL.map!{|inf|
+        if inf.kind_of?(Array)
+          inf[0] = inf[0].getbyte(0) if inf[0].kind_of?(String)
+        end
+        inf
+      }
+=end
+
       _setup_subst_table(KEY_TBL, PROC_TBL);
 
       def self.ret_val(val)
@@ -273,8 +311,12 @@ class Tk::BLT::Treeview
   ########################
 
   def __destroy_hook__
-    Tk::BLT::Treeview::Node::TreeNodeID_TBL.delete(@path)
-    Tk::BLT::Treeview::Tag::TreeTagID_TBL.delete(@path)
+    Tk::BLT::Treeview::Node::TreeNodeID_TBL.mutex.synchronize{
+      Tk::BLT::Treeview::Node::TreeNodeID_TBL.delete(@path)
+    }
+    Tk::BLT::Treeview::Tag::TreeTagID_TBL.mutex.synchronize{
+      Tk::BLT::Treeview::Tag::TreeTagID_TBL.delete(@path)
+    }
   end
 
   def tagid(tag)
@@ -472,6 +514,24 @@ class Tk::BLT::Treeview
         nil
       ]
 
+=begin
+      # for Ruby m17n :: ?x --> String --> char-code ( getbyte(0) )
+      KEY_TBL.map!{|inf|
+        if inf.kind_of?(Array)
+          inf[0] = inf[0].getbyte(0) if inf[0].kind_of?(String)
+          inf[1] = inf[1].getbyte(0) if inf[1].kind_of?(String)
+        end
+        inf
+      }
+
+      PROC_TBL.map!{|inf|
+        if inf.kind_of?(Array)
+          inf[0] = inf[0].getbyte(0) if inf[0].kind_of?(String)
+        end
+        inf
+      }
+=end
+
       _setup_subst_table(KEY_TBL, PROC_TBL);
 
       def self.ret_val(val)
@@ -487,7 +547,8 @@ class Tk::BLT::Treeview
   def _find_exec_flag_value(val)
     if val.kind_of?(Array)
       cmd, *args = val
-      FindExecFlagValue.new(cmd, args.join(' '))
+      #FindExecFlagValue.new(cmd, args.join(' '))
+      FindExecFlagValue.new(cmd, *args)
     elsif TkComm._callback_entry?(val)
       FindExecFlagValue.new(val)
     else
@@ -967,22 +1028,47 @@ class Tk::BLT::Treeview::Node < TkObject
   include Tk::BLT::Treeview::TagOrID_Methods
 
   TreeNodeID_TBL = TkCore::INTERP.create_table
-  TreeNode_ID = ['blt_treeview_node'.freeze, '00000'.taint].freeze
 
-  TkCore::INTERP.init_ip_env{ TreeNodeID_TBL.clear }
+  (TreeNode_ID = ['blt_treeview_node'.freeze, '00000'.taint]).instance_eval{
+    @mutex = Mutex.new
+    def mutex; @mutex; end
+    freeze
+  }
+
+  TkCore::INTERP.init_ip_env{
+    TreeNodeID_TBL.mutex.synchronize{ TreeNodeID_TBL.clear }
+  }
 
   def self.id2obj(tree, id)
     tpath = tree.path
-    return id unless TreeNodeID_TBL[tpath]
-    if TreeNodeID_TBL[tpath][id]
-      TreeNodeID_TBL[tpath][id]
-    else
-      begin
-        self.new(tree, nil, nil, 'node'=>Integer(id))
-      rescue
+    TreeNodeID_TBL.mutex.synchronize{
+      if TreeNodeID_TBL[tpath]
+        if TreeNodeID_TBL[tpath][id]
+          TreeNodeID_TBL[tpath][id]
+        else
+          begin
+            # self.new(tree, nil, nil, 'node'=>Integer(id))
+            unless (tk_call(@tpath, 'get', id)).empty?
+              id = Integer(id)
+              (obj = self.allocate).instance_eval{
+                @parent = @tree = tree
+                @tpath = @parent.path
+                @path = @id = id
+                TreeNodeID_TBL[@tpath] ||= {}
+                TreeNodeID_TBL[@tpath][@id] = self
+              }
+              obj
+            else
+              id
+            end
+          rescue
+            id
+          end
+        end
+      else
         id
       end
-    end
+    }
   end
 
   def self.new(tree, pos, parent=nil, keys={})
@@ -994,13 +1080,21 @@ class Tk::BLT::Treeview::Node < TkObject
     keys = _symbolkey2str(keys)
     tpath = tree.path
 
-    if (id = keys['node']) && (obj = TreeNodeID_TBL[tpath][id])
-      keys.delete('node')
-      tk_call(tree.path, 'move', id, pos, parent) if parent
-      return obj
-    end
+    TreeNodeID_TBL.mutex.synchronize{
+      TreeNodeID_TBL[tpath] ||= {}
+      if (id = keys['node']) && (obj = TreeNodeID_TBL[tpath][id])
+        keys.delete('node')
+        tk_call(tree.path, 'move', id, pos, parent) if parent
+        return obj
+      end
 
-    super(tree, pos, parent, keys)
+      #super(tree, pos, parent, keys)
+      (obj = self.allocate).instance_eval{
+        initialize(tree, pos, parent, keys)
+        TreeNodeID_TBL[tpath][@id] = self
+      }
+      obj
+    }
   end
 
   def initialize(tree, pos, parent, keys)
@@ -1008,11 +1102,18 @@ class Tk::BLT::Treeview::Node < TkObject
     @tpath = @parent.path
 
     if (id = keys['node'])
+      # if tk_call(@tpath, 'get', id).empty?
+      #   fail RuntimeError, "not exist the node '#{id}'"
+      # end
       @path = @id = id
       tk_call(@tpath, 'move', @id, pos, tagid(parent)) if parent
+      configure(keys) if keys && ! keys.empty?
     else
-      name = TreeNode_ID.join(TkCore::INTERP._ip_id_).freeze
-      TreeNode_ID[1].succ!
+      name = nil
+      TreeNode_ID.mutex.synchronize{
+        name = TreeNode_ID.join(TkCore::INTERP._ip_id_).freeze
+        TreeNode_ID[1].succ!
+      }
 
       at = keys.delete['at']
 
@@ -1035,9 +1136,6 @@ class Tk::BLT::Treeview::Node < TkObject
       end
       @path = @id
     end
-
-    TreeNodeID_TBL[@tpath] = {} unless TreeNodeID_TBL[@tpath]
-    TreeNodeID_TBL[@tpath][@id] = self
   end
 
   def id
@@ -1051,37 +1149,66 @@ class Tk::BLT::Treeview::Tag < TkObject
   include Tk::BLT::Treeview::TagOrID_Methods
 
   TreeTagID_TBL = TkCore::INTERP.create_table
-  TreeTag_ID = ['blt_treeview_tag'.freeze, '00000'.taint].freeze
 
-  TkCore::INTERP.init_ip_env{ TreeTagID_TBL.clear }
+  (TreeTag_ID = ['blt_treeview_tag'.freeze, '00000'.taint]).instance_eval{
+    @mutex = Mutex.new
+    def mutex; @mutex; end
+    freeze
+  }
 
-  def self.id2obj(tree, id)
+  TkCore::INTERP.init_ip_env{
+    TreeTagID_TBL.mutex.synchronize{ TreeTagID_TBL.clear }
+  }
+
+  def self.id2obj(tree, name)
     tpath = tree.path
-    return id unless TreeTagID_TBL[tpath]
-    if TreeTagID_TBL[tpath][id]
-      TreeTagID_TBL[tpath][id]
-    else
-      begin
-        self.new(tree, nil, nil, 'name'=>Integer(id))
-      rescue
+    TreeTagID_TBL.mutex.synchronize{
+      if TreeTagID_TBL[tpath]
+        if TreeTagID_TBL[tpath][name]
+          TreeTagID_TBL[tpath][name]
+        else
+          #self.new(tree, name)
+          (obj = self.allocate).instance_eval{
+            @parent = @tree = tree
+            @tpath = @parent.path
+            @path = @id = name
+            TreeTagID_TBL[@tpath] = {} unless TreeTagID_TBL[@tpath]
+            TreeTagID_TBL[@tpath][@id] = self
+          }
+          obj
+        end
+      else
         id
       end
-    end
+    }
   end
 
   def self.new_by_name(tree, name, *ids)
-    if (obj = TreeTagID_TBL[tree.path][name])
-      return obj
-    end
-    new([tree, name], ids)
+    TreeTagID_TBL.mutex.synchronize{
+      unless (obj = TreeTagID_TBL[tree.path][name])
+        (obj = self.allocate).instance_eval{
+          initialize(tree, name, ids)
+          TreeTagID_TBL[@tpath] = {} unless TreeTagID_TBL[@tpath]
+          TreeTagID_TBL[@tpath][@id] = self
+        }
+      end
+      obj
+    }
   end
 
   def self.new(tree, *ids)
-    if tree.kind_of?(Array)
-      super(tree[0], tree[1], ids)
-    else
-      super(tree, nil, ids)
-    end
+    TreeTagID_TBL.mutex.synchronize{
+      (obj = self.allocate).instance_eval{
+        if tree.kind_of?(Array)
+          initialize(tree[0], tree[1], ids)
+        else
+          initialize(tree, nil, ids)
+        end
+        TreeTagID_TBL[@tpath] = {} unless TreeTagID_TBL[@tpath]
+        TreeTagID_TBL[@tpath][@id] = self
+      }
+      obj
+    }
   end
 
   def initialize(tree, name, ids)
@@ -1091,13 +1218,12 @@ class Tk::BLT::Treeview::Tag < TkObject
     if name
       @path = @id = name
     else
-      @path = @id = TreeTag_ID.join(TkCore::INTERP._ip_id_).freeze
-      TreeTag_ID[1].succ!
+      TreeTag_ID.mutex.synchronize{
+        @path = @id = TreeTag_ID.join(TkCore::INTERP._ip_id_).freeze
+        TreeTag_ID[1].succ!
+      }
     end
 
-    TreeTagID_TBL[@tpath] = {} unless TreeTagID_TBL[@tpath]
-    TreeTagID_TBL[@tpath][@id] = self
-
     unless ids.empty?
       tk_call(@tpath, 'tag', 'add', @id, *(ids.collect{|id| tagid(id)}))
     end
diff --git a/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/blt/unix_dnd.rb b/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/blt/unix_dnd.rb
index 3130c1e56f..445002d7a5 100644
--- a/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/blt/unix_dnd.rb
+++ b/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/blt/unix_dnd.rb
@@ -30,11 +30,14 @@ module Tk::BLT
       end
       private :__item_config_cmd
 
-      private :itemcget, :itemconfigure
-      private :itemconfiginfo, :current_itemconfiginfo
+      private :itemcget, :itemcget_strict
+      private :itemconfigure, :itemconfiginfo, :current_itemconfiginfo
 
       def cget(win, option)
-        itemconfigure(['cget', win], slot, value)
+        itemcget(['cget', win], option)
+      end
+      def cget_strict(win, option)
+        itemcget_strict(['cget', win], option)
       end
       def configure(win, slot, value=None)
         itemconfigure(['configure', win], slot, value)
@@ -46,8 +49,11 @@ module Tk::BLT
         current_itemconfiginfo(['configure', win], slot)
       end
 
-      def tokwn_cget(win, option)
-        itemconfigure(['token', 'cget', win], slot, value)
+      def token_cget(win, option)
+        itemcget(['token', 'cget', win], option)
+      end
+      def token_cget_strict(win, option)
+        itemcget_strict(['token', 'cget', win], option)
       end
       def token_configure(win, slot, value=None)
         itemconfigure(['token', 'configure', win], slot, value)
diff --git a/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/blt/vector.rb b/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/blt/vector.rb
index 540b6b9102..76c12a24e8 100644
--- a/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/blt/vector.rb
+++ b/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/blt/vector.rb
@@ -23,14 +23,17 @@ module Tk::BLT
     end
 
     def self.names(pat=None)
-      simplelist(tk_call('::blt::vector', 'names', pat)).collect{|name|
-        if TkVar_ID_TBL[name]
-          TkVar_ID_TBL[name]
-        elsif name[0..1] == '::' && TkVar_ID_TBL[name[2..-1]]
-          TkVar_ID_TBL[name[2..-1]]
-        else
-          name
-        end
+      list = simplelist(tk_call('::blt::vector', 'names', pat))
+      TkVar_ID_TBL.mutex.synchronize{
+        list.collect{|name|
+          if TkVar_ID_TBL[name]
+            TkVar_ID_TBL[name]
+          elsif name[0..1] == '::' && TkVar_ID_TBL[name[2..-1]]
+            TkVar_ID_TBL[name[2..-1]]
+          else
+            name
+          end
+        }
       }
     end
 
@@ -53,7 +56,9 @@ module Tk::BLT
                              "#auto", *hash_kv(keys))
       end
 
-      TkVar_ID_TBL[@id] = self
+      TkVar_ID_TBL.mutex.synchronize{
+        TkVar_ID_TBL[@id] = self
+      }
 
       @def_default = false
       @default_val = nil
@@ -221,13 +226,21 @@ module Tk::BLT
 
   class VectorAccess < Vector
     def self.new(name)
-      return TkVar_ID_TBL[name] if TkVar_ID_TBL[name]
-      super(name, size=nil, keys={})
+      TkVar_ID_TBL.mutex.synchronize{
+        if TkVar_ID_TBL[name]
+          TkVar_ID_TBL[name]
+        else
+          (obj = self.allocate).instance_eval{
+            initialize(name)
+            TkVar_ID_TBL[@id] = self
+          }
+          obj
+        end
+      }
     end
 
     def initialize(vec_name)
       @id = vec_name
-      TkVar_ID_TBL[@id] = self
 
       @def_default = false
       @default_val = nil
diff --git a/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/blt/watch.rb b/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/blt/watch.rb
index ae5e50f126..219ff78e97 100644
--- a/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/blt/watch.rb
+++ b/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/blt/watch.rb
@@ -13,11 +13,23 @@ module Tk::BLT
     TkCommandNames = ['::blt::watch'.freeze].freeze
 
     WATCH_ID_TBL = TkCore::INTERP.create_table
-    BLT_WATCH_ID = ['blt_watch_id'.freeze, '00000'.taint].freeze
+
+    (BLT_WATCH_ID = ['blt_watch_id'.freeze, '00000'.taint]).instance_eval{
+      @mutex = Mutex.new
+      def mutex; @mutex; end
+      freeze
+    }
+
+    TkCore::INTERP.init_ip_env{
+      WATCH_ID_TBL.mutex.synchronize{ WATCH_ID_TBL.clear }
+    }
 
     def self.names(state = None)
-      tk_split_list(tk_call('::blt::watch', 'names', state)).collect{|name|
-        WATCH_ID_TBL[name] || name
+      lst = tk_split_list(tk_call('::blt::watch', 'names', state))
+      WATCH_ID_TBL.mutex.synchronize{
+        lst.collect{|name|
+          WATCH_ID_TBL[name] || name
+        }
       }
     end
 
@@ -45,13 +57,17 @@ module Tk::BLT
       if name
         @id = name.to_s
       else
-        @id = BLT_WATCH_ID.join(TkCore::INTERP._ip_id_)
-        BLT_WATCH_ID[1].succ!
+        BLT_WATCH_ID.mutex.synchronize{
+          @id = BLT_WATCH_ID.join(TkCore::INTERP._ip_id_)
+          BLT_WATCH_ID[1].succ!
+        }
       end
 
       @path = @id
 
-      WATCH_ID_TBL[@id] = self
+      WATCH_ID_TBL.mutex.synchronize{
+        WATCH_ID_TBL[@id] = self
+      }
       tk_call('::blt::watch', 'create', @id, *hash_kv(keys))
     end
 
@@ -130,7 +146,7 @@ module Tk::BLT
         end
       end
     end
-    def cget(key)
+    def cget_strict(key)
       key = key.to_s
       begin
         info.assoc(key)[1]
@@ -138,5 +154,22 @@ module Tk::BLT
         fail ArgumentError, "unknown option '#{key}'"
       end
     end
+    def cget(key)
+      unless TkConfigMethod.__IGNORE_UNKNOWN_CONFIGURE_OPTION__
+        cget_strict(key)
+      else
+        begin
+          cget_strict(key)
+        rescue => e
+          if current_configinfo.has_key?(key.to_s)
+            # error on known option
+            fail e
+          else
+            # unknown option
+            nil
+          end
+        end
+      end
+    end
   end
 end
diff --git a/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/bwidget/button.rb b/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/bwidget/button.rb
index 4a9d4a7948..8f3087d098 100644
--- a/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/bwidget/button.rb
+++ b/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/bwidget/button.rb
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ require 'tkextlib/bwidget.rb'
 
 module Tk
   module BWidget
-    class Button < TkButton
+    class Button < Tk::Button
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/bwidget/buttonbox.rb b/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/bwidget/buttonbox.rb
index ef999239f9..8d6d212189 100644
--- a/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/bwidget/buttonbox.rb
+++ b/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/bwidget/buttonbox.rb
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ class Tk::BWidget::ButtonBox
       name = tagOrId[:name]
       return index(name) unless name.empty?
     end
-    if tagOrId.kind_of?(TkButton)
+    if tagOrId.kind_of?(Tk::Button)
       return index(tagOrId[:text])
     end
     # index(tagOrId.to_s)
@@ -40,7 +40,13 @@ class Tk::BWidget::ButtonBox
 
   def add(keys={}, &b)
     win = window(tk_send('add', *hash_kv(keys)))
-    win.instance_eval(&b) if b
+    if b
+      if TkCore::WITH_RUBY_VM  ### Ruby 1.9 !!!!
+        win.instance_exec(self, &b)
+      else
+        win.instance_eval(&b)
+      end
+    end
     win
   end
 
@@ -54,7 +60,7 @@ class Tk::BWidget::ButtonBox
       name = idx[:name]
       idx = name unless name.empty?
     end
-    if idx.kind_of?(TkButton)
+    if idx.kind_of?(Tk::Button)
       idx = idx[:text]
     end
     number(tk_send('index', idx.to_s))
@@ -62,7 +68,13 @@ class Tk::BWidget::ButtonBox
 
   def insert(idx, keys={}, &b)
     win = window(tk_send('insert', tagid(idx), *hash_kv(keys)))
-    win.instance_eval(&b) if b
+    if b
+      if TkCore::WITH_RUBY_VM  ### Ruby 1.9 !!!!
+        win.instance_exec(self, &b)
+      else
+        win.instance_eval(&b)
+      end
+    end
     win
   end
 
diff --git a/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/bwidget/combobox.rb b/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/bwidget/combobox.rb
index 31f71c3aaf..1c58a4ccb0 100644
--- a/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/bwidget/combobox.rb
+++ b/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/bwidget/combobox.rb
@@ -25,7 +25,13 @@ class Tk::BWidget::ComboBox
 
   def get_listbox(&b)
     win = window(tk_send_without_enc('getlistbox'))
-    win.instance_eval(&b) if b
+    if b
+      if TkCore::WITH_RUBY_VM  ### Ruby 1.9 !!!!
+        win.instance_exec(self, &b)
+      else
+        win.instance_eval(&b)
+      end
+    end
     win
   end
 
diff --git a/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/bwidget/dialog.rb b/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/bwidget/dialog.rb
index 2790d88d24..291ca4a962 100644
--- a/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/bwidget/dialog.rb
+++ b/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/bwidget/dialog.rb
@@ -59,6 +59,13 @@ class Tk::BWidget::Dialog
     end
   end
 
+  def cget_strict(slot)
+    if slot.to_s == 'relative'
+      super('parent')
+    else
+      super(slot)
+    end
+  end
   def cget(slot)
     if slot.to_s == 'relative'
       super('parent')
@@ -103,7 +110,7 @@ class Tk::BWidget::Dialog
       name = tagOrId[:name]
       return index(name) unless name.empty?
     end
-    if tagOrId.kind_of?(TkButton)
+    if tagOrId.kind_of?(Tk::Button)
       return index(tagOrId[:text])
     end
     # index(tagOrId.to_s)
@@ -112,19 +119,37 @@ class Tk::BWidget::Dialog
 
   def add(keys={}, &b)
     win = window(tk_send('add', *hash_kv(keys)))
-    win.instance_eval(&b) if b
+    if b
+      if TkCore::WITH_RUBY_VM  ### Ruby 1.9 !!!!
+        win.instance_exec(self, &b)
+      else
+        win.instance_eval(&b)
+      end
+    end
     win
   end
 
   def get_frame(&b)
     win = window(tk_send('getframe'))
-    win.instance_eval(&b) if b
+    if b
+      if TkCore::WITH_RUBY_VM  ### Ruby 1.9 !!!!
+        win.instance_exec(self, &b)
+      else
+        win.instance_eval(&b)
+      end
+    end
     win
   end
 
   def get_buttonbox(&b)
     win = window(@path + '.bbox')
-    win.instance_eval(&b) if b
+    if b
+      if TkCore::WITH_RUBY_VM  ### Ruby 1.9 !!!!
+        win.instance_exec(self, &b)
+      else
+        win.instance_eval(&b)
+      end
+    end
     win
   end
 
diff --git a/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/bwidget/dynamichelp.rb b/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/bwidget/dynamichelp.rb
index 224304f2ab..846e58062d 100644
--- a/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/bwidget/dynamichelp.rb
+++ b/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/bwidget/dynamichelp.rb
@@ -34,6 +34,13 @@ module Tk::BWidget::DynamicHelp
     ['DynamicHelp::configure']
   end
 
+  def self.cget_strict(slot)
+    slot = slot.to_s
+    info = {}
+    self.current_configinfo.each{|k,v| info[k.to_s] = v if k.to_s == slot}
+    fail RuntimeError, "unknown option \"-#{slot}\""  if info.empty?
+    info.values[0]
+  end
   def self.cget(slot)
     self.current_configinfo(slot).values[0]
   end
diff --git a/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/bwidget/entry.rb b/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/bwidget/entry.rb
index aafb4aa7ff..a56890f4e3 100644
--- a/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/bwidget/entry.rb
+++ b/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/bwidget/entry.rb
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ require 'tkextlib/bwidget.rb'
 
 module Tk
   module BWidget
-    class Entry < TkEntry
+    class Entry < Tk::Entry
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/bwidget/label.rb b/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/bwidget/label.rb
index ce10ecaf8b..88a504aa50 100644
--- a/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/bwidget/label.rb
+++ b/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/bwidget/label.rb
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ require 'tkextlib/bwidget.rb'
 
 module Tk
   module BWidget
-    class Label < TkLabel
+    class Label < Tk::Label
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/bwidget/labelentry.rb b/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/bwidget/labelentry.rb
index 931feb9b48..95b40946a6 100644
--- a/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/bwidget/labelentry.rb
+++ b/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/bwidget/labelentry.rb
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ require 'tkextlib/bwidget/entry'
 
 module Tk
   module BWidget
-    class LabelEntry < TkEntry
+    class LabelEntry < Tk::Entry
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/bwidget/labelframe.rb b/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/bwidget/labelframe.rb
index f7b267eebb..dc221806e4 100644
--- a/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/bwidget/labelframe.rb
+++ b/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/bwidget/labelframe.rb
@@ -40,7 +40,13 @@ class Tk::BWidget::LabelFrame
   end
   def get_frame(&b)
     win = window(tk_send_without_enc('getframe'))
-    win.instance_eval(&b) if b
+    if b
+      if TkCore::WITH_RUBY_VM  ### Ruby 1.9 !!!!
+        win.instance_exec(self, &b)
+      else
+        win.instance_eval(&b)
+      end
+    end
     win
   end
 end
diff --git a/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/bwidget/listbox.rb b/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/bwidget/listbox.rb
index 1267500661..093fcb6fb3 100644
--- a/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/bwidget/listbox.rb
+++ b/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/bwidget/listbox.rb
@@ -211,14 +211,26 @@ class Tk::BWidget::ListBox::Item
   include TkTreatTagFont
 
   ListItem_TBL = TkCore::INTERP.create_table
-  ListItem_ID = ['bw:item'.freeze, '00000'.taint].freeze
 
-  TkCore::INTERP.init_ip_env{ ListItem_TBL.clear }
+  (ListItem_ID = ['bw:item'.freeze, '00000'.taint]).instance_eval{
+    @mutex = Mutex.new
+    def mutex; @mutex; end
+    freeze
+  }
+
+  TkCore::INTERP.init_ip_env{
+    ListItem_TBL.mutex.synchronize{ ListItem_TBL.clear }
+  }
 
   def self.id2obj(lbox, id)
     lpath = lbox.path
-    return id unless ListItem_TBL[lpath]
-    ListItem_TBL[lpath][id]? ListItem_TBL[lpath][id]: id
+    ListItem_TBL.mutex.synchronize{
+      if ListItem_TBL[lpath]
+        ListItem_TBL[lpath][id]? ListItem_TBL[lpath][id]: id
+      else
+        id
+      end
+    }
   end
 
   def initialize(lbox, *args)
@@ -250,13 +262,17 @@ class Tk::BWidget::ListBox::Item
     if keys.key?('itemname')
       @path = @id = keys.delete('itemname')
     else
-      @path = @id = ListItem_ID.join(TkCore::INTERP._ip_id_)
-      ListItem_ID[1].succ!
+      ListItem_ID.mutex.synchronize{
+        @path = @id = ListItem_ID.join(TkCore::INTERP._ip_id_)
+        ListItem_ID[1].succ!
+      }
     end
 
-    ListItem_TBL[@id] = self
-    ListItem_TBL[@lpath] = {} unless ListItem_TBL[@lpath]
-    ListItem_TBL[@lpath][@id] = self
+    ListItem_TBL.mutex.synchronize{
+      ListItem_TBL[@id] = self
+      ListItem_TBL[@lpath] = {} unless ListItem_TBL[@lpath]
+      ListItem_TBL[@lpath][@id] = self
+    }
 
     @listbox.insert(index, @id, keys)
   end
@@ -281,6 +297,9 @@ class Tk::BWidget::ListBox::Item
   def cget(key)
     @listbox.itemcget(@id, key)
   end
+  def cget_strict(key)
+    @listbox.itemcget_strict(@id, key)
+  end
 
   def configure(key, val=None)
     @listbox.itemconfigure(@id, key, val)
diff --git a/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/bwidget/mainframe.rb b/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/bwidget/mainframe.rb
index c54e878557..de66eaf81e 100644
--- a/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/bwidget/mainframe.rb
+++ b/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/bwidget/mainframe.rb
@@ -41,37 +41,73 @@ class Tk::BWidget::MainFrame
 
   def add_indicator(keys={}, &b)
     win = window(tk_send('addindicator', *hash_kv(keys)))
-    win.instance_eval(&b) if b
+    if b
+      if TkCore::WITH_RUBY_VM  ### Ruby 1.9 !!!!
+        win.instance_exec(self, &b)
+      else
+        win.instance_eval(&b)
+      end
+    end
     win
   end
 
   def add_toolbar(&b)
     win = window(tk_send('addtoolbar'))
-    win.instance_eval(&b) if b
+    if b
+      if TkCore::WITH_RUBY_VM  ### Ruby 1.9 !!!!
+        win.instance_exec(self, &b)
+      else
+        win.instance_eval(&b)
+      end
+    end
     win
   end
 
   def get_frame(&b)
     win = window(tk_send('getframe'))
-    win.instance_eval(&b) if b
+    if b
+      if TkCore::WITH_RUBY_VM  ### Ruby 1.9 !!!!
+        win.instance_exec(self, &b)
+      else
+        win.instance_eval(&b)
+      end
+    end
     win
   end
 
   def get_indicator(idx, &b)
     win = window(tk_send('getindicator', idx))
-    win.instance_eval(&b) if b
+    if b
+      if TkCore::WITH_RUBY_VM  ### Ruby 1.9 !!!!
+        win.instance_exec(self, &b)
+      else
+        win.instance_eval(&b)
+      end
+    end
     win
   end
 
   def get_menu(menu_id, &b)
     win = window(tk_send('getmenu', menu_id))
-    win.instance_eval(&b) if b
+    if b
+      if TkCore::WITH_RUBY_VM  ### Ruby 1.9 !!!!
+        win.instance_exec(self, &b)
+      else
+        win.instance_eval(&b)
+      end
+    end
     win
   end
 
   def get_toolbar(idx, &b)
     win = window(tk_send('gettoolbar', idx))
-    win.instance_eval(&b) if b
+    if b
+      if TkCore::WITH_RUBY_VM  ### Ruby 1.9 !!!!
+        win.instance_exec(self, &b)
+      else
+        win.instance_eval(&b)
+      end
+    end
     win
   end
 
diff --git a/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/bwidget/messagedlg.rb b/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/bwidget/messagedlg.rb
index 9c946d0630..b88461baf7 100644
--- a/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/bwidget/messagedlg.rb
+++ b/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/bwidget/messagedlg.rb
@@ -65,6 +65,17 @@ class Tk::BWidget::MessageDlg
     end
     @keys[slot]
   end
+  def cget_strict(slot)
+    slot = slot.to_s
+    if slot == 'relative'
+      slot = 'parent'
+    end
+    if winfo_exist?
+      val = super(slot)
+      @keys[slot] = val
+    end
+    @keys[slot]
+  end
 
   def configure(slot, value=None)
     if winfo_exist?
@@ -173,6 +184,9 @@ class Tk::BWidget::MessageDlg
   end
 
   def create
-    num_or_str(tk_call(self.class::TkCommandNames[0], @path, *hash_kv(@keys)))
+    # return the index of the pressed button, or nil if it is destroyed
+    ret = num_or_str(tk_call(self.class::TkCommandNames[0], 
+                             @path, *hash_kv(@keys)))
+    (ret < 0)? nil: ret
   end
 end
diff --git a/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/bwidget/notebook.rb b/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/bwidget/notebook.rb
index 5146d4915d..423943619c 100644
--- a/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/bwidget/notebook.rb
+++ b/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/bwidget/notebook.rb
@@ -89,7 +89,13 @@ class Tk::BWidget::NoteBook
 
   def add(page, &b)
     win = window(tk_send('add', tagid(page)))
-    win.instance_eval(&b) if b
+    if b
+      if TkCore::WITH_RUBY_VM  ### Ruby 1.9 !!!!
+        win.instance_exec(self, &b)
+      else
+        win.instance_eval(&b)
+      end
+    end
     win
   end
 
@@ -105,7 +111,13 @@ class Tk::BWidget::NoteBook
 
   def get_frame(page, &b)
     win = window(tk_send('getframe', tagid(page)))
-    win.instance_eval(&b) if b
+    if b
+      if TkCore::WITH_RUBY_VM  ### Ruby 1.9 !!!!
+        win.instance_exec(self, &b)
+      else
+        win.instance_eval(&b)
+      end
+    end
     win
   end
 
@@ -115,7 +127,13 @@ class Tk::BWidget::NoteBook
 
   def insert(index, page, keys={}, &b)
     win = window(tk_send('insert', index, tagid(page), *hash_kv(keys)))
-    win.instance_eval(&b) if b
+    if b
+      if TkCore::WITH_RUBY_VM  ### Ruby 1.9 !!!!
+        win.instance_exec(self, &b)
+      else
+        win.instance_eval(&b)
+      end
+    end
     win
   end
 
diff --git a/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/bwidget/pagesmanager.rb b/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/bwidget/pagesmanager.rb
index fc01284be6..fbc2c11255 100644
--- a/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/bwidget/pagesmanager.rb
+++ b/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/bwidget/pagesmanager.rb
@@ -26,7 +26,13 @@ class Tk::BWidget::PagesManager
 
   def add(page, &b)
     win = window(tk_send('add', tagid(page)))
-    win.instance_eval(&b) if b
+    if b
+      if TkCore::WITH_RUBY_VM  ### Ruby 1.9 !!!!
+        win.instance_exec(self, &b)
+      else
+        win.instance_eval(&b)
+      end
+    end
     win
   end
 
@@ -42,7 +48,13 @@ class Tk::BWidget::PagesManager
 
   def get_frame(page, &b)
     win = window(tk_send('getframe', tagid(page)))
-    win.instance_eval(&b) if b
+    if b
+      if TkCore::WITH_RUBY_VM  ### Ruby 1.9 !!!!
+        win.instance_exec(self, &b)
+      else
+        win.instance_eval(&b)
+      end
+    end
     win
   end
 
diff --git a/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/bwidget/panedwindow.rb b/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/bwidget/panedwindow.rb
index 19982c6095..4d979fd523 100644
--- a/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/bwidget/panedwindow.rb
+++ b/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/bwidget/panedwindow.rb
@@ -25,7 +25,13 @@ class Tk::BWidget::PanedWindow
 
   def get_frame(idx, &b)
     win = window(tk_send_without_enc('getframe', idx))
-    win.instance_eval(&b) if b
+    if b
+      if TkCore::WITH_RUBY_VM  ### Ruby 1.9 !!!!
+        win.instance_exec(self, &b)
+      else
+        win.instance_eval(&b)
+      end
+    end
     win
   end
 end
diff --git a/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/bwidget/panelframe.rb b/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/bwidget/panelframe.rb
index 13f8817d74..84bae0768b 100644
--- a/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/bwidget/panelframe.rb
+++ b/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/bwidget/panelframe.rb
@@ -36,7 +36,13 @@ class Tk::BWidget::PanelFrame
 
   def get_frame(&b)
     win = window(tk_send_without_enc('getframe'))
-    win.instance_eval(&b) if b
+    if b
+      if TkCore::WITH_RUBY_VM  ### Ruby 1.9 !!!!
+        win.instance_exec(self, &b)
+      else
+        win.instance_eval(&b)
+      end
+    end
     win
   end
 
diff --git a/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/bwidget/progressdlg.rb b/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/bwidget/progressdlg.rb
index fbf00f3b00..32600255d5 100644
--- a/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/bwidget/progressdlg.rb
+++ b/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/bwidget/progressdlg.rb
@@ -51,4 +51,8 @@ class Tk::BWidget::ProgressDlg
   def value= (val)
     @keys['variable'].value = val
   end
+
+  def create
+    window(tk_call(self.class::TkCommandNames[0], @path, *hash_kv(@keys)))
+  end
 end
diff --git a/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/bwidget/scrollableframe.rb b/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/bwidget/scrollableframe.rb
index a3986681a5..010c960ec5 100644
--- a/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/bwidget/scrollableframe.rb
+++ b/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/bwidget/scrollableframe.rb
@@ -23,7 +23,13 @@ class Tk::BWidget::ScrollableFrame
 
   def get_frame(&b)
     win = window(tk_send_without_enc('getframe'))
-    win.instance_eval(&b) if b
+    if b
+      if TkCore::WITH_RUBY_VM  ### Ruby 1.9 !!!!
+        win.instance_exec(self, &b)
+      else
+        win.instance_eval(&b)
+      end
+    end
     win
   end
 
diff --git a/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/bwidget/scrolledwindow.rb b/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/bwidget/scrolledwindow.rb
index e9e53235b7..3599fd8459 100644
--- a/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/bwidget/scrolledwindow.rb
+++ b/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/bwidget/scrolledwindow.rb
@@ -21,7 +21,13 @@ class Tk::BWidget::ScrolledWindow
 
   def get_frame(&b)
     win = window(tk_send_without_enc('getframe'))
-    win.instance_eval(&b) if b
+    if b
+      if TkCore::WITH_RUBY_VM  ### Ruby 1.9 !!!!
+        win.instance_exec(self, &b)
+      else
+        win.instance_eval(&b)
+      end
+    end
     win
   end
 
diff --git a/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/bwidget/selectcolor.rb b/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/bwidget/selectcolor.rb
index 742a84cd84..0f9014f8de 100644
--- a/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/bwidget/selectcolor.rb
+++ b/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/bwidget/selectcolor.rb
@@ -10,6 +10,11 @@ require 'tkextlib/bwidget/messagedlg'
 module Tk
   module BWidget
     class SelectColor < Tk::BWidget::MessageDlg
+      class Dialog < Tk::BWidget::SelectColor
+      end
+      class Menubutton < Tk::Menubutton
+      end
+      MenuButton = Menubutton
     end
   end
 end
@@ -43,3 +48,26 @@ class Tk::BWidget::SelectColor
     tk_call('SelectColor::setcolor', idx, color)
   end
 end
+
+class Tk::BWidget::SelectColor::Dialog
+  def create_self(keys)
+    super(keys)
+    @keys['type'] = 'dialog'
+  end
+
+  def create
+    @keys['type'] = 'dialog'  # 'dialog' type returns color
+    tk_call(Tk::BWidget::SelectColor::TkCommandNames[0], 
+            @path, *hash_kv(@keys))
+  end
+end
+
+class Tk::BWidget::SelectColor::Menubutton
+  def create_self(keys)
+    keys = {} unless keys
+    keys = _symbolkey2str(keys)
+    keys['type'] = 'menubutton'  # 'toolbar' type returns widget path
+    window(tk_call(Tk::BWidget::SelectColor::TkCommandNames[0], 
+                   @path, *hash_kv(keys)))
+  end
+end
diff --git a/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/bwidget/selectfont.rb b/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/bwidget/selectfont.rb
index 478787602a..e53eb3b5bc 100644
--- a/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/bwidget/selectfont.rb
+++ b/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/bwidget/selectfont.rb
@@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ class Tk::BWidget::SelectFont::Dialog
   end
 
   def create
-    @keys['type'] = 'dialog'
+    @keys['type'] = 'dialog'  # 'dialog' type returns font name
     tk_call(Tk::BWidget::SelectFont::TkCommandNames[0], @path, *hash_kv(@keys))
   end
 end
@@ -79,7 +79,8 @@ class Tk::BWidget::SelectFont::Toolbar
   def create_self(keys)
     keys = {} unless keys
     keys = _symbolkey2str(keys)
-    keys['type'] = 'toolbar'
-    tk_call(Tk::BWidget::SelectFont::TkCommandNames[0], @path, *hash_kv(keys))
+    keys['type'] = 'toolbar'  # 'toolbar' type returns widget path
+    window(tk_call(Tk::BWidget::SelectFont::TkCommandNames[0], 
+                   @path, *hash_kv(keys)))
   end
 end
diff --git a/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/bwidget/spinbox.rb b/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/bwidget/spinbox.rb
index ca4c046e5c..48358baa5c 100644
--- a/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/bwidget/spinbox.rb
+++ b/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/bwidget/spinbox.rb
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ require 'tkextlib/bwidget/entry'
 
 module Tk
   module BWidget
-    class SpinBox < TkEntry
+    class SpinBox < Tk::Entry
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/bwidget/statusbar.rb b/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/bwidget/statusbar.rb
index df16e4c0b7..39c678d37e 100644
--- a/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/bwidget/statusbar.rb
+++ b/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/bwidget/statusbar.rb
@@ -36,7 +36,13 @@ class Tk::BWidget::StatusBar
 
   def get_frame(&b)
     win = window(tk_send_without_enc('getframe'))
-    win.instance_eval(&b) if b
+    if b
+      if TkCore::WITH_RUBY_VM  ### Ruby 1.9 !!!!
+        win.instance_exec(self, &b)
+      else
+        win.instance_eval(&b)
+      end
+    end
     win
   end
 
diff --git a/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/bwidget/titleframe.rb b/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/bwidget/titleframe.rb
index f519490430..68534e66e9 100644
--- a/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/bwidget/titleframe.rb
+++ b/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/bwidget/titleframe.rb
@@ -21,7 +21,13 @@ class Tk::BWidget::TitleFrame
 
   def get_frame(&b)
     win = window(tk_send_without_enc('getframe'))
-    win.instance_eval(&b) if b
+    if b
+      if TkCore::WITH_RUBY_VM  ### Ruby 1.9 !!!!
+        win.instance_exec(self, &b)
+      else
+        win.instance_eval(&b)
+      end
+    end
     win
   end
 end
diff --git a/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/bwidget/tree.rb b/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/bwidget/tree.rb
index e7178debe2..aed4512a73 100644
--- a/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/bwidget/tree.rb
+++ b/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/bwidget/tree.rb
@@ -263,14 +263,26 @@ class Tk::BWidget::Tree::Node
   include TkTreatTagFont
 
   TreeNode_TBL = TkCore::INTERP.create_table
-  TreeNode_ID = ['bw:node'.freeze, '00000'.taint].freeze
 
-  TkCore::INTERP.init_ip_env{ TreeNode_TBL.clear }
+  (TreeNode_ID = ['bw:node'.freeze, '00000'.taint]).instance_eval{
+    @mutex = Mutex.new
+    def mutex; @mutex; end
+    freeze
+  }
+
+  TkCore::INTERP.init_ip_env{
+    TreeNode_TBL.mutex.synchronize{ TreeNode_TBL.clear }
+  }
 
   def self.id2obj(tree, id)
     tpath = tree.path
-    return id unless TreeNode_TBL[tpath]
-    TreeNode_TBL[tpath][id]? TreeNode_TBL[tpath][id]: id
+    TreeNode_TBL.mutex.synchronize{
+      if TreeNode_TBL[tpath]
+        TreeNode_TBL[tpath][id]? TreeNode_TBL[tpath][id]: id
+      else
+        id
+      end
+    }
   end
 
   def initialize(tree, *args)
@@ -311,13 +323,17 @@ class Tk::BWidget::Tree::Node
     if keys.key?('nodename')
       @path = @id = keys.delete('nodename')
     else
-      @path = @id = TreeNode_ID.join(TkCore::INTERP._ip_id_)
-      TreeNode_ID[1].succ!
+      TreeNode_ID.mutex.synchronize{
+        @path = @id = TreeNode_ID.join(TkCore::INTERP._ip_id_)
+        TreeNode_ID[1].succ!
+      }
     end
 
-    TreeNode_TBL[@id] = self
-    TreeNode_TBL[@tpath] = {} unless TreeNode_TBL[@tpath]
-    TreeNode_TBL[@tpath][@id] = self
+    TreeNode_TBL.mutex.synchronize{
+      TreeNode_TBL[@id] = self
+      TreeNode_TBL[@tpath] = {} unless TreeNode_TBL[@tpath]
+      TreeNode_TBL[@tpath][@id] = self
+    }
 
     @tree.insert(index, parent, @id, keys)
   end
@@ -342,6 +358,9 @@ class Tk::BWidget::Tree::Node
   def cget(key)
     @tree.itemcget(@id, key)
   end
+  def cget_strict(key)
+    @tree.itemcget_strict(@id, key)
+  end
 
   def configure(key, val=None)
     @tree.itemconfigure(@id, key, val)
diff --git a/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/bwidget/widget.rb b/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/bwidget/widget.rb
index 568e503a8b..a93364b567 100644
--- a/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/bwidget/widget.rb
+++ b/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/bwidget/widget.rb
@@ -29,6 +29,13 @@ module Tk::BWidget::Widget
     ['Widget::configure']
   end
 
+  def self.cget_strict(slot)
+    slot = slot.to_s
+    info = {}
+    self.current_configinfo.each{|k,v| info[k.to_s] = v if k.to_s == slot}
+    fail RuntimeError, "unknown option \"-#{slot}\""  if info.empty?
+    info.values[0]
+  end
   def self.cget(slot)
     self.current_configinfo(slot).values[0]
   end
@@ -43,7 +50,13 @@ module Tk::BWidget::Widget
 
   def self.create(klass, path, rename=None, &b)
     win = window(tk_call('Widget::create', klass, path, rename))
-    win.instance_eval(&b) if b
+    if b
+      if TkCore::WITH_RUBY_VM  ### Ruby 1.9 !!!!
+        win.instance_exec(self, &b)
+      else
+        win.instance_eval(&b)
+      end
+    end
     win
   end
 
@@ -99,9 +112,12 @@ module Tk::BWidget::Widget
     tk_call('Widget::setoption', win, option, value)
   end
 
-  def self.sub_cget(win, subwidget)
+  def self.sub_cget_strict(win, subwidget)
     tk_call('Widget::subcget', win, subwidget)
   end
+  def self.sub_cget(win, subwidget)
+    self.sub_cget_strict(win, subwidget)
+  end
 
   def self.sync_options(klass, subclass, subpath, options)
     tk_call('Widget::syncoptions', klass, subclass, subpath, options)
diff --git a/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/itcl/incr_tcl.rb b/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/itcl/incr_tcl.rb
index 07abf3a7bf..2b75d62eb9 100644
--- a/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/itcl/incr_tcl.rb
+++ b/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/itcl/incr_tcl.rb
@@ -40,16 +40,22 @@ module Tk
     class ItclObject < TkObject
       ITCL_CLASSNAME = ''.freeze
 
-      ITCL_OBJ_ID = ['itclobj'.freeze, '00000'.taint].freeze
+      (ITCL_OBJ_ID = ['itclobj'.freeze, '00000'.taint]).instance_eval{
+        @mutex = Mutex.new
+        def mutex; @mutex; end
+        freeze
+      }
       ITCL_OBJ_TBL = {}.taint
 
       def initialize(*args)
         if (@klass = self.class::ITCL_CLASSNAME).empty?
           fail RuntimeError, 'unknown itcl class (abstract class?)'
         end
-        @id = Tk::Itcl::ItclObject::TCL_OBJ_ID.join(TkCore::INTERP._ip_id_)
+        Tk::Itcl::ItclObject::ITCL_OBJ_ID.mutex.synchronize{
+          @id = Tk::Itcl::ItclObject::TCL_OBJ_ID.join(TkCore::INTERP._ip_id_)
+          Tk::Itcl::ItclObject::ITCL_OBJ_ID[1].succ!
+        }
         @path = @id
-        Tk::Itcl::ItclObject::ITCL_OBJ_ID[1].succ!
       end
 
       def self.call_proc(name, *args)
diff --git a/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/itk/incr_tk.rb b/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/itk/incr_tk.rb
index 0626536e36..e06deb552c 100644
--- a/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/itk/incr_tk.rb
+++ b/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/itk/incr_tk.rb
@@ -145,9 +145,16 @@ module Tk
       private :__config_cmd
 
       ComponentID_TBL = TkCore::INTERP.create_table
-      Itk_Component_ID = ['itk:component'.freeze, '00000'.taint].freeze
 
-      TkCore::INTERP.init_ip_env{ ComponentID_TBL.clear }
+      (Itk_Component_ID = ['itk:component'.freeze, '00000'.taint]).instance_eval{
+        @mutex = Mutex.new
+        def mutex; @mutex; end
+        freeze
+      }
+
+      TkCore::INTERP.init_ip_env{
+        ComponentID_TBL.mutex.synchronize{ ComponentID_TBL.clear }
+      }
 
       def self.id2obj(master, id)
         if master.kind_of?(TkObject)
@@ -155,8 +162,13 @@ module Tk
         else
           master = master.to_s
         end
-        return id unless ComponentID_TBL.key?(master)
-        (ComponentID_TBL.key?(id))? ComponentID_TBL[master][id]: id
+        ComponentID_TBL.mutex.synchronize{
+          if ComponentID_TBL.key?(master)
+            (ComponentID_TBL[master].key?(id))? ComponentID_TBL[master][id]: id
+          else
+            id
+          end
+        }
       end
 
       def self.new(master, component=nil)
@@ -171,17 +183,21 @@ module Tk
         elsif component
           component = component.to_s
         else
-          component = Itk_Component_ID.join(TkCore::INTERP._ip_id_)
-          Itk_Component_ID[1].succ!
+          Itk_Component_ID.mutex.synchronize{
+            component = Itk_Component_ID.join(TkCore::INTERP._ip_id_)
+            Itk_Component_ID[1].succ!
+          }
         end
 
-        if ComponentID_TBL.key?(master)
-          if ComponentID_TBL[master].key?(component)
-            return ComponentID_TBL[master][component] 
+        ComponentID_TBL.mutex.synchronize{
+          if ComponentID_TBL.key?(master)
+            if ComponentID_TBL[master].key?(component)
+              return ComponentID_TBL[master][component] 
+            end
+          else
+            ComponentID_TBL[master] = {}
           end
-        else
-          ComponentID_TBL[master] = {}
-        end
+        }
 
         super(master, component)
       end
@@ -190,7 +206,9 @@ module Tk
         @master = master
         @component = component
 
-        ComponentID_TBL[@master][@component] = self
+        ComponentID_TBL.mutex.synchronize{
+          ComponentID_TBL[@master][@component] = self
+        }
 
         begin
           @widget = window(tk_call(@master, 'component', @component))
diff --git a/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/iwidgets/buttonbox.rb b/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/iwidgets/buttonbox.rb
index a055e07ac9..05d58c386f 100644
--- a/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/iwidgets/buttonbox.rb
+++ b/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/iwidgets/buttonbox.rb
@@ -47,12 +47,13 @@ class Tk::Iwidgets::Buttonbox
   end
 
   alias buttoncget itemcget
+  alias buttoncget_strict itemcget_strict
   alias buttonconfigure itemconfigure
   alias buttonconfiginfo itemconfiginfo
   alias current_buttonconfiginfo current_itemconfiginfo
 
-  private :itemcget, :itemconfigure
-  private :itemconfiginfo, :current_itemconfiginfo
+  private :itemcget, :itemcget_strict
+  private :itemconfigure, :itemconfiginfo, :current_itemconfiginfo
 
   ####################################
 
diff --git a/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/iwidgets/calendar.rb b/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/iwidgets/calendar.rb
index 0152f8593a..8495f0e29b 100644
--- a/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/iwidgets/calendar.rb
+++ b/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/iwidgets/calendar.rb
@@ -45,6 +45,25 @@ class Tk::Iwidgets::Calendar
     class ValidateArgs < TkUtil::CallbackSubst
       KEY_TBL  = [ [?d, ?s, :date], nil ]
       PROC_TBL = [ [?s, TkComm.method(:string) ], nil ]
+
+=begin
+      # for Ruby m17n :: ?x --> String --> char-code ( getbyte(0) )
+      KEY_TBL.map!{|inf|
+        if inf.kind_of?(Array)
+          inf[0] = inf[0].getbyte(0) if inf[0].kind_of?(String)
+          inf[1] = inf[1].getbyte(0) if inf[1].kind_of?(String)
+        end
+        inf
+      }
+
+      PROC_TBL.map!{|inf|
+        if inf.kind_of?(Array)
+          inf[0] = inf[0].getbyte(0) if inf[0].kind_of?(String)
+        end
+        inf
+      }
+=end
+
       _setup_subst_table(KEY_TBL, PROC_TBL);
 
       def self.ret_val(val)
diff --git a/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/iwidgets/checkbox.rb b/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/iwidgets/checkbox.rb
index abd23299a8..c85d356c55 100644
--- a/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/iwidgets/checkbox.rb
+++ b/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/iwidgets/checkbox.rb
@@ -47,12 +47,13 @@ class Tk::Iwidgets::Checkbox
   end
 
   alias buttoncget itemcget
+  alias buttoncget_strict itemcget_strict
   alias buttonconfigure itemconfigure
   alias buttonconfiginfo itemconfiginfo
   alias current_buttonconfiginfo current_itemconfiginfo
 
-  private :itemcget, :itemconfigure
-  private :itemconfiginfo, :current_itemconfiginfo
+  private :itemcget, :itemcget_strict
+  private :itemconfigure, :itemconfiginfo, :current_itemconfiginfo
 
   ####################################
 
@@ -85,12 +86,24 @@ class Tk::Iwidgets::Checkbox
     self
   end
 
-  def get(idx)
-    simplelist(tk_call(@path, 'get', index(idx))).collect{|id|
-      Tk::Itk::Component.id2obj(id)
+  def get_tags
+    simplelist(tk_call_without_enc(@path, 'get'))
+  end
+
+  def get_objs
+    simplelist(tk_call_without_enc(@path, 'get')).collect{|id|
+      Tk::Itk::Component.id2obj(self, id)
     }
   end
 
+  def get(idx=nil)
+    if idx
+      bool(tk_call_without_enc(@path, 'get', index(idx)))
+    else
+      get_tags
+    end
+  end
+
   def index(idx)
     number(tk_call(@path, 'index', tagid(idx)))
   end
diff --git a/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/iwidgets/dialogshell.rb b/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/iwidgets/dialogshell.rb
index d6c668621d..8d43cc07ab 100644
--- a/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/iwidgets/dialogshell.rb
+++ b/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/iwidgets/dialogshell.rb
@@ -47,12 +47,13 @@ class Tk::Iwidgets::Dialogshell
   end
 
   alias buttoncget itemcget
+  alias buttoncget_strict itemcget_strict
   alias buttonconfigure itemconfigure
   alias buttonconfiginfo itemconfiginfo
   alias current_buttonconfiginfo current_itemconfiginfo
 
-  private :itemcget, :itemconfigure
-  private :itemconfiginfo, :current_itemconfiginfo
+  private :itemcget, :itemcget_strict
+  private :itemconfigure, :itemconfiginfo, :current_itemconfiginfo
 
   ####################################
 
diff --git a/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/iwidgets/entryfield.rb b/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/iwidgets/entryfield.rb
index 6aa933ce06..d53df216bf 100644
--- a/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/iwidgets/entryfield.rb
+++ b/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/iwidgets/entryfield.rb
@@ -42,6 +42,25 @@ class Tk::Iwidgets::Entryfield
         [ ?w, TkComm.method(:window) ], 
         nil
       ]
+
+=begin
+      # for Ruby m17n :: ?x --> String --> char-code ( getbyte(0) )
+      KEY_TBL.map!{|inf|
+        if inf.kind_of?(Array)
+          inf[0] = inf[0].getbyte(0) if inf[0].kind_of?(String)
+          inf[1] = inf[1].getbyte(0) if inf[1].kind_of?(String)
+        end
+        inf
+      }
+
+      PROC_TBL.map!{|inf|
+        if inf.kind_of?(Array)
+          inf[0] = inf[0].getbyte(0) if inf[0].kind_of?(String)
+        end
+        inf
+      }
+=end
+
       _setup_subst_table(KEY_TBL, PROC_TBL);
     end
 
diff --git a/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/iwidgets/hierarchy.rb b/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/iwidgets/hierarchy.rb
index 4cc6aeecbd..d9220fecbf 100644
--- a/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/iwidgets/hierarchy.rb
+++ b/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/iwidgets/hierarchy.rb
@@ -30,6 +30,25 @@ class Tk::Iwidgets::Hierarchy
     class ValidateArgs < TkUtil::CallbackSubst
       KEY_TBL  = [ [?n, ?s, :node], nil ]
       PROC_TBL = [ [?s, TkComm.method(:string) ], nil ]
+
+=begin
+      # for Ruby m17n :: ?x --> String --> char-code ( getbyte(0) )
+      KEY_TBL.map!{|inf|
+        if inf.kind_of?(Array)
+          inf[0] = inf[0].getbyte(0) if inf[0].kind_of?(String)
+          inf[1] = inf[1].getbyte(0) if inf[1].kind_of?(String)
+        end
+        inf
+      }
+
+      PROC_TBL.map!{|inf|
+        if inf.kind_of?(Array)
+          inf[0] = inf[0].getbyte(0) if inf[0].kind_of?(String)
+        end
+        inf
+      }
+=end
+
       _setup_subst_table(KEY_TBL, PROC_TBL);
 
       def self.ret_val(val)
@@ -57,6 +76,24 @@ class Tk::Iwidgets::Hierarchy
         nil
       ]
 
+=begin
+      # for Ruby m17n :: ?x --> String --> char-code ( getbyte(0) )
+      KEY_TBL.map!{|inf|
+        if inf.kind_of?(Array)
+          inf[0] = inf[0].getbyte(0) if inf[0].kind_of?(String)
+          inf[1] = inf[1].getbyte(0) if inf[1].kind_of?(String)
+        end
+        inf
+      }
+
+      PROC_TBL.map!{|inf|
+        if inf.kind_of?(Array)
+          inf[0] = inf[0].getbyte(0) if inf[0].kind_of?(String)
+        end
+        inf
+      }
+=end
+
       _setup_subst_table(KEY_TBL, PROC_TBL);
 
       def self.ret_val(val)
@@ -78,6 +115,25 @@ class Tk::Iwidgets::Hierarchy
         nil
       ]
       PROC_TBL = [ [ ?s, TkComm.method(:string) ], nil ]
+
+=begin
+      # for Ruby m17n :: ?x --> String --> char-code ( getbyte(0) )
+      KEY_TBL.map!{|inf|
+        if inf.kind_of?(Array)
+          inf[0] = inf[0].getbyte(0) if inf[0].kind_of?(String)
+          inf[1] = inf[1].getbyte(0) if inf[1].kind_of?(String)
+        end
+        inf
+      }
+
+      PROC_TBL.map!{|inf|
+        if inf.kind_of?(Array)
+          inf[0] = inf[0].getbyte(0) if inf[0].kind_of?(String)
+        end
+        inf
+      }
+=end
+
       _setup_subst_table(KEY_TBL, PROC_TBL);
 
       def self.ret_val(val)
@@ -207,7 +263,7 @@ class Tk::Iwidgets::Hierarchy
     self
   end
 
-  # based on TkText widget
+  # based on Tk::Text widget
 
   def bbox(index)
     list(tk_send_without_enc('bbox', _get_eval_enc_str(index)))
diff --git a/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/iwidgets/menubar.rb b/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/iwidgets/menubar.rb
index dea3d34c2a..5aaefbe50d 100644
--- a/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/iwidgets/menubar.rb
+++ b/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/iwidgets/menubar.rb
@@ -62,12 +62,13 @@ class Tk::Iwidgets::Menubar
   end
 
   alias menucget itemcget
+  alias menucget_strict itemcget_strict
   alias menuconfigure itemconfigure
   alias menuconfiginfo itemconfiginfo
   alias current_menuconfiginfo current_itemconfiginfo
 
-  private :itemcget, :itemconfigure
-  private :itemconfiginfo, :current_itemconfiginfo
+  private :itemcget, :itemcget_strict
+  private :itemconfigure, :itemconfiginfo, :current_itemconfiginfo
 
   ####################################
 
diff --git a/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/iwidgets/messagebox.rb b/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/iwidgets/messagebox.rb
index 2bbbec7666..98ac32900c 100644
--- a/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/iwidgets/messagebox.rb
+++ b/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/iwidgets/messagebox.rb
@@ -47,12 +47,13 @@ class Tk::Iwidgets::Messagebox
   private :__item_boolval_optkeys
 
   alias typecget itemcget
+  alias typecget_strict itemcget_strict
   alias typeconfigure itemconfigure
   alias typeconfiginfo itemconfiginfo
   alias current_typeconfiginfo current_itemconfiginfo
 
-  private :itemcget, :itemconfigure
-  private :itemconfiginfo, :current_itemconfiginfo
+  private :itemcget, :itemcget_strict
+  private :itemconfigure, :itemconfiginfo, :current_itemconfiginfo
 
   ####################################
 
diff --git a/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/iwidgets/notebook.rb b/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/iwidgets/notebook.rb
index 0f9d713ea1..03b50633df 100644
--- a/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/iwidgets/notebook.rb
+++ b/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/iwidgets/notebook.rb
@@ -42,12 +42,13 @@ class Tk::Iwidgets::Notebook
   end
 
   alias pagecget itemcget
+  alias pagecget_strict itemcget_strict
   alias pageconfigure itemconfigure
   alias pageconfiginfo itemconfiginfo
   alias current_pageconfiginfo current_itemconfiginfo
 
-  private :itemcget, :itemconfigure
-  private :itemconfiginfo, :current_itemconfiginfo
+  private :itemcget, :itemcget_strict
+  private :itemconfigure, :itemconfiginfo, :current_itemconfiginfo
 
   ####################################
 
@@ -146,7 +147,12 @@ class Tk::Iwidgets::Notebook
 
   def view(*idxs)
     if idxs.size == 0
-      window(tk_send_without_enc('view'))
+      idx = num_or_str(tk_send_without_enc('view'))
+      if idx.kind_of?(Fixnum) && idx < 0
+        nil
+      else
+        idx
+      end
     else
       tk_send_without_enc('view', *idxs)
       self
@@ -160,8 +166,8 @@ class Tk::Iwidgets::Notebook
   end
   alias xview_moveto view_moveto
   alias yview_moveto view_moveto
-  def view_scroll(*idxs)
-    view('scroll', *idxs)
+  def view_scroll(index, what='pages')
+    view('scroll', index, what)
   end
   alias xview_scroll view_scroll
   alias yview_scroll view_scroll
diff --git a/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/iwidgets/panedwindow.rb b/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/iwidgets/panedwindow.rb
index 035df0a5b8..3bf73d69fe 100644
--- a/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/iwidgets/panedwindow.rb
+++ b/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/iwidgets/panedwindow.rb
@@ -42,12 +42,13 @@ class Tk::Iwidgets::Panedwindow
   end
 
   alias panecget itemcget
+  alias panecget_strict itemcget_strict
   alias paneconfigure itemconfigure
   alias paneconfiginfo itemconfiginfo
   alias current_paneconfiginfo current_itemconfiginfo
 
-  private :itemcget, :itemconfigure
-  private :itemconfiginfo, :current_itemconfiginfo
+  private :itemcget, :itemcget_strict
+  private :itemconfigure, :itemconfiginfo, :current_itemconfiginfo
 
   ####################################
 
diff --git a/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/iwidgets/radiobox.rb b/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/iwidgets/radiobox.rb
index d4316754f2..e9d9521252 100644
--- a/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/iwidgets/radiobox.rb
+++ b/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/iwidgets/radiobox.rb
@@ -47,12 +47,13 @@ class Tk::Iwidgets::Radiobox
   end
 
   alias buttoncget itemcget
+  alias buttoncget_strict itemcget_strict
   alias buttonconfigure itemconfigure
   alias buttonconfiginfo itemconfiginfo
   alias current_buttonconfiginfo current_itemconfiginfo
 
-  private :itemcget, :itemconfigure
-  private :itemconfiginfo, :current_itemconfiginfo
+  private :itemcget, :itemcget_strict
+  private :itemconfigure, :itemconfiginfo, :current_itemconfiginfo
 
   ####################################
 
@@ -85,10 +86,13 @@ class Tk::Iwidgets::Radiobox
     self
   end
 
-  def get(idx)
-    simplelist(tk_call(@path, 'get', index(idx))).collect{|id|
-      Tk::Itk::Component.id2obj(id)
-    }
+  def get_tag
+    ((tag = tk_call_without_enc(@path, 'get')).empty?)? nil: tag
+  end
+  alias get get_tag
+
+  def get_obj
+    (tag = get_tag)? Tk::Itk::Component.id2obj(self, tag): nil
   end
 
   def index(idx)
diff --git a/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/iwidgets/scrolledcanvas.rb b/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/iwidgets/scrolledcanvas.rb
index 407c8f2aad..67ad67d07e 100644
--- a/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/iwidgets/scrolledcanvas.rb
+++ b/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/iwidgets/scrolledcanvas.rb
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ class Tk::Iwidgets::Scrolledcanvas
   end
 
   def method_missing(id, *args)
-    if @canvas.methods.include?(id.id2name)
+    if @canvas.respond_to?(id)
       @canvas.__send__(id, *args)
     else
       super(id, *args)
@@ -171,10 +171,16 @@ class Tk::Iwidgets::Scrolledcanvas
   end
 
   def delete(*args)
-    if TkcItem::CItemID_TBL[self.path]
+    tbl = nil
+    TkcItem::CItemID_TBL.mutex.synchronize{
+      tbl = TkcItem::CItemID_TBL[self.path]
+    }
+    if tbl
       find('withtag', *args).each{|item| 
         if item.kind_of?(TkcItem)
-          TkcItem::CItemID_TBL[self.path].delete(item.id)
+          TkcItem::CItemID_TBL.mutex.synchronize{
+            tbl.delete(item.id)
+          }
         end
       }
     end
diff --git a/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/iwidgets/scrolledlistbox.rb b/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/iwidgets/scrolledlistbox.rb
index cd1f6f0f79..7543d557e3 100644
--- a/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/iwidgets/scrolledlistbox.rb
+++ b/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/iwidgets/scrolledlistbox.rb
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ class Tk::Iwidgets::Scrolledlistbox
   end
 
   def method_missing(id, *args)
-    if @listbox.methods.include?(id.id2name)
+    if @listbox.respond_to?(id)
       @listbox.__send__(id, *args)
     else
       super(id, *args)
diff --git a/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/iwidgets/scrolledtext.rb b/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/iwidgets/scrolledtext.rb
index fdafc8dc7f..d6436d202a 100644
--- a/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/iwidgets/scrolledtext.rb
+++ b/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/iwidgets/scrolledtext.rb
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ class Tk::Iwidgets::Scrolledtext
   end
 
   def method_missing(id, *args)
-    if @text.methods.include?(id.id2name)
+    if @text.respond_to?(id)
       @text.__send__(id, *args)
     else
       super(id, *args)
@@ -116,7 +116,7 @@ class Tk::Iwidgets::Scrolledtext
     get('-displaychars', *index)
   end
 
-  def image_cget(index, slot)
+  def image_cget_strict(index, slot)
     case slot.to_s
     when 'text', 'label', 'show', 'data', 'file'
       _fromUTF8(tk_send_without_enc('image', 'cget', 
@@ -127,6 +127,27 @@ class Tk::Iwidgets::Scrolledtext
                                                 "-#{slot}")))
     end
   end
+  def image_cget(index, slot)
+    unless TkItemConfigMethod.__IGNORE_UNKNOWN_CONFIGURE_OPTION__
+      image_cget_strict(index, slot)
+    else
+      begin
+        image_cget_strict(index, slot)
+      rescue => e
+        begin
+          if current_image_configinfo.has_key?(slot.to_s)
+            # error on known option
+            fail e
+          else
+            # unknown option
+            nil
+          end
+        rescue
+          fail e  # tag error
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
 
   def image_configure(index, slot, value=None)
     if slot.kind_of? Hash
@@ -322,6 +343,11 @@ class Tk::Iwidgets::Scrolledtext
 
 
   def _ktext_length(txt)
+    if TkCore::WITH_ENCODING ### Ruby 1.9 !!!!!!!!!!!!!
+      return txt.length
+    end
+    ###########################
+
     if $KCODE !~ /n/i
       return txt.gsub(/[^\Wa-zA-Z_\d]/, ' ').length
     end
diff --git a/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/iwidgets/selectionbox.rb b/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/iwidgets/selectionbox.rb
index bb81fcca5e..bf9b5ec30a 100644
--- a/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/iwidgets/selectionbox.rb
+++ b/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/iwidgets/selectionbox.rb
@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ class Tk::Iwidgets::Selectionbox
     self
   end
 
-  # based on TkListbox ( and TkTextWin )
+  # based on Tk::Listbox ( and TkTextWin )
   def curselection
     list(tk_send_without_enc('curselection'))
   end
diff --git a/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/iwidgets/selectiondialog.rb b/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/iwidgets/selectiondialog.rb
index ab790e97a6..f772ecf8c2 100644
--- a/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/iwidgets/selectiondialog.rb
+++ b/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/iwidgets/selectiondialog.rb
@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ class Tk::Iwidgets::Selectiondialog
     self
   end
 
-  # based on TkListbox ( and TkTextWin )
+  # based on Tk::Listbox ( and TkTextWin )
   def curselection
     list(tk_send_without_enc('curselection'))
   end
diff --git a/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/iwidgets/spinner.rb b/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/iwidgets/spinner.rb
index 174b9bd506..aeee5c9038 100644
--- a/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/iwidgets/spinner.rb
+++ b/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/iwidgets/spinner.rb
@@ -37,6 +37,25 @@ class Tk::Iwidgets::Spinner
         [ ?w, TkComm.method(:window) ], 
         nil
       ]
+
+=begin
+      # for Ruby m17n :: ?x --> String --> char-code ( getbyte(0) )
+      KEY_TBL.map!{|inf|
+        if inf.kind_of?(Array)
+          inf[0] = inf[0].getbyte(0) if inf[0].kind_of?(String)
+          inf[1] = inf[1].getbyte(0) if inf[1].kind_of?(String)
+        end
+        inf
+      }
+
+      PROC_TBL.map!{|inf|
+        if inf.kind_of?(Array)
+          inf[0] = inf[0].getbyte(0) if inf[0].kind_of?(String)
+        end
+        inf
+      }
+=end
+
       _setup_subst_table(KEY_TBL, PROC_TBL);
     end
 
diff --git a/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/iwidgets/tabnotebook.rb b/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/iwidgets/tabnotebook.rb
index 0d9715f87b..dbb90e5102 100644
--- a/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/iwidgets/tabnotebook.rb
+++ b/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/iwidgets/tabnotebook.rb
@@ -47,12 +47,13 @@ class Tk::Iwidgets::Tabnotebook
   end
 
   alias pagecget itemcget
+  alias pagecget_strict itemcget_strict
   alias pageconfigure itemconfigure
   alias pageconfiginfo itemconfiginfo
   alias current_pageconfiginfo current_itemconfiginfo
 
-  private :itemcget, :itemconfigure
-  private :itemconfiginfo, :current_itemconfiginfo
+  private :itemcget, :itemcget_strict
+  private :itemconfigure, :itemconfiginfo, :current_itemconfiginfo
 
   ####################################
 
@@ -116,6 +117,11 @@ class Tk::Iwidgets::Tabnotebook
     self
   end
 
+  def show_tab(idx)
+    @tabset.show_tab(idx)
+    self
+  end
+
   def scrollcommand(cmd=Proc.new)
     configure_cmd 'scrollcommand', cmd
     self
@@ -147,7 +153,12 @@ class Tk::Iwidgets::Tabnotebook
 
   def view(*index)
     if index.size == 0
-      window(tk_send_without_enc('view'))
+      idx = num_or_str(tk_send_without_enc('view'))
+      if idx.kind_of?(Fixnum) && idx < 0
+        nil
+      else
+        idx
+      end
     else
       tk_send_without_enc('view', *index)
       self
@@ -161,8 +172,8 @@ class Tk::Iwidgets::Tabnotebook
   end
   alias xview_moveto view_moveto
   alias yview_moveto view_moveto
-  def view_scroll(*index)
-    view('scroll', *index)
+  def view_scroll(index, what='pages')
+    view('scroll', index, what)
   end
   alias xview_scroll view_scroll
   alias yview_scroll view_scroll
diff --git a/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/iwidgets/tabset.rb b/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/iwidgets/tabset.rb
index 54e56d0514..300ba9dee0 100644
--- a/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/iwidgets/tabset.rb
+++ b/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/iwidgets/tabset.rb
@@ -42,12 +42,13 @@ class Tk::Iwidgets::Tabset
   end
 
   alias tabcget itemcget
+  alias tabcget_strict itemcget_strict
   alias tabconfigure itemconfigure
   alias tabconfiginfo itemconfiginfo
   alias current_tabconfiginfo current_itemconfiginfo
 
-  private :itemcget, :itemconfigure
-  private :itemconfiginfo, :current_itemconfiginfo
+  private :itemcget, :itemcget_strict
+  private :itemconfigure, :itemconfiginfo, :current_itemconfiginfo
 
   ####################################
 
@@ -96,4 +97,48 @@ class Tk::Iwidgets::Tabset
     tk_call(@path, 'select', index(idx))
     self
   end
+
+  def show_tab(idx)
+    if index(idx) == 0
+      self.start = 0
+      return
+    end
+
+    reutrn unless @canvas ||= self.winfo_children[0]
+
+    delta = 1 if (delta = cget(:gap)) == 'overlap' ||
+                   (delta = self.winfo_pixels(delta) + 1) <= 0
+
+    case cget(:tabpos)
+    when 's', 'n'
+      if (head = tabcget(idx, :left)) < 0
+        self.start -= head
+        return
+      end
+      tabs_size = @canvas.winfo_width
+      tab_start, tab_end = @canvas . 
+        find_overlapping(head, 0, head + delta, @canvas.winfo_height) . 
+        find_all{|id| @canvas.itemtype(id) == TkcPolygon} . 
+        map!{|id| bbox = @canvas.bbox(id); [bbox[0], bbox[2]]} . max
+
+    when 'e', 'w'
+      if (head = tabcget(idx, :top)) < 0
+        self.start -= head
+        return
+      end
+      tabs_size = @canvas.winfo_height
+      tab_start, tab_end = @canvas . 
+        find_overlapping(0, head, @canvas.winfo_width, head + delta) . 
+        find_all{|id| @canvas.itemtype(id) == TkcPolygon} . 
+        map!{|id| bbox = @canvas.bbox(id); [bbox[1], bbox[3]]} . max
+    end
+
+    if (size = tab_end - tab_start + 1) > tabs_size
+      self.start -= tab_start
+    elsif head + size > tabs_size
+      self.start -= head + size - tabs_size
+    end
+
+    self
+  end
 end
diff --git a/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/tcllib/autoscroll.rb b/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/tcllib/autoscroll.rb
index 6940a9174c..7db3c2e2b7 100644
--- a/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/tcllib/autoscroll.rb
+++ b/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/tcllib/autoscroll.rb
@@ -108,7 +108,7 @@ module Tk
   end
 end
 
-class TkScrollbar
+class Tk::Scrollbar
   def autoscroll
     # Arranges for the already existing scrollbar to be mapped 
     # and unmapped as needed.
diff --git a/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/tcllib/ctext.rb b/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/tcllib/ctext.rb
index 70a45dd8e7..9014037f3d 100644
--- a/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/tcllib/ctext.rb
+++ b/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/tcllib/ctext.rb
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ TkPackage.require('ctext')
 
 module Tk
   module Tcllib
-    class CText < TkText
+    class CText < Tk::Text
       PACKAGE_NAME = 'ctext'.freeze
       def self.package_name
         PACKAGE_NAME
diff --git a/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/tcllib/datefield.rb b/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/tcllib/datefield.rb
index bd84488101..2244dd7a9a 100644
--- a/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/tcllib/datefield.rb
+++ b/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/tcllib/datefield.rb
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ TkPackage.require('datefield')
 
 module Tk
   module Tcllib
-    class Datefield < TkEntry
+    class Datefield < Tk::Entry
       PACKAGE_NAME = 'datefield'.freeze
       def self.package_name
         PACKAGE_NAME
diff --git a/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/tcllib/getstring.rb b/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/tcllib/getstring.rb
index bf5e54e8cf..fc5d8b26d9 100644
--- a/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/tcllib/getstring.rb
+++ b/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/tcllib/getstring.rb
@@ -87,7 +87,7 @@ class Tk::Tcllib::GetString_Dialog
     @variable.value
   end
 
-  def cget(slot)
+  def cget_strict(slot)
     slot = slot.to_s
     if slot == 'text'
       @text
@@ -95,6 +95,9 @@ class Tk::Tcllib::GetString_Dialog
       @keys[slot]
     end
   end
+  def cget(slot)
+    cget_strict(slot)
+  end
 
   def configure(slot, value=None)
     if slot.kind_of?(Hash)
diff --git a/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/tcllib/ico.rb b/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/tcllib/ico.rb
index 3beeb11a4d..8c92926a4c 100644
--- a/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/tcllib/ico.rb
+++ b/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/tcllib/ico.rb
@@ -94,8 +94,10 @@ class Tk::Tcllib::ICO
     if keys.key?('name')
       @path = keys['name'].to_s
     else
-      @path = Tk_Image_ID.join(TkCore::INTERP._ip_id_)
-      Tk_Image_ID[1].succ!
+      Tk_Image_ID.mutex.synchronize{
+        @path = Tk_Image_ID.join(TkCore::INTERP._ip_id_)
+        Tk_Image_ID[1].succ!
+      }
     end
     tk_call_without_enc('::ico::getIcon', file, index, '-name', @path, 
                         '-format', 'image', *hash_kv(keys, true))
diff --git a/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/tcllib/ip_entry.rb b/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/tcllib/ip_entry.rb
index 8c9e0bd683..c4b8240c04 100644
--- a/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/tcllib/ip_entry.rb
+++ b/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/tcllib/ip_entry.rb
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ TkPackage.require('ipentry')
 
 module Tk
   module Tcllib
-    class IP_Entry < TkEntry
+    class IP_Entry < Tk::Entry
       PACKAGE_NAME = 'ipentry'.freeze
       def self.package_name
         PACKAGE_NAME
diff --git a/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/tcllib/plotchart.rb b/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/tcllib/plotchart.rb
index f5f344ceb3..06ab20f3e6 100644
--- a/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/tcllib/plotchart.rb
+++ b/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/tcllib/plotchart.rb
@@ -225,7 +225,7 @@ module Tk::Tcllib::Plotchart
   end
 
   ############################
-  class XYPlot < TkCanvas
+  class XYPlot < Tk::Canvas
     include ChartMethod
 
     TkCommandNames = [
@@ -247,7 +247,7 @@ module Tk::Tcllib::Plotchart
         @xaxis = args.shift
         @yaxis = args.shift
 
-        if parent.kind_of?(TkCanvas)
+        if parent.kind_of?(Tk::Canvas)
           @path = parent.path
         else
           super(parent, *args) # create canvas widget
@@ -265,7 +265,9 @@ module Tk::Tcllib::Plotchart
     private :_create_chart
 
     def __destroy_hook__
-      Tk::Tcllib::Plotchart::PlotSeries::SeriesID_TBL.delete(@path)
+      Tk::Tcllib::Plotchart::PlotSeries::SeriesID_TBL.mutex.synchronize{
+        Tk::Tcllib::Plotchart::PlotSeries::SeriesID_TBL.delete(@path)
+      }
     end
 
     def plot(series, x, y)
@@ -337,7 +339,7 @@ module Tk::Tcllib::Plotchart
   end
 
   ############################
-  class PolarPlot < TkCanvas
+  class PolarPlot < Tk::Canvas
     include ChartMethod
 
     TkCommandNames = [
@@ -356,7 +358,7 @@ module Tk::Tcllib::Plotchart
 
         @radius_data = args.shift
 
-        if parent.kind_of?(TkCanvas)
+        if parent.kind_of?(Tk::Canvas)
           @path = parent.path
         else
           super(parent, *args) # create canvas widget
@@ -374,7 +376,9 @@ module Tk::Tcllib::Plotchart
     private :_create_chart
 
     def __destroy_hook__
-      Tk::Tcllib::Plotchart::PlotSeries::SeriesID_TBL.delete(@path)
+      Tk::Tcllib::Plotchart::PlotSeries::SeriesID_TBL.mutex.synchronize{
+        Tk::Tcllib::Plotchart::PlotSeries::SeriesID_TBL.delete(@path)
+      }
     end
 
     def plot(series, radius, angle)
@@ -395,7 +399,7 @@ module Tk::Tcllib::Plotchart
   Polarplot = PolarPlot
 
   ############################
-  class IsometricPlot < TkCanvas
+  class IsometricPlot < Tk::Canvas
     include ChartMethod
 
     TkCommandNames = [
@@ -430,7 +434,7 @@ module Tk::Tcllib::Plotchart
           @stepsize = args.shift
         end
 
-        if parent.kind_of?(TkCanvas)
+        if parent.kind_of?(Tk::Canvas)
           @path = parent.path
         else
           super(parent, *args) # create canvas widget
@@ -475,7 +479,7 @@ module Tk::Tcllib::Plotchart
   Isometricplot = IsometricPlot
 
   ############################
-  class Plot3D < TkCanvas
+  class Plot3D < Tk::Canvas
     include ChartMethod
 
     TkCommandNames = [
@@ -500,7 +504,7 @@ module Tk::Tcllib::Plotchart
         @yaxis = args.shift
         @zaxis = args.shift
 
-        if parent.kind_of?(TkCanvas)
+        if parent.kind_of?(Tk::Canvas)
           @path = parent.path
         else
           super(parent, *args) # create canvas widget
@@ -557,7 +561,7 @@ module Tk::Tcllib::Plotchart
   end
 
   ############################
-  class Piechart < TkCanvas
+  class Piechart < Tk::Canvas
     include ChartMethod
 
     TkCommandNames = [
@@ -566,7 +570,7 @@ module Tk::Tcllib::Plotchart
     ].freeze
 
     def initialize(*args) # args := ([parent] [, keys])
-      if args[0].kind_of?(TkCanvas)
+      if args[0].kind_of?(Tk::Canvas)
         parent = args.shift
         @path = parent.path
       else
@@ -588,7 +592,7 @@ module Tk::Tcllib::Plotchart
   end
 
   ############################
-  class Barchart < TkCanvas
+  class Barchart < Tk::Canvas
     include ChartMethod
 
     TkCommandNames = [
@@ -626,7 +630,7 @@ module Tk::Tcllib::Plotchart
           @series_size  = args.shift
         end
 
-        if parent.kind_of?(TkCanvas)
+        if parent.kind_of?(Tk::Canvas)
           @path = parent.path
         else
           super(parent, *args) # create canvas widget
@@ -645,7 +649,9 @@ module Tk::Tcllib::Plotchart
     private :_create_chart
 
     def __destroy_hook__
-      Tk::Tcllib::Plotchart::PlotSeries::SeriesID_TBL.delete(@path)
+      Tk::Tcllib::Plotchart::PlotSeries::SeriesID_TBL.mutex.synchronize{
+        Tk::Tcllib::Plotchart::PlotSeries::SeriesID_TBL.delete(@path)
+      }
     end
 
     def plot(series, dat, col=None)
@@ -672,7 +678,7 @@ module Tk::Tcllib::Plotchart
   end
 
   ############################
-  class Timechart < TkCanvas
+  class Timechart < Tk::Canvas
     include ChartMethod
 
     TkCommandNames = [
@@ -699,7 +705,7 @@ module Tk::Tcllib::Plotchart
         @time_end   = args.shift
         @items      = args.shift
 
-        if parent.kind_of?(TkCanvas)
+        if parent.kind_of?(Tk::Canvas)
           @path = parent.path
         else
           super(parent, *args) # create canvas widget
@@ -733,7 +739,7 @@ module Tk::Tcllib::Plotchart
   end
 
   ############################
-  class Gnattchart < TkCanvas
+  class Gnattchart < Tk::Canvas
     include ChartMethod
 
     TkCommandNames = [
@@ -772,7 +778,7 @@ module Tk::Tcllib::Plotchart
           @text_width = None
         end
 
-        if parent.kind_of?(TkCanvas)
+        if parent.kind_of?(Tk::Canvas)
           @path = parent.path
         else
           super(parent, *args) # create canvas widget
@@ -834,23 +840,38 @@ module Tk::Tcllib::Plotchart
   ############################
   class PlotSeries < TkObject
     SeriesID_TBL = TkCore::INTERP.create_table
-    Series_ID = ['series'.freeze, '00000'.taint].freeze
-    TkCore::INTERP.init_ip_env{ SeriesID_TBL.clear }
+
+    (Series_ID = ['series'.freeze, '00000'.taint]).instance_eval{
+      @mutex = Mutex.new
+      def mutex; @mutex; end
+      freeze
+    }
+    TkCore::INTERP.init_ip_env{
+      SeriesID_TBL.mutex.synchronize{ SeriesID_TBL.clear }
+    }
 
     def self.id2obj(chart, id)
       path = chart.path
-      return id unless SeriesID_TBL[path]
-      SeriesID_TBL[path][id]? SeriesID_TBL[path][id]: id
+      SeriesID_TBL.mutex.synchronize{
+        if SeriesID_TBL[path]
+          SeriesID_TBL[path][id]? SeriesID_TBL[path][id]: id
+        else
+          id
+        end
+      }
     end
 
     def initialize(chart, keys=nil)
       @parent = @chart_obj = chart
       @ppath = @chart_obj.path
-      @path = @series = @id = Series_ID.join(TkCore::INTERP._ip_id_)
-      # SeriesID_TBL[@id] = self
-      SeriesID_TBL[@ppath] = {} unless SeriesID_TBL[@ppath]
-      SeriesID_TBL[@ppath][@id] = self
-      Series_ID[1].succ!
+      Series_ID.mutex.synchronize{
+        @path = @series = @id = Series_ID.join(TkCore::INTERP._ip_id_)
+        Series_ID[1].succ!
+      }
+      SeriesID_TBL.mutex.synchronize{
+        SeriesID_TBL[@ppath] ||= {}
+        SeriesID_TBL[@ppath][@id] = self
+      }
       dataconfig(keys) if keys.kind_of?(Hash)
     end
 
diff --git a/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/tcllib/swaplist.rb b/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/tcllib/swaplist.rb
index 97de0a27c1..1c813e36da 100644
--- a/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/tcllib/swaplist.rb
+++ b/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/tcllib/swaplist.rb
@@ -90,7 +90,7 @@ class Tk::Tcllib::Swaplist_Dialog
   end
   alias selected value
 
-  def cget(slot)
+  def cget_strict(slot)
     slot = slot.to_s
     if slot == 'complete_list'
       @complete_list
@@ -100,6 +100,9 @@ class Tk::Tcllib::Swaplist_Dialog
       @keys[slot]
     end
   end
+  def cget(slot)
+    cget_strict(slot)
+  end
 
   def configure(slot, value=None)
     if slot.kind_of?(Hash)
diff --git a/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/tcllib/tablelist.rb b/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/tcllib/tablelist.rb
index 42435a1971..efeb8fbbac 100644
--- a/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/tcllib/tablelist.rb
+++ b/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/tcllib/tablelist.rb
@@ -23,5 +23,5 @@ else
   # TkPackage.require('Tablelist', '4.2')
   TkPackage.require('Tablelist')
 
-  requrie 'tkextlib/tcllib/tablelist_core'
+  require 'tkextlib/tcllib/tablelist_core'
 end
diff --git a/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/tcllib/tablelist_core.rb b/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/tcllib/tablelist_core.rb
index a939a58331..d7a6c97210 100644
--- a/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/tcllib/tablelist_core.rb
+++ b/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/tcllib/tablelist_core.rb
@@ -70,6 +70,9 @@ module Tk::Tcllib::TablelistItemConfig
   def cell_cget(tagOrId, option)
     itemcget(['cell', tagOrId], option)
   end
+  def cell_cget_strict(tagOrId, option)
+    itemcget_strict(['cell', tagOrId], option)
+  end
   def cell_configure(tagOrId, slot, value=None)
     itemconfigure(['cell', tagOrId], slot, value)
   end
@@ -80,6 +83,7 @@ module Tk::Tcllib::TablelistItemConfig
     current_itemconfiginfo(['cell', tagOrId], slot)
   end
   alias cellcget cell_cget
+  alias cellcget_strict cell_cget_strict
   alias cellconfigure cell_configure
   alias cellconfiginfo cell_configinfo
   alias current_cellconfiginfo current_cell_configinfo
@@ -87,6 +91,9 @@ module Tk::Tcllib::TablelistItemConfig
   def column_cget(tagOrId, option)
     itemcget(['column', tagOrId], option)
   end
+  def column_cget_strict(tagOrId, option)
+    itemcget_strict(['column', tagOrId], option)
+  end
   def column_configure(tagOrId, slot, value=None)
     itemconfigure(['column', tagOrId], slot, value)
   end
@@ -97,6 +104,7 @@ module Tk::Tcllib::TablelistItemConfig
     current_itemconfiginfo(['column', tagOrId], slot)
   end
   alias columncget column_cget
+  alias columncget_strict column_cget_strict
   alias columnconfigure column_configure
   alias columnconfiginfo column_configinfo
   alias current_columnconfiginfo current_column_configinfo
@@ -104,6 +112,9 @@ module Tk::Tcllib::TablelistItemConfig
   def row_cget(tagOrId, option)
     itemcget(['row', tagOrId], option)
   end
+  def row_cget_strict(tagOrId, option)
+    itemcget_strict(['row', tagOrId], option)
+  end
   def row_configure(tagOrId, slot, value=None)
     itemconfigure(['row', tagOrId], slot, value)
   end
@@ -114,12 +125,13 @@ module Tk::Tcllib::TablelistItemConfig
     current_itemconfiginfo(['row', tagOrId], slot)
   end
   alias rowcget row_cget
+  alias rowcget_strict row_cget_strict
   alias rowconfigure row_configure
   alias rowconfiginfo row_configinfo
   alias current_rowconfiginfo current_row_configinfo
 
-  private :itemcget, :itemconfigure
-  private :itemconfiginfo, :current_itemconfiginfo
+  private :itemcget, :itemcget_strict
+  private :itemconfigure, :itemconfiginfo, :current_itemconfiginfo
 end
 
 class Tk::Tcllib::Tablelist
diff --git a/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/tcllib/tkpiechart.rb b/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/tcllib/tkpiechart.rb
index 92dde65ce7..b366e0198b 100644
--- a/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/tcllib/tkpiechart.rb
+++ b/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/tcllib/tkpiechart.rb
@@ -125,7 +125,9 @@ module Tk::Tcllib::Tkpiechart
 
     def delete
       tk_call_without_enc('::stooop::delete', @tag_key)
-      CItemID_TBL[@path].delete(@id) if CItemID_TBL[@path]
+      CItemID_TBL.mutex.synchronize{
+        CItemID_TBL[@path].delete(@id) if CItemID_TBL[@path]
+      }
       self
     end
 
@@ -184,8 +186,10 @@ module Tk::Tcllib::Tkpiechart
       @id = "slices(#{@tag_key})"
       @tag = TkcNamedTag.new(@pie.canvas, @id)
 
-      CItemID_TBL[@path] = {} unless CItemID_TBL[@path]
-      CItemID_TBL[@path][@id] = self
+      CItemID_TBL.mutex.synchronize{
+        CItemID_TBL[@path] = {} unless CItemID_TBL[@path]
+        CItemID_TBL[@path][@id] = self
+      }
     end
 
     def tag_key
@@ -200,7 +204,9 @@ module Tk::Tcllib::Tkpiechart
 
     def delete
       tk_call_without_enc('pie::deleteSlice', @pie.tag_key, @tag_key)
-      CItemID_TBL[@path].delete(@id) if CItemID_TBL[@path]
+      CItemID_TBL.mutex.synchronize{
+        CItemID_TBL[@path].delete(@id) if CItemID_TBL[@path]
+      }
       @pie._delete_slice(self)
       self
     end
diff --git a/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/tile.rb b/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/tile.rb
index 690f93f029..60ea012cc0 100644
--- a/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/tile.rb
+++ b/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/tile.rb
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@
 #
 
 require 'tk'
+require 'tk/ttk_selector'
 
 # call setup script for general 'tkextlib' libraries
 require 'tkextlib/setup.rb'
@@ -15,33 +16,66 @@ require 'tkextlib/tile/setup.rb'
 # TkPackage.require('tile', '0.4')
 # TkPackage.require('tile', '0.6')
 # TkPackage.require('tile', '0.7')
-verstr = TkPackage.require('tile')
+if Tk::TK_MAJOR_VERSION > 8 || 
+    (Tk::TK_MAJOR_VERSION == 8 && Tk::TK_MINOR_VERSION >= 5)
+  TkPackage.require('tile') # for compatibility (version check of 'tile')
+  verstr = TkPackage.require('Ttk')
+else
+  verstr = TkPackage.require('tile')
+end
+
 ver = verstr.split('.')
-if ver[0].to_i == 0 && ver[1].to_i <= 4
-  # version 0.4 or former
-  module Tk
-    module Tile
-      USE_TILE_NAMESPACE = true
-      USE_TTK_NAMESPACE  = false
-      TILE_SPEC_VERSION_ID = 0
+if ver[0].to_i == 0
+  # Tile extension package
+  if ver[1].to_i <= 4
+    # version 0.4 or former
+    module Tk
+      module Tile
+        USE_TILE_NAMESPACE = true
+        USE_TTK_NAMESPACE  = false
+        TILE_SPEC_VERSION_ID = 0
+      end
     end
-  end
-elsif ver[0].to_i == 0 && ver[1].to_i <= 6
-  # version 0.5 -- version 0.6
-  module Tk
-    module Tile
-      USE_TILE_NAMESPACE = true
-      USE_TTK_NAMESPACE  = true
-      TILE_SPEC_VERSION_ID = 5
+  elsif ver[1].to_i <= 6
+    # version 0.5 -- version 0.6
+    module Tk
+      module Tile
+        USE_TILE_NAMESPACE = true
+        USE_TTK_NAMESPACE  = true
+        TILE_SPEC_VERSION_ID = 5
+      end
+    end
+  elsif ver[1].to_i <= 7
+    module Tk
+      module Tile
+        USE_TILE_NAMESPACE = false
+        USE_TTK_NAMESPACE  = true
+        TILE_SPEC_VERSION_ID = 7
+      end
+    end
+  else
+    # version 0.8 or later
+    module Tk
+      module Tile
+        USE_TILE_NAMESPACE = false
+        USE_TTK_NAMESPACE  = true
+        TILE_SPEC_VERSION_ID = 8
+      end
     end
   end
+
+  module Tk::Tile
+    PACKAGE_NAME = 'tile'.freeze
+  end
 else
-  # version 0.7 or later
+  # Ttk package merged Tcl/Tk core (Tcl/Tk 8.5+)
   module Tk
     module Tile
       USE_TILE_NAMESPACE = false
       USE_TTK_NAMESPACE  = true
-      TILE_SPEC_VERSION_ID = 7
+      TILE_SPEC_VERSION_ID = 8
+
+      PACKAGE_NAME = 'Ttk'.freeze
     end
   end
 end
@@ -51,30 +85,114 @@ module Tk
   module Tile
     TkComm::TkExtlibAutoloadModule.unshift(self)
 
-    PACKAGE_NAME = 'tile'.freeze
     def self.package_name
       PACKAGE_NAME
     end
 
     def self.package_version
       begin
-        TkPackage.require('tile')
+        TkPackage.require(PACKAGE_NAME)
       rescue
         ''
       end
     end
 
     def self.__Import_Tile_Widgets__!
+      warn 'Warning: "Tk::Tile::__Import_Tile_Widgets__!" is obsolete.' <<
+           ' To control default widget set, use "Tk.default_widget_set = :Ttk"'
       Tk.tk_call('namespace', 'import', '-force', 'ttk::*')
     end
 
-    def self.load_images(imgdir, pat=TkComm::None)
-      images = Hash[*TkComm.simplelist(Tk.tk_call('::tile::LoadImages', 
-                                                  imgdir, pat))]
-      images.keys.each{|k|
-        images[k] = TkPhotoImage.new(:imagename=>images[k], 
-                                     :without_creating=>true)
+    def self.__define_LoadImages_proc_for_compatibility__!
+      # Ttk 8.5 (Tile 0.8) lost 'LoadImages' utility procedure.
+      # So, some old scripts doen't work, because those scripts use the 
+      # procedure to define local styles. 
+      # Of course, rewriting such Tcl/Tk scripts isn't difficult for 
+      # Tcl/Tk users. However, it may be troublesome for Ruby/Tk users 
+      # who use such Tcl/Tk scripts as it is.
+      # This method may help Ruby/Tk users who don't want to modify old 
+      # Tcl/Tk scripts for the latest version of Ttk (Tile) extension.
+      # This method defines a comaptible 'LoadImages' procedure on the 
+      # Tcl/Tk interpreter working under Ruby/Tk. 
+      # Please give attention to use this method. It may conflict with 
+      # some definitions on Tcl/Tk scripts. 
+      klass_name = self.name
+      proc_name = 'LoadImages'
+      if Tk::Tile::USE_TTK_NAMESPACE
+        ns_list = ['::tile']
+        if Tk.info(:commands, "::ttk::#{proc_name}").empty?
+          ns_list << '::ttk'
+        end
+      else # Tk::Tile::USE_TILE_NAMESPACE
+        ns_list = ['::ttk']
+        if Tk.info(:commands, "::tile::#{proc_name}").empty?
+          ns_list << '::tile'
+        end
+      end
+
+      ns_list.each{|ns|
+        cmd = "#{ns}::#{proc_name}"
+        unless Tk.info(:commands, cmd).empty?
+          #fail RuntimeError, "can't define '#{cmd}' command (already exist)"
+
+          # do nothing !!!
+          warn "Warning: can't define '#{cmd}' command (already exist)" if $DEBUG
+          next
+        end
+        TkNamespace.eval(ns){
+          TkCore::INTERP.add_tk_procs(proc_name, 'imgdir {patterns {*.gif}}', 
+                                      <<-'EOS')
+            foreach pattern $patterns {
+              foreach file [glob -directory $imgdir $pattern] {
+                set img [file tail [file rootname $file]]
+                if {![info exists images($img)]} {
+                  set images($img) [image create photo -file $file]
+                }
+              }
+            }
+            return [array get images]
+          EOS
+        }
       }
+    end
+
+    def self.load_images(imgdir, pat=nil)
+      if Tk::Tile::TILE_SPEC_VERSION_ID < 8
+        if Tk::Tile::USE_TTK_NAMESPACE
+          cmd = '::ttk::LoadImages'
+        else # Tk::Tile::USE_TILE_NAMESPACE
+          cmd = '::tile::LoadImages'
+        end
+        pat ||= TkComm::None
+        images = Hash[*TkComm.simplelist(Tk.tk_call(cmd, imgdir, pat))]
+        images.keys.each{|k|
+          images[k] = TkPhotoImage.new(:imagename=>images[k], 
+                                       :without_creating=>true)
+        }
+      else ## TILE_SPEC_VERSION_ID >= 8
+        pat ||= '*.gif'
+        if pat.kind_of?(Array)
+          pat_list = pat
+        else
+          pat_list = [ pat ]
+        end
+        Dir.chdir(imgdir){
+          pat_list.each{|pat|
+            Dir.glob(pat).each{|f|
+              img = File.basename(f, '.*')
+              unless TkComm.bool(Tk.info('exists', "images(#{img})"))
+                Tk.tk_call('set', "images(#{img})", 
+                           Tk.tk_call('image', 'create', 'photo', '-file', f))
+              end
+            }
+          }
+        }
+        images = Hash[*TkComm.simplelist(Tk.tk_call('array', 'get', 'images'))]
+        images.keys.each{|k|
+          images[k] = TkPhotoImage.new(:imagename=>images[k], 
+                                       :without_creating=>true)
+        }
+      end
 
       images
     end
@@ -83,12 +201,53 @@ module Tk
       args.map!{|arg| TkComm._get_eval_string(arg)}.join('.')
     end
 
-    module KeyNav
-      def self.enableMnemonics(w)
-        Tk.tk_call('::keynav::enableMnemonics', w)
+    def self.themes(glob_ptn = nil)
+      if TILE_SPEC_VERSION_ID < 8 && Tk.info(:commands, '::ttk::themes').empty?
+        fail RuntimeError, 'not support glob option' if glob_ptn
+        cmd = ['::tile::availableThemes']
+      else
+        glob_ptn = '*' unless glob_ptn
+        cmd = ['::ttk::themes', glob_ptn]
+      end
+
+      begin
+        TkComm.simplelist(Tk.tk_call_without_enc(*cmd))
+      rescue
+        TkComm.simplelist(Tk.tk_call('lsearch', '-all', '-inline', 
+                                     Tk::Tile::Style.theme_names, 
+                                     glob_ptn))
+      end
+    end
+
+    def self.set_theme(theme)
+      if TILE_SPEC_VERSION_ID < 8 && Tk.info(:commands, '::ttk::setTheme').empty?
+        cmd = '::tile::setTheme'
+      else
+        cmd = '::ttk::setTheme'
+      end
+
+      begin
+        Tk.tk_call_without_enc(cmd, theme)
+      rescue
+        Tk::Tile::Style.theme_use(theme)
       end
-      def self.defaultButton(w)
-        Tk.tk_call('::keynav::defaultButton', w)
+    end
+
+    module KeyNav
+      if Tk::Tile::TILE_SPEC_VERSION_ID < 8
+        def self.enableMnemonics(w)
+          Tk.tk_call('::keynav::enableMnemonics', w)
+        end
+        def self.defaultButton(w)
+          Tk.tk_call('::keynav::defaultButton', w)
+        end
+      else # dummy
+        def self.enableMnemonics(w)
+          ""
+        end
+        def self.defaultButton(w)
+          ""
+        end
       end
     end
 
@@ -103,6 +262,12 @@ module Tk
       Menu         = 'TkMenuFont'
       SmallCaption = 'TkSmallCaptionFont'
       Icon         = 'TkIconFont'
+
+      TkFont::SYSTEM_FONT_NAMES.add [
+        'TkDefaultFont', 'TkTextFont', 'TkHeadingFont', 
+        'TkCaptionFont', 'TkTooltipFont', 'TkFixedFont', 
+        'TkMenuFont', 'TkSmallCaptionFont', 'TkIconFont'
+      ]
     end
 
     module ParseStyleLayout
@@ -141,7 +306,7 @@ module Tk
       end
       private :__val2ruby_optkeys
 
-      def instate(state, script=nil, &b)
+      def ttk_instate(state, script=nil, &b)
         if script
           tk_send('instate', state, script)
         elsif b
@@ -150,14 +315,30 @@ module Tk
           bool(tk_send('instate', state))
         end
       end
+      alias tile_instate ttk_instate
 
-      def state(state=nil)
+      def ttk_state(state=nil)
         if state
           tk_send('state', state)
         else
           list(tk_send('state'))
         end
       end
+      alias tile_state ttk_state
+
+      def ttk_identify(x, y)
+        ret = tk_send_without_enc('identify', x, y)
+        (ret.empty?)? nil: ret
+      end
+      alias tile_identify ttk_identify
+
+      # remove instate/state/identify method 
+      # to avoid the conflict with widget options
+      if Tk.const_defined?(:USE_OBSOLETE_TILE_STATE_METHOD) && Tk::USE_OBSOLETE_TILE_STATE_METHOD
+        alias instate  ttk_instate
+        alias state    ttk_state
+        alias identify ttk_identify
+      end
     end
 
     ######################################
@@ -183,18 +364,24 @@ module Tk
 
     autoload :TLabelframe,   'tkextlib/tile/tlabelframe'
     autoload :Labelframe,    'tkextlib/tile/tlabelframe'
+    autoload :TLabelFrame,   'tkextlib/tile/tlabelframe'
+    autoload :LabelFrame,    'tkextlib/tile/tlabelframe'
 
     autoload :TLabel,        'tkextlib/tile/tlabel'
     autoload :Label,         'tkextlib/tile/tlabel'
 
     autoload :TMenubutton,   'tkextlib/tile/tmenubutton'
     autoload :Menubutton,    'tkextlib/tile/tmenubutton'
+    autoload :TMenuButton,   'tkextlib/tile/tmenubutton'
+    autoload :MenuButton,    'tkextlib/tile/tmenubutton'
 
     autoload :TNotebook,     'tkextlib/tile/tnotebook'
     autoload :Notebook,      'tkextlib/tile/tnotebook'
 
     autoload :TPaned,        'tkextlib/tile/tpaned'
     autoload :Paned,         'tkextlib/tile/tpaned'
+    autoload :PanedWindow,   'tkextlib/tile/tpaned'
+    autoload :Panedwindow,   'tkextlib/tile/tpaned'
 
     autoload :TProgressbar,  'tkextlib/tile/tprogressbar'
     autoload :Progressbar,   'tkextlib/tile/tprogressbar'
@@ -211,6 +398,8 @@ module Tk
 
     autoload :TScrollbar,    'tkextlib/tile/tscrollbar'
     autoload :Scrollbar,     'tkextlib/tile/tscrollbar'
+    autoload :XScrollbar,    'tkextlib/tile/tscrollbar'
+    autoload :YScrollbar,    'tkextlib/tile/tscrollbar'
 
     autoload :TSeparator,    'tkextlib/tile/tseparator'
     autoload :Separator,     'tkextlib/tile/tseparator'
@@ -218,8 +407,13 @@ module Tk
     autoload :TSquare,       'tkextlib/tile/tsquare'
     autoload :Square,        'tkextlib/tile/tsquare'
 
+    autoload :SizeGrip,      'tkextlib/tile/sizegrip'
+    autoload :Sizegrip,      'tkextlib/tile/sizegrip'
+
     autoload :Treeview,      'tkextlib/tile/treeview'
 
     autoload :Style,         'tkextlib/tile/style'
   end
 end
+
+Ttk = Tk::Tile
diff --git a/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/tile/dialog.rb b/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/tile/dialog.rb
index f8ddf62598..ef2d1fe577 100644
--- a/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/tile/dialog.rb
+++ b/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/tile/dialog.rb
@@ -51,12 +51,24 @@ class Tk::Tile::Dialog
   alias display show
 
   def client_frame
-    window(tk_call_without_enc('::ttk::dialog::clientframe'))
+    window(tk_call_without_enc('::ttk::dialog::clientframe', @path))
   end
 
+  def cget_strict(slot)
+    @keys[slot.to_s]
+  end
+  def cget(slot)
+    @keys[slot.to_s]
+  end
+=begin
   def cget(slot)
-    @keys[slot]
+    unless TkConfigMethod.__IGNORE_UNKNOWN_CONFIGURE_OPTION__
+      cget_strict(slot)
+    else
+      cget_strict(slot) rescue nil
+    end
   end
+=end
 
   def configure(slot, value=None)
     if slot.kind_of?(Hash)
diff --git a/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/tile/sizegrip.rb b/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/tile/sizegrip.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..c5068919a4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/tile/sizegrip.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+#
+#  ttk::sizegrip widget
+#                               by Hidetoshi NAGAI (nagai@ai.kyutech.ac.jp)
+#
+require 'tk'
+require 'tkextlib/tile.rb'
+
+module Tk
+  module Tile
+    class SizeGrip < TkWindow
+    end
+    Sizegrip = SizeGrip
+  end
+end
+
+Tk.__set_toplevel_aliases__(:Ttk, Tk::Tile::Sizegrip, :TkSizegrip, :TkSizeGrip)
+
+
+class Tk::Tile::SizeGrip < TkWindow
+  include Tk::Tile::TileWidget
+
+  TkCommandNames = ['::ttk::sizegrip'.freeze].freeze
+  WidgetClassName = 'TSizegrip'.freeze
+  WidgetClassNames[WidgetClassName] = self
+
+  def self.style(*args)
+    [self::WidgetClassName, *(args.map!{|a| _get_eval_string(a)})].join('.')
+  end
+end
diff --git a/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/tile/style.rb b/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/tile/style.rb
index 485a36d7d6..ca7ee99c32 100644
--- a/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/tile/style.rb
+++ b/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/tile/style.rb
@@ -17,6 +17,145 @@ module Tk::Tile::Style
 end
 
 class << Tk::Tile::Style
+  if Tk::Tile::TILE_SPEC_VERSION_ID < 8
+    TkCommandNames = ['style'.freeze].freeze
+
+    # --- Tk::Tile::Style.__define_wrapper_proc_for_compatibility__! ---
+    # On Ttk (Tile) extension, 'style' command has imcompatible changes 
+    # depend on the version of the extention. It requires modifying the 
+    # Tcl/Tk scripts to define local styles. The rule for modification 
+    # is a simple one. But, if users want to keep compatibility between 
+    # versions of the extension, they will have to contrive to do that. 
+    # It may be troublesome, especially for Ruby/Tk users.
+    # This method may help such work. This method make some definitions 
+    # on the Tcl/Tk interpreter to work with different version of style 
+    # command format. Please give attention to use this method. It may 
+    # conflict with some definitions on Tcl/Tk scripts. 
+    if Tk::Tile::TILE_SPEC_VERSION_ID < 7
+      def __define_wrapper_proc_for_compatibility__!
+        __define_themes_and_setTheme_proc__!
+
+        unless Tk.info(:commands, '::ttk::style').empty?
+          # fail RuntimeError,
+          #      "can't define '::ttk::style' command (already exist)"
+
+          # do nothing !!!
+          warn "Warning: can't define '::ttk::style' command (already exist)" if $DEBUG
+          return
+        end
+        TkCore::INTERP.add_tk_procs('::ttk::style', 'args', <<-'EOS')
+        if [string equal [lrange $args 0 1] {element create}] {
+          if [string equal [lindex $args 3] image] {
+            set spec [lindex $args 4]
+            set map  [lrange $spec 1 end]
+            if [llength $map] {
+              # return [eval [concat [list ::style element create [lindex $args 2] image [lindex $spec 0] -map $map] [lrange $args 5 end]]]
+              return [uplevel 1 [list ::style element create [lindex $args 2] image [lindex $spec 0] -map $map] [lrange $args 5 end]]
+            }
+          }
+        }
+        # return [eval "::style $args"]
+        return [uplevel 1 ::style $args]
+      EOS
+        #########################
+      end
+    else ### TILE_SPEC_VERSION_ID == 7
+      def __define_wrapper_proc_for_compatibility__!
+        __define_themes_and_setTheme_proc__!
+
+        unless Tk.info(:commands, '::ttk::style').empty?
+          # fail RuntimeError,
+          #     "can't define '::ttk::style' command (already exist)"
+
+          # do nothing !!!
+          warn "Warning: can't define '::ttk::style' command (already exist)" if $DEBUG
+          return
+        end
+        TkCore::INTERP.add_tk_procs('::ttk::style', 'args', <<-'EOS')
+        if [string equal [lrange $args 0 1] {element create}] {
+          if [string equal [lindex $args 3] image] {
+            set spec [lindex $args 4]
+            set map  [lrange $spec 1 end]
+            if [llength $map] {
+              # return [eval [concat [list ::style element create [lindex $args 2] image [lindex $spec 0] -map $map] [lrange $args 5 end]]]
+              return [uplevel 1 [list ::style element create [lindex $args 2] image [lindex $spec 0] -map $map] [lrange $args 5 end]]]
+            }
+          }
+        } elseif [string equal [lindex $args 0] default] {
+          # return [eval "::style [lreplace $args 0 0 configure]"]
+          return [uplevel 1 ::style [lreplace $args 0 0 configure]]
+        }
+        # return [eval "::style $args"]
+        return [uplevel 1 ::style $args]
+      EOS
+        #########################
+      end
+    end
+  else ### TILE_SPEC_VERSION_ID >= 8
+    TkCommandNames = ['::ttk::style'.freeze].freeze
+
+    def __define_wrapper_proc_for_compatibility__!
+      __define_themes_and_setTheme_proc__!
+
+      unless Tk.info(:commands, '::style').empty?
+        # fail RuntimeError, "can't define '::style' command (already exist)"
+
+        # do nothing !!!
+        warn "Warning: can't define '::style' command (already exist)" if $DEBUG
+        return
+      end
+      TkCore::INTERP.add_tk_procs('::style', 'args', <<-'EOS')
+        if [string equal [lrange $args 0 1] {element create}] {
+          if [string equal [lindex $args 3] image] {
+            set name [lindex $args 4]
+            set opts [lrange $args 5 end]
+            set idx [lsearch $opts -map]
+            if {$idx >= 0 && [expr $idx % 2 == 0]} {
+             # return [eval [concat [list ::ttk::style element create [lindex $args 2] image [concat $name [lindex $opts [expr $idx + 1]]]] [lreplace $opts $idx [expr $idx + 1]]]]
+              return [uplevel 1 [list ::ttk::style element create [lindex $args 2] image [concat $name [lindex $opts [expr $idx + 1]]]] [lreplace $opts $idx [expr $idx + 1]]]
+            }
+          }
+        } elseif [string equal [lindex $args 0] default] {
+          # return [eval "::ttk::style [lreplace $args 0 0 configure]"]
+          return [uplevel 1 ::ttk::style [lreplace $args 0 0 configure]]
+        }
+        # return [eval "::ttk::style $args"]
+        return [uplevel 1 ::ttk::style $args]
+      EOS
+      #########################
+    end
+  end
+
+  def __define_themes_and_setTheme_proc__!
+    TkCore::INTERP.add_tk_procs('::ttk::themes', '{ptn *}', <<-'EOS')
+      #set themes [list]
+      set themes [::ttk::style theme names]
+      foreach pkg [lsearch -inline -all -glob [package names] ttk::theme::$ptn] {
+          set theme [namespace tail $pkg]
+          if {[lsearch -exact $themes $theme] < 0} {
+              lappend themes $theme
+          }
+      }
+      foreach pkg [lsearch -inline -all -glob [package names] tile::theme::$ptn] {
+          set theme [namespace tail $pkg]
+          if {[lsearch -exact $themes $theme] < 0} {
+              lappend themes $theme
+          }
+      }
+      return $themes
+    EOS
+    #########################
+    TkCore::INTERP.add_tk_procs('::ttk::setTheme', 'theme', <<-'EOS')
+      variable currentTheme
+      if {[lsearch -exact [::ttk::style theme names] $theme] < 0} {
+          package require [lsearch -inline -regexp [package names] (ttk|tile)::theme::$theme]
+      }
+      ::ttk::style theme use $theme
+      set currentTheme $theme
+    EOS
+  end
+  private :__define_themes_and_setTheme_proc__!
+
   def configure(style=nil, keys=nil)
     if style.kind_of?(Hash)
       keys = style
@@ -31,9 +170,9 @@ class << Tk::Tile::Style
     end
 
     if keys && keys != None
-      tk_call('style', sub_cmd, style, *hash_kv(keys))
+      tk_call(TkCommandNames[0], sub_cmd, style, *hash_kv(keys))
     else
-      tk_call('style', sub_cmd, style)
+      tk_call(TkCommandNames[0], sub_cmd, style)
     end
   end
   alias default configure
@@ -46,11 +185,34 @@ class << Tk::Tile::Style
     style = '.' unless style
 
     if keys && keys != None
-      tk_call('style', 'map', style, *hash_kv(keys))
+      if keys.kind_of?(Hash)
+        tk_call(TkCommandNames[0], 'map', style, *hash_kv(keys))
+      else
+        simplelist(tk_call(TkCommandNames[0], 'map', style, '-' << keys.to_s))
+      end
     else
-      tk_call('style', 'map', style)
+      ret = {}
+      Hash[*(simplelist(tk_call(TkCommandNames[0], 'map', style)))].each{|k, v|
+        ret[k[1..-1]] = list(v)
+      }
+      ret
     end
   end
+  alias map_configure map
+
+  def map_configinfo(style=nil, key=None)
+    style = '.' unless style
+    map(style, key)
+  end
+
+  def map_default_configinfo(key=None)
+    map('.', key)
+  end
+
+  def lookup(style, opt, state=None, fallback_value=None)
+    tk_call(TkCommandNames[0], 'lookup', style, 
+            '-' << opt.to_s, state, fallback_value)
+  end
 
   include Tk::Tile::ParseStyleLayout
 
@@ -62,42 +224,93 @@ class << Tk::Tile::Style
     style = '.' unless style
 
     if spec
-      tk_call('style', 'layout', style, spec)
+      tk_call(TkCommandNames[0], 'layout', style, spec)
     else
-      _style_layout(list(tk_call('style', 'layout', style)))
+      _style_layout(list(tk_call(TkCommandNames[0], 'layout', style)))
     end
   end
 
   def element_create(name, type, *args)
-    tk_call('style', 'element', 'create', name, type, *args)
+    if type == 'image' || type == :image
+      element_create_image(name, *args)
+    else
+      tk_call(TkCommandNames[0], 'element', 'create', name, type, *args)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def element_create_image(name, *args)
+    fail ArgumentError, 'Must supply a base image' unless (spec = args.shift)
+    if (opts = args.shift)
+      if opts.kind_of?(Hash)
+        opts = _symbolkey2str(opts)
+      else
+        fail ArgumentError, 'bad option'
+      end
+    end
+    fail ArgumentError, 'too many arguments' unless args.empty?
+
+    if spec.kind_of?(Array)
+      # probably, command format is tile 0.8+ (Tcl/Tk8.5+) style
+      if Tk::Tile::TILE_SPEC_VERSION_ID >= 8
+        if opts
+          tk_call(TkCommandNames[0], 
+                  'element', 'create', name, 'image', spec, opts)
+        else
+          tk_call(TkCommandNames[0], 'element', 'create', name, 'image', spec)
+        end
+      else
+        fail ArgumentError, 'illegal arguments' if opts.key?('map')
+        base = spec.shift
+        opts['map'] = spec
+        tk_call(TkCommandNames[0], 
+                'element', 'create', name, 'image', base, opts)
+      end
+    else
+      # probably, command format is tile 0.7.8 or older style
+      if Tk::Tile::TILE_SPEC_VERSION_ID >= 8
+        spec = [spec, *(opts.delete('map'))] if opts.key?('map')
+      end
+      if opts
+        tk_call(TkCommandNames[0], 
+                'element', 'create', name, 'image', spec, opts)
+      else
+        tk_call(TkCommandNames[0], 'element', 'create', name, 'image', spec)
+      end
+    end
   end
 
   def element_names()
-    list(tk_call('style', 'element', 'names'))
+    list(tk_call(TkCommandNames[0], 'element', 'names'))
   end
 
   def element_options(elem)
-    simplelist(tk_call('style', 'element', 'options', elem))
+    simplelist(tk_call(TkCommandNames[0], 'element', 'options', elem))
   end
 
   def theme_create(name, keys=nil)
+    name = name.to_s
     if keys && keys != None
-      tk_call('style', 'theme', 'create', name, *hash_kv(keys))
+      tk_call(TkCommandNames[0], 'theme', 'create', name, *hash_kv(keys))
     else
-      tk_call('style', 'theme', 'create', name)
+      tk_call(TkCommandNames[0], 'theme', 'create', name)
     end
+    name
   end
 
   def theme_settings(name, cmd=nil, &b)
+    name = name.to_s
     cmd = Proc.new(&b) if !cmd && b
-    tk_call('style', 'theme', 'settings', name, cmd)
+    tk_call(TkCommandNames[0], 'theme', 'settings', name, cmd)
+    name
   end
 
   def theme_names()
-    list(tk_call('style', 'theme', 'names'))
+    list(tk_call(TkCommandNames[0], 'theme', 'names'))
   end
 
   def theme_use(name)
-    tk_call('style', 'theme', 'use', name)
+    name = name.to_s
+    tk_call(TkCommandNames[0], 'theme', 'use', name)
+    name
   end
 end
diff --git a/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/tile/tbutton.rb b/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/tile/tbutton.rb
index 1142a27100..5d7db10fe9 100644
--- a/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/tile/tbutton.rb
+++ b/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/tile/tbutton.rb
@@ -7,13 +7,16 @@ require 'tkextlib/tile.rb'
 
 module Tk
   module Tile
-    class TButton < TkButton
+    class TButton < Tk::Button
     end
     Button = TButton
   end
 end
 
-class Tk::Tile::TButton < TkButton
+Tk.__set_toplevel_aliases__(:Ttk, Tk::Tile::Button, :TkButton)
+
+
+class Tk::Tile::TButton < Tk::Button
   include Tk::Tile::TileWidget
 
   if Tk::Tile::USE_TTK_NAMESPACE
diff --git a/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/tile/tcheckbutton.rb b/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/tile/tcheckbutton.rb
index fce799683d..172225fcec 100644
--- a/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/tile/tcheckbutton.rb
+++ b/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/tile/tcheckbutton.rb
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ require 'tkextlib/tile.rb'
 
 module Tk
   module Tile
-    class TCheckButton < TkCheckButton
+    class TCheckButton < Tk::CheckButton
     end
     TCheckbutton = TCheckButton
     CheckButton  = TCheckButton
@@ -15,7 +15,11 @@ module Tk
   end
 end
 
-class Tk::Tile::TCheckButton < TkCheckButton
+Tk.__set_toplevel_aliases__(:Ttk, Tk::Tile::Checkbutton, 
+                            :TkCheckbutton, :TkCheckButton)
+
+
+class Tk::Tile::TCheckButton < Tk::CheckButton
   include Tk::Tile::TileWidget
 
   if Tk::Tile::USE_TTK_NAMESPACE
diff --git a/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/tile/tcombobox.rb b/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/tile/tcombobox.rb
index c63ab94dbe..b64372f1c9 100644
--- a/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/tile/tcombobox.rb
+++ b/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/tile/tcombobox.rb
@@ -13,6 +13,9 @@ module Tk
   end
 end
 
+Tk.__set_toplevel_aliases__(:Ttk, Tk::Tile::Combobox, :TkCombobox)
+
+
 class Tk::Tile::TCombobox < Tk::Tile::TEntry
   include Tk::Tile::TileWidget
 
@@ -39,16 +42,12 @@ class Tk::Tile::TCombobox < Tk::Tile::TEntry
   end
 
   def current
-    number(tk_send_without_enc('current', idx))
+    number(tk_send_without_enc('current'))
   end
   def current=(idx)
     tk_send_without_enc('current', idx)
   end
 
-  def identify(x, y)
-    tk_send_without_enc('identify', x, y)
-  end
-
   def set(val)
     tk_send('set', val)
   end
diff --git a/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/tile/tentry.rb b/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/tile/tentry.rb
index 4d57ce7756..0bea98dcd9 100644
--- a/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/tile/tentry.rb
+++ b/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/tile/tentry.rb
@@ -7,13 +7,16 @@ require 'tkextlib/tile.rb'
 
 module Tk
   module Tile
-    class TEntry < TkEntry
+    class TEntry < Tk::Entry
     end
     Entry = TEntry
   end
 end
 
-class Tk::Tile::TEntry < TkEntry
+Tk.__set_toplevel_aliases__(:Ttk, Tk::Tile::Entry, :TkEntry)
+
+
+class Tk::Tile::TEntry < Tk::Entry
   include Tk::Tile::TileWidget
 
   if Tk::Tile::USE_TTK_NAMESPACE
@@ -24,6 +27,11 @@ class Tk::Tile::TEntry < TkEntry
   WidgetClassName = 'TEntry'.freeze
   WidgetClassNames[WidgetClassName] = self
 
+  def __optkey_aliases
+    {:vcmd=>:validatecommand, :invcmd=>:invalidcommand}
+  end
+  private :__optkey_aliases
+
   def __boolval_optkeys
     super() << 'exportselection'
   end
diff --git a/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/tile/tframe.rb b/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/tile/tframe.rb
index 691c9c42af..3b5f98bb6e 100644
--- a/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/tile/tframe.rb
+++ b/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/tile/tframe.rb
@@ -7,13 +7,16 @@ require 'tkextlib/tile.rb'
 
 module Tk
   module Tile
-    class TFrame < TkFrame
+    class TFrame < Tk::Frame
     end
     Frame = TFrame
   end
 end
 
-class Tk::Tile::TFrame < TkFrame
+Tk.__set_toplevel_aliases__(:Ttk, Tk::Tile::Frame, :TkFrame)
+
+
+class Tk::Tile::TFrame < Tk::Frame
   include Tk::Tile::TileWidget
 
   if Tk::Tile::USE_TTK_NAMESPACE
diff --git a/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/tile/tlabel.rb b/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/tile/tlabel.rb
index 4111d1906a..7d074d3842 100644
--- a/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/tile/tlabel.rb
+++ b/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/tile/tlabel.rb
@@ -7,13 +7,16 @@ require 'tkextlib/tile.rb'
 
 module Tk
   module Tile
-    class TLabel < TkLabel
+    class TLabel < Tk::Label
     end
     Label = TLabel
   end
 end
 
-class Tk::Tile::TLabel < TkLabel
+Tk.__set_toplevel_aliases__(:Ttk, Tk::Tile::Label, :TkLabel)
+
+
+class Tk::Tile::TLabel < Tk::Label
   include Tk::Tile::TileWidget
 
   if Tk::Tile::USE_TTK_NAMESPACE
diff --git a/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/tile/tlabelframe.rb b/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/tile/tlabelframe.rb
index 8981232b25..cff66d8658 100644
--- a/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/tile/tlabelframe.rb
+++ b/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/tile/tlabelframe.rb
@@ -9,10 +9,16 @@ module Tk
   module Tile
     class TLabelframe < Tk::Tile::TFrame
     end
-    Labelframe = TLabelframe
+    TLabelFrame = TLabelframe
+    Labelframe  = TLabelframe
+    LabelFrame  = TLabelframe
   end
 end
 
+Tk.__set_toplevel_aliases__(:Ttk, Tk::Tile::Labelframe, 
+                            :TkLabelframe, :TkLabelFrame)
+
+
 class Tk::Tile::TLabelframe < Tk::Tile::TFrame
   include Tk::Tile::TileWidget
 
diff --git a/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/tile/tmenubutton.rb b/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/tile/tmenubutton.rb
index 4b81fa1c81..7c6ab28e52 100644
--- a/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/tile/tmenubutton.rb
+++ b/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/tile/tmenubutton.rb
@@ -7,13 +7,19 @@ require 'tkextlib/tile.rb'
 
 module Tk
   module Tile
-    class TMenubutton < TkMenubutton
+    class TMenubutton < Tk::Menubutton
     end
-    Menubutton = TMenubutton
+    TMenuButton = TMenubutton
+    Menubutton  = TMenubutton
+    MenuButton  = TMenubutton
   end
 end
 
-class Tk::Tile::TMenubutton < TkMenubutton
+Tk.__set_toplevel_aliases__(:Ttk, Tk::Tile::Menubutton, 
+                            :TkMenubutton, :TkMenuButton)
+
+
+class Tk::Tile::TMenubutton < Tk::Menubutton
   include Tk::Tile::TileWidget
 
   if Tk::Tile::USE_TTK_NAMESPACE
diff --git a/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/tile/tnotebook.rb b/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/tile/tnotebook.rb
index abaed8ee9c..4d65e363da 100644
--- a/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/tile/tnotebook.rb
+++ b/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/tile/tnotebook.rb
@@ -13,6 +13,9 @@ module Tk
   end
 end
 
+Tk.__set_toplevel_aliases__(:Ttk, Tk::Tile::Notebook, :TkNotebook)
+
+
 class Tk::Tile::TNotebook < TkWindow
   ################################
   include TkItemConfigMethod
@@ -27,24 +30,46 @@ class Tk::Tile::TNotebook < TkWindow
   end
   private :__item_config_cmd
 
-  def __item_listval_optkeys
+  def __item_listval_optkeys(id)
     []
   end
   private :__item_listval_optkeys
 
-  def __item_methodcall_optkeys  # { key=>method, ... }
+  def __item_methodcall_optkeys(id)  # { key=>method, ... }
     {}
   end
-  private :__item_listval_optkeys
+  private :__item_methodcall_optkeys
 
   #alias tabcget itemcget
+  #alias tabcget_strict itemcget_strict
   alias tabconfigure itemconfigure
   alias tabconfiginfo itemconfiginfo
   alias current_tabconfiginfo current_itemconfiginfo
 
-  def tabcget(tagOrId, option)
+  def tabcget_strict(tagOrId, option)
     tabconfigure(tagOrId, option)[-1]
   end
+  def tabcget(tagOrId, option)
+    unless TkItemConfigMethod.__IGNORE_UNKNOWN_CONFIGURE_OPTION__
+      tabcget_strict(tagOrId, option)
+    else
+      begin
+        tabcget_strict(tagOrId, option)
+      rescue => e
+        begin
+          if current_tabconfiginfo(tagOrId).has_key?(option.to_s)
+            # not tag error & option is known -> error on known option
+            fail e
+          else
+            # not tag error & option is unknown
+            nil
+          end
+        rescue
+          fail e  # tag error
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
   ################################
 
   include Tk::Tile::TileWidget
@@ -74,9 +99,9 @@ class Tk::Tile::TNotebook < TkWindow
 
   def add(child, keys=nil)
     if keys && keys != None
-      tk_send_without_enc('add', _epath(child), *hash_kv(keys))
+      tk_send('add', _epath(child), *hash_kv(keys))
     else
-      tk_send_without_enc('add', _epath(child))
+      tk_send('add', _epath(child))
     end
     self
   end
@@ -104,6 +129,10 @@ class Tk::Tile::TNotebook < TkWindow
     self
   end
 
+  def selected
+    window(tk_send_without_enc('select'))
+  end
+
   def tabs
     list(tk_send('tabs'))
   end
diff --git a/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/tile/tpaned.rb b/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/tile/tpaned.rb
index 11178b19d3..d96ff43973 100644
--- a/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/tile/tpaned.rb
+++ b/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/tile/tpaned.rb
@@ -9,15 +9,23 @@ module Tk
   module Tile
     class TPaned < TkWindow
     end
-    Paned = TPaned
+    PanedWindow = Panedwindow = Paned = TPaned
   end
 end
 
+Tk.__set_toplevel_aliases__(:Ttk, Tk::Tile::Panedwindow, 
+                            :TkPanedwindow, :TkPanedWindow)
+
+
 class Tk::Tile::TPaned < TkWindow
   include Tk::Tile::TileWidget
 
   if Tk::Tile::USE_TTK_NAMESPACE
-    TkCommandNames = ['::ttk::paned'.freeze].freeze
+    if Tk::Tile::TILE_SPEC_VERSION_ID < 8
+      TkCommandNames = ['::ttk::paned'.freeze].freeze
+    else
+      TkCommandNames = ['::ttk::panedwindow'.freeze].freeze
+    end
   else
     TkCommandNames = ['::tpaned'.freeze].freeze
   end
@@ -28,9 +36,21 @@ class Tk::Tile::TPaned < TkWindow
     [self::WidgetClassName, *(args.map!{|a| _get_eval_string(a)})].join('.')
   end
 
-  def add(win, keys)
-    win = _epath(win)
-    tk_send_without_enc('add', win, *hash_kv(keys))
+  def add(*args)
+    keys = args.pop
+    fail ArgumentError, "no window in arguments" unless keys
+
+    if keys && keys.kind_of?(Hash)
+      fail ArgumentError, "no window in arguments" if args == []
+      opts = hash_kv(keys)
+    else
+      args.push(keys) if keys
+      opts = []
+    end
+
+    args.each{|win|
+      tk_send_without_enc('add', _epath(win), *opts)
+    }
     self
   end
 
@@ -46,10 +66,33 @@ class Tk::Tile::TPaned < TkWindow
     self
   end
 
-  def panecget(pane, slot)
+  def panecget_strict(pane, slot)
     pane = _epath(pane)
     tk_tcl2ruby(tk_send_without_enc('pane', pane, "-#{slot}"))
   end
+  alias pane_cget_strict panecget_strict
+
+  def panecget(pane, slot)
+    unless TkItemConfigMethod.__IGNORE_UNKNOWN_CONFIGURE_OPTION__
+      panecget_strict(pane, slot)
+    else
+      begin
+        panecget_strict(pane, slot)
+      rescue => e
+        begin
+          if current_paneconfiginfo(pane).has_key?(slot.to_s)
+            # not tag error & option is known -> error on known option
+            fail e
+          else
+            # not tag error & option is unknown
+            nil
+          end
+        rescue
+          fail e  # tag error
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
   alias pane_cget panecget
 
   def paneconfigure(pane, key, value=nil)
diff --git a/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/tile/tprogressbar.rb b/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/tile/tprogressbar.rb
index 36c1c75c23..f786d370dd 100644
--- a/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/tile/tprogressbar.rb
+++ b/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/tile/tprogressbar.rb
@@ -13,6 +13,9 @@ module Tk
   end
 end
 
+Tk.__set_toplevel_aliases__(:Ttk, Tk::Tile::Progressbar, :TkProgressbar)
+
+
 class Tk::Tile::TProgressbar
   include Tk::Tile::TileWidget
 
diff --git a/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/tile/tradiobutton.rb b/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/tile/tradiobutton.rb
index e2f614cb97..d653a6d256 100644
--- a/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/tile/tradiobutton.rb
+++ b/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/tile/tradiobutton.rb
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ require 'tkextlib/tile.rb'
 
 module Tk
   module Tile
-    class TRadioButton < TkRadioButton
+    class TRadioButton < Tk::RadioButton
     end
     TRadiobutton = TRadioButton
     RadioButton  = TRadioButton
@@ -15,7 +15,11 @@ module Tk
   end
 end
 
-class Tk::Tile::TRadioButton < TkRadioButton
+Tk.__set_toplevel_aliases__(:Ttk, Tk::Tile::Radiobutton, 
+                            :TkRadiobutton, :TkRadioButton)
+
+
+class Tk::Tile::TRadioButton < Tk::RadioButton
   include Tk::Tile::TileWidget
 
   if Tk::Tile::USE_TTK_NAMESPACE
diff --git a/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/tile/treeview.rb b/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/tile/treeview.rb
index d3ffbbfa6b..c978a1a07b 100644
--- a/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/tile/treeview.rb
+++ b/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/tile/treeview.rb
@@ -9,129 +9,999 @@ module Tk
   module Tile
     class Treeview < TkWindow
     end
+  end
+end
 
-    module TreeviewConfig
-      include TkItemConfigMethod
+Tk.__set_toplevel_aliases__(:Ttk, Tk::Tile::Treeview, :TkTreeview)
 
-      def __item_cget_cmd(id)
-        [self.path, id[0], id[1]]
-      end
-      private :__item_cget_cmd
 
-      def __item_config_cmd(id)
-        [self.path, id[0], id[1]]
-      end
-      private :__item_config_cmd
-
-      def __item_numstrval_optkeys(id)
-        case id[0]
-        when :item, 'item'
-          ['width']
-        when :column, 'column'
-          super(id[1])
-        when :heading, 'heading'
-          super(id[1])
-        end
-      end
-      private :__item_numstrval_optkeys
-
-      def __item_strval_optkeys(id)
-        case id[0]
-        when :item, 'item'
-          super(id) + ['id']
-        when :column, 'column'
-          super(id[1])
-        when :heading, 'heading'
-          super(id[1])
-        end
-      end
-      private :__item_strval_optkeys
-
-      def __item_boolval_optkeys(id)
-        case id[0]
-        when :item, 'item'
-          ['open']
-        when :column, 'column'
-          super(id[1])
-        when :heading, 'heading'
-          super(id[1])
+module Tk::Tile::TreeviewConfig
+  include TkItemConfigMethod
+
+  def __item_configinfo_struct(id)
+    # maybe need to override
+    {:key=>0, :alias=>nil, :db_name=>nil, :db_class=>nil, 
+      :default_value=>nil, :current_value=>1}
+  end
+  private :__item_configinfo_struct
+
+  def __itemconfiginfo_core(tagOrId, slot = nil)
+    if TkComm::GET_CONFIGINFO_AS_ARRAY
+      if (slot && slot.to_s =~ /^(|latin|ascii|kanji)(#{__item_font_optkeys(tagid(tagOrId)).join('|')})$/)
+        fontkey  = $2
+        return [slot.to_s, tagfontobj(tagid(tagOrId), fontkey)]
+      else
+        if slot
+          slot = slot.to_s
+
+          alias_name, real_name = __item_optkey_aliases(tagid(tagOrId)).find{|k, v| k.to_s == slot}
+          if real_name
+            slot = real_name.to_s
+          end
+
+          case slot
+          when /^(#{__tile_specific_item_optkeys(tagid(tagOrId)).join('|')})$/
+            begin
+              # On tile-0.7.{2-8}, 'state' options has no '-' at its head.
+              val = tk_call(*(__item_confinfo_cmd(tagid(tagOrId)) << slot))
+            rescue
+              # Maybe, 'state' option has '-' in future.
+              val = tk_call(*(__item_confinfo_cmd(tagid(tagOrId)) << "-#{slot}"))
+            end
+            return [slot, val]
+
+          when /^(#{__item_val2ruby_optkeys(tagid(tagOrId)).keys.join('|')})$/
+            method = _symbolkey2str(__item_val2ruby_optkeys(tagid(tagOrId)))[slot]
+            optval = tk_call_without_enc(*(__item_confinfo_cmd(tagid(tagOrId)) << "-#{slot}"))
+            begin
+              val = method.call(tagOrId, optval)
+            rescue => e
+              warn("Warning:: #{e.message} (when #{method}lcall(#{tagOrId.inspect}, #{optval.inspect})") if $DEBUG
+              val = optval
+            end
+            return [slot, val]
+
+          when /^(#{__item_methodcall_optkeys(tagid(tagOrId)).keys.join('|')})$/
+            method = _symbolkey2str(__item_methodcall_optkeys(tagid(tagOrId)))[slot]
+            return [slot, self.__send__(method, tagOrId)]
+
+          when /^(#{__item_numval_optkeys(tagid(tagOrId)).join('|')})$/
+            begin
+              val = number(tk_call_without_enc(*(__item_confinfo_cmd(tagid(tagOrId)) << "-#{slot}")))
+            rescue
+              val = nil
+            end
+            return [slot, val]
+
+          when /^(#{__item_numstrval_optkeys(tagid(tagOrId)).join('|')})$/
+            val = num_or_str(tk_call_without_enc(*(__item_confinfo_cmd(tagid(tagOrId)) << "-#{slot}")))
+            return [slot, val]
+
+          when /^(#{__item_boolval_optkeys(tagid(tagOrId)).join('|')})$/
+            begin
+              val = bool(tk_call_without_enc(*(__item_confinfo_cmd(tagid(tagOrId)) << "-#{slot}")))
+            rescue
+              val = nil
+            end
+            return [slot, val]
+
+          when /^(#{__item_listval_optkeys(tagid(tagOrId)).join('|')})$/
+            val = simplelist(tk_call_without_enc(*(__item_confinfo_cmd(tagid(tagOrId)) << "-#{slot}")))
+            return [slot, val]
+
+          when /^(#{__item_numlistval_optkeys(tagid(tagOrId)).join('|')})$/
+            val = tk_call_without_enc(*(__item_confinfo_cmd(tagid(tagOrId)) << "-#{slot}"))
+            if val =~ /^[0-9]/
+              return [slot, list(val)]
+            else
+              return [slot, val]
+            end
+
+          when /^(#{__item_strval_optkeys(tagid(tagOrId)).join('|')})$/
+            val = tk_call_without_enc(*(__item_confinfo_cmd(tagid(tagOrId)) << "-#{slot}"))
+            return [slot, val]
+
+          when /^(#{__item_tkvariable_optkeys(tagid(tagOrId)).join('|')})$/
+            val = tk_call_without_enc(*(__item_confinfo_cmd(tagid(tagOrId)) << "-#{slot}"))
+            if val.empty?
+              return [slot, nil]
+            else
+              return [slot, TkVarAccess.new(val)]
+            end
+
+          else
+            val = tk_call_without_enc(*(__item_confinfo_cmd(tagid(tagOrId)) << "-#{slot}"))
+            if val.index('{')
+              return [slot, tk_split_list(val)]
+            else
+              return [slot, tk_tcl2ruby(val)]
+            end
+          end
+
+        else # ! slot
+          ret = Hash[*(tk_split_simplelist(tk_call_without_enc(*(__item_confinfo_cmd(tagid(tagOrId)))), false, false))].to_a.collect{|conf|
+            conf[0] = conf[0][1..-1] if conf[0][0] == ?-
+            case conf[0]
+            when /^(#{__item_val2ruby_optkeys(tagid(tagOrId)).keys.join('|')})$/
+              method = _symbolkey2str(__item_val2ruby_optkeys(tagid(tagOrId)))[conf[0]]
+              optval = conf[1]
+              begin
+                val = method.call(tagOrId, optval)
+              rescue => e
+                warn("Warning:: #{e.message} (when #{method}.call(#{tagOrId.inspect}, #{optval.inspect})") if $DEBUG
+                val = optval
+              end
+              conf[1] = val
+
+            when /^(#{__item_strval_optkeys(tagid(tagOrId)).join('|')})$/
+              # do nothing
+
+            when /^(#{__item_numval_optkeys(tagid(tagOrId)).join('|')})$/
+              begin
+                conf[1] = number(conf[1])
+              rescue
+                conf[1] = nil
+              end
+
+            when /^(#{__item_numstrval_optkeys(tagid(tagOrId)).join('|')})$/
+              conf[1] = num_or_str(conf[1])
+
+            when /^(#{__item_boolval_optkeys(tagid(tagOrId)).join('|')})$/
+              begin
+                conf[1] = bool(conf[1])
+              rescue
+                conf[1] = nil
+              end
+
+            when /^(#{__item_listval_optkeys(tagid(tagOrId)).join('|')})$/
+              conf[1] = simplelist(conf[1])
+
+            when /^(#{__item_numlistval_optkeys(tagid(tagOrId)).join('|')})$/
+              if conf[1] =~ /^[0-9]/
+                conf[1] = list(conf[1])
+              end
+
+            when /^(#{__item_tkvariable_optkeys(tagid(tagOrId)).join('|')})$/
+              if conf[1].empty?
+                conf[1] = nil
+              else
+                conf[1] = TkVarAccess.new(conf[1])
+              end
+
+            else
+              if conf[1].index('{')
+                conf[1] = tk_split_list(conf[1])
+              else
+                conf[1] = tk_tcl2ruby(conf[1])
+              end
+            end
+
+            conf
+          }
+
+          __item_font_optkeys(tagid(tagOrId)).each{|optkey|
+            optkey = optkey.to_s
+            fontconf = ret.assoc(optkey)
+            if fontconf
+              ret.delete_if{|inf| inf[0] =~ /^(|latin|ascii|kanji)#{optkey}$/}
+              fontconf[1] = tagfontobj(tagid(tagOrId), optkey)
+              ret.push(fontconf)
+            end
+          }
+
+          __item_methodcall_optkeys(tagid(tagOrId)).each{|optkey, method|
+            ret << [optkey.to_s, self.__send__(method, tagOrId)]
+          }
+
+          ret
         end
       end
-      private :__item_boolval_optkeys
-
-      def __item_listval_optkeys(id)
-        case id[0]
-        when :item, 'item'
-          ['values']
-        when :column, 'column'
-          []
-        when :heading, 'heading'
-          []
+
+    else # ! TkComm::GET_CONFIGINFO_AS_ARRAY
+      if (slot && slot.to_s =~ /^(|latin|ascii|kanji)(#{__item_font_optkeys(tagid(tagOrId)).join('|')})$/)
+        fontkey  = $2
+        return {slot.to_s => tagfontobj(tagid(tagOrId), fontkey)}
+      else
+        if slot
+          slot = slot.to_s
+
+          alias_name, real_name = __item_optkey_aliases(tagid(tagOrId)).find{|k, v| k.to_s == slot}
+          if real_name
+            slot = real_name.to_s
+          end
+
+          case slot
+          when /^(#{__tile_specific_item_optkeys(tagid(tagOrId)).join('|')})$/
+            begin
+              # On tile-0.7.{2-8}, 'state' option has no '-' at its head.
+              val = tk_call(*(__item_confinfo_cmd(tagid(tagOrId)) << slot))
+            rescue
+              # Maybe, 'state' option has '-' in future.
+              val = tk_call(*(__item_confinfo_cmd(tagid(tagOrId)) << "-#{slot}"))
+            end
+            return {slot => val}
+
+          when /^(#{__item_val2ruby_optkeys(tagid(tagOrId)).keys.join('|')})$/
+            method = _symbolkey2str(__item_val2ruby_optkeys(tagid(tagOrId)))[slot]
+            optval = tk_call_without_enc(*(__item_confinfo_cmd(tagid(tagOrId)) << "-#{slot}"))
+            begin
+              val = method.call(tagOrId, optval)
+            rescue => e
+              warn("Warning:: #{e.message} (when #{method}lcall(#{tagOrId.inspect}, #{optval.inspect})") if $DEBUG
+              val = optval
+            end
+            return {slot => val}
+
+          when /^(#{__item_methodcall_optkeys(tagid(tagOrId)).keys.join('|')})$/
+            method = _symbolkey2str(__item_methodcall_optkeys(tagid(tagOrId)))[slot]
+            return {slot => self.__send__(method, tagOrId)}
+
+          when /^(#{__item_numval_optkeys(tagid(tagOrId)).join('|')})$/
+            begin
+              val = number(tk_call_without_enc(*(__item_confinfo_cmd(tagid(tagOrId)) << "-#{slot}")))
+            rescue
+              val = nil
+            end
+            return {slot => val}
+
+          when /^(#{__item_numstrval_optkeys(tagid(tagOrId)).join('|')})$/
+            val = num_or_str(tk_call_without_enc(*(__item_confinfo_cmd(tagid(tagOrId)) << "-#{slot}")))
+            return {slot => val}
+
+          when /^(#{__item_boolval_optkeys(tagid(tagOrId)).join('|')})$/
+            begin
+              val = bool(tk_call_without_enc(*(__item_confinfo_cmd(tagid(tagOrId)) << "-#{slot}")))
+            rescue
+              val = nil
+            end
+            return {slot => val}
+
+          when /^(#{__item_listval_optkeys(tagid(tagOrId)).join('|')})$/
+            val = simplelist(tk_call_without_enc(*(__item_confinfo_cmd(tagid(tagOrId)) << "-#{slot}")))
+            return {slot => val}
+
+          when /^(#{__item_numlistval_optkeys(tagid(tagOrId)).join('|')})$/
+            val = tk_call_without_enc(*(__item_confinfo_cmd(tagid(tagOrId)) << "-#{slot}"))
+            if val =~ /^[0-9]/
+              return {slot => list(val)}
+            else
+              return {slot => val}
+            end
+
+          when /^(#{__item_strval_optkeys(tagid(tagOrId)).join('|')})$/
+            val = tk_call_without_enc(*(__item_confinfo_cmd(tagid(tagOrId)) << "-#{slot}"))
+            return {slot => val}
+
+          when /^(#{__item_tkvariable_optkeys(tagid(tagOrId)).join('|')})$/
+            val = tk_call_without_enc(*(__item_confinfo_cmd(tagid(tagOrId)) << "-#{slot}"))
+            if val.empty?
+              return {slot => nil}
+            else
+              return {slot => TkVarAccess.new(val)}
+            end
+
+          else
+            val = tk_call_without_enc(*(__item_confinfo_cmd(tagid(tagOrId)) << "-#{slot}"))
+            if val.index('{')
+              return {slot => tk_split_list(val)}
+            else
+              return {slot => tk_tcl2ruby(val)}
+            end
+          end
+
+        else # ! slot
+          ret = {}
+          ret = Hash[*(tk_split_simplelist(tk_call_without_enc(*(__item_confinfo_cmd(tagid(tagOrId)))), false, false))].to_a.collect{|conf|
+            conf[0] = conf[0][1..-1] if conf[0][0] == ?-
+
+            optkey = conf[0]
+            case optkey
+            when /^(#{__item_val2ruby_optkeys(tagid(tagOrId)).keys.join('|')})$/
+              method = _symbolkey2str(__item_val2ruby_optkeys(tagid(tagOrId)))[optkey]
+              optval = conf[1]
+              begin
+                val = method.call(tagOrId, optval)
+              rescue => e
+                warn("Warning:: #{e.message} (when #{method}.call(#{tagOrId.inspect}, #{optval.inspect})") if $DEBUG
+                val = optval
+              end
+              conf[1] = val
+
+            when /^(#{__item_strval_optkeys(tagid(tagOrId)).join('|')})$/
+              # do nothing
+
+            when /^(#{__item_numval_optkeys(tagid(tagOrId)).join('|')})$/
+              begin
+                conf[1] = number(conf[1])
+              rescue
+                conf[1] = nil
+              end
+
+            when /^(#{__item_numstrval_optkeys(tagid(tagOrId)).join('|')})$/
+              conf[1] = num_or_str(conf[1])
+
+            when /^(#{__item_boolval_optkeys(tagid(tagOrId)).join('|')})$/
+              begin
+                conf[1] = bool(conf[1])
+              rescue
+                conf[1] = nil
+              end
+
+            when /^(#{__item_listval_optkeys(tagid(tagOrId)).join('|')})$/
+              conf[1] = simplelist(conf[1])
+
+            when /^(#{__item_numlistval_optkeys(tagid(tagOrId)).join('|')})$/
+              if conf[1] =~ /^[0-9]/
+                conf[1] = list(conf[1])
+              end
+
+            when /^(#{__item_tkvariable_optkeys(tagid(tagOrId)).join('|')})$/
+              if conf[1].empty?
+                conf[1] = nil
+              else
+                conf[1] = TkVarAccess.new(conf[1])
+              end
+
+            else
+              if conf[1].index('{')
+                return [slot, tk_split_list(conf[1])]
+              else
+                return [slot, tk_tcl2ruby(conf[1])]
+              end
+            end
+
+            ret[conf[0]] = conf[1]
+          }
+
+          __item_font_optkeys(tagid(tagOrId)).each{|optkey|
+            optkey = optkey.to_s
+            fontconf = ret[optkey]
+            if fontconf.kind_of?(Array)
+              ret.delete(optkey)
+              ret.delete('latin' << optkey)
+              ret.delete('ascii' << optkey)
+              ret.delete('kanji' << optkey)
+              fontconf[1] = tagfontobj(tagid(tagOrId), optkey)
+              ret[optkey] = fontconf
+            end
+          }
+
+          __item_methodcall_optkeys(tagid(tagOrId)).each{|optkey, method|
+            ret[optkey.to_s] = self.__send__(method, tagOrId)
+          }
+
+          ret
         end
       end
-      private :__item_listval_optkeys
+    end
+  end
+
+  ###################
 
-      alias __itemcget itemcget
-      alias __itemconfigure itemconfigure
-      alias __itemconfiginfo itemconfiginfo
-      alias __current_itemconfiginfo current_itemconfiginfo
+  def __item_cget_cmd(id)
+    [self.path, id[0], id[1]]
+  end
+  private :__item_cget_cmd
 
-      private :__itemcget, :__itemconfigure
-      private :__itemconfiginfo, :__current_itemconfiginfo
+  def __item_config_cmd(id)
+    [self.path, id[0], id[1]]
+  end
+  private :__item_config_cmd
 
-      # Treeview Item
-      def itemcget(tagOrId, option)
-        __itemcget([:item, tagOrId], option)
-      end
-      def itemconfigure(tagOrId, slot, value=None)
-        __itemconfigure([:item, tagOrId], slot, value)
-      end
-      def itemconfiginfo(tagOrId, slot=nil)
-        __itemconfiginfo([:item, tagOrId], slot)
-      end
-      def current_itemconfiginfo(tagOrId, slot=nil)
-        __current_itemconfiginfo([:item, tagOrId], slot)
-      end
+  def __item_numstrval_optkeys(id)
+    case id[0]
+    when :item, 'item'
+      ['width']
+    when :column, 'column'
+      super(id[1]) + ['minwidth']
+    when :tag, 'tag'
+      super(id[1])
+    when :heading, 'heading'
+      super(id[1])
+    else
+      super(id[1])
+    end
+  end
+  private :__item_numstrval_optkeys
 
-      # Treeview Column
-      def columncget(tagOrId, option)
-        __itemcget([:column, tagOrId], option)
+  def __item_strval_optkeys(id)
+    case id[0]
+    when :item, 'item'
+      super(id) + ['id']
+    when :column, 'column'
+      super(id[1])
+    when :tag, 'tag'
+      super(id[1])
+    when :heading, 'heading'
+      super(id[1])
+    else
+      super(id[1])
+    end
+  end
+  private :__item_strval_optkeys
+
+  def __item_boolval_optkeys(id)
+    case id[0]
+    when :item, 'item'
+      ['open']
+    when :column, 'column'
+      super(id[1]) + ['stretch']
+    when :tag, 'tag'
+      super(id[1])
+    when :heading, 'heading'
+      super(id[1])
+    end
+  end
+  private :__item_boolval_optkeys
+
+  def __item_listval_optkeys(id)
+    case id[0]
+    when :item, 'item'
+      ['values']
+    when :column, 'column'
+      []
+    when :heading, 'heading'
+      []
+    else
+      []
+    end
+  end
+  private :__item_listval_optkeys
+
+  def __item_val2ruby_optkeys(id)
+    case id[0]
+    when :item, 'item'
+      { 
+        'tags'=>proc{|arg_id, val|
+          simplelist(val).collect{|tag|
+            Tk::Tile::Treeview::Tag.id2obj(self, tag)
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    when :column, 'column'
+      {}
+    when :heading, 'heading'
+      {}
+    else
+      {}
+    end
+  end
+  private :__item_val2ruby_optkeys
+
+  def __tile_specific_item_optkeys(id)
+    case id[0]
+    when :item, 'item'
+      []
+    when :column, 'column'
+      []
+    when :heading, 'heading'
+      ['state']  # On tile-0.7.{2-8}, 'state' options has no '-' at its head.
+    else
+      []
+    end
+  end
+  private :__item_val2ruby_optkeys
+
+  def itemconfiginfo(tagOrId, slot = nil)
+    __itemconfiginfo_core(tagOrId, slot)
+  end
+
+  def current_itemconfiginfo(tagOrId, slot = nil)
+    if TkComm::GET_CONFIGINFO_AS_ARRAY
+      if slot
+        org_slot = slot
+        begin
+          conf = __itemconfiginfo_core(tagOrId, slot)
+          if ( ! __item_configinfo_struct(tagid(tagOrId))[:alias] \
+              || conf.size > __item_configinfo_struct(tagid(tagOrId))[:alias] + 1 )
+            return {conf[0] => conf[-1]}
+          end
+          slot = conf[__item_configinfo_struct(tagid(tagOrId))[:alias]]
+        end while(org_slot != slot)
+        fail RuntimeError, 
+          "there is a configure alias loop about '#{org_slot}'"
+      else
+        ret = {}
+        __itemconfiginfo_core(tagOrId).each{|conf|
+          if ( ! __item_configinfo_struct(tagid(tagOrId))[:alias] \
+              || conf.size > __item_configinfo_struct(tagid(tagOrId))[:alias] + 1 )
+            ret[conf[0]] = conf[-1]
+          end
+        }
+        ret
       end
-      def columnconfigure(tagOrId, slot, value=None)
-        __itemconfigure([:column, tagOrId], slot, value)
+    else # ! TkComm::GET_CONFIGINFO_AS_ARRAY
+      ret = {}
+      __itemconfiginfo_core(tagOrId, slot).each{|key, conf|
+        ret[key] = conf[-1] if conf.kind_of?(Array)
+      }
+      ret
+    end
+  end
+
+  alias __itemcget itemcget
+  alias __itemcget_strict itemcget_strict
+  alias __itemconfigure itemconfigure
+  alias __itemconfiginfo itemconfiginfo
+  alias __current_itemconfiginfo current_itemconfiginfo
+
+  private :__itemcget, :__itemcget_strict
+  private :__itemconfigure, :__itemconfiginfo, :__current_itemconfiginfo
+
+  # Treeview Item
+  def itemcget(tagOrId, option)
+    __itemcget([:item, tagOrId], option)
+  end
+  def itemcget_strict(tagOrId, option)
+    __itemcget_strict([:item, tagOrId], option)
+  end
+  def itemconfigure(tagOrId, slot, value=None)
+    __itemconfigure([:item, tagOrId], slot, value)
+  end
+  def itemconfiginfo(tagOrId, slot=nil)
+    __itemconfiginfo([:item, tagOrId], slot)
+  end
+  def current_itemconfiginfo(tagOrId, slot=nil)
+    __current_itemconfiginfo([:item, tagOrId], slot)
+  end
+
+  # Treeview Column
+  def columncget(tagOrId, option)
+    __itemcget([:column, tagOrId], option)
+  end
+  def columncget_strict(tagOrId, option)
+    __itemcget_strict([:column, tagOrId], option)
+  end
+  def columnconfigure(tagOrId, slot, value=None)
+    __itemconfigure([:column, tagOrId], slot, value)
+  end
+  def columnconfiginfo(tagOrId, slot=nil)
+    __itemconfiginfo([:column, tagOrId], slot)
+  end
+  def current_columnconfiginfo(tagOrId, slot=nil)
+    __current_itemconfiginfo([:column, tagOrId], slot)
+  end
+  alias column_cget columncget
+  alias column_cget_strict columncget_strict
+  alias column_configure columnconfigure
+  alias column_configinfo columnconfiginfo
+  alias current_column_configinfo current_columnconfiginfo
+
+  # Treeview Heading
+  def headingcget_strict(tagOrId, option)
+    if __tile_specific_item_optkeys([:heading, tagOrId]).index(option.to_s)
+      begin
+        # On tile-0.7.{2-8}, 'state' options has no '-' at its head.
+        tk_call(*(__item_cget_cmd([:heading, tagOrId]) << option.to_s))
+      rescue
+        # Maybe, 'state' option has '-' in future.
+        tk_call(*(__item_cget_cmd([:heading, tagOrId]) << "-#{option}"))
       end
-      def columnconfiginfo(tagOrId, slot=nil)
-        __itemconfiginfo([:column, tagOrId], slot)
+    else
+      __itemcget_strict([:heading, tagOrId], option)
+    end
+  end
+  def headingcget(tagOrId, option)
+    unless TkItemConfigMethod.__IGNORE_UNKNOWN_CONFIGURE_OPTION__
+      headingcget_strict(tagOrId, option)
+    else
+      begin
+        headingcget_strict(tagOrId, option)
+      rescue => e
+        begin
+          if current_headingconfiginfo(tagOrId).has_key?(option.to_s)
+            # not tag error & option is known -> error on known option
+            fail e
+          else
+            # not tag error & option is unknown
+            nil
+          end
+        rescue
+          fail e  # tag error
+        end
       end
-      def current_columnconfiginfo(tagOrId, slot=nil)
-        __current_itemconfiginfo([:column, tagOrId], slot)
+    end
+  end
+  def headingconfigure(tagOrId, slot, value=None)
+    if slot.kind_of?(Hash)
+      slot = _symbolkey2str(slot)
+      sp_kv = []
+      __tile_specific_item_optkeys([:heading, tagOrId]).each{|k|
+        sp_kv << k << _get_eval_string(slot.delete(k)) if slot.has_key?(k)
+      }
+      tk_call(*(__item_config_cmd([:heading, tagOrId]).concat(sp_kv)))
+      tk_call(*(__item_config_cmd([:heading, tagOrId]).concat(hash_kv(slot))))
+    elsif __tile_specific_item_optkeys([:heading, tagOrId]).index(slot.to_s)
+      begin
+        # On tile-0.7.{2-8}, 'state' options has no '-' at its head.
+        tk_call(*(__item_cget_cmd([:heading, tagOrId]) << slot.to_s << value))
+      rescue
+        # Maybe, 'state' option has '-' in future.
+        tk_call(*(__item_cget_cmd([:heading, tagOrId]) << "-#{slot}" << value))
       end
-      alias column_cget columncget
-      alias column_configure columnconfigure
-      alias column_configinfo columnconfiginfo
-      alias current_column_configinfo current_columnconfiginfo
-
-      # Treeview Heading
-      def headingcget(tagOrId, option)
-        __itemcget([:heading, tagOrId], option)
+    else
+      __itemconfigure([:heading, tagOrId], slot, value)
+    end
+    self
+  end
+  def headingconfiginfo(tagOrId, slot=nil)
+    __itemconfiginfo([:heading, tagOrId], slot)
+  end
+  def current_headingconfiginfo(tagOrId, slot=nil)
+    __current_itemconfiginfo([:heading, tagOrId], slot)
+  end
+  alias heading_cget headingcget
+  alias heading_cget_strict headingcget_strict
+  alias heading_configure headingconfigure
+  alias heading_configinfo headingconfiginfo
+  alias current_heading_configinfo current_headingconfiginfo
+
+  # Treeview Tag
+  def tagcget(tagOrId, option)
+    __itemcget([:tag, tagOrId], option)
+  end
+  def tagcget_strict(tagOrId, option)
+    __itemcget_strict([:tag, tagOrId], option)
+  end
+  def tagconfigure(tagOrId, slot, value=None)
+    __itemconfigure([:tag, tagOrId], slot, value)
+  end
+  def tagconfiginfo(tagOrId, slot=nil)
+    __itemconfiginfo([:tag, tagOrId], slot)
+  end
+  def current_tagconfiginfo(tagOrId, slot=nil)
+    __current_itemconfiginfo([:tag, tagOrId], slot)
+  end
+  alias tag_cget tagcget
+  alias tag_cget_strict tagcget_strict
+  alias tag_configure tagconfigure
+  alias tag_configinfo tagconfiginfo
+  alias current_tag_configinfo current_tagconfiginfo
+end
+
+########################
+
+class Tk::Tile::Treeview::Item < TkObject
+  ItemID_TBL = TkCore::INTERP.create_table
+
+  TkCore::INTERP.init_ip_env{
+    Tk::Tile::Treeview::Item::ItemID_TBL.mutex.synchronize{
+      Tk::Tile::Treeview::Item::ItemID_TBL.clear
+    }
+  }
+
+  def self.id2obj(tree, id)
+    tpath = tree.path
+    Tk::Tile::Treeview::Item::ItemID_TBL.mutex.synchronize{
+      if Tk::Tile::Treeview::Item::ItemID_TBL[tpath]
+        (Tk::Tile::Treeview::Item::ItemID_TBL[tpath][id])? \
+             Tk::Tile::Treeview::Item::ItemID_TBL[tpath][id]: id
+      else
+        id
       end
-      def headingconfigure(tagOrId, slot, value=None)
-        __itemconfigure([:heading, tagOrId], slot, value)
+    }
+  end
+
+  def self.assign(tree, id)
+    tpath = tree.path
+    obj = nil
+    Tk::Tile::Treeview::Item::ItemID_TBL.mutex.synchronize{
+      if Tk::Tile::Treeview::Item::ItemID_TBL[tpath] &&
+          Tk::Tile::Treeview::Item::ItemID_TBL[tpath][id]
+        return Tk::Tile::Treeview::Item::ItemID_TBL[tpath][id]
       end
-      def headingconfiginfo(tagOrId, slot=nil)
-        __itemconfiginfo([:heading, tagOrId], slot)
+
+      obj = self.allocate
+      obj.instance_eval{
+        @parent = @t = tree
+        @tpath = tpath
+        @path = @id = id
+      }
+      Tk::Tile::Treeview::Item::ItemID_TBL[tpath] ||= {}
+      Tk::Tile::Treeview::Item::ItemID_TBL[tpath][id] = obj
+    }
+    obj
+  end
+
+  def _insert_item(tree, parent_item, idx, keys={})
+    keys = _symbolkey2str(keys)
+    id = keys.delete('id')
+    if id
+      num_or_str(tk_call(tree, 'insert', 
+                         parent_item, idx, '-id', id, *hash_kv(keys)))
+    else
+      num_or_str(tk_call(tree, 'insert', parent_item, idx, *hash_kv(keys)))
+    end
+  end
+  private :_insert_item
+
+  def initialize(tree, parent_item = '', idx = 'end', keys = {})
+    if parent_item.kind_of?(Hash)
+      keys = parent_item
+      idx = 'end'
+      parent_item = ''
+    elsif idx.kind_of?(Hash)
+      keys = idx
+      idx = 'end'
+    end
+
+    @parent = @t = tree
+    @tpath = tree.path
+    @path = @id = _insert_item(@t, parent_item, idx, keys)
+    Tk::Tile::Treeview::Item::ItemID_TBL.mutex.synchronize{
+      ItemID_TBL[@tpath] = {} unless ItemID_TBL[@tpath]
+      ItemID_TBL[@tpath][@id] = self
+    }
+  end
+  def id
+    @id
+  end
+
+  def cget(option)
+    @t.itemcget(@id, option)
+  end
+  def cget_strict(option)
+    @t.itemcget_strict(@id, option)
+  end
+
+  def configure(key, value=None)
+    @t.itemconfigure(@id, key, value)
+    self
+  end
+
+  def configinfo(key=nil)
+    @t.itemconfiginfo(@id, key)
+  end
+
+  def current_configinfo(key=nil)
+    @t.current_itemconfiginfo(@id, key)
+  end
+
+  def open?
+    cget('open')
+  end
+  def open
+    configure('open', true)
+    self
+  end
+  def close
+    configure('open', false)
+    self
+  end
+
+  def bbox(column=None)
+    @t.bbox(@id, column)
+  end
+
+  def children
+    @t.children(@id)
+  end
+  def set_children(*items)
+    @t.set_children(@id, *items)
+    self
+  end
+
+  def delete
+    @t.delete(@id)
+    self
+  end
+
+  def detach
+    @t.detach(@id)
+    self
+  end
+
+  def exist?
+    @t.exist?(@id)
+  end
+
+  def focus
+    @t.focus_item(@id)
+  end
+
+  def index
+    @t.index(@id)
+  end
+
+  def insert(idx='end', keys={})
+    @t.insert(@id, idx, keys)
+  end
+
+  def move(parent, idx)
+    @t.move(@id, parent, idx)
+    self
+  end
+
+  def next_item
+    @t.next_item(@id)
+  end
+
+  def parent_item
+    @t.parent_item(@id)
+  end
+
+  def prev_item
+    @t.prev_item(@id)
+  end
+
+  def see
+    @t.see(@id)
+    self
+  end
+
+  def selection_add
+    @t.selection_add(@id)
+    self
+  end
+
+  def selection_remove
+    @t.selection_remove(@id)
+    self
+  end
+
+  def selection_set
+    @t.selection_set(@id)
+    self
+  end
+
+  def selection_toggle
+    @t.selection_toggle(@id)
+    self
+  end
+
+  def get_directory
+    @t.get_directory(@id)
+  end
+  alias get_dictionary get_directory
+
+  def get(col)
+    @t.get(@id, col)
+  end
+
+  def set(col, value)
+    @t.set(@id, col, value)
+  end
+end
+
+########################
+
+class Tk::Tile::Treeview::Root < Tk::Tile::Treeview::Item
+  def self.new(tree, keys = {})
+    tpath = tree.path
+    obj = nil
+    Tk::Tile::Treeview::Item::ItemID_TBL.mutex.synchronize{
+      if Tk::Tile::Treeview::Item::ItemID_TBL[tpath] &&
+          Tk::Tile::Treeview::Item::ItemID_TBL[tpath]['']
+        obj = Tk::Tile::Treeview::Item::ItemID_TBL[tpath]['']
+      else
+        #super(tree, keys)
+        (obj = self.allocate).instance_eval{
+          @parent = @t = tree
+          @tpath = tree.path
+          @path = @id = ''
+          Tk::Tile::Treeview::Item::ItemID_TBL[@tpath] ||= {}
+          Tk::Tile::Treeview::Item::ItemID_TBL[@tpath][@id] = self
+        }
       end
-      def current_headingconfiginfo(tagOrId, slot=nil)
-        __current_itemconfiginfo([:heading, tagOrId], slot)
+    }
+    obj.configure(keys) if keys && ! keys.empty?
+    obj
+  end
+
+  def initialize(tree, keys = {})
+    # dummy:: not called by 'new' method
+    @parent = @t = tree
+    @tpath = tree.path
+    @path = @id = ''
+    Tk::Tile::Treeview::Item::ItemID_TBL.mutex.synchronize{
+      Tk::Tile::Treeview::Item::ItemID_TBL[@tpath] ||= {}
+      Tk::Tile::Treeview::Item::ItemID_TBL[@tpath][@id] = self
+    }
+  end
+end
+
+########################
+
+class Tk::Tile::Treeview::Tag < TkObject
+  include TkTreatTagFont
+
+  TagID_TBL = TkCore::INTERP.create_table
+
+  (Tag_ID = ['tile_treeview_tag'.freeze, '00000'.taint]).instance_eval{
+    @mutex = Mutex.new
+    def mutex; @mutex; end
+    freeze
+  }
+
+  TkCore::INTERP.init_ip_env{
+    Tk::Tile::Treeview::Tag::TagID_TBL.mutex.synchronize{
+      Tk::Tile::Treeview::Tag::TagID_TBL.clear
+    }
+  }
+
+  def self.id2obj(tree, id)
+    tpath = tree.path
+    Tk::Tile::Treeview::Tag::TagID_TBL.mutex.synchronize{
+      if Tk::Tile::Treeview::Tag::TagID_TBL[tpath]
+        (Tk::Tile::Treeview::Tag::TagID_TBL[tpath][id])? \
+               Tk::Tile::Treeview::Tag::TagID_TBL[tpath][id]: id
+      else
+        id
       end
-      alias heading_cget headingcget
-      alias heading_configure headingconfigure
-      alias heading_configinfo headingconfiginfo
-      alias current_heading_configinfo current_headingconfiginfo
+    }
+  end
+
+  def initialize(tree, keys=nil)
+    @parent = @t = tree
+    @tpath = tree.path
+    Tag_ID.mutex.synchronize{
+      @path = @id = Tag_ID.join(TkCore::INTERP._ip_id_)
+      Tag_ID[1].succ!
+    }
+    TagID_TBL.mutex.synchronize{
+      TagID_TBL[@tpath] = {} unless TagID_TBL[@tpath]
+      TagID_TBL[@tpath][@id] = self
+    }
+    if keys && keys != None
+      tk_call_without_enc(@tpath, 'tag', 'configure', *hash_kv(keys, true))
+    end
+  end
+  def id
+    @id
+  end
+
+  def bind(seq, *args)
+    if TkComm._callback_entry?(args[0]) || !block_given?
+      cmd = args.shift
+    else
+      cmd = Proc.new
+    end
+    @t.tag_bind(@id, seq, cmd, *args)
+    self
+  end
+
+  def bind_append(seq, *args)
+    if TkComm._callback_entry?(args[0]) || !block_given?
+      cmd = args.shift
+    else
+      cmd = Proc.new
     end
+    @t.tag_bind_append(@id, seq, cmd, *args)
+    self
+  end
+
+  def bind_remove(seq)
+    @t.tag_bind_remove(@id, seq)
+    self
+  end
+
+  def bindinfo(seq=nil)
+    @t.tag_bindinfo(@id, seq)
+  end
+
+  def cget(option)
+    @t.tagcget(@id, option)
+  end
+  def cget_strict(option)
+    @t.tagcget_strict(@id, option)
+  end
+
+  def configure(key, value=None)
+    @t.tagconfigure(@id, key, value)
+    self
+  end
+
+  def configinfo(key=nil)
+    @t.tagconfiginfo(@id, key)
+  end
+
+  def current_configinfo(key=nil)
+    @t.current_tagconfiginfo(@id, key)
   end
 end
 
+########################
+
 class Tk::Tile::Treeview < TkWindow
   include Tk::Tile::TileWidget
   include Scrollable
@@ -146,20 +1016,42 @@ class Tk::Tile::Treeview < TkWindow
   WidgetClassName = 'Treeview'.freeze
   WidgetClassNames[WidgetClassName] = self
 
+  def __destroy_hook__
+    Tk::Tile::Treeview::Item::ItemID_TBL.mutex.synchronize{
+      Tk::Tile::Treeview::Item::ItemID_TBL.delete(@path)
+    }
+    Tk::Tile::Treeview::Tag::ItemID_TBL.mutex.synchronize{
+      Tk::Tile::Treeview::Tag::ItemID_TBL.delete(@path)
+    }
+  end
+
   def self.style(*args)
     [self::WidgetClassName, *(args.map!{|a| _get_eval_string(a)})].join('.')
   end
 
   def tagid(id)
-    if id.kind_of?(Array)
+    if id.kind_of?(Tk::Tile::Treeview::Item) || 
+        id.kind_of?(Tk::Tile::Treeview::Tag)
+      id.id
+    elsif id.kind_of?(Array)
       [id[0], _get_eval_string(id[1])]
     else
       _get_eval_string(id)
     end
   end
 
+  def root
+    Tk::Tile::Treeview::Root.new(self)
+  end
+
+  def bbox(item, column=None)
+    list(tk_send('item', 'bbox', item, column))
+  end
+
   def children(item)
-    simplelist(tk_send_without_enc('children', item))
+    simplelist(tk_send_without_enc('children', item)).collect{|id|
+      Tk::Tile::Treeview::Item.id2obj(self, id)
+    }
   end
   def set_children(item, *items)
     tk_send_without_enc('children', item, 
@@ -181,55 +1073,84 @@ class Tk::Tile::Treeview < TkWindow
     bool(tk_send_without_enc('exists', _get_eval_enc_str(item)))
   end
 
-  def focus_item(item = None)
-    tk_send('focus', item)
+  def focus_item(item = nil)
+    if item
+      tk_send('focus', item)
+      item
+    else
+      id = tk_send('focus')
+      (id.empty?)? nil: Tk::Tile::Treeview::Item.id2obj(self, id)
+    end
   end
 
   def identify(x, y)
+    # tile-0.7.2 or previous
     ret = simplelist(tk_send('identify', x, y))
     case ret[0]
-    when 'heading', 'separator', 'cell'
+    when 'heading', 'separator'
+      ret[-1] = num_or_str(ret[-1])
+    when 'cell'
+      ret[1] = Tk::Tile::Treeview::Item.id2obj(self, ret[1])
       ret[-1] = num_or_str(ret[-1])
+    when 'item', 'row'
+      ret[1] = Tk::Tile::Treeview::Item.id2obj(self, ret[1])
     end
   end
 
-  def index(item)
-    number(tk_send('index', item))
+  def row_identify(x, y)
+    id = tk_send('identify', 'row', x, y)
+    (id.empty?)? nil: Tk::Tile::Treeview::Item.id2obj(self, id)
   end
 
-  def insert(parent, idx, keys={})
-    keys = _symbolkey2str(keys)
-    id = keys.delete('id')
-    if id
-      tk_send('insert', parent, idx, '-id', id, *hash_kv(keys))
-    else
-      tk_send('insert', parent, idx, *hash_kv(keys))
-    end
-    self
+  def column_identify(x, y)
+    tk_send('identify', 'column', x, y)
   end
 
-  def instate(spec, cmd=Proc.new)
-    tk_send('instate', spec, cmd)
+  def index(item)
+    number(tk_send('index', item))
   end
-  def state(spec=None)
-    tk_send('state', spec)
+
+  # def insert(parent, idx='end', keys={})
+  #   keys = _symbolkey2str(keys)
+  #   id = keys.delete('id')
+  #   if id
+  #     num_or_str(tk_send('insert', parent, idx, '-id', id, *hash_kv(keys)))
+  #   else
+  #     num_or_str(tk_send('insert', parent, idx, *hash_kv(keys)))
+  #   end
+  # end
+  def insert(parent, idx='end', keys={})
+    Tk::Tile::Treeview::Item.new(self, parent, idx, keys)
   end
 
+  # def instate(spec, cmd=Proc.new)
+  #   tk_send('instate', spec, cmd)
+  # end
+  # def state(spec=None)
+  #   tk_send('state', spec)
+  # end
+
   def move(item, parent, idx)
     tk_send('move', item, parent, idx)
     self
   end
 
-  def next(item)
-    tk_send('next', item)
+  def next_item(item)
+    id = tk_send('next', item)
+    (id.empty?)? nil: Tk::Tile::Treeview::Item.id2obj(self, id)
   end
 
-  def parent(item)
-    tk_send('parent', item)
+  def parent_item(item)
+    if (id = tk_send('parent', item)).empty?
+      Tk::Tile::Treeview::Root.new(self)
+    else
+      Tk::Tile::Treeview::Item.id2obj(self, id)
+    end
   end
 
-  def prev(item)
-    tk_send('prev', item)
+  def prev_item(item)
+    id = tk_send('prev', item)
+    (id.empty?)? nil: Tk::Tile::Treeview::Item.id2obj(self, id)
   end
 
   def see(item)
@@ -238,7 +1159,9 @@ class Tk::Tile::Treeview < TkWindow
   end
 
   def selection
-    simplelist(tk_send('selection'))
+    simplelist(tk_send('selection')).collect{|id|
+      Tk::Tile::Treeview::Item.id2obj(self, id)
+    }
   end
   alias selection_get selection
 
@@ -270,6 +1193,8 @@ class Tk::Tile::Treeview < TkWindow
     end
     ret
   end
+  alias get_dictionary get_directory
+
   def get(item, col)
     tk_send('set', item, col)
   end
@@ -277,4 +1202,37 @@ class Tk::Tile::Treeview < TkWindow
     tk_send('set', item, col, value)
     self
   end
+
+  def tag_bind(tag, seq, *args)
+    if TkComm._callback_entry?(args[0]) || !block_given?
+      cmd = args.shift
+    else
+      cmd = Proc.new
+    end
+    _bind([@path, 'tag', 'bind', tag], seq, cmd, *args)
+    self
+  end
+  alias tagbind tag_bind
+
+  def tag_bind_append(tag, seq, *args)
+    if TkComm._callback_entry?(args[0]) || !block_given?
+      cmd = args.shift
+    else
+      cmd = Proc.new
+    end
+    _bind_append([@path, 'tag', 'bind', tag], seq, cmd, *args)
+    self
+  end
+  alias tagbind_append tag_bind_append
+
+  def tag_bind_remove(tag, seq)
+    _bind_remove([@path, 'tag', 'bind', tag], seq)
+    self
+  end
+  alias tagbind_remove tag_bind_remove
+
+  def tag_bindinfo(tag, context=nil)
+    _bindinfo([@path, 'tag', 'bind', tag], context)
+  end
+  alias tagbindinfo tag_bindinfo
 end
diff --git a/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/tile/tscale.rb b/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/tile/tscale.rb
index 7ec72e3515..2c46fd9bd4 100644
--- a/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/tile/tscale.rb
+++ b/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/tile/tscale.rb
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ require 'tkextlib/tile.rb'
 
 module Tk
   module Tile
-    class TScale < TkScale
+    class TScale < Tk::Scale
     end
     Scale = TScale
 
@@ -17,7 +17,10 @@ module Tk
   end
 end
 
-class Tk::Tile::TScale < TkScale
+Tk.__set_toplevel_aliases__(:Ttk, Tk::Tile::Scale, :TkScale)
+
+
+class Tk::Tile::TScale < Tk::Scale
   include Tk::Tile::TileWidget
 
   if Tk::Tile::USE_TTK_NAMESPACE
diff --git a/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/tile/tscrollbar.rb b/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/tile/tscrollbar.rb
index bd49ae18e3..163b8f4713 100644
--- a/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/tile/tscrollbar.rb
+++ b/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/tile/tscrollbar.rb
@@ -7,13 +7,16 @@ require 'tkextlib/tile.rb'
 
 module Tk
   module Tile
-    class TScrollbar < TkScrollbar
+    class TScrollbar < Tk::Scrollbar
     end
     Scrollbar = TScrollbar
   end
 end
 
-class Tk::Tile::TScrollbar < TkScrollbar
+Tk.__set_toplevel_aliases__(:Ttk, Tk::Tile::Scrollbar, :TkScrollbar)
+
+
+class Tk::Tile::TScrollbar < Tk::Scrollbar
   include Tk::Tile::TileWidget
 
   if Tk::Tile::USE_TTK_NAMESPACE
@@ -28,3 +31,24 @@ class Tk::Tile::TScrollbar < TkScrollbar
     [self::WidgetClassName, *(args.map!{|a| _get_eval_string(a)})].join('.')
   end
 end
+
+class Tk::Tile::XScrollbar < Tk::Tile::TScrollbar
+  def create_self(keys)
+    keys = {} unless keys
+    keys['orient'] = 'horizontal'
+    super(keys)
+  end
+  private :create_self
+end
+
+class Tk::Tile::YScrollbar < Tk::Tile::TScrollbar
+  def create_self(keys)
+    keys = {} unless keys
+    keys['orient'] = 'vertical'
+    super(keys)
+  end
+  private :create_self
+end
+
+Tk.__set_toplevel_aliases__(:Ttk, Tk::Tile::XScrollbar, :TkXScrollbar)
+Tk.__set_toplevel_aliases__(:Ttk, Tk::Tile::YScrollbar, :TkYScrollbar)
diff --git a/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/tile/tseparator.rb b/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/tile/tseparator.rb
index ca731d4e5b..30fae2c525 100644
--- a/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/tile/tseparator.rb
+++ b/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/tile/tseparator.rb
@@ -13,6 +13,9 @@ module Tk
   end
 end
 
+Tk.__set_toplevel_aliases__(:Ttk, Tk::Tile::Separator, :TkSeparator)
+
+
 class Tk::Tile::TSeparator < TkWindow
   include Tk::Tile::TileWidget
 
diff --git a/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/tkDND/shape.rb b/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/tkDND/shape.rb
index 570c93b0d9..d44068ed33 100644
--- a/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/tkDND/shape.rb
+++ b/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/tkDND/shape.rb
@@ -11,15 +11,15 @@ require 'tkextlib/setup.rb'
 # call setup script
 require 'tkextlib/tkDND/setup.rb'
 
-# TkPackage.require('shape', '0.3')
-TkPackage.require('shape')
+# TkPackage.require('Shape', '0.3')
+TkPackage.require('Shape')
 
 module Tk
   module TkDND
     module Shape
       extend TkCore
 
-      PACKAGE_NAME = 'shape'.freeze
+      PACKAGE_NAME = 'Shape'.freeze
       def self.package_name
         PACKAGE_NAME
       end
@@ -27,26 +27,28 @@ module Tk
 =begin
       def self.package_version
         begin
-          TkPackage.require('shape')
+          TkPackage.require('Shape')
         rescue
           ''
         end
       end
 =end
-      def self.package_version
-        Tk.tk_call('set', 'shape_version')
-      end
-      alias shape_version package_version
+      class << self
+        def package_version
+          Tk.tk_call('set', 'shape_version')
+        end
+        alias shape_version package_version
 
-      def self.package_patchlevel
-        Tk.tk_call('set', 'shape_patchlevel')
-      end
-      alias shape_patchlevel package_patchlevel
+        def package_patchlevel
+          Tk.tk_call('set', 'shape_patchLevel')
+        end
+        alias shape_patchlevel package_patchlevel
 
-      def self.version
-        tk_call('shape', 'version')
+        def version
+          tk_call('shape', 'version')
+        end
+        alias xshape_version version
       end
-      alias xshape_version version
 
       ############################
 
diff --git a/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/tkDND/tkdnd.rb b/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/tkDND/tkdnd.rb
index a040532eb6..9a9b2dc42c 100644
--- a/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/tkDND/tkdnd.rb
+++ b/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/tkDND/tkdnd.rb
@@ -57,6 +57,24 @@ module Tk
         nil
       ]
 
+=begin
+      # for Ruby m17n :: ?x --> String --> char-code ( getbyte(0) )
+      KEY_TBL.map!{|inf|
+        if inf.kind_of?(Array)
+          inf[0] = inf[0].getbyte(0) if inf[0].kind_of?(String)
+          inf[1] = inf[1].getbyte(0) if inf[1].kind_of?(String)
+        end
+        inf
+      }
+
+      PROC_TBL.map!{|inf|
+        if inf.kind_of?(Array)
+          inf[0] = inf[0].getbyte(0) if inf[0].kind_of?(String)
+        end
+        inf
+      }
+=end
+
       # setup tables
       _setup_subst_table(KEY_TBL, PROC_TBL);
     end
diff --git a/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/tkHTML/htmlwidget.rb b/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/tkHTML/htmlwidget.rb
index 8527f61df1..d893a83cf2 100644
--- a/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/tkHTML/htmlwidget.rb
+++ b/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/tkHTML/htmlwidget.rb
@@ -39,7 +39,10 @@ class Tk::HTML_Widget::ClippingWindow
   WidgetClassNames[WidgetClassName] = self
 
   HtmlClip_TBL = TkCore::INTERP.create_table
-  TkCore::INTERP.init_ip_env{ HtmlClip_TBL.clear }
+
+  TkCore::INTERP.init_ip_env{
+    HtmlClip_TBL.mutex.synchronize{ HtmlClip_TBL.clear }
+  }
 
   def self.new(parent, keys={})
     if parent.kind_of?(Hash)
@@ -54,7 +57,9 @@ class Tk::HTML_Widget::ClippingWindow
     else
       ppath = ''
     end
-    return HtmlClip_TBL[ppath] if HtmlClip_TBL[ppath]
+    HtmlClip_TBL.mutex.synchronize{
+      return HtmlClip_TBL[ppath] if HtmlClip_TBL[ppath]
+    }
 
     widgetname = keys.delete('widgetname')
     if widgetname =~ /^(.*)\.[^.]+$/
@@ -62,7 +67,9 @@ class Tk::HTML_Widget::ClippingWindow
       if ppath2[0] != ?.
         ppath2 = ppath + '.' + ppath2
       end
-      return HtmlClip_TBL[ppath2] if HtmlClip_TBL[ppath2]
+      HtmlClip_TBL.mutex.synchronize{
+        return HtmlClip_TBL[ppath2] if HtmlClip_TBL[ppath2]
+      }
 
       ppath = ppath2
     end
@@ -79,7 +86,9 @@ class Tk::HTML_Widget::ClippingWindow
     @parent = parent
     @ppath = parent.path
     @path = @id = @ppath + '.x'
-    HtmlClip_TBL[@ppath] = self
+    HtmlClip_TBL.mutex.synchronize{
+      HtmlClip_TBL[@ppath] = self
+    }
   end
 
   def method_missing(m, *args, &b)
diff --git a/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/tktable/tktable.rb b/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/tktable/tktable.rb
index 4edaabc847..f6cf24b40f 100644
--- a/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/tktable/tktable.rb
+++ b/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/tktable/tktable.rb
@@ -77,6 +77,9 @@ module Tk::TkTable::ConfigMethod
   def tag_cget(tagOrId, option)
     itemcget(['tag', tagid(tagOrId)], option)
   end
+  def tag_cget_strict(tagOrId, option)
+    itemcget_strict(['tag', tagid(tagOrId)], option)
+  end
   def tag_configure(tagOrId, slot, value=None)
     itemconfigure(['tag', tagid(tagOrId)], slot, value)
   end
@@ -90,6 +93,9 @@ module Tk::TkTable::ConfigMethod
   def window_cget(tagOrId, option)
     itemcget(['window', tagid(tagOrId)], option)
   end
+  def window_cget_strict(tagOrId, option)
+    itemcget_strict(['window', tagid(tagOrId)], option)
+  end
   def window_configure(tagOrId, slot, value=None)
     if slot == :window || slot == 'window'
       value = _epath(value)
@@ -108,8 +114,8 @@ module Tk::TkTable::ConfigMethod
     current_itemconfiginfo(['window', tagid(tagOrId)], slot)
   end
 
-  private :itemcget, :itemconfigure
-  private :itemconfiginfo, :current_itemconfiginfo
+  private :itemcget, :itemcget_strict
+  private :itemconfigure, :itemconfiginfo, :current_itemconfiginfo
 end
 
 #####################################################
@@ -118,23 +124,39 @@ class Tk::TkTable::CellTag
   include TkTreatTagFont
 
   CellTagID_TBL = TkCore::INTERP.create_table
-  CellTag_ID = ['tktbl:celltag'.freeze, '00000'.taint].freeze
 
-  TkCore::INTERP.init_ip_env{ CellTagID_TBL.clear }
+  (CellTag_ID = ['tktbl:celltag'.freeze, '00000'.taint]).instance_eval{
+    @mutex = Mutex.new
+    def mutex; @mutex; end
+    freeze
+  }
+
+  TkCore::INTERP.init_ip_env{
+    CellTagID_TBL.mutex.synchronize{ CellTagID_TBL.clear }
+  }
 
   def self.id2obj(table, id)
     tpath = table.path
-    return id unless CellTagID_TBL[tpath]
-    CellTagID_TBL[tpath][id]? CellTagID_TBL[tpath][id] : id
+    CellTagID_TBL.mutex.synchronize{
+      if CellTagID_TBL[tpath]
+        CellTagID_TBL[tpath][id]? CellTagID_TBL[tpath][id] : id
+      else
+        id
+      end
+    }
   end
 
   def initialize(parent, keys=nil)
     @parent = @t = parent
     @tpath - parent.path
-    @path = @id = CellTag_ID.join(TkCore::INTERP._ip_id_)
-    CellTagID_TBL[@tpath] = {} unless CellTagID_TBL[@tpath]
-    CellTagID_TBL[@tpath][@id] = self
-    CellTag_ID[1].succ!
+    CellTag_ID.mutex.synchronize{
+      @path = @id = CellTag_ID.join(TkCore::INTERP._ip_id_)
+      CellTag_ID[1].succ!
+    }
+    CellTagID_TBL.mutex.synchronize{
+      CellTagID_TBL[@tpath] = {} unless CellTagID_TBL[@tpath]
+      CellTagID_TBL[@tpath][@id] = self
+    }
     configure(keys) if keys
   end
 
@@ -144,7 +166,9 @@ class Tk::TkTable::CellTag
 
   def destroy
     tk_call(@tpath, 'tag', 'delete', @id)
-    CellTagID_TBL[@tpath].delete(@id) if CellTagID_TBL[@tpath]
+    CellTagID_TBL.mutex.synchronize{
+      CellTagID_TBL[@tpath].delete(@id) if CellTagID_TBL[@tpath]
+    }
     self
   end
   alias delete destroy
@@ -176,6 +200,9 @@ class Tk::TkTable::CellTag
   def cget(key)
     @t.tag_cget(@id, key)
   end
+  def cget_strict(key)
+    @t.tag_cget_strict(@id, key)
+  end
   def configure(key, val=None)
     @t.tag_configure(@id, key, val)
   end
@@ -189,22 +216,35 @@ end
 
 class Tk::TkTable::NamedCellTag < Tk::TkTable::CellTag
   def self.new(parent, name, keys=nil)
-    if CellTagID_TBL[parent.path] && CellTagID_TBL[parent.path][name]
-      cell = CellTagID_TBL[parent.path][name]
-      cell.configure(keys) if keys
-      return cell
-    else
-      super(parent, name, keys)
-    end
+    obj = nil
+    CellTagID_TBL.mutex.synchronize{
+      if CellTagID_TBL[parent.path] && CellTagID_TBL[parent.path][name]
+        obj = CellTagID_TBL[parent.path][name]
+      else
+        #super(parent, name, keys)
+        (obj = self.allocate).instance_eval{
+          @parent = @t = parent
+          @tpath = parent.path
+          @path = @id = name
+          CellTagID_TBL[@tpath] = {} unless CellTagID_TBL[@tpath]
+          CellTagID_TBL[@tpath][@id] = self
+        }
+      end
+    }
+    obj.configure(keys) if keys && ! keys.empty?
+    obj
   end
 
   def initialize(parent, name, keys=nil)
+    # dummy:: not called by 'new' method
     @parent = @t = parent
-    @tpath - parent.path
+    @tpath = parent.path
     @path = @id = name
-    CellTagID_TBL[@tpath] = {} unless CellTagID_TBL[@tpath]
-    CellTagID_TBL[@tpath][@id] = self
-    configure(keys) if keys
+    CellTagID_TBL.mutex.synchronize{
+      CellTagID_TBL[@tpath] = {} unless CellTagID_TBL[@tpath]
+      CellTagID_TBL[@tpath][@id] = self
+    }
+    configure(keys) if keys && ! keys.empty?
   end
 end
 
@@ -220,7 +260,9 @@ class Tk::TkTable
   include Tk::ValidateConfigure
 
   def __destroy_hook__
-    Tk::TkTable::CelTag::CellTagID_TBL.delete(@path)
+    Tk::TkTable::CelTag::CellTagID_TBL.mutex.synchronize{
+      Tk::TkTable::CelTag::CellTagID_TBL.delete(@path)
+    }
   end
 
   def __boolval_optkeys
@@ -258,6 +300,24 @@ class Tk::TkTable
         nil
       ]
 
+=begin
+      # for Ruby m17n :: ?x --> String --> char-code ( getbyte(0) )
+      KEY_TBL.map!{|inf|
+        if inf.kind_of?(Array)
+          inf[0] = inf[0].getbyte(0) if inf[0].kind_of?(String)
+          inf[1] = inf[1].getbyte(0) if inf[1].kind_of?(String)
+        end
+        inf
+      }
+
+      PROC_TBL.map!{|inf|
+        if inf.kind_of?(Array)
+          inf[0] = inf[0].getbyte(0) if inf[0].kind_of?(String)
+        end
+        inf
+      }
+=end
+
       _setup_subst_table(KEY_TBL, PROC_TBL);
 
       def self.ret_val(val)
@@ -291,6 +351,24 @@ class Tk::TkTable
         nil
       ]
 
+=begin
+      # for Ruby m17n :: ?x --> String --> char-code ( getbyte(0) )
+      KEY_TBL.map!{|inf|
+        if inf.kind_of?(Array)
+          inf[0] = inf[0].getbyte(0) if inf[0].kind_of?(String)
+          inf[1] = inf[1].getbyte(0) if inf[1].kind_of?(String)
+        end
+        inf
+      }
+
+      PROC_TBL.map!{|inf|
+        if inf.kind_of?(Array)
+          inf[0] = inf[0].getbyte(0) if inf[0].kind_of?(String)
+        end
+        inf
+      }
+=end
+
       _setup_subst_table(KEY_TBL, PROC_TBL);
 
       def self.ret_val(val)
@@ -322,6 +400,24 @@ class Tk::TkTable
         nil
       ]
 
+=begin
+      # for Ruby m17n :: ?x --> String --> char-code ( getbyte(0) )
+      KEY_TBL.map!{|inf|
+        if inf.kind_of?(Array)
+          inf[0] = inf[0].getbyte(0) if inf[0].kind_of?(String)
+          inf[1] = inf[1].getbyte(0) if inf[1].kind_of?(String)
+        end
+        inf
+      }
+
+      PROC_TBL.map!{|inf|
+        if inf.kind_of?(Array)
+          inf[0] = inf[0].getbyte(0) if inf[0].kind_of?(String)
+        end
+        inf
+      }
+=end
+
       _setup_subst_table(KEY_TBL, PROC_TBL);
 
       def self.ret_val(val)
@@ -356,6 +452,24 @@ class Tk::TkTable
         nil
       ]
 
+=begin
+      # for Ruby m17n :: ?x --> String --> char-code ( getbyte(0) )
+      KEY_TBL.map!{|inf|
+        if inf.kind_of?(Array)
+          inf[0] = inf[0].getbyte(0) if inf[0].kind_of?(String)
+          inf[1] = inf[1].getbyte(0) if inf[1].kind_of?(String)
+        end
+        inf
+      }
+
+      PROC_TBL.map!{|inf|
+        if inf.kind_of?(Array)
+          inf[0] = inf[0].getbyte(0) if inf[0].kind_of?(String)
+        end
+        inf
+      }
+=end
+
       _setup_subst_table(KEY_TBL, PROC_TBL);
     end
 
@@ -746,15 +860,17 @@ class Tk::TkTable
   end
 
   def tagid2obj(tagid)
-    if Tk::TkTable::CellTag::CellTagID_TBL.key?(@path)
-      if Tk::TkTable::CellTag::CellTagID_TBL[@path].key?(tagid)
-        Tk::TkTable::CellTag::CellTagID_TBL[@path][tagid]
+    Tk::TkTable::CellTag::CellTagID_TBL.mutex.synchronize{
+      if Tk::TkTable::CellTag::CellTagID_TBL.key?(@path)
+        if Tk::TkTable::CellTag::CellTagID_TBL[@path].key?(tagid)
+          Tk::TkTable::CellTag::CellTagID_TBL[@path][tagid]
+        else
+          tagid
+        end
       else
         tagid
       end
-    else
-      tagid
-    end
+    }
   end
 
   def tag_cell(tag, *cells)
@@ -775,13 +891,15 @@ class Tk::TkTable
   end
   def tag_delete(tag)
     tk_send('tag', 'delete', tagid(tag))
-    if Tk::TkTable::CellTag::CellTagID_TBL[@path]
-      if tag.kind_of? Tk::TkTable::CellTag
-        Tk::TkTable::CellTag::CellTagID_TBL[@path].delete(tag.id) 
-      else
-        Tk::TkTable::CellTag::CellTagID_TBL[@path].delete(tag) 
+    Tk::TkTable::CellTag::CellTagID_TBL.mutex.synchronize{
+      if Tk::TkTable::CellTag::CellTagID_TBL[@path]
+        if tag.kind_of? Tk::TkTable::CellTag
+          Tk::TkTable::CellTag::CellTagID_TBL[@path].delete(tag.id) 
+        else
+          Tk::TkTable::CellTag::CellTagID_TBL[@path].delete(tag) 
+        end
       end
-    end
+    }
     self
   end
   def tag_exist?(tag)
diff --git a/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/tktrans/tktrans.rb b/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/tktrans/tktrans.rb
index 665c57af0c..e051c09211 100644
--- a/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/tktrans/tktrans.rb
+++ b/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/tktrans/tktrans.rb
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ class TkWindow
   end
 end
 
-class TkRoot
+class Tk::Root
   undef tktrans_set_image, tktrans_get_image
 
   def tktrans_set_image(img)
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ class TkRoot
   end
 end
 
-class TkToplevel
+class Tk::Toplevel
   undef tktrans_set_image, tktrans_get_image
 
   def tktrans_set_image(img)
diff --git a/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/treectrl/tktreectrl.rb b/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/treectrl/tktreectrl.rb
index 12f7cffabf..e10e6e299e 100644
--- a/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/treectrl/tktreectrl.rb
+++ b/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/treectrl/tktreectrl.rb
@@ -137,6 +137,24 @@ class Tk::TreeCtrl::NotifyEvent
     nil
   ]
 
+=begin
+  # for Ruby m17n :: ?x --> String --> char-code ( getbyte(0) )
+  KEY_TBL.map!{|inf|
+    if inf.kind_of?(Array)
+      inf[0] = inf[0].getbyte(0) if inf[0].kind_of?(String)
+      inf[1] = inf[1].getbyte(0) if inf[1].kind_of?(String)
+    end
+    inf
+  }
+
+  PROC_TBL.map!{|inf|
+    if inf.kind_of?(Array)
+      inf[0] = inf[0].getbyte(0) if inf[0].kind_of?(String)
+    end
+    inf
+  }
+=end
+
   # setup tables to be used by scan_args, _get_subst_key, _get_all_subst_keys
   #
   #     _get_subst_key() and _get_all_subst_keys() generates key-string 
@@ -399,6 +417,9 @@ module Tk::TreeCtrl::ConfigMethod
   def column_cget(tagOrId, option)
     itemcget(['column', tagOrId], option)
   end
+  def column_cget_strict(tagOrId, option)
+    itemcget_strict(['column', tagOrId], option)
+  end
   def column_configure(tagOrId, slot, value=None)
     itemconfigure(['column', tagOrId], slot, value)
   end
@@ -412,6 +433,9 @@ module Tk::TreeCtrl::ConfigMethod
   def column_dragcget(option)
     itemcget(['column', 'drag'], option)
   end
+  def column_dragcget_strict(option)
+    itemcget_strict(['column', 'drag'], option)
+  end
   def column_dragconfigure(slot, value=None)
     itemconfigure(['column', 'drag'], slot, value)
   end
@@ -425,6 +449,9 @@ module Tk::TreeCtrl::ConfigMethod
   def debug_cget(option)
     itemcget('debug', option)
   end
+  def debug_cget_strict(option)
+    itemcget_strict('debug', option)
+  end
   def debug_configure(slot, value=None)
     itemconfigure('debug', slot, value)
   end
@@ -438,6 +465,9 @@ module Tk::TreeCtrl::ConfigMethod
   def dragimage_cget(option)
     itemcget('dragimage', option)
   end
+  def dragimage_cget_strict(option)
+    itemcget_strict('dragimage', option)
+  end
   def dragimage_configure(slot, value=None)
     itemconfigure('dragimage', slot, value)
   end
@@ -451,6 +481,9 @@ module Tk::TreeCtrl::ConfigMethod
   def element_cget(tagOrId, option)
     itemcget(['element', tagOrId], option)
   end
+  def element_cget_strict(tagOrId, option)
+    itemcget_strict(['element', tagOrId], option)
+  end
   def element_configure(tagOrId, slot, value=None)
     itemconfigure(['element', tagOrId], slot, value)
   end
@@ -464,6 +497,9 @@ module Tk::TreeCtrl::ConfigMethod
   def item_cget(tagOrId, option)
     itemcget(['item', tagOrId], option)
   end
+  def item_cget_strict(tagOrId, option)
+    itemcget_strict(['item', tagOrId], option)
+  end
   def item_configure(tagOrId, slot, value=None)
     itemconfigure(['item', tagOrId], slot, value)
   end
@@ -477,6 +513,9 @@ module Tk::TreeCtrl::ConfigMethod
   def item_element_cget(item, column, elem, option)
     itemcget([['item', 'element'], [item, column, elem]], option)
   end
+  def item_element_cget_strict(item, column, elem, option)
+    itemcget_strict([['item', 'element'], [item, column, elem]], option)
+  end
   def item_element_configure(item, column, elem, slot, value=None)
     itemconfigure([['item', 'element'], [item, column, elem]], slot, value)
   end
@@ -490,6 +529,9 @@ module Tk::TreeCtrl::ConfigMethod
   def marquee_cget(option)
     itemcget('marquee', option)
   end
+  def marquee_cget_strict(option)
+    itemcget_strict('marquee', option)
+  end
   def marquee_configure(slot, value=None)
     itemconfigure('marquee', slot, value)
   end
@@ -502,7 +544,19 @@ module Tk::TreeCtrl::ConfigMethod
 
   def notify_cget(win, pattern, option)
     pattern = "<#{pattern}>"
-    itemconfigure(['notify', [win, pattern]], option)
+    # "notify" doesn't have cget subcommand.
+    current_itemconfiginfo(['notify', [win, pattern]])[option.to_s]
+  end
+  def notify_cget_strict(win, pattern, option)
+    pattern = "<#{pattern}>"
+    # "notify" doesn't have cget subcommand.
+    info = current_itemconfiginfo(['notify', [win, pattern]])
+    option = option.to_s
+    unless info.has_key?(option)
+      fail RuntimeError, "unknown option \"#{option}\""
+    else
+      info[option]
+    end
   end
   def notify_configure(win, pattern, slot, value=None)
     pattern = "<#{pattern}>"
@@ -512,11 +566,17 @@ module Tk::TreeCtrl::ConfigMethod
     pattern = "<#{pattern}>"
     itemconfiginfo(['notify', [win, pattern]], slot)
   end
-  alias current_notify_configinfo notify_configinfo
+  def current_notify_configinfo(tagOrId, slot=nil)
+    pattern = "<#{pattern}>"
+    current_itemconfiginfo(['notify', [win, pattern]], slot)
+  end
 
   def style_cget(tagOrId, option)
     itemcget(['style', tagOrId], option)
   end
+  def style_cget_strict(tagOrId, option)
+    itemcget_strict(['style', tagOrId], option)
+  end
   def style_configure(tagOrId, slot, value=None)
     itemconfigure(['style', tagOrId], slot, value)
   end
@@ -527,8 +587,8 @@ module Tk::TreeCtrl::ConfigMethod
     current_itemconfiginfo(['style', tagOrId], slot)
   end
 
-  private :itemcget, :itemconfigure
-  private :itemconfiginfo, :current_itemconfiginfo
+  private :itemcget, :itemcget_strict
+  private :itemconfigure, :itemconfiginfo, :current_itemconfiginfo
 end
 
 ##############################################
@@ -544,10 +604,18 @@ class Tk::TreeCtrl
   #########################
 
   def __destroy_hook__
-    Tk::TreeCtrl::Column::TreeCtrlColumnID_TBL.delete(@path)
-    Tk::TreeCtrl::Element::TreeCtrlElementID_TBL.delete(@path)
-    Tk::TreeCtrl::Item::TreeCtrlItemID_TBL.delete(@path)
-    Tk::TreeCtrl::Style::TreeCtrlStyleID_TBL.delete(@path)
+    Tk::TreeCtrl::Column::TreeCtrlColumnID_TBL.mutex.synchronize{
+      Tk::TreeCtrl::Column::TreeCtrlColumnID_TBL.delete(@path)
+    }
+    Tk::TreeCtrl::Element::TreeCtrlElementID_TBL.mutex.synchronize{
+      Tk::TreeCtrl::Element::TreeCtrlElementID_TBL.delete(@path)
+    }
+    Tk::TreeCtrl::Item::TreeCtrlItemID_TBL.mutex.synchronize{
+      Tk::TreeCtrl::Item::TreeCtrlItemID_TBL.delete(@path)
+    }
+    Tk::TreeCtrl::Style::TreeCtrlStyleID_TBL.mutex.synchronize{
+      Tk::TreeCtrl::Style::TreeCtrlStyleID_TBL.delete(@path)
+    }
   end
 
   #########################
@@ -638,9 +706,11 @@ class Tk::TreeCtrl
   end
 
   def column_delete(idx)
-    if Tk::TreeCtrl::Column::TreeCtrlColumnID_TBL[self.path]
-      Tk::TreeCtrl::Column::TreeCtrlColumnID_TBL[self.path].delete(idx)
-    end
+    Tk::TreeCtrl::Column::TreeCtrlColumnID_TBL.mutex.synchronize{
+      if Tk::TreeCtrl::Column::TreeCtrlColumnID_TBL[self.path]
+        Tk::TreeCtrl::Column::TreeCtrlColumnID_TBL[self.path].delete(idx)
+      end
+    }
     tk_send('column', 'delete', idx)
     self
   end
@@ -750,11 +820,13 @@ class Tk::TreeCtrl
   end
 
   def element_delete(*elems)
-    if Tk::TreeCtrl::Element::TreeCtrlElementID_TBL[self.path]
-      elems.each{|elem|
-        Tk::TreeCtrl::Element::TreeCtrlElementID_TBL[self.path].delete(elem)
-      }
-    end
+    Tk::TreeCtrl::Element::TreeCtrlElementID_TBL.mutex.synchronize{
+      if Tk::TreeCtrl::Element::TreeCtrlElementID_TBL[self.path]
+        elems.each{|elem|
+          Tk::TreeCtrl::Element::TreeCtrlElementID_TBL[self.path].delete(elem)
+        }
+      end
+    }
     tk_send('element', 'delete', *elems)
     self
   end
@@ -885,22 +957,25 @@ class Tk::TreeCtrl
 
   def _erase_children(item)
     item_children(item).each{|i| _erase_children(i)}
+    # table is already locked
     Tk::TreeCtrl::Item::TreeCtrlItemID_TBL[self.path].delete(item)
   end
   private :_erase_children
 
   def item_delete(first, last=None)
-    if Tk::TreeCtrl::Item::TreeCtrlItemID_TBL[self.path]
-      if first == 'all' || first == :all || last == 'all' || last == :all
-        Tk::TreeCtrl::Item::TreeCtrlItemID_TBL[self.path].clear
-      elsif last == None
-        _erase_children(first)
-      else
-        self.range(first, last).each{|id|
-          _erase_children(id)
-        }
+    Tk::TreeCtrl::Item::TreeCtrlItemID_TBL.mutex.synchronize{
+      if Tk::TreeCtrl::Item::TreeCtrlItemID_TBL[self.path]
+        if first == 'all' || first == :all || last == 'all' || last == :all
+          Tk::TreeCtrl::Item::TreeCtrlItemID_TBL[self.path].clear
+        elsif last == None
+          _erase_children(first)
+        else
+          self.range(first, last).each{|id|
+            _erase_children(id)
+          }
+        end
       end
-    end
+    }
     tk_send('item', 'delete', first, last)
     self
   end
@@ -1520,11 +1595,13 @@ class Tk::TreeCtrl
   end
 
   def style_delete(*args)
-    if Tk::TreeCtrl::Style::TreeCtrlStyleID_TBL[self.path]
-      args.each{|sty|
-        Tk::TreeCtrl::Style::TreeCtrlStyleID_TBL[self.path].delete(sty)
-      }
-    end
+    Tk::TreeCtrl::Style::TreeCtrlStyleID_TBL.mutex.synchronize{
+      if Tk::TreeCtrl::Style::TreeCtrlStyleID_TBL[self.path]
+        args.each{|sty|
+          Tk::TreeCtrl::Style::TreeCtrlStyleID_TBL[self.path].delete(sty)
+        }
+      end
+    }
     tk_send('style', 'delete', *args)
     self
   end
@@ -1608,15 +1685,29 @@ end
 
 class Tk::TreeCtrl::Column < TkObject
   TreeCtrlColumnID_TBL = TkCore::INTERP.create_table
-  TreeCtrlColumnID = ['treectrl_column'.freeze, '00000'.taint].freeze
 
-  TkCore::INTERP.init_ip_env{Tk::TreeCtrl::Column::TreeCtrlColumnID_TBL.clear}
+  (TreeCtrlColumnID = ['treectrl_column'.freeze, '00000'.taint]).instance_eval{
+    @mutex = Mutex.new
+    def mutex; @mutex; end
+    freeze
+  }
+
+  TkCore::INTERP.init_ip_env{
+    Tk::TreeCtrl::Column::TreeCtrlColumnID_TBL.mutex.synchronize{
+      Tk::TreeCtrl::Column::TreeCtrlColumnID_TBL.clear
+    }
+  }
 
   def self.id2obj(tree, id)
     tpath = tree.path
-    return id unless Tk::TreeCtrl::Column::TreeCtrlColumnID_TBL[tpath]
-    Tk::TreeCtrl::Column::TreeCtrlColumnID_TBL[tpath][id]? \
-                 Tk::TreeCtrl::Column::TreeCtrlColumnID_TBL[tpath][id] : id
+    Tk::TreeCtrl::Column::TreeCtrlColumnID_TBL.mutex.synchronize{
+      if Tk::TreeCtrl::Column::TreeCtrlColumnID_TBL[tpath]
+        Tk::TreeCtrl::Column::TreeCtrlColumnID_TBL[tpath][id]? \
+                   Tk::TreeCtrl::Column::TreeCtrlColumnID_TBL[tpath][id] : id
+      else
+        id
+      end
+    }
   end
 
   def initialize(parent, keys={})
@@ -1625,17 +1716,19 @@ class Tk::TreeCtrl::Column < TkObject
 
     keys = _symbolkey2str(keys)
 
-    @path = @id = 
-      keys.delete('tag') ||
-      Tk::TreeCtrl::Column::TreeCtrlColumnID.join(TkCore::INTERP._ip_id_)
+    Tk::TreeCtrl::Column::TreeCtrlColumnID.mutex.synchronize{
+      @path = @id = 
+        keys.delete('tag') ||
+        Tk::TreeCtrl::Column::TreeCtrlColumnID.join(TkCore::INTERP._ip_id_)
+      Tk::TreeCtrl::Column::TreeCtrlColumnID[1].succ!
+    }
 
     keys['tag'] = @id
 
-    unless Tk::TreeCtrl::Column::TreeCtrlColumnID_TBL[@tpath]
-      Tk::TreeCtrl::Column::TreeCtrlColumnID_TBL[@tpath] = {} 
-    end
-    Tk::TreeCtrl::Column::TreeCtrlColumnID_TBL[@tpath][@id] = self
-    Tk::TreeCtrl::Column::TreeCtrlColumnID[1].succ!
+    Tk::TreeCtrl::Column::TreeCtrlColumnID_TBL.mutex.synchronize{
+      Tk::TreeCtrl::Column::TreeCtrlColumnID_TBL[@tpath] ||= {} 
+      Tk::TreeCtrl::Column::TreeCtrlColumnID_TBL[@tpath][@id] = self
+    }
 
     @tree.column_create(keys)
   end
@@ -1651,6 +1744,9 @@ class Tk::TreeCtrl::Column < TkObject
   def cget(opt)
     @tree.column_cget(@tree.column_index(@id), opt)
   end
+  def cget_strict(opt)
+    @tree.column_cget_strict(@tree.column_index(@id), opt)
+  end
 
   def configure(*args)
     @tree.column_configure(@tree.column_index(@id), *args)
@@ -1692,11 +1788,18 @@ end
 
 class Tk::TreeCtrl::Element < TkObject
   TreeCtrlElementID_TBL = TkCore::INTERP.create_table
-  TreeCtrlElementID = ['treectrl_element'.freeze, '00000'.taint].freeze
+
+  (TreeCtrlElementID = ['treectrl_element'.freeze, '00000'.taint]).instance_eval{
+    @mutex = Mutex.new
+    def mutex; @mutex; end
+    freeze
+  }
   TreeCtrlElemTypeToClass = {}
 
   TkCore::INTERP.init_ip_env{
-    Tk::TreeCtrl::Element::TreeCtrlElementID_TBL.clear
+    Tk::TreeCtrl::Element::TreeCtrlElementID_TBL.mutex.synchronize{
+      Tk::TreeCtrl::Element::TreeCtrlElementID_TBL.clear
+    }
   }
 
   def self.type2class(type)
@@ -1705,22 +1808,30 @@ class Tk::TreeCtrl::Element < TkObject
 
   def self.id2obj(tree, id)
     tpath = tree.path
-    return id unless Tk::TreeCtrl::Element::TreeCtrlElementID_TBL[tpath]
-    Tk::TreeCtrl::Element::TreeCtrlElementID_TBL[tpath][id]? \
+    Tk::TreeCtrl::Element::TreeCtrlElementID_TBL.mutex.synchronize{
+      if Tk::TreeCtrl::Element::TreeCtrlElementID_TBL[tpath]
+        Tk::TreeCtrl::Element::TreeCtrlElementID_TBL[tpath][id]? \
                  Tk::TreeCtrl::Element::TreeCtrlElementID_TBL[tpath][id] : id
+      else
+        id
+      end
+    }
   end
 
   def initialize(parent, type, keys=nil)
     @tree = parent
     @tpath = parent.path
     @type = type.to_s
-    @path = @id = 
-      Tk::TreeCtrl::Element::TreeCtrlElementID.join(TkCore::INTERP._ip_id_)
-    unless Tk::TreeCtrl::Element::TreeCtrlElementID_TBL[@tpath]
-      Tk::TreeCtrl::Element::TreeCtrlElementID_TBL[@tpath] = {} 
-    end
-    Tk::TreeCtrl::Element::TreeCtrlElementID_TBL[@tpath][@id] = self
-    Tk::TreeCtrl::Element::TreeCtrlElementID[1].succ!
+    Tk::TreeCtrl::Element::TreeCtrlElementID.mutex.synchronize{
+      @path = @id = 
+        Tk::TreeCtrl::Element::TreeCtrlElementID.join(TkCore::INTERP._ip_id_)
+      Tk::TreeCtrl::Element::TreeCtrlElementID[1].succ!
+    }
+
+    Tk::TreeCtrl::Element::TreeCtrlElementID_TBL.mutex.synchronize{
+      Tk::TreeCtrl::Element::TreeCtrlElementID_TBL[@tpath] ||= {} 
+      Tk::TreeCtrl::Element::TreeCtrlElementID_TBL[@tpath][@id] = self
+    }
 
     @tree.element_create(@id, @type, keys)
   end
@@ -1736,6 +1847,9 @@ class Tk::TreeCtrl::Element < TkObject
   def cget(opt)
     @tree.element_cget(@id, opt)
   end
+  def cget_strict(opt)
+    @tree.element_cget_strict(@id, opt)
+  end
 
   def configure(*args)
     @tree.element_configure(@id, *args)
@@ -1800,13 +1914,22 @@ end
 class Tk::TreeCtrl::Item < TkObject
   TreeCtrlItemID_TBL = TkCore::INTERP.create_table
 
-  TkCore::INTERP.init_ip_env{Tk::TreeCtrl::Item::TreeCtrlItemID_TBL.clear}
+  TkCore::INTERP.init_ip_env{
+    Tk::TreeCtrl::Item::TreeCtrlItemID_TBL.mutex.synchronize{
+      Tk::TreeCtrl::Item::TreeCtrlItemID_TBL.clear
+    }
+  }
 
   def self.id2obj(tree, id)
     tpath = tree.path
-    return id unless Tk::TreeCtrl::Item::TreeCtrlItemID_TBL[tpath]
-    Tk::TreeCtrl::Item::TreeCtrlItemID_TBL[tpath][id]? \
-                 Tk::TreeCtrl::Item::TreeCtrlItemID_TBL[tpath][id] : id
+    Tk::TreeCtrl::Item::TreeCtrlItemID_TBL.mutex.synchronize{
+      if Tk::TreeCtrl::Item::TreeCtrlItemID_TBL[tpath]
+        Tk::TreeCtrl::Item::TreeCtrlItemID_TBL[tpath][id]? \
+                        Tk::TreeCtrl::Item::TreeCtrlItemID_TBL[tpath][id] : id
+      else
+        id
+      end
+    }
   end
 
   def initialize(parent, keys={})
@@ -1814,10 +1937,10 @@ class Tk::TreeCtrl::Item < TkObject
     @tpath = parent.path
     @path = @id = @tree.item_create(keys)
 
-    unless Tk::TreeCtrl::Item::TreeCtrlItemID_TBL[@tpath]
-      Tk::TreeCtrl::Item::TreeCtrlItemID_TBL[@tpath] = {} 
-    end
-    Tk::TreeCtrl::Item::TreeCtrlItemID_TBL[@tpath][@id] = self
+    Tk::TreeCtrl::Item::TreeCtrlItemID_TBL.mutex.synchronize{
+      Tk::TreeCtrl::Item::TreeCtrlItemID_TBL[@tpath] ||= {} 
+      Tk::TreeCtrl::Item::TreeCtrlItemID_TBL[@tpath][@id] = self
+    }
   end
 
   def id
@@ -1858,6 +1981,9 @@ class Tk::TreeCtrl::Item < TkObject
   def cget(opt)
     @tree.item_cget(@id, opt)
   end
+  def cget_strict(opt)
+    @tree.item_cget_strict(@id, opt)
+  end
 
   def configure(*args)
     @tree.item_configure(@id, *args)
@@ -1891,6 +2017,9 @@ class Tk::TreeCtrl::Item < TkObject
   def element_cget(opt)
     @tree.item_element_cget(@id, opt)
   end
+  def element_cget_strict(opt)
+    @tree.item_element_cget_strict(@id, opt)
+  end
 
   def element_configure(*args)
     @tree.item_element_configure(@id, *args)
@@ -2088,27 +2217,45 @@ end
 
 class Tk::TreeCtrl::Style < TkObject
   TreeCtrlStyleID_TBL = TkCore::INTERP.create_table
-  TreeCtrlStyleID = ['treectrl_style'.freeze, '00000'.taint].freeze
 
-  TkCore::INTERP.init_ip_env{ Tk::TreeCtrl::Style::TreeCtrlStyleID_TBL.clear }
+  (TreeCtrlStyleID = ['treectrl_style'.freeze, '00000'.taint]).instance_eval{
+    @mutex = Mutex.new
+    def mutex; @mutex; end
+    freeze
+  }
+
+  TkCore::INTERP.init_ip_env{
+    Tk::TreeCtrl::Style::TreeCtrlStyleID_TBL.mutex.synchronize{
+      Tk::TreeCtrl::Style::TreeCtrlStyleID_TBL.clear
+    }
+  }
 
   def self.id2obj(tree, id)
     tpath = tree.path
-    return id unless Tk::TreeCtrl::Style::TreeCtrlStyleID_TBL[tpath]
-    Tk::TreeCtrl::Style::TreeCtrlStyleID_TBL[tpath][id]? \
-                 Tk::TreeCtrl::Style::TreeCtrlStyleID_TBL[tpath][id] : id
+    Tk::TreeCtrl::Style::TreeCtrlStyleID_TBL.mutex.synchronize{
+      if Tk::TreeCtrl::Style::TreeCtrlStyleID_TBL[tpath]
+        Tk::TreeCtrl::Style::TreeCtrlStyleID_TBL[tpath][id]? \
+                     Tk::TreeCtrl::Style::TreeCtrlStyleID_TBL[tpath][id] : id
+      else
+        id
+      end
+    }
   end
 
   def initialize(parent, keys=nil)
     @tree = parent
     @tpath = parent.path
-    @path = @id = 
-      Tk::TreeCtrl::Style::TreeCtrlStyleID.join(TkCore::INTERP._ip_id_)
-    unless Tk::TreeCtrl::Style::TreeCtrlStyleID_TBL[@tpath]
-      Tk::TreeCtrl::Style::TreeCtrlStyleID_TBL[@tpath] = {} 
-    end
-    Tk::TreeCtrl::Style::TreeCtrlStyleID_TBL[@tpath][@id] = self
-    Tk::TreeCtrl::Style::TreeCtrlStyleID[1].succ!
+
+    Tk::TreeCtrl::Style::TreeCtrlStyleID.mutex.synchronize{
+      @path = @id = 
+        Tk::TreeCtrl::Style::TreeCtrlStyleID.join(TkCore::INTERP._ip_id_)
+      Tk::TreeCtrl::Style::TreeCtrlStyleID[1].succ!
+    }
+
+    Tk::TreeCtrl::Style::TreeCtrlStyleID_TBL.mutex.synchronize{
+      Tk::TreeCtrl::Style::TreeCtrlStyleID_TBL[@tpath] ||= {} 
+      Tk::TreeCtrl::Style::TreeCtrlStyleID_TBL[@tpath][@id] = self
+    }
 
     @tree.style_create(@id, keys)
   end
@@ -2124,6 +2271,9 @@ class Tk::TreeCtrl::Style < TkObject
   def cget(opt)
     @tree.style_cget(@id, opt)
   end
+  def cget_strict(opt)
+    @tree.style_cget_strict(@id, opt)
+  end
 
   def configure(*args)
     @tree.style_configure(@id, *args)
diff --git a/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/version.rb b/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/version.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..434ed11a2e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/version.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+#
+# release date of tkextlib
+#
+module Tk
+  Tkextlib_RELEASE_DATE = '2008-05-23'.freeze
+end
diff --git a/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/vu/pie.rb b/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/vu/pie.rb
index 78f3fa54da..c1fb6857bf 100644
--- a/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/vu/pie.rb
+++ b/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/vu/pie.rb
@@ -116,13 +116,26 @@ end
 
 class Tk::Vu::PieSlice
   SliceID_TBL = TkCore::INTERP.create_table
-  Pie_Slice_ID = ['vu:pie'.freeze, '00000'.taint].freeze
-  TkCore::INTERP.init_ip_env{ SliceID_TBL.clear }
+
+  (Pie_Slice_ID = ['vu:pie'.freeze, '00000'.taint]).instance_eval{
+    @mutex = Mutex.new
+    def mutex; @mutex; end
+    freeze
+  }
+
+  TkCore::INTERP.init_ip_env{
+    SliceID_TBL.mutex.synchronize{ SliceID_TBL.clear }
+  }
 
   def self.id2obj(pie, id)
     pie_path = pie.path
-    return id unless SliceID_TBL[pie_path]
-    SliceID_TBL[pie_path][id]? SliceID_TBL[pie_path][id]: id
+    SliceID_TBL.mutex.synchronize{
+      if SliceID_TBL[pie_path]
+        SliceID_TBL[pie_path][id]? SliceID_TBL[pie_path][id]: id
+      else
+        id
+      end
+    }
   end
 
   def initialize(parent, *args)
@@ -131,10 +144,14 @@ class Tk::Vu::PieSlice
     end
     @parent = @pie = parent
     @ppath = parent.path
-    @path = @id = Pie_Slice_ID.join(TkCore::INTERP._ip_id_)
-    SliceID_TBL[@ppath] = {} unless SliceID_TBL[@ppath]
-    SliceID_TBL[@ppath][@id] = self
-    Pie_Slice_ID[1].succ!
+    Pie_Slice_ID.mutex.synchronize{
+      @path = @id = Pie_Slice_ID.join(TkCore::INTERP._ip_id_)
+      Pie_Slice_ID[1].succ!
+    }
+    SliceID_TBL.mutex.synchronize{
+      SliceID_TBL[@ppath] = {} unless SliceID_TBL[@ppath]
+      SliceID_TBL[@ppath][@id] = self
+    }
 
     if args[-1].kind_of?(Hash)
       keys = args.unshift
@@ -160,6 +177,10 @@ class Tk::Vu::PieSlice
     @pie.itemcget(@id, slot)
   end
 
+  def cget_strict(slot)
+    @pie.itemcget_strict(@id, slot)
+  end
+
   def configure(*args)
     @pie.itemconfigure(@id, *args)
     self
@@ -209,22 +230,48 @@ end
 
 class Tk::Vu::NamedPieSlice
   def self.new(parent, name, *args)
-    if SliceID_TBL[parent.path] && SliceID_TBL[parent.path][name]
-      return SliceID_TBL[parent.path][name]
-    else
-      super(parent, name, *args)
-    end
+    obj = nil
+    SliceID_TBL.mutex.synchronize{
+      if SliceID_TBL[parent.path] && SliceID_TBL[parent.path][name]
+        obj = SliceID_TBL[parent.path][name]
+      else
+        #super(parent, name, *args)
+        unless parent.kind_of?(Tk::Vu::Pie)
+          fail ArgumentError, "expect a Tk::Vu::Pie instance for 1st argument"
+        end
+        obj = self.allocate
+        obj.instance_eval{
+          @parent = @pie = parent
+          @ppath = parent.path
+          @path = @id = name.to_s
+          SliceID_TBL[@ppath] = {} unless SliceID_TBL[@ppath]
+          SliceID_TBL[@ppath][@id] = self
+        }
+      end
+    }
+    obj.instance_eval{
+      if args[-1].kind_of?(Hash)
+        keys = args.unshift
+      end
+      @pie.set(@id, *args)
+      configure(keys)
+    }
+
+    obj
   end
 
   def initialize(parent, name, *args)
+    # dummy:: not called by 'new' method
     unless parent.kind_of?(Tk::Vu::Pie)
       fail ArgumentError, "expect a Tk::Vu::Pie instance for 1st argument"
     end
     @parent = @pie = parent
     @ppath = parent.path
     @path = @id = name.to_s
-    SliceID_TBL[@ppath] = {} unless SliceID_TBL[@ppath]
-    SliceID_TBL[@ppath][@id] = self
+    SliceID_TBL.mutex.synchronize{
+      SliceID_TBL[@ppath] = {} unless SliceID_TBL[@ppath]
+      SliceID_TBL[@ppath][@id] = self
+    }
 
     if args[-1].kind_of?(Hash)
       keys = args.unshift
diff --git a/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/vu/spinbox.rb b/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/vu/spinbox.rb
index b6499645a3..a7e40ea319 100644
--- a/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/vu/spinbox.rb
+++ b/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/vu/spinbox.rb
@@ -17,6 +17,6 @@ end
 
 module Tk
   module Vu
-    Spinbox = TkSpinbox
+    Spinbox = Tk::Spinbox
   end
 end
diff --git a/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/winico/winico.rb b/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/winico/winico.rb
index c53a3ff48c..00316fd441 100644
--- a/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/winico/winico.rb
+++ b/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/winico/winico.rb
@@ -34,10 +34,15 @@ end
 
 class Tk::Winico
   WinicoID_TBL = TkCore::INTERP.create_table
-  TkCore::INTERP.init_ip_env{ WinicoID_TBL.clear }
+
+  TkCore::INTERP.init_ip_env{
+    WinicoID_TBL.mutex.synchronize{ WinicoID_TBL.clear }
+  }
 
   def self.id2obj(id)
-    (WinicoID_TBL.key?(id))? WinicoID_TBL[id] : id
+    WinicoID_TBL.mutex.synchronize{
+      (WinicoID_TBL.key?(id))? WinicoID_TBL[id] : id
+    }
   end
 
   def self.info
@@ -81,7 +86,9 @@ class Tk::Winico
            "must be given proper information from where loading icons"
     end
     @path = @id
-    WinicoID_TBL[@id] = self
+    WinicoID_TBL.mutex.synchronize{
+      WinicoID_TBL[@id] = self
+    }
   end
 
   def id
@@ -96,7 +103,9 @@ class Tk::Winico
 
   def delete
     tk_call('winico', 'delete', @id)
-    WinicoID_TBL.delete(@id)
+    WinicoID_TBL.mutex.synchronize{
+      WinicoID_TBL.delete(@id)
+    }
     self
   end
   alias destroy delete
@@ -126,15 +135,39 @@ class Tk::Winico
         [ ?n, TkComm.method(:number) ], 
         [ ?s, TkComm.method(:string) ], 
         [ ?x, proc{|id| 
-            if Tk::Winico::WinicoID_TBL.key?(id)
-              Tk::Winico::WinicoID_TBL[id]
-            else
-              Tk::Winico.new(nil, nil, id)
-            end
+            Tk::Winico::WinicoID_TBL.mutex.synchronize{
+              if Tk::Winico::WinicoID_TBL.key?(id)
+                obj = Tk::Winico::WinicoID_TBL[id]
+              else
+                # Tk::Winico.new(nil, nil, id)
+                obj = Tk::Winico.allocate
+                obj.instance_eval{ @path = @id = id }
+                Tk::Winico::WinicoID_TBL[id] = obj
+              end
+              obj
+            }
           } ], 
         nil
       ]
 
+=begin
+      # for Ruby m17n :: ?x --> String --> char-code ( getbyte(0) )
+      KEY_TBL.map!{|inf|
+        if inf.kind_of?(Array)
+          inf[0] = inf[0].getbyte(0) if inf[0].kind_of?(String)
+          inf[1] = inf[1].getbyte(0) if inf[1].kind_of?(String)
+        end
+        inf
+      }
+
+      PROC_TBL.map!{|inf|
+        if inf.kind_of?(Array)
+          inf[0] = inf[0].getbyte(0) if inf[0].kind_of?(String)
+        end
+        inf
+      }
+=end
+
       _setup_subst_table(KEY_TBL, PROC_TBL);
 
       def self.ret_val(val)
@@ -154,7 +187,8 @@ class Tk::Winico
     Winico_callback._config_keys.each{|k|
       if keys[k].kind_of?(Array)
         cmd, *args = keys[k]
-        keys[k] = Winico_callback.new(cmd, args.join(' '))
+        #keys[k] = Winico_callback.new(cmd, args.join(' '))
+        keys[k] = Winico_callback.new(cmd, *args)
        # elsif keys[k].kind_of?(Proc)
       elsif TkComm._callback_entry?(keys[k])
         keys[k] = Winico_callback.new(keys[k])
@@ -170,7 +204,8 @@ class Tk::Winico
     Winico_callback._config_keys.each{|k|
       if keys[k].kind_of?(Array)
         cmd, *args = keys[k]
-        keys[k] = Winico_callback.new(cmd, args.join(' '))
+        #keys[k] = Winico_callback.new(cmd, args.join(' '))
+        keys[k] = Winico_callback.new(cmd, *args)
       # elsif keys[k].kind_of?(Proc)
       elsif TkComm._callback_entry?(keys[k])
         keys[k] = Winico_callback.new(keys[k])
diff --git a/ext/tk/sample/binstr_usage.rb b/ext/tk/sample/binstr_usage.rb
index 91692856f9..be8399ba51 100644
--- a/ext/tk/sample/binstr_usage.rb
+++ b/ext/tk/sample/binstr_usage.rb
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ to avoid such troubles. Please see the source code of this sample. \
 A Tk::BinaryString instance is used to create the image for the center button. 
 EOM
 
-ImgFile=['images','tcllogo.gif'].join(File::Separator)
+ImgFile=[File.dirname(__FILE__), 'images','tcllogo.gif'].join(File::Separator)
 
 ph1 = TkPhotoImage.new(:file=>ImgFile)
 p ph1.configinfo
@@ -28,12 +28,18 @@ ph2 = TkPhotoImage.new(:data=>b_str)
 p ph2.configinfo
 p ph2.data(:grayscale=>true)
 
-ph3 = TkPhotoImage.new()
-ph3.put(ph2.data(:grayscale=>true))
+ph3 = TkPhotoImage.new(:palette=>256)
+ph3.put(ph2.data)
+
+ph4 = TkPhotoImage.new()
+ph4.put(ph2.data(:grayscale=>true))
+
+#p [b_str.encoding, b_str.rb_encoding]
 
 f = TkFrame.new.pack
 TkButton.new(:parent=>f, :image=>ph1, :command=>proc{exit}).pack(:side=>:left)
 TkButton.new(:parent=>f, :image=>ph2, :command=>proc{exit}).pack(:side=>:left)
 TkButton.new(:parent=>f, :image=>ph3, :command=>proc{exit}).pack(:side=>:left)
+TkButton.new(:parent=>f, :image=>ph4, :command=>proc{exit}).pack(:side=>:left)
 
 Tk.mainloop
diff --git a/ext/tk/sample/demos-en/anilabel.rb b/ext/tk/sample/demos-en/anilabel.rb
index f063bc53a4..0b9bc7357e 100644
--- a/ext/tk/sample/demos-en/anilabel.rb
+++ b/ext/tk/sample/demos-en/anilabel.rb
@@ -15,8 +15,10 @@ $anilabel_demo = TkToplevel.new {|w|
   positionWindow(w)
 }
 
+base_frame = TkFrame.new($anilabel_demo).pack(:fill=>:both, :expand=>true)
+
 # label
-msg = TkLabel.new($anilabel_demo) {
+msg = TkLabel.new(base_frame) {
   font $font
   wraplength '4i'
   justify 'left'
@@ -25,7 +27,7 @@ msg = TkLabel.new($anilabel_demo) {
 msg.pack('side'=>'top')
 
 # frame
-TkFrame.new($anilabel_demo) {|frame|
+TkFrame.new(base_frame) {|frame|
   TkButton.new(frame) {
     text 'Dismiss'
     command proc{
@@ -43,8 +45,8 @@ TkFrame.new($anilabel_demo) {|frame|
 }.pack('side'=>'bottom', 'fill'=>'x', 'pady'=>'2m')
 
 # create frame for label demo
-f_left = TkLabelFrame.new($anilabel_demo,  :text=>'Scrolling Texts')
-f_right = TkLabelFrame.new($anilabel_demo, :text=>'GIF Image')
+f_left = TkLabelFrame.new(base_frame,  :text=>'Scrolling Texts')
+f_right = TkLabelFrame.new(base_frame, :text=>'GIF Image')
 Tk.pack(f_left, f_right, 'side'=>'left', 'expand'=>'yes', 'fill'=>'both', 
         'padx'=>10, 'pady'=>10)
 
diff --git a/ext/tk/sample/demos-en/aniwave.rb b/ext/tk/sample/demos-en/aniwave.rb
index ebe27b875f..63a04a7b98 100644
--- a/ext/tk/sample/demos-en/aniwave.rb
+++ b/ext/tk/sample/demos-en/aniwave.rb
@@ -16,8 +16,10 @@ $aniwave_demo = TkToplevel.new {|w|
   positionWindow(w)
 }
 
+base_frame = TkFrame.new($aniwave_demo).pack(:fill=>:both, :expand=>true)
+
 # create label
-msg = TkLabel.new($aniwave_demo) {
+msg = TkLabel.new(base_frame) {
   font $font
   wraplength '4i'
   justify 'left'
@@ -26,7 +28,7 @@ msg = TkLabel.new($aniwave_demo) {
 msg.pack('side'=>'top')
 
 # create frame
-TkFrame.new($aniwave_demo) {|frame|
+TkFrame.new(base_frame) {|frame|
   TkButton.new(frame) {
     text 'Dismiss'
     command proc{
@@ -58,6 +60,7 @@ class AnimatedWaveDemo
     @backupCoords = []
     n = 0
     (-10..300).step(5){|n| @waveCoords << [n, 100]; @backupCoords << [n, 100] }
+    n = 305
     @waveCoords << [n, 0]; @backupCoords << [n, 0]
     @waveCoords << [n+5, 200]; @backupCoords << [n+5, 200]
     @coordsLen = @waveCoords.length
@@ -112,4 +115,4 @@ class AnimatedWaveDemo
 end
 
 # Start the animation processing
-AnimatedWaveDemo.new($aniwave_demo, :left).move
+AnimatedWaveDemo.new(base_frame, :left).move
diff --git a/ext/tk/sample/demos-en/arrow.rb b/ext/tk/sample/demos-en/arrow.rb
index b62e1966eb..055cd2af3c 100644
--- a/ext/tk/sample/demos-en/arrow.rb
+++ b/ext/tk/sample/demos-en/arrow.rb
@@ -77,11 +77,19 @@ def arrowSetup(c)
               'arrow'=>'both', 'arrowshape'=>v.smallTips)
   TkcText.new(c, v.x2-5*v.b, tmp+5, 'text'=>v.b, 'anchor'=>'n')
 
-  TkcText.new(c, v.x1, 310, 'text'=>"'width'=>#{v.width}", 'anchor'=>'w', 
-              'font'=>'-*-Helvetica-Medium-R-Normal--*-180-*-*-*-*-*-*')
-  TkcText.new(c, v.x1, 330, 
-              'text'=>"'arrowshape'=>[#{v.a}, #{v.b}, #{v.c}]", 'anchor'=>'w', 
-              'font'=>'-*-Helvetica-Medium-R-Normal--*-180-*-*-*-*-*-*')
+  if $tk_version =~ /^4.*/
+    TkcText.new(c, v.x1, 310, 'text'=>"'width'=>#{v.width}", 'anchor'=>'w', 
+                'font'=>'-*-Helvetica-Medium-R-Normal--*-180-*-*-*-*-*-*')
+    TkcText.new(c, v.x1, 330, 
+                'text'=>"'arrowshape'=>[#{v.a}, #{v.b}, #{v.c}]",'anchor'=>'w',
+                'font'=>'-*-Helvetica-Medium-R-Normal--*-180-*-*-*-*-*-*')
+  else
+    TkcText.new(c, v.x1, 310, 'text'=>"'width'=>#{v.width}", 'anchor'=>'w', 
+                'font'=>'Helvetica 18')
+    TkcText.new(c, v.x1, 330, 
+                'text'=>"'arrowshape'=>[#{v.a}, #{v.b}, #{v.c}]",
+                'anchor'=>'w', 'font'=>'Helvetica 18')
+  end
 
   v.count += 1
 end
@@ -99,14 +107,16 @@ $arrow_demo = TkToplevel.new {|w|
   positionWindow(w)
 }
 
+base_frame = TkFrame.new($arrow_demo).pack(:fill=>:both, :expand=>true)
+
 # label
-TkLabel.new($arrow_demo, 'font'=>$font, 'wraplength'=>'5i', 'justify'=>'left', 
+TkLabel.new(base_frame, 'font'=>$font, 'wraplength'=>'5i', 'justify'=>'left', 
             'text'=>"This widget allows you to experiment with different widths and arrowhead shapes for lines in canvases.  To change the line width or the shape of the arrowhead, drag any of the three boxes attached to the oversized arrow.  The arrows on the right give examples at normal scale.  The text at the bottom shows the configuration options as you'd enter them for a canvas line item."){
   pack('side'=>'top')
 }
 
 # frame
-$arrow_buttons = TkFrame.new($arrow_demo) {|frame|
+$arrow_buttons = TkFrame.new(base_frame) {|frame|
   TkButton.new(frame) {
     text 'Dismiss'
     command proc{
@@ -124,7 +134,7 @@ $arrow_buttons = TkFrame.new($arrow_demo) {|frame|
 $arrow_buttons.pack('side'=>'bottom', 'fill'=>'x', 'pady'=>'2m')
 
 # canvas 
-$arrow_canvas = TkCanvas.new($arrow_demo, 'width'=>500, 'height'=>350, 
+$arrow_canvas = TkCanvas.new(base_frame, 'width'=>500, 'height'=>350, 
                              'relief'=>'sunken', 'borderwidth'=>2)
 $arrow_canvas.pack('expand'=>'yes', 'fill'=>'both')
 
diff --git a/ext/tk/sample/demos-en/bind.rb b/ext/tk/sample/demos-en/bind.rb
index aabe7f0849..665592a2bc 100644
--- a/ext/tk/sample/demos-en/bind.rb
+++ b/ext/tk/sample/demos-en/bind.rb
@@ -19,8 +19,10 @@ $bind_demo = TkToplevel.new {|w|
   positionWindow(w)
 }
 
+base_frame = TkFrame.new($bind_demo).pack(:fill=>:both, :expand=>true)
+
 # frame
-TkFrame.new($bind_demo) {|frame|
+TkFrame.new(base_frame) {|frame|
   TkButton.new(frame) {
     text 'Dismiss'
     command proc{
@@ -43,14 +45,14 @@ def tag_binding_for_bind_demo(tag, enter_style, leave_style)
 end
 
 # text 
-TkText.new($bind_demo){|t|
+txt = TkText.new(base_frame){|t|
   # 
   setgrid 'true'
-  width  60
-  height 24
+  #width  60
+  #height 24
   font $font
   wrap 'word'
-  TkScrollbar.new($bind_demo) {|s|
+  TkScrollbar.new(base_frame) {|s|
     pack('side'=>'right', 'fill'=>'y')
     command proc{|*args| t.yview(*args)}
     t.yscrollcommand proc{|first,last| s.set first,last}
@@ -94,35 +96,32 @@ TkText.new($bind_demo){|t|
   }
   d1.bind('1', 
           proc{
-            eval(`cat #{[$demo_dir,'items.rb'].join(File::Separator)}`, 
-                 _null_binding)
+            eval_samplecode(`cat #{[$demo_dir,'items.rb'].join(File::Separator)}`, 'items.rb')
           })
   d2.bind('1', 
           proc{
-            eval(`cat #{[$demo_dir,'plot.rb'].join(File::Separator)}`, 
-                 _null_binding)
+            eval_samplecode(`cat #{[$demo_dir,'plot.rb'].join(File::Separator)}`, 'plot.rb')
           })
   d3.bind('1', 
           proc{
-            eval(`cat #{[$demo_dir,'ctext.rb'].join(File::Separator)}`, 
-                 _null_binding)
+            eval_samplecode(`cat #{[$demo_dir,'ctext.rb'].join(File::Separator)}`, 'ctext.rb')
           })
   d4.bind('1', 
           proc{
-            eval(`cat #{[$demo_dir,'arrow.rb'].join(File::Separator)}`, 
-                 _null_binding)
+            eval_samplecode(`cat #{[$demo_dir,'arrow.rb'].join(File::Separator)}`, 'arrow.rb')
           })
   d5.bind('1', 
           proc{
-            eval(`cat #{[$demo_dir,'ruler.rb'].join(File::Separator)}`, 
-                 _null_binding)
+            eval_samplecode(`cat #{[$demo_dir,'ruler.rb'].join(File::Separator)}`, 'ruler.rb')
           })
   d6.bind('1', 
           proc{
-            eval(`cat #{[$demo_dir,'cscroll.rb'].join(File::Separator)}`, 
-                 _null_binding)
+            eval_samplecode(`cat #{[$demo_dir,'cscroll.rb'].join(File::Separator)}`, 'cscroll.rb')
           })
 
   TkTextMarkInsert.new(t, '0.0')
   configure('state','disabled')
 }
+
+txt.width  60
+txt.height 24
diff --git a/ext/tk/sample/demos-en/bitmap.rb b/ext/tk/sample/demos-en/bitmap.rb
index 7fd551c7a5..133adb0543 100644
--- a/ext/tk/sample/demos-en/bitmap.rb
+++ b/ext/tk/sample/demos-en/bitmap.rb
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ def bitmapRow(w,*args)
       TkFrame.new(row){|base|
         pack('side'=>'left', 'fill'=>'both', 'pady'=>'.25c', 'padx'=>'.25c')
         TkLabel.new(base, 'text'=>bitmap, 'width'=>9).pack('side'=>'bottom')
-        TkLabel.new(base, 'bitmap'=>bitmap).pack('side'=>'bottom')
+        Tk::Label.new(base, 'bitmap'=>bitmap).pack('side'=>'bottom')
       }
     end
   }
@@ -40,14 +40,16 @@ $bitmap_demo = TkToplevel.new {|w|
   positionWindow(w)
 }
 
+base_frame = TkFrame.new($bitmap_demo).pack(:fill=>:both, :expand=>true)
+
 # label
-TkLabel.new($bitmap_demo,'font'=>$font,'wraplength'=>'4i','justify'=>'left', 
+TkLabel.new(base_frame,'font'=>$font,'wraplength'=>'4i','justify'=>'left', 
             'text'=>"This window displays all of Tk's built-in bitmaps, along with the names you can use for them in Tcl scripts."){
   pack('side'=>'top')
 }
 
 # frame
-$bitmap_buttons = TkFrame.new($bitmap_demo) {|frame|
+$bitmap_buttons = TkFrame.new(base_frame) {|frame|
   TkButton.new(frame) {
     text 'Dismiss'
     command proc{
@@ -65,7 +67,7 @@ $bitmap_buttons = TkFrame.new($bitmap_demo) {|frame|
 $bitmap_buttons.pack('side'=>'bottom', 'fill'=>'x', 'pady'=>'2m')
 
 # frame 
-TkFrame.new($bitmap_demo){|f|
+TkFrame.new(base_frame){|f|
   bitmapRow(f,'error','gray25','gray50','hourglass')
   bitmapRow(f,'info','question','questhead','warning')
   pack('side'=>'top', 'expand'=>'yes', 'fill'=>'both')
diff --git a/ext/tk/sample/demos-en/button.rb b/ext/tk/sample/demos-en/button.rb
index 6614d99c92..5c03bd499b 100644
--- a/ext/tk/sample/demos-en/button.rb
+++ b/ext/tk/sample/demos-en/button.rb
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ msg = TkLabel.new($button_demo) {
 msg.pack('side'=>'top')
 
 # frame 
-$button_buttons = TkFrame.new($button_demo) {|frame|
+$button_buttons = Tk::Frame.new($button_demo) {|frame|
   TkButton.new(frame) {
     text 'Dismiss'
     command proc{
diff --git a/ext/tk/sample/demos-en/check.rb b/ext/tk/sample/demos-en/check.rb
index 971a8fea73..2951962a79 100644
--- a/ext/tk/sample/demos-en/check.rb
+++ b/ext/tk/sample/demos-en/check.rb
@@ -19,8 +19,10 @@ $check_demo = TkToplevel.new {|w|
   positionWindow(w)
 }
 
+base_frame = TkFrame.new($check_demo).pack(:fill=>:both, :expand=>true)
+
 # label 
-msg = TkLabel.new($check_demo) {
+msg = TkLabel.new(base_frame) {
   font $font
   wraplength '4i'
   justify 'left'
@@ -34,7 +36,7 @@ brakes = TkVariable.new(0)
 sober  = TkVariable.new(0)
 
 # frame 
-TkFrame.new($check_demo) {|frame|
+TkFrame.new(base_frame) {|frame|
   TkButton.new(frame) {
     text 'Dismiss'
     command proc{
@@ -54,7 +56,7 @@ TkFrame.new($check_demo) {|frame|
   TkButton.new(frame) {
     text 'See Variables'
     command proc{
-      showVars($check_demo, 
+      showVars(base_frame, 
                ['wipers', wipers], ['brakes', brakes], ['sober', sober])
     }
   }.pack('side'=>'left', 'expand'=>'yes')
@@ -63,8 +65,8 @@ TkFrame.new($check_demo) {|frame|
 
 
 # checkbutton
-[ TkCheckButton.new($check_demo, 'text'=>'Wipers  OK', 'variable'=>wipers),
-  TkCheckButton.new($check_demo, 'text'=>'Brakes  OK', 'variable'=>brakes),
-  TkCheckButton.new($check_demo, 'text'=>'Driver Sober', 'variable'=>sober)
+[ TkCheckButton.new(base_frame, 'text'=>'Wipers  OK', 'variable'=>wipers),
+  TkCheckButton.new(base_frame, 'text'=>'Brakes  OK', 'variable'=>brakes),
+  TkCheckButton.new(base_frame, 'text'=>'Driver Sober', 'variable'=>sober)
 ].each{|w| w.relief('flat'); w.pack('side'=>'top', 'pady'=>2, 'anchor'=>'w')}
 
diff --git a/ext/tk/sample/demos-en/check2.rb b/ext/tk/sample/demos-en/check2.rb
index 97d61fba0c..faea748a87 100644
--- a/ext/tk/sample/demos-en/check2.rb
+++ b/ext/tk/sample/demos-en/check2.rb
@@ -15,8 +15,10 @@ $check2_demo = TkToplevel.new {|w|
   positionWindow(w)
 }
 
+base_frame = TkFrame.new($check2_demo).pack(:fill=>:both, :expand=>true)
+
 # label
-msg = TkLabel.new($check2_demo) {
+msg = TkLabel.new(base_frame) {
   font $font
   wraplength '4i'
   justify 'left'
@@ -31,7 +33,7 @@ brakes = TkVariable.new(0)
 sober  = TkVariable.new(0)
 
 # frame
-TkFrame.new($check2_demo) {|frame|
+TkFrame.new(base_frame) {|frame|
   TkGrid(TkFrame.new(frame, :height=>2, :relief=>:sunken, :bd=>2), 
          :columnspan=>4, :row=>0, :sticky=>'ew', :pady=>2)
   TkGrid('x', 
@@ -59,15 +61,15 @@ TkFrame.new($check2_demo) {|frame|
 
 
 # checkbutton
-TkCheckButton.new($check2_demo, :text=>'Safety Check', :variable=>safety, 
+TkCheckButton.new(base_frame, :text=>'Safety Check', :variable=>safety, 
                   :relief=>:flat, :onvalue=>'all', :offvalue=>'none', 
                   :tristatevalue=>'partial'){
   pack('side'=>'top', 'pady'=>2, 'anchor'=>'w')
 }
 
-[ TkCheckButton.new($check2_demo, 'text'=>'Wipers OK', 'variable'=>wipers),
-  TkCheckButton.new($check2_demo, 'text'=>'Brakes OK', 'variable'=>brakes),
-  TkCheckButton.new($check2_demo, 'text'=>'Driver Sober', 'variable'=>sober)
+[ TkCheckButton.new(base_frame, 'text'=>'Wipers OK', 'variable'=>wipers),
+  TkCheckButton.new(base_frame, 'text'=>'Brakes OK', 'variable'=>brakes),
+  TkCheckButton.new(base_frame, 'text'=>'Driver Sober', 'variable'=>sober)
 ].each{|w| 
   w.relief('flat')
   w.pack('side'=>'top', 'padx'=>15, 'pady'=>2, 'anchor'=>'w')
diff --git a/ext/tk/sample/demos-en/clrpick.rb b/ext/tk/sample/demos-en/clrpick.rb
index 9486fde314..431439d55d 100644
--- a/ext/tk/sample/demos-en/clrpick.rb
+++ b/ext/tk/sample/demos-en/clrpick.rb
@@ -4,6 +4,8 @@
 #
 # widget demo prompts the user to select a color (called by 'widget')
 #
+#  Note: don't support ttk_wrapper. work with standard widgets only.
+#
 
 # toplevel widget
 if defined?($clrpick_demo) && $clrpick_demo
@@ -18,13 +20,18 @@ $clrpick_demo = TkToplevel.new {|w|
   positionWindow(w)
 }
 
+base_frame = TkFrame.new($clrpick_demo).pack(:fill=>:both, :expand=>true)
+
 # label
-TkLabel.new($clrpick_demo,'font'=>$font,'wraplength'=>'4i','justify'=>'left',
+#TkLabel.new($clrpick_demo,'font'=>$font,'wraplength'=>'4i','justify'=>'left',
+Tk::Label.new($clrpick_demo,'font'=>$font,'wraplength'=>'4i','justify'=>'left',
             'text'=>"Press the buttons below to choose the foreground and background colors for the widgets in this window.").pack('side'=>'top')
 
 # frame
-TkFrame.new($clrpick_demo) {|frame|
-  TkButton.new(frame) {
+#TkFrame.new($clrpick_demo) {|frame|
+Tk::Frame.new($clrpick_demo) {|frame|
+  # TkButton.new(frame) {
+  Tk::Button.new(frame) {
     text 'Dismiss'
     command proc{
       tmppath = $clrpick_demo
@@ -33,20 +40,23 @@ TkFrame.new($clrpick_demo) {|frame|
     }
   }.pack('side'=>'left', 'expand'=>'yes')
 
-  TkButton.new(frame) {
+  # TkButton.new(frame) {
+  Tk::Button.new(frame) {
     text 'Show Code'
     command proc{showCode 'clrpick'}
   }.pack('side'=>'left', 'expand'=>'yes')
 }.pack('side'=>'bottom', 'fill'=>'x', 'pady'=>'2m')
 
 # button 
-TkButton.new($clrpick_demo, 'text'=>'Set background color ...') {|b|
+# TkButton.new($clrpick_demo, 'text'=>'Set background color ...') {|b|
+Tk::Button.new($clrpick_demo, 'text'=>'Set background color ...') {|b|
   command(proc{setColor $clrpick_demo, b, 'background', 
               ['background', 'highlightbackground']})
   pack('side'=>'top', 'anchor'=>'c', 'pady'=>'2m')
 }
 
-TkButton.new($clrpick_demo, 'text'=>'Set foreground color ...') {|b|
+# TkButton.new($clrpick_demo, 'text'=>'Set foreground color ...') {|b|
+Tk::Button.new($clrpick_demo, 'text'=>'Set foreground color ...') {|b|
   command(proc{setColor $clrpick_demo, b, 'foreground', ['foreground']})
   pack('side'=>'top', 'anchor'=>'c', 'pady'=>'2m')
 }
diff --git a/ext/tk/sample/demos-en/colors.rb b/ext/tk/sample/demos-en/colors.rb
index 66fb0afa36..4300a660ae 100644
--- a/ext/tk/sample/demos-en/colors.rb
+++ b/ext/tk/sample/demos-en/colors.rb
@@ -20,8 +20,10 @@ $colors_demo = TkToplevel.new {|w|
   positionWindow(w)
 }
 
+base_frame = TkFrame.new($colors_demo).pack(:fill=>:both, :expand=>true)
+
 # label
-msg = TkLabel.new($colors_demo) {
+msg = TkLabel.new(base_frame) {
   font $font
   wraplength '4i'
   justify 'left'
@@ -30,7 +32,7 @@ msg = TkLabel.new($colors_demo) {
 msg.pack('side'=>'top')
 
 # frame
-TkFrame.new($colors_demo) {|frame|
+TkFrame.new(base_frame) {|frame|
   TkButton.new(frame) {
     text 'Dismiss'
     command proc{
@@ -49,7 +51,7 @@ TkFrame.new($colors_demo) {|frame|
 
 # frame
 colors_lbox = nil
-TkFrame.new($colors_demo, 'borderwidth'=>10) {|w|
+TkFrame.new(base_frame, 'borderwidth'=>10) {|w|
   s = TkScrollbar.new(w)
   colors_lbox = TkListbox.new(w) {
     setgrid 1
@@ -62,7 +64,15 @@ TkFrame.new($colors_demo, 'borderwidth'=>10) {|w|
   colors_lbox.pack('side'=>'left', 'expand'=>1, 'fill'=>'both')
 }.pack('side'=>'top', 'expand'=>'yes', 'fill'=>'y')
 
-colors_lbox.bind('Double-1', proc{TkPalette.setPalette TkSelection.get})
+#colors_lbox.bind('Double-1', proc{TkPalette.setPalette TkSelection.get})
+colors_lbox.bind('Double-1', proc{
+                   begin
+                     TkPalette.setPalette TkSelection.get
+                   rescue => e
+                     p e
+                     Tk.tk_call_without_enc('destroy', '.___tk_set_palette')
+                   end
+                 })
 
 ins_data = [
   'gray60','gray70','gray80','gray85','gray90','gray95',
diff --git a/ext/tk/sample/demos-en/combo.rb b/ext/tk/sample/demos-en/combo.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..0907d9e8ec
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ext/tk/sample/demos-en/combo.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,96 @@
+# combo.rb --
+#
+# This demonstration script creates several combobox widgets.
+#
+# based on "Id: combo.tcl,v 1.3 2007/12/13 15:27:07 dgp Exp"
+
+if defined?($combo_demo) && $combo_demo
+  $combo_demo.destroy 
+  $combo_demo = nil
+end
+
+$combo_demo = TkToplevel.new {|w|
+  title("Combobox Demonstration")
+  iconname("combo")
+  positionWindow(w)
+}
+
+base_frame = TkFrame.new($combo_demo).pack(:fill=>:both, :expand=>true)
+
+Ttk::Label.new(base_frame, :font=>$font, :wraplength=>'5i', :justify=>:left, 
+               :text=><<EOL).pack(:side=>:top, :fill=>:x)
+Three different combo-boxes are displayed below. \
+You can add characters to the first \
+one by pointing, clicking and typing, just as with an entry; pressing \
+Return will cause the current value to be added to the list that is \
+selectable from the drop-down list, and you can choose other values \
+by pressing the Down key, using the arrow keys to pick another one, \
+and pressing Return again. The second combo-box is fixed to a \
+particular value, and cannot be modified at all. The third one only \
+allows you to select values from its drop-down list of Australian \
+cities.
+EOL
+
+## variables
+firstValue  = TkVariable.new
+secondValue = TkVariable.new
+ozCity      = TkVariable.new
+
+## See Code / Dismiss buttons
+Ttk::Frame.new(base_frame) {|frame|
+  sep = Ttk::Separator.new(frame)
+  Tk.grid(sep, :columnspan=>4, :row=>0, :sticky=>'ew', :pady=>2)
+  TkGrid('x', 
+         Ttk::Button.new(frame, :text=>'See Variables', 
+                         :image=>$image['view'], :compound=>:left, 
+                         :command=>proc{
+                           showVars(base_frame, 
+                                    ['firstVariable', firstValue], 
+                                    ['secondVariable', secondValue], 
+                                    ['ozCity', ozCity])
+                         }), 
+         Ttk::Button.new(frame, :text=>'See Code', 
+                         :image=>$image['view'], :compound=>:left, 
+                         :command=>proc{showCode 'combo'}), 
+         Ttk::Button.new(frame, :text=>'Dismiss', 
+                         :image=>$image['delete'], :compound=>:left, 
+                         :command=>proc{
+                           $combo_demo.destroy
+                           $combo_demo = nil
+                         }), 
+         :padx=>4, :pady=>4)
+  grid_columnconfigure(0, :weight=>1)
+  pack(:side=>:bottom, :fill=>:x)
+}
+
+frame = Ttk::Frame.new(base_frame).pack(:fill=>:both, :expand=>true)
+
+australianCities = [
+  'Canberra', 'Sydney', 'Melbourne', 'Perth', 'Adelaide', 'Brisbane', 
+  'Hobart', 'Darwin', 'Alice Springs'
+]
+
+
+secondValue.value = 'unchangable'
+ozCity.value = 'Sydney'
+
+Tk.pack(Ttk::Labelframe.new(frame, :text=>'Fully Editable'){|f|
+          Ttk::Combobox.new(f, :textvariable=>firstValue){|b|
+            b.bind('Return', '%W'){|w|
+              w.values <<= w.value unless w.values.include?(w.value)
+            }
+          }.pack(:pady=>5, :padx=>10)
+        }, 
+
+        Ttk::LabelFrame.new(frame, :text=>'Disabled'){|f|
+          Ttk::Combobox.new(f, :textvariable=>secondValue, :state=>:disabled) .
+            pack(:pady=>5, :padx=>10)
+        }, 
+
+        Ttk::LabelFrame.new(frame, :text=>'Defined List Only'){|f|
+          Ttk::Combobox.new(f, :textvariable=>ozCity, :state=>:readonly, 
+                            :values=>australianCities) .
+            pack(:pady=>5, :padx=>10)
+        }, 
+
+        :side=>:top, :pady=>5, :padx=>10)
diff --git a/ext/tk/sample/demos-en/cscroll.rb b/ext/tk/sample/demos-en/cscroll.rb
index 0838dfbe08..259ed3bd8c 100644
--- a/ext/tk/sample/demos-en/cscroll.rb
+++ b/ext/tk/sample/demos-en/cscroll.rb
@@ -19,14 +19,16 @@ $cscroll_demo = TkToplevel.new {|w|
   positionWindow(w)
 }
 
+base_frame = TkFrame.new($cscroll_demo).pack(:fill=>:both, :expand=>true)
+
 # label
-TkLabel.new($cscroll_demo, 'font'=>$font, 'wraplength'=>'4i', 
+TkLabel.new(base_frame, 'font'=>$font, 'wraplength'=>'4i', 
             'justify'=>'left', 'text'=>"This window displays a canvas widget that can be scrolled either using the scrollbars or by dragging with button 2 in the canvas.  If you click button 1 on one of the rectangles, its indices will be printed on stdout."){
   pack('side'=>'top')
 }
 
 # frame
-$cscroll_buttons = TkFrame.new($cscroll_demo) {|frame|
+$cscroll_buttons = TkFrame.new(base_frame) {|frame|
   TkButton.new(frame) {
     text 'Dismiss'
     command proc{
@@ -45,7 +47,7 @@ $cscroll_buttons.pack('side'=>'bottom', 'fill'=>'x', 'pady'=>'2m')
 
 # frame 
 unless $tk_version =~ /^4\.[01]/
-  $cscroll_grid = TkFrame.new($cscroll_demo) {
+  $cscroll_grid = TkFrame.new(base_frame) {
     pack('expand'=>'yes', 'fill'=>'both', 'padx'=>1, 'pady'=>1)
   }
   TkGrid.rowconfigure($cscroll_grid, 0, 'weight'=>1, 'minsize'=>0)
@@ -53,7 +55,7 @@ unless $tk_version =~ /^4\.[01]/
 end
 
 # canvas
-$cscroll_canvas = TkCanvas.new($cscroll_demo, 
+$cscroll_canvas = TkCanvas.new(base_frame, 
                                'relief'=>'sunken', 'borderwidth'=>2,
                                'scrollregion'=>['-11c', '-11c', '50c', '20c']
                                ) {|c|
@@ -64,7 +66,7 @@ $cscroll_canvas = TkCanvas.new($cscroll_demo,
          'rowspan'=>1, 'columnspan'=>1, 'sticky'=>'news')
   end
 
-  TkScrollbar.new($cscroll_demo, 'command'=>proc{|*args| c.yview(*args)}) {|vs|
+  TkScrollbar.new(base_frame, 'command'=>proc{|*args| c.yview(*args)}) {|vs|
     c.yscrollcommand(proc{|first,last| vs.set first,last})
     if $tk_version =~ /^4\.[01]/
       pack('side'=>'right', 'fill'=>'y')
@@ -74,7 +76,7 @@ $cscroll_canvas = TkCanvas.new($cscroll_demo,
     end
   }
 
-  TkScrollbar.new($cscroll_demo, 'orient'=>'horiz', 
+  TkScrollbar.new(base_frame, 'orient'=>'horiz', 
                   'command'=>proc{|*args| c.xview(*args)}) {|hs|
     c.xscrollcommand(proc{|first,last| hs.set first,last})
     if $tk_version =~ /^4\.[01]/
diff --git a/ext/tk/sample/demos-en/ctext.rb b/ext/tk/sample/demos-en/ctext.rb
index dbb5e32638..01374b0321 100644
--- a/ext/tk/sample/demos-en/ctext.rb
+++ b/ext/tk/sample/demos-en/ctext.rb
@@ -19,8 +19,10 @@ $ctext_demo = TkToplevel.new {|w|
   positionWindow(w)
 }
 
+base_frame = TkFrame.new($ctext_demo).pack(:fill=>:both, :expand=>true)
+
 # label
-TkLabel.new($ctext_demo, 'font'=>$font, 'wraplength'=>'5i', 'justify'=>'left', 
+TkLabel.new(base_frame, 'font'=>$font, 'wraplength'=>'5i', 'justify'=>'left', 
             'text'=>"This window displays a string of text to demonstrate the text facilities of canvas widgets.  You can click in the boxes to adjust the position of the text relative to its positioning point or change its justification.  The text also supports the following simple bindings for editing:
   1. You can point, click, and type.
   2. You can also select with button 1.
@@ -33,7 +35,7 @@ TkLabel.new($ctext_demo, 'font'=>$font, 'wraplength'=>'5i', 'justify'=>'left',
 }
 
 # frame
-$ctext_buttons = TkFrame.new($ctext_demo) {|frame|
+$ctext_buttons = TkFrame.new(base_frame) {|frame|
   TkButton.new(frame) {
     text 'Dismiss'
     command proc{
@@ -51,24 +53,33 @@ $ctext_buttons = TkFrame.new($ctext_demo) {|frame|
 $ctext_buttons.pack('side'=>'bottom', 'fill'=>'x', 'pady'=>'2m')
 
 # canvas 
-$ctext_canvas = TkCanvas.new($ctext_demo, 'relief'=>'flat', 
+$ctext_canvas = TkCanvas.new(base_frame, 'relief'=>'flat', 
                              'borderwidth'=>0, 'width'=>500, 'height'=>350)
 $ctext_canvas.pack('side'=>'top', 'expand'=>'yes', 'fill'=>'both')
 
 # font 
-textFont = '-*-Helvetica-Medium-R-Normal--*-240-*-*-*-*-*-*'
+if $tk_version =~ /^4.*/
+  textFont = '-*-Helvetica-Medium-R-Normal--*-240-*-*-*-*-*-*'
+else
+  textFont = 'Helvetica 24'
+end
 
 # canvas 
 TkcRectangle.new($ctext_canvas, 245, 195, 255, 205, 
                  'outline'=>'black', 'fill'=>'red')
 
+ctag_text_param = {
+  'text'=>"This is just a string of text to demonstrate the text facilities of canvas widgets. Bindings have been been defined to support editing (see above).",
+  'width'=>440, 'anchor'=>'n', 'justify'=>'left'
+}
+if $tk_version =~ /^4.*/
+  ctag_text_param['font'] = '-*-Helvetica-Medium-R-Normal--*-240-*-*-*-*-*-*'
+else
+  ctag_text_param['font'] = 'Helvetica 24'
+end
+
 $ctag_text = TkcTag.new($ctext_canvas)
-$ctag_text.withtag(TkcText.new($ctext_canvas, 250, 200, 
-                               'text'=>"This is just a string of text to demonstrate the text facilities of canvas widgets. Bindings have been been defined to support editing (see above).",
-                               'width'=>440, 'anchor'=>'n', 
-                               'font'=>'-*-Helvetica-Medium-R-Normal--*-240-*-*-*-*-*-*', 
-                               'kanjifont'=>'-*--24-*-jisx0208.1983-0', 
-                               'justify'=>'left') )
+$ctag_text.withtag(TkcText.new($ctext_canvas, 250, 200, ctag_text_param))
 
 $ctag_text.bind('1', proc{|x,y| textB1Press $ctext_canvas,x,y}, "%x %y")
 $ctag_text.bind('B1-Motion', proc{|x,y| textB1Move $ctext_canvas,x,y}, "%x %y")
@@ -110,9 +121,14 @@ mkTextConfig $ctext_canvas, x+60, y+60, 'anchor', 'nw', color
 item = TkcRectangle.new($ctext_canvas, x+40, y+40, x+50, y+50, 
                         'outline'=>'black', 'fill'=>'red')
 item.bind('1', proc{$ctag_text.configure 'anchor', 'center'})
-TkcText.new($ctext_canvas, x+45, y-5, 'text'=>'Text Position', 'anchor'=>'s', 
-            'font'=>'-*-times-medium-r-normal--*-240-*-*-*-*-*-*', 
-            'fill'=>'brown')
+if $tk_version =~ /^4.*/
+  TkcText.new($ctext_canvas, x+45, y-5, 'text'=>'Text Position', 
+              'font'=>'-*-times-medium-r-normal--*-240-*-*-*-*-*-*', 
+              'anchor'=>'s', 'fill'=>'brown')
+else
+  TkcText.new($ctext_canvas, x+45, y-5, 'text'=>'Text Position', 
+              'font'=>'Times 24', 'anchor'=>'s', 'fill'=>'brown')
+end
 
 # Lastly, create some items that allow the text's justification to be
 # changed.
@@ -123,9 +139,14 @@ color = 'SeaGreen2'
 mkTextConfig $ctext_canvas, x, y, 'justify', 'left', color
 mkTextConfig $ctext_canvas, x+30, y, 'justify', 'center', color
 mkTextConfig $ctext_canvas, x+60, y, 'justify', 'right', color
-TkcText.new($ctext_canvas, x+45, y-5, 'text'=>'Justification', 'anchor'=>'s', 
-            'font'=>'-*-times-medium-r-normal--*-240-*-*-*-*-*-*', 
-            'fill'=>'brown')
+if $tk_version =~ /^4.*/
+  TkcText.new($ctext_canvas, x+45, y-5, 'text'=>'Justification', 
+              'font'=>'-*-times-medium-r-normal--*-240-*-*-*-*-*-*', 
+              'anchor'=>'s', 'fill'=>'brown')
+else
+  TkcText.new($ctext_canvas, x+45, y-5, 'text'=>'Justification', 
+              'font'=>'Times 24', 'anchor'=>'s', 'fill'=>'brown')
+end
 
 $ctext_canvas.itembind('config', 'Enter', proc{textEnter $ctext_canvas})
 $ctext_canvas.itembind('config', 'Leave', 
diff --git a/ext/tk/sample/demos-en/entry1.rb b/ext/tk/sample/demos-en/entry1.rb
index 29bc693395..6f5b10fb71 100644
--- a/ext/tk/sample/demos-en/entry1.rb
+++ b/ext/tk/sample/demos-en/entry1.rb
@@ -15,8 +15,10 @@ $entry1_demo = TkToplevel.new {|w|
   positionWindow(w)
 }
 
+base_frame = TkFrame.new($entry1_demo).pack(:fill=>:both, :expand=>true)
+
 # label
-msg = TkLabel.new($entry1_demo) {
+msg = TkLabel.new(base_frame) {
   font $font
   wraplength '5i'
   justify 'left'
@@ -25,7 +27,7 @@ msg = TkLabel.new($entry1_demo) {
 msg.pack('side'=>'top')
 
 # frame
-TkFrame.new($entry1_demo) {|frame|
+TkFrame.new(base_frame) {|frame|
   TkButton.new(frame) {
     text 'Dismiss'
     command proc{
@@ -42,9 +44,9 @@ TkFrame.new($entry1_demo) {|frame|
 }.pack('side'=>'bottom', 'fill'=>'x', 'pady'=>'2m')
 
 # 
-e1 = TkEntry.new($entry1_demo, 'relief'=>'sunken')
-e2 = TkEntry.new($entry1_demo, 'relief'=>'sunken')
-e3 = TkEntry.new($entry1_demo, 'relief'=>'sunken')
+e1 = TkEntry.new(base_frame, 'relief'=>'sunken')
+e2 = TkEntry.new(base_frame, 'relief'=>'sunken')
+e3 = TkEntry.new(base_frame, 'relief'=>'sunken')
 [e1,e2,e3].each{|w| w.pack('side'=>'top', 'padx'=>10, 'pady'=>5, 'fill'=>'x')}
 
 # 
diff --git a/ext/tk/sample/demos-en/entry2.rb b/ext/tk/sample/demos-en/entry2.rb
index d4e58d7dd5..d67d04b56d 100644
--- a/ext/tk/sample/demos-en/entry2.rb
+++ b/ext/tk/sample/demos-en/entry2.rb
@@ -19,8 +19,10 @@ $entry2_demo = TkToplevel.new {|w|
   positionWindow(w)
 }
 
+base_frame = TkFrame.new($entry2_demo).pack(:fill=>:both, :expand=>true)
+
 # label
-msg = TkLabel.new($entry2_demo) {
+msg = TkLabel.new(base_frame) {
   font $font
   wraplength '5i'
   justify 'left'
@@ -29,7 +31,7 @@ msg = TkLabel.new($entry2_demo) {
 msg.pack('side'=>'top')
 
 # frame
-TkFrame.new($entry2_demo) {|frame|
+TkFrame.new(base_frame) {|frame|
   TkButton.new(frame) {
     text 'Dismiss'
     command proc{
@@ -46,7 +48,7 @@ TkFrame.new($entry2_demo) {|frame|
 }.pack('side'=>'bottom', 'fill'=>'x', 'pady'=>'2m')
 
 # frame
-TkFrame.new($entry2_demo, 'borderwidth'=>10) {|w|
+TkFrame.new(base_frame, 'borderwidth'=>10) {|w|
   # entry 1
   s1 = TkScrollbar.new(w, 'relief'=>'sunken', 'orient'=>'horiz')
   e1 = TkEntry.new(w, 'relief'=>'sunken') {
diff --git a/ext/tk/sample/demos-en/entry3.rb b/ext/tk/sample/demos-en/entry3.rb
index 415b45f86c..f7df3a5653 100644
--- a/ext/tk/sample/demos-en/entry3.rb
+++ b/ext/tk/sample/demos-en/entry3.rb
@@ -17,7 +17,9 @@ $entry3_demo = TkToplevel.new {|w|
   positionWindow(w)
 }
 
-TkLabel.new($entry3_demo, 
+base_frame = TkFrame.new($entry3_demo).pack(:fill=>:both, :expand=>true)
+
+TkLabel.new(base_frame, 
             :font=>$font, :wraplength=>'5i', :justify=>:left, 
             :text=><<EOL).pack(:side=>:top)
 Four different entries are displayed below.  You can add characters \
@@ -28,13 +30,13 @@ problem.  The second only accepts strings with fewer than ten \
 characters and sounds the bell when an attempt to go over the limit \
 is made.  The third accepts US phone numbers, mapping letters to \
 their digit equivalent and sounding the bell on encountering an \
-illegal character or if trying to type over a character that is not \
+invalid character or if trying to type over a character that is not \
 a digit.  The fourth is a password field that accepts up to eight \
 characters (silently ignoring further ones), and displaying them as \
 asterisk characters.
 EOL
 
-TkFrame.new($entry3_demo){|f|
+TkFrame.new(base_frame){|f|
   pack(:side=>:bottom, :fill=>:x, :pady=>'2m')
 
   TkButton.new(f, :text=>'Dismiss', :width=>15, :command=>proc{
@@ -60,23 +62,41 @@ TkFrame.new($entry3_demo){|f|
 # count -       Counter to control the number of times flashed
 def focusAndFlash(widget, fg, bg, count=5)
   return if count <= 0
-  TkTimer.new(200, count, 
-              proc{widget.configure(:foreground=>bg, :background=>fg)}, 
-              proc{widget.configure(:foreground=>fg, :background=>bg)}
-              ).start
+  if fg && !fg.empty? && bg && !bg.empty?
+    TkTimer.new(200, count, 
+                proc{widget.configure(:foreground=>bg, :background=>fg)}, 
+                proc{widget.configure(:foreground=>fg, :background=>bg)}
+                ).start
+  else
+    # TkTimer.new(150, 3){Tk.bell}.start
+    Tk.bell
+    TkTimer.new(200, count,
+                proc{widget.configure(:foreground=>'white',
+                                      :background=>'black')},
+                proc{widget.configure(:foreground=>'black',
+                                      :background=>'white')}
+                ).at_end{begin
+                           widget.configure(:foreground=>fg,
+                                            :background=>bg)
+                         rescue
+                           # ignore
+                         end}.start
+  end
   widget.focus(true)
 end
 
-l1 = TkLabelFrame.new($entry3_demo, :text=>"Integer Entry")
+l1 = TkLabelFrame.new(base_frame, :text=>"Integer Entry")
 TkEntry.new(l1, :validate=>:focus, 
             :vcmd=>[
               proc{|s| s == '' || /^[+-]?\d+$/ =~ s }, '%P'
             ]) {|e|
-  invalidcommand [proc{|w| focusAndFlash(w, e.fg, e.bg)}, '%W']
+  fg = e.foreground
+  bg = e.background
+  invalidcommand [proc{|w| focusAndFlash(w, fg, bg)}, '%W']
   pack(:fill=>:x, :expand=>true, :padx=>'1m', :pady=>'1m')
 }
 
-l2 = TkLabelFrame.new($entry3_demo, :text=>"Length-Constrained Entry")
+l2 = TkLabelFrame.new(base_frame, :text=>"Length-Constrained Entry")
 TkEntry.new(l2, :validate=>:key, :invcmd=>proc{Tk.bell}, 
             :vcmd=>[proc{|s| s.length < 10}, '%P']
             ).pack(:fill=>:x, :expand=>true, :padx=>'1m', :pady=>'1m')
@@ -158,14 +178,14 @@ def validatePhoneChange(widget, vmode, idx, char)
     widget.insert(idx, $phoneNumberMap[char] || char)
     Tk.after_idle(proc{phoneSkipRight(widget, -1)})
     return true
-    # Tk.update(true) # Don't work 'update' inter validation callback.
-                      # It depends on Tcl/Tk side (tested on Tcl/Tk8.5a1). 
+    # Tk.update(true) # <- Don't work 'update' inter validation callback.
+                      #    It depends on Tcl/Tk side (tested on Tcl/Tk8.5a1). 
   end
   return false
 end
 
 
-l3 = TkLabelFrame.new($entry3_demo, :text=>"US Phone-Number Entry")
+l3 = TkLabelFrame.new(base_frame, :text=>"US Phone-Number Entry")
 TkEntry.new(l3, :validate=>:key, :invcmd=>proc{Tk.bell}, 
             :textvariable=>entry3content, 
             :vcmd=>[
@@ -184,14 +204,14 @@ TkEntry.new(l3, :validate=>:key, :invcmd=>proc{Tk.bell},
   pack(:fill=>:x, :expand=>true, :padx=>'1m', :pady=>'1m')
 }
 
-l4 = TkLabelFrame.new($entry3_demo, :text=>"Password Entry")
+l4 = TkLabelFrame.new(base_frame, :text=>"Password Entry")
 TkEntry.new(l4, :validate=>:key, :show=>'*', 
             :vcmd=>[
               proc{|s| s.length <= 8}, 
               '%P'
             ]).pack(:fill=>:x, :expand=>true, :padx=>'1m', :pady=>'1m')
 
-TkFrame.new($entry3_demo){|f|
+TkFrame.new(base_frame){|f|
   lower
   TkGrid.configure(l1, l2, :in=>f, :padx=>'3m', :pady=>'1m', :sticky=>:ew)
   TkGrid.configure(l3, l4, :in=>f, :padx=>'3m', :pady=>'1m', :sticky=>:ew)
diff --git a/ext/tk/sample/demos-en/filebox.rb b/ext/tk/sample/demos-en/filebox.rb
index 36b19de557..676c347409 100644
--- a/ext/tk/sample/demos-en/filebox.rb
+++ b/ext/tk/sample/demos-en/filebox.rb
@@ -17,12 +17,14 @@ $filebox_demo = TkToplevel.new {|w|
   positionWindow(w)
 }
 
+base_frame = TkFrame.new($filebox_demo).pack(:fill=>:both, :expand=>true)
+
 # label
-TkLabel.new($filebox_demo,'font'=>$font,'wraplength'=>'4i','justify'=>'left',
+TkLabel.new(base_frame,'font'=>$font,'wraplength'=>'4i','justify'=>'left',
             'text'=>"Enter a file name in the entry box or click on the \"Browse\" buttons to select a file name using the file selection dialog.").pack('side'=>'top')
 
 # frame
-TkFrame.new($filebox_demo) {|frame|
+TkFrame.new(base_frame) {|frame|
   TkButton.new(frame) {
     text 'Dismiss'
     command proc{
@@ -40,7 +42,7 @@ TkFrame.new($filebox_demo) {|frame|
 
 # frame
 ['open', 'save'].each{|type|
-  TkFrame.new($filebox_demo) {|f|
+  TkFrame.new(base_frame) {|f|
     TkLabel.new(f, 'text'=>"Select a file to #{type}: ", 'anchor'=>'e')\
     .pack('side'=>'left')
 
@@ -48,7 +50,7 @@ TkFrame.new($filebox_demo) {|frame|
       pack('side'=>'left', 'expand'=>'yes', 'fill'=>'x')
 
       TkButton.new(f, 'text'=>'Browse ...', 
-                   'command'=>proc{fileDialog $filebox_demo,e,type})\
+                   'command'=>proc{fileDialog base_frame,e,type})\
       .pack('side'=>'left')
     }
 
@@ -58,7 +60,7 @@ TkFrame.new($filebox_demo) {|frame|
 
 $tk_strictMotif = TkVarAccess.new('tk_strictMotif')
 if ($tk_platform['platform'] == 'unix')
-  TkCheckButton.new($filebox_demo, 
+  TkCheckButton.new(base_frame, 
                     'text'=>'Use Motif Style Dialog', 
                     'variable'=>$tk_strictMotif, 
                     'onvalue'=>1, 'offvalue'=>0 ).pack('anchor'=>'c')
@@ -91,7 +93,10 @@ def fileDialog(w,ent,operation)
   if file != ""
     ent.delete 0, 'end'
     ent.insert 0, file
-    ent.xview 'end'
+    # ent.xview 'end'
+    Tk.update_idletasks # need this for Tk::Tile::Entry
+                        # (to find right position of 'xview').
+    ent.xview(ent.index('end'))
   end
 end
 
diff --git a/ext/tk/sample/demos-en/floor.rb b/ext/tk/sample/demos-en/floor.rb
index 53adcf96b6..7023f2a72e 100644
--- a/ext/tk/sample/demos-en/floor.rb
+++ b/ext/tk/sample/demos-en/floor.rb
@@ -1590,14 +1590,16 @@ $floor_demo = TkToplevel.new {|w|
   minsize(100,100)
 }
 
+base_frame = TkFrame.new($floor_demo).pack(:fill=>:both, :expand=>true)
+
 # label
-TkLabel.new($floor_demo, 'font'=>$font, 'wraplength'=>'8i', 'justify'=>'left', 
+TkLabel.new(base_frame, 'font'=>$font, 'wraplength'=>'8i', 'justify'=>'left', 
             'text'=>"This window contains a canvas widget showing the floorplan of Digital Equipment Corporation's Western Research Laboratory.  It has three levels.  At any given time one of the levels is active, meaning that you can see its room structure.  To activate a level, click the left mouse button anywhere on it.  As the mouse moves over the active level, the room under the mouse lights up and its room number appears in the \"Room:\" entry.  You can also type a room number in the entry and the room will light up."){
   pack('side'=>'top')
 }
 
 # frame
-$floor_buttons = TkFrame.new($floor_demo) {|frame|
+$floor_buttons = TkFrame.new(base_frame) {|frame|
   TkButton.new(frame) {
     text 'Dismiss'
     command proc{
@@ -1620,17 +1622,17 @@ $floorItems = {}
 
 # canvas 
 if $tk_version =~ /^4\.[01]/
-  $floor_canvas_frame = TkFrame.new($floor_demo,'bd'=>2,'relief'=>'sunken',
+  $floor_canvas_frame = TkFrame.new(base_frame,'bd'=>2,'relief'=>'sunken',
                                     'highlightthickness'=>2)
   $floor_canvas = TkCanvas.new($floor_canvas_frame, 
                                'width'=>900, 'height'=>500, 'borderwidth'=>0, 
                                'highlightthickness'=>0) {|c|
-    TkScrollbar.new($floor_demo, 'orient'=>'horiz', 
+    TkScrollbar.new(base_frame, 'orient'=>'horiz', 
                     'command'=>proc{|*args| c.xview(*args)}){|hs|
       c.xscrollcommand(proc{|first,last| hs.set first,last})
       pack('side'=>'bottom', 'fill'=>'x')
     }
-    TkScrollbar.new($floor_demo, 'command'=>proc{|*args| c.yview(*args)}){|vs|
+    TkScrollbar.new(base_frame, 'command'=>proc{|*args| c.yview(*args)}){|vs|
       c.yscrollcommand(proc{|first,last| vs.set first,last})
       pack('side'=>'right', 'fill'=>'y')
     }
@@ -1639,7 +1641,7 @@ if $tk_version =~ /^4\.[01]/
   $floor_canvas.pack('expand'=>'yes', 'fill'=>'both')
 
 else
-  TkFrame.new($floor_demo) {|f|
+  TkFrame.new(base_frame) {|f|
     pack('side'=>'top', 'fill'=>'both', 'expand'=>'yes')
 
     h = TkScrollbar.new(f, 'highlightthickness'=>0, 'orient'=>'horizontal')
diff --git a/ext/tk/sample/demos-en/floor2.rb b/ext/tk/sample/demos-en/floor2.rb
index efaf9e250d..88b07aeee4 100644
--- a/ext/tk/sample/demos-en/floor2.rb
+++ b/ext/tk/sample/demos-en/floor2.rb
@@ -1590,14 +1590,16 @@ $floor2_demo = TkToplevel.new {|w|
   minsize(100,100)
 }
 
+base_frame = TkFrame.new($floor2_demo).pack(:fill=>:both, :expand=>true)
+
 # label
-TkLabel.new($floor2_demo, 'font'=>$font, 'wraplength'=>'8i', 'justify'=>'left', 
+TkLabel.new(base_frame, 'font'=>$font, 'wraplength'=>'8i', 'justify'=>'left', 
             'text'=>"This window contains a canvas widget showing the floorplan of Digital Equipment Corporation's Western Research Laboratory.  It has three levels.  At any given time one of the levels is active, meaning that you can see its room structure.  To activate a level, click the left mouse button anywhere on it.  As the mouse moves over the active level, the room under the mouse lights up and its room number appears in the \"Room:\" entry.  You can also type a room number in the entry and the room will light up."){
   pack('side'=>'top')
 }
 
 # frame
-$floor2_buttons = TkFrame.new($floor2_demo) {|frame|
+$floor2_buttons = TkFrame.new(base_frame) {|frame|
   TkButton.new(frame) {
     text 'Dismiss'
     command proc{
@@ -1620,17 +1622,17 @@ $floorItems2 = {}
 
 # canvas 
 if $tk_version =~ /^4\.[01]/
-  $floor2_canvas_frame = TkFrame.new($floor2_demo,'bd'=>2,'relief'=>'sunken',
+  $floor2_canvas_frame = TkFrame.new(base_frame,'bd'=>2,'relief'=>'sunken',
                                     'highlightthickness'=>2)
   $floor2_canvas = TkCanvas.new($floor2_canvas_frame, 
                                'width'=>900, 'height'=>500, 'borderwidth'=>0, 
                                'highlightthickness'=>0) {|c|
-    TkScrollbar.new($floor2_demo, 'orient'=>'horiz', 
+    TkScrollbar.new(base_frame, 'orient'=>'horiz', 
                     'command'=>proc{|*args| c.xview(*args)}){|hs|
       c.xscrollcommand(proc{|first,last| hs.set first,last})
       pack('side'=>'bottom', 'fill'=>'x')
     }
-    TkScrollbar.new($floor2_demo, 'command'=>proc{|*args| c.yview(*args)}){|vs|
+    TkScrollbar.new(base_frame, 'command'=>proc{|*args| c.yview(*args)}){|vs|
       c.yscrollcommand(proc{|first,last| vs.set first,last})
       pack('side'=>'right', 'fill'=>'y')
     }
@@ -1639,7 +1641,7 @@ if $tk_version =~ /^4\.[01]/
   $floor2_canvas.pack('expand'=>'yes', 'fill'=>'both')
 
 else
-  TkFrame.new($floor2_demo) {|f|
+  TkFrame.new(base_frame) {|f|
     pack('side'=>'top', 'fill'=>'both', 'expand'=>'yes')
 
     h = TkScrollbar.new(f, 'highlightthickness'=>0, 'orient'=>'horizontal')
diff --git a/ext/tk/sample/demos-en/form.rb b/ext/tk/sample/demos-en/form.rb
index dbb14302dc..3119752b1c 100644
--- a/ext/tk/sample/demos-en/form.rb
+++ b/ext/tk/sample/demos-en/form.rb
@@ -15,8 +15,10 @@ $form_demo = TkToplevel.new {|w|
   positionWindow(w)
 }
 
+base_frame = TkFrame.new($form_demo).pack(:fill=>:both, :expand=>true)
+
 # label
-msg = TkLabel.new($form_demo) {
+msg = TkLabel.new(base_frame) {
   font $font
   wraplength '4i'
   justify 'left'
@@ -25,7 +27,7 @@ msg = TkLabel.new($form_demo) {
 msg.pack('side'=>'top', 'fill'=>'x')
 
 # frame
-TkFrame.new($form_demo) {|frame|
+TkFrame.new(base_frame) {|frame|
   TkButton.new(frame) {
     text 'Dismiss'
     command proc{
@@ -44,7 +46,7 @@ TkFrame.new($form_demo) {|frame|
 # entry 
 form_data = []
 (1..5).each{|i|
-  f = TkFrame.new($form_demo, 'bd'=>2)
+  f = TkFrame.new(base_frame, 'bd'=>2)
   e = TkEntry.new(f, 'relief'=>'sunken', 'width'=>40)
   l = TkLabel.new(f)
   e.pack('side'=>'right')
diff --git a/ext/tk/sample/demos-en/goldberg.rb b/ext/tk/sample/demos-en/goldberg.rb
index 8d3f6d14f7..c6fa37c09c 100644
--- a/ext/tk/sample/demos-en/goldberg.rb
+++ b/ext/tk/sample/demos-en/goldberg.rb
@@ -54,6 +54,8 @@ $goldberg_demo = TkToplevel.new {|w|
 #  positionWindow(w)
 }
 
+base_frame = TkFrame.new($goldberg_demo).pack(:fill=>:both, :expand=>true)
+
 =begin
 # label
 msg = TkLabel.new($goldberg_demo) {
@@ -175,7 +177,8 @@ class TkGoldberg_Demo
     do_ctrl_frame
     do_detail_frame
 
-    msg = TkLabel.new(@parent, :bg=>@C['bg'], :fg=>'white') {
+    # msg = TkLabel.new(@parent, :bg=>@C['bg'], :fg=>'white') {
+    msg = Tk::Label.new(@parent, :bg=>@C['bg'], :fg=>'white') {
       font 'Arial 10'
       wraplength 600
       justify 'left'
@@ -185,7 +188,8 @@ class TkGoldberg_Demo
 
     frame = TkFrame.new(@parent, :bg=>@C['bg'])
 
-    TkButton.new(frame, :bg=>@C['bg'], :activebackground=>@C['bg']) {
+    # TkButton.new(frame, :bg=>@C['bg'], :activebackground=>@C['bg']) {
+    Tk::Button.new(frame, :bg=>@C['bg'], :activebackground=>@C['bg']) {
       text 'Dismiss'
       command proc{
         tmppath = $goldberg_demo
@@ -194,12 +198,14 @@ class TkGoldberg_Demo
       }
     }.pack('side'=>'left')
 
-    TkButton.new(frame, :bg=>@C['bg'], :activebackground=>@C['bg']) {
+    # TkButton.new(frame, :bg=>@C['bg'], :activebackground=>@C['bg']) {
+    Tk::Button.new(frame, :bg=>@C['bg'], :activebackground=>@C['bg']) {
       text 'See Code'
       command proc{showCode 'goldberg'}
     }.pack('side'=>'left', 'padx'=>5)
 
-    @show = TkButton.new(frame, :text=>'>>', :command=>proc{show_ctrl}, 
+    # @show = TkButton.new(frame, :text=>'>>', :command=>proc{show_ctrl}, 
+    @show = Tk::Button.new(frame, :text=>'>>', :command=>proc{show_ctrl}, 
                          :bg=>@C['bg'], :activebackground=>@C['bg'])
     @show.pack('side'=>'left')
     frame.place(:in=>@canvas, :relx=>1, :rely=>0, :anchor=>:ne)
@@ -208,10 +214,11 @@ class TkGoldberg_Demo
   end
 
   def do_ctrl_frame
-    @start = TkButton.new(@parent, :text=>'Start', :bd=>6, 
+    @start = Tk::Button.new(@parent, :text=>'Start', :bd=>6, 
                           :command=>proc{do_button(0)})
-    @start.font(@start['font'].weight('bold'))
-    font = @start['font']
+    if font = @start['font']
+      @start.font(font.weight('bold'))
+    end
 
     @pause = TkCheckbutton.new(@parent, :text=>'Pause', :font=>font, 
                                :command=>proc{do_button(1)}, :relief=>:raised, 
@@ -1996,4 +2003,4 @@ class TkGoldberg_Demo
   end
 end
 
-TkGoldberg_Demo.new($goldberg_demo)
+TkGoldberg_Demo.new(base_frame)
diff --git a/ext/tk/sample/demos-en/hello b/ext/tk/sample/demos-en/hello
index f06eabe518..5e86ad7e3e 100644
--- a/ext/tk/sample/demos-en/hello
+++ b/ext/tk/sample/demos-en/hello
@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env ruby
 require 'tk'
 
-unless /^8\.[1-9]/ =~ Tk::TCL_VERSION && !Tk::JAPANIZED_TK
-  require 'tkencoding'
-end
+#unless /^8\.[1-9]/ =~ Tk::TCL_VERSION && !Tk::JAPANIZED_TK
+#  require 'tkencoding'
+#end
 
 TkButton.new(nil,
 	'text'=>"Hello Ruby world!",
diff --git a/ext/tk/sample/demos-en/hscale.rb b/ext/tk/sample/demos-en/hscale.rb
index 14e395b61a..e660216967 100644
--- a/ext/tk/sample/demos-en/hscale.rb
+++ b/ext/tk/sample/demos-en/hscale.rb
@@ -11,8 +11,9 @@ $hscale_demo = TkToplevel.new {|w|
 }
 positionWindow($hscale_demo)
 
+base_frame = TkFrame.new($hscale_demo).pack(:fill=>:both, :expand=>true)
 
-msg = TkLabel.new($hscale_demo) {
+msg = TkLabel.new(base_frame) {
   font $font
   wraplength '3.5i'
   justify 'left'
@@ -20,7 +21,7 @@ msg = TkLabel.new($hscale_demo) {
 }
 msg.pack('side'=>'top')
 
-TkFrame.new($hscale_demo) {|frame|
+TkFrame.new(base_frame) {|frame|
   TkButton.new(frame) {
     text 'Dismiss'
     command proc {
@@ -36,7 +37,18 @@ TkFrame.new($hscale_demo) {|frame|
   }.pack('side'=>'left', 'expand'=>'yes')
 }.pack('side'=>'bottom', 'fill'=>'x', 'pady'=>'2m')
 
-TkFrame.new($hscale_demo) {|frame|
+
+def setWidth(w, width)
+  width = width + 21
+  x2 = width - 30
+  if x2 < 21
+    x2 = 21
+  end
+  w.coords 'poly',20,15,20,35,x2,35,x2,45,width,25,x2,5,x2,15,20,15
+  w.coords 'line',20,15,20,35,x2,35,x2,45,width,25,x2,5,x2,15,20,15
+end
+
+TkFrame.new(base_frame) {|frame|
   canvas = TkCanvas.new(frame) {|c|
     width 50
     height 50
@@ -61,14 +73,3 @@ TkFrame.new($hscale_demo) {|frame|
   }.pack('side'=>'bottom', 'expand'=>'yes', 'anchor'=>'n')
   scale.set 75
 }.pack('side'=>'top', 'fill'=>'x')
-
-
-def setWidth(w, width)
-  width = width + 21
-  x2 = width - 30
-  if x2 < 21
-    x2 = 21
-  end
-  w.coords 'poly',20,15,20,35,x2,35,x2,45,width,25,x2,5,x2,15,20,15
-  w.coords 'line',20,15,20,35,x2,35,x2,45,width,25,x2,5,x2,15,20,15
-end
diff --git a/ext/tk/sample/demos-en/icon.rb b/ext/tk/sample/demos-en/icon.rb
index 58aca2df07..a3921d2333 100644
--- a/ext/tk/sample/demos-en/icon.rb
+++ b/ext/tk/sample/demos-en/icon.rb
@@ -19,8 +19,10 @@ $icon_demo = TkToplevel.new {|w|
   positionWindow(w)
 }
 
+base_frame = TkFrame.new($icon_demo).pack(:fill=>:both, :expand=>true)
+
 # label
-msg = TkLabel.new($icon_demo) {
+msg = TkLabel.new(base_frame) {
   font $font
   wraplength '5i'
   justify 'left'
@@ -29,7 +31,7 @@ msg = TkLabel.new($icon_demo) {
 msg.pack('side'=>'top')
 
 # frame
-TkFrame.new($icon_demo) {|frame|
+TkFrame.new(base_frame) {|frame|
   TkButton.new(frame) {
     text 'Dismiss'
     command proc{
@@ -63,16 +65,18 @@ TkBitmapImage.new('file'=>[$demo_dir,'..',
 letters = TkVariable.new
 
 # frame
-TkFrame.new($icon_demo, 'borderwidth'=>10){|w|
+TkFrame.new(base_frame, 'borderwidth'=>10){|w|
   TkFrame.new(w) {|f|
-    TkRadioButton.new(f){
+    # TkRadioButton.new(f){
+    Tk::RadioButton.new(f){
       bitmap '@' + [$demo_dir,'..',
                     'images','letters.xbm'].join(File::Separator)
       variable letters
       value 'full'
     }.pack('side'=>'top', 'expand'=>'yes')
 
-    TkRadioButton.new(f){
+    # TkRadioButton.new(f){
+    Tk::RadioButton.new(f){
       bitmap '@' + [$demo_dir,'..',
                      'images','noletter.xbm'].join(File::Separator)
       variable letters
@@ -81,14 +85,16 @@ TkFrame.new($icon_demo, 'borderwidth'=>10){|w|
 
   }.pack('side'=>'left', 'expand'=>'yes', 'padx'=>'5m')
 
-  TkCheckButton.new(w) {
+  # TkCheckButton.new(w) {
+  Tk::CheckButton.new(w) {
     image flagdown
     selectimage flagup
     indicatoron 0
     selectcolor self['background']
   }.pack('side'=>'left', 'expand'=>'yes', 'padx'=>'5m')
 
-  TkCheckButton.new(w) {
+  # TkCheckButton.new(w) {
+  Tk::CheckButton.new(w) {
     bitmap '@' + [$demo_dir,'..',
                    'images','letters.xbm'].join(File::Separator)
     indicatoron 0
diff --git a/ext/tk/sample/demos-en/image1.rb b/ext/tk/sample/demos-en/image1.rb
index 05c9705c9c..a9072bb308 100644
--- a/ext/tk/sample/demos-en/image1.rb
+++ b/ext/tk/sample/demos-en/image1.rb
@@ -18,8 +18,10 @@ $image1_demo = TkToplevel.new {|w|
   positionWindow(w)
 }
 
+base_frame = TkFrame.new($image1_demo).pack(:fill=>:both, :expand=>true)
+
 # label
-msg = TkLabel.new($image1_demo) {
+msg = TkLabel.new(base_frame) {
   font $font
   wraplength '4i'
   justify 'left'
@@ -28,7 +30,7 @@ msg = TkLabel.new($image1_demo) {
 msg.pack('side'=>'top')
 
 # frame
-TkFrame.new($image1_demo) {|frame|
+TkFrame.new(base_frame) {|frame|
   TkButton.new(frame) {
     text 'Dismiss'
     command proc{
@@ -54,7 +56,10 @@ TkPhotoImage.new('file'=>[$demo_dir,'..',
                           'images','earthris.gif'].join(File::Separator))
 
 # label
-[ TkLabel.new($image1_demo, 'image'=>image1a, 'bd'=>1, 'relief'=>'sunken'),
-  TkLabel.new($image1_demo, 'image'=>image1b, 'bd'=>1, 'relief'=>'sunken')
+#[ TkLabel.new(base_frame, 'image'=>image1a, 'bd'=>1, 'relief'=>'sunken'),
+#  TkLabel.new(base_frame, 'image'=>image1b, 'bd'=>1, 'relief'=>'sunken')
+#].each{|w| w.pack('side'=>'top', 'padx'=>'.5m', 'pady'=>'.5m')}
+[ Tk::Label.new(base_frame, 'image'=>image1a, 'bd'=>1, 'relief'=>'sunken'),
+  Tk::Label.new(base_frame, 'image'=>image1b, 'bd'=>1, 'relief'=>'sunken')
 ].each{|w| w.pack('side'=>'top', 'padx'=>'.5m', 'pady'=>'.5m')}
 
diff --git a/ext/tk/sample/demos-en/image2.rb b/ext/tk/sample/demos-en/image2.rb
index 1aff7173be..1975dd6b02 100644
--- a/ext/tk/sample/demos-en/image2.rb
+++ b/ext/tk/sample/demos-en/image2.rb
@@ -19,8 +19,10 @@ $image2_demo = TkToplevel.new {|w|
   positionWindow(w)
 }
 
+base_frame = TkFrame.new($image2_demo).pack(:fill=>:both, :expand=>true)
+
 # label
-msg = TkLabel.new($image2_demo) {
+msg = TkLabel.new(base_frame) {
   font $font
   wraplength '4i'
   justify 'left'
@@ -29,7 +31,7 @@ msg = TkLabel.new($image2_demo) {
 msg.pack('side'=>'top')
 
 # frame
-TkFrame.new($image2_demo) {|frame|
+TkFrame.new(base_frame) {|frame|
   TkButton.new(frame) {
     text 'Dismiss'
     command proc{
@@ -53,21 +55,21 @@ $dirName = TkVariable.new([$demo_dir,'..','images'].join(File::Separator))
 $image2a = TkPhotoImage.new
 
 #
-TkLabel.new($image2_demo, 'text'=>'Directory:')\
+TkLabel.new(base_frame, 'text'=>'Directory:')\
 .pack('side'=>'top', 'anchor'=>'w')
 
-image2_e = TkEntry.new($image2_demo) {
+image2_e = TkEntry.new(base_frame) {
   width 30
   textvariable $dirName
 }.pack('side'=>'top', 'anchor'=>'w')
 
-TkFrame.new($image2_demo, 'height'=>'3m', 'width'=>20)\
+TkFrame.new(base_frame, 'height'=>'3m', 'width'=>20)\
 .pack('side'=>'top', 'anchor'=>'w')
 
-TkLabel.new($image2_demo, 'text'=>'File:')\
+TkLabel.new(base_frame, 'text'=>'File:')\
 .pack('side'=>'top', 'anchor'=>'w')
 
-TkFrame.new($image2_demo){|w|
+TkFrame.new(base_frame){|w|
   s = TkScrollbar.new(w)
   l = TkListbox.new(w) {
     width 20
@@ -86,9 +88,9 @@ TkFrame.new($image2_demo){|w|
 }.pack('side'=>'top', 'anchor'=>'w')
 
 # image 
-[ TkFrame.new($image2_demo, 'height'=>'3m', 'width'=>20),
-  TkLabel.new($image2_demo, 'text'=>'Image:'),
-  TkLabel.new($image2_demo, 'image'=>$image2a)
+[ TkFrame.new(base_frame, 'height'=>'3m', 'width'=>20),
+  TkLabel.new(base_frame, 'text'=>'Image:'),
+  TkLabel.new(base_frame, 'image'=>$image2a)
 ].each{|w| w.pack('side'=>'top', 'anchor'=>'w')}
 
 # 
diff --git a/ext/tk/sample/demos-en/image3.rb b/ext/tk/sample/demos-en/image3.rb
index e46d3796f2..43afab7ecd 100644
--- a/ext/tk/sample/demos-en/image3.rb
+++ b/ext/tk/sample/demos-en/image3.rb
@@ -19,27 +19,29 @@ $image3_demo = TkToplevel.new {|w|
   positionWindow(w)
 }
 
+base_frame = TkFrame.new($image3_demo).pack(:fill=>:both, :expand=>true)
+
 # 
-def loadDir(w)
+def loadDir3(w)
   w.delete(0,'end')
   Dir.glob([$dirName,'*'].join(File::Separator)).sort.each{|f|
     w.insert('end',File.basename(f))
   }
 end
 
-# selectAndLoadDir --
+# selectAndLoadDir3 --
 # This procedure pops up a dialog to ask for a directory to load into
 # the listobx and (if the user presses OK) reloads the directory
 # listbox from the directory named in the demo's entry.
 #
 # Arguments:
 # w -                   Name of the toplevel window of the demo.
-def selectAndLoadDir(w, lbox)
+def selectAndLoadDir3(w, lbox)
   dir = Tk.chooseDirectory(:initialdir=>$dirName.value, 
                            :parent=>w, :mustexist=>true)
   if dir.length > 0
     $dirName.value = dir 
-    loadDir(lbox)
+    loadDir3(lbox)
   end
 end
 
@@ -49,7 +51,7 @@ end
 
 
 # label
-msg = TkLabel.new($image3_demo) {
+msg = TkLabel.new(base_frame) {
   font $font
   wraplength '4i'
   justify 'left'
@@ -58,7 +60,7 @@ msg = TkLabel.new($image3_demo) {
 msg.pack('side'=>'top')
 
 # frame
-TkFrame.new($image3_demo) {|frame|
+TkFrame.new(base_frame) {|frame|
   TkButton.new(frame) {
     text 'Dismiss'
     command proc{
@@ -86,11 +88,11 @@ end
 $image3a = TkPhotoImage.new
 
 #
-image3_f = TkFrame.new($image3_demo).pack(:fill=>:both, :expand=>true)
+image3_f = TkFrame.new(base_frame).pack(:fill=>:both, :expand=>true)
 
-image3_df = TkLabelFrame.new($image3_demo, :text=>'Directory:')
+image3_df = TkLabelFrame.new(base_frame, :text=>'Directory:')
 
-image3_ff = TkLabelFrame.new($image3_demo, :text=>'File:', 
+image3_ff = TkLabelFrame.new(base_frame, :text=>'File:', 
                              :padx=>'2m', :pady=>'2m')
 image3_lbx = TkListbox.new(image3_ff, :width=>20, :height=>10) {
   pack(:side=>:left, :fill=>:y, :expand=>true)
@@ -102,16 +104,17 @@ image3_lbx = TkListbox.new(image3_ff, :width=>20, :height=>10) {
 
 image3_ent = TkEntry.new(image3_df, :width=>30, :textvariable=>$dirName){
   pack(:side=>:left, :fill=>:both, :padx=>'2m', :pady=>'2m', :expand=>true)
-  bind('Return', proc{loadDir(image3_lbx)})
+  bind('Return', proc{loadDir3(image3_lbx)})
 }
 
 TkButton.new(image3_df, :pady=>0, :padx=>'2m', :text=>"Select Dir.", 
-             :command=>proc{selectAndLoadDir(image3_ent, image3_lbx)}) {
+             :command=>proc{selectAndLoadDir3(image3_ent, image3_lbx)}) {
   pack(:side=>:left, :fill=>:y, :padx=>[0, '2m'], :pady=>'2m')
 }
 
-image3_if = TkLabelFrame.new($image3_demo, :text=>'Image:') {|f|
-  TkLabel.new(f, :image=>$image3a).pack(:padx=>'2m', :pady=>'2m')
+image3_if = TkLabelFrame.new(base_frame, :text=>'Image:') {|f|
+  # TkLabel.new(f, :image=>$image3a).pack(:padx=>'2m', :pady=>'2m')
+  Tk::Label.new(f, :image=>$image3a).pack(:padx=>'2m', :pady=>'2m')
 }
 
 Tk.grid(image3_df,  '-',
diff --git a/ext/tk/sample/demos-en/items.rb b/ext/tk/sample/demos-en/items.rb
index 8ab7668a07..3fd44fd4f4 100644
--- a/ext/tk/sample/demos-en/items.rb
+++ b/ext/tk/sample/demos-en/items.rb
@@ -19,8 +19,10 @@ $items_demo = TkToplevel.new {|w|
   positionWindow(w)
 }
 
+base_frame = TkFrame.new($items_demo).pack(:fill=>:both, :expand=>true)
+
 # label
-TkLabel.new($items_demo) {
+TkLabel.new(base_frame) {
   font $font
   wraplength '5i'
   justify 'left'
@@ -28,7 +30,7 @@ TkLabel.new($items_demo) {
 }.pack('side'=>'top')
 
 # frame
-TkFrame.new($items_demo) {|frame|
+TkFrame.new(base_frame) {|frame|
   TkButton.new(frame) {
     text 'Dismiss'
     command proc{
@@ -46,7 +48,7 @@ TkFrame.new($items_demo) {|frame|
 
 # frame
 cvs = nil
-TkFrame.new($items_demo) {|cf|
+TkFrame.new(base_frame) {|cf|
   # canvas 
   cvs = TkCanvas.new(cf) {|c|
     focus
@@ -94,8 +96,13 @@ TkcLine.new(cvs, '0c', '16c', '30c', '16c', 'width'=>2)
 TkcLine.new(cvs, '10c', '0c', '10c', '24c', 'width'=>2)
 TkcLine.new(cvs, '20c', '0c', '20c', '24c', 'width'=>2)
 
-font1 = '-Adobe-Helvetica-Medium-R-Normal--*-120-*-*-*-*-*-*'
-font2 = '-Adobe-Helvetica-Bold-R-Normal--*-240-*-*-*-*-*-*'
+if $tk_version =~ /^4.*/
+  font1 = '-Adobe-Helvetica-Medium-R-Normal--*-120-*-*-*-*-*-*'
+  font2 = '-Adobe-Helvetica-Bold-R-Normal--*-240-*-*-*-*-*-*'
+else
+  font1 = 'Helvetica 12'
+  font2 = 'Helvetica 24 bold'
+end
 if TkWinfo.depth($root).to_i > 1
   blue   = 'DeepSkyBlue3'
   red    = 'red'
diff --git a/ext/tk/sample/demos-en/knightstour.rb b/ext/tk/sample/demos-en/knightstour.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..618fce5f02
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ext/tk/sample/demos-en/knightstour.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,271 @@
+# Based on the widget demo of Tcl/Tk8.5.2
+# The following is the original copyright text.
+#----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Copyright (C) 2008 Pat Thoyts <patthoyts@users.sourceforge.net>
+#
+#	Calculate a Knight's tour of a chessboard.
+#
+#	This uses Warnsdorff's rule to calculate the next square each
+#	time. This specifies that the next square should be the one that
+#	has the least number of available moves.
+#
+#	Using this rule it is possible to get to a position where
+#	there are no squares available to move into. In this implementation
+#	this occurs when the starting square is d6.
+#
+#	To solve this fault an enhancement to the rule is that if we
+#	have a choice of squares with an equal score, we should choose
+#	the one nearest the edge of the board.
+#
+#	If the call to the Edgemost function is commented out you can see
+#	this occur.
+#
+#	You can drag the knight to a specific square to start if you wish.
+#	If you let it repeat then it will choose random start positions
+#	for each new tour.
+#----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+require 'tk'
+
+class Knights_Tour
+  # Return a list of accessible squares from a given square
+  def valid_moves(square)
+    moves = []
+    [
+      [-1,-2], [-2,-1], [-2,1], [-1,2], [1,2], [2,1], [2,-1], [1,-2]
+    ].each{|col_delta, row_delta|
+      col = (square % 8) + col_delta
+      row = (square.div(8)) + row_delta
+      moves << (row * 8 + col) if row > -1 && row < 8 && col > -1 && col < 8
+    }
+    moves
+  end
+
+  # Return the number of available moves for this square
+  def check_square(square)
+    valid_moves(square).find_all{|pos| ! @visited.include?(pos)}.length
+  end
+
+  # Select the next square to move to. Returns -1 if there are no available
+  # squares remaining that we can move to.
+  def next_square(square)
+    minimum = 9
+    nxt = -1
+    valid_moves(square).each{|pos|
+      unless @visited.include?(pos)
+        cnt = check_square(pos)
+        if cnt < minimum
+          minimum = cnt
+          nxt = pos
+        elsif cnt == minimum
+          nxt = edgemost(nxt, pos)
+        end
+      end
+    }
+    nxt
+  end
+
+  # Select the square nearest the edge of the board
+  def edgemost(nxt, pos)
+    col_A = 3 - ((3.5 - nxt % 8).abs.to_i)
+    col_B = 3 - ((3.5 - pos % 8).abs.to_i)
+    row_A = 3 - ((3.5 - nxt.div(8)).abs.to_i)
+    row_B = 3 - ((3.5 - pos.div(8)).abs.to_i)
+    (col_A * row_A < col_B * row_B)? nxt : pos
+  end
+
+  # Display a square number as a standard chess square notation.
+  def _N(square)
+    '%c%d' % [(97 + square % 8), (square.div(8) + 1)]
+  end
+
+  # Perform a Knight's move and schedule the next move.
+  def move_piece(last, square)
+    @log.insert(:end, "#{@visited.length}. #{_N last} -> #{_N square}\n", '')
+    @log.see(:end)
+    @board.itemconfigure(1+last, :state=>:normal, :outline=>'black')
+    @board.itemconfigure(1+square, :state=>:normal, :outline=>'red')
+    @knight.coords(@board.coords(1+square)[0..1])
+    @visited << square
+    if (nxt = next_square(square)) != -1
+      @after_id = Tk.after(@delay.numeric){move_piece(square, nxt) rescue nil}
+    else
+      @start_btn.state :normal
+      if @visited.length == 64
+        if @initial == square
+          @log.insert :end, 'Closed tour!'
+        else
+          @log.insert :end, "Success\n", {}
+          Tk.after(@delay.numeric * 2){tour(rand(64))} if @continuous.bool
+        end
+      else
+        @log.insert :end, "FAILED!\n", {}
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  # Begin a new tour of the board given a random start position
+  def tour(square = nil)
+    @visited.clear
+    @log.clear
+    @start_btn.state :disabled
+    1.upto(64){|n|
+      @board.itemconfigure(n, :state=>:disabled, :outline=>'black')
+    }
+    unless square
+      square = @board.find_closest(*(@knight.coords << 0 << 65))[0].to_i - 1
+    end
+    @initial = square
+    Tk.after_idle{ move_piece(@initial, @initial) rescue nil }
+  end
+
+  def _stop
+    Tk.after_cancel(@after_id) rescue nil
+  end
+
+  def _exit
+    _stop
+    $knightstour.destroy
+  end
+
+  def set_delay(new)
+    @delay.numeric = new.to_i
+  end
+
+  def drag_start(w, x, y)
+    w.dtag('selected')
+    w.addtag('selected', :withtag, 'current')
+    @dragging = [x, y]
+  end
+
+  def drag_motion(w, x, y)
+    return unless @dragging
+    w.move('selected', x - @dragging[0], y - @dragging[1])
+    @dragging = [x, y]
+  end
+
+  def drag_end(w, x, y)
+    square = w.find_closest(x, y, 0, 65)
+    w.coords('selected', w.coords(square)[0..1])
+    w.dtag('selected')
+    @dragging = nil
+  end
+
+  def make_SeeDismiss
+    ## See Code / Dismiss
+    frame = Ttk::Frame.new($knightstour)
+    sep = Ttk::Separator.new(frame)
+    Tk.grid(sep, :columnspan=>4, :row=>0, :sticky=>'ew', :pady=>2)
+    TkGrid('x', 
+           Ttk::Button.new(frame, :text=>'See Code', 
+                           :image=>$image['view'], :compound=>:left, 
+                           :command=>proc{showCode 'knightstour'}), 
+           Ttk::Button.new(frame, :text=>'Dismiss', 
+                           :image=>$image['delete'], :compound=>:left, 
+                           :command=>proc{
+                             $knightstour.destroy
+                             $knightstour = nil
+                           }), 
+           :padx=>4, :pady=>4)
+    frame.grid_columnconfigure(0, :weight=>1)
+    frame
+  end
+
+  def create_gui(parent = nil)
+    $knightstour.destroy rescue nil
+    $knightstour = Tk::Toplevel.new(parent, :title=>"Knight's tour")
+    $knightstour.withdraw
+    base_f = Ttk::Frame.new($knightstour)
+    @board = Tk::Canvas.new(base_f, :width=>240, :height=>240)
+    @log = Tk::Text.new(base_f, :width=>12, :height=>1, 
+                        :font=>'Arial 8', :background=>'white')
+    scr = @log.yscrollbar(Ttk::Scrollbar.new(base_f))
+
+    @visited = []
+    @delay = TkVariable.new(600)
+    @continuous = TkVariable.new(false)
+
+    tool_f = Ttk::Frame.new($knightstour)
+    label = Ttk::Label.new(tool_f, :text=>'Speed')
+    scale = Ttk::Scale.new(tool_f, :from=>8, :to=>2000, :variable=>@delay, 
+                           :command=>proc{|n| set_delay(n)})
+    check = Ttk::Checkbutton.new(tool_f, :text=>'Repeat', 
+                                 :variable=>@continuous)
+    @start_btn = Ttk::Button.new(tool_f, :text=>'Start', 
+                                 :command=>proc{tour()})
+    @exit_btn = Ttk::Button.new(tool_f, :text=>'Exit', 
+                                :command=>proc{_exit()})
+
+    7.downto(0){|row|
+      0.upto(7){|col|
+        if ((col & 1) ^ (row & 1)).zero?
+          fill  = 'bisque'
+          dfill = 'bisque3'
+        else
+          fill  = 'tan3'
+          dfill = 'tan4'
+        end
+        coords = [col * 30 + 4, row * 30 + 4, col * 30 + 30, row * 30 + 30]
+        @board.create(TkcRectangle, coords, 
+                      :fill=>fill, :disabledfill=>dfill,
+                      :width=>2, :state=>:disabled)
+      }
+    }
+
+    @knight_font = TkFont.new(:size=>-24)
+    @knight = TkcText.new(@board, 0, 0, :font=>@knight_font, 
+                          :text=>Tk::UTF8_String.new('\u265e'), 
+                          :anchor=>'nw', # :tags=>'knight', 
+                          :fill=>'black', :activefill=>'#600000')
+    @knight.coords(@board.coords(rand(64)+1)[0..1])
+    @knight.bind('ButtonPress-1', '%W %x %y'){|w,x,y| drag_start(w,x,y)}
+    @knight.bind('Motion', '%W %x %y'){|w,x,y| drag_motion(w,x,y)}
+    @knight.bind('ButtonRelease-1', '%W %x %y'){|w,x,y| drag_end(w,x,y)}
+
+    Tk.grid(@board, @log, scr, :sticky=>'news')
+    base_f.grid_rowconfigure(0, :weight=>1)
+    base_f.grid_columnconfigure(0, :weight=>1)
+
+    Tk.grid(base_f, '-', '-', '-', '-', '-', :sticky=>'news')
+    widgets = [label, scale, check, @start_btn]
+    sg = nil
+    unless $RubyTk_WidgetDemo
+      widgets << @exit_btn
+      if Tk.windowingsystem != 'aqua'
+        #widgets.unshift(Ttk::SizeGrip.new(tool_f))
+        Ttk::SizeGrip.new(tool_f).pack(:side=>:right, :anchor=>'se')
+      end
+    end
+    Tk.pack(widgets, :side=>:right)
+    if Tk.windowingsystem == 'aqua'
+      TkPack.configure(widgets, :padx=>[4, 4], :pady=>[12, 12])
+      TkPack.configure(widgets[0], :padx=>[4, 24])
+      TkPack.configure(widgets[-1], :padx=>[16, 4])
+    end
+
+    Tk.grid(tool_f, '-', '-', '-', '-', '-', :sticky=>'ew')
+
+    if $RubyTk_WidgetDemo
+      Tk.grid(make_SeeDismiss(), '-', '-', '-', '-', '-', :sticky=>'ew')
+    end
+
+    $knightstour.grid_rowconfigure(0, :weight=>1)
+    $knightstour.grid_columnconfigure(0, :weight=>1)
+
+    $knightstour.bind('Control-F2'){TkConsole.show}
+    $knightstour.bind('Return'){@start_btn.invoke}
+    $knightstour.bind('Escape'){@exit_btn.invoke}
+    $knightstour.bind('Destroy'){ _stop }
+    $knightstour.protocol('WM_DELETE_WINDOW'){ _exit }
+
+    $knightstour.deiconify
+    $knightstour.tkwait_destroy
+  end
+
+  def initialize(parent = nil)
+    create_gui(parent)
+  end
+end
+
+Tk.root.withdraw unless $RubyTk_WidgetDemo
+Thread.new{Tk.mainloop} if __FILE__ == $0
+Knights_Tour.new
diff --git a/ext/tk/sample/demos-en/label.rb b/ext/tk/sample/demos-en/label.rb
index 55e07a5ebc..91e41e4a22 100644
--- a/ext/tk/sample/demos-en/label.rb
+++ b/ext/tk/sample/demos-en/label.rb
@@ -19,8 +19,10 @@ $label_demo = TkToplevel.new {|w|
   positionWindow(w)
 }
 
+base_frame = TkFrame.new($label_demo).pack(:fill=>:both, :expand=>true)
+
 # label 
-msg = TkLabel.new($label_demo) {
+msg = TkLabel.new(base_frame) {
   font $font
   wraplength '4i'
   justify 'left'
@@ -29,7 +31,7 @@ msg = TkLabel.new($label_demo) {
 msg.pack('side'=>'top')
 
 # frame 
-TkFrame.new($label_demo) {|frame|
+TkFrame.new(base_frame) {|frame|
   TkButton.new(frame) {
     text 'Dismiss'
     command proc{
@@ -47,8 +49,8 @@ TkFrame.new($label_demo) {|frame|
 }.pack('side'=>'bottom', 'fill'=>'x', 'pady'=>'2m')
 
 # label demo 
-f_left = TkFrame.new($label_demo)
-f_right = TkFrame.new($label_demo)
+f_left = TkFrame.new(base_frame)
+f_right = TkFrame.new(base_frame)
 [f_left, f_right].each{|w| w.pack('side'=>'left', 'expand'=>'yes', 
                                   'padx'=>10, 'pady'=>10, 'fill'=>'both')}
 
@@ -59,7 +61,8 @@ f_right = TkFrame.new($label_demo)
   TkLabel.new(f_left, 'text'=>'Third label, sunken', 'relief'=>'sunken')
 ].each{|w| w.pack('side'=>'top', 'expand'=>'yes', 'pady'=>2, 'anchor'=>'w')}
 
-TkLabel.new(f_right) {
+# TkLabel.new(f_right) {
+Tk::Label.new(f_right) {
   bitmap('@' + [$demo_dir,'..','images','face.xbm'].join(File::Separator))
   borderwidth 2
   relief 'sunken'
diff --git a/ext/tk/sample/demos-en/labelframe.rb b/ext/tk/sample/demos-en/labelframe.rb
index 842a4f6c04..c912ff4c52 100644
--- a/ext/tk/sample/demos-en/labelframe.rb
+++ b/ext/tk/sample/demos-en/labelframe.rb
@@ -17,8 +17,10 @@ $labelframe_demo = TkToplevel.new {|w|
   positionWindow(w)
 }
 
+base_frame = TkFrame.new($labelframe_demo).pack(:fill=>:both, :expand=>true)
+
 # Some information
-TkLabel.new($labelframe_demo, 
+TkLabel.new(base_frame, 
             :font=>$font, :wraplength=>'4i', :justify=>:left, 
             :text=><<EOL).pack(:side=>:top)
 Labelframes are used to group related widgets together. \
@@ -29,7 +31,7 @@ which supports a 'labelframe' widget.
 EOL
 
 # The bottom buttons
-TkFrame.new($labelframe_demo){|f|
+TkFrame.new(base_frame){|f|
   pack(:side=>:bottom, :fill=>:x, :pady=>'2m')
 
   TkButton.new(f, :text=>'Dismiss', :width=>15, :command=>proc{
@@ -43,7 +45,7 @@ TkFrame.new($labelframe_demo){|f|
 }
 
 # Demo area
-w = TkFrame.new($labelframe_demo).pack(:side=>:bottom, :fill=>:both, 
+w = TkFrame.new(base_frame).pack(:side=>:bottom, :fill=>:both, 
                                        :expand=>true)
 
 # A group of radiobuttons in a labelframe
diff --git a/ext/tk/sample/demos-en/mclist.rb b/ext/tk/sample/demos-en/mclist.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a849eba515
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ext/tk/sample/demos-en/mclist.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,117 @@
+# mclist.rb --
+#
+# This demonstration script creates a toplevel window containing a Ttk
+# tree widget configured as a multi-column listbox.
+#
+# based on "Id: mclist.tcl,v 1.3 2007/12/13 15:27:07 dgp Exp"
+
+if defined?($mclist_demo) && $mclist_demo
+  $mclist_demo.destroy 
+  $mclist_demo = nil
+end
+
+$mclist_demo = TkToplevel.new {|w|
+  title("Multi-Column List")
+  iconname("mclist")
+  positionWindow(w)
+}
+
+base_frame = TkFrame.new($mclist_demo).pack(:fill=>:both, :expand=>true)
+
+## Explanatory text
+Ttk::Label.new(base_frame, :font=>$font, :wraplength=>'4i', 
+               :justify=>:left, :anchor=>'n', :padding=>[10, 2, 10, 6], 
+               :text=><<EOL).pack(:fill=>:x)
+Ttk is the new Tk themed widget set. \
+One of the widgets it includes is a tree widget, \
+which can be configured to display multiple columns of informational data \
+without displaying the tree itself. \
+This is a simple way to build a listbox that has multiple columns. \
+Clicking on the heading for a column will sort the data by that column. \
+You can also change the width of the columns \
+by dragging the boundary between them.
+EOL
+
+## See Code / Dismiss
+Ttk::Frame.new(base_frame) {|frame|
+  sep = Ttk::Separator.new(frame)
+  Tk.grid(sep, :columnspan=>4, :row=>0, :sticky=>'ew', :pady=>2)
+  TkGrid('x', 
+         Ttk::Button.new(frame, :text=>'See Code', 
+                         :image=>$image['view'], :compound=>:left, 
+                         :command=>proc{showCode 'mclist'}), 
+         Ttk::Button.new(frame, :text=>'Dismiss', 
+                         :image=>$image['delete'], :compound=>:left, 
+                         :command=>proc{
+                           $mclist_demo.destroy
+                           $mclist_demo = nil
+                         }), 
+         :padx=>4, :pady=>4)
+  grid_columnconfigure(0, :weight=>1)
+  pack(:side=>:bottom, :fill=>:x)
+}
+
+container = Ttk::Frame.new(base_frame)
+tree = Ttk::Treeview.new(base_frame, :columns=>%w(country capital currency), 
+                          :show=>:headings)
+if Tk.windowingsystem != 'aqua'
+  vsb = tree.yscrollbar(Ttk::Scrollbar.new(base_frame))
+  hsb = tree.xscrollbar(Ttk::Scrollbar.new(base_frame))
+else
+  vsb = tree.yscrollbar(Tk::Scrollbar.new(base_frame))
+  hsb = tree.xscrollbar(Tk::Scrollbar.new(base_frame))
+end
+
+container.pack(:fill=>:both, :expand=>true)
+Tk.grid(tree, vsb, :in=>container, :sticky=>'nsew')
+Tk.grid(hsb,       :in=>container, :sticky=>'nsew')
+container.grid_columnconfigure(0, :weight=>1)
+container.grid_rowconfigure(0, :weight=>1)
+
+## The data we're going to insert
+data = [
+  ['Argentina', 	'Buenos Aires', 	'ARS'], 
+  ['Australia',		'Canberra',		'AUD'], 
+  ['Brazil', 		'Brazilia', 		'BRL'], 
+  ['Canada', 		'Ottawa', 		'CAD'], 
+  ['China',		'Beijing', 		'CNY'], 
+  ['France',		'Paris', 		'EUR'], 
+  ['Germany', 		'Berlin',		'EUR'], 
+  ['India', 		'New Delhi',		'INR'], 
+  ['Italy', 		'Rome', 		'EUR'], 
+  ['Japan', 		'Tokyo', 		'JPY'], 
+  ['Mexico', 		'Mexico City', 		'MXN'], 
+  ['Russia', 		'Moscow', 		'RUB'], 
+  ['South Africa',	'Pretoria', 		'ZAR'], 
+  ['United Kingdom', 	'London', 		'GBP'], 
+  ['United States', 	'Washington, D.C.', 	'USD'],
+]
+
+## Code to insert the data nicely
+font = Ttk::Style.lookup(tree[:style], :font)
+cols = %w(country capital currency)
+cols.zip(%w(Country Capital Currency)).each{|col, name|
+  tree.heading_configure(col, :text=>name, 
+                         :command=>proc{sort_by(tree, col, false)})
+  tree.column_configure(col, :width=>TkFont.measure(font, name))
+}
+
+data.each{|country, capital, currency|
+  #tree.insert('', :end, :values=>[country, capital, currency])
+  tree.insert(nil, :end, :values=>[country, capital, currency])
+  cols.zip([country, capital, currency]).each{|col, val|
+    len = TkFont.measure(font, "#{val}  ")
+    if tree.column_cget(col, :width) < len
+      tree.column_configure(col, :width=>len)
+    end
+  }
+}
+
+## Code to do the sorting of the tree contents when clicked on
+def sort_by(tree, col, direction)
+  tree.children(nil).map!{|row| [tree.get(row, col), row.id]} . 
+    sort(&((direction)? proc{|x, y| y <=> x}: proc{|x, y| x <=> y})) . 
+    each_with_index{|info, idx| tree.move(info[1], nil, idx)}
+
+  tree.heading_configure(col, :command=>proc{sort_by(tree, col, ! direction)})
+end
diff --git a/ext/tk/sample/demos-en/menu.rb b/ext/tk/sample/demos-en/menu.rb
index 8370d2f5f0..bf6c22cb9d 100644
--- a/ext/tk/sample/demos-en/menu.rb
+++ b/ext/tk/sample/demos-en/menu.rb
@@ -15,8 +15,10 @@ $menu_demo = TkToplevel.new {|w|
   positionWindow(w)
 }
 
+base_frame = TkFrame.new($menu_demo).pack(:fill=>:both, :expand=>true)
+
 # menu frame
-$menu_frame = TkFrame.new($menu_demo, 'relief'=>'raised', 'bd'=>2)
+$menu_frame = TkFrame.new(base_frame, 'relief'=>'raised', 'bd'=>2)
 $menu_frame.pack('side'=>'top', 'fill'=>'x')
 
 begin
@@ -26,7 +28,7 @@ rescue
 end
 
 # label
-TkLabel.new($menu_demo,'font'=>$font,'wraplength'=>'4i','justify'=>'left') {
+TkLabel.new(base_frame,'font'=>$font,'wraplength'=>'4i','justify'=>'left') {
   if $tk_platform['platform'] == 'macintosh' ||
       windowingsystem == "classic" || windowingsystem == "aqua"
     text("This window contains a menubar with cascaded menus.  You can invoke entries with an accelerator by typing Command+x, where \"x\" is the character next to the command key symbol. The rightmost menu can be torn off into a palette by dragging outside of its bounds and releasing the mouse.")
@@ -36,7 +38,7 @@ TkLabel.new($menu_demo,'font'=>$font,'wraplength'=>'4i','justify'=>'left') {
 }.pack('side'=>'top')
 
 # frame
-TkFrame.new($menu_demo) {|frame|
+TkFrame.new(base_frame) {|frame|
   TkButton.new(frame) {
     text 'Dismiss'
     command proc{
@@ -105,7 +107,7 @@ TkMenubutton.new($menu_frame, 'text'=>'Cascades', 'underline'=>0) {|m|
         'accelerator'=>"#{modifier}+G", 'underline'=>6)
     $menu_demo.bind("#{modifier}-g", proc{print "Goodbye\n"})
 
-    TkMenu.new(m, 'tearoff'=>false) {|cascade_check|
+    TkMenu.new(cascade_menu, 'tearoff'=>false) {|cascade_check|
       cascade_menu.add('cascade', 'label'=>'Check buttons', 
                        'menu'=>cascade_check, 'underline'=>0)
       oil = TkVariable.new(0)
@@ -127,7 +129,7 @@ TkMenubutton.new($menu_frame, 'text'=>'Cascades', 'underline'=>0) {|m|
       invoke 3
     }
 
-    TkMenu.new(m, 'tearoff'=>false) {|cascade_radio|
+    TkMenu.new(cascade_menu, 'tearoff'=>false) {|cascade_radio|
       cascade_menu.add('cascade', 'label'=>'Radio buttons', 
                        'menu'=>cascade_radio, 'underline'=>0)
       pointSize = TkVariable.new
diff --git a/ext/tk/sample/demos-en/menu84.rb b/ext/tk/sample/demos-en/menu84.rb
index cb616d8461..4029ce5541 100644
--- a/ext/tk/sample/demos-en/menu84.rb
+++ b/ext/tk/sample/demos-en/menu84.rb
@@ -15,6 +15,8 @@ $menu84_demo = TkToplevel.new {|w|
   positionWindow(w)
 }
 
+base_frame = TkFrame.new($menu84_demo).pack(:fill=>:both, :expand=>true)
+
 begin
   windowingsystem = Tk.windowingsystem()
 rescue
@@ -22,7 +24,7 @@ rescue
 end
 
 # label
-TkLabel.new($menu84_demo,'font'=>$font,'wraplength'=>'4i','justify'=>'left') {
+TkLabel.new(base_frame,'font'=>$font,'wraplength'=>'4i','justify'=>'left') {
   if $tk_platform['platform'] == 'macintosh' ||
       windowingsystem == "classic" || windowingsystem == "aqua"
     text("This window contains a menubar with cascaded menus.  You can invoke entries with an accelerator by typing Command+x, where \"x\" is the character next to the command key symbol. The rightmost menu can be torn off into a palette by dragging outside of its bounds and releasing the mouse.")
@@ -33,7 +35,7 @@ TkLabel.new($menu84_demo,'font'=>$font,'wraplength'=>'4i','justify'=>'left') {
 
 
 menustatus = TkVariable.new("    ")
-TkFrame.new($menu84_demo) {|frame|
+TkFrame.new(base_frame) {|frame|
   TkLabel.new(frame, 'textvariable'=>menustatus, 'relief'=>'sunken', 
               'bd'=>1, 'font'=>['Helvetica', '10'], 
               'anchor'=>'w').pack('side'=>'left', 'padx'=>2, 
@@ -43,7 +45,7 @@ TkFrame.new($menu84_demo) {|frame|
 
 
 # frame
-TkFrame.new($menu84_demo) {|frame|
+TkFrame.new(base_frame) {|frame|
   TkButton.new(frame) {
     text 'Dismiss'
     command proc{
diff --git a/ext/tk/sample/demos-en/menubu.rb b/ext/tk/sample/demos-en/menubu.rb
index e2ddd07bc6..b37367e515 100644
--- a/ext/tk/sample/demos-en/menubu.rb
+++ b/ext/tk/sample/demos-en/menubu.rb
@@ -37,16 +37,18 @@ $menubu_demo = TkToplevel.new {|w|
 
 positionWindow($menubu_demo)
 
+base_frame = TkFrame.new($menubu_demo).pack(:fill=>:both, :expand=>true)
+
 # version check
 if $tk_version.to_f < 8.0
 
 # label
-TkLabel.new($menubu_demo,'font'=>$font,'wraplength'=>'4i','justify'=>'left') {
+TkLabel.new(base_frame,'font'=>$font,'wraplength'=>'4i','justify'=>'left') {
     text("This is a demonstration of menubuttons. The \"Below\" menubutton pops its menu below the button; the \"Right\" button pops to the right, etc. There are two option menus directly below this text; one is just a standard menu and the other is a 16-color palette.")
 }.pack('side'=>'top')
 
 # frame
-TkFrame.new($menubu_demo) {|frame|
+TkFrame.new(base_frame) {|frame|
   TkButton.new(frame) {
     text 'Dismiss'
     command proc{
@@ -64,7 +66,7 @@ TkFrame.new($menubu_demo) {|frame|
 
 else ; # Tk8.x
 
-body = TkFrame.new($menubu_demo)
+body = TkFrame.new(base_frame)
 body.pack('expand'=>'yes', 'fill'=>'both')
 
 below = TkMenubutton.new(body) {
@@ -159,7 +161,7 @@ center = TkFrame.new(body) {
   grid('row'=>1, 'column'=>1, 'sticky'=>'news')
 }
 
-TkFrame.new($menubu_demo) {|frame|
+TkFrame.new(base_frame) {|frame|
   TkButton.new(frame) {
     text 'Dismiss'
     command proc {
diff --git a/ext/tk/sample/demos-en/msgbox.rb b/ext/tk/sample/demos-en/msgbox.rb
index aab1b619cf..62b1f2b985 100644
--- a/ext/tk/sample/demos-en/msgbox.rb
+++ b/ext/tk/sample/demos-en/msgbox.rb
@@ -18,12 +18,14 @@ $msgbox_demo = TkToplevel.new {|w|
   positionWindow(w)
 }
 
+base_frame = TkFrame.new($msgbox_demo).pack(:fill=>:both, :expand=>true)
+
 # label
-TkLabel.new($msgbox_demo, 'font'=>$font, 'wraplength'=>'4i', 'justify'=>'left',
+TkLabel.new(base_frame, 'font'=>$font, 'wraplength'=>'4i', 'justify'=>'left',
             'text'=>"Choose the icon and type option of the message box. Then press the \"Message Box\" button to see the message box.").pack('side'=>'top')
 
 # frame
-TkFrame.new($msgbox_demo) {|frame|
+TkFrame.new(base_frame) {|frame|
   TkButton.new(frame) {
     text 'Dismiss'
     command proc{
@@ -45,8 +47,8 @@ TkFrame.new($msgbox_demo) {|frame|
 }.pack('side'=>'bottom', 'fill'=>'x', 'pady'=>'2m')
 
 # frame
-$msgbox_leftframe  = TkFrame.new($msgbox_demo)
-$msgbox_rightframe = TkFrame.new($msgbox_demo)
+$msgbox_leftframe  = TkFrame.new(base_frame)
+$msgbox_rightframe = TkFrame.new(base_frame)
 $msgbox_leftframe .pack('side'=>'left', 'expand'=>'yes', 'fill'=>'y', 
                         'pady'=>'.5c', 'padx'=>'.5c')
 $msgbox_rightframe.pack('side'=>'left', 'expand'=>'yes', 'fill'=>'y', 
diff --git a/ext/tk/sample/demos-en/msgbox2.rb b/ext/tk/sample/demos-en/msgbox2.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..6fe6c778b3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ext/tk/sample/demos-en/msgbox2.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,91 @@
+# msgbox2.rb
+#
+# This demonstration script creates message boxes of various type
+#
+# message boxes widget demo (called by 'widget')
+#
+
+# toplevel widget
+if defined?($msgbox2_demo) && $msgbox2_demo
+  $msgbox2_demo.destroy 
+  $msgbox2_demo = nil
+end
+
+# demo toplevel widget
+$msgbox2_demo = TkToplevel.new {|w|
+  title("Message Box Demonstration")
+  iconname("messagebox")
+  positionWindow(w)
+}
+
+base_frame = TkFrame.new($msgbox2_demo).pack(:fill=>:both, :expand=>true)
+
+# label
+TkLabel.new(base_frame, 'font'=>$font, 'wraplength'=>'4i', 'justify'=>'left',
+            'text'=>"Choose the icon and type option of the message box. Then press the \"Message Box\" button to see the message box with both of a message and a detail.").pack('side'=>'top')
+
+# frame
+TkFrame.new(base_frame) {|frame|
+  TkButton.new(frame) {
+    text 'Dismiss'
+    command proc{
+      tmppath = $msgbox2_demo
+      $msgbox2_demo = nil
+      tmppath.destroy
+    }
+  }.pack('side'=>'left', 'expand'=>'yes')
+
+  TkButton.new(frame) {
+    text 'Show Code'
+    command proc{showCode 'msgbox2'}
+  }.pack('side'=>'left', 'expand'=>'yes')
+
+  TkButton.new(frame) {
+    text 'Message Box'
+    command proc{showMessageBox $msgbox2_demo}
+  }.pack('side'=>'left', 'expand'=>'yes')
+}.pack('side'=>'bottom', 'fill'=>'x', 'pady'=>'2m')
+
+# frame
+$msgbox_leftframe  = TkFrame.new(base_frame)
+$msgbox_rightframe = TkFrame.new(base_frame)
+$msgbox_leftframe .pack('side'=>'left', 'expand'=>'yes', 'fill'=>'y', 
+                        'pady'=>'.5c', 'padx'=>'.5c')
+$msgbox_rightframe.pack('side'=>'left', 'expand'=>'yes', 'fill'=>'y', 
+                        'pady'=>'.5c', 'padx'=>'.5c')
+
+TkLabel.new($msgbox_leftframe, 'text'=>'Icon').pack('side'=>'top')
+TkFrame.new($msgbox_leftframe, 'relief'=>'ridge', 'bd'=>1, 'height'=>2)\
+.pack('side'=>'top', 'fill'=>'x', 'expand'=>'no')
+
+$msgboxIcon = TkVariable.new('info')
+['error', 'info', 'question', 'warning'].each {|icon|
+  TkRadioButton.new($msgbox_leftframe, 'text'=>icon, 'variable'=>$msgboxIcon, 
+                    'relief'=>'flat', 'value'=>icon, 'width'=>16, 
+                    'anchor'=>'w').pack('side'=>'top', 'pady'=>2, 
+                                        'anchor'=>'w', 'fill'=>'x')
+}
+
+TkLabel.new($msgbox_rightframe, 'text'=>'Type').pack('side'=>'top')
+TkFrame.new($msgbox_rightframe, 'relief'=>'ridge', 'bd'=>1, 'height'=>2)\
+.pack('side'=>'top', 'fill'=>'x', 'expand'=>'no')
+
+$msgboxType = TkVariable.new('ok')
+['abortretryignore', 'ok', 'okcancel', 
+  'retrycancel', 'yesno', 'yesnocancel'].each {|type|
+  TkRadioButton.new($msgbox_rightframe, 'text'=>type, 'variable'=>$msgboxType, 
+                    'relief'=>'flat', 'value'=>type, 'width'=>16, 
+                    'anchor'=>'w').pack('side'=>'top', 'pady'=>2, 
+                                        'anchor'=>'w', 'fill'=>'x')
+}
+
+def showMessageBox(w)
+  button = Tk.messageBox('icon'=>$msgboxIcon.value, 'type'=>$msgboxType.value, 
+                         'title'=>'Message', 'parent'=>w,
+                         'message'=>"\"#{$msgboxType.value}\" Type MessageBox",
+                         'detail'=>"This is a \"#{$msgboxType.value}\" type messagebox with the \"#{$msgboxIcon.value}\" icon. Please click one of the following button.")
+
+  Tk.messageBox('icon'=>'info', 'type'=>'ok', 'parent'=>w, 
+                'message'=>"You have selected  \"#{button}\"")
+end
+
diff --git a/ext/tk/sample/demos-en/paned1.rb b/ext/tk/sample/demos-en/paned1.rb
index 48ba86de02..26941b84a8 100644
--- a/ext/tk/sample/demos-en/paned1.rb
+++ b/ext/tk/sample/demos-en/paned1.rb
@@ -16,7 +16,9 @@ $paned1_demo = TkToplevel.new {|w|
   positionWindow(w)
 }
 
-TkLabel.new($paned1_demo, 
+base_frame = TkFrame.new($paned1_demo).pack(:fill=>:both, :expand=>true)
+
+TkLabel.new(base_frame, 
             :font=>$font, :wraplength=>'4i', :justify=>:left, 
             :text=><<EOL).pack(:side=>:top)
 The sash between the two coloured windows below can be used to divide the area between them.  Use the left mouse button to resize without redrawing by just moving the sash, and use the middle mouse button to resize opaquely (always redrawing the windows in each position.)
@@ -24,7 +26,7 @@ If your Tk library linked to Ruby doesn't include a 'panedwindow', this demo doe
 EOL
 
 # The bottom buttons
-TkFrame.new($paned1_demo){|f|
+TkFrame.new(base_frame){|f|
   pack(:side=>:bottom, :fill=>:x, :pady=>'2m')
 
   TkButton.new(f, :text=>'Dismiss', :width=>15, :command=>proc{
@@ -37,9 +39,9 @@ TkFrame.new($paned1_demo){|f|
                }).pack(:side=>:left, :expand=>true)
 }
 
-TkPanedwindow.new($paned1_demo){|f|
-  pack(:side=>:top, :expand=>true, :fill=>:both, :pady=>2, :padx=>'2m')
+TkPanedwindow.new(base_frame, :orient=>:horizontal){|f|
+  add(Tk::Label.new(f, :text=>"This is the\nleft side", :bg=>'yellow'), 
+      Tk::Label.new(f, :text=>"This is the\nright side", :bg=>'cyan'))
 
-  add(TkLabel.new(f, :text=>"This is the\nleft side", :bg=>'yellow'), 
-      TkLabel.new(f, :text=>"This is the\nright side", :bg=>'cyan'))
+  pack(:side=>:top, :expand=>true, :fill=>:both, :pady=>2, :padx=>'2m')
 }
diff --git a/ext/tk/sample/demos-en/paned2.rb b/ext/tk/sample/demos-en/paned2.rb
index 5911cadab6..0e62013886 100644
--- a/ext/tk/sample/demos-en/paned2.rb
+++ b/ext/tk/sample/demos-en/paned2.rb
@@ -16,7 +16,9 @@ $paned2_demo = TkToplevel.new {|w|
   positionWindow(w)
 }
 
-TkLabel.new($paned2_demo, 
+base_frame = TkFrame.new($paned2_demo).pack(:fill=>:both, :expand=>true)
+
+TkLabel.new(base_frame, 
             :font=>$font, :wraplength=>'4i', :justify=>:left, 
             :text=><<EOL).pack(:side=>:top)
 The sash between the two scrolled windows below can be used to divide the area between them.  Use the left mouse button to resize without redrawing by just moving the sash, and use the middle mouse button to resize opaquely (always redrawing the windows in each position.)
@@ -24,7 +26,7 @@ If your Tk library linked to Ruby doesn't include a 'panedwindow', this demo doe
 EOL
 
 # The bottom buttons
-TkFrame.new($paned2_demo){|f|
+TkFrame.new(base_frame){|f|
   pack(:side=>:bottom, :fill=>:x, :pady=>'2m')
 
   TkButton.new(f, :text=>'Dismiss', :width=>15, :command=>proc{
@@ -61,7 +63,7 @@ paneList.value = [         # ruby's array --> tcl's list
 ]
 
 # Create the pane itself
-TkPanedwindow.new($paned2_demo, :orient=>:vertical){|f|
+TkPanedwindow.new(base_frame, :orient=>:vertical){|f|
   pack(:side=>:top, :expand=>true, :fill=>:both, :pady=>2, :padx=>'2m')
 
   add(TkFrame.new(f){|paned2_top|
diff --git a/ext/tk/sample/demos-en/patch_1.1c1 b/ext/tk/sample/demos-en/patch_1.1c1
deleted file mode 100644
index d3952e71eb..0000000000
--- a/ext/tk/sample/demos-en/patch_1.1c1
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,93 +0,0 @@
---- /usr/src/ruby-1.1c1/lib/tkcanvas.rb	Tue Jul 21 18:18:02 1998
-+++ tkcanvas.rb	Fri Jul 24 20:38:24 1998
-@@ -310,7 +310,7 @@
- 	  || key == 'latinfont' || key == 'asciifont' )
- 	tagfont_configure(tagid(tagOrId), {key=>value})
-       else
--	tk_call 'itemconfigure', tagid(tagOrId), "-#{key}", value
-+	tk_send 'itemconfigure', tagid(tagOrId), "-#{key}", value
-       end
-     end
-   end
---- /usr/src/ruby-1.1c1/lib/tkfont.rb	Fri Jul 17 23:43:28 1998
-+++ tkfont.rb	Fri Jul 24 17:46:22 1998
-@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@
-       r | []
- 
-     when /^8\.*/
--      list(tk_call('font', 'names'))
-+      tk_split_simplelist(tk_call('font', 'names'))
- 
-     end
-   end
-@@ -89,10 +89,14 @@
-       if fnt == []
- 	TkFont.new(nil, nil).call_font_configure(path, *(args + [{}]))
-       else
--	compound = Hash[*list(tk_call('font', 'configure', 
--				      fnt))].collect{|key,value|
--	  [key[1..-1], value]
--	}.assoc('compound')[1]
-+	begin
-+	  compound = Hash[*list(tk_call('font', 'configure', 
-+					fnt))].collect{|key,value|
-+	    [key[1..-1], value]
-+	  }.assoc('compound')[1]
-+	rescue
-+	  compound = []
-+	end
- 	if compound == []
- 	  TkFont.new(fnt, DEFAULT_KANJI_FONT_NAME) \
- 	  .call_font_configure(path, *(args + [{}]))
-@@ -156,14 +160,19 @@
-     elsif font.kind_of? Array
-       finfo = {}
-       finfo['family'] = font[0].to_s
--      if font[1] && font[1] != '0' && font[1] =~ /^(|\+|-)([0-9]+)$/
--	if $1 == '-'
--	  finfo['pixels'] = font[1].to_s
-+      if font[1]
-+	fsize = font[1].to_s
-+	if fsize != '0' && fsize =~ /^(|\+|-)([0-9]+)$/
-+	  if $1 == '-'
-+	    finfo['pixels'] = $2
-+	  else
-+	    finfo['points'] = $2
-+	  end
- 	else
--	  finfo['points'] = font[1].to_s
-+	  finfo['points'] = '13'
- 	end
-       end
--      finfo[2..-1].each{|style|
-+      font[2..-1].each{|style|
- 	case (style)
- 	when 'normal'
- 	  finfo['weight'] = style
-@@ -199,16 +208,19 @@
-     elsif font.kind_of? Array
-       finfo = {}
-       finfo['family'] = font[0].to_s
--      if font[1] && font[1] != '0' && font[1] =~ /^(|\+|-)([0-9]+)$/
--	if $1 == '-'
--	  finfo['pixels'] = $2
-+      if font[1]
-+	fsize = font[1].to_s
-+	if fsize != '0' && fsize =~ /^(|\+|-)([0-9]+)$/
-+	  if $1 == '-'
-+	    finfo['pixels'] = $2
-+	  else
-+	    finfo['points'] = $2
-+	  end
- 	else
--	  finfo['points'] = $2
-+	  finfo['points'] = '13'
- 	end
--      else
--	finfo['points'] = '13'
-       end
--      finfo[2..-1].each{|style|
-+      font[2..-1].each{|style|
- 	case (style)
- 	when 'normal'
- 	  finfo['weight'] = style
diff --git a/ext/tk/sample/demos-en/pendulum.rb b/ext/tk/sample/demos-en/pendulum.rb
index 36bb44edec..5f7d361170 100644
--- a/ext/tk/sample/demos-en/pendulum.rb
+++ b/ext/tk/sample/demos-en/pendulum.rb
@@ -18,8 +18,10 @@ $pendulum_demo = TkToplevel.new {|w|
   positionWindow(w)
 }
 
+base_frame = TkFrame.new($pendulum_demo).pack(:fill=>:both, :expand=>true)
+
 # create label
-msg = TkLabel.new($pendulum_demo) {
+msg = TkLabel.new(base_frame) {
   font $font
   wraplength '4i'
   justify 'left'
@@ -28,7 +30,7 @@ msg = TkLabel.new($pendulum_demo) {
 msg.pack('side'=>'top')
 
 # create frame
-TkFrame.new($pendulum_demo) {|frame|
+TkFrame.new(base_frame) {|frame|
   TkButton.new(frame) {
     text 'Dismiss'
     command proc{
@@ -49,9 +51,11 @@ TkFrame.new($pendulum_demo) {|frame|
 class PendulumAnimationDemo
   def initialize(frame)
     # Create some structural widgets
-    pane = TkPanedWindow.new(frame).pack(:fill=>:both, :expand=>true)
-    pane.add(@lf1 = TkLabelFrame.new(pane, :text=>'Pendulum Simulation'))
-    pane.add(@lf2 = TkLabelFrame.new(pane, :text=>'Phase Space'))
+    @pane = TkPanedWindow.new(frame, :orient=>:horizontal).pack(:fill=>:both, :expand=>true)
+#    @pane.add(@lf1 = TkLabelFrame.new(@pane, :text=>'Pendulum Simulation'))
+#    @pane.add(@lf2 = TkLabelFrame.new(@pane, :text=>'Phase Space'))
+    @lf1 = TkLabelFrame.new(@pane, :text=>'Pendulum Simulation')
+    @lf2 = TkLabelFrame.new(@pane, :text=>'Phase Space')
 
     # Create the canvas containing the graphical representation of the
     # simulated system.
@@ -99,23 +103,24 @@ class PendulumAnimationDemo
     @dTheta = 0.0
     @length = 150
 
-    # init display
-    showPendulum
-
     # animation loop
     @timer = TkTimer.new(15){ repeat }
 
     # binding
     @c.bindtags_unshift(btag = TkBindTag.new)
     btag.bind('Destroy'){ @timer.stop }
-    btag.bind('1', proc{|x, y| @timer.stop; showPendulum(x, y)}, '%x %y')
-    btag.bind('B1-Motion', proc{|x, y| showPendulum(x, y)}, '%x %y')
+    btag.bind('1', proc{|x, y| @timer.stop; showPendulum(x.to_i, y.to_i)}, 
+              '%x %y')
+    btag.bind('B1-Motion', proc{|x, y| showPendulum(x.to_i, y.to_i)}, '%x %y')
     btag.bind('ButtonRelease-1', 
-              proc{|x, y| showPendulum(x, y); @timer.start }, '%x %y')
+              proc{|x, y| showPendulum(x.to_i, y.to_i); @timer.start }, 
+              '%x %y')
 
-    btag.bind('Configure', proc{|w| @plate.coords(0, 25, w, 25)}, '%w')
+    btag.bind('Configure', proc{|w| @plate.coords(0, 25, w.to_i, 25)}, '%w')
 
     @k.bind('Configure', proc{|h, w| 
+              h = h.to_i
+              w = w.to_i
               @psh = h/2; 
               @psw = w/2
               @x_axis.coords(2, @psh, w-2, @psh)
@@ -124,6 +129,14 @@ class PendulumAnimationDemo
               @label_dtheta.coords(w-6, @psh+4)
             }, '%h %w')
 
+    # add
+    Tk.update
+    @pane.add(@lf1)
+    @pane.add(@lf2)
+
+    # init display
+    showPendulum
+
     # animation start
     @timer.start(500)
   end
@@ -154,6 +167,10 @@ class PendulumAnimationDemo
   # rate at which the angle is changing (the first derivative with
   # respect to time.)
   def showPhase
+    unless @psw && @psh
+      @psw = @k.width/2
+      @psh = @k.height/2
+    end
     @points << @theta + @psw << -20*@dTheta + @psh
     if @points.length > 100
       @points = @points[-100..-1]
@@ -220,4 +237,4 @@ class PendulumAnimationDemo
 end
 
 # Start the animation processing
-PendulumAnimationDemo.new($pendulum_demo)
+PendulumAnimationDemo.new(base_frame)
diff --git a/ext/tk/sample/demos-en/plot.rb b/ext/tk/sample/demos-en/plot.rb
index 6d01deeef5..628c9df584 100644
--- a/ext/tk/sample/demos-en/plot.rb
+++ b/ext/tk/sample/demos-en/plot.rb
@@ -19,14 +19,16 @@ $plot_demo = TkToplevel.new {|w|
   positionWindow(w)
 }
 
+base_frame = TkFrame.new($plot_demo).pack(:fill=>:both, :expand=>true)
+
 # label
-TkLabel.new($plot_demo, 'font'=>$font, 'wraplength'=>'4i', 'justify'=>'left', 
+TkLabel.new(base_frame, 'font'=>$font, 'wraplength'=>'4i', 'justify'=>'left', 
             'text'=>"This window displays a canvas widget containing a simple 2-dimensional plot.  You can doctor the data by dragging any of the points with mouse button 1."){
   pack('side'=>'top')
 }
 
 # frame
-$plot_buttons = TkFrame.new($plot_demo) {|frame|
+$plot_buttons = TkFrame.new(base_frame) {|frame|
   TkButton.new(frame) {
     text 'Dismiss'
     command proc{
@@ -47,7 +49,7 @@ $plot_buttons.pack('side'=>'bottom', 'fill'=>'x', 'pady'=>'2m')
 plotFont = '-*-Helvetica-Medium-R-Normal--*-180-*-*-*-*-*-*'
 
 # canvas 
-$plot_canvas = TkCanvas.new($plot_demo,'relief'=>'raised','width'=>450,'height'=>300)
+$plot_canvas = TkCanvas.new(base_frame,'relief'=>'raised','width'=>450,'height'=>300)
 $plot_canvas.pack('side'=>'top', 'fill'=>'x')
 
 # plot 
diff --git a/ext/tk/sample/demos-en/puzzle.rb b/ext/tk/sample/demos-en/puzzle.rb
index 0885cf2975..43c61f519f 100644
--- a/ext/tk/sample/demos-en/puzzle.rb
+++ b/ext/tk/sample/demos-en/puzzle.rb
@@ -19,8 +19,10 @@ $puzzle_demo = TkToplevel.new {|w|
   positionWindow(w)
 }
 
+base_frame = TkFrame.new($puzzle_demo).pack(:fill=>:both, :expand=>true)
+
 # label
-msg = TkLabel.new($puzzle_demo) {
+msg = TkLabel.new(base_frame) {
   font $font
   wraplength '4i'
   justify 'left'
@@ -29,7 +31,7 @@ msg = TkLabel.new($puzzle_demo) {
 msg.pack('side'=>'top')
 
 # frame
-TkFrame.new($puzzle_demo) {|frame|
+TkFrame.new(base_frame) {|frame|
   TkButton.new(frame) {
     text 'Dismiss'
     command proc{
@@ -52,18 +54,27 @@ TkFrame.new($puzzle_demo) {|frame|
 # scrollbar widget and using its trough color.
 begin
   if Tk.windowingsystem() == 'aqua'
-    frameSize = 160
+    frameWidth  = 168
+    frameHeight = 168
+  elsif Tk.default_widget_set == :Ttk
+    frameWidth  = 148
+    frameHeight = 124
   else
-    frameSize = 120
+    frameWidth  = 120
+    frameHeight = 120
   end
 rescue
-  frameSize = 120
+  frameWidth  = 120
+  frameHeight = 120
 end
+
+# depend_on_button_width = true
+depend_on_button_width = false
  
-s = TkScrollbar.new($puzzle_demo)
-base = TkFrame.new($puzzle_demo) {
-  width  frameSize
-  height frameSize
+s = TkScrollbar.new(base_frame)
+base = TkFrame.new(base_frame) {
+  width  frameWidth
+  height frameHeight
   borderwidth 2
   relief 'sunken'
   bg s['troughcolor']
@@ -87,6 +98,9 @@ order = [3,1,6,2,5,7,15,13,4,11,8,9,14,10,12]
     text num
     highlightthickness 0
     command def_puzzleswitch_proc(w, num)
+    if depend_on_button_width && (w.winfo_reqwidth * 4 > base.width)
+      base.width = w.winfo_reqwidth * 4
+    end
   }.place('relx'=>$xpos[num], 'rely'=>$ypos[num], 
           'relwidth'=>0.25, 'relheight'=>0.25)
 }
diff --git a/ext/tk/sample/demos-en/radio.rb b/ext/tk/sample/demos-en/radio.rb
index 96cdc4c54a..25cfac2134 100644
--- a/ext/tk/sample/demos-en/radio.rb
+++ b/ext/tk/sample/demos-en/radio.rb
@@ -19,8 +19,10 @@ $radio_demo = TkToplevel.new {|w|
   positionWindow(w)
 }
 
+base_frame = TkFrame.new($radio_demo).pack(:fill=>:both, :expand=>true)
+
 # label 
-msg = TkLabel.new($radio_demo) {
+msg = TkLabel.new(base_frame) {
   font $font
   wraplength '4i'
   justify 'left'
@@ -33,7 +35,7 @@ size = TkVariable.new
 color = TkVariable.new
 
 # frame 
-TkFrame.new($radio_demo) {|frame|
+TkFrame.new(base_frame) {|frame|
   TkButton.new(frame) {
     text 'Dismiss'
     command proc{
@@ -52,14 +54,14 @@ TkFrame.new($radio_demo) {|frame|
   TkButton.new(frame) {
     text 'See Variables'
     command proc{
-      showVars($radio_demo, ['size', size], ['color', color])
+      showVars(base_frame, ['size', size], ['color', color])
     }
   }.pack('side'=>'left', 'expand'=>'yes')
 }.pack('side'=>'bottom', 'fill'=>'x', 'pady'=>'2m')
 
 # frame 
-f_left = TkFrame.new($radio_demo)
-f_right = TkFrame.new($radio_demo)
+f_left = TkFrame.new(base_frame)
+f_right = TkFrame.new(base_frame)
 f_left.pack('side'=>'left', 'expand'=>'yes', 'padx'=>'.5c', 'pady'=>'.5c')
 f_right.pack('side'=>'left', 'expand'=>'yes', 'padx'=>'.5c', 'pady'=>'.5c')
 
diff --git a/ext/tk/sample/demos-en/radio2.rb b/ext/tk/sample/demos-en/radio2.rb
index 2b56ccc9b1..6c02aef0cf 100644
--- a/ext/tk/sample/demos-en/radio2.rb
+++ b/ext/tk/sample/demos-en/radio2.rb
@@ -19,8 +19,10 @@ $radio2_demo = TkToplevel.new {|w|
   positionWindow(w)
 }
 
+base_frame = TkFrame.new($radio2_demo).pack(:fill=>:both, :expand=>true)
+
 # label 
-msg = TkLabel.new($radio2_demo) {
+msg = TkLabel.new(base_frame) {
   font $font
   wraplength '5i'
   justify 'left'
@@ -34,7 +36,7 @@ color = TkVariable.new
 align = TkVariable.new
 
 # frame 
-TkFrame.new($radio2_demo) {|frame|
+TkFrame.new(base_frame) {|frame|
   TkButton.new(frame) {
     text 'Dismiss'
     command proc{
@@ -53,18 +55,18 @@ TkFrame.new($radio2_demo) {|frame|
   TkButton.new(frame) {
     text 'See Variables'
     command proc{
-      showVars($radio2_demo, 
+      showVars(base_frame, 
                ['size', size], ['color', color], ['compound', align])
     }
   }.pack('side'=>'left', 'expand'=>'yes')
 }.pack('side'=>'bottom', 'fill'=>'x', 'pady'=>'2m')
 
 # frame 
-f_left  = TkLabelFrame.new($radio2_demo, 'text'=>'Point Size', 
+f_left  = TkLabelFrame.new(base_frame, 'text'=>'Point Size', 
                            'pady'=>2, 'padx'=>2)
-f_mid   = TkLabelFrame.new($radio2_demo, 'text'=>'Color', 
+f_mid   = TkLabelFrame.new(base_frame, 'text'=>'Color', 
                            'pady'=>2, 'padx'=>2)
-f_right = TkLabelFrame.new($radio2_demo, 'text'=>'Alignment', 
+f_right = TkLabelFrame.new(base_frame, 'text'=>'Alignment', 
                            'pady'=>2, 'padx'=>2)
 f_left.pack('side'=>'left', 'expand'=>'yes', 'padx'=>'.5c', 'pady'=>'.5c')
 f_mid.pack('side'=>'left', 'expand'=>'yes', 'padx'=>'.5c', 'pady'=>'.5c')
@@ -90,7 +92,8 @@ f_right.pack('side'=>'left', 'expand'=>'yes', 'padx'=>'.5c', 'pady'=>'.5c')
   }.pack('side'=>'top', 'pady'=>2, 'fill'=>'x')
 }
 
-label = TkLabel.new(f_right, 'text'=>'Label', 'bitmap'=>'questhead', 
+# label = TkLabel.new(f_right, 'text'=>'Label', 'bitmap'=>'questhead', 
+label = Tk::Label.new(f_right, 'text'=>'Label', 'bitmap'=>'questhead', 
                     'compound'=>'left')
 label.configure('width'=>TkWinfo.reqwidth(label), 'compound'=>'top')
 label.height(TkWinfo.reqheight(label))
diff --git a/ext/tk/sample/demos-en/radio3.rb b/ext/tk/sample/demos-en/radio3.rb
index 70c4abb3b5..9c9d75ef4a 100644
--- a/ext/tk/sample/demos-en/radio3.rb
+++ b/ext/tk/sample/demos-en/radio3.rb
@@ -19,8 +19,10 @@ $radio3_demo = TkToplevel.new {|w|
   positionWindow(w)
 }
 
+base_frame = TkFrame.new($radio3_demo).pack(:fill=>:both, :expand=>true)
+
 # label 
-msg = TkLabel.new($radio3_demo) {
+msg = TkLabel.new(base_frame) {
   font $font
   wraplength '5i'
   justify 'left'
@@ -34,14 +36,14 @@ color = TkVariable.new
 align = TkVariable.new
 
 # frame 
-TkFrame.new($radio3_demo) {|frame|
+TkFrame.new(base_frame) {|frame|
   TkGrid(TkFrame.new(frame, :height=>2, :relief=>:sunken, :bd=>2), 
          :columnspan=>4, :row=>0, :sticky=>'ew', :pady=>2)
   TkGrid('x', 
          TkButton.new(frame, :text=>'See Variables', 
                       :image=>$image['view'], :compound=>:left, 
                       :command=>proc{
-                        showVars($radio3_demo, ['size', size], 
+                        showVars(base_frame, ['size', size], 
                                  ['color', color], ['compound', align])
                       }), 
          TkButton.new(frame, :text=>'See Code', 
@@ -61,17 +63,17 @@ TkFrame.new($radio3_demo) {|frame|
 }
 
 # frame 
-f_left  = TkLabelFrame.new($radio3_demo, 'text'=>'Point Size', 
+f_left  = TkLabelFrame.new(base_frame, 'text'=>'Point Size', 
                            'pady'=>2, 'padx'=>2)
-f_mid   = TkLabelFrame.new($radio3_demo, 'text'=>'Color', 
+f_mid   = TkLabelFrame.new(base_frame, 'text'=>'Color', 
                            'pady'=>2, 'padx'=>2)
-f_right = TkLabelFrame.new($radio3_demo, 'text'=>'Alignment', 
+f_right = TkLabelFrame.new(base_frame, 'text'=>'Alignment', 
                            'pady'=>2, 'padx'=>2)
 f_left .grid('column'=>0, 'row'=>1, 'pady'=>'.5c', 'padx'=>'.5c', 'rowspan'=>2)
 f_mid  .grid('column'=>1, 'row'=>1, 'pady'=>'.5c', 'padx'=>'.5c', 'rowspan'=>2)
 f_right.grid('column'=>2, 'row'=>1, 'pady'=>'.5c', 'padx'=>'.5c')
 
-TkButton.new($radio3_demo, 'text'=>'Tristate', 
+TkButton.new(base_frame, 'text'=>'Tristate', 
              'command'=>proc{size.value = 'multi'; color.value = 'multi'}){
   grid('column'=>2, 'row'=>2, 'pady'=>'.5c', 'padx'=>'.5c')
 }
@@ -99,7 +101,8 @@ TkButton.new($radio3_demo, 'text'=>'Tristate',
   }.pack('side'=>'top', 'pady'=>2, 'fill'=>'x')
 }
 
-label = TkLabel.new(f_right, 'text'=>'Label', 'bitmap'=>'questhead', 
+# label = TkLabel.new(f_right, 'text'=>'Label', 'bitmap'=>'questhead', 
+label = Tk::Label.new(f_right, 'text'=>'Label', 'bitmap'=>'questhead', 
                     'compound'=>'left')
 label.configure('width'=>TkWinfo.reqwidth(label), 'compound'=>'top')
 label.height(TkWinfo.reqheight(label))
diff --git a/ext/tk/sample/demos-en/rolodex-j b/ext/tk/sample/demos-en/rolodex-j
deleted file mode 100644
index 27e2bc9da0..0000000000
--- a/ext/tk/sample/demos-en/rolodex-j
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,323 +0,0 @@
-#!/usr/bin/env ruby
-#
-# rolodex --
-# ���Υ�����ץȤ� Tom LaStrange �� rolodex �ΰ����Ǥ���
-# 
-# Copyright (C) 1998 by Takaaki Tateishi <ttate@jaist.ac.jp>
-# Time-stamp: "03/08/02 14:02:04 nagai"
-#
-
-require "tk"
-
-Tk.encoding = "euc-jp"
-$font = TkFont.new('k14')
-
-def show_help(topic,x=0,y=0)
-  if( topic.is_a?(TkWindow) )
-    w = TkWinfo.containing(x,y)
-    if( w.is_a?(TkWindow) )
-      if( TkWinfo.exist?(w) )
-	topic = w
-      end
-    end
-  end
-  
-  if( $helpTopics.include?(topic) )
-    msg = $helpTopics[topic]
-  else
-    msg = "���Υȥԥå��ˤĤ��ƤΥإ�פϤޤ����ѤǤ��ޤ���"
-  end
-  TkDialog.new("title"=>"Rolodex Help",
-	       "message"=>"��#{topic}��\n\n#{msg}",
-	       "font"=>$font,
-	       "default_button"=>0,
-	       "buttons"=>["OK"])
-end
-
-def fillCard
-  clearAction
-  $root.frame.entry[1].insert(0, "Ω�� ����")
-  $root.frame.entry[2].insert(0, "923-1292 ���")
-  $root.frame.entry[3].insert(0, "ä��Į ���� 1-1")
-  $root.frame.entry[4].insert(0, "��Φ��ü�ʳص�����ر����")
-  $root.frame.entry[5].insert(0,"private")
-  $root.frame.entry[6].insert(0,"***-***-****")
-  $root.frame.entry[7].insert(0,"***-***-****")
-end
-
-def addAction
-  for i in 1..7
-    STDERR.print format("%-12s %s\n",
-			RolodexFrame::LABEL[i],
-			$root.frame.entry[i].value)
-  end
-end
-
-def clearAction
-  for i in 1..7
-    $root.frame.entry[i].delete(0,"end")
-  end
-end
-
-def fileAction
-  TkDialog.new("title"=>"File Selection",
-	       "message"=>"����ϥե�������������������Υ��ߡ��Ǥ���\n",
-	       "font"=>$font,
-	       "default_button"=>0,
-	       "buttons"=>["OK"])
-  STDERR.print "dummy file name\n"
-end
-
-def deleteAction
-  result = TkDialog.new("title"=>"Confirm Action",
-			"message"=>"��������Ǥ�����",
-			"font"=>$font,
-			"default_button"=>0,
-			"buttons"=>["����󥻥�"])
-  if( result.value == 0 )
-    clearAction
-  end
-end
-
-
-class RolodexFrame < TkFrame
-  attr_reader :entry, :label
-
-  LABEL = ["","̾��:","����","","","����(����):","����(���):","Fax:"]
-
-  def initialize(parent=nil,keys=nil)
-    super(parent,keys)
-    self["relief"] = "flat"
-    @i = []
-    @label = []
-    @entry = []
-    for i in 1..7
-      @i[i] = TkFrame.new(self)
-      @i[i].pack("side"=>"top",
-		 "pady"=>2,
-		 "anchor"=>"e")
-      @label[i] = TkLabel.new(@i[i],
-			      "text"=>LABEL[i],
-			      "anchor"=>"e",
-			      "font" => $font)
-      @entry[i] = TkEntry.new(@i[i],
-			      "width"=>30,
-			      "relief"=>"sunken",
-			      "font" => $font)
-      @entry[i].pack("side"=>"right")
-      @label[i].pack("side"=>"right")
-    end
-  end
-end
-
-class RolodexButtons < TkFrame
-  attr_reader :clear, :add, :search, :delete
-
-  def initialize(parent,keys=nil)
-    super(parent,keys)
-    @clear = TkButton.new(self,
-			  "text" => "���ꥢ��",
-			  "font" => $font)
-    @add = TkButton.new(self,
-			"text" => "�ɲ�",
-			"font" => $font)
-    @search = TkButton.new(self,
-			   "text" => "����",
-			   "font" => $font)
-    @delete = TkButton.new(self,
-			   "text" => "�õ�",
-			   "font" => $font)
-    for w in [@clear,@add,@search,@delete]
-      w.pack("side"=>"left", "padx"=>2)
-    end
-  end
-end
-
-class RolodexMenuFrame < TkFrame
-  attr_reader :file_menu, :help_menu, :file, :help
-
-  def initialize(parent,keys=nil)
-    super(parent,keys)
-    configure("relief"=>"raised",
-	      "borderwidth"=>1)
-
-    @file = TkMenubutton.new(self,
-			     "text"=> "�ե�����",
-			     "font"=> $font,
-			     "underline"=>0)
-    @file_menu = TkMenu.new(@file)
-    @file_menu.add("command",
-		   "label" => "�ɤ߹��� ...",
-		   "font" => $font,
-		   "command" => proc{fileAction},
-		   "underline" => 0)
-    @file_menu.add("command",
-		   "label" => "��λ",
-		   "font" => $font,
-		   "command" => proc{$root.destroy},
-		   "underline" => 0)
-    @file.menu(@file_menu)
-    @file.pack("side"=>"left")
-
-    @help = TkMenubutton.new(self,
-			     "text"=> "�إ��",
-			     "font"=> $font,
-			     "underline"=>0)
-    @help_menu = TkMenu.new(@help)
-    @help_menu.add("command",
-		   "label"=> "����ƥ����ȤˤĤ���",
-		   "font" => $font,
-		   "command"=>proc{show_help("����ƥ�����")},
-		   "underline"=>3)
-    @help_menu.add("command",
-		   "label"=> "�إ�פˤĤ���",
-		   "font" => $font,
-		   "command"=>proc{show_help("�إ��")},
-		   "underline"=>3)
-    @help_menu.add("command",
-		   "label"=> "������ɥ��ˤĤ���",
-		   "font" => $font,
-		   "command"=>proc{show_help("������ɥ�")},
-		   "underline"=>3)
-    @help_menu.add("command",
-		   "label"=> "�������ˤĤ���",
-		   "font" => $font,
-		   "command"=>proc{show_help("�������")},
-		   "underline"=>3)
-    @help_menu.add("command",
-		   "label"=> "�С���������",
-		   "font" => $font,
-		   "command"=>proc{show_help("�С���������")},
-		   "underline"=>3)
-    @help.menu(@help_menu)
-    @help.pack("side"=>"right")
-  end
-end
-
-class Rolodex < TkRoot
-  attr_reader :frame, :buttons, :menu
-
-  def initialize(*args)
-    super(*args)
-    @frame = RolodexFrame.new(self)
-    @frame.pack("side"=>"top",
-		"fill"=>"y",
-		"anchor"=>"center")
-    @buttons = RolodexButtons.new(self)
-    @buttons.pack("side"=>"bottom",
-		  "pady"=>2,
-		  "anchor"=>"center")
-    @menu = RolodexMenuFrame.new(self)
-    @menu.pack("before"=>@frame,
-	       "side"=>"top",
-	       "fill"=>"x")
-  end
-end
-
-$root = Rolodex.new
-
-$root.buttons.delete.configure("command"=>proc{deleteAction})
-$root.buttons.add.configure("command"=>proc{addAction})
-$root.buttons.clear.configure("command"=>proc{clearAction})
-$root.buttons.search.configure("command"=>proc{addAction; fillCard})
-
-$root.buttons.clear.configure("text"=> "���ꥢ��   Ctrl+C", "font" => $font)
-$root.bind("Control-c",proc{clearAction})
-
-$root.buttons.add.configure("text"=> "�ɲ�   Ctrl+A", "font" => $font)
-$root.bind("Control-a",proc{addAction})
-
-$root.buttons.search.configure("text"=> "����   Ctrl+S", "font" => $font)
-$root.bind("Control-s",proc{addAction; fillCard})
-
-$root.buttons.delete.configure("text"=> "�õ�   Ctrl+D", "font" => $font)
-$root.bind("Control-d",proc{deleteAction})
-
-$root.menu.file_menu.entryconfigure(1, "accel"=>"Ctrl+F")
-$root.bind("Control-f",proc{fileAction})
-
-$root.menu.file_menu.entryconfigure(2, "accel"=>"Ctrl+Q")
-$root.bind("Control-q",proc{$root.destroy})
-
-$root.frame.entry[1].focus
-
-$root.bind("Any-F1",
-	   proc{|event| show_help(event.widget, event.x_root, event.y_root)})
-$root.bind("Any-Help",
-	   proc{|event| show_help(event.widget, event.x_root, event.y_root)})
-
-
-$helpTopics = {}
-
-$helpTopics[$root.menu.file] = <<EOF
-����ϡ֥ե�����ץ�˥塼�Ǥ������ɤ߹��ߡפ�ֽ�λ�פʤɤ�
-�Ԥʤ����Ȥ��Ǥ��ޤ���
-EOF
-
-$helpTopics[$root.menu.file_menu.index(0)] = <<EOF
-�ե�������ɤ߹��ߤ�Ԥʤ��Ȥ��˻Ȥ��ޤ���
-EOF
-
-$helpTopics[$root.menu.file_menu.index(1)] = <<EOF
-���ץꥱ��������λ����Ȥ��˻Ȥ��ޤ���
-EOF
-
-$helpTopics[$root.frame.entry[1]] = <<EOF
-̾���������륨��ȥ�Ǥ���
-EOF
-
-$helpTopics[$root.frame.entry[2]] = <<EOF
-����������륨��ȥ�Ǥ���
-EOF
-
-$helpTopics[$root.frame.entry[3]] = <<EOF
-����������륨��ȥ�Ǥ���
-EOF
-
-$helpTopics[$root.frame.entry[4]] = <<EOF
-����������륨��ȥ�Ǥ���
-EOF
-
-$helpTopics[$root.frame.entry[5]] = <<EOF
-����������ֹ�������륨��ȥ�Ǥ�������\
-�������ʤ��Ȥ��� private �ȵ������ޤ���
-EOF
-
-$helpTopics[$root.frame.entry[6]] = <<EOF
-��Ҥ������ֹ�������륨��ȥ�Ǥ���
-EOF
-
-$helpTopics[$root.frame.entry[7]] = <<EOF
-FAX�ֹ�������륨��ȥ�Ǥ���
-EOF
-
-$helpTopics["����ƥ�����"] = <<EOF
-Ruby/Tk�Ǥ�grab�ε������ʤ����ᤳ�Υ��ץꥱ�������Ǥ�\
-����ƥ����ȥإ�פϥ��ݡ��Ȥ���Ƥ��ޤ���
-������Ʊ���褦�ʸ��̤�bind�ȥޥ����ΰ��֤�Wedget���Τ�\
-���Ȥ����뤳�Ȥ��Ǥ��ޤ���
-EOF
-
-$helpTopics["�إ��"] = <<EOF
-�ޥ����򥦥���ɥ��ˤ��碌��F1�����򲡤����Ȥˤ�ä�\
-���Υإ�פ򸫤뤳�Ȥ��Ǥ��ޤ���
-EOF
-
-$helpTopics["������ɥ�"] = <<EOF
-���Υ�����ɥ��ϥ��ߡ��Ǥ���
-EOF
-
-$helpTopics["�������"] = <<EOF
-Ctrl+A:		�ɲ�
-Ctrl+C:		���ꥢ��
-Ctrl+D:		�õ�
-Ctrl+F:		�ե���������
-Ctrl+Q:		��λ
-Ctrl+S:		����
-EOF
-
-$helpTopics["�С���������"] = <<EOF
-�С������� 1.0.1e �Ǥ���
-EOF
-
-Tk.mainloop
diff --git a/ext/tk/sample/demos-en/ruler.rb b/ext/tk/sample/demos-en/ruler.rb
index 4299d57b4f..26cd4f3b1c 100644
--- a/ext/tk/sample/demos-en/ruler.rb
+++ b/ext/tk/sample/demos-en/ruler.rb
@@ -32,14 +32,16 @@ $ruler_demo = TkToplevel.new {|w|
   positionWindow(w)
 }
 
+base_frame = TkFrame.new($ruler_demo).pack(:fill=>:both, :expand=>true)
+
 # label
-TkLabel.new($ruler_demo, 'font'=>$font, 'wraplength'=>'5i', 'justify'=>'left', 
+TkLabel.new(base_frame, 'font'=>$font, 'wraplength'=>'5i', 'justify'=>'left', 
             'text'=>"This canvas widget shows a mock-up of a ruler.  You can create tab stops by dragging them out of the well to the right of the ruler.  You can also drag existing tab stops.  If you drag a tab stop far enough up or down so that it turns dim, it will be deleted when you release the mouse button."){
   pack('side'=>'top')
 }
 
 # frame
-$ruler_buttons = TkFrame.new($ruler_demo) {|frame|
+$ruler_buttons = TkFrame.new(base_frame) {|frame|
   TkButton.new(frame) {
     text 'Dismiss'
     command proc{
@@ -57,7 +59,7 @@ $ruler_buttons = TkFrame.new($ruler_demo) {|frame|
 $ruler_buttons.pack('side'=>'bottom', 'fill'=>'x', 'pady'=>'2m')
 
 # canvas 
-$ruler_canvas = TkCanvas.new($ruler_demo, 'width'=>'14.8c', 'height'=>'2.5c')
+$ruler_canvas = TkCanvas.new(base_frame, 'width'=>'14.8c', 'height'=>'2.5c')
 $ruler_canvas.pack('side'=>'top', 'fill'=>'x')
 
 # 
diff --git a/ext/tk/sample/demos-en/sayings.rb b/ext/tk/sample/demos-en/sayings.rb
index cef0f4ecf4..06ec7c1e75 100644
--- a/ext/tk/sample/demos-en/sayings.rb
+++ b/ext/tk/sample/demos-en/sayings.rb
@@ -20,8 +20,10 @@ $sayings_demo = TkToplevel.new {|w|
   positionWindow(w)
 }
 
+base_frame = TkFrame.new($sayings_demo).pack(:fill=>:both, :expand=>true)
+
 # label
-msg = TkLabel.new($sayings_demo) {
+msg = TkLabel.new(base_frame) {
   font $font
   wraplength '4i'
   justify 'left'
@@ -30,7 +32,7 @@ msg = TkLabel.new($sayings_demo) {
 msg.pack('side'=>'top')
 
 # frame
-TkFrame.new($sayings_demo) {|frame|
+TkFrame.new(base_frame) {|frame|
   TkButton.new(frame) {
     text 'Dismiss'
     command proc{
@@ -49,7 +51,7 @@ TkFrame.new($sayings_demo) {|frame|
 
 # frame
 sayings_lbox = nil
-TkFrame.new($sayings_demo, 'borderwidth'=>10) {|w|
+TkFrame.new(base_frame, 'borderwidth'=>10) {|w|
   sv = TkScrollbar.new(w)
   sh = TkScrollbar.new(w, 'orient'=>'horizontal')
   sayings_lbox = TkListbox.new(w) {
diff --git a/ext/tk/sample/demos-en/search.rb b/ext/tk/sample/demos-en/search.rb
index 3d3b4aecc8..e1fc565e9d 100644
--- a/ext/tk/sample/demos-en/search.rb
+++ b/ext/tk/sample/demos-en/search.rb
@@ -79,8 +79,10 @@ $search_demo = TkToplevel.new {|w|
   positionWindow(w)
 }
 
+base_frame = TkFrame.new($search_demo).pack(:fill=>:both, :expand=>true)
+
 # frame
-$search_buttons = TkFrame.new($search_demo) {|frame|
+$search_buttons = TkFrame.new(base_frame) {|frame|
   TkButton.new(frame) {
     text 'Dismiss'
     command proc{
@@ -98,7 +100,7 @@ $search_buttons = TkFrame.new($search_demo) {|frame|
 $search_buttons.pack('side'=>'bottom', 'fill'=>'x', 'pady'=>'2m')
 
 # frame
-TkFrame.new($search_demo) {|f|
+TkFrame.new(base_frame) {|f|
   TkLabel.new(f, 'text'=>'File name:', 
               'width'=>13, 'anchor'=>'w').pack('side'=>'left')
   $search_fileName = TkVariable.new
@@ -115,7 +117,7 @@ TkFrame.new($search_demo) {|f|
   .pack('side'=>'left', 'pady'=>5, 'padx'=>10)
 }.pack('side'=>'top', 'fill'=>'x')
 
-TkFrame.new($search_demo) {|f|
+TkFrame.new(base_frame) {|f|
   TkLabel.new(f, 'text'=>'Search string:', 
               'width'=>13, 'anchor'=>'w').pack('side'=>'left')
   $search_searchString = TkVariable.new
@@ -133,14 +135,14 @@ TkFrame.new($search_demo) {|f|
   }
 }.pack('side'=>'top', 'fill'=>'x')
 
-$search_text = TkText.new($search_demo, 'setgrid'=>true, 'wrap'=>'word') {|t|
+$search_text = TkText.new(base_frame, 'setgrid'=>true, 'wrap'=>'word') {|t|
   $search_Tag = TkTextTag.new(t)
-  TkScrollbar.new($search_demo, 'command'=>proc{|*args| t.yview(*args)}) {|sc|
+  TkScrollbar.new(base_frame, 'command'=>proc{|*args| t.yview(*args)}) {|sc|
     t.yscrollcommand(proc{|first,last| sc.set first,last})
     pack('side'=>'right', 'fill'=>'y')
   }
   pack('expand'=>'yes', 'fill'=>'both')
-}  
+}
 
 # Set up display styles for text highlighting.
 
@@ -173,8 +175,13 @@ type a string in the lower entry and type <Return> or click on \
 \"Load File\".  This will cause all of the instances of the string to \
 be tagged with the tag \"search\", and it will arrange for the tag\'s \
 display attributes to change to make all of the strings blink.")
+$search_text.insert('end', "\
+The current directory to load a file is \"#{Dir.pwd}\".\
+")
 $search_text.set_insert '0.0'
 
 $search_fileName.value = ''
 $search_searchString.value = ''
 
+$search_text.width = 60
+$search_text.height = 20
diff --git a/ext/tk/sample/demos-en/spin.rb b/ext/tk/sample/demos-en/spin.rb
index 58616b1e02..c2a3a8949b 100644
--- a/ext/tk/sample/demos-en/spin.rb
+++ b/ext/tk/sample/demos-en/spin.rb
@@ -15,7 +15,9 @@ $spin_demo = TkToplevel.new {|w|
   positionWindow(w)
 }
 
-TkLabel.new($spin_demo, 
+base_frame = TkFrame.new($spin_demo).pack(:fill=>:both, :expand=>true)
+
+TkLabel.new(base_frame, 
             :font=>$font, :wraplength=>'5i', :justify=>:left, 
             :text=><<EOL).pack(:side=>:top)
 Three different spin-boxes are displayed below.  \
@@ -34,7 +36,7 @@ this demo doesn't work. Please use later version of Tk \
 which supports a 'spinbox' widget.
 EOL
 
-TkFrame.new($spin_demo){|f|
+TkFrame.new(base_frame){|f|
   pack(:side=>:bottom, :fill=>:x, :pady=>'2m')
 
   TkButton.new(f, :text=>'Dismiss', :width=>15, :command=>proc{
@@ -53,11 +55,11 @@ australianCities = [
 ]
 
 [
-  TkSpinbox.new($spin_demo, :from=>1, :to=>10, :width=>10, :validate=>:key, 
+  TkSpinbox.new(base_frame, :from=>1, :to=>10, :width=>10, :validate=>:key, 
                 :validatecommand=>[
                   proc{|s| s == '' || /^[+-]?\d+$/ =~ s }, '%P'
                 ]), 
-  TkSpinbox.new($spin_demo, :from=>0, :to=>3, :increment=>0.5, 
+  TkSpinbox.new(base_frame, :from=>0, :to=>3, :increment=>0.5, 
                 :format=>'%05.2f', :width=>10), 
-  TkSpinbox.new($spin_demo, :values=>australianCities, :width=>10)
+  TkSpinbox.new(base_frame, :values=>australianCities, :width=>10)
 ].each{|sbox| sbox.pack(:side=>:top, :pady=>5, :padx=>10)}
diff --git a/ext/tk/sample/demos-en/states.rb b/ext/tk/sample/demos-en/states.rb
index d38c1245af..add0e84800 100644
--- a/ext/tk/sample/demos-en/states.rb
+++ b/ext/tk/sample/demos-en/states.rb
@@ -19,8 +19,10 @@ $states_demo = TkToplevel.new {|w|
   positionWindow(w)
 }
 
+base_frame = TkFrame.new($states_demo).pack(:fill=>:both, :expand=>true)
+
 # label
-msg = TkLabel.new($states_demo) {
+msg = TkLabel.new(base_frame) {
   font $font
   wraplength '4i'
   justify 'left'
@@ -29,7 +31,7 @@ msg = TkLabel.new($states_demo) {
 msg.pack('side'=>'top')
 
 # frame
-TkFrame.new($states_demo) {|frame|
+TkFrame.new(base_frame) {|frame|
   TkButton.new(frame) {
     text 'Dismiss'
     command proc{
@@ -48,7 +50,7 @@ TkFrame.new($states_demo) {|frame|
 
 # frame
 states_lbox = nil
-TkFrame.new($states_demo, 'borderwidth'=>'.5c') {|w|
+TkFrame.new(base_frame, 'borderwidth'=>'.5c') {|w|
   s = TkScrollbar.new(w)
   states_lbox = TkListbox.new(w) {
     setgrid 1
diff --git a/ext/tk/sample/demos-en/style.rb b/ext/tk/sample/demos-en/style.rb
index 5ed11aa459..c2fed23926 100644
--- a/ext/tk/sample/demos-en/style.rb
+++ b/ext/tk/sample/demos-en/style.rb
@@ -19,8 +19,10 @@ $style_demo = TkToplevel.new {|w|
   positionWindow(w)
 }
 
+base_frame = TkFrame.new($style_demo).pack(:fill=>:both, :expand=>true)
+
 # frame
-TkFrame.new($style_demo) {|frame|
+TkFrame.new(base_frame) {|frame|
   TkButton.new(frame) {
     text 'Dismiss'
     command proc{
@@ -37,13 +39,14 @@ TkFrame.new($style_demo) {|frame|
 }.pack('side'=>'bottom', 'fill'=>'x', 'pady'=>'2m')
 
 # text 
-TkText.new($style_demo){|t|
+txt = TkText.new(base_frame){|t|
   # 
   setgrid 'true'
-  width  70
-  height 32
+  #width  70
+  #height 32
   wrap 'word'
-  TkScrollbar.new($style_demo) {|s|
+  font $font
+  TkScrollbar.new(base_frame) {|s|
     pack('side'=>'right', 'fill'=>'y')
     command proc{|*args| t.yview(*args)}
     t.yscrollcommand proc{|first,last| s.set first,last}
@@ -51,11 +54,20 @@ TkText.new($style_demo){|t|
   pack('expand'=>'yes', 'fill'=>'both')
 
   # 
-  style_tag_bold = TkTextTag.new(t, 'font'=>'-*-Courier-Bold-O-Normal--*-120-*-*-*-*-*-*')
-  style_tag_big = TkTextTag.new(t, 'font'=>'-*-Courier-Bold-R-Normal--*-140-*-*-*-*-*-*', 'kanjifont'=>$msg_kanji_font)
+  family = 'Courier'
+
+  if $tk_version =~ /^4.*/
+    style_tag_bold = TkTextTag.new(t, 'font'=>'-*-Courier-Bold-O-Normal--*-120-*-*-*-*-*-*')
+    style_tag_big = TkTextTag.new(t, 'font'=>'-*-Courier-Bold-R-Normal--*-140-*-*-*-*-*-*', 'kanjifont'=>$msg_kanji_font)
     style_tag_verybig = TkTextTag.new(t, 'font'=>'-*-Helvetica-Bold-R-Normal--*-240-*-*-*-*-*-*')
-#    style_tag_small = TkTextTag.new(t, 'font'=>'-Adobe-Helvetica-Bold-R-Normal-*-100-*', 'kanjifont'=>$kanji_font)
+    #    style_tag_small = TkTextTag.new(t, 'font'=>'-Adobe-Helvetica-Bold-R-Normal-*-100-*', 'kanjifont'=>$kanji_font)
     style_tag_small = TkTextTag.new(t, 'font'=>'-Adobe-Helvetica-Bold-R-Normal-*-100-*')
+  else
+    style_tag_bold = TkTextTag.new(t, 'font'=>[family, 12, :bold, :italic])
+    style_tag_big = TkTextTag.new(t, 'font'=>[family, 14, :bold])
+    style_tag_verybig = TkTextTag.new(t, 'font'=>['Helvetica', 24, :bold])
+    style_tag_small = TkTextTag.new(t, 'font'=>'Times 8 bold')
+  end
 ###
 #  case($tk_version)
 #  when /^4.*/
@@ -109,8 +121,13 @@ TkText.new($style_demo){|t|
   style_tag_overstrike = TkTextTag.new(t, 'overstrike'=>'on')
   style_tag_right  = TkTextTag.new(t, 'justify'=>'right')
   style_tag_center = TkTextTag.new(t, 'justify'=>'center')
-  style_tag_super = TkTextTag.new(t, 'offset'=>'4p', 'font'=>'-Adobe-Courier-Medium-R-Normal--*-100-*-*-*-*-*-*')
-  style_tag_sub = TkTextTag.new(t, 'offset'=>'-2p', 'font'=>'-Adobe-Courier-Medium-R-Normal--*-100-*-*-*-*-*-*')
+  if $tk_version =~ /^4.*/
+    style_tag_super = TkTextTag.new(t, 'offset'=>'4p', 'font'=>'-Adobe-Courier-Medium-R-Normal--*-100-*-*-*-*-*-*')
+    style_tag_sub = TkTextTag.new(t, 'offset'=>'-2p', 'font'=>'-Adobe-Courier-Medium-R-Normal--*-100-*-*-*-*-*-*')
+  else
+    style_tag_super = TkTextTag.new(t, 'offset'=>'4p', 'font'=>[family, 10])
+    style_tag_sub = TkTextTag.new(t, 'offset'=>'-2p', 'font'=>[family, 10])
+  end
   style_tag_margins = TkTextTag.new(t, 'lmargin1'=>'12m', 'lmargin2'=>'6m',
                                     'rmargin'=>'10m')
   style_tag_spacing = TkTextTag.new(t, 'spacing1'=>'10p', 'spacing2'=>'2p',
@@ -132,7 +149,8 @@ available display styles are:
   insert('end', "  You can choose any X font, ")
   insert('end', "large", style_tag_verybig)
   insert('end', " or ")
-  insert('end', "small.\n")
+  insert('end', "small", style_tag_small)
+  insert('end', ".\n")
   insert('end', "\n2. Color.", style_tag_big)
   insert('end', "  You can change either the ")
   insert('end', "background", style_tag_color1)
@@ -209,3 +227,5 @@ available display styles are:
 
 }
 
+txt.width 70
+txt.height 32
diff --git a/ext/tk/sample/demos-en/text.rb b/ext/tk/sample/demos-en/text.rb
index 4bb4b6bc7e..3ce8cdfda8 100644
--- a/ext/tk/sample/demos-en/text.rb
+++ b/ext/tk/sample/demos-en/text.rb
@@ -19,6 +19,8 @@ $text_demo = TkToplevel.new {|w|
   positionWindow(w)
 }
 
+base_frame = TkFrame.new($text_demo).pack(:fill=>:both, :expand=>true)
+
 # version check
 if ((Tk::TK_VERSION.split('.').collect{|n| n.to_i} <=> [8,4]) < 0)
   undo_support = false
@@ -27,7 +29,7 @@ else
 end
 
 # frame
-TkFrame.new($text_demo) {|frame|
+TkFrame.new(base_frame) {|frame|
   TkButton.new(frame) {
     text 'Dismiss'
     command proc{
@@ -44,7 +46,7 @@ TkFrame.new($text_demo) {|frame|
 }.pack('side'=>'bottom', 'fill'=>'x', 'pady'=>'2m')
 
 # text 
-TkText.new($text_demo){|t|
+TkText.new(base_frame){|t|
   relief 'sunken'
   bd 2
   setgrid 1
@@ -53,7 +55,7 @@ TkText.new($text_demo){|t|
     undo true
     autoseparators true
   end
-  TkScrollbar.new($text_demo) {|s|
+  TkScrollbar.new(base_frame) {|s|
     pack('side'=>'right', 'fill'=>'y')
     command proc{|*args| t.yview(*args)}
     t.yscrollcommand proc{|first,last| s.set first,last}
diff --git a/ext/tk/sample/demos-en/textpeer.rb b/ext/tk/sample/demos-en/textpeer.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..c25ce15e5c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ext/tk/sample/demos-en/textpeer.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,76 @@
+#
+# text widget peering demo (called by 'widget')
+#
+# based on Tcl/Tk8.5.0 widget demos
+
+if defined?($textpeer_demo) && $textpeer_demo
+  $textpeer_demo.destroy 
+  $textpeer_demo = nil
+end
+
+# demo toplevel widget
+$textpeer_demo = TkToplevel.new {|w|
+  title("Text Wdget Peering Demonstration")
+  iconname("textpeer")
+  positionWindow(w)
+}
+
+base_frame = TkFrame.new($textpeer_demo).pack(:fill=>:both, :expand=>true)
+
+count = [0]
+
+## Define a widget that we peer from; it won't ever actually be shown though
+first = TkText.new(base_frame, :widgetname=>"text#{count[0] += 1}")
+first.insert :end,"This is a coupled pair of text widgets; they are peers to "
+first.insert :end,"each other. They have the same underlying data model, but "
+first.insert :end,"can show different locations, have different current edit "
+first.insert :end,"locations, and have different selections. You can also "
+first.insert :end,"create additional peers of any of these text widgets using "
+first.insert :end,"the Make Peer button beside the text widget to clone, and "
+first.insert :end,"delete a particular peer widget using the Delete Peer "
+first.insert :end,"button."
+
+Tk.update_idletasks  ## for 'first' widget
+
+## Procedures to make and kill clones; most of this is just so that the demo
+## looks nice...
+def makeClone(count, win, txt)
+  cnt = (count[0] += 1)
+  peer = TkText::Peer.new(txt, win, :widgetname=>"text#{cnt}")
+  sbar = TkScrollbar.new(win, :widgetname=>"sb#{cnt}")
+  peer.yscrollbar sbar
+  b1 = TkButton.new(win, :widgetname=>"clone#{cnt}", :text=>'Make Peer', 
+                    :command=>proc{makeClone(count, win, peer)})
+  b2 = TkButton.new(win, :widgetname=>"kill#{cnt}", :text=>'Delete Peer', 
+                    :command=>proc{killClone(win, cnt)})
+  row = cnt * 2
+  TkGrid.configure(peer, sbar, b1, :sticky=>'nsew', :row=>row)
+  TkGrid.configure('^',  '^',  b2, :sticky=>'nsew', :row=>(row+=1))
+  TkGrid.configure(b1,  b2, :sticky=>'new')
+  TkGrid.rowconfigure(win,  b2, :weight=>1)
+end
+
+def killClone(win, cnt)
+  Tk.destroy("#{win.path}.text#{cnt}",  "#{win.path}.sb#{cnt}", 
+             "#{win.path}.clone#{cnt}", "#{win.path}.kill#{cnt}")
+end
+
+## Now set up the GUI
+makeClone(count, base_frame, first)
+makeClone(count, base_frame, first)
+first.destroy
+
+## See Code / Dismiss buttons
+TkFrame.new(base_frame){|f|
+  TkButton.new(f, :text=>'Dismiss', :width=>15, :command=>proc{
+                 $textpeer_demo.destroy
+                 $textpeer_demo = nil
+               }).pack(:side=>:left, :expand=>true)
+
+  TkButton.new(f, :text=>'See Code', :width=>15, :command=>proc{
+                 showCode 'textpeer'
+               }).pack(:side=>:left, :expand=>true)
+
+  TkGrid.configure(f, '-', '-', :sticky=>'ew', :row=>5000)
+}
+TkGrid.columnconfigure(base_frame, 0, :weight=>1)
diff --git a/ext/tk/sample/demos-en/toolbar.rb b/ext/tk/sample/demos-en/toolbar.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..5cf863717b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ext/tk/sample/demos-en/toolbar.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,130 @@
+# toolbar.rb --
+#
+# This demonstration script creates a toolbar that can be torn off.
+#
+# based on "Id: toolbar.tcl,v 1.3 2007/12/13 15:27:07 dgp Exp"
+
+if defined?($toolbar_demo) && $toolbar_demo
+  $toolbar_demo.destroy 
+  $toolbar_demo = nil
+end
+
+$toolbar_demo = TkToplevel.new {|w|
+  title("Ttk Menu Buttons")
+  iconname("toolbar")
+  positionWindow(w)
+}
+
+base_frame = Ttk::Frame.new($toolbar_demo).pack(:fill=>:both, :expand=>true)
+
+if Tk.windowingsystem != 'aqua'
+  msg = Ttk::Label.new(base_frame, :wraplength=>'4i', 
+                       :text=>Tk::UTF8_String.new(<<EOL))
+This is a demonstration of how to do \
+a toolbar that is styled correctly \
+and which can be torn off (this feature reqrires Tcl/Tk8.5). \
+The buttons are configured to be \\u201Ctoolbar style\\u201D buttons by \
+telling them that they are to use the Toolbutton style. At the left \
+end of the toolbar is a simple marker that the cursor changes to a \
+movement icon over; drag that away from the toolbar to tear off the \
+whole toolbar into a separate toplevel widget. When the dragged-off \
+toolbar is no longer needed, just close it like any normal toplevel \
+and it will reattach to the window it was torn off from.
+EOL
+else
+  msg = Ttk::Label.new(base_frame, :wraplength=>'4i', 
+                       :text=>Tk::UTF8_String.new(<<EOL))
+This is a demonstration of how to do \
+a toolbar that is styled correctly. The buttons are configured to \
+be \\u201Ctoolbar style\\u201D buttons by telling them that they are \
+to use the Toolbutton style.
+EOL
+end
+
+## Set up the toolbar hull
+tbar_base = Tk::Frame.new(base_frame, # Must be a starndard Tk frame!
+                          :widgetname=>'toolbar') # for window title
+sep = Ttk::Separator.new(base_frame)
+to_base = Ttk::Frame.new(tbar_base, :cursor=>'fleur')
+if Tk.windowingsystem != 'aqua'
+  to  = Ttk::Separator.new(to_base, :orient=>:vertical)
+  to2 = Ttk::Separator.new(to_base, :orient=>:vertical)
+  to.pack(:fill=>:y, :expand=>true, :padx=>2, :side=>:left)
+  to2.pack(:fill=>:y, :expand=>true, :side=>:left)
+end
+
+contents = Ttk::Frame.new(tbar_base)
+Tk.grid(to_base, contents, :sticky=>'nsew')
+tbar_base.grid_columnconfigure(contents, :weight=>1)
+contents.grid_columnconfigure(1000, :weight=>1)
+
+if Tk.windowingsystem != 'aqua'
+  ## Bindings so that the toolbar can be torn off and reattached
+  to_base.bind('B1-Motion', '%X %Y'){|x, y| tbar_base.tearoff(to_base, x, y)}
+  to.     bind('B1-Motion', '%X %Y'){|x, y| tbar_base.tearoff(to_base, x, y)}
+  to2.    bind('B1-Motion', '%X %Y'){|x, y| tbar_base.tearoff(to_base, x, y)}
+  def tbar_base.tearoff(w, x, y)
+    on_win = TkWinfo.containing(x, y)
+    return unless (on_win && on_win.path =~ /^#{@path}(\.|$)/)
+    self.grid_remove
+    w.grid_remove
+    self.wm_manage
+    # self.wm_title('Toolbar') # if you don't want to use its widget name as a window title.
+    self.wm_protocol('WM_DELETE_WINDOW'){ self.untearoff(self) }
+  end
+  def tbar_base.untearoff(w)
+    self.wm_forget
+    w.grid
+    self.grid
+  end
+end
+
+## Some content for the rest of the toplevel
+text = TkText.new(base_frame, :width=>40, :height=>10)
+
+## Toolbar contents
+tb_btn = Ttk::Button.new(tbar_base, :text=>'Button', :style=>'Toolbutton', 
+                         :command=>proc{text.insert(:end, "Button Pressed\n")})
+tb_chk = Ttk::Checkbutton.new(tbar_base, :text=>'Check', :style=>'Toolbutton', 
+                              :variable=>(check = TkVariable.new), 
+                              :command=>proc{
+                                text.insert(:end, "Check is #{check.value}\n")
+                              })
+tb_mbtn = Ttk::Menubutton.new(tbar_base, :text=>'Menu')
+tb_combo = Ttk::Combobox.new(tbar_base, :value=>TkFont.families, 
+                             :state=>:readonly)
+tb_mbtn.menu(menu = Tk::Menu.new(tb_mbtn))
+menu.add(:command, :label=>'Just', :command=>proc{text.insert(:end, "Just\n")})
+menu.add(:command, :label=>'An', :command=>proc{text.insert(:end, "An\n")})
+menu.add(:command, :label=>'Example', 
+         :command=>proc{text.insert(:end, "Example\n")})
+tb_combo.bind('<ComboboxSelected>'){ text.font.family = tb_combo.get }
+
+## Arrange contents
+Tk.grid(tb_btn, tb_chk, tb_mbtn, tb_combo, 
+        :in=>contents, :padx=>2, :sticky=>'ns')
+Tk.grid(tbar_base, :sticky=>'ew')
+Tk.grid(sep, :sticky=>'ew')
+Tk.grid(msg, :sticky=>'ew')
+Tk.grid(text, :sticky=>'nsew')
+base_frame.grid_rowconfigure(text, :weight=>1)
+base_frame.grid_columnconfigure(text, :weight=>1)
+
+## See Code / Dismiss buttons
+Ttk::Frame.new(base_frame) {|frame|
+  sep = Ttk::Separator.new(frame)
+  Tk.grid(sep, :columnspan=>4, :row=>0, :sticky=>'ew', :pady=>2)
+  TkGrid('x', 
+         Ttk::Button.new(frame, :text=>'See Code', 
+                         :image=>$image['view'], :compound=>:left, 
+                         :command=>proc{showCode 'toolbar'}), 
+         Ttk::Button.new(frame, :text=>'Dismiss', 
+                         :image=>$image['delete'], :compound=>:left, 
+                         :command=>proc{
+                           $toolbar_demo.destroy
+                           $toolbar_demo = nil
+                         }), 
+         :padx=>4, :pady=>4)
+  grid_columnconfigure(0, :weight=>1)
+  Tk.grid(frame, :sticky=>'ew')
+}
diff --git a/ext/tk/sample/demos-en/tree.rb b/ext/tk/sample/demos-en/tree.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..0c7f0e71a2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ext/tk/sample/demos-en/tree.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,119 @@
+# tree.rb --
+#
+# This demonstration script creates a toplevel window containing a Ttk
+# tree widget.
+#
+# based on "Id: tree.tcl,v 1.4 2007/12/13 15:27:07 dgp Exp"
+
+if defined?($tree_demo) && $tree_demo
+  $tree_demo.destroy 
+  $tree_demo = nil
+end
+
+$tree_demo = TkToplevel.new {|w|
+  title("Directory Browser")
+  iconname("tree")
+  positionWindow(w)
+}
+
+base_frame = TkFrame.new($tree_demo).pack(:fill=>:both, :expand=>true)
+
+## Explanatory text
+Ttk::Label.new(base_frame, :font=>$font, :wraplength=>'4i', 
+               :justify=>:left, :anchor=>'n', :padding=>[10, 2, 10, 6], 
+               :text=><<EOL).pack(:fill=>:x)
+Ttk is the new Tk themed widget set. \
+One of the widgets it includes is a tree widget, \
+which allows the user to browse a hierarchical data-set such as a filesystem. \
+The tree widget not only allows for the tree part itself, \
+but it also supports an arbitrary number of additional columns \
+which can show additional data (in this case, the size of the files \
+found in your filesystem). \
+You can also change the width of the columns \
+by dragging the boundary between them.
+EOL
+
+## See Code / Dismiss
+Ttk::Frame.new(base_frame) {|frame|
+  sep = Ttk::Separator.new(frame)
+  Tk.grid(sep, :columnspan=>4, :row=>0, :sticky=>'ew', :pady=>2)
+  TkGrid('x', 
+         Ttk::Button.new(frame, :text=>'See Code', 
+                         :image=>$image['view'], :compound=>:left, 
+                         :command=>proc{showCode 'tree'}), 
+         Ttk::Button.new(frame, :text=>'Dismiss', 
+                         :image=>$image['delete'], :compound=>:left, 
+                         :command=>proc{
+                           $tree_demo.destroy
+                           $tree_demo = nil
+                         }), 
+         :padx=>4, :pady=>4)
+  grid_columnconfigure(0, :weight=>1)
+  pack(:side=>:bottom, :fill=>:x)
+}
+
+## Code to populate the roots of the tree (can be more than one on Windows)
+def populate_roots(tree)
+  TkComm.simplelist(Tk.tk_call('file', 'volumes')).sort.each{|dir|
+    populate_tree(tree, tree.insert(nil, :end, :text=>dir, 
+                                    :values=>[dir, 'directory']))
+  }
+end
+
+## Code to populate a node of the tree
+def populate_tree(tree, node)
+  return if tree.get(node, :type) != 'directory'
+
+  path = tree.get(node, :fullpath)
+  tree.delete(tree.children(node))
+  Dir.glob("#{path}/*").sort.each{|f|
+    type = File.ftype(f)
+    id = tree.insert(node, :end, 
+                     :text=>File.basename(f), :values=>[f, type]).id
+    if type == 'directory'
+      ## Make it so that this node is openable
+      tree.insert(id, 0, :text=>'dummy')
+      tree.itemconfigure(id, :text=>File.basename(f))
+    elsif type == 'file'
+      size = File.size(f)
+      if size >= 1024*1024*1024
+        size = '%.1f GB' % (size.to_f/1024/1024/1024)
+      elsif size >= 1024*1024
+        size = '%.1f MB' % (size.to_f/1024/1024)
+      elsif size >= 1024
+        size = '%.1f KB' % (size.to_f/1024)
+      else
+        size = '%.1f bytes' % (size.to_f/1024)
+      end
+      tree.set(id, :size, size)
+    end
+  }
+
+  # Stop this code from rerunning on the current node
+  tree.set(node, :type, 'processed_directory')
+end
+
+## Create the tree and set it up
+tree = Ttk::Treeview.new(base_frame, :columns=>%w(fullpath type size), 
+                         :displaycolumns=>['size'])
+if Tk.windowingsystem != 'aqua'
+  vsb = tree.yscrollbar(Ttk::Scrollbar.new(base_frame))
+  hsb = tree.xscrollbar(Ttk::Scrollbar.new(base_frame))
+else
+  vsb = tree.yscrollbar(Tk::Scrollbar.new(base_frame))
+  hsb = tree.xscrollbar(Tk::Scrollbar.new(base_frame))
+end
+
+tree.heading_configure('#0', :text=>'Directory Structure')
+tree.heading_configure('size', :text=>'File Size')
+tree.column_configure('size', :stretch=>0, :width=>70)
+populate_roots(tree)
+tree.bind('<TreeviewOpen>', '%W'){|w| populate_tree(w, w.focus_item)}
+
+## Arrange the tree and its scrollbars in the toplevel
+container = Ttk::Frame.new(base_frame).pack(:fill=>:both, :expand=>true)
+container.lower
+Tk.grid(tree, vsb, :in=>container, :sticky=>'nsew')
+Tk.grid(hsb,       :in=>container, :sticky=>'nsew')
+container.grid_columnconfigure(0, :weight=>1)
+container.grid_rowconfigure(0, :weight=>1)
diff --git a/ext/tk/sample/demos-en/ttkbut.rb b/ext/tk/sample/demos-en/ttkbut.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..b5780f589a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ext/tk/sample/demos-en/ttkbut.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,139 @@
+# ttkbut.rb
+#
+# This demonstration script creates a toplevel window containing several
+# simple Ttk widgets, such as labels, labelframes, buttons, checkbuttons and
+# radiobuttons.
+#
+# based on "Id: ttkbut.tcl,v 1.4 2007/12/13 15:27:07 dgp Exp"
+
+if defined?($ttkbut_demo) && $ttkbut_demo
+  $ttkbut_demo.destroy 
+  $ttkbut_demo = nil
+end
+
+$ttkbut_demo = TkToplevel.new {|w|
+  title("Simple Ttk Widgets")
+  iconname("ttkbut")
+  positionWindow(w)
+}
+
+base_frame = TkFrame.new($ttkbut_demo).pack(:fill=>:both, :expand=>true)
+
+Ttk::Label.new(base_frame, :font=>$font, :wraplength=>'4i', :justify=>:left, 
+               :text=><<EOL).pack(:side=>:top, :fill=>:x)
+Ttk is the new Tk themed widget set. This is a Ttk themed label, \
+and below are three groups of Ttk widgets in Ttk labelframes. \
+The first group are all buttons that set the current application theme \
+when pressed. The second group contains three sets of checkbuttons, \
+with a separator widget between the sets. Note that the "Enabled" \
+button controls whether all the other themed widgets in this toplevel are \
+in the disabled state. The third group has a collection of linked \
+radiobuttons.
+EOL
+
+## Add buttons for setting the theme
+buttons = Ttk::Labelframe.new(base_frame, :text=>'Buttons')
+# Ttk::Style.theme_names.each{|theme|
+#   Ttk::Button.new(buttons, :text=>theme, 
+#                   :command=>proc{Ttk::Style.theme_use theme}).pack(:pady=>2)
+# }
+Ttk.themes.each{|theme|
+  Ttk::Button.new(buttons, :text=>theme, 
+                  :command=>proc{Ttk.set_theme theme}).pack(:pady=>2)
+}
+
+## Helper procedure for the top checkbutton
+def setState(root, value, *excepts)
+  return if excepts.member?(root)
+
+  ## Non-Ttk widgets (e.g. the toplevel) will fail, so make it silent
+  begin
+    root.state = value
+  rescue
+  end
+
+  ## Recursively invoke on all children of this root that are in the same
+  ## toplevel widget
+  root.winfo_children.each{|w|
+    setState(w, value, *excepts) if w.winfo_toplevel == root.winfo_toplevel
+  }
+end
+
+## Set up the checkbutton group
+checks = Ttk::Labelframe.new(base_frame, :text=>'Checkbuttons')
+enabled = TkVariable.new(true)
+e = Ttk::Checkbutton.new(checks, :text=>'Enabled', :variable=>enabled, 
+                         :command=>proc{
+                           setState($ttkbut_demo, 
+                                    ((enabled.bool)? "!disabled" : "disabled"),
+                                    e)
+                         })
+
+## See ttk_widget(n) for other possible state flags
+sep1 = Ttk::Separator.new(checks)
+sep2 = Ttk::Separator.new(checks)
+
+cheese  = TkVariable.new
+tomato  = TkVariable.new
+basil   = TkVariable.new
+oregano = TkVariable.new
+
+c1 = Ttk::Checkbutton.new(checks, :text=>'Cheese',  :variable=>cheese)
+c2 = Ttk::Checkbutton.new(checks, :text=>'Tomato',  :variable=>tomato)
+c3 = Ttk::Checkbutton.new(checks, :text=>'Basil',   :variable=>basil)
+c4 = Ttk::Checkbutton.new(checks, :text=>'Oregano', :variable=>oregano)
+
+Tk.pack(e, sep1, c1, c2, sep2, c3, c4, :fill=>:x, :pady=>2)
+
+## Set up the radiobutton group
+radios = Ttk::Labelframe.new(base_frame, :text=>'Radiobuttons')
+
+happyness = TkVariable.new
+
+r1 = Ttk::Radiobutton.new(radios, :variable=>happyness, 
+                          :text=>'Great', :value=>'great')
+r2 = Ttk::Radiobutton.new(radios, :variable=>happyness, 
+                          :text=>'Good', :value=>'good')
+r3 = Ttk::Radiobutton.new(radios, :variable=>happyness, 
+                          :text=>'Ok', :value=>'ok')
+r4 = Ttk::Radiobutton.new(radios, :variable=>happyness, 
+                          :text=>'Poor', :value=>'poor')
+r5 = Ttk::Radiobutton.new(radios, :variable=>happyness, 
+                          :text=>'Awful', :value=>'awful')
+
+Tk.pack(r1, r2, r3, r4, r5, :fill=>:x, :padx=>3, :pady=>2)
+
+## See Code / Dismiss
+Ttk::Frame.new(base_frame) {|frame|
+  sep = Ttk::Separator.new(frame)
+  Tk.grid(sep, :columnspan=>4, :row=>0, :sticky=>'ew', :pady=>2)
+  TkGrid('x', 
+         Ttk::Button.new(frame, :text=>'See Variables', 
+                         :image=>$image['view'], :compound=>:left, 
+                         :command=>proc{
+                           showVars(base_frame, ['enabled', enabled], 
+                                    ['cheese', cheese], ['tomato', tomato], 
+                                    ['basil', basil], ['oregano', oregano], 
+                                    ['happyness', happyness])
+                         }), 
+         Ttk::Button.new(frame, :text=>'See Code', 
+                         :image=>$image['view'], :compound=>:left, 
+                         :command=>proc{showCode 'ttkbut'}), 
+         Ttk::Button.new(frame, :text=>'Dismiss', 
+                         :image=>$image['delete'], :compound=>:left, 
+                         :command=>proc{
+                           tmppath = $ttkbut_demo
+                           $ttkbut_demo = nil
+                           $showVarsWin[tmppath.path] = nil
+                           tmppath.destroy
+                         }), 
+         :padx=>4, :pady=>4)
+  grid_columnconfigure(0, :weight=>1)
+  pack(:side=>:bottom, :fill=>:x, :expand=>true)
+}
+
+## Arrange things neatly
+f = Ttk::Frame.new(base_frame).pack(:fill=>:both, :expand=>true)
+f.lower
+Tk.grid(buttons, checks, radios, :in=>f, :sticky=>'nwe', :pady=>2, :padx=>3)
+f.grid_columnconfigure([0, 1, 2], :weight=>1, :uniform=>:yes)
diff --git a/ext/tk/sample/demos-en/ttkmenu.rb b/ext/tk/sample/demos-en/ttkmenu.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..75ecdb09c4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ext/tk/sample/demos-en/ttkmenu.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,85 @@
+# ttkmenu.rb --
+#
+# This demonstration script creates a toplevel window containing several Ttk
+# menubutton widgets.
+#
+# based on "Id: ttkmenu.tcl,v 1.3 2007/12/13 15:27:07 dgp Exp"
+
+if defined?($ttkmenu_demo) && $ttkmenu_demo
+  $ttkmenu_demo.destroy 
+  $ttkmenu_demo = nil
+end
+
+$ttkmenu_demo = TkToplevel.new {|w|
+  title("Ttk Menu Buttons")
+  iconname("ttkmenu")
+  positionWindow(w)
+}
+
+base_frame = Ttk::Frame.new($ttkmenu_demo).pack(:fill=>:both, :expand=>true)
+
+Ttk::Label.new(base_frame, :font=>$font, :wraplength=>'4i', :justify=>:left, 
+               :text=><<EOL).pack(:side=>:top, :fill=>:x)
+Ttk is the new Tk themed widget set, \
+and one widget that is available in themed form is the menubutton. \
+Below are some themed menu buttons \
+that allow you to pick the current theme in use. \
+Notice how picking a theme changes the way \
+that the menu buttons themselves look, \
+and that the central menu button is styled differently \
+(in a way that is normally suitable for toolbars). \
+However, there are no themed menus; the standard Tk menus were judged \
+to have a sufficiently good look-and-feel on all platforms, \
+especially as they are implemented as native controls in many places.
+EOL
+
+Ttk::Separator.new(base_frame).pack(:side=>:top, :fill=>:x)
+
+## See Code / Dismiss
+Ttk::Frame.new($ttkmenu_demo) {|frame|
+  sep = Ttk::Separator.new(frame)
+  Tk.grid(sep, :columnspan=>4, :row=>0, :sticky=>'ew', :pady=>2)
+  TkGrid('x', 
+         Ttk::Button.new(frame, :text=>'See Code', 
+                         :image=>$image['view'], :compound=>:left, 
+                         :command=>proc{showCode 'ttkmenu'}), 
+         Ttk::Button.new(frame, :text=>'Dismiss', 
+                         :image=>$image['delete'], :compound=>:left, 
+                         :command=>proc{
+                           $ttkmenu_demo.destroy
+                           $ttkmenu_demo = nil
+                         }), 
+         :padx=>4, :pady=>4)
+  grid_columnconfigure(0, :weight=>1)
+  pack(:side=>:bottom, :fill=>:x)
+}
+
+b1 = Ttk::Menubutton.new(base_frame,:text=>'Select a theme',:direction=>:above)
+b2 = Ttk::Menubutton.new(base_frame,:text=>'Select a theme',:direction=>:left)
+b3 = Ttk::Menubutton.new(base_frame,:text=>'Select a theme',:direction=>:right)
+b4 = Ttk::Menubutton.new(base_frame,:text=>'Select a theme',:direction=>:flush,
+                         :style=>Ttk::Menubutton.style('Toolbutton'))
+b5 = Ttk::Menubutton.new(base_frame,:text=>'Select a theme',:direction=>:below)
+
+b1.menu(m1 = Tk::Menu.new(b1, :tearoff=>false))
+b2.menu(m2 = Tk::Menu.new(b2, :tearoff=>false))
+b3.menu(m3 = Tk::Menu.new(b3, :tearoff=>false))
+b4.menu(m4 = Tk::Menu.new(b4, :tearoff=>false))
+b5.menu(m5 = Tk::Menu.new(b5, :tearoff=>false))
+
+Ttk.themes.each{|theme|
+  m1.add(:command, :label=>theme, :command=>proc{Ttk.set_theme theme})
+  m2.add(:command, :label=>theme, :command=>proc{Ttk.set_theme theme})
+  m3.add(:command, :label=>theme, :command=>proc{Ttk.set_theme theme})
+  m4.add(:command, :label=>theme, :command=>proc{Ttk.set_theme theme})
+  m5.add(:command, :label=>theme, :command=>proc{Ttk.set_theme theme})
+}
+
+f = Ttk::Frame.new(base_frame).pack(:fill=>:x)
+f1 = Ttk::Frame.new(base_frame).pack(:fill=>:both, :expand=>true)
+f.lower
+
+f.grid_anchor(:center)
+TkGrid('x', b1, 'x', :in=>f, :padx=>3, :pady=>2)
+TkGrid(b2,  b4, b3,  :in=>f, :padx=>3, :pady=>2)
+TkGrid('x', b5, 'x', :in=>f, :padx=>3, :pady=>2)
diff --git a/ext/tk/sample/demos-en/ttknote.rb b/ext/tk/sample/demos-en/ttknote.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..c2a22b447a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ext/tk/sample/demos-en/ttknote.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,89 @@
+# ttknote.rb --
+#
+# This demonstration script creates a toplevel window containing a Ttk
+# notebook widget.
+#
+# based on "Id: ttknote.tcl,v 1.5 2007/12/13 15:27:07 dgp Exp"
+
+if defined?($ttknote_demo) && $ttknote_demo
+  $ttknote_demo.destroy 
+  $ttknote_demo = nil
+end
+
+$ttknote_demo = TkToplevel.new {|w|
+  title("Ttk Notebook Widget")
+  iconname("ttknote")
+  positionWindow(w)
+}
+
+## See Code / Dismiss
+Ttk::Frame.new($ttknote_demo) {|frame|
+  sep = Ttk::Separator.new(frame)
+  Tk.grid(sep, :columnspan=>4, :row=>0, :sticky=>'ew', :pady=>2)
+  TkGrid('x', 
+         Ttk::Button.new(frame, :text=>'See Code', 
+                         :image=>$image['view'], :compound=>:left, 
+                         :command=>proc{showCode 'ttknote'}), 
+         Ttk::Button.new(frame, :text=>'Dismiss', 
+                         :image=>$image['delete'], :compound=>:left, 
+                         :command=>proc{
+                           $ttknote_demo.destroy
+                           $ttknote_demo = nil
+                         }), 
+         :padx=>4, :pady=>4)
+  grid_columnconfigure(0, :weight=>1)
+  pack(:side=>:bottom, :fill=>:x)
+}
+
+base_frame = Ttk::Frame.new($ttknote_demo).pack(:fill=>:both, :expand=>true)
+
+## Make the notebook and set up Ctrl+Tab traversal
+notebook = Ttk::Notebook.new(base_frame).pack(:fill=>:both, :expand=>true, 
+                                              :padx=>2, :pady=>3)
+notebook.enable_traversal
+
+## Popuplate the first pane
+f_msg = Ttk::Frame.new(notebook)
+msg_m = Ttk::Label.new(f_msg, :font=>$font, :wraplength=>'4i', 
+                       :justify=>:left, :anchor=>'n', :text=><<EOL)
+Ttk is the new Tk themed widget set. \
+One of the widgets it includes is the notebook widget, \
+which provides a set of tabs that allow the selection of a group of panels, \
+each with distinct content. \
+They are a feature of many modern user interfaces. \
+Not only can the tabs be selected with the mouse, \
+but they can also be switched between using Ctrl+Tab \
+when the notebook page heading itself is selected. \
+Note that the second tab is disabled, and cannot be selected.
+EOL
+neat = TkVariable.new
+after_id = nil
+msg_b = Ttk::Button.new(f_msg, :text=>'Neat!', :underline=>0, 
+                        :command=>proc{
+                          neat.value = 'Yeah, I know...'
+                          Tk.after_cancel(after_id) if after_id
+                          after_id = Tk.after(500){neat.value = ''}
+                        })
+msg_b.winfo_toplevel.bind('Alt-n'){ msg_b.focus; msg_b.invoke }
+msg_l = Ttk::Label.new(f_msg, :textvariable=>neat)
+notebook.add(f_msg, :text=>'Description', :underline=>0, :padding=>2)
+Tk.grid(msg_m, '-', :sticky=>'new', :pady=>2)
+Tk.grid(msg_b, msg_l, :pady=>[2, 4])
+f_msg.grid_rowconfigure(1, :weight=>1)
+f_msg.grid_columnconfigure([0, 1], :weight=>1, :uniform=>1)
+
+## Populate the second pane. Note that the content doesn't really matter
+f_disabled = Ttk::Frame.new(notebook)
+notebook.add(f_disabled, :text=>'Disabled', :state=>:disabled)
+
+## Popuplate the third pane
+f_editor = Ttk::Frame.new(notebook)
+notebook.add(f_editor, :text=>'Text Editor', :underline=>0)
+editor_t = Tk::Text.new(f_editor, :width=>40, :height=>10, :wrap=>:char)
+if Tk.windowingsystem != 'aqua'
+  editor_s = editor_t.yscrollbar(Ttk::Scrollbar.new(f_editor))
+else
+  editor_s = editor_t.yscrollbar(Tk::Scrollbar.new(f_editor))
+end
+editor_s.pack(:side=>:right, :fill=>:y, :padx=>[0,2], :pady=>2)
+editor_t.pack(:fill=>:both, :expand=>true, :padx=>[2,0], :pady=>2)
diff --git a/ext/tk/sample/demos-en/ttkpane.rb b/ext/tk/sample/demos-en/ttkpane.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..56df613db4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ext/tk/sample/demos-en/ttkpane.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,213 @@
+# ttkpane.rb --
+#
+# This demonstration script creates a Ttk pane with some content.
+#
+# based on "Id: ttkpane.tcl,v 1.3 2007/12/13 15:27:07 dgp Exp"
+
+if defined?($ttkpane_demo) && $ttkpane_demo
+  $ttkpane_demo.destroy 
+  $ttkpane_demo = nil
+end
+
+$ttkpane_demo = TkToplevel.new {|w|
+  title("Themed Nested Panes")
+  iconname("ttkpane")
+  positionWindow(w)
+}
+
+base_frame = TkFrame.new($ttkpane_demo).pack(:fill=>:both, :expand=>true)
+
+Ttk::Label.new(base_frame, :font=>$font, :wraplength=>'4i', :justify=>:left, 
+               :text=><<EOL).pack(:side=>:top, :fill=>:x)
+This demonstration shows off a nested set of themed paned windows. \
+Their sizes can be changed by grabbing the area \
+between each contained pane and dragging the divider.
+EOL
+
+Ttk::Separator.new(base_frame).pack(:side=>:top, :fill=>:x)
+
+## See Code / Dismiss
+Ttk::Frame.new(base_frame) {|frame|
+  sep = Ttk::Separator.new(frame)
+  Tk.grid(sep, :columnspan=>4, :row=>0, :sticky=>'ew', :pady=>2)
+  TkGrid('x', 
+         Ttk::Button.new(frame, :text=>'See Code', 
+                         :image=>$image['view'], :compound=>:left, 
+                         :command=>proc{showCode 'ttkpane'}), 
+         Ttk::Button.new(frame, :text=>'Dismiss', 
+                         :image=>$image['delete'], :compound=>:left, 
+                         :command=>proc{
+                           $ttkpane_demo.destroy
+                           $ttkpane_demo = nil
+                         }), 
+         :padx=>4, :pady=>4)
+  grid_columnconfigure(0, :weight=>1)
+  pack(:side=>:bottom, :fill=>:x)
+}
+
+frame = Ttk::Frame.new(base_frame).pack(:fill=>:both, :expand=>true)
+
+outer = Ttk::Panedwindow.new(frame, :orient=>:horizontal)
+outer.add(in_left = Ttk::Panedwindow.new(outer, :orient=>:vertical))
+outer.add(in_right = Ttk::Panedwindow.new(outer, :orient=>:vertical))
+in_left.add(left_top = Ttk::Labelframe.new(in_left, :text=>'Button'))
+in_left.add(left_bot = Ttk::Labelframe.new(in_left, :text=>'Clocks'))
+in_right.add(right_top = Ttk::Labelframe.new(in_right, :text=>'Progress'))
+in_right.add(right_bot = Ttk::Labelframe.new(in_right, :text=>'Text'))
+if Tk.windowingsystem == 'aqua'
+  [left_top, left_bot, right_top, right_bot].each{|w| w.padding(3) }
+end
+
+# Fill the button pane
+Ttk::Button.new(left_top, :text=>'Press Me', 
+                :command=>proc{
+                  Tk.messageBox(:type=>'ok', :icon=>'info', :message=>'Ouch!', 
+                                :detail=>'That hurt...', :parent=>base_frame, 
+                                :title=>'Button Pressed')
+                }).pack(:padx=>2, :pady=>5)
+
+
+zones_list = [
+  [':Europe/Berlin'], 
+  [':America/Argentina/Buenos_Aires', ':America/Buenos_Aires'], 
+  [':Africa/Johannesburg'], 
+  [':Europe/London'], 
+  [':America/Los_Angeles'], 
+  [':Europe/Moscow'],
+  [':America/New_York'], 
+  [':Asia/Singapore'], 
+  [':Australia/Sydney'], 
+  [':Asia/Tokyo'], 
+]
+
+zones = []
+
+# Check tzinfo support
+if $tk_major_ver > 8 || ($tk_major_ver == 8 && $tk_minor_ver >= 5)
+  tzinfo = :tcl
+
+  # Force a pre-load of all the timezones needed; otherwise can end up
+  # poor-looking synch problems!
+  zones_list.each{|list|
+    list.each{|zone|
+      begin
+        Tk.tk_call('clock', 'format', '0', '-timezone', zone)
+      rescue RuntimeError
+        # ignore
+      else
+        zones << [zone, zone[%r<[^/:]+$>].tr('_', ' ')]
+        break
+      end
+    }
+  }
+
+else
+  begin
+    require 'tzinfo'
+    tzinfo = :tzinfo
+  rescue Exception
+    begin
+      require 'tzfile'
+      tzinfo = :tzfile
+    rescue Exception
+      tzinfo = nil
+    end
+  end
+
+  case tzinfo
+  when :tzinfo
+    zones_list.each{|list|
+      list.each{|zone|
+        begin
+          tz = TZInfo::Timezone.get(zone[%r<[^:]+$>])
+        rescue Exception
+          # ignore
+        else
+          zones << [tz, zone[%r<[^/:]+$>].tr('_', ' ')]
+          break
+        end
+      }
+    }
+
+  when :tzfile
+    zones_list.each{|list|
+      list.each{|zone|
+        begin
+          tz = TZFile.create(zone[%r<[^:]+$>])
+        rescue Exception
+          # ignore
+        else
+          zones << [tz, zone[%r<[^/:]+$>].tr('_', ' ')]
+          break
+        end
+      }
+    }
+
+  else
+    [ -7, -4, -2, -1, 0, +1, +3, +8, +9, +10 ].each{|zone|
+      zones << [zone, 'UTC%+03d00' % zone]
+    }
+  end
+end
+
+time = TkVariable.new_hash
+
+case tzinfo
+when :tcl
+  update_proc = proc{|now, tz, label|
+    time[label] = Tk.tk_call('clock', 'format', now.tv_sec, 
+                             '-timezone', tz, '-format', '%T')
+  }
+when :tzinfo
+  update_proc = proc{|now, tz, label|
+    time[label] = tz.utc_to_local(now).strftime('%H:%M:%S')
+  }
+when :tzfile
+  update_proc = proc{|now, tz, label|
+    time[label] = tz.at(now.tv_sec).strftime('%H:%M:%S')
+  }
+else
+  update_proc = proc{|now, tz, label|
+    time[label] = (now + (tz * 3600)).strftime('%H:%M:%S')
+  }
+end
+
+# Fill the clocks pane
+zones.each_with_index{|(zone, label), idx|
+  Ttk::Separator.new(left_bot).pack(:fill=>:x) if idx > 0
+  Ttk::Label.new(left_bot, :text=>label, :anchor=>'w').pack(:fill=>:x)
+  Ttk::Label.new(left_bot, :textvariable=>time.ref(label), 
+                 :anchor=>'w').pack(:fill=>:x)
+}
+
+# Timer start
+every = proc{
+  now = Time.now.utc
+  zones.each{|zone, label| update_proc.call(now, zone, label) }
+}
+TkRTTimer.new(1000, -1, every).start(0, every)
+
+# Fill the progress pane
+Ttk::Progressbar.new(right_top, :mode=>:indeterminate).pack(:fill=>:both, :expand=>true).start
+
+# Fill the text pane
+if Tk.windowingsystem != 'aqua'
+  # The trick with the ttk::frame makes the text widget look like it fits with
+  # the current Ttk theme despite not being a themed widget itself. It is done
+  # by styling the frame like an entry, turning off the border in the text
+  # widget, and putting the text widget in the frame with enough space to allow
+  # the surrounding border to show through (2 pixels seems to be enough).
+  f = Ttk::Frame.new(right_bot, :style=>Ttk::Entry)
+  txt = TkText.new(frame, :wrap=>:word, :width=>30, :borderwidth=>0)
+  txt.pack(:fill=>:both, :expand=>true, :in=>f, :pady=>2, :padx=>2)
+  scr = txt.yscrollbar(Ttk::Scrollbar.new(frame))
+  scr.pack(:side=>:right, :fill=>:y, :in=>right_bot)
+  f.pack(:fill=>:both, :expand=>true)
+  outer.pack(:fill=>:both, :expand=>true)
+else
+  txt = TkText.new(frame, :wrap=>:word, :width=>30, :borderwidth=>0)
+  scr = txt.yscrollbar(TkScrollbar.new(frame))
+  scr.pack(:side=>:right, :fill=>:y, :in=>right_bot)
+  txt.pack(:fill=>:both, :expand=>true, :in=>right_bot)
+  outer.pack(:fill=>:both, :expand=>true, :padx=>10, :pady=>[6, 10])
+end
diff --git a/ext/tk/sample/demos-en/ttkprogress.rb b/ext/tk/sample/demos-en/ttkprogress.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..3eb9a64a4a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ext/tk/sample/demos-en/ttkprogress.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,66 @@
+# ttkprogress.rb --
+#
+# This demonstration script creates several progress bar widgets.
+#
+# based on "Id: ttkprogress.tcl,v 1.3 2007/12/13 15:27:07 dgp Exp"
+
+if defined?($ttkprogress_demo) && $ttkprogress_demo
+  $ttkprogress_demo.destroy 
+  $ttkprogress_demo = nil
+end
+
+$ttkprogress_demo = TkToplevel.new {|w|
+  title("Progress Bar Demonstration")
+  iconname("ttkprogress")
+  positionWindow(w)
+}
+
+base_frame = TkFrame.new($ttkprogress_demo).pack(:fill=>:both, :expand=>true)
+
+Ttk::Label.new(base_frame, :font=>$font, :wraplength=>'4i', :justify=>:left, 
+               :text=>Tk::UTF8_String.new(<<EOL)).pack(:side=>:top, :fill=>:x)
+Below are two progress bars. \
+The top one is a \\u201Cdeterminate\\u201D progress bar, \
+which is used for showing how far through a defined task the program has got. \
+The bottom one is an \\u201Cindeterminate\\u201D progress bar, \
+which is used to show that the program is busy \
+but does not know how long for. Both are run here in self-animated mode, \
+which can be turned on and off using the buttons underneath.
+EOL
+
+## See Code / Dismiss buttons
+Ttk::Frame.new(base_frame) {|frame|
+  sep = Ttk::Separator.new(frame)
+  Tk.grid(sep, :columnspan=>4, :row=>0, :sticky=>'ew', :pady=>2)
+  TkGrid('x', 
+         Ttk::Button.new(frame, :text=>'See Code', 
+                         :image=>$image['view'], :compound=>:left, 
+                         :command=>proc{showCode 'ttkprogress'}), 
+         Ttk::Button.new(frame, :text=>'Dismiss', 
+                         :image=>$image['delete'], :compound=>:left, 
+                         :command=>proc{
+                           $ttkprogress_demo.destroy
+                           $ttkprogress_demo = nil
+                         }), 
+         :padx=>4, :pady=>4)
+  grid_columnconfigure(0, :weight=>1)
+  pack(:side=>:bottom, :fill=>:x)
+}
+
+frame = Ttk::Frame.new(base_frame).pack(:fill=>:both, :expand=>true)
+
+p1 = Ttk::Progressbar.new(frame, :mode=>:determinate)
+p2 = Ttk::Progressbar.new(frame, :mode=>:indeterminate)
+
+start = Ttk::Button.new(frame, :text=>'Start Progress', 
+                        :command=>proc{ p1.start; p2.start })
+stop  = Ttk::Button.new(frame, :text=>'Stop Progress', 
+                        :command=>proc{ p1.stop; p2.stop })
+
+Tk.grid(p1, '-', :pady=>5, :padx=>10)
+Tk.grid(p2, '-', :pady=>5, :padx=>10)
+Tk.grid(start, stop, :padx=>10, :pady=>5)
+start.grid_configure(:sticky=>'e')
+stop.grid_configure(:sticky=>'w')
+frame.grid_columnconfigure(:all, :weight=>1)
+
diff --git a/ext/tk/sample/demos-en/twind.rb b/ext/tk/sample/demos-en/twind.rb
index 24a4bcf706..65ee712ff7 100644
--- a/ext/tk/sample/demos-en/twind.rb
+++ b/ext/tk/sample/demos-en/twind.rb
@@ -19,8 +19,10 @@ $twind_demo = TkToplevel.new {|w|
   positionWindow(w)
 }
 
+base_frame = TkFrame.new($twind_demo).pack(:fill=>:both, :expand=>true)
+
 # frame
-$twind_buttons = TkFrame.new($twind_demo) {|frame|
+$twind_buttons = TkFrame.new(base_frame) {|frame|
   TkButton.new(frame) {
     text 'Dismiss'
     command proc{
@@ -39,13 +41,13 @@ $twind_buttons.pack('side'=>'bottom', 'fill'=>'x', 'pady'=>'2m')
 
 # frame
 $twind_text = nil
-TkFrame.new($twind_demo, 'highlightthickness'=>2, 'borderwidth'=>2, 
+TkFrame.new(base_frame, 'highlightthickness'=>2, 'borderwidth'=>2, 
             'relief'=>'sunken') {|f|
   $twind_text = TkText.new(f, 'setgrid'=>'true', 'font'=>$font, 
                           'width'=>'70', 'height'=>35, 'wrap'=>'word', 
                           'highlightthickness'=>0, 'borderwidth'=>0 ){|t|
     TkScrollbar.new(f) {|s|
-      command proc{|*args| t.yview(args)}
+      command proc{|*args| t.yview(*args)}
       t.yscrollcommand proc{|first,last| s.set first,last}
     }.pack('side'=>'right', 'fill'=>'y')
   }.pack('expand'=>'yes', 'fill'=>'both')
@@ -206,7 +208,11 @@ def textWindPlot (t)
     cursor 'top_left_arrow'
   }
 
-  font = '-Adobe-Helvetica-Medium-R-Normal--*-180-*-*-*-*-*-*'
+  if $tk_version =~ /^4.*/
+    font = '-Adobe-Helvetica-Medium-R-Normal--*-180-*-*-*-*-*-*'
+  else
+    font = 'Helvetica 18'
+  end
 
   TkcLine.new($twind_plot, 100, 250, 400, 250, 'width'=>2)
   TkcLine.new($twind_plot, 100, 250, 100,  50, 'width'=>2)
diff --git a/ext/tk/sample/demos-en/twind2.rb b/ext/tk/sample/demos-en/twind2.rb
index c42e0999d7..43990c1151 100644
--- a/ext/tk/sample/demos-en/twind2.rb
+++ b/ext/tk/sample/demos-en/twind2.rb
@@ -15,8 +15,10 @@ $twind2_demo = TkToplevel.new {|w|
   positionWindow(w)
 }
 
+base_frame = TkFrame.new($twind2_demo).pack(:fill=>:both, :expand=>true)
+
 # frame
-$twind2_buttons = TkFrame.new($twind2_demo) {|frame|
+$twind2_buttons = TkFrame.new(base_frame) {|frame|
   TkGrid(TkFrame.new(frame, :height=>2, :relief=>:sunken, :bd=>2), 
          :columnspan=>4, :row=>0, :sticky=>'ew', :pady=>2)
   TkGrid('x', 
@@ -38,7 +40,7 @@ $twind2_buttons.pack('side'=>'bottom', 'fill'=>'x', 'pady'=>'2m')
 
 # frame
 $twind2_text = nil
-TkFrame.new($twind2_demo, 'highlightthickness'=>2, 'borderwidth'=>2, 
+TkFrame.new(base_frame, 'highlightthickness'=>2, 'borderwidth'=>2, 
             'relief'=>'sunken') {|f|
   $twind2_text = TkText.new(f, 'setgrid'=>true, 'font'=>$font,
                             # 'width'=>'70', 'height'=>35, 'wrap'=>'word', 
diff --git a/ext/tk/sample/demos-en/unicodeout.rb b/ext/tk/sample/demos-en/unicodeout.rb
index 07e3bf52b5..9c230a2536 100644
--- a/ext/tk/sample/demos-en/unicodeout.rb
+++ b/ext/tk/sample/demos-en/unicodeout.rb
@@ -16,7 +16,9 @@ $unicodeout_demo = TkToplevel.new {|w|
   positionWindow(w)
 }
 
-TkLabel.new($unicodeout_demo, 
+base_frame = TkFrame.new($unicodeout_demo).pack(:fill=>:both, :expand=>true)
+
+TkLabel.new(base_frame, 
             :font=>$font, :wraplength=>'5.4i', :justify=>:left, 
             :text=><<EOL).pack(:side=>:top)
 This is a sample of Tk's support for languages that use non-Western \
@@ -36,7 +38,7 @@ The strings are converted to the encoded string objects \
 And the Tk::UTF8_String objects are passed to the label widgets. 
 EOL
 
-TkFrame.new($unicodeout_demo){|f|
+TkFrame.new(base_frame){|f|
   pack(:side=>:bottom, :fill=>:x, :pady=>'2m')
 
   TkButton.new(f, :text=>'Dismiss', :width=>15, :command=>proc{
@@ -49,7 +51,7 @@ TkFrame.new($unicodeout_demo){|f|
                }).pack(:side=>:left, :expand=>true)
 }
 
-wait_msg = TkLabel.new($unicodeout_demo, 
+wait_msg = TkLabel.new(base_frame, 
                        :text=>"Please wait while loading fonts...", 
                        :font=>"Helvetica 12 italic").pack
 
@@ -63,8 +65,8 @@ class Unicodeout_SampleFrame < TkFrame
   # @@font = 'Newspaper 12'
   # @@font = '{New century schoolbook} 12'
 
-  def initialize()
-    super($unicodeout_demo)
+  def initialize(base)
+    super(base)
     grid_columnconfig(1, :weight=>1)
   end
 
@@ -79,7 +81,7 @@ class Unicodeout_SampleFrame < TkFrame
     l.grid_config(:padx, '1m')
   end
 end
-f = Unicodeout_SampleFrame.new
+f = Unicodeout_SampleFrame.new(base_frame)
 f.pack(:expand=>true, :fill=>:both, :padx=>'2m', :pady=>'1m')
 
 # Processing when some characters are missing might take a while, so make
diff --git a/ext/tk/sample/demos-en/vscale.rb b/ext/tk/sample/demos-en/vscale.rb
index 636b85813b..b05ed12072 100644
--- a/ext/tk/sample/demos-en/vscale.rb
+++ b/ext/tk/sample/demos-en/vscale.rb
@@ -15,7 +15,9 @@ $vscale_demo = TkToplevel.new {|w|
 }
 positionWindow($vscale_demo)
 
-msg = TkLabel.new($vscale_demo) {
+base_frame = TkFrame.new($vscale_demo).pack(:fill=>:both, :expand=>true)
+
+msg = TkLabel.new(base_frame) {
   font $font
   wraplength '3.5i'
   justify 'left'
@@ -23,7 +25,7 @@ msg = TkLabel.new($vscale_demo) {
 }
 msg.pack('side'=>'top', 'padx'=>'.5c')
 
-TkFrame.new($vscale_demo) {|frame|
+TkFrame.new(base_frame) {|frame|
   TkButton.new(frame) {
     text 'Dismiss'
     command proc {
@@ -39,7 +41,17 @@ TkFrame.new($vscale_demo) {|frame|
   }.pack('side'=>'left', 'expand'=>'yes')
 }.pack('side'=>'bottom', 'fill'=>'x', 'pady'=>'2m')
 
-TkFrame.new($vscale_demo) {|frame|
+def setHeight(w, height)
+  height = height + 21
+  y2 = height - 30
+  if y2 < 21
+    y2 = 21
+  end
+  w.coords 'poly',15,20,35,20,35,y2,45,y2,25,height,5,y2,15,y2,15,20
+  w.coords 'line',15,20,35,20,35,y2,45,y2,25,height,5,y2,15,y2,15,20
+end
+
+TkFrame.new(base_frame) {|frame|
   borderwidth 10
   canvas = TkCanvas.new(frame) {|c|
     width 50
@@ -65,14 +77,3 @@ TkFrame.new($vscale_demo) {|frame|
   }.pack('side'=>'left', 'anchor'=>'ne')
   scale.set 75
 }.pack
-
-
-def setHeight(w, height)
-  height = height + 21
-  y2 = height - 30
-  if y2 < 21
-    y2 = 21
-  end
-  w.coords 'poly',15,20,35,20,35,y2,45,y2,25,height,5,y2,15,y2,15,20
-  w.coords 'line',15,20,35,20,35,y2,45,y2,25,height,5,y2,15,y2,15,20
-end
diff --git a/ext/tk/sample/demos-en/widget b/ext/tk/sample/demos-en/widget
index 3c50582211..9a0605d8b9 100644
--- a/ext/tk/sample/demos-en/widget
+++ b/ext/tk/sample/demos-en/widget
@@ -14,6 +14,8 @@ require 'tk'
 
 ### $DEBUG=1 ##########
 
+$RubyTk_WidgetDemo = true
+
 #----------------------------------------------------------------
 # The code below create the main window, consisting of a menu bar
 # and a text widget that explains how to use the program, plus lists
@@ -21,7 +23,8 @@ require 'tk'
 #----------------------------------------------------------------
 
 # widget demo directory
-$demo_dir = File.dirname($0)
+# $demo_dir = File.dirname($0)
+$demo_dir = File.dirname(__FILE__)
 
 # root 
 $root = TkRoot.new{title "Ruby/Tk Widget Demonstration"}
@@ -102,14 +105,22 @@ EOD
 end
 
 # 
-TkMenubar.new($root, 
-              [[['File', 0], 
-                  ['About ... ', proc{aboutBox}, 0, '<F1>'],
-                  '---', 
-                  ['Quit', proc{exit}, 0, 'Meta-Q']
-                ]]).pack('side'=>'top', 'fill'=>'x')
+if $tk_major_ver >= 8
+  $root.add_menubar([[['File', 0], 
+                        ['About ... ', proc{aboutBox}, 0, '<F1>'],
+                        '---', 
+                        ['Quit', proc{exit}, 0, 'Ctrl-Q']
+                      ]])
+else
+  TkMenubar.new($root, 
+                [[['File', 0], 
+                    ['About ... ', proc{aboutBox}, 0, '<F1>'],
+                    '---', 
+                    ['Quit', proc{exit}, 0, 'Ctrl-Q']
+                  ]]).pack('side'=>'top', 'fill'=>'x')
+end
 $root.bind('F1', proc{aboutBox})
-$root.bind('Meta-q', proc{exit})
+$root.bind('Control-q', proc{exit})
 
 =begin
 TkFrame.new($root){|frame|
@@ -164,12 +175,17 @@ else
   textFrame.pack('expand'=>'yes', 'fill'=>'both')
 
   statusBar = TkFrame.new($root) {|f|
+    if $tk_version =~ /^4.*/
+      statusfont = '-*-Helvetica-Medium-R-Normal--*-120-*-*-*-*-*-*'
+    else
+      statusfont = 'Helvetica 10'
+    end
     $statusBarLabel = \
     TkLabel.new(f, 'text'=>"   ", 'relief'=>'sunken', 'bd'=>1, 'anchor'=>'w', 
-                'font'=>'-*-Helvetica-Medium-R-Normal--*-120-*-*-*-*-*-*') \
+                'font'=>statusfont) \
         .pack('side'=>'left', 'padx'=>2, 'expand'=>'yes', 'fill'=>'both')
     TkLabel.new(f, 'width'=>8, 'relief'=>'sunken', 'bd'=>1, 'anchor'=>'w', 
-                'font'=>'-*-Helvetica-Medium-R-Normal--*-120-*-*-*-*-*-*') \
+                'font'=>statusfont) \
         .pack('side'=>'left', 'padx'=>2)
   }.pack('side'=>'bottom', 'fill'=>'x', 'pady'=>2)
 end
@@ -178,7 +194,11 @@ end
 # section titles and demo descriptions.  Also define the bindings for
 # tags.
   
-tag_title = TkTextTag.new(txt, 'font'=>'-*-Helvetica-Bold-R-Normal--*-180-*-*-*-*-*-*')
+if $tk_version =~ /^4.*/
+  tag_title = TkTextTag.new(txt, 'font'=>'-*-Helvetica-Bold-R-Normal--*-180-*-*-*-*-*-*')
+else
+  tag_title = TkTextTag.new(txt, 'font'=>'Helvetica 18 bold')
+end
 
 # We put some "space" characters to the left and right of each demo description
 # so that the descriptions are highlighted only when the mouse cursor
@@ -247,7 +267,10 @@ the demonstration.  Once the demonstration window appears, you can \
 click the "See Code" button to see the Ruby/Tk code that created the \
 demonstration.  If you wish, you can edit the code and click the \
 "Rerun Demo" button in the code window to reinvoke the demonstration \
-with the modified code.
+with the modified code. \
+Don't worry about breaking the source code. \
+Your modifications are not reflected on the original file. \
+Please try many kind of changes. 
 
 Some demo scripts require the recent version of Tk library \
 (e.g. Tk8.4 or later) \
@@ -256,6 +279,20 @@ required by the demo script, the demo doesn't work. \
 In such a case, please re-compile tcltklib with the later Tk library \
 which supports the required functions.
 
+If your Tk supports Ttk (Tile) extension (included or installed), \
+please try the demo of Ttk extension (sample/tkextlib/tile/demo.rb) too.
+( Probably, Ttk extension \
+#{
+begin
+  require 'tkextlib/tile'
+  "is already installed on your environment"
+rescue
+  "is not installed on your environment yet"
+end
+}\
+. )
+Ttk extension is a standard feature of Tk8.5 or later.
+
 
 EOT
 
@@ -289,6 +326,8 @@ txt.insert('end', "13. A simple user interface for viewing images. (if supported
 txt.insert('end', " \n ", tag_demospace)
 txt.insert('end', "14. Labelled frames (if supported)\n", tag_demo, "demo-labelframe")
 txt.insert('end', " \n ", tag_demospace)
+txt.insert('end', "15. The simple Themed Tk widgets (require Tile/Ttk extension)\n", tag_demo, "demo-ttkbut")
+txt.insert('end', " \n ", tag_demospace)
 
 txt.insert('end', "\n")
 txt.insert('end', "Listboxes\n", tag_title)
@@ -299,6 +338,10 @@ txt.insert('end', "2. Colors: change the color scheme for the application.\n", "
 txt.insert('end', " \n ", tag_demospace)
 txt.insert('end', "3. A collection of famous sayings.\n", tag_demo, "demo-sayings")
 txt.insert('end', " \n ", tag_demospace)
+txt.insert('end', "4. A multi-column list of contries. (require Tile/Ttk extension)\n", tag_demo, "demo-mclist")
+txt.insert('end', " \n ", tag_demospace)
+txt.insert('end', "5. A directory browser tree. (require Tile/Ttk extension)\n", tag_demo, "demo-tree")
+txt.insert('end', " \n ", tag_demospace)
 
 txt.insert('end', "\n")
 txt.insert('end', "Entries and Spin-boxes\n", tag_title)
@@ -313,7 +356,9 @@ txt.insert('end',
 txt.insert('end', " \n ", tag_demospace)
 txt.insert('end', "4. Spin-boxes. (if supported)\n", tag_demo, "demo-spin")
 txt.insert('end', " \n ", tag_demospace)
-txt.insert('end', "5. Simple Rolodex-like form.\n", tag_demo, "demo-form")
+txt.insert('end', "5. Combo-boxes. (require Tile/Ttk extension)\n", tag_demo, "demo-combo")
+txt.insert('end', " \n ", tag_demospace)
+txt.insert('end', "6. Simple Rolodex-like form.\n", tag_demo, "demo-form")
 txt.insert('end', " \n ", tag_demospace)
 
 txt.insert('end', "\n")
@@ -331,6 +376,8 @@ txt.insert('end', "5. A text widget with embedded windows. (if supported)\n", ta
 txt.insert('end', " \n ", tag_demospace)
 txt.insert('end', "6. A search tool built with a text widget.\n", tag_demo, "demo-search")
 txt.insert('end', " \n ", tag_demospace)
+txt.insert('end', "7. Peering text widgets. (if supported)\n", tag_demo, "demo-textpeer")
+txt.insert('end', " \n ", tag_demospace)
 
 txt.insert('end', "\n")
 txt.insert('end', "Canvases\n", tag_title)
@@ -351,31 +398,43 @@ txt.insert('end', "7. A building floor plan. (another way to create canvas items
 txt.insert('end', " \n ", tag_demospace)
 txt.insert('end', "8. A simple scrollable canvas.\n", tag_demo, "demo-cscroll")
 txt.insert('end', " \n ", tag_demospace)
+txt.insert('end', "9. A Knight's tour of the chess board. (require Tile/Ttk extension)\n", tag_demo, "demo-knightstour")
+txt.insert('end', " \n ", tag_demospace)
 
 txt.insert('end', "\n")
-txt.insert('end', "Scales\n", tag_title)
+txt.insert('end', "Scales and Progress Bars\n", tag_title)
 txt.insert('end', " \n ", tag_demospace)
 txt.insert('end', "1. Vertical scale.\n", tag_demo.id, "demo-vscale")
 txt.insert('end', " \n ", tag_demospace)
 txt.insert('end', "2. Horizontal scale.\n", tag_demo.id, "demo-hscale")
 txt.insert('end', " \n ", tag_demospace)
+txt.insert('end', "3. Progress bar. (require Tile/Ttk extension)\n", tag_demo.id, "demo-ttkprogress")
+txt.insert('end', " \n ", tag_demospace)
 
 txt.insert('end', "\n")
-txt.insert('end', "Paned Windows\n", tag_title)
+txt.insert('end', "Paned Windows and Notebooks\n", tag_title)
 txt.insert('end', " \n ", tag_demospace)
 txt.insert('end', "1. Horizontal paned window. (if supported)\n", tag_demo.id, "demo-paned1")
 txt.insert('end', " \n ", tag_demospace)
 txt.insert('end', "2. Vertical paned window. (if supported)\n", tag_demo.id, "demo-paned2")
 txt.insert('end', " \n ", tag_demospace)
+txt.insert('end', "3. Themed nested panes. (require Tile/Ttk extension)\n", tag_demo.id, "demo-ttkpane")
+txt.insert('end', " \n ", tag_demospace)
+txt.insert('end', "4. Notebook widget. (require Tile/Ttk extension)\n", tag_demo.id, "demo-ttknote")
+txt.insert('end', " \n ", tag_demospace)
 
 txt.insert('end', "\n")
-txt.insert('end', "Menus\n", tag_title)
+txt.insert('end', "Menus and Toolbars\n", tag_title)
 txt.insert('end', " \n ", tag_demospace)
 txt.insert('end', "1. Menus and cascades.\n", tag_demo, "demo-menu")
 txt.insert('end', " \n ", tag_demospace)
 txt.insert('end', "2. Menus and cascades. (if supported)\n", tag_demo, "demo-menu84")
 txt.insert('end', " \n ", tag_demospace)
-txt.insert('end', "3. Menubuttons\n", tag_demo, "demo-menubu")
+txt.insert('end', "3. Menubuttons.\n", tag_demo, "demo-menubu")
+txt.insert('end', " \n ", tag_demospace)
+txt.insert('end', "4. Themed menu buttons. (require Tile/Ttk extension)\n", tag_demo, "demo-ttkmenu")
+txt.insert('end', " \n ", tag_demospace)
+txt.insert('end', "5. Themed toolbar. (require Tile/Ttk extension)\n", tag_demo, "demo-toolbar")
 txt.insert('end', " \n ", tag_demospace)
 
 txt.insert('end', "\n")
@@ -383,9 +442,11 @@ txt.insert('end', "Common Dialogs\n", tag_title)
 txt.insert('end', " \n ", tag_demospace)
 txt.insert('end', "1. Message boxes.\n", tag_demo, "demo-msgbox")
 txt.insert('end', " \n ", tag_demospace)
-txt.insert('end', "2. File selection dialog.\n", tag_demo, "demo-filebox")
+txt.insert('end', "2. Message boxes with detail text. (if supported)\n", tag_demo, "demo-msgbox2")
 txt.insert('end', " \n ", tag_demospace)
-txt.insert('end', "3. Color picker.\n", tag_demo, "demo-clrpick")
+txt.insert('end', "3. File selection dialog.\n", tag_demo, "demo-filebox")
+txt.insert('end', " \n ", tag_demospace)
+txt.insert('end', "4. Color picker.\n", tag_demo, "demo-clrpick")
 txt.insert('end', " \n ", tag_demospace)
 
 txt.insert('end', "\n")
@@ -441,11 +502,16 @@ def showVars1(parent, *args)
   end
   w = TkToplevel.new(parent) {|w|
     title "Variable values"
-    TkLabel.new(w) {
+    base = TkFrame.new(w).pack(:fill=>:both, :expand=>true)
+    TkLabel.new(base) {
       text "Variable values:"
       width 20
       anchor 'center'
-      font '-Adobe-helvetica-medium-r-normal--*-180-*-*-*-*-*-*'
+      if $tk_version =~ /^4.*/
+        font '-Adobe-helvetica-medium-r-normal--*-180-*-*-*-*-*-*'
+      else
+        font 'Helvetica 14'
+      end
     }.pack('side'=>'top', 'fill'=>'x')
     len = 1
     args.each{|vnam,vbody|
@@ -459,7 +525,7 @@ def showVars1(parent, *args)
                    .pack('side'=>'left', 'expand'=>'yes', 'fill'=>'x')
       }.pack('side'=>'top', 'anchor'=>'w', 'fill'=>'x')
     }
-    TkButton.new(w) {
+    TkButton.new(base) {
       text "OK"
       command proc{w.destroy}
     }.pack('side'=>'bottom', 'pady'=>2)
@@ -474,10 +540,12 @@ def showVars2(parent, *args)
     rescue
     end
   end
-  $showVarsWin[parent.path] = TkToplevel.new(parent) {|w|
+  $showVarsWin[parent.path] = TkToplevel.new(parent) {|top|
     title "Variable values"
 
-    TkLabelFrame.new(w, :text=>"Variable values:", 
+    base = TkFrame.new(top).pack(:fill=>:both, :expand=>true)
+
+    TkLabelFrame.new(base, :text=>"Variable values:", 
                      :font=>{:family=>'Helvetica', :size=>14}){|f|
       args.each{|vnam,vbody|
         TkGrid(TkLabel.new(f, :text=>"#{vnam}: ", :anchor=>'w'), 
@@ -489,15 +557,15 @@ def showVars2(parent, *args)
       f.grid_columnconfig(1, :weight=>1)
       f.grid_rowconfig(100, :weight=>1)
     }
-    TkButton.new(w, :text=>"OK", :width=>8, :default=>:active, 
-                 :command=>proc{w.destroy}){|b|
-      w.bind('Return', proc{b.invoke})
-      w.bind('Escape', proc{b.invoke})
+    TkButton.new(base, :text=>"OK", :width=>8, :default=>:active, 
+                 :command=>proc{top.destroy}){|b|
+      top.bind('Return', proc{b.invoke})
+      top.bind('Escape', proc{b.invoke})
 
       b.grid(:sticky=>'e', :padx=>4, :pady=>[6, 4])
     }
-    w.grid_columnconfig(0, :weight=>1)
-    w.grid_rowconfig(0, :weight=>1)
+    base.grid_columnconfig(0, :weight=>1)
+    base.grid_rowconfig(0, :weight=>1)
   }
 end
 
@@ -591,8 +659,27 @@ def _null_binding
 end
 private :_null_binding
 
-def eval_samplecode(code)
-  Thread.new{ _null_binding.pseudo_toplevel_eval{ eval(code) } }.run
+def eval_samplecode(code, file=nil)
+  #eval(code)
+  #_null_binding.pseudo_toplevel_eval{ eval(code) }
+  #Thread.new{ _null_binding.pseudo_toplevel_eval{ eval(code) } }
+  Thread.new{
+    _null_binding.pseudo_toplevel_eval{
+      begin
+        if file
+          eval(code, binding, "(eval:#{file})")
+        else
+          eval(code)
+        end
+      rescue Exception=>e
+        #p e
+        TkBgError.show(e.class.inspect + ': ' + e.message + "\n" +
+                         "\n---< backtrace of Ruby side >-----\n" +
+                         e.backtrace.join("\n") +
+                         "\n---< backtrace of Tk side >-------")
+      end
+    }
+  }
   Tk.update
 end
 
@@ -612,7 +699,7 @@ def invoke(txt, idx)
   Tk.update
   # eval(IO.readlines("#{[$demo_dir, tag[5..-1]].join(File::Separator)}.rb").join, _null_binding)
   # Tk.update
-  eval_samplecode(IO.readlines("#{[$demo_dir, tag[5..-1]].join(File::Separator)}.rb").join)
+  eval_samplecode(IO.readlines("#{[$demo_dir, tag[5..-1]].join(File::Separator)}.rb").join, tag[5..-1] + '.rb')
   txt.cursor(cursor)
 
   $tag_visited.add("#{idx} linestart +1 chars", "#{idx} lineend +1 chars")
@@ -669,20 +756,32 @@ def showCode1(demo)
   if $code_window == nil || TkWinfo.exist?($code_window) == false
     $code_window = TkToplevel.new(nil)
     f = TkFrame.new($code_window)
+
     TkButton.new(f) {
       text "Dismiss"
       command proc{
         $code_window.destroy
         $code_window = nil
       }
-    }.pack('side'=>'left', 'expand'=>'yes', 'pady'=>2)
+    }.pack('side'=>'right', 'expand'=>'false', 'pady'=>2, 'padx'=>25)
     TkButton.new(f) {
       text "Rerun Demo"
       # command proc{eval($code_text.get('1.0','end'), _null_binding)}
-      command proc{eval_samplecode($code_text.get('1.0','end'))}
-    }.pack('side'=>'left', 'expand'=>'yes', 'pady'=>2)
-#    f.pack('side'=>'bottom', 'expand'=>'yes', 'fill'=>'x')
-    f.pack('side'=>'bottom', 'fill'=>'x')
+      command proc{eval_samplecode($code_text.get('1.0','end'), '<viewer>')}
+    }.pack('side'=>'right', 'expand'=>'false', 'pady'=>2)
+
+    TkLabel.new(f,'text'=>'line:').pack('side'=>'left')
+    linenum =TkLabel.new(f,'text'=>'').pack('side'=>'left')
+    TkLabel.new(f,'text'=>'  pos:').pack('side'=>'left')
+    posnum =TkLabel.new(f,'text'=>'').pack('side'=>'left')
+
+    $set_linenum = proc{|w|
+      line, pos = w.index('insert').split('.')
+      linenum.text = line
+      posnum.text  = pos
+    }
+
+    f.pack('side'=>'bottom', 'expand'=>'true', 'fill'=>'x')
 
     if $tk_version =~ /^4\.[01]/
       s = TkScrollbar.new($code_window, 'orient'=>'vertical')
@@ -727,10 +826,21 @@ def showCode1(demo)
         TkGrid.columnconfigure(f, 0, 'weight'=>1, 'minsize'=>0)
       }
     end
+
+    btag = TkBindTag.new
+
+    btag.bind('Key', $set_linenum, '%W')
+    btag.bind('Button', $set_linenum, '%W')
+
+    btags = $code_text.bindtags
+    btags.insert(btags.index($code_text.class) + 1, btag)
+    $code_text.bindtags = btags
+
   else
     $code_window.deiconify
     $code_window.raise
   end
+
   $code_window.title("Demo code: #{file}")
   $code_window.iconname(file)
 #  fid = open(file, 'r')
@@ -741,6 +851,9 @@ def showCode1(demo)
   #$code_mark = TkTextMark.new($code_text, '1.0')
   #$code_text.set_insert('1.0')
   TkTextMarkInsert.new($code_text,'1.0')
+
+  $set_linenum.call($code_text)
+
   fid.close
 end
 
@@ -761,7 +874,19 @@ def showCode2(demo)
     tf.grid_columnconfigure(0, :weight=>1)
 
     bf = TkFrame.new($code_window)
-    
+
+    lf = TkFrame.new(bf)
+    TkLabel.new(lf, :text=>'line:').pack(:side=>:left)
+    linenum =TkLabel.new(lf, :text=>'').pack(:side=>:left)
+    TkLabel.new(lf, :text=>'  pos:').pack(:side=>:left)
+    posnum =TkLabel.new(lf, :text=>'').pack(:side=>:left)
+
+    $set_linenum = proc{|w|
+      line, pos = w.index('insert').split('.')
+      linenum.text = line
+      posnum.text  = pos
+    }
+
     b_dis = TkButton.new(bf, :text=>'Dismiss', :default=>:active, 
                          :command=>proc{
                            $code_window.destroy
@@ -774,12 +899,12 @@ def showCode2(demo)
     b_run = TkButton.new(bf, :text=>'Rerun Demo', 
                          :command=>proc{
                            # eval($code_text.get('1.0','end'), _null_binding)
-                           eval_samplecode($code_text.get('1.0','end'))
+                           eval_samplecode($code_text.get('1.0','end'), '<viewer>')
                          }, 
                          :image=>$image['refresh'], :compound=>:left)
 
-    TkGrid('x', b_run, b_prn, b_dis, :padx=>4, :pady=>[6,4])
-    bf.grid_columnconfigure(0, :weight=>1)
+    TkGrid(lf, 'x', b_run, b_prn, b_dis, :padx=>4, :pady=>[6,4])
+    bf.grid_columnconfigure(1, :weight=>1)
 
     TkGrid(tf, :sticky=>'news')
     TkGrid(bf, :sticky=>'ew')
@@ -792,6 +917,17 @@ def showCode2(demo)
     $code_window.bindinfo('Return').each{|cmd, arg|
       $code_window.bind_append('Escape', cmd, arg)
     }
+
+    btag = TkBindTag.new
+
+    btag.bind('Key', $set_linenum, '%W')
+    btag.bind('Button', $set_linenum, '%W')
+    btag.bind('Configure', $set_linenum, '%W')
+
+    btags = $code_text.bindtags
+    btags.insert(btags.index($code_text.class) + 1, btag)
+    $code_text.bindtags = btags
+
   else
     $code_window.deiconify
     $code_window.raise
@@ -803,6 +939,9 @@ def showCode2(demo)
   $code_text.delete('1.0', 'end')
   $code_text.insert('1.0', fid.read)
   TkTextMarkInsert.new($code_text,'1.0')
+
+  $set_linenum.call($code_text)
+
   fid.close
 end
 
@@ -896,12 +1035,13 @@ end
 #
 def aboutBox
   Tk.messageBox('icon'=>'info', 'type'=>'ok', 'title'=>'About Widget Demo', 
-                'message'=>"Ruby/Tk widget demonstration Ver.1.6.0-en\n\n" + 
+                'message'=>"Ruby/Tk widget demonstration Ver.1.7.0-en\n\n" + 
                            "based on demos of Tk8.1 -- 8.5  " + 
-                           "( Copyright:: " + 
+                           "( Copyright of Tcl/Tk demos:: " + 
                            "(c) 1996-1997 Sun Microsystems, Inc. / " + 
                            "(c) 1997-2000 Ajuba Solutions, Inc. / " + 
-                           "(c) 2001-2003 Donal K. Fellows )\n\n" +
+                           "(c) 2001-2007 Donal K. Fellows / " + 
+                           "(c) 2002-2007 Daniel A. Steffen )\n\n" +
                            "Your Ruby & Tk Version ::\n" + 
                            "Ruby#{RUBY_VERSION}(#{RUBY_RELEASE_DATE})[#{RUBY_PLATFORM}] / Tk#{$tk_patchlevel}#{(Tk::JAPANIZED_TK)? '-jp': ''}\n\n" + 
                            "Ruby/Tk release date :: tcltklib #{TclTkLib::RELEASE_DATE}; tk #{Tk::RELEASE_DATE}")
@@ -923,7 +1063,7 @@ ARGV.each{|cmd|
   end
   #eval(IO.readlines("#{[$demo_dir, cmd].join(File::Separator)}.rb").join, 
   #     _null_binding)
-  eval_samplecode(IO.readlines("#{[$demo_dir, cmd].join(File::Separator)}.rb").join)
+  eval_samplecode(IO.readlines("#{[$demo_dir, cmd].join(File::Separator)}.rb").join, cmd + '.rb')
 }
 if no_launcher
   $root.withdraw  # hide root window
diff --git a/ext/tk/sample/demos-jp/anilabel.rb b/ext/tk/sample/demos-jp/anilabel.rb
index 97781fbe77..aee57f9f6a 100644
--- a/ext/tk/sample/demos-jp/anilabel.rb
+++ b/ext/tk/sample/demos-jp/anilabel.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+# -*- coding: euc-jp -*-
 #
 # animated label widget demo (called by 'widget')
 #
@@ -16,8 +17,10 @@ $anilabel_demo = TkToplevel.new {|w|
   positionWindow(w)
 }
 
+base_frame = TkFrame.new($anilabel_demo).pack(:fill=>:both, :expand=>true)
+
 # label ����
-msg = TkLabel.new($anilabel_demo) {
+msg = TkLabel.new(base_frame) {
   font $font
   wraplength '4i'
   justify 'left'
@@ -26,7 +29,7 @@ msg = TkLabel.new($anilabel_demo) {
 msg.pack('side'=>'top')
 
 # frame ����
-TkFrame.new($anilabel_demo) {|frame|
+TkFrame.new(base_frame) {|frame|
   TkButton.new(frame) {
     #text 'λ��'
     text '�Ĥ���'
@@ -45,8 +48,8 @@ TkFrame.new($anilabel_demo) {|frame|
 }.pack('side'=>'bottom', 'fill'=>'x', 'pady'=>'2m')
 
 # label demo �ѥե졼������
-f_left = TkLabelFrame.new($anilabel_demo,  :text=>'Scrolling Texts')
-f_right = TkLabelFrame.new($anilabel_demo, :text=>'GIF Image')
+f_left = TkLabelFrame.new(base_frame,  :text=>'Scrolling Texts')
+f_right = TkLabelFrame.new(base_frame, :text=>'GIF Image')
 Tk.pack(f_left, f_right, 'side'=>'left', 'expand'=>'yes', 'fill'=>'both', 
         'padx'=>10, 'pady'=>10)
 
diff --git a/ext/tk/sample/demos-jp/aniwave.rb b/ext/tk/sample/demos-jp/aniwave.rb
index 81e2d76b30..8fa14f65fe 100644
--- a/ext/tk/sample/demos-jp/aniwave.rb
+++ b/ext/tk/sample/demos-jp/aniwave.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+# -*- coding: euc-jp -*-
 #
 # animated wave demo (called by 'widget')
 #
@@ -16,8 +17,10 @@ $aniwave_demo = TkToplevel.new {|w|
   positionWindow(w)
 }
 
+base_frame = TkFrame.new($aniwave_demo).pack(:fill=>:both, :expand=>true)
+
 # create label
-msg = TkLabel.new($aniwave_demo) {
+msg = TkLabel.new(base_frame) {
   font $font
   wraplength '4i'
   justify 'left'
@@ -26,7 +29,7 @@ msg = TkLabel.new($aniwave_demo) {
 msg.pack('side'=>'top')
 
 # create frame
-TkFrame.new($aniwave_demo) {|frame|
+TkFrame.new(base_frame) {|frame|
   TkButton.new(frame) {
     #text 'λ��'
     text '�Ĥ���'
@@ -59,6 +62,7 @@ class AnimatedWaveDemo
     @backupCoords = []
     n = 0
     (-10..300).step(5){|n| @waveCoords << [n, 100]; @backupCoords << [n, 100] }
+    n = 305
     @waveCoords << [n, 0]; @backupCoords << [n, 0]
     @waveCoords << [n+5, 200]; @backupCoords << [n+5, 200]
     @coordsLen = @waveCoords.length
@@ -113,4 +117,4 @@ class AnimatedWaveDemo
 end
 
 # Start the animation processing
-AnimatedWaveDemo.new($aniwave_demo, :left).move
+AnimatedWaveDemo.new(base_frame, :left).move
diff --git a/ext/tk/sample/demos-jp/arrow.rb b/ext/tk/sample/demos-jp/arrow.rb
index 477a0abf6f..3c49e67b09 100644
--- a/ext/tk/sample/demos-jp/arrow.rb
+++ b/ext/tk/sample/demos-jp/arrow.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+# -*- coding: euc-jp -*-
 #
 # arrowhead widget demo (called by 'widget')
 #
@@ -73,11 +74,19 @@ def arrowSetup(c)
               'arrow'=>'both', 'arrowshape'=>v.smallTips)
   TkcText.new(c, v.x2-5*v.b, tmp+5, 'text'=>v.b, 'anchor'=>'n')
 
-  TkcText.new(c, v.x1, 310, 'text'=>"'width'=>#{v.width}", 'anchor'=>'w', 
-              'font'=>'-*-Helvetica-Medium-R-Normal--*-180-*-*-*-*-*-*')
-  TkcText.new(c, v.x1, 330, 
-              'text'=>"'arrowshape'=>[#{v.a}, #{v.b}, #{v.c}]", 'anchor'=>'w', 
-              'font'=>'-*-Helvetica-Medium-R-Normal--*-180-*-*-*-*-*-*')
+  if $tk_version =~ /^4.*/
+    TkcText.new(c, v.x1, 310, 'text'=>"'width'=>#{v.width}", 'anchor'=>'w', 
+                'font'=>'-*-Helvetica-Medium-R-Normal--*-180-*-*-*-*-*-*')
+    TkcText.new(c, v.x1, 330, 
+                'text'=>"'arrowshape'=>[#{v.a}, #{v.b}, #{v.c}]",'anchor'=>'w',
+                'font'=>'-*-Helvetica-Medium-R-Normal--*-180-*-*-*-*-*-*')
+  else
+    TkcText.new(c, v.x1, 310, 'text'=>"'width'=>#{v.width}", 'anchor'=>'w', 
+                'font'=>'Helvetica 18')
+    TkcText.new(c, v.x1, 330, 
+                'text'=>"'arrowshape'=>[#{v.a}, #{v.b}, #{v.c}]",
+                'anchor'=>'w', 'font'=>'Helvetica 18')
+  end
 
   v.count += 1
 end
@@ -95,14 +104,16 @@ $arrow_demo = TkToplevel.new {|w|
   positionWindow(w)
 }
 
+base_frame = TkFrame.new($arrow_demo).pack(:fill=>:both, :expand=>true)
+
 # label ����
-TkLabel.new($arrow_demo, 'font'=>$font, 'wraplength'=>'5i', 'justify'=>'left', 
+TkLabel.new(base_frame, 'font'=>$font, 'wraplength'=>'5i', 'justify'=>'left', 
             'text'=>"���� widget �ǡ������Х��ǻȤ���饤��ˤĤ����͡������������Ƭ�η����Ƥߤ뤳�Ȥ��Ǥ��ޤ���������������η����Ѥ���ˤϡ����礵�줿����ˤĤ��Ƥ��� 3�ĤλͳѤ�ɥ�å����Ƥ�����������¦����������̤��礭���ǤΥ���ץ�򼨤��Ƥ��ޤ������Υƥ����Ȥϥ饤�󥢥��ƥ���Ф������ꥪ�ץ����Ǥ���"){
   pack('side'=>'top')
 }
 
 # frame ����
-$arrow_buttons = TkFrame.new($arrow_demo) {|frame|
+$arrow_buttons = TkFrame.new(base_frame) {|frame|
   TkButton.new(frame) {
     #text 'λ��'
     text '�Ĥ���'
@@ -121,7 +132,7 @@ $arrow_buttons = TkFrame.new($arrow_demo) {|frame|
 $arrow_buttons.pack('side'=>'bottom', 'fill'=>'x', 'pady'=>'2m')
 
 # canvas ����
-$arrow_canvas = TkCanvas.new($arrow_demo, 'width'=>500, 'height'=>350, 
+$arrow_canvas = TkCanvas.new(base_frame, 'width'=>500, 'height'=>350, 
                              'relief'=>'sunken', 'borderwidth'=>2)
 $arrow_canvas.pack('expand'=>'yes', 'fill'=>'both')
 
diff --git a/ext/tk/sample/demos-jp/bind.rb b/ext/tk/sample/demos-jp/bind.rb
index e1e23b9893..a1bcfdd2e7 100644
--- a/ext/tk/sample/demos-jp/bind.rb
+++ b/ext/tk/sample/demos-jp/bind.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+# -*- coding: euc-jp -*-
 #
 # text (tag bindings) widget demo (called by 'widget')
 #
@@ -15,8 +16,10 @@ $bind_demo = TkToplevel.new {|w|
   positionWindow(w)
 }
 
+base_frame = TkFrame.new($bind_demo).pack(:fill=>:both, :expand=>true)
+
 # frame ����
-TkFrame.new($bind_demo) {|frame|
+TkFrame.new(base_frame) {|frame|
   TkButton.new(frame) {
     #text 'λ��'
     text '�Ĥ���'
@@ -40,14 +43,14 @@ def tag_binding_for_bind_demo(tag, enter_style, leave_style)
 end
 
 # text ����
-TkText.new($bind_demo){|t|
+txt = TkText.new(base_frame){|t|
   # ����
   setgrid 'true'
-  width  60
-  height 24
+  #width  60
+  #height 24
   font $font
   wrap 'word'
-  TkScrollbar.new($bind_demo) {|s|
+  TkScrollbar.new(base_frame) {|s|
     pack('side'=>'right', 'fill'=>'y')
     command proc{|*args| t.yview(*args)}
     t.yscrollcommand proc{|first,last| s.set first,last}
@@ -91,35 +94,32 @@ TkText.new($bind_demo){|t|
   }
   d1.bind('1', 
           proc{
-            eval(`cat #{[$demo_dir,'items.rb'].join(File::Separator)}`, 
-                 _null_binding)
+            eval_samplecode(`cat #{[$demo_dir,'items.rb'].join(File::Separator)}`, 'items.rb')
           })
   d2.bind('1', 
           proc{
-            eval(`cat #{[$demo_dir,'plot.rb'].join(File::Separator)}`, 
-                 _null_binding)
+            eval_samplecode(`cat #{[$demo_dir,'plot.rb'].join(File::Separator)}`, 'plot.rb')
           })
   d3.bind('1', 
           proc{
-            eval(`cat #{[$demo_dir,'ctext.rb'].join(File::Separator)}`, 
-                 _null_binding)
+            eval_samplecode(`cat #{[$demo_dir,'ctext.rb'].join(File::Separator)}`, 'ctext.rb')
           })
   d4.bind('1', 
           proc{
-            eval(`cat #{[$demo_dir,'arrow.rb'].join(File::Separator)}`, 
-                 _null_binding)
+            eval_samplecode(`cat #{[$demo_dir,'arrow.rb'].join(File::Separator)}`, 'arrow.rb')
           })
   d5.bind('1', 
           proc{
-            eval(`cat #{[$demo_dir,'ruler.rb'].join(File::Separator)}`, 
-                 _null_binding)
+            eval_samplecode(`cat #{[$demo_dir,'ruler.rb'].join(File::Separator)}`, 'ruler.rb')
           })
   d6.bind('1', 
           proc{
-            eval(`cat #{[$demo_dir,'cscroll.rb'].join(File::Separator)}`, 
-                 _null_binding)
+            eval_samplecode(`cat #{[$demo_dir,'cscroll.rb'].join(File::Separator)}`, 'cscroll.rb')
           })
 
   TkTextMarkInsert.new(t, '0.0')
   configure('state','disabled')
 }
+
+txt.width  60
+txt.height 24
diff --git a/ext/tk/sample/demos-jp/bitmap.rb b/ext/tk/sample/demos-jp/bitmap.rb
index b71c67d3fd..b6b0e54bbe 100644
--- a/ext/tk/sample/demos-jp/bitmap.rb
+++ b/ext/tk/sample/demos-jp/bitmap.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+# -*- coding: euc-jp -*-
 #
 # bitmap widget demo (called by 'widget')
 #
@@ -18,7 +19,7 @@ def bitmapRow(w,*args)
       TkFrame.new(row){|base|
         pack('side'=>'left', 'fill'=>'both', 'pady'=>'.25c', 'padx'=>'.25c')
         TkLabel.new(base, 'text'=>bitmap, 'width'=>9).pack('side'=>'bottom')
-        TkLabel.new(base, 'bitmap'=>bitmap).pack('side'=>'bottom')
+        Tk::Label.new(base, 'bitmap'=>bitmap).pack('side'=>'bottom')
       }
     end
   }
@@ -37,14 +38,16 @@ $bitmap_demo = TkToplevel.new {|w|
   positionWindow(w)
 }
 
+base_frame = TkFrame.new($bitmap_demo).pack(:fill=>:both, :expand=>true)
+
 # label ����
-TkLabel.new($bitmap_demo,'font'=>$font,'wraplength'=>'4i','justify'=>'left', 
+TkLabel.new(base_frame,'font'=>$font,'wraplength'=>'4i','justify'=>'left', 
             'text'=>"���Υ�����ɥ��ˤϡ�Tk ���Ȥ߹��ޤ줿���٤ƤΥӥåȥޥåפ���������̾���ȶ���ɽ������Ƥ��ޤ���Tcl �Υ�����ץ���Ǥϡ����줾���̾�����Ѥ��ƻ��Ȥ��ޤ���"){
   pack('side'=>'top')
 }
 
 # frame ����
-$bitmap_buttons = TkFrame.new($bitmap_demo) {|frame|
+$bitmap_buttons = TkFrame.new(base_frame) {|frame|
   TkButton.new(frame) {
     #text 'λ��'
     text '�Ĥ���'
@@ -63,7 +66,7 @@ $bitmap_buttons = TkFrame.new($bitmap_demo) {|frame|
 $bitmap_buttons.pack('side'=>'bottom', 'fill'=>'x', 'pady'=>'2m')
 
 # frame ����
-TkFrame.new($bitmap_demo){|f|
+TkFrame.new(base_frame){|f|
   bitmapRow(f,'error','gray25','gray50','hourglass')
   bitmapRow(f,'info','question','questhead','warning')
   pack('side'=>'top', 'expand'=>'yes', 'fill'=>'both')
diff --git a/ext/tk/sample/demos-jp/button.rb b/ext/tk/sample/demos-jp/button.rb
index 20f8cae299..18e42008c9 100644
--- a/ext/tk/sample/demos-jp/button.rb
+++ b/ext/tk/sample/demos-jp/button.rb
@@ -1,6 +1,8 @@
+# -*- coding: euc-jp -*-
 #
 # button widget demo (called by 'widget')
 #
+#
 
 # toplevel widget ��¸�ߤ���к������
 if defined?($button_demo) && $button_demo
@@ -25,7 +27,7 @@ msg = TkLabel.new($button_demo) {
 msg.pack('side'=>'top')
 
 # frame ����
-$button_buttons = TkFrame.new($button_demo) {|frame|
+$button_buttons = Tk::Frame.new($button_demo) {|frame|
   TkButton.new(frame) {
     #text 'λ��'
     text '�Ĥ���'
diff --git a/ext/tk/sample/demos-jp/check.rb b/ext/tk/sample/demos-jp/check.rb
index be675b9042..b953e7f623 100644
--- a/ext/tk/sample/demos-jp/check.rb
+++ b/ext/tk/sample/demos-jp/check.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+# -*- coding: euc-jp -*-
 #
 # checkbutton widget demo (called by 'widget')
 #
@@ -15,8 +16,10 @@ $check_demo = TkToplevel.new {|w|
   positionWindow(w)
 }
 
+base_frame = TkFrame.new($check_demo).pack(:fill=>:both, :expand=>true)
+
 # label ����
-msg = TkLabel.new($check_demo) {
+msg = TkLabel.new(base_frame) {
   font $font
   wraplength '4i'
   justify 'left'
@@ -30,7 +33,7 @@ brakes = TkVariable.new(0)
 sober  = TkVariable.new(0)
 
 # frame ����
-TkFrame.new($check_demo) {|frame|
+TkFrame.new(base_frame) {|frame|
   TkButton.new(frame) {
     #text 'λ��'
     text '�Ĥ���'
@@ -51,7 +54,7 @@ TkFrame.new($check_demo) {|frame|
   TkButton.new(frame) {
     text '�ѿ�����'
     command proc{
-      showVars($check_demo, 
+      showVars(base_frame, 
                ['wipers', wipers], ['brakes', brakes], ['sober', sober])
     }
   }.pack('side'=>'left', 'expand'=>'yes')
@@ -60,8 +63,8 @@ TkFrame.new($check_demo) {|frame|
 
 
 # checkbutton ����
-[ TkCheckButton.new($check_demo, 'text'=>'�磻�ѡ� OK', 'variable'=>wipers),
-  TkCheckButton.new($check_demo, 'text'=>'�֥졼�� OK', 'variable'=>brakes),
-  TkCheckButton.new($check_demo, 'text'=>'��ž�� ����', 'variable'=>sober)
+[ TkCheckButton.new(base_frame, 'text'=>'�磻�ѡ� OK', 'variable'=>wipers),
+  TkCheckButton.new(base_frame, 'text'=>'�֥졼�� OK', 'variable'=>brakes),
+  TkCheckButton.new(base_frame, 'text'=>'��ž�� ����', 'variable'=>sober)
 ].each{|w| w.relief('flat'); w.pack('side'=>'top', 'pady'=>2, 'anchor'=>'w')}
 
diff --git a/ext/tk/sample/demos-jp/check2.rb b/ext/tk/sample/demos-jp/check2.rb
index f681a4d684..7f7cb9e932 100644
--- a/ext/tk/sample/demos-jp/check2.rb
+++ b/ext/tk/sample/demos-jp/check2.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+# -*- coding: euc-jp -*-
 #
 # checkbutton widget demo2 (called by 'widget')
 #
@@ -15,8 +16,10 @@ $check2_demo = TkToplevel.new {|w|
   positionWindow(w)
 }
 
+base_frame = TkFrame.new($check2_demo).pack(:fill=>:both, :expand=>true)
+
 # label ����
-msg = TkLabel.new($check2_demo) {
+msg = TkLabel.new(base_frame) {
   font $font
   wraplength '4i'
   justify 'left'
@@ -31,7 +34,7 @@ brakes = TkVariable.new(0)
 sober  = TkVariable.new(0)
 
 # frame ����
-TkFrame.new($check2_demo) {|frame|
+TkFrame.new(base_frame) {|frame|
   TkGrid(TkFrame.new(frame, :height=>2, :relief=>:sunken, :bd=>2), 
          :columnspan=>4, :row=>0, :sticky=>'ew', :pady=>2)
   TkGrid('x', 
@@ -59,15 +62,15 @@ TkFrame.new($check2_demo) {|frame|
 
 
 # checkbutton ����
-TkCheckButton.new($check2_demo, :text=>'����������', :variable=>safety, 
+TkCheckButton.new(base_frame, :text=>'����������', :variable=>safety, 
                   :relief=>:flat, :onvalue=>'all', :offvalue=>'none', 
                   :tristatevalue=>'partial'){
   pack('side'=>'top', 'pady'=>2, 'anchor'=>'w')
 }
 
-[ TkCheckButton.new($check2_demo, 'text'=>'�磻�ѡ� OK', 'variable'=>wipers),
-  TkCheckButton.new($check2_demo, 'text'=>'�֥졼�� OK', 'variable'=>brakes),
-  TkCheckButton.new($check2_demo, 'text'=>'��ž�� ����', 'variable'=>sober)
+[ TkCheckButton.new(base_frame, 'text'=>'�磻�ѡ� OK', 'variable'=>wipers),
+  TkCheckButton.new(base_frame, 'text'=>'�֥졼�� OK', 'variable'=>brakes),
+  TkCheckButton.new(base_frame, 'text'=>'��ž�� ����', 'variable'=>sober)
 ].each{|w| 
   w.relief('flat')
   w.pack('side'=>'top', 'padx'=>15, 'pady'=>2, 'anchor'=>'w')
diff --git a/ext/tk/sample/demos-jp/clrpick.rb b/ext/tk/sample/demos-jp/clrpick.rb
index de8cd80fcd..ce6b99ab94 100644
--- a/ext/tk/sample/demos-jp/clrpick.rb
+++ b/ext/tk/sample/demos-jp/clrpick.rb
@@ -1,6 +1,9 @@
+# -*- coding: euc-jp -*-
 #
 # widget demo prompts the user to select a color (called by 'widget')
 #
+#  Note: don't support ttk_wrapper. work with standard widgets only.
+#
 
 # toplevel widget ��¸�ߤ���к������
 if defined?($clrpick_demo) && $clrpick_demo
@@ -16,12 +19,15 @@ $clrpick_demo = TkToplevel.new {|w|
 }
 
 # label ����
-TkLabel.new($clrpick_demo,'font'=>$font,'wraplength'=>'4i','justify'=>'left',
+#TkLabel.new($clrpick_demo,'font'=>$font,'wraplength'=>'4i','justify'=>'left',
+Tk::Label.new($clrpick_demo,'font'=>$font,'wraplength'=>'4i','justify'=>'left',
             'text'=>"�ʲ��Υܥ���򲡤��ơ����Υ�����ɥ���ˤ��륦�������åȤ����ʿ����طʿ������򤷤Ʋ�������").pack('side'=>'top')
 
 # frame ����
-TkFrame.new($clrpick_demo) {|frame|
-  TkButton.new(frame) {
+# TkFrame.new($clrpick_demo) {|frame|
+Tk::Frame.new($clrpick_demo) {|frame|
+  # TkButton.new(frame) {
+  Tk::Button.new(frame) {
     #text 'λ��'
     text '�Ĥ���'
     command proc{
@@ -31,20 +37,23 @@ TkFrame.new($clrpick_demo) {|frame|
     }
   }.pack('side'=>'left', 'expand'=>'yes')
 
-  TkButton.new(frame) {
+  # TkButton.new(frame) {
+  Tk::Button.new(frame) {
     text '�����ɻ���'
     command proc{showCode 'clrpick'}
   }.pack('side'=>'left', 'expand'=>'yes')
 }.pack('side'=>'bottom', 'fill'=>'x', 'pady'=>'2m')
 
 # button ����
-TkButton.new($clrpick_demo, 'text'=>'�طʿ������� ...') {|b|
+# TkButton.new($clrpick_demo, 'text'=>'�طʿ������� ...') {|b|
+Tk::Button.new($clrpick_demo, 'text'=>'�طʿ������� ...') {|b|
   command(proc{setColor $clrpick_demo, b, 'background', 
               ['background', 'highlightbackground']})
   pack('side'=>'top', 'anchor'=>'c', 'pady'=>'2m')
 }
 
-TkButton.new($clrpick_demo, 'text'=>'���ʿ������� ...') {|b|
+# TkButton.new($clrpick_demo, 'text'=>'���ʿ������� ...') {|b|
+Tk::Button.new($clrpick_demo, 'text'=>'���ʿ������� ...') {|b|
   command(proc{setColor $clrpick_demo, b, 'foreground', ['foreground']})
   pack('side'=>'top', 'anchor'=>'c', 'pady'=>'2m')
 }
diff --git a/ext/tk/sample/demos-jp/colors.rb b/ext/tk/sample/demos-jp/colors.rb
index c6128f9c00..91817a947b 100644
--- a/ext/tk/sample/demos-jp/colors.rb
+++ b/ext/tk/sample/demos-jp/colors.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+# -*- coding: euc-jp -*-
 #
 # listbox widget demo 'colors' (called by 'widget')
 #
@@ -15,8 +16,10 @@ $colors_demo = TkToplevel.new {|w|
   positionWindow(w)
 }
 
+base_frame = TkFrame.new($colors_demo).pack(:fill=>:both, :expand=>true)
+
 # label ����
-msg = TkLabel.new($colors_demo) {
+msg = TkLabel.new(base_frame) {
   font $font
   wraplength '4i'
   justify 'left'
@@ -25,7 +28,7 @@ msg = TkLabel.new($colors_demo) {
 msg.pack('side'=>'top')
 
 # frame ����
-TkFrame.new($colors_demo) {|frame|
+TkFrame.new(base_frame) {|frame|
   TkButton.new(frame) {
     #text 'λ��'
     text '�Ĥ���'
@@ -45,7 +48,7 @@ TkFrame.new($colors_demo) {|frame|
 
 # frame ����
 colors_lbox = nil
-TkFrame.new($colors_demo, 'borderwidth'=>10) {|w|
+TkFrame.new(base_frame, 'borderwidth'=>10) {|w|
   s = TkScrollbar.new(w)
   colors_lbox = TkListbox.new(w) {
     setgrid 1
@@ -58,7 +61,15 @@ TkFrame.new($colors_demo, 'borderwidth'=>10) {|w|
   colors_lbox.pack('side'=>'left', 'expand'=>1, 'fill'=>'both')
 }.pack('side'=>'top', 'expand'=>'yes', 'fill'=>'y')
 
-colors_lbox.bind('Double-1', proc{TkPalette.setPalette TkSelection.get})
+#colors_lbox.bind('Double-1', proc{TkPalette.setPalette TkSelection.get})
+colors_lbox.bind('Double-1', proc{
+                   begin
+                     TkPalette.setPalette TkSelection.get
+                   rescue => e
+                     p e
+                     Tk.tk_call_without_enc('destroy', '.___tk_set_palette')
+                   end
+                   })
 
 ins_data = [
   'gray60','gray70','gray80','gray85','gray90','gray95',
diff --git a/ext/tk/sample/demos-jp/combo.rb b/ext/tk/sample/demos-jp/combo.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..da00d712ba
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ext/tk/sample/demos-jp/combo.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,98 @@
+# -*- coding: euc-jp -*-
+#
+# combo.rb --
+#
+# This demonstration script creates several combobox widgets.
+#
+# based on "Id: combo.tcl,v 1.3 2007/12/13 15:27:07 dgp Exp"
+
+if defined?($combo_demo) && $combo_demo
+  $combo_demo.destroy 
+  $combo_demo = nil
+end
+
+$combo_demo = TkToplevel.new {|w|
+  title("Combobox Demonstration")
+  iconname("combo")
+  positionWindow(w)
+}
+
+base_frame = TkFrame.new($combo_demo).pack(:fill=>:both, :expand=>true)
+
+Ttk::Label.new(base_frame, :font=>$font, :wraplength=>'5i', :justify=>:left, 
+               :text=><<EOL).pack(:side=>:top, :fill=>:x)
+�ʲ��Ǥ�3����Υ���ܥܥå�����ɽ������Ƥ��ޤ���\
+�ǽ�Τ�Τϡ�����ȥꥦ�������åȤ�Ʊ���ͤˡ�\
+�ݥ���Ȥ����ꡤ����å������ꡤ�����פ����ꤹ�뤳�Ȥ��Ǥ��ޤ���\
+�ޤ���Return���������Ϥ���и��ߤ��ͤ��ꥹ�Ȥ��ɲä��졤\
+�ɥ��åץ�����ꥹ�Ȥ������򤹤뤳�Ȥ��Ǥ���褦�ˤʤ�ޤ���\
+��(���������)�����򲡤���ɽ�����줿�ꥹ�Ȥ���\
+���������¾�θ���������Return�����򲡤��С��ͤ�����Ǥ��ޤ���\
+2���ܤΥ���ܥܥå�����������ͤ˸��ꤵ��Ƥ��ꡤ�����ѹ��Ǥ��ޤ���\
+3���ܤΤ�Τϥ������ȥ�ꥢ���ԻԤΥɥ��åץ�����ꥹ�Ȥ���\
+���򤹤뤳�Ȥ�������ǽ�ȤʤäƤ��ޤ���
+EOL
+
+## variables
+firstValue  = TkVariable.new
+secondValue = TkVariable.new
+ozCity      = TkVariable.new
+
+## See Code / Dismiss buttons
+Ttk::Frame.new(base_frame) {|frame|
+  sep = Ttk::Separator.new(frame)
+  Tk.grid(sep, :columnspan=>4, :row=>0, :sticky=>'ew', :pady=>2)
+  TkGrid('x', 
+         Ttk::Button.new(frame, :text=>'�ѿ�����', 
+                         :image=>$image['view'], :compound=>:left, 
+                         :command=>proc{
+                           showVars(base_frame, 
+                                    ['firstVariable', firstValue], 
+                                    ['secondVariable', secondValue], 
+                                    ['ozCity', ozCity])
+                         }), 
+         Ttk::Button.new(frame, :text=>'�����ɻ���', 
+                         :image=>$image['view'], :compound=>:left, 
+                         :command=>proc{showCode 'combo'}), 
+         Ttk::Button.new(frame, :text=>'�Ĥ���', 
+                         :image=>$image['delete'], :compound=>:left, 
+                         :command=>proc{
+                           $combo_demo.destroy
+                           $combo_demo = nil
+                         }), 
+         :padx=>4, :pady=>4)
+  grid_columnconfigure(0, :weight=>1)
+  pack(:side=>:bottom, :fill=>:x)
+}
+
+frame = Ttk::Frame.new(base_frame).pack(:fill=>:both, :expand=>true)
+
+australianCities = [
+  '�����٥�', '���ɥˡ�', '���ܥ��', '�ѡ���', '���ǥ졼��', 
+  '�֥ꥹ�١���', '�ۥС���', '����������', '���ꥹ ���ץ�󥰥�'
+]
+
+
+secondValue.value = '�ѹ��Բ�'
+ozCity.value = '���ɥˡ�'
+
+Tk.pack(Ttk::Labelframe.new(frame, :text=>'Fully Editable'){|f|
+          Ttk::Combobox.new(f, :textvariable=>firstValue){|b|
+            b.bind('Return', '%W'){|w|
+              w.values <<= w.value unless w.values.include?(w.value)
+            }
+          }.pack(:pady=>5, :padx=>10)
+        }, 
+
+        Ttk::LabelFrame.new(frame, :text=>'Disabled'){|f|
+          Ttk::Combobox.new(f, :textvariable=>secondValue, :state=>:disabled) .
+            pack(:pady=>5, :padx=>10)
+        }, 
+
+        Ttk::LabelFrame.new(frame, :text=>'Defined List Only'){|f|
+          Ttk::Combobox.new(f, :textvariable=>ozCity, :state=>:readonly, 
+                            :values=>australianCities) .
+            pack(:pady=>5, :padx=>10)
+        }, 
+
+        :side=>:top, :pady=>5, :padx=>10)
diff --git a/ext/tk/sample/demos-jp/cscroll.rb b/ext/tk/sample/demos-jp/cscroll.rb
index 0d6db69af6..845952679a 100644
--- a/ext/tk/sample/demos-jp/cscroll.rb
+++ b/ext/tk/sample/demos-jp/cscroll.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+# -*- coding: euc-jp -*-
 #
 # simple scrollable canvas widget demo (called by 'widget')
 #
@@ -15,14 +16,16 @@ $cscroll_demo = TkToplevel.new {|w|
   positionWindow(w)
 }
 
+base_frame = TkFrame.new($cscroll_demo).pack(:fill=>:both, :expand=>true)
+
 # label ����
-TkLabel.new($cscroll_demo, 'font'=>$font, 'wraplength'=>'4i', 
+TkLabel.new(base_frame, 'font'=>$font, 'wraplength'=>'4i', 
             'justify'=>'left', 'text'=>"���Υ�����ɥ��ˤϥ���������С���ޥ����Υܥ���2 �ǥ���������Ǥ��륭���Х� widget ��ɽ������Ƥ��ޤ����ͳѤξ�ǥܥ���1 �򥯥�å�����ȡ����Υ���ǥå�����ɸ����Ϥ˽��Ϥ���ޤ���"){
   pack('side'=>'top')
 }
 
 # frame ����
-$cscroll_buttons = TkFrame.new($cscroll_demo) {|frame|
+$cscroll_buttons = TkFrame.new(base_frame) {|frame|
   TkButton.new(frame) {
     #text 'λ��'
     text '�Ĥ���'
@@ -42,7 +45,7 @@ $cscroll_buttons.pack('side'=>'bottom', 'fill'=>'x', 'pady'=>'2m')
 
 # frame ����
 unless $tk_version =~ /^4\.[01]/
-  $cscroll_grid = TkFrame.new($cscroll_demo) {
+  $cscroll_grid = TkFrame.new(base_frame) {
     pack('expand'=>'yes', 'fill'=>'both', 'padx'=>1, 'pady'=>1)
   }
   TkGrid.rowconfigure($cscroll_grid, 0, 'weight'=>1, 'minsize'=>0)
@@ -50,7 +53,7 @@ unless $tk_version =~ /^4\.[01]/
 end
 
 # canvas ����
-$cscroll_canvas = TkCanvas.new($cscroll_demo, 
+$cscroll_canvas = TkCanvas.new(base_frame, 
                                'relief'=>'sunken', 'borderwidth'=>2,
                                'scrollregion'=>['-11c', '-11c', '50c', '20c']
                                ) {|c|
@@ -61,7 +64,7 @@ $cscroll_canvas = TkCanvas.new($cscroll_demo,
          'rowspan'=>1, 'columnspan'=>1, 'sticky'=>'news')
   end
 
-  TkScrollbar.new($cscroll_demo, 'command'=>proc{|*args| c.yview(*args)}) {|vs|
+  TkScrollbar.new(base_frame, 'command'=>proc{|*args| c.yview(*args)}) {|vs|
     c.yscrollcommand(proc{|first,last| vs.set first,last})
     if $tk_version =~ /^4\.[01]/
       pack('side'=>'right', 'fill'=>'y')
@@ -71,7 +74,7 @@ $cscroll_canvas = TkCanvas.new($cscroll_demo,
     end
   }
 
-  TkScrollbar.new($cscroll_demo, 'orient'=>'horiz', 
+  TkScrollbar.new(base_frame, 'orient'=>'horiz', 
                   'command'=>proc{|*args| c.xview(*args)}) {|hs|
     c.xscrollcommand(proc{|first,last| hs.set first,last})
     if $tk_version =~ /^4\.[01]/
diff --git a/ext/tk/sample/demos-jp/ctext.rb b/ext/tk/sample/demos-jp/ctext.rb
index 66e1fe8107..05ca732cfd 100644
--- a/ext/tk/sample/demos-jp/ctext.rb
+++ b/ext/tk/sample/demos-jp/ctext.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+# -*- coding: euc-jp -*-
 #
 # Canvas Text widget demo (called by 'widget')
 #
@@ -15,8 +16,10 @@ $ctext_demo = TkToplevel.new {|w|
   positionWindow(w)
 }
 
+base_frame = TkFrame.new($ctext_demo).pack(:fill=>:both, :expand=>true)
+
 # label ����
-TkLabel.new($ctext_demo, 'font'=>$font, 'wraplength'=>'5i', 'justify'=>'left', 
+TkLabel.new(base_frame, 'font'=>$font, 'wraplength'=>'5i', 'justify'=>'left', 
             'text'=>"���Υ�����ɥ��ˤϥ����Х�widget�Υƥ����ȵ�ǽ��ǥ⤹�뤿��Υƥ�����ʸ����ɽ������Ƥ��ޤ����ޥ�����ͳѤ���˻��äƤ���������å�����Ȱ��֤����Ѥ�����������а��֤��Ѥ����ꡢ��·�����Ѥ����ꤹ�뤳�Ȥ��Ǥ��ޤ����ޤ��ʲ��Τ褦���Խ��Τ���δ�ñ�ʥХ���ǥ��󥰤򥵥ݡ��Ȥ��Ƥ��ޤ���
 
   1. �ޥ�������äƤ���������å��������ϤǤ��ޤ���
@@ -28,7 +31,7 @@ TkLabel.new($ctext_demo, 'font'=>$font, 'wraplength'=>'5i', 'justify'=>'left',
 }
 
 # frame ����
-$ctext_buttons = TkFrame.new($ctext_demo) {|frame|
+$ctext_buttons = TkFrame.new(base_frame) {|frame|
   TkButton.new(frame) {
     #text 'λ��'
     text '�Ĥ���'
@@ -47,24 +50,33 @@ $ctext_buttons = TkFrame.new($ctext_demo) {|frame|
 $ctext_buttons.pack('side'=>'bottom', 'fill'=>'x', 'pady'=>'2m')
 
 # canvas ����
-$ctext_canvas = TkCanvas.new($ctext_demo, 'relief'=>'flat', 
+$ctext_canvas = TkCanvas.new(base_frame, 'relief'=>'flat', 
                              'borderwidth'=>0, 'width'=>500, 'height'=>350)
 $ctext_canvas.pack('side'=>'top', 'expand'=>'yes', 'fill'=>'both')
 
 # font ����
-textFont = '-*-Helvetica-Medium-R-Normal--*-240-*-*-*-*-*-*'
+if $tk_version =~ /^4.*/
+  textFont = '-*-Helvetica-Medium-R-Normal--*-240-*-*-*-*-*-*'
+else
+  textFont = 'Helvetica 24'
+end
 
 # canvas ����
 TkcRectangle.new($ctext_canvas, 245, 195, 255, 205, 
                  'outline'=>'black', 'fill'=>'red')
 
+ctag_text_param = {
+  'text'=>"����ϥ����Х�widget�Υƥ����ȵ�ǽ��ǥ⤹�뤿���ʸ����Ǥ���\n��ǽҤ٤��褦���Խ����ǽ�Ȥ��뤿��ΥХ���ǥ��󥰤�ܤ��Ƥ��ޤ���",
+  'width'=>440, 'anchor'=>'n', 'justify'=>'left'
+}
+if $tk_version =~ /^4.*/
+  ctag_text_param['font'] = '-*-Helvetica-Medium-R-Normal--*-240-*-*-*-*-*-*'
+  ctag_text_param['kanjifont'] = '-*-r-*--24-*-jisx0208.1983-0'
+else
+  ctag_text_param['font'] = 'Helvetica 24'
+end
 $ctag_text = TkcTag.new($ctext_canvas)
-$ctag_text.withtag(TkcText.new($ctext_canvas, 250, 200, 
-                               'text'=>"����ϥ����Х�widget�Υƥ����ȵ�ǽ��ǥ⤹�뤿���ʸ����Ǥ���\n��ǽҤ٤��褦���Խ����ǽ�Ȥ��뤿��ΥХ���ǥ��󥰤�ܤ��Ƥ��ޤ���",
-                               'width'=>440, 'anchor'=>'n', 
-                               'font'=>'-*-Helvetica-Medium-R-Normal--*-240-*-*-*-*-*-*', 
-                               'kanjifont'=>'-*-r-*--24-*-jisx0208.1983-0', 
-                               'justify'=>'left') )
+$ctag_text.withtag(TkcText.new($ctext_canvas, 250, 200, ctag_text_param))
 
 $ctag_text.bind('1', proc{|x,y| textB1Press $ctext_canvas,x,y}, "%x %y")
 $ctag_text.bind('B1-Motion', proc{|x,y| textB1Move $ctext_canvas,x,y}, "%x %y")
@@ -106,9 +118,14 @@ mkTextConfig $ctext_canvas, x+60, y+60, 'anchor', 'nw', color
 item = TkcRectangle.new($ctext_canvas, x+40, y+40, x+50, y+50, 
                         'outline'=>'black', 'fill'=>'red')
 item.bind('1', proc{$ctag_text.configure 'anchor', 'center'})
-TkcText.new($ctext_canvas, x+45, y-5, 'text'=>'Text Position', 'anchor'=>'s', 
-            'font'=>'-*-times-medium-r-normal--*-240-*-*-*-*-*-*', 
-            'fill'=>'brown')
+if $tk_version =~ /^4.*/
+  TkcText.new($ctext_canvas, x+45, y-5, 'text'=>'Text Position', 
+              'font'=>'-*-times-medium-r-normal--*-240-*-*-*-*-*-*', 
+              'anchor'=>'s', 'fill'=>'brown')
+else
+  TkcText.new($ctext_canvas, x+45, y-5, 'text'=>'Text Position', 
+              'font'=>'Times 24', 'anchor'=>'s', 'fill'=>'brown')
+end
 
 # Lastly, create some items that allow the text's justification to be
 # changed.
@@ -119,9 +136,14 @@ color = 'SeaGreen2'
 mkTextConfig $ctext_canvas, x, y, 'justify', 'left', color
 mkTextConfig $ctext_canvas, x+30, y, 'justify', 'center', color
 mkTextConfig $ctext_canvas, x+60, y, 'justify', 'right', color
-TkcText.new($ctext_canvas, x+45, y-5, 'text'=>'Justification', 'anchor'=>'s', 
-            'font'=>'-*-times-medium-r-normal--*-240-*-*-*-*-*-*', 
-            'fill'=>'brown')
+if $tk_version =~ /^4.*/
+  TkcText.new($ctext_canvas, x+45, y-5, 'text'=>'Justification', 
+              'font'=>'-*-times-medium-r-normal--*-240-*-*-*-*-*-*', 
+              'anchor'=>'s', 'fill'=>'brown')
+else
+  TkcText.new($ctext_canvas, x+45, y-5, 'text'=>'Justification', 
+              'font'=>'Times 24', 'anchor'=>'s', 'fill'=>'brown')
+end
 
 $ctext_canvas.itembind('config', 'Enter', proc{textEnter $ctext_canvas})
 $ctext_canvas.itembind('config', 'Leave', 
diff --git a/ext/tk/sample/demos-jp/dialog1.rb b/ext/tk/sample/demos-jp/dialog1.rb
index 0d6181bfc6..07e50306ab 100644
--- a/ext/tk/sample/demos-jp/dialog1.rb
+++ b/ext/tk/sample/demos-jp/dialog1.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+# -*- coding: euc-jp -*-
 #
 # a dialog box with a local grab (called by 'widget')
 #
diff --git a/ext/tk/sample/demos-jp/dialog2.rb b/ext/tk/sample/demos-jp/dialog2.rb
index a934378dda..f747f8d6a8 100644
--- a/ext/tk/sample/demos-jp/dialog2.rb
+++ b/ext/tk/sample/demos-jp/dialog2.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+# -*- coding: euc-jp -*-
 #
 # a dialog box with a global grab (called by 'widget')
 #
diff --git a/ext/tk/sample/demos-jp/entry1.rb b/ext/tk/sample/demos-jp/entry1.rb
index edf3b5f71d..2be29c18d3 100644
--- a/ext/tk/sample/demos-jp/entry1.rb
+++ b/ext/tk/sample/demos-jp/entry1.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+# -*- coding: euc-jp -*-
 #
 # entry (no scrollbars) widget demo (called by 'widget')
 #
@@ -15,8 +16,10 @@ $entry1_demo = TkToplevel.new {|w|
   positionWindow(w)
 }
 
+base_frame = TkFrame.new($entry1_demo).pack(:fill=>:both, :expand=>true)
+
 # label ����
-msg = TkLabel.new($entry1_demo) {
+msg = TkLabel.new(base_frame) {
   font $font
   wraplength '5i'
   justify 'left'
@@ -25,7 +28,7 @@ msg = TkLabel.new($entry1_demo) {
 msg.pack('side'=>'top')
 
 # frame ����
-TkFrame.new($entry1_demo) {|frame|
+TkFrame.new(base_frame) {|frame|
   TkButton.new(frame) {
     #text 'λ��'
     text '�Ĥ���'
@@ -43,9 +46,9 @@ TkFrame.new($entry1_demo) {|frame|
 }.pack('side'=>'bottom', 'fill'=>'x', 'pady'=>'2m')
 
 # entry ����
-e1 = TkEntry.new($entry1_demo, 'relief'=>'sunken')
-e2 = TkEntry.new($entry1_demo, 'relief'=>'sunken')
-e3 = TkEntry.new($entry1_demo, 'relief'=>'sunken')
+e1 = TkEntry.new(base_frame, 'relief'=>'sunken')
+e2 = TkEntry.new(base_frame, 'relief'=>'sunken')
+e3 = TkEntry.new(base_frame, 'relief'=>'sunken')
 [e1,e2,e3].each{|w| w.pack('side'=>'top', 'padx'=>10, 'pady'=>5, 'fill'=>'x')}
 
 # ���������
diff --git a/ext/tk/sample/demos-jp/entry2.rb b/ext/tk/sample/demos-jp/entry2.rb
index 7d5740e663..2675b5d324 100644
--- a/ext/tk/sample/demos-jp/entry2.rb
+++ b/ext/tk/sample/demos-jp/entry2.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+# -*- coding: euc-jp -*-
 #
 # entry (with scrollbars) widget demo (called by 'widget')
 #
@@ -15,8 +16,10 @@ $entry2_demo = TkToplevel.new {|w|
   positionWindow(w)
 }
 
+base_frame = TkFrame.new($entry2_demo).pack(:fill=>:both, :expand=>true)
+
 # label ����
-msg = TkLabel.new($entry2_demo) {
+msg = TkLabel.new(base_frame) {
   font $font
   wraplength '5i'
   justify 'left'
@@ -25,7 +28,7 @@ msg = TkLabel.new($entry2_demo) {
 msg.pack('side'=>'top')
 
 # frame ����
-TkFrame.new($entry2_demo) {|frame|
+TkFrame.new(base_frame) {|frame|
   TkButton.new(frame) {
     #text 'λ��'
     text '�Ĥ���'
@@ -43,7 +46,7 @@ TkFrame.new($entry2_demo) {|frame|
 }.pack('side'=>'bottom', 'fill'=>'x', 'pady'=>'2m')
 
 # frame ����
-TkFrame.new($entry2_demo, 'borderwidth'=>10) {|w|
+TkFrame.new(base_frame, 'borderwidth'=>10) {|w|
   # entry 1
   s1 = TkScrollbar.new(w, 'relief'=>'sunken', 'orient'=>'horiz')
   e1 = TkEntry.new(w, 'relief'=>'sunken') {
diff --git a/ext/tk/sample/demos-jp/entry3.rb b/ext/tk/sample/demos-jp/entry3.rb
index f57dc13553..6b9cd4cf37 100644
--- a/ext/tk/sample/demos-jp/entry3.rb
+++ b/ext/tk/sample/demos-jp/entry3.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+# -*- coding: euc-jp -*-
 # entry3.rb --
 #
 # This demonstration script creates several entry widgets whose
@@ -17,7 +18,9 @@ $entry3_demo = TkToplevel.new {|w|
   positionWindow(w)
 }
 
-TkLabel.new($entry3_demo, 
+base_frame = TkFrame.new($entry3_demo).pack(:fill=>:both, :expand=>true)
+
+TkLabel.new(base_frame, 
             :font=>$font, :wraplength=>'5i', :justify=>:left, 
             :text=><<EOL).pack(:side=>:top)
 �ʲ��ˤϣ�����Υ���ȥ�ܥå�����ɽ������Ƥ��ޤ����ƥ���ȥ�ܥå����ϡ�\
@@ -38,7 +41,7 @@ TkLabel.new($entry3_demo,
 ���Ϥ��줿ʸ���ϥ������ꥹ��������֤�������ɽ������ޤ���
 EOL
 
-TkFrame.new($entry3_demo){|f|
+TkFrame.new(base_frame){|f|
   pack(:side=>:bottom, :fill=>:x, :pady=>'2m')
 
   TkButton.new(f, :text=>'�Ĥ���', :width=>15, :command=>proc{
@@ -64,23 +67,41 @@ TkFrame.new($entry3_demo){|f|
 # count -       Counter to control the number of times flashed
 def focusAndFlash(widget, fg, bg, count=5)
   return if count <= 0
-  TkTimer.new(100, count, 
-              proc{widget.configure(:foreground=>bg, :background=>fg)}, 
-              proc{widget.configure(:foreground=>fg, :background=>bg)}
-              ).start
+  if fg && !fg.empty? && bg && !bg.empty?
+    TkTimer.new(200, count, 
+                proc{widget.configure(:foreground=>bg, :background=>fg)}, 
+                proc{widget.configure(:foreground=>fg, :background=>bg)}
+                ).start
+  else
+    # TkTimer.new(150, 3){Tk.bell}.start
+    Tk.bell
+    TkTimer.new(200, count, 
+                proc{widget.configure(:foreground=>'white', 
+                                      :background=>'black')}, 
+                proc{widget.configure(:foreground=>'black', 
+                                      :background=>'white')}
+                ).at_end{begin
+                           widget.configure(:foreground=>fg, 
+                                            :background=>bg)
+                         rescue
+                           # ignore
+                         end}.start
+  end
   widget.focus(true)
 end
 
-l1 = TkLabelFrame.new($entry3_demo, :text=>"��������ȥ�")
+l1 = TkLabelFrame.new(base_frame, :text=>"��������ȥ�")
 TkEntry.new(l1, :validate=>:focus, 
             :vcmd=>[
               proc{|s| s == '' || /^[+-]?\d+$/ =~ s }, '%P'
             ]) {|e|
-  invalidcommand [proc{|w| focusAndFlash(w, e.fg, e.bg)}, '%W']
+  fg = e.foreground
+  bg = e.background
+  invalidcommand [proc{|w| focusAndFlash(w, fg, bg)}, '%W']
   pack(:fill=>:x, :expand=>true, :padx=>'1m', :pady=>'1m')
 }
 
-l2 = TkLabelFrame.new($entry3_demo, :text=>"Ĺ�������դ�����ȥ�")
+l2 = TkLabelFrame.new(base_frame, :text=>"Ĺ�������դ�����ȥ�")
 TkEntry.new(l2, :validate=>:key, :invcmd=>proc{Tk.bell}, 
             :vcmd=>[proc{|s| s.length < 10}, '%P']
             ).pack(:fill=>:x, :expand=>true, :padx=>'1m', :pady=>'1m')
@@ -161,15 +182,15 @@ def validatePhoneChange(widget, vmode, idx, char)
     widget.delete(idx)
     widget.insert(idx, $phoneNumberMap[char] || char)
     Tk.after_idle(proc{phoneSkipRight(widget, -1)})
-    # Tk.update(true) # Don't work 'update' inter validation callback.
-                      # It depends on Tcl/Tk side (tested on Tcl/Tk8.5a1). 
+    # Tk.update(true)  # <- Don't work 'update' inter validation callback.
+                       #    It depends on Tcl/Tk side (tested on Tcl/Tk8.5a1).
     return true
   end
   return false
 end
 
 
-l3 = TkLabelFrame.new($entry3_demo, :text=>"�ƹ������ֹ楨��ȥ�")
+l3 = TkLabelFrame.new(base_frame, :text=>"�ƹ������ֹ楨��ȥ�")
 TkEntry.new(l3, :validate=>:key, :invcmd=>proc{Tk.bell}, 
             :textvariable=>entry3content, 
             :vcmd=>[
@@ -188,14 +209,14 @@ TkEntry.new(l3, :validate=>:key, :invcmd=>proc{Tk.bell},
   pack(:fill=>:x, :expand=>true, :padx=>'1m', :pady=>'1m')
 }
 
-l4 = TkLabelFrame.new($entry3_demo, :text=>"�ѥ���ɥ���ȥ�")
+l4 = TkLabelFrame.new(base_frame, :text=>"�ѥ���ɥ���ȥ�")
 TkEntry.new(l4, :validate=>:key, :show=>'*', 
             :vcmd=>[
               proc{|s| s.length <= 8}, 
               '%P'
             ]).pack(:fill=>:x, :expand=>true, :padx=>'1m', :pady=>'1m')
 
-TkFrame.new($entry3_demo){|f|
+TkFrame.new(base_frame){|f|
   lower
   TkGrid.configure(l1, l2, :in=>f, :padx=>'3m', :pady=>'1m', :sticky=>:ew)
   TkGrid.configure(l3, l4, :in=>f, :padx=>'3m', :pady=>'1m', :sticky=>:ew)
diff --git a/ext/tk/sample/demos-jp/filebox.rb b/ext/tk/sample/demos-jp/filebox.rb
index f3608ab70f..b8846d08a0 100644
--- a/ext/tk/sample/demos-jp/filebox.rb
+++ b/ext/tk/sample/demos-jp/filebox.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+# -*- coding: euc-jp -*-
 #
 # widget demo prompts the user to select a file (called by 'widget')
 #
@@ -15,12 +16,14 @@ $filebox_demo = TkToplevel.new {|w|
   positionWindow(w)
 }
 
+base_frame = TkFrame.new($filebox_demo).pack(:fill=>:both, :expand=>true)
+
 # label ����
-TkLabel.new($filebox_demo,'font'=>$font,'wraplength'=>'4i','justify'=>'left',
+TkLabel.new(base_frame,'font'=>$font,'wraplength'=>'4i','justify'=>'left',
             'text'=>"����ȥ�˥ե�����̾��ľ�����Ϥ��뤫��\"Browse\" �ܥ���򲡤��ƥե����������������������ե�����̾������ǲ�������").pack('side'=>'top')
 
 # frame ����
-TkFrame.new($filebox_demo) {|frame|
+TkFrame.new(base_frame) {|frame|
   TkButton.new(frame) {
     #text 'λ��'
     text '�Ĥ���'
@@ -39,7 +42,7 @@ TkFrame.new($filebox_demo) {|frame|
 
 # frame ����
 ['����', '��¸'].each{|type|
-  TkFrame.new($filebox_demo) {|f|
+  TkFrame.new(base_frame) {|f|
     TkLabel.new(f, 'text'=>"�ե������#{type}: ", 'anchor'=>'e')\
     .pack('side'=>'left')
 
@@ -47,7 +50,7 @@ TkFrame.new($filebox_demo) {|frame|
       pack('side'=>'left', 'expand'=>'yes', 'fill'=>'x')
 
       TkButton.new(f, 'text'=>'Browse ...', 
-                   'command'=>proc{fileDialog $filebox_demo,e,type})\
+                   'command'=>proc{fileDialog base_frame,e,type})\
       .pack('side'=>'left')
     }
 
@@ -57,7 +60,7 @@ TkFrame.new($filebox_demo) {|frame|
 
 $tk_strictMotif = TkVarAccess.new('tk_strictMotif')
 if ($tk_platform['platform'] == 'unix')
-  TkCheckButton.new($filebox_demo, 
+  TkCheckButton.new(base_frame, 
                     'text'=>'Motif��������Υ������������Ѥ���', 
                     'variable'=>$tk_strictMotif, 
                     'onvalue'=>1, 'offvalue'=>0 ).pack('anchor'=>'c')
@@ -90,7 +93,10 @@ def fileDialog(w,ent,operation)
   if file != ""
     ent.delete 0, 'end'
     ent.insert 0, file
-    ent.xview 'end'
+    # ent.xview 'end'
+    Tk.update_idletasks # need this for Tk::Tile::Entry
+                        # (to find right position of 'xview').
+    ent.xview(ent.index('end'))
   end
 end
 
diff --git a/ext/tk/sample/demos-jp/floor.rb b/ext/tk/sample/demos-jp/floor.rb
index b029580bd6..a2ec2e9969 100644
--- a/ext/tk/sample/demos-jp/floor.rb
+++ b/ext/tk/sample/demos-jp/floor.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+# -*- coding: euc-jp -*-
 #
 # floorDisplay widget demo (called by 'widget')
 #
@@ -1586,14 +1587,16 @@ $floor_demo = TkToplevel.new {|w|
   minsize(100,100)
 }
 
+base_frame = TkFrame.new($floor_demo).pack(:fill=>:both, :expand=>true)
+
 # label ����
-TkLabel.new($floor_demo, 'font'=>$font, 'wraplength'=>'8i', 'justify'=>'left', 
+TkLabel.new(base_frame, 'font'=>$font, 'wraplength'=>'8i', 'justify'=>'left', 
             'text'=>"���Υ�����ɥ��ˤϥǥ������륨�����åץ��ȼҤΥ���������ꥵ������ܥ�ȥ� (DECWRL) �δּ�꤬�񤫤줿�����Х� widget �����äƤ��ޤ�������� 3�����Ƥǡ���ˤ��Τ�����1��ʬ�����򡢤Ĥޤꤽ�δּ�꤬ɽ�������褦�ˤʤäƤ��ޤ������볬�����򤹤�ˤϡ����ξ�ǥޥ����κ��ܥ���򥯥�å����Ƥ����������ޥ��������򤵤�Ƥ��볬�ξ��ư���ȡ����β��ˤ��������ο����Ѥ�ꡢ�����ֹ椬�������ֹ�:�ץ���ȥ��ɽ������ޤ����ޤ�������ȥ�������ֹ��񤯤Ȥ��������ο����Ѥ��ޤ���"){
   pack('side'=>'top')
 }
 
 # frame ����
-$floor_buttons = TkFrame.new($floor_demo) {|frame|
+$floor_buttons = TkFrame.new(base_frame) {|frame|
   TkButton.new(frame) {
     #text 'λ��'
     text '�Ĥ���'
@@ -1617,17 +1620,17 @@ $floorItems = {}
 
 # canvas ����
 if $tk_version =~ /^4\.[01]/
-  $floor_canvas_frame = TkFrame.new($floor_demo,'bd'=>2,'relief'=>'sunken',
+  $floor_canvas_frame = TkFrame.new(base_frame,'bd'=>2,'relief'=>'sunken',
                                     'highlightthickness'=>2)
   $floor_canvas = TkCanvas.new($floor_canvas_frame, 
                                'width'=>900, 'height'=>500, 'borderwidth'=>0, 
                                'highlightthickness'=>0) {|c|
-    TkScrollbar.new($floor_demo, 'orient'=>'horiz', 
+    TkScrollbar.new(base_frame, 'orient'=>'horiz', 
                     'command'=>proc{|*args| c.xview(*args)}){|hs|
       c.xscrollcommand(proc{|first,last| hs.set first,last})
       pack('side'=>'bottom', 'fill'=>'x')
     }
-    TkScrollbar.new($floor_demo, 'command'=>proc{|*args| c.yview(*args)}){|vs|
+    TkScrollbar.new(base_frame, 'command'=>proc{|*args| c.yview(*args)}){|vs|
       c.yscrollcommand(proc{|first,last| vs.set first,last})
       pack('side'=>'right', 'fill'=>'y')
     }
@@ -1636,7 +1639,7 @@ if $tk_version =~ /^4\.[01]/
   $floor_canvas.pack('expand'=>'yes', 'fill'=>'both')
 
 else
-  TkFrame.new($floor_demo) {|f|
+  TkFrame.new(base_frame) {|f|
     pack('side'=>'top', 'fill'=>'both', 'expand'=>'yes')
 
     h = TkScrollbar.new(f, 'highlightthickness'=>0, 'orient'=>'horizontal')
diff --git a/ext/tk/sample/demos-jp/floor2.rb b/ext/tk/sample/demos-jp/floor2.rb
index a20b31d45c..d4381c5543 100644
--- a/ext/tk/sample/demos-jp/floor2.rb
+++ b/ext/tk/sample/demos-jp/floor2.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+# -*- coding: euc-jp -*-
 #
 # floorDisplay widget demo 2 (called by 'widget')
 #
@@ -1586,14 +1587,16 @@ $floor2_demo = TkToplevel.new {|w|
   minsize(100,100)
 }
 
+base_frame = TkFrame.new($floor2_demo).pack(:fill=>:both, :expand=>true)
+
 # label ����
-TkLabel.new($floor2_demo, 'font'=>$font, 'wraplength'=>'8i', 'justify'=>'left', 
+TkLabel.new(base_frame, 'font'=>$font, 'wraplength'=>'8i', 'justify'=>'left', 
             'text'=>"���Υ�����ɥ��ˤϥǥ������륨�����åץ��ȼҤΥ���������ꥵ������ܥ�ȥ� (DECWRL) �δּ�꤬�񤫤줿�����Х� widget �����äƤ��ޤ�������� 3�����Ƥǡ���ˤ��Τ�����1��ʬ�����򡢤Ĥޤꤽ�δּ�꤬ɽ�������褦�ˤʤäƤ��ޤ������볬�����򤹤�ˤϡ����ξ�ǥޥ����κ��ܥ���򥯥�å����Ƥ����������ޥ��������򤵤�Ƥ��볬�ξ��ư���ȡ����β��ˤ��������ο����Ѥ�ꡢ�����ֹ椬�������ֹ�:�ץ���ȥ��ɽ������ޤ����ޤ�������ȥ�������ֹ��񤯤Ȥ��������ο����Ѥ��ޤ���"){
   pack('side'=>'top')
 }
 
 # frame ����
-$floor2_buttons = TkFrame.new($floor2_demo) {|frame|
+$floor2_buttons = TkFrame.new(base_frame) {|frame|
   TkButton.new(frame) {
     #text 'λ��'
     text '�Ĥ���'
@@ -1617,17 +1620,17 @@ $floorItems2 = {}
 
 # canvas ����
 if $tk_version =~ /^4\.[01]/
-  $floor2_canvas_frame = TkFrame.new($floor2_demo,'bd'=>2,'relief'=>'sunken',
+  $floor2_canvas_frame = TkFrame.new(base_frame,'bd'=>2,'relief'=>'sunken',
                                     'highlightthickness'=>2)
   $floor2_canvas = TkCanvas.new($floor2_canvas_frame, 
                                'width'=>900, 'height'=>500, 'borderwidth'=>0, 
                                'highlightthickness'=>0) {|c|
-    TkScrollbar.new($floor2_demo, 'orient'=>'horiz', 
+    TkScrollbar.new(base_frame, 'orient'=>'horiz', 
                     'command'=>proc{|*args| c.xview(*args)}){|hs|
       c.xscrollcommand(proc{|first,last| hs.set first,last})
       pack('side'=>'bottom', 'fill'=>'x')
     }
-    TkScrollbar.new($floor2_demo, 'command'=>proc{|*args| c.yview(*args)}){|vs|
+    TkScrollbar.new(base_frame, 'command'=>proc{|*args| c.yview(*args)}){|vs|
       c.yscrollcommand(proc{|first,last| vs.set first,last})
       pack('side'=>'right', 'fill'=>'y')
     }
@@ -1636,7 +1639,7 @@ if $tk_version =~ /^4\.[01]/
   $floor2_canvas.pack('expand'=>'yes', 'fill'=>'both')
 
 else
-  TkFrame.new($floor2_demo) {|f|
+  TkFrame.new(base_frame) {|f|
     pack('side'=>'top', 'fill'=>'both', 'expand'=>'yes')
 
     h = TkScrollbar.new(f, 'highlightthickness'=>0, 'orient'=>'horizontal')
diff --git a/ext/tk/sample/demos-jp/form.rb b/ext/tk/sample/demos-jp/form.rb
index fe456d3943..4de7056764 100644
--- a/ext/tk/sample/demos-jp/form.rb
+++ b/ext/tk/sample/demos-jp/form.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+# -*- coding: euc-jp -*-
 #
 # form widget demo (called by 'widget')
 #
@@ -15,8 +16,10 @@ $form_demo = TkToplevel.new {|w|
   positionWindow(w)
 }
 
+base_frame = TkFrame.new($form_demo).pack(:fill=>:both, :expand=>true)
+
 # label ����
-msg = TkLabel.new($form_demo) {
+msg = TkLabel.new(base_frame) {
   font $font
   wraplength '4i'
   justify 'left'
@@ -25,7 +28,7 @@ msg = TkLabel.new($form_demo) {
 msg.pack('side'=>'top', 'fill'=>'x')
 
 # frame ����
-TkFrame.new($form_demo) {|frame|
+TkFrame.new(base_frame) {|frame|
   TkButton.new(frame) {
     #text 'λ��'
     text '�Ĥ���'
@@ -45,7 +48,7 @@ TkFrame.new($form_demo) {|frame|
 # entry ����
 form_data = []
 (1..5).each{|i|
-  f = TkFrame.new($form_demo, 'bd'=>2)
+  f = TkFrame.new(base_frame, 'bd'=>2)
   e = TkEntry.new(f, 'relief'=>'sunken', 'width'=>40)
   l = TkLabel.new(f)
   e.pack('side'=>'right')
diff --git a/ext/tk/sample/demos-jp/goldberg.rb b/ext/tk/sample/demos-jp/goldberg.rb
index 592b69f775..a81c7ec70c 100644
--- a/ext/tk/sample/demos-jp/goldberg.rb
+++ b/ext/tk/sample/demos-jp/goldberg.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+# -*- coding: euc-jp -*-
 #
 # Ruby/Tk Goldverg demo (called by 'widget')
 #
@@ -54,6 +55,8 @@ $goldberg_demo = TkToplevel.new {|w|
 #  positionWindow(w)
 }
 
+base_frame = TkFrame.new($goldberg_demo).pack(:fill=>:both, :expand=>true)
+
 =begin
 # label
 msg = TkLabel.new($goldberg_demo) {
@@ -176,7 +179,8 @@ class TkGoldberg_Demo
     do_ctrl_frame
     do_detail_frame
 
-    msg = TkLabel.new(@parent, :bg=>@C['bg'], :fg=>'white') {
+    # msg = TkLabel.new(@parent, :bg=>@C['bg'], :fg=>'white') {
+    msg = Tk::Label.new(@parent, :bg=>@C['bg'], :fg=>'white') {
       font 'Arial 10'
       wraplength 600
       justify 'left'
@@ -186,7 +190,8 @@ class TkGoldberg_Demo
 
     frame = TkFrame.new(@parent, :bg=>@C['bg'])
 
-    TkButton.new(frame, :bg=>@C['bg'], :activebackground=>@C['bg']) {
+    # TkButton.new(frame, :bg=>@C['bg'], :activebackground=>@C['bg']) {
+    Tk::Button.new(frame, :bg=>@C['bg'], :activebackground=>@C['bg']) {
       text '�Ĥ���'
       command proc{
         tmppath = $goldberg_demo
@@ -195,12 +200,14 @@ class TkGoldberg_Demo
       }
     }.pack('side'=>'left')
 
-    TkButton.new(frame, :bg=>@C['bg'], :activebackground=>@C['bg']) {
+    # TkButton.new(frame, :bg=>@C['bg'], :activebackground=>@C['bg']) {
+    Tk::Button.new(frame, :bg=>@C['bg'], :activebackground=>@C['bg']) {
       text '�����ɻ���'
       command proc{showCode 'goldberg'}
     }.pack('side'=>'left', 'padx'=>5)
 
-    @show = TkButton.new(frame, :text=>'>>', :command=>proc{show_ctrl}, 
+    # @show = TkButton.new(frame, :text=>'>>', :command=>proc{show_ctrl}, 
+    @show = Tk::Button.new(frame, :text=>'>>', :command=>proc{show_ctrl}, 
                          :bg=>@C['bg'], :activebackground=>@C['bg'])
     @show.pack('side'=>'left')
     frame.place(:in=>@canvas, :relx=>1, :rely=>0, :anchor=>:ne)
@@ -209,10 +216,11 @@ class TkGoldberg_Demo
   end
 
   def do_ctrl_frame
-    @start = TkButton.new(@parent, :text=>'Start', :bd=>6, 
+    @start = Tk::Button.new(@parent, :text=>'Start', :bd=>6, 
                           :command=>proc{do_button(0)})
-    @start.font(@start['font'].weight('bold'))
-    font = @start['font']
+    if font = @start['font']
+      @start.font(font.weight('bold'))
+    end
 
     @pause = TkCheckbutton.new(@parent, :text=>'Pause', :font=>font, 
                                :command=>proc{do_button(1)}, :relief=>:raised, 
@@ -2000,4 +2008,4 @@ class TkGoldberg_Demo
   end
 end
 
-TkGoldberg_Demo.new($goldberg_demo)
+TkGoldberg_Demo.new(base_frame)
diff --git a/ext/tk/sample/demos-jp/hello b/ext/tk/sample/demos-jp/hello
index 859ebd950e..08f154d499 100644
--- a/ext/tk/sample/demos-jp/hello
+++ b/ext/tk/sample/demos-jp/hello
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env ruby
+# -*- coding: euc-jp -*-
 require 'tk'
 
 TkButton.new(nil,
diff --git a/ext/tk/sample/demos-jp/hscale.rb b/ext/tk/sample/demos-jp/hscale.rb
index 37d215435c..5615aa50bd 100644
--- a/ext/tk/sample/demos-jp/hscale.rb
+++ b/ext/tk/sample/demos-jp/hscale.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+# -*- coding: euc-jp -*-
 require "tkcanvas"
 
 if defined?($hscale_demo) && $hscale_deom
@@ -11,8 +12,9 @@ $hscale_demo = TkToplevel.new {|w|
 }
 positionWindow($hscale_demo)
 
+base_frame = TkFrame.new($hscale_demo).pack(:fill=>:both, :expand=>true)
 
-msg = TkLabel.new($hscale_demo) {
+msg = TkLabel.new(base_frame) {
   font $font
   wraplength '3.5i'
   justify 'left'
@@ -22,7 +24,7 @@ msg = TkLabel.new($hscale_demo) {
 }
 msg.pack('side'=>'top')
 
-TkFrame.new($hscale_demo) {|frame|
+TkFrame.new(base_frame) {|frame|
   TkButton.new(frame) {
     #text 'λ��'
     text '�Ĥ���'
@@ -39,7 +41,17 @@ TkFrame.new($hscale_demo) {|frame|
   }.pack('side'=>'left', 'expand'=>'yes')
 }.pack('side'=>'bottom', 'fill'=>'x', 'pady'=>'2m')
 
-TkFrame.new($hscale_demo) {|frame|
+def setWidth(w, width)
+  width = width + 21
+  x2 = width - 30
+  if x2 < 21
+    x2 = 21
+  end
+  w.coords 'poly',20,15,20,35,x2,35,x2,45,width,25,x2,5,x2,15,20,15
+  w.coords 'line',20,15,20,35,x2,35,x2,45,width,25,x2,5,x2,15,20,15
+end
+
+TkFrame.new(base_frame) {|frame|
   canvas = TkCanvas.new(frame) {|c|
     width 50
     height 50
@@ -64,14 +76,3 @@ TkFrame.new($hscale_demo) {|frame|
   }.pack('side'=>'bottom', 'expand'=>'yes', 'anchor'=>'n')
   scale.set 75
 }.pack('side'=>'top', 'fill'=>'x')
-
-
-def setWidth(w, width)
-  width = width + 21
-  x2 = width - 30
-  if x2 < 21
-    x2 = 21
-  end
-  w.coords 'poly',20,15,20,35,x2,35,x2,45,width,25,x2,5,x2,15,20,15
-  w.coords 'line',20,15,20,35,x2,35,x2,45,width,25,x2,5,x2,15,20,15
-end
diff --git a/ext/tk/sample/demos-jp/icon.rb b/ext/tk/sample/demos-jp/icon.rb
index e4fef5cae7..a2ca6651dc 100644
--- a/ext/tk/sample/demos-jp/icon.rb
+++ b/ext/tk/sample/demos-jp/icon.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+# -*- coding: euc-jp -*-
 #
 # iconic button widget demo (called by 'widget')
 #
@@ -15,8 +16,10 @@ $icon_demo = TkToplevel.new {|w|
   positionWindow(w)
 }
 
+base_frame = TkFrame.new($icon_demo).pack(:fill=>:both, :expand=>true)
+
 # label ����
-msg = TkLabel.new($icon_demo) {
+msg = TkLabel.new(base_frame) {
   font $font
   wraplength '5i'
   justify 'left'
@@ -25,7 +28,7 @@ msg = TkLabel.new($icon_demo) {
 msg.pack('side'=>'top')
 
 # frame ����
-TkFrame.new($icon_demo) {|frame|
+TkFrame.new(base_frame) {|frame|
   TkButton.new(frame) {
     #text 'λ��'
     text '�Ĥ���'
@@ -60,16 +63,18 @@ TkBitmapImage.new('file'=>[$demo_dir,'..',
 letters = TkVariable.new
 
 # frame ����
-TkFrame.new($icon_demo, 'borderwidth'=>10){|w|
+TkFrame.new(base_frame, 'borderwidth'=>10){|w|
   TkFrame.new(w) {|f|
-    TkRadioButton.new(f){
+    # TkRadioButton.new(f){
+    Tk::RadioButton.new(f){
       bitmap '@' + [$demo_dir,'..',
                      'images','letters.xbm'].join(File::Separator)
       variable letters
       value 'full'
     }.pack('side'=>'top', 'expand'=>'yes')
 
-    TkRadioButton.new(f){
+    # TkRadioButton.new(f){
+    Tk::RadioButton.new(f){
       bitmap '@' + [$demo_dir,'..',
                      'images','noletter.xbm'].join(File::Separator)
       variable letters
@@ -78,14 +83,16 @@ TkFrame.new($icon_demo, 'borderwidth'=>10){|w|
 
   }.pack('side'=>'left', 'expand'=>'yes', 'padx'=>'5m')
 
-  TkCheckButton.new(w) {
+  # TkCheckButton.new(w) {
+  Tk::CheckButton.new(w) {
     image flagdown
     selectimage flagup
     indicatoron 0
     selectcolor self['background']
   }.pack('side'=>'left', 'expand'=>'yes', 'padx'=>'5m')
 
-  TkCheckButton.new(w) {
+  # TkCheckButton.new(w) {
+  Tk::CheckButton.new(w) {
     bitmap '@' + [$demo_dir,'..',
                    'images','letters.xbm'].join(File::Separator)
     indicatoron 0
diff --git a/ext/tk/sample/demos-jp/image1.rb b/ext/tk/sample/demos-jp/image1.rb
index 3d47f844e5..d9435cc1a2 100644
--- a/ext/tk/sample/demos-jp/image1.rb
+++ b/ext/tk/sample/demos-jp/image1.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+# -*- coding: euc-jp -*-
 #
 # two image widgets demo (called by 'widget')
 #
@@ -15,8 +16,10 @@ $image1_demo = TkToplevel.new {|w|
   positionWindow(w)
 }
 
+base_frame = TkFrame.new($image1_demo).pack(:fill=>:both, :expand=>true)
+
 # label ����
-msg = TkLabel.new($image1_demo) {
+msg = TkLabel.new(base_frame) {
   font $font
   wraplength '4i'
   justify 'left'
@@ -25,7 +28,7 @@ msg = TkLabel.new($image1_demo) {
 msg.pack('side'=>'top')
 
 # frame ����
-TkFrame.new($image1_demo) {|frame|
+TkFrame.new(base_frame) {|frame|
   TkButton.new(frame) {
     #text 'λ��'
     text '�Ĥ���'
@@ -52,7 +55,10 @@ TkPhotoImage.new('file'=>[$demo_dir,'..',
                           'images','earthris.gif'].join(File::Separator))
 
 # label ����
-[ TkLabel.new($image1_demo, 'image'=>image1a, 'bd'=>1, 'relief'=>'sunken'),
-  TkLabel.new($image1_demo, 'image'=>image1b, 'bd'=>1, 'relief'=>'sunken')
+#[ TkLabel.new(base_frame, 'image'=>image1a, 'bd'=>1, 'relief'=>'sunken'),
+#  TkLabel.new(base_frame, 'image'=>image1b, 'bd'=>1, 'relief'=>'sunken')
+#].each{|w| w.pack('side'=>'top', 'padx'=>'.5m', 'pady'=>'.5m')}
+[ Tk::Label.new(base_frame, 'image'=>image1a, 'bd'=>1, 'relief'=>'sunken'),
+  Tk::Label.new(base_frame, 'image'=>image1b, 'bd'=>1, 'relief'=>'sunken')
 ].each{|w| w.pack('side'=>'top', 'padx'=>'.5m', 'pady'=>'.5m')}
 
diff --git a/ext/tk/sample/demos-jp/image2.rb b/ext/tk/sample/demos-jp/image2.rb
index e2e2a2b036..1bb2c9e9c3 100644
--- a/ext/tk/sample/demos-jp/image2.rb
+++ b/ext/tk/sample/demos-jp/image2.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+# -*- coding: euc-jp -*-
 #
 # widget demo 'load image' (called by 'widget')
 #
@@ -15,8 +16,10 @@ $image2_demo = TkToplevel.new {|w|
   positionWindow(w)
 }
 
+base_frame = TkFrame.new($image2_demo).pack(:fill=>:both, :expand=>true)
+
 # label ����
-msg = TkLabel.new($image2_demo) {
+msg = TkLabel.new(base_frame) {
   font $font
   wraplength '4i'
   justify 'left'
@@ -25,7 +28,7 @@ msg = TkLabel.new($image2_demo) {
 msg.pack('side'=>'top')
 
 # frame ����
-TkFrame.new($image2_demo) {|frame|
+TkFrame.new(base_frame) {|frame|
   TkButton.new(frame) {
     #text 'λ��'
     text '�Ĥ���'
@@ -50,21 +53,21 @@ $dirName = TkVariable.new([$demo_dir,'..','images'].join(File::Separator))
 $image2a = TkPhotoImage.new
 
 # �ե�����̾������
-TkLabel.new($image2_demo, 'text'=>'�ǥ��쥯�ȥ�:')\
+TkLabel.new(base_frame, 'text'=>'�ǥ��쥯�ȥ�:')\
 .pack('side'=>'top', 'anchor'=>'w')
 
-image2_e = TkEntry.new($image2_demo) {
+image2_e = TkEntry.new(base_frame) {
   width 30
   textvariable $dirName
 }.pack('side'=>'top', 'anchor'=>'w')
 
-TkFrame.new($image2_demo, 'height'=>'3m', 'width'=>20)\
+TkFrame.new(base_frame, 'height'=>'3m', 'width'=>20)\
 .pack('side'=>'top', 'anchor'=>'w')
 
-TkLabel.new($image2_demo, 'text'=>'�ե�����:')\
+TkLabel.new(base_frame, 'text'=>'�ե�����:')\
 .pack('side'=>'top', 'anchor'=>'w')
 
-TkFrame.new($image2_demo){|w|
+TkFrame.new(base_frame){|w|
   s = TkScrollbar.new(w)
   l = TkListbox.new(w) {
     width 20
@@ -83,9 +86,10 @@ TkFrame.new($image2_demo){|w|
 }.pack('side'=>'top', 'anchor'=>'w')
 
 # image ����
-[ TkFrame.new($image2_demo, 'height'=>'3m', 'width'=>20),
-  TkLabel.new($image2_demo, 'text'=>'����:'),
-  TkLabel.new($image2_demo, 'image'=>$image2a)
+[ TkFrame.new(base_frame, 'height'=>'3m', 'width'=>20),
+  TkLabel.new(base_frame, 'text'=>'����:'),
+  # TkLabel.new(base_frame, 'image'=>$image2a)
+  Tk::Label.new(base_frame, 'image'=>$image2a)
 ].each{|w| w.pack('side'=>'top', 'anchor'=>'w')}
 
 # �᥽�å����
diff --git a/ext/tk/sample/demos-jp/image3.rb b/ext/tk/sample/demos-jp/image3.rb
index d9f378c116..12b8aafd8e 100644
--- a/ext/tk/sample/demos-jp/image3.rb
+++ b/ext/tk/sample/demos-jp/image3.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+# -*- coding: euc-jp -*-
 # image3.rb
 #
 # This demonstration script creates a simple collection of widgets
@@ -19,6 +20,8 @@ $image3_demo = TkToplevel.new {|w|
   positionWindow(w)
 }
 
+base_frame = TkFrame.new($image3_demo).pack(:fill=>:both, :expand=>true)
+
 # 
 def loadDir3(w)
   w.delete(0,'end')
@@ -49,7 +52,7 @@ end
 
 
 # label
-msg = TkLabel.new($image3_demo) {
+msg = TkLabel.new(base_frame) {
   font $font
   wraplength '4i'
   justify 'left'
@@ -58,7 +61,7 @@ msg = TkLabel.new($image3_demo) {
 msg.pack('side'=>'top')
 
 # frame
-TkFrame.new($image3_demo) {|frame|
+TkFrame.new(base_frame) {|frame|
   TkButton.new(frame) {
     #text 'λ��'
     text '�Ĥ���'
@@ -87,11 +90,11 @@ end
 $image3a = TkPhotoImage.new
 
 #
-image3_f = TkFrame.new($image3_demo).pack(:fill=>:both, :expand=>true)
+image3_f = TkFrame.new(base_frame).pack(:fill=>:both, :expand=>true)
 
-image3_df = TkLabelFrame.new($image3_demo, :text=>'�ǥ��쥯�ȥ�:')
+image3_df = TkLabelFrame.new(base_frame, :text=>'�ǥ��쥯�ȥ�:')
 
-image3_ff = TkLabelFrame.new($image3_demo, :text=>'�ե�����:', 
+image3_ff = TkLabelFrame.new(base_frame, :text=>'�ե�����:', 
                              :padx=>'2m', :pady=>'2m')
 image3_lbx = TkListbox.new(image3_ff, :width=>20, :height=>10) {
   pack(:side=>:left, :fill=>:y, :expand=>true)
@@ -111,8 +114,9 @@ TkButton.new(image3_df, :pady=>0, :padx=>'2m', :text=>"�ǥ��쥯�ȥ�����",
   pack(:side=>:left, :fill=>:y, :padx=>[0, '2m'], :pady=>'2m')
 }
 
-image3_if = TkLabelFrame.new($image3_demo, :text=>'���᡼��:') {|f|
-  TkLabel.new(f, :image=>$image3a).pack(:padx=>'2m', :pady=>'2m')
+image3_if = TkLabelFrame.new(base_frame, :text=>'���᡼��:') {|f|
+  # TkLabel.new(f, :image=>$image3a).pack(:padx=>'2m', :pady=>'2m')
+  Tk::Label.new(f, :image=>$image3a).pack(:padx=>'2m', :pady=>'2m')
 }
 
 Tk.grid(image3_df,  '-',
diff --git a/ext/tk/sample/demos-jp/items.rb b/ext/tk/sample/demos-jp/items.rb
index 38774d10d2..64ceeff3ec 100644
--- a/ext/tk/sample/demos-jp/items.rb
+++ b/ext/tk/sample/demos-jp/items.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+# -*- coding: euc-jp -*-
 #
 # canvas item types widget demo (called by 'widget')
 #
@@ -15,8 +16,10 @@ $items_demo = TkToplevel.new {|w|
   positionWindow(w)
 }
 
+base_frame = TkFrame.new($items_demo).pack(:fill=>:both, :expand=>true)
+
 # label ����
-TkLabel.new($items_demo) {
+TkLabel.new(base_frame) {
   font $font
   wraplength '5i'
   justify 'left'
@@ -24,7 +27,7 @@ TkLabel.new($items_demo) {
 }.pack('side'=>'top')
 
 # frame ����
-TkFrame.new($items_demo) {|frame|
+TkFrame.new(base_frame) {|frame|
   TkButton.new(frame) {
     #text 'λ��'
     text '�Ĥ���'
@@ -43,7 +46,7 @@ TkFrame.new($items_demo) {|frame|
 
 # frame ����
 cvs = nil
-TkFrame.new($items_demo) {|cf|
+TkFrame.new(base_frame) {|cf|
   # canvas ����
   cvs = TkCanvas.new(cf) {|c|
     focus
@@ -91,8 +94,13 @@ TkcLine.new(cvs, '0c', '16c', '30c', '16c', 'width'=>2)
 TkcLine.new(cvs, '10c', '0c', '10c', '24c', 'width'=>2)
 TkcLine.new(cvs, '20c', '0c', '20c', '24c', 'width'=>2)
 
-font1 = '-Adobe-Helvetica-Medium-R-Normal--*-120-*-*-*-*-*-*'
-font2 = '-Adobe-Helvetica-Bold-R-Normal--*-240-*-*-*-*-*-*'
+if $tk_version =~ /^4.*/
+  font1 = '-Adobe-Helvetica-Medium-R-Normal--*-120-*-*-*-*-*-*'
+  font2 = '-Adobe-Helvetica-Bold-R-Normal--*-240-*-*-*-*-*-*'
+else
+  font1 = 'Helvetica 12'
+  font2 = 'Helvetica 24 bold'
+end
 if TkWinfo.depth($root).to_i > 1
   blue   = 'DeepSkyBlue3'
   red    = 'red'
diff --git a/ext/tk/sample/demos-jp/ixset2 b/ext/tk/sample/demos-jp/ixset2
index 8947daa4b4..5b816e40b1 100644
--- a/ext/tk/sample/demos-jp/ixset2
+++ b/ext/tk/sample/demos-jp/ixset2
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env ruby
+# -*- coding: euc-jp -*-
 #
 # ixset --
 # A nice interface to "xset" to change X server settings
diff --git a/ext/tk/sample/demos-jp/knightstour.rb b/ext/tk/sample/demos-jp/knightstour.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d4595ea441
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ext/tk/sample/demos-jp/knightstour.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,273 @@
+# -*- coding: euc-jp -*-
+#
+# Based on the widget demo of Tcl/Tk8.5.2
+# The following is the original copyright text.
+#----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Copyright (C) 2008 Pat Thoyts <patthoyts@users.sourceforge.net>
+#
+#	Calculate a Knight's tour of a chessboard.
+#
+#	This uses Warnsdorff's rule to calculate the next square each
+#	time. This specifies that the next square should be the one that
+#	has the least number of available moves.
+#
+#	Using this rule it is possible to get to a position where
+#	there are no squares available to move into. In this implementation
+#	this occurs when the starting square is d6.
+#
+#	To solve this fault an enhancement to the rule is that if we
+#	have a choice of squares with an equal score, we should choose
+#	the one nearest the edge of the board.
+#
+#	If the call to the Edgemost function is commented out you can see
+#	this occur.
+#
+#	You can drag the knight to a specific square to start if you wish.
+#	If you let it repeat then it will choose random start positions
+#	for each new tour.
+#----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+require 'tk'
+
+class Knights_Tour
+  # Return a list of accessible squares from a given square
+  def valid_moves(square)
+    moves = []
+    [
+      [-1,-2], [-2,-1], [-2,1], [-1,2], [1,2], [2,1], [2,-1], [1,-2]
+    ].each{|col_delta, row_delta|
+      col = (square % 8) + col_delta
+      row = (square.div(8)) + row_delta
+      moves << (row * 8 + col) if row > -1 && row < 8 && col > -1 && col < 8
+    }
+    moves
+  end
+
+  # Return the number of available moves for this square
+  def check_square(square)
+    valid_moves(square).find_all{|pos| ! @visited.include?(pos)}.length
+  end
+
+  # Select the next square to move to. Returns -1 if there are no available
+  # squares remaining that we can move to.
+  def next_square(square)
+    minimum = 9
+    nxt = -1
+    valid_moves(square).each{|pos|
+      unless @visited.include?(pos)
+        cnt = check_square(pos)
+        if cnt < minimum
+          minimum = cnt
+          nxt = pos
+        elsif cnt == minimum
+          nxt = edgemost(nxt, pos)
+        end
+      end
+    }
+    nxt
+  end
+
+  # Select the square nearest the edge of the board
+  def edgemost(nxt, pos)
+    col_A = 3 - ((3.5 - nxt % 8).abs.to_i)
+    col_B = 3 - ((3.5 - pos % 8).abs.to_i)
+    row_A = 3 - ((3.5 - nxt.div(8)).abs.to_i)
+    row_B = 3 - ((3.5 - pos.div(8)).abs.to_i)
+    (col_A * row_A < col_B * row_B)? nxt : pos
+  end
+
+  # Display a square number as a standard chess square notation.
+  def _N(square)
+    '%c%d' % [(97 + square % 8), (square.div(8) + 1)]
+  end
+
+  # Perform a Knight's move and schedule the next move.
+  def move_piece(last, square)
+    @log.insert(:end, "#{@visited.length}. #{_N last} -> #{_N square}\n", '')
+    @log.see(:end)
+    @board.itemconfigure(1+last, :state=>:normal, :outline=>'black')
+    @board.itemconfigure(1+square, :state=>:normal, :outline=>'red')
+    @knight.coords(@board.coords(1+square)[0..1])
+    @visited << square
+    if (nxt = next_square(square)) != -1
+      @after_id = Tk.after(@delay.numeric){move_piece(square, nxt) rescue nil}
+    else
+      @start_btn.state :normal
+      if @visited.length == 64
+        if @initial == square
+          @log.insert :end, '��ͷ(closed tour)������'
+        else
+          @log.insert :end, "����\n", {}
+          Tk.after(@delay.numeric * 2){tour(rand(64))} if @continuous.bool
+        end
+      else
+        @log.insert :end, "���ԡ�\n", {}
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  # Begin a new tour of the board given a random start position
+  def tour(square = nil)
+    @visited.clear
+    @log.clear
+    @start_btn.state :disabled
+    1.upto(64){|n|
+      @board.itemconfigure(n, :state=>:disabled, :outline=>'black')
+    }
+    unless square
+      square = @board.find_closest(*(@knight.coords << 0 << 65))[0].to_i - 1
+    end
+    @initial = square
+    Tk.after_idle{ move_piece(@initial, @initial) rescue nil }
+  end
+
+  def _stop
+    Tk.after_cancel(@after_id) rescue nil
+  end
+
+  def _exit
+    _stop
+    $knightstour.destroy
+  end
+
+  def set_delay(new)
+    @delay.numeric = new.to_i
+  end
+
+  def drag_start(w, x, y)
+    w.dtag('selected')
+    w.addtag('selected', :withtag, 'current')
+    @dragging = [x, y]
+  end
+
+  def drag_motion(w, x, y)
+    return unless @dragging
+    w.move('selected', x - @dragging[0], y - @dragging[1])
+    @dragging = [x, y]
+  end
+
+  def drag_end(w, x, y)
+    square = w.find_closest(x, y, 0, 65)
+    w.coords('selected', w.coords(square)[0..1])
+    w.dtag('selected')
+    @dragging = nil
+  end
+
+  def make_SeeDismiss
+    ## See Code / Dismiss
+    frame = Ttk::Frame.new($knightstour)
+    sep = Ttk::Separator.new(frame)
+    Tk.grid(sep, :columnspan=>4, :row=>0, :sticky=>'ew', :pady=>2)
+    TkGrid('x', 
+           Ttk::Button.new(frame, :text=>'�����ɻ���', 
+                           :image=>$image['view'], :compound=>:left, 
+                           :command=>proc{showCode 'knightstour'}), 
+           Ttk::Button.new(frame, :text=>'�Ĥ���', 
+                           :image=>$image['delete'], :compound=>:left, 
+                           :command=>proc{
+                             $knightstour.destroy
+                             $knightstour = nil
+                           }), 
+           :padx=>4, :pady=>4)
+    frame.grid_columnconfigure(0, :weight=>1)
+    frame
+  end
+
+  def create_gui(parent = nil)
+    $knightstour.destroy rescue nil
+    $knightstour = Tk::Toplevel.new(parent, :title=>"Knight's tour")
+    $knightstour.withdraw
+    base_f = Ttk::Frame.new($knightstour)
+    @board = Tk::Canvas.new(base_f, :width=>240, :height=>240)
+    @log = Tk::Text.new(base_f, :width=>12, :height=>1, 
+                        :font=>'Arial 8', :background=>'white')
+    scr = @log.yscrollbar(Ttk::Scrollbar.new(base_f))
+
+    @visited = []
+    @delay = TkVariable.new(600)
+    @continuous = TkVariable.new(false)
+
+    tool_f = Ttk::Frame.new($knightstour)
+    label = Ttk::Label.new(tool_f, :text=>'�¹�®��')
+    scale = Ttk::Scale.new(tool_f, :from=>8, :to=>2000, :variable=>@delay, 
+                           :command=>proc{|n| set_delay(n)})
+    check = Ttk::Checkbutton.new(tool_f, :text=>'ȿ��', 
+                                 :variable=>@continuous)
+    @start_btn = Ttk::Button.new(tool_f, :text=>'����', 
+                                 :command=>proc{tour()})
+    @exit_btn = Ttk::Button.new(tool_f, :text=>'��λ', 
+                                :command=>proc{_exit()})
+
+    7.downto(0){|row|
+      0.upto(7){|col|
+        if ((col & 1) ^ (row & 1)).zero?
+          fill  = 'bisque'
+          dfill = 'bisque3'
+        else
+          fill  = 'tan3'
+          dfill = 'tan4'
+        end
+        coords = [col * 30 + 4, row * 30 + 4, col * 30 + 30, row * 30 + 30]
+        @board.create(TkcRectangle, coords, 
+                      :fill=>fill, :disabledfill=>dfill,
+                      :width=>2, :state=>:disabled)
+      }
+    }
+
+    @knight_font = TkFont.new(:size=>-24)
+    @knight = TkcText.new(@board, 0, 0, :font=>@knight_font, 
+                          :text=>Tk::UTF8_String.new('\u265e'), 
+                          :anchor=>'nw', # :tags=>'knight', 
+                          :fill=>'black', :activefill=>'#600000')
+    @knight.coords(@board.coords(rand(64)+1)[0..1])
+    @knight.bind('ButtonPress-1', '%W %x %y'){|w,x,y| drag_start(w,x,y)}
+    @knight.bind('Motion', '%W %x %y'){|w,x,y| drag_motion(w,x,y)}
+    @knight.bind('ButtonRelease-1', '%W %x %y'){|w,x,y| drag_end(w,x,y)}
+
+    Tk.grid(@board, @log, scr, :sticky=>'news')
+    base_f.grid_rowconfigure(0, :weight=>1)
+    base_f.grid_columnconfigure(0, :weight=>1)
+
+    Tk.grid(base_f, '-', '-', '-', '-', '-', :sticky=>'news')
+    widgets = [label, scale, check, @start_btn]
+    sg = nil
+    unless $RubyTk_WidgetDemo
+      widgets << @exit_btn
+      if Tk.windowingsystem != 'aqua'
+        #widgets.unshift(Ttk::SizeGrip.new(tool_f))
+        Ttk::SizeGrip.new(tool_f).pack(:side=>:right, :anchor=>'se')
+      end
+    end
+    Tk.pack(widgets, :side=>:right)
+    if Tk.windowingsystem == 'aqua'
+      TkPack.configure(widgets, :padx=>[4, 4], :pady=>[12, 12])
+      TkPack.configure(widgets[0], :padx=>[4, 24])
+      TkPack.configure(widgets[-1], :padx=>[16, 4])
+    end
+
+    Tk.grid(tool_f, '-', '-', '-', '-', '-', :sticky=>'ew')
+
+    if $RubyTk_WidgetDemo
+      Tk.grid(make_SeeDismiss(), '-', '-', '-', '-', '-', :sticky=>'ew')
+    end
+
+    $knightstour.grid_rowconfigure(0, :weight=>1)
+    $knightstour.grid_columnconfigure(0, :weight=>1)
+
+    $knightstour.bind('Control-F2'){TkConsole.show}
+    $knightstour.bind('Return'){@start_btn.invoke}
+    $knightstour.bind('Escape'){@exit_btn.invoke}
+    $knightstour.bind('Destroy'){ _stop }
+    $knightstour.protocol('WM_DELETE_WINDOW'){ _exit }
+
+    $knightstour.deiconify
+    $knightstour.tkwait_destroy
+  end
+
+  def initialize(parent = nil)
+    create_gui(parent)
+  end
+end
+
+Tk.root.withdraw unless $RubyTk_WidgetDemo
+Thread.new{Tk.mainloop} if __FILE__ == $0
+Knights_Tour.new
diff --git a/ext/tk/sample/demos-jp/label.rb b/ext/tk/sample/demos-jp/label.rb
index 59626289fc..2e6b3e7e57 100644
--- a/ext/tk/sample/demos-jp/label.rb
+++ b/ext/tk/sample/demos-jp/label.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+# -*- coding: euc-jp -*-
 #
 # label widget demo (called by 'widget')
 #
@@ -15,8 +16,10 @@ $label_demo = TkToplevel.new {|w|
   positionWindow(w)
 }
 
+base_frame = TkFrame.new($label_demo).pack(:fill=>:both, :expand=>true)
+
 # label ����
-msg = TkLabel.new($label_demo) {
+msg = TkLabel.new(base_frame) {
   font $font
   wraplength '4i'
   justify 'left'
@@ -25,7 +28,7 @@ msg = TkLabel.new($label_demo) {
 msg.pack('side'=>'top')
 
 # frame ����
-TkFrame.new($label_demo) {|frame|
+TkFrame.new(base_frame) {|frame|
   TkButton.new(frame) {
     #text 'λ��'
     text '�Ĥ���'
@@ -44,8 +47,8 @@ TkFrame.new($label_demo) {|frame|
 }.pack('side'=>'bottom', 'fill'=>'x', 'pady'=>'2m')
 
 # label demo �ѥե졼������
-f_left = TkFrame.new($label_demo)
-f_right = TkFrame.new($label_demo)
+f_left = TkFrame.new(base_frame)
+f_right = TkFrame.new(base_frame)
 [f_left, f_right].each{|w| w.pack('side'=>'left', 'expand'=>'yes', 
                                   'padx'=>10, 'pady'=>10, 'fill'=>'both')}
 
@@ -56,7 +59,8 @@ f_right = TkFrame.new($label_demo)
   TkLabel.new(f_left, 'text'=>'3 ���ܡ�����Ǥ��ޤ� ', 'relief'=>'sunken')
 ].each{|w| w.pack('side'=>'top', 'expand'=>'yes', 'pady'=>2, 'anchor'=>'w')}
 
-TkLabel.new(f_right) {
+# TkLabel.new(f_right) {
+Tk::Label.new(f_right) {
   bitmap('@' + [$demo_dir,'..','images','face.xbm'].join(File::Separator))
   borderwidth 2
   relief 'sunken'
diff --git a/ext/tk/sample/demos-jp/labelframe.rb b/ext/tk/sample/demos-jp/labelframe.rb
index 23c974dcc2..11b0d27308 100644
--- a/ext/tk/sample/demos-jp/labelframe.rb
+++ b/ext/tk/sample/demos-jp/labelframe.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# -*- coding: euc-jp -*-
+#
 # labelframe.rb
 #
 # This demonstration script creates a toplevel window containing
@@ -17,8 +19,10 @@ $labelframe_demo = TkToplevel.new {|w|
   positionWindow(w)
 }
 
+base_frame = TkFrame.new($labelframe_demo).pack(:fill=>:both, :expand=>true)
+
 # Some information
-TkLabel.new($labelframe_demo, 
+TkLabel.new(base_frame, 
             :font=>$font, :wraplength=>'4i', :justify=>:left, 
             :text=><<EOL).pack(:side=>:top)
 TkLabelFrame ���������åȤϴ�Ϣ���� widget 
@@ -34,7 +38,7 @@ labelframe ���������åȤ�������Ƥ��ʤ�
 EOL
 
 # The bottom buttons
-TkFrame.new($labelframe_demo){|f|
+TkFrame.new(base_frame){|f|
   pack(:side=>:bottom, :fill=>:x, :pady=>'2m')
 
   TkButton.new(f, :text=>'�Ĥ���', :width=>15, :command=>proc{
@@ -48,7 +52,7 @@ TkFrame.new($labelframe_demo){|f|
 }
 
 # Demo area
-w = TkFrame.new($labelframe_demo).pack(:side=>:bottom, :fill=>:both, 
+w = TkFrame.new(base_frame).pack(:side=>:bottom, :fill=>:both, 
                                        :expand=>true)
 
 # A group of radiobuttons in a labelframe
diff --git a/ext/tk/sample/demos-jp/mclist.rb b/ext/tk/sample/demos-jp/mclist.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a7834d2668
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ext/tk/sample/demos-jp/mclist.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,121 @@
+# -*- coding: euc-jp -*-
+#
+# mclist.rb --
+#
+# This demonstration script creates a toplevel window containing a Ttk
+# tree widget configured as a multi-column listbox.
+#
+# based on "Id: mclist.tcl,v 1.3 2007/12/13 15:27:07 dgp Exp"
+
+if defined?($mclist_demo) && $mclist_demo
+  $mclist_demo.destroy 
+  $mclist_demo = nil
+end
+
+$mclist_demo = TkToplevel.new {|w|
+  title("Multi-Column List")
+  iconname("mclist")
+  positionWindow(w)
+}
+
+base_frame = TkFrame.new($mclist_demo).pack(:fill=>:both, :expand=>true)
+
+## Explanatory text
+Ttk::Label.new(base_frame, :font=>$font, :wraplength=>'4i', 
+               :justify=>:left, :anchor=>'n', :padding=>[10, 2, 10, 6], 
+               :text=><<EOL).pack(:fill=>:x)
+Ttk�Ȥϡ��ơ��޻����ǽ�ʿ��������������åȽ���Ǥ���\
+Ttk::Treeview���������åȤ�\
+Ttk���������åȥ��åȤ˴ޤޤ�륦�������åȤΰ�Ĥǡ�\
+���줬�ݻ������ڹ�¤�Υǡ������Τ�ΤޤǤ�ɽ�����뤳�Ȥʤ���\
+�������������ޥ��������ɽ�������뤳�Ȥ��Ǥ��ޤ���
+���Υ���ץ�ϡ�ʣ���Υ�������ä��ꥹ�ȥܥå�������������ñ����Ǥ���
+�ƥ����Υ����ȥ�(heading)�򥯥�å�����С�\
+���Υ����ξ���˴�Ť��ƥꥹ�Ȥ��¤��ؤ����ʤ����Ϥ��Ǥ���\
+�ޤ��������Υ����ȥ�֤ζ��ڤ���ʬ��ɥ�å����뤳�Ȥǡ�\
+�����������ѹ����뤳�Ȥ��ǽ�Ǥ���
+EOL
+
+## See Code / Dismiss
+Ttk::Frame.new(base_frame) {|frame|
+  sep = Ttk::Separator.new(frame)
+  Tk.grid(sep, :columnspan=>4, :row=>0, :sticky=>'ew', :pady=>2)
+  TkGrid('x', 
+         Ttk::Button.new(frame, :text=>'�����ɻ���', 
+                         :image=>$image['view'], :compound=>:left, 
+                         :command=>proc{showCode 'mclist'}), 
+         Ttk::Button.new(frame, :text=>'�Ĥ���', 
+                         :image=>$image['delete'], :compound=>:left, 
+                         :command=>proc{
+                           $mclist_demo.destroy
+                           $mclist_demo = nil
+                         }), 
+         :padx=>4, :pady=>4)
+  grid_columnconfigure(0, :weight=>1)
+  pack(:side=>:bottom, :fill=>:x)
+}
+
+container = Ttk::Frame.new(base_frame)
+tree = Ttk::Treeview.new(base_frame, :columns=>%w(country capital currency), 
+                          :show=>:headings)
+if Tk.windowingsystem != 'aquq'
+  vsb = tree.yscrollbar(Ttk::Scrollbar.new(base_frame))
+  hsb = tree.xscrollbar(Ttk::Scrollbar.new(base_frame))
+else
+  vsb = tree.yscrollbar(Tk::Scrollbar.new(base_frame))
+  hsb = tree.xscrollbar(Tk::Scrollbar.new(base_frame))
+end
+
+container.pack(:fill=>:both, :expand=>true)
+Tk.grid(tree, vsb, :in=>container, :sticky=>'nsew')
+Tk.grid(hsb,       :in=>container, :sticky=>'nsew')
+container.grid_columnconfigure(0, :weight=>1)
+container.grid_rowconfigure(0, :weight=>1)
+
+## The data we're going to insert
+data = [
+  ['���를�����', 	'�֥��Υ������쥹', 	'ARS'], 
+  ['�������ȥ�ꥢ',	'�����٥�',		'AUD'], 
+  ['�֥饸��', 		'�֥饸�ꥢ', 		'BRL'], 
+  ['���ʥ�', 		'������', 		'CAD'], 
+  ['���',		'�̵�', 		'CNY'], 
+  ['�ե��',		'�ѥ�', 		'EUR'], 
+  ['�ɥ���', 		'�٥���',		'EUR'], 
+  ['�����', 		'�˥塼�ǥ꡼',		'INR'], 
+  ['�����ꥢ', 		'������', 		'EUR'], 
+  ['����', 		'���', 		'JPY'], 
+  ['�ᥭ����', 		'�ᥭ�������ƥ�', 	'MXN'], 
+  ['������', 		'�⥹����', 		'RUB'], 
+  ['��եꥫ',	'�ץ�ȥꥢ', 		'ZAR'], 
+  ['�ѹ�', 		'����ɥ�', 		'GBP'], 
+  ['����ꥫ', 		'�亮��ȥ� D.C.', 	'USD'],
+]
+
+## Code to insert the data nicely
+font = Ttk::Style.lookup(tree[:style], :font)
+cols = %w(country capital currency)
+cols.zip(%w(��̾ ���� �̲�)).each{|col, name|
+  tree.heading_configure(col, :text=>name, 
+                         :command=>proc{sort_by(tree, col, false)})
+  tree.column_configure(col, :width=>TkFont.measure(font, name))
+}
+
+data.each{|country, capital, currency|
+  #tree.insert('', :end, :values=>[country, capital, currency])
+  tree.insert(nil, :end, :values=>[country, capital, currency])
+  cols.zip([country, capital, currency]).each{|col, val|
+    len = TkFont.measure(font, "#{val}  ")
+    if tree.column_cget(col, :width) < len
+      tree.column_configure(col, :width=>len)
+    end
+  }
+}
+
+## Code to do the sorting of the tree contents when clicked on
+def sort_by(tree, col, direction)
+  tree.children(nil).map!{|row| [tree.get(row, col), row.id]} . 
+    sort(&((direction)? proc{|x, y| y <=> x}: proc{|x, y| x <=> y})) . 
+    each_with_index{|info, idx| tree.move(info[1], nil, idx)}
+
+  tree.heading_configure(col, :command=>proc{sort_by(tree, col, ! direction)})
+end
diff --git a/ext/tk/sample/demos-jp/menu.rb b/ext/tk/sample/demos-jp/menu.rb
index add85f7f7b..c3d95176b4 100644
--- a/ext/tk/sample/demos-jp/menu.rb
+++ b/ext/tk/sample/demos-jp/menu.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+# -*- coding: euc-jp -*-
 #
 # menus widget demo (called by 'widget')
 #
@@ -15,8 +16,10 @@ $menu_demo = TkToplevel.new {|w|
   positionWindow(w)
 }
 
+base_frame = TkFrame.new($menu_demo).pack(:fill=>:both, :expand=>true)
+
 # menu frame ����
-$menu_frame = TkFrame.new($menu_demo, 'relief'=>'raised', 'bd'=>2)
+$menu_frame = TkFrame.new(base_frame, 'relief'=>'raised', 'bd'=>2)
 $menu_frame.pack('side'=>'top', 'fill'=>'x')
 
 begin
@@ -26,7 +29,7 @@ rescue
 end
 
 # label ����
-TkLabel.new($menu_demo,'font'=>$font,'wraplength'=>'4i','justify'=>'left') {
+TkLabel.new(base_frame,'font'=>$font,'wraplength'=>'4i','justify'=>'left') {
   if $tk_platform['platform'] == 'macintosh' ||
       windowingsystem == "classic" || windowingsystem == "aqua"
     text("���Υ�����ɥ����͡��ʥ�˥塼�ȥ��������ɥ�˥塼���鹽������Ƥ��ޤ���Command-X �����Ϥ���ȡ�X�����ޥ�ɥ��������³����ɽ������Ƥ���ʸ���ʤ�С���������졼����Ȥä����ܵ�ư��Ԥ����Ȥ��Ǥ��ޤ�����˥塼�����桢�Ǹ�Τ�Τϡ����Υ�˥塼�κǽ�ι��ܤ����򤹤뤳�Ȥ���Ω�����뤳�Ȥ��Ǥ��ޤ���")
@@ -36,7 +39,7 @@ TkLabel.new($menu_demo,'font'=>$font,'wraplength'=>'4i','justify'=>'left') {
 }.pack('side'=>'top')
 
 # frame ����
-TkFrame.new($menu_demo) {|frame|
+TkFrame.new(base_frame) {|frame|
   TkButton.new(frame) {
     #text 'λ��'
     text '�Ĥ���'
@@ -107,7 +110,8 @@ TkMenubutton.new($menu_frame, 'text'=>'Cascades', 'underline'=>0) {|m|
         'accelerator'=>"#{modifier}+G", 'underline'=>6)
     $menu_demo.bind("#{modifier}-g", proc{print "Goodbye(���褦�ʤ�)\n"})
 
-    TkMenu.new(m, 'tearoff'=>false) {|cascade_check|
+    # TkMenu.new(m, 'tearoff'=>false) {|cascade_check|
+    TkMenu.new(cascade_menu, 'tearoff'=>false) {|cascade_check|
       cascade_menu.add('cascade', 'label'=>'Check buttons(�����å��ܥ���)', 
                        'menu'=>cascade_check, 'underline'=>0)
       oil = TkVariable.new(0)
@@ -129,7 +133,8 @@ TkMenubutton.new($menu_frame, 'text'=>'Cascades', 'underline'=>0) {|m|
       invoke 3
     }
 
-    TkMenu.new(m, 'tearoff'=>false) {|cascade_radio|
+    #TkMenu.new(m, 'tearoff'=>false) {|cascade_radio|
+    TkMenu.new(cascade_menu, 'tearoff'=>false) {|cascade_radio|
       cascade_menu.add('cascade', 'label'=>'Radio buttons(�饸���ܥ���)', 
                        'menu'=>cascade_radio, 'underline'=>0)
       pointSize = TkVariable.new
diff --git a/ext/tk/sample/demos-jp/menu84.rb b/ext/tk/sample/demos-jp/menu84.rb
index 8c2a815d78..a631bacd43 100644
--- a/ext/tk/sample/demos-jp/menu84.rb
+++ b/ext/tk/sample/demos-jp/menu84.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+# -*- coding: euc-jp -*-
 #
 # menus widget demo (called by 'widget')
 #
@@ -15,6 +16,8 @@ $menu84_demo = TkToplevel.new {|w|
   positionWindow(w)
 }
 
+base_frame = TkFrame.new($menu84_demo).pack(:fill=>:both, :expand=>true)
+
 begin
   windowingsystem = Tk.windowingsystem()
 rescue
@@ -22,7 +25,7 @@ rescue
 end
 
 # label
-TkLabel.new($menu84_demo,'font'=>$font,'wraplength'=>'4i','justify'=>'left') {
+TkLabel.new(base_frame,'font'=>$font,'wraplength'=>'4i','justify'=>'left') {
   if $tk_platform['platform'] == 'macintosh' ||
       windowingsystem == "classic" || windowingsystem == "aqua"
     text("���Υ�����ɥ��ˤϥ��������ɥ�˥塼����ĥ�˥塼�С����դ����Ƥ��ޤ���Command+x ('x'�ϥ��ޥ�ɥ�������ܥ��³����ɽ������Ƥ���ʸ���Ǥ�) �ȥ����פ��뤳�Ȥˤ�äƤ���ܤε�ǽ��ƤӽФ����Ȥ��Ǥ��ޤ����Ǹ�Υ�˥塼�ϡ��ޥ����ǥ�����ɥ��γ��˥ɥ�å����뤳�Ȥˤ�äơ���Ω�����ѥ�åȤȤʤ�褦���ڤ��������Ȥ���ǽ�Ǥ���")
@@ -33,7 +36,7 @@ TkLabel.new($menu84_demo,'font'=>$font,'wraplength'=>'4i','justify'=>'left') {
 
 
 menustatus = TkVariable.new("    ")
-TkFrame.new($menu84_demo) {|frame|
+TkFrame.new(base_frame) {|frame|
   TkLabel.new(frame, 'textvariable'=>menustatus, 'relief'=>'sunken', 
               'bd'=>1, 'font'=>['Helvetica', '10'], 
               'anchor'=>'w').pack('side'=>'left', 'padx'=>2, 
@@ -43,7 +46,7 @@ TkFrame.new($menu84_demo) {|frame|
 
 
 # frame
-TkFrame.new($menu84_demo) {|frame|
+TkFrame.new(base_frame) {|frame|
   TkButton.new(frame) {
     #text 'λ��'
     text '�Ĥ���'
diff --git a/ext/tk/sample/demos-jp/menu8x.rb b/ext/tk/sample/demos-jp/menu8x.rb
index 050f0decb4..9249f2491a 100644
--- a/ext/tk/sample/demos-jp/menu8x.rb
+++ b/ext/tk/sample/demos-jp/menu8x.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+# -*- coding: euc-jp -*-
 #
 # menus widget demo (called by 'widget')
 #
@@ -15,16 +16,18 @@ $menu8x_demo = TkToplevel.new {|w|
   positionWindow(w)
 }
 
+base_frame = TkFrame.new($menu8x_demo).pack(:fill=>:both, :expand=>true)
+
 # version check
 if $tk_version.to_f < 8.0
 
 # label ����
-TkLabel.new($menu8x_demo,'font'=>$font,'wraplength'=>'4i','justify'=>'left') {
+TkLabel.new(base_frame,'font'=>$font,'wraplength'=>'4i','justify'=>'left') {
     text("�¹Ԥ��褦�Ȥ���������ץȤ� Tk8.0 �ʾ�����ѤǤ��뵡ǽ�����Ѥ��Ƥ��뤿�ᡢ���ʤ��� Ruby#{VERSION}/Tk#{$tk_version}#{(Tk::JAPANIZED_TK)? 'jp': ''} �Ǥ�����˼¹ԤǤ��ޤ��󡣤�äƥǥ�μ¹Ԥ���ߤ��ޤ����������������Υ����ɻ��ȥܥ���򲡤����Ȥǡ��¹Ԥ���ߤ��줿������ץȤΥ������򻲾Ȥ��뤳�Ȥϲ�ǽ�Ǥ���")
 }.pack('side'=>'top')
 
 # frame ����
-TkFrame.new($menu8x_demo) {|frame|
+TkFrame.new(base_frame) {|frame|
   TkButton.new(frame) {
     #text 'λ��'
     text '�Ĥ���'
@@ -50,7 +53,7 @@ rescue
 end
 
 # label ����
-TkLabel.new($menu8x_demo,'font'=>$font,'wraplength'=>'4i','justify'=>'left') {
+TkLabel.new(base_frame,'font'=>$font,'wraplength'=>'4i','justify'=>'left') {
   if $tk_platform['platform'] == 'macintosh' ||
       windowingsystem == "classic" || windowingsystem == "aqua"
     text("���Υ�����ɥ����͡��ʥ�˥塼�ȥ��������ɥ�˥塼���鹽������Ƥ��ޤ���Command-X �����Ϥ���ȡ�X�����ޥ�ɥ��������³����ɽ������Ƥ���ʸ���ʤ�С���������졼����Ȥä����ܵ�ư��Ԥ����Ȥ��Ǥ��ޤ�����˥塼�����桢�Ǹ�Τ�Τϡ����Υ�˥塼�κǽ�ι��ܤ����򤹤뤳�Ȥ���Ω�����뤳�Ȥ��Ǥ��ޤ���")
@@ -61,14 +64,14 @@ TkLabel.new($menu8x_demo,'font'=>$font,'wraplength'=>'4i','justify'=>'left') {
 
 # ����ɽ��������
 $menu8xstatus = TkVariable.new("    ")
-TkFrame.new($menu8x_demo) {|frame|
+TkFrame.new(base_frame) {|frame|
   TkLabel.new(frame, 'textvariable'=>$menu8xstatus, 'relief'=>'sunken', 
               'bd'=>1, 'font'=>['Helvetica', '10'], 'anchor'=>'w')\
   .pack('side'=>'left', 'padx'=>2, 'expand'=>'yes', 'fill'=>'both')
 }.pack('side'=>'bottom', 'fill'=>'x', 'pady'=>2)
 
 # frame ����
-TkFrame.new($menu8x_demo) {|frame|
+TkFrame.new(base_frame) {|frame|
   TkButton.new(frame) {
     #text 'λ��'
     text '�Ĥ���'
diff --git a/ext/tk/sample/demos-jp/menubu.rb b/ext/tk/sample/demos-jp/menubu.rb
index aa90a3087f..90dc367305 100644
--- a/ext/tk/sample/demos-jp/menubu.rb
+++ b/ext/tk/sample/demos-jp/menubu.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+# -*- coding: euc-jp -*-
 require "tkcanvas"
 
 def optionMenu(menubutton, varName, firstValue, *rest)
@@ -32,16 +33,18 @@ $menubu_demo = TkToplevel.new {|w|
 
 positionWindow($menubu_demo)
 
+base_frame = TkFrame.new($menubu_demo).pack(:fill=>:both, :expand=>true)
+
 # version check
 if $tk_version.to_f < 8.0
 
 # label ����
-TkLabel.new($menubu_demo,'font'=>$font,'wraplength'=>'4i','justify'=>'left') {
+TkLabel.new(base_frame,'font'=>$font,'wraplength'=>'4i','justify'=>'left') {
     text("�¹Ԥ��褦�Ȥ���������ץȤ� Tk8.0 �ʾ�����ѤǤ��뵡ǽ�����Ѥ��Ƥ��뤿�ᡢ���ʤ��� Ruby#{VERSION}/Tk#{$tk_version}#{(Tk::JAPANIZED_TK)? 'jp': ''} �Ǥ�����˼¹ԤǤ��ޤ��󡣤�äƥǥ�μ¹Ԥ���ߤ��ޤ����������������Υ����ɻ��ȥܥ���򲡤����Ȥǡ��¹Ԥ���ߤ��줿������ץȤΥ������򻲾Ȥ��뤳�Ȥϲ�ǽ�Ǥ���")
 }.pack('side'=>'top')
 
 # frame ����
-TkFrame.new($menubu_demo) {|frame|
+TkFrame.new(base_frame) {|frame|
   TkButton.new(frame) {
     #text 'λ��'
     text '�Ĥ���'
@@ -60,7 +63,7 @@ TkFrame.new($menubu_demo) {|frame|
 
 else ; # Tk8.x
 
-body = TkFrame.new($menubu_demo)
+body = TkFrame.new(base_frame)
 body.pack('expand'=>'yes', 'fill'=>'both')
 
 below = TkMenubutton.new(body) {
@@ -155,7 +158,7 @@ center = TkFrame.new(body) {
   grid('row'=>1, 'column'=>1, 'sticky'=>'news')
 }
 
-TkFrame.new($menubu_demo) {|frame|
+TkFrame.new(base_frame) {|frame|
   TkButton.new(frame) {
     #text 'λ��'
     text '�Ĥ���'
diff --git a/ext/tk/sample/demos-jp/msgbox.rb b/ext/tk/sample/demos-jp/msgbox.rb
index 983e6b6589..88380e08bd 100644
--- a/ext/tk/sample/demos-jp/msgbox.rb
+++ b/ext/tk/sample/demos-jp/msgbox.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+# -*- coding: euc-jp -*-
 #
 # message boxes widget demo (called by 'widget')
 #
@@ -15,12 +16,14 @@ $msgbox_demo = TkToplevel.new {|w|
   positionWindow(w)
 }
 
+base_frame = TkFrame.new($msgbox_demo).pack(:fill=>:both, :expand=>true)
+
 # label ����
-TkLabel.new($msgbox_demo, 'font'=>$font, 'wraplength'=>'4i', 'justify'=>'left',
-            'text'=>"ɽ�����륢������ȥ�å������ܥå����μ��������ǲ������������� \"��å������ܥå���\" �ܥ���򲡤��ȡ����ꤷ����å������ܥå�����ɽ������ޤ���").pack('side'=>'top')
+TkLabel.new(base_frame, 'font'=>$font, 'wraplength'=>'4i', 'justify'=>'left',
+            'text'=>"�ޤ�ɽ�����륢������ȥ�å������ܥå����μ��������ǲ����������θ��\"��å������ܥå���\"�ܥ���򲡤��ȡ����ꤷ����å������ܥå�����ɽ������ޤ���").pack('side'=>'top')
 
 # frame ����
-TkFrame.new($msgbox_demo) {|frame|
+TkFrame.new(base_frame) {|frame|
   TkButton.new(frame) {
     #text 'λ��'
     text '�Ĥ���'
@@ -43,8 +46,8 @@ TkFrame.new($msgbox_demo) {|frame|
 }.pack('side'=>'bottom', 'fill'=>'x', 'pady'=>'2m')
 
 # frame ����
-$msgbox_leftframe  = TkFrame.new($msgbox_demo)
-$msgbox_rightframe = TkFrame.new($msgbox_demo)
+$msgbox_leftframe  = TkFrame.new(base_frame)
+$msgbox_rightframe = TkFrame.new(base_frame)
 $msgbox_leftframe .pack('side'=>'left', 'expand'=>'yes', 'fill'=>'y', 
                         'pady'=>'.5c', 'padx'=>'.5c')
 $msgbox_rightframe.pack('side'=>'left', 'expand'=>'yes', 'fill'=>'y', 
@@ -78,7 +81,7 @@ $msgboxType = TkVariable.new('ok')
 def showMessageBox(w)
   button = Tk.messageBox('icon'=>$msgboxIcon.value, 'type'=>$msgboxType.value, 
                          'title'=>'Message', 'parent'=>w,
-                         'message'=>"����� \"#{$msgboxType.value}\" �Ȥ�������Υ�å������ܥå����ǡ�\"#{$msgboxIcon.value}\" �Υ�������ɽ������Ƥ��ޤ���")
+                         'message'=>"�����\"#{$msgboxType.value}\"�Ȥ�������Υ�å������ܥå����ǡ�\"#{$msgboxIcon.value}\"�Υ�������ɽ������Ƥ��ޤ���")
 
   Tk.messageBox('icon'=>'info', 'type'=>'ok', 'parent'=>w, 
                 'message'=>"���ʤ��� \"#{button}\" �򲡤��ޤ����͡�")
diff --git a/ext/tk/sample/demos-jp/msgbox2.rb b/ext/tk/sample/demos-jp/msgbox2.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d61f25129a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ext/tk/sample/demos-jp/msgbox2.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,90 @@
+# -*- coding: euc-jp -*-
+#
+# message boxes widget demo (called by 'widget')
+#
+
+# toplevel widget ��¸�ߤ���к������
+if defined?($msgbox2_demo) && $msgbox2_demo
+  $msgbox2_demo.destroy 
+  $msgbox2_demo = nil
+end
+
+# demo �Ѥ� toplevel widget ������
+$msgbox2_demo = TkToplevel.new {|w|
+  title("Message Box Demonstration")
+  iconname("messagebox")
+  positionWindow(w)
+}
+
+base_frame = TkFrame.new($msgbox2_demo).pack(:fill=>:both, :expand=>true)
+
+# label ����
+TkLabel.new(base_frame, 'font'=>$font, 'wraplength'=>'4i', 'justify'=>'left',
+            'text'=>"�ޤ�ɽ�����륢������ȥ�å������ܥå����μ��������ǲ����������θ��\"��å������ܥå���\"�ܥ���򲡤��ȡ����ꤵ�줿�����ǡ���å������Ⱦܺ٥ƥ����ȤȤ���ä���å������ܥå�����ɽ������ޤ���").pack('side'=>'top')
+
+# frame ����
+TkFrame.new(base_frame) {|frame|
+  TkButton.new(frame) {
+    #text 'λ��'
+    text '�Ĥ���'
+    command proc{
+      tmppath = $msgbox2_demo
+      $msgbox2_demo = nil
+      tmppath.destroy
+    }
+  }.pack('side'=>'left', 'expand'=>'yes')
+
+  TkButton.new(frame) {
+    text '�����ɻ���'
+    command proc{showCode 'msgbox2'}
+  }.pack('side'=>'left', 'expand'=>'yes')
+
+  TkButton.new(frame) {
+    text '��å������ܥå���'
+    command proc{showMessageBox $msgbox2_demo}
+  }.pack('side'=>'left', 'expand'=>'yes')
+}.pack('side'=>'bottom', 'fill'=>'x', 'pady'=>'2m')
+
+# frame ����
+$msgbox_leftframe  = TkFrame.new(base_frame)
+$msgbox_rightframe = TkFrame.new(base_frame)
+$msgbox_leftframe .pack('side'=>'left', 'expand'=>'yes', 'fill'=>'y', 
+                        'pady'=>'.5c', 'padx'=>'.5c')
+$msgbox_rightframe.pack('side'=>'left', 'expand'=>'yes', 'fill'=>'y', 
+                        'pady'=>'.5c', 'padx'=>'.5c')
+
+TkLabel.new($msgbox_leftframe, 'text'=>'��������').pack('side'=>'top')
+TkFrame.new($msgbox_leftframe, 'relief'=>'ridge', 'bd'=>1, 'height'=>2)\
+.pack('side'=>'top', 'fill'=>'x', 'expand'=>'no')
+
+$msgboxIcon = TkVariable.new('info')
+['error', 'info', 'question', 'warning'].each {|icon|
+  TkRadioButton.new($msgbox_leftframe, 'text'=>icon, 'variable'=>$msgboxIcon, 
+                    'relief'=>'flat', 'value'=>icon, 'width'=>16, 
+                    'anchor'=>'w').pack('side'=>'top', 'pady'=>2, 
+                                        'anchor'=>'w', 'fill'=>'x')
+}
+
+TkLabel.new($msgbox_rightframe, 'text'=>'����').pack('side'=>'top')
+TkFrame.new($msgbox_rightframe, 'relief'=>'ridge', 'bd'=>1, 'height'=>2)\
+.pack('side'=>'top', 'fill'=>'x', 'expand'=>'no')
+
+$msgboxType = TkVariable.new('ok')
+['abortretryignore', 'ok', 'okcancel', 
+  'retrycancel', 'yesno', 'yesnocancel'].each {|type|
+  TkRadioButton.new($msgbox_rightframe, 'text'=>type, 'variable'=>$msgboxType, 
+                    'relief'=>'flat', 'value'=>type, 'width'=>16, 
+                    'anchor'=>'w').pack('side'=>'top', 'pady'=>2, 
+                                        'anchor'=>'w', 'fill'=>'x')
+}
+
+def showMessageBox(w)
+  button = Tk.messageBox('icon'=>$msgboxIcon.value, 'type'=>$msgboxType.value, 
+                         'title'=>'Message', 'parent'=>w,
+                         'message'=>"\"#{$msgboxType.value}\"�����פΥ�å������ܥå���", 
+                         'detail'=>"�����\"#{$msgboxType.value}\"�Ȥ�������Υ�å������ܥå����ǡ�\"#{$msgboxIcon.value}\"�Υ�������ɽ������Ƥ��ޤ������Υܥ���Τ����줫�����򤷤ƥ���å����Ƥ���������")
+
+  Tk.messageBox('icon'=>'info', 'type'=>'ok', 'parent'=>w, 
+                'message'=>"���ʤ��� \"#{button}\" �򲡤��ޤ����͡�")
+end
+
diff --git a/ext/tk/sample/demos-jp/paned1.rb b/ext/tk/sample/demos-jp/paned1.rb
index 8d16d03c08..f994e83ff1 100644
--- a/ext/tk/sample/demos-jp/paned1.rb
+++ b/ext/tk/sample/demos-jp/paned1.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# -*- coding: euc-jp -*-
+#
 # paned1.rb
 #
 # This demonstration script creates a toplevel window containing
@@ -16,7 +18,9 @@ $paned1_demo = TkToplevel.new {|w|
   positionWindow(w)
 }
 
-TkLabel.new($paned1_demo, 
+base_frame = TkFrame.new($paned1_demo).pack(:fill=>:both, :expand=>true)
+
+TkLabel.new(base_frame, 
             :font=>$font, :wraplength=>'4i', :justify=>:left, 
             :text=><<EOL).pack(:side=>:top)
 ���ο��դ����줿��ĤΥ�����ɥ��δ֤λ��ڤ��Ȥϡ���Ĥ��ΰ�򤽤줾��Υ�����ɥ��Τ����ʬ�䤹�뤿��Τ�ΤǤ������ܥ���ǻ��ڤ������ȡ�ʬ�䥵�����ѹ����������ǤϺ�ɽ���Ϥʤ��줺�����ꤵ�����Ȥ���ɽ������������ޤ����ޥ����ˤ����ڤ�������ɿ路�ƥ��������ѹ�����ɽ�����ʤ���褦�ˤ��������ϡ��ޥ���������ܥ����ȤäƤ���������
@@ -27,7 +31,7 @@ TkLabel.new($paned1_demo,
 EOL
 
 # The bottom buttons
-TkFrame.new($paned1_demo){|f|
+TkFrame.new(base_frame){|f|
   pack(:side=>:bottom, :fill=>:x, :pady=>'2m')
 
   TkButton.new(f, :text=>'�Ĥ���', :width=>15, :command=>proc{
@@ -40,9 +44,9 @@ TkFrame.new($paned1_demo){|f|
                }).pack(:side=>:left, :expand=>true)
 }
 
-TkPanedwindow.new($paned1_demo){|f|
-  pack(:side=>:top, :expand=>true, :fill=>:both, :pady=>2, :padx=>'2m')
+TkPanedwindow.new(base_frame, :orient=>:horizontal){|f|
+  add(Tk::Label.new(f, :text=>"This is the\nleft side", :bg=>'yellow'), 
+      Tk::Label.new(f, :text=>"This is the\nright side", :bg=>'cyan'))
 
-  add(TkLabel.new(f, :text=>"This is the\nleft side", :bg=>'yellow'), 
-      TkLabel.new(f, :text=>"This is the\nright side", :bg=>'cyan'))
+  pack(:side=>:top, :expand=>true, :fill=>:both, :pady=>2, :padx=>'2m')
 }
diff --git a/ext/tk/sample/demos-jp/paned2.rb b/ext/tk/sample/demos-jp/paned2.rb
index 1e82eddda4..cdc8253402 100644
--- a/ext/tk/sample/demos-jp/paned2.rb
+++ b/ext/tk/sample/demos-jp/paned2.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# -*- coding: euc-jp -*-
+#
 # paned2.rb --
 #
 # This demonstration script creates a toplevel window containing
@@ -16,7 +18,9 @@ $paned2_demo = TkToplevel.new {|w|
   positionWindow(w)
 }
 
-TkLabel.new($paned2_demo, 
+base_frame = TkFrame.new($paned2_demo).pack(:fill=>:both, :expand=>true)
+
+TkLabel.new(base_frame, 
             :font=>$font, :wraplength=>'4i', :justify=>:left, 
             :text=><<EOL).pack(:side=>:top)
 ���Υ���������С��դ��Υ��������åȤ��֤��줿��ĤΥ�����ɥ��δ֤λ��ڤ��Ȥϡ���Ĥ��ΰ�򤽤줾��Υ�����ɥ��Τ����ʬ�䤹�뤿��Τ�ΤǤ������ܥ���ǻ��ڤ������ȡ�ʬ�䥵�����ѹ����������ǤϺ�ɽ���Ϥʤ��줺�����ꤵ�����Ȥ���ɽ������������ޤ����ޥ����ˤ����ڤ�������ɿ路�ƥ��������ѹ�����ɽ�����ʤ���褦�ˤ��������ϡ��ޥ���������ܥ����ȤäƤ���������
@@ -27,7 +31,7 @@ TkLabel.new($paned2_demo,
 EOL
 
 # The bottom buttons
-TkFrame.new($paned2_demo){|f|
+TkFrame.new(base_frame){|f|
   pack(:side=>:bottom, :fill=>:x, :pady=>'2m')
 
   TkButton.new(f, :text=>'�Ĥ���', :width=>15, :command=>proc{
@@ -64,7 +68,7 @@ paneList.value = [         # ruby's array --> tcl's list
 ]
 
 # Create the pane itself
-TkPanedwindow.new($paned2_demo, :orient=>:vertical){|f|
+TkPanedwindow.new(base_frame, :orient=>:vertical){|f|
   pack(:side=>:top, :expand=>true, :fill=>:both, :pady=>2, :padx=>'2m')
 
   add(TkFrame.new(f){|paned2_top|
diff --git a/ext/tk/sample/demos-jp/pendulum.rb b/ext/tk/sample/demos-jp/pendulum.rb
index d703c74d5a..b115f5be2c 100644
--- a/ext/tk/sample/demos-jp/pendulum.rb
+++ b/ext/tk/sample/demos-jp/pendulum.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+# -*- coding: euc-jp -*-
 #
 # This demonstration illustrates how Tcl/Tk can be used to construct
 # simulations of physical systems.
@@ -18,8 +19,10 @@ $pendulum_demo = TkToplevel.new {|w|
   positionWindow(w)
 }
 
+base_frame = TkFrame.new($pendulum_demo).pack(:fill=>:both, :expand=>true)
+
 # create label
-msg = TkLabel.new($pendulum_demo) {
+msg = TkLabel.new(base_frame) {
   font $font
   wraplength '4i'
   justify 'left'
@@ -28,7 +31,7 @@ msg = TkLabel.new($pendulum_demo) {
 msg.pack('side'=>'top')
 
 # create frame
-TkFrame.new($pendulum_demo) {|frame|
+TkFrame.new(base_frame) {|frame|
   TkButton.new(frame) {
     #text 'λ��'
     text '�Ĥ���'
@@ -50,9 +53,11 @@ TkFrame.new($pendulum_demo) {|frame|
 class PendulumAnimationDemo
   def initialize(frame)
     # Create some structural widgets
-    pane = TkPanedWindow.new(frame).pack(:fill=>:both, :expand=>true)
-    pane.add(@lf1 = TkLabelFrame.new(pane, :text=>'Pendulum Simulation'))
-    pane.add(@lf2 = TkLabelFrame.new(pane, :text=>'Phase Space'))
+    @pane = TkPanedWindow.new(frame, :orient=>:horizontal).pack(:fill=>:both, :expand=>true)
+#    @pane.add(@lf1 = TkLabelFrame.new(@pane, :text=>'Pendulum Simulation'))
+#    @pane.add(@lf2 = TkLabelFrame.new(@pane, :text=>'Phase Space'))
+    @lf1 = TkLabelFrame.new(@pane, :text=>'Pendulum Simulation')
+    @lf2 = TkLabelFrame.new(@pane, :text=>'Phase Space')
 
     # Create the canvas containing the graphical representation of the
     # simulated system.
@@ -100,23 +105,24 @@ class PendulumAnimationDemo
     @dTheta = 0.0
     @length = 150
 
-    # init display
-    showPendulum
-
     # animation loop
     @timer = TkTimer.new(15){ repeat }
 
     # binding
     @c.bindtags_unshift(btag = TkBindTag.new)
     btag.bind('Destroy'){ @timer.stop }
-    btag.bind('1', proc{|x, y| @timer.stop; showPendulum(x, y)}, '%x %y')
-    btag.bind('B1-Motion', proc{|x, y| showPendulum(x, y)}, '%x %y')
+    btag.bind('1', proc{|x, y| @timer.stop; showPendulum(x.to_i, y.to_i)}, 
+              '%x %y')
+    btag.bind('B1-Motion', proc{|x, y| showPendulum(x.to_i, y.to_i)}, '%x %y')
     btag.bind('ButtonRelease-1', 
-              proc{|x, y| showPendulum(x, y); @timer.start }, '%x %y')
+              proc{|x, y| showPendulum(x.to_i, y.to_i); @timer.start }, 
+              '%x %y')
 
-    btag.bind('Configure', proc{|w| @plate.coords(0, 25, w, 25)}, '%w')
+    btag.bind('Configure', proc{|w| @plate.coords(0, 25, w.to_i, 25)}, '%w')
 
     @k.bind('Configure', proc{|h, w| 
+              h = h.to_i
+              w = w.to_i
               @psh = h/2; 
               @psw = w/2
               @x_axis.coords(2, @psh, w-2, @psh)
@@ -125,6 +131,14 @@ class PendulumAnimationDemo
               @label_dtheta.coords(w-6, @psh+4)
             }, '%h %w')
 
+    # add
+    Tk.update
+    @pane.add(@lf1)
+    @pane.add(@lf2)
+
+    # init display
+    showPendulum
+
     # animation start
     @timer.start(500)
   end
@@ -155,6 +169,10 @@ class PendulumAnimationDemo
   # rate at which the angle is changing (the first derivative with
   # respect to time.)
   def showPhase
+    unless @psw && @psh
+      @psw = @k.width/2
+      @psh = @k.height/2
+    end
     @points << @theta + @psw << -20*@dTheta + @psh
     if @points.length > 100
       @points = @points[-100..-1]
@@ -221,4 +239,4 @@ class PendulumAnimationDemo
 end
 
 # Start the animation processing
-PendulumAnimationDemo.new($pendulum_demo)
+PendulumAnimationDemo.new(base_frame)
diff --git a/ext/tk/sample/demos-jp/plot.rb b/ext/tk/sample/demos-jp/plot.rb
index 902b144f72..9ff71904cd 100644
--- a/ext/tk/sample/demos-jp/plot.rb
+++ b/ext/tk/sample/demos-jp/plot.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+# -*- coding: euc-jp -*-
 #
 # 2-D plot widget demo (called by 'widget')
 #
@@ -15,14 +16,16 @@ $plot_demo = TkToplevel.new {|w|
   positionWindow(w)
 }
 
+base_frame = TkFrame.new($plot_demo).pack(:fill=>:both, :expand=>true)
+
 # label ����
-TkLabel.new($plot_demo, 'font'=>$font, 'wraplength'=>'4i', 'justify'=>'left', 
+TkLabel.new(base_frame, 'font'=>$font, 'wraplength'=>'4i', 'justify'=>'left', 
             'text'=>"���Υ�����ɥ��ϴ�ñ��2�����Υץ��åȤ�ޤ�������Х� widget�Ǥ���ɽ�����줿����ޥ����ܥ���1�ǥɥ�å����ƥǡ����򤤤��뤳�Ȥ��Ǥ��ޤ���"){
   pack('side'=>'top')
 }
 
 # frame ����
-$plot_buttons = TkFrame.new($plot_demo) {|frame|
+$plot_buttons = TkFrame.new(base_frame) {|frame|
   TkButton.new(frame) {
     #text 'λ��'
     text '�Ĥ���'
@@ -41,10 +44,14 @@ $plot_buttons = TkFrame.new($plot_demo) {|frame|
 $plot_buttons.pack('side'=>'bottom', 'fill'=>'x', 'pady'=>'2m')
 
 # font ����
-plotFont = '-*-Helvetica-Medium-R-Normal--*-180-*-*-*-*-*-*'
+  if $tk_version =~ /^4.*/
+    plotFont = '-*-Helvetica-Medium-R-Normal--*-180-*-*-*-*-*-*'
+  else
+    font = 'Helvetica 18'
+  end
 
 # canvas ����
-$plot_canvas = TkCanvas.new($plot_demo,'relief'=>'raised','width'=>450,'height'=>300)
+$plot_canvas = TkCanvas.new(base_frame,'relief'=>'raised','width'=>450,'height'=>300)
 $plot_canvas.pack('side'=>'top', 'fill'=>'x')
 
 # plot ����
diff --git a/ext/tk/sample/demos-jp/puzzle.rb b/ext/tk/sample/demos-jp/puzzle.rb
index ad69775aab..2febc2c55a 100644
--- a/ext/tk/sample/demos-jp/puzzle.rb
+++ b/ext/tk/sample/demos-jp/puzzle.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+# -*- coding: euc-jp -*-
 #
 # widet demo 'puzzle' (called by 'widget')
 #
@@ -15,8 +16,10 @@ $puzzle_demo = TkToplevel.new {|w|
   positionWindow(w)
 }
 
+base_frame = TkFrame.new($puzzle_demo).pack(:fill=>:both, :expand=>true)
+
 # label ����
-msg = TkLabel.new($puzzle_demo) {
+msg = TkLabel.new(base_frame) {
   font $font
   wraplength '4i'
   justify 'left'
@@ -25,7 +28,7 @@ msg = TkLabel.new($puzzle_demo) {
 msg.pack('side'=>'top')
 
 # frame ����
-TkFrame.new($puzzle_demo) {|frame|
+TkFrame.new(base_frame) {|frame|
   TkButton.new(frame) {
     #text 'λ��'
     text '�Ĥ���'
@@ -50,18 +53,27 @@ TkFrame.new($puzzle_demo) {|frame|
 #
 begin
   if Tk.windowingsystem() == 'aqua'
-    frameSize = 160
+    frameWidth  = 168
+    frameHeight = 168
+  elsif Tk.default_widget_set == :Ttk
+    frameWidth  = 148
+    frameHeight = 124
   else
-    frameSize = 120
+    frameWidth  = 120
+    frameHeight = 120
   end
 rescue
-  frameSize = 120
+  frameWidth  = 120
+  frameHeight = 120
 end
+
+# depend_on_button_width = true
+depend_on_button_width = false
  
-s = TkScrollbar.new($puzzle_demo)
-base = TkFrame.new($puzzle_demo) {
-  width  frameSize
-  height frameSize
+s = TkScrollbar.new(base_frame)
+base = TkFrame.new(base_frame) {
+  width  frameWidth
+  height frameHeight
   borderwidth 2
   relief 'sunken'
   bg s['troughcolor']
@@ -88,6 +100,9 @@ order = [3,1,6,2,5,7,15,13,4,11,8,9,14,10,12]
     text num
     highlightthickness 0
     command def_puzzleswitch_proc(w, num)
+    if depend_on_button_width && (w.winfo_reqwidth * 4 > base.width)
+      base.width = w.winfo_reqwidth * 4
+    end
   }.place('relx'=>$xpos[num], 'rely'=>$ypos[num], 
           'relwidth'=>0.25, 'relheight'=>0.25)
 }
diff --git a/ext/tk/sample/demos-jp/radio.rb b/ext/tk/sample/demos-jp/radio.rb
index 5858b4222a..a61ad46d9b 100644
--- a/ext/tk/sample/demos-jp/radio.rb
+++ b/ext/tk/sample/demos-jp/radio.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+# -*- coding: euc-jp -*-
 #
 # radiobutton widget demo (called by 'widget')
 #
@@ -15,8 +16,10 @@ $radio_demo = TkToplevel.new {|w|
   positionWindow(w)
 }
 
+base_frame = TkFrame.new($radio_demo).pack(:fill=>:both, :expand=>true)
+
 # label ����
-msg = TkLabel.new($radio_demo) {
+msg = TkLabel.new(base_frame) {
   font $font
   wraplength '4i'
   justify 'left'
@@ -29,7 +32,7 @@ size = TkVariable.new
 color = TkVariable.new
 
 # frame ����
-TkFrame.new($radio_demo) {|frame|
+TkFrame.new(base_frame) {|frame|
   TkButton.new(frame) {
     #text 'λ��'
     text '�Ĥ���'
@@ -49,14 +52,14 @@ TkFrame.new($radio_demo) {|frame|
   TkButton.new(frame) {
     text '�ѿ�����'
     command proc{
-      showVars($radio_demo, ['size', size], ['color', color])
+      showVars(base_frame, ['size', size], ['color', color])
     }
   }.pack('side'=>'left', 'expand'=>'yes')
 }.pack('side'=>'bottom', 'fill'=>'x', 'pady'=>'2m')
 
 # frame ����
-f_left = TkFrame.new($radio_demo)
-f_right = TkFrame.new($radio_demo)
+f_left = TkFrame.new(base_frame)
+f_right = TkFrame.new(base_frame)
 f_left.pack('side'=>'left', 'expand'=>'yes', 'padx'=>'.5c', 'pady'=>'.5c')
 f_right.pack('side'=>'left', 'expand'=>'yes', 'padx'=>'.5c', 'pady'=>'.5c')
 
diff --git a/ext/tk/sample/demos-jp/radio2.rb b/ext/tk/sample/demos-jp/radio2.rb
index 5ac877d99a..cf53e3e485 100644
--- a/ext/tk/sample/demos-jp/radio2.rb
+++ b/ext/tk/sample/demos-jp/radio2.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# -*- coding: euc-jp -*-
+#
 # radio2.rb
 #
 # This demonstration script creates a toplevel window containing
@@ -19,8 +21,10 @@ $radio2_demo = TkToplevel.new {|w|
   positionWindow(w)
 }
 
+base_frame = TkFrame.new($radio2_demo).pack(:fill=>:both, :expand=>true)
+
 # label 
-msg = TkLabel.new($radio2_demo) {
+msg = TkLabel.new(base_frame) {
   font $font
   wraplength '5i'
   justify 'left'
@@ -34,7 +38,7 @@ color = TkVariable.new
 align = TkVariable.new
 
 # frame 
-TkFrame.new($radio2_demo) {|frame|
+TkFrame.new(base_frame) {|frame|
   TkButton.new(frame) {
     #text 'λ��'
     text '�Ĥ���'
@@ -54,18 +58,18 @@ TkFrame.new($radio2_demo) {|frame|
   TkButton.new(frame) {
     text '�ѿ�����'
     command proc{
-      showVars($radio2_demo, 
+      showVars(base_frame, 
                ['size', size], ['color', color], ['compound', align])
     }
   }.pack('side'=>'left', 'expand'=>'yes')
 }.pack('side'=>'bottom', 'fill'=>'x', 'pady'=>'2m')
 
 # frame 
-f_left  = TkLabelFrame.new($radio2_demo, 'text'=>'ʸ��������', 
+f_left  = TkLabelFrame.new(base_frame, 'text'=>'ʸ��������', 
                            'pady'=>2, 'padx'=>2)
-f_mid   = TkLabelFrame.new($radio2_demo, 'text'=>'��', 
+f_mid   = TkLabelFrame.new(base_frame, 'text'=>'��', 
                            'pady'=>2, 'padx'=>2)
-f_right = TkLabelFrame.new($radio2_demo, 'text'=>'�ӥåȥޥå�����', 
+f_right = TkLabelFrame.new(base_frame, 'text'=>'�ӥåȥޥå�����', 
                            'pady'=>2, 'padx'=>2)
 f_left.pack('side'=>'left', 'expand'=>'yes', 'padx'=>'.5c', 'pady'=>'.5c')
 f_mid.pack('side'=>'left', 'expand'=>'yes', 'padx'=>'.5c', 'pady'=>'.5c')
@@ -91,7 +95,8 @@ f_right.pack('side'=>'left', 'expand'=>'yes', 'padx'=>'.5c', 'pady'=>'.5c')
   }.pack('side'=>'top', 'pady'=>2, 'fill'=>'x')
 }
 
-label = TkLabel.new(f_right, 'text'=>'��٥�', 'bitmap'=>'questhead', 
+# label = TkLabel.new(f_right, 'text'=>'��٥�', 'bitmap'=>'questhead', 
+label = Tk::Label.new(f_right, 'text'=>'��٥�', 'bitmap'=>'questhead', 
                     'compound'=>'left')
 label.configure('width'=>TkWinfo.reqwidth(label), 'compound'=>'top')
 label.height(TkWinfo.reqheight(label))
diff --git a/ext/tk/sample/demos-jp/radio3.rb b/ext/tk/sample/demos-jp/radio3.rb
index 6e9a0f750b..4bbc1b31f5 100644
--- a/ext/tk/sample/demos-jp/radio3.rb
+++ b/ext/tk/sample/demos-jp/radio3.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# -*- coding: euc-jp -*-
+#
 # radio3.rb
 #
 # This demonstration script creates a toplevel window containing
@@ -19,8 +21,10 @@ $radio3_demo = TkToplevel.new {|w|
   positionWindow(w)
 }
 
+base_frame = TkFrame.new($radio3_demo).pack(:fill=>:both, :expand=>true)
+
 # label 
-msg = TkLabel.new($radio3_demo) {
+msg = TkLabel.new(base_frame) {
   font $font
   wraplength '5i'
   justify 'left'
@@ -34,14 +38,14 @@ color = TkVariable.new
 align = TkVariable.new
 
 # frame 
-TkFrame.new($radio3_demo) {|frame|
+TkFrame.new(base_frame) {|frame|
   TkGrid(TkFrame.new(frame, :height=>2, :relief=>:sunken, :bd=>2), 
          :columnspan=>4, :row=>0, :sticky=>'ew', :pady=>2)
   TkGrid('x', 
          TkButton.new(frame, :text=>'�ѿ�����', 
                       :image=>$image['view'], :compound=>:left, 
                       :command=>proc{
-                        showVars($radio3_demo, ['size', size], 
+                        showVars(base_frame, ['size', size], 
                                  ['color', color], ['compound', align])
                       }), 
          TkButton.new(frame, :text=>'�����ɻ���', 
@@ -61,17 +65,17 @@ TkFrame.new($radio3_demo) {|frame|
 }
 
 # frame 
-f_left  = TkLabelFrame.new($radio3_demo, 'text'=>'ʸ��������', 
+f_left  = TkLabelFrame.new(base_frame, 'text'=>'ʸ��������', 
                            'pady'=>2, 'padx'=>2)
-f_mid   = TkLabelFrame.new($radio3_demo, 'text'=>'��', 
+f_mid   = TkLabelFrame.new(base_frame, 'text'=>'��', 
                            'pady'=>2, 'padx'=>2)
-f_right = TkLabelFrame.new($radio3_demo, 'text'=>'�ӥåȥޥå�����', 
+f_right = TkLabelFrame.new(base_frame, 'text'=>'�ӥåȥޥå�����', 
                            'pady'=>2, 'padx'=>2)
 f_left .grid('column'=>0, 'row'=>1, 'pady'=>'.5c', 'padx'=>'.5c', 'rowspan'=>2)
 f_mid  .grid('column'=>1, 'row'=>1, 'pady'=>'.5c', 'padx'=>'.5c', 'rowspan'=>2)
 f_right.grid('column'=>2, 'row'=>1, 'pady'=>'.5c', 'padx'=>'.5c')
 
-TkButton.new($radio3_demo, 'text'=>'�ȥ饤���ơ���', 
+TkButton.new(base_frame, 'text'=>'�ȥ饤���ơ���', 
              'command'=>proc{size.value = 'multi'; color.value = 'multi'}){
   grid('column'=>2, 'row'=>2, 'pady'=>'.5c', 'padx'=>'.5c')
 }
@@ -99,7 +103,8 @@ TkButton.new($radio3_demo, 'text'=>'�ȥ饤���ơ���',
   }.pack('side'=>'top', 'pady'=>2, 'fill'=>'x')
 }
 
-label = TkLabel.new(f_right, 'text'=>'��٥�', 'bitmap'=>'questhead', 
+# label = TkLabel.new(f_right, 'text'=>'��٥�', 'bitmap'=>'questhead', 
+label = Tk::Label.new(f_right, 'text'=>'��٥�', 'bitmap'=>'questhead', 
                     'compound'=>'left')
 label.configure('width'=>TkWinfo.reqwidth(label), 'compound'=>'top')
 label.height(TkWinfo.reqheight(label))
diff --git a/ext/tk/sample/demos-jp/rolodex-j b/ext/tk/sample/demos-jp/rolodex-j
index dcc18cfa51..6c3ea7a484 100644
--- a/ext/tk/sample/demos-jp/rolodex-j
+++ b/ext/tk/sample/demos-jp/rolodex-j
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env ruby
+# -*- coding: euc-jp -*-
 #
 # rolodex --
 # ���Υ�����ץȤ� Tom LaStrange �� rolodex �ΰ����Ǥ���
diff --git a/ext/tk/sample/demos-jp/ruler.rb b/ext/tk/sample/demos-jp/ruler.rb
index 94b4c921d3..d6bc9e76d1 100644
--- a/ext/tk/sample/demos-jp/ruler.rb
+++ b/ext/tk/sample/demos-jp/ruler.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+# -*- coding: euc-jp -*-
 #
 # ruler widget demo (called by 'widget')
 #
@@ -28,14 +29,16 @@ $ruler_demo = TkToplevel.new {|w|
   positionWindow(w)
 }
 
+base_frame = TkFrame.new($ruler_demo).pack(:fill=>:both, :expand=>true)
+
 # label ����
-TkLabel.new($ruler_demo, 'font'=>$font, 'wraplength'=>'5i', 'justify'=>'left', 
+TkLabel.new(base_frame, 'font'=>$font, 'wraplength'=>'5i', 'justify'=>'left', 
             'text'=>"���Υ����Х�widget�ϥ롼�顼���Ϸ��Ǥ����롼�顼�α��ˤ���Τϥ��֥��ȥåפΰ�ͤǡ������������ĥ�äƤ��뤳�Ȥˤ�äƥ��֥��ȥåפ��뤳�Ȥ��Ǥ��ޤ����ޤ������Ǥˤ��륿�֥��ȥåפ�ư�������Ȥ�Ǥ��ޤ������֥��ȥåפ�����ޤ��ϲ����ˤ������ɽ�������ޤǥɥ�å�����ȡ��ޥ����ܥ����Υ�������ˤ��Υ��֥��ȥåפϾä��ޤ���"){
   pack('side'=>'top')
 }
 
 # frame ����
-$ruler_buttons = TkFrame.new($ruler_demo) {|frame|
+$ruler_buttons = TkFrame.new(base_frame) {|frame|
   TkButton.new(frame) {
     #text 'λ��'
     text '�Ĥ���'
@@ -54,7 +57,7 @@ $ruler_buttons = TkFrame.new($ruler_demo) {|frame|
 $ruler_buttons.pack('side'=>'bottom', 'fill'=>'x', 'pady'=>'2m')
 
 # canvas ����
-$ruler_canvas = TkCanvas.new($ruler_demo, 'width'=>'14.8c', 'height'=>'2.5c')
+$ruler_canvas = TkCanvas.new(base_frame, 'width'=>'14.8c', 'height'=>'2.5c')
 $ruler_canvas.pack('side'=>'top', 'fill'=>'x')
 
 # ������
diff --git a/ext/tk/sample/demos-jp/sayings.rb b/ext/tk/sample/demos-jp/sayings.rb
index ce195a0e53..aa24b3a2ad 100644
--- a/ext/tk/sample/demos-jp/sayings.rb
+++ b/ext/tk/sample/demos-jp/sayings.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+# -*- coding: euc-jp -*-
 #
 # listbox widget demo 'sayings' (called by 'widget')
 #
@@ -15,8 +16,10 @@ $sayings_demo = TkToplevel.new {|w|
   positionWindow(w)
 }
 
+base_frame = TkFrame.new($sayings_demo).pack(:fill=>:both, :expand=>true)
+
 # label ����
-msg = TkLabel.new($sayings_demo) {
+msg = TkLabel.new(base_frame) {
   font $font
   wraplength '4i'
   justify 'left'
@@ -25,7 +28,7 @@ msg = TkLabel.new($sayings_demo) {
 msg.pack('side'=>'top')
 
 # frame ����
-TkFrame.new($sayings_demo) {|frame|
+TkFrame.new(base_frame) {|frame|
   TkButton.new(frame) {
     #text 'λ��'
     text '�Ĥ���'
@@ -45,7 +48,7 @@ TkFrame.new($sayings_demo) {|frame|
 
 # frame ����
 sayings_lbox = nil
-TkFrame.new($sayings_demo, 'borderwidth'=>10) {|w|
+TkFrame.new(base_frame, 'borderwidth'=>10) {|w|
   sv = TkScrollbar.new(w)
   sh = TkScrollbar.new(w, 'orient'=>'horizontal')
   sayings_lbox = TkListbox.new(w) {
diff --git a/ext/tk/sample/demos-jp/search.rb b/ext/tk/sample/demos-jp/search.rb
index f5268f987f..9838ff5d19 100644
--- a/ext/tk/sample/demos-jp/search.rb
+++ b/ext/tk/sample/demos-jp/search.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+# -*- coding: euc-jp -*-
 #
 # Text Search widget demo (called by 'widget')
 #
@@ -74,8 +75,10 @@ $search_demo = TkToplevel.new {|w|
   positionWindow(w)
 }
 
+base_frame = TkFrame.new($search_demo).pack(:fill=>:both, :expand=>true)
+
 # frame ����
-$search_buttons = TkFrame.new($search_demo) {|frame|
+$search_buttons = TkFrame.new(base_frame) {|frame|
   TkButton.new(frame) {
     #text 'λ��'
     text '�Ĥ���'
@@ -94,7 +97,7 @@ $search_buttons = TkFrame.new($search_demo) {|frame|
 $search_buttons.pack('side'=>'bottom', 'fill'=>'x', 'pady'=>'2m')
 
 # frame ����
-TkFrame.new($search_demo) {|f|
+TkFrame.new(base_frame) {|f|
   TkLabel.new(f, 'text'=>'�ե�����̾:', 
               'width'=>13, 'anchor'=>'w').pack('side'=>'left')
   $search_fileName = TkVariable.new
@@ -111,7 +114,7 @@ TkFrame.new($search_demo) {|f|
   .pack('side'=>'left', 'pady'=>5, 'padx'=>10)
 }.pack('side'=>'top', 'fill'=>'x')
 
-TkFrame.new($search_demo) {|f|
+TkFrame.new(base_frame) {|f|
   TkLabel.new(f, 'text'=>'����ʸ����:', 
               'width'=>13, 'anchor'=>'w').pack('side'=>'left')
   $search_searchString = TkVariable.new
@@ -129,9 +132,9 @@ TkFrame.new($search_demo) {|f|
   }
 }.pack('side'=>'top', 'fill'=>'x')
 
-$search_text = TkText.new($search_demo, 'setgrid'=>true) {|t|
+$search_text = TkText.new(base_frame, 'setgrid'=>true) {|t|
   $search_Tag = TkTextTag.new(t)
-  TkScrollbar.new($search_demo, 'command'=>proc{|*args| t.yview(*args)}) {|sc|
+  TkScrollbar.new(base_frame, 'command'=>proc{|*args| t.yview(*args)}) {|sc|
     t.yscrollcommand(proc{|first,last| sc.set first,last})
     pack('side'=>'right', 'fill'=>'y')
   }
@@ -168,9 +171,14 @@ $search_text.insert('1.0', "\
 ����ȥ��ʸ��������Ϥ���<�꥿����> �򲡤�����ȿž�ץܥ���򲡤��Ƥ� \
 ������������ȥե�������Ρ�����ʸ����Ȱ��פ�����ʬ������ \"search_Tag\" \
 �Ȥ����������Ĥ���졢������ɽ��°���Ȥ��Ƥ���ʸ�������Ǥ���褦�� \
-���ꤵ��ޤ���")
+���ꤵ��ޤ���\n")
+$search_text.insert('end', "\
+�ե������ɤ߹��ߤΥ����ȥǥ��쥯�ȥ�� \"#{Dir.pwd}\" �Ǥ���\
+")
 $search_text.set_insert '0.0'
 
 $search_fileName.value = ''
 $search_searchString.value = ''
 
+$search_text.width = 60
+$search_text.height = 20
diff --git a/ext/tk/sample/demos-jp/spin.rb b/ext/tk/sample/demos-jp/spin.rb
index c7b8096723..8d4e33cda0 100644
--- a/ext/tk/sample/demos-jp/spin.rb
+++ b/ext/tk/sample/demos-jp/spin.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# -*- coding: euc-jp -*-
+#
 # spin.rb --
 #
 # This demonstration script creates several spinbox widgets.
@@ -15,10 +17,12 @@ $spin_demo = TkToplevel.new {|w|
   positionWindow(w)
 }
 
-TkLabel.new($spin_demo, 
+base_frame = TkFrame.new($spin_demo).pack(:fill=>:both, :expand=>true)
+
+TkLabel.new(base_frame, 
             :font=>$font, :wraplength=>'5i', :justify=>:left, 
             :text=><<EOL).pack(:side=>:top)
-���ˤϣ�����Υ��ԥ�ܥå�����ɽ������Ƥ��ޤ���\
+���ˤϣ�����Υ��ԥ�ܥå�����ɽ������Ƥ��ޤ���
 ���줾�졢�ޥ��������򤷤�ʸ�������Ϥ��뤳�Ȥ��Ǥ��ޤ���
 �Խ����Ȥ��Ƥϡ�Emacs ������¿���˲ä��ơ�����Ū��
 Motif �����Υ��������ݡ��Ȥ���Ƥ��ޤ������Ȥ��С�
@@ -38,7 +42,7 @@ Backspace �� Control-h �Ȥ����ϥ�������κ�¦��ʸ����
 ���Ȥ߹�碌�ƻ�褦�ˤ��Ƥ���������
 EOL
 
-TkFrame.new($spin_demo){|f|
+TkFrame.new(base_frame){|f|
   pack(:side=>:bottom, :fill=>:x, :pady=>'2m')
 
   TkButton.new(f, :text=>'�Ĥ���', :width=>15, :command=>proc{
@@ -57,11 +61,11 @@ australianCities = [
 ]
 
 [
-  TkSpinbox.new($spin_demo, :from=>1, :to=>10, :width=>10, :validate=>:key, 
+  TkSpinbox.new(base_frame, :from=>1, :to=>10, :width=>10, :validate=>:key, 
                 :validatecommand=>[
                   proc{|s| s == '' || /^[+-]?\d+$/ =~ s }, '%P'
                 ]), 
-  TkSpinbox.new($spin_demo, :from=>0, :to=>3, :increment=>0.5, 
+  TkSpinbox.new(base_frame, :from=>0, :to=>3, :increment=>0.5, 
                 :format=>'%05.2f', :width=>10), 
-  TkSpinbox.new($spin_demo, :values=>australianCities, :width=>10)
+  TkSpinbox.new(base_frame, :values=>australianCities, :width=>10)
 ].each{|sbox| sbox.pack(:side=>:top, :pady=>5, :padx=>10)}
diff --git a/ext/tk/sample/demos-jp/states.rb b/ext/tk/sample/demos-jp/states.rb
index dfae821261..5e242b7c38 100644
--- a/ext/tk/sample/demos-jp/states.rb
+++ b/ext/tk/sample/demos-jp/states.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+# -*- coding: euc-jp -*-
 #
 # listbox widget demo 'states' (called by 'widget')
 #
@@ -15,8 +16,10 @@ $states_demo = TkToplevel.new {|w|
   positionWindow(w)
 }
 
+base_frame = TkFrame.new($states_demo).pack(:fill=>:both, :expand=>true)
+
 # label ����
-msg = TkLabel.new($states_demo) {
+msg = TkLabel.new(base_frame) {
   font $font
   wraplength '4i'
   justify 'left'
@@ -25,7 +28,7 @@ msg = TkLabel.new($states_demo) {
 msg.pack('side'=>'top')
 
 # frame ����
-TkFrame.new($states_demo) {|frame|
+TkFrame.new(base_frame) {|frame|
   TkButton.new(frame) {
     #text 'λ��'
     text '�Ĥ���'
@@ -45,7 +48,7 @@ TkFrame.new($states_demo) {|frame|
 
 # frame ����
 states_lbox = nil
-TkFrame.new($states_demo, 'borderwidth'=>'.5c') {|w|
+TkFrame.new(base_frame, 'borderwidth'=>'.5c') {|w|
   s = TkScrollbar.new(w)
   states_lbox = TkListbox.new(w) {
     setgrid 1
diff --git a/ext/tk/sample/demos-jp/style.rb b/ext/tk/sample/demos-jp/style.rb
index 59e406bc80..66b6de0251 100644
--- a/ext/tk/sample/demos-jp/style.rb
+++ b/ext/tk/sample/demos-jp/style.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+# -*- coding: euc-jp -*-
 #
 # text (display styles) widget demo (called by 'widget')
 #
@@ -8,6 +9,7 @@ if defined?($style_demo) && $style_demo
   $style_demo = nil
 end
 
+
 # demo �Ѥ� toplevel widget ������
 $style_demo = TkToplevel.new {|w|
   title("Text Demonstration - Display Styles")
@@ -15,8 +17,10 @@ $style_demo = TkToplevel.new {|w|
   positionWindow(w)
 }
 
+base_frame = TkFrame.new($style_demo).pack(:fill=>:both, :expand=>true)
+
 # frame ����
-TkFrame.new($style_demo) {|frame|
+TkFrame.new(base_frame) {|frame|
   TkButton.new(frame) {
     #text 'λ��'
     text '�Ĥ���'
@@ -33,14 +37,16 @@ TkFrame.new($style_demo) {|frame|
   }.pack('side'=>'left', 'expand'=>'yes')
 }.pack('side'=>'bottom', 'fill'=>'x', 'pady'=>'2m')
 
+
 # text ����
-TkText.new($style_demo){|t|
+txt = TkText.new(base_frame){|t|
   # ����
   setgrid 'true'
-  width  70
-  height 32
+  #width  70
+  #height 32
   wrap 'word'
-  TkScrollbar.new($style_demo) {|s|
+  font $font
+  TkScrollbar.new(base_frame) {|s|
     pack('side'=>'right', 'fill'=>'y')
     command proc{|*args| t.yview(*args)}
     t.yscrollcommand proc{|first,last| s.set first,last}
@@ -48,11 +54,20 @@ TkText.new($style_demo){|t|
   pack('expand'=>'yes', 'fill'=>'both')
 
   # �ƥ����ȥ������� (�ե���ȴ�Ϣ)
-  style_tag_bold = TkTextTag.new(t, 'font'=>'-*-Courier-Bold-O-Normal--*-120-*-*-*-*-*-*')
-  style_tag_big = TkTextTag.new(t, 'font'=>'-*-Courier-Bold-R-Normal--*-140-*-*-*-*-*-*', 'kanjifont'=>$msg_kanji_font)
+  family = 'Courier'
+
+  if $tk_version =~ /^4.*/
+    style_tag_bold = TkTextTag.new(t, 'font'=>'-*-Courier-Bold-O-Normal--*-120-*-*-*-*-*-*')
+    style_tag_big = TkTextTag.new(t, 'font'=>'-*-Courier-Bold-R-Normal--*-140-*-*-*-*-*-*', 'kanjifont'=>$msg_kanji_font)
     style_tag_verybig = TkTextTag.new(t, 'font'=>'-*-Helvetica-Bold-R-Normal--*-240-*-*-*-*-*-*')
-#    style_tag_small = TkTextTag.new(t, 'font'=>'-Adobe-Helvetica-Bold-R-Normal-*-100-*', 'kanjifont'=>$kanji_font)
+    # style_tag_small = TkTextTag.new(t, 'font'=>'-Adobe-Helvetica-Bold-R-Normal-*-100-*', 'kanjifont'=>$kanji_font)
     style_tag_small = TkTextTag.new(t, 'font'=>'-Adobe-Helvetica-Bold-R-Normal-*-100-*')
+  else
+    style_tag_bold = TkTextTag.new(t, 'font'=>[family, 12, :bold, :italic])
+    style_tag_big = TkTextTag.new(t, 'font'=>[family, 14, :bold])
+    style_tag_verybig = TkTextTag.new(t, 'font'=>['Helvetica', 24, :bold])
+    style_tag_small = TkTextTag.new(t, 'font'=>'Times 8 bold')
+  end
 ###
 #  case($tk_version)
 #  when /^4.*/
@@ -106,8 +121,13 @@ TkText.new($style_demo){|t|
   style_tag_overstrike = TkTextTag.new(t, 'overstrike'=>'on')
   style_tag_right  = TkTextTag.new(t, 'justify'=>'right')
   style_tag_center = TkTextTag.new(t, 'justify'=>'center')
-  style_tag_super = TkTextTag.new(t, 'offset'=>'4p', 'font'=>'-Adobe-Courier-Medium-R-Normal--*-100-*-*-*-*-*-*')
-  style_tag_sub = TkTextTag.new(t, 'offset'=>'-2p', 'font'=>'-Adobe-Courier-Medium-R-Normal--*-100-*-*-*-*-*-*')
+  if $tk_version =~ /^4.*/
+    style_tag_super = TkTextTag.new(t, 'offset'=>'4p', 'font'=>'-Adobe-Courier-Medium-R-Normal--*-100-*-*-*-*-*-*')
+    style_tag_sub = TkTextTag.new(t, 'offset'=>'-2p', 'font'=>'-Adobe-Courier-Medium-R-Normal--*-100-*-*-*-*-*-*')
+  else
+    style_tag_super = TkTextTag.new(t, 'offset'=>'4p', 'font'=>[family, 10])
+    style_tag_sub = TkTextTag.new(t, 'offset'=>'-2p', 'font'=>[family, 10])
+  end
   style_tag_margins = TkTextTag.new(t, 'lmargin1'=>'12m', 'lmargin2'=>'6m',
                                     'rmargin'=>'10m')
   style_tag_spacing = TkTextTag.new(t, 'spacing1'=>'10p', 'spacing2'=>'2p',
@@ -246,3 +266,5 @@ spacing3')
 
 }
 
+txt.width 70
+txt.height 32
diff --git a/ext/tk/sample/demos-jp/tcolor b/ext/tk/sample/demos-jp/tcolor
index c7f7ec7289..17f7e1347e 100644
--- a/ext/tk/sample/demos-jp/tcolor
+++ b/ext/tk/sample/demos-jp/tcolor
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env ruby
+# -*- coding: euc-jp -*-
 #
 # tcolor --
 # ���Υ�����ץȤ�RGB,HSB,CYM�����򥵥ݡ��Ȥ���
diff --git a/ext/tk/sample/demos-jp/text.rb b/ext/tk/sample/demos-jp/text.rb
index 0057d5dbdc..0ae480eb00 100644
--- a/ext/tk/sample/demos-jp/text.rb
+++ b/ext/tk/sample/demos-jp/text.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+# -*- coding: euc-jp -*-
 #
 # text (basic facilities) widget demo (called by 'widget')
 #
@@ -15,6 +16,8 @@ $text_demo = TkToplevel.new {|w|
   positionWindow(w)
 }
 
+base_frame = TkFrame.new($text_demo).pack(:fill=>:both, :expand=>true)
+
 # version check
 if ((Tk::TK_VERSION.split('.').collect{|n| n.to_i} <=> [8,4]) < 0)
   undo_support = false
@@ -23,7 +26,7 @@ else
 end
 
 # frame ����
-TkFrame.new($text_demo) {|frame|
+TkFrame.new(base_frame) {|frame|
   TkButton.new(frame) {
     #text 'λ��'
     text '�Ĥ���'
@@ -41,13 +44,13 @@ TkFrame.new($text_demo) {|frame|
 }.pack('side'=>'bottom', 'fill'=>'x', 'pady'=>'2m')
 
 # text ����
-TkText.new($text_demo){|t|
+TkText.new(base_frame){|t|
   # ����
   relief 'sunken'
   bd 2
   setgrid 1
   height 30
-  TkScrollbar.new($text_demo) {|s|
+  TkScrollbar.new(base_frame) {|s|
     pack('side'=>'right', 'fill'=>'y')
     command proc{|*args| t.yview(*args)}
     t.yscrollcommand proc{|first,last| s.set first,last}
diff --git a/ext/tk/sample/demos-jp/textpeer.rb b/ext/tk/sample/demos-jp/textpeer.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..4967a99c92
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ext/tk/sample/demos-jp/textpeer.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,82 @@
+# -*- coding: euc-jp -*-
+#
+# text widget peering demo (called by 'widget')
+#
+# based on Tcl/Tk8.5.0 widget demos
+
+if defined?($textpeer_demo) && $textpeer_demo
+  $textpeer_demo.destroy 
+  $textpeer_demo = nil
+end
+
+# demo toplevel widget
+$textpeer_demo = TkToplevel.new {|w|
+  title("Text Wdget Peering Demonstration")
+  iconname("textpeer")
+  positionWindow(w)
+}
+
+base_frame = TkFrame.new($textpeer_demo).pack(:fill=>:both, :expand=>true)
+
+count = [0]
+
+## Define a widget that we peer from; it won't ever actually be shown though
+first = TkText.new(base_frame, :widgetname=>"text#{count[0] += 1}")
+first.insert :end,"���Υǥ�ϰ�Ĥ��Ȥ��������ƥ����ȥ��������åȤ򼨤��ޤ���"
+first.insert :end,"�����Υƥ����ȥ��������åȤ�����(�ԥ�;peer)�δط���"
+first.insert :end,"�ʤäƤ��ޤ���"
+first.insert :end,"�����ϡ����פȤʤ�ǡ�����ǥ�϶��̤Τ�Τ�����ޤ�����"
+first.insert :end,"����ɽ�����֡��Խ����֡������ϰ�(selection)�ˤĤ��Ƥ�"
+first.insert :end,"��Ω�˻��Ĥ��Ȥ��Ǥ��ޤ���"
+first.insert :end,"�ƥƥ����ȥ��������åȤ��Ƥˤ���"
+first.insert :end,"�֥ԥ�(peer)�κ����ץܥ����Ȥ��С�"
+first.insert :end,"�����ʥԥ����ɲä��뤳�Ȥ���ǽ�Ǥ���"
+first.insert :end,"�ޤ��֥ԥ�(peer)�ξõ�ץܥ����Ȥ��С�"
+first.insert :end,"����Υԥ����������åȤ�õ�뤳�Ȥ�Ǥ��ޤ���"
+
+Tk.update_idletasks  ## for 'first' widget
+
+## Procedures to make and kill clones; most of this is just so that the demo
+## looks nice...
+def makeClone(count, win, txt)
+  cnt = (count[0] += 1)
+  peer = TkText::Peer.new(txt, win, :widgetname=>"text#{cnt}")
+  sbar = TkScrollbar.new(win, :widgetname=>"sb#{cnt}")
+  peer.yscrollbar sbar
+  b1 = TkButton.new(win, :widgetname=>"clone#{cnt}", 
+                    :text=>'�ԥ�(peer)�κ���', 
+                    :command=>proc{makeClone(count, win, peer)})
+  b2 = TkButton.new(win, :widgetname=>"kill#{cnt}", 
+                    :text=>'�ԥ�(peer)�ξõ�', 
+                    :command=>proc{killClone(win, cnt)})
+  row = cnt * 2
+  TkGrid.configure(peer, sbar, b1, :sticky=>'nsew', :row=>row)
+  TkGrid.configure('^',  '^',  b2, :sticky=>'nsew', :row=>(row+=1))
+  TkGrid.configure(b1,  b2, :sticky=>'new')
+  TkGrid.rowconfigure(win,  b2, :weight=>1)
+end
+
+def killClone(win, cnt)
+  Tk.destroy("#{win.path}.text#{cnt}",  "#{win.path}.sb#{cnt}", 
+             "#{win.path}.clone#{cnt}", "#{win.path}.kill#{cnt}")
+end
+
+## Now set up the GUI
+makeClone(count, base_frame, first)
+makeClone(count, base_frame, first)
+first.destroy
+
+## See Code / Dismiss buttons
+TkFrame.new(base_frame){|f|
+  TkButton.new(f, :text=>'�Ĥ���', :width=>15, :command=>proc{
+                 $textpeer_demo.destroy
+                 $textpeer_demo = nil
+               }).pack(:side=>:left, :expand=>true)
+
+  TkButton.new(f, :text=>'�����ɻ���', :width=>15, :command=>proc{
+                 showCode 'textpeer'
+               }).pack(:side=>:left, :expand=>true)
+
+  TkGrid.configure(f, '-', '-', :sticky=>'ew', :row=>5000)
+}
+TkGrid.columnconfigure(base_frame, 0, :weight=>1)
diff --git a/ext/tk/sample/demos-jp/toolbar.rb b/ext/tk/sample/demos-jp/toolbar.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..9cb3834c34
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ext/tk/sample/demos-jp/toolbar.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,136 @@
+# -*- coding: euc-jp -*-
+#
+# toolbar.rb --
+#
+# This demonstration script creates a toolbar that can be torn off.
+#
+# based on "Id: toolbar.tcl,v 1.3 2007/12/13 15:27:07 dgp Exp"
+
+if defined?($toolbar_demo) && $toolbar_demo
+  $toolbar_demo.destroy 
+  $toolbar_demo = nil
+end
+
+$toolbar_demo = TkToplevel.new {|w|
+  title("Ttk Menu Buttons")
+  iconname("toolbar")
+  positionWindow(w)
+}
+
+base_frame = Ttk::Frame.new($toolbar_demo).pack(:fill=>:both, :expand=>true)
+
+if Tk.windowingsystem != 'aqua'
+  msg = Ttk::Label.new(base_frame, :wraplength=>'4i', :text=><<EOL)
+���Υǥ�Ǥϡ��ġ���С���ɤΤ褦�ˤ���Ŭ�ڤ˥ơ����б������뤫��\
+�ޤ����ɤΤ褦�ˤ����ڤ�Υ����ǽ�ˤ��뤫�򼨤��Ƥ��ޤ�\
+�ʤ��������ġ���С����ڤ�Υ���ˤ�Tcl/Tk8.5�ʾ�ε�ǽ��ɬ�פǤ��ˡ�\
+�ġ���С��Υܥ���ϡ�'Toolbutton'�����������Ѥ���褦���������뤳�Ȥǡ�\
+"toolbar style"�ܥ���Ȥʤ�褦��°�����ꤵ��Ƥ��ޤ���\
+�ġ���С��κ�ü�ˤϴ�ñ�ʥޡ��������֤���Ƥ��ޤ���\
+�ޡ�������˥ޥ����������뤬���Ȱ�ư��������˥������뤬�Ѳ����ޤ���\
+�����ǥġ���С���ư�����褦�˥ɥ�å�����ȡ�\
+�ġ���С����Τ��ڤ�Υ������Ω�����ȥåץ�٥륦�������åȤ�\
+���뤳�Ȥ��Ǥ��ޤ���\
+�ڤ�Υ�����ġ���С������פȤʤä����ˤϡ�\
+����Ū�ʥȥåץ�٥륦�������åȤ�Ʊ�ͤ�ñ����Ĥ��뤳�Ȥǡ�
+�ƤӸ��Υ�����ɥ���ĥ���դ�����Ǥ��礦��
+EOL
+else
+  msg = Ttk::Label.new(base_frame, :wraplength=>'4i', :text=><<EOL)
+���Υǥ�Ǥϡ��ġ���С���ɤΤ褦�ˤ���Ŭ�ڤ˥ơ����б������뤫��\
+�����Ƥ��ޤ���\
+�ġ���С��Υܥ���ϡ�'Toolbutton'�����������Ѥ���褦���������뤳�Ȥǡ�\
+"toolbar style"�ܥ���Ȥʤ�褦��°�����ꤵ��Ƥ��ޤ���
+EOL
+end
+
+## Set up the toolbar hull
+tbar_base = Tk::Frame.new(base_frame,  # Tk ɸ��� frame �Ǥʤ���Фʤ�ޤ���
+                          :widgetname=>'toolbar') # ������ɥ������ȥ�ʸ����Ȥ��뤿��ˡ����������å�̾���������Ƥ��ޤ���
+sep = Ttk::Separator.new(base_frame)
+to_base = Ttk::Frame.new(tbar_base, :cursor=>'fleur')
+if Tk.windowingsystem != 'aqua'
+  to  = Ttk::Separator.new(to_base, :orient=>:vertical)
+  to2 = Ttk::Separator.new(to_base, :orient=>:vertical)
+  to.pack(:fill=>:y, :expand=>true, :padx=>2, :side=>:left)
+  to2.pack(:fill=>:y, :expand=>true, :side=>:left)
+end
+
+contents = Ttk::Frame.new(tbar_base)
+Tk.grid(to_base, contents, :sticky=>'nsew')
+tbar_base.grid_columnconfigure(contents, :weight=>1)
+contents.grid_columnconfigure(1000, :weight=>1)
+
+if Tk.windowingsystem != 'aqua'
+  ## Bindings so that the toolbar can be torn off and reattached
+  to_base.bind('B1-Motion', '%X %Y'){|x, y| tbar_base.tearoff(to_base, x, y)}
+  to.     bind('B1-Motion', '%X %Y'){|x, y| tbar_base.tearoff(to_base, x, y)}
+  to2.    bind('B1-Motion', '%X %Y'){|x, y| tbar_base.tearoff(to_base, x, y)}
+  def tbar_base.tearoff(w, x, y)
+    on_win = TkWinfo.containing(x, y)
+    return unless (on_win && on_win.path =~ /^#{@path}(\.|$)/)
+    self.grid_remove
+    w.grid_remove
+    self.wm_manage
+    # self.wm_title('Toolbar') # �⤷���������å�̾�򥦥���ɥ������ȥ�ˤ������ʤ��ʤ顤���������ꤷ�Ƥ�������
+    self.wm_protocol('WM_DELETE_WINDOW'){ self.untearoff(self) }
+  end
+  def tbar_base.untearoff(w)
+    self.wm_forget
+    w.grid
+    self.grid
+  end
+end
+
+## Some content for the rest of the toplevel
+text = TkText.new(base_frame, :width=>40, :height=>10)
+
+## Toolbar contents
+tb_btn = Ttk::Button.new(tbar_base, :text=>'�ܥ���', :style=>'Toolbutton', 
+                         :command=>proc{
+                           text.insert(:end, "�ܥ��󤬲�����ޤ�����\n")
+                         })
+tb_chk = Ttk::Checkbutton.new(tbar_base, :text=>'�����å��ܥ���', 
+                              :style=>'Toolbutton', 
+                              :variable=>(check = TkVariable.new), 
+                              :command=>proc{
+                                text.insert(:end, "�����å��ܥ�����ͤ�#{check.value}�Ǥ���\n")
+                              })
+tb_mbtn = Ttk::Menubutton.new(tbar_base, :text=>'��˥塼')
+tb_combo = Ttk::Combobox.new(tbar_base, :value=>TkFont.families, 
+                             :state=>:readonly)
+tb_mbtn.menu(menu = Tk::Menu.new(tb_mbtn))
+menu.add(:command, :label=>'Just', :command=>proc{text.insert(:end, "Just\n")})
+menu.add(:command, :label=>'An', :command=>proc{text.insert(:end, "An\n")})
+menu.add(:command, :label=>'Example', 
+         :command=>proc{text.insert(:end, "Example\n")})
+tb_combo.bind('<ComboboxSelected>'){ text.font.family = tb_combo.get }
+
+## Arrange contents
+Tk.grid(tb_btn, tb_chk, tb_mbtn, tb_combo, 
+        :in=>contents, :padx=>2, :sticky=>'ns')
+Tk.grid(tbar_base, :sticky=>'ew')
+Tk.grid(sep, :sticky=>'ew')
+Tk.grid(msg, :sticky=>'ew')
+Tk.grid(text, :sticky=>'nsew')
+base_frame.grid_rowconfigure(text, :weight=>1)
+base_frame.grid_columnconfigure(text, :weight=>1)
+
+## See Code / Dismiss buttons
+Ttk::Frame.new(base_frame) {|frame|
+  sep = Ttk::Separator.new(frame)
+  Tk.grid(sep, :columnspan=>4, :row=>0, :sticky=>'ew', :pady=>2)
+  TkGrid('x', 
+         Ttk::Button.new(frame, :text=>'�����ɻ���', 
+                         :image=>$image['view'], :compound=>:left, 
+                         :command=>proc{showCode 'toolbar'}), 
+         Ttk::Button.new(frame, :text=>'�Ĥ���', 
+                         :image=>$image['delete'], :compound=>:left, 
+                         :command=>proc{
+                           $toolbar_demo.destroy
+                           $toolbar_demo = nil
+                         }), 
+         :padx=>4, :pady=>4)
+  grid_columnconfigure(0, :weight=>1)
+  Tk.grid(frame, :sticky=>'ew')
+}
diff --git a/ext/tk/sample/demos-jp/tree.rb b/ext/tk/sample/demos-jp/tree.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..c3b4191144
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ext/tk/sample/demos-jp/tree.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,120 @@
+# -*- coding: euc-jp -*-
+#
+# tree.rb --
+#
+# This demonstration script creates a toplevel window containing a Ttk
+# tree widget.
+#
+# based on "Id: tree.tcl,v 1.4 2007/12/13 15:27:07 dgp Exp"
+
+if defined?($tree_demo) && $tree_demo
+  $tree_demo.destroy 
+  $tree_demo = nil
+end
+
+$tree_demo = TkToplevel.new {|w|
+  title("Directory Browser")
+  iconname("tree")
+  positionWindow(w)
+}
+
+base_frame = TkFrame.new($tree_demo).pack(:fill=>:both, :expand=>true)
+
+## Explanatory text
+Ttk::Label.new(base_frame, :font=>$font, :wraplength=>'4i', 
+               :justify=>:left, :anchor=>'n', :padding=>[10, 2, 10, 6], 
+               :text=><<EOL).pack(:fill=>:x)
+Ttk�Ȥϡ��ơ��޻����ǽ�ʿ��������������åȽ���Ǥ���\
+���Υ���ץ�ϡ��ե����륷���ƥ�Τ褦�ʳ���Ū�ʥǡ��������\
+���ȤǤ���褦�ˤ���Ttk::Treeview���������åȤ�ޤ�Ǥ��ޤ���\
+Ttk::Treeview���������åȤϡ��ڹ�¤���Τ�ɽ�����ǽ�ˤ�������Ǥʤ���\
+�ɲþ���(���Υ���ץ�ξ��ϥե����륵����)��ɽ�����뤿���\
+Ǥ�դθĿ����ɲå����ⰷ�����Ȥ�Ǥ��ޤ���\
+�ޤ��������Υ����ȥ�֤ζ��ڤ���ʬ��ɥ�å����뤳�Ȥǡ�\
+�����������ѹ����뤳�Ȥ��ǽ�Ǥ���
+EOL
+
+## See Code / Dismiss
+Ttk::Frame.new(base_frame) {|frame|
+  sep = Ttk::Separator.new(frame)
+  Tk.grid(sep, :columnspan=>4, :row=>0, :sticky=>'ew', :pady=>2)
+  TkGrid('x', 
+         Ttk::Button.new(frame, :text=>'�����ɻ���', 
+                         :image=>$image['view'], :compound=>:left, 
+                         :command=>proc{showCode 'tree'}), 
+         Ttk::Button.new(frame, :text=>'�Ĥ���', 
+                         :image=>$image['delete'], :compound=>:left, 
+                         :command=>proc{
+                           $tree_demo.destroy
+                           $tree_demo = nil
+                         }), 
+         :padx=>4, :pady=>4)
+  grid_columnconfigure(0, :weight=>1)
+  pack(:side=>:bottom, :fill=>:x)
+}
+
+## Code to populate the roots of the tree (can be more than one on Windows)
+def populate_roots(tree)
+  TkComm.simplelist(Tk.tk_call('file', 'volumes')).sort.each{|dir|
+    populate_tree(tree, tree.insert(nil, :end, :text=>dir, 
+                                    :values=>[dir, 'directory']))
+  }
+end
+
+## Code to populate a node of the tree
+def populate_tree(tree, node)
+  return if tree.get(node, :type) != 'directory'
+
+  path = tree.get(node, :fullpath)
+  tree.delete(tree.children(node))
+  Dir.glob("#{path}/*").sort.each{|f|
+    type = File.ftype(f)
+    id = tree.insert(node, :end, 
+                     :text=>File.basename(f), :values=>[f, type]).id
+    if type == 'directory'
+      ## Make it so that this node is openable
+      tree.insert(id, 0, :text=>'dummy')
+      tree.itemconfigure(id, :text=>File.basename(f))
+    elsif type == 'file'
+      size = File.size(f)
+      if size >= 1024*1024*1024
+        size = '%.1f GB' % (size.to_f/1024/1024/1024)
+      elsif size >= 1024*1024
+        size = '%.1f MB' % (size.to_f/1024/1024)
+      elsif size >= 1024
+        size = '%.1f KB' % (size.to_f/1024)
+      else
+        size = '%.1f bytes' % (size.to_f/1024)
+      end
+      tree.set(id, :size, size)
+    end
+  }
+
+  # Stop this code from rerunning on the current node
+  tree.set(node, :type, 'processed_directory')
+end
+
+## Create the tree and set it up
+tree = Ttk::Treeview.new(base_frame, :columns=>%w(fullpath type size), 
+                         :displaycolumns=>['size'])
+if Tk.windowingsystem != 'aqua'
+  vsb = tree.yscrollbar(Ttk::Scrollbar.new(base_frame))
+  hsb = tree.xscrollbar(Ttk::Scrollbar.new(base_frame))
+else
+  vsb = tree.yscrollbar(Tk::Scrollbar.new(base_frame))
+  hsb = tree.xscrollbar(Tk::Scrollbar.new(base_frame))
+end
+
+tree.heading_configure('#0', :text=>'Directory Structure')
+tree.heading_configure('size', :text=>'File Size')
+tree.column_configure('size', :stretch=>0, :width=>70)
+populate_roots(tree)
+tree.bind('<TreeviewOpen>', '%W'){|w| populate_tree(w, w.focus_item)}
+
+## Arrange the tree and its scrollbars in the toplevel
+container = Ttk::Frame.new(base_frame).pack(:fill=>:both, :expand=>true)
+container.lower
+Tk.grid(tree, vsb, :in=>container, :sticky=>'nsew')
+Tk.grid(hsb,       :in=>container, :sticky=>'nsew')
+container.grid_columnconfigure(0, :weight=>1)
+container.grid_rowconfigure(0, :weight=>1)
diff --git a/ext/tk/sample/demos-jp/ttkbut.rb b/ext/tk/sample/demos-jp/ttkbut.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..4d577120bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ext/tk/sample/demos-jp/ttkbut.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,145 @@
+# -*- coding: euc-jp -*-
+#
+# ttkbut.rb
+#
+# This demonstration script creates a toplevel window containing several
+# simple Ttk widgets, such as labels, labelframes, buttons, checkbuttons and
+# radiobuttons.
+#
+# based on "Id: ttkbut.tcl,v 1.4 2007/12/13 15:27:07 dgp Exp"
+
+if defined?($ttkbut_demo) && $ttkbut_demo
+  $ttkbut_demo.destroy 
+  $ttkbut_demo = nil
+end
+
+$ttkbut_demo = TkToplevel.new {|w|
+  title("Simple Ttk Widgets")
+  iconname("ttkbut")
+  positionWindow(w)
+}
+
+base_frame = TkFrame.new($ttkbut_demo).pack(:fill=>:both, :expand=>true)
+
+Ttk::Label.new(base_frame, :font=>$font, :wraplength=>'4i', :justify=>:left, 
+               :text=><<EOL).pack(:side=>:top, :fill=>:x)
+Ttk�Ȥϡ��ơ��޻����ǽ�ʿ��������������åȽ���Ǥ���\
+�������ʤ����ܤˤ��Ƥ���Τ�Ttk�Υơ��޲���٥�ǡ�\
+���ˤ�Ttk�Υ�٥�ե졼�����˻��ĤΥ��롼�פ�Ttk���������åȤ�\
+ɽ������Ƥ��ޤ���
+�ǽ�Υ��롼�פ����ƥܥ���Ǥ��ꡤ\
+���줾�쥯��å�����и��ߤΥ��ץꥱ�������Υơ��ޤ����ꤵ��ޤ���
+�����ܤΥ��롼�פϻ��ĤΥ����å��ܥ��󽸹�Ǥ���\
+�ƽ���δ֤ˤϡ����ѥ졼�����������åȤ��֤���Ƥ��ޤ���\
+�ʤ���ͭ�����ץܥ���ϡ����Υȥåץ�٥륦�������å����\
+¾�Τ��٤ƤΥơ��޲����������åȤξ���(state)��"disabled"���ɤ�����\
+����ȥ����뤹�뤳�Ȥ����դ��Ƥ���������
+�����ܤΥ��롼�פϴ�Ϣ�դ���줿�饸���ܥ��󽸹�ȤʤäƤ��ޤ���
+EOL
+
+## Add buttons for setting the theme
+buttons = Ttk::Labelframe.new(base_frame, :text=>'�ܥ���')
+# Ttk::Style.theme_names.each{|theme|
+#   Ttk::Button.new(buttons, :text=>theme, 
+#                   :command=>proc{Ttk::Style.theme_use theme}).pack(:pady=>2)
+# }
+Ttk.themes.each{|theme|
+  Ttk::Button.new(buttons, :text=>theme, 
+                  :command=>proc{Ttk.set_theme theme}).pack(:pady=>2)
+}
+
+## Helper procedure for the top checkbutton
+def setState(root, value, *excepts)
+  return if excepts.member?(root)
+
+  ## Non-Ttk widgets (e.g. the toplevel) will fail, so make it silent
+  begin
+    root.state = value
+  rescue
+  end
+
+  ## Recursively invoke on all children of this root that are in the same
+  ## toplevel widget
+  root.winfo_children.each{|w|
+    setState(w, value, *excepts) if w.winfo_toplevel == root.winfo_toplevel
+  }
+end
+
+## Set up the checkbutton group
+checks = Ttk::Labelframe.new(base_frame, :text=>'�����å��ܥ���')
+enabled = TkVariable.new(true)
+e = Ttk::Checkbutton.new(checks, :text=>'ͭ����', :variable=>enabled, 
+                         :command=>proc{
+                           setState($ttkbut_demo, 
+                                    ((enabled.bool)? "!disabled" : "disabled"),
+                                    e)
+                         })
+
+## See ttk_widget(n) for other possible state flags
+sep1 = Ttk::Separator.new(checks)
+sep2 = Ttk::Separator.new(checks)
+
+cheese  = TkVariable.new
+tomato  = TkVariable.new
+basil   = TkVariable.new
+oregano = TkVariable.new
+
+c1 = Ttk::Checkbutton.new(checks, :text=>'������',   :variable=>cheese)
+c2 = Ttk::Checkbutton.new(checks, :text=>'�ȥޥ�',   :variable=>tomato)
+c3 = Ttk::Checkbutton.new(checks, :text=>'�Х���',   :variable=>basil)
+c4 = Ttk::Checkbutton.new(checks, :text=>'���쥬��', :variable=>oregano)
+
+Tk.pack(e, sep1, c1, c2, sep2, c3, c4, :fill=>:x, :pady=>2)
+
+## Set up the radiobutton group
+radios = Ttk::Labelframe.new(base_frame, :text=>'�饸���ܥ���')
+
+happyness = TkVariable.new
+
+r1 = Ttk::Radiobutton.new(radios, :variable=>happyness, 
+                          :text=>'Great', :value=>'great')
+r2 = Ttk::Radiobutton.new(radios, :variable=>happyness, 
+                          :text=>'Good', :value=>'good')
+r3 = Ttk::Radiobutton.new(radios, :variable=>happyness, 
+                          :text=>'Ok', :value=>'ok')
+r4 = Ttk::Radiobutton.new(radios, :variable=>happyness, 
+                          :text=>'Poor', :value=>'poor')
+r5 = Ttk::Radiobutton.new(radios, :variable=>happyness, 
+                          :text=>'Awful', :value=>'awful')
+
+Tk.pack(r1, r2, r3, r4, r5, :fill=>:x, :padx=>3, :pady=>2)
+
+## See Code / Dismiss
+Ttk::Frame.new(base_frame) {|frame|
+  sep = Ttk::Separator.new(frame)
+  Tk.grid(sep, :columnspan=>4, :row=>0, :sticky=>'ew', :pady=>2)
+  TkGrid('x', 
+         Ttk::Button.new(frame, :text=>'�ѿ�����', 
+                         :image=>$image['view'], :compound=>:left, 
+                         :command=>proc{
+                           showVars(base_frame, ['ͭ����', enabled], 
+                                    ['������', cheese], ['�ȥޥ�', tomato], 
+                                    ['�Х���', basil], ['���쥬��', oregano], 
+                                    ['��ʡ��', happyness])
+                         }), 
+         Ttk::Button.new(frame, :text=>'�����ɻ���', 
+                         :image=>$image['view'], :compound=>:left, 
+                         :command=>proc{showCode 'ttkbut'}), 
+         Ttk::Button.new(frame, :text=>'�Ĥ���', 
+                         :image=>$image['delete'], :compound=>:left, 
+                         :command=>proc{
+                           tmppath = $ttkbut_demo
+                           $ttkbut_demo = nil
+                           $showVarsWin[tmppath.path] = nil
+                           tmppath.destroy
+                         }), 
+         :padx=>4, :pady=>4)
+  grid_columnconfigure(0, :weight=>1)
+  pack(:side=>:bottom, :fill=>:x, :expand=>true)
+}
+
+## Arrange things neatly
+f = Ttk::Frame.new(base_frame).pack(:fill=>:both, :expand=>true)
+f.lower
+Tk.grid(buttons, checks, radios, :in=>f, :sticky=>'nwe', :pady=>2, :padx=>3)
+f.grid_columnconfigure([0, 1, 2], :weight=>1, :uniform=>:yes)
diff --git a/ext/tk/sample/demos-jp/ttkmenu.rb b/ext/tk/sample/demos-jp/ttkmenu.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d349b42d11
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ext/tk/sample/demos-jp/ttkmenu.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,91 @@
+# -*- coding: euc-jp -*-
+#
+# ttkmenu.rb --
+#
+# This demonstration script creates a toplevel window containing several Ttk
+# menubutton widgets.
+#
+# based on "Id: ttkmenu.tcl,v 1.3 2007/12/13 15:27:07 dgp Exp"
+
+if defined?($ttkmenu_demo) && $ttkmenu_demo
+  $ttkmenu_demo.destroy 
+  $ttkmenu_demo = nil
+end
+
+$ttkmenu_demo = TkToplevel.new {|w|
+  title("Ttk Menu Buttons")
+  iconname("ttkmenu")
+  positionWindow(w)
+}
+
+base_frame = Ttk::Frame.new($ttkmenu_demo).pack(:fill=>:both, :expand=>true)
+
+Ttk::Label.new(base_frame, :font=>$font, :wraplength=>'4i', :justify=>:left, 
+               :text=><<EOL).pack(:side=>:top, :fill=>:x)
+Ttk�Ȥϡ��ơ��޻����ǽ�ʿ��������������åȽ���Ǥ���\
+����ˤ��ơ��ޤ��б����뤳�Ȥ��Ǥ���褦�ˤʤä����������åȤΤҤȤĤ�\
+��˥塼�ܥ��󤬤���ޤ���\
+�ʲ��Ǥϡ��ơ��ޤ��б�������˥塼�ܥ��󤬤����Ĥ�ɽ������Ƥ��ޤ���\
+������Ȥäơ����߻�����Υơ��ޤ��ѹ����뤳�Ȥ���ǽ�Ǥ���\
+�ơ��ޤ����򤬥�˥塼�ܥ��󼫿Ȥθ��ݤ����Ѳ��������ͻҤ䡤\
+����Υ�˥塼�ܥ���������ۤʤ륹������\
+(�ġ���С��Ǥΰ���Ū��ɽ����Ŭ�������)��ɽ������Ƥ����ͻҤ�\
+���ܤ��Ƥ���������\
+�ʤ�����˥塼�ܥ���ˤĤ��Ƥϥơ��ޤ��б��������������åȤ�����ޤ�����\
+��˥塼�ˤĤ��Ƥϥơ��ޤ��б��������������åȤϴޤޤ�Ƥ��ޤ���\
+������ͳ�ϡ�ɸ���Tk�Υ�˥塼���������åȤ�\
+���٤ƤΥץ�åȥۡ���ǽ�ʬ���ɹ��ʸ��ݤ������������äƤ��롤\
+�äˡ�¿���δĶ��Ǥ��δĶ����������ηϤȤʤ�褦�˼�������Ƥ����\
+Ƚ�Ǥ��줿���Ȥˤ��ޤ���
+EOL
+
+Ttk::Separator.new(base_frame).pack(:side=>:top, :fill=>:x)
+
+## See Code / Dismiss
+Ttk::Frame.new($ttkmenu_demo) {|frame|
+  sep = Ttk::Separator.new(frame)
+  Tk.grid(sep, :columnspan=>4, :row=>0, :sticky=>'ew', :pady=>2)
+  TkGrid('x', 
+         Ttk::Button.new(frame, :text=>'�����ɻ���', 
+                         :image=>$image['view'], :compound=>:left, 
+                         :command=>proc{showCode 'ttkmenu'}), 
+         Ttk::Button.new(frame, :text=>'�Ĥ���', 
+                         :image=>$image['delete'], :compound=>:left, 
+                         :command=>proc{
+                           $ttkmenu_demo.destroy
+                           $ttkmenu_demo = nil
+                         }), 
+         :padx=>4, :pady=>4)
+  grid_columnconfigure(0, :weight=>1)
+  pack(:side=>:bottom, :fill=>:x)
+}
+
+b1 = Ttk::Menubutton.new(base_frame,:text=>'�ơ��ޤ�����',:direction=>:above)
+b2 = Ttk::Menubutton.new(base_frame,:text=>'�ơ��ޤ�����',:direction=>:left)
+b3 = Ttk::Menubutton.new(base_frame,:text=>'�ơ��ޤ�����',:direction=>:right)
+b4 = Ttk::Menubutton.new(base_frame,:text=>'�ơ��ޤ�����',:direction=>:flush,
+                         :style=>Ttk::Menubutton.style('Toolbutton'))
+b5 = Ttk::Menubutton.new(base_frame,:text=>'�ơ��ޤ�����',:direction=>:below)
+
+b1.menu(m1 = Tk::Menu.new(b1, :tearoff=>false))
+b2.menu(m2 = Tk::Menu.new(b2, :tearoff=>false))
+b3.menu(m3 = Tk::Menu.new(b3, :tearoff=>false))
+b4.menu(m4 = Tk::Menu.new(b4, :tearoff=>false))
+b5.menu(m5 = Tk::Menu.new(b5, :tearoff=>false))
+
+Ttk.themes.each{|theme|
+  m1.add(:command, :label=>theme, :command=>proc{Ttk.set_theme theme})
+  m2.add(:command, :label=>theme, :command=>proc{Ttk.set_theme theme})
+  m3.add(:command, :label=>theme, :command=>proc{Ttk.set_theme theme})
+  m4.add(:command, :label=>theme, :command=>proc{Ttk.set_theme theme})
+  m5.add(:command, :label=>theme, :command=>proc{Ttk.set_theme theme})
+}
+
+f = Ttk::Frame.new(base_frame).pack(:fill=>:x)
+f1 = Ttk::Frame.new(base_frame).pack(:fill=>:both, :expand=>true)
+f.lower
+
+f.grid_anchor(:center)
+TkGrid('x', b1, 'x', :in=>f, :padx=>3, :pady=>2)
+TkGrid(b2,  b4, b3,  :in=>f, :padx=>3, :pady=>2)
+TkGrid('x', b5, 'x', :in=>f, :padx=>3, :pady=>2)
diff --git a/ext/tk/sample/demos-jp/ttknote.rb b/ext/tk/sample/demos-jp/ttknote.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..09cc7960a3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ext/tk/sample/demos-jp/ttknote.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,97 @@
+# -*- coding: euc-jp -*-
+#
+# ttknote.rb --
+#
+# This demonstration script creates a toplevel window containing a Ttk
+# notebook widget.
+#
+# based on "Id: ttknote.tcl,v 1.5 2007/12/13 15:27:07 dgp Exp"
+
+if defined?($ttknote_demo) && $ttknote_demo
+  $ttknote_demo.destroy 
+  $ttknote_demo = nil
+end
+
+$ttknote_demo = TkToplevel.new {|w|
+  title("Ttk Notebook Widget")
+  iconname("ttknote")
+  positionWindow(w)
+}
+
+## See Code / Dismiss
+Ttk::Frame.new($ttknote_demo) {|frame|
+  sep = Ttk::Separator.new(frame)
+  Tk.grid(sep, :columnspan=>4, :row=>0, :sticky=>'ew', :pady=>2)
+  TkGrid('x', 
+         Ttk::Button.new(frame, :text=>'�����ɻ���', 
+                         :image=>$image['view'], :compound=>:left, 
+                         :command=>proc{showCode 'ttknote'}), 
+         Ttk::Button.new(frame, :text=>'�Ĥ���', 
+                         :image=>$image['delete'], :compound=>:left, 
+                         :command=>proc{
+                           $ttknote_demo.destroy
+                           $ttknote_demo = nil
+                         }), 
+         :padx=>4, :pady=>4)
+  grid_columnconfigure(0, :weight=>1)
+  pack(:side=>:bottom, :fill=>:x)
+}
+
+base_frame = Ttk::Frame.new($ttknote_demo).pack(:fill=>:both, :expand=>true)
+
+## Make the notebook and set up Ctrl+Tab traversal
+notebook = Ttk::Notebook.new(base_frame).pack(:fill=>:both, :expand=>true, 
+                                              :padx=>2, :pady=>3)
+notebook.enable_traversal
+
+## Popuplate the first pane
+f_msg = Ttk::Frame.new(notebook)
+msg_m = Ttk::Label.new(f_msg, :font=>$font, :wraplength=>'5i', 
+                       :justify=>:left, :anchor=>'n', :text=><<EOL)
+Ttk�Ȥϡ��ơ��޻����ǽ�ʿ��������������åȽ���Ǥ���\
+������˴ޤޤ�륦�������åȤΤҤȤĤ˥Ρ��ȥ֥å����������åȤ�����ޤ���\
+�Ρ��ȥ֥å����������åȤϡ�\
+���̤����Ƥ���ä��ѥͥ뤫���������ǽ�ˤ���褦��\
+���֤ν���ʥ��֥��åȡˤ����ޤ���\
+���֥��åȤϺǶ��¿���Υ桼�����󥿡��ե������Ǹ����뵡ǽ�Ǥ���\
+���֤�����ϡ��ޥ����ˤ������Ǥʤ���\
+�Ρ��ȥ֥å����������åȤΥڡ����θ��Ф������򤵤�Ƥ�����Ǥ����\
+Ctrl+Tab���������Ϥˤ�äƤ�Ԥ����Ȥ��Ǥ��ޤ���\
+���Υǥ�Ǥϡ����Ф��ǲ����դ���ʸ���Υ�����Alt�����Ȥ��Ȥ߹�碌�뤳�Ȥ�\
+�ڡ��������򤹤뤳�Ȥ��Ǥ���褦�ˤ����ꤷ�Ƥ��ޤ���\
+�������������ܤΥ��֤�̵�������������Ǥ��ʤ��褦�ˤʤäƤ��뤳�Ȥˤ�\
+���դ��Ƥ���������
+EOL
+neat = TkVariable.new
+after_id = nil
+msg_b = Ttk::Button.new(f_msg, :text=>'���Ƥ�����(Neat!)', :underline=>6, 
+                        :command=>proc{
+                          neat.value = '���������ΤȤ��ꤵ������'
+                          Tk.after_cancel(after_id) if after_id
+                          after_id = Tk.after(500){neat.value = ''}
+                        })
+msg_b.winfo_toplevel.bind('Alt-n'){ msg_b.focus; msg_b.invoke }
+msg_l = Ttk::Label.new(f_msg, :textvariable=>neat)
+notebook.add(f_msg, :text=>'����(Description)', :underline=>3, :padding=>2)
+Tk.grid(msg_m, '-', :sticky=>'new', :pady=>2)
+Tk.grid(msg_b, msg_l, :pady=>[2, 4], :padx=>20)
+msg_b.grid_configure(:sticky=>'e')
+msg_l.grid_configure(:sticky=>'w')
+f_msg.grid_rowconfigure(1, :weight=>1)
+f_msg.grid_columnconfigure([0, 1], :weight=>1, :uniform=>1)
+
+## Populate the second pane. Note that the content doesn't really matter
+f_disabled = Ttk::Frame.new(notebook)
+notebook.add(f_disabled, :text=>'̵�������줿����', :state=>:disabled)
+
+## Popuplate the third pane
+f_editor = Ttk::Frame.new(notebook)
+notebook.add(f_editor, :text=>'�ƥ����ȥ��ǥ���(Text Editor)', :underline=>9)
+editor_t = Tk::Text.new(f_editor, :width=>40, :height=>10, :wrap=>:char)
+if Tk.windowingsystem != 'aqua'
+  editor_s = editor_t.yscrollbar(Ttk::Scrollbar.new(f_editor))
+else
+  editor_s = editor_t.yscrollbar(Tk::Scrollbar.new(f_editor))
+end
+editor_s.pack(:side=>:right, :fill=>:y, :padx=>[0,2], :pady=>2)
+editor_t.pack(:fill=>:both, :expand=>true, :padx=>[2,0], :pady=>2)
diff --git a/ext/tk/sample/demos-jp/ttkpane.rb b/ext/tk/sample/demos-jp/ttkpane.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..96670c0e5c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ext/tk/sample/demos-jp/ttkpane.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,216 @@
+# -*- coding: euc-jp -*-
+#
+# ttkpane.rb --
+#
+# This demonstration script creates a Ttk pane with some content.
+#
+# based on "Id: ttkpane.tcl,v 1.3 2007/12/13 15:27:07 dgp Exp"
+
+if defined?($ttkpane_demo) && $ttkpane_demo
+  $ttkpane_demo.destroy 
+  $ttkpane_demo = nil
+end
+
+$ttkpane_demo = TkToplevel.new {|w|
+  title("Themed Nested Panes")
+  iconname("ttkpane")
+  positionWindow(w)
+}
+
+base_frame = TkFrame.new($ttkpane_demo).pack(:fill=>:both, :expand=>true)
+
+Ttk::Label.new(base_frame, :font=>$font, :wraplength=>'4i', :justify=>:left, 
+               :text=><<EOL).pack(:side=>:top, :fill=>:x)
+���Υǥ�ϡ������ߴط��ˤ���ơ����դ��ڥ���ɥ�����ɥ��򼨤��Ƥ��ޤ���\
+���줾����礭���ϡ��ޤޤ�Ƥ���ڥ���δ֤ˤ��륨�ꥢ��Ĥ����\
+������ɥ�å����뤳�Ȥ��ѹ��Ǥ��ޤ���
+EOL
+
+Ttk::Separator.new(base_frame).pack(:side=>:top, :fill=>:x)
+
+## See Code / Dismiss
+Ttk::Frame.new(base_frame) {|frame|
+  sep = Ttk::Separator.new(frame)
+  Tk.grid(sep, :columnspan=>4, :row=>0, :sticky=>'ew', :pady=>2)
+  TkGrid('x', 
+         Ttk::Button.new(frame, :text=>'�����ɻ���', 
+                         :image=>$image['view'], :compound=>:left, 
+                         :command=>proc{showCode 'ttkpane'}), 
+         Ttk::Button.new(frame, :text=>'�Ĥ���', 
+                         :image=>$image['delete'], :compound=>:left, 
+                         :command=>proc{
+                           $ttkpane_demo.destroy
+                           $ttkpane_demo = nil
+                         }), 
+         :padx=>4, :pady=>4)
+  grid_columnconfigure(0, :weight=>1)
+  pack(:side=>:bottom, :fill=>:x)
+}
+
+frame = Ttk::Frame.new(base_frame).pack(:fill=>:both, :expand=>true)
+
+outer = Ttk::Panedwindow.new(frame, :orient=>:horizontal)
+outer.add(in_left = Ttk::Panedwindow.new(outer, :orient=>:vertical))
+outer.add(in_right = Ttk::Panedwindow.new(outer, :orient=>:vertical))
+in_left.add(left_top = Ttk::Labelframe.new(in_left, :text=>'�ܥ���'))
+in_left.add(left_bot = Ttk::Labelframe.new(in_left, :text=>'����'))
+in_right.add(right_top = Ttk::Labelframe.new(in_right, :text=>'�ץ����쥹'))
+in_right.add(right_bot = Ttk::Labelframe.new(in_right, :text=>'�ƥ�����'))
+if Tk.windowingsystem == 'aqua'
+  [left_top, left_bot, right_top, right_bot].each{|w| w.padding(3) }
+end
+
+# Fill the button pane
+Ttk::Button.new(left_top, :text=>'�����Ƥ�', 
+                :command=>proc{
+                  Tk.messageBox(:type=>'ok', :icon=>'info', 
+                                :message=>'���Ƥơ�', 
+                                :detail=>'That hurt...', :parent=>base_frame, 
+                                :title=>'Button Pressed')
+                }).pack(:padx=>2, :pady=>5)
+
+
+zones_list = [
+  [':Europe/Berlin'], 
+  [':America/Argentina/Buenos_Aires', ':America/Buenos_Aires'], 
+  [':Africa/Johannesburg'], 
+  [':Europe/London'], 
+  [':America/Los_Angeles'], 
+  [':Europe/Moscow'],
+  [':America/New_York'], 
+  [':Asia/Singapore'], 
+  [':Australia/Sydney'], 
+  [':Asia/Tokyo'], 
+]
+
+zones = []
+
+# Check tzinfo support
+if $tk_major_ver > 8 || ($tk_major_ver == 8 && $tk_minor_ver >= 5)
+  tzinfo = :tcl
+
+  zones_list.each{|list|
+    list.each{|zone|
+      begin
+        # Force a pre-load of all the timezones needed; otherwise can end up
+        # poor-looking synch problems!
+        Tk.tk_call('clock', 'format', '0', '-timezone', zone)
+      rescue RuntimeError
+        # ignore
+      else
+        zones << [zone, zone[%r<[^/:]+$>].tr('_', ' ')]
+        break
+      end
+    }
+  }
+
+else
+  begin
+    require 'tzinfo'
+    tzinfo = :tzinfo
+  rescue Exception
+    begin
+      require 'tzfile'
+      tzinfo = :tzfile
+    rescue Exception
+      tzinfo = nil
+    end
+  end
+
+  case tzinfo
+  when :tzinfo
+    zones_list.each{|list|
+      list.each{|zone|
+        begin
+          tz = TZInfo::Timezone.get(zone[%r<[^:]+$>])
+        rescue Exception
+          # ignore
+        else
+          zones << [tz, zone[%r<[^/:]+$>].tr('_', ' ')]
+          break
+        end
+      }
+    }
+
+  when :tzfile
+    zones_list.each{|list|
+      list.each{|zone|
+        begin
+          tz = TZFile.create(zone[%r<[^:]+$>])
+        rescue Exception
+          # ignore
+        else
+          zones << [tz, zone[%r<[^/:]+$>].tr('_', ' ')]
+          break
+        end
+      }
+    }
+
+  else
+    [ -7, -4, -2, -1, 0, +1, +3, +8, +9, +10 ].each{|zone|
+      zones << [zone, 'UTC%+03d00' % zone]
+    }
+  end
+end
+
+time = TkVariable.new_hash
+
+case tzinfo
+when :tcl
+  update_proc = proc{|now, tz, label|
+    time[label] = Tk.tk_call('clock', 'format', now.tv_sec, 
+                             '-timezone', tz, '-format', '%T')
+  }
+when :tzinfo
+  update_proc = proc{|now, tz, label|
+    time[label] = tz.utc_to_local(now).strftime('%H:%M:%S')
+  }
+when :tzfile
+  update_proc = proc{|now, tz, label|
+    time[label] = tz.at(now.tv_sec).strftime('%H:%M:%S')
+  }
+else
+  update_proc = proc{|now, tz, label|
+    time[label] = (now + (tz * 3600)).strftime('%H:%M:%S')
+  }
+end
+
+# Fill the clocks pane
+zones.each_with_index{|(zone, label), idx|
+  Ttk::Separator.new(left_bot).pack(:fill=>:x) if idx > 0
+  Ttk::Label.new(left_bot, :text=>label, :anchor=>'w').pack(:fill=>:x)
+  Ttk::Label.new(left_bot, :textvariable=>time.ref(label), 
+                 :anchor=>'w').pack(:fill=>:x)
+}
+
+# Timer start
+every = proc{
+  now = Time.now.utc
+  zones.each{|zone, label| update_proc.call(now, zone, label) }
+}
+TkRTTimer.new(1000, -1, every).start(0, every)
+
+# Fill the progress pane
+Ttk::Progressbar.new(right_top, :mode=>:indeterminate).pack(:fill=>:both, :expand=>true).start
+
+# Fill the text pane
+if Tk.windowingsystem != 'aqua'
+  # The trick with the ttk::frame makes the text widget look like it fits with
+  # the current Ttk theme despite not being a themed widget itself. It is done
+  # by styling the frame like an entry, turning off the border in the text
+  # widget, and putting the text widget in the frame with enough space to allow
+  # the surrounding border to show through (2 pixels seems to be enough).
+  f = Ttk::Frame.new(right_bot, :style=>Ttk::Entry)
+  txt = TkText.new(frame, :wrap=>:word, :width=>30, :borderwidth=>0)
+  txt.pack(:fill=>:both, :expand=>true, :in=>f, :pady=>2, :padx=>2)
+  scr = txt.yscrollbar(Ttk::Scrollbar.new(frame))
+  scr.pack(:side=>:right, :fill=>:y, :in=>right_bot)
+  f.pack(:fill=>:both, :expand=>true)
+  outer.pack(:fill=>:both, :expand=>true)
+else
+  txt = TkText.new(frame, :wrap=>:word, :width=>30, :borderwidth=>0)
+  scr = txt.yscrollbar(TkScrollbar.new(frame))
+  scr.pack(:side=>:right, :fill=>:y, :in=>right_bot)
+  txt.pack(:fill=>:both, :expand=>true, :in=>right_bot)
+  outer.pack(:fill=>:both, :expand=>true, :padx=>10, :pady=>[6, 10])
+end
diff --git a/ext/tk/sample/demos-jp/ttkprogress.rb b/ext/tk/sample/demos-jp/ttkprogress.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..43a9cbcd7e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ext/tk/sample/demos-jp/ttkprogress.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,71 @@
+# -*- coding: euc-jp -*-
+#
+# ttkprogress.rb --
+#
+# This demonstration script creates several progress bar widgets.
+#
+# based on "Id: ttkprogress.tcl,v 1.3 2007/12/13 15:27:07 dgp Exp"
+
+if defined?($ttkprogress_demo) && $ttkprogress_demo
+  $ttkprogress_demo.destroy 
+  $ttkprogress_demo = nil
+end
+
+$ttkprogress_demo = TkToplevel.new {|w|
+  title("Progress Bar Demonstration")
+  iconname("ttkprogress")
+  positionWindow(w)
+}
+
+base_frame = TkFrame.new($ttkprogress_demo).pack(:fill=>:both, :expand=>true)
+
+Ttk::Label.new(base_frame, :font=>$font, :wraplength=>'4i', :justify=>:left, 
+               :text=><<EOL).pack(:side=>:top, :fill=>:x)
+���ˤ���Τ���ĤΥץ����쥹�С��Ǥ���\
+��Τ�Τ�"determinate"�����פΥץ����쥹�С��ǡ�\
+�㤨�Хץ�����बͿ����줿��������λ����ޤǤˤɤΤ��餤�����뤫��\
+�����Ȥ��ʤɤ��Ѥ����ޤ���\
+���Τ�Τ�"indeterminate"�����פΥץ����쥹�С��ǡ�\
+�㤨�Хץ�����ब�¹���(busy)�Ǥ����Τ�\
+��λ�ޤǤˤɤ줯�餤�����뤫��ʬ����ʤ��Ȥ������֤�\
+�����Ȥ��ʤɤ��Ѥ����ޤ���\
+������Υץ����쥹�С��⡤�������ˤ���ܥ����Ȥ����Ȥ�\
+��ư���˥᡼�����⡼�ɤ�ON/OFF�����ؤ��뤳�Ȥ��Ǥ��ޤ���
+EOL
+
+## See Code / Dismiss buttons
+Ttk::Frame.new(base_frame) {|frame|
+  sep = Ttk::Separator.new(frame)
+  Tk.grid(sep, :columnspan=>4, :row=>0, :sticky=>'ew', :pady=>2)
+  TkGrid('x', 
+         Ttk::Button.new(frame, :text=>'�����ɻ���', 
+                         :image=>$image['view'], :compound=>:left, 
+                         :command=>proc{showCode 'ttkprogress'}), 
+         Ttk::Button.new(frame, :text=>'�Ĥ���', 
+                         :image=>$image['delete'], :compound=>:left, 
+                         :command=>proc{
+                           $ttkprogress_demo.destroy
+                           $ttkprogress_demo = nil
+                         }), 
+         :padx=>4, :pady=>4)
+  grid_columnconfigure(0, :weight=>1)
+  pack(:side=>:bottom, :fill=>:x)
+}
+
+frame = Ttk::Frame.new(base_frame).pack(:fill=>:both, :expand=>true)
+
+p1 = Ttk::Progressbar.new(frame, :mode=>:determinate)
+p2 = Ttk::Progressbar.new(frame, :mode=>:indeterminate)
+
+start = Ttk::Button.new(frame, :text=>'Start Progress', 
+                        :command=>proc{ p1.start; p2.start })
+stop  = Ttk::Button.new(frame, :text=>'Stop Progress', 
+                        :command=>proc{ p1.stop; p2.stop })
+
+Tk.grid(p1, '-', :pady=>5, :padx=>10)
+Tk.grid(p2, '-', :pady=>5, :padx=>10)
+Tk.grid(start, stop, :padx=>10, :pady=>5)
+start.grid_configure(:sticky=>'e')
+stop.grid_configure(:sticky=>'w')
+frame.grid_columnconfigure(:all, :weight=>1)
+
diff --git a/ext/tk/sample/demos-jp/twind.rb b/ext/tk/sample/demos-jp/twind.rb
index 2b228e4acd..faefaefd6e 100644
--- a/ext/tk/sample/demos-jp/twind.rb
+++ b/ext/tk/sample/demos-jp/twind.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+# -*- coding: euc-jp -*-
 #
 # text (embedded windows) widget demo (called by 'widget')
 #
@@ -15,8 +16,10 @@ $twind_demo = TkToplevel.new {|w|
   positionWindow(w)
 }
 
+base_frame = TkFrame.new($twind_demo).pack(:fill=>:both, :expand=>true)
+
 # frame ����
-$twind_buttons = TkFrame.new($twind_demo) {|frame|
+$twind_buttons = TkFrame.new(base_frame) {|frame|
   TkButton.new(frame) {
     #text 'λ��'
     text '�Ĥ���'
@@ -36,7 +39,7 @@ $twind_buttons.pack('side'=>'bottom', 'fill'=>'x', 'pady'=>'2m')
 
 # frame ����
 $twind_text = nil
-TkFrame.new($twind_demo, 'highlightthickness'=>2, 'borderwidth'=>2, 
+TkFrame.new(base_frame, 'highlightthickness'=>2, 'borderwidth'=>2, 
             'relief'=>'sunken') {|f|
   $twind_text = TkText.new(f, 'setgrid'=>'true', 'font'=>$font, 
                           'width'=>'70', 'height'=>35, 'wrap'=>'word', 
@@ -206,7 +209,11 @@ def textWindPlot (t)
     cursor 'top_left_arrow'
   }
 
-  font = '-Adobe-Helvetica-Medium-R-Normal--*-180-*-*-*-*-*-*'
+  if $tk_version =~ /^4.*/
+    font = '-Adobe-Helvetica-Medium-R-Normal--*-180-*-*-*-*-*-*'
+  else
+    font = 'Helvetica 18'
+  end
 
   TkcLine.new($twind_plot, 100, 250, 400, 250, 'width'=>2)
   TkcLine.new($twind_plot, 100, 250, 100,  50, 'width'=>2)
diff --git a/ext/tk/sample/demos-jp/twind2.rb b/ext/tk/sample/demos-jp/twind2.rb
index b634f07b4b..2a26b28ef6 100644
--- a/ext/tk/sample/demos-jp/twind2.rb
+++ b/ext/tk/sample/demos-jp/twind2.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+# -*- coding: euc-jp -*-
 #
 # text (embedded windows) widget demo 2 (called by 'widget')
 #
@@ -15,8 +16,10 @@ $twind2_demo = TkToplevel.new {|w|
   positionWindow(w)
 }
 
+base_frame = TkFrame.new($twind2_demo).pack(:fill=>:both, :expand=>true)
+
 # frame ����
-$twind2_buttons = TkFrame.new($twind2_demo) {|frame|
+$twind2_buttons = TkFrame.new(base_frame) {|frame|
   TkGrid(TkFrame.new(frame, :height=>2, :relief=>:sunken, :bd=>2), 
          :columnspan=>4, :row=>0, :sticky=>'ew', :pady=>2)
   TkGrid('x', 
@@ -38,7 +41,7 @@ $twind2_buttons.pack('side'=>'bottom', 'fill'=>'x', 'pady'=>'2m')
 
 # frame ����
 $twind2_text = nil
-TkFrame.new($twind2_demo, 'highlightthickness'=>2, 'borderwidth'=>2, 
+TkFrame.new(base_frame, 'highlightthickness'=>2, 'borderwidth'=>2, 
             'relief'=>'sunken') {|f|
   $twind2_text = TkText.new(f, 'setgrid'=>true, 'font'=>$font,
                             # 'width'=>'70', 'height'=>35, 'wrap'=>'word', 
diff --git a/ext/tk/sample/demos-jp/unicodeout.rb b/ext/tk/sample/demos-jp/unicodeout.rb
index 090cdf3059..178077ec08 100644
--- a/ext/tk/sample/demos-jp/unicodeout.rb
+++ b/ext/tk/sample/demos-jp/unicodeout.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# -*- coding: euc-jp -*-
+#
 # unicodeout.rb --
 #
 # This demonstration script shows how you can produce output (in label
@@ -16,7 +18,9 @@ $unicodeout_demo = TkToplevel.new {|w|
   positionWindow(w)
 }
 
-TkLabel.new($unicodeout_demo, 
+base_frame = TkFrame.new($unicodeout_demo).pack(:fill=>:both, :expand=>true)
+
+TkLabel.new(base_frame, 
             :font=>$font, :wraplength=>'5.4i', :justify=>:left, 
             :text=><<EOL).pack(:side=>:top)
 ����ϡ�Tk�ˤ���������ʸ��������Ѥ��������Ф��륵�ݡ��ȤˤĤ��Ƥ�\
@@ -38,7 +42,7 @@ Tcl�Υ���������ɽ�����Ѥ���UNICODEʸ����ǽ񤫤�Ƥ��ޤ���\
 EOL
 #'
 
-TkFrame.new($unicodeout_demo){|f|
+TkFrame.new(base_frame){|f|
   pack(:side=>:bottom, :fill=>:x, :pady=>'2m')
 
   TkButton.new(f, :text=>'�Ĥ���', :width=>15, :command=>proc{
@@ -51,7 +55,7 @@ TkFrame.new($unicodeout_demo){|f|
                }).pack(:side=>:left, :expand=>true)
 }
 
-wait_msg = TkLabel.new($unicodeout_demo, 
+wait_msg = TkLabel.new(base_frame, 
                        :text=>"�ե�����ɤ߹��ߤδ�λ�ޤ�" + 
                               "���Ф餯���Ԥ�������������", 
                        :font=>"Helvetica 12 italic").pack
@@ -66,8 +70,8 @@ class Unicodeout_SampleFrame < TkFrame
   # @@font = 'Newspaper 12'
   # @@font = '{New century schoolbook} 12'
 
-  def initialize()
-    super($unicodeout_demo)
+  def initialize(base)
+    super(base)
     grid_columnconfig(1, :weight=>1)
   end
 
@@ -82,7 +86,7 @@ class Unicodeout_SampleFrame < TkFrame
     l.grid_config(:padx, '1m')
   end
 end
-f = Unicodeout_SampleFrame.new
+f = Unicodeout_SampleFrame.new(base_frame)
 f.pack(:expand=>true, :fill=>:both, :padx=>'2m', :pady=>'1m')
 
 # Processing when some characters are missing might take a while, so make
diff --git a/ext/tk/sample/demos-jp/vscale.rb b/ext/tk/sample/demos-jp/vscale.rb
index 86f6f7cdee..a1097fd77f 100644
--- a/ext/tk/sample/demos-jp/vscale.rb
+++ b/ext/tk/sample/demos-jp/vscale.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+# -*- coding: euc-jp -*-
 require "tkcanvas"
 
 if defined?($vscale_demo) && $vscale_demo
@@ -11,7 +12,9 @@ $vscale_demo = TkToplevel.new {|w|
 }
 positionWindow($vscale_demo)
 
-msg = TkLabel.new($vscale_demo) {
+base_frame = TkFrame.new($vscale_demo).pack(:fill=>:both, :expand=>true)
+
+msg = TkLabel.new(base_frame) {
   font $font
   wraplength '3.5i'
   justify 'left'
@@ -22,7 +25,7 @@ msg = TkLabel.new($vscale_demo) {
 }
 msg.pack('side'=>'top', 'padx'=>'.5c')
 
-TkFrame.new($vscale_demo) {|frame|
+TkFrame.new(base_frame) {|frame|
   TkButton.new(frame) {
     #text 'λ��'
     text '�Ĥ���'
@@ -39,7 +42,17 @@ TkFrame.new($vscale_demo) {|frame|
   }.pack('side'=>'left', 'expand'=>'yes')
 }.pack('side'=>'bottom', 'fill'=>'x', 'pady'=>'2m')
 
-TkFrame.new($vscale_demo) {|frame|
+def setHeight(w, height)
+  height = height + 21
+  y2 = height - 30
+  if y2 < 21
+    y2 = 21
+  end
+  w.coords 'poly',15,20,35,20,35,y2,45,y2,25,height,5,y2,15,y2,15,20
+  w.coords 'line',15,20,35,20,35,y2,45,y2,25,height,5,y2,15,y2,15,20
+end
+
+TkFrame.new(base_frame) {|frame|
   borderwidth 10
   canvas = TkCanvas.new(frame) {|c|
     width 50
@@ -65,14 +78,3 @@ TkFrame.new($vscale_demo) {|frame|
   }.pack('side'=>'left', 'anchor'=>'ne')
   scale.set 75
 }.pack
-
-
-def setHeight(w, height)
-  height = height + 21
-  y2 = height - 30
-  if y2 < 21
-    y2 = 21
-  end
-  w.coords 'poly',15,20,35,20,35,y2,45,y2,25,height,5,y2,15,y2,15,20
-  w.coords 'line',15,20,35,20,35,y2,45,y2,25,height,5,y2,15,y2,15,20
-end
diff --git a/ext/tk/sample/demos-jp/widget b/ext/tk/sample/demos-jp/widget
index 11495dda54..8eb699e513 100644
--- a/ext/tk/sample/demos-jp/widget
+++ b/ext/tk/sample/demos-jp/widget
@@ -1,14 +1,22 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env ruby
+# -*- coding: euc-jp -*-
 
 # �������������� ( tk.rb �Υ����ɻ��� encoding ����/����˻Ȥ��� )
-$KCODE = 'euc'
+if RUBY_VERSION < '1.9.0' ### !!!!!!!!!!!!!!
+  $KCODE = 'euc'
+else
+  DEFAULT_TK_ENCODING = 'EUC-JP'
+end
 
 # tk �ط��饤�֥����ɤ߹���
 require 'tk'
 # require 'tkafter'
 
+$RubyTk_WidgetDemo = true
+
 # widget demo directory ���֤γ���
-$demo_dir = File.dirname($0)
+# $demo_dir = File.dirname($0)
+$demo_dir = File.dirname(__FILE__)
 
 # root ������
 $root = TkRoot.new{title "Ruby/Tk Widget Demonstration"}
@@ -43,15 +51,14 @@ when /^8.*/
   $font = TkFont.new('Helvetica -12')
   $kanji_font = TkFont.new('Helvetica -12', 'Mincho -12')
   TkOption.add('*kanjiFont', knjfont, 'startupFile')
-  $msg_kanji_font=TkFont.new('Helvetica 16', 'Gothic 16 bold')
+  $msg_kanji_font=TkFont.new('Helvetica 14 bold', 'Gothic 14 bold')
 
 else
-  $font = TkFont.new('-*-Helvetica-Medium-R-Normal--*-140-*-*-*-*-*-*', nil)
+  $font = TkFont.new('Helvetica 14', nil)
   knjfont = '-*--16-*-jisx0208.1983-0'
-  $kanji_font = TkFont.new('-*-Helvetica-Medium-R-Normal--*-140-*-*-*-*-*-*',
-                           knjfont)
+  $kanji_font = TkFont.new('Helvetic 14', knjfont)
   TkOption.add('*kanjiFont', knjfont, 'startupFile')
-  $msg_kanji_font=TkFont.new('-*-Helvetica-Medium-R-Normal--*-140-*-*-*-*-*-*',
+  $msg_kanji_font=TkFont.new('Helvetica 14',
                              '-*--24-*-jisx0208.1983-0')
 end
 #######
@@ -116,14 +123,22 @@ EOD
 end
 
 # ��˥塼����
-TkMenubar.new($root, 
-              [[['File', 0], 
-                  ['About ... ', proc{aboutBox}, 0, '<F1>'],
-                  '---', 
-                  ['Quit', proc{exit}, 0, 'Meta-Q']
-                ]]).pack('side'=>'top', 'fill'=>'x')
+if $tk_major_ver >= 8
+  $root.add_menubar([[['File', 0], 
+                        ['About ... ', proc{aboutBox}, 0, '<F1>'],
+                        '---', 
+                        ['Quit', proc{exit}, 0, 'Ctrl-Q']
+                      ]])
+else
+  TkMenubar.new($root, 
+                [[['File', 0], 
+                    ['About ... ', proc{aboutBox}, 0, '<F1>'],
+                    '---', 
+                    ['Quit', proc{exit}, 0, 'Ctrl-Q']
+                  ]]).pack('side'=>'top', 'fill'=>'x')
+end
 $root.bind('F1', proc{aboutBox})
-$root.bind('Meta-q', proc{exit})
+$root.bind('Control-q', proc{exit})
 
 =begin
 TkFrame.new($root){|frame|
@@ -180,18 +195,27 @@ else
   textFrame.pack('expand'=>'yes', 'fill'=>'both')
 
   statusBar = TkFrame.new($root) {|f|
+    if $tk_version =~ /^4.*/
+      statusfont = '-*-Helvetica-Medium-R-Normal--*-120-*-*-*-*-*-*'
+    else
+      statusfont = 'Helvetica 10'
+    end
     $statusBarLabel = \
     TkLabel.new(f, 'text'=>"   ", 'relief'=>'sunken', 'bd'=>1, 'anchor'=>'w', 
-                'font'=>'-*-Helvetica-Medium-R-Normal--*-120-*-*-*-*-*-*') \
+                'font'=>statusfont) \
     .pack('side'=>'left', 'padx'=>2, 'expand'=>'yes', 'fill'=>'both')
     TkLabel.new(f, 'width'=>8, 'relief'=>'sunken', 'bd'=>1, 'anchor'=>'w', 
-                'font'=>'-*-Helvetica-Medium-R-Normal--*-120-*-*-*-*-*-*') \
+                'font'=>statusfont) \
     .pack('side'=>'left', 'padx'=>2)
   }.pack('side'=>'bottom', 'fill'=>'x', 'pady'=>2)
 end
 
 # �ƥ����ȥ�������
-tag_title = TkTextTag.new(txt, 'font'=>'-*-Helvetica-Bold-R-Normal--*-180-*-*-*-*-*-*')
+if $tk_version =~ /^4.*/
+  tag_title = TkTextTag.new(txt, 'font'=>'-*-Helvetica-Bold-R-Normal--*-180-*-*-*-*-*-*')
+else
+  tag_title = TkTextTag.new(txt, 'font'=>'Helvetica 18 bold')
+end
 #tag_kanji_title = TkTextTag.new(txt, 'kanjifont'=>$msg_kanji_font)
 #tag_middle = TkTextTag.new(txt, 'kanjifont'=>$kanji_font)
 tag_kanji_title = TkTextTag.new(txt, 'font'=>$msg_kanji_font)
@@ -262,14 +286,31 @@ txt.insert('end', <<"EOT")
 �뤿��ˡ�"�����ɻ���"�ܥ���򥯥�å����뤳�Ȥ��Ǥ��ޤ������ʤ���\
 ˾��ʤ顢���Υ����ɤ������뤳�Ȥ��Ǥ��ޤ����������������ɤǥǥ�\
 �󥹥ȥ졼������Ƽ¹Ԥ��뤿��ˤϡ������ɤ��񤫤줿������ɥ���\
-����"�ǥ�Ƽ¹�" �ܥ���򥯥�å����Ƥ���������
-
-�����Υǥ�Ǥϡ����Ū�Ƕ�ΥС������� Tk �Ǥʤ���Х��ݡ��Ȥ���\
-���ʤ���ǽ��ȤäƼ������Ƥ��ޤ�(�㤨�� Tk8.4 �ʾ�ʤ�)�����Τ��ᡤ\
-����������ǽ������ʤ� Tk �饤�֥���ȤäƤ�����ˤϡ���������\
-�ǥ��������ư���ޤ��󡥤��Τ褦�ʵ�ǽ��ɬ�פǤ���С�����򥵥ݡ���\
-���Ƥ��� Tk �饤�֥���Ȥ��褦�ˡ�tcltklib �򥳥�ѥ��뤷�ʤ�����\
-����������
+����"�ǥ�Ƽ¹�" �ܥ���򥯥�å����Ƥ���������\
+�����ɤ������Ƥ⥪�ꥸ�ʥ�Υե����뤬�񤭴������뤳�Ȥ�\
+����ޤ��󤫤顢���ۤ����˿������ѹ����ƤߤƤ���������
+
+�����Υǥ�Ǥϡ����Ū�Ƕ�ΥС������� Tk �Ǥʤ���Х��ݡ��Ȥ���\
+���ʤ���ǽ��ȤäƼ������Ƥ��ޤ�(�㤨�� Tk8.4 �ʾ�ʤ�)�����Τ��ᡢ\
+����������ǽ������ʤ� Tk �饤�֥���ȤäƤ�����ˤϡ���������\
+�ǥ��������ư���ޤ��󡣤��Τ褦�ʵ�ǽ��ɬ�פǤ���С�����򥵥ݡ���\
+���Ƥ��� Tk �饤�֥���Ȥ��褦�� tcltklib �򥳥�ѥ��뤷�ʤ�����\
+����������
+
+�⤷���ʤ��� Tk �� (�ǽ餫��ޤफ���󥹥ȡ��뤷�����ˤ��) \
+Ttk (Tile) ��ĥ�����ѤǤ�����֤Ǥ���ʤ顢\
+Ttk ��ĥ�Υǥ� (sample/tkextlib/tile/demo.rb) �⤼�һ�ƤߤƤ���������
+( ¿ʬ�����ߤΤ��ʤ��δĶ��ˤ� Ttk ��ĥ��\
+#{
+begin
+  require 'tkextlib/tile'
+  "���Ǥ�Ƴ������Ƥ��ޤ�"
+rescue
+  "�ޤ����󥹥ȡ��뤵��Ƥ��ޤ���"
+end
+}\
+��)
+Ttk ��ĥ�ϡ�Tk8.5 �ʾ�Ǥ�ɸ��ε�ǽ�Ȥ����Ȥ߹��ޤ�Ƥ��ޤ���
 
 
 EOT
@@ -318,6 +359,9 @@ txt.insert('end', " \n ", tag_demospace)
 txt.insert('end', "14. ��٥��դ��ե졼�� (��ǽ���б������С�������Tk��ɬ��)\n", 
            tag_demo, "demo-labelframe")
 txt.insert('end', " \n ", tag_demospace)
+txt.insert('end', "15. �ơ��ޤ��б��������������åȤδ�ñ���� (Tile/Ttk��ĥ�ؤ��б���ɬ��)\n", 
+           tag_demo, "demo-ttkbut")
+txt.insert('end', " \n ", tag_demospace)
 
 txt.insert('end', "\n")
 #txt.insert('end', "�ꥹ�ȥܥå���\n", tag_middle)
@@ -330,6 +374,12 @@ txt.insert('end', "2. ��: ���ץꥱ�������Τ�����ۿ����Ѥ���\n",
 txt.insert('end', " \n ", tag_demospace)
 txt.insert('end', "3. �ʸ���\n", tag_demo, "demo-sayings")
 txt.insert('end', " \n ", tag_demospace)
+txt.insert('end', "4. ��ˤĤ��ƤΥޥ�������ꥹ�� (Tile/Ttk��ĥ�ؤ��б���ɬ��)\n", 
+           tag_demo, "demo-mclist")
+txt.insert('end', " \n ", tag_demospace)
+txt.insert('end', "5. �ǥ��쥯�ȥ�֥饦�� (Tile/Ttk��ĥ�ؤ��б���ɬ��)\n", 
+           tag_demo, "demo-tree")
+txt.insert('end', " \n ", tag_demospace)
 
 txt.insert('end', "\n")
 #txt.insert('end', "����ȥ�ȥ��ԥ�ܥå���\n", tag_middle)
@@ -345,7 +395,10 @@ txt.insert('end', " \n ", tag_demospace)
 txt.insert('end', "4. ���ԥ�ܥå��� (��ǽ���б������С�������Tk��ɬ��)\n", 
            tag_demo, "demo-spin")
 txt.insert('end', " \n ", tag_demospace)
-txt.insert('end', "5. ��ñ�ʥե�����\n", tag_demo, "demo-form")
+txt.insert('end', "5. ����ܥܥå��� (Tile/Ttk��ĥ�ؤ��б���ɬ��)\n", 
+           tag_demo, "demo-combo")
+txt.insert('end', " \n ", tag_demospace)
+txt.insert('end', "6. ��ñ�ʥե�����\n", tag_demo, "demo-form")
 txt.insert('end', " \n ", tag_demospace)
 
 txt.insert('end', "\n")
@@ -367,6 +420,8 @@ txt.insert('end', "5. ������ɥ�����������ƥ����� (��ǽ���б������С�������
 txt.insert('end', " \n ", tag_demospace)
 txt.insert('end', "6. ����\n", tag_demo, "demo-search")
 txt.insert('end', " \n ", tag_demospace)
+txt.insert('end', "7. �ƥ����ȥ��������åȤ�������(peering) (��ǽ���б������С�������Tk��ɬ��)\n", tag_demo, "demo-textpeer")
+txt.insert('end', " \n ", tag_demospace)
 
 txt.insert('end', "\n")
 #txt.insert('end', "�����Х�\n", tag_middle)
@@ -389,18 +444,23 @@ txt.insert('end', " \n ", tag_demospace)
 txt.insert('end', "8. �����������ǽ�ʥ����Х�\n", 
            tag_demo, "demo-cscroll")
 txt.insert('end', " \n ", tag_demospace)
+txt.insert('end', "9. �������ܡ��ɾ�ε��Τν�� (Tile/Ttk��ĥ�ؤ��б���ɬ��)\n", 
+           tag_demo, "demo-knightstour")
+txt.insert('end', " \n ", tag_demospace)
 
 txt.insert('end', "\n")
-#txt.insert('end', "��������\n", tag_middle)
-txt.insert('end', "��������\n", tag_kanji_title)
+#txt.insert('end', "��������ȥץ����쥹�С�\n", tag_middle)
+txt.insert('end', "��������ȥץ����쥹�С�\n", tag_kanji_title)
+txt.insert('end', " \n ", tag_demospace)
+txt.insert('end', "1. ��ľ��������\n", tag_demo.id, "demo-vscale")
 txt.insert('end', " \n ", tag_demospace)
-txt.insert('end', "1. ��ľ\n", tag_demo.id, "demo-vscale")
+txt.insert('end', "2. ��ʿ��������\n", tag_demo.id, "demo-hscale")
 txt.insert('end', " \n ", tag_demospace)
-txt.insert('end', "2. ��ʿ\n", tag_demo.id, "demo-hscale")
+txt.insert('end', "3. �ץ����쥹�С� (Tile/Ttk��ĥ�ؤ��б���ɬ��)\n", tag_demo.id, "demo-ttkprogress")
 txt.insert('end', " \n ", tag_demospace)
 
 txt.insert('end', "\n")
-txt.insert('end', "�ڥ���ɥ�����ɥ�\n", tag_kanji_title)
+txt.insert('end', "�ڥ���ɥ�����ɥ��ȥΡ��ȥ֥å�\n", tag_kanji_title)
 txt.insert('end', " \n ", tag_demospace)
 txt.insert('end', "1. ��ʿ���� (��ǽ���б������С�������Tk��ɬ��)\n", 
            tag_demo.id, "demo-paned1")
@@ -408,10 +468,16 @@ txt.insert('end', " \n ", tag_demospace)
 txt.insert('end', "2. ��ľ���� (��ǽ���б������С�������Tk��ɬ��)\n", 
            tag_demo.id, "demo-paned2")
 txt.insert('end', " \n ", tag_demospace)
+txt.insert('end', "3. �ơ��ޤ��б����������ߥڥ��� (Tile/Ttk��ĥ�ؤ��б���ɬ��)\n", 
+           tag_demo.id, "demo-ttkpane")
+txt.insert('end', " \n ", tag_demospace)
+txt.insert('end', "4. �Ρ��ȥ֥å����������å� (Tile/Ttk��ĥ�ؤ��б���ɬ��)\n", 
+           tag_demo.id, "demo-ttknote")
+txt.insert('end', " \n ", tag_demospace)
 
 txt.insert('end', "\n")
-#txt.insert('end', "��˥塼\n", tag_middle)
-txt.insert('end', "��˥塼\n", tag_kanji_title)
+#txt.insert('end', "��˥塼�ȥġ���С�\n", tag_middle)
+txt.insert('end', "��˥塼�ȥġ���С�\n", tag_kanji_title)
 txt.insert('end', " \n ", tag_demospace)
 txt.insert('end', "1. ��˥塼�ȥ��������ɤ�ޤ��������ɥ�\n", 
            tag_demo, "demo-menu")
@@ -425,6 +491,12 @@ txt.insert('end', " \n ", tag_demospace)
 txt.insert('end', "4. ��˥塼�ܥ��� (Tk8.x ����)\n", 
            tag_demo, "demo-menubu")
 txt.insert('end', " \n ", tag_demospace)
+txt.insert('end', "5. �ơ��ޤ��б�������˥塼�ܥ��� (Tile/Ttk��ĥ�ؤ��б���ɬ��)\n", 
+           tag_demo.id, "demo-ttkmenu")
+txt.insert('end', " \n ", tag_demospace)
+txt.insert('end', "6. �ơ��ޤ��б������ġ���С� (Tile/Ttk��ĥ�ؤ��б���ɬ��)\n", 
+           tag_demo.id, "demo-toolbar")
+txt.insert('end', " \n ", tag_demospace)
 
 txt.insert('end', "\n")
 #txt.insert('end', "����������������ɥ�\n", tag_middle)
@@ -432,9 +504,11 @@ txt.insert('end', "����������������ɥ�\n", tag_kanji_title)
 txt.insert('end', " \n ", tag_demospace)
 txt.insert('end', "1. ��å������ܥå���\n", tag_demo, "demo-msgbox")
 txt.insert('end', " \n ", tag_demospace)
-txt.insert('end', "2. �ե������������������\n", tag_demo, "demo-filebox")
+txt.insert('end', "2. �ܺ٥ƥ������դ��Υ�å������ܥå��� (��ǽ���б������С�������Tk��ɬ��)\n", tag_demo, "demo-msgbox2")
 txt.insert('end', " \n ", tag_demospace)
-txt.insert('end', "3. ���������������\n", tag_demo, "demo-clrpick")
+txt.insert('end', "3. �ե������������������\n", tag_demo, "demo-filebox")
+txt.insert('end', " \n ", tag_demospace)
+txt.insert('end', "4. ���������������\n", tag_demo, "demo-clrpick")
 txt.insert('end', " \n ", tag_demospace)
 
 txt.insert('end', "\n")
@@ -483,25 +557,30 @@ def showVars1(parent, *args)
   end
   top = TkToplevel.new(parent) {|w|
     title "Variable values"
-    TkLabel.new(w) {
+    base = TkFrame.new(w).pack(:fill=>:both, :expand=>true)
+    TkLabel.new(base) {
       text "�ѿ���:"
       width 20
       anchor 'center'
-      font '-Adobe-helvetica-medium-r-normal--*-180-*-*-*-*-*-*'
+      if $tk_version =~ /^4.*/
+        font '-Adobe-helvetica-medium-r-normal--*-180-*-*-*-*-*-*'
+      else
+        font 'Helvetica 14'
+      end
     }.pack('side'=>'top', 'fill'=>'x')
     len = 1
     args.each{|vnam,vbody|
       len = vnam.to_s.length if vnam.to_s.length > len
     }
     args.each{|vnam,vbody|
-      TkFrame.new(w){|f|
+      TkFrame.new(base){|f|
         #TkLabel.new(f, 'text'=>"#{vnam}: ").pack('side'=>'left')
         TkLabel.new(f, 'text'=>"#{vnam}: ",'width'=>len+2).pack('side'=>'left')
         TkLabel.new(f, 'textvariable'=>vbody, 'anchor'=>'w')\
                    .pack('side'=>'left', 'expand'=>'yes', 'fill'=>'x')
       }.pack('side'=>'top', 'anchor'=>'w', 'fill'=>'x')
     }
-    TkButton.new(w) {
+    TkButton.new(base) {
       text "λ��"
       command proc{w.destroy}
     }.pack('side'=>'bottom', 'pady'=>2)
@@ -516,10 +595,12 @@ def showVars2(parent, *args)
     rescue
     end
   end
-  $showVarsWin[parent.path] = TkToplevel.new(parent) {|w|
+  $showVarsWin[parent.path] = TkToplevel.new(parent) {|top|
     title "Variable values"
 
-    TkLabelFrame.new(w, :text=>"�ѿ���:", 
+    base = TkFrame.new(top).pack(:fill=>:both, :expand=>true)
+
+    TkLabelFrame.new(base, :text=>"�ѿ���:", 
                      :font=>{:family=>'Helvetica', :size=>14}){|f|
       args.each{|vnam,vbody|
         TkGrid(TkLabel.new(f, :text=>"#{vnam}: ", :anchor=>'w'), 
@@ -531,15 +612,15 @@ def showVars2(parent, *args)
       f.grid_columnconfig(1, :weight=>1)
       f.grid_rowconfig(100, :weight=>1)
     }
-    TkButton.new(w, :text=>"λ��", :width=>8, :default=>:active, 
-                 :command=>proc{w.destroy}){|b|
-      w.bind('Return', proc{b.invoke})
-      w.bind('Escape', proc{b.invoke})
+    TkButton.new(base, :text=>"λ��", :width=>8, :default=>:active, 
+                 :command=>proc{top.destroy}){|b|
+      top.bind('Return', proc{b.invoke})
+      top.bind('Escape', proc{b.invoke})
 
       b.grid(:sticky=>'e', :padx=>4, :pady=>[6, 4])
     }
-    w.grid_columnconfig(0, :weight=>1)
-    w.grid_rowconfig(0, :weight=>1)
+    base.grid_columnconfig(0, :weight=>1)
+    base.grid_rowconfig(0, :weight=>1)
   }
 end
 
@@ -633,8 +714,27 @@ def _null_binding
 end
 private :_null_binding
 
-def eval_samplecode(code)
-  Thread.new{ _null_binding.pseudo_toplevel_eval{ eval(code) } }.run
+def eval_samplecode(code, file=nil)
+  #eval(code)
+  #_null_binding.pseudo_toplevel_eval{ eval(code) }
+  #Thread.new{ _null_binding.pseudo_toplevel_eval{ eval(code) } }
+  Thread.new{
+    _null_binding.pseudo_toplevel_eval{
+      begin
+        if file
+          eval(code, binding, "(eval:#{file})")
+        else
+          eval(code)
+        end
+      rescue Exception=>e
+        #p e
+        TkBgError.show(e.message + "\n" + 
+                         "\n---< backtrace of Ruby side >-----\n" + 
+                         e.backtrace.join("\n") + 
+                         "\n---< backtrace of Tk side >-------")
+      end
+    }
+  }
   Tk.update
 end
 
@@ -648,7 +748,7 @@ def invoke(txt, idx)
   Tk.update
   # eval(IO.readlines("#{[$demo_dir, tag[5..-1]].join(File::Separator)}.rb").join, _null_binding)
   # Tk.update
-  eval_samplecode(IO.readlines("#{[$demo_dir, tag[5..-1]].join(File::Separator)}.rb").join)
+  eval_samplecode(IO.readlines("#{[$demo_dir, tag[5..-1]].join(File::Separator)}.rb").join, tag[5..-1] + '.rb')
   txt.cursor(cursor)
 
   $tag_visited.add("#{idx} linestart +1 chars", "#{idx} lineend +1 chars")
@@ -694,6 +794,7 @@ def showCode1(demo)
   if $code_window == nil || TkWinfo.exist?($code_window) == false
     $code_window = TkToplevel.new(nil)
     f = TkFrame.new($code_window)
+
     TkButton.new(f) {
       #text "λ��"
       text "�Ĥ���"
@@ -701,14 +802,25 @@ def showCode1(demo)
         $code_window.destroy
         $code_window = nil
       }
-    }.pack('side'=>'left', 'expand'=>'yes', 'pady'=>2)
+    }.pack('side'=>'right', 'expand'=>'false', 'pady'=>2)
     TkButton.new(f) {
       text "�Ƽ¹�"
       # command proc{eval($code_text.get('1.0','end'), _null_binding)}
-      command proc{eval_samplecode($code_text.get('1.0','end'))}
-    }.pack('side'=>'left', 'expand'=>'yes', 'pady'=>2)
-#    f.pack('side'=>'bottom', 'expand'=>'yes', 'fill'=>'x')
-    f.pack('side'=>'bottom', 'fill'=>'x')
+      command proc{eval_samplecode($code_text.get('1.0','end'), '<viewer>')}
+    }.pack('side'=>'right', 'expand'=>'false', 'pady'=>2)
+
+    TkLabel.new(f,'text'=>'line:').pack('side'=>'left')
+    linenum =TkLabel.new(f,'text'=>'').pack('side'=>'left')
+    TkLabel.new(f,'text'=>'  pos:').pack('side'=>'left')
+    posnum =TkLabel.new(f,'text'=>'').pack('side'=>'left')
+
+    $set_linenum = proc{|w|
+      line, pos = w.index('insert').split('.')
+      linenum.text = line
+      posnum.text  = pos
+    }
+
+    f.pack('side'=>'bottom', 'expand'=>'true', 'fill'=>'x')
 
     if $tk_version =~ /^4\.[01]/
       s = TkScrollbar.new($code_window, 'orient'=>'vertical')
@@ -752,10 +864,21 @@ def showCode1(demo)
         TkGrid.columnconfigure(f, 0, 'weight'=>1, 'minsize'=>0)
       }
     end
+
+    btag = TkBindTag.new
+
+    btag.bind('Key', $set_linenum, '%W')
+    btag.bind('Button', $set_linenum, '%W')
+
+    btags = $code_text.bindtags
+    btags.insert(btags.index($code_text.class) + 1, btag)
+    $code_text.bindtags = btags
+
   else
     $code_window.deiconify
     $code_window.raise
   end
+
   $code_window.title("Demo code: #{file}")
   $code_window.iconname(file)
 #  fid = open(file, 'r')
@@ -766,6 +889,9 @@ def showCode1(demo)
   #$code_mark = TkTextMark.new($code_text, '1.0')
   #$code_text.set_insert('1.0')
   TkTextMarkInsert.new($code_text,'1.0')
+
+  $set_linenum.call($code_text)
+
   fid.close
 end
 
@@ -786,7 +912,19 @@ def showCode2(demo)
     tf.grid_columnconfigure(0, :weight=>1)
 
     bf = TkFrame.new($code_window)
-    
+
+    lf = TkFrame.new(bf)
+    TkLabel.new(lf, :text=>'line:').pack(:side=>:left)
+    linenum =TkLabel.new(lf, :text=>'').pack(:side=>:left)
+    TkLabel.new(lf, :text=>'  pos:').pack(:side=>:left)
+    posnum =TkLabel.new(lf, :text=>'').pack(:side=>:left)
+
+    $set_linenum = proc{|w|
+      line, pos = w.index('insert').split('.')
+      linenum.text = line
+      posnum.text  = pos
+    }
+
     #b_dis = TkButton.new(bf, :text=>'λ��', :default=>:active, 
     b_dis = TkButton.new(bf, :text=>'�Ĥ���', :default=>:active, 
                          :command=>proc{
@@ -800,12 +938,12 @@ def showCode2(demo)
     b_run = TkButton.new(bf, :text=>'�Ƽ¹�', 
                          :command=>proc{
                            # eval($code_text.get('1.0','end'), _null_binding)
-                           eval_samplecode($code_text.get('1.0','end'))
+                           eval_samplecode($code_text.get('1.0','end'), '<viewer>')
                          }, 
                          :image=>$image['refresh'], :compound=>:left)
 
-    TkGrid('x', b_run, b_prn, b_dis, :padx=>4, :pady=>[6,4])
-    bf.grid_columnconfigure(0, :weight=>1)
+    TkGrid(lf, 'x', b_run, b_prn, b_dis, :padx=>4, :pady=>[6,4])
+    bf.grid_columnconfigure(1, :weight=>1)
 
     TkGrid(tf, :sticky=>'news')
     TkGrid(bf, :sticky=>'ew')
@@ -818,6 +956,16 @@ def showCode2(demo)
     $code_window.bindinfo('Return').each{|cmd, arg|
       $code_window.bind_append('Escape', cmd, arg)
     }
+
+    btag = TkBindTag.new
+
+    btag.bind('Key', $set_linenum, '%W')
+    btag.bind('Button', $set_linenum, '%W')
+
+    btags = $code_text.bindtags
+    btags.insert(btags.index($code_text.class) + 1, btag)
+    $code_text.bindtags = btags
+
   else
     $code_window.deiconify
     $code_window.raise
@@ -829,6 +977,9 @@ def showCode2(demo)
   $code_text.delete('1.0', 'end')
   $code_text.insert('1.0', fid.read)
   TkTextMarkInsert.new($code_text,'1.0')
+
+  $set_linenum.call($code_text)
+
   fid.close
 end
 
@@ -926,12 +1077,13 @@ end
 #
 def aboutBox
   Tk.messageBox('icon'=>'info', 'type'=>'ok', 'title'=>'About Widget Demo', 
-                'message'=>"Ruby/Tk ���������åȥǥ� Ver.1.6.0-jp\n\n" + 
+                'message'=>"Ruby/Tk ���������åȥǥ� Ver.1.7.0-jp\n\n" + 
                            "based on demos of Tk8.1 -- 8.5  " + 
-                           "( Copyright:: " + 
+                           "( Copyright of Tcl/Tk demos:: " + 
                            "(c) 1996-1997 Sun Microsystems, Inc. / " + 
                            "(c) 1997-2000 Ajuba Solutions, Inc. / " + 
-                           "(c) 2001-2003 Donal K. Fellows )\n\n" +
+                           "(c) 2001-2007 Donal K. Fellows / " + 
+                           "(c) 2002-2007 Daniel A. Steffen )\n\n" +
                            "Your Ruby & Tk Version ::\n" + 
                            "Ruby#{RUBY_VERSION}(#{RUBY_RELEASE_DATE})[#{RUBY_PLATFORM}] / Tk#{$tk_patchlevel}#{(Tk::JAPANIZED_TK)? '-jp': ''}\n\n" + 
                            "Ruby/Tk release date :: tcltklib #{TclTkLib::RELEASE_DATE}; tk #{Tk::RELEASE_DATE}")
@@ -953,7 +1105,7 @@ ARGV.each{|cmd|
   end
   #eval(IO.readlines("#{[$demo_dir, cmd].join(File::Separator)}.rb").join, 
   #     _null_binding)
-  eval_samplecode(IO.readlines("#{[$demo_dir, cmd].join(File::Separator)}.rb").join)
+  eval_samplecode(IO.readlines("#{[$demo_dir, cmd].join(File::Separator)}.rb").join, cmd + '.rb')
 }
 if no_launcher
   $root.withdraw  # hide root window
diff --git a/ext/tk/sample/editable_listbox.rb b/ext/tk/sample/editable_listbox.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..99345da380
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ext/tk/sample/editable_listbox.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,69 @@
+#
+# Editable_TkListbox class
+#
+#   When "DoubleClick-1" on a listbox item, the entry box is opend on the
+#   item. And when hit "Return" key on the entry box after modifying the
+#   text, the entry box is closed and the item is changed. Or when hit 
+#   "Escape" key, the entry box is closed without modification.
+#
+#                              by Hidetoshi NAGAI (nagai@ai.kyutech.ac.jp)
+#
+require 'tk'
+
+class Editable_TkListbox < TkListbox
+  def _ebox_placer(coord_y)
+    idx = self.nearest(coord_y)
+    x, y, w, h = self.bbox(idx)
+    @ebox.place(:x => 0, :relwidth => 1.0, 
+                :y => y - self.selectborderwidth, 
+                :height => h + 2 * self.selectborderwidth)
+    @ebox.pos = idx
+    @ebox.value = self.listvariable.list[idx]
+    @ebox.focus
+  end
+  private :_ebox_placer
+
+
+  def create_self(keys)
+    super(keys)
+
+    unless self.listvariable
+      self.listvariable = TkVariable.new(self.get(0, :end))
+    end
+
+    @ebox = TkEntry.new(self){
+      @pos = -1
+      def self.pos; @pos; end
+      def self.pos=(idx); @pos = idx; end
+    }
+
+    @ebox.bind('Return'){
+      list = self.listvariable.list
+      list[@ebox.pos] = @ebox.value
+      self.listvariable.value = list
+      @ebox.place_forget
+      @ebox.pos = -1
+    }
+
+    @ebox.bind('Escape'){
+      @ebox.place_forget
+      @ebox.pos = -1
+    }
+
+    self.bind('Double-1', '%y'){|y| _ebox_placer(y) }
+  end
+end
+
+if $0 == __FILE__
+  scr = TkScrollbar.new.pack(:side=>:right, :fill=>:y)
+
+  lbox1 = Editable_TkListbox.new.pack(:side=>:left)
+  lbox2 = Editable_TkListbox.new.pack(:side=>:left)
+
+  scr.assign(lbox1, lbox2)
+
+  lbox1.insert(:end, *%w(a b c d e f g h i j k l m n))
+  lbox2.insert(:end,     0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,0,1,2,3)
+
+  Tk.mainloop
+end
diff --git a/ext/tk/sample/encstr_usage.rb b/ext/tk/sample/encstr_usage.rb
index 4285ec861c..b22c2504ac 100644
--- a/ext/tk/sample/encstr_usage.rb
+++ b/ext/tk/sample/encstr_usage.rb
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ t1 = TkText.new(:height=>5).pack
 t2 = TkText.new(:height=>5).pack
 t3 = TkText.new(:height=>5).pack
 
-src_str = IO.readlines('iso2022-kr.txt').join
+src_str = IO.readlines(File.join(File.dirname(__FILE__),'iso2022-kr.txt')).join
 
 t1.insert('end', 
           "use neither Tk::EncodedString class nor Tk.encoding= method\n\n")
@@ -23,7 +23,8 @@ t2.insert('end',
 t2.insert('end', enc_str)
 
 Tk.encoding = 'iso2022-kr'
-t3.insert('end', "use Tk.encoding = 'iso2022-kr'\n\n")
+t3.insert('end', "use Tk.encoding = 'iso2022-kr' (Tk.force_default_encoding? == #{Tk.force_default_encoding?})\n\n")
+
 t3.insert('end', src_str)
 
 Tk.mainloop
diff --git a/ext/tk/sample/figmemo_sample.rb b/ext/tk/sample/figmemo_sample.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..1b6979d2dd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ext/tk/sample/figmemo_sample.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,456 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env ruby
+require 'tk'
+
+begin
+  # try to use Img extension
+  require 'tkextlib/tkimg'
+rescue Exception
+  # cannot use Img extention --> ignore
+end
+
+
+############################
+# scrolled_canvas
+class TkScrolledCanvas < TkCanvas
+  include TkComposite
+
+  def initialize_composite(keys={})
+    @h_scr = TkScrollbar.new(@frame)
+    @v_scr = TkScrollbar.new(@frame)
+
+    @canvas = TkCanvas.new(@frame)
+    @path = @canvas.path
+
+    @canvas.xscrollbar(@h_scr)
+    @canvas.yscrollbar(@v_scr)
+
+    TkGrid.rowconfigure(@frame, 0, :weight=>1, :minsize=>0)
+    TkGrid.columnconfigure(@frame, 0, :weight=>1, :minsize=>0)
+
+    @canvas.grid(:row=>0, :column=>0, :sticky=>'news')
+    @h_scr.grid(:row=>1, :column=>0, :sticky=>'ew')
+    @v_scr.grid(:row=>0, :column=>1, :sticky=>'ns')
+
+    delegate('DEFAULT', @canvas)
+    delegate('background', @canvas, @h_scr, @v_scr)
+    delegate('activebackground', @h_scr, @v_scr)
+    delegate('troughcolor', @h_scr, @v_scr)
+    delegate('repeatdelay', @h_scr, @v_scr)
+    delegate('repeatinterval', @h_scr, @v_scr)
+    delegate('borderwidth', @frame)
+    delegate('relief', @frame)
+
+    delegate_alias('canvasborderwidth', 'borderwidth', @canvas)
+    delegate_alias('canvasrelief', 'relief', @canvas)
+
+    delegate_alias('scrollbarborderwidth', 'borderwidth', @h_scr, @v_scr)
+    delegate_alias('scrollbarrelief', 'relief', @h_scr, @v_scr)
+
+    configure(keys) unless keys.empty?
+  end
+end
+
+############################
+class PhotoCanvas < TkScrolledCanvas
+
+USAGE = <<EOT
+--- WHAT IS ---
+You can write comments on the loaded image, and save it as a Postscipt 
+file (original image file is not modified). Each comment is drawn as a 
+set of an indicator circle, an arrow, and a memo text. See the following 
+how to write comments.
+This can save the list of memo texts to another file. It may useful to 
+search the saved Postscript file by the comments on them.
+This may not support multibyte characters (multibyte texts are broken on 
+a Postscript file). It depends on features of canvas widgets of Tcl/Tk 
+libraries linked your Ruby/Tk. If you use Tcl/Tk8.0-jp (Japanized Tcl/Tk),
+you can (possibly) get a Japanese Postscript file.
+
+--- BINDINGS ---
+* Button-1 : draw comments by following steps
+    1st - Set center of a indicator circle.
+    2nd - Set head position of an arrow.
+    3rd - Set tail position of an arrow, and show an entry box.
+          Input a memo text and hit 'Enter' key to entry the comment.
+
+* Button-2-drag : scroll the canvas
+
+* Button-3 : when drawing, cancel current drawing
+
+* Double-Button-3 : delete the clicked comment (text, arrow, and circle)
+EOT
+
+  def initialize(*args)
+    super(*args)
+
+    self.highlightthickness = 0
+    self.selectborderwidth = 0
+
+    @photo = TkPhotoImage.new
+    @img = TkcImage.new(self, 0, 0, :image=>@photo)
+
+    width  = self.width
+    height = self.height
+    @scr_region = [-width, -height, width, height]
+    self.scrollregion(@scr_region)
+    self.xview_moveto(0.25)
+    self.yview_moveto(0.25)
+
+    @col = 'red'
+    @font = 'Helvetica -12'
+
+    @memo_id_num = -1
+    @memo_id_head = 'memo_'
+    @memo_id_tag = nil
+    @overlap_d = 2
+
+    @state = TkVariable.new
+    @border = 2
+    @selectborder = 1
+    @delta = @border + @selectborder
+    @entry = TkEntry.new(self, :relief=>:ridge, :borderwidth=>@border, 
+                         :selectborderwidth=>@selectborder, 
+                         :highlightthickness=>0)
+    @entry.bind('Return'){@state.value = 0}
+
+    @mode = old_mode = 0
+
+    _state0()
+
+    bind('2', :x, :y){|x,y| scan_mark(x,y)}
+    bind('B2-Motion', :x, :y){|x,y| scan_dragto(x,y)}
+
+    bind('3'){
+      next if (old_mode = @mode) == 0
+      @items.each{|item| item.delete }
+      _state0()
+    }
+
+    bind('Double-3', :widget, :x, :y){|w, x, y|
+      next if old_mode != 0
+      x = w.canvasx(x)
+      y = w.canvasy(y)
+      tag = nil
+      w.find_overlapping(x - @overlap_d, y - @overlap_d, 
+                         x + @overlap_d, y + @overlap_d).find{|item|
+        ! (item.tags.find{|name|
+             if name =~ /^(#{@memo_id_head}\d+)$/
+               tag = $1
+             end
+           }.empty?)
+      }
+      w.delete(tag) if tag
+    }
+  end
+
+  #-----------------------------------
+  private
+  def _state0() # init
+    @mode = 0
+
+    @memo_id_num += 1
+    @memo_id_tag = @memo_id_head + @memo_id_num.to_s
+
+    @target = nil
+    @items = []
+    @mark = [0, 0]
+    bind_remove('Motion')
+    bind('ButtonRelease-1', proc{|x,y| _state1(x,y)}, '%x', '%y')
+  end
+
+  def _state1(x,y) # set center
+    @mode = 1
+
+    @target = TkcOval.new(self, 
+                          [canvasx(x), canvasy(y)], [canvasx(x), canvasy(y)], 
+                          :outline=>@col, :width=>3, :tags=>[@memo_id_tag])
+    @items << @target
+    @mark = [x,y]
+
+    bind('Motion', proc{|x,y| _state2(x,y)}, '%x', '%y')
+    bind('ButtonRelease-1', proc{|x,y| _state3(x,y)}, '%x', '%y')
+  end
+
+  def _state2(x,y) # create circle
+    @mode = 2
+
+    r = Integer(Math.sqrt((x-@mark[0])**2 + (y-@mark[1])**2))
+    @target.coords([canvasx(@mark[0] - r), canvasy(@mark[1] - r)], 
+                   [canvasx(@mark[0] + r), canvasy(@mark[1] + r)])
+  end
+
+  def _state3(x,y) # set line start
+    @mode = 3
+
+    @target = TkcLine.new(self, 
+                          [canvasx(x), canvasy(y)], [canvasx(x), canvasy(y)], 
+                          :arrow=>:first, :arrowshape=>[10, 14, 5], 
+                          :fill=>@col, :tags=>[@memo_id_tag])
+    @items << @target
+    @mark = [x, y]
+
+    bind('Motion', proc{|x,y| _state4(x,y)}, '%x', '%y')
+    bind('ButtonRelease-1', proc{|x,y| _state5(x,y)}, '%x', '%y')
+  end
+
+  def _state4(x,y) # create line
+    @mode = 4
+
+    @target.coords([canvasx(@mark[0]), canvasy(@mark[1])], 
+                   [canvasx(x), canvasy(y)])
+  end
+
+  def _state5(x,y) # set text
+    @mode = 5
+
+    if x - @mark[0] >= 0
+      justify = 'left'
+      dx = - @delta
+
+      if y - @mark[1] >= 0
+        anchor = 'nw'
+        dy = - @delta
+      else
+        anchor = 'sw'
+        dy = @delta
+      end
+    else
+      justify = 'right'
+      dx = @delta
+
+      if y - @mark[1] >= 0
+        anchor = 'ne'
+        dy = - @delta
+      else
+        anchor = 'se'
+        dy = @delta
+      end
+    end
+
+    bind_remove('Motion')
+
+    @entry.value = ''
+    @entry.configure(:justify=>justify, :font=>@font, :foreground=>@col)
+
+    ewin = TkcWindow.new(self, [canvasx(x)+dx, canvasy(y)+dy], 
+                         :window=>@entry, :state=>:normal, :anchor=>anchor, 
+                         :tags=>[@memo_id_tag])
+
+    @entry.focus
+    @entry.grab
+    @state.wait
+    @entry.grab_release
+
+    ewin.delete
+
+    @target = TkcText.new(self, [canvasx(x), canvasy(y)], 
+                          :anchor=>anchor, :justify=>justify, 
+                          :fill=>@col, :font=>@font, :text=>@entry.value, 
+                          :tags=>[@memo_id_tag])
+
+    _state0()
+  end
+
+  #-----------------------------------
+  public
+  def load_photo(filename)
+    @photo.configure(:file=>filename)
+  end
+
+  def modified?
+    ! ((find_withtag('all') - [@img]).empty?)
+  end
+
+  def fig_erase
+    (find_withtag('all') - [@img]).each{|item| item.delete}
+  end
+
+  def reset_region
+    width = @photo.width
+    height = @photo.height
+
+    if width > @scr_region[2]
+      @scr_region[0] = -width
+      @scr_region[2] = width
+    end
+
+    if height > @scr_region[3]
+      @scr_region[1] = -height
+      @scr_region[3] = height
+    end
+
+    self.scrollregion(@scr_region)
+    self.xview_moveto(0.25)
+    self.yview_moveto(0.25)
+  end
+
+  def get_texts
+    ret = []
+    find_withtag('all').each{|item|
+      if item.kind_of?(TkcText)
+        ret << item[:text]
+      end
+    }
+    ret
+  end
+end
+############################
+
+# define methods for menu
+def open_file(canvas, fname)
+  if canvas.modified?
+    ret = Tk.messageBox(:icon=>'warning',:type=>'okcancel',:default=>'cancel',
+                        :message=>'Canvas may be modified. Realy erase? ')
+    return if ret == 'cancel'
+  end
+
+  filetypes = [
+    ['GIF Files', '.gif'], 
+    ['GIF Files', [], 'GIFF'], 
+    ['PPM Files', '.ppm'], 
+    ['PGM Files', '.pgm']
+  ]
+
+  begin
+    if Tk::Img::package_version != ''
+      filetypes << ['JPEG Files', ['.jpg', '.jpeg']]
+      filetypes << ['PNG Files', '.png']
+      filetypes << ['PostScript Files', '.ps']
+      filetypes << ['PDF Files', '.pdf']
+      filetypes << ['Windows Bitmap Files', '.bmp']
+      filetypes << ['Windows Icon Files', '.ico']
+      filetypes << ['PCX Files', '.pcx']
+      filetypes << ['Pixmap Files', '.pixmap']
+      filetypes << ['SGI Files', '.sgi']
+      filetypes << ['Sun Raster Files', '.sun']
+      filetypes << ['TGA Files', '.tga']
+      filetypes << ['TIFF Files', '.tiff']
+      filetypes << ['XBM Files', '.xbm']
+      filetypes << ['XPM Files', '.xpm']
+    end
+  rescue
+  end
+
+  filetypes << ['ALL Files', '*']
+
+  fpath = Tk.getOpenFile(:filetypes=>filetypes)
+  return if fpath.empty?
+
+  begin
+    canvas.load_photo(fpath)
+  rescue => e
+    Tk.messageBox(:icon=>'error', :type=>'ok', 
+                  :message=>"Fail to read '#{fpath}'.\n#{e.message}")
+  end
+
+  canvas.fig_erase
+  canvas.reset_region
+
+  fname.value = fpath
+end
+
+# --------------------------------
+def save_memo(canvas, fname)
+  initname = fname.value
+  if initname != '-'
+    initname = File.basename(initname, File.extname(initname))
+    fpath = Tk.getSaveFile(:filetypes=>[ ['Text Files', '.txt'], 
+                                         ['ALL Files', '*'] ], 
+                           :initialfile=>initname)
+  else
+    fpath = Tk.getSaveFile(:filetypes=>[ ['Text Files', '.txt'], 
+                                         ['ALL Files', '*'] ])
+  end
+  return if fpath.empty?
+
+  begin
+    fid = open(fpath, 'w')
+  rescue => e
+    Tk.messageBox(:icon=>'error', :type=>'ok', 
+                  :message=>"Fail to open '#{fname.value}'.\n#{e.message}")
+  end
+
+  begin
+    canvas.get_texts.each{|txt|
+      fid.print(txt, "\n")
+    }
+  ensure
+    fid.close
+  end
+end
+
+# --------------------------------
+def ps_print(canvas, fname)
+  initname = fname.value
+  if initname != '-'
+    initname = File.basename(initname, File.extname(initname))
+    fpath = Tk.getSaveFile(:filetypes=>[ ['Postscript Files', '.ps'], 
+                                         ['ALL Files', '*'] ], 
+                           :initialfile=>initname)
+  else
+    fpath = Tk.getSaveFile(:filetypes=>[ ['Postscript Files', '.ps'], 
+                                         ['ALL Files', '*'] ])
+  end
+  return if fpath.empty?
+
+  bbox = canvas.bbox('all')
+  canvas.postscript(:file=>fpath, :x=>bbox[0], :y=>bbox[1], 
+                    :width=>bbox[2] - bbox[0], :height=>bbox[3] - bbox[1])
+end
+
+# --------------------------------
+def quit(canvas)
+  ret = Tk.messageBox(:icon=>'warning', :type=>'okcancel', 
+                      :default=>'cancel', 
+                      :message=>'Realy quit? ')
+  exit if ret == 'ok'
+end
+
+# --------------------------------
+# setup root
+root = TkRoot.new(:title=>'Fig Memo')
+
+# create canvas frame
+canvas = PhotoCanvas.new(root).pack(:fill=>:both, :expand=>true)
+usage_frame = TkFrame.new(root, :relief=>:ridge, :borderwidth=>2)
+hide_btn = TkButton.new(usage_frame, :text=>'hide usage', 
+                        :font=>{:size=>8}, :pady=>1, 
+                        :command=>proc{usage_frame.unpack})
+hide_btn.pack(:anchor=>'e', :padx=>5)
+usage = TkLabel.new(usage_frame, :text=>PhotoCanvas::USAGE, 
+                    :font=>'Helvetica 8', :justify=>:left).pack
+
+show_usage = proc{
+  usage_frame.pack(:before=>canvas, :fill=>:x, :expand=>true)
+}
+
+fname = TkVariable.new('-')
+f = TkFrame.new(root, :relief=>:sunken, :borderwidth=>1).pack(:fill=>:x)
+label = TkLabel.new(f, :textvariable=>fname, 
+                    :font=>{:size=>-12, :weight=>:bold}, 
+                    :anchor=>'w').pack(:side=>:left, :fill=>:x, :padx=>10)
+
+# create menu
+mspec = [
+  [ ['File', 0], 
+    ['Show Usage',      proc{show_usage.call}, 5], 
+    '---', 
+    ['Open Image File', proc{open_file(canvas, fname)}, 0], 
+    ['Save Memo Texts', proc{save_memo(canvas, fname)}, 0], 
+    '---', 
+    ['Save Postscript', proc{ps_print(canvas, fname)}, 5], 
+    '---', 
+    ['Quit', proc{quit(canvas)}, 0]
+  ]
+]
+root.add_menubar(mspec)
+
+# manage wm_protocol
+root.protocol(:WM_DELETE_WINDOW){quit(canvas)}
+
+# show usage
+show_usage.call
+
+# --------------------------------
+# start eventloop
+Tk.mainloop
diff --git a/ext/tk/sample/images/teapot.ppm b/ext/tk/sample/images/teapot.ppm
index 78afefbf82..b8ab85f3a5 100644
--- a/ext/tk/sample/images/teapot.ppm
+++ b/ext/tk/sample/images/teapot.ppm
@@ -1,8 +1,7 @@
 P6
 256 256
 255
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-+,YA5jPBpSD�l[�o]�q^�t`�_K�wb�yc�ze�{f�}g�h��i�lSrVMtWMvWNxXNyYN{ZN|[N~[N\O�]O�]O�^O�_O�_O�`O�`O�`O�aP�aP�bP�bP�bP�cP�cP�cP�cP�dP�dP�dP�dP�dP�dP�dP�dP�eP�eP�eP�eP�eP�dP�dP�dP�dP�dP�dP�dP�cP�cP�cP�cP�bP�bP�bP�aP�aO�`O�`O�`O�_O�^O�^O�]O�]O\O~[N|[N{ZNyYNxXN��j��j��j��j��j��j�hS�gS�eR�cR|`Q�sf�oe}jcrd`k_]LCDC=@,,3(4F(4F.S�.S�/S�/S�/S�/S�/S�/S�/S�Tx�Tx�Tx�Tx�Tx�Tx�Tx�Tx�Tx�Ty�Ty�Ty����Hl�Hl�Hl�Hl�Hl�Hl�Hl�Hl�Hl�Hl�Hl�Hl�Hl�Hl�Hl�Hl�Hl�Hl�Hl�Hl�Hl�Hl�Hl�Hl����Hl�Hl�Hl�Hl�Hl�Hl�Hl�Hl�Hl�Hl�Hl�Hl�Hl�Hl�Hl�Hl�Hl�Hl�Hl�Hl�Hl�Hl�Hl�Hl�Hl�Ch�Ch��ր�ր�ր�ր��Ei�Ei�Ei���ր�ր�ր�ր�ր�ր�׀�׀�׀��Cg�Cg�Cg�Cg�Cg�Cg�Cg�Cg�Cg�Cg�Cg�Cg�Bg�Bg�&J|&J|&J|&J|&J|&J|&J|&J|&J|&J|Bf�Bf�Bf�Bf�Bf�Bf�Bf�Bf�Bf�Bf�Bf�Bf�Bf�Bf�Bf�&J|%J|%J|%J|%J|%J|%J|%J|%J|%J|%J|%J|%I|%I|%I|%I|%I|#5H71O;3V?4iOBoSDsVF�o]{[I^K�`L�bN�dO�{f�}g�~h��j�kT�mU�oV�qW�rWwXNxXNzYN{ZN}[N~[N\O�]O�]O�^O�^O�_O�_O�`O�`O�`O�aO�aP�aP�bP�bP�bP�bP�cP�cP�cP�cP�cP�cP�cP�cP�cP�cP�cP�cP�cP�cP�cP�cP�cP�cP�bP�bP�bP�bP�aP�aP�aO�`O�`O�_O�_O�_O�^O�^O�]O�\O\N~[N|ZN{ZNyYN�oT�oT�oT�nT��l��l��l�jU�iT�hT�fT�cS�vi�rg�nfyidqdah^^HBD?<@)+3OZkMYk(5F(5F(5F/S�/S�/S�/S�/S�Tx�Tx�Tx�Tx�Tx�Tx�Tx�Tx�Ty�Ty�Ty�Ty�Uy���܆�܆�܆��Hl�Hl�Hl�Hl�Hl�Hl�Hl�Hl�Hl�Hl�Hl�Hl�Hl�Hl�Hl�Hl�Hl�Hl�Hl�Hl���܆�܆�܆�܆��Hl�Hl�Hl�Hl�Hl�Hl�Hl�Hl�Hl�Hl�Hl�Hl�Hl�Hl�Hl�Hl�Hl�Hl�Hl�Hl�Hl�Hl�Hl�Dh�Dh�Dh�Ch�&K}&K}&K}&K}&K}&K}Ch�Ch�Cg�Cg�Cg�Cg�Cg�Cg�Cg�Cg�Cg�Cg�Cg�Cg�Cg�Cg�Cg�Cg�Cg�Cg�Cg�Cg�Cg�Cg�Cg�&J|&J|&J|&J|&J|&J|Bg�Bg�Bg�Bf�Bf�Bf�Bf�Bf�Bf�Bf�Bf�Bf�Bf�Bf�Bf�Bf�Bf�Bf�Bf�&J|&J|&J|&J|%J|%J|%J|%J|%J|%J|%J|%J|%J|%J|%J|%I|%I|A99N?;L:2T>4gNBlRD�k\�n^z[J~^L�aN�cO�dP�fQ�gR�hT�jU�lV�nW�pX�rX�sY��q��q��r��r��r��s�z[�z[�z[�{[�{[�{ZœrŒqŒqŒpŒpőo�yV�xV�xU�wT�wT�aP�bP�bP�bP�bP�bP�bP�bP�bP�bP�bP�bP�bP�bP�aP�aP�aP�aP�aO�aO�`O�`O�`O�_O�_O�^O�^O�^O�]O�]O�\O~\N}[N|ZNzYN�pT�pU�pU�pU�oV�oV�nV�mV�lV�kV�jV�hV�fU~cU�uj�qh~mfugdkaad\^E@D98?$(2minffm^blV^lMYk(5F(5F/S�Tx�Tx�Tx�Tx�Tx�Tx�Tx�Tx�Tx�Ty�Ty�Ty�Uy�Uy���܆�܆�܆�܆�܆�܆�܆��Hl�Hl�Hl�Hl�Hl�Hl�Hl�Hl�Hl�Hl�Hl�Hl�Hl�Hl�Hl���݆�݆�݆�݆�݆�݆�݆�݆�݆��Hl�Hl�Hl�Hl�Hl�Hl�Hl�Hl�Hl�Hl�Hl�Hl�Hl�Hl�Hl�Hl�Hl�Hl�Hl�Hl�Hl�'K}'K}'K}'K}'K}'K}'K}'K}'K}&K}&K}Ch�Ch�Ch�Ch�Ch�Ch�Ch�Cg�Cg�Cg�Cg�Cg�Cg�Cg�Cg�Cg�Cg�Cg�Cg�Cg�Cg�Cg�Cg�Cg�Cg�&J|Cg�Cg�Cg�Cg�Cg�Bg�Bg�Bg�Bg�Bg�Bg�Bf�Bf�Bf�Bf�Bf�Bf�Bf�Bf�Bf�Bf�Bf�Bf�Bf�&J|&J|&J|&J|&J|&J|&J|%J|%J|%J|%J|%J|%J|%J|Ae�Ae�;GY<68I=:I82Q=4XA6~fZ�j\�m^�p`|]L�`N�cP�eQ�gS�j��l��m��n�oX�qY�rZ�t[��r��s��s��t��t��t�z]�{]�{]�{\�{\�{\�{[ēsērĒrĒqĒpđp�yWĐoÐnÏmÏllk��k�aO�aO�aO�aO�aO�aO�aO�`O�`O�`O�`O�`O�`O�_O�_O�_O�_O�^O�^O�]O�]O�]O\O~\N}[N|ZN��l��l��m�qV�qV�qV�pW�pW�oW��n��n��n��n��n�~n�eW�xl�tk�piykfodcf_`JDG@>C*,5$1MYk�tr~tstmolinadmX_lNZkMZkTx�Tx�Tx�Tx�Tx�Tx�Tx�Ty�Ty�Ty�Uy�Uy�Uy���݆�݆�݆�݆�݆�݆�݆�݆�݆��Hl�Hl�Hm�Hm�Hm�Hm�Hm�Hm�Hm�Hm�Hm�Hm���݆�݆�݇�݇�݇�݇�݇�݇�݇�݇�݇�݇��Hm�Hm�Hm�Hm�Hm�Hm�Hm�Hm�Hm�Hm�Hm�Hm�Hm�Hm�Hm�Hm�Hm�Hm�Hm�Hm�'K}'K}'K}'K}'K}'K}'K}'K}'K}'K}'K}'K}Dh�Dh�Dh�Dh�Ch�Ch�Ch�Ch�Ch�Ch�Ch�Cg�Cg�Cg�Cg�Cg�Cg�Cg�Cg�Cg�Cg�Cg�&J}&J}&J}Cg�Cg�Cg�Cg�Cg�Cg�Cg�Cg�Cg�Cg�Bg�Bg�Bg�Bg�Bg�Bg�Bf�Bf�Bf�Bf�Bf�Bf�Bf�Bf�Bf�&J|&J|&J|&J|&J|&J|&J|&J|&J|&J|Af�Af�Af�Af�;GY;GY;GY1'!D:9N?;N;3]I?zdY�h[�l^�oa�sc�ue�bQ�dR�fT�l��m��n��o��p��q��r��s�v]�w]��u��u��u��u��v�{^�{^�|^�|]�|]�{\�{\�{[�{[�zZ�zZ�yY�yX�xXonn��m��m�uT�uS�tS�tS�tR�sR�sQ�_O�_O�_O�^O�^O�^O�^O�^O�]O�]O�]O�rS�rS�rS��k��l��l��m��m��m��n��n�qW�qX�qX��o��o��p��p��p��p�p�}o{cXv`Vp]U}nishfhaba\_DAF::B$)4
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-&3#.$-% .% .& /&!,#,#@70A71XNHXNHWNHWNHZRLYQLYQLXQLWQLWPLUOLSNLQMKOLJMJJ0//.-.,,-&(+"(!'			
-
-%' %$#" ! !$
-
-
-						
-
-
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+|>
+
+
+&3#.$-% .% .& /&!,#,#@70A71XNHXNHWNHWNHZRLYQLYQLXQLWQLWPLUOLSNLQMKOLJMJJ0//.-.,,-&(+"(!'			
+%' %$#" ! !$
+						
diff --git a/ext/tk/sample/irbtkw.rbw b/ext/tk/sample/irbtkw.rbw
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..3fb6dde626
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ext/tk/sample/irbtkw.rbw
@@ -0,0 +1,146 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env ruby
+#
+#  irbtkw.rb : IRB console with Ruby/Tk
+#
+#                                 by Hidetoshi NAGAI (nagai@ai.kyutech.ac.jp)
+#
+release = '2008/03/08'
+
+require 'tk'
+begin
+  require 'tktextio'
+rescue LoadError
+  require File.join(File.dirname(File.expand_path(__FILE__)), 'tktextio.rb')
+end
+
+require 'irb'
+
+if TkCore::WITH_ENCODING
+else
+  # $KCODE setup
+  case Tk.encoding
+  when 'shiftjis', 'cp932'
+    $KCODE='SJIS'
+  when 'euc-jp'
+    $KCODE='EUC'
+  when 'utf-8', 'unicode'
+    $KCODE='UTF8'
+  else
+    # unknown
+  end
+end
+
+# console setup
+top = TkToplevel.new(:title=>'IRB console')
+top.protocol(:WM_DELETE_WINDOW){ Tk.exit }
+
+case (Tk.windowingsystem)
+when 'win32'
+  fnt = ['MS Gothic', '-12']
+else
+  fnt = ['courier', '-12']
+end
+
+console = TkTextIO.new(top, :mode=>:console, 
+                       :width=>80).pack(:side=>:left, 
+                                        :expand=>true, :fill=>:both)
+console.yscrollbar(TkScrollbar.new(top, :width=>10).pack(:before=>console, 
+                                                         :side=>:right, 
+                                                         :expand=>false, 
+                                                         :fill=>:y))
+irb_thread = nil
+ev_loop = Thread.new{
+  Tk.mainloop
+  irb_thread.kill if irb_thread
+}
+
+# window position control
+root = Tk.root
+
+r_x = root.winfo_rootx
+r_y = root.winfo_rooty
+r_w = root.winfo_width
+
+t_x = top.winfo_rootx
+t_y = top.winfo_rooty
+t_w = top.winfo_width
+
+delta = 10
+
+ratio = 0.8
+s_w = (ratio * root.winfo_screenwidth).to_i
+
+if r_x < t_x
+  r_x, t_x = t_x, r_x
+end
+if t_x + t_w + r_w + delta < s_w
+  r_x = t_x + t_w + delta
+elsif t_w + r_w + delta < s_w
+  r_x = s_w - r_w
+  t_x = r_x - t_w
+else
+  r_x = s_w - r_w
+  t_x = 0
+end
+
+root.geometry("+#{r_x}+#{r_y}")
+top.geometry("+#{t_x}+#{t_y}")
+
+root.raise
+console.focus
+
+# I/O setup
+$stdin  = console
+$stdout = console
+$stderr = console
+
+# dummy for rubyw.exe on Windows
+def STDIN.tty?
+  true
+end
+
+# IRB setup
+IRB.init_config(nil)
+IRB.conf[:USE_READLINE] = false
+IRB.init_error
+irb = IRB::Irb.new
+IRB.conf[:MAIN_CONTEXT] = irb.context
+
+class IRB::StdioInputMethod
+  def gets
+    prompt = "\n" << @prompt
+    $stdin.instance_eval{
+      flush
+      @prompt = prompt
+      _set_console_line
+      @prompt = nil
+      _see_pos
+    }
+
+    @line[@line_no += 1] = $stdin.gets
+  end
+end
+
+# IRB start
+$stdout.print("*** IRB console on Ruby/Tk (#{release})  ")
+irb_thread = Thread.new{
+  catch(:IRB_EXIT){
+    loop {
+      begin
+        irb.eval_input
+      rescue Exception
+      end
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+console.bind('Control-c'){
+  console.insert('end', "^C\n")
+  irb_thread.raise RubyLex::TerminateLineInput
+}
+
+irb_thread.join
+
+# exit
+ev_thread.kill
+Tk.exit
diff --git a/ext/tk/sample/tcltklib/sample2.rb b/ext/tk/sample/tcltklib/sample2.rb
index 444bb1eef7..110e81ebc4 100644
--- a/ext/tk/sample/tcltklib/sample2.rb
+++ b/ext/tk/sample/tcltklib/sample2.rb
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ class Othello
          [ 1, -1], [ 1, 0], [ 1, 1]
       ]
       
-      attr :com_disk, TRUE
+      attr_accessor :com_disk
    
       def initialize(othello)
          @othello = othello
diff --git a/ext/tk/sample/tkextlib/tile/demo.rb b/ext/tk/sample/tkextlib/tile/demo.rb
index b604410da4..633a072460 100644
--- a/ext/tk/sample/tkextlib/tile/demo.rb
+++ b/ext/tk/sample/tkextlib/tile/demo.rb
@@ -20,6 +20,14 @@ def version?(ver)
   TkPackage.vcompare(Tk::Tile.package_version, ver) >= 0
 end
 
+# define Tcl/Tk procedures for compatibility
+Tk::Tile.__define_LoadImages_proc_for_compatibility__!
+Tk::Tile::Style.__define_wrapper_proc_for_compatibility__!
+
+unless Tk::Tile::Style.theme_names.include?('step')
+  Tk::Tile::Style.theme_create('step')
+end
+
 Tk.load_tclscript(File.join(demodir, 'toolbutton.tcl'))
 Tk.load_tclscript(File.join(demodir, 'repeater.tcl'))
 
@@ -55,7 +63,7 @@ $V = TkVariable.new_hash(:THEME      => 'default',
                          :CHOICE     => 2)
 
 # Add in any available loadable themes.
-TkPackage.names.find_all{|n| n =~ /^tile::theme::/}.each{|pkg|
+TkPackage.names.find_all{|n| n =~ /^(tile|ttk)::theme::/}.each{|pkg|
   name = pkg.split('::')[-1]
   unless $THEMELIST.assoc(name)
     $THEMELIST << [name, Tk.tk_call('string', 'totitle', name)]
@@ -66,7 +74,8 @@ TkPackage.names.find_all{|n| n =~ /^tile::theme::/}.each{|pkg|
 $RUBY_THEMELIST = []
 begin
   load(File.join(demodir, 'themes', 'kroc.rb'), true)
-rescue
+rescue => e
+raise e
   $RUBY_THEMELIST << ['kroc-rb', 'Kroc (by Ruby)', false]
 else
   $RUBY_THEMELIST << ['kroc-rb', 'Kroc (by Ruby)', true]
@@ -79,8 +88,8 @@ def makeThemeControl(parent)
                                   :variable=>$V.ref(:THEME), 
                                   :command=>proc{setTheme(theme)})
     b.grid(:sticky=>:ew)
-    unless (TkPackage.names.find{|n| n == "tile::theme::#{theme}"})
-      b.state(:disabled)
+    unless (TkPackage.names.find{|n| n =~ /(tile|ttk)::theme::#{theme}/})
+      b.ttk_state(:disabled)
     end
   }
   $RUBY_THEMELIST.each{|theme, name, available|
@@ -88,7 +97,7 @@ def makeThemeControl(parent)
                                   :variable=>$V.ref(:THEME), 
                                   :command=>proc{setTheme(theme)})
     b.grid(:sticky=>:ew)
-    b.state(:disabled) unless available
+    b.ttk_state(:disabled) unless available
   }
   c
 end
@@ -98,7 +107,7 @@ def makeThemeMenu(parent)
   $THEMELIST.each{|theme, name|
     m.add(:radiobutton, :label=>name, :variable=>$V.ref(:THEME), 
           :value=>theme, :command=>proc{setTheme(theme)})
-    unless (TkPackage.names.find{|n| n == "tile::theme::#{theme}"})
+    unless (TkPackage.names.find{|n| n =~ /(tile|ttk)::theme::#{theme}/})
       m.entryconfigure(:end, :state=>:disabled)
     end
   }
@@ -111,8 +120,10 @@ def makeThemeMenu(parent)
 end
 
 def setTheme(theme)
-  if (TkPackage.names.find{|n| n == "tile::theme::#{theme}"})
-    TkPackage.require("tile::theme::#{theme}")
+  if (pkg = TkPackage.names.find{|n| n =~ /(tile|ttk)::theme::#{theme}/})
+    unless Tk::Tile::Style.theme_names.find{|n| n == theme}
+      TkPackage.require(pkg)
+    end
   end
   Tk::Tile::Style.theme_use(theme)
 end
@@ -675,7 +686,7 @@ values = %w(list abc def ghi jkl mno pqr stu vwx yz)
     combo, :values=>values, :textvariable=>$V.ref(:COMBO))
   cb.pack(:side=>:top, :padx=>2, :pady=>2, :expand=>false, :fill=>:x)
   if i == 1
-    cb.state :readonly
+    cb.ttk_state :readonly
     begin
       cb.current = 3 # ignore if unsupported (tile0.4)
     rescue
@@ -922,11 +933,11 @@ end
 def updateStates
   $states_list.each{|st|
     begin
-      $State[st] = $Widget.window.instate(st)
+      $State[st] = $Widget.window.ttk_instate(st)
     rescue
-      $states_btns[st].state('disabled')
+      $states_btns[st].ttk_state('disabled')
     else
-      $states_btns[st].state('!disabled')
+      $states_btns[st].ttk_state('!disabled')
     end
   }
 end
@@ -934,9 +945,9 @@ end
 def changeState(st)
   if $Widget.value != ''
     if $State.bool_element(st)
-      $Widget.window.state(st)
+      $Widget.window.ttk_state(st)
     else
-      $Widget.window.state("!#{st}")
+      $Widget.window.ttk_state("!#{st}")
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/ext/tk/sample/tkextlib/tile/themes/blue/pkgIndex.tcl b/ext/tk/sample/tkextlib/tile/themes/blue/pkgIndex.tcl
index 19ddda7c73..4facac70d8 100644
--- a/ext/tk/sample/tkextlib/tile/themes/blue/pkgIndex.tcl
+++ b/ext/tk/sample/tkextlib/tile/themes/blue/pkgIndex.tcl
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 # Package index for tile demo pixmap themes.
 
 if {[file isdirectory [file join $dir blue]]} {
-    package ifneeded tile::theme::blue 0.0.1 \
+    package ifneeded tile::theme::blue 0.7 \
         [list source [file join $dir blue.tcl]]
 }
diff --git a/ext/tk/sample/tkextlib/tile/themes/kroc.rb b/ext/tk/sample/tkextlib/tile/themes/kroc.rb
index f67ce7a897..27006d847f 100644
--- a/ext/tk/sample/tkextlib/tile/themes/kroc.rb
+++ b/ext/tk/sample/tkextlib/tile/themes/kroc.rb
@@ -95,8 +95,35 @@ def kroc_rb_settings
   #
   # Elements:
   #
-  if TkPackage.vcompare(Tk::Tile.package_version, '0.5') >= 0
+  if Tk::Tile::TILE_SPEC_VERSION_ID >= 8
+    Tk::Tile::Style.element_create('Button.button', 
+                                   :image, 
+                                   [ $images['button-n'],
+                                     :pressed, $images['button-p'], 
+                                     :active,  $images['button-h'], 
+                                   ], :border=>3, :sticky=>:ew)
+
+    Tk::Tile::Style.element_create('Checkbutton.indicator', 
+                                   :image, 
+                                   [ $images['check-nu'],
+                                     [:pressed, :selected],$images['check-nc'],
+                                     :pressed,             $images['check-nu'],
+                                     [:active, :selected], $images['check-hc'],
+                                     :active,              $images['check-hu'],
+                                     :selected,            $images['check-nc'],
+                                   ], :sticky=>:w)
 
+    Tk::Tile::Style.element_create('Radiobutton.indicator', 
+                                   :image, 
+                                   [ $images['radio-nu'],
+                                     [:pressed,:selected],$images['radio-nc'],
+                                     :pressed,            $images['radio-nu'],
+                                     [:active,:selected], $images['radio-hc'],
+                                     :active,             $images['radio-hu'],
+                                     :selected,           $images['radio-nc'],
+                                   ], :sticky=>:w)
+
+  elsif TkPackage.vcompare(Tk::Tile.package_version, '0.5') >= 0
     Tk::Tile::Style.element_create('Button.button', 
                                    :image, $images['button-n'],
                                    :map=>[
@@ -125,7 +152,6 @@ def kroc_rb_settings
                                    ], :sticky=>:w)
 
   else # tile 0.4 or earlier
-
     Tk::Tile::Style.element_create('Button.button', :pixmap, 
                                    :images=>[
                                      :pressed, $images['button-p'], 
diff --git a/ext/tk/sample/tkextlib/treectrl/demo.rb b/ext/tk/sample/tkextlib/treectrl/demo.rb
index 50ecde91f0..eed95d0e1c 100644
--- a/ext/tk/sample/tkextlib/treectrl/demo.rb
+++ b/ext/tk/sample/tkextlib/treectrl/demo.rb
@@ -9,11 +9,12 @@ $HasColumnCreate = Tk::TreeCtrl::HasColumnCreateCommand
 
 $Version_1_1_OrLater = (TkPackage.vcompare(Tk::TreeCtrl.package_version, '1.1') >= 0)
 
-if Hash.instance_methods.include?('key')
-  # probably ruby 1.9.x --> use Hash#key
+#if Hash.instance_methods.include?(:key)
+if TkCore::WITH_RUBY_VM  ### Ruby 1.9 !!!!
+  # ruby 1.9.x --> use Hash#key
   # Because Hash#index show warning "Hash#index is deprecated; use Hash#key".
 else
-  # probably ruby 1.8.x --> use Hash#index
+  # ruby 1.8.x --> use Hash#index
   class Hash
     alias key index
   end
diff --git a/ext/tk/sample/tkextlib/vu/canvSticker2.rb b/ext/tk/sample/tkextlib/vu/canvSticker2.rb
index f54e748660..548a72c2cb 100644
--- a/ext/tk/sample/tkextlib/vu/canvSticker2.rb
+++ b/ext/tk/sample/tkextlib/vu/canvSticker2.rb
@@ -20,14 +20,16 @@ c.destroy
 #---
 #--- set STRING {{x0 y0 x1 y1} {...text...} {resize point: center}
 
-#sti_conf = [ [10, 10, 180, 180], "Sticker ����@�����",  :center ]
-#txt_conf = [ [210, 210],        "Text    ����@�����",  :center ]
+#sti_conf = [ [10, 10, 180, 180], "Sticker äöüß@²³¼½¾",  :center ]
+#txt_conf = [ [210, 210],        "Text    äöüß@²³¼½¾",  :center ]
 sti_conf = [ [10, 10, 350, 350], 
-             Tk::UTF8_String("Sticker ����@�����"),  :center ]
+             Tk::UTF8_String('Sticker \u00E4\u00F6\u00FC\u00DF\u0040\u00B2\u00B3\u00BC\u00BD\u00BE'),
+             :center ]
 txt_conf = [ [250, 250],
-             Tk::UTF8_String("Text    ����@�����"),  :center ]
+             Tk::UTF8_String('Text    \u00E4\u00F6\u00FC\u00DF\u0040\u00B2\u00B3\u00BC\u00BD\u00BE'),
+             :center ]
 
-p sti_conf
+#p sti_conf
 
 fnt = TkFont.new('Helvetica 24 bold')
 
diff --git a/ext/tk/sample/tkrttimer.rb b/ext/tk/sample/tkrttimer.rb
index 531f4a8d5a..0abd4ecbd2 100644
--- a/ext/tk/sample/tkrttimer.rb
+++ b/ext/tk/sample/tkrttimer.rb
@@ -17,8 +17,17 @@ TkLabel.new(f2, :text=>'use TkRTTimer class').pack
 label2 = TkLabel.new(:parent=>f2, :relief=>:raised, 
                      :width=>10).pack(:fill=>:both)
 
-TkLabel.new(:text=>'Interval setting of each timer is 10 ms.', 
-            :padx=>10, :pady=>5).pack
+TkLabel.new(:padx=>10, :pady=>5, :justify=>'left', :text=><<EOT).pack
+Interval setting of each timer object is 10 ms.
+Each timer object counts up the value on each callback
+(the value is not the clock data).
+The count of the TkTimer object is delayed by execution 
+time of callbacks and inaccuracy of interval.
+On the other hand, the count of the TkRTTimer object is 
+not delayed. Its callback interval is not accurate too. 
+But it can compute error correction about the time when 
+a callback should start.
+EOT
 
 # define the procedure repeated by the TkTimer object
 tick = proc{|aobj| #<== TkTimer object
diff --git a/ext/tk/sample/tksleep_sample.rb b/ext/tk/sample/tksleep_sample.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..23f6eca54e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ext/tk/sample/tksleep_sample.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+require 'tk'
+
+v = TkVariable.new(0)
+l = TkLabel.new(:textvariable=>v).pack(:pady=>[1, 10])
+
+a = TkButton.new(:text=>"button A :: proc{p ['AAA', v.value]}").pack(:fill=>:x, :pady=>[1, 15], :padx=>15)
+a.command{p ['AAA', v.value]}
+
+TkLabel.new(:text=>'Callback of the button B returns LIFO order').pack
+b = TkButton.new(:text=>"button B :: proc{n = v.value; p ['B:start', n]; Tk.sleep(10000); p ['B:end', n]}").pack(:fill=>:x, :pady=>[1, 15], :padx=>15)
+b.command{n = v.value; p ['B:start', n]; Tk.sleep(10000); p ['B:end', n]}
+
+TkLabel.new(:text=>'Callback of the button C returns FIFO order').pack
+c = TkButton.new(:text=>"button C :: proc{n = v.value; Thread.new{p ['C:start', n]; Tk.sleep(10000); p ['C:end', n]}}").pack(:fill=>:x, :pady=>[1, 15], :padx=>15)
+c.command{n = v.value; Thread.new{p ['C:start', n]; Tk.sleep(10000); p ['C:end', n]}}
+
+TkLabel.new(:text=>'Callback of the button D blocks eventloop (no respond to event)').pack
+d = TkButton.new(:text=>"button D :: proc{n = v.value; p ['D:start', n]; sleep(10); p ['D:end', n]}").pack(:fill=>:x, :pady=>[1,15], :padx=>15)
+d.command{n = v.value; p ['D:start', n]; sleep(10); p ['D:end', n]}
+
+TkLabel.new(:text=>'Callback of the button E is another way to avoid eventloop blocking').pack
+e = TkButton.new(:text=>"button E :: proc{n = v.value; Thread.new{p ['D:start', n]; sleep(10); p ['D:end', n]}}").pack(:fill=>:x, :pady=>[1,15], :padx=>15)
+e.command{n = v.value; Thread.new{p ['D:start', n]; sleep(10); p ['D:end', n]}}
+
+TkButton.new(:text=>'QUIT', :command=>proc{exit}).pack
+
+TkTimer.new(500, -1){v.numeric += 1}.start
+
+Tk.mainloop
diff --git a/ext/tk/sample/tktextio.rb b/ext/tk/sample/tktextio.rb
index cb59c2d9d6..9f012feada 100644
--- a/ext/tk/sample/tktextio.rb
+++ b/ext/tk/sample/tktextio.rb
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env ruby
 #
-#  sample class of handling I/O stream on a TkText widget
-#                                               by Hidetoshi NAGAI
+#  TkTextIO class :: handling I/O stream on a TkText widget
+#                             by Hidetoshi NAGAI (nagai@ai.kyutech.ac.jp)
 #
 #  NOTE: TkTextIO supports 'character' (not 'byte') access only. 
 #        So, for example, TkTextIO#getc returns a character, TkTextIO#pos 
@@ -14,68 +14,385 @@
 #        TkTextIO. 
 #
 require 'tk'
+require 'tk/text'
+require 'tk/textmark'
+require 'thread'
 
 class TkTextIO < TkText
+  # keep safe level
+  @@create_queues = proc{ [Queue.new, Mutex.new, Queue.new, Mutex.new] }
+
+  OPT_DEFAULTS = {
+    'mode'       => nil,
+    'overwrite'  => false, 
+    'text'       => nil, 
+    'show'       => :pos, 
+    'wrap'       => 'char', 
+    'sync'       => true, 
+    'prompt'     => nil, 
+    'prompt_cmd' => nil, 
+    'hist_size'  => 1000, 
+  }
+
   def create_self(keys)
-    mode = nil
-    ovwt = false
-    text = nil
-    wrap = 'char'
-    show = :pos
-
-    if keys.kind_of?(Hash)
-      mode = keys.delete('mode')
-      ovwt = keys.delete('overwrite')
-      text = keys.delete('text')
-      show = keys.delete('show') if keys.has_key?('show')
-      wrap = keys.delete('wrap') || 'char'
-    end
+    opts = _get_io_params((keys.kind_of?(Hash))? keys: {})
 
     super(keys)
 
-    self['wrap'] = wrap
-    insert('1.0', text)
+    @count_var = TkVariable.new
 
-    @txtpos = TkTextMark.new(self, '1.0')
-    @txtpos.gravity = :left
+    @write_buffer = ''
+    @read_buffer  = ''
+    @buf_size = 0
+    @buf_max = 1024
 
-    self.show_mode = show
+    @write_buf_queue, @write_buf_mutex, 
+    @read_buf_queue,  @read_buf_mutex  = @@create_queues.call
 
-    @sync = true
-    @overwrite = (ovwt)? true: false
+    @idle_flush  = TkTimer.new(:idle, 1, proc{ @flusher.run rescue nil })
+    @timer_flush = TkTimer.new(250, -1, proc{ @flusher.run rescue nil })
+
+    @flusher = Thread.new{ loop { Thread.stop; flush() } }
+
+    @receiver = Thread.new{
+      begin
+        loop {
+          str = @write_buf_queue.deq
+          @write_buf_mutex.synchronize { @write_buffer << str }
+          @idle_flush.start
+        }
+      ensure
+        @flusher.kill
+      end
+    }
+
+    @timer_flush.start
+
+    _setup_io(opts)
+  end
+  private :create_self
+
+  def destroy
+    @flusher.kill rescue nil
+
+    @idle_flush.stop rescue nil
+    @timer_flush.stop rescue nil
+
+    @receiver.kill rescue nil
+
+    super()
+  end
+
+  ####################################
+
+  def _get_io_params(keys)
+    opts = {}
+    self.class.const_get(:OPT_DEFAULTS).each{|k, v| 
+      if keys.has_key?(k)
+        opts[k] = keys.delete(k)
+      else
+        opts[k] = v
+      end
+    }
+    opts
+  end
+
+  def _setup_io(opts)
+    unless defined? @txtpos
+      @txtpos = TkTextMark.new(self, '1.0')
+    else
+      @txtpos.set('1.0')
+    end
+    @txtpos.gravity = :left
 
     @lineno = 0
     @line_offset = 0
-    @count_var = TkVariable.new
+
+    @hist_max = opts['hist_size'].to_i
+    @hist_index = 0
+    @history = Array.new(@hist_max)
+    @history[0] = ''
+
+    self['wrap'] = wrap
+
+    self.show_mode = opts['show']
+
+    self.value = opts['text'] if opts['text']
+
+    @overwrite = (opts['overwrite'])? true: false
+
+    @sync = opts['sync']
+
+    @prompt = opts['prompt']
+    @prompt_cmd = opts['prompt_cmd']
 
     @open  = {:r => true,  :w => true}  # default is 'r+'
 
-    case mode
-    when 'r'
+    @console_mode = false
+    @end_of_stream = false
+    @console_buffer = nil
+
+    case opts['mode']
+    when nil
+      # do nothing
+
+    when :console, 'console'
+      @console_mode = true
+      # @console_buffer = TkTextIO.new(:mode=>'r')
+      @console_buffer = self.class.new(:mode=>'r')
+      self.show_mode = :insert
+
+    when 'r', 'rb'
       @open[:r] = true; @open[:w] = nil
 
-    when 'r+'
+    when 'r+', 'rb+', 'r+b'
       @open[:r] = true; @open[:w] = true
 
-    when 'w'
+    when 'w', 'wb'
       @open[:r] = nil;  @open[:w] = true
       self.value=''
 
-    when 'w+'
+    when 'w+', 'wb+', 'w+b'
       @open[:r] = true; @open[:w] = true
       self.value=''
 
-    when 'a'
+    when 'a', 'ab'
       @open[:r] = nil;  @open[:w] = true
-      @txtpos = TkTextMark.new(self, 'end - 1 char')
+      @txtpos.set('end - 1 char')
       @txtpos.gravity = :right
 
-    when 'a+'
+    when 'a+', 'ab+', 'a+b'
       @open[:r] = true;  @open[:w] = true
-      @txtpos = TkTextMark.new(self, 'end - 1 char')
+      @txtpos.set('end - 1 char')
       @txtpos.gravity = :right
+
+    else
+      fail ArgumentError, "unknown mode `#{opts['mode']}'"
+    end
+
+    unless defined? @ins_head
+      @ins_head = TkTextMark.new(self, 'insert')
+      @ins_head.gravity = :left
+    end
+
+    unless defined? @ins_tail
+      @ins_tail = TkTextMark.new(self, 'insert')
+      @ins_tail.gravity = :right
+    end
+
+    unless defined? @tmp_mark
+      @tmp_mark = TkTextMark.new(self, 'insert')
+      @tmp_mark.gravity = :left
+    end
+
+    if @console_mode
+      _set_console_line
+      _setup_console_bindings
     end
   end
+  private :_get_io_params, :_setup_io
+
+  def _set_console_line
+    @tmp_mark.set(@ins_tail)
+
+    mark_set('insert', 'end')
+
+    prompt = ''
+    prompt << @prompt_cmd.call if @prompt_cmd
+    prompt << @prompt if @prompt
+    insert(@tmp_mark, prompt)
+
+    @ins_head.set(@ins_tail)
+    @ins_tail.set('insert')
+
+    @txtpos.set(@tmp_mark)
+
+    _see_pos
+  end
+
+  def _replace_console_line(str)
+    self.delete(@ins_head, @ins_tail)
+    self.insert(@ins_head, str)
+  end
+
+  def _get_console_line
+    @tmp_mark.set(@ins_tail)
+    s = self.get(@ins_head, @tmp_mark)
+    _set_console_line
+    s
+  end
+  private :_set_console_line, :_replace_console_line, :_get_console_line
+
+  def _cb_up
+    @history[@hist_index].replace(self.get(@ins_head, @ins_tail))
+    @hist_index += 1
+    @hist_index -= 1 if @hist_index >= @hist_max || !@history[@hist_index]
+    _replace_console_line(@history[@hist_index]) if @history[@hist_index]
+    Tk.callback_break
+  end
+  def _cb_down
+    @history[@hist_index].replace(self.get(@ins_head, @ins_tail))
+    @hist_index -= 1
+    @hist_index = 0 if @hist_index < 0
+    _replace_console_line(@history[@hist_index]) if @history[@hist_index]
+    Tk.callback_break
+  end
+  def _cb_left
+    if @console_mode && compare('insert', '<=', @ins_head)
+      mark_set('insert', @ins_head)
+      Tk.callback_break
+    end
+  end
+  def _cb_backspace
+    if @console_mode && compare('insert', '<=', @ins_head)
+      Tk.callback_break
+    end
+  end
+  def _cb_ctrl_a
+    if @console_mode
+      mark_set('insert', @ins_head)
+      Tk.callback_break
+    end
+  end
+  def _cb_ctrl_u
+    if @console_mode
+      mark_set('insert', @ins_head)
+      delete('insert', 'insert lineend')
+      Tk.callback_break
+    end
+  end
+  private :_cb_up, :_cb_down, :_cb_left, :_cb_backspace, 
+          :_cb_ctrl_a, :_cb_ctrl_u
+
+  def _setup_console_bindings
+    @bindtag = TkBindTag.new
+
+    tags = self.bindtags
+    tags[tags.index(self)+1, 0] = @bindtag
+    self.bindtags = tags
+
+    @bindtag.bind('Return'){
+      insert('end - 1 char', "\n")
+      if (str = _get_console_line)
+        @read_buf_queue.push(str)
+
+        @history[0].replace(str.chomp)
+        @history.pop
+        @history.unshift('')
+        @hist_index = 0
+      end
+
+      Tk.update
+      Tk.callback_break
+    }
+    @bindtag.bind('Alt-Return'){
+      Tk.callback_continue
+    }
+
+    @bindtag.bind('FocusIn'){
+      if @console_mode
+        mark_set('insert', @ins_tail)
+        Tk.callback_break
+      end
+    }
+
+    ins_mark = TkTextMark.new(self, 'insert')
+
+    @bindtag.bind('ButtonPress'){
+      if @console_mode
+        ins_mark.set('insert')
+      end
+    }
+
+    @bindtag.bind('ButtonRelease-1'){
+      if @console_mode && compare('insert', '<=', @ins_head)
+        mark_set('insert', ins_mark)
+        Tk.callback_break
+      end
+    }
+
+    @bindtag.bind('ButtonRelease-2', '%x %y'){|x, y|
+      if @console_mode
+        # paste a text at 'insert' only
+        x1, y1, x2, y2 =  bbox(ins_mark)
+        unless x == x1 && y == y1
+          Tk.event_generate(self, 'ButtonRelease-2', :x=>x1, :y=>y1)
+          Tk.callback_break
+        end
+      end
+    }
+
+    @bindtag.bind('Up'){ _cb_up }
+    @bindtag.bind('Control-p'){ _cb_up }
+
+    @bindtag.bind('Down'){ _cb_down }
+    @bindtag.bind('Control-n'){ _cb_down }
+
+    @bindtag.bind('Left'){ _cb_left }
+    @bindtag.bind('Control-b'){ _cb_left }
+
+    @bindtag.bind('BackSpace'){ _cb_backspace }
+    @bindtag.bind('Control-h'){ _cb_backspace }
+
+    @bindtag.bind('Home'){ _cb_ctrl_a }
+    @bindtag.bind('Control-a'){ _cb_ctrl_a }
+
+    @bindtag.bind('Control-u'){ _cb_ctrl_u }
+  end
+  private :_setup_console_bindings
+
+  def _block_read(size = nil, ret = '', block_mode = true)
+    return '' if size == 0
+    return nil if ! @read_buf_queue && @read_buffer.empty?
+    ret = '' unless ret.kind_of?(String)
+    ret.replace('') unless ret.empty?
+
+    if block_mode == nil # partial
+      if @read_buffer.empty?
+        ret << @read_buffer.slice!(0..-1)
+        return ret
+      end
+    end
+
+    if size.kind_of?(Numeric)
+      loop{
+        @read_buf_mutex.synchronize {
+          buf_len = @read_buffer.length
+          if buf_len >= size
+            ret << @read_buffer.slice!(0, size)
+            return ret
+          else
+            ret << @read_buffer.slice!(0..-1)
+            size -= buf_len
+            return ret unless @read_buf_queue
+          end
+        }
+        @read_buffer << @read_buf_queue.pop
+      }
+    else # readline
+      rs = (size)? size: $/
+      rs = rs.to_s if rs.kind_of?(Regexp)
+      loop{
+        @read_buf_mutex.synchronize {
+          if (str = @read_buffer.slice!(/\A(.*)(#{rs})/m))
+            ret << str
+            return ret
+          else
+            ret << @read_buffer.slice!(0..-1)
+            return ret unless @read_buf_queue
+          end
+        }
+        @read_buffer << @read_buf_queue.pop
+      }
+    end
+  end
+
+  def _block_write
+    ###### currently, not support
+  end
+  private :_block_read, :_block_write
+
+  ####################################
 
   def <<(obj)
     _write(obj)
@@ -107,14 +424,15 @@ class TkTextIO < TkText
     nil
   end
 
-  def closed?
-    close_read? && close_write?
-  end
-  def closed_read?
-    !@open[:r]
-  end
-  def closed_write?
-    !@open[:w]
+  def closed?(dir=nil)
+    case dir
+    when :r, 'r'
+      !@open[:r]
+    when :w, 'w'
+      !@open[:w]
+    else
+      !@open[:r] && !@open[:w]
+    end
   end
 
   def _check_readable
@@ -129,7 +447,7 @@ class TkTextIO < TkText
 
   def each_line(rs = $/)
     _check_readable
-    while(s = gets)
+    while(s = self.gets(rs))
       yield(s)
     end
     self
@@ -138,7 +456,7 @@ class TkTextIO < TkText
 
   def each_char
     _check_readable
-    while(c = getc)
+    while(c = self.getc)
       yield(c)
     end
     self
@@ -151,7 +469,7 @@ class TkTextIO < TkText
   alias eof eof?
 
   def fcntl(*args)
-    fail NotImplementedError, 'fcntl is not implemented on TkTextIO'
+    fail NotImplementedError, "fcntl is not implemented on #{self.class}"
   end
 
   def fsync
@@ -163,11 +481,19 @@ class TkTextIO < TkText
   end
 
   def flush
-    Tk.update if @open[:w] && @sync
+    Thread.pass
+    if @open[:w] || ! @write_buffer.empty?
+      @write_buf_mutex.synchronize {
+        _sync_write_buf(@write_buffer) 
+        @write_buffer[0..-1] = ''
+      }
+    end
     self
   end
 
   def getc
+    return _block_read(1) if @console_mode
+
     _check_readable
     return nil if eof?
     c = get(@txtpos)
@@ -177,8 +503,10 @@ class TkTextIO < TkText
   end
 
   def gets(rs = $/)
+    return _block_read(rs) if @console_mode
+
     _check_readable
-   return nil if eof?
+    return nil if eof?
     _readline(rs)
   end
 
@@ -233,7 +561,6 @@ class TkTextIO < TkText
   alias tell pos
 
   def pos=(idx)
-    # @txtpos.set((idx.kind_of?(Numeric))? "1.0 + #{idx} char": idx)
     seek(idx, IO::SEEK_SET)
     idx
   end
@@ -306,6 +633,8 @@ class TkTextIO < TkText
   private :_read
 
   def read(len=nil, buf=nil)
+    return _block_read(len, buf) if @console_mode
+
     _check_readable
     if len
       return "" if len == 0
@@ -321,6 +650,8 @@ class TkTextIO < TkText
   end
 
   def readchar
+    return _block_read(1) if @console_mode
+
     _check_readable
     fail EOFError if eof?
     c = get(@txtpos)
@@ -334,6 +665,7 @@ class TkTextIO < TkText
       s = get(@txtpos, 'end - 1 char')
       @txtpos.set('end - 1 char')
     elsif rs == ''
+      @count_var.value  # make it global
       idx = tksearch_with_count([:regexp], @count_var, 
                                    "\n(\n)+", @txtpos, 'end - 1 char')
       if idx
@@ -345,6 +677,7 @@ class TkTextIO < TkText
         @txtpos.set('end - 1 char')
       end
     else
+      @count_var.value  # make it global
       idx = tksearch_with_count(@count_var, rs, @txtpos, 'end - 1 char')
       if idx
         s = get(@txtpos, "#{idx} + #{@count_var.value} char")
@@ -363,12 +696,22 @@ class TkTextIO < TkText
   private :_readline
 
   def readline(rs = $/)
+    return _block_readline(rs) if @console_mode
+
     _check_readable
     fail EOFError if eof?
     _readline(rs)
   end
 
   def readlines(rs = $/)
+    if @console_mode
+      lines = []
+      while (line = _block_readline(rs))
+        lines << line
+      end
+      return lines
+    end
+
     _check_readable
     lines = []
     until(eof?)
@@ -379,7 +722,11 @@ class TkTextIO < TkText
   end
 
   def readpartial(maxlen, buf=nil)
+    #return @console_buffer.readpartial(maxlen, buf) if @console_mode
+    return _block_read(maxlen, buf, nil) if @console_mode
+
     _check_readable
+    fail EOFError if eof?
     s = _read(maxlen)
     buf.replace(s) if buf.kind_of?(String)
     s
@@ -471,6 +818,8 @@ class TkTextIO < TkText
   end
 
   def sysread(len, buf=nil)
+    return _block_read(len, buf) if @console_mode
+
     _check_readable
     fail EOFError if eof?
     s = _read(len)
@@ -492,6 +841,13 @@ class TkTextIO < TkText
   end
 
   def ungetc(c)
+    if @console_mode
+      @read_buf_mutex.synchronize {
+        @read_buffer[0,0] = c.chr
+      }
+      return nil
+    end
+
     _check_readable
     c = c.chr if c.kind_of?(Fixnum)
     if compare(@txtpos, '>', '1.0')
@@ -506,8 +862,10 @@ class TkTextIO < TkText
     nil
   end
 
+=begin
   def _write(obj)
-    s = _get_eval_string(obj)
+    #s = _get_eval_string(obj)
+    s = (obj.kind_of?(String))? obj: obj.to_s
     n = number(tk_call('string', 'length', s))
     delete(@txtpos, @txtpos + "#{n} char") if @overwrite
     self.insert(@txtpos, s)
@@ -518,6 +876,37 @@ class TkTextIO < TkText
     n
   end
   private :_write
+=end
+#=begin
+  def _sync_write_buf(s)
+    if (n = number(tk_call('string', 'length', s))) > 0
+      delete(@txtpos, @txtpos + "#{n} char") if @overwrite
+      self.insert(@txtpos, s)
+      #Tk.update
+
+      @txtpos.set(@txtpos + "#{n} char")
+      @txtpos.set('end - 1 char') if compare(@txtpos, '>=', :end)
+
+      @ins_head.set(@txtpos) if compare(@txtpos, '>', @ins_head)
+
+      _see_pos
+    end
+    self
+  end
+  private :_sync_write_buf
+
+  def _write(obj)
+    s = (obj.kind_of?(String))? obj: obj.to_s
+    n = number(tk_call('string', 'length', s))
+    @write_buf_queue.enq(s)
+    if @sync
+      Thread.pass
+      Tk.update
+    end
+    n
+  end
+  private :_write
+#=end
 
   def write(obj)
     _check_writable
@@ -529,13 +918,19 @@ end
 #  TEST
 ####################
 if __FILE__ == $0
+  ev_loop = Thread.new{Tk.mainloop}
+
   f = TkFrame.new.pack
-  tio = TkTextIO.new(f, :show=>:pos, 
+  #tio = TkTextIO.new(f, :show=>:nil, 
+  #tio = TkTextIO.new(f, :show=>:pos, 
+  tio = TkTextIO.new(f, :show=>:insert, 
                      :text=>">>> This is an initial text line. <<<\n\n"){
-    yscrollbar(TkScrollbar.new(f).pack(:side=>:right, :fill=>:y))
+#    yscrollbar(TkScrollbar.new(f).pack(:side=>:right, :fill=>:y))
     pack(:side=>:left, :fill=>:both, :expand=>true)
   }
 
+  Tk.update
+
   $stdin  = tio
   $stdout = tio
   $stderr = tio
@@ -599,5 +994,67 @@ if __FILE__ == $0
 
   tio.seek(0, IO::SEEK_END)
 
-  Tk.mainloop
+  STDOUT.print("tio.sync ==  #{tio.sync}\n")
+#  tio.sync = false
+#  STDOUT.print("tio.sync ==  #{tio.sync}\n")
+
+  (0..10).each{|i|
+    STDOUT.print("#{i}\n")
+    s = ''
+    (0..1000).each{ s << '*' }
+    print(s)
+  }
+  print("\n")
+  print("\n=========================================================\n\n")
+
+  s = ''
+  timer = TkTimer.new(:idle, -1, proc{
+                        #STDOUT.print("idle call\n")
+                        unless s.empty?
+                          print(s)
+                          s = ''
+                        end
+                      }).start
+  (0..10).each{|i|
+    STDOUT.print("#{i}\n")
+    (0..1000).each{ s << '*' }
+  }
+#  timer.stop
+  until s.empty?
+    sleep 0.1
+  end
+  timer.stop
+
+=begin
+  tio.sync = false
+  print("\n")
+  #(0..10000).each{ putc('*') }
+  (0..10).each{|i|
+    STDOUT.print("#{i}\n")
+    (0..1000).each{ putc('*') }
+  }
+
+  (0..10).each{|i|
+    STDOUT.print("#{i}\n")
+    s = ''
+    (0..1000).each{ s << '*' }
+    print(s)
+  }
+=end
+
+  num = 0
+#  io = TkTextIO.new(:mode=>:console, :prompt=>'').pack
+#=begin
+  io = TkTextIO.new(:mode=>:console, 
+                    :prompt_cmd=>proc{
+                      s = "[#{num}]"
+                      num += 1
+                      s
+                    }, 
+                    :prompt=>'-> ').pack
+#=end
+  Thread.new{loop{sleep 2; io.puts 'hoge'}}
+  Thread.new{loop{p io.gets}}
+
+  ev_loop.join
 end
diff --git a/ext/tk/sample/ttk_wrapper.rb b/ext/tk/sample/ttk_wrapper.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..1580668994
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ext/tk/sample/ttk_wrapper.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,154 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env ruby
+#
+#  ttk_wrapper.rb  --  use Ttk widgets as default on old Ruby/Tk scripts
+#
+#                       by Hidetoshi NAGAI (nagai@ai.kyutech.ac.jp)
+#
+version = '0.1.3'
+#
+##########################################################################
+#  parse commandline arguments
+##########################################################################
+require 'optparse'
+opt = OptionParser.new("Usage: #{$0} [options] rubytk_script" << "\n    " << 
+                         "Ruby/Tk script wrapper. Use Ttk widgets as default.")
+opt.version = version
+
+OPTS = {}
+OPTS[:themedir] = []
+OPTS[:rb_theme] = []
+OPTS[:theme] = 'default'
+
+opt.on('-l', '--list', 'list available theme names'){|v| OPTS[:list] = true}
+opt.on('-t', '--theme theme', 'theme name'){|v| OPTS[:theme] = v}
+opt.on('-d', '--themedir themes_dir', 'directory of theme definitions'){|v| 
+  OPTS[:themedir] << v
+}
+opt.on('-r', '--rubytheme rb_theme', 'theme definition file (ruby script)'){|v|
+  OPTS[:rb_theme] << v
+}
+opt.on('-v', '--verbose', 'print verbose messages'){|v| OPTS[:verbose] = true}
+
+opt.parse!(ARGV)
+
+
+##########################################################################
+#  load Ttk (Tile) extension
+##########################################################################
+require 'tk'
+
+begin
+  require 'tkextlib/tile'
+  Tk.default_widget_set = :Ttk
+rescue LoadError
+  if OPTS[:verbose]
+    print "warning: fail to load 'Ttk' extension. use standard widgets.\n" 
+  end
+end
+
+if OPTS[:verbose]
+  print "current default widget set is '#{Tk.default_widget_set}'\n"
+end
+
+
+##########################################################################
+# define Tcl/Tk procedures for compatibility.
+# those are required when want to use themes included 
+# in "sample/tkextlib/tile/demo.rb".
+##########################################################################
+Tk::Tile.__define_LoadImages_proc_for_compatibility__!
+Tk::Tile::Style.__define_wrapper_proc_for_compatibility__!
+
+
+##########################################################################
+#  use themes defined on the demo of Ttk (Tile) extension
+##########################################################################
+demodir = File.dirname(__FILE__)
+demo_themesdir = File.expand_path(File.join(demodir, 'tkextlib', 'tile', 'themes'))
+
+Tk::AUTO_PATH.lappend(*OPTS[:themedir]) unless OPTS[:themedir].empty?
+Tk::AUTO_PATH.lappend('.', demodir, demo_themesdir)
+
+OPTS[:themedir] << demo_themesdir
+print "theme-dirs: #{OPTS[:themedir].inspect}\n" if OPTS[:verbose]
+
+OPTS[:themedir].each{|themesdir|
+  if File.directory?(themesdir)
+    Dir.foreach(themesdir){|name|
+      next if name == '.' || name == '..'
+      path = File.join(themesdir, name)
+      Tk::AUTO_PATH.lappend(path) if File.directory?(path)
+    }
+  end
+}
+
+# This forces an update of the available packages list. It's required
+# for package names to find the themes in demos/themes/*.tcl
+Tk.ip_eval("#{TkPackage.unknown_proc}  Tcl #{TkPackage.provide('Tcl')}")
+
+# load themes written in Ruby.
+themes_by_ruby = [File.join(demo_themesdir, 'kroc.rb')]
+themes_by_ruby.concat OPTS[:rb_theme]
+print "ruby-themes: #{themes_by_ruby.inspect}\n" if OPTS[:verbose]
+
+themes_by_ruby.each{|f|
+  begin
+    load(f, true)
+  rescue LoadError
+    print "fail to load \"#{f}\"\n" if OPTS[:verbose]
+  end
+}
+
+
+##########################################################################
+# ignore unsupported options of Ttk widgets
+##########################################################################
+TkConfigMethod.__set_IGNORE_UNKNOWN_CONFIGURE_OPTION__! true
+TkItemConfigMethod.__set_IGNORE_UNKNOWN_CONFIGURE_OPTION__! true
+
+
+##########################################################################
+#  set theme of widget style
+##########################################################################
+if OPTS[:list] || OPTS[:verbose]
+  print "supported theme names: #{Tk::Tile.themes.inspect}\n" 
+  exit if OPTS[:list] && ARGV.empty?
+end
+print "use theme: \"#{OPTS[:theme]}\"\n" if OPTS[:theme] && OPTS[:verbose]
+#setTheme(OPTS[:theme]) if OPTS[:theme]
+Tk::Tile.set_theme(OPTS[:theme]) if OPTS[:theme]
+
+
+##########################################################################
+#  replace $0 and $RPAGRAM_NAME
+##########################################################################
+#  When the expand_path of the target script is long, ruby sometimes 
+#  fails to set the path to $0 (the path string is trimmed).
+#  The following replaces $0 and $PROGNAME to avoid such trouble.
+progname_obj = $0.dup
+$program_name = progname_obj
+
+alias $REAL_PROGRAM_NAME $0
+alias $PROGRAM_NAME $program_name
+alias $0 $program_name
+
+trace_var(:$program_name){|val|
+  unless progname_obj.object_id == val.object_id
+    progname_obj.replace(val.to_s)
+    $program_name = progname_obj
+  end
+}
+
+
+##########################################################################
+#  load script
+##########################################################################
+if (path = ARGV.shift) && (script = File.expand_path(path))
+  print "load script \"#{script}\"\n" if OPTS[:verbose]
+  $0 = script
+  load(script)
+else
+  print "Error: no script is given.\n"
+  print opt.help
+  exit(1)
+end
diff --git a/ext/tk/stubs.c b/ext/tk/stubs.c
index 23ff42a4f4..6d3b330f0e 100644
--- a/ext/tk/stubs.c
+++ b/ext/tk/stubs.c
@@ -1,5 +1,11 @@
-#include "stubs.h"
+/************************************************
+
+  stubs.c - Tcl/Tk stubs support
+
+************************************************/
+
 #include "ruby.h"
+#include "stubs.h"
 #include <tcl.h>
 #include <tk.h>
 
@@ -86,8 +92,12 @@ static DL_HANDLE tcl_dll = (DL_HANDLE)0;
 static DL_HANDLE tk_dll  = (DL_HANDLE)0;
 
 int
+#ifdef RUBY_VM
+ruby_open_tcl_dll(char *appname)
+#else
 ruby_open_tcl_dll(appname)
     char *appname;
+#endif
 {
     void (*p_Tcl_FindExecutable)(const char *);
     int n;
@@ -141,8 +151,8 @@ ruby_open_tk_dll()
     char tk_name[20];
 
     if (!tcl_dll) {
-        /* int ret = ruby_open_tcl_dll(RSTRING(rb_argv0)->ptr); */
-        int ret = ruby_open_tcl_dll(rb_argv0 ? RSTRING(rb_argv0)->ptr : 0);
+        /* int ret = ruby_open_tcl_dll(RSTRING_PTR(rb_argv0)); */
+        int ret = ruby_open_tcl_dll(rb_argv0 ? RSTRING_PTR(rb_argv0) : 0);
         if (ret != TCLTK_STUBS_OK) return ret;
     }
 
@@ -169,8 +179,12 @@ ruby_open_tk_dll()
 }
 
 int
+#ifdef RUBY_VM
+ruby_open_tcltk_dll(char *appname)
+#else
 ruby_open_tcltk_dll(appname)
     char *appname;
+#endif
 {
     return( ruby_open_tcl_dll(appname) || ruby_open_tk_dll() );
 }
@@ -189,8 +203,12 @@ tk_stubs_init_p()
 
 
 Tcl_Interp *
+#ifdef RUBY_VM
+ruby_tcl_create_ip_and_stubs_init(int *st)
+#else
 ruby_tcl_create_ip_and_stubs_init(st)
     int *st;
+#endif
 {
     Tcl_Interp *tcl_ip;
 
@@ -213,8 +231,8 @@ ruby_tcl_create_ip_and_stubs_init(st)
         Tcl_Interp *(*p_Tcl_DeleteInterp)();
 
         if (!tcl_dll) {
-            /* int ret = ruby_open_tcl_dll(RSTRING(rb_argv0)->ptr); */
-            int ret = ruby_open_tcl_dll(rb_argv0 ? RSTRING(rb_argv0)->ptr : 0);
+            /* int ret = ruby_open_tcl_dll(RSTRING_PTR(rb_argv0)); */
+            int ret = ruby_open_tcl_dll(rb_argv0 ? RSTRING_PTR(rb_argv0) : 0);
 
             if (ret != TCLTK_STUBS_OK) {
                 if (st) *st = ret;
@@ -272,8 +290,12 @@ ruby_tcl_stubs_init()
 }
 
 int
+#ifdef RUBY_VM
+ruby_tk_stubs_init(Tcl_Interp *tcl_ip)
+#else
 ruby_tk_stubs_init(tcl_ip)
     Tcl_Interp *tcl_ip;
+#endif
 {
     Tcl_ResetResult(tcl_ip);
 
@@ -308,8 +330,12 @@ ruby_tk_stubs_init(tcl_ip)
 }
 
 int
+#ifdef RUBY_VM
+ruby_tk_stubs_safeinit(Tcl_Interp *tcl_ip)
+#else
 ruby_tk_stubs_safeinit(tcl_ip)
     Tcl_Interp *tcl_ip;
+#endif
 {
     Tcl_ResetResult(tcl_ip);
 
@@ -348,8 +374,8 @@ ruby_tcltk_stubs()
     int st;
     Tcl_Interp *tcl_ip;
 
-    /* st = ruby_open_tcltk_dll(RSTRING(rb_argv0)->ptr); */
-    st = ruby_open_tcltk_dll(rb_argv0 ? RSTRING(rb_argv0)->ptr : 0);
+    /* st = ruby_open_tcltk_dll(RSTRING_PTR(rb_argv0)); */
+    st = ruby_open_tcltk_dll(rb_argv0 ? RSTRING_PTR(rb_argv0) : 0);
     switch(st) {
     case NO_FindExecutable:
         return -7;
@@ -395,8 +421,12 @@ static int open_tcl_dll = 0;
 static int call_tk_stubs_init = 0;
 
 int
+#ifdef RUBY_VM
+ruby_open_tcl_dll(char *appname)
+#else
 ruby_open_tcl_dll(appname)
     char *appname;
+#endif
 {
     if (appname) {
         Tcl_FindExecutable(appname);
@@ -408,18 +438,24 @@ ruby_open_tcl_dll(appname)
     return TCLTK_STUBS_OK;
 }
 
-int ruby_open_tk_dll()
+int 
+ruby_open_tk_dll()
 {
     if (!open_tcl_dll) {
-        /* ruby_open_tcl_dll(RSTRING(rb_argv0)->ptr); */
-        ruby_open_tcl_dll(rb_argv0 ? RSTRING(rb_argv0)->ptr : 0);
+        /* ruby_open_tcl_dll(RSTRING_PTR(rb_argv0)); */
+        ruby_open_tcl_dll(rb_argv0 ? RSTRING_PTR(rb_argv0) : 0);
     }
 
     return TCLTK_STUBS_OK;
 }
 
-int ruby_open_tcltk_dll(appname)
+int 
+#ifdef RUBY_VM
+ruby_open_tcltk_dll(char *appname)
+#else
+ruby_open_tcltk_dll(appname)
     char *appname;
+#endif
 {
     return( ruby_open_tcl_dll(appname) || ruby_open_tk_dll() );
 }
@@ -437,14 +473,18 @@ tk_stubs_init_p()
 }
 
 Tcl_Interp *
+#ifdef RUBY_VM
+ruby_tcl_create_ip_and_stubs_init(int *st)
+#else
 ruby_tcl_create_ip_and_stubs_init(st)
     int *st;
+#endif
 {
     Tcl_Interp *tcl_ip;
 
     if (!open_tcl_dll) {
-        /* ruby_open_tcl_dll(RSTRING(rb_argv0)->ptr); */
-        ruby_open_tcl_dll(rb_argv0 ? RSTRING(rb_argv0)->ptr : 0);
+        /* ruby_open_tcl_dll(RSTRING_PTR(rb_argv0)); */
+        ruby_open_tcl_dll(rb_argv0 ? RSTRING_PTR(rb_argv0) : 0);
     }
 
     if (st) *st = 0;
@@ -466,8 +506,12 @@ ruby_tcl_stubs_init()
 }
 
 int 
+#ifdef RUBY_VM
+ruby_tk_stubs_init(Tcl_Interp *tcl_ip)
+#else
 ruby_tk_stubs_init(tcl_ip)
     Tcl_Interp *tcl_ip;
+#endif
 {
     if (Tk_Init(tcl_ip) == TCL_ERROR)
         return FAIL_Tk_Init;
@@ -483,8 +527,12 @@ ruby_tk_stubs_init(tcl_ip)
 }
 
 int
+#ifdef RUBY_VM
+ruby_tk_stubs_safeinit(Tcl_Interp *tcl_ip)
+#else
 ruby_tk_stubs_safeinit(tcl_ip)
     Tcl_Interp *tcl_ip;
+#endif
 {
 #if TCL_MAJOR_VERSION >= 8
     if (Tk_SafeInit(tcl_ip) == TCL_ERROR)
@@ -508,8 +556,8 @@ ruby_tk_stubs_safeinit(tcl_ip)
 int 
 ruby_tcltk_stubs()
 {
-    /* Tcl_FindExecutable(RSTRING(rb_argv0)->ptr); */
-    Tcl_FindExecutable(rb_argv0 ? RSTRING(rb_argv0)->ptr : 0);
+    /* Tcl_FindExecutable(RSTRING_PTR(rb_argv0)); */
+    Tcl_FindExecutable(rb_argv0 ? RSTRING_PTR(rb_argv0) : 0);
     return 0;
 }
 
diff --git a/ext/tk/tcltklib.c b/ext/tk/tcltklib.c
index 9a6449adc6..8701cfef27 100644
--- a/ext/tk/tcltklib.c
+++ b/ext/tk/tcltklib.c
@@ -4,11 +4,20 @@
  *              Oct. 24, 1997   Y. Matsumoto
  */
 
-#define TCLTKLIB_RELEASE_DATE "2006-07-10"
+#define TCLTKLIB_RELEASE_DATE "2008-05-23"
 
 #include "ruby.h"
+
+#ifdef RUBY_VM
+/* #include "ruby/ruby.h" */
+#include "ruby/signal.h"
+#include "ruby/encoding.h"
+#else
+/* #include "ruby.h" */
 #include "rubysig.h"
 #include "version.h"
+#endif
+
 #undef EXTERN   /* avoid conflict with tcl.h of tcl8.2 or before */
 #include <stdio.h>
 #ifdef HAVE_STDARG_PROTOTYPES
@@ -30,6 +39,24 @@
 #define TCL_FINAL_RELEASE       2
 #endif
 
+static struct {
+  int major;
+  int minor;
+  int patchlevel;
+  int type;
+} tcltk_version = {0, 0, 0, 0};
+
+static void
+set_tcltk_version()
+{
+    if (tcltk_version.major) return;
+
+    Tcl_GetVersion(&(tcltk_version.major), 
+		   &(tcltk_version.minor), 
+		   &(tcltk_version.patchlevel), 
+		   &(tcltk_version.type));
+}
+
 #if TCL_MAJOR_VERSION >= 8
 # ifndef CONST84
 #  if TCL_MAJOR_VERSION == 8 && TCL_MINOR_VERSION <= 4 /* Tcl8.0.x -- 8.4b1 */
@@ -83,6 +110,26 @@ static void ip_finalize _((Tcl_Interp*));
 
 static int at_exit = 0;
 
+#ifdef RUBY_VM
+static VALUE cRubyEncoding;
+
+/* encoding */
+static int ENCODING_INDEX_UTF8;
+static int ENCODING_INDEX_BINARY;
+#endif
+static VALUE ENCODING_NAME_UTF8;
+static VALUE ENCODING_NAME_BINARY;
+
+static VALUE create_dummy_encoding_for_tk_core _((VALUE, VALUE, VALUE));
+static VALUE create_dummy_encoding_for_tk _((VALUE, VALUE));
+static int update_encoding_table _((VALUE, VALUE, VALUE));
+static VALUE encoding_table_get_name_core _((VALUE, VALUE, VALUE));
+static VALUE encoding_table_get_obj_core _((VALUE, VALUE, VALUE));
+static VALUE encoding_table_get_name _((VALUE, VALUE));
+static VALUE encoding_table_get_obj _((VALUE, VALUE));
+static VALUE create_encoding_table _((VALUE));
+static VALUE ip_get_encoding_table _((VALUE));
+
 
 /* for callback break & continue */
 static VALUE eTkCallbackReturn;
@@ -101,6 +148,9 @@ static VALUE tcltkip_class;
 static ID ID_at_enc;
 static ID ID_at_interp;
 
+static ID ID_encoding_name;
+static ID ID_encoding_table;
+
 static ID ID_stop_p;
 static ID ID_alive_p;
 static ID ID_kill;
@@ -121,14 +171,37 @@ static ID ID_inspect;
 
 static VALUE ip_invoke_real _((int, VALUE*, VALUE));
 static VALUE ip_invoke _((int, VALUE*, VALUE));
-
+static VALUE ip_invoke_with_position _((int, VALUE*, VALUE, Tcl_QueuePosition));
 static VALUE tk_funcall _((VALUE(), int, VALUE*, VALUE));
 
+/* Tcl's object type */
+#if TCL_MAJOR_VERSION >= 8
+static char *Tcl_ObjTypeName_ByteArray = "bytearray";
+static Tcl_ObjType *Tcl_ObjType_ByteArray;
+
+static char *Tcl_ObjTypeName_String    = "string";
+static Tcl_ObjType *Tcl_ObjType_String;
+
+#if TCL_MAJOR_VERSION > 8 || (TCL_MAJOR_VERSION == 8 && TCL_MINOR_VERSION >= 1)
+#define IS_TCL_BYTEARRAY(obj)    ((obj)->typePtr == Tcl_ObjType_ByteArray)
+#define IS_TCL_STRING(obj)       ((obj)->typePtr == Tcl_ObjType_String)
+#define IS_TCL_VALID_STRING(obj) ((obj)->bytes != (char*)NULL)
+#endif
+#endif
+
+#ifndef HAVE_RB_HASH_LOOKUP
+#define rb_hash_lookup rb_hash_aref
+#endif
+
 /* safe Tcl_Eval and Tcl_GlobalEval */
 static int
+#ifdef RUBY_VM
+tcl_eval(Tcl_Interp *interp, const char *cmd)
+#else
 tcl_eval(interp, cmd)
     Tcl_Interp *interp;
     const char *cmd; /* don't have to be writable */
+#endif
 {
     char *buf = strdup(cmd);
     int ret;
@@ -143,9 +216,13 @@ tcl_eval(interp, cmd)
 #define Tcl_Eval tcl_eval
 
 static int
+#ifdef RUBY_VM
+tcl_global_eval(Tcl_Interp *interp, const char *cmd)
+#else
 tcl_global_eval(interp, cmd)
     Tcl_Interp *interp;
     const char *cmd; /* don't have to be writable */
+#endif
 {
     char *buf = strdup(cmd);
     int ret;
@@ -316,12 +393,29 @@ call_queue_mark(struct call_queue *q)
 
 
 static VALUE eventloop_thread;
+#ifdef RUBY_VM
+Tcl_ThreadId tk_eventloop_thread_id;  /* native thread ID of Tcl interpreter */
+#endif
 static VALUE eventloop_stack;
+static int   window_event_mode = ( ~ TCL_IDLE_EVENTS | TCL_WINDOW_EVENTS );
 
 static VALUE watchdog_thread;
 
 Tcl_Interp  *current_interp;
- 
+
+/* thread control strategy */ 
+/* multi-tk works with the following settings only ???
+    : CONTROL_BY_STATUS_OF_RB_THREAD_WAITING_FOR_VALUE 1
+    : USE_TOGGLE_WINDOW_MODE_FOR_IDLE 0
+    : DO_THREAD_SCHEDULE_AT_CALLBACK_DONE 0
+*/
+#define CONTROL_BY_STATUS_OF_RB_THREAD_WAITING_FOR_VALUE 1
+#define USE_TOGGLE_WINDOW_MODE_FOR_IDLE 0
+#define DO_THREAD_SCHEDULE_AT_CALLBACK_DONE 0
+
+#if CONTROL_BY_STATUS_OF_RB_THREAD_WAITING_FOR_VALUE
+static int have_rb_thread_waiting_for_value = 0;
+#endif
 
 /* 
  *  'event_loop_max' is a maximum events which the eventloop processes in one 
@@ -330,12 +424,21 @@ Tcl_Interp  *current_interp;
  *  'timer_tick' is a limit of one term of thread scheduling. 
  *  If 'timer_tick' == 0, then not use the timer for thread scheduling.
  */
-#define DEFAULT_EVENT_LOOP_MAX    800/*counts*/
-#define DEFAULT_NO_EVENT_TICK      10/*counts*/
-#define DEFAULT_NO_EVENT_WAIT      20/*milliseconds ( 1 -- 999 ) */
-#define WATCHDOG_INTERVAL          10/*milliseconds ( 1 -- 999 ) */
-#define DEFAULT_TIMER_TICK          0/*milliseconds ( 0 -- 999 ) */
-#define NO_THREAD_INTERRUPT_TIME  100/*milliseconds ( 1 -- 999 ) */
+#ifdef RUBY_VM
+#define DEFAULT_EVENT_LOOP_MAX        800/*counts*/
+#define DEFAULT_NO_EVENT_TICK          10/*counts*/
+#define DEFAULT_NO_EVENT_WAIT          10/*milliseconds ( 1 -- 999 ) */
+#define WATCHDOG_INTERVAL              10/*milliseconds ( 1 -- 999 ) */
+#define DEFAULT_TIMER_TICK              0/*milliseconds ( 0 -- 999 ) */
+#define NO_THREAD_INTERRUPT_TIME      100/*milliseconds ( 1 -- 999 ) */
+#else /* ! RUBY_VM */
+#define DEFAULT_EVENT_LOOP_MAX        800/*counts*/
+#define DEFAULT_NO_EVENT_TICK          10/*counts*/
+#define DEFAULT_NO_EVENT_WAIT          20/*milliseconds ( 1 -- 999 ) */
+#define WATCHDOG_INTERVAL              10/*milliseconds ( 1 -- 999 ) */
+#define DEFAULT_TIMER_TICK              0/*milliseconds ( 0 -- 999 ) */
+#define NO_THREAD_INTERRUPT_TIME      100/*milliseconds ( 1 -- 999 ) */
+#endif
 
 static int event_loop_max = DEFAULT_EVENT_LOOP_MAX;
 static int no_event_tick  = DEFAULT_NO_EVENT_TICK;
@@ -570,6 +673,9 @@ struct tcltkip {
 #if TCL_NAMESPACE_DEBUG
     Tcl_Namespace *default_ns;   /* default namespace */
 #endif
+#ifdef RUBY_VM
+    Tcl_ThreadId tk_thread_id;   /* native thread ID of Tcl interpreter */
+#endif
     int has_orig_exit;           /* has original 'exit' command ? */
     Tcl_CmdInfo orig_exit_info;  /* command info of original 'exit' command */
     int ref_count;               /* reference count of rbtk_preserve_ip call */
@@ -605,9 +711,9 @@ deleted_ip(ptr)
 #endif
     ) {
         DUMP1("ip is deleted");
-        return Qtrue;
+        return 1;
     }
-    return Qfalse;
+    return 0;
 }
 
 /* increment/decrement reference count of tcltkip */
@@ -760,6 +866,10 @@ tcltkip_init_tk(interp)
     }
 #endif
 
+#ifdef RUBY_VM
+    ptr->tk_thread_id = Tcl_GetCurrentThread();
+#endif
+
     return Qnil;
 }
 
@@ -767,6 +877,7 @@ tcltkip_init_tk(interp)
 /* treat excetiopn on Tcl side */
 static VALUE rbtk_pending_exception;
 static int rbtk_eventloop_depth = 0;
+static int rbtk_internal_eventloop_handler = 0;
 
 
 static int
@@ -776,7 +887,9 @@ pending_exception_check0()
 
     if (!NIL_P(exc) && rb_obj_is_kind_of(exc, rb_eException)) {
         DUMP1("find a pending exception");
-        if (rbtk_eventloop_depth > 0) {
+        if (rbtk_eventloop_depth > 0 
+	    || rbtk_internal_eventloop_handler > 0
+	    ) {
             return 1; /* pending */
         } else {
             rbtk_pending_exception = Qnil;
@@ -809,7 +922,9 @@ pending_exception_check1(thr_crit_bup, ptr)
     if (!NIL_P(exc) && rb_obj_is_kind_of(exc, rb_eException)) {
         DUMP1("find a pending exception");
 
-        if (rbtk_eventloop_depth > 0) {
+        if (rbtk_eventloop_depth > 0
+	    || rbtk_internal_eventloop_handler > 0
+	    ) {
             return 1; /* pending */
         } else {
             rbtk_pending_exception = Qnil;
@@ -848,8 +963,10 @@ call_original_exit(ptr, state)
     int  thr_crit_bup;
     Tcl_CmdInfo *info;
 #if TCL_MAJOR_VERSION >= 8
+    Tcl_Obj *cmd_obj;
     Tcl_Obj *state_obj;
 #endif
+    DUMP1("original_exit is called");
 
     if (!(ptr->has_orig_exit)) return;
 
@@ -867,20 +984,55 @@ call_original_exit(ptr, state)
 
     if (info->isNativeObjectProc) {
         Tcl_Obj **argv;
+#define USE_RUBY_ALLOC 0
+#if USE_RUBY_ALLOC
         argv = (Tcl_Obj **)ALLOC_N(Tcl_Obj *, 3);
-        argv[0] = Tcl_NewStringObj("exit", 4);
+#else /* not USE_RUBY_ALLOC */
+        argv = (Tcl_Obj **)ckalloc(sizeof(Tcl_Obj *) * 3);
+#if 0 /* use Tcl_Preserve/Release */
+	Tcl_Preserve((ClientData)argv); /* XXXXXXXX */
+#endif
+#endif
+	cmd_obj = Tcl_NewStringObj("exit", 4);
+	Tcl_IncrRefCount(cmd_obj);
+
+        argv[0] = cmd_obj;
         argv[1] = state_obj;
         argv[2] = (Tcl_Obj *)NULL;
 
         ptr->return_value 
             = (*(info->objProc))(info->objClientData, ptr->ip, 2, argv);
 
+	Tcl_DecrRefCount(cmd_obj);
+
+#if USE_RUBY_ALLOC
         free(argv);
+#else /* not USE_RUBY_ALLOC */
+#if 0 /* use Tcl_EventuallyFree */
+	Tcl_EventuallyFree((ClientData)argv, TCL_DYNAMIC); /* XXXXXXXX */
+#else
+#if 0 /* use Tcl_Preserve/Release */
+	Tcl_Release((ClientData)argv); /* XXXXXXXX */
+#else
+        /* free(argv); */
+        ckfree((char*)argv);
+#endif
+#endif
+#endif
+#undef USE_RUBY_ALLOC
 
     } else {
         /* string interface */
         char **argv;
-        argv = (char **)ALLOC_N(char *, 3);
+#define USE_RUBY_ALLOC 0
+#if USE_RUBY_ALLOC
+        argv = (char **)ALLOC_N(char *, 3); /* XXXXXXXXXX */
+#else /* not USE_RUBY_ALLOC */
+        argv = (char **)ckalloc(sizeof(char *) * 3);
+#if 0 /* use Tcl_Preserve/Release */
+	Tcl_Preserve((ClientData)argv); /* XXXXXXXX */
+#endif
+#endif
         argv[0] = "exit";
         /* argv[1] = Tcl_GetString(state_obj); */
         argv[1] = Tcl_GetStringFromObj(state_obj, (int*)NULL);
@@ -889,7 +1041,21 @@ call_original_exit(ptr, state)
         ptr->return_value = (*(info->proc))(info->clientData, ptr->ip, 
                                             2, (CONST84 char **)argv);
 
+#if USE_RUBY_ALLOC
         free(argv);
+#else /* not USE_RUBY_ALLOC */
+#if 0 /* use Tcl_EventuallyFree */
+	Tcl_EventuallyFree((ClientData)argv, TCL_DYNAMIC); /* XXXXXXXX */
+#else
+#if 0 /* use Tcl_Preserve/Release */
+	Tcl_Release((ClientData)argv); /* XXXXXXXX */
+#else
+        /* free(argv); */
+        ckfree((char*)argv);
+#endif
+#endif
+#endif
+#undef USE_RUBY_ALLOC
     }
 
     Tcl_DecrRefCount(state_obj);
@@ -898,17 +1064,40 @@ call_original_exit(ptr, state)
     {
         /* string interface */
         char **argv;
+#define USE_RUBY_ALLOC 0
+#if USE_RUBY_ALLOC
         argv = (char **)ALLOC_N(char *, 3);
+#else /* not USE_RUBY_ALLOC */
+        argv = (char **)ckalloc(sizeof(char *) * 3);
+#if 0 /* use Tcl_Preserve/Release */
+	Tcl_Preserve((ClientData)argv); /* XXXXXXXX */
+#endif
+#endif
         argv[0] = "exit";
-        argv[1] = RSTRING(rb_fix2str(INT2NUM(state), 10))->ptr;
+        argv[1] = RSTRING_PTR(rb_fix2str(INT2NUM(state), 10));
         argv[2] = (char *)NULL;
 
         ptr->return_value = (*(info->proc))(info->clientData, ptr->ip, 
                                             2, argv);
 
+#if USE_RUBY_ALLOC
         free(argv);
+#else /* not USE_RUBY_ALLOC */
+#if 0 /* use Tcl_EventuallyFree */
+	Tcl_EventuallyFree((ClientData)argv, TCL_DYNAMIC); /* XXXXXXXX */
+#else
+#if 0 /* use Tcl_Preserve/Release */
+	Tcl_Release((ClientData)argv); /* XXXXXXXX */
+#else
+        /* free(argv); */
+        ckfree(argv);
+#endif
+#endif
+#endif
+#undef USE_RUBY_ALLOC
     }
 #endif
+    DUMP1("complete original_exit");
 
     rb_thread_critical = thr_crit_bup;
 }
@@ -949,6 +1138,53 @@ _timer_for_tcl(clientData)
     /* tick_counter += event_loop_max; */
 }
 
+#ifdef RUBY_VM
+#if USE_TOGGLE_WINDOW_MODE_FOR_IDLE
+static int
+toggle_eventloop_window_mode_for_idle()
+{
+  if (window_event_mode & TCL_IDLE_EVENTS) {
+    /* idle -> event */
+    window_event_mode |= TCL_WINDOW_EVENTS;
+    window_event_mode &= ~TCL_IDLE_EVENTS;
+    return 1;
+  } else {
+    /* event -> idle */
+    window_event_mode |= TCL_IDLE_EVENTS;
+    window_event_mode &= ~TCL_WINDOW_EVENTS;
+    return 0;
+  }
+}
+#endif
+#endif
+
+static VALUE
+set_eventloop_window_mode(self, mode)
+    VALUE self;
+    VALUE mode;
+{
+    rb_secure(4);
+
+    if (RTEST(mode)) {
+      window_event_mode = ~0;
+    } else {
+      window_event_mode = ~(TCL_WINDOW_EVENTS | TCL_IDLE_EVENTS);
+    }
+
+    return mode;
+}
+
+static VALUE
+get_eventloop_window_mode(self)
+    VALUE self;
+{
+    if ( ~window_event_mode ) {
+      return Qfalse;
+    } else {
+      return Qtrue;
+    }
+}
+
 static VALUE
 set_eventloop_tick(self, tick)
     VALUE self;
@@ -1137,15 +1373,15 @@ set_max_block_time(self, time)
     case T_BIGNUM:
         /* time is micro-second value */
         divmod = rb_funcall(time, rb_intern("divmod"), 1, LONG2NUM(1000000));
-        tcl_time.sec  = NUM2LONG(RARRAY(divmod)->ptr[0]);
-        tcl_time.usec = NUM2LONG(RARRAY(divmod)->ptr[1]);
+        tcl_time.sec  = NUM2LONG(RARRAY_PTR(divmod)[0]);
+        tcl_time.usec = NUM2LONG(RARRAY_PTR(divmod)[1]);
         break;
 
     case T_FLOAT:
         /* time is second value */
         divmod = rb_funcall(time, rb_intern("divmod"), 1, INT2FIX(1));
-        tcl_time.sec  = NUM2LONG(RARRAY(divmod)->ptr[0]);
-        tcl_time.usec = (long)(NUM2DBL(RARRAY(divmod)->ptr[1]) * 1000000);
+        tcl_time.sec  = NUM2LONG(RARRAY_PTR(divmod)[0]);
+        tcl_time.usec = (long)(NUM2DBL(RARRAY_PTR(divmod)[1]) * 1000000);
 
     default:
         {
@@ -1229,8 +1465,10 @@ ip_evloop_abort_on_exc_set(self, val)
 }
 
 static VALUE
-lib_num_of_mainwindows(self)
+lib_num_of_mainwindows_core(self, argc, argv)
     VALUE self;
+    int   argc;   /* dummy */
+    VALUE *argv;  /* dummy */
 {
     if (tk_stubs_init_p()) {
         return INT2FIX(Tk_GetNumMainWindows());
@@ -1239,7 +1477,41 @@ lib_num_of_mainwindows(self)
     }
 }
 
+static VALUE
+lib_num_of_mainwindows(self)
+    VALUE self;
+{
+#ifdef RUBY_VM  /* Ruby 1.9+ !!! */
+    return tk_funcall(lib_num_of_mainwindows_core, 0, (VALUE*)NULL, self);
+#else
+    return lib_num_of_mainwindows_core(self, 0, (VALUE*)NULL);
+#endif
+}
 
+
+#ifdef RUBY_VM  /* Ruby 1.9+ !!! */
+static VALUE
+call_DoOneEvent_core(flag_val)
+    VALUE flag_val;
+{
+    int flag;
+
+    flag = FIX2INT(flag_val);
+    if (Tcl_DoOneEvent(flag)) {
+        return Qtrue;
+    } else {
+        return Qfalse;
+    }
+}
+
+static VALUE
+call_DoOneEvent(flag_val)
+    VALUE flag_val;
+{
+  return tk_funcall(call_DoOneEvent_core, 0, (VALUE*)NULL, flag_val);
+}
+
+#else  /* Ruby 1.8- */
 static VALUE
 call_DoOneEvent(flag_val)
     VALUE flag_val;
@@ -1253,6 +1525,8 @@ call_DoOneEvent(flag_val)
         return Qfalse;
     }
 }
+#endif
+
 
 static VALUE
 eventloop_sleep(dummy)
@@ -1264,22 +1538,77 @@ eventloop_sleep(dummy)
     t.tv_usec = (time_t)(no_event_wait*1000.0);
 
 #ifdef HAVE_NATIVETHREAD
+#ifdef RUBY_VM
+#if 0
+    if (!ruby_native_thread_p()) {
+        rb_bug("cross-thread violation on eventloop_sleep()");
+    }
+#endif
+#else
     if (!is_ruby_native_thread()) {
         rb_bug("cross-thread violation on eventloop_sleep()");
     }
 #endif
+#endif
 
+    DUMP2("eventloop_sleep: rb_thread_wait_for() at thread : %lx", rb_thread_current());
     rb_thread_wait_for(t);
+    DUMP2("eventloop_sleep: finish at thread : %lx", rb_thread_current());
 
 #ifdef HAVE_NATIVETHREAD
+#ifdef RUBY_VM
+#if 0
+    if (!ruby_native_thread_p()) {
+        rb_bug("cross-thread violation on eventloop_sleep()");
+    }
+#endif
+#else
     if (!is_ruby_native_thread()) {
         rb_bug("cross-thread violation on eventloop_sleep()");
     }
 #endif
+#endif
 
     return Qnil;
 }
 
+#define USE_EVLOOP_THREAD_ALONE_CHECK_FLAG 0
+
+#if USE_EVLOOP_THREAD_ALONE_CHECK_FLAG
+static int
+get_thread_alone_check_flag()
+{
+#ifdef RUBY_VM
+  return 0;
+#else
+  set_tcltk_version();
+
+  if (tcltk_version.major < 8) {
+    /* Tcl/Tk 7.x */
+    return 1;
+  } else if (tcltk_version.major == 8) {
+    if (tcltk_version.minor < 5) {
+      /* Tcl/Tk 8.0 - 8.4 */
+      return 1;
+    } else if (tcltk_version.minor == 5) {
+      if (tcltk_version.type < TCL_FINAL_RELEASE) {
+	/* Tcl/Tk 8.5a? - 8.5b? */
+	return 1;
+      } else {
+	/* Tcl/Tk 8.5.x */
+	return 0;
+      }
+    } else {
+      /* Tcl/Tk 8.6 - 8.9 ?? */
+      return 0;
+    }
+  } else {
+    /* Tcl/Tk 9+ ?? */
+    return 0;
+  }
+#endif
+}
+#endif
 
 static int
 lib_eventloop_core(check_root, update_flag, check_var, interp)
@@ -1295,7 +1624,9 @@ lib_eventloop_core(check_root, update_flag, check_var, interp)
     int thr_crit_bup;
     int status;
     int depth = rbtk_eventloop_depth;
-
+#if USE_EVLOOP_THREAD_ALONE_CHECK_FLAG
+    int thread_alone_check_flag = 1;
+#endif
 
     if (update_flag) DUMP1("update loop start!!");
 
@@ -1314,15 +1645,25 @@ lib_eventloop_core(check_root, update_flag, check_var, interp)
         timer_token = (Tcl_TimerToken)NULL;
     }
 
+#if USE_EVLOOP_THREAD_ALONE_CHECK_FLAG
+    /* version check */
+    thread_alone_check_flag = get_thread_alone_check_flag();
+#endif
+
     for(;;) {
+#if USE_EVLOOP_THREAD_ALONE_CHECK_FLAG
+        if (thread_alone_check_flag && rb_thread_alone()) {
+#else
         if (rb_thread_alone()) {
+#endif
             DUMP1("no other thread");
             event_loop_wait_event = 0;
 
             if (update_flag) {
                 event_flag = update_flag | TCL_DONT_WAIT; /* for safety */
             } else {
-                event_flag = TCL_ALL_EVENTS;
+	        event_flag = TCL_ALL_EVENTS;
+	        /* event_flag = TCL_ALL_EVENTS | TCL_DONT_WAIT; */
             }
 
             if (timer_tick == 0 && update_flag == 0) {
@@ -1349,11 +1690,19 @@ lib_eventloop_core(check_root, update_flag, check_var, interp)
             if (status) {
                 switch (status) {
                 case TAG_RAISE:
+#ifdef RUBY_VM
+                    if (NIL_P(rb_errinfo())) {
+#else
                     if (NIL_P(ruby_errinfo)) {
+#endif
                         rbtk_pending_exception 
                             = rb_exc_new2(rb_eException, "unknown exception");
                     } else {
+#ifdef RUBY_VM
+                        rbtk_pending_exception = rb_errinfo();
+#else
                         rbtk_pending_exception = ruby_errinfo;
+#endif
 
                         if (!NIL_P(rbtk_pending_exception)) {
                             if (rbtk_eventloop_depth == 0) {
@@ -1368,10 +1717,18 @@ lib_eventloop_core(check_root, update_flag, check_var, interp)
                     break;
 
                 case TAG_FATAL:
+#ifdef RUBY_VM
+                    if (NIL_P(rb_errinfo())) {
+#else
                     if (NIL_P(ruby_errinfo)) {
+#endif
                         rb_exc_raise(rb_exc_new2(rb_eFatal, "FATAL"));
                     } else {
+#ifdef RUBY_VM
+                        rb_exc_raise(rb_errinfo());
+#else
                         rb_exc_raise(ruby_errinfo);
+#endif
                     }
                 }
             }
@@ -1462,19 +1819,56 @@ lib_eventloop_core(check_root, update_flag, check_var, interp)
                 if (NIL_P(eventloop_thread) || current == eventloop_thread) {
                     int st;
                     int status;
-
+#ifdef RUBY_VM
+		    if (update_flag) {
+		      st = RTEST(rb_protect(call_DoOneEvent, 
+					    INT2FIX(event_flag), &status)); 
+		    } else {
+		      st = RTEST(rb_protect(call_DoOneEvent, 
+					    INT2FIX(event_flag & window_event_mode), 
+					    &status)); 
+#if USE_TOGGLE_WINDOW_MODE_FOR_IDLE
+		      if (!st) {
+			if (toggle_eventloop_window_mode_for_idle()) {
+			  /* idle-mode -> event-mode*/
+			  tick_counter = event_loop_max;
+			} else {
+			  /* event-mode -> idle-mode */
+			  tick_counter = 0;
+			}
+		      }
+#endif
+		    }
+#else
                     /* st = Tcl_DoOneEvent(event_flag); */
                     st = RTEST(rb_protect(call_DoOneEvent, 
                                           INT2FIX(event_flag), &status)); 
+#endif
+
+#if CONTROL_BY_STATUS_OF_RB_THREAD_WAITING_FOR_VALUE
+		    if (have_rb_thread_waiting_for_value) {
+		      have_rb_thread_waiting_for_value = 0;
+		      rb_thread_schedule();
+		    }
+#endif
+
                     if (status) {
                         switch (status) {
                         case TAG_RAISE:
+#ifdef RUBY_VM
+                            if (NIL_P(rb_errinfo())) {
+#else
                             if (NIL_P(ruby_errinfo)) {
+#endif
                                 rbtk_pending_exception 
                                     = rb_exc_new2(rb_eException, 
                                                   "unknown exception");
                             } else {
+#ifdef RUBY_VM
+                                rbtk_pending_exception = rb_errinfo();
+#else
                                 rbtk_pending_exception = ruby_errinfo;
+#endif
 
                                 if (!NIL_P(rbtk_pending_exception)) {
                                     if (rbtk_eventloop_depth == 0) {
@@ -1489,10 +1883,18 @@ lib_eventloop_core(check_root, update_flag, check_var, interp)
                             break;
 
                         case TAG_FATAL:
+#ifdef RUBY_VM
+                            if (NIL_P(rb_errinfo())) {
+#else
                             if (NIL_P(ruby_errinfo)) {
+#endif
                                 rb_exc_raise(rb_exc_new2(rb_eFatal, "FATAL"));
                             } else {
+#ifdef RUBY_VM
+                                rb_exc_raise(rb_errinfo());
+#else
                                 rb_exc_raise(ruby_errinfo);
+#endif
                             }
                         }
                     }
@@ -1536,17 +1938,26 @@ lib_eventloop_core(check_root, update_flag, check_var, interp)
                         tick_counter += no_event_tick;
 
                         /* rb_thread_wait_for(t); */
+
                         rb_protect(eventloop_sleep, Qnil, &status);
 
                         if (status) {
                             switch (status) {
                             case TAG_RAISE:
+#ifdef RUBY_VM
+                                if (NIL_P(rb_errinfo())) {
+#else
                                 if (NIL_P(ruby_errinfo)) {
+#endif
                                     rbtk_pending_exception 
                                         = rb_exc_new2(rb_eException, 
                                                       "unknown exception");
                                 } else {
+#ifdef RUBY_VM
+                                    rbtk_pending_exception = rb_errinfo();
+#else
                                     rbtk_pending_exception = ruby_errinfo;
+#endif
 
                                     if (!NIL_P(rbtk_pending_exception)) {
                                         if (rbtk_eventloop_depth == 0) {
@@ -1561,11 +1972,19 @@ lib_eventloop_core(check_root, update_flag, check_var, interp)
                                 break;
 
                             case TAG_FATAL:
+#ifdef RUBY_VM
+                                if (NIL_P(rb_errinfo())) {
+#else
                                 if (NIL_P(ruby_errinfo)) {
+#endif
                                     rb_exc_raise(rb_exc_new2(rb_eFatal, 
                                                              "FATAL"));
                                 } else {
+#ifdef RUBY_VM
+                                    rb_exc_raise(rb_errinfo());
+#else
                                     rb_exc_raise(ruby_errinfo);
+#endif
                                 }
                             }
                         }
@@ -1574,7 +1993,8 @@ lib_eventloop_core(check_root, update_flag, check_var, interp)
                 } else {
                     DUMP2("sleep eventloop %lx", current);
                     DUMP2("eventloop thread is %lx", eventloop_thread);
-                    rb_thread_stop();
+                    /* rb_thread_stop(); */
+                    rb_thread_sleep_forever();
                 }
 
                 if (!NIL_P(watchdog_thread) && eventloop_thread != current) {
@@ -1619,10 +2039,17 @@ lib_eventloop_core(check_root, update_flag, check_var, interp)
                     break; /* switch to other thread */
                 }
             }
+
+            DUMP1("thread scheduling");
+            rb_thread_schedule();
         }
 
         DUMP1("trap check & thread scheduling");
+#ifdef RUBY_VM
+        /* if (update_flag == 0) CHECK_INTS; */ /*XXXXXXXXXXXXX  TODO !!!! */
+#else
         if (update_flag == 0) CHECK_INTS;
+#endif
 
     }
     return 1;
@@ -1669,19 +2096,35 @@ lib_eventloop_main(args)
 
     switch (status) {
     case TAG_RAISE:
+#ifdef RUBY_VM
+        if (NIL_P(rb_errinfo())) {
+#else
         if (NIL_P(ruby_errinfo)) {
+#endif
             rbtk_pending_exception 
                 = rb_exc_new2(rb_eException, "unknown exception");
         } else {
+#ifdef RUBY_VM
+            rbtk_pending_exception = rb_errinfo();
+#else
             rbtk_pending_exception = ruby_errinfo;
+#endif
         }
         return Qnil;
 
     case TAG_FATAL:
+#ifdef RUBY_VM
+        if (NIL_P(rb_errinfo())) {
+#else
         if (NIL_P(ruby_errinfo)) {
+#endif
             rbtk_pending_exception = rb_exc_new2(rb_eFatal, "FATAL");
         } else {
+#ifdef RUBY_VM
+            rbtk_pending_exception = rb_errinfo();
+#else
             rbtk_pending_exception = ruby_errinfo;
+#endif
         }
         return Qnil;
     }
@@ -1705,6 +2148,7 @@ lib_eventloop_ensure(args)
 	rb_thread_critical = ptr->thr_crit_bup;
 
         free(ptr);
+        /* ckfree((char*)ptr); */
 
         return Qnil;
     }
@@ -1726,7 +2170,8 @@ lib_eventloop_ensure(args)
           break; 
         }
 
-        if (RTEST(rb_funcall(eventloop_thread, ID_alive_p, 0, 0))) {
+        /* if (RTEST(rb_funcall(eventloop_thread, ID_alive_p, 0, 0))) { */
+	if (RTEST(rb_thread_alive_p(eventloop_thread))) {
             DUMP2("eventloop-enshure: wake up parent %lx", eventloop_thread);
             rb_thread_wakeup(eventloop_thread);
 
@@ -1734,9 +2179,16 @@ lib_eventloop_ensure(args)
         }
     }
 
+#ifdef RUBY_VM
+    if (NIL_P(eventloop_thread)) {
+        tk_eventloop_thread_id = (Tcl_ThreadId) 0;
+    }
+#endif
+
     rb_thread_critical = ptr->thr_crit_bup;
 
     free(ptr);
+    /* ckfree((char*)ptr);*/
 
     DUMP2("finish current eventloop %lx", current_evloop);
     return Qnil;
@@ -1751,10 +2203,14 @@ lib_eventloop_launcher(check_root, update_flag, check_var, interp)
 {
     volatile VALUE parent_evloop = eventloop_thread;
     struct evloop_params *args = ALLOC(struct evloop_params);
+    /* struct evloop_params *args = (struct evloop_params *)ckalloc(sizeof(struct evloop_params)); */
 
     tcl_stubs_check();
 
     eventloop_thread = rb_thread_current();
+#ifdef RUBY_VM
+    tk_eventloop_thread_id = Tcl_GetCurrentThread();
+#endif
 
     if (parent_evloop == eventloop_thread) {
         DUMP2("eventloop: recursive call on %lx", parent_evloop);
@@ -1905,6 +2361,9 @@ lib_watchdog_ensure(arg)
     VALUE arg;
 {
     eventloop_thread = Qnil; /* stop eventloops */
+#ifdef RUBY_VM
+    tk_eventloop_thread_id = (Tcl_ThreadId) 0;
+#endif
     return Qnil;
 }
 
@@ -1916,6 +2375,11 @@ lib_mainloop_watchdog(argc, argv, self)
 {
     VALUE check_rootwidget;
 
+#ifdef RUBY_VM
+    rb_raise(rb_eNotImpError, 
+	     "eventloop_watchdog is not implemented on Ruby VM.");
+#endif
+
     if (rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "01", &check_rootwidget) == 0) {
         check_rootwidget = Qtrue;
     } else if (RTEST(check_rootwidget)) {
@@ -2010,8 +2474,10 @@ lib_thread_callback(argc, argv, self)
     }
 
     q = (struct thread_call_proc_arg *)ALLOC(struct thread_call_proc_arg);
+    /* q = (struct thread_call_proc_arg *)ckalloc(sizeof(struct thread_call_proc_arg)); */
     q->proc = proc;
     q->done = (int*)ALLOC(int);
+    /* q->done = (int*)ckalloc(sizeof(int)); */
     *(q->done) = 0;
 
     /* create call-proc thread */
@@ -2023,7 +2489,8 @@ lib_thread_callback(argc, argv, self)
     foundEvent = RTEST(lib_eventloop_launcher(/* not check root-widget */0, 0, 
                                               q->done, (Tcl_Interp*)NULL));
 
-    if (RTEST(rb_funcall(th, ID_alive_p, 0))) {
+    /* if (RTEST(rb_funcall(th, ID_alive_p, 0))) { */
+    if (RTEST(rb_thread_alive_p(th))) {
         rb_funcall(th, ID_kill, 0);
         ret = Qnil;
     } else {
@@ -2032,12 +2499,21 @@ lib_thread_callback(argc, argv, self)
 
     free(q->done);
     free(q);
+    /* ckfree((char*)q->done); */
+    /* ckfree((char*)q); */
 
     if (NIL_P(rbtk_pending_exception)) {
+#ifdef RUBY_VM
+        /* return rb_errinfo(); */
+        if (status) {
+            rb_exc_raise(rb_errinfo());
+        }
+#else
         /* return ruby_errinfo; */
         if (status) {
             rb_exc_raise(ruby_errinfo);
         }
+#endif
     } else {
         VALUE exc = rbtk_pending_exception;
         rbtk_pending_exception = Qnil;
@@ -2155,28 +2631,35 @@ ip_set_exc_message(interp, exc)
     if (NIL_P(enc)) {
         encoding = (Tcl_Encoding)NULL;
     } else if (TYPE(enc) == T_STRING) {
-        encoding = Tcl_GetEncoding(interp, RSTRING(enc)->ptr);
+        /* encoding = Tcl_GetEncoding(interp, RSTRING_PTR(enc)); */
+        encoding = Tcl_GetEncoding((Tcl_Interp*)NULL, RSTRING_PTR(enc));
     } else {
         enc = rb_funcall(enc, ID_to_s, 0, 0);
-        encoding = Tcl_GetEncoding(interp, RSTRING(enc)->ptr);
+        /* encoding = Tcl_GetEncoding(interp, RSTRING_PTR(enc)); */
+        encoding = Tcl_GetEncoding((Tcl_Interp*)NULL, RSTRING_PTR(enc));
     }
 
     /* to avoid a garbled error message dialog */
-    buf = ALLOC_N(char, (RSTRING(msg)->len)+1);
-    memcpy(buf, RSTRING(msg)->ptr, RSTRING(msg)->len);
-    buf[RSTRING(msg)->len] = 0;
+    /* buf = ALLOC_N(char, (RSTRING(msg)->len)+1);*/
+    /* memcpy(buf, RSTRING(msg)->ptr, RSTRING(msg)->len);*/
+    /* buf[RSTRING(msg)->len] = 0; */
+    buf = ALLOC_N(char, RSTRING_LEN(msg)+1);
+    /* buf = ckalloc(sizeof(char)*((RSTRING_LEN(msg))+1)); */
+    memcpy(buf, RSTRING_PTR(msg), RSTRING_LEN(msg));
+    buf[RSTRING_LEN(msg)] = 0;
 
     Tcl_DStringInit(&dstr);
     Tcl_DStringFree(&dstr);
-    Tcl_ExternalToUtfDString(encoding, buf, RSTRING(msg)->len, &dstr);
+    Tcl_ExternalToUtfDString(encoding, buf, RSTRING_LEN(msg), &dstr);
 
     Tcl_AppendResult(interp, Tcl_DStringValue(&dstr), (char*)NULL);
     DUMP2("error message:%s", Tcl_DStringValue(&dstr));
     Tcl_DStringFree(&dstr);
     free(buf);
+    /* ckfree(buf); */
 
 #else /* TCL_VERSION <= 8.0 */
-    Tcl_AppendResult(interp, RSTRING(msg)->ptr, (char*)NULL);
+    Tcl_AppendResult(interp, RSTRING_PTR(msg), (char*)NULL);
 #endif
 
     rb_thread_critical = thr_crit_bup;
@@ -2221,12 +2704,15 @@ tcl_protect_core(interp, proc, data) /* should not raise exception */
     int status = 0;
     int thr_crit_bup = rb_thread_critical;
 
+    Tcl_ResetResult(interp);
+
     rb_thread_critical = Qfalse;
     ret = rb_protect(proc, data, &status);
     rb_thread_critical = Qtrue;
     if (status) {
         char *buf;
-        VALUE old_gc, type, str;
+        VALUE old_gc;
+        volatile VALUE type, str;
 
         old_gc = rb_gc_disable();
 
@@ -2242,58 +2728,104 @@ tcl_protect_core(interp, proc, data) /* should not raise exception */
             goto error;
         error:
             str = rb_str_new2("LocalJumpError: ");
+#ifdef RUBY_VM
+            rb_str_append(str, rb_obj_as_string(rb_errinfo()));
+#else
             rb_str_append(str, rb_obj_as_string(ruby_errinfo));
+#endif
             exc = rb_exc_new3(type, str);
             break;
 
         case TAG_RETRY:
+#ifdef RUBY_VM
+            if (NIL_P(rb_errinfo())) {
+#else
             if (NIL_P(ruby_errinfo)) {
+#endif
                 DUMP1("rb_protect: retry");
                 exc = rb_exc_new2(eTkCallbackRetry, "retry jump error");
             } else {
+#ifdef RUBY_VM
+                exc = rb_errinfo();
+#else
                 exc = ruby_errinfo;
+#endif
             }
             break;
 
         case TAG_REDO:
+#ifdef RUBY_VM
+            if (NIL_P(rb_errinfo())) {
+#else
             if (NIL_P(ruby_errinfo)) {
+#endif
                 DUMP1("rb_protect: redo");
                 exc = rb_exc_new2(eTkCallbackRedo,  "redo jump error");
             } else {
+#ifdef RUBY_VM
+                exc = rb_errinfo();
+#else
                 exc = ruby_errinfo;
+#endif
             }
             break;
 
         case TAG_RAISE:
+#ifdef RUBY_VM
+            if (NIL_P(rb_errinfo())) {
+#else
             if (NIL_P(ruby_errinfo)) {
+#endif
                 exc = rb_exc_new2(rb_eException, "unknown exception");
             } else {
+#ifdef RUBY_VM
+                exc = rb_errinfo();
+#else
                 exc = ruby_errinfo;
+#endif
             }
             break;
 
         case TAG_FATAL:
+#ifdef RUBY_VM
+            if (NIL_P(rb_errinfo())) {
+#else
             if (NIL_P(ruby_errinfo)) {
+#endif
                 exc = rb_exc_new2(rb_eFatal, "FATAL");
             } else {
+#ifdef RUBY_VM
+                exc = rb_errinfo();
+#else
                 exc = ruby_errinfo;
+#endif
             }
             break;
 
         case TAG_THROW:
+#ifdef RUBY_VM
+            if (NIL_P(rb_errinfo())) {
+#else
             if (NIL_P(ruby_errinfo)) {
+#endif
                 DUMP1("rb_protect: throw");
                 exc = rb_exc_new2(eTkCallbackThrow,  "throw jump error");
             } else {
+#ifdef RUBY_VM
+                exc = rb_errinfo();
+#else
                 exc = ruby_errinfo;
+#endif
             }
             break;
 
         default:
             buf = ALLOC_N(char, 256);
+            /* buf = ckalloc(sizeof(char) * 256); */
             sprintf(buf, "unknown loncaljmp status %d", status);
             exc = rb_exc_new2(rb_eException, buf);
             free(buf);
+            /* ckfree(buf); */
             break;
         }
 
@@ -2371,12 +2903,12 @@ tcl_protect_core(interp, proc, data) /* should not raise exception */
 
         ret = TkStringValue(ret);
         DUMP1("Tcl_AppendResult");
-        Tcl_AppendResult(interp, RSTRING(ret)->ptr, (char *)NULL);
+        Tcl_AppendResult(interp, RSTRING_PTR(ret), (char *)NULL);
 
         rb_thread_critical = thr_crit_bup;
     }
 
-    DUMP2("(result) %s", NIL_P(ret) ? "nil" : RSTRING(ret)->ptr);
+    DUMP2("(result) %s", NIL_P(ret) ? "nil" : RSTRING_PTR(ret));
 
     return TCL_OK;
 }
@@ -2391,10 +2923,18 @@ tcl_protect(interp, proc, data)
     int code;
 
 #ifdef HAVE_NATIVETHREAD
+#ifdef RUBY_VM
+#if 0
+    if (!ruby_native_thread_p()) {
+        rb_bug("cross-thread violation on tcl_protect()");
+    }
+#endif
+#else
     if (!is_ruby_native_thread()) {
         rb_bug("cross-thread violation on tcl_protect()");
     }
 #endif
+#endif
 
     rb_trap_immediate = 0;
     code = tcl_protect_core(interp, proc, data);
@@ -2456,6 +2996,7 @@ ip_ruby_eval(clientData, interp, argc, argv)
 
       str = Tcl_GetStringFromObj(argv[1], &len);
       arg = ALLOC_N(char, len + 1);
+      /* arg = ckalloc(sizeof(char) * (len + 1)); */
       memcpy(arg, str, len);
       arg[len] = 0;
 
@@ -2473,6 +3014,7 @@ ip_ruby_eval(clientData, interp, argc, argv)
 
 #if TCL_MAJOR_VERSION >= 8
     free(arg);
+    /* ckfree(arg); */
 #endif
 
     return code;
@@ -2497,6 +3039,96 @@ ip_ruby_cmd_core(arg)
     return ret;
 }
 
+#define SUPPORT_NESTED_CONST_AS_IP_RUBY_CMD_RECEIVER 1
+
+static VALUE
+ip_ruby_cmd_receiver_const_get(name)
+     char *name;
+{
+  volatile VALUE klass = rb_cObject;
+  char *head, *tail;
+  int state;
+
+#if SUPPORT_NESTED_CONST_AS_IP_RUBY_CMD_RECEIVER
+  klass = rb_eval_string_protect(name, &state);
+  if (state) {
+    return Qnil;
+  } else {
+    return klass;
+  }
+#else
+  return rb_const_get(klass, rb_intern(name));
+#endif
+
+  /* TODO!!!!!! */
+  /* support nest of classes/modules */
+
+  /* return rb_eval_string(name); */
+  /* return rb_eval_string_protect(name, &state); */
+
+#if 0 /* doesn't work!! (fail to autoload?) */
+  /* duplicate */
+  head = name = strdup(name);
+
+  /* has '::' at head ? */
+  if (*head == ':')  head += 2;
+  tail = head; 
+
+  /* search */
+  while(*tail) {
+    if (*tail == ':') {
+      *tail = '\0';
+      klass = rb_const_get(klass, rb_intern(head));
+      tail += 2;
+      head = tail;
+    } else {
+      tail++;
+    }
+  }
+
+  free(name);
+  return rb_const_get(klass, rb_intern(head));
+#endif
+}
+
+static VALUE
+ip_ruby_cmd_receiver_get(str)
+     char *str;
+{
+  volatile VALUE receiver;
+  volatile VALUE klass = rb_cObject;
+  int state;
+
+  if (str[0] == ':' || ('A' <= str[0] && str[0] <= 'Z')) {
+    /* class | module | constant */
+#if SUPPORT_NESTED_CONST_AS_IP_RUBY_CMD_RECEIVER
+    receiver = ip_ruby_cmd_receiver_const_get(str);
+#else
+    receiver = rb_protect(ip_ruby_cmd_receiver_const_get, (VALUE)str, &state);
+    if (state) return Qnil;
+#endif
+  } else if (str[0] == '$') {
+    /* global variable */
+    receiver = rb_gv_get(str);
+  } else {
+    /* global variable omitted '$' */
+    char *buf;
+    int len;
+
+    len = strlen(str);
+    buf = ALLOC_N(char, len + 2);
+    /* buf = ckalloc(sizeof(char) * (len + 2)); */
+    buf[0] = '$';
+    memcpy(buf + 1, str, len);
+    buf[len + 1] = 0;
+    receiver = rb_gv_get(buf);
+    free(buf);
+    /* ckfree(buf); */
+  }
+
+  return receiver;
+}
+
 /* ruby_cmd receiver method arg ... */
 static int
 #if TCL_MAJOR_VERSION >= 8
@@ -2542,9 +3174,6 @@ ip_ruby_cmd(clientData, interp, argc, argv)
 #endif
     }
 
-    /* allocate */
-    arg = ALLOC(struct cmd_body_arg);
-
     /* get arguments from Tcl objects */
     thr_crit_bup = rb_thread_critical;
     rb_thread_critical = Qtrue;
@@ -2557,24 +3186,8 @@ ip_ruby_cmd(clientData, interp, argc, argv)
     str = argv[1];
 #endif
     DUMP2("receiver:%s",str);
-    if (str[0] == ':' || ('A' <= str[0] && str[0] <= 'Z')) {
-        /* class | module | constant */
-        receiver = rb_const_get(rb_cObject, rb_intern(str));
-    } else if (str[0] == '$') {
-        /* global variable */
-        receiver = rb_gv_get(str);
-    } else {
-        /* global variable omitted '$' */
-        char *buf;
-
-        len = strlen(str);
-        buf = ALLOC_N(char, len + 2);
-        buf[0] = '$';
-        memcpy(buf + 1, str, len);
-        buf[len + 1] = 0;
-        receiver = rb_gv_get(buf);
-        free(buf);
-    }
+    /* receiver = rb_protect(ip_ruby_cmd_receiver_get, (VALUE)str, &code); */
+    receiver = ip_ruby_cmd_receiver_get(str);
     if (NIL_P(receiver)) {
 #if 0
         rb_raise(rb_eArgError, 
@@ -2585,6 +3198,7 @@ ip_ruby_cmd(clientData, interp, argc, argv)
                          str, "'", (char *)NULL);
         rbtk_pending_exception = rb_exc_new2(rb_eArgError, 
                                              Tcl_GetStringResult(interp));
+        if (old_gc == Qfalse) rb_gc_enable();
         return TCL_ERROR;
 #endif
     }
@@ -2599,21 +3213,36 @@ ip_ruby_cmd(clientData, interp, argc, argv)
 
     /* get args */
     args = rb_ary_new2(argc - 2);
+#ifdef RUBY_VM
+#else
     RARRAY(args)->len = 0;
+#endif
     for(i = 3; i < argc; i++) {
 #if TCL_MAJOR_VERSION >= 8
         str = Tcl_GetStringFromObj(argv[i], &len);
         DUMP2("arg:%s",str);
+#ifdef RUBY_VM
+	rb_ary_push(args, rb_tainted_str_new(str, len));
+#else
         RARRAY(args)->ptr[RARRAY(args)->len++] = rb_tainted_str_new(str, len);
+#endif
 #else /* TCL_MAJOR_VERSION < 8 */
         DUMP2("arg:%s",argv[i]);
+#ifdef RUBY_VM
+	rb_ary_push(args, rb_tainted_str_new2(argv[i]));
+#else
         RARRAY(args)->ptr[RARRAY(args)->len++] = rb_tainted_str_new2(argv[i]);
 #endif
+#endif
     }
 
     if (old_gc == Qfalse) rb_gc_enable();
     rb_thread_critical = thr_crit_bup;
 
+    /* allocate */
+    arg = ALLOC(struct cmd_body_arg);
+    /* arg = (struct cmd_body_arg *)ckalloc(sizeof(struct cmd_body_arg)); */
+
     arg->receiver = receiver;
     arg->method = method;
     arg->args = args;
@@ -2622,6 +3251,7 @@ ip_ruby_cmd(clientData, interp, argc, argv)
     code = tcl_protect(interp, ip_ruby_cmd_core, (VALUE)arg);
 
     free(arg);
+    /* ckfree((char*)arg); */
 
     return code;
 }
@@ -2799,10 +3429,20 @@ ip_rbUpdateCommand(clientData, interp, objc, objv)
         return TCL_ERROR;
     }
 #ifdef HAVE_NATIVETHREAD
+#ifdef RUBY_VM
+#if 0
+    if (!ruby_native_thread_p()) {
+        rb_bug("cross-thread violation on ip_ruby_eval()");
+    }
+#endif
+#else
     if (!is_ruby_native_thread()) {
         rb_bug("cross-thread violation on ip_ruby_eval()");
     }
 #endif
+#endif
+
+    Tcl_ResetResult(interp);
 
     if (objc == 1) {
         flags = TCL_DONT_WAIT;
@@ -2946,10 +3586,18 @@ ip_rb_threadUpdateCommand(clientData, interp, objc, objv)
         return TCL_ERROR;
     }
 #ifdef HAVE_NATIVETHREAD
+#ifdef RUBY_VM
+#if 0
+    if (!ruby_native_thread_p()) {
+        rb_bug("cross-thread violation on ip_rb_threadUpdateCommand()");
+    }
+#endif
+#else
     if (!is_ruby_native_thread()) {
-        rb_bug("cross-thread violation on ip_ruby_eval()");
+        rb_bug("cross-thread violation on ip_rb_threadUpdateCommand()");
     }
 #endif
+#endif
 
     if (rb_thread_alone() 
         || NIL_P(eventloop_thread) || eventloop_thread == current_thread) {
@@ -2964,6 +3612,8 @@ ip_rb_threadUpdateCommand(clientData, interp, objc, objv)
 
     DUMP1("start Ruby's 'thread_update' body");
 
+    Tcl_ResetResult(interp);
+
     if (objc == 1) {
         flags = TCL_DONT_WAIT;
 
@@ -3010,8 +3660,11 @@ ip_rb_threadUpdateCommand(clientData, interp, objc, objv)
 
     DUMP1("pass argument check");
 
-    param = (struct th_update_param *)Tcl_Alloc(sizeof(struct th_update_param));
-    Tcl_Preserve(param);
+    /* param = (struct th_update_param *)Tcl_Alloc(sizeof(struct th_update_param)); */
+    param = (struct th_update_param *)ckalloc(sizeof(struct th_update_param));
+#if 0 /* use Tcl_Preserve/Release */
+    Tcl_Preserve((ClientData)param);
+#endif
     param->thread = current_thread;
     param->done = 0;
 
@@ -3020,11 +3673,20 @@ ip_rb_threadUpdateCommand(clientData, interp, objc, objv)
 
     while(!param->done) {
         DUMP1("wait for complete idle proc");
-        rb_thread_stop();
+        /* rb_thread_stop(); */
+        rb_thread_sleep_forever();
     }
 
-    Tcl_Release(param);
-    Tcl_Free((char *)param);
+#if 0 /* use Tcl_EventuallyFree */
+	Tcl_EventuallyFree((ClientData)param, TCL_DYNAMIC); /* XXXXXXXX */
+#else
+#if 0 /* use Tcl_Preserve/Release */
+    Tcl_Release((ClientData)param);
+#else
+    /* Tcl_Free((char *)param); */
+    ckfree((char *)param);
+#endif
+#endif
 
     DUMP1("finish Ruby's 'thread_update'");
     return TCL_OK;
@@ -3123,10 +3785,20 @@ ip_rbVwaitCommand(clientData, interp, objc, objv)
 
     Tcl_Preserve(interp);
 #ifdef HAVE_NATIVETHREAD
+#ifdef RUBY_VM
+#if 0
+    if (!ruby_native_thread_p()) {
+        rb_bug("cross-thread violation on ip_rbVwaitCommand()");
+    }
+#endif
+#else
     if (!is_ruby_native_thread()) {
-        rb_bug("cross-thread violation on ip_ruby_eval()");
+        rb_bug("cross-thread violation on ip_rbVwaitCommand()");
     }
 #endif
+#endif
+
+    Tcl_ResetResult(interp);
 
     if (objc != 2) {
 #ifdef Tcl_WrongNumArgs
@@ -3363,6 +4035,7 @@ ip_rbTkWaitCommand(clientData, interp, objc, objv)
 #endif
 
     Tcl_Preserve(interp);
+    Tcl_ResetResult(interp);
 
     if (objc != 3) {
 #ifdef Tcl_WrongNumArgs
@@ -3516,6 +4189,7 @@ ip_rbTkWaitCommand(clientData, interp, objc, objv)
         thr_crit_bup = rb_thread_critical;
         rb_thread_critical = Qtrue;
 
+	/* This function works on the Tk eventloop thread only. */
         if (!tk_stubs_init_p() || Tk_MainWindow(interp) == (Tk_Window)NULL) {
             window = NULL;
         } else {
@@ -3523,7 +4197,7 @@ ip_rbTkWaitCommand(clientData, interp, objc, objv)
         }
 
         if (window == NULL) {
-            Tcl_AppendResult(interp, "tkwait: ", 
+            Tcl_AppendResult(interp, ": tkwait: ", 
                              "no main-window (not Tk application?)", 
                              (char*)NULL);
             rb_thread_critical = thr_crit_bup;
@@ -3612,7 +4286,8 @@ ip_rbTkWaitCommand(clientData, interp, objc, objv)
     case TKWAIT_WINDOW:
         thr_crit_bup = rb_thread_critical;
         rb_thread_critical = Qtrue;
-            
+
+	/* This function works on the Tk eventloop thread only. */
         if (!tk_stubs_init_p() || Tk_MainWindow(interp) == (Tk_Window)NULL) {
             window = NULL;
         } else {
@@ -3624,7 +4299,7 @@ ip_rbTkWaitCommand(clientData, interp, objc, objv)
 #endif
 
         if (window == NULL) {
-            Tcl_AppendResult(interp, "tkwait: ", 
+            Tcl_AppendResult(interp, ": tkwait: ", 
                              "no main-window (not Tk application?)", 
                              (char*)NULL);
             rb_thread_critical = thr_crit_bup;
@@ -3717,7 +4392,7 @@ rb_threadVwaitProc(clientData, interp, name1, name2, flags)
     } else {
         param->done = 1;
     }
-    rb_thread_wakeup(param->thread);
+    if (param->done != 0) rb_thread_wakeup(param->thread);
 
     return (char *)NULL;
 }
@@ -3739,7 +4414,7 @@ rb_threadWaitVisibilityProc(clientData, eventPtr)
     if (eventPtr->type == DestroyNotify) {
         param->done = TKWAIT_MODE_DESTROY;
     }
-    rb_thread_wakeup(param->thread);
+    if (param->done != 0) rb_thread_wakeup(param->thread);
 }
 
 static void rb_threadWaitWindowProc _((ClientData, XEvent *));
@@ -3753,7 +4428,7 @@ rb_threadWaitWindowProc(clientData, eventPtr)
     if (eventPtr->type == DestroyNotify) {
         param->done = TKWAIT_MODE_DESTROY;
     }
-    rb_thread_wakeup(param->thread);
+    if (param->done != 0) rb_thread_wakeup(param->thread);
 }
 
 #if TCL_MAJOR_VERSION >= 8
@@ -3796,6 +4471,7 @@ ip_rb_threadVwaitCommand(clientData, interp, objc, objv)
     }
 
     Tcl_Preserve(interp);
+    Tcl_ResetResult(interp);
 
     if (objc != 2) {
 #ifdef Tcl_WrongNumArgs
@@ -3830,8 +4506,11 @@ ip_rb_threadVwaitCommand(clientData, interp, objc, objv)
     thr_crit_bup = rb_thread_critical;
     rb_thread_critical = Qtrue;
 
-    param = (struct th_vwait_param *)Tcl_Alloc(sizeof(struct th_vwait_param));
-    Tcl_Preserve(param);
+    /* param = (struct th_vwait_param *)Tcl_Alloc(sizeof(struct th_vwait_param)); */
+    param = (struct th_vwait_param *)ckalloc(sizeof(struct th_vwait_param));
+#if 1 /* use Tcl_Preserve/Release */
+    Tcl_Preserve((ClientData)param);
+#endif
     param->thread = current_thread;
     param->done = 0;
 
@@ -3849,8 +4528,16 @@ ip_rb_threadVwaitCommand(clientData, interp, objc, objv)
     rb_thread_critical = thr_crit_bup;
 
     if (ret != TCL_OK) {
-        Tcl_Release(param);
-        Tcl_Free((char *)param);
+#if 0 /* use Tcl_EventuallyFree */
+	Tcl_EventuallyFree((ClientData)param, TCL_DYNAMIC); /* XXXXXXXX */
+#else
+#if 1 /* use Tcl_Preserve/Release */
+        Tcl_Release((ClientData)param);
+#else
+        /* Tcl_Free((char *)param); */
+        ckfree((char *)param);
+#endif
+#endif
 
 #if TCL_MAJOR_VERSION >= 8
         Tcl_DecrRefCount(objv[1]);
@@ -3859,9 +4546,9 @@ ip_rb_threadVwaitCommand(clientData, interp, objc, objv)
         return TCL_ERROR;
     }
 
-    /* if (!param->done) { */
     while(!param->done) {
-        rb_thread_stop();
+        /* rb_thread_stop(); */
+        rb_thread_sleep_forever();
     }
 
     thr_crit_bup = rb_thread_critical;
@@ -3873,8 +4560,16 @@ ip_rb_threadVwaitCommand(clientData, interp, objc, objv)
                        rb_threadVwaitProc, (ClientData) param);
     }
 
-    Tcl_Release(param);
-    Tcl_Free((char *)param);
+#if 0 /* use Tcl_EventuallyFree */
+    Tcl_EventuallyFree((ClientData)param, TCL_DYNAMIC); /* XXXXXXXX */
+#else
+#if 1 /* use Tcl_Preserve/Release */
+    Tcl_Release((ClientData)param);
+#else
+    /* Tcl_Free((char *)param); */
+    ckfree((char *)param);
+#endif
+#endif
 
     rb_thread_critical = thr_crit_bup;
 
@@ -3933,6 +4628,8 @@ ip_rb_threadTkWaitCommand(clientData, interp, objc, objv)
     Tcl_Preserve(interp);
     Tcl_Preserve(tkwin);
 
+    Tcl_ResetResult(interp);
+
     if (objc != 3) {
 #ifdef Tcl_WrongNumArgs
         Tcl_WrongNumArgs(interp, 1, objv, "variable|visibility|window name");
@@ -4015,8 +4712,11 @@ ip_rb_threadTkWaitCommand(clientData, interp, objc, objv)
     nameString = objv[2];
 #endif
 
-    param = (struct th_vwait_param *)Tcl_Alloc(sizeof(struct th_vwait_param));
-    Tcl_Preserve(param);
+    /* param = (struct th_vwait_param *)Tcl_Alloc(sizeof(struct th_vwait_param)); */
+    param = (struct th_vwait_param *)ckalloc(sizeof(struct th_vwait_param));
+#if 1 /* use Tcl_Preserve/Release */
+    Tcl_Preserve((ClientData)param);
+#endif
     param->thread = current_thread;
     param->done = 0;
 
@@ -4040,8 +4740,16 @@ ip_rb_threadTkWaitCommand(clientData, interp, objc, objv)
         rb_thread_critical = thr_crit_bup;
 
         if (ret != TCL_OK) {
+#if 0 /* use Tcl_EventuallyFree */
+            Tcl_EventuallyFree((ClientData)param, TCL_DYNAMIC); /* XXXXXXXX */
+#else
+#if 1 /* use Tcl_Preserve/Release */
             Tcl_Release(param);
-            Tcl_Free((char *)param);
+#else
+            /* Tcl_Free((char *)param); */
+            ckfree((char *)param);
+#endif
+#endif
 
 #if TCL_MAJOR_VERSION >= 8
             Tcl_DecrRefCount(objv[2]);
@@ -4052,9 +4760,9 @@ ip_rb_threadTkWaitCommand(clientData, interp, objc, objv)
             return TCL_ERROR;
         }
 
-        /* if (!param->done) { */
         while(!param->done) {
-            rb_thread_stop();
+            /* rb_thread_stop(); */
+            rb_thread_sleep_forever();
         }
 
         thr_crit_bup = rb_thread_critical;
@@ -4078,21 +4786,43 @@ ip_rb_threadTkWaitCommand(clientData, interp, objc, objv)
         thr_crit_bup = rb_thread_critical;
         rb_thread_critical = Qtrue;
 
+#if 0 /* variable 'tkwin' must keep the token of MainWindow */
         if (!tk_stubs_init_p() || Tk_MainWindow(interp) == (Tk_Window)NULL) {
             window = NULL;
         } else {
             window = Tk_NameToWindow(interp, nameString, tkwin);
         }
+#else
+        if (!tk_stubs_init_p() || tkwin == (Tk_Window)NULL) {
+            window = NULL;
+	} else {
+            /* Tk_NameToWindow() returns right token on non-eventloop thread */
+            Tcl_CmdInfo info;
+            if (Tcl_GetCommandInfo(interp, ".", &info)) { /* check root */
+                window = Tk_NameToWindow(interp, nameString, tkwin);
+            } else {
+                window = NULL;
+            }
+	}
+#endif
 
         if (window == NULL) {
-            Tcl_AppendResult(interp, "thread_tkwait: ", 
+            Tcl_AppendResult(interp, ": thread_tkwait: ", 
                              "no main-window (not Tk application?)", 
                              (char*)NULL);
 
             rb_thread_critical = thr_crit_bup;
 
+#if 0 /* use Tcl_EventuallyFree */
+	    Tcl_EventuallyFree((ClientData)param, TCL_DYNAMIC); /* XXXXXXXX */
+#else
+#if 1 /* use Tcl_Preserve/Release */
             Tcl_Release(param);
-            Tcl_Free((char *)param);
+#else
+            /* Tcl_Free((char *)param); */
+            ckfree((char *)param);
+#endif
+#endif
 
 #if TCL_MAJOR_VERSION >= 8
             Tcl_DecrRefCount(objv[2]);
@@ -4109,15 +4839,10 @@ ip_rb_threadTkWaitCommand(clientData, interp, objc, objv)
 
         rb_thread_critical = thr_crit_bup;
 
-        /* if (!param->done) { */
-        /*
-        while(!param->done) {
-            rb_thread_stop();
-        }
-        */
         while(param->done != TKWAIT_MODE_VISIBILITY) {
             if (param->done == TKWAIT_MODE_DESTROY) break;
-            rb_thread_stop();
+            /* rb_thread_stop(); */
+            rb_thread_sleep_forever();
         }
 
         thr_crit_bup = rb_thread_critical;
@@ -4141,8 +4866,16 @@ ip_rb_threadTkWaitCommand(clientData, interp, objc, objv)
 
             Tcl_Release(window);
 
+#if 0 /* use Tcl_EventuallyFree */
+	    Tcl_EventuallyFree((ClientData)param, TCL_DYNAMIC); /* XXXXXXXX */
+#else
+#if 1 /* use Tcl_Preserve/Release */
             Tcl_Release(param);
-            Tcl_Free((char *)param);
+#else
+            /* Tcl_Free((char *)param); */
+            ckfree((char *)param);
+#endif
+#endif
 
 #if TCL_MAJOR_VERSION >= 8
             Tcl_DecrRefCount(objv[2]);
@@ -4167,25 +4900,47 @@ ip_rb_threadTkWaitCommand(clientData, interp, objc, objv)
         thr_crit_bup = rb_thread_critical;
         rb_thread_critical = Qtrue;
 
+#if 0 /* variable 'tkwin' must keep the token of MainWindow */
         if (!tk_stubs_init_p() || Tk_MainWindow(interp) == (Tk_Window)NULL) {
             window = NULL;
         } else {
             window = Tk_NameToWindow(interp, nameString, tkwin);
         }
+#else
+        if (!tk_stubs_init_p() || tkwin == (Tk_Window)NULL) {
+            window = NULL;
+	} else {
+            /* Tk_NameToWindow() returns right token on non-eventloop thread */
+            Tcl_CmdInfo info;
+            if (Tcl_GetCommandInfo(interp, ".", &info)) { /* check root */
+                window = Tk_NameToWindow(interp, nameString, tkwin);
+            } else {
+                window = NULL;
+            }
+	}
+#endif
 
 #if TCL_MAJOR_VERSION >= 8
         Tcl_DecrRefCount(objv[2]);
 #endif
 
         if (window == NULL) {
-            Tcl_AppendResult(interp, "thread_tkwait: ", 
+            Tcl_AppendResult(interp, ": thread_tkwait: ", 
                              "no main-window (not Tk application?)", 
                              (char*)NULL);
 
             rb_thread_critical = thr_crit_bup;
 
+#if 0 /* use Tcl_EventuallyFree */
+	    Tcl_EventuallyFree((ClientData)param, TCL_DYNAMIC); /* XXXXXXXX */
+#else
+#if 1 /* use Tcl_Preserve/Release */
             Tcl_Release(param);
-            Tcl_Free((char *)param);
+#else
+            /* Tcl_Free((char *)param); */
+            ckfree((char *)param);
+#endif
+#endif
 
             Tcl_Release(tkwin);
             Tcl_Release(interp);
@@ -4199,14 +4954,9 @@ ip_rb_threadTkWaitCommand(clientData, interp, objc, objv)
 
         rb_thread_critical = thr_crit_bup;
 
-        /* if (!param->done) { */
-        /* 
-        while(!param->done) {
-            rb_thread_stop();
-        }
-        */
         while(param->done != TKWAIT_MODE_DESTROY) {
-            rb_thread_stop();
+            /* rb_thread_stop(); */
+            rb_thread_sleep_forever();
         }
 
         Tcl_Release(window);
@@ -4224,8 +4974,16 @@ ip_rb_threadTkWaitCommand(clientData, interp, objc, objv)
         break;
     } /* end of 'switch' statement */
 
-    Tcl_Release(param);
-    Tcl_Free((char *)param);
+#if 0 /* use Tcl_EventuallyFree */
+    Tcl_EventuallyFree((ClientData)param, TCL_DYNAMIC); /* XXXXXXXX */
+#else
+#if 1 /* use Tcl_Preserve/Release */
+    Tcl_Release((ClientData)param);
+#else
+    /* Tcl_Free((char *)param); */
+    ckfree((char *)param);
+#endif
+#endif
 
     /*
      * Clear out the interpreter's result, since it may have been set
@@ -4250,7 +5008,7 @@ ip_thread_vwait(self, var)
     argv[0] = cmd_str;
     argv[1] = var;
 
-    return ip_invoke_real(2, argv, self);
+    return ip_invoke_with_position(2, argv, self, TCL_QUEUE_TAIL);
 }
 
 static VALUE
@@ -4266,7 +5024,7 @@ ip_thread_tkwait(self, mode, target)
     argv[1] = mode;
     argv[2] = target;
 
-    return ip_invoke_real(3, argv, self);
+    return ip_invoke_with_position(3, argv, self, TCL_QUEUE_TAIL);
 }
 
 
@@ -4364,12 +5122,11 @@ delete_slaves(ip)
 
 
 /* finalize operation */
-static VALUE
+static void
 lib_mark_at_exit(self)
     VALUE self;
 {
     at_exit = 1;
-    return Qnil;
 }
 
 static int
@@ -4414,13 +5171,13 @@ ip_finalize(ip)
     }
 
     if (Tcl_InterpDeleted(ip)) {
-        DUMP2("ip(%lx) is already deleted", ip);
+        DUMP2("ip(%p) is already deleted", ip);
         return;
     }
 
 #if TCL_NAMESPACE_DEBUG
     if (ip_null_namespace(ip)) {
-        DUMP2("ip(%lx) has null namespace", ip);
+        DUMP2("ip(%p) has null namespace", ip);
         return;
     }
 #endif
@@ -4457,23 +5214,43 @@ ip_finalize(ip)
 	Tcl_CreateCommand(ip, "ruby_cmd", ip_null_proc, 
 			  (ClientData)NULL, (Tcl_CmdDeleteProc *)NULL);
 #endif
+	/* 
+	  rb_thread_critical = thr_crit_bup;
+	  return;
+	*/
     }
 
     /* delete root widget */
-#if 0
+#if 1
     DUMP1("check `destroy'");
     if (Tcl_GetCommandInfo(ip, "destroy", &info)) {
-        DUMP1("call `destroy'");
-        Tcl_GlobalEval(ip, "destroy .");
+        DUMP1("call `destroy .'");
+        Tcl_GlobalEval(ip, "catch {destroy .}");
     }
 #endif
 #if 1
     DUMP1("destroy root widget");
     if (tk_stubs_init_p() && Tk_MainWindow(ip) != (Tk_Window)NULL) {
+        /*
+	 *  On Ruby VM, this code piece may be not called, because 
+	 *  Tk_MainWindow() returns NULL on a native thread except 
+         *  the thread which initialize Tk environment.
+         *  Of course, that is a problem. But maybe not so serious.
+         *  All widgets are destroyed when the Tcl interp is deleted.
+         *  At then, Ruby may raise exceptions on the delete hook 
+         *  callbacks which registered for the deleted widgets, and 
+	 *  may fail to clear objects which depends on the widgets.
+         *  Although it is the problem, it is possibly avoidable by
+         *  rescuing exceptions and the finalize hook of the interp.
+         */
+        Tk_Window win = Tk_MainWindow(ip);
+
         DUMP1("call Tk_DestroyWindow");
         ruby_debug   = Qfalse;
         ruby_verbose = Qnil;
-        Tk_DestroyWindow(Tk_MainWindow(ip));
+	if (! (((Tk_FakeWin*)win)->flags & TK_ALREADY_DEAD)) {
+	  Tk_DestroyWindow(win);
+	}
         ruby_debug   = rb_debug_bup;
         ruby_verbose = rb_verbose_bup;
     }
@@ -4496,7 +5273,7 @@ ip_finalize(ip)
         DUMP1("cancel after callbacks");
         ruby_debug   = Qfalse;
         ruby_verbose = Qnil;
-        Tcl_GlobalEval(ip, "foreach id [after info] {after cancel $id}");
+        Tcl_GlobalEval(ip, "catch {foreach id [after info] {after cancel $id}}");
         ruby_debug   = rb_debug_bup;
         ruby_verbose = rb_verbose_bup;
     }
@@ -4531,6 +5308,7 @@ ip_free(ptr)
             DUMP2("slave IP(%lx) should not be deleted", 
                   (unsigned long)ptr->ip);
             free(ptr);
+            /* ckfree((char*)ptr); */
             rb_thread_critical = thr_crit_bup;
             return;
         }
@@ -4538,6 +5316,7 @@ ip_free(ptr)
         if (ptr->ip == (Tcl_Interp*)NULL) {
             DUMP1("ip_free is called for deleted IP");
             free(ptr);
+            /* ckfree((char*)ptr); */
             rb_thread_critical = thr_crit_bup;
             return;
         }
@@ -4548,6 +5327,7 @@ ip_free(ptr)
 
         ptr->ip = (Tcl_Interp*)NULL;
         free(ptr);
+        /* ckfree((char*)ptr); */
 
         rb_thread_critical = thr_crit_bup;
     }
@@ -4669,7 +5449,11 @@ ip_rbNamespaceObjCmd(clientData, interp, objc, objv)
         int i;
         char **argv;
 
-        argv = (char **)Tcl_Alloc(sizeof(char *) * (objc + 1));
+        /* argv = (char **)Tcl_Alloc(sizeof(char *) * (objc + 1)); */
+        argv = (char **)ckalloc(sizeof(char *) * (objc + 1));
+#if 0 /* use Tcl_Preserve/Release */
+	Tcl_Preserve((ClientData)argv); /* XXXXXXXX */
+#endif
 
         for(i = 0; i < objc; i++) {
             /* argv[i] = Tcl_GetString(objv[i]); */
@@ -4680,7 +5464,16 @@ ip_rbNamespaceObjCmd(clientData, interp, objc, objv)
         ret = (*(info.proc))(info.clientData, interp, 
                               objc, (CONST84 char **)argv);
 
-        Tcl_Free((char*)argv);
+#if 0 /* use Tcl_EventuallyFree */
+	Tcl_EventuallyFree((ClientData)argv, TCL_DYNAMIC); /* XXXXXXXX */
+#else
+#if 0 /* use Tcl_Preserve/Release */
+	Tcl_Release((ClientData)argv); /* XXXXXXXX */
+#else
+        /* Tcl_Free((char*)argv); */
+        ckfree((char*)argv);
+#endif
+#endif
     }
 
     DUMP2("namespace wrapper exit depth == %d", rbtk_eventloop_depth);
@@ -4751,16 +5544,29 @@ ip_init(argc, argv, self)
     Tk_Window mainWin = (Tk_Window)NULL;
 
     /* security check */
+#ifdef RUBY_VM
+    if (rb_safe_level() >= 4) {
+#else
     if (ruby_safe_level >= 4) {
+#endif
         rb_raise(rb_eSecurityError, 
                  "Cannot create a TclTkIp object at level %d", 
-                 ruby_safe_level);
+#ifdef RUBY_VM
+                 rb_safe_level()
+#else
+                 ruby_safe_level
+#endif
+                 );
     }
 
     /* create object */
     Data_Get_Struct(self, struct tcltkip, ptr);
     ptr = ALLOC(struct tcltkip);
+    /* ptr = (struct tcltkip *)ckalloc(sizeof(struct tcltkip)); */
     DATA_PTR(self) = ptr;
+#ifdef RUBY_VM
+    ptr->tk_thread_id = 0;
+#endif
     ptr->ref_count = 0;
     ptr->allow_ruby_exit = 1;
     ptr->return_value = 0;
@@ -4868,6 +5674,10 @@ ip_init(argc, argv, self)
                           (Tcl_PackageInitProc *) NULL);
 #endif
 
+#ifdef RUBY_VM
+        /* set Tk thread ID */
+        ptr->tk_thread_id = Tcl_GetCurrentThread();
+#endif
         /* get main window */
         mainWin = Tk_MainWindow(ptr->ip);
         Tk_Preserve((ClientData)mainWin);
@@ -4943,6 +5753,7 @@ ip_create_slave_core(interp, argc, argv)
 {
     struct tcltkip *master = get_ip(interp);
     struct tcltkip *slave = ALLOC(struct tcltkip);
+    /* struct tcltkip *slave = (struct tcltkip *)ckalloc(sizeof(struct tcltkip)); */
     VALUE safemode;
     VALUE name;
     int safe;
@@ -4985,6 +5796,10 @@ ip_create_slave_core(interp, argc, argv)
 #endif
 
     /* create slave-ip */
+#ifdef RUBY_VM
+    /* slave->tk_thread_id = 0; */
+    slave->tk_thread_id = master->tk_thread_id; /* == current thread */
+#endif
     slave->ref_count = 0;
     slave->allow_ruby_exit = 0;
     slave->return_value = 0;
@@ -5273,6 +6088,12 @@ ip_allow_ruby_exit_set(self, val)
                  "insecure operation on a safe interpreter");
     }
 
+    /*
+     *  Because of cross-threading, the following line may fail to find 
+     *  the MainWindow, even if the Tcl/Tk interpreter has one or more.
+     *  But it has no problem. Current implementation of both type of 
+     *  the "exit" command don't need maiinWin token.
+     */
     mainWin = (tk_stubs_init_p())? Tk_MainWindow(ptr->ip): (Tk_Window)NULL;
 
     if (RTEST(val)) {
@@ -5369,8 +6190,10 @@ ip_is_deleted_p(self)
 }
 
 static VALUE
-ip_has_mainwindow_p(self)
+ip_has_mainwindow_p_core(self, argc, argv)
     VALUE self;
+    int   argc;   /* dummy */
+    VALUE *argv;  /* dummy */
 {
     struct tcltkip *ptr = get_ip(self);
 
@@ -5383,6 +6206,14 @@ ip_has_mainwindow_p(self)
     }
 }
 
+static VALUE
+ip_has_mainwindow_p(self)
+    VALUE self;
+{
+    return tk_funcall(ip_has_mainwindow_p_core, 0, (VALUE*)NULL, self);
+}
+
+
 /*** ruby string <=> tcl object ***/
 #if TCL_MAJOR_VERSION >= 8
 static VALUE
@@ -5392,10 +6223,16 @@ get_str_from_obj(obj)
     int len, binary = 0;
     const char *s;
     volatile VALUE str;
+#if TCL_MAJOR_VERSION > 8 || (TCL_MAJOR_VERSION == 8 && TCL_MINOR_VERSION >= 4)
+    int len2;
+    const char *s2;
+#endif
 
 #if TCL_MAJOR_VERSION == 8 && TCL_MINOR_VERSION == 0
     s = Tcl_GetStringFromObj(obj, &len);
-#else /* TCL_VERSION >= 8.1 */
+#else
+#if TCL_MAJOR_VERSION == 8 && TCL_MINOR_VERSION <= 3
+     /* TCL_VERSION 8.1 -- 8.3 */
     if (Tcl_GetCharLength(obj) != Tcl_UniCharLen(Tcl_GetUnicode(obj))) {
         /* possibly binary string */
         s = Tcl_GetByteArrayFromObj(obj, &len);
@@ -5404,9 +6241,30 @@ get_str_from_obj(obj)
         /* possibly text string */
         s = Tcl_GetStringFromObj(obj, &len);
     }
+#else /* TCL_VERSION >= 8.4 */
+    if (IS_TCL_BYTEARRAY(obj)) {
+      s = Tcl_GetByteArrayFromObj(obj, &len);
+      binary = 1;
+    } else {
+      s = Tcl_GetStringFromObj(obj, &len);
+    }
+
+#endif
 #endif
     str = s ? rb_str_new(s, len) : rb_str_new2("");
-    if (binary) rb_ivar_set(str, ID_at_enc, rb_str_new2("binary"));
+    if (binary) {
+#ifdef RUBY_VM
+      rb_enc_associate_index(str, ENCODING_INDEX_BINARY);
+#endif
+      rb_ivar_set(str, ID_at_enc, ENCODING_NAME_BINARY);
+#if TCL_MAJOR_VERSION > 8 || (TCL_MAJOR_VERSION == 8 && TCL_MINOR_VERSION >= 1)
+    } else {
+#ifdef RUBY_VM
+      rb_enc_associate_index(str, ENCODING_INDEX_UTF8);
+#endif
+      rb_ivar_set(str, ID_at_enc, ENCODING_NAME_UTF8);
+#endif
+    }
     return str;
 }
 
@@ -5417,25 +6275,30 @@ get_obj_from_str(str)
     const char *s = StringValuePtr(str);
 
 #if TCL_MAJOR_VERSION == 8 && TCL_MINOR_VERSION == 0
-    return Tcl_NewStringObj((char*)s, RSTRING(str)->len);
+    return Tcl_NewStringObj((char*)s, RSTRING_LEN(str));
 #else /* TCL_VERSION >= 8.1 */
     VALUE enc = rb_attr_get(str, ID_at_enc);
 
     if (!NIL_P(enc)) {
         StringValue(enc);
-        if (strcmp(RSTRING(enc)->ptr, "binary") == 0) {
+        if (strcmp(RSTRING_PTR(enc), "binary") == 0) {
             /* binary string */
-            return Tcl_NewByteArrayObj(s, RSTRING(str)->len);
+            return Tcl_NewByteArrayObj(s, RSTRING_LEN(str));
         } else {
             /* text string */
-            return Tcl_NewStringObj(s, RSTRING(str)->len);
+            return Tcl_NewStringObj(s, RSTRING_LEN(str));
         }
-    } else if (strlen(s) != RSTRING(str)->len) {
+#ifdef RUBY_VM
+    } else if (rb_enc_get_index(str) == ENCODING_INDEX_BINARY) {
+        /* binary string */
+        return Tcl_NewByteArrayObj(s, RSTRING_LEN(str));
+#endif
+    } else if (strlen(s) != RSTRING_LEN(str)) {
         /* probably binary string */
-        return Tcl_NewByteArrayObj(s, RSTRING(str)->len);
+        return Tcl_NewByteArrayObj(s, RSTRING_LEN(str));
     } else {
         /* probably text string */
-        return Tcl_NewStringObj(s, RSTRING(str)->len);
+        return Tcl_NewStringObj(s, RSTRING_LEN(str));
     }
 #endif
 }
@@ -5453,6 +6316,7 @@ ip_get_result_string_obj(interp)
     Tcl_IncrRefCount(retObj);
     strval = get_str_from_obj(retObj);
     OBJ_TAINT(strval);
+    Tcl_ResetResult(interp);
     Tcl_DecrRefCount(retObj);
     return strval;
 #else
@@ -5483,11 +6347,12 @@ call_queue_handler(evPtr, flags)
     struct call_queue *q = (struct call_queue *)evPtr;
     volatile VALUE ret;
     volatile VALUE q_dat;
+    volatile VALUE thread = q->thread;
     struct tcltkip *ptr;
 
     DUMP2("do_call_queue_handler : evPtr = %p", evPtr);
-    DUMP2("queue_handler thread : %lx", rb_thread_current());
-    DUMP2("added by thread : %lx", q->thread);
+    DUMP2("call_queue_handler thread : %lx", rb_thread_current());
+    DUMP2("added by thread : %lx", thread);
 
     if (*(q->done)) {
         DUMP1("processed by another event-loop");
@@ -5496,6 +6361,12 @@ call_queue_handler(evPtr, flags)
         DUMP1("process it on current event-loop");
     }
 
+    if (RTEST(rb_thread_alive_p(thread)) 
+	&& ! RTEST(rb_funcall(thread, ID_stop_p, 0))) {
+      DUMP1("caller is not yet ready to receive the result -> pending");
+      return 0;
+    }
+
     /* process it */
     *(q->done) = 1;
 
@@ -5506,30 +6377,58 @@ call_queue_handler(evPtr, flags)
         return 1;
     }
 
+    /* incr internal handler mark */
+    rbtk_internal_eventloop_handler++;
+
     /* check safe-level */
     if (rb_safe_level() != q->safe_level) {
-        /* q_dat = Data_Wrap_Struct(rb_cData,0,0,q); */
-        q_dat = Data_Wrap_Struct(rb_cData,call_queue_mark,0,q);
+        /* q_dat = Data_Wrap_Struct(rb_cData,0,-1,q); */
+        q_dat = Data_Wrap_Struct(rb_cData,call_queue_mark,-1,q);
         ret = rb_funcall(rb_proc_new(callq_safelevel_handler, q_dat), 
                          ID_call, 0);
         rb_gc_force_recycle(q_dat);
+	q_dat = (VALUE)NULL;
     } else {
-        DUMP2("call function (for caller thread:%lx)", q->thread);
+        DUMP2("call function (for caller thread:%lx)", thread);
         DUMP2("call function (current thread:%lx)", rb_thread_current());
         ret = (q->func)(q->interp, q->argc, q->argv);
     }
 
     /* set result */
-    RARRAY(q->result)->ptr[0] = ret;
+    RARRAY_PTR(q->result)[0] = ret;
+    ret = (VALUE)NULL;
+
+    /* decr internal handler mark */
+    rbtk_internal_eventloop_handler--;
 
     /* complete */
     *(q->done) = -1;
 
+    /* unlink ruby objects */
+    q->argv = (VALUE*)NULL;
+    q->interp = (VALUE)NULL;
+    q->result = (VALUE)NULL;
+    q->thread = (VALUE)NULL;
+
     /* back to caller */
-    DUMP2("back to caller (caller thread:%lx)", q->thread);
-    DUMP2("               (current thread:%lx)", rb_thread_current());
-    rb_thread_run(q->thread);
-    DUMP1("finish back to caller");
+    /* if (RTEST(rb_funcall(thread, ID_alive_p, 0, 0))) { */
+    if (RTEST(rb_thread_alive_p(thread))) {
+      DUMP2("back to caller (caller thread:%lx)", thread);
+      DUMP2("               (current thread:%lx)", rb_thread_current());
+#if CONTROL_BY_STATUS_OF_RB_THREAD_WAITING_FOR_VALUE
+      have_rb_thread_waiting_for_value = 1;
+      rb_thread_wakeup(thread);
+#else
+      rb_thread_run(thread);
+#endif
+      DUMP1("finish back to caller");
+#if DO_THREAD_SCHEDULE_AT_CALLBACK_DONE
+      rb_thread_schedule();
+#endif
+    } else {
+      DUMP2("caller is dead (caller thread:%lx)", thread);
+      DUMP2("               (current thread:%lx)", rb_thread_current());
+    }
 
     /* end of handler : remove it */
     return 1;
@@ -5543,19 +6442,39 @@ tk_funcall(func, argc, argv, obj)
     VALUE obj;
 {
     struct call_queue *callq;
+    struct tcltkip *ptr;
     int  *alloc_done;
     int  thr_crit_bup;
+    int  is_tk_evloop_thread;
     volatile VALUE current = rb_thread_current();
     volatile VALUE ip_obj = obj;
     volatile VALUE result;
     volatile VALUE ret;
 
+    if (!NIL_P(ip_obj) && rb_obj_is_kind_of(ip_obj, tcltkip_class)) {
+        ptr = get_ip(ip_obj);
+        if (deleted_ip(ptr)) return Qnil;
+    } else {
+        ptr = (struct tcltkip *)NULL;
+    }
 
-    if (!NIL_P(ip_obj) && deleted_ip(get_ip(ip_obj))) {
-        return Qnil;
+#ifdef RUBY_VM
+    if (ptr) {
+      /* on Tcl interpreter */
+      is_tk_evloop_thread = (ptr->tk_thread_id == (Tcl_ThreadId) 0 
+			     || ptr->tk_thread_id == Tcl_GetCurrentThread());
+    } else {
+      /* on Tcl/Tk library */
+      is_tk_evloop_thread = (tk_eventloop_thread_id == (Tcl_ThreadId) 0 
+			     || tk_eventloop_thread_id == Tcl_GetCurrentThread());
     }
+#else
+    is_tk_evloop_thread = 1;
+#endif
 
-    if (NIL_P(eventloop_thread) || current == eventloop_thread) {
+    if (is_tk_evloop_thread
+	&& (NIL_P(eventloop_thread) || current == eventloop_thread)
+        ) {
         if (NIL_P(eventloop_thread)) {
             DUMP2("tk_funcall from thread:%lx but no eventloop", current);
         } else {
@@ -5575,23 +6494,32 @@ tk_funcall(func, argc, argv, obj)
 
     /* allocate memory (argv cross over thread : must be in heap) */
     if (argv) {
-        VALUE *temp = ALLOC_N(VALUE, argc);
+        /* VALUE *temp = ALLOC_N(VALUE, argc); */
+        VALUE *temp = (VALUE*)ckalloc(sizeof(VALUE) * argc);
+#if 0 /* use Tcl_Preserve/Release */
+	Tcl_Preserve((ClientData)temp); /* XXXXXXXX */
+#endif
         MEMCPY(temp, argv, VALUE, argc);
         argv = temp;
     }
 
     /* allocate memory (keep result) */
-    alloc_done = (int*)ALLOC(int);
+    /* alloc_done = (int*)ALLOC(int); */
+    alloc_done = (int*)ckalloc(sizeof(int));
+#if 0 /* use Tcl_Preserve/Release */
+    Tcl_Preserve((ClientData)alloc_done); /* XXXXXXXX */
+#endif
     *alloc_done = 0;
 
     /* allocate memory (freed by Tcl_ServiceEvent) */
-    callq = (struct call_queue *)Tcl_Alloc(sizeof(struct call_queue));
+    /* callq = (struct call_queue *)Tcl_Alloc(sizeof(struct call_queue)); */
+    callq = (struct call_queue *)ckalloc(sizeof(struct call_queue));
+#if 0 /* use Tcl_Preserve/Release */
     Tcl_Preserve(callq);
+#endif
 
     /* allocate result obj */
-    result = rb_ary_new2(1);
-    RARRAY(result)->ptr[0] = Qnil;
-    RARRAY(result)->len = 1;
+    result = rb_ary_new3(1, Qnil);
 
     /* construct event data */
     callq->done = alloc_done;
@@ -5606,28 +6534,83 @@ tk_funcall(func, argc, argv, obj)
 
     /* add the handler to Tcl event queue */
     DUMP1("add handler");
-    Tcl_QueueEvent(&(callq->ev), TCL_QUEUE_HEAD);
+#ifdef RUBY_VM
+    if (ptr && ptr->tk_thread_id) {
+      /* Tcl_ThreadQueueEvent(ptr->tk_thread_id, 
+			   &(callq->ev), TCL_QUEUE_HEAD); */
+      Tcl_ThreadQueueEvent(ptr->tk_thread_id, 
+			   (Tcl_Event*)callq, TCL_QUEUE_HEAD);
+      Tcl_ThreadAlert(ptr->tk_thread_id);
+    } else if (tk_eventloop_thread_id) {
+      /* Tcl_ThreadQueueEvent(tk_eventloop_thread_id, 
+			   &(callq->ev), TCL_QUEUE_HEAD); */
+      Tcl_ThreadQueueEvent(tk_eventloop_thread_id, 
+			   (Tcl_Event*)callq, TCL_QUEUE_HEAD);
+      Tcl_ThreadAlert(tk_eventloop_thread_id);
+    } else {
+      /* Tcl_QueueEvent(&(callq->ev), TCL_QUEUE_HEAD); */
+      Tcl_QueueEvent((Tcl_Event*)callq, TCL_QUEUE_HEAD);
+    }
+#else
+    /* Tcl_QueueEvent(&(callq->ev), TCL_QUEUE_HEAD); */
+    Tcl_QueueEvent((Tcl_Event*)callq, TCL_QUEUE_HEAD);
+#endif
 
     rb_thread_critical = thr_crit_bup;
 
     /* wait for the handler to be processed */
     DUMP2("wait for handler (current thread:%lx)", current);
     while(*alloc_done >= 0) {
-        rb_thread_stop();
+      DUMP2("*** wait for handler (current thread:%lx)", current);
+      /* rb_thread_stop(); */
+      rb_thread_sleep_forever();
+      DUMP2("*** wakeup (current thread:%lx)", current);
     }
     DUMP2("back from handler (current thread:%lx)", current);
 
     /* get result & free allocated memory */
-    ret = RARRAY(result)->ptr[0];
-    free(alloc_done);
-    if (argv) free(argv);
+    ret = RARRAY_PTR(result)[0];
+#if 0 /* use Tcl_EventuallyFree */
+    Tcl_EventuallyFree((ClientData)alloc_done, TCL_DYNAMIC); /* XXXXXXXX */
+#else
+#if 0 /* use Tcl_Preserve/Release */
+    Tcl_Release((ClientData)alloc_done); /* XXXXXXXX */
+#else
+    /* free(alloc_done); */
+    ckfree((char*)alloc_done);
+#endif
+#endif
+    /* if (argv) free(argv); */
+    if (argv) {
+      /* if argv != NULL, alloc as 'temp' */
+      int i;
+      for(i = 0; i < argc; i++) { argv[i] = (VALUE)NULL; }
 
+#if 0 /* use Tcl_EventuallyFree */
+      Tcl_EventuallyFree((ClientData)argv, TCL_DYNAMIC); /* XXXXXXXX */
+#else
+#if 0 /* use Tcl_Preserve/Release */
+      Tcl_Release((ClientData)argv); /* XXXXXXXX */
+#else
+      ckfree((char*)argv);
+#endif
+#endif
+    }
+
+#if 0 /* callq is freed by Tcl_ServiceEvent */
+#if 0 /* use Tcl_Preserve/Release */
     Tcl_Release(callq);
+#else
+    ckfree((char*)callq);
+#endif
+#endif
 
     /* exception? */
     if (rb_obj_is_kind_of(ret, rb_eException)) {
         DUMP1("raise exception");
-        rb_exc_raise(ret);
+        /* rb_exc_raise(ret); */
+	rb_exc_raise(rb_exc_new3(rb_obj_class(ret), 
+				 rb_funcall(ret, ID_to_s, 0, 0)));
     }
 
     DUMP1("exit tk_funcall");
@@ -5698,19 +6681,35 @@ ip_eval_real(self, cmd_str, cmd_len)
           ret = rb_protect(call_tcl_eval, (VALUE)&inf, &status);
           switch(status) {
           case TAG_RAISE:
+#ifdef RUBY_VM
+              if (NIL_P(rb_errinfo())) {
+#else
               if (NIL_P(ruby_errinfo)) {
+#endif
                   rbtk_pending_exception = rb_exc_new2(rb_eException, 
                                                        "unknown exception");
               } else {
+#ifdef RUBY_VM
+                  rbtk_pending_exception = rb_errinfo();
+#else
                   rbtk_pending_exception = ruby_errinfo;
+#endif
               }
               break;
 
           case TAG_FATAL:
+#ifdef RUBY_VM
+              if (NIL_P(rb_errinfo())) {
+#else
               if (NIL_P(ruby_errinfo)) {
+#endif
                   rbtk_pending_exception = rb_exc_new2(rb_eFatal, "FATAL");
               } else {
+#ifdef RUBY_VM
+                  rbtk_pending_exception = rb_errinfo();
+#else
                   rbtk_pending_exception = ruby_errinfo;
+#endif
               }
           }
 #endif
@@ -5810,6 +6809,12 @@ eval_queue_handler(evPtr, flags)
     struct eval_queue *q = (struct eval_queue *)evPtr;
     volatile VALUE ret;
     volatile VALUE q_dat;
+    volatile VALUE thread = q->thread;
+    struct tcltkip *ptr;
+
+    DUMP2("do_eval_queue_handler : evPtr = %p", evPtr);
+    DUMP2("eval_queue_thread : %lx", rb_thread_current());
+    DUMP2("added by thread : %lx", thread);
 
     if (*(q->done)) {
         DUMP1("processed by another event-loop");
@@ -5818,36 +6823,84 @@ eval_queue_handler(evPtr, flags)
         DUMP1("process it on current event-loop");
     }
 
+    if (RTEST(rb_thread_alive_p(thread)) 
+	&& ! RTEST(rb_funcall(thread, ID_stop_p, 0))) {
+      DUMP1("caller is not yet ready to receive the result -> pending");
+      return 0;
+    }
+
     /* process it */
     *(q->done) = 1;
 
+    /* deleted ipterp ? */
+    ptr = get_ip(q->interp);
+    if (deleted_ip(ptr)) {
+        /* deleted IP --> ignore */
+        return 1;
+    }
+
+    /* incr internal handler mark */
+    rbtk_internal_eventloop_handler++;
+
     /* check safe-level */
     if (rb_safe_level() != q->safe_level) {
 #ifdef HAVE_NATIVETHREAD
-        if (!is_ruby_native_thread()) {
-            rb_bug("cross-thread violation on eval_queue_handler()");
-        }
+#ifdef RUBY_VM
+#if 0
+    if (!ruby_native_thread_p()) {
+      rb_bug("cross-thread violation on eval_queue_handler()");
+    }
 #endif
-        /* q_dat = Data_Wrap_Struct(rb_cData,0,0,q); */
-        q_dat = Data_Wrap_Struct(rb_cData,eval_queue_mark,0,q);
+#else
+    if (!is_ruby_native_thread()) {
+      rb_bug("cross-thread violation on eval_queue_handler()");
+    }
+#endif
+#endif
+        /* q_dat = Data_Wrap_Struct(rb_cData,0,-1,q); */
+        q_dat = Data_Wrap_Struct(rb_cData,eval_queue_mark,-1,q);
         ret = rb_funcall(rb_proc_new(evq_safelevel_handler, q_dat), 
                          ID_call, 0);
         rb_gc_force_recycle(q_dat);
+	q_dat = (VALUE)NULL;
     } else {
         ret = ip_eval_real(q->interp, q->str, q->len);
     }
 
     /* set result */
-    RARRAY(q->result)->ptr[0] = ret;
+    RARRAY_PTR(q->result)[0] = ret;
+    ret = (VALUE)NULL;
+
+    /* decr internal handler mark */
+    rbtk_internal_eventloop_handler--;
 
     /* complete */
     *(q->done) = -1;
 
+    /* unlink ruby objects */
+    q->interp = (VALUE)NULL;
+    q->result = (VALUE)NULL;
+    q->thread = (VALUE)NULL;
+
     /* back to caller */
-    DUMP2("back to caller (caller thread:%lx)", q->thread);
-    DUMP2("               (current thread:%lx)", rb_thread_current());
-    rb_thread_run(q->thread);
-    DUMP1("finish back to caller");
+    /* if (RTEST(rb_funcall(thread, ID_alive_p, 0, 0))) { */
+    if (RTEST(rb_thread_alive_p(thread))) {
+      DUMP2("back to caller (caller thread:%lx)", thread);
+      DUMP2("               (current thread:%lx)", rb_thread_current());
+#if CONTROL_BY_STATUS_OF_RB_THREAD_WAITING_FOR_VALUE
+      have_rb_thread_waiting_for_value = 1;
+      rb_thread_wakeup(thread);
+#else
+      rb_thread_run(thread);
+#endif
+      DUMP1("finish back to caller");
+#if DO_THREAD_SCHEDULE_AT_CALLBACK_DONE
+      rb_thread_schedule();
+#endif
+    } else {
+      DUMP2("caller is dead (caller thread:%lx)", thread);
+      DUMP2("               (current thread:%lx)", rb_thread_current());
+    }
 
     /* end of handler : remove it */
     return 1;
@@ -5859,6 +6912,9 @@ ip_eval(self, str)
     VALUE str;
 {
     struct eval_queue *evq;
+#ifdef RUBY_VM
+    struct tcltkip *ptr;
+#endif
     char *eval_str;
     int  *alloc_done;
     int  thr_crit_bup;
@@ -5873,13 +6929,23 @@ ip_eval(self, str)
     StringValue(str);
     rb_thread_critical = thr_crit_bup;
 
-    if (NIL_P(eventloop_thread) || current == eventloop_thread) {
+#ifdef RUBY_VM
+    ptr = get_ip(ip_obj);
+#endif
+
+    if (
+#ifdef RUBY_VM
+	(ptr->tk_thread_id == 0 || ptr->tk_thread_id == Tcl_GetCurrentThread())
+	&& 
+#endif
+	(NIL_P(eventloop_thread) || current == eventloop_thread)
+	) {
         if (NIL_P(eventloop_thread)) {
             DUMP2("eval from thread:%lx but no eventloop", current);
         } else {
             DUMP2("eval from current eventloop %lx", current);
         }
-        result = ip_eval_real(self, RSTRING(str)->ptr, RSTRING(str)->len);
+        result = ip_eval_real(self, RSTRING_PTR(str), RSTRING_LEN(str));
         if (rb_obj_is_kind_of(result, rb_eException)) {
             rb_exc_raise(result);
         }
@@ -5891,27 +6957,36 @@ ip_eval(self, str)
     thr_crit_bup = rb_thread_critical;
     rb_thread_critical = Qtrue;
 
-    /* allocate memory (protected from Tcl_ServiceEvent) */
-    alloc_done = (int*)ALLOC(int);
+    /* allocate memory (keep result) */
+    /* alloc_done = (int*)ALLOC(int); */
+    alloc_done = (int*)ckalloc(sizeof(int));
+#if 0 /* use Tcl_Preserve/Release */
+    Tcl_Preserve((ClientData)alloc_done); /* XXXXXXXX */
+#endif
     *alloc_done = 0;
 
-    eval_str = ALLOC_N(char, RSTRING(str)->len + 1);
-    memcpy(eval_str, RSTRING(str)->ptr, RSTRING(str)->len);
-    eval_str[RSTRING(str)->len] = 0;
+    /* eval_str = ALLOC_N(char, RSTRING_LEN(str) + 1); */
+    eval_str = ckalloc(sizeof(char) * (RSTRING_LEN(str) + 1));
+#if 0 /* use Tcl_Preserve/Release */
+    Tcl_Preserve((ClientData)eval_str); /* XXXXXXXX */
+#endif
+    memcpy(eval_str, RSTRING_PTR(str), RSTRING_LEN(str));
+    eval_str[RSTRING_LEN(str)] = 0;
 
     /* allocate memory (freed by Tcl_ServiceEvent) */
-    evq = (struct eval_queue *)Tcl_Alloc(sizeof(struct eval_queue));
+    /* evq = (struct eval_queue *)Tcl_Alloc(sizeof(struct eval_queue)); */
+    evq = (struct eval_queue *)ckalloc(sizeof(struct eval_queue));
+#if 0 /* use Tcl_Preserve/Release */
     Tcl_Preserve(evq);
+#endif
 
     /* allocate result obj */
-    result = rb_ary_new2(1);
-    RARRAY(result)->ptr[0] = Qnil;
-    RARRAY(result)->len = 1;
+    result = rb_ary_new3(1, Qnil);
 
     /* construct event data */
     evq->done = alloc_done;
     evq->str = eval_str;
-    evq->len = RSTRING(str)->len;
+    evq->len = RSTRING_LEN(str);
     evq->interp = ip_obj;
     evq->result = result;
     evq->thread = current;
@@ -5922,26 +6997,73 @@ ip_eval(self, str)
 
     /* add the handler to Tcl event queue */
     DUMP1("add handler");
-    Tcl_QueueEvent(&(evq->ev), position);
+#ifdef RUBY_VM
+    if (ptr->tk_thread_id) {
+      /* Tcl_ThreadQueueEvent(ptr->tk_thread_id, &(evq->ev), position); */
+      Tcl_ThreadQueueEvent(ptr->tk_thread_id, (Tcl_Event*)evq, position);
+      Tcl_ThreadAlert(ptr->tk_thread_id);
+    } else if (tk_eventloop_thread_id) {
+      Tcl_ThreadQueueEvent(tk_eventloop_thread_id, (Tcl_Event*)evq, position);
+      /* Tcl_ThreadQueueEvent(tk_eventloop_thread_id, 
+			   &(evq->ev), position); */
+      Tcl_ThreadAlert(tk_eventloop_thread_id);
+    } else {
+      /* Tcl_QueueEvent(&(evq->ev), position); */
+      Tcl_QueueEvent((Tcl_Event*)evq, position);
+    }
+#else
+    /* Tcl_QueueEvent(&(evq->ev), position); */
+    Tcl_QueueEvent((Tcl_Event*)evq, position);
+#endif
 
     rb_thread_critical = thr_crit_bup;
 
     /* wait for the handler to be processed */
     DUMP2("wait for handler (current thread:%lx)", current);
     while(*alloc_done >= 0) {
-        rb_thread_stop();
+      DUMP2("*** wait for handler (current thread:%lx)", current);
+      /* rb_thread_stop(); */
+      rb_thread_sleep_forever();
+      DUMP2("*** wakeup (current thread:%lx)", current);
     }
     DUMP2("back from handler (current thread:%lx)", current);
 
     /* get result & free allocated memory */
-    ret = RARRAY(result)->ptr[0];
+    ret = RARRAY_PTR(result)[0];
 
-    free(alloc_done);
-    free(eval_str);
+#if 0 /* use Tcl_EventuallyFree */
+    Tcl_EventuallyFree((ClientData)alloc_done, TCL_DYNAMIC); /* XXXXXXXX */
+#else
+#if 0 /* use Tcl_Preserve/Release */
+    Tcl_Release((ClientData)alloc_done); /* XXXXXXXX */
+#else
+    /* free(alloc_done); */
+    ckfree((char*)alloc_done);
+#endif
+#endif
+#if 0 /* use Tcl_EventuallyFree */
+    Tcl_EventuallyFree((ClientData)eval_str, TCL_DYNAMIC); /* XXXXXXXX */
+#else
+#if 0 /* use Tcl_Preserve/Release */
+    Tcl_Release((ClientData)eval_str); /* XXXXXXXX */
+#else
+    /* free(eval_str); */
+    ckfree(eval_str);
+#endif
+#endif
+#if 0 /* evq is freed by Tcl_ServiceEvent */
+#if 0 /* use Tcl_Preserve/Release */
     Tcl_Release(evq);
+#else
+    ckfree((char*)evq);
+#endif
+#endif
 
     if (rb_obj_is_kind_of(ret, rb_eException)) {
-        rb_exc_raise(ret);
+        DUMP1("raise exception");
+        /* rb_exc_raise(ret); */
+	rb_exc_raise(rb_exc_new3(rb_obj_class(ret), 
+				 rb_funcall(ret, ID_to_s, 0, 0)));
     }
 
     return ret;
@@ -6096,7 +7218,12 @@ lib_toUTF8_core(ip_obj, src, encodename)
     if (NIL_P(encodename)) {
         if (TYPE(str) == T_STRING) {
             volatile VALUE enc;
+
+#ifdef RUBY_VM
+            enc = rb_funcall(rb_obj_encoding(str), ID_to_s, 0, 0);
+#else
             enc = rb_attr_get(str, ID_at_enc);
+#endif
             if (NIL_P(enc)) {
                 if (NIL_P(ip_obj)) {
                     encoding = (Tcl_Encoding)NULL;
@@ -6105,22 +7232,35 @@ lib_toUTF8_core(ip_obj, src, encodename)
                     if (NIL_P(enc)) {
                         encoding = (Tcl_Encoding)NULL;
                     } else {
-                        StringValue(enc);
-                        encoding = Tcl_GetEncoding(interp, RSTRING(enc)->ptr);
-                        if (encoding == (Tcl_Encoding)NULL) {
-                            rb_warning("Tk-interp has unknown encoding information (@encoding:'%s')", RSTRING(enc)->ptr);
-                        }
+                        /* StringValue(enc); */
+                        enc = rb_funcall(enc, ID_to_s, 0, 0);
+                        /* encoding = Tcl_GetEncoding(interp, RSTRING_PTR(enc)); */
+			if (!RSTRING_LEN(enc)) {
+			  encoding = (Tcl_Encoding)NULL;
+			} else {
+			  encoding = Tcl_GetEncoding((Tcl_Interp*)NULL, 
+						     RSTRING_PTR(enc));
+			  if (encoding == (Tcl_Encoding)NULL) {
+                            rb_warning("Tk-interp has unknown encoding information (@encoding:'%s')", RSTRING_PTR(enc));
+			  }
+			}
                     }
                 }
             } else {
                 StringValue(enc);
-                if (strcmp(RSTRING(enc)->ptr, "binary") == 0) {
+                if (strcmp(RSTRING_PTR(enc), "binary") == 0) {
+#ifdef RUBY_VM
+		    rb_enc_associate_index(str, ENCODING_INDEX_BINARY);
+#endif
+		    rb_ivar_set(str, ID_at_enc, ENCODING_NAME_BINARY);
                     rb_thread_critical = thr_crit_bup;
                     return str;
                 }
-                encoding = Tcl_GetEncoding(interp, RSTRING(enc)->ptr);
+                /* encoding = Tcl_GetEncoding(interp, RSTRING_PTR(enc)); */
+                encoding = Tcl_GetEncoding((Tcl_Interp*)NULL, 
+					   RSTRING_PTR(enc));
                 if (encoding == (Tcl_Encoding)NULL) {
-                    rb_warning("string has unknown encoding information (@encoding:'%s')", RSTRING(enc)->ptr);
+                    rb_warning("string has unknown encoding information (@encoding:'%s')", RSTRING_PTR(enc));
                 }
             }
         } else {
@@ -6128,43 +7268,59 @@ lib_toUTF8_core(ip_obj, src, encodename)
         }
     } else {
         StringValue(encodename);
-        encoding = Tcl_GetEncoding(interp, RSTRING(encodename)->ptr);
+	if (strcmp(RSTRING_PTR(encodename), "binary") == 0) {
+#ifdef RUBY_VM
+	  rb_enc_associate_index(str, ENCODING_INDEX_BINARY);
+#endif
+	  rb_ivar_set(str, ID_at_enc, ENCODING_NAME_BINARY);
+	  rb_thread_critical = thr_crit_bup;
+	  return str;
+	}
+        /* encoding = Tcl_GetEncoding(interp, RSTRING_PTR(encodename)); */
+        encoding = Tcl_GetEncoding((Tcl_Interp*)NULL, RSTRING_PTR(encodename));
         if (encoding == (Tcl_Encoding)NULL) {
             /*
             rb_warning("unknown encoding name '%s'", 
-                       RSTRING(encodename)->ptr);
+                       RSTRING_PTR(encodename));
             */
             rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "unknown encoding name '%s'", 
-                     RSTRING(encodename)->ptr);
+                     RSTRING_PTR(encodename));
         }
     }
 
     StringValue(str);
-    if (!RSTRING(str)->len) {
+    if (!RSTRING_LEN(str)) {
         rb_thread_critical = thr_crit_bup;
         return str;
     }
-    buf = ALLOC_N(char,(RSTRING(str)->len)+1);
-    memcpy(buf, RSTRING(str)->ptr, RSTRING(str)->len);
-    buf[RSTRING(str)->len] = 0;
+    buf = ALLOC_N(char, RSTRING_LEN(str)+1);
+    /* buf = ckalloc(sizeof(char) * (RSTRING_LEN(str)+1)); */
+    memcpy(buf, RSTRING_PTR(str), RSTRING_LEN(str));
+    buf[RSTRING_LEN(str)] = 0;
 
     Tcl_DStringInit(&dstr);
     Tcl_DStringFree(&dstr);
     /* Tcl_ExternalToUtfDString(encoding,buf,strlen(buf),&dstr); */
-    Tcl_ExternalToUtfDString(encoding, buf, RSTRING(str)->len, &dstr);
+    Tcl_ExternalToUtfDString(encoding, buf, RSTRING_LEN(str), &dstr);
 
     /* str = rb_tainted_str_new2(Tcl_DStringValue(&dstr)); */
     /* str = rb_str_new2(Tcl_DStringValue(&dstr)); */
     str = rb_str_new(Tcl_DStringValue(&dstr), Tcl_DStringLength(&dstr));
-    rb_ivar_set(str, ID_at_enc, rb_tainted_str_new2("utf-8"));
+#ifdef RUBY_VM
+    rb_enc_associate_index(str, ENCODING_INDEX_UTF8);
+#endif
+    rb_ivar_set(str, ID_at_enc, ENCODING_NAME_UTF8);
     if (taint_flag) OBJ_TAINT(str);
 
+    /*
     if (encoding != (Tcl_Encoding)NULL) {
         Tcl_FreeEncoding(encoding);
     }
+    */
     Tcl_DStringFree(&dstr);
 
     free(buf);
+    /* ckfree(buf); */
 
     rb_thread_critical = thr_crit_bup;
 #endif
@@ -6242,10 +7398,21 @@ lib_fromUTF8_core(ip_obj, src, encodename)
             enc = rb_attr_get(str, ID_at_enc);
             if (!NIL_P(enc)) {
                 StringValue(enc);
-                if (strcmp(RSTRING(enc)->ptr, "binary") == 0) {
+                if (strcmp(RSTRING_PTR(enc), "binary") == 0) {
+#ifdef RUBY_VM
+		    rb_enc_associate_index(str, ENCODING_INDEX_BINARY);
+#endif
+		    rb_ivar_set(str, ID_at_enc, ENCODING_NAME_BINARY);
                     rb_thread_critical = thr_crit_bup;
                     return str;
                 }
+#ifdef RUBY_VM
+	    } else if (rb_enc_get_index(str) == ENCODING_INDEX_BINARY) {
+	        rb_enc_associate_index(str, ENCODING_INDEX_BINARY);
+		rb_ivar_set(str, ID_at_enc, ENCODING_NAME_BINARY);
+		rb_thread_critical = thr_crit_bup;
+		return str;
+#endif
             }
         }
 
@@ -6256,75 +7423,106 @@ lib_fromUTF8_core(ip_obj, src, encodename)
             if (NIL_P(enc)) {
                 encoding = (Tcl_Encoding)NULL;
             } else {
-                StringValue(enc);
-                encoding = Tcl_GetEncoding(interp, RSTRING(enc)->ptr);
-                if (encoding == (Tcl_Encoding)NULL) {
-                    rb_warning("Tk-interp has unknown encoding information (@encoding:'%s')", RSTRING(enc)->ptr);
-                } else {
-                  encodename = rb_obj_dup(enc);
-                }
+                /* StringValue(enc); */
+                enc = rb_funcall(enc, ID_to_s, 0, 0);
+                /* encoding = Tcl_GetEncoding(interp, RSTRING_PTR(enc)); */
+		if (!RSTRING_LEN(enc)) {
+		  encoding = (Tcl_Encoding)NULL;
+		} else {
+		  encoding = Tcl_GetEncoding((Tcl_Interp*)NULL, 
+					     RSTRING_PTR(enc));
+		  if (encoding == (Tcl_Encoding)NULL) {
+                    rb_warning("Tk-interp has unknown encoding information (@encoding:'%s')", RSTRING_PTR(enc));
+		  } else {
+		    encodename = rb_obj_dup(enc);
+		  }
+		}
             }
         }
 
     } else {
         StringValue(encodename);
 
-        if (strcmp(RSTRING(encodename)->ptr, "binary") == 0) {
+        if (strcmp(RSTRING_PTR(encodename), "binary") == 0) {
+	    Tcl_Obj *tclstr;
             char *s;
             int  len;
 
             StringValue(str);
-            s = Tcl_GetByteArrayFromObj(Tcl_NewStringObj(RSTRING(str)->ptr, 
-                                                         RSTRING(str)->len), 
-                                        &len);
+            tclstr = Tcl_NewStringObj(RSTRING_PTR(str), RSTRING_LEN(str));
+	    Tcl_IncrRefCount(tclstr);
+            s = Tcl_GetByteArrayFromObj(tclstr, &len);
             str = rb_tainted_str_new(s, len);
-            rb_ivar_set(str, ID_at_enc, rb_tainted_str_new2("binary"));
+	    s = (char*)NULL;
+	    Tcl_DecrRefCount(tclstr);
+#ifdef RUBY_VM
+	    rb_enc_associate_index(str, ENCODING_INDEX_BINARY);
+#endif
+            rb_ivar_set(str, ID_at_enc, ENCODING_NAME_BINARY);
 
             rb_thread_critical = thr_crit_bup;
             return str;
         }
 
-        encoding = Tcl_GetEncoding(interp, RSTRING(encodename)->ptr);
+        /* encoding = Tcl_GetEncoding(interp, RSTRING_PTR(encodename)); */
+        encoding = Tcl_GetEncoding((Tcl_Interp*)NULL, RSTRING_PTR(encodename));
         if (encoding == (Tcl_Encoding)NULL) {
             /* 
             rb_warning("unknown encoding name '%s'", 
-                       RSTRING(encodename)->ptr);
+                       RSTRING_PTR(encodename));
             encodename = Qnil;
             */
             rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "unknown encoding name '%s'", 
-                     RSTRING(encodename)->ptr);
+                     RSTRING_PTR(encodename));
         }
     }
 
     StringValue(str);
 
-    if (RSTRING(str)->len == 0) {
+    if (RSTRING_LEN(str) == 0) {
         rb_thread_critical = thr_crit_bup;
         return rb_tainted_str_new2("");
     }
 
-    buf = ALLOC_N(char,strlen(RSTRING(str)->ptr)+1);
-    memcpy(buf, RSTRING(str)->ptr, RSTRING(str)->len);
-    buf[RSTRING(str)->len] = 0;
+    buf = ALLOC_N(char, RSTRING_LEN(str)+1);
+    /* buf = ckalloc(sizeof(char) * (RSTRING_LEN(str)+1)); */
+    memcpy(buf, RSTRING_PTR(str), RSTRING_LEN(str));
+    buf[RSTRING_LEN(str)] = 0;
 
     Tcl_DStringInit(&dstr);
     Tcl_DStringFree(&dstr);
     /* Tcl_UtfToExternalDString(encoding,buf,strlen(buf),&dstr); */
-    Tcl_UtfToExternalDString(encoding,buf,RSTRING(str)->len,&dstr);
+    Tcl_UtfToExternalDString(encoding,buf,RSTRING_LEN(str),&dstr);
 
     /* str = rb_tainted_str_new2(Tcl_DStringValue(&dstr)); */
     /* str = rb_str_new2(Tcl_DStringValue(&dstr)); */
     str = rb_str_new(Tcl_DStringValue(&dstr), Tcl_DStringLength(&dstr));
+#ifdef RUBY_VM
+    if (interp) {
+      /* can access encoding_table of TclTkIp */
+      /*   ->  try to use encoding_table      */
+      VALUE tbl = ip_get_encoding_table(ip_obj);
+      VALUE encobj = encoding_table_get_obj(tbl, encodename);
+      rb_enc_associate_index(str, rb_to_encoding_index(encobj));
+    } else {
+      /* cannot access encoding_table of TclTkIp */
+      /*   ->  try to find on Ruby Encoding      */
+      rb_enc_associate_index(str, rb_enc_find_index(RSTRING_PTR(encodename)));
+    }
+#endif
     rb_ivar_set(str, ID_at_enc, encodename);
 
     if (taint_flag) OBJ_TAINT(str);
 
+    /*
     if (encoding != (Tcl_Encoding)NULL) {
         Tcl_FreeEncoding(encoding);
     }
+    */
     Tcl_DStringFree(&dstr);
 
     free(buf);
+    /* ckfree(buf); */
 
     rb_thread_critical = thr_crit_bup;
 #endif
@@ -6375,21 +7573,29 @@ lib_UTF_backslash_core(self, str, all_bs)
     tcl_stubs_check();
 
     StringValue(str);
-    if (!RSTRING(str)->len) {
+    if (!RSTRING_LEN(str)) {
         return str;
     }
 
     thr_crit_bup = rb_thread_critical;
     rb_thread_critical = Qtrue;
 
-    src_buf = ALLOC_N(char,(RSTRING(str)->len)+1);
-    memcpy(src_buf, RSTRING(str)->ptr, RSTRING(str)->len);
-    src_buf[RSTRING(str)->len] = 0;
+    /* src_buf = ALLOC_N(char, RSTRING_LEN(str)+1); */
+    src_buf = ckalloc(sizeof(char) * (RSTRING_LEN(str)+1));
+#if 0 /* use Tcl_Preserve/Release */
+    Tcl_Preserve((ClientData)src_buf); /* XXXXXXXX */
+#endif
+    memcpy(src_buf, RSTRING_PTR(str), RSTRING_LEN(str));
+    src_buf[RSTRING_LEN(str)] = 0;
 
-    dst_buf = ALLOC_N(char,(RSTRING(str)->len)+1);
+    /* dst_buf = ALLOC_N(char, RSTRING_LEN(str)+1); */
+    dst_buf = ckalloc(sizeof(char) * (RSTRING_LEN(str)+1));
+#if 0 /* use Tcl_Preserve/Release */
+    Tcl_Preserve((ClientData)dst_buf); /* XXXXXXXX */
+#endif
 
     ptr = src_buf;
-    while(RSTRING(str)->len > ptr - src_buf) {
+    while(RSTRING_LEN(str) > ptr - src_buf) {
         if (*ptr == '\\' && (all_bs || *(ptr + 1) == 'u')) {
             dst_len += Tcl_UtfBackslash(ptr, &read_len, (dst_buf + dst_len));
             ptr += read_len;
@@ -6400,9 +7606,31 @@ lib_UTF_backslash_core(self, str, all_bs)
 
     str = rb_str_new(dst_buf, dst_len);
     if (taint_flag) OBJ_TAINT(str);
+#ifdef RUBY_VM
+    rb_enc_associate_index(str, ENCODING_INDEX_UTF8);
+#endif
+    rb_ivar_set(str, ID_at_enc, ENCODING_NAME_UTF8);
 
-    free(src_buf);
-    free(dst_buf);
+#if 0 /* use Tcl_EventuallyFree */
+    Tcl_EventuallyFree((ClientData)src_buf, TCL_DYNAMIC); /* XXXXXXXX */
+#else
+#if 0 /* use Tcl_Preserve/Release */
+    Tcl_Release((ClientData)src_buf); /* XXXXXXXX */
+#else
+    /* free(src_buf); */
+    ckfree(src_buf);
+#endif
+#endif
+#if 0 /* use Tcl_EventuallyFree */
+    Tcl_EventuallyFree((ClientData)dst_buf, TCL_DYNAMIC); /* XXXXXXXX */
+#else
+#if 0 /* use Tcl_Preserve/Release */
+    Tcl_Release((ClientData)dst_buf); /* XXXXXXXX */
+#else
+    /* free(dst_buf); */
+    ckfree(dst_buf);
+#endif
+#endif
 
     rb_thread_critical = thr_crit_bup;
 #endif
@@ -6455,7 +7683,7 @@ lib_set_system_encoding(self, enc_name)
     if (Tcl_SetSystemEncoding((Tcl_Interp *)NULL, 
                               StringValuePtr(enc_name)) != TCL_OK) {
         rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "unknown encoding name '%s'", 
-                 RSTRING(enc_name)->ptr);
+                 RSTRING_PTR(enc_name));
     }
 
     return enc_name;
@@ -6493,7 +7721,11 @@ invoke_tcl_proc(arg)
 #if TCL_MAJOR_VERSION >= 8
     if (!inf->cmdinfo.isNativeObjectProc) {
         /* string interface */
-        argv = (char **)ALLOC_N(char *, argc+1);
+        /* argv = (char **)ALLOC_N(char *, argc+1);*/ /* XXXXXXXXXX */
+        argv = (char **)ckalloc(sizeof(char *)*(argc+1));
+#if 0 /* use Tcl_Preserve/Release */
+	Tcl_Preserve((ClientData)argv); /* XXXXXXXX */
+#endif
         for (i = 0; i < argc; ++i) {
             argv[i] = Tcl_GetStringFromObj(inf->objv[i], &len);
         }
@@ -6518,7 +7750,16 @@ invoke_tcl_proc(arg)
             = (*(inf->cmdinfo.proc))(inf->cmdinfo.clientData, inf->ptr->ip, 
                                      argc, (CONST84 char **)argv);
 
-        free(argv);
+#if 0 /* use Tcl_EventuallyFree */
+    Tcl_EventuallyFree((ClientData)argv, TCL_DYNAMIC); /* XXXXXXXX */
+#else
+#if 0 /* use Tcl_Preserve/Release */
+	Tcl_Release((ClientData)argv); /* XXXXXXXX */
+#else
+        /* free(argv); */
+        ckfree((char*)argv);
+#endif
+#endif
 
 #else /* TCL_MAJOR_VERSION < 8 */
         inf->ptr->return_value 
@@ -6564,6 +7805,9 @@ ip_invoke_core(interp, argc, argv)
 #endif
 #endif
 
+    /* get the data struct */
+    ptr = get_ip(interp);
+
     /* get the command name string */
 #if TCL_MAJOR_VERSION >= 8
     cmd = Tcl_GetStringFromObj(objv[0], &len);
@@ -6623,14 +7867,22 @@ ip_invoke_core(interp, argc, argv)
             unknown_flag = 1;
 
 #if TCL_MAJOR_VERSION >= 8
-            unknown_objv = (Tcl_Obj **)ALLOC_N(Tcl_Obj *, objc+2);
+            /* unknown_objv = (Tcl_Obj **)ALLOC_N(Tcl_Obj *, objc+2); */
+            unknown_objv = (Tcl_Obj **)ckalloc(sizeof(Tcl_Obj *) * (objc+2));
+#if 0 /* use Tcl_Preserve/Release */
+	    Tcl_Preserve((ClientData)unknown_objv); /* XXXXXXXX */
+#endif
             unknown_objv[0] = Tcl_NewStringObj("::unknown", 9);
             Tcl_IncrRefCount(unknown_objv[0]);
             memcpy(unknown_objv + 1, objv, sizeof(Tcl_Obj *)*objc);
             unknown_objv[++objc] = (Tcl_Obj*)NULL;
             objv = unknown_objv;
 #else
-            unknown_argv = (char **)ALLOC_N(char *, argc+2);
+            /* unknown_argv = (char **)ALLOC_N(char *, argc+2); */
+            unknown_argv = (char **)ckalloc(sizeof(char *) * (argc+2));
+#if 0 /* use Tcl_Preserve/Release */
+	    Tcl_Preserve((ClientData)unknown_argv); /* XXXXXXXX */
+#endif
             unknown_argv[0] = strdup("unknown");
             memcpy(unknown_argv + 1, argv, sizeof(char *)*argc);
             unknown_argv[++argc] = (char *)NULL;
@@ -6643,7 +7895,6 @@ ip_invoke_core(interp, argc, argv)
     thr_crit_bup = rb_thread_critical;
     rb_thread_critical = Qtrue;
 
-
 #if 1 /* wrap tcl-proc call */
     /* setup params */
     inf.ptr = ptr;
@@ -6660,19 +7911,35 @@ ip_invoke_core(interp, argc, argv)
     ret = rb_protect(invoke_tcl_proc, (VALUE)&inf, &status);
     switch(status) {
     case TAG_RAISE:
+#ifdef RUBY_VM
+        if (NIL_P(rb_errinfo())) {
+#else
         if (NIL_P(ruby_errinfo)) {
+#endif
             rbtk_pending_exception = rb_exc_new2(rb_eException, 
                                                  "unknown exception");
         } else {
+#ifdef RUBY_VM
+            rbtk_pending_exception = rb_errinfo();
+#else
             rbtk_pending_exception = ruby_errinfo;
+#endif
         }
         break;
         
     case TAG_FATAL:
+#ifdef RUBY_VM
+        if (NIL_P(rb_errinfo())) {
+#else
         if (NIL_P(ruby_errinfo)) {
+#endif
             rbtk_pending_exception = rb_exc_new2(rb_eFatal, "FATAL");
         } else {
+#ifdef RUBY_VM
+            rbtk_pending_exception = rb_errinfo();
+#else
             rbtk_pending_exception = ruby_errinfo;
+#endif
         }
     }
 
@@ -6684,7 +7951,11 @@ ip_invoke_core(interp, argc, argv)
         int i;
 
         /* string interface */
-        argv = (char **)ALLOC_N(char *, argc+1);
+        /* argv = (char **)ALLOC_N(char *, argc+1); */
+        argv = (char **)ckalloc(sizeof(char *) * (argc+1));
+#if 0 /* use Tcl_Preserve/Release */
+	Tcl_Preserve((ClientData)argv); /* XXXXXXXX */
+#endif
         for (i = 0; i < argc; ++i) {
             argv[i] = Tcl_GetStringFromObj(objv[i], &len);
         }
@@ -6713,7 +7984,16 @@ ip_invoke_core(interp, argc, argv)
         ptr->return_value = (*info.proc)(info.clientData, ptr->ip, 
                                          argc, (CONST84 char **)argv);
 
-        free(argv);
+#if 0 /* use Tcl_EventuallyFree */
+    Tcl_EventuallyFree((ClientData)argv, TCL_DYNAMIC); /* XXXXXXXX */
+#else
+#if 0 /* use Tcl_Preserve/Release */
+	Tcl_Release((ClientData)argv); /* XXXXXXXX */
+#else
+        /* free(argv); */
+        ckfree((char*)argv);
+#endif
+#endif
 
 #else /* TCL_MAJOR_VERSION < 8 */
         ptr->return_value = (*info.proc)(info.clientData, ptr->ip, 
@@ -6726,10 +8006,29 @@ ip_invoke_core(interp, argc, argv)
     if (unknown_flag) {
 #if TCL_MAJOR_VERSION >= 8
         Tcl_DecrRefCount(objv[0]);
-        free(objv);
+#if 0 /* use Tcl_EventuallyFree */
+	Tcl_EventuallyFree((ClientData)objv, TCL_DYNAMIC); /* XXXXXXXX */
+#else
+#if 0 /* use Tcl_Preserve/Release */
+	Tcl_Release((ClientData)objv); /* XXXXXXXX */
 #else
+        /* free(objv); */
+        ckfree((char*)objv);
+#endif
+#endif
+#else /* TCL_MAJOR_VERSION < 8 */
         free(argv[0]);
-        free(argv);
+        /* ckfree(argv[0]); */
+#if 0 /* use Tcl_EventuallyFree */
+	Tcl_EventuallyFree((ClientData)argv, TCL_DYNAMIC); /* XXXXXXXX */
+#else
+#if 0 /* use Tcl_Preserve/Release */
+	Tcl_Release((ClientData)argv); /* XXXXXXXX */
+#else
+        /* free(argv); */
+        ckfree((char*)argv);
+#endif
+#endif
 #endif
     }
 
@@ -6784,7 +8083,11 @@ alloc_invoke_arguments(argc, argv)
 
     /* memory allocation */
 #if TCL_MAJOR_VERSION >= 8
-    av = ALLOC_N(Tcl_Obj *, argc+1);
+    /* av = ALLOC_N(Tcl_Obj *, argc+1);*/ /* XXXXXXXXXX */
+    av = (Tcl_Obj**)ckalloc(sizeof(Tcl_Obj *)*(argc+1));
+#if 0 /* use Tcl_Preserve/Release */
+    Tcl_Preserve((ClientData)av); /* XXXXXXXX */
+#endif
     for (i = 0; i < argc; ++i) {
         av[i] = get_obj_from_str(argv[i]);
         Tcl_IncrRefCount(av[i]);
@@ -6793,7 +8096,11 @@ alloc_invoke_arguments(argc, argv)
 
 #else /* TCL_MAJOR_VERSION < 8 */
     /* string interface */
-    av = ALLOC_N(char *, argc+1);
+    /* av = ALLOC_N(char *, argc+1); */
+    av = (char**)ckalloc(sizeof(char *) * (argc+1));
+#if 0 /* use Tcl_Preserve/Release */
+    Tcl_Preserve((ClientData)av); /* XXXXXXXX */
+#endif
     for (i = 0; i < argc; ++i) {
         av[i] = strdup(StringValuePtr(argv[i]));
     }
@@ -6819,11 +8126,34 @@ free_invoke_arguments(argc, av)
     for (i = 0; i < argc; ++i) {
 #if TCL_MAJOR_VERSION >= 8
         Tcl_DecrRefCount(av[i]);
+	av[i] = (Tcl_Obj*)NULL;
 #else /* TCL_MAJOR_VERSION < 8 */
         free(av[i]);
+	av[i] = (char*)NULL;
 #endif
     }
-    free(av);
+#if TCL_MAJOR_VERSION >= 8
+#if 0 /* use Tcl_EventuallyFree */
+    Tcl_EventuallyFree((ClientData)av, TCL_DYNAMIC); /* XXXXXXXX */
+#else
+#if 0 /* use Tcl_Preserve/Release */
+    Tcl_Release((ClientData)av); /* XXXXXXXX */
+#else
+    ckfree((char*)av);
+#endif
+#endif
+#else /* TCL_MAJOR_VERSION < 8 */
+#if 0 /* use Tcl_EventuallyFree */
+    Tcl_EventuallyFree((ClientData)av, TCL_DYNAMIC); /* XXXXXXXX */
+#else
+#if 0 /* use Tcl_Preserve/Release */
+    Tcl_Release((ClientData)av); /* XXXXXXXX */
+#else
+    /* free(av); */
+    ckfree((char*)av);
+#endif
+#endif
+#endif
 }
 
 static VALUE
@@ -6886,10 +8216,12 @@ invoke_queue_handler(evPtr, flags)
     struct invoke_queue *q = (struct invoke_queue *)evPtr;
     volatile VALUE ret;
     volatile VALUE q_dat;
+    volatile VALUE thread = q->thread;
+    struct tcltkip *ptr;
 
     DUMP2("do_invoke_queue_handler : evPtr = %p", evPtr);
     DUMP2("invoke queue_thread : %lx", rb_thread_current());
-    DUMP2("added by thread : %lx", q->thread);
+    DUMP2("added by thread : %lx", thread);
 
     if (*(q->done)) {
         DUMP1("processed by another event-loop");
@@ -6898,33 +8230,73 @@ invoke_queue_handler(evPtr, flags)
         DUMP1("process it on current event-loop");
     }
 
+    if (RTEST(rb_thread_alive_p(thread)) 
+	&& ! RTEST(rb_funcall(thread, ID_stop_p, 0))) {
+      DUMP1("caller is not yet ready to receive the result -> pending");
+      return 0;
+    }
+
     /* process it */
     *(q->done) = 1;
 
+    /* deleted ipterp ? */
+    ptr = get_ip(q->interp);
+    if (deleted_ip(ptr)) {
+        /* deleted IP --> ignore */
+        return 1;
+    }
+
+    /* incr internal handler mark */
+    rbtk_internal_eventloop_handler++;
+
     /* check safe-level */
     if (rb_safe_level() != q->safe_level) {
         /* q_dat = Data_Wrap_Struct(rb_cData,0,0,q); */
-        q_dat = Data_Wrap_Struct(rb_cData,invoke_queue_mark,0,q);
+        q_dat = Data_Wrap_Struct(rb_cData,invoke_queue_mark,-1,q);
         ret = rb_funcall(rb_proc_new(ivq_safelevel_handler, q_dat), 
                          ID_call, 0);
         rb_gc_force_recycle(q_dat);
+	q_dat = (VALUE)NULL;
     } else {
-        DUMP2("call invoke_real (for caller thread:%lx)", q->thread);
+        DUMP2("call invoke_real (for caller thread:%lx)", thread);
         DUMP2("call invoke_real (current thread:%lx)", rb_thread_current());
         ret = ip_invoke_core(q->interp, q->argc, q->argv);
     }
 
     /* set result */
-    RARRAY(q->result)->ptr[0] = ret;
+    RARRAY_PTR(q->result)[0] = ret;
+    ret = (VALUE)NULL;
+
+    /* decr internal handler mark */
+    rbtk_internal_eventloop_handler--;
 
     /* complete */
     *(q->done) = -1;
 
+    /* unlink ruby objects */
+    q->interp = (VALUE)NULL;
+    q->result = (VALUE)NULL;
+    q->thread = (VALUE)NULL;
+
     /* back to caller */
-    DUMP2("back to caller (caller thread:%lx)", q->thread);
-    DUMP2("               (current thread:%lx)", rb_thread_current());
-    rb_thread_run(q->thread);
-    DUMP1("finish back to caller");
+    /* if (RTEST(rb_funcall(thread, ID_alive_p, 0, 0))) { */
+    if (RTEST(rb_thread_alive_p(thread))) {
+      DUMP2("back to caller (caller thread:%lx)", thread);
+      DUMP2("               (current thread:%lx)", rb_thread_current());
+#if CONTROL_BY_STATUS_OF_RB_THREAD_WAITING_FOR_VALUE
+      have_rb_thread_waiting_for_value = 1;
+      rb_thread_wakeup(thread);
+#else
+      rb_thread_run(thread);
+#endif
+      DUMP1("finish back to caller");
+#if DO_THREAD_SCHEDULE_AT_CALLBACK_DONE
+      rb_thread_schedule();
+#endif
+    } else {
+      DUMP2("caller is dead (caller thread:%lx)", thread);
+      DUMP2("               (current thread:%lx)", rb_thread_current());
+    }
 
     /* end of handler : remove it */
     return 1;
@@ -6938,6 +8310,9 @@ ip_invoke_with_position(argc, argv, obj, position)
     Tcl_QueuePosition position;
 {
     struct invoke_queue *ivq;
+#ifdef RUBY_VM
+    struct tcltkip *ptr;
+#endif
     int  *alloc_done;
     int  thr_crit_bup;
     volatile VALUE current = rb_thread_current();
@@ -6954,7 +8329,21 @@ ip_invoke_with_position(argc, argv, obj, position)
     if (argc < 1) {
         rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "command name missing");
     }
-    if (NIL_P(eventloop_thread) || current == eventloop_thread) {
+
+#ifdef RUBY_VM
+    ptr = get_ip(ip_obj);
+    DUMP2("status: ptr->tk_thread_id %d", ptr->tk_thread_id);
+#endif
+    DUMP2("status: Tcl_GetCurrentThread %d", Tcl_GetCurrentThread());
+    DUMP2("status: eventloopt_thread %lx", eventloop_thread);
+
+    if (
+#ifdef RUBY_VM
+	(ptr->tk_thread_id == 0 || ptr->tk_thread_id == Tcl_GetCurrentThread())
+	&& 
+#endif
+	(NIL_P(eventloop_thread) || current == eventloop_thread)
+	) {
         if (NIL_P(eventloop_thread)) {
             DUMP2("invoke from thread:%lx but no eventloop", current);
         } else {
@@ -6976,17 +8365,22 @@ ip_invoke_with_position(argc, argv, obj, position)
     av = alloc_invoke_arguments(argc, argv);
 
     /* allocate memory (keep result) */
-    alloc_done = (int*)ALLOC(int);
+    /* alloc_done = (int*)ALLOC(int); */
+    alloc_done = (int*)ckalloc(sizeof(int));
+#if 0 /* use Tcl_Preserve/Release */
+    Tcl_Preserve((ClientData)alloc_done); /* XXXXXXXX */
+#endif
     *alloc_done = 0;
 
     /* allocate memory (freed by Tcl_ServiceEvent) */
-    ivq = (struct invoke_queue *)Tcl_Alloc(sizeof(struct invoke_queue));
-    Tcl_Preserve(ivq);
+    /* ivq = (struct invoke_queue *)Tcl_Alloc(sizeof(struct invoke_queue)); */
+    ivq = (struct invoke_queue *)ckalloc(sizeof(struct invoke_queue));
+#if 0 /* use Tcl_Preserve/Release */
+    Tcl_Preserve((ClientData)ivq); /* XXXXXXXX */
+#endif
 
     /* allocate result obj */
-    result = rb_ary_new2(1);
-    RARRAY(result)->ptr[0] = Qnil;
-    RARRAY(result)->len = 1;
+    result = rb_ary_new3(1, Qnil);
 
     /* construct event data */
     ivq->done = alloc_done;
@@ -7000,22 +8394,60 @@ ip_invoke_with_position(argc, argv, obj, position)
 
     /* add the handler to Tcl event queue */
     DUMP1("add handler");
-    Tcl_QueueEvent(&(ivq->ev), position);
+#ifdef RUBY_VM
+    if (ptr->tk_thread_id) {
+      /* Tcl_ThreadQueueEvent(ptr->tk_thread_id, &(ivq->ev), position); */
+      Tcl_ThreadQueueEvent(ptr->tk_thread_id, (Tcl_Event*)ivq, position);
+      Tcl_ThreadAlert(ptr->tk_thread_id);
+    } else if (tk_eventloop_thread_id) {
+      /* Tcl_ThreadQueueEvent(tk_eventloop_thread_id, 
+			   &(ivq->ev), position); */
+      Tcl_ThreadQueueEvent(tk_eventloop_thread_id, 
+			   (Tcl_Event*)ivq, position);
+      Tcl_ThreadAlert(tk_eventloop_thread_id);
+    } else {
+      /* Tcl_QueueEvent(&(ivq->ev), position); */
+      Tcl_QueueEvent((Tcl_Event*)ivq, position);
+    }
+#else
+    /* Tcl_QueueEvent(&(ivq->ev), position); */
+    Tcl_QueueEvent((Tcl_Event*)ivq, position);
+#endif
 
     rb_thread_critical = thr_crit_bup;
 
     /* wait for the handler to be processed */
     DUMP2("wait for handler (current thread:%lx)", current);
     while(*alloc_done >= 0) {
-        rb_thread_stop();
+	/* rb_thread_stop(); */
+	rb_thread_sleep_forever();
     }
     DUMP2("back from handler (current thread:%lx)", current);
 
     /* get result & free allocated memory */
     ret = RARRAY(result)->ptr[0];
-    free(alloc_done);
+#if 0 /* use Tcl_EventuallyFree */
+    Tcl_EventuallyFree((ClientData)alloc_done, TCL_DYNAMIC); /* XXXXXXXX */
+#else
+#if 0 /* use Tcl_Preserve/Release */
+    Tcl_Release((ClientData)alloc_done); /* XXXXXXXX */
+#else
+    /* free(alloc_done); */
+    ckfree((char*)alloc_done);
+#endif
+#endif
 
+#if 0 /* ivq is freed by Tcl_ServiceEvent */
+#if 0 /* use Tcl_EventuallyFree */
+    Tcl_EventuallyFree((ClientData)ivq, TCL_DYNAMIC); /* XXXXXXXX */
+#else
+#if 0 /* use Tcl_Preserve/Release */
     Tcl_Release(ivq);
+#else
+    ckfree((char*)ivq);
+#endif
+#endif
+#endif
 
     /* free allocated memory */
     free_invoke_arguments(argc, av);
@@ -7023,7 +8455,9 @@ ip_invoke_with_position(argc, argv, obj, position)
     /* exception? */
     if (rb_obj_is_kind_of(ret, rb_eException)) {
         DUMP1("raise exception");
-        rb_exc_raise(ret);
+        /* rb_exc_raise(ret); */
+	rb_exc_raise(rb_exc_new3(rb_obj_class(ret), 
+				 rb_funcall(ret, ID_to_s, 0, 0)));
     }
 
     DUMP1("exit ip_invoke");
@@ -7105,8 +8539,8 @@ ip_get_variable2_core(interp, argc, argv)
         } else {
             /* Tcl_Preserve(ptr->ip); */
             rbtk_preserve_ip(ptr);
-            ret = Tcl_GetVar2Ex(ptr->ip, RSTRING(varname)->ptr,
-                                NIL_P(index) ? NULL : RSTRING(index)->ptr,
+            ret = Tcl_GetVar2Ex(ptr->ip, RSTRING_PTR(varname),
+                                NIL_P(index) ? NULL : RSTRING_PTR(index),
                                 FIX2INT(flag));
         }
 
@@ -7143,8 +8577,8 @@ ip_get_variable2_core(interp, argc, argv)
         } else {
             /* Tcl_Preserve(ptr->ip); */
             rbtk_preserve_ip(ptr);
-            ret = Tcl_GetVar2(ptr->ip, RSTRING(varname)->ptr, 
-                              NIL_P(index) ? NULL : RSTRING(index)->ptr,
+            ret = Tcl_GetVar2(ptr->ip, RSTRING_PTR(varname), 
+                              NIL_P(index) ? NULL : RSTRING_PTR(index),
                               FIX2INT(flag));
         }
 
@@ -7242,8 +8676,8 @@ ip_set_variable2_core(interp, argc, argv)
         } else {
             /* Tcl_Preserve(ptr->ip); */
             rbtk_preserve_ip(ptr);
-            ret = Tcl_SetVar2Ex(ptr->ip, RSTRING(varname)->ptr,
-                                NIL_P(index) ? NULL : RSTRING(index)->ptr,
+            ret = Tcl_SetVar2Ex(ptr->ip, RSTRING_PTR(varname),
+                                NIL_P(index) ? NULL : RSTRING_PTR(index),
                                 valobj, FIX2INT(flag));
         }
 
@@ -7283,9 +8717,9 @@ ip_set_variable2_core(interp, argc, argv)
         } else {
             /* Tcl_Preserve(ptr->ip); */
             rbtk_preserve_ip(ptr);
-            ret = Tcl_SetVar2(ptr->ip, RSTRING(varname)->ptr, 
-                              NIL_P(index) ? NULL : RSTRING(index)->ptr, 
-                              RSTRING(value)->ptr, FIX2INT(flag));
+            ret = Tcl_SetVar2(ptr->ip, RSTRING_PTR(varname), 
+                              NIL_P(index) ? NULL : RSTRING_PTR(index), 
+                              RSTRING_PTR(value), FIX2INT(flag));
         }
 
         if (ret == (char*)NULL) {
@@ -7365,8 +8799,8 @@ ip_unset_variable2_core(interp, argc, argv)
         return Qtrue;
     }
 
-    ptr->return_value = Tcl_UnsetVar2(ptr->ip, RSTRING(varname)->ptr, 
-                                      NIL_P(index) ? NULL : RSTRING(index)->ptr,
+    ptr->return_value = Tcl_UnsetVar2(ptr->ip, RSTRING_PTR(varname), 
+                                      NIL_P(index) ? NULL : RSTRING_PTR(index),
                                       FIX2INT(flag));
 
     if (ptr->return_value == TCL_ERROR) {
@@ -7486,6 +8920,10 @@ lib_split_tklist_core(ip_obj, list_str)
     volatile VALUE ary, elem;
     int idx;
     int taint_flag = OBJ_TAINTED(list_str);
+#ifdef RUBY_VM
+    int list_enc_idx;
+    volatile VALUE list_ivar_enc;
+#endif
     int result;
     VALUE old_gc;
 
@@ -7500,6 +8938,10 @@ lib_split_tklist_core(ip_obj, list_str)
     }
 
     StringValue(list_str);
+#ifdef RUBY_VM
+    list_enc_idx = rb_enc_get_index(list_str);
+    list_ivar_enc = rb_ivar_get(list_str, ID_at_enc);
+#endif
 
     {
 #if TCL_MAJOR_VERSION >= 8
@@ -7538,11 +8980,21 @@ lib_split_tklist_core(ip_obj, list_str)
 
         for(idx = 0; idx < objc; idx++) {
             elem = get_str_from_obj(objv[idx]);
+#ifdef RUBY_VM
+	    if (rb_enc_get_index(elem) == ENCODING_INDEX_BINARY) {
+	        rb_enc_associate_index(elem, ENCODING_INDEX_BINARY);
+		rb_ivar_set(elem, ID_at_enc, ENCODING_NAME_BINARY);
+	    } else {
+	        rb_enc_associate_index(elem, list_enc_idx);
+		rb_ivar_set(elem, ID_at_enc, list_ivar_enc);
+	    }
+#endif
             if (taint_flag) OBJ_TAINT(elem);
-            RARRAY(ary)->ptr[idx] = elem;
+            /* RARRAY(ary)->ptr[idx] = elem; */
+	    rb_ary_push(ary, elem);
         }
 
-        RARRAY(ary)->len = objc;
+        /* RARRAY(ary)->len = objc; */
 
         if (old_gc == Qfalse) rb_gc_enable();
 
@@ -7559,7 +9011,7 @@ lib_split_tklist_core(ip_obj, list_str)
         int  argc;
         char **argv;
 
-        if (Tcl_SplitList(interp, RSTRING(list_str)->ptr, 
+        if (Tcl_SplitList(interp, RSTRING_PTR(list_str), 
                           &argc, &argv) == TCL_ERROR) {
             if (interp == (Tcl_Interp*)NULL) {
                 rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "can't get elements from list");
@@ -7580,9 +9032,10 @@ lib_split_tklist_core(ip_obj, list_str)
                 elem = rb_str_new2(argv[idx]);
             }
             /* rb_ivar_set(elem, ID_at_enc, rb_str_new2("binary")); */
-            RARRAY(ary)->ptr[idx] = elem;
+            /* RARRAY(ary)->ptr[idx] = elem; */
+	    rb_ary_push(ary, elem)
         }
-        RARRAY(ary)->len = argc;
+        /* RARRAY(ary)->len = argc; */
 
         if (old_gc == Qfalse) rb_gc_enable();
 #endif
@@ -7631,7 +9084,11 @@ lib_merge_tklist(argc, argv, obj)
     old_gc = rb_gc_disable();
 
     /* based on Tcl/Tk's Tcl_Merge() */
-    flagPtr = ALLOC_N(int, argc);
+    /* flagPtr = ALLOC_N(int, argc); */
+    flagPtr = (int *)ckalloc(sizeof(int) * argc);
+#if 0 /* use Tcl_Preserve/Release */
+    Tcl_Preserve((ClientData)flagPtr); /* XXXXXXXXXX */
+#endif
 
     /* pass 1 */
     len = 1;
@@ -7639,7 +9096,7 @@ lib_merge_tklist(argc, argv, obj)
         if (OBJ_TAINTED(argv[num])) taint_flag = 1;
         dst = StringValuePtr(argv[num]);
 #if TCL_MAJOR_VERSION >= 8
-        len += Tcl_ScanCountedElement(dst, RSTRING(argv[num])->len, 
+        len += Tcl_ScanCountedElement(dst, RSTRING_LEN(argv[num]),  
                                       &flagPtr[num]) + 1;
 #else /* TCL_MAJOR_VERSION < 8 */
         len += Tcl_ScanElement(dst, &flagPtr[num]) + 1;
@@ -7647,15 +9104,19 @@ lib_merge_tklist(argc, argv, obj)
     }
 
     /* pass 2 */
-    result = (char *)Tcl_Alloc(len);
+    /* result = (char *)Tcl_Alloc(len); */
+    result = (char *)ckalloc(len);
+#if 0 /* use Tcl_Preserve/Release */
+    Tcl_Preserve((ClientData)result);
+#endif
     dst = result;
     for(num = 0; num < argc; num++) {
 #if TCL_MAJOR_VERSION >= 8
-        len = Tcl_ConvertCountedElement(RSTRING(argv[num])->ptr, 
-                                        RSTRING(argv[num])->len, 
+        len = Tcl_ConvertCountedElement(RSTRING_PTR(argv[num]), 
+                                        RSTRING_LEN(argv[num]), 
                                         dst, flagPtr[num]);
 #else /* TCL_MAJOR_VERSION < 8 */
-        len = Tcl_ConvertElement(RSTRING(argv[num])->ptr, dst, flagPtr[num]);
+        len = Tcl_ConvertElement(RSTRING_PTR(argv[num]), dst, flagPtr[num]);
 #endif
         dst += len;
         *dst = ' ';
@@ -7667,12 +9128,30 @@ lib_merge_tklist(argc, argv, obj)
         dst[-1] = 0;
     }
 
-    free(flagPtr);
+#if 0 /* use Tcl_EventuallyFree */
+    Tcl_EventuallyFree((ClientData)flagPtr, TCL_DYNAMIC); /* XXXXXXXX */
+#else
+#if 0 /* use Tcl_Preserve/Release */
+    Tcl_Release((ClientData)flagPtr);
+#else
+    /* free(flagPtr); */
+    ckfree((char*)flagPtr);
+#endif
+#endif
 
     /* create object */
     str = rb_str_new(result, dst - result - 1);
     if (taint_flag) OBJ_TAINT(str);
-    Tcl_Free(result);
+#if 0 /* use Tcl_EventuallyFree */
+    Tcl_EventuallyFree((ClientData)result, TCL_DYNAMIC); /* XXXXXXXX */
+#else
+#if 0 /* use Tcl_Preserve/Release */
+    Tcl_Release((ClientData)result); /* XXXXXXXXXXX */
+#else
+    /* Tcl_Free(result); */
+    ckfree(result);
+#endif
+#endif
 
     if (old_gc == Qfalse) rb_gc_enable();
     rb_thread_critical = thr_crit_bup;
@@ -7698,19 +9177,18 @@ lib_conv_listelement(self, src)
     StringValue(src);
 
 #if TCL_MAJOR_VERSION >= 8
-    len = Tcl_ScanCountedElement(RSTRING(src)->ptr, RSTRING(src)->len, 
+    len = Tcl_ScanCountedElement(RSTRING_PTR(src), RSTRING_LEN(src), 
                                  &scan_flag);
     dst = rb_str_new(0, len + 1);
-    len = Tcl_ConvertCountedElement(RSTRING(src)->ptr, RSTRING(src)->len, 
-                                    RSTRING(dst)->ptr, scan_flag);
+    len = Tcl_ConvertCountedElement(RSTRING_PTR(src), RSTRING_LEN(src), 
+                                    RSTRING_PTR(dst), scan_flag);
 #else /* TCL_MAJOR_VERSION < 8 */
-    len = Tcl_ScanElement(RSTRING(src)->ptr, &scan_flag);
+    len = Tcl_ScanElement(RSTRING_PTR(src), &scan_flag);
     dst = rb_str_new(0, len + 1);
-    len = Tcl_ConvertElement(RSTRING(src)->ptr, RSTRING(dst)->ptr, scan_flag);
+    len = Tcl_ConvertElement(RSTRING_PTR(src), RSTRING_PTR(dst), scan_flag);
 #endif
 
-    RSTRING(dst)->len = len;
-    RSTRING(dst)->ptr[len] = '\0';
+    rb_str_resize(dst, len);
     if (taint_flag) OBJ_TAINT(dst);
 
     rb_thread_critical = thr_crit_bup;
@@ -7718,6 +9196,34 @@ lib_conv_listelement(self, src)
     return dst;
 }
 
+static VALUE
+lib_getversion(self)
+    VALUE self;
+{
+    volatile VALUE type_name;
+
+    set_tcltk_version();
+
+    switch(tcltk_version.type) {
+    case TCL_ALPHA_RELEASE:
+      type_name = rb_str_new2("alpha");
+      break;
+    case TCL_BETA_RELEASE:
+      type_name = rb_str_new2("beta");
+      break;
+    case TCL_FINAL_RELEASE:
+      type_name = rb_str_new2("final");
+      break;
+    default:
+      type_name = rb_str_new2("unknown");
+    }
+
+    return rb_ary_new3(5, INT2NUM(tcltk_version.major), 
+		          INT2NUM(tcltk_version.minor), 
+		          INT2NUM(tcltk_version.type), type_name, 
+		          INT2NUM(tcltk_version.patchlevel));
+}
+
 
 static VALUE
 tcltklib_compile_info()
@@ -7740,6 +9246,7 @@ tcltklib_compile_info()
         + strlen("unknown tcl_threads");
 
     info = ALLOC_N(char, size);
+    /* info = ckalloc(sizeof(char) * size); */ /* SEGV */
 
     sprintf(info, form,
             TCLTKLIB_RELEASE_DATE, 
@@ -7775,15 +9282,532 @@ tcltklib_compile_info()
     ret = rb_obj_freeze(rb_str_new2(info));
 
     free(info);
+    /* ckfree(info); */
 
     return ret;
 }
 
+
+/*###############################################*/
+
+static VALUE
+create_dummy_encoding_for_tk_core(interp, name, error_mode)
+     VALUE interp;
+     VALUE name;
+     VALUE error_mode;
+{
+  struct tcltkip *ptr = get_ip(interp);
+
+  rb_secure(4);
+
+  StringValue(name);
+
+#if TCL_MAJOR_VERSION > 8 || (TCL_MAJOR_VERSION == 8 && TCL_MINOR_VERSION >= 1)
+  if (Tcl_GetEncoding((Tcl_Interp*)NULL, RSTRING_PTR(name)) == (Tcl_Encoding)NULL) {
+    if (RTEST(error_mode)) {
+      rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "invalid Tk encoding name '%s'", 
+	       RSTRING_PTR(name));
+    } else {
+      return Qnil;
+    }
+  }
+#endif
+
+#ifdef RUBY_VM
+  if (RTEST(rb_define_dummy_encoding(RSTRING_PTR(name)))) {
+    int idx = rb_enc_find_index(StringValueCStr(name));
+    return rb_enc_from_encoding(rb_enc_from_index(idx));
+  } else {
+    if (RTEST(error_mode)) {
+      rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "fail to create dummy encoding for '%s'",
+	       RSTRING_PTR(name));
+    } else {
+      return Qnil;
+    }
+  }
+#else
+    return name;
+#endif
+}
+static VALUE
+create_dummy_encoding_for_tk(interp, name)
+     VALUE interp;
+     VALUE name;
+{
+  return create_dummy_encoding_for_tk_core(interp, name, Qtrue);
+}
+
+
+#ifdef RUBY_VM
+static int
+update_encoding_table(table, interp, error_mode)
+     VALUE table;
+     VALUE interp;
+     VALUE error_mode;
+{
+  struct tcltkip *ptr;
+  int retry = 0;
+  int i, idx, objc;
+  Tcl_Obj **objv;
+  Tcl_Obj *enc_list;
+  volatile VALUE encname = Qnil;
+  volatile VALUE encobj = Qnil;
+
+  /* interpreter check */
+  if (NIL_P(interp)) return 0;
+  ptr = get_ip(interp);
+  if (ptr == (struct tcltkip *) NULL)  return 0;
+  if (deleted_ip(ptr)) return 0;
+
+  /* get Tcl's encoding list */
+  Tcl_GetEncodingNames(ptr->ip);
+  enc_list = Tcl_GetObjResult(ptr->ip);
+  Tcl_IncrRefCount(enc_list);
+
+  if (Tcl_ListObjGetElements(ptr->ip, enc_list, 
+			     &objc, &objv) != TCL_OK) {
+    Tcl_DecrRefCount(enc_list);
+    /* rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "failt to get Tcl's encoding names");*/
+    return 0;
+  }
+
+  /* check each encoding name */
+  for(i = 0; i < objc; i++) {
+    encname = rb_str_new2(Tcl_GetString(objv[i]));
+    if (NIL_P(rb_hash_lookup(table, encname))) {
+      /* new Tk encoding -> add to table */
+      idx = rb_enc_find_index(StringValueCStr(encname));
+      if (idx < 0) {
+	encobj = create_dummy_encoding_for_tk_core(interp,encname,error_mode);
+      } else {
+	encobj = rb_enc_from_encoding(rb_enc_from_index(idx));
+      }
+      encname = rb_obj_freeze(encname);
+      rb_hash_aset(table, encname, encobj);
+      if (!NIL_P(encobj) && NIL_P(rb_hash_lookup(table, encobj))) {
+	rb_hash_aset(table, encobj, encname);
+      }
+      retry = 1;
+    }
+  }
+
+  Tcl_DecrRefCount(enc_list);
+
+  return retry;
+}
+
+static VALUE
+encoding_table_get_name_core(table, enc_arg, error_mode)
+     VALUE table;
+     VALUE enc_arg;
+     VALUE error_mode;
+{
+  volatile VALUE enc = enc_arg;
+  volatile VALUE name = Qnil;
+  volatile VALUE tmp = Qnil;
+  volatile VALUE interp = rb_ivar_get(table, ID_at_interp);
+  struct tcltkip *ptr = (struct tcltkip *) NULL;
+  int idx;
+
+  /* deleted interp ? */
+  if (!NIL_P(interp)) {
+    ptr = get_ip(interp);
+    if (deleted_ip(ptr)) {
+      ptr = (struct tcltkip *) NULL;
+    }
+  }
+
+  /* encoding argument check */
+  /* 1st: default encoding setting of interp */
+  if (ptr && NIL_P(enc)) {
+    if (rb_respond_to(interp, ID_encoding_name)) {
+      enc = rb_funcall(interp, ID_encoding_name, 0, 0);
+    }
+  }
+  /* 2nd: encoding system of Tcl/Tk */
+  if (NIL_P(enc)) {
+    enc = rb_str_new2(Tcl_GetEncodingName((Tcl_Encoding)NULL));
+  }
+  /* 3rd: Encoding.default_external */
+  if (NIL_P(enc)) {
+    enc = rb_enc_default_external();
+  }
+
+  if (RTEST(rb_obj_is_kind_of(enc, cRubyEncoding))) {
+    /* Ruby's Encoding object */
+    name = rb_hash_lookup(table, enc);
+    if (!NIL_P(name)) {
+      /* find */
+      return name;
+    }
+
+    /* is it new ? */
+    /* update check of Tk encoding names */
+    if (update_encoding_table(table, interp, error_mode)) {
+      /* add new relations to the table   */
+      /* RETRY: registered Ruby encoding? */
+      name = rb_hash_lookup(table, enc);
+      if (!NIL_P(name)) {
+	/* find */
+	return name;
+      }
+    }
+    /* fail to find */
+
+  } else {
+    /* String or Symbol? */
+    name = rb_funcall(enc, ID_to_s, 0, 0);
+
+    if (!NIL_P(rb_hash_lookup(table, name))) {
+      /* find */
+      return name;
+    }
+
+    /* is it new ? */
+    idx = rb_enc_find_index(StringValueCStr(name));
+    if (idx >= 0) {
+      enc = rb_enc_from_encoding(rb_enc_from_index(idx));
+
+      /* registered Ruby encoding? */
+      tmp = rb_hash_lookup(table, enc);
+      if (!NIL_P(tmp)) {
+	/* find */
+	return tmp;
+      }
+
+      /* update check of Tk encoding names */
+      if (update_encoding_table(table, interp, error_mode)) {
+	/* add new relations to the table   */
+	/* RETRY: registered Ruby encoding? */
+	tmp = rb_hash_lookup(table, enc);
+	if (!NIL_P(tmp)) {
+	  /* find */
+	  return tmp;
+	}
+      }
+    }
+    /* fail to find */
+  }
+
+  if (RTEST(error_mode)) {
+    enc = rb_funcall(enc_arg, ID_to_s, 0, 0);
+    rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "unsupported Tk encoding '%s'", RSTRING_PTR(enc));
+  }
+  return Qnil;
+}
+static VALUE
+encoding_table_get_obj_core(table, enc, error_mode)
+     VALUE table;
+     VALUE enc;
+     VALUE error_mode;
+{
+  volatile VALUE obj = Qnil;
+
+  obj = rb_hash_lookup(table, 
+		       encoding_table_get_name_core(table, enc, error_mode));
+  if (RTEST(rb_obj_is_kind_of(obj, cRubyEncoding))) {
+    return obj;
+  } else {
+    return Qnil;
+  }
+}
+
+#else /* ! RUBY_VM */
+#if TCL_MAJOR_VERSION > 8 || (TCL_MAJOR_VERSION == 8 && TCL_MINOR_VERSION >= 1)
+static int
+update_encoding_table(table, interp, error_mode)
+     VALUE table;
+     VALUE interp;
+     VALUE error_mode;
+{
+  struct tcltkip *ptr;
+  int retry = 0;
+  int i, idx, objc;
+  Tcl_Obj **objv;
+  Tcl_Obj *enc_list;
+  volatile VALUE encname = Qnil;
+  volatile VALUE encobj = Qnil;
+
+  /* interpreter check */
+  if (NIL_P(interp)) return 0;
+  ptr = get_ip(interp);
+  if (ptr == (struct tcltkip *) NULL)  return 0;
+  if (deleted_ip(ptr)) return 0;
+
+  /* get Tcl's encoding list */
+  Tcl_GetEncodingNames(ptr->ip);
+  enc_list = Tcl_GetObjResult(ptr->ip);
+  Tcl_IncrRefCount(enc_list);
+
+  if (Tcl_ListObjGetElements(ptr->ip, enc_list, &objc, &objv) != TCL_OK) {
+    Tcl_DecrRefCount(enc_list);
+    /* rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "failt to get Tcl's encoding names"); */
+    return 0;
+  }
+
+  /* get encoding name and set it to table */
+  for(i = 0; i < objc; i++) {
+    encname = rb_str_new2(Tcl_GetString(objv[i]));
+    if (NIL_P(rb_hash_lookup(table, encname))) {
+      /* new Tk encoding -> add to table */
+      encname = rb_obj_freeze(encname);
+      rb_hash_aset(table, encname, encname);
+      retry = 1;
+    }
+  }
+
+  Tcl_DecrRefCount(enc_list);
+
+  return retry;
+}
+
+static VALUE
+encoding_table_get_name_core(table, enc, error_mode)
+     VALUE table;
+     VALUE enc;
+     VALUE error_mode;
+{
+  volatile VALUE name = Qnil;
+  int retry = 0;
+
+  enc = rb_funcall(enc, ID_to_s, 0, 0);
+  name = rb_hash_lookup(table, enc);
+
+  if (!NIL_P(name)) {
+    /* find */
+    return name;
+  }
+
+  /* update check */
+  if (update_encoding_table(table, rb_ivar_get(table, ID_at_interp), 
+					       error_mode)) {
+    /* add new relations to the table   */
+    /* RETRY: registered Ruby encoding? */
+    name = rb_hash_lookup(table, enc);
+    if (!NIL_P(name)) {
+      /* find */
+      return name;
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (RTEST(error_mode)) {
+    rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "unsupported Tk encoding '%s'", RSTRING_PTR(enc));
+  }
+  return Qnil;
+}
+static VALUE
+encoding_table_get_obj_core(table, enc, error_mode)
+     VALUE table;
+     VALUE enc;
+     VALUE error_mode;
+{
+  return encoding_table_get_name_core(table, enc, error_mode);
+}
+
+#else /* Tcl/Tk 7.x or 8.0 */
+static VALUE
+encoding_table_get_name_core(table, enc, error_mode)
+     VALUE table;
+     VALUE enc;
+     VALUE error_mode;
+{
+  return Qnil;
+}
+static VALUE
+encoding_table_get_obj_core(table, enc, error_mode)
+     VALUE table;
+     VALUE enc;
+     VALUE error_mode;
+{
+  return Qnil;
+}
+#endif /* end of dependency for the version of Tcl/Tk */
+#endif
+
+static VALUE
+encoding_table_get_name(table, enc)
+     VALUE table;
+     VALUE enc;
+{
+  return encoding_table_get_name_core(table, enc, Qtrue);
+}
+static VALUE
+encoding_table_get_obj(table, enc)
+     VALUE table;
+     VALUE enc;
+{
+  return encoding_table_get_obj_core(table, enc, Qtrue);
+}
+
+#ifdef RUBY_VM
+static VALUE
+create_encoding_table(interp)
+     VALUE interp;
+{
+  struct tcltkip *ptr = get_ip(interp);
+  volatile VALUE table = rb_hash_new();
+  volatile VALUE encname = Qnil;
+  volatile VALUE encobj = Qnil;
+  int i, idx, objc;
+  Tcl_Obj **objv;
+  Tcl_Obj *enc_list;
+
+  rb_secure(4);
+
+  /* set 'binary' encoding */
+  encobj = rb_enc_from_encoding(rb_enc_from_index(ENCODING_INDEX_BINARY));
+  rb_hash_aset(table, ENCODING_NAME_BINARY, encobj);
+  rb_hash_aset(table, encobj, ENCODING_NAME_BINARY);
+	       
+
+  /* Tcl stub check */
+  tcl_stubs_check();
+
+  /* get Tcl's encoding list */
+  Tcl_GetEncodingNames(ptr->ip);
+  enc_list = Tcl_GetObjResult(ptr->ip);
+  Tcl_IncrRefCount(enc_list);
+
+  if (Tcl_ListObjGetElements(ptr->ip, enc_list, &objc, &objv) != TCL_OK) {
+    Tcl_DecrRefCount(enc_list);
+    rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "failt to get Tcl's encoding names");
+  }
+
+  /* get encoding name and set it to table */
+  for(i = 0; i < objc; i++) {
+    int name2obj, obj2name;
+
+    name2obj = 1; obj2name = 1;
+    encname = rb_obj_freeze(rb_str_new2(Tcl_GetString(objv[i])));
+    idx = rb_enc_find_index(StringValueCStr(encname));
+    if (idx < 0) {
+      /* fail to find ruby encoding -> check known encoding */
+      if (strcmp(RSTRING_PTR(encname), "identity") == 0) {
+	name2obj = 1; obj2name = 0;
+	idx = ENCODING_INDEX_BINARY;
+
+      } else if (strcmp(RSTRING_PTR(encname), "shiftjis") == 0) {
+	name2obj = 1; obj2name = 0;
+	idx = rb_enc_find_index("Shift_JIS");
+
+      } else if (strcmp(RSTRING_PTR(encname), "unicode") == 0) {
+	name2obj = 1; obj2name = 0;
+	idx = ENCODING_INDEX_UTF8;
+
+      } else if (strcmp(RSTRING_PTR(encname), "symbol") == 0) {
+	name2obj = 1; obj2name = 0;
+	idx = rb_enc_find_index("ASCII-8BIT");
+
+      } else {
+	/* regist dummy encoding */
+	name2obj = 1; obj2name = 1;
+      }
+    }
+
+    if (idx < 0) {
+      /* unknown encoding -> create dummy */
+      encobj = create_dummy_encoding_for_tk(interp, encname);
+    } else {
+      encobj = rb_enc_from_encoding(rb_enc_from_index(idx));
+    }
+
+    if (name2obj) {
+      DUMP2("create_encoding_table: name2obj: %s", RSTRING_PTR(encname));
+      rb_hash_aset(table, encname, encobj);
+    }
+    if (obj2name) {
+      DUMP2("create_encoding_table: obj2name: %s", RSTRING_PTR(encname));
+      rb_hash_aset(table, encobj, encname);
+    }
+  }
+
+  Tcl_DecrRefCount(enc_list);
+
+  rb_ivar_set(table, ID_at_interp, interp);
+  rb_ivar_set(interp, ID_encoding_table, table);
+
+  return table;
+}
+
+#else /* ! RUBY_VM */
+#if TCL_MAJOR_VERSION > 8 || (TCL_MAJOR_VERSION == 8 && TCL_MINOR_VERSION >= 1)
+static VALUE
+create_encoding_table(interp)
+     VALUE interp;
+{
+  struct tcltkip *ptr = get_ip(interp);
+  volatile VALUE table = rb_hash_new();
+  volatile VALUE encname = Qnil;
+  int i, objc;
+  Tcl_Obj **objv;
+  Tcl_Obj *enc_list;
+
+  rb_secure(4);
+
+  /* set 'binary' encoding */
+  rb_hash_aset(table, ENCODING_NAME_BINARY, ENCODING_NAME_BINARY);
+
+  /* get Tcl's encoding list */
+  Tcl_GetEncodingNames(ptr->ip);
+  enc_list = Tcl_GetObjResult(ptr->ip);
+  Tcl_IncrRefCount(enc_list);
+
+  if (Tcl_ListObjGetElements(ptr->ip, enc_list, &objc, &objv) != TCL_OK) {
+    Tcl_DecrRefCount(enc_list);
+    rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "failt to get Tcl's encoding names");
+  }
+
+  /* get encoding name and set it to table */
+  for(i = 0; i < objc; i++) {
+    encname = rb_obj_freeze(rb_str_new2(Tcl_GetString(objv[i])));
+    rb_hash_aset(table, encname, encname);
+  }
+
+  Tcl_DecrRefCount(enc_list);
+
+  rb_ivar_set(table, ID_at_interp, interp);
+  rb_ivar_set(interp, ID_encoding_table, table);
+
+  return table;
+}
+
+#else /* Tcl/Tk 7.x or 8.0 */
+static VALUE
+create_encoding_table(interp)
+     VALUE interp;
+{
+  volatile VALUE table = rb_hash_new();
+  rb_secure(4);
+  rb_ivar_set(interp, ID_encoding_table, table);
+  return table;
+}
+#endif
+#endif
+
+static VALUE
+ip_get_encoding_table(interp)
+     VALUE interp;
+{
+  volatile VALUE table = Qnil;
+
+  table = rb_ivar_get(interp, ID_encoding_table);
+
+  if (NIL_P(table)) {
+    /* initialize encoding_table */
+    table = create_encoding_table(interp);
+    rb_define_singleton_method(table, "get_name", encoding_table_get_name, 1);
+    rb_define_singleton_method(table, "get_obj",  encoding_table_get_obj,  1);
+  }
+
+  return table;
+}
+
+
 /*###############################################*/
 
 /*
  *   The following is based on tkMenu.[ch] 
- *   of Tcl/Tk (>=8.0) source code.
+ *   of Tcl/Tk (Tk8.0 -- Tk8.5b1) source code.
  */
 #if TCL_MAJOR_VERSION >= 8
 
@@ -7817,22 +9841,45 @@ struct dummy_TkMenuRef {
     char *dummy3;
 };
 
+#if 0 /* was available on Tk8.0 -- Tk8.4 */
 EXTERN struct dummy_TkMenuRef *TkFindMenuReferences(Tcl_Interp*, char*);
+#else /* based on Tk8.0 -- Tk8.5.0 */
+#define MENU_HASH_KEY "tkMenus"
+#endif
 
 #endif
 
 static VALUE
-ip_make_menu_embeddable(interp, menu_path)
+ip_make_menu_embeddable_core(interp, argc, argv)
     VALUE interp;
-    VALUE menu_path;
+    int   argc;
+    VALUE *argv;
 {
 #if TCL_MAJOR_VERSION >= 8
+    volatile VALUE menu_path;
     struct tcltkip *ptr = get_ip(interp);
-    struct dummy_TkMenuRef *menuRefPtr;
+    struct dummy_TkMenuRef *menuRefPtr = NULL;
+    XEvent event;
+    Tcl_HashTable *menuTablePtr;
+    Tcl_HashEntry *hashEntryPtr;
 
+    menu_path = argv[0];
     StringValue(menu_path);
 
-    menuRefPtr = TkFindMenuReferences(ptr->ip, RSTRING(menu_path)->ptr);
+#if 0 /* was available on Tk8.0 -- Tk8.4 */
+    menuRefPtr = TkFindMenuReferences(ptr->ip, RSTRING_PTR(menu_path));
+#else /* based on Tk8.0 -- Tk8.5b1 */
+    if ((menuTablePtr 
+	 = (Tcl_HashTable *) Tcl_GetAssocData(ptr->ip, MENU_HASH_KEY, NULL))
+	!= NULL) {
+      if ((hashEntryPtr 
+	   = Tcl_FindHashEntry(menuTablePtr, RSTRING_PTR(menu_path)))
+	  != NULL) {
+        menuRefPtr = (struct dummy_TkMenuRef *) Tcl_GetHashValue(hashEntryPtr);
+      }
+    }
+#endif
+
     if (menuRefPtr == (struct dummy_TkMenuRef *) NULL) {
         rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "not a menu widget, or invalid widget path");
     }
@@ -7854,14 +9901,26 @@ ip_make_menu_embeddable(interp, menu_path)
        char *s = "normal";
        /* Tcl_SetStringObj((menuRefPtr->menuPtr)->menuTypePtr, s, strlen(s));*/
        (menuRefPtr->menuPtr)->menuTypePtr = Tcl_NewStringObj(s, strlen(s));
+       /* Tcl_IncrRefCount((menuRefPtr->menuPtr)->menuTypePtr); */
        /* (menuRefPtr->menuPtr)->menuType = TEAROFF_MENU; */
        (menuRefPtr->menuPtr)->menuType = MASTER_MENU;
     }
 #endif
 
+#if 0 /* was available on Tk8.0 -- Tk8.4 */
     TkEventuallyRecomputeMenu(menuRefPtr->menuPtr);
     TkEventuallyRedrawMenu(menuRefPtr->menuPtr, 
 			   (struct dummy_TkMenuEntry *)NULL);
+#else /* based on Tk8.0 -- Tk8.5b1 */
+    memset((void *) &event, 0, sizeof(event));
+    event.xany.type = ConfigureNotify;
+    event.xany.serial = NextRequest(Tk_Display((menuRefPtr->menuPtr)->tkwin));
+    event.xany.send_event = 0; /* FALSE */
+    event.xany.window = Tk_WindowId((menuRefPtr->menuPtr)->tkwin);
+    event.xany.display = Tk_Display((menuRefPtr->menuPtr)->tkwin);
+    event.xconfigure.window = event.xany.window;
+    Tk_HandleEvent(&event);
+#endif
 
 #else /* TCL_MAJOR_VERSION <= 7 */
     rb_notimplement();
@@ -7870,6 +9929,18 @@ ip_make_menu_embeddable(interp, menu_path)
     return interp;
 }
 
+static VALUE
+ip_make_menu_embeddable(interp, menu_path)
+    VALUE interp;
+    VALUE menu_path;
+{
+    VALUE argv[1];
+
+    argv[0] = menu_path;
+    return tk_funcall(ip_make_menu_embeddable_core, 1, argv, interp);
+}
+
+
 /*###############################################*/
 
 /*---- initialization ----*/
@@ -7883,6 +9954,7 @@ Init_tcltklib()
 
     VALUE ev_flag = rb_define_module_under(lib, "EventFlag");
     VALUE var_flag = rb_define_module_under(lib, "VarAccessFlag");
+    VALUE release_type = rb_define_module_under(lib, "RELEASE_TYPE");
 
     /* --------------------------------------------------------------- */
 
@@ -7890,6 +9962,22 @@ Init_tcltklib()
 
     /* --------------------------------------------------------------- */
 
+#ifdef RUBY_VM
+    rb_global_variable(&cRubyEncoding);
+    cRubyEncoding = rb_const_get(rb_cObject, rb_intern("Encoding"));
+
+    ENCODING_INDEX_UTF8   = rb_enc_to_index(rb_utf8_encoding());
+    ENCODING_INDEX_BINARY = rb_enc_find_index("binary");
+#endif
+
+    rb_global_variable(&ENCODING_NAME_UTF8);
+    rb_global_variable(&ENCODING_NAME_BINARY);
+
+    ENCODING_NAME_UTF8   = rb_obj_freeze(rb_str_new2("utf-8"));
+    ENCODING_NAME_BINARY = rb_obj_freeze(rb_str_new2("binary"));
+
+    /* --------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
     rb_global_variable(&eTkCallbackReturn);
     rb_global_variable(&eTkCallbackBreak);
     rb_global_variable(&eTkCallbackContinue);
@@ -7940,6 +10028,14 @@ Init_tcltklib()
 
     /* --------------------------------------------------------------- */
 
+    rb_define_module_function(lib, "get_version", lib_getversion, -1);
+
+    rb_define_const(release_type, "ALPHA", INT2FIX(TCL_ALPHA_RELEASE));
+    rb_define_const(release_type, "BETA",  INT2FIX(TCL_BETA_RELEASE));
+    rb_define_const(release_type, "FINAL", INT2FIX(TCL_FINAL_RELEASE));
+
+    /* --------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
     eTkCallbackReturn = rb_define_class("TkCallbackReturn", rb_eStandardError);
     eTkCallbackBreak = rb_define_class("TkCallbackBreak", rb_eStandardError);
     eTkCallbackContinue = rb_define_class("TkCallbackContinue",
@@ -7959,6 +10055,8 @@ Init_tcltklib()
 
     ID_at_enc = rb_intern("@encoding");
     ID_at_interp = rb_intern("@interp");
+    ID_encoding_name = rb_intern("encoding_name");
+    ID_encoding_table = rb_intern("encoding_table");
 
     ID_stop_p = rb_intern("stop?");
     ID_alive_p = rb_intern("alive?");
@@ -7980,8 +10078,6 @@ Init_tcltklib()
 
     /* --------------------------------------------------------------- */
 
-    rb_define_module_function(lib, "_mark_at_exit", lib_mark_at_exit, 0);
-
     rb_define_module_function(lib, "mainloop", lib_mainloop, -1);
     rb_define_module_function(lib, "mainloop_thread?", 
                               lib_evloop_thread_p, 0);
@@ -7994,6 +10090,10 @@ Init_tcltklib()
                              lib_evloop_abort_on_exc, 0);
     rb_define_module_function(lib, "mainloop_abort_on_exception=",  
                              lib_evloop_abort_on_exc_set, 1);
+    rb_define_module_function(lib, "set_eventloop_window_mode", 
+			      set_eventloop_window_mode, 1);
+    rb_define_module_function(lib, "get_eventloop_window_mode", 
+			      get_eventloop_window_mode, 0);
     rb_define_module_function(lib, "set_eventloop_tick",set_eventloop_tick,1);
     rb_define_module_function(lib, "get_eventloop_tick",get_eventloop_tick,0);
     rb_define_module_function(lib, "set_no_event_wait", set_no_event_wait, 1);
@@ -8055,6 +10155,12 @@ Init_tcltklib()
 
     /* --------------------------------------------------------------- */
 
+    rb_define_method(ip, "create_dummy_encoding_for_tk", 
+		     create_dummy_encoding_for_tk, 1);
+    rb_define_method(ip, "encoding_table", ip_get_encoding_table, 0);
+
+    /* --------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
     rb_define_method(ip, "_get_variable", ip_get_variable, 2);
     rb_define_method(ip, "_get_variable2", ip_get_variable2, 3);
     rb_define_method(ip, "_set_variable", ip_set_variable, 3);
@@ -8114,15 +10220,19 @@ Init_tcltklib()
 
     /* if ruby->nativethread-supprt and tcltklib->doen't, 
        the following will cause link-error. */
+#ifdef RUBY_VM
+    ruby_native_thread_p();
+#else
     is_ruby_native_thread();
+#endif
 
     /* --------------------------------------------------------------- */
 
-    rb_eval_string("at_exit{ TclTkLib._mark_at_exit }");
+    rb_set_end_proc(lib_mark_at_exit, 0);
 
     /* --------------------------------------------------------------- */
 
-    ret = ruby_open_tcl_dll(rb_argv0 ? RSTRING(rb_argv0)->ptr : 0);
+    ret = ruby_open_tcl_dll(rb_argv0 ? RSTRING_PTR(rb_argv0) : 0);
     switch(ret) {
     case TCLTK_STUBS_OK:
         break;
@@ -8135,6 +10245,14 @@ Init_tcltklib()
     }
 
     /* --------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+    /* Tcl stub check */
+    tcl_stubs_check();
+
+    Tcl_ObjType_ByteArray = Tcl_GetObjType(Tcl_ObjTypeName_ByteArray);
+    Tcl_ObjType_String    = Tcl_GetObjType(Tcl_ObjTypeName_String);
+
+    /* --------------------------------------------------------------- */
 }
 
 /* eof */
diff --git a/ext/tk/tkutil/extconf.rb b/ext/tk/tkutil/extconf.rb
index e3aa00a4b2..015bc3a45e 100644
--- a/ext/tk/tkutil/extconf.rb
+++ b/ext/tk/tkutil/extconf.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,13 @@
-if compiled?('tk')
+begin
+  has_tk = compiled?('tk')
+rescue NoMethodError
+  # Probably, called manually (NOT from 'extmk.rb'). Force to make Makefile.
+  has_tk = true
+end
+
+if has_tk
   require 'mkmf'
+  have_func("rb_obj_instance_exec", "ruby.h")
+  have_func("strndup", "string.h")
   create_makefile('tkutil')
 end
diff --git a/ext/tk/tkutil/tkutil.c b/ext/tk/tkutil/tkutil.c
index f4271a724c..00d719143b 100644
--- a/ext/tk/tkutil/tkutil.c
+++ b/ext/tk/tkutil/tkutil.c
@@ -3,17 +3,24 @@
   tkutil.c -
 
   $Author$
-  $Date$
   created at: Fri Nov  3 00:47:54 JST 1995
 
 ************************************************/
 
-#define TKUTIL_RELEASE_DATE "2006-04-06"
+#define TKUTIL_RELEASE_DATE "2008-05-23"
 
 #include "ruby.h"
+
+#ifdef RUBY_VM  /* Ruby 1.9 */
+/* #include "ruby/ruby.h" */
+#include "ruby/signal.h"
+#include "ruby/st.h"
+#else
+/* #include "ruby.h" */
 #include "rubysig.h"
 #include "version.h"
 #include "st.h"
+#endif
 
 static VALUE cMethod;
 
@@ -27,6 +34,8 @@ static VALUE TK_None;
 static VALUE cCB_SUBST;
 static VALUE cSUBST_INFO;
 
+static VALUE ENCODING_NAME_UTF8; /* for saving GC cost */
+
 static ID ID_split_tklist;
 static ID ID_toUTF8;
 static ID ID_fromUTF8;
@@ -59,7 +68,7 @@ tk_s_new(argc, argv, klass)
     VALUE obj = rb_class_new_instance(argc, argv, klass);
 
     if (rb_block_given_p()) {
-#if RUBY_VERSION_MAJOR == 1 && RUBY_VERSION_MINOR <= 8 /* ruby 1.8.x */
+#ifndef HAVE_RB_OBJ_INSTANCE_EXEC
       rb_obj_instance_eval(0, 0, obj);
 #else
       rb_obj_instance_exec(1, &obj, obj);
@@ -155,16 +164,16 @@ tk_uninstall_cmd(self, cmd_id)
     int prefix_len = strlen(cmd_id_prefix);
 
     StringValue(cmd_id);
-    if (strncmp(cmd_id_head, RSTRING(cmd_id)->ptr, head_len) != 0) {
+    if (strncmp(cmd_id_head, RSTRING_PTR(cmd_id), head_len) != 0) {
         return Qnil;
     }
     if (strncmp(cmd_id_prefix, 
-                RSTRING(cmd_id)->ptr + head_len, prefix_len) != 0) {
+                RSTRING_PTR(cmd_id) + head_len, prefix_len) != 0) {
         return Qnil;
     }
 
     return rb_hash_delete(CALLBACK_TABLE, 
-                          rb_str_new2(RSTRING(cmd_id)->ptr + head_len));
+                          rb_str_new2(RSTRING_PTR(cmd_id) + head_len));
 }
 
 static VALUE
@@ -227,7 +236,7 @@ tk_symbolkey2str(self, keys)
 
     if NIL_P(keys) return new_keys;
     keys = rb_convert_type(keys, T_HASH, "Hash", "to_hash");
-    st_foreach(RHASH(keys)->tbl, to_strkey, new_keys);
+    st_foreach(RHASH_TBL(keys), to_strkey, new_keys);
     return new_keys;
 }
 
@@ -267,25 +276,24 @@ ary2list(ary, enc_flag, self)
         req_chk_flag = 0;
     }
 
-    /* size = RARRAY(ary)->len; */
+    /* size = RARRAY_LEN(ary); */
     size = 0;
-    for(idx = 0; idx < RARRAY(ary)->len; idx++) {
-        if (TYPE(RARRAY(ary)->ptr[idx]) == T_HASH) {
-            size += 2 * RHASH(RARRAY(ary)->ptr[idx])->tbl->num_entries;
+    for(idx = 0; idx < RARRAY_LEN(ary); idx++) {
+        if (TYPE(RARRAY_PTR(ary)[idx]) == T_HASH) {
+            size += 2 * RHASH_SIZE(RARRAY_PTR(ary)[idx]);
         } else {
             size++;
         }
     }
 
     dst = rb_ary_new2(size);
-    RARRAY(dst)->len = 0;
-    for(idx = 0; idx < RARRAY(ary)->len; idx++) {
-        val = RARRAY(ary)->ptr[idx];
+    for(idx = 0; idx < RARRAY_LEN(ary); idx++) {
+        val = RARRAY_PTR(ary)[idx];
         str_val = Qnil;
         switch(TYPE(val)) {
         case T_ARRAY:
             str_val = ary2list(val, enc_flag, self);
-            RARRAY(dst)->ptr[RARRAY(dst)->len++] = str_val;
+            rb_ary_push(dst, str_val);
 
             if (req_chk_flag) {
                 str_enc = rb_ivar_get(str_val, ID_at_enc);
@@ -303,19 +311,19 @@ ary2list(ary, enc_flag, self)
             break;
 
         case T_HASH:
-            /* RARRAY(dst)->ptr[RARRAY(dst)->len++] = hash2list(val, self); */
+	    /* rb_ary_push(dst, hash2list(val, self)); */
             if (RTEST(enc_flag)) {
                 val = hash2kv_enc(val, Qnil, self);
             } else {
                 val = hash2kv(val, Qnil, self);
             }
-            size2 = RARRAY(val)->len;
+            size2 = RARRAY_LEN(val);
             for(idx2 = 0; idx2 < size2; idx2++) {
-                val2 = RARRAY(val)->ptr[idx2];
+                val2 = RARRAY_PTR(val)[idx2];
                 switch(TYPE(val2)) {
                 case T_ARRAY:
                     str_val = ary2list(val2, enc_flag, self);
-                    RARRAY(dst)->ptr[RARRAY(dst)->len++] = str_val;
+                    rb_ary_push(dst, str_val);
                     break;
 
                 case T_HASH:
@@ -324,13 +332,13 @@ ary2list(ary, enc_flag, self)
                     } else {
                         str_val = hash2list(val2, self);
                     }
-                    RARRAY(dst)->ptr[RARRAY(dst)->len++] = str_val;
+                    rb_ary_push(dst, str_val);
                     break;
 
                 default:
                     if (val2 != TK_None) {
                         str_val = get_eval_string_core(val2, enc_flag, self);
-                        RARRAY(dst)->ptr[RARRAY(dst)->len++] = str_val;
+                        rb_ary_push(dst, str_val);
                     }
                 }
 
@@ -352,7 +360,7 @@ ary2list(ary, enc_flag, self)
         default:
             if (val != TK_None) {
                 str_val = get_eval_string_core(val, enc_flag, self);
-                RARRAY(dst)->ptr[RARRAY(dst)->len++] = str_val;
+                rb_ary_push(dst, str_val);
 
                 if (req_chk_flag) {
                     str_enc = rb_ivar_get(str_val, ID_at_enc);
@@ -371,21 +379,21 @@ ary2list(ary, enc_flag, self)
     }
 
     if (RTEST(dst_enc) && !NIL_P(sys_enc)) {
-        for(idx = 0; idx < RARRAY(dst)->len; idx++) {
-            str_val = RARRAY(dst)->ptr[idx];
+        for(idx = 0; idx < RARRAY_LEN(dst); idx++) {
+            str_val = RARRAY_PTR(dst)[idx];
             if (rb_obj_respond_to(self, ID_toUTF8, Qtrue)) {
                 str_val = rb_funcall(self, ID_toUTF8, 1, str_val);
             } else {
                 str_val = rb_funcall(cTclTkLib, ID_toUTF8, 1, str_val);
             }
-            RARRAY(dst)->ptr[idx] = str_val;
+            RARRAY_PTR(dst)[idx] = str_val;
         }
         val = rb_apply(cTclTkLib, ID_merge_tklist, dst);
         if (TYPE(dst_enc) == T_STRING) {
             val = rb_funcall(cTclTkLib, ID_fromUTF8, 2, val, dst_enc);
             rb_ivar_set(val, ID_at_enc, dst_enc);
         } else {
-            rb_ivar_set(val, ID_at_enc, rb_str_new2("utf-8"));
+            rb_ivar_set(val, ID_at_enc, ENCODING_NAME_UTF8);
         }
         return val;
     } else {
@@ -421,11 +429,10 @@ ary2list2(ary, enc_flag, self)
         req_chk_flag = 0;
     }
 
-    size = RARRAY(ary)->len;
+    size = RARRAY_LEN(ary);
     dst = rb_ary_new2(size);
-    RARRAY(dst)->len = 0;
-    for(idx = 0; idx < RARRAY(ary)->len; idx++) {
-        val = RARRAY(ary)->ptr[idx];
+    for(idx = 0; idx < RARRAY_LEN(ary); idx++) {
+        val = RARRAY_PTR(ary)[idx];
         str_val = Qnil;
         switch(TYPE(val)) {
         case T_ARRAY:
@@ -447,7 +454,7 @@ ary2list2(ary, enc_flag, self)
         }
 
         if (!NIL_P(str_val)) {
-            RARRAY(dst)->ptr[RARRAY(dst)->len++] = str_val;
+            rb_ary_push(dst, str_val);
 
             if (req_chk_flag) {
                 str_enc = rb_ivar_get(str_val, ID_at_enc);
@@ -465,21 +472,21 @@ ary2list2(ary, enc_flag, self)
     }
 
     if (RTEST(dst_enc) && !NIL_P(sys_enc)) {
-        for(idx = 0; idx < RARRAY(dst)->len; idx++) {
-            str_val = RARRAY(dst)->ptr[idx];
+        for(idx = 0; idx < RARRAY_LEN(dst); idx++) {
+            str_val = RARRAY_PTR(dst)[idx];
             if (rb_obj_respond_to(self, ID_toUTF8, Qtrue)) {
                 str_val = rb_funcall(self, ID_toUTF8, 1, str_val);
             } else {
                 str_val = rb_funcall(cTclTkLib, ID_toUTF8, 1, str_val);
             }
-            RARRAY(dst)->ptr[idx] = str_val;
+            RARRAY_PTR(dst)[idx] = str_val;
         }
         val = rb_apply(cTclTkLib, ID_merge_tklist, dst);
         if (TYPE(dst_enc) == T_STRING) {
             val = rb_funcall(cTclTkLib, ID_fromUTF8, 2, val, dst_enc);
             rb_ivar_set(val, ID_at_enc, dst_enc);
         } else {
-            rb_ivar_set(val, ID_at_enc, rb_str_new2("utf-8"));
+            rb_ivar_set(val, ID_at_enc, ENCODING_NAME_UTF8);
         }
         return val;
     } else {
@@ -503,38 +510,35 @@ assoc2kv(assoc, ary, self)
     int i, j, len;
     volatile VALUE pair;
     volatile VALUE val;
-    volatile VALUE dst = rb_ary_new2(2 * RARRAY(assoc)->len);
+    volatile VALUE dst = rb_ary_new2(2 * RARRAY_LEN(assoc));
 
-    len = RARRAY(assoc)->len;
+    len = RARRAY_LEN(assoc);
 
     for(i = 0; i < len; i++) {
-        pair = RARRAY(assoc)->ptr[i];
+        pair = RARRAY_PTR(assoc)[i];
         if (TYPE(pair) != T_ARRAY) {
-            RARRAY(dst)->ptr[RARRAY(dst)->len++] = key2keyname(pair);
+            rb_ary_push(dst, key2keyname(pair));
             continue;
         }
-        switch(RARRAY(assoc)->len) {
+        switch(RARRAY_LEN(assoc)) {
         case 2:
-            RARRAY(dst)->ptr[RARRAY(dst)->len++] = RARRAY(pair)->ptr[2];
+            rb_ary_push(dst, RARRAY_PTR(pair)[2]);
 
         case 1:
-            RARRAY(dst)->ptr[RARRAY(dst)->len++] 
-                = key2keyname(RARRAY(pair)->ptr[0]);
+            rb_ary_push(dst, key2keyname(RARRAY_PTR(pair)[0]));
 
         case 0:
             continue;
 
         default:
-            RARRAY(dst)->ptr[RARRAY(dst)->len++] 
-                = key2keyname(RARRAY(pair)->ptr[0]);
+            rb_ary_push(dst, key2keyname(RARRAY_PTR(pair)[0]));
 
-            val = rb_ary_new2(RARRAY(pair)->len - 1);
-            RARRAY(val)->len = 0;
-            for(j = 1; j < RARRAY(pair)->len; j++) {
-                RARRAY(val)->ptr[RARRAY(val)->len++] = RARRAY(pair)->ptr[j];
+            val = rb_ary_new2(RARRAY_LEN(pair) - 1);
+            for(j = 1; j < RARRAY_LEN(pair); j++) {
+                rb_ary_push(val, RARRAY_PTR(pair)[j]);
             }
 
-            RARRAY(dst)->ptr[RARRAY(dst)->len++] = val;
+            rb_ary_push(dst, val);
         }
     }
 
@@ -554,40 +558,35 @@ assoc2kv_enc(assoc, ary, self)
     int i, j, len;
     volatile VALUE pair;
     volatile VALUE val;
-    volatile VALUE dst = rb_ary_new2(2 * RARRAY(assoc)->len);
+    volatile VALUE dst = rb_ary_new2(2 * RARRAY_LEN(assoc));
 
-    len = RARRAY(assoc)->len;
+    len = RARRAY_LEN(assoc);
 
     for(i = 0; i < len; i++) {
-        pair = RARRAY(assoc)->ptr[i];
+        pair = RARRAY_PTR(assoc)[i];
         if (TYPE(pair) != T_ARRAY) {
-            RARRAY(dst)->ptr[RARRAY(dst)->len++] = key2keyname(pair);
+            rb_ary_push(dst, key2keyname(pair));
             continue;
         }
-        switch(RARRAY(assoc)->len) {
+        switch(RARRAY_LEN(assoc)) {
         case 2:
-            RARRAY(dst)->ptr[RARRAY(dst)->len++] 
-                = get_eval_string_core(RARRAY(pair)->ptr[2], Qtrue, self);
+            rb_ary_push(dst, get_eval_string_core(RARRAY_PTR(pair)[2], Qtrue, self));
 
         case 1:
-            RARRAY(dst)->ptr[RARRAY(dst)->len++] 
-                = key2keyname(RARRAY(pair)->ptr[0]);
+            rb_ary_push(dst, key2keyname(RARRAY_PTR(pair)[0]));
 
         case 0:
             continue;
 
         default:
-            RARRAY(dst)->ptr[RARRAY(dst)->len++] 
-                = key2keyname(RARRAY(pair)->ptr[0]);
+            rb_ary_push(dst, key2keyname(RARRAY_PTR(pair)[0]));
 
-            val = rb_ary_new2(RARRAY(pair)->len - 1);
-            RARRAY(val)->len = 0;
-            for(j = 1; j < RARRAY(pair)->len; j++) {
-                RARRAY(val)->ptr[RARRAY(val)->len++] = RARRAY(pair)->ptr[j];
+            val = rb_ary_new2(RARRAY_LEN(pair) - 1);
+            for(j = 1; j < RARRAY_LEN(pair); j++) {
+                rb_ary_push(val, RARRAY_PTR(pair)[j]);
             }
 
-            RARRAY(dst)->ptr[RARRAY(dst)->len++] 
-                = get_eval_string_core(val, Qtrue, self);
+            rb_ary_push(dst, get_eval_string_core(val, Qtrue, self));
         }
     }
 
@@ -606,19 +605,18 @@ push_kv(key, val, args)
 {
     volatile VALUE ary;
 
-    ary = RARRAY(args)->ptr[0];
+    ary = RARRAY_PTR(args)[0];
 
     if (key == Qundef) return ST_CONTINUE;
 #if 0
     rb_ary_push(ary, key2keyname(key));
     if (val != TK_None) rb_ary_push(ary, val);
 #endif
-    RARRAY(ary)->ptr[RARRAY(ary)->len++] = key2keyname(key);
+    rb_ary_push(ary, key2keyname(key));
 
     if (val == TK_None) return ST_CHECK;
 
-    RARRAY(ary)->ptr[RARRAY(ary)->len++]
-        = get_eval_string_core(val, Qnil, RARRAY(args)->ptr[1]);
+    rb_ary_push(ary, get_eval_string_core(val, Qnil, RARRAY_PTR(args)[1]));
 
     return ST_CHECK;
 }
@@ -629,15 +627,10 @@ hash2kv(hash, ary, self)
     VALUE ary;
     VALUE self;
 {
-    volatile VALUE args = rb_ary_new2(2);
-    volatile VALUE dst = rb_ary_new2(2 * RHASH(hash)->tbl->num_entries);
-
-    RARRAY(dst)->len = 0;
+    volatile VALUE dst = rb_ary_new2(2 * RHASH_SIZE(hash));
+    volatile VALUE args = rb_ary_new3(2, dst, self);
 
-    RARRAY(args)->ptr[0] = dst;
-    RARRAY(args)->ptr[1] = self;
-    RARRAY(args)->len = 2;
-    st_foreach(RHASH(hash)->tbl, push_kv, args);
+    st_foreach(RHASH_TBL(hash), push_kv, args);
 
     if (NIL_P(ary)) {
         return dst;
@@ -654,22 +647,21 @@ push_kv_enc(key, val, args)
 {
     volatile VALUE ary;
 
-    ary = RARRAY(args)->ptr[0];
+    ary = RARRAY_PTR(args)[0];
 
     if (key == Qundef) return ST_CONTINUE;
 #if 0
     rb_ary_push(ary, key2keyname(key));
     if (val != TK_None) {
         rb_ary_push(ary, get_eval_string_core(val, Qtrue, 
-                                              RARRAY(args)->ptr[1]));
+                                              RARRAY_PTR(args)[1]));
     }
 #endif
-    RARRAY(ary)->ptr[RARRAY(ary)->len++] = key2keyname(key);
+    rb_ary_push(ary, key2keyname(key));
 
     if (val == TK_None) return ST_CHECK;
 
-    RARRAY(ary)->ptr[RARRAY(ary)->len++] 
-        = get_eval_string_core(val, Qtrue, RARRAY(args)->ptr[1]);
+    rb_ary_push(ary, get_eval_string_core(val, Qtrue, RARRAY_PTR(args)[1]));
 
     return ST_CHECK;
 }
@@ -680,15 +672,10 @@ hash2kv_enc(hash, ary, self)
     VALUE ary;
     VALUE self;
 {
-    volatile VALUE args = rb_ary_new2(2);
-    volatile VALUE dst = rb_ary_new2(2 * RHASH(hash)->tbl->num_entries);
-
-    RARRAY(dst)->len = 0;
+    volatile VALUE dst = rb_ary_new2(2 * RHASH_SIZE(hash));
+    volatile VALUE args = rb_ary_new3(2, dst, self);
 
-    RARRAY(args)->ptr[0] = dst;
-    RARRAY(args)->ptr[1] = self;
-    RARRAY(args)->len = 2;
-    st_foreach(RHASH(hash)->tbl, push_kv_enc, args);
+    st_foreach(RHASH_TBL(hash), push_kv_enc, args);
 
     if (NIL_P(ary)) {
         return dst;
@@ -804,7 +791,11 @@ get_eval_string_core(obj, enc_flag, self)
                 return fromDefaultEnc_toUTF8(rb_str_new2(rb_id2name(SYM2ID(obj))), self);
             }
         } else {
+#ifdef RUBY_VM
+            return rb_sym_to_s(obj);
+#else
             return rb_str_new2(rb_id2name(SYM2ID(obj)));
+#endif
         }
 
     case T_HASH:
@@ -862,7 +853,7 @@ get_eval_string_core(obj, enc_flag, self)
     }
 
     rb_warning("fail to convert '%s' to string for Tk", 
-               RSTRING(rb_funcall(obj, rb_intern("inspect"), 0, 0))->ptr);
+               RSTRING_PTR(rb_funcall(obj, rb_intern("inspect"), 0, 0)));
 
     return obj;
 }
@@ -915,14 +906,13 @@ tk_conv_args(argc, argv, self)
 
     for(size = 0, idx = 2; idx < argc; idx++) {
         if (TYPE(argv[idx]) == T_HASH) {
-            size += 2 * RHASH(argv[idx])->tbl->num_entries;
+            size += 2 * RHASH_SIZE(argv[idx]);
         } else {
             size++;
         }
     }
     /* dst = rb_ary_new2(argc - 2); */
     dst = rb_ary_new2(size);
-    RARRAY(dst)->len = 0;
     for(idx = 2; idx < argc; idx++) {
         if (TYPE(argv[idx]) == T_HASH) {
             if (RTEST(argv[1])) {
@@ -931,8 +921,7 @@ tk_conv_args(argc, argv, self)
                 hash2kv(argv[idx], dst, self);
             }
         } else if (argv[idx] != TK_None) {
-            RARRAY(dst)->ptr[RARRAY(dst)->len++] 
-                = get_eval_string_core(argv[idx], argv[1], self);
+            rb_ary_push(dst, get_eval_string_core(argv[idx], argv[1], self));
         }
     }
 
@@ -966,13 +955,13 @@ tcl2rb_bool(self, value)
 
     value = rb_funcall(value, ID_downcase, 0);
 
-    if (RSTRING(value)->ptr == (char*)NULL) return Qnil;
+    if (RSTRING_PTR(value) == (char*)NULL) return Qnil;
 
-    if (RSTRING(value)->ptr[0] == '\0'
-        || strcmp(RSTRING(value)->ptr, "0") == 0
-        || strcmp(RSTRING(value)->ptr, "no") == 0
-        || strcmp(RSTRING(value)->ptr, "off") == 0
-        || strcmp(RSTRING(value)->ptr, "false") == 0) {
+    if (RSTRING_PTR(value)[0] == '\0'
+        || strcmp(RSTRING_PTR(value), "0") == 0
+        || strcmp(RSTRING_PTR(value), "no") == 0
+        || strcmp(RSTRING_PTR(value), "off") == 0
+        || strcmp(RSTRING_PTR(value), "false") == 0) {
         return Qfalse;
     } else {
         return Qtrue;
@@ -983,21 +972,21 @@ static VALUE
 tkstr_to_dec(value)
     VALUE value;
 {
-    return rb_cstr_to_inum(RSTRING(value)->ptr, 10, 1);
+    return rb_cstr_to_inum(RSTRING_PTR(value), 10, 1);
 }
 
 static VALUE
 tkstr_to_int(value)
     VALUE value;
 {
-    return rb_cstr_to_inum(RSTRING(value)->ptr, 0, 1);
+    return rb_cstr_to_inum(RSTRING_PTR(value), 0, 1);
 }
 
 static VALUE
 tkstr_to_float(value)
     VALUE value;
 {
-    return rb_float_new(rb_cstr_to_dbl(RSTRING(value)->ptr, 1));
+    return rb_float_new(rb_cstr_to_dbl(RSTRING_PTR(value), 1));
 }
 
 static VALUE
@@ -1005,7 +994,7 @@ tkstr_invalid_numstr(value)
     VALUE value;
 {
     rb_raise(rb_eArgError, 
-             "invalid value for Number: '%s'", RSTRING(value)->ptr);
+             "invalid value for Number: '%s'", RSTRING_PTR(value));
     return Qnil; /*dummy*/
 }
 
@@ -1024,7 +1013,7 @@ tkstr_to_number(value)
 {
     rb_check_type(value, T_STRING);
 
-    if (RSTRING(value)->ptr == (char*)NULL) return INT2FIX(0);
+    if (RSTRING_PTR(value) == (char*)NULL) return INT2FIX(0);
 
     return rb_rescue2(tkstr_to_int, value, 
                       tkstr_rescue_float, value, 
@@ -1046,8 +1035,8 @@ tkstr_to_str(value)
     char * ptr;
     int len;
 
-    ptr = RSTRING(value)->ptr;
-    len = RSTRING(value)->len;
+    ptr = RSTRING_PTR(value);
+    len = RSTRING_LEN(value);
 
     if (len > 1 && *ptr == '{' && *(ptr + len - 1) == '}') {
         return rb_str_new(ptr + 1, len - 2);
@@ -1062,7 +1051,7 @@ tcl2rb_string(self, value)
 {
     rb_check_type(value, T_STRING);
 
-    if (RSTRING(value)->ptr == (char*)NULL) return rb_tainted_str_new2("");
+    if (RSTRING_PTR(value) == (char*)NULL) return rb_tainted_str_new2("");
 
     return tkstr_to_str(value);
 }
@@ -1074,7 +1063,7 @@ tcl2rb_num_or_str(self, value)
 {
     rb_check_type(value, T_STRING);
 
-    if (RSTRING(value)->ptr == (char*)NULL) return rb_tainted_str_new2("");
+    if (RSTRING_PTR(value) == (char*)NULL) return rb_tainted_str_new2("");
 
     return rb_rescue2(tkstr_to_number, value, 
                       tkstr_to_str, value, 
@@ -1084,11 +1073,13 @@ tcl2rb_num_or_str(self, value)
 
 /*************************************/
 
+#define CBSUBST_TBL_MAX (256)
 struct cbsubst_info {
-    int   size;
-    char  *key;
-    char  *type;
-    ID    *ivar;
+    int   full_subst_length;
+    int   keylen[CBSUBST_TBL_MAX];
+    unsigned char  *key[CBSUBST_TBL_MAX];
+    unsigned char  type[CBSUBST_TBL_MAX];
+    ID    ivar[CBSUBST_TBL_MAX];
     VALUE proc;
     VALUE aliases;
 };
@@ -1105,42 +1096,52 @@ static void
 subst_free(ptr)
     struct cbsubst_info *ptr;
 {
+    int i;
+
     if (ptr) {
-        if (ptr->key != (char*)NULL) free(ptr->key);
-        if (ptr->type != (char*)NULL) free(ptr->type);
-        if (ptr->ivar != (ID*)NULL) free(ptr->ivar);
-        free(ptr);
+      for(i = 0; i < CBSUBST_TBL_MAX; i++) {
+	if (ptr->key[i] != (unsigned char *)NULL) {
+	  free(ptr->key[i]);
+	  ptr->key[i] = (unsigned char *)NULL;
+	}
+      }
+      free(ptr);
     }
 }
 
-static void
-cbsubst_init()
+static struct cbsubst_info *
+allocate_cbsubst_info()
 {
-    struct cbsubst_info *inf;
-    ID *ivar;
-    volatile VALUE proc, aliases;
-
-    inf = ALLOC(struct cbsubst_info);
+  struct cbsubst_info *inf;
+  volatile VALUE proc, aliases;
+  int idx;
 
-    inf->size = 0;
+  inf = ALLOC(struct cbsubst_info);
 
-    inf->key = ALLOC_N(char, 1);
-    inf->key[0] = '\0';
+  inf->full_subst_length = 0;
 
-    inf->type = ALLOC_N(char, 1);
-    inf->type[0] = '\0';
+  for(idx = 0; idx < CBSUBST_TBL_MAX; idx++) {
+    inf->keylen[idx] = 0;
+    inf->key[idx]    = (unsigned char *) NULL;
+    inf->type[idx]   = '\0';
+    inf->ivar[idx]   = (ID) 0;
+  }
 
-    ivar = ALLOC_N(ID, 1);
-    inf->ivar = ivar;
+  proc = rb_hash_new();
+  inf->proc = proc;
 
-    proc = rb_hash_new();
-    inf->proc = proc;
+  aliases = rb_hash_new();
+  inf->aliases = aliases;
 
-    aliases = rb_hash_new();
-    inf->aliases = aliases;
+  return inf;
+}
 
+static void
+cbsubst_init()
+{
     rb_const_set(cCB_SUBST, ID_SUBST_INFO, 
-                 Data_Wrap_Struct(cSUBST_INFO, subst_mark, subst_free, inf));
+		 Data_Wrap_Struct(cSUBST_INFO, subst_mark, subst_free, 
+				  allocate_cbsubst_info()));
 }
 
 static VALUE
@@ -1150,24 +1151,29 @@ cbsubst_initialize(argc, argv, self)
     VALUE self;
 {
     struct cbsubst_info *inf;
-    int idx;
+    int idx, iv_idx;
 
     Data_Get_Struct(rb_const_get(rb_obj_class(self), ID_SUBST_INFO), 
                     struct cbsubst_info, inf);
 
-    for(idx = 0; idx < argc; idx++) {
-        rb_ivar_set(self, inf->ivar[idx], argv[idx]);
+   idx = 0;
+    for(iv_idx = 0; iv_idx < CBSUBST_TBL_MAX; iv_idx++) {
+      if ( inf->ivar[iv_idx] == (ID) 0 ) continue;
+      rb_ivar_set(self, inf->ivar[iv_idx], argv[idx++]);
+      if (idx >= argc) break;
     }
 
     return self;
 }
 
-
 static VALUE
 cbsubst_ret_val(self, val)
     VALUE self;
     VALUE val;
 {
+    /* This method may be overwritten on some sub-classes.                  */
+    /* This method is used for converting from ruby's callback-return-value */
+    /* to tcl's value (e.g. validation procedure of entry widget).          */
     return val;
 }
 
@@ -1181,7 +1187,7 @@ each_attr_def(key, value, klass)
 
     switch(TYPE(key)) {
     case T_STRING:
-        key_id = rb_intern(RSTRING(key)->ptr);
+        key_id = rb_intern(RSTRING_PTR(key));
         break;
     case T_SYMBOL:
         key_id = SYM2ID(key);
@@ -1193,7 +1199,7 @@ each_attr_def(key, value, klass)
 
     switch(TYPE(value)) {
     case T_STRING:
-        value_id = rb_intern(RSTRING(value)->ptr);
+        value_id = rb_intern(RSTRING_PTR(value));
         break;
     case T_SYMBOL:
         value_id = SYM2ID(value);
@@ -1228,28 +1234,80 @@ cbsubst_def_attr_aliases(self, tbl)
 }
 
 static VALUE
+cbsubst_sym_to_subst(self, sym)
+    VALUE self;
+    VALUE sym;
+{
+    struct cbsubst_info *inf;
+    const char *str;
+    unsigned char *buf, *ptr;
+    int idx, len;
+    ID id;
+    volatile VALUE ret;
+
+    if (TYPE(sym) != T_SYMBOL) return sym;
+
+    Data_Get_Struct(rb_const_get(self, ID_SUBST_INFO), 
+                    struct cbsubst_info, inf);
+
+    if (!NIL_P(ret = rb_hash_aref(inf->aliases, sym))) {
+      str = rb_id2name(SYM2ID(ret));
+    } else {
+      str = rb_id2name(SYM2ID(sym));
+    }
+
+    id = rb_intern(RSTRING_PTR(rb_str_cat2(rb_str_new2("@"), str)));
+
+    for(idx = 0; idx < CBSUBST_TBL_MAX; idx++) {
+      if (inf->ivar[idx] == id) break;
+    }
+    if (idx >= CBSUBST_TBL_MAX)  return sym;
+
+    ptr = buf = ALLOC_N(char, inf->full_subst_length + 1);
+
+    *(ptr++) = '%';
+
+    if (len = inf->keylen[idx]) {
+      /* longname */
+      strncpy(ptr, inf->key[idx], len);
+      ptr += len;
+    } else {
+      /* single char */
+      *(ptr++) = idx;
+    }
+
+    *(ptr++) = ' ';
+    *(ptr++) = '\0';
+
+    ret = rb_str_new2(buf);
+
+    free(buf);
+
+    return ret;
+}
+
+static VALUE
 cbsubst_get_subst_arg(argc, argv, self)
     int   argc;
     VALUE *argv;
     VALUE self;
 {
     struct cbsubst_info *inf;
-    char *str, *buf, *ptr;
-    int i, j, len;
+    const char *str;
+    unsigned char *buf, *ptr;
+    int i, idx, len;
     ID id;
     volatile VALUE arg_sym, ret;
 
     Data_Get_Struct(rb_const_get(self, ID_SUBST_INFO), 
                     struct cbsubst_info, inf);
 
-    buf = ALLOC_N(char, 3*argc + 1);
-    ptr = buf;
-    len = strlen(inf->key);
+    ptr = buf = ALLOC_N(char, inf->full_subst_length + 1);
 
     for(i = 0; i < argc; i++) {
         switch(TYPE(argv[i])) {
         case T_STRING:
-            str = RSTRING(argv[i])->ptr;
+            str = RSTRING_PTR(argv[i]);
             arg_sym = ID2SYM(rb_intern(str));
             break;
         case T_SYMBOL:
@@ -1264,19 +1322,27 @@ cbsubst_get_subst_arg(argc, argv, self)
             str = rb_id2name(SYM2ID(ret));
         }
 
-        id = rb_intern(RSTRING(rb_str_cat2(rb_str_new2("@"), str))->ptr);
-
-        for(j = 0; j < len; j++) {
-            if (inf->ivar[j] == id) break;
-        }
+        id = rb_intern(RSTRING_PTR(rb_str_cat2(rb_str_new2("@"), str)));
 
-        if (j >= len) {
+	for(idx = 0; idx < CBSUBST_TBL_MAX; idx++) {
+	  if (inf->ivar[idx] == id) break;
+	}
+        if (idx >= CBSUBST_TBL_MAX) {
             rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "cannot find attribute :%s", str);
         }
 
-        *(ptr++) = '%';
-        *(ptr++) = *(inf->key + j);
-        *(ptr++) = ' ';
+	*(ptr++) = '%';
+
+	if (len = inf->keylen[idx]) {
+	  /* longname */
+	  strncpy(ptr, inf->key[idx], len);
+	  ptr += len;
+	} else {
+	  /* single char */
+	  *(ptr++) = idx;
+	}
+
+	*(ptr++) = ' ';
     }
 
     *ptr = '\0';
@@ -1293,27 +1359,50 @@ cbsubst_get_subst_key(self, str)
     VALUE self;
     VALUE str;
 {
+    struct cbsubst_info *inf;
     volatile VALUE list;
     volatile VALUE ret;
-    int i, len;
-    char *buf, *ptr;
+    VALUE keyval;
+    int i, len, keylen, idx;
+    unsigned char *buf, *ptr, *key;
 
     list = rb_funcall(cTclTkLib, ID_split_tklist, 1, str);
+    len = RARRAY_LEN(list);
+
+    Data_Get_Struct(rb_const_get(self, ID_SUBST_INFO), 
+                    struct cbsubst_info, inf);
 
-    len = RARRAY(list)->len;
-    buf = ALLOC_N(char, len + 1);
+    ptr = buf = ALLOC_N(unsigned char, inf->full_subst_length + len + 1);
 
     for(i = 0; i < len; i++) {
-        ptr = RSTRING(RARRAY(list)->ptr[i])->ptr;
-        if (*ptr == '%' && *(ptr + 2) == '\0') {
-            *(buf + i) = *(ptr + 1);
-        } else {
-            *(buf + i) = ' ';
-        }
+      keyval = RARRAY_PTR(list)[i];
+      key = (unsigned char*)RSTRING_PTR(keyval);
+      if (*key == '%') {
+	if (*(key + 2) == '\0') {
+	  /* single char */
+	  *(ptr++) = *(key + 1);
+	} else {
+	  /* search longname-key */
+	  keylen = RSTRING_LEN(keyval) - 1;
+	  for(idx = 0; idx < CBSUBST_TBL_MAX; idx++) {
+	    if (inf->keylen[idx] != keylen) continue;
+	    if (inf->key[idx][0] != *(key + 1)) continue;
+	    if (strncmp(inf->key[idx], key + 1, keylen)) continue;
+	    break;
+	  }
+	  if (idx < CBSUBST_TBL_MAX) {
+	    *(ptr++) = (unsigned char)idx;
+	  } else {
+	    *(ptr++) = ' ';
+	  }
+	}
+      } else {
+	*(ptr++) = ' ';
+      }
     }
-    *(buf + len) = '\0';
+    *ptr = '\0';
 
-    ret = rb_str_new2(buf);
+    ret = rb_str_new2((const char*)buf);
     free(buf);
     return ret;
 }
@@ -1323,100 +1412,166 @@ cbsubst_get_all_subst_keys(self)
     VALUE self;
 {
     struct cbsubst_info *inf;
-    char *buf, *ptr;
-    int i, len;
+    unsigned char *buf, *ptr;
+    unsigned char *keys_buf, *keys_ptr;
+    int idx, len;
     volatile VALUE ret;
 
     Data_Get_Struct(rb_const_get(self, ID_SUBST_INFO), 
                     struct cbsubst_info, inf);
 
-    len = strlen(inf->key);
-    buf = ALLOC_N(char, 3*len + 1);
-    ptr = buf;
-    for(i = 0; i < len; i++) {
-        *(ptr++) = '%';
-        *(ptr++) = *(inf->key + i);
-        *(ptr++) = ' ';
+    ptr = buf = ALLOC_N(unsigned char, inf->full_subst_length + 1);
+    keys_ptr = keys_buf = ALLOC_N(unsigned char, CBSUBST_TBL_MAX + 1);
+
+    for(idx = 0; idx < CBSUBST_TBL_MAX; idx++) {
+      if (inf->ivar[idx] == (ID) 0) continue;
+
+      *(keys_ptr++) = (unsigned char)idx;
+
+      *(ptr++) = '%';
+
+      if (len = inf->keylen[idx]) {
+	/* longname */
+	strncpy(ptr, inf->key[idx], len);
+	ptr += len;
+      } else {
+	/* single char */
+	*(ptr++) = (unsigned char)idx;
+      }
+
+      *(ptr++) = ' ';
     }
-    *(buf + 3*len) = '\0';
 
-    ret = rb_ary_new3(2, rb_str_new2(inf->key), rb_str_new2(buf));
+    *ptr = '\0';
+    *keys_ptr = '\0';
+
+    ret = rb_ary_new3(2, rb_str_new2(keys_buf), rb_str_new2((const char*)buf));
 
     free(buf);
+    free(keys_buf);
 
     return ret;
 }
 
 static VALUE
-cbsubst_table_setup(self, key_inf, proc_inf)
-    VALUE self;
-    VALUE key_inf;
-    VALUE proc_inf;
+cbsubst_table_setup(argc, argv, self)
+     int   argc;
+     VALUE *argv;
+     VALUE self;
 {
-    struct cbsubst_info *subst_inf;
-    int idx;
-    int len = RARRAY(key_inf)->len;
-    int real_len = 0;
-    char *key = ALLOC_N(char, len + 1);
-    char *type = ALLOC_N(char, len + 1);
-    ID *ivar = ALLOC_N(ID, len + 1);
-    volatile VALUE proc = rb_hash_new();
-    volatile VALUE aliases = rb_hash_new();
-    volatile VALUE inf;
-
-    /* init */
-    subst_inf = ALLOC(struct cbsubst_info);
-    /* subst_inf->size = len; */
-    subst_inf->key  = key;
-    subst_inf->type = type;
-    subst_inf->ivar = ivar;
-    subst_inf->proc = proc;
-    subst_inf->aliases = aliases;
-
-    /*
-     * keys : array of [subst, type, ivar]
-     *         subst ==> char code 
-     *         type  ==> char code 
-     *         ivar  ==> symbol
-     */
-    for(idx = 0; idx < len; idx++) {
-        inf = RARRAY(key_inf)->ptr[idx];
-        if (TYPE(inf) != T_ARRAY) continue;
-        *(key  + real_len) = (char)NUM2INT(RARRAY(inf)->ptr[0]);
-        *(type + real_len) = (char)NUM2INT(RARRAY(inf)->ptr[1]);
-
-        *(ivar + real_len) 
-            = rb_intern(
-                RSTRING(
-                  rb_str_cat2(rb_str_new2("@"), 
-                              rb_id2name(SYM2ID(RARRAY(inf)->ptr[2])))
-                )->ptr
-              );
-
-        rb_attr(self, SYM2ID(RARRAY(inf)->ptr[2]), 1, 0, Qtrue);
-        real_len++;
+  volatile VALUE key_inf;
+  volatile VALUE longkey_inf;
+  volatile VALUE proc_inf;
+  VALUE inf;
+  ID id;
+  struct cbsubst_info *subst_inf;
+  int idx, len;
+  unsigned char chr;
+
+  /* accept (key_inf, proc_inf) or (key_inf, longkey_inf, procinf) */
+  if (rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "21", &key_inf, &longkey_inf, &proc_inf) == 2) {
+    proc_inf = longkey_inf;
+    longkey_inf = rb_ary_new();
+  }
+
+  /* check the number of longkeys */
+  if (RARRAY_LEN(longkey_inf) > 125 /* from 0x80 to 0xFD */) {
+    rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "too many longname-key definitions");
+  }
+
+  /* init */
+  subst_inf = allocate_cbsubst_info();
+
+  /*
+   * keys : array of [subst, type, ivar]
+   *         subst ==> char code or string
+   *         type  ==> char code or string
+   *         ivar  ==> symbol
+   */
+  len = RARRAY_LEN(key_inf);
+  for(idx = 0; idx < len; idx++) {
+    inf = RARRAY_PTR(key_inf)[idx];
+    if (TYPE(inf) != T_ARRAY) continue;
+
+    if (TYPE(RARRAY_PTR(inf)[0]) == T_STRING) {
+      chr = *(RSTRING_PTR(RARRAY_PTR(inf)[0]));
+    } else {
+      chr = NUM2CHR(RARRAY_PTR(inf)[0]);
     }
-    *(key + real_len) = '\0';
-    *(type + real_len) = '\0';
-    subst_inf->size = real_len;
-
-    /*
-     * procs : array of [type, proc]
-     *         type  ==> char code 
-     *         proc  ==> proc/method/obj (must respond to 'call')
-     */
-    len = RARRAY(proc_inf)->len;
-    for(idx = 0; idx < len; idx++) {
-        inf = RARRAY(proc_inf)->ptr[idx];
-        if (TYPE(inf) != T_ARRAY) continue;
-        rb_hash_aset(proc, RARRAY(inf)->ptr[0], RARRAY(inf)->ptr[1]);
+    if (TYPE(RARRAY_PTR(inf)[1]) == T_STRING) {
+      subst_inf->type[chr] = *(RSTRING_PTR(RARRAY_PTR(inf)[1]));
+    } else {
+      subst_inf->type[chr] = NUM2CHR(RARRAY_PTR(inf)[1]);
     }
 
-    rb_const_set(self, ID_SUBST_INFO, 
-                 Data_Wrap_Struct(cSUBST_INFO, subst_mark, 
-                                  subst_free, subst_inf));
+    subst_inf->full_subst_length += 3;
 
-    return self;
+    id = SYM2ID(RARRAY_PTR(inf)[2]);
+    subst_inf->ivar[chr] = rb_intern(RSTRING_PTR(rb_str_cat2(rb_str_new2("@"), rb_id2name(id))));
+
+    rb_attr(self, id, 1, 0, Qtrue);
+  }
+
+
+  /*
+   * longkeys : array of [name, type, ivar]
+   *         name ==> longname key string
+   *         type ==> char code or string
+   *         ivar ==> symbol
+   */
+  len = RARRAY_LEN(longkey_inf);
+  for(idx = 0; idx < len; idx++) {
+    inf = RARRAY_PTR(longkey_inf)[idx];
+    if (TYPE(inf) != T_ARRAY) continue;
+
+    chr = (unsigned char)(0x80 + idx);
+    subst_inf->keylen[chr] = RSTRING_LEN(RARRAY_PTR(inf)[0]);
+#if HAVE_STRNDUP
+    subst_inf->key[chr] = strndup(RSTRING_PTR(RARRAY_PTR(inf)[0]), 
+				  RSTRING_LEN(RARRAY_PTR(inf)[0]));
+#else
+    subst_inf->key[chr] = malloc(RSTRING_LEN(RARRAY_PTR(inf)[0]) + 1);
+    if (subst_inf->key[chr]) {
+      strncpy(subst_inf->key[chr], RSTRING_PTR(RARRAY_PTR(inf)[0]),
+	      RSTRING_LEN(RARRAY_PTR(inf)[0]) + 1);
+      subst_inf->key[chr][RSTRING_LEN(RARRAY_PTR(inf)[0])] = '\0';
+    }
+#endif
+    if (TYPE(RARRAY_PTR(inf)[1]) == T_STRING) {
+      subst_inf->type[chr] = *(RSTRING_PTR(RARRAY_PTR(inf)[1]));
+    } else {
+      subst_inf->type[chr] = NUM2CHR(RARRAY_PTR(inf)[1]);
+    }
+
+    subst_inf->full_subst_length += (subst_inf->keylen[chr] + 2);
+
+    id = SYM2ID(RARRAY_PTR(inf)[2]);
+    subst_inf->ivar[chr] = rb_intern(RSTRING_PTR(rb_str_cat2(rb_str_new2("@"), rb_id2name(id))));
+
+    rb_attr(self, id, 1, 0, Qtrue);
+  }
+
+  /*
+   * procs : array of [type, proc]
+   *         type  ==> char code or string
+   *         proc  ==> proc/method/obj (must respond to 'call')
+   */
+  len = RARRAY_LEN(proc_inf);
+  for(idx = 0; idx < len; idx++) {
+    inf = RARRAY_PTR(proc_inf)[idx];
+    if (TYPE(inf) != T_ARRAY) continue;
+    rb_hash_aset(subst_inf->proc, 
+		 ((TYPE(RARRAY_PTR(inf)[0]) == T_STRING)? 
+		  INT2FIX(*(RSTRING_PTR(RARRAY_PTR(inf)[0]))) : 
+		  RARRAY_PTR(inf)[0]), 
+		 RARRAY_PTR(inf)[1]);
+  }
+
+  rb_const_set(self, ID_SUBST_INFO, 
+	       Data_Wrap_Struct(cSUBST_INFO, subst_mark, 
+				subst_free, subst_inf));
+
+  return self;
 }
 
 static VALUE
@@ -1434,10 +1589,11 @@ cbsubst_scan_args(self, arg_key, val_ary)
 {
     struct cbsubst_info *inf;
     int idx;
-    int len = RARRAY(val_ary)->len;
-    char c;
-    char *ptr;
-    volatile VALUE dst = rb_ary_new2(len);
+    unsigned char *keyptr = (unsigned char*)RSTRING_PTR(arg_key);
+    int keylen = RSTRING_LEN(arg_key);
+    int vallen = RARRAY_LEN(val_ary);
+    unsigned char type_chr;
+    volatile VALUE dst = rb_ary_new2(vallen);
     volatile VALUE proc;
     int thr_crit_bup;
     VALUE old_gc;
@@ -1450,28 +1606,25 @@ cbsubst_scan_args(self, arg_key, val_ary)
     Data_Get_Struct(rb_const_get(self, ID_SUBST_INFO), 
                     struct cbsubst_info, inf);
 
-    RARRAY(dst)->len = 0;
-    for(idx = 0; idx < len; idx++) {
-        if (idx >= RSTRING(arg_key)->len) {
-            proc = Qnil;
-        } else if (*(RSTRING(arg_key)->ptr + idx) == ' ') {
-            proc = Qnil;
-        } else {
-          ptr = strchr(inf->key, *(RSTRING(arg_key)->ptr + idx));
-          if (ptr == (char*)NULL) {
-            proc = Qnil;
-          } else {
-            c = *(inf->type + (ptr - inf->key));
-            proc = rb_hash_aref(inf->proc, INT2FIX(c));
-          }
-        }
-
-        if (NIL_P(proc)) {
-            RARRAY(dst)->ptr[RARRAY(dst)->len++] = RARRAY(val_ary)->ptr[idx];
-        } else {
-            RARRAY(dst)->ptr[RARRAY(dst)->len++] 
-                = rb_funcall(proc, ID_call, 1, RARRAY(val_ary)->ptr[idx]);
-        }
+    for(idx = 0; idx < vallen; idx++) {
+      if (idx >= keylen) {
+	proc = Qnil;
+      } else if (*(keyptr + idx) == ' ') {
+	proc = Qnil;
+      } else {
+	if (type_chr = inf->type[*(keyptr + idx)]) {
+	  proc = rb_hash_aref(inf->proc, INT2FIX((int)type_chr));
+	} else {
+	  proc = Qnil;
+	}
+      }
+
+      if (NIL_P(proc)) {
+	rb_ary_push(dst, RARRAY_PTR(val_ary)[idx]);
+      } else {
+	rb_ary_push(dst, rb_funcall(proc, ID_call, 1, 
+				    RARRAY_PTR(val_ary)[idx]));
+      }
     }
 
     if (old_gc == Qfalse) rb_gc_enable();
@@ -1512,6 +1665,7 @@ tkobj_path(self)
     return rb_ivar_get(self, ID_at_path);
 }
 
+
 /*************************************/
 /* release date */
 const char tkutil_release_date[] = TKUTIL_RELEASE_DATE;
@@ -1554,6 +1708,8 @@ Init_tkutil()
     ID_SUBST_INFO = rb_intern("SUBST_INFO");
     rb_define_singleton_method(cCB_SUBST, "ret_val", cbsubst_ret_val, 1);
     rb_define_singleton_method(cCB_SUBST, "scan_args", cbsubst_scan_args, 2);
+    rb_define_singleton_method(cCB_SUBST, "_sym2subst", 
+			       cbsubst_sym_to_subst, 1);
     rb_define_singleton_method(cCB_SUBST, "subst_arg", 
                                cbsubst_get_subst_arg, -1);
     rb_define_singleton_method(cCB_SUBST, "_get_subst_key", 
@@ -1561,7 +1717,7 @@ Init_tkutil()
     rb_define_singleton_method(cCB_SUBST, "_get_all_subst_keys", 
                                cbsubst_get_all_subst_keys,  0);
     rb_define_singleton_method(cCB_SUBST, "_setup_subst_table", 
-                               cbsubst_table_setup, 2);
+                               cbsubst_table_setup, -1);
     rb_define_singleton_method(cCB_SUBST, "_get_extra_args_tbl", 
                                cbsubst_get_extra_args_tbl,  0);
     rb_define_singleton_method(cCB_SUBST, "_define_attribute_aliases", 
@@ -1636,4 +1792,8 @@ Init_tkutil()
     rb_define_method(mTK, "num_or_str", tcl2rb_num_or_str, 1);
 
     /* --------------------- */
+    rb_global_variable(&ENCODING_NAME_UTF8);
+    ENCODING_NAME_UTF8 = rb_obj_freeze(rb_str_new2("utf-8"));
+
+    /* --------------------- */
 }
diff --git a/ext/win32ole/tests/testOLEEVENT.rb b/ext/win32ole/tests/testOLEEVENT.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 0901158642..0000000000
--- a/ext/win32ole/tests/testOLEEVENT.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,91 +0,0 @@
-require 'rubyunit'
-require 'win32ole'
-
-class TestWIN32OLE_EVENT < RUNIT::TestCase
-  def setup
-    @excel = WIN32OLE.new("Excel.Application")
-    @excel.visible = true
-    @event = ""
-    @event2 = ""
-  end
-  def test_on_event
-    book = @excel.workbooks.Add
-    value = ""
-    begin
-      ev = WIN32OLE_EVENT.new(book, 'WorkbookEvents')
-      ev.on_event('SheetChange'){|arg1, arg2| 
-        begin
-          value = arg1.value
-        rescue
-          value = $!.message
-        end
-      }
-      book.Worksheets(1).Range("A1").value = "OK"
-    ensure
-      book.saved = true
-    end
-    assert_equal("OK", value)
-  end
-
-  def handler1
-    @event += "handler1"
-  end
-  def handler2
-    @event += "handler2"
-  end
-
-  def handler3
-    @event += "handler3"
-  end
-
-  def test_on_event2
-    book = @excel.workbooks.Add
-    begin
-      ev = WIN32OLE_EVENT.new(book, 'WorkbookEvents')
-      ev.on_event('SheetChange'){|arg1, arg2| 
-        handler1
-      }
-      ev.on_event('SheetChange'){|arg1, arg2| 
-        handler2
-      }
-      book.Worksheets(1).Range("A1").value = "OK"
-    ensure
-      book.saved = true
-    end
-    assert_equal("handler2", @event)
-  end
-
-  def test_on_event3
-    book = @excel.workbooks.Add
-    begin
-      ev = WIN32OLE_EVENT.new(book, 'WorkbookEvents')
-      ev.on_event{ handler1 }
-      ev.on_event{ handler2 }
-      book.Worksheets(1).Range("A1").value = "OK"
-    ensure
-      book.saved = true
-    end
-    assert_equal("handler2", @event)
-  end
-
-  def test_on_event4
-    book = @excel.workbooks.Add
-    begin
-      ev = WIN32OLE_EVENT.new(book, 'WorkbookEvents')
-      ev.on_event{ handler1 }
-      ev.on_event{ handler2 }
-      ev.on_event('SheetChange'){|arg1, arg2| handler3 }
-      book.Worksheets(1).Range("A1").value = "OK"
-    ensure
-      book.saved = true
-    end
-    assert_equal("handler3", @event)
-  end
-
-  def teardown
-    @excel.quit
-    @excel = nil
-    GC.start
-  end
-end
-
diff --git a/ext/win32ole/tests/testWIN32OLE.rb b/ext/win32ole/tests/testWIN32OLE.rb
index 5c01507377..d7f9dd2543 100644
--- a/ext/win32ole/tests/testWIN32OLE.rb
+++ b/ext/win32ole/tests/testWIN32OLE.rb
@@ -156,7 +156,8 @@ class TestWin32OLE < RUNIT::TestCase
       sheet.range("A3").value = "=A1*10 + 9"
       assert_equal(9999999999, sheet.range("A2").value)
       assert_equal(9999999999, sheet.range("A3").value)
-     
+      sheet.range("A4").value = "2008/03/04"
+      assert_equal("2008/03/04 00:00:00", sheet.range("A4").value)
     ensure
       book.saved = true
     end
diff --git a/ext/win32ole/tests/test_win32ole_event.rb b/ext/win32ole/tests/test_win32ole_event.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..744021dfd2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ext/win32ole/tests/test_win32ole_event.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,133 @@
+begin
+  require 'win32ole'
+rescue LoadError
+end
+require 'test/unit'
+
+if defined?(WIN32OLE_EVENT)
+  class TestWIN32OLE_EVENT < Test::Unit::TestCase
+    def create_temp_html
+      fso = WIN32OLE.new('Scripting.FileSystemObject')
+      dummy_file = fso.GetTempName + ".html"
+      cfolder = fso.getFolder(".")
+      f = cfolder.CreateTextFile(dummy_file)
+      f.writeLine("<html><body>This is test HTML file for Win32OLE.</body></html>")
+      f.close
+      dummy_path = cfolder.path + "\\" + dummy_file
+      dummy_path
+    end
+
+    def setup
+      @ie = WIN32OLE.new("InternetExplorer.Application")
+      @ie.visible = true
+      @event = ""
+      @event2 = ""
+      @event3 = ""
+      @f = create_temp_html
+    end
+
+    def default_handler(event, *args)
+      @event += event
+    end
+
+    def test_on_event
+      ev = WIN32OLE_EVENT.new(@ie, 'DWebBrowserEvents')
+      ev.on_event {|*args| default_handler(*args)}
+      @ie.navigate("file:///#{@f}")
+      while @ie.busy
+        WIN32OLE_EVENT.new(@ie, 'DWebBrowserEvents') 
+        GC.start  
+        sleep 0.1
+      end
+      assert_match(/BeforeNavigate/, @event)
+      assert_match(/NavigateComplete/, @event)
+    end
+
+    def test_on_event2
+      ev = WIN32OLE_EVENT.new(@ie, 'DWebBrowserEvents')
+      ev.on_event('BeforeNavigate') {|*args| handler1}
+      ev.on_event('BeforeNavigate') {|*args| handler2}
+      @ie.navigate("file:///#{@f}")
+      while @ie.busy
+        sleep 0.1
+      end
+      assert_equal("handler2", @event2)
+    end
+
+    def test_on_event3
+      ev = WIN32OLE_EVENT.new(@ie, 'DWebBrowserEvents')
+      ev.on_event {|*args| handler1}
+      ev.on_event {|*args| handler2}
+      @ie.navigate("file:///#{@f}")
+      while @ie.busy
+        sleep 0.1
+      end
+      assert_equal("handler2", @event2)
+    end
+
+    def test_on_event4
+      ev = WIN32OLE_EVENT.new(@ie, 'DWebBrowserEvents')
+      ev.on_event{|*args| handler1}
+      ev.on_event{|*args| handler2}
+      ev.on_event('NavigateComplete'){|*args| handler3(*args)}
+      @ie.navigate("file:///#{@f}")
+      while @ie.busy
+        sleep 0.1
+      end
+      assert(@event3!="")
+      assert("handler2", @event2)
+    end
+
+    def test_on_event5
+      ev = WIN32OLE_EVENT.new(@ie, 'DWebBrowserEvents')
+      ev.on_event {|*args| default_handler(*args)}
+      ev.on_event('NavigateComplete'){|*args| handler3(*args)}
+      @ie.navigate("file:///#{@f}")
+      while @ie.busy
+        sleep 0.1
+      end
+      assert_match(/BeforeNavigate/, @event)
+      assert(/NavigateComplete/ !~ @event)
+      assert(@event!="")
+    end
+
+    def test_unadvise
+      ev = WIN32OLE_EVENT.new(@ie, 'DWebBrowserEvents')
+      ev.on_event {|*args| default_handler(*args)}
+      @ie.navigate("file:///#{@f}")
+      while @ie.busy
+        sleep 0.1
+      end
+      assert_match(/BeforeNavigate/, @event)
+      ev.unadvise
+      @event = ""
+      @ie.navigate("file:///#{@f}")
+      while @ie.busy
+        sleep 0.1
+      end
+      assert_equal("", @event);
+      assert_raise(WIN32OLERuntimeError) {
+        ev.on_event {|*args| default_handler(*args)}
+      }
+    end
+
+    def handler1
+      @event2 = "handler1"
+    end
+
+    def handler2
+      @event2 = "handler2"
+    end
+
+    def handler3(url)
+      @event3 += url
+    end
+
+    def teardown
+      @ie.quit
+      @ie = nil
+      File.unlink(@f)
+      GC.start
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/ext/win32ole/tests/testall.rb b/ext/win32ole/tests/testall.rb
index d45541f571..553ce88509 100644
--- a/ext/win32ole/tests/testall.rb
+++ b/ext/win32ole/tests/testall.rb
@@ -12,4 +12,5 @@ require "testNIL2VTEMPTY"
 require "test_ole_methods.rb"
 require "test_propertyputref.rb"
 require "test_word.rb"
+require "test_win32ole_event.rb"
 # require "testOLEEVENT"
diff --git a/ext/win32ole/win32ole.c b/ext/win32ole/win32ole.c
index 6b7d2569d3..ae0066ffc9 100644
--- a/ext/win32ole/win32ole.c
+++ b/ext/win32ole/win32ole.c
@@ -29,6 +29,7 @@
 #include <varargs.h>
 #define va_init_list(a,b) va_start(a)
 #endif
+#include <objidl.h>
 
 #define DOUT fprintf(stderr,"[%d]\n",__LINE__)
 #define DOUTS(x) fprintf(stderr,"[%d]:" #x "=%s\n",__LINE__,x)
@@ -78,7 +79,7 @@
 
 #define WC2VSTR(x) ole_wc2vstr((x), TRUE)
 
-#define WIN32OLE_VERSION "0.6.9"
+#define WIN32OLE_VERSION "0.7.6"
 
 typedef HRESULT (STDAPICALLTYPE FNCOCREATEINSTANCEEX)
     (REFCLSID, IUnknown*, DWORD, COSERVERINFO*, DWORD, MULTI_QI*);
@@ -156,6 +157,9 @@ static VALUE com_hash;
 static IDispatchVtbl com_vtbl;
 static UINT  cWIN32OLE_cp = CP_ACP;
 static VARTYPE g_nil_to = VT_ERROR;
+static IMessageFilterVtbl message_filter;
+static IMessageFilter imessage_filter = { &message_filter };
+static IMessageFilter* previous_filter;
 
 struct oledata {
     IDispatch *pDispatch;
@@ -202,6 +206,101 @@ static char *ole_wc2mb(LPWSTR);
 static VALUE ole_variant2val(VARIANT*);
 static void ole_val2variant(VALUE, VARIANT*);
   
+static HRESULT (STDMETHODCALLTYPE mf_QueryInterface)(
+    IMessageFilter __RPC_FAR * This,
+    /* [in] */ REFIID riid,
+    /* [iid_is][out] */ void __RPC_FAR *__RPC_FAR *ppvObject)
+{
+    if (MEMCMP(riid, &IID_IUnknown, GUID, 1) == 0
+        || MEMCMP(riid, &IID_IMessageFilter, GUID, 1) == 0)
+    {
+        *ppvObject = &message_filter;
+        return S_OK;
+    }
+    return E_NOINTERFACE;
+}
+
+static ULONG (STDMETHODCALLTYPE mf_AddRef)( 
+    IMessageFilter __RPC_FAR * This)
+{
+    return 1;
+}
+        
+static ULONG (STDMETHODCALLTYPE mf_Release)( 
+    IMessageFilter __RPC_FAR * This)
+{
+    return 1;
+}
+
+static DWORD (STDMETHODCALLTYPE mf_HandleInComingCall)(
+    IMessageFilter __RPC_FAR * pThis,
+    DWORD dwCallType,      //Type of incoming call
+    HTASK threadIDCaller,  //Task handle calling this task
+    DWORD dwTickCount,     //Elapsed tick count
+    LPINTERFACEINFO lpInterfaceInfo //Pointer to INTERFACEINFO structure
+    )
+{
+#ifdef DEBUG_MESSAGEFILTER
+    printf("incoming %08X, %08X, %d\n", dwCallType, threadIDCaller, dwTickCount);
+    fflush(stdout);
+#endif
+    switch (dwCallType)
+    {
+    case CALLTYPE_ASYNC:
+    case CALLTYPE_TOPLEVEL_CALLPENDING:
+    case CALLTYPE_ASYNC_CALLPENDING:
+        if (rb_during_gc()) {
+            return SERVERCALL_RETRYLATER;
+        }
+        break;
+    default:
+        break;
+    }
+    if (previous_filter) {
+        return previous_filter->lpVtbl->HandleInComingCall(previous_filter,
+                                                   dwCallType,
+                                                   threadIDCaller,
+                                                   dwTickCount,
+                                                   lpInterfaceInfo);
+    }
+    return SERVERCALL_ISHANDLED;
+}
+
+static DWORD (STDMETHODCALLTYPE mf_RetryRejectedCall)(
+    IMessageFilter* pThis,
+    HTASK threadIDCallee,  //Server task handle
+    DWORD dwTickCount,     //Elapsed tick count
+    DWORD dwRejectType     //Returned rejection message
+    )
+{
+    if (previous_filter) {
+        return previous_filter->lpVtbl->RetryRejectedCall(previous_filter,
+                                                  threadIDCallee,
+                                                  dwTickCount,
+                                                  dwRejectType);
+    }
+    return 1000;
+}
+
+static DWORD (STDMETHODCALLTYPE mf_MessagePending)(
+    IMessageFilter* pThis,
+    HTASK threadIDCallee,  //Called applications task handle
+    DWORD dwTickCount,     //Elapsed tick count
+    DWORD dwPendingType    //Call type
+    )
+{
+    if (rb_during_gc()) {
+        return PENDINGMSG_WAITNOPROCESS;
+    }
+    if (previous_filter) {
+        return previous_filter->lpVtbl->MessagePending(previous_filter,
+                                               threadIDCallee,
+                                               dwTickCount,
+                                               dwPendingType);
+    }
+    return PENDINGMSG_WAITNOPROCESS;
+}
+    
 typedef struct _Win32OLEIDispatch
 {
     IDispatch dispatch;
@@ -458,7 +557,7 @@ date2time_str(date)
     double date;
 {
     int y, m, d, hh, mm, ss;
-    char szTime[20];
+    char szTime[40];
     double2time(date, &y, &m, &d, &hh, &mm, &ss);
     sprintf(szTime,
             "%4.4d/%02.2d/%02.2d %02.2d:%02.2d:%02.2d",
@@ -476,8 +575,9 @@ ole_wc2mb(pw)
     LPSTR pm;
     size = WideCharToMultiByte(cWIN32OLE_cp, 0, pw, -1, NULL, 0, NULL, NULL);
     if (size) {
-        pm = ALLOC_N(char, size);    
+        pm = ALLOC_N(char, size + 1);    
         WideCharToMultiByte(cWIN32OLE_cp, 0, pw, -1, pm, size, NULL, NULL);
+        pm[size] = '\0';
     }
     else {
         pm = ALLOC_N(char, 1);
@@ -496,7 +596,7 @@ ole_hresult2msg(hr)
     DWORD dwCount;
 
     char strhr[100];
-    sprintf(strhr, "    HRESULT error code:0x%08x\n      ", hr);
+    sprintf(strhr, "    HRESULT error code:0x%08lx\n      ", hr);
     msg = rb_str_new2(strhr);
 
     dwCount = FormatMessage(FORMAT_MESSAGE_ALLOCATE_BUFFER |
@@ -520,6 +620,15 @@ ole_hresult2msg(hr)
     return msg;
 }
 
+static void
+ole_freeexceptinfo(pExInfo)
+    EXCEPINFO *pExInfo;
+{
+    SysFreeString(pExInfo->bstrDescription);
+    SysFreeString(pExInfo->bstrSource);
+    SysFreeString(pExInfo->bstrHelpFile);
+}
+
 static VALUE
 ole_excepinfo2msg(pExInfo)
     EXCEPINFO *pExInfo;
@@ -559,9 +668,7 @@ ole_excepinfo2msg(pExInfo)
     }
     if(pSource) free(pSource);
     if(pDescription) free(pDescription);
-    SysFreeString(pExInfo->bstrDescription);
-    SysFreeString(pExInfo->bstrSource);
-    SysFreeString(pExInfo->bstrHelpFile);
+    ole_freeexceptinfo(pExInfo);
     return error_msg;
 }
 
@@ -616,6 +723,11 @@ ole_initialize()
         /*
         atexit((void (*)(void))ole_uninitialize);
         */
+        hr = CoRegisterMessageFilter(&imessage_filter, &previous_filter);
+        if(FAILED(hr)) {
+            previous_filter = NULL;
+            ole_raise(hr, rb_eRuntimeError, "fail: install OLE MessageFilter");
+        }
     }
 }
 
@@ -633,6 +745,7 @@ ole_free(pole)
     struct oledata *pole;
 {
     OLE_FREE(pole->pDispatch);
+    free(pole);
 }
 
 static void
@@ -640,6 +753,7 @@ oletype_free(poletype)
     struct oletypedata *poletype;
 {
     OLE_FREE(poletype->pTypeInfo);
+    free(poletype);
 }
 
 static void
@@ -648,6 +762,7 @@ olemethod_free(polemethod)
 {
     OLE_FREE(polemethod->pTypeInfo);
     OLE_FREE(polemethod->pOwnerTypeInfo);
+    free(polemethod);
 }
 
 static void
@@ -655,6 +770,7 @@ olevariable_free(polevar)
     struct olevariabledata *polevar;
 {
     OLE_FREE(polevar->pTypeInfo);
+    free(polevar);
 }
 
 static void
@@ -662,6 +778,7 @@ oleparam_free(pole)
     struct oleparamdata *pole;
 {
     OLE_FREE(pole->pTypeInfo);
+    free(pole);
 }
 
 static LPWSTR
@@ -915,8 +1032,13 @@ ole_variant2val(pvar)
         VARIANT variant;
         VALUE val;
         VALUE val2;
+        int dim = 0;
+
+        if (!psa) {
+            return obj;
+        }
+        dim = SafeArrayGetDim(psa);
 
-        int dim = SafeArrayGetDim(psa);
         VariantInit(&variant);
         V_VT(&variant) = (V_VT(pvar) & ~VT_ARRAY) | VT_BYREF;
 
@@ -1127,12 +1249,13 @@ reg_enum_key(hkey, i)
     HKEY hkey;
     DWORD i;
 {
-    char buf[BUFSIZ];
-    DWORD size_buf = sizeof(buf);
+    char buf[BUFSIZ + 1];
+    DWORD size_buf = sizeof(buf) - 1;
     FILETIME ft;
     LONG err = RegEnumKeyEx(hkey, i, buf, &size_buf,
                             NULL, NULL, NULL, &ft);
     if(err == ERROR_SUCCESS) {
+        buf[BUFSIZ] = '\0';
         return rb_str_new2(buf);
     }
     return Qnil;
@@ -1143,10 +1266,11 @@ reg_get_val(hkey, subkey)
     HKEY hkey;
     const char *subkey;
 {
-    char buf[BUFSIZ];
-    LONG size_buf = sizeof(buf);
+    char buf[BUFSIZ + 1];
+    LONG size_buf = sizeof(buf) - 1;
     LONG err = RegQueryValue(hkey, subkey, buf, &size_buf);
     if (err == ERROR_SUCCESS) {
+        buf[BUFSIZ] = '\0';
         return rb_str_new2(buf);
     }
     return Qnil;
@@ -2089,12 +2213,15 @@ ole_invoke(argc, argv, self, wFlags)
                                          &result, &excepinfo, &argErr);
     if (FAILED(hr)) {
         /* retry to call args by value */
-        if(op.dp.cArgs > cNamedArgs) {
+        if(op.dp.cArgs >= cNamedArgs) {
             for(i = cNamedArgs; i < op.dp.cArgs; i++) {
                 n = op.dp.cArgs - i + cNamedArgs - 1;
                 param = rb_ary_entry(paramS, i-cNamedArgs);
                 ole_val2variant(param, &op.dp.rgvarg[n]);
             }
+            if (hr == DISP_E_EXCEPTION) {
+                ole_freeexceptinfo(&excepinfo);
+            }
             memset(&excepinfo, 0, sizeof(EXCEPINFO));
             VariantInit(&result);
             hr = pole->pDispatch->lpVtbl->Invoke(pole->pDispatch, DispID, 
@@ -2107,6 +2234,9 @@ ole_invoke(argc, argv, self, wFlags)
              * hResult == DISP_E_EXCEPTION. this only happens on
              * functions whose DISPID > 0x8000 */
             if ((hr == DISP_E_EXCEPTION || hr == DISP_E_MEMBERNOTFOUND) && DispID > 0x8000) {
+                if (hr == DISP_E_EXCEPTION) {
+                    ole_freeexceptinfo(&excepinfo);
+                }
                 memset(&excepinfo, 0, sizeof(EXCEPINFO));
                 hr = pole->pDispatch->lpVtbl->Invoke(pole->pDispatch, DispID, 
                         &IID_NULL, lcid, wFlags,
@@ -2126,6 +2256,9 @@ ole_invoke(argc, argv, self, wFlags)
                     param = rb_ary_entry(paramS, i-cNamedArgs);
                     ole_val2variant2(param, &op.dp.rgvarg[n]);
                 }
+                if (hr == DISP_E_EXCEPTION) {
+                    ole_freeexceptinfo(&excepinfo);
+                }
                 memset(&excepinfo, 0, sizeof(EXCEPINFO));
                 VariantInit(&result);
                 hr = pole->pDispatch->lpVtbl->Invoke(pole->pDispatch, DispID, 
@@ -3248,6 +3381,54 @@ fole_method_help( self, cmdname )
 }
 
 /*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *     WIN32OLE#ole_activex_initialize() -> Qnil
+ *
+ *  Initialize WIN32OLE object(ActiveX Control) by calling 
+ *  IPersistMemory::InitNew.
+ *
+ *  Before calling OLE method, some kind of the ActiveX controls 
+ *  created with MFC should be initialized by calling 
+ *  IPersistXXX::InitNew.
+ *
+ *  If and only if you recieved the exception "HRESULT error code:
+ *  0x8000ffff catastrophic failure", try this method before
+ *  invoking any ole_method.
+ *
+ *     obj = WIN32OLE.new("ProgID_or_GUID_of_ActiveX_Control")
+ *     obj.ole_activex_initialize
+ *     obj.method(...)
+ *  
+ */ 
+static VALUE
+fole_activex_initialize(self)
+    VALUE self; 
+{
+    struct oledata *pole;
+    IPersistMemory *pPersistMemory;
+
+    HRESULT hr = S_OK;
+
+    OLEData_Get_Struct(self, pole);
+
+    hr = pole->pDispatch->lpVtbl->QueryInterface(pole->pDispatch, &IID_IPersistMemory,
+                                                 (void **)&pPersistMemory);
+    if (SUCCEEDED(hr)) {
+        hr = pPersistMemory->lpVtbl->InitNew(pPersistMemory);
+        OLE_RELEASE(pPersistMemory);
+        if (SUCCEEDED(hr)) {
+            return Qnil;
+        }
+    }
+
+    if (FAILED(hr)) {
+        ole_raise(hr, eWIN32OLE_RUNTIME_ERROR, "fail to initialize ActiveX control");
+    }
+
+    return Qnil;
+}
+
+/*
  *   call-seq:
  *      WIN32OLE_TYPE.ole_classes(typelib)
  * 
@@ -3607,8 +3788,10 @@ ole_type_progid(pTypeInfo)
     if (FAILED(hr)) 
         return progid;
     hr = ProgIDFromCLSID(&pTypeAttr->guid, &pbuf);
-    if (SUCCEEDED(hr)) 
-        progid = WC2VSTR(pbuf);
+    if (SUCCEEDED(hr)) { 
+        progid = ole_wc2vstr(pbuf, FALSE);
+        CoTaskMemFree(pbuf);
+    }
     OLE_RELEASE_TYPEATTR(pTypeInfo, pTypeAttr);
     return progid;
 }
@@ -4022,7 +4205,8 @@ folevariable_name(self)
     return rb_ivar_get(self, rb_intern("name"));
 }
 
-static ole_variable_ole_type(pTypeInfo, var_index)
+static VALUE
+ole_variable_ole_type(pTypeInfo, var_index)
     ITypeInfo *pTypeInfo;
     UINT var_index;
 {
@@ -4066,7 +4250,8 @@ folevariable_ole_type(self)
     return ole_variable_ole_type(pvar->pTypeInfo, pvar->index);
 }
 
-static ole_variable_ole_type_detail(pTypeInfo, var_index)
+static VALUE
+ole_variable_ole_type_detail(pTypeInfo, var_index)
     ITypeInfo *pTypeInfo;
     UINT var_index;
 {
@@ -4102,7 +4287,8 @@ folevariable_ole_type_detail(self)
     return ole_variable_ole_type_detail(pvar->pTypeInfo, pvar->index);
 }
 
-static ole_variable_value(pTypeInfo, var_index)
+static VALUE
+ole_variable_value(pTypeInfo, var_index)
     ITypeInfo *pTypeInfo;
     UINT var_index;
 {
@@ -4148,7 +4334,8 @@ folevariable_value(self)
     return ole_variable_value(pvar->pTypeInfo, pvar->index);
 }
 
-static ole_variable_visible(pTypeInfo, var_index)
+static VALUE
+ole_variable_visible(pTypeInfo, var_index)
     ITypeInfo *pTypeInfo;
     UINT var_index;
 {
@@ -4620,7 +4807,8 @@ folemethod_visible(self)
     return ole_method_visible(pmethod->pTypeInfo, pmethod->index);
 }
 
-static ole_method_event(pTypeInfo, method_index, method_name)
+static VALUE
+ole_method_event(pTypeInfo, method_index, method_name)
     ITypeInfo *pTypeInfo;
     WORD method_index;
     VALUE method_name;
@@ -5871,6 +6059,11 @@ ole_event_free(poleev)
     IConnectionPoint *pcp = NULL;
 
     if (poleev->freed == 1) {
+        /* 
+         * this return create memory leak.
+         * but poleev->pEvent->pConnectionPoint shoul'd not be freed
+         * until poleev-> freed == 0.
+         */
         return;
     }
     if(poleev->pEvent) {
@@ -5881,6 +6074,7 @@ ole_event_free(poleev)
             pcp->lpVtbl->Unadvise(pcp, poleev->pEvent->m_dwCookie);
             OLE_RELEASE(pcp);
         }
+        free(poleev);
     }
 }
 
@@ -6092,6 +6286,14 @@ Init_win32ole()
     com_vtbl.GetTypeInfo = GetTypeInfo;
     com_vtbl.GetIDsOfNames = GetIDsOfNames;
     com_vtbl.Invoke = Invoke;
+
+    message_filter.QueryInterface = mf_QueryInterface;
+    message_filter.AddRef = mf_AddRef;
+    message_filter.Release = mf_Release;
+    message_filter.HandleInComingCall = mf_HandleInComingCall;
+    message_filter.RetryRejectedCall = mf_RetryRejectedCall;
+    message_filter.MessagePending = mf_MessagePending;
+
     com_hash = Data_Wrap_Struct(rb_cData, rb_mark_hash, st_free_table, st_init_numtable());
 
     cWIN32OLE = rb_define_class("WIN32OLE", rb_cObject);
@@ -6135,6 +6337,7 @@ Init_win32ole()
     rb_define_method(cWIN32OLE, "ole_method", fole_method_help, 1);
     rb_define_alias(cWIN32OLE, "ole_method_help", "ole_method");
     rb_define_method(cWIN32OLE, "ole_obj_help", fole_obj_help, 0);
+    rb_define_method(cWIN32OLE, "ole_activex_initialize", fole_activex_initialize, 0);
 
     rb_define_const(cWIN32OLE, "VERSION", rb_str_new2(WIN32OLE_VERSION));
     rb_define_const(cWIN32OLE, "ARGV", rb_ary_new());
diff --git a/ext/zlib/extconf.rb b/ext/zlib/extconf.rb
index b4e76af3c6..53b971b189 100644
--- a/ext/zlib/extconf.rb
+++ b/ext/zlib/extconf.rb
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ require 'rbconfig'
 dir_config 'zlib'
 
 
-if %w'z libz zlib zdll'.find {|z| have_library(z, 'deflateReset')} and
+if %w'z libz zlib1 zlib zdll'.find {|z| have_library(z, 'deflateReset')} and
     have_header('zlib.h') then
 
   defines = []
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ if %w'z libz zlib zdll'.find {|z| have_library(z, 'deflateReset')} and
       os_code = 'AMIGA'
     when /\Aos2[\-_]emx\z/ then
       os_code = 'OS2'
-    when 'mswin32', 'mingw32', 'bccwin32' then
+    when /mswin|mingw|bccwin/ then
       # NOTE: cygwin should be regarded as Unix.
       os_code = 'WIN32'
     else
diff --git a/ext/zlib/zlib.c b/ext/zlib/zlib.c
index 8caadaeddc..306e267856 100644
--- a/ext/zlib/zlib.c
+++ b/ext/zlib/zlib.c
@@ -1182,14 +1182,19 @@ static VALUE
 rb_deflate_init_copy(self, orig)
     VALUE self, orig;
 {
-    struct zstream *z1 = get_zstream(self);
-    struct zstream *z2 = get_zstream(orig);
+    struct zstream *z1, *z2;
     int err;
 
+    Data_Get_Struct(self, struct zstream, z1);
+    z2 = get_zstream(orig);
+
     err = deflateCopy(&z1->stream, &z2->stream);
     if (err != Z_OK) {
 	raise_zlib_error(err, 0);
     }
+    z1->input = NIL_P(z2->input) ? Qnil : rb_str_dup(z2->input);
+    z1->buf   = NIL_P(z2->buf)   ? Qnil : rb_str_dup(z2->buf);
+    z1->buf_filled = z2->buf_filled;
     z1->flags = z2->flags;
 
     return self;
@@ -2486,7 +2491,7 @@ rb_gzfile_set_mtime(obj, mtime)
 	rb_raise(cGzError, "header is already written");
     }
 
-    if (FIXNUM_P(time)) {
+    if (FIXNUM_P(mtime)) {
 	gz->mtime = FIX2INT(mtime);
     }
     else {
@@ -3111,6 +3116,8 @@ gzreader_gets(argc, argv, obj)
     if (NIL_P(rs)) {
 	dst = gzfile_read_all(gz);
 	if (RSTRING(dst)->len != 0) gz->lineno++;
+	else
+		return Qnil;
 	return dst;
     }
 
@@ -3369,7 +3376,7 @@ void Init_zlib()
     rb_define_singleton_method(cDeflate, "deflate", rb_deflate_s_deflate, -1);
     rb_define_alloc_func(cDeflate, rb_deflate_s_allocate);
     rb_define_method(cDeflate, "initialize", rb_deflate_initialize, -1);
-    rb_define_method(cDeflate, "initialize_copy", rb_deflate_init_copy, 0);
+    rb_define_method(cDeflate, "initialize_copy", rb_deflate_init_copy, 1);
     rb_define_method(cDeflate, "deflate", rb_deflate_deflate, -1);
     rb_define_method(cDeflate, "<<", rb_deflate_addstr, 1);
     rb_define_method(cDeflate, "flush", rb_deflate_flush, -1);
diff --git a/file.c b/file.c
index b470bd9ab8..ca80795817 100644
--- a/file.c
+++ b/file.c
@@ -15,6 +15,10 @@
 #ifdef _WIN32
 #include "missing/file.h"
 #endif
+#ifdef __CYGWIN__
+#include <windows.h>
+#include <sys/cygwin.h>
+#endif
 
 #include "ruby.h"
 #include "rubyio.h"
@@ -100,7 +104,7 @@ be_fchown(int fd, uid_t owner, gid_t group)
 
 VALUE rb_cFile;
 VALUE rb_mFileTest;
-static VALUE rb_cStat;
+VALUE rb_cStat;
 
 static long apply2files _((void (*)(const char *, void *), VALUE, void *));
 static long
@@ -138,7 +142,7 @@ static VALUE
 rb_file_path(obj)
     VALUE obj;
 {
-    OpenFile *fptr;
+    rb_io_t *fptr;
 
     fptr = RFILE(rb_io_taint_check(obj))->fptr;
     rb_io_check_initialized(fptr);
@@ -652,7 +656,7 @@ rb_stat(file, st)
 
     tmp = rb_check_convert_type(file, T_FILE, "IO", "to_io");
     if (!NIL_P(tmp)) {
-	OpenFile *fptr;
+	rb_io_t *fptr;
 
 	rb_secure(2);
 	GetOpenFile(tmp, fptr);
@@ -673,7 +677,7 @@ w32_io_info(file, st)
 
     tmp = rb_check_convert_type(*file, T_FILE, "IO", "to_io");
     if (!NIL_P(tmp)) {
-	OpenFile *fptr;
+	rb_io_t *fptr;
 
 	GetOpenFile(tmp, fptr);
 	f = (HANDLE)rb_w32_get_osfhandle(fileno(fptr->f));
@@ -739,7 +743,7 @@ static VALUE
 rb_io_stat(obj)
     VALUE obj;
 {
-    OpenFile *fptr;
+    rb_io_t *fptr;
     struct stat st;
 
     GetOpenFile(obj, fptr);
@@ -800,7 +804,7 @@ rb_file_lstat(obj)
     VALUE obj;
 {
 #ifdef HAVE_LSTAT
-    OpenFile *fptr;
+    rb_io_t *fptr;
     struct stat st;
 
     rb_secure(2);
@@ -815,12 +819,13 @@ rb_file_lstat(obj)
 #endif
 }
 
+#ifndef HAVE_GROUP_MEMBER
 static int
 group_member(gid)
     GETGROUPS_T gid;
 {
 #ifndef _WIN32
-    if (getgid() ==  gid)
+    if (getgid() == gid || getegid() == gid)
 	return Qtrue;
 
 # ifdef HAVE_GETGROUPS
@@ -844,18 +849,23 @@ group_member(gid)
 #endif
     return Qfalse;
 }
+#endif
 
 #ifndef S_IXUGO
 #  define S_IXUGO		(S_IXUSR | S_IXGRP | S_IXOTH)
 #endif
 
+#if defined(S_IXGRP) && !defined(_WIN32) && !defined(__CYGWIN__)
+#define USE_GETEUID 1
+#endif
+
 #ifndef HAVE_EACCESS
 int
 eaccess(path, mode)
      const char *path;
      int mode;
 {
-#if defined(S_IXGRP) && !defined(_WIN32) && !defined(__CYGWIN__)
+#ifdef USE_GETEUID
     struct stat st;
     int euid;
 
@@ -878,15 +888,15 @@ eaccess(path, mode)
 
     if (st.st_uid == euid)        /* owner */
 	mode <<= 6;
-    else if (getegid() == st.st_gid || group_member(st.st_gid))
+    else if (group_member(st.st_gid))
 	mode <<= 3;
 
     if ((st.st_mode & mode) == mode) return 0;
 
     return -1;
 #else
-# if _MSC_VER >= 1400
-    mode &= 6;
+# if defined(_MSC_VER) || defined(__MINGW32__)
+    mode &= ~1;
 # endif
     return access(path, mode);
 #endif
@@ -1259,10 +1269,10 @@ test_z(obj, fname)
 
 /*
  * call-seq:
- *    File.file?(file_name)   => integer  or  nil
+ *    File.size?(file_name)   => Integer or nil
  *
- * Returns <code>nil</code> if <code>file_name</code> doesn't
- * exist or has zero size, the size of the file otherwise.
+ * Returns +nil+ if +file_name+ doesn't exist or has zero size, the size of the
+ * file otherwise.
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -1324,7 +1334,7 @@ test_grpowned(obj, fname)
     struct stat st;
 
     if (rb_stat(fname, &st) < 0) return Qfalse;
-    if (st.st_gid == getegid()) return Qtrue;
+    if (group_member(st.st_gid)) return Qtrue;
 #endif
     return Qfalse;
 }
@@ -1485,7 +1495,7 @@ static VALUE
 rb_file_ftype(st)
     struct stat *st;
 {
-    char *t;
+    const char *t;
 
     if (S_ISREG(st->st_mode)) {
 	t = "file";
@@ -1588,7 +1598,7 @@ static VALUE
 rb_file_atime(obj)
     VALUE obj;
 {
-    OpenFile *fptr;
+    rb_io_t *fptr;
     struct stat st;
 
     GetOpenFile(obj, fptr);
@@ -1633,7 +1643,7 @@ static VALUE
 rb_file_mtime(obj)
     VALUE obj;
 {
-    OpenFile *fptr;
+    rb_io_t *fptr;
     struct stat st;
 
     GetOpenFile(obj, fptr);
@@ -1681,7 +1691,7 @@ static VALUE
 rb_file_ctime(obj)
     VALUE obj;
 {
-    OpenFile *fptr;
+    rb_io_t *fptr;
     struct stat st;
 
     GetOpenFile(obj, fptr);
@@ -1749,7 +1759,7 @@ static VALUE
 rb_file_chmod(obj, vmode)
     VALUE obj, vmode;
 {
-    OpenFile *fptr;
+    rb_io_t *fptr;
     int mode;
 
     rb_secure(2);
@@ -1775,7 +1785,7 @@ lchmod_internal(path, mode)
     const char *path;
     void *mode;
 {
-    if (lchmod(path, (int)mode) < 0)
+    if (lchmod(path, (int)(VALUE)mode) < 0)
 	rb_sys_fail(path);
 }
 
@@ -1893,7 +1903,7 @@ static VALUE
 rb_file_chown(obj, owner, group)
     VALUE obj, owner, group;
 {
-    OpenFile *fptr;
+    rb_io_t *fptr;
     int o, g;
 
     rb_secure(2);
@@ -2004,13 +2014,17 @@ rb_file_s_utime(argc, argv)
     VALUE *argv;
 {
     VALUE atime, mtime, rest;
-    struct timeval tvp[2];
+    struct timeval tvs[2], *tvp = NULL;
     long n;
 
+    rb_secure(2);
     rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "2*", &atime, &mtime, &rest);
 
-    tvp[0] = rb_time_timeval(atime);
-    tvp[1] = rb_time_timeval(mtime);
+    if (!NIL_P(atime) || !NIL_P(mtime)) {
+	tvp = tvs;
+	tvp[0] = rb_time_timeval(atime);
+	tvp[1] = rb_time_timeval(mtime);
+    }
 
     n = apply2files(utime_internal, rest, tvp);
     return LONG2FIX(n);
@@ -2043,16 +2057,19 @@ rb_file_s_utime(argc, argv)
     VALUE atime, mtime, rest;
     long n;
     struct timeval tv;
-    struct utimbuf utbuf;
+    struct utimbuf utbuf, *utp = NULL;
 
     rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "2*", &atime, &mtime, &rest);
 
-    tv = rb_time_timeval(atime);
-    utbuf.actime = tv.tv_sec;
-    tv = rb_time_timeval(mtime);
-    utbuf.modtime = tv.tv_sec;
+    if (!NIL_P(atime) || !NIL_P(mtime)) {
+	utp = &utbuf;
+	tv = rb_time_timeval(atime);
+	utp->actime = tv.tv_sec;
+	tv = rb_time_timeval(mtime);
+	utp->modtime = tv.tv_sec;
+    }
 
-    n = apply2files(utime_internal, rest, &utbuf);
+    n = apply2files(utime_internal, rest, utp);
     return LONG2FIX(n);
 }
 
@@ -2228,16 +2245,16 @@ rb_file_s_rename(klass, from, to)
 
     src = StringValueCStr(from);
     dst = StringValueCStr(to);
-    if (rename(src, dst) < 0) {
 #if defined __CYGWIN__
-	extern unsigned long __attribute__((stdcall)) GetLastError(void);
-	errno = GetLastError(); /* This is a Cygwin bug */
-#elif defined DOSISH && !defined _WIN32
-	if (errno == EEXIST
+    errno = 0;
+#endif
+    if (rename(src, dst) < 0) {
+#if defined DOSISH && !defined _WIN32
+	switch (errno) {
+	  case EEXIST:
 #if defined (__EMX__)
-	    || errno == EACCES
+	  case EACCES:
 #endif
-	    ) {
 	    if (chmod(dst, 0666) == 0 &&
 		unlink(dst) == 0 &&
 		rename(src, dst) == 0)
@@ -2286,12 +2303,33 @@ rb_file_s_umask(argc, argv)
     return INT2FIX(omask);
 }
 
-#if defined DOSISH
+#ifdef __CYGWIN__
+#undef DOSISH
+#endif
+#if defined __CYGWIN__ || defined DOSISH
 #define DOSISH_UNC
+#define DOSISH_DRIVE_LETTER
 #define isdirsep(x) ((x) == '/' || (x) == '\\')
 #else
 #define isdirsep(x) ((x) == '/')
 #endif
+
+#if defined _WIN32 || defined __CYGWIN__
+#define USE_NTFS 1
+#else
+#define USE_NTFS 0
+#endif
+
+#ifdef DOSISH_DRIVE_LETTER
+#include <ctype.h>
+#endif
+
+#if USE_NTFS
+#define istrailinggabage(x) ((x) == '.' || (x) == ' ')
+#else
+#define istrailinggabage(x) 0
+#endif
+
 #ifndef CharNext		/* defined as CharNext[AW] on Windows. */
 # if defined(DJGPP)
 #   define CharNext(p) ((p) + mblen(p, MB_CUR_MAX))
@@ -2300,12 +2338,6 @@ rb_file_s_umask(argc, argv)
 # endif
 #endif
 
-#ifdef __CYGWIN__
-#undef DOSISH
-#define DOSISH_UNC
-#define DOSISH_DRIVE_LETTER
-#endif
-
 #ifdef DOSISH_DRIVE_LETTER
 static inline int
 has_drive_letter(buf)
@@ -2417,9 +2449,8 @@ rb_path_last_separator(path)
     return last;
 }
 
-#define chompdirsep rb_path_end
-char *
-rb_path_end(path)
+static char *
+chompdirsep(path)
     const char *path;
 {
     while (*path) {
@@ -2435,15 +2466,48 @@ rb_path_end(path)
     return (char *)path;
 }
 
+char *
+rb_path_end(path)
+    const char *path;
+{
+    if (isdirsep(*path)) path++;
+    return chompdirsep(path);
+}
+
+#if USE_NTFS
+static char *
+ntfs_tail(const char *path)
+{
+    while (*path == '.') path++;
+    while (*path && *path != ':') {
+	if (istrailinggabage(*path)) {
+	    const char *last = path++;
+	    while (istrailinggabage(*path)) path++;
+	    if (!*path || *path == ':') return (char *)last;
+	}
+	else if (isdirsep(*path)) {
+	    const char *last = path++;
+	    while (isdirsep(*path)) path++;
+	    if (!*path) return (char *)last;
+	    if (*path == ':') path++;
+	}
+	else {
+	    path = CharNext(path);
+	}
+    }
+    return (char *)path;
+}
+#endif
+
 #define BUFCHECK(cond) do {\
     long bdiff = p - buf;\
-    while (cond) {\
-	buflen *= 2;\
+    if (cond) {\
+	do {buflen *= 2;} while (cond);\
+	rb_str_resize(result, buflen);\
+	buf = RSTRING_PTR(result);\
+	p = buf + bdiff;\
+	pend = buf + buflen;\
     }\
-    rb_str_resize(result, buflen);\
-    buf = RSTRING(result)->ptr;\
-    p = buf + bdiff;\
-    pend = buf + buflen;\
 } while (0)
 
 #define BUFINIT() (\
@@ -2461,7 +2525,8 @@ static VALUE
 file_expand_path(fname, dname, result)
     VALUE fname, dname, result;
 {
-    char *s, *buf, *b, *p, *pend, *root;
+    const char *s, *b;
+    char *buf, *p, *pend, *root;
     long buflen, dirlen;
     int tainted;
 
@@ -2471,7 +2536,7 @@ file_expand_path(fname, dname, result)
 
     if (s[0] == '~') {
 	if (isdirsep(s[1]) || s[1] == '\0') {
-	    char *dir = getenv("HOME");
+	    const char *dir = getenv("HOME");
 
 	    if (!dir) {
 		rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "couldn't find HOME environment -- expanding `%s'", s);
@@ -2602,15 +2667,21 @@ file_expand_path(fname, dname, result)
 		  case '.':
 		    if (*(s+1) == '\0' || isdirsep(*(s+1))) {
 			/* We must go back to the parent */
+			char *n;
 			*p = '\0';
-			if (!(b = strrdirsep(root))) {
+			if (!(n = strrdirsep(root))) {
 			    *p = '/';
 			}
 			else {
-			    p = b;
+			    p = n;
 			}
 			b = ++s;
 		    }
+#if USE_NTFS
+		    else {
+			do *++s; while (istrailinggabage(*s));
+		    }
+#endif
 		    break;
 		  case '/':
 #if defined DOSISH || defined __CYGWIN__
@@ -2623,6 +2694,19 @@ file_expand_path(fname, dname, result)
 		    break;
 		}
 	    }
+#if USE_NTFS
+	    else {
+		--s;
+	      case ' ': {
+		const char *e = s;
+		while (istrailinggabage(*s)) s++;
+		if (!*s) {
+		    s = e;
+		    goto endpath;
+		}
+	      }
+	    }
+#endif
 	    break;
 	  case '/':
 #if defined DOSISH || defined __CYGWIN__
@@ -2645,15 +2729,76 @@ file_expand_path(fname, dname, result)
     }
 
     if (s > b) {
+#if USE_NTFS
+      endpath:
+	if (s > b + 6 && strncasecmp(s - 6, ":$DATA", 6) == 0) {
+	    /* alias of stream */
+	    /* get rid of a bug of x64 VC++ */
+	    if (*(s-7) == ':') s -= 7;			/* prime */
+	    else if (memchr(b, ':', s - 6 - b)) s -= 6; /* alternative */
+	}
+#endif
 	BUFCHECK(bdiff + (s-b) >= buflen);
 	memcpy(++p, b, s-b);
 	p += s-b;
     }
     if (p == skiproot(buf) - 1) p++;
 
-    if (tainted) OBJ_TAINT(result);
-    RSTRING(result)->len = p - buf;
+#if USE_NTFS
     *p = '\0';
+    if ((s = strrdirsep(b = buf)) != 0 && !strpbrk(s, "*?")) {
+	size_t len;
+	WIN32_FIND_DATA wfd;
+#ifdef __CYGWIN__
+	int lnk_added = 0, is_symlink = 0;
+	struct stat st;
+	char w32buf[MAXPATHLEN];
+	p = (char *)s;
+	if (lstat(buf, &st) == 0 && S_ISLNK(st.st_mode)) {
+	    is_symlink = 1;
+	    *p = '\0';
+	}
+	if (cygwin_conv_to_win32_path((*buf ? buf : "/"), w32buf) == 0) {
+	    b = w32buf;
+	}
+	if (is_symlink && b == w32buf) {
+	    *p = '\\';
+	    strlcat(w32buf, p, sizeof(w32buf));
+	    len = strlen(p);
+	    if (len > 4 && strcasecmp(p + len - 4, ".lnk") != 0) {
+		lnk_added = 1;
+		strlcat(w32buf, ".lnk", sizeof(w32buf));
+	    }
+	}
+	*p = '/';
+#endif
+	HANDLE h = FindFirstFile(b, &wfd);
+	if (h != INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE) {
+	    FindClose(h);
+	    len = strlen(wfd.cFileName);
+#ifdef __CYGWIN__
+	    if (lnk_added && len > 4 &&
+		strcasecmp(wfd.cFileName + len - 4, ".lnk") == 0) {
+		wfd.cFileName[len -= 4] = '\0';
+	    }
+#else
+	    p = (char *)s;
+#endif
+	    ++p;
+	    BUFCHECK(bdiff + len >= buflen);
+	    memcpy(p, wfd.cFileName, len + 1);
+	    p += len;
+	}
+#ifdef __CYGWIN__
+	else {
+	    p += strlen(p);
+	}
+#endif
+    }
+#endif
+
+    if (tainted) OBJ_TAINT(result);
+    rb_str_set_len(result, p - buf);
     return result;
 }
 
@@ -2697,23 +2842,31 @@ rb_file_s_expand_path(argc, argv)
 }
 
 static int
-rmext(p, e)
+rmext(p, l1, e)
     const char *p, *e;
+    int l1;
 {
-    int l1, l2;
+    int l2;
 
     if (!e) return 0;
 
-    l1 = chompdirsep(p) - p;
     l2 = strlen(e);
     if (l2 == 2 && e[1] == '*') {
-	e = strrchr(p, *e);
-	if (!e) return 0;
+	unsigned char c = *e;
+	e = p + l1;
+	do {
+	    if (e <= p) return 0;
+	} while (*--e != c);
 	return e - p;
     }
     if (l1 < l2) return l1;
 
-    if (strncmp(p+l1-l2, e, l2) == 0) {
+#if CASEFOLD_FILESYSTEM
+#define fncomp strncasecmp
+#else
+#define fncomp strncmp
+#endif
+    if (fncomp(p+l1-l2, e, l2) == 0) {
 	return l1-l2;
     }
     return 0;
@@ -2739,11 +2892,11 @@ rb_file_s_basename(argc, argv)
     VALUE *argv;
 {
     VALUE fname, fext, basename;
-    char *name, *p;
+    const char *name, *p;
 #if defined DOSISH_DRIVE_LETTER || defined DOSISH_UNC
-    char *root;
+    const char *root;
 #endif
-    int f;
+    int f, n;
 
     if (rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "11", &fname, &fext) == 2) {
 	StringValue(fext);
@@ -2777,18 +2930,22 @@ rb_file_s_basename(argc, argv)
 #endif
 #endif
     }
-    else if (!(p = strrdirsep(name))) {
-	if (NIL_P(fext) || !(f = rmext(name, StringValueCStr(fext)))) {
-	    f = chompdirsep(name) - name;
-	    if (f == RSTRING(fname)->len) return fname;
-	}
-	p = name;
-    }
     else {
-	while (isdirsep(*p)) p++; /* skip last / */
-	if (NIL_P(fext) || !(f = rmext(p, StringValueCStr(fext)))) {
-	    f = chompdirsep(p) - p;
+	if (!(p = strrdirsep(name))) {
+	    p = name;
 	}
+	else {
+	    while (isdirsep(*p)) p++; /* skip last / */
+	}
+#if USE_NTFS
+	n = ntfs_tail(p) - p;
+#else
+	n = chompdirsep(p) - p;
+#endif
+	if (NIL_P(fext) || !(f = rmext(p, n, StringValueCStr(fext)))) {
+	    f = n;
+	}
+	if (f == RSTRING_LEN(fname)) return fname;
     }
     basename = rb_str_new(p, f);
     OBJ_INFECT(basename, fname);
@@ -2811,7 +2968,7 @@ static VALUE
 rb_file_s_dirname(klass, fname)
     VALUE klass, fname;
 {
-    char *name, *root, *p;
+    const char *name, *root, *p;
     VALUE dirname;
 
     name = StringValueCStr(fname);
@@ -2831,8 +2988,9 @@ rb_file_s_dirname(klass, fname)
 	return rb_str_new2(".");
 #ifdef DOSISH_DRIVE_LETTER
     if (has_drive_letter(name) && isdirsep(*(name + 2))) {
+	const char *top = skiproot(name + 2);
 	dirname = rb_str_new(name, 3);
-	rb_str_cat(dirname, skiproot(name + 2), p - skiproot(name + 2));
+	rb_str_cat(dirname, top, p - top);
     }
     else
 #endif
@@ -2863,22 +3021,49 @@ static VALUE
 rb_file_s_extname(klass, fname)
     VALUE klass, fname;
 {
-    char *name, *p, *e;
+    const char *name, *p, *e;
     VALUE extname;
 
     name = StringValueCStr(fname);
     p = strrdirsep(name);	/* get the last path component */
     if (!p)
- 	p = name;
+	p = name;
     else
- 	p++;
- 
-     e = strrchr(p, '.');	/* get the last dot of the last component */
-     if (!e || e == p || !e[1])	/* no dot, or the only dot is first or end? */
-	 return rb_str_new2("");
-     extname = rb_str_new(e, chompdirsep(e) - e);	/* keep the dot, too! */
-     OBJ_INFECT(extname, fname);
-     return extname;
+	name = ++p;
+
+    e = 0;
+    while (*p) {
+	if (*p == '.' || istrailinggabage(*p)) {
+#if USE_NTFS
+	    const char *last = p++, *dot = last;
+	    while (istrailinggabage(*p)) {
+		if (*p == '.') dot = p;
+		p++;
+	    }
+	    if (!*p || *p == ':') {
+		p = last;
+		break;
+	    }
+	    if (*last == '.') e = dot;
+	    continue;
+#else
+	    e = p;	  /* get the last dot of the last component */
+#endif
+	}
+#if USE_NTFS
+	else if (*p == ':') {
+	    break;
+	}
+#endif
+	else if (isdirsep(*p))
+	    break;
+	p = CharNext(p);
+    }
+    if (!e || e == name || e+1 == p)	/* no dot, or the only dot is first or end? */
+	return rb_str_new(0, 0);
+    extname = rb_str_new(e, p - e);	/* keep the dot, too! */
+    OBJ_INFECT(extname, fname);
+    return extname;
 }
 
 /*
@@ -2919,7 +3104,7 @@ rb_file_join(ary, sep)
     long len, i;
     int taint = 0;
     VALUE result, tmp;
-    char *name, *tail;
+    const char *name, *tail;
 
     if (RARRAY(ary)->len == 0) return rb_str_new(0, 0);
     if (OBJ_TAINTED(ary)) taint = 1;
@@ -3067,7 +3252,7 @@ static VALUE
 rb_file_truncate(obj, len)
     VALUE obj, len;
 {
-    OpenFile *fptr;
+    rb_io_t *fptr;
     FILE *f;
     off_t pos;
 
@@ -3080,7 +3265,7 @@ rb_file_truncate(obj, len)
     f = GetWriteFile(fptr);
     fflush(f);
     fseeko(f, (off_t)0, SEEK_CUR);
-#ifdef HAVE_TRUNCATE
+#ifdef HAVE_FTRUNCATE
     if (ftruncate(fileno(f), pos) < 0)
 	rb_sys_fail(fptr->path);
 #else
@@ -3108,8 +3293,10 @@ rb_file_truncate(obj, len)
 # endif
 
 #ifdef __CYGWIN__
-static int
 #include <winerror.h>
+extern unsigned long __attribute__((stdcall)) GetLastError(void);
+
+static int
 cygwin_flock(int fd, int op)
 {
     int old_errno = errno;
@@ -3126,7 +3313,7 @@ cygwin_flock(int fd, int op)
 static int
 rb_thread_flock(fd, op, fptr)
     int fd, op;
-    OpenFile *fptr;
+    rb_io_t *fptr;
 {
     if (rb_thread_alone() || (op & LOCK_NB)) {
 	int ret;
@@ -3192,7 +3379,7 @@ rb_file_flock(obj, operation)
     VALUE operation;
 {
 #ifndef __CHECKER__
-    OpenFile *fptr;
+    rb_io_t *fptr;
     int op;
 
     rb_secure(2);
@@ -3722,7 +3909,7 @@ rb_stat_grpowned(obj)
     VALUE obj;
 {
 #ifndef _WIN32
-    if (get_stat(obj)->st_gid == getegid()) return Qtrue;
+    if (group_member(get_stat(obj)->st_gid)) return Qtrue;
 #endif
     return Qfalse;
 }
@@ -3744,6 +3931,9 @@ rb_stat_r(obj)
 {
     struct stat *st = get_stat(obj);
 
+#ifdef USE_GETEUID
+    if (geteuid() == 0) return Qtrue;
+#endif
 #ifdef S_IRUSR
     if (rb_stat_owned(obj))
 	return st->st_mode & S_IRUSR ? Qtrue : Qfalse;
@@ -3777,6 +3967,9 @@ rb_stat_R(obj)
 {
     struct stat *st = get_stat(obj);
 
+#ifdef USE_GETEUID
+    if (getuid() == 0) return Qtrue;
+#endif
 #ifdef S_IRUSR
     if (rb_stat_rowned(obj))
 	return st->st_mode & S_IRUSR ? Qtrue : Qfalse;
@@ -3808,6 +4001,9 @@ rb_stat_w(obj)
 {
     struct stat *st = get_stat(obj);
 
+#ifdef USE_GETEUID
+    if (geteuid() == 0) return Qtrue;
+#endif
 #ifdef S_IWUSR
     if (rb_stat_owned(obj))
 	return st->st_mode & S_IWUSR ? Qtrue : Qfalse;
@@ -3839,6 +4035,9 @@ rb_stat_W(obj)
 {
     struct stat *st = get_stat(obj);
 
+#ifdef USE_GETEUID
+    if (getuid() == 0) return Qtrue;
+#endif
 #ifdef S_IWUSR
     if (rb_stat_rowned(obj))
 	return st->st_mode & S_IWUSR ? Qtrue : Qfalse;
@@ -3872,6 +4071,11 @@ rb_stat_x(obj)
 {
     struct stat *st = get_stat(obj);
 
+#ifdef USE_GETEUID
+    if (geteuid() == 0) {
+	return st->st_mode & S_IXUGO ? Qtrue : Qfalse;
+    }
+#endif
 #ifdef S_IXUSR
     if (rb_stat_owned(obj))
 	return st->st_mode & S_IXUSR ? Qtrue : Qfalse;
@@ -3901,6 +4105,11 @@ rb_stat_X(obj)
 {
     struct stat *st = get_stat(obj);
 
+#ifdef USE_GETEUID
+    if (getuid() == 0) {
+	return st->st_mode & S_IXUGO ? Qtrue : Qfalse;
+    }
+#endif
 #ifdef S_IXUSR
     if (rb_stat_rowned(obj))
 	return st->st_mode & S_IXUSR ? Qtrue : Qfalse;
@@ -4039,7 +4248,7 @@ rb_stat_sticky(obj)
     return Qfalse;
 }
 
-static VALUE rb_mFConst;
+VALUE rb_mFConst;
 
 void
 rb_file_const(name, value)
@@ -4065,14 +4274,22 @@ is_absolute_path(path)
     return 0;
 }
 
-#ifndef DOSISH
+#ifndef ENABLE_PATH_CHECK
+# if defined DOSISH || defined __CYGWIN__
+#   define ENABLE_PATH_CHECK 0
+# else
+#   define ENABLE_PATH_CHECK 1
+# endif
+#endif
+
+#if ENABLE_PATH_CHECK
 static int
-path_check_0(fpath, loadpath)
+path_check_0(fpath, execpath)
      VALUE fpath;
-     int loadpath;
+     int execpath;
 {
     struct stat st;
-    char *p0 = StringValueCStr(fpath);
+    const char *p0 = StringValueCStr(fpath);
     char *p = 0, *s;
 
     if (!is_absolute_path(p0)) {
@@ -4084,7 +4301,7 @@ path_check_0(fpath, loadpath)
 
 	rb_str_cat2(newpath, "/");
 	rb_str_cat2(newpath, p0);
-	return path_check_0(newpath, loadpath);
+	p0 = RSTRING(fpath = newpath)->ptr;
     }
     for (;;) {
 #ifndef S_IWOTH
@@ -4092,10 +4309,11 @@ path_check_0(fpath, loadpath)
 #endif
 	if (stat(p0, &st) == 0 && S_ISDIR(st.st_mode) && (st.st_mode & S_IWOTH)
 #ifdef S_ISVTX
-	    && (loadpath || !(st.st_mode & S_ISVTX))
+	    && !(p && execpath && (st.st_mode & S_ISVTX))
 #endif
 	    ) {
-	    rb_warn("Insecure world writable dir %s, mode 0%o", p0, st.st_mode);
+	    rb_warn("Insecure world writable dir %s in %sPATH, mode 0%o",
+		    p0, (execpath ? "" : "LOAD_"), st.st_mode);
 	    if (p) *p = '/';
 	    return 0;
 	}
@@ -4110,9 +4328,9 @@ path_check_0(fpath, loadpath)
 
 static int
 fpath_check(path)
-    char *path;
+    const char *path;
 {
-#ifndef DOSISH
+#if ENABLE_PATH_CHECK
     return path_check_0(rb_str_new2(path), Qfalse);
 #else
     return 1;
@@ -4121,10 +4339,10 @@ fpath_check(path)
 
 int
 rb_path_check(path)
-    char *path;
+    const char *path;
 {
-#ifndef DOSISH
-    char *p0, *p, *pend;
+#if ENABLE_PATH_CHECK
+    const char *p0, *p, *pend;
     const char sep = PATH_SEP_CHAR;
 
     if (!path) return 1;
@@ -4159,7 +4377,7 @@ is_macos_native_path(path)
 
 static int
 file_load_ok(file)
-    char *file;
+    const char *file;
 {
     FILE *f;
 
@@ -4177,8 +4395,8 @@ rb_find_file_ext(filep, ext)
     VALUE *filep;
     const char * const *ext;
 {
-    char *path, *found;
-    char *f = RSTRING(*filep)->ptr;
+    const char *path, *found;
+    const char *f = RSTRING(*filep)->ptr;
     VALUE fname;
     long i, j;
 
@@ -4233,8 +4451,8 @@ rb_find_file(path)
     VALUE path;
 {
     VALUE tmp;
-    char *f = StringValueCStr(path);
-    char *lpath;
+    const char *f = StringValueCStr(path);
+    const char *lpath;
 
     if (f[0] == '~') {
 	path = rb_file_expand_path(path, Qnil);
@@ -4283,9 +4501,6 @@ rb_find_file(path)
 	}
 	else {
 	    lpath = RSTRING(tmp)->ptr;
-	    if (rb_safe_level() >= 1 && !rb_path_check(lpath)) {
-		rb_raise(rb_eSecurityError, "loading from unsafe path %s", lpath);
-	    }
 	}
     }
     else {
@@ -4295,7 +4510,9 @@ rb_find_file(path)
     if (!lpath) {
 	return 0;		/* no path, no load */
     }
-    f = dln_find_file(f, lpath);
+    if (!(f = dln_find_file(f, lpath))) {
+	return 0;
+    }
     if (rb_safe_level() >= 1 && !fpath_check(f)) {
 	rb_raise(rb_eSecurityError, "loading from unsafe file %s", f);
     }
diff --git a/gc.c b/gc.c
index 04f28e634a..b41df745a5 100644
--- a/gc.c
+++ b/gc.c
@@ -30,29 +30,17 @@
 #include <sys/resource.h>
 #endif
 
-#ifdef __ia64__
-#include <ucontext.h>
-#if defined(__FreeBSD__)
-/*
- * FreeBSD/ia64 currently does not have a way for a process to get the
- * base address for the RSE backing store, so hardcode it.
- */
-#define __libc_ia64_register_backing_store_base (4ULL<<61)
-#else
-#pragma weak __libc_ia64_register_backing_store_base
-extern unsigned long __libc_ia64_register_backing_store_base;
-#endif
-#endif
-
 #if defined _WIN32 || defined __CYGWIN__
 #include <windows.h>
 #endif
 
 void re_free_registers _((struct re_registers*));
-void rb_io_fptr_finalize _((struct OpenFile*));
+void rb_io_fptr_finalize _((struct rb_io_t*));
 
-#if !defined(setjmp) && defined(HAVE__SETJMP)
-#define setjmp(env) _setjmp(env)
+#define rb_setjmp(env) RUBY_SETJMP(env)
+#define rb_jmp_buf rb_jmpbuf_t
+#ifdef __CYGWIN__
+int _setjmp(), _longjmp();
 #endif
 
 /* Make alloca work the best possible way.  */
@@ -66,9 +54,7 @@ void rb_io_fptr_finalize _((struct OpenFile*));
 # ifdef HAVE_ALLOCA_H
 #  include <alloca.h>
 # else
-#  ifdef _AIX
- #pragma alloca
-#  else
+#  ifndef _AIX
 #   ifndef alloca /* predefined by HP cc +Olibcalls */
 void *alloca ();
 #   endif
@@ -90,19 +76,62 @@ static void run_final();
 static VALUE nomem_error;
 static void garbage_collect();
 
+int ruby_gc_stress = 0;
+
+NORETURN(void rb_exc_jump _((VALUE)));
+
 void
 rb_memerror()
 {
-    static int recurse = 0;
+    rb_thread_t th = rb_curr_thread;
 
-    if (!nomem_error || (recurse > 0 && rb_safe_level() < 4)) {
+    if (!nomem_error ||
+	(rb_thread_raised_p(th, RAISED_NOMEMORY) && rb_safe_level() < 4)) {
 	fprintf(stderr, "[FATAL] failed to allocate memory\n");
 	exit(1);
     }
-    recurse++;
+    if (rb_thread_raised_p(th, RAISED_NOMEMORY)) {
+	rb_exc_jump(nomem_error);
+    }
+    rb_thread_raised_set(th, RAISED_NOMEMORY);
     rb_exc_raise(nomem_error);
 }
 
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *    GC.stress                 => true or false
+ *
+ *  returns current status of GC stress mode.
+ */
+
+static VALUE
+gc_stress_get(self)
+    VALUE self;
+{
+    return ruby_gc_stress ? Qtrue : Qfalse;
+}
+
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *    GC.stress = bool          => bool
+ *
+ *  updates GC stress mode.
+ *
+ *  When GC.stress = true, GC is invoked for all GC opportunity:
+ *  all memory and object allocation.
+ *
+ *  Since it makes Ruby very slow, it is only for debugging.
+ */
+
+static VALUE
+gc_stress_set(self, bool)
+    VALUE self, bool;
+{
+    rb_secure(2);
+    ruby_gc_stress = RTEST(bool);
+    return bool;
+}
+
 void *
 ruby_xmalloc(size)
     long size;
@@ -113,9 +142,8 @@ ruby_xmalloc(size)
 	rb_raise(rb_eNoMemError, "negative allocation size (or too big)");
     }
     if (size == 0) size = 1;
-    malloc_increase += size;
 
-    if (malloc_increase > malloc_limit) {
+    if (ruby_gc_stress || (malloc_increase+size) > malloc_limit) {
 	garbage_collect();
     }
     RUBY_CRITICAL(mem = malloc(size));
@@ -126,6 +154,7 @@ ruby_xmalloc(size)
 	    rb_memerror();
 	}
     }
+    malloc_increase += size;
 
     return mem;
 }
@@ -154,7 +183,7 @@ ruby_xrealloc(ptr, size)
     }
     if (!ptr) return xmalloc(size);
     if (size == 0) size = 1;
-    malloc_increase += size;
+    if (ruby_gc_stress) garbage_collect();
     RUBY_CRITICAL(mem = realloc(ptr, size));
     if (!mem) {
 	garbage_collect();
@@ -163,6 +192,7 @@ ruby_xrealloc(ptr, size)
 	    rb_memerror();
         }
     }
+    malloc_increase += size;
 
     return mem;
 }
@@ -389,12 +419,21 @@ add_heap()
 }
 #define RANY(o) ((RVALUE*)(o))
 
+int 
+rb_during_gc()
+{
+    return during_gc;
+}
+
 VALUE
 rb_newobj()
 {
     VALUE obj;
 
-    if (!freelist) garbage_collect();
+    if (during_gc)
+	rb_bug("object allocation during garbage collection phase");
+
+    if (ruby_gc_stress || !freelist) garbage_collect();
 
     obj = (VALUE)freelist;
     freelist = freelist->as.free.next;
@@ -425,6 +464,9 @@ rb_data_object_alloc(klass, datap, dmark, dfree)
 
 extern st_table *rb_class_tbl;
 VALUE *rb_gc_stack_start = 0;
+#ifdef __ia64
+VALUE *rb_gc_register_stack_start = 0;
+#endif
 
 #ifdef DJGPP
 /* set stack size (http://www.delorie.com/djgpp/v2faq/faq15_9.html) */
@@ -437,7 +479,7 @@ static unsigned int STACK_LEVEL_MAX = 65535;
 unsigned int _stacksize = 262144;
 # define STACK_LEVEL_MAX (_stacksize - 4096)
 # undef HAVE_GETRLIMIT
-#elif defined(HAVE_GETRLIMIT)
+#elif defined(HAVE_GETRLIMIT) || defined(_WIN32)
 static unsigned int STACK_LEVEL_MAX = 655300;
 #else
 # define STACK_LEVEL_MAX 655300
@@ -447,24 +489,23 @@ static unsigned int STACK_LEVEL_MAX = 655300;
 # define SET_STACK_END VALUE stack_end; alloca(0);
 # define STACK_END (&stack_end)
 #else
-# if defined(__GNUC__) && defined(USE_BUILTIN_FRAME_ADDRESS) && !defined(__ia64__)
+# if defined(__GNUC__) && defined(USE_BUILTIN_FRAME_ADDRESS) && !defined(__ia64)
 #  if ( __GNUC__ == 3 && __GNUC_MINOR__ > 0 ) || __GNUC__ > 3
 __attribute__ ((noinline))
 #  endif
-static VALUE *
-stack_end_address(void)
+static void
+stack_end_address(VALUE **stack_end_p)
 {
-    return (VALUE *)__builtin_frame_address(0);
+    VALUE stack_end;
+    *stack_end_p = &stack_end;
 }
-#  define  SET_STACK_END    VALUE *stack_end = stack_end_address()
+#  define  SET_STACK_END    VALUE *stack_end; stack_end_address(&stack_end)
 # else
 #  define  SET_STACK_END    VALUE *stack_end = alloca(1)
 # endif
 # define STACK_END (stack_end)
 #endif
-#if defined(sparc) || defined(__sparc__)
-# define STACK_LENGTH  (rb_gc_stack_start - STACK_END + 0x80)
-#elif STACK_GROW_DIRECTION < 0
+#if STACK_GROW_DIRECTION < 0
 # define STACK_LENGTH  (rb_gc_stack_start - STACK_END)
 #elif STACK_GROW_DIRECTION > 0
 # define STACK_LENGTH  (STACK_END - rb_gc_stack_start + 1)
@@ -529,24 +570,25 @@ init_mark_stack()
 }
 
 #define MARK_STACK_EMPTY (mark_stack_ptr == mark_stack)
-            
+
 static st_table *source_filenames;
 
 char *
 rb_source_filename(f)
     const char *f;
 {
-    char *name;
+    st_data_t name;
 
-    if (!st_lookup(source_filenames, (st_data_t)f, (st_data_t *)&name)) {
+    if (!st_lookup(source_filenames, (st_data_t)f, &name)) {
 	long len = strlen(f) + 1;
-	char *ptr = name = ALLOC_N(char, len + 1);
+	char *ptr = ALLOC_N(char, len + 1);
+	name = (st_data_t)ptr;
 	*ptr++ = 0;
 	MEMCPY(ptr, f, char, len);
-	st_add_direct(source_filenames, (st_data_t)ptr, (st_data_t)name);
+	st_add_direct(source_filenames, (st_data_t)ptr, name);
 	return ptr;
     }
-    return name + 1;
+    return (char *)name + 1;
 }
 
 static void
@@ -736,7 +778,7 @@ gc_mark(ptr, lev)
 	if (!mark_stack_overflow) {
 	    if (mark_stack_ptr - mark_stack < MARK_STACK_MAX) {
 		*mark_stack_ptr = ptr;
-		mark_stack_ptr++;		
+		mark_stack_ptr++;
 	    }
 	    else {
 		mark_stack_overflow = 1;
@@ -1124,7 +1166,7 @@ gc_sweep()
 
 	    heaps[i].limit = 0;
 	    for (pp = final_list; pp != final; pp = pp->as.free.next) {
-		p->as.free.flags |= FL_SINGLETON; /* freeing page mark */
+		pp->as.free.flags |= FL_SINGLETON; /* freeing page mark */
 	    }
 	    freelist = free;	/* cancel this page from freelist */
 	}
@@ -1145,6 +1187,7 @@ gc_sweep()
     /* clear finalization list */
     if (final_list) {
 	deferred_final_list = final_list;
+	rb_thread_pending = 1;
 	return;
     }
     free_unused_heaps();
@@ -1266,7 +1309,7 @@ obj_free(obj)
 	if (RANY(obj)->as.scope.local_vars &&
             RANY(obj)->as.scope.flags != SCOPE_ALLOCA) {
 	    VALUE *vars = RANY(obj)->as.scope.local_vars-1;
-	    if (vars[0] == 0)
+	    if (!(RANY(obj)->as.scope.flags & SCOPE_CLONE) && vars[0] == 0)
 		RUBY_CRITICAL(free(RANY(obj)->as.scope.local_tbl));
 	    if (RANY(obj)->as.scope.flags & SCOPE_MALLOC)
 		RUBY_CRITICAL(free(vars));
@@ -1294,6 +1337,8 @@ rb_gc_mark_frame(frame)
 
 #ifdef __GNUC__
 #if defined(__human68k__) || defined(DJGPP)
+#undef rb_setjmp
+#undef rb_jmp_buf
 #if defined(__human68k__)
 typedef unsigned long rb_jmp_buf[8];
 __asm__ (".even\n\
@@ -1302,9 +1347,6 @@ _rb_setjmp:\n\
 	movem.l	d3-d7/a3-a5,(a0)\n\
 	moveq.l	#0,d0\n\
 	rts");
-#ifdef setjmp
-#undef setjmp
-#endif
 #else
 #if defined(DJGPP)
 typedef unsigned long rb_jmp_buf[6];
@@ -1325,8 +1367,6 @@ _rb_setjmp:\n\
 #endif
 #endif
 int rb_setjmp (rb_jmp_buf);
-#define jmp_buf rb_jmp_buf
-#define setjmp rb_setjmp
 #endif /* __human68k__ or DJGPP */
 #endif /* __GNUC__ */
 
@@ -1375,7 +1415,7 @@ garbage_collect()
 
     FLUSH_REGISTER_WINDOWS;
     /* This assumes that all registers are saved into the jmp_buf (and stack) */
-    setjmp(save_regs_gc_mark);
+    rb_setjmp(save_regs_gc_mark);
     mark_locations_array((VALUE*)save_regs_gc_mark, sizeof(save_regs_gc_mark) / sizeof(VALUE *));
 #if STACK_GROW_DIRECTION < 0
     rb_gc_mark_locations((VALUE*)STACK_END, rb_gc_stack_start);
@@ -1387,23 +1427,10 @@ garbage_collect()
     else
 	rb_gc_mark_locations(rb_gc_stack_start, (VALUE*)STACK_END + 1);
 #endif
-#ifdef __ia64__
+#ifdef __ia64
     /* mark backing store (flushed register window on the stack) */
     /* the basic idea from guile GC code                         */
-    {
-	ucontext_t ctx;
-	VALUE *top, *bot;
-	getcontext(&ctx);
-	mark_locations_array((VALUE*)&ctx.uc_mcontext,
-			     ((size_t)(sizeof(VALUE)-1 + sizeof ctx.uc_mcontext)/sizeof(VALUE)));
-	bot = (VALUE*)__libc_ia64_register_backing_store_base;
-#if defined(__FreeBSD__)
-	top = (VALUE*)ctx.uc_mcontext.mc_special.bspstore;
-#else
-	top = (VALUE*)ctx.uc_mcontext.sc_ar_bsp;
-#endif
-	rb_gc_mark_locations(bot, top);
-    }
+    rb_gc_mark_locations(rb_gc_register_stack_start, (VALUE*)rb_ia64_bsp());
 #endif
 #if defined(__human68k__) || defined(__mc68000__)
     rb_gc_mark_locations((VALUE*)((char*)STACK_END + 2),
@@ -1479,6 +1506,28 @@ void
 Init_stack(addr)
     VALUE *addr;
 {
+#ifdef __ia64
+    if (rb_gc_register_stack_start == 0) {
+# if defined(__FreeBSD__)
+        /*
+         * FreeBSD/ia64 currently does not have a way for a process to get the
+         * base address for the RSE backing store, so hardcode it.
+         */
+        rb_gc_register_stack_start = (4ULL<<61);
+# elif defined(HAVE___LIBC_IA64_REGISTER_BACKING_STORE_BASE)
+#  pragma weak __libc_ia64_register_backing_store_base
+        extern unsigned long __libc_ia64_register_backing_store_base;
+        rb_gc_register_stack_start = (VALUE*)__libc_ia64_register_backing_store_base;
+# endif
+    }
+    {
+        VALUE *bsp = (VALUE*)rb_ia64_bsp();
+        if (rb_gc_register_stack_start == 0 ||
+            bsp < rb_gc_register_stack_start) {
+            rb_gc_register_stack_start = bsp;
+        }
+    }
+#endif
 #if defined(_WIN32) || defined(__CYGWIN__)
     MEMORY_BASIC_INFORMATION m;
     memset(&m, 0, sizeof(m));
@@ -1487,10 +1536,12 @@ Init_stack(addr)
 	STACK_UPPER((VALUE *)&m, (VALUE *)m.BaseAddress,
 		    (VALUE *)((char *)m.BaseAddress + m.RegionSize) - 1);
 #elif defined(STACK_END_ADDRESS)
-    extern void *STACK_END_ADDRESS;
-    rb_gc_stack_start = STACK_END_ADDRESS;
+    {
+        extern void *STACK_END_ADDRESS;
+        rb_gc_stack_start = STACK_END_ADDRESS;
+    }
 #else
-    if (!addr) addr = (VALUE *)&addr;
+    if (!addr) addr = (void *)&addr;
     STACK_UPPER(&addr, addr, ++addr);
     if (rb_gc_stack_start) {
 	if (STACK_UPPER(&addr,
@@ -1515,6 +1566,50 @@ Init_stack(addr)
 #endif
 }
 
+void ruby_init_stack(VALUE *addr
+#ifdef __ia64
+    , void *bsp
+#endif
+    )
+{
+    if (!rb_gc_stack_start ||
+        STACK_UPPER(&addr,
+                    rb_gc_stack_start > addr,
+                    rb_gc_stack_start < addr)) {
+        rb_gc_stack_start = addr;
+    }
+#ifdef __ia64
+    if (!rb_gc_register_stack_start ||
+        (VALUE*)bsp < rb_gc_register_stack_start) {
+        rb_gc_register_stack_start = (VALUE*)bsp;
+    }
+#endif
+#ifdef HAVE_GETRLIMIT
+    {
+        struct rlimit rlim;
+
+        if (getrlimit(RLIMIT_STACK, &rlim) == 0) {
+            unsigned int space = rlim.rlim_cur/5;
+
+            if (space > 1024*1024) space = 1024*1024;
+            STACK_LEVEL_MAX = (rlim.rlim_cur - space) / sizeof(VALUE);
+        }
+    }
+#elif defined _WIN32
+    {
+	MEMORY_BASIC_INFORMATION mi;
+	DWORD size;
+	DWORD space;
+
+	if (VirtualQuery(&mi, &mi, sizeof(mi))) {
+	    size = (char *)mi.BaseAddress - (char *)mi.AllocationBase;
+	    space = size / 5;
+	    if (space > 1024*1024) space = 1024*1024;
+	    STACK_LEVEL_MAX = (size - space) / sizeof(VALUE);
+	}
+    }
+#endif
+}
 
 /*
  * Document-class: ObjectSpace
@@ -1557,43 +1652,12 @@ Init_heap()
 }
 
 static VALUE
-os_live_obj()
-{
-    int i;
-    int n = 0;
-
-    for (i = 0; i < heaps_used; i++) {
-	RVALUE *p, *pend;
-
-	p = heaps[i].slot; pend = p + heaps[i].limit;
-	for (;p < pend; p++) {
-	    if (p->as.basic.flags) {
-		switch (TYPE(p)) {
-		  case T_ICLASS:
-		  case T_VARMAP:
-		  case T_SCOPE:
-		  case T_NODE:
-		    continue;
-		  case T_CLASS:
-		    if (FL_TEST(p, FL_SINGLETON)) continue;
-		  default:
-		    if (!p->as.basic.klass) continue;
-		    rb_yield((VALUE)p);
-		    n++;
-		}
-	    }
-	}
-    }
-
-    return INT2FIX(n);
-}
-
-static VALUE
 os_obj_of(of)
     VALUE of;
 {
     int i;
     int n = 0;
+    volatile VALUE v;
 
     for (i = 0; i < heaps_used; i++) {
 	RVALUE *p, *pend;
@@ -1601,7 +1665,8 @@ os_obj_of(of)
 	p = heaps[i].slot; pend = p + heaps[i].limit;
 	for (;p < pend; p++) {
 	    if (p->as.basic.flags) {
-		switch (TYPE(p)) {
+		switch (BUILTIN_TYPE(p)) {
+		  case T_NONE:
 		  case T_ICLASS:
 		  case T_VARMAP:
 		  case T_SCOPE:
@@ -1611,8 +1676,9 @@ os_obj_of(of)
 		    if (FL_TEST(p, FL_SINGLETON)) continue;
 		  default:
 		    if (!p->as.basic.klass) continue;
-		    if (rb_obj_is_kind_of((VALUE)p, of)) {
-			rb_yield((VALUE)p);
+                    v = (VALUE)p;
+		    if (!of || rb_obj_is_kind_of(v, of)) {
+			rb_yield(v);
 			n++;
 		    }
 		}
@@ -1657,19 +1723,22 @@ os_obj_of(of)
  */
 
 static VALUE
-os_each_obj(argc, argv)
+os_each_obj(argc, argv, os)
     int argc;
     VALUE *argv;
+    VALUE os;
 {
     VALUE of;
 
     rb_secure(4);
-    if (rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "01", &of) == 0) {
-	return os_live_obj();
+    if (argc == 0) {
+	of = 0;
     }
     else {
-	return os_obj_of(of);
+	rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "01", &of);
     }
+    RETURN_ENUMERATOR(os, 1, &of);
+    return os_obj_of(of);
 }
 
 static VALUE finalizers;
@@ -1913,6 +1982,7 @@ id2ref(obj, objid)
     VALUE obj, objid;
 {
     unsigned long ptr, p0;
+    int type;
 
     rb_secure(4);
     p0 = ptr = NUM2ULONG(objid);
@@ -1929,7 +1999,8 @@ id2ref(obj, objid)
         return ID2SYM(symid);
     }
 
-    if (!is_pointer_to_heap((void *)ptr)|| BUILTIN_TYPE(ptr) >= T_BLKTAG) {
+    if (!is_pointer_to_heap((void *)ptr)||
+	(type = BUILTIN_TYPE(ptr)) >= T_BLKTAG || type == T_ICLASS) {
 	rb_raise(rb_eRangeError, "0x%lx is not id value", p0);
     }
     if (BUILTIN_TYPE(ptr) == 0 || RBASIC(ptr)->klass == 0) {
@@ -1945,7 +2016,7 @@ id2ref(obj, objid)
  *  call-seq:
  *     obj.__id__       => fixnum
  *     obj.object_id    => fixnum
- *  
+ *
  *  Returns an integer identifier for <i>obj</i>. The same number will
  *  be returned on all calls to <code>id</code> for a given object, and
  *  no two active objects will share an id.
@@ -1957,7 +2028,7 @@ id2ref(obj, objid)
 /*
  *  call-seq:
  *     obj.hash    => fixnum
- *  
+ *
  *  Generates a <code>Fixnum</code> hash value for this object. This
  *  function must have the property that <code>a.eql?(b)</code> implies
  *  <code>a.hash == b.hash</code>. The hash value is used by class
@@ -2020,6 +2091,8 @@ Init_GC()
     rb_define_singleton_method(rb_mGC, "start", rb_gc_start, 0);
     rb_define_singleton_method(rb_mGC, "enable", rb_gc_enable, 0);
     rb_define_singleton_method(rb_mGC, "disable", rb_gc_disable, 0);
+    rb_define_singleton_method(rb_mGC, "stress", gc_stress_get, 0);
+    rb_define_singleton_method(rb_mGC, "stress=", gc_stress_set, 1);
     rb_define_method(rb_mGC, "garbage_collect", rb_gc_start, 0);
 
     rb_mObSpace = rb_define_module("ObjectSpace");
@@ -2043,7 +2116,10 @@ Init_GC()
     source_filenames = st_init_strtable();
 
     rb_global_variable(&nomem_error);
-    nomem_error = rb_exc_new2(rb_eNoMemError, "failed to allocate memory");
+    nomem_error = rb_exc_new3(rb_eNoMemError,
+			      rb_obj_freeze(rb_str_new2("failed to allocate memory")));
+    OBJ_TAINT(nomem_error);
+    OBJ_FREEZE(nomem_error);
 
     rb_define_method(rb_mKernel, "hash", rb_obj_id, 0);
     rb_define_method(rb_mKernel, "__id__", rb_obj_id, 0);
diff --git a/hash.c b/hash.c
index dc804ebd34..3f269becb5 100644
--- a/hash.c
+++ b/hash.c
@@ -89,15 +89,16 @@ rb_any_hash(a)
     VALUE a;
 {
     VALUE hval;
+    int hnum;
 
     switch (TYPE(a)) {
       case T_FIXNUM:
       case T_SYMBOL:
-	return (int)a;
+	hnum = (int)a;
 	break;
 
       case T_STRING:
-	return rb_str_hash(a);
+	hnum = rb_str_hash(a);
 	break;
 
       default:
@@ -105,8 +106,10 @@ rb_any_hash(a)
 	if (!FIXNUM_P(hval)) {
 	    hval = rb_funcall(hval, '%', 1, INT2FIX(536870923));
 	}
-	return (int)FIX2LONG(hval);
+	hnum = (int)FIX2LONG(hval);
     }
+    hnum <<= 1;
+    return RSHIFT(hnum, 1);
 }
 
 static struct st_hash_type objhash = {
@@ -114,9 +117,11 @@ static struct st_hash_type objhash = {
     rb_any_hash,
 };
 
+typedef int st_foreach_func(st_data_t, st_data_t, st_data_t);
+
 struct foreach_safe_arg {
     st_table *tbl;
-    int (*func)();
+    st_foreach_func *func;
     st_data_t arg;
 };
 
@@ -144,16 +149,18 @@ st_foreach_safe(table, func, a)
     struct foreach_safe_arg arg;
 
     arg.tbl = table;
-    arg.func = func;
+    arg.func = (st_foreach_func *)func;
     arg.arg = a;
     if (st_foreach(table, foreach_safe_i, (st_data_t)&arg)) {
 	rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "hash modified during iteration");
     }
 }
 
+typedef int rb_foreach_func(VALUE, VALUE, VALUE);
+
 struct hash_foreach_arg {
     VALUE hash;
-    int (*func)();
+    rb_foreach_func *func;
     VALUE arg;
 };
 
@@ -165,7 +172,7 @@ hash_foreach_iter(key, value, arg)
     int status;
     st_table *tbl;
 
-    tbl = RHASH(arg->hash)->tbl;    
+    tbl = RHASH(arg->hash)->tbl;
     if (key == Qundef) return ST_CONTINUE;
     status = (*arg->func)(key, value, arg->arg);
     if (RHASH(arg->hash)->tbl != tbl) {
@@ -218,25 +225,36 @@ rb_hash_foreach(hash, func, farg)
 
     RHASH(hash)->iter_lev++;
     arg.hash = hash;
-    arg.func = func;
+    arg.func = (rb_foreach_func *)func;
     arg.arg  = farg;
     rb_ensure(hash_foreach_call, (VALUE)&arg, hash_foreach_ensure, hash);
 }
 
+static VALUE hash_alloc0 _((VALUE));
 static VALUE hash_alloc _((VALUE));
 static VALUE
-hash_alloc(klass)
+hash_alloc0(klass)
     VALUE klass;
 {
     NEWOBJ(hash, struct RHash);
     OBJSETUP(hash, klass, T_HASH);
 
     hash->ifnone = Qnil;
-    hash->tbl = st_init_table(&objhash);
 
     return (VALUE)hash;
 }
 
+static VALUE
+hash_alloc(klass)
+    VALUE klass;
+{
+    VALUE hash = hash_alloc0(klass);
+
+    RHASH(hash)->tbl = st_init_table(&objhash);
+
+    return hash;
+}
+
 VALUE
 rb_hash_new()
 {
@@ -248,7 +266,7 @@ rb_hash_new()
  *     Hash.new                          => hash
  *     Hash.new(obj)                     => aHash
  *     Hash.new {|hash, key| block }     => aHash
- *  
+ *
  *  Returns a new, empty hash. If this hash is subsequently accessed by
  *  a key that doesn't correspond to a hash entry, the value returned
  *  depends on the style of <code>new</code> used to create the hash. In
@@ -258,7 +276,7 @@ rb_hash_new()
  *  called with the hash object and the key, and should return the
  *  default value. It is the block's responsibility to store the value
  *  in the hash if required.
- *     
+ *
  *     h = Hash.new("Go Fish")
  *     h["a"] = 100
  *     h["b"] = 200
@@ -268,14 +286,14 @@ rb_hash_new()
  *     h["c"].upcase!   #=> "GO FISH"
  *     h["d"]           #=> "GO FISH"
  *     h.keys           #=> ["a", "b"]
- *     
+ *
  *     # While this creates a new default object each time
  *     h = Hash.new { |hash, key| hash[key] = "Go Fish: #{key}" }
  *     h["c"]           #=> "Go Fish: c"
  *     h["c"].upcase!   #=> "GO FISH: C"
  *     h["d"]           #=> "Go Fish: d"
  *     h.keys           #=> ["c", "d"]
- *     
+ *
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -305,11 +323,11 @@ rb_hash_initialize(argc, argv, hash)
 /*
  *  call-seq:
  *     Hash[ [key =>|, value]* ]   => hash
- *  
+ *
  *  Creates a new hash populated with the given objects. Equivalent to
  *  the literal <code>{ <i>key</i>, <i>value</i>, ... }</code>. Keys and
  *  values occur in pairs, so there must be an even number of arguments.
- *     
+ *
  *     Hash["a", 100, "b", 200]       #=> {"a"=>100, "b"=>200}
  *     Hash["a" => 100, "b" => 200]   #=> {"a"=>100, "b"=>200}
  *     { "a" => 100, "b" => 200 }     #=> {"a"=>100, "b"=>200}
@@ -321,18 +339,32 @@ rb_hash_s_create(argc, argv, klass)
     VALUE *argv;
     VALUE klass;
 {
-    VALUE hash;
+    VALUE hash, tmp;
     int i;
 
-    if (argc == 1 && TYPE(argv[0]) == T_HASH) {
-	hash = hash_alloc(klass);
-	    
-	RHASH(hash)->ifnone = Qnil;
-	RHASH(hash)->tbl = st_copy(RHASH(argv[0])->tbl);
+    if (argc == 1) {
+	tmp = rb_check_convert_type(argv[0], T_HASH, "Hash", "to_hash");
+	if (!NIL_P(tmp)) {
+	    hash = hash_alloc0(klass);
+	    RHASH(hash)->tbl = st_copy(RHASH(tmp)->tbl);
+	    return hash;
+	}
 
-	return hash;
+	tmp = rb_check_array_type(argv[0]);
+	if (!NIL_P(tmp)) {
+	    long i;
+
+	    hash = hash_alloc(klass);
+	    for (i = 0; i < RARRAY_LEN(tmp); ++i) {
+		VALUE v = rb_check_array_type(RARRAY_PTR(tmp)[i]);
+		
+		if (NIL_P(v)) continue;
+		if (RARRAY_LEN(v) < 1 || 2 < RARRAY_LEN(v)) continue;
+		rb_hash_aset(hash, RARRAY_PTR(v)[0], RARRAY_PTR(v)[1]);
+	    }
+	    return hash;
+	}
     }
-
     if (argc % 2 != 0) {
 	rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "odd number of arguments for Hash");
     }
@@ -364,13 +396,13 @@ rb_hash_rehash_i(key, value, tbl)
 /*
  *  call-seq:
  *     hsh.rehash -> hsh
- *  
+ *
  *  Rebuilds the hash based on the current hash values for each key. If
  *  values of key objects have changed since they were inserted, this
  *  method will reindex <i>hsh</i>. If <code>Hash#rehash</code> is
  *  called while an iterator is traversing the hash, an
  *  <code>IndexError</code> will be raised in the iterator.
- *     
+ *
  *     a = [ "a", "b" ]
  *     c = [ "c", "d" ]
  *     h = { a => 100, c => 300 }
@@ -399,15 +431,15 @@ rb_hash_rehash(hash)
 /*
  *  call-seq:
  *     hsh[key]    =>  value
- *  
+ *
  *  Element Reference---Retrieves the <i>value</i> object corresponding
  *  to the <i>key</i> object. If not found, returns the a default value (see
  *  <code>Hash::new</code> for details).
- *     
+ *
  *     h = { "a" => 100, "b" => 200 }
  *     h["a"]   #=> 100
  *     h["c"]   #=> nil
- *     
+ *
  */
 
 VALUE
@@ -422,33 +454,45 @@ rb_hash_aref(hash, key)
     return val;
 }
 
+VALUE
+rb_hash_lookup(hash, key)
+    VALUE hash, key;
+{
+    VALUE val;
+
+    if (!st_lookup(RHASH(hash)->tbl, key, &val)) {
+	return Qnil; /* without Hash#default */
+    }
+    return val;
+}
+
 /*
  *  call-seq:
  *     hsh.fetch(key [, default] )       => obj
  *     hsh.fetch(key) {| key | block }   => obj
- *  
+ *
  *  Returns a value from the hash for the given key. If the key can't be
  *  found, there are several options: With no other arguments, it will
  *  raise an <code>IndexError</code> exception; if <i>default</i> is
  *  given, then that will be returned; if the optional code block is
  *  specified, then that will be run and its result returned.
- *     
+ *
  *     h = { "a" => 100, "b" => 200 }
  *     h.fetch("a")                            #=> 100
  *     h.fetch("z", "go fish")                 #=> "go fish"
  *     h.fetch("z") { |el| "go fish, #{el}"}   #=> "go fish, z"
- *     
+ *
  *  The following example shows that an exception is raised if the key
  *  is not found and a default value is not supplied.
- *     
+ *
  *     h = { "a" => 100, "b" => 200 }
  *     h.fetch("z")
- *     
+ *
  *  <em>produces:</em>
- *     
+ *
  *     prog.rb:2:in `fetch': key not found (IndexError)
  *      from prog.rb:2
- *     
+ *
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -480,21 +524,21 @@ rb_hash_fetch(argc, argv, hash)
 /*
  *  call-seq:
  *     hsh.default(key=nil)   => obj
- *  
+ *
  *  Returns the default value, the value that would be returned by
  *  <i>hsh</i>[<i>key</i>] if <i>key</i> did not exist in <i>hsh</i>.
  *  See also <code>Hash::new</code> and <code>Hash#default=</code>.
- *     
+ *
  *     h = Hash.new                            #=> {}
  *     h.default                               #=> nil
  *     h.default(2)                            #=> nil
- *     
+ *
  *     h = Hash.new("cat")                     #=> {}
  *     h.default                               #=> "cat"
  *     h.default(2)                            #=> "cat"
- *     
+ *
  *     h = Hash.new {|h,k| h[k] = k.to_i*10}   #=> {}
- *     h.default                               #=> 0
+ *     h.default                               #=> nil
  *     h.default(2)                            #=> 20
  */
 
@@ -517,11 +561,11 @@ rb_hash_default(argc, argv, hash)
 /*
  *  call-seq:
  *     hsh.default = obj     => hsh
- *  
+ *
  *  Sets the default value, the value returned for a key that does not
  *  exist in the hash. It is not possible to set the a default to a
  *  <code>Proc</code> that will be executed on each key lookup.
- *     
+ *
  *     h = { "a" => 100, "b" => 200 }
  *     h.default = "Go fish"
  *     h["a"]     #=> 100
@@ -547,10 +591,10 @@ rb_hash_set_default(hash, ifnone)
 /*
  *  call-seq:
  *     hsh.default_proc -> anObject
- *  
+ *
  *  If <code>Hash::new</code> was invoked with a block, return that
  *  block, otherwise return <code>nil</code>.
- *     
+ *
  *     h = Hash.new {|h,k| h[k] = k*k }   #=> {}
  *     p = h.default_proc                 #=> #<Proc:0x401b3d08@-:1>
  *     a = []                             #=> []
@@ -581,16 +625,33 @@ index_i(key, value, args)
     return ST_CONTINUE;
 }
 
+static VALUE
+rb_hash_delete_key(hash, key)
+    VALUE hash, key;
+{
+    st_data_t ktmp = (st_data_t)key, val;
+
+    if (RHASH(hash)->iter_lev > 0) {
+	if (st_delete_safe(RHASH(hash)->tbl, &ktmp, &val, Qundef)) {
+	    FL_SET(hash, HASH_DELETED);
+	    return (VALUE)val;
+	}
+    }
+    else if (st_delete(RHASH(hash)->tbl, &ktmp, &val))
+	return (VALUE)val;
+    return Qundef;
+}
+
 /*
  *  call-seq:
  *     hsh.index(value)    => key
- *  
+ *
  *  Returns the key for a given value. If not found, returns <code>nil</code>.
- *     
+ *
  *     h = { "a" => 100, "b" => 200 }
  *     h.index(200)   #=> "b"
  *     h.index(999)   #=> nil
- *     
+ *
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -611,9 +672,9 @@ rb_hash_index(hash, value)
  *  call-seq:
  *     hsh.indexes(key, ...)    => array
  *     hsh.indices(key, ...)    => array
- *  
+ *
  *  Deprecated in favor of <code>Hash#select</code>.
- *     
+ *
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -639,18 +700,17 @@ rb_hash_indexes(argc, argv, hash)
  *  call-seq:
  *     hsh.delete(key)                   => value
  *     hsh.delete(key) {| key | block }  => value
- *  
+ *
  *  Deletes and returns a key-value pair from <i>hsh</i> whose key is
- *  equal to <i>key</i>. If the key is not found, returns the
- *  <em>default value</em>. If the optional code block is given and the
- *  key is not found, pass in the key and return the result of
- *  <i>block</i>.
- *     
+ *  equal to <i>key</i>. If the key is not found, returns <code>nil</code>.
+ *  If the optional code block is given and the key is not found,
+ *  pass in the key and return the result of <i>block</i>.
+ *
  *     h = { "a" => 100, "b" => 200 }
  *     h.delete("a")                              #=> 100
  *     h.delete("z")                              #=> nil
  *     h.delete("z") { |el| "#{el} not found" }   #=> "z not found"
- *     
+ *
  */
 
 VALUE
@@ -660,14 +720,8 @@ rb_hash_delete(hash, key)
     VALUE val;
 
     rb_hash_modify(hash);
-    if (RHASH(hash)->iter_lev > 0) {
-	if (st_delete_safe(RHASH(hash)->tbl, (st_data_t*)&key, &val, Qundef)) {
-	    FL_SET(hash, HASH_DELETED);
-	    return val;
-	}
-    }
-    else if (st_delete(RHASH(hash)->tbl, (st_data_t*)&key, &val))
-	return val;
+    val = rb_hash_delete_key(hash, key);
+    if (val != Qundef) return val;
     if (rb_block_given_p()) {
 	return rb_yield(key);
     }
@@ -675,7 +729,6 @@ rb_hash_delete(hash, key)
 }
 
 struct shift_var {
-    int stop;
     VALUE key;
     VALUE val;
 };
@@ -686,21 +739,31 @@ shift_i(key, value, var)
     struct shift_var *var;
 {
     if (key == Qundef) return ST_CONTINUE;
-    if (var->stop) return ST_STOP;
-    var->stop = 1;
+    if (var->key != Qundef) return ST_STOP;
     var->key = key;
     var->val = value;
     return ST_DELETE;
 }
 
+static int
+shift_i_safe(key, value, var)
+    VALUE key, value;
+    struct shift_var *var;
+{
+    if (key == Qundef) return ST_CONTINUE;
+    var->key = key;
+    var->val = value;
+    return ST_STOP;
+}
+
 /*
  *  call-seq:
  *     hsh.shift -> anArray or obj
- *  
+ *
  *  Removes a key-value pair from <i>hsh</i> and returns it as the
  *  two-item array <code>[</code> <i>key, value</i> <code>]</code>, or
  *  the hash's default value if the hash is empty.
- *     
+ *
  *     h = { 1 => "a", 2 => "b", 3 => "c" }
  *     h.shift   #=> [1, "a"]
  *     h         #=> {2=>"b", 3=>"c"}
@@ -713,10 +776,21 @@ rb_hash_shift(hash)
     struct shift_var var;
 
     rb_hash_modify(hash);
-    var.stop = 0;
-    rb_hash_foreach(hash, shift_i, (st_data_t)&var);
+    var.key = Qundef;
+    if (RHASH(hash)->iter_lev > 0) {
+	rb_hash_foreach(hash, shift_i_safe, (st_data_t)&var);
+	if (var.key != Qundef) {
+	    st_data_t key = var.key;
+	    if (st_delete_safe(RHASH(hash)->tbl, &key, 0, Qundef)) {
+		FL_SET(hash, HASH_DELETED);
+	    }
+	}
+    }
+    else {
+	rb_hash_foreach(hash, shift_i, (st_data_t)&var);
+    }
 
-    if (var.stop) {
+    if (var.key != Qundef) {
 	return rb_assoc_new(var.key, var.val);
     }
     else if (FL_TEST(hash, HASH_PROC_DEFAULT)) {
@@ -733,7 +807,7 @@ delete_if_i(key, value, hash)
 {
     if (key == Qundef) return ST_CONTINUE;
     if (RTEST(rb_yield_values(2, key, value))) {
-	rb_hash_delete(hash, key);
+	rb_hash_delete_key(hash, key);
     }
     return ST_CONTINUE;
 }
@@ -741,19 +815,20 @@ delete_if_i(key, value, hash)
 /*
  *  call-seq:
  *     hsh.delete_if {| key, value | block }  -> hsh
- *  
+ *
  *  Deletes every key-value pair from <i>hsh</i> for which <i>block</i>
  *  evaluates to <code>true</code>.
- *     
+ *
  *     h = { "a" => 100, "b" => 200, "c" => 300 }
  *     h.delete_if {|key, value| key >= "b" }   #=> {"a"=>100}
- *     
+ *
  */
 
 VALUE
 rb_hash_delete_if(hash)
     VALUE hash;
 {
+    RETURN_ENUMERATOR(hash, 0, 0);
     rb_hash_modify(hash);
     rb_hash_foreach(hash, delete_if_i, hash);
     return hash;
@@ -762,7 +837,7 @@ rb_hash_delete_if(hash)
 /*
  *  call-seq:
  *     hsh.reject! {| key, value | block }  -> hsh or nil
- *  
+ *
  *  Equivalent to <code>Hash#delete_if</code>, but returns
  *  <code>nil</code> if no changes were made.
  */
@@ -771,7 +846,10 @@ VALUE
 rb_hash_reject_bang(hash)
     VALUE hash;
 {
-    int n = RHASH(hash)->tbl->num_entries;
+    int n;
+
+    RETURN_ENUMERATOR(hash, 0, 0);
+    n = RHASH(hash)->tbl->num_entries;
     rb_hash_delete_if(hash);
     if (n == RHASH(hash)->tbl->num_entries) return Qnil;
     return hash;
@@ -780,11 +858,11 @@ rb_hash_reject_bang(hash)
 /*
  *  call-seq:
  *     hsh.reject {| key, value | block }  -> a_hash
- *  
+ *
  *  Same as <code>Hash#delete_if</code>, but works on (and returns) a
  *  copy of the <i>hsh</i>. Equivalent to
  *  <code><i>hsh</i>.dup.delete_if</code>.
- *     
+ *
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -813,7 +891,7 @@ select_i(key, value, result)
  *
  *   h = { "cat" => "feline", "dog" => "canine", "cow" => "bovine" }
  *   h.values_at("cow", "cat")  #=> ["bovine", "feline"]
-*/
+ */
 
 VALUE
 rb_hash_values_at(argc, argv, hash)
@@ -833,27 +911,23 @@ rb_hash_values_at(argc, argv, hash)
 /*
  *  call-seq:
  *     hsh.select {|key, value| block}   => array
- *  
+ *
  *  Returns a new array consisting of <code>[key,value]</code>
  *  pairs for which the block returns true.
  *  Also see <code>Hash.values_at</code>.
- *     
+ *
  *     h = { "a" => 100, "b" => 200, "c" => 300 }
  *     h.select {|k,v| k > "a"}  #=> [["b", 200], ["c", 300]]
  *     h.select {|k,v| v < 200}  #=> [["a", 100]]
  */
 
 VALUE
-rb_hash_select(argc, argv, hash)
-    int argc;
-    VALUE *argv;
+rb_hash_select(hash)
     VALUE hash;
 {
     VALUE result;
 
-    if (argc > 0) {
-	rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "wrong number of arguments (%d for 0)", argc);
-    }
+    RETURN_ENUMERATOR(hash, 0, 0);
     result = rb_ary_new();
     rb_hash_foreach(hash, select_i, result);
     return result;
@@ -869,12 +943,12 @@ clear_i(key, value, dummy)
 /*
  *  call-seq:
  *     hsh.clear -> hsh
- *  
+ *
  *  Removes all key-value pairs from <i>hsh</i>.
- *     
+ *
  *     h = { "a" => 100, "b" => 200 }   #=> {"a"=>100, "b"=>200}
  *     h.clear                          #=> {}
- *     
+ *
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -893,18 +967,18 @@ rb_hash_clear(hash)
  *  call-seq:
  *     hsh[key] = value        => value
  *     hsh.store(key, value)   => value
- *  
+ *
  *  Element Assignment---Associates the value given by
  *  <i>value</i> with the key given by <i>key</i>.
  *  <i>key</i> should not have its value changed while it is in
  *  use as a key (a <code>String</code> passed as a key will be
  *  duplicated and frozen).
- *     
+ *
  *     h = { "a" => 100, "b" => 200 }
  *     h["a"] = 9
  *     h["c"] = 4
  *     h   #=> {"a"=>9, "b"=>200, "c"=>4}
- *     
+ *
  */
 
 VALUE
@@ -935,13 +1009,13 @@ replace_i(key, val, hash)
 /*
  *  call-seq:
  *     hsh.replace(other_hash) -> hsh
- *  
+ *
  *  Replaces the contents of <i>hsh</i> with the contents of
  *  <i>other_hash</i>.
- *     
+ *
  *     h = { "a" => 100, "b" => 200 }
  *     h.replace({ "c" => 300, "d" => 400 })   #=> {"c"=>300, "d"=>400}
- *     
+ *
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -967,9 +1041,9 @@ rb_hash_replace(hash, hash2)
  *  call-seq:
  *     hsh.length    =>  fixnum
  *     hsh.size      =>  fixnum
- *  
+ *
  *  Returns the number of key-value pairs in the hash.
- *     
+ *
  *     h = { "d" => 100, "a" => 200, "v" => 300, "e" => 400 }
  *     h.length        #=> 4
  *     h.delete("a")   #=> 200
@@ -987,11 +1061,11 @@ rb_hash_size(hash)
 /*
  *  call-seq:
  *     hsh.empty?    => true or false
- *  
+ *
  *  Returns <code>true</code> if <i>hsh</i> contains no key-value pairs.
- *     
+ *
  *     {}.empty?   #=> true
- *     
+ *
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -1015,15 +1089,15 @@ each_value_i(key, value)
 /*
  *  call-seq:
  *     hsh.each_value {| value | block } -> hsh
- *  
+ *
  *  Calls <i>block</i> once for each key in <i>hsh</i>, passing the
  *  value as a parameter.
- *     
+ *
  *     h = { "a" => 100, "b" => 200 }
  *     h.each_value {|value| puts value }
- *     
+ *
  *  <em>produces:</em>
- *     
+ *
  *     100
  *     200
  */
@@ -1032,6 +1106,7 @@ static VALUE
 rb_hash_each_value(hash)
     VALUE hash;
 {
+    RETURN_ENUMERATOR(hash, 0, 0);
     rb_hash_foreach(hash, each_value_i, 0);
     return hash;
 }
@@ -1048,15 +1123,15 @@ each_key_i(key, value)
 /*
  *  call-seq:
  *     hsh.each_key {| key | block } -> hsh
- *  
+ *
  *  Calls <i>block</i> once for each key in <i>hsh</i>, passing the key
  *  as a parameter.
- *     
+ *
  *     h = { "a" => 100, "b" => 200 }
  *     h.each_key {|key| puts key }
- *     
+ *
  *  <em>produces:</em>
- *     
+ *
  *     a
  *     b
  */
@@ -1064,6 +1139,7 @@ static VALUE
 rb_hash_each_key(hash)
     VALUE hash;
 {
+    RETURN_ENUMERATOR(hash, 0, 0);
     rb_hash_foreach(hash, each_key_i, 0);
     return hash;
 }
@@ -1080,24 +1156,25 @@ each_pair_i(key, value)
 /*
  *  call-seq:
  *     hsh.each_pair {| key_value_array | block } -> hsh
- *  
+ *
  *  Calls <i>block</i> once for each key in <i>hsh</i>, passing the key
  *  and value as parameters.
- *     
+ *
  *     h = { "a" => 100, "b" => 200 }
  *     h.each_pair {|key, value| puts "#{key} is #{value}" }
- *     
+ *
  *  <em>produces:</em>
- *     
+ *
  *     a is 100
  *     b is 200
- *     
+ *
  */
 
 static VALUE
 rb_hash_each_pair(hash)
     VALUE hash;
 {
+    RETURN_ENUMERATOR(hash, 0, 0);
     rb_hash_foreach(hash, each_pair_i, 0);
     return hash;
 }
@@ -1114,27 +1191,28 @@ each_i(key, value)
 /*
  *  call-seq:
  *     hsh.each {| key, value | block } -> hsh
- *  
+ *
  *  Calls <i>block</i> once for each key in <i>hsh</i>, passing the key
  *  and value to the block as a two-element array. Because of the assignment
  *  semantics of block parameters, these elements will be split out if the
  *  block has two formal parameters. Also see <code>Hash.each_pair</code>, which
  *  will be marginally more efficient for blocks with two parameters.
- *     
+ *
  *     h = { "a" => 100, "b" => 200 }
  *     h.each {|key, value| puts "#{key} is #{value}" }
- *     
+ *
  *  <em>produces:</em>
- *     
+ *
  *     a is 100
  *     b is 200
- *     
+ *
  */
 
 static VALUE
 rb_hash_each(hash)
     VALUE hash;
 {
+    RETURN_ENUMERATOR(hash, 0, 0);
     rb_hash_foreach(hash, each_i, 0);
     return hash;
 }
@@ -1151,10 +1229,10 @@ to_a_i(key, value, ary)
 /*
  *  call-seq:
  *     hsh.to_a -> array
- *  
+ *
  *  Converts <i>hsh</i> to a nested array of <code>[</code> <i>key,
  *  value</i> <code>]</code> arrays.
- *     
+ *
  *     h = { "c" => 300, "a" => 100, "d" => 400, "c" => 300  }
  *     h.to_a   #=> [["a", 100], ["c", 300], ["d", 400]]
  */
@@ -1174,17 +1252,17 @@ rb_hash_to_a(hash)
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *     hsh.sort                    => array 
- *     hsh.sort {| a, b | block }  => array 
- * 
+ *     hsh.sort                    => array
+ *     hsh.sort {| a, b | block }  => array
+ *
  *  Converts <i>hsh</i> to a nested array of <code>[</code> <i>key,
  *  value</i> <code>]</code> arrays and sorts it, using
  *  <code>Array#sort</code>.
- *     
+ *
  *     h = { "a" => 20, "b" => 30, "c" => 10  }
  *     h.sort                       #=> [["a", 20], ["b", 30], ["c", 10]]
  *     h.sort {|a,b| a[1]<=>b[1]}   #=> [["c", 10], ["a", 20], ["b", 30]]
- *     
+ *
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -1258,12 +1336,12 @@ to_s_hash(hash)
 /*
  *  call-seq:
  *     hsh.to_s   => string
- *  
+ *
  *  Converts <i>hsh</i> to a string by converting the hash to an array
  *  of <code>[</code> <i>key, value</i> <code>]</code> pairs and then
  *  converting that array to a string using <code>Array#join</code> with
  *  the default separator.
- *     
+ *
  *     h = { "c" => 300, "a" => 100, "d" => 400, "c" => 300  }
  *     h.to_s   #=> "a100c300d400"
  */
@@ -1302,13 +1380,13 @@ keys_i(key, value, ary)
 /*
  *  call-seq:
  *     hsh.keys    => array
- *  
+ *
  *  Returns a new array populated with the keys from this hash. See also
  *  <code>Hash#values</code>.
- *     
+ *
  *     h = { "a" => 100, "b" => 200, "c" => 300, "d" => 400 }
  *     h.keys   #=> ["a", "b", "c", "d"]
- *     
+ *
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -1335,13 +1413,13 @@ values_i(key, value, ary)
 /*
  *  call-seq:
  *     hsh.values    => array
- *  
+ *
  *  Returns a new array populated with the values from <i>hsh</i>. See
  *  also <code>Hash#keys</code>.
- *     
+ *
  *     h = { "a" => 100, "b" => 200, "c" => 300 }
  *     h.values   #=> [100, 200, 300]
- *     
+ *
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -1362,13 +1440,13 @@ rb_hash_values(hash)
  *     hsh.include?(key)    => true or false
  *     hsh.key?(key)        => true or false
  *     hsh.member?(key)     => true or false
- *  
+ *
  *  Returns <code>true</code> if the given key is present in <i>hsh</i>.
- *     
+ *
  *     h = { "a" => 100, "b" => 200 }
  *     h.has_key?("a")   #=> true
  *     h.has_key?("z")   #=> false
- *     
+ *
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -1398,10 +1476,10 @@ rb_hash_search_value(key, value, data)
  *  call-seq:
  *     hsh.has_value?(value)    => true or false
  *     hsh.value?(value)        => true or false
- *  
+ *
  *  Returns <code>true</code> if the given value is present for some key
  *  in <i>hsh</i>.
- *     
+ *
  *     h = { "a" => 100, "b" => 200 }
  *     h.has_value?(100)   #=> true
  *     h.has_value?(999)   #=> false
@@ -1423,11 +1501,13 @@ rb_hash_has_value(hash, val)
 struct equal_data {
     int result;
     st_table *tbl;
+    int eql;
 };
 
 static int
-equal_i(key, val1, data)
-    VALUE key, val1;
+eql_i(key, val1, data)
+    VALUE key;
+    VALUE val1;
     struct equal_data *data;
 {
     VALUE val2;
@@ -1437,13 +1517,30 @@ equal_i(key, val1, data)
 	data->result = Qfalse;
 	return ST_STOP;
     }
-    if (!rb_equal(val1, val2)) {
+    if (!(data->eql ? rb_eql(val1, val2) : rb_equal(val1, val2))) {
 	data->result = Qfalse;
 	return ST_STOP;
     }
     return ST_CONTINUE;
 }
 
+static VALUE recursive_eql _((VALUE, VALUE, int));
+static VALUE
+recursive_eql(hash, dt, recur)
+    VALUE hash;
+    VALUE dt;
+    int recur;
+{
+    struct equal_data *data;
+
+    if (recur) return Qfalse;
+    data = (struct equal_data*)dt;
+    data->result = Qtrue;
+    rb_hash_foreach(hash, eql_i, (st_data_t)data);
+
+    return data->result;
+}
+
 static VALUE
 hash_equal(hash1, hash2, eql)
     VALUE hash1, hash2;
@@ -1467,21 +1564,19 @@ hash_equal(hash1, hash2, eql)
     }
 
     data.tbl = RHASH(hash2)->tbl;
-    data.result = Qtrue;
-    rb_hash_foreach(hash1, equal_i, (st_data_t)&data);
-
-    return data.result;
+    data.eql = eql;
+    return rb_exec_recursive(recursive_eql, hash1, (VALUE)&data);
 }
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
  *     hsh == other_hash    => true or false
- *  
+ *
  *  Equality---Two hashes are equal if they each contain the same number
  *  of keys and if each key-value pair is equal to (according to
  *  <code>Object#==</code>) the corresponding elements in the other
  *  hash.
- *     
+ *
  *     h1 = { "a" => 1, "c" => 2 }
  *     h2 = { 7 => 35, "c" => 2, "a" => 1 }
  *     h3 = { "a" => 1, "c" => 2, 7 => 35 }
@@ -1489,7 +1584,7 @@ hash_equal(hash1, hash2, eql)
  *     h1 == h2   #=> false
  *     h2 == h3   #=> true
  *     h3 == h4   #=> false
- *     
+ *
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -1500,6 +1595,66 @@ rb_hash_equal(hash1, hash2)
 }
 
 static int
+hash_i(key, val, hval)
+    VALUE key;
+    VALUE val;
+    int *hval;
+{
+    if (key == Qundef) return ST_CONTINUE;
+    *hval ^= rb_hash(key);
+    *hval ^= rb_hash(val);
+    return ST_CONTINUE;
+}
+
+static VALUE recursive_hash _((VALUE, VALUE, int));
+static VALUE
+recursive_hash(hash, dummy, recur)
+    VALUE hash;
+    VALUE dummy;
+    int recur;
+{
+    int hval;
+
+    if (recur) {
+	return LONG2FIX(0);
+    }
+    hval = RHASH(hash)->tbl->num_entries;
+    rb_hash_foreach(hash, hash_i, (st_data_t)&hval);
+    return INT2FIX(hval);
+}
+
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *     array.hash   -> fixnum
+ *
+ *  Compute a hash-code for this array. Two arrays with the same content
+ *  will have the same hash code (and will compare using <code>eql?</code>).
+ */
+
+static VALUE
+rb_hash_hash(hash)
+    VALUE hash;
+{
+    return rb_exec_recursive(recursive_hash, hash, 0);
+}
+
+
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *     hash.eql?(other)  -> true or false
+ *
+ *  Returns <code>true</code> if <i>hash</i> and <i>other</i> are
+ *  both hashes with the same content.
+ */
+
+static VALUE
+rb_hash_eql(hash1, hash2)
+    VALUE hash1, hash2;
+{
+    return hash_equal(hash1, hash2, Qtrue);
+}
+
+static int
 rb_hash_invert_i(key, value, hash)
     VALUE key, value;
     VALUE hash;
@@ -1512,13 +1667,13 @@ rb_hash_invert_i(key, value, hash)
 /*
  *  call-seq:
  *     hsh.invert -> aHash
- *  
+ *
  *  Returns a new hash created by using <i>hsh</i>'s values as keys, and
  *  the keys as values.
- *     
+ *
  *     h = { "n" => 100, "m" => 100, "y" => 300, "d" => 200, "a" => 0 }
  *     h.invert   #=> {0=>"a", 100=>"n", 200=>"d", 300=>"y"}
- *     
+ *
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -1560,13 +1715,21 @@ rb_hash_update_block_i(key, value, hash)
  *     hsh.update(other_hash)                                 => hsh
  *     hsh.merge!(other_hash){|key, oldval, newval| block}    => hsh
  *     hsh.update(other_hash){|key, oldval, newval| block}    => hsh
- *  
- *  Adds the contents of <i>other_hash</i> to <i>hsh</i>, overwriting
- *  entries with duplicate keys with those from <i>other_hash</i>.
- *     
+ *
+ *  Adds the contents of <i>other_hash</i> to <i>hsh</i>.  If no
+ *  block is specified entries with duplicate keys are overwritten
+ *  with the values from <i>other_hash</i>, otherwise the value
+ *  of each duplicate key is determined by calling the block with
+ *  the key, its value in <i>hsh</i> and its value in <i>other_hash</i>.
+ *
  *     h1 = { "a" => 100, "b" => 200 }
  *     h2 = { "b" => 254, "c" => 300 }
  *     h1.merge!(h2)   #=> {"a"=>100, "b"=>254, "c"=>300}
+ *
+ *     h1 = { "a" => 100, "b" => 200 }
+ *     h2 = { "b" => 254, "c" => 300 }
+ *     h1.merge!(h2) { |key, v1, v2| v1 }
+ *                     #=> {"a"=>100, "b"=>200, "c"=>300}
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -1587,16 +1750,16 @@ rb_hash_update(hash1, hash2)
  *  call-seq:
  *     hsh.merge(other_hash)                              -> a_hash
  *     hsh.merge(other_hash){|key, oldval, newval| block} -> a_hash
- *  
+ *
  *  Returns a new hash containing the contents of <i>other_hash</i> and
  *  the contents of <i>hsh</i>, overwriting entries in <i>hsh</i> with
  *  duplicate keys with those from <i>other_hash</i>.
- *     
+ *
  *     h1 = { "a" => 100, "b" => 200 }
  *     h2 = { "b" => 254, "c" => 300 }
  *     h1.merge(h2)   #=> {"a"=>100, "b"=>254, "c"=>300}
  *     h1             #=> {"a"=>100, "b"=>200}
- *     
+ *
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -1692,7 +1855,8 @@ rb_f_getenv(obj, name)
 {
     char *nam, *env;
 
-    StringValue(name);
+    rb_secure(4);
+    SafeStringValue(name);
     nam = RSTRING(name)->ptr;
     if (strlen(nam) != RSTRING(name)->len) {
 	rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "bad environment variable name");
@@ -1724,12 +1888,13 @@ env_fetch(argc, argv)
     long block_given;
     char *nam, *env;
 
+    rb_secure(4);
     rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "11", &key, &if_none);
     block_given = rb_block_given_p();
     if (block_given && argc == 2) {
 	rb_warn("block supersedes default value argument");
     }
-    StringValue(key);
+    SafeStringValue(key);
     nam = RSTRING(key)->ptr;
     if (strlen(nam) != RSTRING(key)->len) {
 	rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "bad environment variable name");
@@ -1767,6 +1932,7 @@ rb_env_path_tainted()
     return path_tainted;
 }
 
+#if !defined(_WIN32) && !(defined(HAVE_SETENV) && defined(HAVE_UNSETENV))
 static int
 envix(nam)
     const char *nam;
@@ -1788,6 +1954,7 @@ envix(nam)
     FREE_ENVIRON(environ);
     return i;
 }
+#endif
 
 void
 ruby_setenv(name, value)
@@ -1924,8 +2091,10 @@ static VALUE
 env_keys()
 {
     char **env;
-    VALUE ary = rb_ary_new();
+    VALUE ary;
 
+    rb_secure(4);
+    ary = rb_ary_new();
     env = GET_ENVIRON(environ);
     while (*env) {
 	char *s = strchr(*env, '=');
@@ -1942,9 +2111,11 @@ static VALUE
 env_each_key(ehash)
     VALUE ehash;
 {
-    VALUE keys = env_keys();
+    VALUE keys;
     long i;
 
+    RETURN_ENUMERATOR(ehash, 0, 0);
+    keys = env_keys();	/* rb_secure(4); */
     for (i=0; i<RARRAY(keys)->len; i++) {
 	rb_yield(RARRAY(keys)->ptr[i]);
     }
@@ -1954,9 +2125,11 @@ env_each_key(ehash)
 static VALUE
 env_values()
 {
+    VALUE ary;
     char **env;
-    VALUE ary = rb_ary_new();
 
+    rb_secure(4);
+    ary = rb_ary_new();
     env = GET_ENVIRON(environ);
     while (*env) {
 	char *s = strchr(*env, '=');
@@ -1973,9 +2146,11 @@ static VALUE
 env_each_value(ehash)
     VALUE ehash;
 {
-    VALUE values = env_values();
+    VALUE values;
     long i;
 
+    RETURN_ENUMERATOR(ehash, 0, 0);
+    values = env_values();	/* rb_secure(4); */
     for (i=0; i<RARRAY(values)->len; i++) {
 	rb_yield(RARRAY(values)->ptr[i]);
     }
@@ -1988,9 +2163,11 @@ env_each_i(ehash, values)
     int values;
 {
     char **env;
-    VALUE ary = rb_ary_new();
+    VALUE ary;
     long i;
 
+    rb_secure(4);
+    ary = rb_ary_new();
     env = GET_ENVIRON(environ);
     while (*env) {
 	char *s = strchr(*env, '=');
@@ -2017,6 +2194,7 @@ static VALUE
 env_each(ehash)
     VALUE ehash;
 {
+    RETURN_ENUMERATOR(ehash, 0, 0);
     return env_each_i(ehash, Qfalse);
 }
 
@@ -2024,19 +2202,20 @@ static VALUE
 env_each_pair(ehash)
     VALUE ehash;
 {
+    RETURN_ENUMERATOR(ehash, 0, 0);
     return env_each_i(ehash, Qtrue);
 }
 
 static VALUE
-env_reject_bang()
+env_reject_bang(ehash)
+    VALUE ehash;
 {
     volatile VALUE keys;
     long i;
     int del = 0;
 
-    rb_secure(4);
-    keys = env_keys();
-
+    RETURN_ENUMERATOR(ehash, 0, 0);
+    keys = env_keys();	/* rb_secure(4); */
     for (i=0; i<RARRAY(keys)->len; i++) {
 	VALUE val = rb_f_getenv(Qnil, RARRAY(keys)->ptr[i]);
 	if (!NIL_P(val)) {
@@ -2052,9 +2231,11 @@ env_reject_bang()
 }
 
 static VALUE
-env_delete_if()
+env_delete_if(ehash)
+    VALUE ehash;
 {
-    env_reject_bang();
+    RETURN_ENUMERATOR(ehash, 0, 0);
+    env_reject_bang(ehash);
     return envtbl;
 }
 
@@ -2063,9 +2244,11 @@ env_values_at(argc, argv)
     int argc;
     VALUE *argv;
 {
-    VALUE result = rb_ary_new();
+    VALUE result;
     long i;
 
+    rb_secure(4);
+    result = rb_ary_new();
     for (i=0; i<argc; i++) {
 	rb_ary_push(result, rb_f_getenv(Qnil, argv[i]));
     }
@@ -2073,16 +2256,14 @@ env_values_at(argc, argv)
 }
 
 static VALUE
-env_select(argc, argv)
-    int argc;
-    VALUE *argv;
+env_select(ehash)
+    VALUE ehash;
 {
     VALUE result;
     char **env;
 
-    if (argc > 0) {
-	rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "wrong number of arguments (%d for 0)", argc);
-    }
+    RETURN_ENUMERATOR(ehash, 0, 0);
+    rb_secure(4);
     result = rb_ary_new();
     env = GET_ENVIRON(environ);
     while (*env) {
@@ -2106,10 +2287,8 @@ env_clear()
 {
     volatile VALUE keys;
     long i;
-    
-    rb_secure(4);
-    keys = env_keys();
 
+    keys = env_keys();	/* rb_secure(4); */
     for (i=0; i<RARRAY(keys)->len; i++) {
 	VALUE val = rb_f_getenv(Qnil, RARRAY(keys)->ptr[i]);
 	if (!NIL_P(val)) {
@@ -2129,9 +2308,10 @@ static VALUE
 env_inspect()
 {
     char **env;
-    VALUE str = rb_str_buf_new2("{");
-    VALUE i;
+    VALUE str, i;
 
+    rb_secure(4);
+    str = rb_str_buf_new2("{");
     env = GET_ENVIRON(environ);
     while (*env) {
 	char *s = strchr(*env, '=');
@@ -2159,8 +2339,10 @@ static VALUE
 env_to_a()
 {
     char **env;
-    VALUE ary = rb_ary_new();
+    VALUE ary;
 
+    rb_secure(4);
+    ary = rb_ary_new();
     env = GET_ENVIRON(environ);
     while (*env) {
 	char *s = strchr(*env, '=');
@@ -2186,6 +2368,7 @@ env_size()
     int i;
     char **env;
 
+    rb_secure(4);
     env = GET_ENVIRON(environ);
     for(i=0; env[i]; i++)
 	;
@@ -2198,6 +2381,7 @@ env_empty_p()
 {
     char **env;
 
+    rb_secure(4);
     env = GET_ENVIRON(environ);
     if (env[0] == 0) {
 	FREE_ENVIRON(environ);
@@ -2213,6 +2397,7 @@ env_has_key(env, key)
 {
     char *s;
 
+    rb_secure(4);
     s = StringValuePtr(key);
     if (strlen(s) != RSTRING(key)->len)
 	rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "bad environment variable name");
@@ -2226,7 +2411,9 @@ env_has_value(dmy, value)
 {
     char **env;
 
-    if (TYPE(value) != T_STRING) return Qfalse;
+    rb_secure(4);
+    value = rb_check_string_type(value);
+    if (NIL_P(value)) return Qfalse;
     env = GET_ENVIRON(environ);
     while (*env) {
 	char *s = strchr(*env, '=');
@@ -2250,6 +2437,7 @@ env_index(dmy, value)
     char **env;
     VALUE str;
 
+    rb_secure(4);
     StringValue(value);
     env = GET_ENVIRON(environ);
     while (*env) {
@@ -2278,6 +2466,7 @@ env_indexes(argc, argv)
 
     rb_warn("ENV.%s is deprecated; use ENV.values_at",
 	    rb_id2name(rb_frame_last_func()));
+    rb_secure(4);
     for (i=0;i<argc;i++) {
 	VALUE tmp = rb_check_string_type(argv[i]);
 	if (NIL_P(tmp)) {
@@ -2296,8 +2485,10 @@ static VALUE
 env_to_hash()
 {
     char **env;
-    VALUE hash = rb_hash_new();
+    VALUE hash;
 
+    rb_secure(4);
+    hash = rb_hash_new();
     env = GET_ENVIRON(environ);
     while (*env) {
 	char *s = strchr(*env, '=');
@@ -2322,6 +2513,7 @@ env_shift()
 {
     char **env;
 
+    rb_secure(4);
     env = GET_ENVIRON(environ);
     if (*env) {
 	char *s = strchr(*env, '=');
@@ -2359,9 +2551,10 @@ static VALUE
 env_replace(env, hash)
     VALUE env, hash;
 {
-    volatile VALUE keys = env_keys();
+    volatile VALUE keys;
     long i;
 
+    keys = env_keys();	/* rb_secure(4); */
     if (env == hash) return env;
     hash = to_hash(hash);
     rb_hash_foreach(hash, env_replace_i, keys);
@@ -2389,6 +2582,7 @@ static VALUE
 env_update(env, hash)
     VALUE env, hash;
 {
+    rb_secure(4);
     if (env == hash) return env;
     hash = to_hash(hash);
     rb_hash_foreach(hash, env_update_i, 0);
@@ -2401,11 +2595,43 @@ env_update(env, hash)
  *  arbitrary keys of any object type, not an integer index. The order
  *  in which you traverse a hash by either key or value may seem
  *  arbitrary, and will generally not be in the insertion order.
- *     
+ *
  *  Hashes have a <em>default value</em> that is returned when accessing
  *  keys that do not exist in the hash. By default, that value is
  *  <code>nil</code>.
- *     
+ *
+ *  <code>Hash</code> uses <code>key.eql?</code> to test keys for equality.
+ *  If you need to use instances of your own classes as keys in a <code>Hash</code>,
+ *  it is recommended that you define both the <code>eql?</code> and <code>hash</code>
+ *  methods. The <code>hash</code> method must have the property that
+ *  <code>a.eql?(b)</code> implies <code>a.hash == b.hash</code>.
+ *
+ *    class MyClass
+ *      attr_reader :str
+ *      def initialize(str)
+ *        @str = str
+ *      end
+ *      def eql?(o)
+ *        o.is_a?(MyClass) && str == o.str
+ *      end
+ *      def hash
+ *        @str.hash
+ *      end
+ *    end
+ *
+ *    a = MyClass.new("some string")
+ *    b = MyClass.new("some string")
+ *    a.eql? b  #=> true
+ *
+ *    h = {}
+ *
+ *    h[a] = 1
+ *    h[a]      #=> 1
+ *    h[b]      #=> 1
+ *
+ *    h[b] = 2
+ *    h[a]      #=> 2
+ *    h[b]      #=> 2
  */
 
 void
@@ -2432,6 +2658,8 @@ Init_Hash()
 
     rb_define_method(rb_cHash,"==", rb_hash_equal, 1);
     rb_define_method(rb_cHash,"[]", rb_hash_aref, 1);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cHash,"hash", rb_hash_hash, 0);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cHash,"eql?", rb_hash_eql, 1);
     rb_define_method(rb_cHash,"fetch", rb_hash_fetch, -1);
     rb_define_method(rb_cHash,"[]=", rb_hash_aset, 2);
     rb_define_method(rb_cHash,"store", rb_hash_aset, 2);
@@ -2458,7 +2686,7 @@ Init_Hash()
     rb_define_method(rb_cHash,"shift", rb_hash_shift, 0);
     rb_define_method(rb_cHash,"delete", rb_hash_delete, 1);
     rb_define_method(rb_cHash,"delete_if", rb_hash_delete_if, 0);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cHash,"select", rb_hash_select, -1);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cHash,"select", rb_hash_select, 0);
     rb_define_method(rb_cHash,"reject", rb_hash_reject, 0);
     rb_define_method(rb_cHash,"reject!", rb_hash_reject_bang, 0);
     rb_define_method(rb_cHash,"clear", rb_hash_clear, 0);
@@ -2493,7 +2721,7 @@ Init_Hash()
     rb_define_singleton_method(envtbl,"clear", env_clear, 0);
     rb_define_singleton_method(envtbl,"reject", env_reject, 0);
     rb_define_singleton_method(envtbl,"reject!", env_reject_bang, 0);
-    rb_define_singleton_method(envtbl,"select", env_select, -1);
+    rb_define_singleton_method(envtbl,"select", env_select, 0);
     rb_define_singleton_method(envtbl,"shift", env_shift, 0);
     rb_define_singleton_method(envtbl,"invert", env_invert, 0);
     rb_define_singleton_method(envtbl,"replace", env_replace, 1);
diff --git a/ia64.s b/ia64.s
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..ba5241daf2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ia64.s
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+// rb_ia64_flushrs and rb_ia64_bsp is written in IA64 assembly language
+// because Intel Compiler for IA64 doesn't support inline assembly.
+//
+// This file is based on following C program compiled by gcc.
+//
+//   void rb_ia64_flushrs(void) { __builtin_ia64_flushrs(); }
+//   void *rb_ia64_bsp(void) { return __builtin_ia64_bsp(); }
+// 
+	.file	"ia64.c"
+	.text
+	.align 16
+	.global rb_ia64_flushrs#
+	.proc rb_ia64_flushrs#
+rb_ia64_flushrs:
+	.prologue
+	.body
+	flushrs
+	;;
+	nop.i 0
+	br.ret.sptk.many b0
+	.endp rb_ia64_flushrs#
+	.align 16
+	.global rb_ia64_bsp#
+	.proc rb_ia64_bsp#
+rb_ia64_bsp:
+	.prologue
+	.body
+	nop.m 0
+	;;
+	mov r8 = ar.bsp
+	br.ret.sptk.many b0
+	.endp rb_ia64_bsp#
+	.ident	"GCC: (GNU) 3.3.5 (Debian 1:3.3.5-13)"
diff --git a/inits.c b/inits.c
index 052573a443..947bbbe242 100644
--- a/inits.c
+++ b/inits.c
@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@ void Init_Binding _((void));
 void Init_Comparable _((void));
 void Init_Dir _((void));
 void Init_Enumerable _((void));
+void Init_Enumerator _((void));
 void Init_Exception _((void));
 void Init_syserr _((void));
 void Init_eval _((void));
@@ -79,6 +80,7 @@ rb_call_inits()
     Init_Binding();
     Init_Math();
     Init_GC();
+    Init_Enumerator();
     Init_marshal();
     Init_version();
 }
diff --git a/instruby.rb b/instruby.rb
index 1237b01abc..2903a7c739 100644..100755
--- a/instruby.rb
+++ b/instruby.rb
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 #!./miniruby
 
 load "./rbconfig.rb"
-include Config
+include RbConfig
 
 srcdir = File.dirname(__FILE__)
 $:.unshift File.expand_path("lib", srcdir)
@@ -14,15 +14,26 @@ require 'tempfile'
 STDOUT.sync = true
 File.umask(0)
 
-def parse_args()
+def parse_args(argv = ARGV)
   $mantype = 'doc'
   $destdir = nil
+  $extout = nil
   $make = 'make'
   $mflags = []
   $install = []
+  $installed_list = nil
+  $dryrun = false
+  $rdocdir = nil
+  $data_mode = 0644
+  $prog_mode = 0755
+  $dir_mode = nil
+  $script_mode = nil
+  $cmdtype = ('bat' if File::ALT_SEPARATOR == '\\')
+  mflags = []
   opt = OptionParser.new
   opt.on('-n') {$dryrun = true}
   opt.on('--dest-dir=DIR') {|dir| $destdir = dir}
+  opt.on('--extout=DIR') {|dir| $extout = (dir unless dir.empty?)}
   opt.on('--make=COMMAND') {|make| $make = make}
   opt.on('--mantype=MAN') {|man| $mantype = man}
   opt.on('--make-flags=FLAGS', '--mflags', Shellwords) do |v|
@@ -31,14 +42,49 @@ def parse_args()
     end
     $mflags.concat(v)
   end
-  opt.on('--install=TYPE', [:bin, :lib, :man]) {|ins| $install << ins}
-  opt.parse! rescue abort [$!.message, opt].join("\n")
+  opt.on('-i', '--install=TYPE',
+         [:local, :bin, :"bin-arch", :"bin-comm", :lib, :man, :ext, :"ext-arch", :"ext-comm", :rdoc]) do |ins|
+    $install << ins
+  end
+  opt.on('--data-mode=OCTAL-MODE', OptionParser::OctalInteger) do |mode|
+    $data_mode = mode
+  end
+  opt.on('--prog-mode=OCTAL-MODE', OptionParser::OctalInteger) do |mode|
+    $prog_mode = mode
+  end
+  opt.on('--dir-mode=OCTAL-MODE', OptionParser::OctalInteger) do |mode|
+    $dir_mode = mode
+  end
+  opt.on('--script-mode=OCTAL-MODE', OptionParser::OctalInteger) do |mode|
+    $script_mode = mode
+  end
+  opt.on('--installed-list [FILENAME]') {|name| $installed_list = name}
+  opt.on('--rdoc-output [DIR]') {|dir| $rdocdir = dir}
+  opt.on('--cmd-type=TYPE', %w[bat cmd plain]) {|cmd| $cmdtype = (cmd unless cmd == 'plain')}
+
+  opt.order!(argv) do |v|
+    case v
+    when /\AINSTALL[-_]([-\w]+)=(.*)/
+      argv.unshift("--#{$1.tr('_', '-')}=#{$2}")
+    when /\A\w[-\w+]*=\z/
+      mflags << v
+    when /\A\w[-\w+]*\z/
+      $install << v.intern
+    else
+      raise OptionParser::InvalidArgument, v
+    end
+  end rescue abort [$!.message, opt].join("\n")
 
   $make, *rest = Shellwords.shellwords($make)
   $mflags.unshift(*rest) unless rest.empty?
+  $mflags.unshift(*mflags)
 
   def $mflags.set?(flag)
-    grep(/\A-(?!-).*#{'%c' % flag}/i) { return true }
+    grep(/\A-(?!-).*#{flag.chr}/i) { return true }
+    false
+  end
+  def $mflags.defined?(var)
+    grep(/\A#{var}=(.*)/) {return block_given? ? yield($1) : $1}
     false
   end
 
@@ -48,37 +94,105 @@ def parse_args()
     $mflags << '-n' if $dryrun
   end
 
-  $mflags << "DESTDIR=#{$destdir}"
+  $destdir ||= $mflags.defined?("DESTDIR")
+  if $extout ||= $mflags.defined?("EXTOUT")
+    Config.expand($extout)
+  end
 
   $continue = $mflags.set?(?k)
+
+  if $installed_list ||= $mflags.defined?('INSTALLED_LIST')
+    Config.expand($installed_list, Config::CONFIG)
+    $installed_list = open($installed_list, "ab")
+    $installed_list.sync = true
+  end
+
+  $rdocdir ||= $mflags.defined?('RDOCOUT')
+
+  $dir_mode ||= $prog_mode | 0700
+  $script_mode ||= $prog_mode
 end
 
 parse_args()
 
-include FileUtils::Verbose
+include FileUtils
 include FileUtils::NoWrite if $dryrun
 @fileutils_output = STDOUT
 @fileutils_label = ''
 
-def install?(type)
-  yield if $install.empty? or $install.include?(type)
+$install_procs = Hash.new {[]}
+def install?(*types, &block)
+  $install_procs[:all] <<= block
+  types.each do |type|
+    $install_procs[type] <<= block
+  end
 end
 
 def install(src, dest, options = {})
   options[:preserve] = true
-  super
+  super(src, with_destdir(dest), options)
+  if $installed_list
+    dest = File.join(dest, File.basename(src)) if $made_dirs[dest]
+    $installed_list.puts dest
+  end
+end
+
+def ln_sf(src, dest)
+  super(src, with_destdir(dest))
+  $installed_list.puts dest if $installed_list
 end
 
 $made_dirs = {}
 def makedirs(dirs)
   dirs = fu_list(dirs)
-  dirs.reject! do |dir|
-    $made_dirs.fetch(dir) do
+  dirs.collect! do |dir|
+    realdir = with_destdir(dir)
+    realdir unless $made_dirs.fetch(dir) do
       $made_dirs[dir] = true
-      File.directory?(dir)
+      $installed_list.puts(File.join(dir, "")) if $installed_list
+      File.directory?(realdir)
+    end
+  end.compact!
+  super(dirs, :mode => $dir_mode) unless dirs.empty?
+end
+
+def install_recursive(srcdir, dest, options = {})
+  opts = options.clone
+  noinst = opts.delete(:no_install)
+  glob = opts.delete(:glob) || "*"
+  subpath = srcdir.size..-1
+  Dir.glob("#{srcdir}/**/#{glob}") do |src|
+    case base = File.basename(src)
+    when /\A\#.*\#\z/, /~\z/
+      next
+    end
+    if noinst
+      if Array === noinst
+        next if noinst.any? {|n| File.fnmatch?(n, base)}
+      else
+        next if File.fnmatch?(noinst, base)
+      end
     end
+    d = dest + src[subpath]
+    if File.directory?(src)
+      makedirs(d)
+    else
+      makedirs(File.dirname(d))
+      install src, d, opts
+    end
+  end
+end
+
+def open_for_install(path, mode)
+  data = open(realpath = with_destdir(path), "rb") {|f| f.read} rescue nil
+  newdata = yield
+  unless $dryrun
+    unless newdata == data
+      open(realpath, "wb", mode) {|f| f.write newdata}
+    end
+    File.chmod(mode, realpath)
   end
-  super(dirs, :mode => 0755, :verbose => true) unless dirs.empty?
+  $installed_list.puts path if $installed_list
 end
 
 def with_destdir(dir)
@@ -93,47 +207,40 @@ ruby_install_name = CONFIG["ruby_install_name"]
 rubyw_install_name = CONFIG["rubyw_install_name"]
 
 version = CONFIG["ruby_version"]
-bindir = with_destdir(CONFIG["bindir"])
-libdir = with_destdir(CONFIG["libdir"])
-rubylibdir = with_destdir(CONFIG["rubylibdir"])
-archlibdir = with_destdir(CONFIG["archdir"])
-sitelibdir = with_destdir(CONFIG["sitelibdir"])
-sitearchlibdir = with_destdir(CONFIG["sitearchdir"])
-mandir = with_destdir(File.join(CONFIG["mandir"], "man"))
+bindir = CONFIG["bindir"]
+libdir = CONFIG["libdir"]
+rubylibdir = CONFIG["rubylibdir"]
+archlibdir = CONFIG["archdir"]
+sitelibdir = CONFIG["sitelibdir"]
+sitearchlibdir = CONFIG["sitearchdir"]
+vendorlibdir = CONFIG["vendorlibdir"]
+vendorarchlibdir = CONFIG["vendorarchdir"]
+mandir = File.join(CONFIG["mandir"], "man")
 configure_args = Shellwords.shellwords(CONFIG["configure_args"])
 enable_shared = CONFIG["ENABLE_SHARED"] == 'yes'
 dll = CONFIG["LIBRUBY_SO"]
 lib = CONFIG["LIBRUBY"]
 arc = CONFIG["LIBRUBY_A"]
 
-makedirs [bindir, libdir, rubylibdir, archlibdir, sitelibdir, sitearchlibdir]
+install?(:local, :arch, :bin, :'bin-arch') do
+  puts "installing binary commands"
 
-install?(:bin) do
-  ruby_bin = File.join(bindir, ruby_install_name)
+  makedirs [bindir, libdir, archlibdir]
 
-  install ruby_install_name+exeext, ruby_bin+exeext, :mode => 0755
-  if File.exist?(ruby_install_name+exeext+".manifest")
-    install ruby_install_name+exeext+".manifest", bindir, :mode => 0644
-  end
+  install ruby_install_name+exeext, bindir, :mode => $prog_mode
   if rubyw_install_name and !rubyw_install_name.empty?
-    install rubyw_install_name+exeext, bindir, :mode => 0755
-    if File.exist?(rubyw_install_name+exeext+".manifest")
-      install rubyw_install_name+exeext+".manifest", bindir, :mode => 0644
-    end
+    install rubyw_install_name+exeext, bindir, :mode => $prog_mode
   end
   if enable_shared and dll != lib
-    install dll, bindir, :mode => 0755
-    if File.exist?(dll+".manifest")
-      install dll+".manifest", bindir, :mode => 0644
-    end
+    install dll, bindir, :mode => $prog_mode
   end
-  install lib, libdir, :mode => 0755 unless lib == arc
-  install arc, libdir, :mode => 0644
-  install "config.h", archlibdir, :mode => 0644
-  install "rbconfig.rb", archlibdir, :mode => 0644
+  install lib, libdir, :mode => $prog_mode unless lib == arc
+  install arc, libdir, :mode => $data_mode
+  install "config.h", archlibdir, :mode => $data_mode
+  install "rbconfig.rb", archlibdir, :mode => $data_mode
   if CONFIG["ARCHFILE"]
     for file in CONFIG["ARCHFILE"].split
-      install file, archlibdir, :mode => 0644
+      install file, archlibdir, :mode => $data_mode
     end
   end
 
@@ -144,101 +251,161 @@ install?(:bin) do
   end
 end
 
-Dir.chdir srcdir
+if $extout
+  extout = "#$extout"
+  install?(:ext, :arch, :'ext-arch') do
+    puts "installing extension objects"
+    makedirs [archlibdir, sitearchlibdir, vendorarchlibdir]
+    if noinst = CONFIG["no_install_files"] and noinst.empty?
+      noinst = nil
+    end
+    install_recursive("#{extout}/#{CONFIG['arch']}", archlibdir, :no_install => noinst, :mode => $prog_mode)
+  end
+  install?(:ext, :comm, :'ext-comm') do
+    puts "installing extension scripts"
+    makedirs [rubylibdir, sitelibdir, vendorlibdir]
+    install_recursive("#{extout}/common", rubylibdir, :mode => $data_mode)
+  end
+end
+
+install?(:rdoc) do
+  if $rdocdir
+    puts "installing rdoc"
 
-install?(:lib) do
-ruby_shebang = File.join(CONFIG["bindir"], ruby_install_name)
-if File::ALT_SEPARATOR
-  ruby_bin_dosish = ruby_shebang.tr(File::SEPARATOR, File::ALT_SEPARATOR)
+    ridatadir = File.join(CONFIG['datadir'], 'ri/$(MAJOR).$(MINOR)/system')
+    Config.expand(ridatadir)
+    makedirs [ridatadir]
+    install_recursive($rdocdir, ridatadir, :mode => $data_mode)
+  end
 end
-for src in Dir["bin/*"]
-  next unless File.file?(src)
-  next if /\/[.#]|(\.(old|bak|orig|rej|diff|patch|core)|~|\/core)$/i =~ src
 
-  name = ruby_install_name.sub(/ruby/, File.basename(src))
-  dest = File.join(bindir, name)
+install?(:local, :comm, :bin, :'bin-comm') do
+  puts "installing command scripts"
 
-  install src, dest, :mode => 0755
+  Dir.chdir srcdir
+  makedirs [bindir, rubylibdir]
 
-  next if $dryrun
+  ruby_shebang = File.join(bindir, ruby_install_name)
+  if File::ALT_SEPARATOR
+    ruby_bin = ruby_shebang.tr(File::SEPARATOR, File::ALT_SEPARATOR)
+  end
+  for src in Dir["bin/*"]
+    next unless File.file?(src)
+    next if /\/[.#]|(\.(old|bak|orig|rej|diff|patch|core)|~|\/core)$/i =~ src
 
-  shebang = ''
-  body = ''
-  open(dest, "r+") { |f|
-    shebang = f.gets
-    body = f.read
+    name = ruby_install_name.sub(/ruby/, File.basename(src))
 
-    if shebang.sub!(/^\#!.*?ruby\b/) {"#!" + ruby_shebang}
-      f.rewind
-      f.print shebang, body
-      f.truncate(f.pos)
+    shebang = ''
+    body = ''
+    open(src, "rb") do |f|
+      shebang = f.gets
+      body = f.read
     end
-  }
-
-  if ruby_bin_dosish
-    batfile = File.join(CONFIG["bindir"], name + ".bat")
-    open(with_destdir(batfile), "w") { |b|
-      b.print <<EOH, shebang, body, <<EOF
+    shebang.sub!(/^\#!.*?ruby\b/) {"#!" + ruby_shebang}
+    shebang.sub!(/\r$/, '')
+    body.gsub!(/\r$/, '')
+
+    cmd = File.join(bindir, name)
+    cmd << ".#{$cmdtype}" if $cmdtype
+    open_for_install(cmd, $script_mode) do
+      case $cmdtype
+      when "bat"
+        "#{<<EOH}#{shebang}#{body}#{<<EOF}".gsub(/$/, "\r")
 @echo off
-if not "%~d0" == "~d0" goto WinNT
-#{ruby_bin_dosish} -x "#{batfile}" %1 %2 %3 %4 %5 %6 %7 %8 %9
-goto endofruby
+@if not "%~d0" == "~d0" goto WinNT
+#{ruby_bin} -x "#{cmd}" %1 %2 %3 %4 %5 %6 %7 %8 %9
+@goto endofruby
 :WinNT
 "%~dp0#{ruby_install_name}" -x "%~f0" %*
-goto endofruby
+@goto endofruby
 EOH
 __END__
 :endofruby
 EOF
-    }
+      when "cmd"
+        "#{<<EOH}#{shebang}#{body}"
+@"%~dp0#{ruby_install_name}" -x "%~f0" %*
+@exit /b %ERRORLEVEL%
+EOH
+      else
+        shebang + body
+      end
+    end
   end
 end
 
-for f in Dir["lib/**/*{.rb,help-message}"]
-  dir = File.dirname(f).sub!(/\Alib/, rubylibdir) || rubylibdir
-  makedirs dir
-  install f, dir, :mode => 0644
-end
-end
+install?(:local, :comm, :lib) do
+  puts "installing library scripts"
 
-install?(:bin) do
-for f in Dir["*.h"]
-  install f, archlibdir, :mode => 0644
-end
+  Dir.chdir srcdir
+  makedirs [rubylibdir]
 
-if RUBY_PLATFORM =~ /mswin32|mingw|bccwin32/
-  makedirs File.join(archlibdir, "win32")
-  install "win32/win32.h", File.join(archlibdir, "win32"), :mode => 0644
+  for f in Dir["lib/**/*{.rb,help-message}"]
+    dir = File.dirname(f).sub!(/\Alib/, rubylibdir) || rubylibdir
+    makedirs dir
+    install f, dir, :mode => $data_mode
+  end
 end
+
+install?(:local, :arch, :lib) do
+  puts "installing headers"
+
+  Dir.chdir(srcdir)
+  makedirs [archlibdir]
+  for f in Dir["*.h"]
+    install f, archlibdir, :mode => $data_mode
+  end
+
+  if RUBY_PLATFORM =~ /mswin32|mingw|bccwin32/
+    win32libdir = File.join(archlibdir, "win32")
+    makedirs win32libdir
+    install "win32/win32.h", win32libdir, :mode => $data_mode
+  end
 end
 
-install?(:man) do
-for mdoc in Dir["*.[1-9]"]
-  next unless File.file?(mdoc) and open(mdoc){|fh| fh.read(1) == '.'}
+install?(:local, :comm, :man) do
+  puts "installing manpages"
 
-  section = mdoc[-1,1]
+  Dir.chdir(srcdir)
+  for mdoc in Dir["*.[1-9]"]
+    next unless File.file?(mdoc) and open(mdoc){|fh| fh.read(1) == '.'}
 
-  destdir = mandir + section
-  destfile = File.join(destdir, mdoc.sub(/ruby/, ruby_install_name))
+    destdir = mandir + mdoc[/(\d+)$/]
+    destfile = File.join(destdir, mdoc.sub(/ruby/, ruby_install_name))
 
-  makedirs destdir
+    makedirs destdir
 
-  if $mantype == "doc"
-    install mdoc, destfile, :mode => 0644
-  else
-    require 'mdoc2man.rb'
+    if $mantype == "doc"
+      install mdoc, destfile, :mode => $data_mode
+    else
+      require 'mdoc2man.rb'
 
-    w = Tempfile.open(mdoc)
+      w = Tempfile.open(mdoc)
 
-    open(mdoc) { |r|
-      Mdoc2Man.mdoc2man(r, w)
-    }
+      open(mdoc) { |r|
+        Mdoc2Man.mdoc2man(r, w)
+      }
 
-    w.close
+      w.close
 
-    install w.path, destfile, :mode => 0644
+      install w.path, destfile, :mode => $data_mode
+    end
   end
 end
+
+$install << :local << :ext if $install.empty?
+$install.each do |inst|
+  if !(procs = $install_procs[inst]) || procs.empty?
+    next warn("unknown install target - #{inst}")
+  end
+  procs.each do |block|
+    dir = Dir.pwd
+    begin
+      block.call
+    ensure
+      Dir.chdir(dir)
+    end
+  end
 end
 
 # vi:set sw=2:
diff --git a/intern.h b/intern.h
index cc39169073..7e72dd5537 100644
--- a/intern.h
+++ b/intern.h
@@ -70,6 +70,7 @@ VALUE rb_str_to_inum _((VALUE, int, int));
 VALUE rb_cstr2inum _((const char*, int));
 VALUE rb_str2inum _((VALUE, int));
 VALUE rb_big2str _((VALUE, int));
+VALUE rb_big2str0 _((VALUE, int, int));
 long rb_big2long _((VALUE));
 #define rb_big2int(x) rb_big2long(x)
 unsigned long rb_big2ulong _((VALUE));
@@ -113,6 +114,7 @@ VALUE rb_mod_ancestors _((VALUE));
 VALUE rb_class_instance_methods _((int, VALUE*, VALUE));
 VALUE rb_class_public_instance_methods _((int, VALUE*, VALUE));
 VALUE rb_class_protected_instance_methods _((int, VALUE*, VALUE));
+VALUE rb_big_rshift(VALUE, VALUE);
 VALUE rb_class_private_instance_methods _((int, VALUE*, VALUE));
 VALUE rb_obj_singleton_methods _((int, VALUE*, VALUE));
 void rb_define_method_id _((VALUE, ID, VALUE (*)(ANYARGS), int));
@@ -126,6 +128,14 @@ VALUE rb_singleton_class _((VALUE));
 int rb_cmpint _((VALUE, VALUE, VALUE));
 NORETURN(void rb_cmperr _((VALUE, VALUE)));
 /* enum.c */
+VALUE rb_block_call _((VALUE, ID, int, VALUE*, VALUE (*)(ANYARGS), VALUE));
+/* enumerator.c */
+VALUE rb_enumeratorize _((VALUE, VALUE, int, VALUE *));
+#define RETURN_ENUMERATOR(obj, argc, argv) do {				\
+	if (!rb_block_given_p())					\
+	    return rb_enumeratorize(obj, ID2SYM(rb_frame_this_func()),	\
+				    argc, argv);			\
+    } while (0)
 /* error.c */
 RUBY_EXTERN int ruby_nerrs;
 VALUE rb_exc_new _((VALUE, const char*, long));
@@ -170,6 +180,7 @@ void rb_interrupt _((void));
 VALUE rb_apply _((VALUE, ID, VALUE));
 void rb_backtrace _((void));
 ID rb_frame_last_func _((void));
+ID rb_frame_this_func _((void));
 VALUE rb_obj_instance_eval _((int, VALUE*, VALUE));
 VALUE rb_mod_module_eval _((int, VALUE*, VALUE));
 void rb_load _((VALUE, int));
@@ -182,8 +193,11 @@ VALUE rb_require_safe _((VALUE, int));
 void rb_obj_call_init _((VALUE, int, VALUE*));
 VALUE rb_class_new_instance _((int, VALUE*, VALUE));
 VALUE rb_block_proc _((void));
+VALUE rb_block_dup _((VALUE, VALUE, VALUE));
+VALUE rb_method_dup _((VALUE, VALUE, VALUE));
 VALUE rb_f_lambda _((void));
-VALUE rb_proc_new _((VALUE (*)(ANYARGS/* VALUE yieldarg[, VALUE procarg] */), VALUE));
+VALUE rb_proc_call _((VALUE, VALUE));
+VALUE rb_obj_method _((VALUE, VALUE));
 VALUE rb_protect _((VALUE (*)(VALUE), VALUE, int*));
 void rb_set_end_proc _((void (*)(VALUE), VALUE));
 void rb_mark_end_proc _((void));
@@ -205,12 +219,14 @@ void rb_thread_sleep _((int));
 void rb_thread_sleep_forever _((void));
 VALUE rb_thread_stop _((void));
 VALUE rb_thread_wakeup _((VALUE));
+VALUE rb_thread_wakeup_alive _((VALUE));
 VALUE rb_thread_run _((VALUE));
 VALUE rb_thread_kill _((VALUE));
+VALUE rb_thread_alive_p _((VALUE));
 VALUE rb_thread_create _((VALUE (*)(ANYARGS), void*));
 void rb_thread_interrupt _((void));
 void rb_thread_trap_eval _((VALUE, int, int));
-void rb_thread_signal_raise _((char*));
+void rb_thread_signal_raise _((int));
 void rb_thread_signal_exit _((void));
 int rb_thread_select _((int, fd_set *, fd_set *, fd_set *, struct timeval *));
 void rb_thread_wait_for _((struct timeval));
@@ -219,6 +235,7 @@ VALUE rb_thread_main _((void));
 VALUE rb_thread_local_aref _((VALUE, ID));
 VALUE rb_thread_local_aset _((VALUE, ID, VALUE));
 void rb_thread_atfork _((void));
+VALUE rb_exec_recursive _((VALUE(*)(VALUE, VALUE, int),VALUE,VALUE));
 VALUE rb_funcall_rescue __((VALUE, ID, int, ...));
 /* file.c */
 VALUE rb_file_s_expand_path _((int, VALUE *));
@@ -230,10 +247,12 @@ char *rb_path_next _((const char *));
 char *rb_path_skip_prefix _((const char *));
 char *rb_path_last_separator _((const char *));
 char *rb_path_end _((const char *));
+VALUE rb_file_directory_p _((VALUE,VALUE));
 /* gc.c */
 NORETURN(void rb_memerror __((void)));
 int ruby_stack_check _((void));
 int ruby_stack_length _((VALUE**));
+int rb_during_gc _((void));
 char *rb_source_filename _((const char*));
 void rb_gc_mark_locations _((VALUE*, VALUE*));
 void rb_mark_tbl _((struct st_table*));
@@ -255,10 +274,11 @@ VALUE rb_hash _((VALUE));
 VALUE rb_hash_new _((void));
 VALUE rb_hash_freeze _((VALUE));
 VALUE rb_hash_aref _((VALUE, VALUE));
+VALUE rb_hash_lookup _((VALUE, VALUE));
 VALUE rb_hash_aset _((VALUE, VALUE, VALUE));
 VALUE rb_hash_delete_if _((VALUE));
 VALUE rb_hash_delete _((VALUE,VALUE));
-int rb_path_check _((char*));
+int rb_path_check _((const char*));
 int rb_env_path_tainted _((void));
 /* io.c */
 #define rb_defout rb_stdout
@@ -314,6 +334,7 @@ VALUE rb_class_real _((VALUE));
 VALUE rb_class_inherited_p _((VALUE, VALUE));
 VALUE rb_convert_type _((VALUE,int,const char*,const char*));
 VALUE rb_check_convert_type _((VALUE,int,const char*,const char*));
+VALUE rb_check_to_integer _((VALUE, const char *));
 VALUE rb_to_int _((VALUE));
 VALUE rb_Integer _((VALUE));
 VALUE rb_Float _((VALUE));
@@ -336,6 +357,7 @@ int rb_is_class_id _((ID));
 int rb_is_local_id _((ID));
 int rb_is_junk_id _((ID));
 int rb_symname_p _((const char*));
+int rb_sym_interned_p _((VALUE));
 VALUE rb_backref_get _((void));
 void rb_backref_set _((VALUE));
 VALUE rb_lastline_get _((void));
@@ -352,6 +374,9 @@ VALUE rb_detach_process _((int));
 VALUE rb_range_new _((VALUE, VALUE, int));
 VALUE rb_range_beg_len _((VALUE, long*, long*, long, int));
 VALUE rb_length_by_each _((VALUE));
+/* random.c */
+unsigned long rb_genrand_int32(void);
+double rb_genrand_real(void);
 /* re.c */
 int rb_memcmp _((const void*,const void*,long));
 int rb_memcicmp _((const void*,const void*,long));
@@ -368,6 +393,8 @@ VALUE rb_reg_match2 _((VALUE));
 int rb_reg_options _((VALUE));
 void rb_set_kcode _((const char*));
 const char* rb_get_kcode _((void));
+void rb_kcode_set_option _((VALUE));
+void rb_kcode_reset_option _((void));
 /* ruby.c */
 RUBY_EXTERN VALUE rb_argv;
 RUBY_EXTERN VALUE rb_argv0;
@@ -389,8 +416,10 @@ void posix_signal _((int, RETSIGTYPE (*)(int)));
 void rb_trap_exit _((void));
 void rb_trap_exec _((void));
 const char *ruby_signal_name _((int));
+void ruby_default_signal _((int));
 /* sprintf.c */
 VALUE rb_f_sprintf _((int, VALUE*));
+VALUE rb_str_format _((int, VALUE*, VALUE));
 /* string.c */
 VALUE rb_str_new _((const char*, long));
 VALUE rb_str_new2 _((const char*));
@@ -401,6 +430,7 @@ VALUE rb_tainted_str_new _((const char*, long));
 VALUE rb_tainted_str_new2 _((const char*));
 VALUE rb_str_buf_new _((long));
 VALUE rb_str_buf_new2 _((const char*));
+VALUE rb_str_tmp_new _((long));
 VALUE rb_str_buf_append _((VALUE, VALUE));
 VALUE rb_str_buf_cat _((VALUE, const char*, long));
 VALUE rb_str_buf_cat2 _((VALUE, const char*));
@@ -415,6 +445,7 @@ VALUE rb_str_times _((VALUE, VALUE));
 VALUE rb_str_substr _((VALUE, long, long));
 void rb_str_modify _((VALUE));
 VALUE rb_str_freeze _((VALUE));
+void rb_str_set_len _((VALUE, long));
 VALUE rb_str_resize _((VALUE, long));
 VALUE rb_str_cat _((VALUE, const char*, long));
 VALUE rb_str_cat2 _((VALUE, const char*));
@@ -438,7 +469,7 @@ VALUE rb_struct_alloc _((VALUE, VALUE));
 VALUE rb_struct_aref _((VALUE, VALUE));
 VALUE rb_struct_aset _((VALUE, VALUE, VALUE));
 VALUE rb_struct_getmember _((VALUE, ID));
-VALUE rb_struct_iv_get _((VALUE, char*));
+VALUE rb_struct_iv_get _((VALUE, const char*));
 VALUE rb_struct_s_members _((VALUE));
 VALUE rb_struct_members _((VALUE));
 /* time.c */
diff --git a/io.c b/io.c
index 1b9cff03c6..7663733d1e 100644
--- a/io.c
+++ b/io.c
@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@
 #include "rubyio.h"
 #include "rubysig.h"
 #include "env.h"
+#include "re.h"
 #include <ctype.h>
 #include <errno.h>
 
@@ -49,6 +50,9 @@
 #elif defined(HAVE_SYS_FCNTL_H)
 #include <sys/fcntl.h>
 #endif
+#ifdef __CYGWIN__
+#include <io.h>
+#endif
 
 #if !HAVE_OFF_T && !defined(off_t)
 # define off_t  long
@@ -219,7 +223,7 @@ rb_io_taint_check(io)
 
 void
 rb_io_check_initialized(fptr)
-    OpenFile *fptr;
+    rb_io_t *fptr;
 {
     if (!fptr) {
 	rb_raise(rb_eIOError, "uninitialized stream");
@@ -228,7 +232,7 @@ rb_io_check_initialized(fptr)
 
 void
 rb_io_check_closed(fptr)
-    OpenFile *fptr;
+    rb_io_t *fptr;
 {
     rb_io_check_initialized(fptr);
     if (!fptr->f && !fptr->f2) {
@@ -236,15 +240,16 @@ rb_io_check_closed(fptr)
     }
 }
 
-static void io_fflush _((FILE *, OpenFile *));
+static void io_fflush _((FILE *, rb_io_t *));
 
-static OpenFile *
+static rb_io_t *
 flush_before_seek(fptr)
-    OpenFile *fptr;
+    rb_io_t *fptr;
 {
     if (fptr->mode & FMODE_WBUF) {
 	io_fflush(GetWriteFile(fptr), fptr);
     }
+    errno = 0;
     return fptr;
 }
 
@@ -261,13 +266,13 @@ flush_before_seek(fptr)
 
 void
 rb_io_check_readable(fptr)
-    OpenFile *fptr;
+    rb_io_t *fptr;
 {
     rb_io_check_closed(fptr);
     if (!(fptr->mode & FMODE_READABLE)) {
 	rb_raise(rb_eIOError, "not opened for reading");
     }
-#if NEED_IO_SEEK_BETWEEN_RW
+#ifdef NEED_IO_SEEK_BETWEEN_RW
     if (((fptr->mode & FMODE_WBUF) ||
 	 (fptr->mode & (FMODE_SYNCWRITE|FMODE_RBUF)) == FMODE_SYNCWRITE) &&
 	!feof(fptr->f) &&
@@ -280,7 +285,7 @@ rb_io_check_readable(fptr)
 
 void
 rb_io_check_writable(fptr)
-    OpenFile *fptr;
+    rb_io_t *fptr;
 {
     rb_io_check_closed(fptr);
     if (!(fptr->mode & FMODE_WRITABLE)) {
@@ -318,7 +323,7 @@ ruby_dup(orig)
 
     fd = dup(orig);
     if (fd < 0) {
-	if (errno == EMFILE || errno == ENFILE) {
+	if (errno == EMFILE || errno == ENFILE || errno == ENOMEM) {
 	    rb_gc();
 	    fd = dup(orig);
 	}
@@ -345,7 +350,7 @@ io_alloc(klass)
 static void
 io_fflush(f, fptr)
     FILE *f;
-    OpenFile *fptr;
+    rb_io_t *fptr;
 {
     int n;
 
@@ -424,10 +429,13 @@ rb_io_wait_writable(f)
 #endif
 
 static int
-wsplit_p(OpenFile *fptr)
+wsplit_p(rb_io_t *fptr)
 {
     FILE *f = GetWriteFile(fptr);
+#if defined(HAVE_FCNTL) && defined(F_GETFL) && defined(O_NONBLOCK)
     int r;
+#endif
+
     if (!(fptr->mode & FMODE_WSPLIT_INITIALIZED)) {
         struct stat buf;
         if (fstat(fileno(f), &buf) == 0 &&
@@ -448,7 +456,7 @@ wsplit_p(OpenFile *fptr)
 static long
 io_fwrite(str, fptr)
     VALUE str;
-    OpenFile *fptr;
+    rb_io_t *fptr;
 {
     long len, n, r, l, offset = 0;
     FILE *f = GetWriteFile(fptr);
@@ -528,7 +536,7 @@ rb_io_fwrite(ptr, len, f)
     long len;
     FILE *f;
 {
-    OpenFile of;
+    rb_io_t of;
 
     of.f = f;
     of.f2 = NULL;
@@ -559,7 +567,7 @@ static VALUE
 io_write(io, str)
     VALUE io, str;
 {
-    OpenFile *fptr;
+    rb_io_t *fptr;
     long n;
 
     rb_secure(4);
@@ -634,7 +642,7 @@ static VALUE
 rb_io_flush(io)
     VALUE io;
 {
-    OpenFile *fptr;
+    rb_io_t *fptr;
     FILE *f;
 
     GetOpenFile(io, fptr);
@@ -663,12 +671,12 @@ static VALUE
 rb_io_tell(io)
      VALUE io;
 {
-    OpenFile *fptr;
+    rb_io_t *fptr;
     off_t pos;
 
     GetOpenFile(io, fptr);
     pos = io_tell(fptr);
-    if (pos < 0) rb_sys_fail(fptr->path);
+    if (pos < 0 && errno) rb_sys_fail(fptr->path);
     return OFFT2NUM(pos);
 }
 
@@ -677,13 +685,13 @@ rb_io_seek(io, offset, whence)
     VALUE io, offset;
     int whence;
 {
-    OpenFile *fptr;
+    rb_io_t *fptr;
     off_t pos;
 
     pos = NUM2OFFT(offset);
     GetOpenFile(io, fptr);
     pos = io_seek(fptr, pos, whence);
-    if (pos < 0) rb_sys_fail(fptr->path);
+    if (pos < 0 && errno) rb_sys_fail(fptr->path);
     clearerr(fptr->f);
 
     return INT2FIX(0);
@@ -741,7 +749,7 @@ static VALUE
 rb_io_set_pos(io, offset)
      VALUE io, offset;
 {
-    OpenFile *fptr;
+    rb_io_t *fptr;
     off_t pos;
 
     pos = NUM2OFFT(offset);
@@ -771,7 +779,7 @@ static VALUE
 rb_io_rewind(io)
     VALUE io;
 {
-    OpenFile *fptr;
+    rb_io_t *fptr;
 
     GetOpenFile(io, fptr);
     if (io_seek(fptr, 0L, 0) != 0) rb_sys_fail(fptr->path);
@@ -820,7 +828,7 @@ VALUE
 rb_io_eof(io)
     VALUE io;
 {
-    OpenFile *fptr;
+    rb_io_t *fptr;
     int ch;
 
     GetOpenFile(io, fptr);
@@ -860,7 +868,7 @@ static VALUE
 rb_io_sync(io)
     VALUE io;
 {
-    OpenFile *fptr;
+    rb_io_t *fptr;
 
     GetOpenFile(io, fptr);
     return (fptr->mode & FMODE_SYNC) ? Qtrue : Qfalse;
@@ -885,7 +893,7 @@ static VALUE
 rb_io_set_sync(io, mode)
     VALUE io, mode;
 {
-    OpenFile *fptr;
+    rb_io_t *fptr;
 
     GetOpenFile(io, fptr);
     if (RTEST(mode)) {
@@ -914,7 +922,7 @@ rb_io_fsync(io)
     VALUE io;
 {
 #ifdef HAVE_FSYNC
-    OpenFile *fptr;
+    rb_io_t *fptr;
     FILE *f;
 
     GetOpenFile(io, fptr);
@@ -946,7 +954,7 @@ static VALUE
 rb_io_fileno(io)
     VALUE io;
 {
-    OpenFile *fptr;
+    rb_io_t *fptr;
     int fd;
 
     GetOpenFile(io, fptr);
@@ -978,7 +986,7 @@ static VALUE
 rb_io_pid(io)
     VALUE io;
 {
-    OpenFile *fptr;
+    rb_io_t *fptr;
 
     GetOpenFile(io, fptr);
     if (!fptr->pid)
@@ -997,8 +1005,9 @@ static VALUE
 rb_io_inspect(obj)
     VALUE obj;
 {
-    OpenFile *fptr;
-    char *buf, *cname, *st = "";
+    rb_io_t *fptr;
+    char *buf;
+    const char *cname, *st = "";
     long len;
 
     fptr = RFILE(rb_io_taint_check(obj))->fptr;
@@ -1052,11 +1061,11 @@ read_buffered_data(ptr, len, f)
 #endif
 }
 
-long
+static long
 io_fread(ptr, len, fptr)
     char *ptr;
     long len;
-    OpenFile *fptr;
+    rb_io_t *fptr;
 {
     long n = len;
     int c;
@@ -1112,7 +1121,7 @@ rb_io_fread(ptr, len, f)
     long len;
     FILE *f;
 {
-    OpenFile of;
+    rb_io_t of;
 
     of.f = f;
     of.f2 = NULL;
@@ -1123,7 +1132,7 @@ rb_io_fread(ptr, len, f)
 
 static long
 remain_size(fptr)
-    OpenFile *fptr;
+    rb_io_t *fptr;
 {
     struct stat st;
     off_t siz = BUFSIZ;
@@ -1149,7 +1158,7 @@ remain_size(fptr)
 
 static VALUE
 read_all(fptr, siz, str)
-    OpenFile *fptr;
+    rb_io_t *fptr;
     long siz;
     VALUE str;
 {
@@ -1185,7 +1194,7 @@ read_all(fptr, siz, str)
     return str;
 }
 
-void rb_io_set_nonblock(OpenFile *fptr)
+void rb_io_set_nonblock(rb_io_t *fptr)
 {
     int flags;
 #ifdef F_GETFL
@@ -1223,7 +1232,7 @@ void rb_io_set_nonblock(OpenFile *fptr)
 static VALUE
 io_getpartial(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE io, int nonblock)
 {
-    OpenFile *fptr;
+    rb_io_t *fptr;
     VALUE length, str;
     long n, len;
 
@@ -1406,7 +1415,7 @@ io_read_nonblock(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE io)
 static VALUE
 rb_io_write_nonblock(VALUE io, VALUE str)
 {
-    OpenFile *fptr;
+    rb_io_t *fptr;
     FILE *f;
     long n;
 
@@ -1453,7 +1462,7 @@ io_read(argc, argv, io)
     VALUE *argv;
     VALUE io;
 {
-    OpenFile *fptr;
+    rb_io_t *fptr;
     long n, len;
     VALUE length, str;
 
@@ -1509,7 +1518,7 @@ io_read(argc, argv, io)
 
 static int
 appendline(fptr, delim, strp)
-    OpenFile *fptr;
+    rb_io_t *fptr;
     int delim;
     VALUE *strp;
 {
@@ -1614,7 +1623,7 @@ appendline(fptr, delim, strp)
 
 static inline int
 swallow(fptr, term)
-    OpenFile *fptr;
+    rb_io_t *fptr;
     int term;
 {
     FILE *f = fptr->f;
@@ -1653,7 +1662,7 @@ swallow(fptr, term)
 
 static VALUE
 rb_io_getline_fast(fptr, delim)
-    OpenFile *fptr;
+    rb_io_t *fptr;
     unsigned char delim;
 {
     VALUE str = Qnil;
@@ -1672,7 +1681,7 @@ rb_io_getline_fast(fptr, delim)
 
 static int
 rscheck(rsptr, rslen, rs)
-    char *rsptr;
+    const char *rsptr;
     long rslen;
     VALUE rs;
 {
@@ -1688,7 +1697,7 @@ rb_io_getline(rs, io)
     VALUE rs, io;
 {
     VALUE str = Qnil;
-    OpenFile *fptr;
+    rb_io_t *fptr;
 
     GetOpenFile(io, fptr);
     rb_io_check_readable(fptr);
@@ -1701,7 +1710,7 @@ rb_io_getline(rs, io)
     }
     else {
 	int c, newline;
-	char *rsptr;
+	const char *rsptr;
 	long rslen;
 	int rspara = 0;
 
@@ -1722,7 +1731,7 @@ rb_io_getline(rs, io)
 
 	while ((c = appendline(fptr, newline, &str)) != EOF &&
 	       (c != newline || RSTRING(str)->len < rslen ||
-		(rspara || rscheck(rsptr,rslen,rs), 0) ||
+		((rspara || rscheck(rsptr,rslen,rs)) && 0) ||
 		memcmp(RSTRING(str)->ptr+RSTRING(str)->len-rslen,rsptr,rslen)));
 
 	if (rspara) {
@@ -1745,7 +1754,7 @@ VALUE
 rb_io_gets(io)
     VALUE io;
 {
-    OpenFile *fptr;
+    rb_io_t *fptr;
 
     GetOpenFile(io, fptr);
     rb_io_check_readable(fptr);
@@ -1813,7 +1822,7 @@ static VALUE
 rb_io_lineno(io)
     VALUE io;
 {
-    OpenFile *fptr;
+    rb_io_t *fptr;
 
     GetOpenFile(io, fptr);
     rb_io_check_readable(fptr);
@@ -1841,7 +1850,7 @@ static VALUE
 rb_io_set_lineno(io, lineno)
     VALUE io, lineno;
 {
-    OpenFile *fptr;
+    rb_io_t *fptr;
 
     GetOpenFile(io, fptr);
     rb_io_check_readable(fptr);
@@ -1963,6 +1972,7 @@ rb_io_each_line(argc, argv, io)
     VALUE str;
     VALUE rs;
 
+    RETURN_ENUMERATOR(io, argc, argv);
     if (argc == 0) {
 	rs = rb_rs;
     }
@@ -1978,7 +1988,7 @@ rb_io_each_line(argc, argv, io)
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *     ios.each_byte {|byte| block }  => nil
+ *     ios.each_byte {|byte| block }  => ios
  *  
  *  Calls the given block once for each byte (0..255) in <em>ios</em>,
  *  passing the byte as an argument. The stream must be opened for
@@ -1994,10 +2004,11 @@ static VALUE
 rb_io_each_byte(io)
     VALUE io;
 {
-    OpenFile *fptr;
+    rb_io_t *fptr;
     FILE *f;
     int c;
 
+    RETURN_ENUMERATOR(io, 0, 0);
     GetOpenFile(io, fptr);
 
     for (;;) {
@@ -2023,6 +2034,97 @@ rb_io_each_byte(io)
     return io;
 }
 
+VALUE rb_io_getc _((VALUE));
+
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *     ios.each_char {|c| block }  => ios
+ *
+ *  Calls the given block once for each character in <em>ios</em>,
+ *  passing the character as an argument. The stream must be opened for
+ *  reading or an <code>IOError</code> will be raised.  Multibyte
+ *  characters are dealt with according to $KCODE.
+ *
+ *     f = File.new("testfile")
+ *     f.each_char {|c| print c, ' ' }   #=> #<File:testfile>
+ */
+
+static VALUE
+rb_io_each_char(io)
+    VALUE io;
+{
+    VALUE ch;
+
+    RETURN_ENUMERATOR(io, 0, 0);
+
+    while (!NIL_P(ch = rb_io_getc(io))) {
+	unsigned char c;
+	int n;
+	VALUE str;
+
+	c= FIX2INT(ch);
+	n = mbclen(c);
+	str = rb_tainted_str_new((const char *)&c, 1);
+
+	while (--n > 0) {
+	    if (NIL_P(ch = rb_io_getc(io))) {
+		rb_yield(str);
+		return io;
+	    }
+	    c = FIX2INT(ch);
+	    rb_str_cat(str, (const char *)&c, 1);
+	}
+	rb_yield(str);
+    }
+    return io;
+}
+
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *     ios.lines(sep=$/)     => anEnumerator
+ *     ios.lines(limit)      => anEnumerator
+ *     ios.lines(sep, limit) => anEnumerator
+ *
+ *  Returns an enumerator that gives each line in <em>ios</em>.
+ *  The stream must be opened for reading or an <code>IOError</code>
+ *  will be raised.
+ *
+ *     f = File.new("testfile")
+ *     f.lines.to_a  #=> ["foo\n", "bar\n"]
+ *     f.rewind
+ *     f.lines.sort  #=> ["bar\n", "foo\n"]
+ */
+
+static VALUE
+rb_io_lines(argc, argv, io)
+    int argc;
+    VALUE *argv;
+    VALUE io;
+{
+    return rb_enumeratorize(io, ID2SYM(rb_intern("each_line")), argc, argv);
+}
+
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *     ios.bytes   => anEnumerator
+ *
+ *  Returns an enumerator that gives each byte (0..255) in <em>ios</em>.
+ *  The stream must be opened for reading or an <code>IOError</code>
+ *  will be raised.
+ *     
+ *     f = File.new("testfile")
+ *     f.bytes.to_a  #=> [104, 101, 108, 108, 111]
+ *     f.rewind
+ *     f.bytes.sort  #=> [101, 104, 108, 108, 111]
+ */
+
+static VALUE
+rb_io_bytes(io)
+    VALUE io;
+{
+    return rb_enumeratorize(io, ID2SYM(rb_intern("each_byte")), 0, 0);
+}
+
 /*
  *  call-seq:
  *     ios.getc   => fixnum or nil
@@ -2039,7 +2141,7 @@ VALUE
 rb_io_getc(io)
     VALUE io;
 {
-    OpenFile *fptr;
+    rb_io_t *fptr;
     FILE *f;
     int c;
 
@@ -2123,7 +2225,7 @@ VALUE
 rb_io_ungetc(io, c)
     VALUE io, c;
 {
-    OpenFile *fptr;
+    rb_io_t *fptr;
     int cc = NUM2INT(c);
 
     GetOpenFile(io, fptr);
@@ -2153,7 +2255,7 @@ static VALUE
 rb_io_isatty(io)
     VALUE io;
 {
-    OpenFile *fptr;
+    rb_io_t *fptr;
 
     GetOpenFile(io, fptr);
     if (isatty(fileno(fptr->f)) == 0)
@@ -2163,11 +2265,12 @@ rb_io_isatty(io)
 
 static void
 fptr_finalize(fptr, noraise)
-    OpenFile *fptr;
+    rb_io_t *fptr;
     int noraise;
 {
     int n1 = 0, n2 = 0, f1, f2 = -1;
 
+    errno = 0;
     if (fptr->f2) {
 	f2 = fileno(fptr->f2);
 	while (n2 = 0, fflush(fptr->f2) < 0) {
@@ -2207,7 +2310,7 @@ fptr_finalize(fptr, noraise)
 
 static void
 rb_io_fptr_cleanup(fptr, noraise)
-    OpenFile *fptr;
+    rb_io_t *fptr;
     int noraise;
 {
     if (fptr->finalize) {
@@ -2220,7 +2323,7 @@ rb_io_fptr_cleanup(fptr, noraise)
 
 void
 rb_io_fptr_finalize(fptr)
-    OpenFile *fptr;
+    rb_io_t *fptr;
 {
     if (!fptr) return;
     if (fptr->path) {
@@ -2236,7 +2339,7 @@ VALUE
 rb_io_close(io)
     VALUE io;
 {
-    OpenFile *fptr;
+    rb_io_t *fptr;
     int fd, fd2;
 
     fptr = RFILE(io)->fptr;
@@ -2289,16 +2392,19 @@ rb_io_close_m(io)
 }
 
 static VALUE
-io_close(io)
+io_call_close(io)
     VALUE io;
 {
-    if (TYPE(io) == T_FILE) {
-	rb_io_close(io);
-	return Qnil;
-    }
     return rb_funcall(io, rb_intern("close"), 0, 0);
 }
 
+static VALUE
+io_close(io)
+    VALUE io;
+{
+    return rb_rescue(io_call_close, io, 0, 0);
+}
+
 /*
  *  call-seq:
  *     ios.closed?    => true or false
@@ -2321,7 +2427,7 @@ static VALUE
 rb_io_closed(io)
     VALUE io;
 {
-    OpenFile *fptr;
+    rb_io_t *fptr;
 
     fptr = RFILE(io)->fptr;
     rb_io_check_initialized(fptr);
@@ -2350,7 +2456,7 @@ static VALUE
 rb_io_close_read(io)
     VALUE io;
 {
-    OpenFile *fptr;
+    rb_io_t *fptr;
     int n;
 
     if (rb_safe_level() >= 4 && !OBJ_TAINTED(io)) {
@@ -2395,7 +2501,7 @@ static VALUE
 rb_io_close_write(io)
     VALUE io;
 {
-    OpenFile *fptr;
+    rb_io_t *fptr;
     int n;
 
     if (rb_safe_level() >= 4 && !OBJ_TAINTED(io)) {
@@ -2437,7 +2543,7 @@ rb_io_sysseek(argc, argv, io)
 {
     VALUE offset, ptrname;
     int whence = SEEK_SET;
-    OpenFile *fptr;
+    rb_io_t *fptr;
     off_t pos;
 
     if (rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "11", &offset, &ptrname) == 2) {
@@ -2475,7 +2581,7 @@ static VALUE
 rb_io_syswrite(io, str)
     VALUE io, str;
 {
-    OpenFile *fptr;
+    rb_io_t *fptr;
     FILE *f;
     long n;
 
@@ -2523,7 +2629,7 @@ rb_io_sysread(argc, argv, io)
     VALUE io;
 {
     VALUE len, str;
-    OpenFile *fptr;
+    rb_io_t *fptr;
     long n, ilen;
 
     rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "11", &len, &str);
@@ -2586,7 +2692,7 @@ rb_io_binmode(io)
     VALUE io;
 {
 #if defined(_WIN32) || defined(DJGPP) || defined(__CYGWIN__) || defined(__human68k__) || defined(__EMX__)
-    OpenFile *fptr;
+    rb_io_t *fptr;
 
     GetOpenFile(io, fptr);
 #ifdef __human68k__
@@ -2606,7 +2712,7 @@ rb_io_binmode(io)
     return io;
 }
 
-char*
+const char*
 rb_io_flags_mode(flags)
     int flags;
 {
@@ -2666,11 +2772,16 @@ rb_io_mode_flags(mode)
         case '+':
             flags |= FMODE_READWRITE;
             break;
+        case ':':
+            /* forward compatibility */
+            rb_warning("encoding options not supported in 1.8: %s", mode);
+            goto end;
         default:
             goto error;
         }
     }
 
+ end:
     return flags;
 }
 
@@ -2739,17 +2850,22 @@ rb_io_mode_modenum(mode)
         case '+':
             flags = (flags & ~O_ACCMODE) | O_RDWR;
             break;
+        case ':':
+            /* forward compatibility */
+            rb_warning("encoding options not supported in 1.8: %s", mode);
+            goto end;
         default:
             goto error;
         }
     }
 
+ end:
     return flags;
 }
 
 #define MODENUM_MAX 4
 
-static char*
+static const char*
 rb_io_modenum_mode(flags)
     int flags;
 {
@@ -2870,7 +2986,7 @@ rb_file_open_internal(io, fname, mode)
     VALUE io;
     const char *fname, *mode;
 {
-    OpenFile *fptr;
+    rb_io_t *fptr;
 
     MakeOpenFile(io, fptr);
 
@@ -2894,9 +3010,9 @@ rb_file_sysopen_internal(io, fname, flags, mode)
     char *fname;
     int flags, mode;
 {
-    OpenFile *fptr;
+    rb_io_t *fptr;
     int fd;
-    char *m;
+    const char *m;
 
     MakeOpenFile(io, fptr);
 
@@ -2919,13 +3035,13 @@ rb_file_sysopen(fname, flags, mode)
 
 #if defined (_WIN32) || defined(DJGPP) || defined(__CYGWIN__) || defined(__human68k__) || defined(__VMS)
 static struct pipe_list {
-    OpenFile *fptr;
+    rb_io_t *fptr;
     struct pipe_list *next;
 } *pipe_list;
 
 static void
 pipe_add_fptr(fptr)
-    OpenFile *fptr;
+    rb_io_t *fptr;
 {
     struct pipe_list *list;
 
@@ -2937,7 +3053,7 @@ pipe_add_fptr(fptr)
 
 static void
 pipe_del_fptr(fptr)
-    OpenFile *fptr;
+    rb_io_t *fptr;
 {
     struct pipe_list *list = pipe_list;
     struct pipe_list *tmp;
@@ -2972,11 +3088,11 @@ pipe_atexit _((void))
     }
 }
 
-static void pipe_finalize _((OpenFile *fptr,int));
+static void pipe_finalize _((rb_io_t *fptr,int));
 
 static void
 pipe_finalize(fptr, noraise)
-    OpenFile *fptr;
+    rb_io_t *fptr;
     int noraise;
 {
 #if !defined (__CYGWIN__) && !defined(_WIN32)
@@ -3002,32 +3118,50 @@ pipe_finalize(fptr, noraise)
 
 void
 rb_io_synchronized(fptr)
-    OpenFile *fptr;
+    rb_io_t *fptr;
 {
     fptr->mode |= FMODE_SYNC;
 }
 
 void
 rb_io_unbuffered(fptr)
-    OpenFile *fptr;
+    rb_io_t *fptr;
 {
     rb_io_synchronized(fptr);
 }
 
-static VALUE pipe_open(VALUE pstr, char *pname, char *mode);
+static VALUE pipe_open(VALUE pstr, const char *pname, const char *mode);
 
 static VALUE
 pipe_open(pstr, pname, mode)
     VALUE pstr;
-    char *pname, *mode;
+    const char *pname, *mode;
 {
     int modef = rb_io_mode_flags(mode);
-    OpenFile *fptr;
-
+    rb_io_t *fptr;
 #if defined(DJGPP) || defined(__human68k__) || defined(__VMS)
     FILE *f;
+#else
+    int pid;
+#ifdef _WIN32
+    FILE *fpr, *fpw;
+#else
+    int pr[2], pw[2];
+#endif
+#endif
+    volatile int doexec;
+
+    if (!pname) pname = StringValueCStr(pstr);
+    doexec = (strcmp("-", pname) != 0);
 
-    if (!pname) pname = StringValuePtr(pstr);
+#if defined(DJGPP) || defined(__human68k__) || defined(__VMS) || defined(_WIN32)
+    if (!doexec) {
+	rb_raise(rb_eNotImpError,
+		 "fork() function is unimplemented on this machine");
+    }
+#endif
+
+#if defined(DJGPP) || defined(__human68k__) || defined(__VMS)
     f = popen(pname, mode);
     
     if (!f) rb_sys_fail(pname);
@@ -3049,11 +3183,6 @@ pipe_open(pstr, pname, mode)
     }
 #else
 #ifdef _WIN32
-    int pid;
-    FILE *fpr, *fpw;
-
-    if (!pname) pname = StringValuePtr(pstr);
-
 retry:
     pid = pipe_exec(pname, rb_io_mode_modenum(mode), &fpr, &fpw);
     if (pid == -1) {		/* exec failed */
@@ -3083,16 +3212,10 @@ retry:
 	return (VALUE)port;
     }
 #else
-    int pid, pr[2], pw[2];
-    volatile int doexec;
-
-    if (!pname) pname = StringValuePtr(pstr);
-
     if (((modef & FMODE_READABLE) && pipe(pr) == -1) ||
 	((modef & FMODE_WRITABLE) && pipe(pw) == -1))
 	rb_sys_fail(pname);
 
-    doexec = (strcmp("-", pname) != 0);
     if (!doexec) {
 	fflush(stdin);		/* is it really needed? */
 	fflush(stdout);
@@ -3234,7 +3357,7 @@ rb_io_s_popen(argc, argv, klass)
     VALUE *argv;
     VALUE klass;
 {
-    char *mode;
+    const char *mode;
     VALUE pname, pmode, port;
 
     if (rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "11", &pname, &pmode) == 1) {
@@ -3244,7 +3367,7 @@ rb_io_s_popen(argc, argv, klass)
 	mode = rb_io_modenum_mode(FIX2INT(pmode));
     }
     else {
-	mode = rb_io_flags_mode(rb_io_mode_flags(StringValuePtr(pmode)));
+	mode = rb_io_flags_mode(rb_io_mode_flags(StringValueCStr(pmode)));
     }
     SafeStringValue(pname);
     port = pipe_open(pname, 0, mode);
@@ -3272,12 +3395,14 @@ rb_open_file(argc, argv, io)
     VALUE io;
 {
     VALUE fname, vmode, perm;
-    char *mode;
-    int flags, fmode;
+    const char *path, *mode;
+    int flags;
+    unsigned int fmode;
 
     rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "12", &fname, &vmode, &perm);
     SafeStringValue(fname);
 
+    path = StringValueCStr(fname);
     if (FIXNUM_P(vmode) || !NIL_P(perm)) {
 	if (FIXNUM_P(vmode)) {
 	    flags = FIX2INT(vmode);
@@ -3286,13 +3411,13 @@ rb_open_file(argc, argv, io)
 	    SafeStringValue(vmode);
 	    flags = rb_io_mode_modenum(RSTRING(vmode)->ptr);
 	}
-	fmode = NIL_P(perm) ? 0666 :  NUM2INT(perm);
+	fmode = NIL_P(perm) ? 0666 :  NUM2UINT(perm);
 
-	rb_file_sysopen_internal(io, RSTRING(fname)->ptr, flags, fmode);
+	rb_file_sysopen_internal(io, path, flags, fmode);
     }
     else {
-	mode = NIL_P(vmode) ? "r" : StringValuePtr(vmode);
-	rb_file_open_internal(io, RSTRING(fname)->ptr, mode);
+	mode = NIL_P(vmode) ? "r" : StringValueCStr(vmode);
+	rb_file_open_internal(io, path, mode);
     }
     return io;
 }
@@ -3342,7 +3467,8 @@ rb_io_s_sysopen(argc, argv)
     VALUE *argv;
 {
     VALUE fname, vmode, perm;
-    int flags, fmode, fd;
+    int flags, fd;
+    unsigned int fmode;
     char *path;
 
     rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "12", &fname, &vmode, &perm);
@@ -3355,7 +3481,7 @@ rb_io_s_sysopen(argc, argv)
 	flags = rb_io_mode_modenum(RSTRING(vmode)->ptr);
     }
     if (NIL_P(perm)) fmode = 0666;
-    else             fmode = NUM2INT(perm);
+    else             fmode = NUM2UINT(perm);
 
     path = ALLOCA_N(char, strlen(RSTRING(fname)->ptr)+1);
     strcpy(path, RSTRING(fname)->ptr);
@@ -3489,9 +3615,9 @@ rb_io_check_io(io)
     return rb_check_convert_type(io, T_FILE, "IO", "to_io");
 }
 
-static char*
+static const char*
 rb_io_mode_string(fptr)
-    OpenFile *fptr;
+    rb_io_t *fptr;
 {
     switch (fptr->mode & FMODE_READWRITE) {
       case FMODE_READABLE:
@@ -3508,8 +3634,8 @@ static VALUE
 io_reopen(io, nfile)
     VALUE io, nfile;
 {
-    OpenFile *fptr, *orig;
-    char *mode;
+    rb_io_t *fptr, *orig;
+    const char *mode;
     int fd, fd2;
     off_t pos = 0;
 
@@ -3534,7 +3660,7 @@ io_reopen(io, nfile)
 	io_fflush(GetWriteFile(fptr), fptr);
     }
 
-    /* copy OpenFile structure */
+    /* copy rb_io_t structure */
     fptr->mode = orig->mode;
     fptr->pid = orig->pid;
     fptr->lineno = orig->lineno;
@@ -3625,8 +3751,8 @@ rb_io_reopen(argc, argv, file)
     VALUE file;
 {
     VALUE fname, nmode;
-    char *mode;
-    OpenFile *fptr;
+    const char *mode;
+    rb_io_t *fptr;
 
     rb_secure(4);
     if (rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "11", &fname, &nmode) == 1) {
@@ -3640,12 +3766,12 @@ rb_io_reopen(argc, argv, file)
     rb_io_taint_check(file);
     fptr = RFILE(file)->fptr;
     if (!fptr) {
-	fptr = RFILE(file)->fptr = ALLOC(OpenFile);
-	MEMZERO(fptr, OpenFile, 1);
+	fptr = RFILE(file)->fptr = ALLOC(rb_io_t);
+	MEMZERO(fptr, rb_io_t, 1);
     }
 
     if (!NIL_P(nmode)) {
-	fptr->mode = rb_io_mode_flags(StringValuePtr(nmode));
+	fptr->mode = rb_io_mode_flags(StringValueCStr(nmode));
     }
 
     if (fptr->path) {
@@ -3653,7 +3779,7 @@ rb_io_reopen(argc, argv, file)
 	fptr->path = 0;
     }
 
-    fptr->path = strdup(RSTRING(fname)->ptr);
+    fptr->path = strdup(StringValueCStr(fname));
     mode = rb_io_flags_mode(fptr->mode);
     if (!fptr->f) {
 	fptr->f = rb_fopen(fptr->path, mode);
@@ -3664,16 +3790,16 @@ rb_io_reopen(argc, argv, file)
 	return file;
     }
 
-    if (freopen(RSTRING(fname)->ptr, mode, fptr->f) == 0) {
+    if (freopen(fptr->path, mode, fptr->f) == 0) {
 	rb_sys_fail(fptr->path);
     }
 #ifdef USE_SETVBUF
     if (setvbuf(fptr->f, NULL, _IOFBF, 0) != 0)
-	rb_warn("setvbuf() can't be honoured for %s", RSTRING(fname)->ptr);
+	rb_warn("setvbuf() can't be honoured for %s", fptr->path);
 #endif
 
     if (fptr->f2) {
-	if (freopen(RSTRING(fname)->ptr, "w", fptr->f2) == 0) {
+	if (freopen(fptr->path, "w", fptr->f2) == 0) {
 	    rb_sys_fail(fptr->path);
 	}
     }
@@ -3686,9 +3812,9 @@ static VALUE
 rb_io_init_copy(dest, io)
     VALUE dest, io;
 {
-    OpenFile *fptr, *orig;
+    rb_io_t *fptr, *orig;
     int fd;
-    char *mode;
+    const char *mode;
 
     io = rb_io_get_io(io);
     if (dest == io) return dest;
@@ -3706,7 +3832,7 @@ rb_io_init_copy(dest, io)
 	fseeko(orig->f, 0L, SEEK_CUR);
     }
 
-    /* copy OpenFile structure */
+    /* copy rb_io_t structure */
     fptr->mode = orig->mode;
     fptr->pid = orig->pid;
     fptr->lineno = orig->lineno;
@@ -4157,7 +4283,7 @@ prep_stdio(f, mode, klass)
     int mode;
     VALUE klass;
 {
-    OpenFile *fp;
+    rb_io_t *fp;
     VALUE io = io_alloc(klass);
 
     MakeOpenFile(io, fp);
@@ -4178,7 +4304,7 @@ prep_path(io, path)
     VALUE io;
     char *path;
 {
-    OpenFile *fptr;
+    rb_io_t *fptr;
 
     GetOpenFile(io, fptr);
     if (fptr->path) rb_bug("illegal prep_path() call");
@@ -4210,7 +4336,7 @@ rb_io_initialize(argc, argv, io)
     VALUE io;
 {
     VALUE fnum, mode;
-    OpenFile *fp;
+    rb_io_t *fp;
     int fd, flags;
 
     rb_secure(4);
@@ -4222,7 +4348,7 @@ rb_io_initialize(argc, argv, io)
 	}
 	else {
 	    SafeStringValue(mode);
-	    flags = rb_io_mode_modenum(RSTRING(mode)->ptr);
+	    flags = rb_io_mode_modenum(StringValueCStr(mode));
 	}
     }
     else {
@@ -4308,7 +4434,7 @@ rb_io_s_new(argc, argv, klass)
     VALUE klass;
 {
     if (rb_block_given_p()) {
-	char *cname = rb_class2name(klass);
+	const char *cname = rb_class2name(klass);
 
 	rb_warn("%s::new() does not take block; use %s::open() instead",
 		cname, cname);
@@ -4367,7 +4493,7 @@ next_argv()
 {
     extern VALUE rb_argv;
     char *fn;
-    OpenFile *fptr;
+    rb_io_t *fptr;
     int stdout_binmode = 0;
 
     if (TYPE(rb_stdout) == T_FILE) {
@@ -4392,7 +4518,7 @@ next_argv()
       retry:
 	if (RARRAY(rb_argv)->len > 0) {
 	    filename = rb_ary_shift(rb_argv);
-	    fn = StringValuePtr(filename);
+	    fn = StringValueCStr(filename);
 	    if (strlen(fn) == 1 && fn[0] == '-') {
 		current_file = rb_stdin;
 		if (ruby_inplace_mode) {
@@ -4404,7 +4530,10 @@ next_argv()
 		FILE *fr = rb_fopen(fn, "r");
 
 		if (ruby_inplace_mode) {
-		    struct stat st, st2;
+		    struct stat st;
+#ifndef NO_SAFE_RENAME
+		    struct stat st2;
+#endif
 		    VALUE str;
 		    FILE *fw;
 
@@ -4674,7 +4803,7 @@ rb_f_backquote(obj, str)
 {
     volatile VALUE port;
     VALUE result;
-    OpenFile *fptr;
+    rb_io_t *fptr;
 
     SafeStringValue(str);
     port = pipe_open(str, 0, "r");
@@ -4711,7 +4840,7 @@ rb_f_select(argc, argv, obj)
     fd_set rset, wset, eset, pset;
     fd_set *rp, *wp, *ep;
     struct timeval *tp, timerec;
-    OpenFile *fptr;
+    rb_io_t *fptr;
     long i;
     int max = 0, n;
     int interrupt_flag = 0;
@@ -4873,7 +5002,7 @@ rb_io_ctl(io, req, arg, io_p)
 {
 #if !defined(MSDOS) && !defined(__human68k__)
     int cmd = NUM2ULONG(req);
-    OpenFile *fptr;
+    rb_io_t *fptr;
     long len = 0;
     long narg = 0;
     int retval;
@@ -5044,6 +5173,8 @@ rb_f_syscall(argc, argv)
     rb_secure(2);
     if (argc == 0)
 	rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "too few arguments for syscall");
+    if (argc > sizeof(arg) / sizeof(arg[0]))
+	rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "too many arguments for syscall");
     arg[0] = NUM2LONG(argv[0]); argv++;
     while (items--) {
 	VALUE v = rb_check_string_type(*argv);
@@ -5051,7 +5182,7 @@ rb_f_syscall(argc, argv)
 	if (!NIL_P(v)) {
 	    StringValue(v);
 	    rb_str_modify(v);
-	    arg[i] = (unsigned long)RSTRING(v)->ptr;
+	    arg[i] = (unsigned long)StringValueCStr(v);
 	}
 	else {
 	    arg[i] = (unsigned long)NUM2LONG(*argv);
@@ -5243,14 +5374,16 @@ io_s_foreach(arg)
  */     
 
 static VALUE
-rb_io_s_foreach(argc, argv)
+rb_io_s_foreach(argc, argv, self)
     int argc;
     VALUE *argv;
+    VALUE self;
 {
     VALUE fname;
     struct foreach_arg arg;
 
     rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "11", &fname, &arg.sep);
+    RETURN_ENUMERATOR(self, argc, argv);
     SafeStringValue(fname);
 
     if (argc == 1) {
@@ -5259,7 +5392,7 @@ rb_io_s_foreach(argc, argv)
     else if (!NIL_P(arg.sep)) {
 	StringValue(arg.sep);
     }
-    arg.io = rb_io_open(RSTRING(fname)->ptr, "r");
+    arg.io = rb_io_open(StringValueCStr(fname), "r");
     if (NIL_P(arg.io)) return Qnil;
 
     return rb_ensure(io_s_foreach, (VALUE)&arg, rb_io_close, arg.io);
@@ -5298,7 +5431,7 @@ rb_io_s_readlines(argc, argv, io)
     SafeStringValue(fname);
 
     arg.argc = argc - 1;
-    arg.io = rb_io_open(RSTRING(fname)->ptr, "r");
+    arg.io = rb_io_open(StringValueCStr(fname), "r");
     if (NIL_P(arg.io)) return Qnil;
     return rb_ensure(io_s_readlines, (VALUE)&arg, rb_io_close, arg.io);
 }
@@ -5336,7 +5469,7 @@ rb_io_s_read(argc, argv, io)
     SafeStringValue(fname);
 
     arg.argc = argc ? 1 : 0;
-    arg.io = rb_io_open(RSTRING(fname)->ptr, "r");
+    arg.io = rb_io_open(StringValueCStr(fname), "r");
     if (NIL_P(arg.io)) return Qnil;
     if (!NIL_P(offset)) {
 	rb_io_seek(arg.io, offset, SEEK_SET);
@@ -5502,12 +5635,14 @@ argf_readchar()
 }
 
 static VALUE
-argf_each_line(argc, argv)
+argf_each_line(argc, argv, argf)
     int argc;
     VALUE *argv;
+    VALUE argf;
 {
     VALUE str;
 
+    RETURN_ENUMERATOR(argf, argc, argv);
     if (!next_argv()) return Qnil;
     if (TYPE(current_file) != T_FILE) {
 	for (;;) {
@@ -5523,10 +5658,12 @@ argf_each_line(argc, argv)
 }
 
 static VALUE
-argf_each_byte()
+argf_each_byte(argf)
+    VALUE argf;
 {
     VALUE byte;
 
+    RETURN_ENUMERATOR(argf, 0, 0);
     while (!NIL_P(byte = argf_getc())) {
 	rb_yield(byte);
     }
@@ -5534,6 +5671,42 @@ argf_each_byte()
 }
 
 static VALUE
+argf_each_char(argf)
+    VALUE argf;
+{
+    VALUE ch;
+
+    RETURN_ENUMERATOR(argf, 0, 0);
+
+    while (!NIL_P(ch = argf_getc())) {
+	unsigned char c;
+	int n;
+	VALUE str, file;
+
+      first_char:
+	c = FIX2INT(ch);
+	n = mbclen(c);
+	str = rb_tainted_str_new((const char *)&c, 1);
+	file = current_file;
+
+	while (--n > 0) {
+	    if (NIL_P(ch = argf_getc())) {
+		rb_yield(str);
+		return argf;
+	    }
+	    if (current_file != file) {
+		rb_yield(str);
+		goto first_char;
+	    }
+	    c = FIX2INT(ch);
+	    rb_str_cat(str, (const char *)&c, 1);
+	}
+	rb_yield(str);
+    }
+    return argf;
+}
+
+static VALUE
 argf_filename()
 {
     next_argv();
@@ -5612,7 +5785,7 @@ opt_i_set(val)
     StringValue(val);
     if (ruby_inplace_mode) free(ruby_inplace_mode);
     ruby_inplace_mode = 0;
-    ruby_inplace_mode = strdup(RSTRING(val)->ptr);
+    ruby_inplace_mode = strdup(StringValueCStr(val));
 }
 
 /*
@@ -5775,6 +5948,10 @@ Init_IO()
     rb_define_method(rb_cIO, "each",  rb_io_each_line, -1);
     rb_define_method(rb_cIO, "each_line",  rb_io_each_line, -1);
     rb_define_method(rb_cIO, "each_byte",  rb_io_each_byte, 0);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cIO, "each_char",  rb_io_each_char, 0);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cIO, "lines",  rb_io_lines, -1);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cIO, "bytes",  rb_io_bytes, 0);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cIO, "chars",  rb_io_each_char, 0);
 
     rb_define_method(rb_cIO, "syswrite", rb_io_syswrite, 1);
     rb_define_method(rb_cIO, "sysread",  rb_io_sysread, -1);
@@ -5800,7 +5977,9 @@ Init_IO()
     rb_define_method(rb_cIO, "gets",  rb_io_gets_m, -1);
     rb_define_method(rb_cIO, "readline",  rb_io_readline, -1);
     rb_define_method(rb_cIO, "getc",  rb_io_getc, 0);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cIO, "getbyte",  rb_io_getc, 0);
     rb_define_method(rb_cIO, "readchar",  rb_io_readchar, 0);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cIO, "readbyte",  rb_io_readchar, 0);
     rb_define_method(rb_cIO, "ungetc",rb_io_ungetc, 1);
     rb_define_method(rb_cIO, "<<",    rb_io_addstr, 1);
     rb_define_method(rb_cIO, "flush", rb_io_flush, 0);
@@ -5862,6 +6041,10 @@ Init_IO()
     rb_define_singleton_method(argf, "each",  argf_each_line, -1);
     rb_define_singleton_method(argf, "each_line",  argf_each_line, -1);
     rb_define_singleton_method(argf, "each_byte",  argf_each_byte, 0);
+    rb_define_singleton_method(argf, "each_char",  argf_each_char, 0);
+    rb_define_singleton_method(argf, "lines",  argf_each_line, -1);
+    rb_define_singleton_method(argf, "bytes",  argf_each_byte, 0);
+    rb_define_singleton_method(argf, "chars",  argf_each_char, 0);
 
     rb_define_singleton_method(argf, "read",  argf_read, -1);
     rb_define_singleton_method(argf, "readlines", rb_f_readlines, -1);
@@ -5869,7 +6052,9 @@ Init_IO()
     rb_define_singleton_method(argf, "gets", rb_f_gets, -1);
     rb_define_singleton_method(argf, "readline", rb_f_readline, -1);
     rb_define_singleton_method(argf, "getc", argf_getc, 0);
+    rb_define_singleton_method(argf, "getbyte", argf_getc, 0);
     rb_define_singleton_method(argf, "readchar", argf_readchar, 0);
+    rb_define_singleton_method(argf, "readbyte", argf_readchar, 0);
     rb_define_singleton_method(argf, "tell", argf_tell, 0);
     rb_define_singleton_method(argf, "seek", argf_seek_m, -1);
     rb_define_singleton_method(argf, "rewind", argf_rewind, 0);
diff --git a/keywords b/keywords
index 04be992857..6eed5e1f4d 100644
--- a/keywords
+++ b/keywords
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-struct kwtable {char *name; int id[2]; enum lex_state state;};
+struct kwtable {const char *name; int id[2]; enum lex_state state;};
 %%
 __LINE__, {k__LINE__, k__LINE__}, EXPR_END
 __FILE__, {k__FILE__, k__FILE__}, EXPR_END
diff --git a/lex.c b/lex.c
index 79d9448dae..a15309d502 100644
--- a/lex.c
+++ b/lex.c
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 /* C code produced by gperf version 2.7.2 */
 /* Command-line: gperf -p -j1 -i 1 -g -o -t -N rb_reserved_word -k'1,3,$' ./keywords  */
-struct kwtable {char *name; int id[2]; enum lex_state state;};
+struct kwtable {const char *name; int id[2]; enum lex_state state;};
 
 #define TOTAL_KEYWORDS 40
 #define MIN_WORD_LENGTH 2
diff --git a/lib/.document b/lib/.document
index 36ede0a2bc..2159be8360 100644
--- a/lib/.document
+++ b/lib/.document
@@ -7,40 +7,100 @@
 # But for now
 
 English.rb
+Env.rb
+README
 abbrev.rb
 base64.rb
 benchmark.rb
 cgi
 cgi.rb
+cgi-lib.rb
 complex.rb
+csv.rb
+date
 date.rb
+date2.rb
+debug.rb
 delegate.rb
+drb
+drb.rb
+e2mmap.rb
 erb.rb
+eregex.rb
 fileutils.rb
+finalize.rb
 find.rb
 forwardable.rb
+ftools.rb
 generator.rb
 getoptlong.rb
+getopts.rb
+gserver.rb
+importenv.rb
+ipaddr.rb
+irb
+irb.rb
+jcode.rb
 logger.rb
+mailread.rb
+mathn.rb
 matrix.rb
+mkmf.rb
 monitor.rb
+mutex_m.rb
+net
 observer.rb
+open-uri.rb
+open3.rb
+optparse
 optparse.rb
+ostruct.rb
+parsearg.rb
+parsedate.rb
 pathname.rb
+ping.rb
 pp.rb
+prettyprint.rb
+profile.rb
+profiler.rb
 pstore.rb
+racc
 rational.rb
+rdoc
+readbytes.rb
+resolv-replace.rb
+resolv.rb
+rexml
 rinda
+rss
+rss.rb
+rubyunit.rb
+runit
+scanf.rb
 set.rb
+shell
+shell.rb
 shellwords.rb
 singleton.rb
+soap
+sync.rb
 tempfile.rb
-test/unit.rb
-test/unit/assertions.rb
+test
 thread.rb
 thwait.rb
 time.rb
 timeout.rb
 tmpdir.rb
+tracer.rb
+tsort.rb
+un.rb
 uri
+uri.rb
+weakref.rb
+webrick
+webrick.rb
+wsdl
+xmlrpc
+xsd
+yaml
 yaml.rb
diff --git a/lib/README b/lib/README
index 19d6309166..fa2bbd9635 100644
--- a/lib/README
+++ b/lib/README
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ benchmark.rb	a benchmark utility
 cgi-lib.rb	simple CGI support library (old style)
 cgi.rb		CGI support library
 cgi/session.rb	CGI session class
-complex.rb	complex number suppor
+complex.rb	complex number support
 csv.rb		CSV parser/generator
 date.rb		date object
 date/format.rb	date parsing and formatting
@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ open3.rb	opens subprocess connection stdin/stdout/stderr
 optparse.rb	command line option analysis
 ostruct.rb	python style object
 parsearg.rb	argument parser using getopts
-parsedate.rb	parses date string
+parsedate.rb	parses date string (obsolete)
 pathname.rb	Object-Oriented Pathname Class
 ping.rb		checks whether host is up, using TCP echo.
 pp.rb		pretty print objects
@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ profiler.rb	ruby profiler module
 pstore.rb	persistent object strage using marshal
 racc/parser.rb	racc (Ruby yACC) runtime
 rational.rb	rational number support
-rdoc            source-code documentation tool
+rdoc	source-code documentation tool
 readbytes.rb	define IO#readbytes
 resolv-replace.rb	replace Socket DNS by resolve.rb
 resolv.rb	DNS resolver in Ruby
diff --git a/lib/base64.rb b/lib/base64.rb
index 410d76ffcd..8628d611b2 100644
--- a/lib/base64.rb
+++ b/lib/base64.rb
@@ -102,7 +102,7 @@ module Base64
   #
   #    require 'base64'
   #    data = "Now is the time for all good coders\nto learn Ruby" 
-  #    puts Base64.b64encode(data)
+  #    Base64.b64encode(data)
   #
   # <i>Generates:</i>
   #
@@ -110,7 +110,7 @@ module Base64
   #    UnVieQ==
 
   def b64encode(bin, len = 60)
-    encode64(bin).scan(/.{1,#{len}}/o) do
+    encode64(bin).scan(/.{1,#{len}}/) do
       print $&, "\n"
     end
   end 
diff --git a/lib/benchmark.rb b/lib/benchmark.rb
index 36e593518f..a54700a1c2 100644
--- a/lib/benchmark.rb
+++ b/lib/benchmark.rb
@@ -304,7 +304,10 @@ module Benchmark
   # Returns the elapsed real time used to execute the given block.
   #
   def realtime(&blk) # :yield:
-    Benchmark::measure(&blk).real
+    r0 = Time.now
+    yield
+    r1 = Time.now
+    r1.to_f - r0.to_f
   end
 
 
@@ -330,8 +333,8 @@ module Benchmark
     # Registers the given label and block pair in the job list.
     #
     def item(label = "", &blk) # :yield:
-      raise ArgmentError, "no block" unless block_given?
-      label.concat ' '
+      raise ArgumentError, "no block" unless block_given?
+      label += ' '
       w = label.length
       @width = w if @width < w
       @list.push [label, blk]
diff --git a/lib/cgi.rb b/lib/cgi.rb
index 54dc07a5a3..5279439a08 100644
--- a/lib/cgi.rb
+++ b/lib/cgi.rb
@@ -367,13 +367,13 @@ class CGI
   #   CGI::unescapeHTML("Usage: foo &quot;bar&quot; &lt;baz&gt;")
   #      # => "Usage: foo \"bar\" <baz>"
   def CGI::unescapeHTML(string)
-    string.gsub(/&(.*?);/n) do
+    string.gsub(/&(amp|quot|gt|lt|\#[0-9]+|\#x[0-9A-Fa-f]+);/n) do
       match = $1.dup
       case match
-      when /\Aamp\z/ni           then '&'
-      when /\Aquot\z/ni          then '"'
-      when /\Agt\z/ni            then '>'
-      when /\Alt\z/ni            then '<'
+      when 'amp'                 then '&'
+      when 'quot'                then '"'
+      when 'gt'                  then '>'
+      when 'lt'                  then '<'
       when /\A#0*(\d+)\z/n       then
         if Integer($1) < 256
           Integer($1).chr
@@ -556,7 +556,8 @@ class CGI
     end
 
     options.delete("nph") if defined?(MOD_RUBY)
-    if options.delete("nph") or /IIS/n.match(env_table['SERVER_SOFTWARE'])
+    if options.delete("nph") or
+        (/IIS\/(\d+)/n.match(env_table['SERVER_SOFTWARE']) and $1.to_i < 5)
       buf += (env_table["SERVER_PROTOCOL"] or "HTTP/1.0")  + " " +
              (HTTP_STATUS[options["status"]] or options["status"] or "200 OK") +
              EOL +
@@ -708,16 +709,14 @@ class CGI
       require "nkf"
       case options["charset"]
       when /iso-2022-jp/ni
-        content = NKF::nkf('-j', content)
+        content = NKF::nkf('-m0 -x -j', content)
         options["language"] = "ja" unless options.has_key?("language")
       when /euc-jp/ni
-        content = NKF::nkf('-e', content)
+        content = NKF::nkf('-m0 -x -e', content)
         options["language"] = "ja" unless options.has_key?("language")
       when /shift_jis/ni
-        content = NKF::nkf('-s', content)
+        content = NKF::nkf('-m0 -x -s', content)
         options["language"] = "ja" unless options.has_key?("language")
-      when /utf-8/ni
-        content = NKF::nkf('-w', content)
       end
     end
 
@@ -793,11 +792,16 @@ class CGI
     #
     # These keywords correspond to attributes of the cookie object.
     def initialize(name = "", *value)
-      options = if name.kind_of?(String)
-                  { "name" => name, "value" => value }
-                else
-                  name
-                end
+      if name.kind_of?(String)
+        @name = name
+        @value = value
+        %r|^(.*/)|.match(ENV["SCRIPT_NAME"])
+        @path = ($1 or "")
+        @secure = false
+        return super(@value)
+      end
+
+      options = name
       unless options.has_key?("name")
         raise ArgumentError, "`name' required"
       end
@@ -881,7 +885,7 @@ class CGI
       if cookies.has_key?(name)
         values = cookies[name].value + values
       end
-      cookies[name] = Cookie::new({ "name" => name, "value" => values })
+      cookies[name] = Cookie::new(name, *values)
     end
 
     cookies
@@ -969,8 +973,10 @@ class CGI
     def read_multipart(boundary, content_length)
       params = Hash.new([])
       boundary = "--" + boundary
+      quoted_boundary = Regexp.quote(boundary, "n")
       buf = ""
       bufsize = 10 * 1024
+      boundary_end=""
 
       # start multipart/form-data
       stdinput.binmode if defined? stdinput.binmode
@@ -999,7 +1005,7 @@ class CGI
         end
         body.binmode if defined? body.binmode
 
-        until head and /#{boundary}(?:#{EOL}|--)/n.match(buf)
+        until head and /#{quoted_boundary}(?:#{EOL}|--)/n.match(buf)
 
           if (not head) and /#{EOL}#{EOL}/n.match(buf)
             buf = buf.sub(/\A((?:.|\n)*?#{EOL})#{EOL}/n) do
@@ -1019,32 +1025,33 @@ class CGI
               else
                 stdinput.read(content_length)
               end
-          if c.nil?
+          if c.nil? || c.empty?
             raise EOFError, "bad content body"
           end
           buf.concat(c)
           content_length -= c.size
         end
 
-        buf = buf.sub(/\A((?:.|\n)*?)(?:[\r\n]{1,2})?#{boundary}([\r\n]{1,2}|--)/n) do
+        buf = buf.sub(/\A((?:.|\n)*?)(?:[\r\n]{1,2})?#{quoted_boundary}([\r\n]{1,2}|--)/n) do
           body.print $1
           if "--" == $2
             content_length = -1
           end
+          boundary_end = $2.dup
           ""
         end
 
         body.rewind
 
-        /Content-Disposition:.* filename="?([^\";]*)"?/ni.match(head)
-	filename = ($1 or "")
+        /Content-Disposition:.* filename=(?:"((?:\\.|[^\"])*)"|([^;\s]*))/ni.match(head)
+	filename = ($1 or $2 or "")
 	if /Mac/ni.match(env_table['HTTP_USER_AGENT']) and
 	    /Mozilla/ni.match(env_table['HTTP_USER_AGENT']) and
 	    (not /MSIE/ni.match(env_table['HTTP_USER_AGENT']))
 	  filename = CGI::unescape(filename)
 	end
         
-        /Content-Type: (.*)/ni.match(head)
+        /Content-Type: ([^\s]*)/ni.match(head)
         content_type = ($1 or "")
 
         (class << body; self; end).class_eval do
@@ -1053,7 +1060,7 @@ class CGI
           define_method(:content_type) {content_type.dup.taint}
         end
 
-        /Content-Disposition:.* name="?([^\";]*)"?/ni.match(head)
+        /Content-Disposition:.* name="?([^\";\s]*)"?/ni.match(head)
         name = $1.dup
 
         if params.has_key?(name)
@@ -1062,8 +1069,9 @@ class CGI
           params[name] = [body]
         end
         break if buf.size == 0
-        break if content_length === -1
+        break if content_length == -1
       end
+      raise EOFError, "bad boundary end of body part" unless boundary_end=~/--/
 
       params
     end # read_multipart
@@ -1160,6 +1168,7 @@ class CGI
     # retrieved; use #params() to get the array of values.
     def [](key)
       params = @params[key]
+      return '' unless params
       value = params[0]
       if @multipart
         if value
diff --git a/lib/cgi/session.rb b/lib/cgi/session.rb
index 562e571cd5..a6e999bc34 100644
--- a/lib/cgi/session.rb
+++ b/lib/cgi/session.rb
@@ -174,16 +174,22 @@ class CGI
     # is used internally for automatically generated
     # session ids. 
     def create_new_id
-      require 'digest/md5'
-      md5 = Digest::MD5::new
-      now = Time::now
-      md5.update(now.to_s)
-      md5.update(String(now.usec))
-      md5.update(String(rand(0)))
-      md5.update(String($$))
-      md5.update('foobar')
+      require 'securerandom'
+      begin
+        session_id = SecureRandom.hex(16)
+      rescue NotImplementedError
+        require 'digest/md5'
+        md5 = Digest::MD5::new
+        now = Time::now
+        md5.update(now.to_s)
+        md5.update(String(now.usec))
+        md5.update(String(rand(0)))
+        md5.update(String($$))
+        md5.update('foobar')
+        session_id = md5.hexdigest
+      end
       @new_session = true
-      md5.hexdigest
+      session_id
     end
     private :create_new_id
 
@@ -224,7 +230,7 @@ class CGI
     # session_path:: the path for which this session applies.  Defaults
     #                to the directory of the CGI script.
     #
-    # +option+ is also passed on to the session storage class initialiser; see
+    # +option+ is also passed on to the session storage class initializer; see
     # the documentation for each session storage class for the options
     # they support.
     #                  
@@ -301,20 +307,14 @@ class CGI
 
     # Retrieve the session data for key +key+.
     def [](key)
-      unless @data
-	@data = @dbman.restore
-      end
+      @data ||= @dbman.restore
       @data[key]
     end
 
     # Set the session date for key +key+.
     def []=(key, val)
-      unless @write_lock
-	@write_lock = true
-      end
-      unless @data
-	@data = @dbman.restore
-      end
+      @write_lock ||= true
+      @data ||= @dbman.restore
       @data[key] = val
     end
 
@@ -357,7 +357,7 @@ class CGI
       # characters; automatically generated session ids observe
       # this requirement.
       # 
-      # +option+ is a hash of options for the initialiser.  The
+      # +option+ is a hash of options for the initializer.  The
       # following options are recognised:
       #
       # tmpdir:: the directory to use for storing the FileStore
@@ -374,13 +374,15 @@ class CGI
       # not exist, or opened if it does.
       def initialize(session, option={})
 	dir = option['tmpdir'] || Dir::tmpdir
-       prefix = option['prefix'] || ''
+	prefix = option['prefix'] || ''
 	suffix = option['suffix'] || ''
 	id = session.session_id
         require 'digest/md5'
         md5 = Digest::MD5.hexdigest(id)[0,16]
 	@path = dir+"/"+prefix+md5+suffix
-	unless File::exist? @path
+	if File::exist? @path
+	  @hash = nil
+	else
           unless session.new_session
             raise CGI::Session::NoSession, "uninitialized session"
           end
@@ -395,8 +397,9 @@ class CGI
 	unless @hash
 	  @hash = {}
           begin
+            lockf = File.open(@path+".lock", "r")
+            lockf.flock File::LOCK_SH
 	    f = File.open(@path, 'r')
-	    f.flock File::LOCK_SH
 	    for line in f
 	      line.chomp!
 	      k, v = line.split('=',2)
@@ -404,6 +407,7 @@ class CGI
 	    end
           ensure
 	    f.close unless f.nil?
+            lockf.close if lockf
           end
 	end
 	@hash
@@ -413,13 +417,17 @@ class CGI
       def update
 	return unless @hash
         begin
-	  f = File.open(@path, File::CREAT|File::TRUNC|File::RDWR, 0600)
-	  f.flock File::LOCK_EX
+          lockf = File.open(@path+".lock", File::CREAT|File::RDWR, 0600)
+	  lockf.flock File::LOCK_EX
+          f = File.open(@path+".new", File::CREAT|File::TRUNC|File::WRONLY, 0600)
    	  for k,v in @hash
 	    f.printf "%s=%s\n", CGI::escape(k), CGI::escape(String(v))
 	  end
+          f.close
+          File.rename @path+".new", @path
         ensure
-          f.close unless f.nil?
+          f.close if f and !f.closed?
+          lockf.close if lockf
         end
       end
 
@@ -430,6 +438,8 @@ class CGI
 
       # Close and delete the session's FileStore file.
       def delete
+        File::unlink @path+".lock" rescue nil
+        File::unlink @path+".new" rescue nil
         File::unlink @path
       rescue Errno::ENOENT
       end
diff --git a/lib/cgi/session/pstore.rb b/lib/cgi/session/pstore.rb
index 696f6f2d3b..3d204d5dc0 100644
--- a/lib/cgi/session/pstore.rb
+++ b/lib/cgi/session/pstore.rb
@@ -14,17 +14,6 @@ require 'pstore'
 
 class CGI
   class Session
-    def []=(key, val)
-      unless @write_lock
-	@write_lock = true
-      end
-      unless @data
-	@data = @dbman.restore
-      end
-      #@data[key] = String(val)
-      @data[key] = val
-    end
-
     # PStore-based session storage class.
     #
     # This builds upon the top-level PStore class provided by the
@@ -41,7 +30,7 @@ class CGI
       # characters; automatically generated session ids observe
       # this requirement.
       # 
-      # +option+ is a hash of options for the initialiser.  The
+      # +option+ is a hash of options for the initializer.  The
       # following options are recognised:
       #
       # tmpdir:: the directory to use for storing the PStore
@@ -53,7 +42,7 @@ class CGI
       #
       # This session's PStore file will be created if it does
       # not exist, or opened if it does.
-      def initialize session, option={}
+      def initialize(session, option={})
 	dir = option['tmpdir'] || Dir::tmpdir
 	prefix = option['prefix'] || ''
 	id = session.session_id
@@ -61,7 +50,9 @@ class CGI
         md5 = Digest::MD5.hexdigest(id)[0,16]
 	path = dir+"/"+prefix+md5
 	path.untaint
-	unless File::exist?(path)
+	if File::exist?(path)
+	  @hash = nil
+	else
           unless session.new_session
             raise CGI::Session::NoSession, "uninitialized session"
           end
diff --git a/lib/complex.rb b/lib/complex.rb
index 9300f391e8..fbf50ffece 100644
--- a/lib/complex.rb
+++ b/lib/complex.rb
@@ -102,6 +102,8 @@ class Complex < Numeric
   @RCS_ID='-$Id: complex.rb,v 1.3 1998/07/08 10:05:28 keiju Exp keiju $-'
 
   undef step
+  undef div, divmod
+  undef floor, truncate, ceil, round
 
   def Complex.generic?(other) # :nodoc:
     other.kind_of?(Integer) or
@@ -194,6 +196,10 @@ class Complex < Numeric
     end
   end
   
+  def quo(other)
+    Complex(@real.quo(1), @image.quo(1)) / other
+  end
+
   #
   # Raise this complex number to the given (real or complex) power.
   #
@@ -409,8 +415,34 @@ class Complex < Numeric
   
 end
 
+class Integer
+
+  unless defined?(1.numerator)
+    def numerator() self end
+    def denominator() 1 end
+
+    def gcd(other)
+      min = self.abs
+      max = other.abs
+      while min > 0
+        tmp = min
+        min = max % min
+        max = tmp
+      end
+      max
+    end
+
+    def lcm(other)
+      if self.zero? or other.zero?
+        0
+      else
+        (self.div(self.gcd(other)) * other).abs
+      end
+    end
 
+  end
 
+end
 
 module Math
   alias sqrt! sqrt
diff --git a/lib/date.rb b/lib/date.rb
index 8639b31575..90a4a01ca3 100644
--- a/lib/date.rb
+++ b/lib/date.rb
@@ -1,12 +1,12 @@
 #
 # date.rb - date and time library
 #
-# Author: Tadayoshi Funaba 1998-2006
+# Author: Tadayoshi Funaba 1998-2008
 #
 # Documentation: William Webber <william@williamwebber.com>
 #
 #--
-# $Id: date.rb,v 2.15 2005-02-06 11:09:53+09 tadf Exp $
+# $Id: date.rb,v 2.37 2008-01-17 20:16:31+09 tadf Exp $
 #++
 #
 # == Overview
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@
 # This file provides two classes for working with
 # dates and times.
 #
-# The first class, Date, represents dates. 
+# The first class, Date, represents dates.
 # It works with years, months, weeks, and days.
 # See the Date class documentation for more details.
 #
@@ -80,7 +80,7 @@
 # The standard civil year is 365 days long.  However, the
 # solar year is fractionally longer than this.  To account
 # for this, a *leap* *year* is occasionally inserted.  This
-# is a year with 366 days, the extra day falling on February 29. 
+# is a year with 366 days, the extra day falling on February 29.
 # In the early days of the civil calendar, every fourth
 # year without exception was a leap year.  This way of
 # reckoning leap years is the *Julian* *Calendar*.
@@ -148,7 +148,7 @@
 # of time zones.  Time zones are represented as an offset
 # from UTC, as a fraction of a day.  This offset is the
 # how much local time is later (or earlier) than UTC.
-# UTC offset 0 is centred on England (also known as GMT). 
+# UTC offset 0 is centred on England (also known as GMT).
 # As you travel east, the offset increases until you
 # reach the dateline in the middle of the Pacific Ocean;
 # as you travel west, the offset decreases.  This offset
@@ -249,6 +249,54 @@ class Date
   # Abbreviated day names, in English.
   ABBR_DAYNAMES = %w(Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat)
 
+  [MONTHNAMES, DAYNAMES, ABBR_MONTHNAMES, ABBR_DAYNAMES].each do |xs|
+    xs.each{|x| x.freeze unless x.nil?}.freeze
+  end
+
+  class Infinity < Numeric # :nodoc:
+
+    include Comparable
+
+    def initialize(d=1) @d = d <=> 0 end
+
+    def d() @d end
+
+    protected :d
+
+    def zero? () false end
+    def finite? () false end
+    def infinite? () d.nonzero? end
+    def nan? () d.zero? end
+
+    def abs() self.class.new end
+
+    def -@ () self.class.new(-d) end
+    def +@ () self.class.new(+d) end
+
+    def <=> (other)
+      case other
+      when Infinity; return d <=> other.d
+      when Numeric; return d
+      else
+	begin
+	  l, r = other.coerce(self)
+	  return l <=> r
+	rescue NoMethodError
+	end
+      end
+      nil
+    end
+
+    def coerce(other)
+      case other
+      when Numeric; return -d, d
+      else
+	super
+      end
+    end
+
+  end
+
   # The Julian Day Number of the Day of Calendar Reform for Italy
   # and the Catholic countries.
   ITALY     = 2299161 # 1582-10-15
@@ -259,11 +307,26 @@ class Date
 
   # A constant used to indicate that a Date should always use the
   # Julian calendar.
-  JULIAN    = false
+  JULIAN    =  Infinity.new
 
   # A constant used to indicate that a Date should always use the
   # Gregorian calendar.
-  GREGORIAN = true
+  GREGORIAN = -Infinity.new
+
+  HALF_DAYS_IN_DAY       = Rational(1, 2) # :nodoc:
+  HOURS_IN_DAY           = Rational(1, 24) # :nodoc:
+  MINUTES_IN_DAY         = Rational(1, 1440) # :nodoc:
+  SECONDS_IN_DAY         = Rational(1, 86400) # :nodoc:
+  MILLISECONDS_IN_DAY    = Rational(1, 86400*10**3) # :nodoc:
+  NANOSECONDS_IN_DAY     = Rational(1, 86400*10**9) # :nodoc:
+  MILLISECONDS_IN_SECOND = Rational(1, 10**3) # :nodoc:
+  NANOSECONDS_IN_SECOND  = Rational(1, 10**9) # :nodoc:
+
+  MJD_EPOCH_IN_AJD       = Rational(4800001, 2) # 1858-11-17 # :nodoc:
+  UNIX_EPOCH_IN_AJD      = Rational(4881175, 2) # 1970-01-01 # :nodoc:
+  MJD_EPOCH_IN_CJD       = 2400001 # :nodoc:
+  UNIX_EPOCH_IN_CJD      = 2440588 # :nodoc:
+  LD_EPOCH_IN_CJD        = 2299160 # :nodoc:
 
   # Does a given Julian Day Number fall inside the old-style (Julian)
   # calendar?
@@ -273,10 +336,17 @@ class Date
   # the answer is true; or it may a number representing the Day of
   # Calendar Reform. Date::ENGLAND and Date::ITALY are two possible such
   # days.
-  def self.os? (jd, sg)
+
+  def self.julian? (jd, sg)
     case sg
-    when Numeric; jd < sg
-    else;         not sg
+    when Numeric
+      jd < sg
+    else
+      if $VERBOSE
+	warn("#{caller.shift.sub(/:in .*/, '')}: " \
+"warning: do not use non-numerical object as julian day number anymore")
+      end
+      not sg
     end
   end
 
@@ -285,7 +355,38 @@ class Date
   #
   # The reverse of self.os?  See the documentation for that method for
   # more details.
-  def self.ns? (jd, sg) not os?(jd, sg) end
+  def self.gregorian? (jd, sg) !julian?(jd, sg) end
+
+  def self.fix_style(jd, sg) # :nodoc:
+    if julian?(jd, sg)
+    then JULIAN
+    else GREGORIAN end
+  end
+
+  private_class_method :fix_style
+
+  # Convert an Ordinal Date to a Julian Day Number.
+  #
+  # +y+ and +d+ are the year and day-of-year to convert.
+  # +sg+ specifies the Day of Calendar Reform.
+  #
+  # Returns the corresponding Julian Day Number.
+  def self.ordinal_to_jd(y, d, sg=GREGORIAN)
+    civil_to_jd(y, 1, d, sg)
+  end
+
+  # Convert a Julian Day Number to an Ordinal Date.
+  #
+  # +jd+ is the Julian Day Number to convert.
+  # +sg+ specifies the Day of Calendar Reform.
+  #
+  # Returns the corresponding Ordinal Date as
+  # [year, day_of_year]
+  def self.jd_to_ordinal(jd, sg=GREGORIAN)
+    y = jd_to_civil(jd, sg)[0]
+    doy = jd - civil_to_jd(y - 1, 12, 31, fix_style(jd, sg))
+    return y, doy
+  end
 
   # Convert a Civil Date to a Julian Day Number.
   # +y+, +m+, and +d+ are the year, month, and day of the
@@ -302,7 +403,7 @@ class Date
     jd = (365.25 * (y + 4716)).floor +
       (30.6001 * (m + 1)).floor +
       d + b - 1524
-    if os?(jd, sg)
+    if julian?(jd, sg)
       jd -= b
     end
     jd
@@ -315,7 +416,7 @@ class Date
   # Returns the corresponding [year, month, day_of_month]
   # as a three-element array.
   def self.jd_to_civil(jd, sg=GREGORIAN)
-    if os?(jd, sg)
+    if julian?(jd, sg)
       a = jd
     else
       x = ((jd - 1867216.25) / 36524.25).floor
@@ -336,27 +437,16 @@ class Date
     return y, m, dom
   end
 
-  # Convert an Ordinal Date to a Julian Day Number.
-  #
-  # +y+ and +d+ are the year and day-of-year to convert.
-  # +sg+ specifies the Day of Calendar Reform.
-  #
-  # Returns the corresponding Julian Day Number.
-  def self.ordinal_to_jd(y, d, sg=GREGORIAN)
-    civil_to_jd(y, 1, d, sg)
-  end
-
-  # Convert a Julian Day Number to an Ordinal Date.
+  # Convert a Commercial Date to a Julian Day Number.
   #
-  # +jd+ is the Julian Day Number to convert.
+  # +y+, +w+, and +d+ are the (commercial) year, week of the year,
+  # and day of the week of the Commercial Date to convert.
   # +sg+ specifies the Day of Calendar Reform.
-  #
-  # Returns the corresponding Ordinal Date as
-  # [year, day_of_year]
-  def self.jd_to_ordinal(jd, sg=GREGORIAN)
-    y = jd_to_civil(jd, sg)[0]
-    doy = jd - civil_to_jd(y - 1, 12, 31, ns?(jd, sg))
-    return y, doy
+  def self.commercial_to_jd(y, w, d, ns=GREGORIAN)
+    jd = civil_to_jd(y, 1, 4, ns)
+    (jd - (((jd - 1) + 1) % 7)) +
+      7 * (w - 1) +
+      (d - 1)
   end
 
   # Convert a Julian Day Number to a Commercial Date
@@ -367,100 +457,101 @@ class Date
   # Returns the corresponding Commercial Date as
   # [commercial_year, week_of_year, day_of_week]
   def self.jd_to_commercial(jd, sg=GREGORIAN)
-    ns = ns?(jd, sg)
+    ns = fix_style(jd, sg)
     a = jd_to_civil(jd - 3, ns)[0]
     y = if jd >= commercial_to_jd(a + 1, 1, 1, ns) then a + 1 else a end
     w = 1 + ((jd - commercial_to_jd(y, 1, 1, ns)) / 7).floor
     d = (jd + 1) % 7
-    if d.zero? then d = 7 end
+    d = 7 if d == 0
     return y, w, d
   end
 
-  # Convert a Commercial Date to a Julian Day Number.
-  #
-  # +y+, +w+, and +d+ are the (commercial) year, week of the year,
-  # and day of the week of the Commercial Date to convert.
-  # +sg+ specifies the Day of Calendar Reform.
-  def self.commercial_to_jd(y, w, d, ns=GREGORIAN)
-    jd = civil_to_jd(y, 1, 4, ns)
-    (jd - (((jd - 1) + 1) % 7)) +
-      7 * (w - 1) +
-      (d - 1)
+  def self.weeknum_to_jd(y, w, d, f=0, ns=GREGORIAN) # :nodoc:
+    a = civil_to_jd(y, 1, 1, ns) + 6
+    (a - ((a - f) + 1) % 7 - 7) + 7 * w + d
   end
 
-  %w(self.clfloor clfloor).each do |name|
-    module_eval <<-"end;"
-      def #{name}(x, y=1)
-	q, r = x.divmod(y)
-	q = q.to_i
-	return q, r
-      end
-    end;
+  def self.jd_to_weeknum(jd, f=0, sg=GREGORIAN) # :nodoc:
+    ns = fix_style(jd, sg)
+    y, m, d = jd_to_civil(jd, ns)
+    a = civil_to_jd(y, 1, 1, ns) + 6
+    w, d = (jd - (a - ((a - f) + 1) % 7) + 7).divmod(7)
+    return y, w, d
   end
 
-  private_class_method :clfloor
-  private              :clfloor
-
+  private_class_method :weeknum_to_jd, :jd_to_weeknum
 
   # Convert an Astronomical Julian Day Number to a (civil) Julian
   # Day Number.
   #
-  # +ajd+ is the Astronomical Julian Day Number to convert. 
+  # +ajd+ is the Astronomical Julian Day Number to convert.
   # +of+ is the offset from UTC as a fraction of a day (defaults to 0).
   #
   # Returns the (civil) Julian Day Number as [day_number,
   # fraction] where +fraction+ is always 1/2.
-  def self.ajd_to_jd(ajd, of=0) clfloor(ajd + of + 1.to_r/2) end
+  def self.ajd_to_jd(ajd, of=0) (ajd + of + HALF_DAYS_IN_DAY).divmod(1) end
 
   # Convert a (civil) Julian Day Number to an Astronomical Julian
   # Day Number.
   #
   # +jd+ is the Julian Day Number to convert, and +fr+ is a
-  # fractional day. 
+  # fractional day.
   # +of+ is the offset from UTC as a fraction of a day (defaults to 0).
   #
   # Returns the Astronomical Julian Day Number as a single
   # numeric value.
-  def self.jd_to_ajd(jd, fr, of=0) jd + fr - of - 1.to_r/2 end
+  def self.jd_to_ajd(jd, fr, of=0) jd + fr - of - HALF_DAYS_IN_DAY end
 
   # Convert a fractional day +fr+ to [hours, minutes, seconds,
   # fraction_of_a_second]
   def self.day_fraction_to_time(fr)
-    h,   fr = clfloor(fr, 1.to_r/24)
-    min, fr = clfloor(fr, 1.to_r/1440)
-    s,   fr = clfloor(fr, 1.to_r/86400)
+    ss,  fr = fr.divmod(SECONDS_IN_DAY) # 4p
+    h,   ss = ss.divmod(3600)
+    min, s  = ss.divmod(60)
     return h, min, s, fr
   end
 
   # Convert an +h+ hour, +min+ minutes, +s+ seconds period
   # to a fractional day.
-  def self.time_to_day_fraction(h, min, s)
-    h.to_r/24 + min.to_r/1440 + s.to_r/86400
+  begin
+    Rational(Rational(1, 2), 2) # a challenge
+
+    def self.time_to_day_fraction(h, min, s)
+      Rational(h * 3600 + min * 60 + s, 86400) # 4p
+    end
+  rescue
+    def self.time_to_day_fraction(h, min, s)
+	if Integer === h && Integer === min && Integer === s
+	  Rational(h * 3600 + min * 60 + s, 86400) # 4p
+	else
+	  (h * 3600 + min * 60 + s).to_r/86400 # 4p
+	end
+    end
   end
 
   # Convert an Astronomical Modified Julian Day Number to an
   # Astronomical Julian Day Number.
-  def self.amjd_to_ajd(amjd) amjd + 4800001.to_r/2 end
+  def self.amjd_to_ajd(amjd) amjd + MJD_EPOCH_IN_AJD end
 
   # Convert an Astronomical Julian Day Number to an
   # Astronomical Modified Julian Day Number.
-  def self.ajd_to_amjd(ajd) ajd - 4800001.to_r/2 end
+  def self.ajd_to_amjd(ajd) ajd - MJD_EPOCH_IN_AJD end
 
   # Convert a Modified Julian Day Number to a Julian
   # Day Number.
-  def self.mjd_to_jd(mjd) mjd + 2400001 end
+  def self.mjd_to_jd(mjd) mjd + MJD_EPOCH_IN_CJD end
 
   # Convert a Julian Day Number to a Modified Julian Day
   # Number.
-  def self.jd_to_mjd(jd) jd - 2400001 end
+  def self.jd_to_mjd(jd) jd - MJD_EPOCH_IN_CJD end
 
   # Convert a count of the number of days since the adoption
   # of the Gregorian Calendar (in Italy) to a Julian Day Number.
-  def self.ld_to_jd(ld) ld + 2299160 end
+  def self.ld_to_jd(ld) ld + LD_EPOCH_IN_CJD end
 
   # Convert a Julian Day Number to the number of days since
   # the adoption of the Gregorian Calendar (in Italy).
-  def self.jd_to_ld(jd) jd - 2299160 end
+  def self.jd_to_ld(jd) jd - LD_EPOCH_IN_CJD end
 
   # Convert a Julian Day Number to the day of the week.
   #
@@ -476,10 +567,10 @@ class Date
   #
   # All years divisible by 4 are leap years in the Gregorian calendar,
   # except for years divisible by 100 and not by 400.
-  def self.gregorian_leap? (y) y % 4 == 0 and y % 100 != 0 or y % 400 == 0 end
+  def self.gregorian_leap? (y) y % 4 == 0 && y % 100 != 0 || y % 400 == 0 end
 
   class << self; alias_method :leap?, :gregorian_leap? end
-  class << self; alias_method :new0, :new end
+  class << self; alias_method :new!, :new end
 
   # Is +jd+ a valid Julian Day Number?
   #
@@ -487,16 +578,6 @@ class Date
   # Julian Day Number.
   def self.valid_jd? (jd, sg=ITALY) jd end
 
-  # Create a new Date object from a Julian Day Number.
-  #
-  # +jd+ is the Julian Day Number; if not specified, it defaults to
-  # 0. 
-  # +sg+ specifies the Day of Calendar Reform.
-  def self.jd(jd=0, sg=ITALY)
-    jd = valid_jd?(jd, sg)
-    new0(jd_to_ajd(jd, 0, 0), 0, sg)
-  end
-
   # Do the year +y+ and day-of-year +d+ make a valid Ordinal Date?
   # Returns the corresponding Julian Day Number if they do, or
   # nil if they don't.
@@ -505,16 +586,16 @@ class Date
   # from the end of the year (-1 being the last day of the year).
   # No year wraparound is performed, however, so valid values of
   # +d+ are -365 .. -1, 1 .. 365 on a non-leap-year,
-  # -366 .. -1, 1 .. 366 on a leap year. 
+  # -366 .. -1, 1 .. 366 on a leap year.
   # A date falling in the period skipped in the Day of Calendar Reform
   # adjustment is not valid.
   #
   # +sg+ specifies the Day of Calendar Reform.
   def self.valid_ordinal? (y, d, sg=ITALY)
     if d < 0
-      ny, = clfloor(y + 1, 1)
+      ny, = (y + 1).divmod(1)
       jd = ordinal_to_jd(ny, d + 1, sg)
-      ns = ns?(jd, sg)
+      ns = fix_style(jd, sg)
       return unless [y] == jd_to_ordinal(jd, sg)[0..0]
       return unless [ny, 1] == jd_to_ordinal(jd - d, ns)
     else
@@ -524,23 +605,6 @@ class Date
     jd
   end
 
-  # Create a new Date object from an Ordinal Date, specified
-  # by year +y+ and day-of-year +d+. +d+ can be negative,
-  # in which it counts backwards from the end of the year.
-  # No year wraparound is performed, however.  An invalid
-  # value for +d+ results in an ArgumentError being raised.
-  #
-  # +y+ defaults to -4712, and +d+ to 1; this is Julian Day
-  # Number day 0.
-  #
-  # +sg+ specifies the Day of Calendar Reform.
-  def self.ordinal(y=-4712, d=1, sg=ITALY)
-    unless jd = valid_ordinal?(y, d, sg)
-      raise ArgumentError, 'invalid date'
-    end
-    new0(jd_to_ajd(jd, 0, 0), 0, sg)
-  end
-
   # Do year +y+, month +m+, and day-of-month +d+ make a
   # valid Civil Date?  Returns the corresponding Julian
   # Day Number if they do, nil if they don't.
@@ -558,10 +622,10 @@ class Date
       m += 13
     end
     if d < 0
-      ny, nm = clfloor(y * 12 + m, 12)
-      nm,    = clfloor(nm + 1, 1)
+      ny, nm = (y * 12 + m).divmod(12)
+      nm,    = (nm + 1).divmod(1)
       jd = civil_to_jd(ny, nm, d + 1, sg)
-      ns = ns?(jd, sg)
+      ns = fix_style(jd, sg)
       return unless [y, m] == jd_to_civil(jd, sg)[0..1]
       return unless [ny, nm, 1] == jd_to_civil(jd - d, ns)
     else
@@ -573,28 +637,6 @@ class Date
 
   class << self; alias_method :valid_date?, :valid_civil? end
 
-  # Create a new Date object for the Civil Date specified by
-  # year +y+, month +m+, and day-of-month +d+.
-  #
-  # +m+ and +d+ can be negative, in which case they count
-  # backwards from the end of the year and the end of the
-  # month respectively.  No wraparound is performed, however,
-  # and invalid values cause an ArgumentError to be raised.
-  # can be negative
-  #
-  # +y+ defaults to -4712, +m+ to 1, and +d+ to 1; this is
-  # Julian Day Number day 0.
-  #
-  # +sg+ specifies the Day of Calendar Reform.
-  def self.civil(y=-4712, m=1, d=1, sg=ITALY)
-    unless jd = valid_civil?(y, m, d, sg)
-      raise ArgumentError, 'invalid date'
-    end
-    new0(jd_to_ajd(jd, 0, 0), 0, sg)
-  end
-
-  class << self; alias_method :new, :civil end
-
   # Do year +y+, week-of-year +w+, and day-of-week +d+ make a
   # valid Commercial Date?  Returns the corresponding Julian
   # Day Number if they do, nil if they don't.
@@ -614,14 +656,106 @@ class Date
       d += 8
     end
     if w < 0
-      w = jd_to_commercial(commercial_to_jd(y + 1, 1, 1) + w * 7)[1]
+      ny, nw, nd =
+	jd_to_commercial(commercial_to_jd(y + 1, 1, 1) + w * 7)
+      return unless ny == y
+      w = nw
     end
     jd = commercial_to_jd(y, w, d)
-    return unless ns?(jd, sg)
+    return unless gregorian?(jd, sg)
     return unless [y, w, d] == jd_to_commercial(jd)
     jd
   end
 
+  def self.valid_weeknum? (y, w, d, f, sg=ITALY) # :nodoc:
+    if d < 0
+      d += 7
+    end
+    if w < 0
+      ny, nw, nd, nf =
+	jd_to_weeknum(weeknum_to_jd(y + 1, 1, f, f) + w * 7, f)
+      return unless ny == y
+      w = nw
+    end
+    jd = weeknum_to_jd(y, w, d, f)
+    return unless gregorian?(jd, sg)
+    return unless [y, w, d] == jd_to_weeknum(jd, f)
+    jd
+  end
+
+  private_class_method :valid_weeknum?
+
+  # Do hour +h+, minute +min+, and second +s+ constitute a valid time?
+  #
+  # If they do, returns their value as a fraction of a day.  If not,
+  # returns nil.
+  #
+  # The 24-hour clock is used.  Negative values of +h+, +min+, and
+  # +sec+ are treating as counting backwards from the end of the
+  # next larger unit (e.g. a +min+ of -2 is treated as 58).  No
+  # wraparound is performed.
+  def self.valid_time? (h, min, s)
+    h   += 24 if h   < 0
+    min += 60 if min < 0
+    s   += 60 if s   < 0
+    return unless ((0...24) === h &&
+		   (0...60) === min &&
+		   (0...60) === s) ||
+		  (24 == h &&
+		    0 == min &&
+		    0 == s)
+    time_to_day_fraction(h, min, s)
+  end
+
+  # Create a new Date object from a Julian Day Number.
+  #
+  # +jd+ is the Julian Day Number; if not specified, it defaults to
+  # 0.
+  # +sg+ specifies the Day of Calendar Reform.
+  def self.jd(jd=0, sg=ITALY)
+    jd = valid_jd?(jd, sg)
+    new!(jd_to_ajd(jd, 0, 0), 0, sg)
+  end
+
+  # Create a new Date object from an Ordinal Date, specified
+  # by year +y+ and day-of-year +d+. +d+ can be negative,
+  # in which it counts backwards from the end of the year.
+  # No year wraparound is performed, however.  An invalid
+  # value for +d+ results in an ArgumentError being raised.
+  #
+  # +y+ defaults to -4712, and +d+ to 1; this is Julian Day
+  # Number day 0.
+  #
+  # +sg+ specifies the Day of Calendar Reform.
+  def self.ordinal(y=-4712, d=1, sg=ITALY)
+    unless jd = valid_ordinal?(y, d, sg)
+      raise ArgumentError, 'invalid date'
+    end
+    new!(jd_to_ajd(jd, 0, 0), 0, sg)
+  end
+
+  # Create a new Date object for the Civil Date specified by
+  # year +y+, month +m+, and day-of-month +d+.
+  #
+  # +m+ and +d+ can be negative, in which case they count
+  # backwards from the end of the year and the end of the
+  # month respectively.  No wraparound is performed, however,
+  # and invalid values cause an ArgumentError to be raised.
+  # can be negative
+  #
+  # +y+ defaults to -4712, +m+ to 1, and +d+ to 1; this is
+  # Julian Day Number day 0.
+  #
+  # +sg+ specifies the Day of Calendar Reform.
+  def self.civil(y=-4712, m=1, d=1, sg=ITALY)
+    unless jd = valid_civil?(y, m, d, sg)
+      raise ArgumentError, 'invalid date'
+    end
+    new!(jd_to_ajd(jd, 0, 0), 0, sg)
+  end
+
+  class << self; alias_method :new, :civil end
+
   # Create a new Date object for the Commercial Date specified by
   # year +y+, week-of-year +w+, and day-of-week +d+.
   #
@@ -640,20 +774,191 @@ class Date
     unless jd = valid_commercial?(y, w, d, sg)
       raise ArgumentError, 'invalid date'
     end
-    new0(jd_to_ajd(jd, 0, 0), 0, sg)
+    new!(jd_to_ajd(jd, 0, 0), 0, sg)
+  end
+
+  def self.weeknum(y=1582, w=41, d=5, f=0, sg=ITALY) # :nodoc:
+    unless jd = valid_weeknum?(y, w, d, f, sg)
+      raise ArgumentError, 'invalid date'
+    end
+    new!(jd_to_ajd(jd, 0, 0), 0, sg)
   end
 
-  def self.new_with_hash(elem, sg)
+  private_class_method :weeknum
+
+  def self.rewrite_frags(elem) # :nodoc:
     elem ||= {}
-    y, m, d = elem.values_at(:year, :mon, :mday)
-    if [y, m, d].include? nil
-      raise ArgumentError, '3 elements of civil date are necessary'
-    else
-      civil(y, m, d, sg)
+    if seconds = elem[:seconds]
+      d,   fr = seconds.divmod(86400)
+      h,   fr = fr.divmod(3600)
+      min, fr = fr.divmod(60)
+      s,   fr = fr.divmod(1)
+      elem[:jd] = UNIX_EPOCH_IN_CJD + d
+      elem[:hour] = h
+      elem[:min] = min
+      elem[:sec] = s
+      elem[:sec_fraction] = fr
+      elem.delete(:seconds)
+      elem.delete(:offset)
+    end
+    elem
+  end
+
+  private_class_method :rewrite_frags
+
+  def self.complete_frags(elem) # :nodoc:
+    i = 0
+    g = [[:time, [:hour, :min, :sec]],
+	 [nil, [:jd]],
+	 [:ordinal, [:year, :yday, :hour, :min, :sec]],
+	 [:civil, [:year, :mon, :mday, :hour, :min, :sec]],
+	 [:commercial, [:cwyear, :cweek, :cwday, :hour, :min, :sec]],
+	 [:wday, [:wday, :hour, :min, :sec]],
+	 [:wnum0, [:year, :wnum0, :wday, :hour, :min, :sec]],
+	 [:wnum1, [:year, :wnum1, :wday, :hour, :min, :sec]],
+	 [nil, [:cwyear, :cweek, :wday, :hour, :min, :sec]],
+	 [nil, [:year, :wnum0, :cwday, :hour, :min, :sec]],
+	 [nil, [:year, :wnum1, :cwday, :hour, :min, :sec]]].
+      collect{|k, a| e = elem.values_at(*a).compact; [k, a, e]}.
+      select{|k, a, e| e.size > 0}.
+      sort_by{|k, a, e| [e.size, i -= 1]}.last
+
+    d = nil
+
+    if g && g[0] && (g[1].size - g[2].size) != 0
+      d ||= Date.today
+
+      case g[0]
+      when :ordinal
+	elem[:year] ||= d.year
+	elem[:yday] ||= 1
+      when :civil
+	g[1].each do |e|
+	  break if elem[e]
+	  elem[e] = d.__send__(e)
+	end
+	elem[:mon]  ||= 1
+	elem[:mday] ||= 1
+      when :commercial
+	g[1].each do |e|
+	  break if elem[e]
+	  elem[e] = d.__send__(e)
+	end
+	elem[:cweek] ||= 1
+	elem[:cwday] ||= 1
+      when :wday
+	elem[:jd] ||= (d - d.wday + elem[:wday]).jd
+      when :wnum0
+	g[1].each do |e|
+	  break if elem[e]
+	  elem[e] = d.__send__(e)
+	end
+	elem[:wnum0] ||= 0
+	elem[:wday]  ||= 0
+      when :wnum1
+	g[1].each do |e|
+	  break if elem[e]
+	  elem[e] = d.__send__(e)
+	end
+	elem[:wnum1] ||= 0
+	elem[:wday]  ||= 0
+      end
+    end
+
+    if g && g[0] == :time
+      if self <= DateTime
+	d ||= Date.today
+	elem[:jd] ||= d.jd
+      end
+    end
+
+    elem[:hour] ||= 0
+    elem[:min]  ||= 0
+    elem[:sec]  ||= 0
+    elem[:sec] = [elem[:sec], 59].min
+
+    elem
+  end
+
+  private_class_method :complete_frags
+
+  def self.valid_date_frags?(elem, sg) # :nodoc:
+    catch :jd do
+      a = elem.values_at(:jd)
+      if a.all?
+	if jd = valid_jd?(*(a << sg))
+	  throw :jd, jd
+	end
+      end
+
+      a = elem.values_at(:year, :yday)
+      if a.all?
+	if jd = valid_ordinal?(*(a << sg))
+	  throw :jd, jd
+	end
+      end
+
+      a = elem.values_at(:year, :mon, :mday)
+      if a.all?
+	if jd = valid_civil?(*(a << sg))
+	  throw :jd, jd
+	end
+      end
+
+      a = elem.values_at(:cwyear, :cweek, :cwday)
+      if a[2].nil? && elem[:wday]
+	a[2] = elem[:wday].nonzero? || 7
+      end
+      if a.all?
+	if jd = valid_commercial?(*(a << sg))
+	  throw :jd, jd
+	end
+      end
+
+      a = elem.values_at(:year, :wnum0, :wday)
+      if a[2].nil? && elem[:cwday]
+	a[2] = elem[:cwday] % 7
+      end
+      if a.all?
+	if jd = valid_weeknum?(*(a << 0 << sg))
+	  throw :jd, jd
+	end
+      end
+
+      a = elem.values_at(:year, :wnum1, :wday)
+      if a[2]
+	a[2] = (a[2] - 1) % 7
+      end
+      if a[2].nil? && elem[:cwday]
+	a[2] = (elem[:cwday] - 1) % 7
+      end
+      if a.all?
+	if jd = valid_weeknum?(*(a << 1 << sg))
+	  throw :jd, jd
+	end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  private_class_method :valid_date_frags?
+
+  def self.valid_time_frags? (elem) # :nodoc:
+    h, min, s = elem.values_at(:hour, :min, :sec)
+    valid_time?(h, min, s)
+  end
+
+  private_class_method :valid_time_frags?
+
+  def self.new_by_frags(elem, sg) # :nodoc:
+    elem = rewrite_frags(elem)
+    elem = complete_frags(elem)
+    unless jd = valid_date_frags?(elem, sg)
+      raise ArgumentError, 'invalid date'
     end
+    new!(jd_to_ajd(jd, 0, 0), 0, sg)
   end
 
-  private_class_method :new_with_hash
+  private_class_method :new_by_frags
 
   # Create a new Date object by parsing from a String
   # according to a specified format.
@@ -672,13 +977,13 @@ class Date
   # parsed.
   def self.strptime(str='-4712-01-01', fmt='%F', sg=ITALY)
     elem = _strptime(str, fmt)
-    new_with_hash(elem, sg)
+    new_by_frags(elem, sg)
   end
 
   # Create a new Date object by parsing from a String,
   # without specifying the format.
   #
-  # +str+ is a String holding a date representation. 
+  # +str+ is a String holding a date representation.
   # +comp+ specifies whether to interpret 2-digit years
   # as 19XX (>= 69) or 20XX (< 69); the default is not to.
   # The method will attempt to parse a date from the String
@@ -692,32 +997,18 @@ class Date
   # +sg+ specifies the Day of Calendar Reform.
   def self.parse(str='-4712-01-01', comp=false, sg=ITALY)
     elem = _parse(str, comp)
-    new_with_hash(elem, sg)
-  end
-
-  # Create a new Date object representing today.
-  #
-  # +sg+ specifies the Day of Calendar Reform.
-  def self.today(sg=ITALY)
-    jd = civil_to_jd(*(Time.now.to_a[3..5].reverse << sg))
-    new0(jd_to_ajd(jd, 0, 0), 0, sg)
+    new_by_frags(elem, sg)
   end
 
   class << self
 
     def once(*ids) # :nodoc:
       for id in ids
-	module_eval <<-"end;", __FILE__, __LINE__
+	module_eval <<-"end;"
 	  alias_method :__#{id.to_i}__, :#{id.to_s}
 	  private :__#{id.to_i}__
 	  def #{id.to_s}(*args, &block)
-            if defined? @__#{id.to_i}__
-              @__#{id.to_i}__
-            elsif ! self.frozen?
-	      @__#{id.to_i}__ ||= __#{id.to_i}__(*args, &block)
-            else
-               __#{id.to_i}__(*args, &block)
-            end
+	    (@__#{id.to_i}__ ||= [__#{id.to_i}__(*args, &block)])[0]
 	  end
 	end;
       end
@@ -727,7 +1018,7 @@ class Date
 
   end
 
-  # *NOTE* this is the documentation for the method new0().  If
+  # *NOTE* this is the documentation for the method new!().  If
   # you are reading this as the documentation for new(), that is
   # because rdoc doesn't fully support the aliasing of the
   # initialize() method.
@@ -772,16 +1063,19 @@ class Date
   once :jd, :day_fraction, :mjd, :ld
 
   # Get the date as a Civil Date, [year, month, day_of_month]
-  def civil() self.class.jd_to_civil(jd, @sg) end
+  def civil() self.class.jd_to_civil(jd, @sg) end # :nodoc:
 
   # Get the date as an Ordinal Date, [year, day_of_year]
-  def ordinal() self.class.jd_to_ordinal(jd, @sg) end
+  def ordinal() self.class.jd_to_ordinal(jd, @sg) end # :nodoc:
 
   # Get the date as a Commercial Date, [year, week_of_year, day_of_week]
-  def commercial() self.class.jd_to_commercial(jd, @sg) end
+  def commercial() self.class.jd_to_commercial(jd, @sg) end # :nodoc:
 
-  once :civil, :ordinal, :commercial
-  private :civil, :ordinal, :commercial
+  def weeknum0() self.class.__send__(:jd_to_weeknum, jd, 0, @sg) end # :nodoc:
+  def weeknum1() self.class.__send__(:jd_to_weeknum, jd, 1, @sg) end # :nodoc:
+
+  once :civil, :ordinal, :commercial, :weeknum0, :weeknum1
+  private :civil, :ordinal, :commercial, :weeknum0, :weeknum1
 
   # Get the year of this date.
   def year() civil[0] end
@@ -802,9 +1096,14 @@ class Date
   alias_method :month, :mon
   alias_method :day, :mday
 
+  def wnum0() weeknum0[1] end # :nodoc:
+  def wnum1() weeknum1[1] end # :nodoc:
+
+  private :wnum0, :wnum1
+
   # Get the time of this date as [hours, minutes, seconds,
   # fraction_of_a_second]
-  def time() self.class.day_fraction_to_time(day_fraction) end
+  def time() self.class.day_fraction_to_time(day_fraction) end # :nodoc:
 
   once :time
   private :time
@@ -818,12 +1117,20 @@ class Date
   # Get the second of this date.
   def sec() time[2] end
 
-  # Get the fraction-of-a-second of this date.
+  # Get the fraction-of-a-second of this date.  The unit is in days.
+  # I do NOT recommend you to use this method.
   def sec_fraction() time[3] end
 
+=begin
+  alias_method :minute, :min
+  alias_method :second, :sec
+  alias_method :second_fraction, :sec_fraction
+=end
+
   private :hour, :min, :sec, :sec_fraction
+#	  :minute, :second, :second_fraction
 
-  def zone() strftime('%Z') end
+  def zone() strftime('%:z') end
 
   private :zone
 
@@ -844,18 +1151,38 @@ class Date
 
   once :wday
 
+=begin
+  MONTHNAMES.each_with_index do |n, i|
+    if n
+      define_method(n.downcase + '?'){mon == i}
+    end
+  end
+
+  DAYNAMES.each_with_index do |n, i|
+    define_method(n.downcase + '?'){wday == i}
+  end
+=end
+
   # Is the current date old-style (Julian Calendar)?
-  def os? () self.class.os?(jd, @sg) end
+  def julian? () self.class.julian?(jd, @sg) end
 
   # Is the current date new-style (Gregorian Calendar)?
-  def ns? () self.class.ns?(jd, @sg) end
+  def gregorian? () self.class.gregorian?(jd, @sg) end
 
-  once :os?, :ns?
+  once :julian?, :gregorian?
+
+  def fix_style # :nodoc:
+    if julian?
+    then self.class::JULIAN
+    else self.class::GREGORIAN end
+  end
+
+  private :fix_style
 
   # Is this a leap year?
   def leap?
-    self.class.jd_to_civil(self.class.civil_to_jd(year, 3, 1, ns?) - 1,
-		     ns?)[-1] == 29
+    self.class.jd_to_civil(self.class.civil_to_jd(year, 3, 1, fix_style) - 1,
+		     fix_style)[-1] == 29
   end
 
   once :leap?
@@ -864,7 +1191,7 @@ class Date
   def start() @sg end
 
   # Create a copy of this Date object using a new Day of Calendar Reform.
-  def new_start(sg=self.class::ITALY) self.class.new0(@ajd, @of, sg) end
+  def new_start(sg=self.class::ITALY) self.class.new!(@ajd, @of, sg) end
 
   # Create a copy of this Date object that uses the Italian/Catholic
   # Day of Calendar Reform.
@@ -883,7 +1210,13 @@ class Date
   def gregorian() new_start(self.class::GREGORIAN) end
 
   def offset() @of end
-  def new_offset(of=0) self.class.new0(@ajd, of, @sg) end
+
+  def new_offset(of=0)
+    if String === of
+      of = Rational(zone_to_diff(of) || 0, 86400)
+    end
+    self.class.new!(@ajd, of, @sg)
+  end
 
   private :offset, :new_offset
 
@@ -898,7 +1231,7 @@ class Date
   # particular, two Dates cannot be added to each other.
   def + (n)
     case n
-    when Numeric; return self.class.new0(@ajd + n, @of, @sg)
+    when Numeric; return self.class.new!(@ajd + n, @of, @sg)
     end
     raise TypeError, 'expected numeric'
   end
@@ -913,7 +1246,7 @@ class Date
   # If +x+ is neither Numeric nor a Date, a TypeError is raised.
   def - (x)
     case x
-    when Numeric; return self.class.new0(@ajd - x, @of, @sg)
+    when Numeric; return self.class.new!(@ajd - x, @of, @sg)
     when Date;    return @ajd - x.ajd
     end
     raise TypeError, 'expected numeric or date'
@@ -952,6 +1285,16 @@ class Date
     false
   end
 
+  def next_day(n=1) self + n end
+# def prev_day(n=1) self - n end
+
+  private :next_day
+
+  # Return a new Date one day after this one.
+  def next() next_day end
+
+  alias_method :succ, :next
+
   # Return a new Date object that is +n+ months later than
   # the current one.
   #
@@ -959,10 +1302,10 @@ class Date
   # than the last day of the target month, the day-of-the-month
   # of the returned Date will be the last day of the target month.
   def >> (n)
-    y, m = clfloor(year * 12 + (mon - 1) + n, 12)
-    m,   = clfloor(m + 1, 1)
+    y, m = (year * 12 + (mon - 1) + n).divmod(12)
+    m,   = (m + 1)                    .divmod(1)
     d = mday
-    d -= 1 until jd2 = self.class.valid_civil?(y, m, d, ns?)
+    d -= 1 until jd2 = self.class.valid_civil?(y, m, d, fix_style)
     self + (jd2 - jd)
   end
 
@@ -974,13 +1317,33 @@ class Date
   # of the returned Date will be the last day of the target month.
   def << (n) self >> -n end
 
+=begin
+  def next_month(n=1) self >> n end
+  def prev_month(n=1) self << n end
+
+  def next_year(n=1) self >> n * 12 end
+  def prev_year(n=1) self << n * 12 end
+=end
+
+#  require 'enumerator'
+
   # Step the current date forward +step+ days at a
   # time (or backward, if +step+ is negative) until
   # we reach +limit+ (inclusive), yielding the resultant
   # date at each step.
-  def step(limit, step)  # :yield: date
+  def step(limit, step=1) # :yield: date
+=begin
+    if step.zero?
+      raise ArgumentError, "step can't be 0"
+    end
+=end
+=begin
+    unless block_given?
+      return to_enum(:step, limit, step)
+    end
+=end
     da = self
-    op = [:-,:<=,:>=][step<=>0]
+    op = %w(- <= >=)[step <=> 0]
     while da.__send__(op, limit)
       yield da
       da += step
@@ -990,25 +1353,20 @@ class Date
 
   # Step forward one day at a time until we reach +max+
   # (inclusive), yielding each date as we go.
-  def upto(max, &block)  # :yield: date
-      step(max, +1, &block)
+  def upto(max, &block) # :yield: date
+    step(max, +1, &block)
   end
 
   # Step backward one day at a time until we reach +min+
   # (inclusive), yielding each date as we go.
   def downto(min, &block) # :yield: date
-      step(min, -1, &block)
+    step(min, -1, &block)
   end
 
-  # Return a new Date one day after this one.
-  def succ() self + 1 end
-
-  alias_method :next, :succ
-
   # Is this Date equal to +other+?
   #
   # +other+ must both be a Date object, and represent the same date.
-  def eql? (other) Date === other and self == other end
+  def eql? (other) Date === other && self == other end
 
   # Calculate a hash value for this date.
   def hash() @ajd.hash end
@@ -1019,14 +1377,14 @@ class Date
   # Return the date as a human-readable string.
   #
   # The format used is YYYY-MM-DD.
-  def to_s() strftime end
+  def to_s() format('%.4d-%02d-%02d', year, mon, mday) end # 4p
 
   # Dump to Marshal format.
   def _dump(limit) Marshal.dump([@ajd, @of, @sg], -1) end
 
-# def self._load(str) new0(*Marshal.load(str)) end
+# def self._load(str) new!(*Marshal.load(str)) end
 
-  # Load from Marshall format.
+  # Load from Marshal format.
   def self._load(str)
     a = Marshal.load(str)
     if a.size == 2
@@ -1036,7 +1394,7 @@ class Date
     else
       ajd, of, sg = a
     end
-    new0(ajd, of, sg)
+    new!(ajd, of, sg)
   end
 
 end
@@ -1071,7 +1429,8 @@ end
 # === sec_fraction()
 #
 # Get the fraction of a second of the time.  This is returned as
-# a +Rational+.
+# a +Rational+.  The unit is in days.
+# I do NOT recommend you to use this method.
 #
 # === zone()
 #
@@ -1091,25 +1450,6 @@ end
 #
 class DateTime < Date
 
-  # Do hour +h+, minute +min+, and second +s+ constitute a valid time?
-  #
-  # If they do, returns their value as a fraction of a day.  If not,
-  # returns nil.
-  #
-  # The 24-hour clock is used.  Negative values of +h+, +min+, and
-  # +sec+ are treating as counting backwards from the end of the
-  # next larger unit (e.g. a +min+ of -2 is treated as 58).  No
-  # wraparound is performed.
-  def self.valid_time? (h, min, s)
-    h   += 24 if h   < 0
-    min += 60 if min < 0
-    s   += 60 if s   < 0
-    return unless (0..24) === h and
-		  (0..59) === min and
-		  (0..59) === s
-    time_to_day_fraction(h, min, s)
-  end
-
   # Create a new DateTime object corresponding to the specified
   # Julian Day Number +jd+ and hour +h+, minute +min+, second +s+.
   #
@@ -1124,11 +1464,14 @@ class DateTime < Date
   #
   # All day/time values default to 0.
   def self.jd(jd=0, h=0, min=0, s=0, of=0, sg=ITALY)
-    unless (jd = valid_jd?(jd, sg)) and
+    unless (jd = valid_jd?(jd, sg)) &&
 	   (fr = valid_time?(h, min, s))
       raise ArgumentError, 'invalid date'
     end
-    new0(jd_to_ajd(jd, fr, of), of, sg)
+    if String === of
+      of = Rational(zone_to_diff(of) || 0, 86400)
+    end
+    new!(jd_to_ajd(jd, fr, of), of, sg)
   end
 
   # Create a new DateTime object corresponding to the specified
@@ -1146,11 +1489,14 @@ class DateTime < Date
   # +y+ defaults to -4712, and +d+ to 1; this is Julian Day Number
   # day 0.  The time values default to 0.
   def self.ordinal(y=-4712, d=1, h=0, min=0, s=0, of=0, sg=ITALY)
-    unless (jd = valid_ordinal?(y, d, sg)) and
+    unless (jd = valid_ordinal?(y, d, sg)) &&
 	   (fr = valid_time?(h, min, s))
       raise ArgumentError, 'invalid date'
     end
-    new0(jd_to_ajd(jd, fr, of), of, sg)
+    if String === of
+      of = Rational(zone_to_diff(of) || 0, 86400)
+    end
+    new!(jd_to_ajd(jd, fr, of), of, sg)
   end
 
   # Create a new DateTime object corresponding to the specified
@@ -1168,11 +1514,14 @@ class DateTime < Date
   # +y+ defaults to -4712, +m+ to 1, and +d+ to 1; this is Julian Day
   # Number day 0.  The time values default to 0.
   def self.civil(y=-4712, m=1, d=1, h=0, min=0, s=0, of=0, sg=ITALY)
-    unless (jd = valid_civil?(y, m, d, sg)) and
+    unless (jd = valid_civil?(y, m, d, sg)) &&
 	   (fr = valid_time?(h, min, s))
       raise ArgumentError, 'invalid date'
     end
-    new0(jd_to_ajd(jd, fr, of), of, sg)
+    if String === of
+      of = Rational(zone_to_diff(of) || 0, 86400)
+    end
+    new!(jd_to_ajd(jd, fr, of), of, sg)
   end
 
   class << self; alias_method :new, :civil end
@@ -1193,31 +1542,42 @@ class DateTime < Date
   # Calendar Reform for Italy and the Catholic countries.
   # The time values default to 0.
   def self.commercial(y=1582, w=41, d=5, h=0, min=0, s=0, of=0, sg=ITALY)
-    unless (jd = valid_commercial?(y, w, d, sg)) and
+    unless (jd = valid_commercial?(y, w, d, sg)) &&
 	   (fr = valid_time?(h, min, s))
       raise ArgumentError, 'invalid date'
     end
-    new0(jd_to_ajd(jd, fr, of), of, sg)
+    if String === of
+      of = Rational(zone_to_diff(of) || 0, 86400)
+    end
+    new!(jd_to_ajd(jd, fr, of), of, sg)
   end
 
-  def self.new_with_hash(elem, sg)
-    elem ||= {}
-    y, m, d, h, min, s, fr, of =
-      elem.values_at(:year, :mon, :mday,
-		     :hour, :min, :sec, :sec_fraction, :offset)
-    h   ||= 0
-    min ||= 0
-    s   ||= 0
-    fr  ||= 0
-    of  ||= 0
-    if [y, m, d].include? nil
-      raise ArgumentError, '3 elements of civil date are necessary'
-    else
-      civil(y, m, d, h, min, s, of.to_r/86400, sg) + (fr/86400)
+  def self.weeknum(y=1582, w=41, d=5, f=0, h=0, min=0, s=0, of=0, sg=ITALY) # :nodoc:
+    unless (jd = valid_weeknum?(y, w, d, f, sg)) &&
+	   (fr = valid_time?(h, min, s))
+      raise ArgumentError, 'invalid date'
     end
+    if String === of
+      of = Rational(zone_to_diff(of) || 0, 86400)
+    end
+    new!(jd_to_ajd(jd, fr, of), of, sg)
   end
 
-  private_class_method :new_with_hash
+  private_class_method :weeknum
+
+  def self.new_by_frags(elem, sg) # :nodoc:
+    elem = rewrite_frags(elem)
+    elem = complete_frags(elem)
+    unless (jd = valid_date_frags?(elem, sg)) &&
+	   (fr = valid_time_frags?(elem))
+      raise ArgumentError, 'invalid date'
+    end
+    fr += (elem[:sec_fraction] || 0) / 86400
+    of = Rational(elem[:offset] || 0, 86400)
+    new!(jd_to_ajd(jd, fr, of), of, sg)
+  end
+
+  private_class_method :new_by_frags
 
   # Create a new DateTime object by parsing from a String
   # according to a specified format.
@@ -1226,22 +1586,22 @@ class DateTime < Date
   # +fmt+ is the format that the date-time is in.  See
   # date/format.rb for details on supported formats.
   #
-  # The default +str+ is '-4712-01-01T00:00:00Z', and the default
-  # +fmt+ is '%FT%T%Z'.  This gives midnight on Julian Day Number day 0.
+  # The default +str+ is '-4712-01-01T00:00:00+00:00', and the default
+  # +fmt+ is '%FT%T%z'.  This gives midnight on Julian Day Number day 0.
   #
   # +sg+ specifies the Day of Calendar Reform.
   #
   # An ArgumentError will be raised if +str+ cannot be
   # parsed.
-  def self.strptime(str='-4712-01-01T00:00:00Z', fmt='%FT%T%Z', sg=ITALY)
+  def self.strptime(str='-4712-01-01T00:00:00+00:00', fmt='%FT%T%z', sg=ITALY)
     elem = _strptime(str, fmt)
-    new_with_hash(elem, sg)
+    new_by_frags(elem, sg)
   end
 
   # Create a new DateTime object by parsing from a String,
   # without specifying the format.
   #
-  # +str+ is a String holding a date-time representation. 
+  # +str+ is a String holding a date-time representation.
   # +comp+ specifies whether to interpret 2-digit years
   # as 19XX (>= 69) or 20XX (< 69); the default is not to.
   # The method will attempt to parse a date-time from the String
@@ -1249,72 +1609,151 @@ class DateTime < Date
   # for more details.  If parsing fails, an ArgumentError
   # will be raised.
   #
-  # The default +str+ is '-4712-01-01T00:00:00Z'; this is Julian
+  # The default +str+ is '-4712-01-01T00:00:00+00:00'; this is Julian
   # Day Number day 0.
   #
   # +sg+ specifies the Day of Calendar Reform.
-  def self.parse(str='-4712-01-01T00:00:00Z', comp=false, sg=ITALY)
+  def self.parse(str='-4712-01-01T00:00:00+00:00', comp=false, sg=ITALY)
     elem = _parse(str, comp)
-    new_with_hash(elem, sg)
+    new_by_frags(elem, sg)
+  end
+
+  public :hour, :min, :sec, :sec_fraction, :zone, :offset, :new_offset
+#	 :minute, :second, :second_fraction
+
+  def to_s # 4p
+    format('%.4d-%02d-%02dT%02d:%02d:%02d%s',
+	   year, mon, mday, hour, min, sec, zone)
+  end
+
+end
+
+class Time
+
+#  def to_time() getlocal end
+
+  def to_date
+    jd = Date.civil_to_jd(year, mon, mday, Date::ITALY)
+    Date.new!(Date.jd_to_ajd(jd, 0, 0), 0, Date::ITALY)
   end
 
-  class << self; undef_method :today end rescue nil
+  def to_datetime
+    jd = DateTime.civil_to_jd(year, mon, mday, DateTime::ITALY)
+    fr = DateTime.time_to_day_fraction(hour, min, [sec, 59].min) +
+      Rational(usec, 86400_000_000)
+    of = Rational(utc_offset, 86400)
+    DateTime.new!(DateTime.jd_to_ajd(jd, fr, of), of, DateTime::ITALY)
+  end
+
+  private :to_date, :to_datetime
+
+end
+
+class Date
+
+=begin
+  def to_time() Time.local(year, mon, mday) end
+  def to_date() self end
+  def to_datetime() DateTime.new!(self.class.jd_to_ajd(jd, 0, 0), @of, @sg) end
+=end
+
+  # Create a new Date object representing today.
+  #
+  # +sg+ specifies the Day of Calendar Reform.
+  def self.today(sg=ITALY) Time.now.__send__(:to_date)    .new_start(sg) end
 
   # Create a new DateTime object representing the current time.
   #
   # +sg+ specifies the Day of Calendar Reform.
-  def self.now(sg=ITALY)
-    i = Time.now
-    a = i.to_a[0..5].reverse
-    jd = civil_to_jd(*(a[0,3] << sg))
-    fr = time_to_day_fraction(*(a[3,3])) + i.usec.to_r/86400000000
-    of = i.utc_offset.to_r/86400
-    new0(jd_to_ajd(jd, fr, of), of, sg)
+  def self.now  (sg=ITALY) Time.now.__send__(:to_datetime).new_start(sg) end
+
+  private_class_method :now
+
+end
+
+class DateTime < Date
+
+=begin
+  def to_time
+    d = new_offset(0)
+    d.instance_eval do
+      Time.utc(year, mon, mday, hour, min, sec,
+	       (sec_fraction * 86400000000).to_i)
+    end.
+	getlocal
   end
 
-  public :hour, :min, :sec, :sec_fraction, :zone, :offset, :new_offset
+  def to_date() Date.new!(self.class.jd_to_ajd(jd, 0, 0), 0, @sg) end
+  def to_datetime() self end
+=end
+
+  private_class_method :today
+  public_class_method  :now
 
 end
 
 class Date
 
-  [ %w(exist1?	valid_jd?),
+  class << self
+
+    def deprecated_class_method_alias(old, new) # :nodoc:
+      module_eval <<-"end;"
+	class << self
+	  def #{old}(*args, &block)
+	    if $VERBOSE
+	      warn("\#{caller.shift.sub(/:in .*/, '')}: " \
+		   "warning: \#{self}::#{old} is deprecated; " \
+		   "use \#{self}::#{new}")
+	    end
+	    #{new}(*args, &block)
+	  end
+	end
+      end;
+    end
+
+    private :deprecated_class_method_alias
+
+    def deprecated_alias(old, new) # :nodoc:
+      module_eval <<-"end;"
+	def #{old}(*args, &block)
+	  if $VERBOSE
+	    warn("\#{caller.shift.sub(/:in .*/, '')}: " \
+		 "warning: \#{self.class}\##{old} is deprecated; " \
+		 "use \#{self.class}\##{new}")
+	  end
+	  #{new}(*args, &block)
+	end
+      end;
+    end
+
+    private :deprecated_alias
+
+  end
+
+  [ %w(os?	julian?),
+    %w(ns?	gregorian?),
+    %w(exist1?	valid_jd?),
     %w(exist2?	valid_ordinal?),
     %w(exist3?	valid_date?),
     %w(exist?	valid_date?),
     %w(existw?	valid_commercial?),
+    %w(new0	new!),
     %w(new1	jd),
     %w(new2	ordinal),
     %w(new3	new),
     %w(neww	commercial)
   ].each do |old, new|
-    module_eval <<-"end;"
-      def self.#{old}(*args, &block)
-	if $VERBOSE
-	  warn("\#{caller.shift.sub(/:in .*/, '')}: " \
-	       "warning: \#{self}::#{old} is deprecated; " \
-	       "use \#{self}::#{new}")
-	end
-	#{new}(*args, &block)
-      end
-    end;
+    deprecated_class_method_alias(old, new)
   end
 
-  [ %w(sg	start),
+  [ %w(os?	julian?),
+    %w(ns?	gregorian?),
+    %w(sg	start),
     %w(newsg	new_start),
     %w(of	offset),
     %w(newof	new_offset)
   ].each do |old, new|
-    module_eval <<-"end;"
-      def #{old}(*args, &block)
-	if $VERBOSE
-	  warn("\#{caller.shift.sub(/:in .*/, '')}: " \
-	       "warning: \#{self.class}\##{old} is deprecated; " \
-	       "use \#{self.class}\##{new}")
-	end
-	#{new}(*args, &block)
-      end
-    end;
+    deprecated_alias(old, new)
   end
 
   private :of, :newof
diff --git a/lib/date/format.rb b/lib/date/format.rb
index babcffbfc5..f89c1344a9 100644
--- a/lib/date/format.rb
+++ b/lib/date/format.rb
@@ -1,598 +1,1190 @@
-# format.rb: Written by Tadayoshi Funaba 1999-2005
-# $Id: format.rb,v 2.15 2005-02-06 13:28:48+09 tadf Exp $
+# format.rb: Written by Tadayoshi Funaba 1999-2008
+# $Id: format.rb,v 2.43 2008-01-17 20:16:31+09 tadf Exp $
 
 require 'rational'
 
 class Date
 
-  MONTHS = {
-    'january'  => 1, 'february' => 2, 'march'    => 3, 'april'    => 4,
-    'may'      => 5, 'june'     => 6, 'july'     => 7, 'august'   => 8,
-    'september'=> 9, 'october'  =>10, 'november' =>11, 'december' =>12
-  }
-
-  DAYS = {
-    'sunday'   => 0, 'monday'   => 1, 'tuesday'  => 2, 'wednesday'=> 3,
-    'thursday' => 4, 'friday'   => 5, 'saturday' => 6
-  }
-
-  ABBR_MONTHS = {
-    'jan'      => 1, 'feb'      => 2, 'mar'      => 3, 'apr'      => 4,
-    'may'      => 5, 'jun'      => 6, 'jul'      => 7, 'aug'      => 8,
-    'sep'      => 9, 'oct'      =>10, 'nov'      =>11, 'dec'      =>12
-  }
-
-  ABBR_DAYS = {
-    'sun'      => 0, 'mon'      => 1, 'tue'      => 2, 'wed'      => 3,
-    'thu'      => 4, 'fri'      => 5, 'sat'      => 6
-  }
-
-  ZONES = {
-    'ut'  =>  0*3600, 'gmt' =>  0*3600, 'est' => -5*3600, 'edt' => -4*3600,
-    'cst' => -6*3600, 'cdt' => -5*3600, 'mst' => -7*3600, 'mdt' => -6*3600,
-    'pst' => -8*3600, 'pdt' => -7*3600,
-    'a'   =>  1*3600, 'b'   =>  2*3600, 'c'   =>  3*3600, 'd'   =>  4*3600,
-    'e'   =>  5*3600, 'f'   =>  6*3600, 'g'   =>  7*3600, 'h'   =>  8*3600,
-    'i'   =>  9*3600, 'k'   => 10*3600, 'l'   => 11*3600, 'm'   => 12*3600,
-    'n'   => -1*3600, 'o'   => -2*3600, 'p'   => -3*3600, 'q'   => -4*3600,
-    'r'   => -5*3600, 's'   => -6*3600, 't'   => -7*3600, 'u'   => -8*3600,
-    'v'   => -9*3600, 'w'   =>-10*3600, 'x'   =>-11*3600, 'y'   =>-12*3600,
-    'z'   =>  0*3600,
-    'utc' =>  0*3600, 'wet' =>  0*3600, 'bst' =>  1*3600, 'wat' => -1*3600,
-    'at'  => -2*3600, 'ast' => -4*3600, 'adt' => -3*3600, 'yst' => -9*3600,
-    'ydt' => -8*3600, 'hst' =>-10*3600, 'hdt' => -9*3600, 'cat' =>-10*3600,
-    'ahst'=>-10*3600, 'nt'  =>-11*3600, 'idlw'=>-12*3600, 'cet' =>  1*3600,
-    'met' =>  1*3600, 'mewt'=>  1*3600, 'mest'=>  2*3600, 'mesz'=>  2*3600,
-    'swt' =>  1*3600, 'sst' =>  2*3600, 'fwt' =>  1*3600, 'fst' =>  2*3600,
-    'eet' =>  2*3600, 'bt'  =>  3*3600, 'zp4' =>  4*3600, 'zp5' =>  5*3600,
-    'zp6' =>  6*3600, 'wast'=>  7*3600, 'wadt'=>  8*3600, 'cct' =>  8*3600,
-    'jst' =>  9*3600, 'east'=> 10*3600, 'eadt'=> 11*3600, 'gst' => 10*3600,
-    'nzt' => 12*3600, 'nzst'=> 12*3600, 'nzdt'=> 13*3600, 'idle'=> 12*3600
-  }
-
-  def self.__strptime(str, fmt, elem)
-    fmt.scan(/%[EO]?.|./o) do |c|
-      cc = c.sub(/\A%[EO]?(.)\Z/o, '%\\1')
-      case cc
-      when /\A\s/o
-	str.sub!(/\A[\s\v]+/o, '')
-      when '%A', '%a'
-	return unless str.sub!(/\A([a-z]+)\b/io, '')
-	val = DAYS[$1.downcase] || ABBR_DAYS[$1.downcase]
-	return unless val
-	elem[:wday] = val
-      when '%B', '%b', '%h'
-	return unless str.sub!(/\A([a-z]+)\b/io, '')
-	val = MONTHS[$1.downcase] || ABBR_MONTHS[$1.downcase]
-	return unless val
-	elem[:mon] = val
-      when '%C'
-	return unless str.sub!(/\A(\d+)/o, '')
-	val = $1.to_i
-	elem[:cent] = val
-      when '%c'
-	return unless __strptime(str, '%a %b %e %H:%M:%S %Y', elem)
-      when '%D'
-	return unless __strptime(str, '%m/%d/%y', elem)
-      when '%d', '%e'
-	return unless str.sub!(/\A ?(\d+)/o, '')
-	val = $1.to_i
-	return unless (1..31) === val
-	elem[:mday] = val
-      when '%F'
-	return unless __strptime(str, '%Y-%m-%d', elem)
-      when '%G'
-	return unless str.sub!(/\A([-+]?\d+)/o, '')
-	val = $1.to_i
-	elem[:cwyear] = val
-      when '%g'
-	return unless str.sub!(/\A(\d+)/o, '')
-	val = $1.to_i
-	return unless (0..99) === val
-	elem[:cwyear] = val
-	elem[:cent] ||= if val >= 69 then 19 else 20 end
-      when '%H', '%k'
-	return unless str.sub!(/\A ?(\d+)/o, '')
-	val = $1.to_i
-	return unless (0..24) === val
-	elem[:hour] = val
-      when '%I', '%l'
-	return unless str.sub!(/\A ?(\d+)/o, '')
-	val = $1.to_i
-	return unless (1..12) === val
-	elem[:hour] = val
-      when '%j'
-	return unless str.sub!(/\A(\d+)/o, '')
-	val = $1.to_i
-	return unless (1..366) === val
-	elem[:yday] = val
-      when '%M'
-	return unless str.sub!(/\A(\d+)/o, '')
-	val = $1.to_i
-	return unless (0..59) === val
-	elem[:min] = val
-      when '%m'
-	return unless str.sub!(/\A(\d+)/o, '')
-	val = $1.to_i
-	return unless (1..12) === val
-	elem[:mon] = val
-=begin
-      when '%N'
-	return unless str.sub!(/\A(\d+)/o, '')
-	val = $1.to_i.to_r / (10**9)
-	elem[:sec_fraction] = val
-=end
-      when '%n'
-	return unless __strptime(str, ' ', elem)
-      when '%p', '%P'
-	return unless str.sub!(/\A([ap])(?:m\b|\.m\.)/io, '')
-	elem[:merid] = if $1.downcase == 'a' then 0 else 12 end
-      when '%R'
-	return unless __strptime(str, '%H:%M', elem)
-      when '%r'
-	return unless __strptime(str, '%I:%M:%S %p', elem)
-      when '%S'
-	return unless str.sub!(/\A(\d+)/o, '')
-	val = $1.to_i
-	return unless (0..60) === val
-	elem[:sec] = val
-      when '%s'
-	return unless str.sub!(/\A(\d+)/o, '')
-	val = $1.to_i
-	elem[:seconds] = val
-      when '%T'
-	return unless __strptime(str, '%H:%M:%S', elem)
-      when '%t'
-	return unless __strptime(str, ' ', elem)
-      when '%U', '%W'
-	return unless str.sub!(/\A(\d+)/o, '')
-	val = $1.to_i
-	return unless (0..53) === val
-	elem[if c == '%U' then :wnum0 else :wnum1 end] = val
-      when '%u'
-	return unless str.sub!(/\A(\d+)/o, '')
-	val = $1.to_i
-	return unless (1..7) === val
-	elem[:cwday] = val
-      when '%V'
-	return unless str.sub!(/\A(\d+)/o, '')
-	val = $1.to_i
-	return unless (1..53) === val
-	elem[:cweek] = val
-      when '%v'
-	return unless __strptime(str, '%e-%b-%Y', elem)
-      when '%w'
-	return unless str.sub!(/\A(\d+)/o, '')
-	val = $1.to_i
-	return unless (0..6) === val
-	elem[:wday] = val
-      when '%X'
-	return unless __strptime(str, '%H:%M:%S', elem)
-      when '%x'
-	return unless __strptime(str, '%m/%d/%y', elem)
-      when '%Y'
-	return unless str.sub!(/\A([-+]?\d+)/o, '')
-	val = $1.to_i
-	elem[:year] = val
-      when '%y'
-	return unless str.sub!(/\A(\d+)/o, '')
-	val = $1.to_i
-	return unless (0..99) === val
-	elem[:year] = val
-	elem[:cent] ||= if val >= 69 then 19 else 20 end
-      when '%Z', '%z'
-	return unless str.sub!(/\A([-+:a-z0-9]+(?:\s+dst\b)?)/io, '')
-	val = $1
-	elem[:zone] = val
-	offset = zone_to_diff(val)
-	elem[:offset] = offset
-      when '%%'
-	return unless str.sub!(/\A%/o, '')
-      when '%+'
-	return unless __strptime(str, '%a %b %e %H:%M:%S %Z %Y', elem)
-=begin
-      when '%.'
-	return unless str.sub!(/\A(\d+)/o, '')
-	val = $1.to_i.to_r / (10**$1.size)
-	elem[:sec_fraction] = val
-=end
-      when '%1'
+  module Format # :nodoc:
+
+    MONTHS = {
+      'january'  => 1, 'february' => 2, 'march'    => 3, 'april'    => 4,
+      'may'      => 5, 'june'     => 6, 'july'     => 7, 'august'   => 8,
+      'september'=> 9, 'october'  =>10, 'november' =>11, 'december' =>12
+    }
+
+    DAYS = {
+      'sunday'   => 0, 'monday'   => 1, 'tuesday'  => 2, 'wednesday'=> 3,
+      'thursday' => 4, 'friday'   => 5, 'saturday' => 6
+    }
+
+    ABBR_MONTHS = {
+      'jan'      => 1, 'feb'      => 2, 'mar'      => 3, 'apr'      => 4,
+      'may'      => 5, 'jun'      => 6, 'jul'      => 7, 'aug'      => 8,
+      'sep'      => 9, 'oct'      =>10, 'nov'      =>11, 'dec'      =>12
+    }
+
+    ABBR_DAYS = {
+      'sun'      => 0, 'mon'      => 1, 'tue'      => 2, 'wed'      => 3,
+      'thu'      => 4, 'fri'      => 5, 'sat'      => 6
+    }
+
+    ZONES = {
+      'ut'  =>  0*3600, 'gmt' =>  0*3600, 'est' => -5*3600, 'edt' => -4*3600,
+      'cst' => -6*3600, 'cdt' => -5*3600, 'mst' => -7*3600, 'mdt' => -6*3600,
+      'pst' => -8*3600, 'pdt' => -7*3600,
+      'a'   =>  1*3600, 'b'   =>  2*3600, 'c'   =>  3*3600, 'd'   =>  4*3600,
+      'e'   =>  5*3600, 'f'   =>  6*3600, 'g'   =>  7*3600, 'h'   =>  8*3600,
+      'i'   =>  9*3600, 'k'   => 10*3600, 'l'   => 11*3600, 'm'   => 12*3600,
+      'n'   => -1*3600, 'o'   => -2*3600, 'p'   => -3*3600, 'q'   => -4*3600,
+      'r'   => -5*3600, 's'   => -6*3600, 't'   => -7*3600, 'u'   => -8*3600,
+      'v'   => -9*3600, 'w'   =>-10*3600, 'x'   =>-11*3600, 'y'   =>-12*3600,
+      'z'   =>  0*3600,
+
+      'utc' =>  0*3600, 'wet' =>  0*3600,
+      'at'  => -2*3600, 'brst'=> -2*3600, 'ndt' => -(2*3600+1800),
+      'art' => -3*3600, 'adt' => -3*3600, 'brt' => -3*3600, 'clst'=> -3*3600,
+      'nst' => -(3*3600+1800),
+      'ast' => -4*3600, 'clt' => -4*3600,
+      'akdt'=> -8*3600, 'ydt' => -8*3600,
+      'akst'=> -9*3600, 'hadt'=> -9*3600, 'hdt' => -9*3600, 'yst' => -9*3600,
+      'ahst'=>-10*3600, 'cat' =>-10*3600, 'hast'=>-10*3600, 'hst' =>-10*3600,
+      'nt'  =>-11*3600,
+      'idlw'=>-12*3600,
+      'bst' =>  1*3600, 'cet' =>  1*3600, 'fwt' =>  1*3600, 'met' =>  1*3600,
+      'mewt'=>  1*3600, 'mez' =>  1*3600, 'swt' =>  1*3600, 'wat' =>  1*3600,
+      'west'=>  1*3600,
+      'cest'=>  2*3600, 'eet' =>  2*3600, 'fst' =>  2*3600, 'mest'=>  2*3600,
+      'mesz'=>  2*3600, 'sast'=>  2*3600, 'sst' =>  2*3600,
+      'bt'  =>  3*3600, 'eat' =>  3*3600, 'eest'=>  3*3600, 'msk' =>  3*3600,
+      'msd' =>  4*3600, 'zp4' =>  4*3600,
+      'zp5' =>  5*3600, 'ist' =>  (5*3600+1800),
+      'zp6' =>  6*3600,
+      'wast'=>  7*3600,
+      'cct' =>  8*3600, 'sgt' =>  8*3600, 'wadt'=>  8*3600,
+      'jst' =>  9*3600, 'kst' =>  9*3600,
+      'east'=> 10*3600, 'gst' => 10*3600,
+      'eadt'=> 11*3600,
+      'idle'=> 12*3600, 'nzst'=> 12*3600, 'nzt' => 12*3600,
+      'nzdt'=> 13*3600,
+
+      'afghanistan'           =>   16200, 'alaskan'               =>  -32400,
+      'arab'                  =>   10800, 'arabian'               =>   14400,
+      'arabic'                =>   10800, 'atlantic'              =>  -14400,
+      'aus central'           =>   34200, 'aus eastern'           =>   36000,
+      'azores'                =>   -3600, 'canada central'        =>  -21600,
+      'cape verde'            =>   -3600, 'caucasus'              =>   14400,
+      'cen. australia'        =>   34200, 'central america'       =>  -21600,
+      'central asia'          =>   21600, 'central europe'        =>    3600,
+      'central european'      =>    3600, 'central pacific'       =>   39600,
+      'central'               =>  -21600, 'china'                 =>   28800,
+      'dateline'              =>  -43200, 'e. africa'             =>   10800,
+      'e. australia'          =>   36000, 'e. europe'             =>    7200,
+      'e. south america'      =>  -10800, 'eastern'               =>  -18000,
+      'egypt'                 =>    7200, 'ekaterinburg'          =>   18000,
+      'fiji'                  =>   43200, 'fle'                   =>    7200,
+      'greenland'             =>  -10800, 'greenwich'             =>       0,
+      'gtb'                   =>    7200, 'hawaiian'              =>  -36000,
+      'india'                 =>   19800, 'iran'                  =>   12600,
+      'jerusalem'             =>    7200, 'korea'                 =>   32400,
+      'mexico'                =>  -21600, 'mid-atlantic'          =>   -7200,
+      'mountain'              =>  -25200, 'myanmar'               =>   23400,
+      'n. central asia'       =>   21600, 'nepal'                 =>   20700,
+      'new zealand'           =>   43200, 'newfoundland'          =>  -12600,
+      'north asia east'       =>   28800, 'north asia'            =>   25200,
+      'pacific sa'            =>  -14400, 'pacific'               =>  -28800,
+      'romance'               =>    3600, 'russian'               =>   10800,
+      'sa eastern'            =>  -10800, 'sa pacific'            =>  -18000,
+      'sa western'            =>  -14400, 'samoa'                 =>  -39600,
+      'se asia'               =>   25200, 'malay peninsula'       =>   28800,
+      'south africa'          =>    7200, 'sri lanka'             =>   21600,
+      'taipei'                =>   28800, 'tasmania'              =>   36000,
+      'tokyo'                 =>   32400, 'tonga'                 =>   46800,
+      'us eastern'            =>  -18000, 'us mountain'           =>  -25200,
+      'vladivostok'           =>   36000, 'w. australia'          =>   28800,
+      'w. central africa'     =>    3600, 'w. europe'             =>    3600,
+      'west asia'             =>   18000, 'west pacific'          =>   36000,
+      'yakutsk'               =>   32400
+    }
+
+    [MONTHS, DAYS, ABBR_MONTHS, ABBR_DAYS, ZONES].each do |x|
+      x.freeze
+    end
+
+    class Bag # :nodoc:
+
+      def initialize
+	@elem = {}
+      end
+
+      def method_missing(t, *args, &block)
+	t = t.to_s
+	set = t.chomp!('=')
+	t = t.intern
+	if set
+	  @elem[t] = args[0]
+	else
+	  @elem[t]
+	end
+      end
+
+      def to_hash
+	@elem.reject{|k, v| /\A_/ =~ k.to_s || v.nil?}
+      end
+
+    end
+
+  end
+
+  def emit(e, f) # :nodoc:
+    case e
+    when Numeric
+      sign = %w(+ + -)[e <=> 0]
+      e = e.abs
+    end
+
+    s = e.to_s
+
+    if f[:s] && f[:p] == '0'
+      f[:w] -= 1
+    end
+
+    if f[:s] && f[:p] == "\s"
+      s[0,0] = sign
+    end
+
+    if f[:p] != '-'
+      s = s.rjust(f[:w], f[:p])
+    end
+
+    if f[:s] && f[:p] != "\s"
+      s[0,0] = sign
+    end
+
+    s = s.upcase if f[:u]
+    s = s.downcase if f[:d]
+    s
+  end
+
+  def emit_w(e, w, f) # :nodoc:
+    f[:w] = [f[:w], w].compact.max
+    emit(e, f)
+  end
+
+  def emit_n(e, w, f) # :nodoc:
+    f[:p] ||= '0'
+    emit_w(e, w, f)
+  end
+
+  def emit_sn(e, w, f) # :nodoc:
+    if e < 0
+      w += 1
+      f[:s] = true
+    end
+    emit_n(e, w, f)
+  end
+
+  def emit_z(e, w, f) # :nodoc:
+    w += 1
+    f[:s] = true
+    emit_n(e, w, f)
+  end
+
+  def emit_a(e, w, f) # :nodoc:
+    f[:p] ||= "\s"
+    emit_w(e, w, f)
+  end
+
+  def emit_ad(e, w, f) # :nodoc:
+    if f[:x]
+      f[:u] = true
+      f[:d] = false
+    end
+    emit_a(e, w, f)
+  end
+
+  def emit_au(e, w, f) # :nodoc:
+    if f[:x]
+      f[:u] = false
+      f[:d] = true
+    end
+    emit_a(e, w, f)
+  end
+
+  private :emit, :emit_w, :emit_n, :emit_sn, :emit_z,
+	  :emit_a, :emit_ad, :emit_au
+
+  def strftime(fmt='%F')
+    fmt.gsub(/%([-_0^#]+)?(\d+)?([EO]?(?::{1,3}z|.))/m) do |m|
+      f = {}
+      a = $&
+      s, w, c = $1, $2, $3
+      if s
+	s.scan(/./) do |k|
+	  case k
+	  when '-'; f[:p] = '-'
+	  when '_'; f[:p] = "\s"
+	  when '0'; f[:p] = '0'
+	  when '^'; f[:u] = true
+	  when '#'; f[:x] = true
+	  end
+	end
+      end
+      if w
+	f[:w] = w.to_i
+      end
+      case c
+      when 'A'; emit_ad(DAYNAMES[wday], 0, f)
+      when 'a'; emit_ad(ABBR_DAYNAMES[wday], 0, f)
+      when 'B'; emit_ad(MONTHNAMES[mon], 0, f)
+      when 'b'; emit_ad(ABBR_MONTHNAMES[mon], 0, f)
+      when 'C', 'EC'; emit_sn((year / 100).floor, 2, f)
+      when 'c', 'Ec'; emit_a(strftime('%a %b %e %H:%M:%S %Y'), 0, f)
+      when 'D'; emit_a(strftime('%m/%d/%y'), 0, f)
+      when 'd', 'Od'; emit_n(mday, 2, f)
+      when 'e', 'Oe'; emit_a(mday, 2, f)
+      when 'F'
+	if m == '%F'
+	  format('%.4d-%02d-%02d', year, mon, mday) # 4p
+	else
+	  emit_a(strftime('%Y-%m-%d'), 0, f)
+	end
+      when 'G'; emit_sn(cwyear, 4, f)
+      when 'g'; emit_n(cwyear % 100, 2, f)
+      when 'H', 'OH'; emit_n(hour, 2, f)
+      when 'h'; emit_ad(strftime('%b'), 0, f)
+      when 'I', 'OI'; emit_n((hour % 12).nonzero? || 12, 2, f)
+      when 'j'; emit_n(yday, 3, f)
+      when 'k'; emit_a(hour, 2, f)
+      when 'L'
+	emit_n((sec_fraction / MILLISECONDS_IN_DAY).floor, 3, f)
+      when 'l'; emit_a((hour % 12).nonzero? || 12, 2, f)
+      when 'M', 'OM'; emit_n(min, 2, f)
+      when 'm', 'Om'; emit_n(mon, 2, f)
+      when 'N'
+	emit_n((sec_fraction / NANOSECONDS_IN_DAY).floor, 9, f)
+      when 'n'; "\n"
+      when 'P'; emit_ad(strftime('%p').downcase, 0, f)
+      when 'p'; emit_au(if hour < 12 then 'AM' else 'PM' end, 0, f)
+      when 'Q'
+	s = ((ajd - UNIX_EPOCH_IN_AJD) / MILLISECONDS_IN_DAY).round
+	emit_sn(s, 1, f)
+      when 'R'; emit_a(strftime('%H:%M'), 0, f)
+      when 'r'; emit_a(strftime('%I:%M:%S %p'), 0, f)
+      when 'S', 'OS'; emit_n(sec, 2, f)
+      when 's'
+	s = ((ajd - UNIX_EPOCH_IN_AJD) / SECONDS_IN_DAY).round
+	emit_sn(s, 1, f)
+      when 'T'
+	if m == '%T'
+	  format('%02d:%02d:%02d', hour, min, sec) # 4p
+	else
+	  emit_a(strftime('%H:%M:%S'), 0, f)
+	end
+      when 't'; "\t"
+      when 'U', 'W', 'OU', 'OW'
+	emit_n(if c[-1,1] == 'U' then wnum0 else wnum1 end, 2, f)
+      when 'u', 'Ou'; emit_n(cwday, 1, f)
+      when 'V', 'OV'; emit_n(cweek, 2, f)
+      when 'v'; emit_a(strftime('%e-%b-%Y'), 0, f)
+      when 'w', 'Ow'; emit_n(wday, 1, f)
+      when 'X', 'EX'; emit_a(strftime('%H:%M:%S'), 0, f)
+      when 'x', 'Ex'; emit_a(strftime('%m/%d/%y'), 0, f)
+      when 'Y', 'EY'; emit_sn(year, 4, f)
+      when 'y', 'Ey', 'Oy'; emit_n(year % 100, 2, f)
+      when 'Z'; emit_au(strftime('%:z'), 0, f)
+      when /\A(:{0,3})z/
+	t = $1.size
+	sign = if offset < 0 then -1 else +1 end
+	fr = offset.abs
+	ss = fr.div(SECONDS_IN_DAY) # 4p
+	hh, ss = ss.divmod(3600)
+	mm, ss = ss.divmod(60)
+	if t == 3
+	  if    ss.nonzero? then t =  2
+	  elsif mm.nonzero? then t =  1
+	  else                   t = -1
+	  end
+	end
+	case t
+	when -1
+	  tail = []
+	  sep = ''
+	when 0
+	  f[:w] -= 2 if f[:w]
+	  tail = ['%02d' % mm]
+	  sep = ''
+	when 1
+	  f[:w] -= 3 if f[:w]
+	  tail = ['%02d' % mm]
+	  sep = ':'
+	when 2
+	  f[:w] -= 6 if f[:w]
+	  tail = ['%02d' % mm, '%02d' % ss]
+	  sep = ':'
+	end
+	([emit_z(sign * hh, 2, f)] + tail).join(sep)
+      when '%'; emit_a('%', 0, f)
+      when '+'; emit_a(strftime('%a %b %e %H:%M:%S %Z %Y'), 0, f)
+      when '1'
 	if $VERBOSE
-	  warn("warning: %1 is deprecated; forget this")
+	  warn("warning: strftime: %1 is deprecated; forget this")
 	end
-	return unless str.sub!(/\A(\d+)/o, '')
-	val = $1.to_i
-	elem[:jd] = val
-      when '%2'
+	emit_n(jd, 1, f)
+      when '2'
 	if $VERBOSE
-	  warn("warning: %2 is deprecated; use '%Y-%j'")
+	  warn("warning: strftime: %2 is deprecated; use '%Y-%j'")
 	end
-	return unless __strptime(str, '%Y-%j', elem)
-      when '%3'
+	emit_a(strftime('%Y-%j'), 0, f)
+      when '3'
 	if $VERBOSE
-	  warn("warning: %3 is deprecated; use '%F'")
+	  warn("warning: strftime: %3 is deprecated; use '%F'")
 	end
-	return unless __strptime(str, '%F', elem)
+	emit_a(strftime('%F'), 0, f)
       else
-	return unless str.sub!(Regexp.new('\\A' + Regexp.quote(c)), '')
+	a
       end
     end
+  end
 
-    if cent = elem.delete(:cent)
-      if elem[:cwyear]
-	elem[:cwyear] += cent * 100
-      end
-      if elem[:year]
-	elem[:year] += cent * 100
+# alias_method :format, :strftime
+
+  def asctime() strftime('%c') end
+
+  alias_method :ctime, :asctime
+
+=begin
+  def iso8601() strftime('%F') end
+
+  def rfc3339() iso8601 end
+
+  def rfc2822() strftime('%a, %-d %b %Y %T %z') end
+
+  alias_method :rfc822, :rfc2822
+
+  def jisx0301
+    if jd < 2405160
+      iso8601
+    else
+      case jd
+      when 2405160...2419614
+	g = 'M%02d' % (year - 1867)
+      when 2419614...2424875
+	g = 'T%02d' % (year - 1911)
+      when 2424875...2447535
+	g = 'S%02d' % (year - 1925)
+      else
+	g = 'H%02d' % (year - 1988)
       end
+      g + strftime('.%m.%d')
     end
+  end
 
-    if merid = elem.delete(:merid)
-      if elem[:hour]
-	elem[:hour] %= 12
-	elem[:hour] += merid
+  def beat(n=0)
+    i, f = (new_offset(HOURS_IN_DAY).day_fraction * 1000).divmod(1)
+    ('@%03d' % i) +
+      if n < 1
+	''
+      else
+	'.%0*d' % [n, (f / Rational(1, 10**n)).round]
       end
-    end
+  end
+=end
 
-    str
+  def self.num_pattern? (s) # :nodoc:
+    /\A%[EO]?[CDdeFGgHIjkLlMmNQRrSsTUuVvWwXxYy\d]/ =~ s || /\A\d/ =~ s
   end
 
-  private_class_method :__strptime
+  private_class_method :num_pattern?
 
-  def self._strptime(str, fmt='%F')
-    elem = {}
-    elem if __strptime(str.dup, fmt, elem)
+  def self._strptime_i(str, fmt, e) # :nodoc:
+    fmt.scan(/%([EO]?(?::{1,3}z|.))|(.)/m) do |s, c|
+      a = $&
+      if s
+	case s
+	when 'A', 'a'
+	  return unless str.sub!(/\A(#{Format::DAYS.keys.join('|')})/io, '') ||
+			str.sub!(/\A(#{Format::ABBR_DAYS.keys.join('|')})/io, '')
+	  val = Format::DAYS[$1.downcase] || Format::ABBR_DAYS[$1.downcase]
+	  return unless val
+	  e.wday = val
+	when 'B', 'b', 'h'
+	  return unless str.sub!(/\A(#{Format::MONTHS.keys.join('|')})/io, '') ||
+			str.sub!(/\A(#{Format::ABBR_MONTHS.keys.join('|')})/io, '')
+	  val = Format::MONTHS[$1.downcase] || Format::ABBR_MONTHS[$1.downcase]
+	  return unless val
+	  e.mon = val
+	when 'C', 'EC'
+	  return unless str.sub!(if num_pattern?($')
+				 then /\A([-+]?\d{1,2})/
+				 else /\A([-+]?\d{1,})/
+				 end, '')
+	  val = $1.to_i
+	  e._cent = val
+	when 'c', 'Ec'
+	  return unless _strptime_i(str, '%a %b %e %H:%M:%S %Y', e)
+	when 'D'
+	  return unless _strptime_i(str, '%m/%d/%y', e)
+	when 'd', 'e', 'Od', 'Oe'
+	  return unless str.sub!(/\A( \d|\d{1,2})/, '')
+	  val = $1.to_i
+	  return unless (1..31) === val
+	  e.mday = val
+	when 'F'
+	  return unless _strptime_i(str, '%Y-%m-%d', e)
+	when 'G'
+	  return unless str.sub!(if num_pattern?($')
+				 then /\A([-+]?\d{1,4})/
+				 else /\A([-+]?\d{1,})/
+				 end, '')
+	  val = $1.to_i
+	  e.cwyear = val
+	when 'g'
+	  return unless str.sub!(/\A(\d{1,2})/, '')
+	  val = $1.to_i
+	  return unless (0..99) === val
+	  e.cwyear = val
+	  e._cent ||= if val >= 69 then 19 else 20 end
+	when 'H', 'k', 'OH'
+	  return unless str.sub!(/\A( \d|\d{1,2})/, '')
+	  val = $1.to_i
+	  return unless (0..24) === val
+	  e.hour = val
+	when 'I', 'l', 'OI'
+	  return unless str.sub!(/\A( \d|\d{1,2})/, '')
+	  val = $1.to_i
+	  return unless (1..12) === val
+	  e.hour = val
+	when 'j'
+	  return unless str.sub!(/\A(\d{1,3})/, '')
+	  val = $1.to_i
+	  return unless (1..366) === val
+	  e.yday = val
+	when 'L'
+	  return unless str.sub!(if num_pattern?($')
+				 then /\A([-+]?\d{1,3})/
+				 else /\A([-+]?\d{1,})/
+				 end, '')
+#	  val = Rational($1.to_i, 10**3)
+	  val = Rational($1.to_i, 10**$1.size)
+	  e.sec_fraction = val
+	when 'M', 'OM'
+	  return unless str.sub!(/\A(\d{1,2})/, '')
+	  val = $1.to_i
+	  return unless (0..59) === val
+	  e.min = val
+	when 'm', 'Om'
+	  return unless str.sub!(/\A(\d{1,2})/, '')
+	  val = $1.to_i
+	  return unless (1..12) === val
+	  e.mon = val
+	when 'N'
+	  return unless str.sub!(if num_pattern?($')
+				 then /\A([-+]?\d{1,9})/
+				 else /\A([-+]?\d{1,})/
+				 end, '')
+#	  val = Rational($1.to_i, 10**9)
+	  val = Rational($1.to_i, 10**$1.size)
+	  e.sec_fraction = val
+	when 'n', 't'
+	  return unless _strptime_i(str, "\s", e)
+	when 'P', 'p'
+	  return unless str.sub!(/\A([ap])(?:m\b|\.m\.)/i, '')
+	  e._merid = if $1.downcase == 'a' then 0 else 12 end
+	when 'Q'
+	  return unless str.sub!(/\A(-?\d{1,})/, '')
+	  val = Rational($1.to_i, 10**3)
+	  e.seconds = val
+	when 'R'
+	  return unless _strptime_i(str, '%H:%M', e)
+	when 'r'
+	  return unless _strptime_i(str, '%I:%M:%S %p', e)
+	when 'S', 'OS'
+	  return unless str.sub!(/\A(\d{1,2})/, '')
+	  val = $1.to_i
+	  return unless (0..60) === val
+	  e.sec = val
+	when 's'
+	  return unless str.sub!(/\A(-?\d{1,})/, '')
+	  val = $1.to_i
+	  e.seconds = val
+	when 'T'
+	  return unless _strptime_i(str, '%H:%M:%S', e)
+	when 'U', 'W', 'OU', 'OW'
+	  return unless str.sub!(/\A(\d{1,2})/, '')
+	  val = $1.to_i
+	  return unless (0..53) === val
+	  e.__send__(if s[-1,1] == 'U' then :wnum0= else :wnum1= end, val)
+	when 'u', 'Ou'
+	  return unless str.sub!(/\A(\d{1})/, '')
+	  val = $1.to_i
+	  return unless (1..7) === val
+	  e.cwday = val
+	when 'V', 'OV'
+	  return unless str.sub!(/\A(\d{1,2})/, '')
+	  val = $1.to_i
+	  return unless (1..53) === val
+	  e.cweek = val
+	when 'v'
+	  return unless _strptime_i(str, '%e-%b-%Y', e)
+	when 'w'
+	  return unless str.sub!(/\A(\d{1})/, '')
+	  val = $1.to_i
+	  return unless (0..6) === val
+	  e.wday = val
+	when 'X', 'EX'
+	  return unless _strptime_i(str, '%H:%M:%S', e)
+	when 'x', 'Ex'
+	  return unless _strptime_i(str, '%m/%d/%y', e)
+	when 'Y', 'EY'
+	  return unless str.sub!(if num_pattern?($')
+				 then /\A([-+]?\d{1,4})/
+				 else /\A([-+]?\d{1,})/
+				 end, '')
+	  val = $1.to_i
+	  e.year = val
+	when 'y', 'Ey', 'Oy'
+	  return unless str.sub!(/\A(\d{1,2})/, '')
+	  val = $1.to_i
+	  return unless (0..99) === val
+	  e.year = val
+	  e._cent ||= if val >= 69 then 19 else 20 end
+	when 'Z', /\A:{0,3}z/
+	  return unless str.sub!(/\A((?:gmt|utc?)?[-+]\d+(?:[,.:]\d+(?::\d+)?)?
+				    |[[:alpha:].\s]+(?:standard|daylight)\s+time\b
+				    |[[:alpha:]]+(?:\s+dst)?\b
+				    )/ix, '')
+	  val = $1
+	  e.zone = val
+	  offset = zone_to_diff(val)
+	  e.offset = offset
+	when '%'
+	  return unless str.sub!(/\A%/, '')
+	when '+'
+	  return unless _strptime_i(str, '%a %b %e %H:%M:%S %Z %Y', e)
+	when '1'
+	  if $VERBOSE
+	    warn("warning: strptime: %1 is deprecated; forget this")
+	  end
+	  return unless str.sub!(/\A(\d+)/, '')
+	  val = $1.to_i
+	  e.jd = val
+	when '2'
+	  if $VERBOSE
+	    warn("warning: strptime: %2 is deprecated; use '%Y-%j'")
+	  end
+	  return unless _strptime_i(str, '%Y-%j', e)
+	when '3'
+	  if $VERBOSE
+	    warn("warning: strptime: %3 is deprecated; use '%F'")
+	  end
+	  return unless _strptime_i(str, '%F', e)
+	else
+	  return unless str.sub!(Regexp.new('\\A' + Regexp.quote(a)), '')
+	end
+      else
+	case c
+	when /\A[\s\v]/
+	  str.sub!(/\A[\s\v]+/, '')
+	else
+	  return unless str.sub!(Regexp.new('\\A' + Regexp.quote(a)), '')
+	end
+      end
+    end
   end
 
-  PARSE_MONTHPAT = ABBR_MONTHS.keys.join('|')
-  PARSE_DAYPAT   = ABBR_DAYS.  keys.join('|')
+  private_class_method :_strptime_i
 
-  def self._parse(str, comp=false)
+  def self._strptime(str, fmt='%F')
     str = str.dup
+    e = Format::Bag.new
+    return unless _strptime_i(str, fmt, e)
+
+    if e._cent
+      if e.cwyear
+	e.cwyear += e._cent * 100
+      end
+      if e.year
+	e.  year += e._cent * 100
+      end
+    end
+
+    if e._merid
+      if e.hour
+	e.hour %= 12
+	e.hour += e._merid
+      end
+    end
+
+    unless str.empty?
+      e.leftover = str
+    end
+
+    e.to_hash
+  end
+
+  def self.s3e(e, y, m, d, bc=false)
+    unless String === m
+      m = m.to_s
+    end
+
+    if y && m && !d
+      y, m, d = d, y, m
+    end
+
+    if y == nil
+      if d && d.size > 2
+	y = d
+	d = nil
+      end
+      if d && d[0,1] == "'"
+	y = d
+	d = nil
+      end
+    end
 
-    str.gsub!(/[^-+,.\/:0-9a-z]+/ino, ' ')
+    if y
+      y.scan(/(\d+)(.+)?/)
+      if $2
+	y, d = d, $1
+      end
+    end
 
-    # day
-    if str.sub!(/(#{PARSE_DAYPAT})\S*/ino, ' ')
-      wday = ABBR_DAYS[$1.downcase]
+    if m
+      if m[0,1] == "'" || m.size > 2
+	y, m, d = m, d, y # us -> be
+      end
     end
 
-    # time
+    if d
+      if d[0,1] == "'" || d.size > 2
+	y, d = d, y
+      end
+    end
+
+    if y
+      y =~ /([-+])?(\d+)/
+      if $1 || $2.size > 2
+	c = false
+      end
+      iy = $&.to_i
+      if bc
+	iy = -iy + 1
+      end
+      e.year = iy
+    end
+
+    if m
+      m =~ /\d+/
+      e.mon = $&.to_i
+    end
+
+    if d
+      d =~ /\d+/
+      e.mday = $&.to_i
+    end
+
+    if c != nil
+      e._comp = c
+    end
+
+  end
+
+  private_class_method :s3e
+
+  def self._parse_day(str, e) # :nodoc:
+    if str.sub!(/\b(#{Format::ABBR_DAYS.keys.join('|')})[^-\d\s]*/ino, ' ')
+      e.wday = Format::ABBR_DAYS[$1.downcase]
+      true
+=begin
+    elsif str.sub!(/\b(?!\dth)(su|mo|tu|we|th|fr|sa)\b/in, ' ')
+      e.wday = %w(su mo tu we th fr sa).index($1.downcase)
+      true
+=end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def self._parse_time(str, e) # :nodoc:
     if str.sub!(
-		/(\d+):(\d+)
-		 (?:
-		   :(\d+)(?:[,.](\d*))?
-		 )?
-		 (?:
-		   \s*
-		   ([ap])(?:m\b|\.m\.)
-		 )?
+		/(
+		   (?:
+		     \d+\s*:\s*\d+
+		     (?:
+		       \s*:\s*\d+(?:[,.]\d*)?
+		     )?
+		   |
+		     \d+\s*h(?:\s*\d+m?(?:\s*\d+s?)?)?
+		   )
+		   (?:
+		     \s*
+		     [ap](?:m\b|\.m\.)
+		   )?
+		 |
+		   \d+\s*[ap](?:m\b|\.m\.)
+		 )
 		 (?:
 		   \s*
 		   (
-		     [a-z]+(?:\s+dst)?\b
+		     (?:gmt|utc?)?[-+]\d+(?:[,.:]\d+(?::\d+)?)?
 		   |
-		     [-+]\d+(?::?\d+)
+		     [[:alpha:].\s]+(?:standard|daylight)\stime\b
+		   |
+		     [[:alpha:]]+(?:\sdst)?\b
 		   )
 		 )?
-		/inox,
+		/inx,
 		' ')
-      hour = $1.to_i
-      min = $2.to_i
-      sec = $3.to_i if $3
-      if $4
-	sec_fraction = $4.to_i.to_r / (10**$4.size)
-      end
+
+      t = $1
+      e.zone = $2 if $2
+
+      t =~ /\A(\d+)h?
+	      (?:\s*:?\s*(\d+)m?
+		(?:
+		  \s*:?\s*(\d+)(?:[,.](\d+))?s?
+		)?
+	      )?
+	    (?:\s*([ap])(?:m\b|\.m\.))?/inx
+
+      e.hour = $1.to_i
+      e.min = $2.to_i if $2
+      e.sec = $3.to_i if $3
+      e.sec_fraction = Rational($4.to_i, 10**$4.size) if $4
 
       if $5
-	hour %= 12
+	e.hour %= 12
 	if $5.downcase == 'p'
-	  hour += 12
+	  e.hour += 12
 	end
       end
+      true
+    end
+  end
 
-      if $6
-	zone = $6
-      end
+=begin
+  def self._parse_beat(str, e) # :nodoc:
+    if str.sub!(/@\s*(\d+)(?:[,.](\d*))?/, ' ')
+      beat = Rational($1.to_i)
+      beat += Rational($2.to_i, 10**$2.size) if $2
+      secs = Rational(beat, 1000)
+      h, min, s, fr = self.day_fraction_to_time(secs)
+      e.hour = h
+      e.min = min
+      e.sec = s
+      e.sec_fraction = fr * 86400
+      e.zone = '+01:00'
+      true
     end
+  end
+=end
 
-    # eu
+  def self._parse_eu(str, e) # :nodoc:
     if str.sub!(
-		/(\d+)\S*
-		 \s+
-		 (#{PARSE_MONTHPAT})\S*
+		/'?(\d+)[^-\d\s]*
+		 \s*
+		 (#{Format::ABBR_MONTHS.keys.join('|')})[^-\d\s']*
 		 (?:
-		   \s+
-		   (-?\d+)
+		   \s*
+		   (c(?:e|\.e\.)|b(?:ce|\.c\.e\.)|a(?:d|\.d\.)|b(?:c|\.c\.))?
+		   \s*
+		   ('?-?\d+(?:(?:st|nd|rd|th)\b)?)
 		 )?
 		/inox,
-		' ')
-      mday = $1.to_i
-      mon = ABBR_MONTHS[$2.downcase]
-
-      if $3
-	year = $3.to_i
-	if $3.size > 2
-	  comp = false
-	end
-      end
+		' ') # '
+      s3e(e, $4, Format::ABBR_MONTHS[$2.downcase], $1,
+	  $3 && $3[0,1].downcase == 'b')
+      true
+    end
+  end
 
-    # us
-    elsif str.sub!(
-		   /(#{PARSE_MONTHPAT})\S*
-		    \s+
-		    (\d+)\S*
-		    (?:
-		      \s+
-		      (-?\d+)
-		    )?
-		   /inox,
-		   ' ')
-      mon = ABBR_MONTHS[$1.downcase]
-      mday = $2.to_i
+  def self._parse_us(str, e) # :nodoc:
+    if str.sub!(
+		/\b(#{Format::ABBR_MONTHS.keys.join('|')})[^-\d\s']*
+		 \s*
+		 ('?\d+)[^-\d\s']*
+		 (?:
+		   \s*
+		   (c(?:e|\.e\.)|b(?:ce|\.c\.e\.)|a(?:d|\.d\.)|b(?:c|\.c\.))?
+		   \s*
+		   ('?-?\d+)
+		 )?
+		/inox,
+		' ') # '
+      s3e(e, $4, Format::ABBR_MONTHS[$1.downcase], $2,
+	  $3 && $3[0,1].downcase == 'b')
+      true
+    end
+  end
 
-      if $3
-	year = $3.to_i
-	if $3.size > 2
-	  comp = false
-	end
-      end
+  def self._parse_iso(str, e) # :nodoc:
+    if str.sub!(/('?[-+]?\d+)-(\d+)-('?-?\d+)/n, ' ')
+      s3e(e, $1, $2, $3)
+      true
+    end
+  end
 
-    # iso
-    elsif str.sub!(/([-+]?\d+)-(\d+)-(-?\d+)/no, ' ')
-      year = $1.to_i
-      mon = $2.to_i
-      mday = $3.to_i
-
-      if $1.size > 2
-	comp = false
-      elsif $3.size > 2
-	comp = false
-	mday, mon, year = year, mon, mday
-      end
+  def self._parse_iso2(str, e) # :nodoc:
+    if str.sub!(/\b(\d{2}|\d{4})?-?w(\d{2})(?:-?(\d))?\b/in, ' ')
+      e.cwyear = $1.to_i if $1
+      e.cweek = $2.to_i
+      e.cwday = $3.to_i if $3
+      true
+    elsif str.sub!(/-w-(\d)\b/in, ' ')
+      e.cwday = $1.to_i
+      true
+    elsif str.sub!(/--(\d{2})?-(\d{2})\b/n, ' ')
+      e.mon = $1.to_i if $1
+      e.mday = $2.to_i
+      true
+    elsif str.sub!(/--(\d{2})(\d{2})?\b/n, ' ')
+      e.mon = $1.to_i
+      e.mday = $2.to_i if $2
+      true
+    elsif /[,.](\d{2}|\d{4})-\d{3}\b/n !~ str &&
+	str.sub!(/\b(\d{2}|\d{4})-(\d{3})\b/n, ' ')
+      e.year = $1.to_i
+      e.yday = $2.to_i
+      true
+    elsif /\d-\d{3}\b/n !~ str &&
+	str.sub!(/\b-(\d{3})\b/n, ' ')
+      e.yday = $1.to_i
+      true
+    end
+  end
 
-    # jis
-    elsif str.sub!(/([MTSH])(\d+)\.(\d+)\.(\d+)/ino, ' ')
-      e = { 'm'=>1867,
-	    't'=>1911,
-	    's'=>1925,
-	    'h'=>1988
+  def self._parse_jis(str, e) # :nodoc:
+    if str.sub!(/\b([mtsh])(\d+)\.(\d+)\.(\d+)/in, ' ')
+      era = { 'm'=>1867,
+	      't'=>1911,
+	      's'=>1925,
+	      'h'=>1988
 	  }[$1.downcase]
-      year = $2.to_i + e
-      mon = $3.to_i
-      mday = $4.to_i
-
-    # vms
-    elsif str.sub!(/(-?\d+)-(#{PARSE_MONTHPAT})[^-]*-(-?\d+)/ino, ' ')
-      mday = $1.to_i
-      mon = ABBR_MONTHS[$2.downcase]
-      year = $3.to_i
-
-      if $1.size > 2
-	comp = false
-	year, mon, mday = mday, mon, year
-      elsif $3.size > 2
-	comp = false
-      end
+      e.year = $2.to_i + era
+      e.mon = $3.to_i
+      e.mday = $4.to_i
+      true
+    end
+  end
 
-    # sla
-    elsif str.sub!(%r|(-?\d+)/(\d+)(?:/(-?\d+))?|no, ' ')
-      mon = $1.to_i
-      mday = $2.to_i
+  def self._parse_vms(str, e) # :nodoc:
+    if str.sub!(/('?-?\d+)-(#{Format::ABBR_MONTHS.keys.join('|')})[^-]*
+		-('?-?\d+)/inox, ' ')
+      s3e(e, $3, Format::ABBR_MONTHS[$2.downcase], $1)
+      true
+    elsif str.sub!(/\b(#{Format::ABBR_MONTHS.keys.join('|')})[^-]*
+		-('?-?\d+)(?:-('?-?\d+))?/inox, ' ')
+      s3e(e, $3, Format::ABBR_MONTHS[$1.downcase], $2)
+      true
+    end
+  end
 
-      if $3
-	year = $3.to_i
-	if $3.size > 2
-	  comp = false
-	end
-      end
+  def self._parse_sla(str, e) # :nodoc:
+    if str.sub!(%r|('?-?\d+)/\s*('?\d+)(?:\D\s*('?-?\d+))?|n, ' ') # '
+      s3e(e, $3, $1, $2)
+      true
+    end
+  end
 
-      if $3 && $1.size > 2
-	comp = false
-	year, mon, mday = mon, mday, year
-      end
+  def self._parse_dot(str, e) # :nodoc:
+    if str.sub!(%r|('?-?\d+)\.\s*('?\d+)\.\s*('?-?\d+)|n, ' ') # '
+      s3e(e, $1, $2, $3)
+      true
+    end
+  end
 
-    # ddd
-    elsif str.sub!(
-		   /([-+]?)(\d{4,14})
-		    (?:
-		      \s*
-		      T?
-		      \s*
-		      (\d{2,6})(?:[,.](\d*))?
-		    )?
-		    (?:
-		      \s*
-		      (
-			Z
-		      |
-			[-+]\d{2,4}
-		      )
-		      \b
-		    )?
-		   /inox,
-		   ' ')
+  def self._parse_year(str, e) # :nodoc:
+    if str.sub!(/'(\d+)\b/n, ' ')
+      e.year = $1.to_i
+      true
+    end
+  end
+
+  def self._parse_mon(str, e) # :nodoc:
+    if str.sub!(/\b(#{Format::ABBR_MONTHS.keys.join('|')})\S*/ino, ' ')
+      e.mon = Format::ABBR_MONTHS[$1.downcase]
+      true
+    end
+  end
+
+  def self._parse_mday(str, e) # :nodoc:
+    if str.sub!(/(\d+)(st|nd|rd|th)\b/in, ' ')
+      e.mday = $1.to_i
+      true
+    end
+  end
+
+  def self._parse_ddd(str, e) # :nodoc:
+    if str.sub!(
+		/([-+]?)(\d{2,14})
+		  (?:
+		    \s*
+		    t?
+		    \s*
+		    (\d{2,6})?(?:[,.](\d*))?
+		  )?
+		  (?:
+		    \s*
+		    (
+		      z\b
+		    |
+		      [-+]\d{1,4}\b
+		    |
+		      \[[-+]?\d[^\]]*\]
+		    )
+		  )?
+		/inx,
+		' ')
       case $2.size
+      when 2
+	if $3.nil? && $4
+	  e.sec  = $2[-2, 2].to_i
+	else
+	  e.mday = $2[ 0, 2].to_i
+	end
       when 4
-	mon  = $2[ 0, 2].to_i
-	mday = $2[ 2, 2].to_i
+	if $3.nil? && $4
+	  e.sec  = $2[-2, 2].to_i
+	  e.min  = $2[-4, 2].to_i
+	else
+	  e.mon  = $2[ 0, 2].to_i
+	  e.mday = $2[ 2, 2].to_i
+	end
       when 6
-	year = ($1 + $2[ 0, 2]).to_i
-	mon  = $2[ 2, 2].to_i
-	mday = $2[ 4, 2].to_i
+	if $3.nil? && $4
+	  e.sec  = $2[-2, 2].to_i
+	  e.min  = $2[-4, 2].to_i
+	  e.hour = $2[-6, 2].to_i
+	else
+	  e.year = ($1 + $2[ 0, 2]).to_i
+	  e.mon  = $2[ 2, 2].to_i
+	  e.mday = $2[ 4, 2].to_i
+	end
       when 8, 10, 12, 14
-	year = ($1 + $2[ 0, 4]).to_i
-	mon  = $2[ 4, 2].to_i
-	mday = $2[ 6, 2].to_i
-	hour = $2[ 8, 2].to_i if $2.size >= 10
-	min  = $2[10, 2].to_i if $2.size >= 12
-	sec  = $2[12, 2].to_i if $2.size >= 14
-	comp = false
+	if $3.nil? && $4
+	  e.sec  = $2[-2, 2].to_i
+	  e.min  = $2[-4, 2].to_i
+	  e.hour = $2[-6, 2].to_i
+	  e.mday = $2[-8, 2].to_i
+	  if $2.size >= 10
+	    e.mon  = $2[-10, 2].to_i
+	  end
+	  if $2.size == 12
+	    e.year = ($1 + $2[-12, 2]).to_i
+	  end
+	  if $2.size == 14
+	    e.year = ($1 + $2[-14, 4]).to_i
+	    e._comp = false
+	  end
+	else
+	  e.year = ($1 + $2[ 0, 4]).to_i
+	  e.mon  = $2[ 4, 2].to_i
+	  e.mday = $2[ 6, 2].to_i
+	  e.hour = $2[ 8, 2].to_i if $2.size >= 10
+	  e.min  = $2[10, 2].to_i if $2.size >= 12
+	  e.sec  = $2[12, 2].to_i if $2.size >= 14
+	  e._comp = false
+	end
+      when 3
+	if $3.nil? && $4
+	  e.sec  = $2[-2, 2].to_i
+	  e.min  = $2[-3, 1].to_i
+	else
+	  e.yday = $2[ 0, 3].to_i
+	end
+      when 5
+	if $3.nil? && $4
+	  e.sec  = $2[-2, 2].to_i
+	  e.min  = $2[-4, 2].to_i
+	  e.hour = $2[-5, 1].to_i
+	else
+	  e.year = ($1 + $2[ 0, 2]).to_i
+	  e.yday = $2[ 2, 3].to_i
+	end
+      when 7
+	if $3.nil? && $4
+	  e.sec  = $2[-2, 2].to_i
+	  e.min  = $2[-4, 2].to_i
+	  e.hour = $2[-6, 2].to_i
+	  e.mday = $2[-7, 1].to_i
+	else
+	  e.year = ($1 + $2[ 0, 4]).to_i
+	  e.yday = $2[ 4, 3].to_i
+	end
       end
       if $3
-	case $3.size
-	when 2, 4, 6
-	  hour = $3[ 0, 2].to_i
-	  min  = $3[ 2, 2].to_i if $3.size >= 4
-	  sec  = $3[ 4, 2].to_i if $3.size >= 6
+	if $4
+	  case $3.size
+	  when 2, 4, 6
+	    e.sec  = $3[-2, 2].to_i
+	    e.min  = $3[-4, 2].to_i if $3.size >= 4
+	    e.hour = $3[-6, 2].to_i if $3.size >= 6
+	  end
+	else
+	  case $3.size
+	  when 2, 4, 6
+	    e.hour = $3[ 0, 2].to_i
+	    e.min  = $3[ 2, 2].to_i if $3.size >= 4
+	    e.sec  = $3[ 4, 2].to_i if $3.size >= 6
+	  end
 	end
       end
       if $4
-	sec_fraction = $4.to_i.to_r / (10**$4.size)
+	e.sec_fraction = Rational($4.to_i, 10**$4.size)
       end
       if $5
-	zone = $5
+	e.zone = $5
+	if e.zone[0,1] == '['
+	  o, n, = e.zone[1..-2].split(':')
+	  e.zone = n || o
+	  if /\A\d/ =~ o
+	    o = format('+%s', o)
+	  end
+	  e.offset = zone_to_diff(o)
+	end
       end
+      true
     end
+  end
 
-    if str.sub!(/\b(bc\b|bce\b|b\.c\.|b\.c\.e\.)/ino, ' ')
-      if year
-	year = -year + 1
+  private_class_method :_parse_day, :_parse_time, # :_parse_beat,
+	:_parse_eu, :_parse_us, :_parse_iso, :_parse_iso2,
+	:_parse_jis, :_parse_vms, :_parse_sla, :_parse_dot,
+	:_parse_year, :_parse_mon, :_parse_mday, :_parse_ddd
+
+  def self._parse(str, comp=false)
+    str = str.dup
+
+    e = Format::Bag.new
+
+    e._comp = comp
+
+    str.gsub!(/[^-+',.\/:@[:alnum:]\[\]\x80-\xff]+/n, ' ')
+
+    _parse_time(str, e) # || _parse_beat(str, e)
+    _parse_day(str, e)
+
+    _parse_eu(str, e)     ||
+    _parse_us(str, e)     ||
+    _parse_iso(str, e)    ||
+    _parse_jis(str, e)    ||
+    _parse_vms(str, e)    ||
+    _parse_sla(str, e)    ||
+    _parse_dot(str, e)    ||
+    _parse_iso2(str, e)   ||
+    _parse_year(str, e)   ||
+    _parse_mon(str, e)    ||
+    _parse_mday(str, e)   ||
+    _parse_ddd(str, e)
+
+    if str.sub!(/\b(bc\b|bce\b|b\.c\.|b\.c\.e\.)/in, ' ')
+      if e.year
+	e.year = -e.year + 1
       end
     end
 
-    if comp and year
-      if year >= 0 and year <= 99
-	if year >= 69
-	  year += 1900
-	else
-	  year += 2000
+    if str.sub!(/\A\s*(\d{1,2})\s*\z/n, ' ')
+      if e.hour && !e.mday
+	v = $1.to_i
+	if (1..31) === v
+	  e.mday = v
+	end
+      end
+      if e.mday && !e.hour
+	v = $1.to_i
+	if (0..24) === v
+	  e.hour = v
 	end
       end
     end
 
-    elem = {}
-    elem[:year] = year if year
-    elem[:mon] = mon if mon
-    elem[:mday] = mday if mday
-    elem[:hour] = hour if hour
-    elem[:min] = min if min
-    elem[:sec] = sec if sec
-    elem[:sec_fraction] = sec_fraction if sec_fraction
-    elem[:zone] = zone if zone
-    offset = zone_to_diff(zone) if zone
-    elem[:offset] = offset if offset
-    elem[:wday] = wday if wday
-    elem
-  end
-
-  def self.zone_to_diff(str)
-    abb, dst = str.downcase.split(/\s+/o, 2)
-    if ZONES.include?(abb)
-      offset  = ZONES[abb]
-      offset += 3600 if dst
-    elsif /\A([-+])(\d{2}):?(\d{2})?\Z/no =~ str
-      offset = $2.to_i * 3600 + $3.to_i * 60
-      offset *= -1 if $1 == '-'
-    end
-    offset
-  end
-
-  def strftime(fmt='%F')
-    o = ''
-    fmt.scan(/%[EO]?.|./o) do |c|
-      cc = c.sub(/^%[EO]?(.)$/o, '%\\1')
-      case cc
-      when '%A'; o << DAYNAMES[wday]
-      when '%a'; o << ABBR_DAYNAMES[wday]
-      when '%B'; o << MONTHNAMES[mon]
-      when '%b'; o << ABBR_MONTHNAMES[mon]
-      when '%C'; o << '%02d' % (year / 100.0).floor		# P2,ID
-      when '%c'; o << strftime('%a %b %e %H:%M:%S %Y')
-      when '%D'; o << strftime('%m/%d/%y')			# P2,ID
-      when '%d'; o << '%02d' % mday
-      when '%e'; o <<  '%2d' % mday
-      when '%F'; o << strftime('%Y-%m-%d')			# ID
-      when '%G'; o << '%.4d' %  cwyear				# ID
-      when '%g'; o << '%02d' % (cwyear % 100)			# ID
-      when '%H'; o << '%02d' %   hour
-      when '%h'; o << strftime('%b')				# P2,ID
-      when '%I'; o << '%02d' % ((hour % 12).nonzero? or 12)
-      when '%j'; o << '%03d' % yday
-      when '%k'; o <<  '%2d' %   hour				# AR,TZ,GL
-      when '%l'; o <<  '%2d' % ((hour % 12).nonzero? or 12)	# AR,TZ,GL
-      when '%M'; o << '%02d' % min
-      when '%m'; o << '%02d' % mon
-=begin
-      when '%N'							# GNU date
-	o << '%09d' % (sec_fraction / (1.to_r/86400/(10**9)))
-=end
-      when '%n'; o << "\n"					# P2,ID
-      when '%P'; o << if hour < 12 then 'am' else 'pm' end	# GL
-      when '%p'; o << if hour < 12 then 'AM' else 'PM' end
-      when '%R'; o << strftime('%H:%M')				# ID
-      when '%r'; o << strftime('%I:%M:%S %p')			# P2,ID
-      when '%S'; o << '%02d' % sec
-      when '%s'							# TZ,GL
-	d = ajd - self.class.jd_to_ajd(self.class.civil_to_jd(1970,1,1), 0)
-	s = (d * 86400).to_i
-	o << '%d' % s
-      when '%T'; o << strftime('%H:%M:%S')			# P2,ID
-      when '%t'; o << "\t"					# P2,ID
-      when '%U', '%W'
-	a = self.class.civil_to_jd(year, 1, 1, ns?) + 6
-	k = if c == '%U' then 0 else 1 end
-	w = (jd - (a - ((a - k) + 1) % 7) + 7) / 7
-	o << '%02d' % w
-      when '%u'; o <<   '%d' % cwday				# P2,ID
-      when '%V'; o << '%02d' % cweek				# P2,ID
-      when '%v'; o << strftime('%e-%b-%Y')			# AR,TZ
-      when '%w'; o <<   '%d' % wday
-      when '%X'; o << strftime('%H:%M:%S')
-      when '%x'; o << strftime('%m/%d/%y')
-      when '%Y'; o << '%.4d' %  year
-      when '%y'; o << '%02d' % (year % 100)
-      when '%Z'; o << (if offset.zero? then 'Z' else strftime('%z') end)
-      when '%z'							# ID
-	o << if offset < 0 then '-' else '+' end
-	of = offset.abs
-	hh, fr = of.divmod(1.to_r/24)
-	mm = fr / (1.to_r/1440)
-	o << '%02d' % hh
-	o << '%02d' % mm
-      when '%%'; o << '%'
-      when '%+'; o << strftime('%a %b %e %H:%M:%S %Z %Y')	# TZ
-=begin
-      when '%.'
-	o << '%06d' % (sec_fraction / (1.to_r/86400/(10**6)))
-=end
-      when '%1'
-	if $VERBOSE
-	  warn("warning: %1 is deprecated; forget this")
+    if e._comp
+      if e.cwyear
+	if e.cwyear >= 0 && e.cwyear <= 99
+	  e.cwyear += if e.cwyear >= 69
+		      then 1900 else 2000 end
 	end
-	o <<   '%d' % jd
-      when '%2'
-	if $VERBOSE
-	  warn("warning: %2 is deprecated; use '%Y-%j'")
-	end
-	o << strftime('%Y-%j')
-      when '%3'
-	if $VERBOSE
-	  warn("warning: %3 is deprecated; use '%F'")
+      end
+      if e.year
+	if e.year >= 0 && e.year <= 99
+	  e.year += if e.year >= 69
+		    then 1900 else 2000 end
 	end
-	o << strftime('%F')
-      else;      o << c
       end
     end
-    o
-  end
 
-# alias_method :format, :strftime
+    e.offset ||= zone_to_diff(e.zone) if e.zone
 
-  def asctime() strftime('%c') end
+    e.to_hash
+  end
 
-  alias_method :ctime, :asctime
+  def self.zone_to_diff(zone) # :nodoc:
+    zone = zone.downcase
+    if zone.sub!(/\s+(standard|daylight)\s+time\z/, '')
+      dst = $1 == 'daylight'
+    else
+      dst = zone.sub!(/\s+dst\z/, '')
+    end
+    if Format::ZONES.include?(zone)
+      offset = Format::ZONES[zone]
+      offset += 3600 if dst
+    elsif zone.sub!(/\A(?:gmt|utc?)?([-+])/, '')
+      sign = $1
+      if zone.include?(':')
+	hour, min, sec, = zone.split(':')
+      elsif zone.include?(',') || zone.include?('.')
+	hour, fr, = zone.split(/[,.]/)
+	min = Rational(fr.to_i, 10**fr.size) * 60
+      else
+	case zone.size
+	when 3
+	  hour = zone[0,1]
+	  min = zone[1,2]
+	else
+	  hour = zone[0,2]
+	  min = zone[2,2]
+	  sec = zone[4,2]
+	end
+      end
+      offset = hour.to_i * 3600 + min.to_i * 60 + sec.to_i
+      offset *= -1 if sign == '-'
+    end
+    offset
+  end
 
 end
 
 class DateTime < Date
 
-  def self._strptime(str, fmt='%FT%T%Z')
+  def strftime(fmt='%FT%T%:z')
+    super(fmt)
+  end
+
+  def self._strptime(str, fmt='%FT%T%z')
     super(str, fmt)
   end
 
-  def strftime(fmt='%FT%T%Z')
-    super(fmt)
+=begin
+  def iso8601_timediv(n) # :nodoc:
+    strftime('T%T' +
+	     if n < 1
+	       ''
+	     else
+	       '.%0*d' % [n, (sec_fraction / SECONDS_IN_DAY / (10**n)).round]
+	     end +
+	     '%:z')
+  end
+
+  private :iso8601_timediv
+
+  def iso8601(n=0)
+    super() + iso8601_timediv(n)
   end
 
+  def rfc3339(n=0) iso8601(n) end
+
+  def jisx0301(n=0)
+    super() + iso8601_timediv(n)
+  end
+=end
+
 end
diff --git a/lib/delegate.rb b/lib/delegate.rb
index 93c9803a18..bd2b5e4813 100644
--- a/lib/delegate.rb
+++ b/lib/delegate.rb
@@ -115,6 +115,7 @@
 # implementation, see SimpleDelegator.
 #
 class Delegator
+  IgnoreBacktracePat = %r"\A#{Regexp.quote(__FILE__)}:\d+:in `"
 
   #
   # Pass in the _obj_ to delegate method calls to.  All methods supported by
@@ -133,14 +134,12 @@ class Delegator
     for method in obj.methods
       next if preserved.include? method
       begin
-	eval <<-EOS
+	eval <<-EOS, nil, __FILE__, __LINE__+1
 	  def self.#{method}(*args, &block)
 	    begin
 	      __getobj__.__send__(:#{method}, *args, &block)
-	    rescue Exception
-	      $@.delete_if{|s| /:in `__getobj__'$/ =~ s} #`
-	      $@.delete_if{|s| /^\\(eval\\):/ =~ s}
-	      Kernel::raise
+	    ensure
+	      $@.delete_if{|s|IgnoreBacktracePat=~s} if $@
 	    end
 	  end
 	EOS
@@ -164,9 +163,9 @@ class Delegator
   # Checks for a method provided by this the delegate object by fowarding the 
   # call through \_\_getobj\_\_.
   # 
-  def respond_to?(m)
+  def respond_to?(m, include_private = false)
     return true if super
-    return self.__getobj__.respond_to?(m)
+    return self.__getobj__.respond_to?(m, include_private)
   end
 
   #
@@ -184,6 +183,7 @@ class Delegator
   # Reinitializes delegation from a serialized object.
   def marshal_load(obj)
     initialize_methods(obj)
+    __setobj__(obj)
   end
 end
 
@@ -227,13 +227,15 @@ class SimpleDelegator<Delegator
 
   # Clone support for the object returned by \_\_getobj\_\_.
   def clone
-    super
-    __setobj__(__getobj__.clone)
+    new = super
+    new.__setobj__(__getobj__.clone)
+    new
   end
   # Duplication support for the object returned by \_\_getobj\_\_.
-  def dup(obj)
-    super
-    __setobj__(__getobj__.dup)
+  def dup
+    new = super
+    new.__setobj__(__getobj__.clone)
+    new
   end
 end
 
@@ -248,7 +250,7 @@ SimpleDelegater = SimpleDelegator
 # your class.
 #
 #   class MyClass < DelegateClass( ClassToDelegateTo )    # Step 1
-#     def initiaize
+#     def initialize
 #       super(obj_of_ClassToDelegateTo)                   # Step 2
 #     end
 #   end
@@ -268,9 +270,9 @@ def DelegateClass(superclass)
       end
       @_dc_obj.__send__(m, *args)
     end
-    def respond_to?(m)  # :nodoc:
+    def respond_to?(m, include_private = false)  # :nodoc:
       return true if super
-      return @_dc_obj.respond_to?(m)
+      return @_dc_obj.respond_to?(m, include_private)
     end
     def __getobj__  # :nodoc:
       @_dc_obj
@@ -280,23 +282,24 @@ def DelegateClass(superclass)
       @_dc_obj = obj
     end
     def clone  # :nodoc:
-      super
-      __setobj__(__getobj__.clone)
+      new = super
+      new.__setobj__(__getobj__.clone)
+      new
     end
     def dup  # :nodoc:
-      super
-      __setobj__(__getobj__.dup)
+      new = super
+      new.__setobj__(__getobj__.clone)
+      new
     end
   }
   for method in methods
     begin
-      klass.module_eval <<-EOS
+      klass.module_eval <<-EOS, __FILE__, __LINE__+1
         def #{method}(*args, &block)
 	  begin
 	    @_dc_obj.__send__(:#{method}, *args, &block)
-	  rescue
-	    $@[0,2] = nil
-	    raise
+	  ensure
+	    $@.delete_if{|s| ::Delegator::IgnoreBacktracePat =~ s} if $@
 	  end
 	end
       EOS
diff --git a/lib/drb/acl.rb b/lib/drb/acl.rb
index aa86dbe70f..861c8a514d 100644
--- a/lib/drb/acl.rb
+++ b/lib/drb/acl.rb
@@ -13,6 +13,8 @@ class ACL
     def initialize(str)
       if str == '*' or str == 'all'
 	@pat = [:all]
+      elsif str.include?('*')
+        @pat = [:name, dot_pat(str)]
       else
 	begin
 	  @pat = [:ip, IPAddr.new(str)]
diff --git a/lib/drb/drb.rb b/lib/drb/drb.rb
index 25fbb3f788..20e658e611 100644
--- a/lib/drb/drb.rb
+++ b/lib/drb/drb.rb
@@ -578,7 +578,7 @@ module DRb
       end
       raise(DRbConnError, 'connection closed') if str.nil?
       raise(DRbConnError, 'premature marshal format(can\'t read)') if str.size < sz
-      Thread.exclusive do
+      DRb.mutex.synchronize do
         begin
           save = Thread.current[:drb_untaint]
           Thread.current[:drb_untaint] = []
@@ -858,6 +858,7 @@ module DRb
     def self.open_server(uri, config)
       uri = 'druby://:0' unless uri
       host, port, opt = parse_uri(uri)
+      config = {:tcp_original_host => host}.update(config)
       if host.size == 0
         host = getservername
         soc = open_server_inaddr_any(host, port)
@@ -865,6 +866,7 @@ module DRb
 	soc = TCPServer.open(host, port)
       end
       port = soc.addr[1] if port == 0
+      config[:tcp_port] = port
       uri = "druby://#{host}:#{port}"
       self.new(uri, soc, config)
     end
@@ -945,7 +947,12 @@ module DRb
 	break if (@acl ? @acl.allow_socket?(s) : true) 
 	s.close
       end
-      self.class.new(nil, s, @config)
+      if @config[:tcp_original_host].to_s.size == 0
+        uri = "druby://#{s.addr[3]}:#{@config[:tcp_port]}"
+      else
+        uri = @uri
+      end
+      self.class.new(uri, s, @config)
     end
 
     # Check to see if this connection is alive.
@@ -1666,6 +1673,12 @@ module DRb
   #
   # This is the URI of the current server.  See #current_server.
   def uri
+    drb = Thread.current['DRb']
+    client = (drb && drb['client'])
+    if client
+      uri = client.uri
+      return uri if uri
+    end
     current_server.uri
   end
   module_function :uri
@@ -1738,10 +1751,16 @@ module DRb
   end
   module_function :install_acl
 
+  @mutex = Mutex.new
+  def mutex
+    @mutex
+  end
+  module_function :mutex
+
   @server = {}
   def regist_server(server)
     @server[server.uri] = server
-    Thread.exclusive do
+    mutex.synchronize do
       @primary_server = server unless @primary_server
     end
   end
diff --git a/lib/drb/extservm.rb b/lib/drb/extservm.rb
index 7066f84c65..be40aea9f5 100644
--- a/lib/drb/extservm.rb
+++ b/lib/drb/extservm.rb
@@ -5,10 +5,12 @@
 
 require 'drb/drb'
 require 'thread'
+require 'monitor'
 
 module DRb
   class ExtServManager
     include DRbUndumped
+    include MonitorMixin
 
     @@command = {}
 
@@ -21,6 +23,8 @@ module DRb
     end
       
     def initialize
+      super()
+      @cond = new_cond
       @servers = {}
       @waiting = []
       @queue = Queue.new
@@ -30,34 +34,26 @@ module DRb
     attr_accessor :uri
 
     def service(name)
-      while true
-	server = nil
-	Thread.exclusive do
-	  server = @servers[name] if @servers[name]
-	end
-	return server if server && server.alive?
-	invoke_service(name)
+      synchronize do
+        while true
+          server = @servers[name]
+          return server if server && server.alive?
+          invoke_service(name)
+          @cond.wait
+        end
       end
     end
 
     def regist(name, ro)
-      ary = nil
-      Thread.exclusive do
-	@servers[name] = ro
-	ary = @waiting
-	@waiting = []
-      end
-      ary.each do |th|
-	begin
-	  th.run
-	rescue ThreadError
-	end
+      synchronize do
+        @servers[name] = ro
+        @cond.signal
       end
       self
     end
     
     def unregist(name)
-      Thread.exclusive do
+      synchronize do
 	@servers.delete(name)
       end
     end
@@ -73,15 +69,12 @@ module DRb
     end
 
     def invoke_service(name)
-      Thread.critical = true
-      @waiting.push Thread.current
-      @queue.push name
-      Thread.stop
+      @queue.push(name)
     end
 
     def invoke_service_command(name, command)
       raise "invalid command. name: #{name}" unless command
-      Thread.exclusive do
+      synchronize do
 	return if @servers.include?(name)
 	@servers[name] = false
       end
diff --git a/lib/drb/unix.rb b/lib/drb/unix.rb
index 989ec57eed..57feed8301 100644
--- a/lib/drb/unix.rb
+++ b/lib/drb/unix.rb
@@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ module DRb
     public
     def close
       return unless @socket
-      path = @socket.path
+      path = @socket.path if @server_mode
       @socket.close
       File.unlink(path) if @server_mode
       @socket = nil
diff --git a/lib/erb.rb b/lib/erb.rb
index b714aa1ea6..f1661f98cb 100644
--- a/lib/erb.rb
+++ b/lib/erb.rb
@@ -240,7 +240,7 @@ class ERB
 
   # Returns revision information for the erb.rb module.
   def self.version
-    "erb.rb [2.0.4 #{ERB::Revision.split[1]}]"
+    "erb.rb [2.1.0 #{ERB::Revision.split[1]}]"
   end
 end
 
@@ -254,11 +254,13 @@ class ERB
       end
       attr_reader :value
       alias :to_s :value
+
+      def empty?
+        @value.empty?
+      end
     end
 
     class Scanner # :nodoc:
-      SplitRegexp = /(<%%)|(%%>)|(<%=)|(<%#)|(<%)|(%>)|(\n)/
-
       @scanner_map = {}
       def self.regist_scanner(klass, trim_mode, percent)
 	@scanner_map[[trim_mode, percent]] = klass
@@ -283,8 +285,6 @@ class ERB
     end
 
     class TrimScanner < Scanner # :nodoc:
-      TrimSplitRegexp = /(<%%)|(%%>)|(<%=)|(<%#)|(<%)|(%>\n)|(%>)|(\n)/
-
       def initialize(src, trim_mode, percent)
 	super
 	@trim_mode = trim_mode
@@ -308,9 +308,7 @@ class ERB
 	    percent_line(line, &block)
 	  end
 	else
-	  @src.each do |line|
-	    @scan_line.call(line, &block)
-	  end
+          @scan_line.call(@src, &block)
 	end
 	nil
       end
@@ -329,57 +327,66 @@ class ERB
       end
 
       def scan_line(line)
-	line.split(SplitRegexp).each do |token|
-	  next if token.empty?
-	  yield(token)
+        line.scan(/(.*?)(<%%|%%>|<%=|<%#|<%|%>|\n|\z)/m) do |tokens|
+          tokens.each do |token|
+            next if token.empty?
+            yield(token)
+          end
 	end
       end
 
       def trim_line1(line)
-	line.split(TrimSplitRegexp).each do |token|
-	  next if token.empty?
-	  if token == "%>\n"
-	    yield('%>')
-	    yield(:cr)
-	    break
-	  end
-	  yield(token)
+        line.scan(/(.*?)(<%%|%%>|<%=|<%#|<%|%>\n|%>|\n|\z)/m) do |tokens|
+          tokens.each do |token|
+            next if token.empty?
+            if token == "%>\n"
+              yield('%>')
+              yield(:cr)
+            else
+              yield(token)
+            end
+          end
 	end
       end
 
       def trim_line2(line)
 	head = nil
-	line.split(TrimSplitRegexp).each do |token|
-	  next if token.empty?
-	  head = token unless head
-	  if token == "%>\n"
-	    yield('%>')
-	    if  is_erb_stag?(head)
-	      yield(:cr)
-	    else
-	      yield("\n")
-	    end
-	    break
-	  end
-	  yield(token)
+        line.scan(/(.*?)(<%%|%%>|<%=|<%#|<%|%>\n|%>|\n|\z)/m) do |tokens|
+          tokens.each do |token|
+            next if token.empty?
+            head = token unless head
+            if token == "%>\n"
+              yield('%>')
+              if is_erb_stag?(head)
+                yield(:cr)
+              else
+                yield("\n")
+              end
+              head = nil
+            else
+              yield(token)
+              head = nil if token == "\n"
+            end
+          end
 	end
       end
 
-      ExplicitTrimRegexp = /(^[ \t]*<%-)|(-%>\n?\z)|(<%-)|(-%>)|(<%%)|(%%>)|(<%=)|(<%#)|(<%)|(%>)|(\n)/
       def explicit_trim_line(line)
-	line.split(ExplicitTrimRegexp).each do |token|
-	  next if token.empty?
-	  if @stag.nil? && /[ \t]*<%-/ =~ token
-	    yield('<%')
-	  elsif @stag && /-%>\n/ =~ token
-	    yield('%>')
-	    yield(:cr)
-	  elsif @stag && token == '-%>'
-	    yield('%>')
-	  else
-	    yield(token)
-	  end
-	end
+        line.scan(/(.*?)(^[ \t]*<%\-|<%\-|<%%|%%>|<%=|<%#|<%|-%>\n|-%>|%>|\z)/m) do |tokens|
+          tokens.each do |token|
+            next if token.empty?
+            if @stag.nil? && /[ \t]*<%-/ =~ token
+              yield('<%')
+            elsif @stag && token == "-%>\n"
+              yield('%>')
+              yield(:cr)
+            elsif @stag && token == '-%>'
+              yield('%>')
+            else
+              yield(token)
+            end
+          end
+        end
       end
 
       ERB_STAG = %w(<%= <%# <%)
@@ -392,11 +399,11 @@ class ERB
 
     class SimpleScanner < Scanner # :nodoc:
       def scan
-	@src.each do |line|
-	  line.split(SplitRegexp).each do |token|
-	    next if token.empty?
-	    yield(token)
-	  end
+        @src.scan(/(.*?)(<%%|%%>|<%=|<%#|<%|%>|\n|\z)/m) do |tokens|
+          tokens.each do |token|
+            next if token.empty?
+            yield(token)
+          end
 	end
       end
     end
@@ -407,43 +414,47 @@ class ERB
       require 'strscan'
       class SimpleScanner2 < Scanner # :nodoc:
         def scan
-          stag_reg = /(.*?)(<%%|<%=|<%#|<%|\n|\z)/
-          etag_reg = /(.*?)(%%>|%>|\n|\z)/
+          stag_reg = /(.*?)(<%%|<%=|<%#|<%|\z)/m
+          etag_reg = /(.*?)(%%>|%>|\z)/m
           scanner = StringScanner.new(@src)
           while ! scanner.eos?
             scanner.scan(@stag ? etag_reg : stag_reg)
-            text = scanner[1]
-            elem = scanner[2]
-            yield(text) unless text.empty?
-            yield(elem) unless elem.empty?
+            yield(scanner[1])
+            yield(scanner[2])
           end
         end
       end
       Scanner.regist_scanner(SimpleScanner2, nil, false)
 
       class PercentScanner < Scanner # :nodoc:
-	def scan
-	  new_line = true
-          stag_reg = /(.*?)(<%%|<%=|<%#|<%|\n|\z)/
-          etag_reg = /(.*?)(%%>|%>|\n|\z)/
+	def scan(&blk)
+          stag_reg = /(.*?)(^%%|^%|<%%|<%=|<%#|<%|\z)/m
+          etag_reg = /(.*?)(%%>|%>|\z)/m
           scanner = StringScanner.new(@src)
           while ! scanner.eos?
-	    if new_line && @stag.nil?
-	      if scanner.scan(/%%/)
-		yield('%')
-		new_line = false
-		next
-	      elsif scanner.scan(/%/)
-		yield(PercentLine.new(scanner.scan(/.*?(\n|\z)/).chomp))
-		next
-	      end
-	    end
 	    scanner.scan(@stag ? etag_reg : stag_reg)
-            text = scanner[1]
+            yield(scanner[1])
+
             elem = scanner[2]
-            yield(text) unless text.empty?
-            yield(elem) unless elem.empty?
-	    new_line = (elem == "\n")
+            if elem == '%%'
+              yield('%')
+              inline_scan(scanner.scan(/.*?(\n|\z)/), &blk)
+            elsif elem == '%'
+              yield(PercentLine.new(scanner.scan(/.*?(\n|\z)/).chomp))
+            else
+              yield(elem)
+            end
+          end
+        end
+
+        def inline_scan(line)
+          stag_reg = /(.*?)(<%%|<%=|<%#|<%|\z)/m
+          etag_reg = /(.*?)(%%>|%>|\z)/m
+          scanner = StringScanner.new(line)
+          while ! scanner.eos?
+            scanner.scan(@stag ? etag_reg : stag_reg)
+            yield(scanner[1])
+            yield(scanner[2])
           end
         end
       end
@@ -451,31 +462,21 @@ class ERB
 
       class ExplicitScanner < Scanner # :nodoc:
 	def scan
-	  new_line = true
-          stag_reg = /(.*?)(<%%|<%=|<%#|<%-|<%|\n|\z)/
-          etag_reg = /(.*?)(%%>|-%>|%>|\n|\z)/
+          stag_reg = /(.*?)(^[ \t]*<%-|<%%|<%=|<%#|<%-|<%|\z)/m
+          etag_reg = /(.*?)(%%>|-%>|%>|\z)/m
           scanner = StringScanner.new(@src)
           while ! scanner.eos?
-	    if new_line && @stag.nil? && scanner.scan(/[ \t]*<%-/)
-	      yield('<%')
-	      new_line = false
-	      next
-	    end
 	    scanner.scan(@stag ? etag_reg : stag_reg)
-            text = scanner[1]
+            yield(scanner[1])
+
             elem = scanner[2]
-	    new_line = (elem == "\n")
-            yield(text) unless text.empty?
-	    if elem == '-%>'
+            if /[ \t]*<%-/ =~ elem
+              yield('<%')
+            elsif elem == '-%>'
 	      yield('%>')
-	      if scanner.scan(/(\n|\z)/)
-		yield(:cr)
-		new_line = true
-	      end
-	    elsif elem == '<%-'
-	      yield('<%')
+	      yield(:cr) if scanner.scan(/(\n|\z)/)
 	    else
-	      yield(elem) unless elem.empty?
+	      yield(elem)
 	    end
           end
         end
@@ -516,16 +517,27 @@ class ERB
       end
     end
 
+    def content_dump(s)
+      n = s.count("\n")
+      if n > 0
+        s.dump + "\n" * n
+      else
+        s.dump
+      end
+    end
+
     def compile(s)
       out = Buffer.new(self)
 
       content = ''
       scanner = make_scanner(s)
       scanner.scan do |token|
+        next if token.nil? 
+        next if token == ''
 	if scanner.stag.nil?
 	  case token
           when PercentLine
-	    out.push("#{@put_cmd} #{content.dump}") if content.size > 0
+	    out.push("#{@put_cmd} #{content_dump(content)}") if content.size > 0
 	    content = ''
             out.push(token.to_s)
             out.cr
@@ -533,12 +545,11 @@ class ERB
 	    out.cr
 	  when '<%', '<%=', '<%#'
 	    scanner.stag = token
-	    out.push("#{@put_cmd} #{content.dump}") if content.size > 0
+	    out.push("#{@put_cmd} #{content_dump(content)}") if content.size > 0
 	    content = ''
 	  when "\n"
 	    content << "\n"
-	    out.push("#{@put_cmd} #{content.dump}")
-	    out.cr
+	    out.push("#{@put_cmd} #{content_dump(content)}")
 	    content = ''
 	  when '<%%'
 	    content << '<%'
@@ -560,7 +571,7 @@ class ERB
 	    when '<%='
 	      out.push("#{@insert_cmd}((#{content}).to_s)")
 	    when '<%#'
-	      # out.push("# #{content.dump}")
+	      # out.push("# #{content_dump(content)}")
 	    end
 	    scanner.stag = nil
 	    content = ''
@@ -571,7 +582,7 @@ class ERB
 	  end
 	end
       end
-      out.push("#{@put_cmd} #{content.dump}") if content.size > 0
+      out.push("#{@put_cmd} #{content_dump(content)}") if content.size > 0
       out.close
       out.script
     end
@@ -658,7 +669,7 @@ class ERB
   #    
   #    def build
   #      b = binding
-  #      # create and run templates, filling member data variebles
+  #      # create and run templates, filling member data variables
   #      ERB.new(<<-'END_PRODUCT'.gsub(/^\s+/, ""), 0, "", "@product").result b
   #        <%= PRODUCT[:name] %>
   #        <%= PRODUCT[:desc] %>
@@ -734,29 +745,58 @@ class ERB
   #
   def result(b=TOPLEVEL_BINDING)
     if @safe_level
-      th = Thread.start { 
+      proc { 
 	$SAFE = @safe_level
 	eval(@src, b, (@filename || '(erb)'), 1)
-      }
-      return th.value
+      }.call
     else
-      return eval(@src, b, (@filename || '(erb)'), 1)
+      eval(@src, b, (@filename || '(erb)'), 1)
     end
   end
 
-  def def_method(mod, methodname, fname='(ERB)')  # :nodoc:
+  # Define _methodname_ as instance method of _mod_ from compiled ruby source.
+  #
+  # example:
+  #   filename = 'example.rhtml'   # 'arg1' and 'arg2' are used in example.rhtml
+  #   erb = ERB.new(File.read(filename))
+  #   erb.def_method(MyClass, 'render(arg1, arg2)', filename)
+  #   print MyClass.new.render('foo', 123)
+  def def_method(mod, methodname, fname='(ERB)')
     mod.module_eval("def #{methodname}\n" + self.src + "\nend\n", fname, 0)
   end
 
-  def def_module(methodname='erb')  # :nodoc:
+  # Create unnamed module, define _methodname_ as instance method of it, and return it.
+  #
+  # example:
+  #   filename = 'example.rhtml'   # 'arg1' and 'arg2' are used in example.rhtml
+  #   erb = ERB.new(File.read(filename))
+  #   erb.filename = filename
+  #   MyModule = erb.def_module('render(arg1, arg2)')
+  #   class MyClass
+  #     include MyModule
+  #   end
+  def def_module(methodname='erb')
     mod = Module.new
-    def_method(mod, methodname)
+    def_method(mod, methodname, @filename || '(ERB)')
     mod
   end
 
-  def def_class(superklass=Object, methodname='result')  # :nodoc:
+  # Define unnamed class which has _methodname_ as instance method, and return it.
+  #
+  # example:
+  #   class MyClass_
+  #     def initialize(arg1, arg2)
+  #       @arg1 = arg1;  @arg2 = arg2
+  #     end
+  #   end
+  #   filename = 'example.rhtml'  # @arg1 and @arg2 are used in example.rhtml
+  #   erb = ERB.new(File.read(filename))
+  #   erb.filename = filename
+  #   MyClass = erb.def_class(MyClass_, 'render()')
+  #   print MyClass.new('foo', 123).render()
+  def def_class(superklass=Object, methodname='result')
     cls = Class.new(superklass)
-    def_method(cls, methodname)
+    def_method(cls, methodname, @filename || '(ERB)')
     cls
   end
 end
@@ -810,15 +850,45 @@ end
 #--
 # ERB::DefMethod
 class ERB
-  module DefMethod  # :nodoc:
+  # Utility module to define eRuby script as instance method.
+  #
+  # === Example
+  #
+  # example.rhtml:
+  #   <% for item in @items %>
+  #   <b><%= item %></b>
+  #   <% end %>
+  #
+  # example.rb:
+  #   require 'erb'
+  #   class MyClass
+  #     extend ERB::DefMethod
+  #     def_erb_method('render()', 'example.rhtml')
+  #     def initialize(items)
+  #       @items = items
+  #     end
+  #   end
+  #   print MyClass.new([10,20,30]).render()
+  #
+  # result:
+  #
+  #   <b>10</b>
+  #
+  #   <b>20</b>
+  #
+  #   <b>30</b>
+  #
+  module DefMethod
     public
-    def def_erb_method(methodname, erb)
-      if erb.kind_of? String
-	fname = erb
-	File.open(fname) {|f| erb = ERB.new(f.read) }
-	erb.def_method(self, methodname, fname)
+  # define _methodname_ as instance method of current module, using ERB object or eRuby file
+    def def_erb_method(methodname, erb_or_fname)
+      if erb_or_fname.kind_of? String
+        fname = erb_or_fname
+        erb = ERB.new(File.read(fname))
+        erb.def_method(self, methodname, fname)
       else
-	erb.def_method(self, methodname)
+        erb = erb_or_fname
+        erb.def_method(self, methodname, erb.filename || '(ERB)')
       end
     end
     module_function :def_erb_method
diff --git a/lib/fileutils.rb b/lib/fileutils.rb
index 0459a4511f..3fdb6cbfe6 100644
--- a/lib/fileutils.rb
+++ b/lib/fileutils.rb
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 # 
 # = fileutils.rb
 # 
-# Copyright (c) 2000-2005 Minero Aoki <aamine@loveruby.net>
+# Copyright (c) 2000-2006 Minero Aoki
 # 
 # This program is free software.
 # You can distribute/modify this program under the same terms of ruby.
@@ -116,7 +116,7 @@ module FileUtils
   #   FileUtils.cd('/', :verbose => true)   # chdir and report it
   # 
   def cd(dir, options = {}, &block) # :yield: dir
-    fu_check_options options, :verbose
+    fu_check_options options, OPT_TABLE['cd']
     fu_output_message "cd #{dir}" if options[:verbose]
     Dir.chdir(dir, &block)
     fu_output_message 'cd -' if options[:verbose] and block
@@ -127,7 +127,7 @@ module FileUtils
   module_function :chdir
 
   OPT_TABLE['cd']    =
-  OPT_TABLE['chdir'] = %w( verbose )
+  OPT_TABLE['chdir'] = [:verbose]
 
   #
   # Options: (none)
@@ -163,7 +163,7 @@ module FileUtils
   #   FileUtils.mkdir 'tmp', :mode => 0700
   # 
   def mkdir(list, options = {})
-    fu_check_options options, :mode, :noop, :verbose
+    fu_check_options options, OPT_TABLE['mkdir']
     list = fu_list(list)
     fu_output_message "mkdir #{options[:mode] ? ('-m %03o ' % options[:mode]) : ''}#{list.join ' '}" if options[:verbose]
     return if options[:noop]
@@ -174,7 +174,7 @@ module FileUtils
   end
   module_function :mkdir
 
-  OPT_TABLE['mkdir'] = %w( noop verbose mode )
+  OPT_TABLE['mkdir'] = [:mode, :noop, :verbose]
 
   #
   # Options: mode noop verbose
@@ -193,7 +193,7 @@ module FileUtils
   # You can pass several directories at a time in a list.
   # 
   def mkdir_p(list, options = {})
-    fu_check_options options, :mode, :noop, :verbose
+    fu_check_options options, OPT_TABLE['mkdir_p']
     list = fu_list(list)
     fu_output_message "mkdir -p #{options[:mode] ? ('-m %03o ' % options[:mode]) : ''}#{list.join ' '}" if options[:verbose]
     return *list if options[:noop]
@@ -232,7 +232,7 @@ module FileUtils
 
   OPT_TABLE['mkdir_p']  =
   OPT_TABLE['mkpath']   =
-  OPT_TABLE['makedirs'] = %w( noop verbose )
+  OPT_TABLE['makedirs'] = [:mode, :noop, :verbose]
 
   def fu_mkdir(path, mode)   #:nodoc:
     path = path.sub(%r</\z>, '')
@@ -256,7 +256,7 @@ module FileUtils
   #   FileUtils.rmdir 'somedir', :verbose => true, :noop => true
   # 
   def rmdir(list, options = {})
-    fu_check_options options, :noop, :verbose
+    fu_check_options options, OPT_TABLE['rmdir']
     list = fu_list(list)
     fu_output_message "rmdir #{list.join ' '}" if options[:verbose]
     return if options[:noop]
@@ -266,7 +266,7 @@ module FileUtils
   end
   module_function :rmdir
 
-  OPT_TABLE['rmdir'] = %w( noop verbose )
+  OPT_TABLE['rmdir'] = [:noop, :verbose]
 
   #
   # Options: force noop verbose
@@ -291,7 +291,7 @@ module FileUtils
   #   FileUtils.ln %w(cp mv mkdir), '/bin'   # Now /sbin/cp and /bin/cp are linked.
   # 
   def ln(src, dest, options = {})
-    fu_check_options options, :force, :noop, :verbose
+    fu_check_options options, OPT_TABLE['ln']
     fu_output_message "ln#{options[:force] ? ' -f' : ''} #{[src,dest].flatten.join ' '}" if options[:verbose]
     return if options[:noop]
     fu_each_src_dest0(src, dest) do |s,d|
@@ -305,7 +305,7 @@ module FileUtils
   module_function :link
 
   OPT_TABLE['ln']   =
-  OPT_TABLE['link'] = %w( noop verbose force )
+  OPT_TABLE['link'] = [:force, :noop, :verbose]
 
   #
   # Options: force noop verbose
@@ -330,7 +330,7 @@ module FileUtils
   #   FileUtils.ln_s Dir.glob('bin/*.rb'), '/home/aamine/bin'
   # 
   def ln_s(src, dest, options = {})
-    fu_check_options options, :force, :noop, :verbose
+    fu_check_options options, OPT_TABLE['ln_s']
     fu_output_message "ln -s#{options[:force] ? 'f' : ''} #{[src,dest].flatten.join ' '}" if options[:verbose]
     return if options[:noop]
     fu_each_src_dest0(src, dest) do |s,d|
@@ -344,7 +344,7 @@ module FileUtils
   module_function :symlink
 
   OPT_TABLE['ln_s']    =
-  OPT_TABLE['symlink'] = %w( noop verbose force )
+  OPT_TABLE['symlink'] = [:force, :noop, :verbose]
 
   #
   # Options: noop verbose
@@ -353,14 +353,14 @@ module FileUtils
   #   #ln_s(src, dest, :force)
   # 
   def ln_sf(src, dest, options = {})
-    fu_check_options options, :noop, :verbose
+    fu_check_options options, OPT_TABLE['ln_sf']
     options = options.dup
     options[:force] = true
     ln_s src, dest, options
   end
   module_function :ln_sf
 
-  OPT_TABLE['ln_sf'] = %w( noop verbose )
+  OPT_TABLE['ln_sf'] = [:noop, :verbose]
 
   #
   # Options: preserve noop verbose
@@ -376,7 +376,7 @@ module FileUtils
   #   FileUtils.cp 'symlink', 'dest'   # copy content, "dest" is not a symlink
   # 
   def cp(src, dest, options = {})
-    fu_check_options options, :preserve, :noop, :verbose
+    fu_check_options options, OPT_TABLE['cp']
     fu_output_message "cp#{options[:preserve] ? ' -p' : ''} #{[src,dest].flatten.join ' '}" if options[:verbose]
     return if options[:noop]
     fu_each_src_dest(src, dest) do |s, d|
@@ -389,10 +389,10 @@ module FileUtils
   module_function :copy
 
   OPT_TABLE['cp']   =
-  OPT_TABLE['copy'] = %w( noop verbose preserve )
+  OPT_TABLE['copy'] = [:preserve, :noop, :verbose]
 
   #
-  # Options: preserve noop verbose dereference_root
+  # Options: preserve noop verbose dereference_root remove_destination
   # 
   # Copies +src+ to +dest+. If +src+ is a directory, this method copies
   # all its contents recursively. If +dest+ is a directory, copies
@@ -415,17 +415,18 @@ module FileUtils
   #                                      # but this doesn't.
   # 
   def cp_r(src, dest, options = {})
-    fu_check_options options, :preserve, :noop, :verbose, :dereference_root
-    fu_output_message "cp -r#{options[:preserve] ? 'p' : ''} #{[src,dest].flatten.join ' '}" if options[:verbose]
+    fu_check_options options, OPT_TABLE['cp_r']
+    fu_output_message "cp -r#{options[:preserve] ? 'p' : ''}#{options[:remove_destination] ? ' --remove-destination' : ''} #{[src,dest].flatten.join ' '}" if options[:verbose]
     return if options[:noop]
     options[:dereference_root] = true unless options.key?(:dereference_root)
     fu_each_src_dest(src, dest) do |s, d|
-      copy_entry s, d, options[:preserve], options[:dereference_root]
+      copy_entry s, d, options[:preserve], options[:dereference_root], options[:remove_destination]
     end
   end
   module_function :cp_r
 
-  OPT_TABLE['cp_r'] = %w( noop verbose preserve dereference_root )
+  OPT_TABLE['cp_r'] = [:preserve, :noop, :verbose,
+                       :dereference_root, :remove_destination]
 
   #
   # Copies a file system entry +src+ to +dest+.
@@ -441,9 +442,12 @@ module FileUtils
   #
   # If +dereference_root+ is true, this method dereference tree root.
   #
-  def copy_entry(src, dest, preserve = false, dereference_root = false)
+  # If +remove_destination+ is true, this method removes each destination file before copy.
+  #
+  def copy_entry(src, dest, preserve = false, dereference_root = false, remove_destination = false)
     Entry_.new(src, nil, dereference_root).traverse do |ent|
       destent = Entry_.new(dest, ent.rel, false)
+      File.unlink destent.path if remove_destination && File.file?(destent.path)
       ent.copy destent.path
       ent.copy_metadata destent.path if preserve
     end
@@ -484,7 +488,7 @@ module FileUtils
   #   FileUtils.mv Dir.glob('test*.rb'), 'test', :noop => true, :verbose => true
   # 
   def mv(src, dest, options = {})
-    fu_check_options options, :force, :noop, :verbose
+    fu_check_options options, OPT_TABLE['mv']
     fu_output_message "mv#{options[:force] ? ' -f' : ''} #{[src,dest].flatten.join ' '}" if options[:verbose]
     return if options[:noop]
     fu_each_src_dest(src, dest) do |s, d|
@@ -501,7 +505,11 @@ module FileUtils
           File.rename s, d
         rescue Errno::EXDEV
           copy_entry s, d, true
-          File.unlink s
+          if options[:secure]
+            remove_entry_secure s, options[:force]
+          else
+            remove_entry s, options[:force]
+          end
         end
       rescue SystemCallError
         raise unless options[:force]
@@ -514,7 +522,7 @@ module FileUtils
   module_function :move
 
   OPT_TABLE['mv']   =
-  OPT_TABLE['move'] = %w( noop verbose force )
+  OPT_TABLE['move'] = [:force, :noop, :verbose, :secure]
 
   def rename_cannot_overwrite_file?   #:nodoc:
     /djgpp|cygwin|mswin|mingw|bccwin|wince|emx/ =~ RUBY_PLATFORM
@@ -532,7 +540,7 @@ module FileUtils
   #   FileUtils.rm 'NotExistFile', :force => true   # never raises exception
   # 
   def rm(list, options = {})
-    fu_check_options options, :force, :noop, :verbose
+    fu_check_options options, OPT_TABLE['rm']
     list = fu_list(list)
     fu_output_message "rm#{options[:force] ? ' -f' : ''} #{list.join ' '}" if options[:verbose]
     return if options[:noop]
@@ -547,7 +555,7 @@ module FileUtils
   module_function :remove
 
   OPT_TABLE['rm']     =
-  OPT_TABLE['remove'] = %w( noop verbose force )
+  OPT_TABLE['remove'] = [:force, :noop, :verbose]
 
   #
   # Options: noop verbose
@@ -557,7 +565,7 @@ module FileUtils
   #   #rm(list, :force => true)
   #
   def rm_f(list, options = {})
-    fu_check_options options, :noop, :verbose
+    fu_check_options options, OPT_TABLE['rm_f']
     options = options.dup
     options[:force] = true
     rm list, options
@@ -568,7 +576,7 @@ module FileUtils
   module_function :safe_unlink
 
   OPT_TABLE['rm_f']        =
-  OPT_TABLE['safe_unlink'] = %w( noop verbose )
+  OPT_TABLE['safe_unlink'] = [:noop, :verbose]
 
   #
   # Options: force noop verbose secure
@@ -592,7 +600,7 @@ module FileUtils
   # See also #remove_entry_secure.
   # 
   def rm_r(list, options = {})
-    fu_check_options options, :force, :noop, :verbose, :secure
+    fu_check_options options, OPT_TABLE['rm_r']
     # options[:secure] = true unless options.key?(:secure)
     list = fu_list(list)
     fu_output_message "rm -r#{options[:force] ? 'f' : ''} #{list.join ' '}" if options[:verbose]
@@ -607,7 +615,7 @@ module FileUtils
   end
   module_function :rm_r
 
-  OPT_TABLE['rm_r'] = %w( noop verbose force secure )
+  OPT_TABLE['rm_r'] = [:force, :noop, :verbose, :secure]
 
   #
   # Options: noop verbose secure
@@ -620,7 +628,7 @@ module FileUtils
   # Read the documentation of #rm_r first.
   # 
   def rm_rf(list, options = {})
-    fu_check_options options, :noop, :verbose, :secure
+    fu_check_options options, OPT_TABLE['rm_rf']
     options = options.dup
     options[:force] = true
     rm_r list, options
@@ -631,7 +639,7 @@ module FileUtils
   module_function :rmtree
 
   OPT_TABLE['rm_rf']  =
-  OPT_TABLE['rmtree'] = %w( noop verbose secure )
+  OPT_TABLE['rmtree'] = [:noop, :verbose, :secure]
 
   #
   # This method removes a file system entry +path+.  +path+ shall be a
@@ -816,16 +824,17 @@ module FileUtils
   module_function :compare_stream
 
   #
-  # Options: mode noop verbose
+  # Options: mode preserve noop verbose
   # 
   # If +src+ is not same as +dest+, copies it and changes the permission
   # mode to +mode+.  If +dest+ is a directory, destination is +dest+/+src+.
+  # This method removes destination before copy.
   # 
   #   FileUtils.install 'ruby', '/usr/local/bin/ruby', :mode => 0755, :verbose => true
   #   FileUtils.install 'lib.rb', '/usr/local/lib/ruby/site_ruby', :verbose => true
   # 
   def install(src, dest, options = {})
-    fu_check_options options, :mode, :preserve, :noop, :verbose
+    fu_check_options options, OPT_TABLE['install']
     fu_output_message "install -c#{options[:preserve] && ' -p'}#{options[:mode] ? (' -m 0%o' % options[:mode]) : ''} #{[src,dest].flatten.join ' '}" if options[:verbose]
     return if options[:noop]
     fu_each_src_dest(src, dest) do |s, d|
@@ -840,7 +849,7 @@ module FileUtils
   end
   module_function :install
 
-  OPT_TABLE['install'] = %w( noop verbose preserve mode )
+  OPT_TABLE['install'] = [:mode, :preserve, :noop, :verbose]
 
   #
   # Options: noop verbose
@@ -853,7 +862,7 @@ module FileUtils
   #   FileUtils.chmod 0755, '/usr/bin/ruby', :verbose => true
   # 
   def chmod(mode, list, options = {})
-    fu_check_options options, :noop, :verbose
+    fu_check_options options, OPT_TABLE['chmod']
     list = fu_list(list)
     fu_output_message sprintf('chmod %o %s', mode, list.join(' ')) if options[:verbose]
     return if options[:noop]
@@ -863,7 +872,7 @@ module FileUtils
   end
   module_function :chmod
 
-  OPT_TABLE['chmod'] = %w( noop verbose )
+  OPT_TABLE['chmod'] = [:noop, :verbose]
 
   #
   # Options: noop verbose force
@@ -874,7 +883,7 @@ module FileUtils
   #   FileUtils.chmod_R 0700, "/tmp/app.#{$$}"
   # 
   def chmod_R(mode, list, options = {})
-    fu_check_options options, :noop, :verbose, :force
+    fu_check_options options, OPT_TABLE['chmod_R']
     list = fu_list(list)
     fu_output_message sprintf('chmod -R%s %o %s',
                               (options[:force] ? 'f' : ''),
@@ -892,7 +901,7 @@ module FileUtils
   end
   module_function :chmod_R
 
-  OPT_TABLE['chmod_R'] = %w( noop verbose )
+  OPT_TABLE['chmod_R'] = [:noop, :verbose, :force]
 
   #
   # Options: noop verbose
@@ -907,7 +916,7 @@ module FileUtils
   #   FileUtils.chown nil, 'bin', Dir.glob('/usr/bin/*'), :verbose => true
   # 
   def chown(user, group, list, options = {})
-    fu_check_options options, :noop, :verbose
+    fu_check_options options, OPT_TABLE['chown']
     list = fu_list(list)
     fu_output_message sprintf('chown %s%s',
                               [user,group].compact.join(':') + ' ',
@@ -921,7 +930,7 @@ module FileUtils
   end
   module_function :chown
 
-  OPT_TABLE['chown'] = %w( noop verbose )
+  OPT_TABLE['chown'] = [:noop, :verbose]
 
   #
   # Options: noop verbose force
@@ -936,7 +945,7 @@ module FileUtils
   #   FileUtils.chown_R 'cvs', 'cvs', '/var/cvs', :verbose => true
   # 
   def chown_R(user, group, list, options = {})
-    fu_check_options options, :noop, :verbose, :force
+    fu_check_options options, OPT_TABLE['chown_R']
     list = fu_list(list)
     fu_output_message sprintf('chown -R%s %s%s',
                               (options[:force] ? 'f' : ''),
@@ -958,7 +967,7 @@ module FileUtils
   end
   module_function :chown_R
 
-  OPT_TABLE['chown_R'] = %w( noop verbose )
+  OPT_TABLE['chown_R'] = [:noop, :verbose, :force]
 
   begin
     require 'etc'
@@ -1006,24 +1015,31 @@ module FileUtils
   #   FileUtils.touch Dir.glob('*.c');  system 'make'
   # 
   def touch(list, options = {})
-    fu_check_options options, :noop, :verbose
+    fu_check_options options, OPT_TABLE['touch']
     list = fu_list(list)
-    fu_output_message "touch #{list.join ' '}" if options[:verbose]
+    created = nocreate = options[:nocreate]
+    t = options[:mtime]
+    if options[:verbose]
+      fu_output_message "touch #{nocreate ? ' -c' : ''}#{t ? t.strftime(' -t %Y%m%d%H%M.%S') : ''}#{list.join ' '}"
+    end
     return if options[:noop]
-    t = Time.now
     list.each do |path|
+      created = nocreate
       begin
         File.utime(t, t, path)
       rescue Errno::ENOENT
+        raise if created
         File.open(path, 'a') {
           ;
         }
+        created = true
+        retry if t
       end
     end
   end
   module_function :touch
 
-  OPT_TABLE['touch'] = %w( noop verbose )
+  OPT_TABLE['touch'] = [:noop, :verbose, :mtime, :nocreate]
 
   private
 
@@ -1416,10 +1432,10 @@ module FileUtils
   end
   private_module_function :fu_have_st_ino?
 
-  def fu_check_options(options, *optdecl)   #:nodoc:
+  def fu_check_options(options, optdecl)   #:nodoc:
     h = options.dup
-    optdecl.each do |name|
-      h.delete name
+    optdecl.each do |opt|
+      h.delete opt
     end
     raise ArgumentError, "no such option: #{h.keys.join(' ')}" unless h.empty?
   end
@@ -1445,8 +1461,6 @@ module FileUtils
   end
   private_module_function :fu_output_message
 
-  METHODS = singleton_methods() - ['private_module_function']
-
   #
   # Returns an Array of method names which have any options.
   #
@@ -1462,7 +1476,7 @@ module FileUtils
   #   p FileUtils.options  #=> ["noop", "force", "verbose", "preserve", "mode"]
   #
   def FileUtils.options
-    OPT_TABLE.values.flatten.uniq
+    OPT_TABLE.values.flatten.uniq.map {|sym| sym.to_s }
   end
 
   #
@@ -1474,7 +1488,7 @@ module FileUtils
   #
   def FileUtils.have_option?(mid, opt)
     li = OPT_TABLE[mid.to_s] or raise ArgumentError, "no such method: #{mid}"
-    li.include?(opt.to_s)
+    li.include?(opt)
   end
 
   #
@@ -1483,7 +1497,7 @@ module FileUtils
   #   p FileUtils.options(:rm)  #=> ["noop", "verbose", "force"]
   #
   def FileUtils.options_of(mid)
-    OPT_TABLE[mid.to_s]
+    OPT_TABLE[mid.to_s].map {|sym| sym.to_s }
   end
 
   #
@@ -1492,9 +1506,12 @@ module FileUtils
   #   p FileUtils.collect_method(:preserve) #=> ["cp", "cp_r", "copy", "install"]
   #
   def FileUtils.collect_method(opt)
-    OPT_TABLE.keys.select {|m| OPT_TABLE[m].include?(opt.to_s) }
+    OPT_TABLE.keys.select {|m| OPT_TABLE[m].include?(opt) }
   end
 
+  METHODS = singleton_methods() - %w( private_module_function
+      commands options have_option? options_of collect_method )
+
   # 
   # This module has all methods of FileUtils module, but it outputs messages
   # before acting.  This equates to passing the <tt>:verbose</tt> flag to
@@ -1504,7 +1521,7 @@ module FileUtils
     include FileUtils
     @fileutils_output  = $stderr
     @fileutils_label   = ''
-    ::FileUtils.collect_method('verbose').each do |name|
+    ::FileUtils.collect_method(:verbose).each do |name|
       module_eval(<<-EOS, __FILE__, __LINE__ + 1)
         def #{name}(*args)
           super(*fu_update_option(args, :verbose => true))
@@ -1529,7 +1546,7 @@ module FileUtils
     include FileUtils
     @fileutils_output  = $stderr
     @fileutils_label   = ''
-    ::FileUtils.collect_method('noop').each do |name|
+    ::FileUtils.collect_method(:noop).each do |name|
       module_eval(<<-EOS, __FILE__, __LINE__ + 1)
         def #{name}(*args)
           super(*fu_update_option(args, :noop => true))
@@ -1555,7 +1572,7 @@ module FileUtils
     include FileUtils
     @fileutils_output  = $stderr
     @fileutils_label   = ''
-    ::FileUtils.collect_method('noop').each do |name|
+    ::FileUtils.collect_method(:noop).each do |name|
       module_eval(<<-EOS, __FILE__, __LINE__ + 1)
         def #{name}(*args)
           super(*fu_update_option(args, :noop => true, :verbose => true))
diff --git a/lib/finalize.rb b/lib/finalize.rb
index ed1ccc830f..9b6b302cac 100644
--- a/lib/finalize.rb
+++ b/lib/finalize.rb
@@ -1,44 +1,51 @@
-#
+#--
 #   finalizer.rb - 
 #   	$Release Version: 0.3$
 #   	$Revision: 1.4 $
 #   	$Date: 1998/02/27 05:34:33 $
 #   	by Keiju ISHITSUKA
+#++
 #
-# --
-#
-#   Usage:
+# Usage:
 #
+# add dependency R_method(obj, dependant)
 #   add(obj, dependant, method = :finalize, *opt)
 #   add_dependency(obj, dependant, method = :finalize, *opt)
-#	add dependency R_method(obj, dependant)
 #
+# delete dependency R_method(obj, dependant)
 #   delete(obj_or_id, dependant, method = :finalize)
 #   delete_dependency(obj_or_id, dependant, method = :finalize)
-#	delete dependency R_method(obj, dependant)
+#
+# delete dependency R_*(obj, dependant)
 #   delete_all_dependency(obj_or_id, dependant)
-#	delete dependency R_*(obj, dependant)
+#
+# delete dependency R_method(*, dependant)
 #   delete_by_dependant(dependant, method = :finalize)
-#	delete dependency R_method(*, dependant)
+#
+# delete dependency R_*(*, dependant)
 #   delete_all_by_dependant(dependant)
-#	delete dependency R_*(*, dependant)
+#
+# delete all dependency R_*(*, *)
 #   delete_all
-#	delete all dependency R_*(*, *)
 #
+# finalize the dependant connected by dependency R_method(obj, dependtant).
 #   finalize(obj_or_id, dependant, method = :finalize)
 #   finalize_dependency(obj_or_id, dependant, method = :finalize)
-#	finalize the dependant connected by dependency R_method(obj, dependtant).
+#
+# finalize all dependants connected by dependency R_*(obj, dependtant).
 #   finalize_all_dependency(obj_or_id, dependant)
-#	finalize all dependants connected by dependency R_*(obj, dependtant).
+#
+# finalize the dependant connected by dependency R_method(*, dependtant).
 #   finalize_by_dependant(dependant, method = :finalize)
-#	finalize the dependant connected by dependency R_method(*, dependtant).
+#
+# finalize all dependants connected by dependency R_*(*, dependant).
 #   finalize_all_by_dependant(dependant)
-#	finalize all dependants connected by dependency R_*(*, dependant).
+#
+# finalize all dependency registered to the Finalizer.
 #   finalize_all
-#	finalize all dependency registered to the Finalizer.
 #
+# stop invoking Finalizer on GC.
 #   safe{..}
-#	stop invoking Finalizer on GC.
 #
 
 module Finalizer
diff --git a/lib/forwardable.rb b/lib/forwardable.rb
index b6344cd4f6..cc6e4ee418 100644
--- a/lib/forwardable.rb
+++ b/lib/forwardable.rb
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@
 #       @q = [ ]    # prepare delegate object
 #     end
 #     
-#     # setup prefered interface, enq() and deq()...
+#     # setup preferred interface, enq() and deq()...
 #     def_delegator :@q, :push, :enq
 #     def_delegator :@q, :shift, :deq
 #     
diff --git a/lib/ftools.rb b/lib/ftools.rb
index a99c7e713f..5f082331fb 100644
--- a/lib/ftools.rb
+++ b/lib/ftools.rb
@@ -11,25 +11,22 @@
 #
 # == Description
 #
-# +ftools+ adds several (class, not instance) methods to the File class, for copying, moving,
-# deleting, installing, and comparing files, as well as creating a directory path.  See the
-# File class for details.
+# ftools adds several (class, not instance) methods to the File class, for
+# copying, moving, deleting, installing, and comparing files, as well as
+# creating a directory path.  See the File class for details.
 #
-# +fileutils+ contains all or nearly all the same functionality and more, and is a recommended
-# option over +ftools+. 
-#
-
-
+# FileUtils contains all or nearly all the same functionality and more, and
+# is a recommended option over ftools 
 #
 # When you
 #
 #   require 'ftools'
 #
-# then the File class aquires some utility methods for copying, moving, and deleting files, and
-# more.
+# then the File class aquires some utility methods for copying, moving, and
+# deleting files, and more.
 #
-# See the method descriptions below, and consider using +fileutils+ as it is more
-# comprehensive.
+# See the method descriptions below, and consider using FileUtils as it is
+# more comprehensive.
 #
 class File
 end
@@ -96,8 +93,8 @@ class << File
 
   #
   # Moves a file +from+ to +to+ using #syscopy. If +to+ is a directory,
-  # copies from +from+ to <tt>to/from</tt>. If +verbose+ is true, <tt>from -> to</tt>
-  # is printed.
+  # copies from +from+ to <tt>to/from</tt>. If +verbose+ is true, <tt>from ->
+  # to</tt> is printed.
   #
   def move(from, to, verbose = false)
     to = catname(from, to)
@@ -127,7 +124,7 @@ class << File
   alias mv move
 
   #
-  # Returns +true+ iff the contents of files +from+ and +to+ are
+  # Returns +true+ if and only if the contents of files +from+ and +to+ are
   # identical. If +verbose+ is +true+, <tt>from <=> to</tt> is printed.
   #
   def compare(from, to, verbose = false)
diff --git a/lib/generator.rb b/lib/generator.rb
index a010559b60..dbdd0f40a9 100644
--- a/lib/generator.rb
+++ b/lib/generator.rb
@@ -165,6 +165,44 @@ class Generator
   end
 end
 
+class Enumerable::Enumerator
+  def __generator
+    @generator ||= Generator.new(self)
+  end
+  private :__generator
+
+  # call-seq:
+  #   e.next   => object
+  #
+  # Returns the next object in the enumerator, and move the internal
+  # position forward.  When the position reached at the end, internal
+  # position is rewinded then StopIteration is raised.
+  #
+  # Note that enumeration sequence by next method does not affect other
+  # non-external enumeration methods, unless underlying iteration
+  # methods itself has side-effect, e.g. IO#each_line.
+  #
+  # Caution: This feature internally uses Generator, which uses callcc
+  # to stop and resume enumeration to fetch each value.  Use with care
+  # and be aware of the performance loss.
+  def next
+    g = __generator
+    return g.next unless g.end?
+
+    g.rewind
+    raise StopIteration, 'iteration reached at end' 
+  end
+
+  # call-seq:
+  #   e.rewind   => e
+  #
+  # Rewinds the enumeration sequence by the next method.
+  def rewind
+    __generator.rewind
+    self
+  end
+end
+
 #
 # SyncEnumerator creates an Enumerable object from multiple Enumerable
 # objects and enumerates them synchronously.
diff --git a/lib/getopts.rb b/lib/getopts.rb
index ddb0639db1..7124269351 100644
--- a/lib/getopts.rb
+++ b/lib/getopts.rb
@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@ warn "Warning:#{caller[0].sub(/:in `.*'\z/, '')}: getopts is deprecated after Ru
 
 $RCS_ID=%q$Header$
 
+# getopts is obsolete. Use GetoptLong.
 
 def getopts(single_options, *options)
   boolopts = {}
diff --git a/lib/gserver.rb b/lib/gserver.rb
index 371fceb290..eb5f31b7b3 100644
--- a/lib/gserver.rb
+++ b/lib/gserver.rb
@@ -12,21 +12,23 @@ require "socket"
 require "thread"
 
 #
-# +GServer+ implements a generic server, featuring thread pool management, simple logging, and
-# multi-server management.  See <tt>xmlrpc/httpserver.rb</tt> in the Ruby standard library for
-# an example of +GServer+ in action.
-#
-# Any kind of application-level server can be implemented using this class.  It accepts
-# multiple simultaneous connections from clients, up to an optional maximum number.  Several
-# _services_ (i.e. one service per TCP port) can be run simultaneously, and stopped at any time
-# through the class method <tt>GServer.stop(port)</tt>.  All the threading issues are handled,
-# saving you the effort.  All events are optionally logged, but you can provide your own event
-# handlers if you wish.
+# GServer implements a generic server, featuring thread pool management,
+# simple logging, and multi-server management.  See HttpServer in 
+# <tt>xmlrpc/httpserver.rb</tt> in the Ruby standard library for an example of
+# GServer in action.
+#
+# Any kind of application-level server can be implemented using this class.
+# It accepts multiple simultaneous connections from clients, up to an optional
+# maximum number.  Several _services_ (i.e. one service per TCP port) can be
+# run simultaneously, and stopped at any time through the class method
+# <tt>GServer.stop(port)</tt>.  All the threading issues are handled, saving
+# you the effort.  All events are optionally logged, but you can provide your
+# own event handlers if you wish.
 #
 # === Example
 #
-# Using +GServer+ is simple.  Below we implement a simple time server, run it, query it, and
-# shut it down.  Try this code in +irb+:
+# Using GServer is simple.  Below we implement a simple time server, run it,
+# query it, and shut it down.  Try this code in +irb+:
 #
 #   require 'gserver'
 #
@@ -60,14 +62,16 @@ require "thread"
 #   GServer.stop(10001)
 #   # or, of course, "server.stop".
 #
-# All the business of accepting connections and exception handling is taken care of.  All we
-# have to do is implement the method that actually serves the client.
+# All the business of accepting connections and exception handling is taken
+# care of.  All we have to do is implement the method that actually serves the
+# client.
 #
 # === Advanced
 #
-# As the example above shows, the way to use +GServer+ is to subclass it to create a specific
-# server, overriding the +serve+ method.  You can override other methods as well if you wish,
-# perhaps to collect statistics, or emit more detailed logging.
+# As the example above shows, the way to use GServer is to subclass it to
+# create a specific server, overriding the +serve+ method.  You can override
+# other methods as well if you wish, perhaps to collect statistics, or emit
+# more detailed logging.
 #
 #   connecting
 #   disconnecting
@@ -76,8 +80,8 @@ require "thread"
 #
 # The above methods are only called if auditing is enabled.
 #
-# You can also override +log+ and +error+ if, for example, you wish to use a more sophisticated
-# logging system.
+# You can also override +log+ and +error+ if, for example, you wish to use a
+# more sophisticated logging system.
 #
 class GServer
 
diff --git a/lib/ipaddr.rb b/lib/ipaddr.rb
index ea26b374ec..fe963e406c 100644
--- a/lib/ipaddr.rb
+++ b/lib/ipaddr.rb
@@ -2,34 +2,19 @@
 # ipaddr.rb - A class to manipulate an IP address
 #
 # Copyright (c) 2002 Hajimu UMEMOTO <ume@mahoroba.org>.
+# Copyright (c) 2007 Akinori MUSHA <knu@iDaemons.org>.
 # All rights reserved.
 #
 # You can redistribute and/or modify it under the same terms as Ruby.
 #
 # $Id$
-#--
-# TODO:
-#   - scope_id support
-#++
-#
-#== Example
-#
-#  require 'ipaddr'
-#
-#  ipaddr1 = IPAddr.new "3ffe:505:2::1"
 #
-#  p ipaddr1			#=> #<IPAddr: IPv6:3ffe:0505:0002:0000:0000:0000:0000:0001/ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff>
+# Contact:
+#   - Akinori MUSHA <knu@iDaemons.org> (current maintainer)
 #
-#  p ipaddr1.to_s		#=> "3ffe:505:2::1"
-#
-#  ipaddr2 = ipaddr1.mask(48)	#=> #<IPAddr: IPv6:3ffe:0505:0002:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000/ffff:ffff:ffff:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000>
-#
-#  p ipaddr2.to_s		#=> "3ffe:505:2::"
-#
-#  ipaddr3 = IPAddr.new "192.168.2.0/24"
+# TODO:
+#   - scope_id support
 #
-#  p ipaddr3			#=> #<IPAddr: IPv4:192.168.2.0/255.255.255.0>
-
 require 'socket'
 
 unless Socket.const_defined? "AF_INET6"
@@ -75,8 +60,27 @@ unless Socket.const_defined? "AF_INET6"
   end
 end
 
-# IPAddr provides a set of methods to manipulate an IP address.  Both
-# IPv4 and IPv6 are supported.
+# IPAddr provides a set of methods to manipulate an IP address.  Both IPv4 and
+# IPv6 are supported.
+#
+# == Example
+#
+#   require 'ipaddr'
+#   
+#   ipaddr1 = IPAddr.new "3ffe:505:2::1"
+#   
+#   p ipaddr1			#=> #<IPAddr: IPv6:3ffe:0505:0002:0000:0000:0000:0000:0001/ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff>
+#   
+#   p ipaddr1.to_s		#=> "3ffe:505:2::1"
+#   
+#   ipaddr2 = ipaddr1.mask(48)	#=> #<IPAddr: IPv6:3ffe:0505:0002:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000/ffff:ffff:ffff:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000>
+#   
+#   p ipaddr2.to_s		#=> "3ffe:505:2::"
+#   
+#   ipaddr3 = IPAddr.new "192.168.2.0/24"
+#   
+#   p ipaddr3			#=> #<IPAddr: IPv4:192.168.2.0/255.255.255.0>
+
 class IPAddr
 
   IN4MASK = 0xffffffff
@@ -108,12 +112,12 @@ class IPAddr
 
   # Returns a new ipaddr built by bitwise AND.
   def &(other)
-    return self.clone.set(@addr & other.to_i)
+    return self.clone.set(@addr & coerce_other(other).to_i)
   end
 
   # Returns a new ipaddr built by bitwise OR.
   def |(other)
-    return self.clone.set(@addr | other.to_i)
+    return self.clone.set(@addr | coerce_other(other).to_i)
   end
 
   # Returns a new ipaddr built by bitwise right-shift.
@@ -131,12 +135,10 @@ class IPAddr
     return self.clone.set(addr_mask(~@addr))
   end
 
-  # Returns true if two ipaddr are equal.
+  # Returns true if two ipaddrs are equal.
   def ==(other)
-    if other.kind_of?(IPAddr) && @family != other.family
-      return false
-    end
-    return (@addr == other.to_i)
+    other = coerce_other(other)
+    return @family == other.family && @addr == other.to_i
   end
 
   # Returns a new ipaddr built by masking IP address with the given
@@ -150,10 +152,12 @@ class IPAddr
   # e.g.:
   #   require 'ipaddr'
   #   net1 = IPAddr.new("192.168.2.0/24")
-  #   p net1.include?(IPAddr.new("192.168.2.0"))	#=> true
-  #   p net1.include?(IPAddr.new("192.168.2.255"))	#=> true
-  #   p net1.include?(IPAddr.new("192.168.3.0"))	#=> false
+  #   net2 = IPAddr.new("192.168.2.100")
+  #   net3 = IPAddr.new("192.168.3.0")
+  #   p net1.include?(net2)	#=> true
+  #   p net1.include?(net3)	#=> false
   def include?(other)
+    other = coerce_other(other)
     if ipv4_mapped?
       if (@mask_addr >> 32) != 0xffffffffffffffffffffffff
 	return false
@@ -166,17 +170,12 @@ class IPAddr
       addr = @addr
       family = @family
     end
-    if other.kind_of?(IPAddr)
-      if other.ipv4_mapped?
-	other_addr = (other.to_i & IN4MASK)
-	other_family = Socket::AF_INET
-      else
-	other_addr = other.to_i
-	other_family = other.family
-      end
-    else # Not IPAddr - assume integer in same family as us
-      other_addr   = other.to_i
-      other_family = family
+    if other.ipv4_mapped?
+      other_addr = (other.to_i & IN4MASK)
+      other_family = Socket::AF_INET
+    else
+      other_addr = other.to_i
+      other_family = other.family
     end
 
     if family != other_family
@@ -317,6 +316,37 @@ class IPAddr
     return _reverse + ".ip6.int"
   end
 
+  # Returns the successor to the ipaddr.
+  def succ
+    return self.clone.set(@addr + 1, @family)
+  end
+
+  # Compares the ipaddr with another.
+  def <=>(other)
+    other = coerce_other(other)
+
+    return nil if other.family != @family
+
+    return @addr <=> other.to_i
+  end
+  include Comparable
+
+  # Creates a Range object for the network address.
+  def to_range
+    begin_addr = (@addr & @mask_addr)
+
+    case @family
+    when Socket::AF_INET
+      end_addr = (@addr | (IN4MASK ^ @mask_addr))
+    when Socket::AF_INET6
+      end_addr = (@addr | (IN6MASK ^ @mask_addr))
+    else
+      raise "unsupported address family"
+    end
+
+    return clone.set(begin_addr, @family)..clone.set(end_addr, @family)
+  end
+
   # Returns a string containing a human-readable representation of the
   # ipaddr. ("#<IPAddr: family:address/mask>")
   def inspect
@@ -392,22 +422,36 @@ class IPAddr
 
   private
 
-  # Creates a new ipaddr containing the given human readable form of
-  # an IP address.  It also accepts `address/prefixlen' and
-  # `address/mask'.  When prefixlen or mask is specified, it returns a
-  # masked ipaddr.  IPv6 address may beenclosed with `[' and `]'.
+  # Creates a new ipaddr object either from a human readable IP
+  # address representation in string, or from a packed in_addr value
+  # followed by an address family.
+  # 
+  # In the former case, the following are the valid formats that will
+  # be recognized: "address", "address/prefixlen" and "address/mask",
+  # where IPv6 address may be enclosed in square brackets (`[' and
+  # `]').  If a prefixlen or a mask is specified, it returns a masked
+  # IP address.  Although the address family is determined
+  # automatically from a specified string, you can specify one
+  # explicitly by the optional second argument.
+  # 
+  # Otherwise an IP addess is generated from a packed in_addr value
+  # and an address family.
   #
-  # Although an address family is determined automatically from a
-  # specified address, you can specify an address family explicitly by
-  # the optional second argument.
+  # The IPAddr class defines many methods and operators, and some of
+  # those, such as &, |, include? and ==, accept a string, or a packed
+  # in_addr value instead of an IPAddr object.
   def initialize(addr = '::', family = Socket::AF_UNSPEC)
     if !addr.kind_of?(String)
-      if family != Socket::AF_INET6 && family != Socket::AF_INET
-	raise ArgumentError, "unsupported address family"
+      case family
+      when Socket::AF_INET, Socket::AF_INET6
+        set(addr.to_i, family)
+        @mask_addr = (family == Socket::AF_INET) ? IN4MASK : IN6MASK
+        return
+      when Socket::AF_UNSPEC
+	raise ArgumentError, "address family must be specified"
+      else
+	raise ArgumentError, "unsupported address family: #{family}"
       end
-      set(addr, family)
-      @mask_addr = (family == Socket::AF_INET) ? IN4MASK : IN6MASK
-      return
     end
     prefix, prefixlen = addr.split('/')
     if prefix =~ /^\[(.*)\]$/i
@@ -434,23 +478,31 @@ class IPAddr
       @family = Socket::AF_INET6
     end
     if family != Socket::AF_UNSPEC && @family != family
-      raise ArgumentError, "address family unmatch"
+      raise ArgumentError, "address family mismatch"
     end
     if prefixlen
       mask!(prefixlen)
     else
-      @mask_addr = (family == Socket::AF_INET) ? IN4MASK : IN6MASK
+      @mask_addr = (@family == Socket::AF_INET) ? IN4MASK : IN6MASK
+    end
+  end
+
+  def coerce_other(other)
+    case other
+    when IPAddr
+      other
+    when String
+      self.class.new(other)
+    else
+      self.class.new(other, @family)
     end
   end
 
   def in_addr(addr)
     if addr =~ /^\d+\.\d+\.\d+\.\d+$/
-      n = 0
-      addr.split('.').each { |i|
-	n <<= 8
-	n += i.to_i
+      return addr.split('.').inject(0) { |i, s|
+        i << 8 | s.to_i
       }
-      return n
     end
     return nil
   end
@@ -474,25 +526,20 @@ class IPAddr
     if rest < 0
       return nil
     end
-    a = [l, Array.new(rest, '0'), r].flatten!
-    n = 0
-    a.each { |i|
-      n <<= 16
-      n += i.hex
+    return (l + Array.new(rest, '0') + r).inject(0) { |i, s|
+      i << 16 | s.hex
     }
-    return n
   end
 
   def addr_mask(addr)
     case @family
     when Socket::AF_INET
-      addr &= IN4MASK
+      return addr & IN4MASK
     when Socket::AF_INET6
-      addr &= IN6MASK
+      return addr & IN6MASK
     else
       raise "unsupported address family"
     end
-    return addr
   end
 
   def _reverse
diff --git a/lib/irb.rb b/lib/irb.rb
index 1fb4397e68..7580e39d43 100644
--- a/lib/irb.rb
+++ b/lib/irb.rb
@@ -149,10 +149,15 @@ module IRB
             line.untaint
 	    @context.evaluate(line, line_no)
 	    output_value if @context.echo?
-	  rescue StandardError, ScriptError, Abort
-	    $! = RuntimeError.new("unknown exception raised") unless $!
-	    print $!.class, ": ", $!, "\n"
-	    if  $@[0] =~ /irb(2)?(\/.*|-.*|\.rb)?:/ && $!.class.to_s !~ /^IRB/
+	    exc = nil
+	  rescue Interrupt => exc
+	  rescue SystemExit, SignalException
+	    raise
+	  rescue Exception => exc
+	  end
+	  if exc
+	    print exc.class, ": ", exc, "\n"
+	    if exc.backtrace[0] =~ /irb(2)?(\/.*|-.*|\.rb)?:/ && exc.class.to_s !~ /^IRB/
 	      irb_bug = true 
 	    else
 	      irb_bug = false
@@ -161,7 +166,7 @@ module IRB
 	    messages = []
 	    lasts = []
 	    levels = 0
-	    for m in $@
+	    for m in exc.backtrace
 	      m = @context.workspace.filter_backtrace(m) unless irb_bug
 	      if m
 		if messages.size < @context.back_trace_limit
@@ -183,8 +188,7 @@ module IRB
 	    print "Maybe IRB bug!!\n" if irb_bug
 	  end
           if $SAFE > 2
-            warn "Error: irb does not work for $SAFE level higher than 2"
-            exit 1
+            abort "Error: irb does not work for $SAFE level higher than 2"
           end
 	end
       end
diff --git a/lib/irb/completion.rb b/lib/irb/completion.rb
index ac227fee90..000658e2a3 100644
--- a/lib/irb/completion.rb
+++ b/lib/irb/completion.rb
@@ -99,15 +99,27 @@ module IRB
 	candidates = Symbol.instance_methods(true)
 	select_message(receiver, message, candidates)
 
-      when /^([0-9_]+(\.[0-9_]+)?(e[0-9]+)?)\.([^.]*)$/
+      when /^(-?(0[dbo])?[0-9_]+(\.[0-9_]+)?([eE]-?[0-9]+)?)\.([^.]*)$/
 	# Numeric
 	receiver = $1
-	message = Regexp.quote($4)
+	message = Regexp.quote($5)
+
+	begin
+	  candidates = eval(receiver, bind).methods
+	rescue Exception
+	  candidates = []
+	end
+	select_message(receiver, message, candidates)
+
+      when /^(-?0x[0-9a-fA-F_]+)\.([^.]*)$/
+	# Numeric(0xFFFF)
+	receiver = $1
+	message = Regexp.quote($2)
 
 	begin
 	  candidates = eval(receiver, bind).methods
 	rescue Exception
-	  candidates
+	  candidates = []
 	end
 	select_message(receiver, message, candidates)
 
@@ -137,8 +149,12 @@ module IRB
 	else
 	  # func1.func2
 	  candidates = []
-          name = m.name rescue ""
 	  ObjectSpace.each_object(Module){|m|
+	    begin
+	      name = m.name
+	    rescue Exception
+	      name = ""
+	    end
 	    next if name != "IRB::Context" and 
 	      /^(IRB|SLex|RubyLex|RubyToken)/ =~ name
 	    candidates.concat m.instance_methods(false)
diff --git a/lib/irb/extend-command.rb b/lib/irb/extend-command.rb
index c330d1bd3b..508721c11d 100644
--- a/lib/irb/extend-command.rb
+++ b/lib/irb/extend-command.rb
@@ -106,14 +106,14 @@ module IRB
 
     ]
 
-    def EXCB.install_extend_commands
+    def self.install_extend_commands
       for args in @EXTEND_COMMANDS
 	def_extend_command(*args)
       end
     end
 
-    # aliases = [commans_alias, flag], ...
-    def EXCB.def_extend_command(cmd_name, cmd_class, load_file = nil, *aliases)
+    # aliases = [commands_alias, flag], ...
+    def self.def_extend_command(cmd_name, cmd_class, load_file = nil, *aliases)
       case cmd_class
       when Symbol
 	cmd_class = cmd_class.id2name
@@ -172,7 +172,7 @@ module IRB
       "irb_" + method_name + "_org"
     end
 
-    def EXCB.extend_object(obj)
+    def self.extend_object(obj)
       unless (class<<obj;ancestors;end).include?(EXCB)
 	super
 	for ali, com, flg in @ALIASES
@@ -196,13 +196,13 @@ module IRB
       [:save_history=, "irb/ext/save-history.rb"],
     ]
 
-    def CE.install_extend_commands
+    def self.install_extend_commands
       for args in @EXTEND_COMMANDS
 	def_extend_command(*args)
       end
     end
 
-    def CE.def_extend_command(cmd_name, load_file, *aliases)
+    def self.def_extend_command(cmd_name, load_file, *aliases)
       Context.module_eval %[
         def #{cmd_name}(*opts, &b)
 	  Context.module_eval {remove_method(:#{cmd_name})}
diff --git a/lib/irb/help.rb b/lib/irb/help.rb
index f091999bd1..4921de6ec9 100644
--- a/lib/irb/help.rb
+++ b/lib/irb/help.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 #
-#   irb/help.rb - print usase module
+#   irb/help.rb - print usage module
 #   	$Release Version: 0.9.5$
 #   	$Revision$
 #   	$Date$
diff --git a/lib/irb/init.rb b/lib/irb/init.rb
index 842eb1221e..db22ca639b 100644
--- a/lib/irb/init.rb
+++ b/lib/irb/init.rb
@@ -233,7 +233,7 @@ module IRB
   # enumerate possible rc-file base name generators
   def IRB.rc_file_generators
     if irbrc = ENV["IRBRC"]
-      yield proc{|rc| irbrc}
+      yield proc{|rc|  rc == "rc" ? irbrc : irbrc+rc}
     end
     if home = ENV["HOME"]
       yield proc{|rc| home+"/.irb#{rc}"} 
diff --git a/lib/irb/locale.rb b/lib/irb/locale.rb
index 4b6aba2bb9..5ed9f54507 100644
--- a/lib/irb/locale.rb
+++ b/lib/irb/locale.rb
@@ -71,7 +71,7 @@ module IRB
     end
 
     def puts(*opts)
-      ary = opts.collect{|opt| String(opts)}
+      ary = opts.collect{|opt| String(opt)}
       super(*ary)
     end
 
@@ -153,8 +153,8 @@ module IRB
     end
 
     def search_file(path, file)
-      if File.exists?(p1 = path + lc_path(file, "C"))
-	if File.exists?(p2 = path + lc_path(file))
+      if File.exist?(p1 = path + lc_path(file, "C"))
+	if File.exist?(p2 = path + lc_path(file))
 	  return p2
 	else
 	end
diff --git a/lib/irb/notifier.rb b/lib/irb/notifier.rb
index c8e66fa859..0f79bc5a8d 100644
--- a/lib/irb/notifier.rb
+++ b/lib/irb/notifier.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 #
-#   notifier.rb - optput methods used by irb 
+#   notifier.rb - output methods used by irb 
 #   	$Release Version: 0.9.5$
 #   	$Revision$
 #   	$Date$
diff --git a/lib/irb/ruby-lex.rb b/lib/irb/ruby-lex.rb
index 4bfa5f2001..313a809ccd 100644
--- a/lib/irb/ruby-lex.rb
+++ b/lib/irb/ruby-lex.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 #
-#   irb/ruby-lex.rb - ruby lexcal analizer
+#   irb/ruby-lex.rb - ruby lexcal analyzer
 #   	$Release Version: 0.9.5$
 #   	$Revision$
 #   	$Date$
@@ -309,7 +309,7 @@ class RubyLex
     "q" => "\'",
     "Q" => "\"",
     "x" => "\`",
-    "r" => "\/",
+    "r" => "/",
     "w" => "]",
     "W" => "]",
     "s" => ":"
@@ -326,35 +326,35 @@ class RubyLex
     "\'" => TkSTRING,
     "\"" => TkSTRING,
     "\`" => TkXSTRING,
-    "\/" => TkREGEXP,
+    "/" => TkREGEXP,
     "]" => TkDSTRING,
     ":" => TkSYMBOL
   }
   DLtype2Token = {
     "\"" => TkDSTRING,
     "\`" => TkDXSTRING,
-    "\/" => TkDREGEXP,
+    "/" => TkDREGEXP,
   }
 
   def lex_init()
     @OP = IRB::SLex.new
-    @OP.def_rules("\0", "\004", "\032") do
+    @OP.def_rules("\0", "\004", "\032") do |op, io|
       Token(TkEND_OF_SCRIPT)
     end
 
-    @OP.def_rules(" ", "\t", "\f", "\r", "\13") do
+    @OP.def_rules(" ", "\t", "\f", "\r", "\13") do |op, io|
       @space_seen = true
       while getc =~ /[ \t\f\r\13]/; end
       ungetc
       Token(TkSPACE)
     end
 
-    @OP.def_rule("#") do
-      |op, io|
+    @OP.def_rule("#") do |op, io|
       identify_comment
     end
 
-    @OP.def_rule("=begin", proc{@prev_char_no == 0 && peek(0) =~ /\s/}) do
+    @OP.def_rule("=begin",
+		 proc{|op, io| @prev_char_no == 0 && peek(0) =~ /\s/}) do 
       |op, io|
       @ltype = "="
       until getc == "\n"; end
@@ -366,7 +366,7 @@ class RubyLex
       Token(TkRD_COMMENT)
     end
 
-    @OP.def_rule("\n") do
+    @OP.def_rule("\n") do |op, io|
       print "\\n\n" if RubyLex.debug?
       case @lex_state
       when EXPR_BEG, EXPR_FNAME, EXPR_DOT
@@ -478,13 +478,13 @@ class RubyLex
       Token(TkOPASGN, $1)
     end
 
-    @OP.def_rule("+@", proc{@lex_state == EXPR_FNAME}) do
+    @OP.def_rule("+@", proc{|op, io| @lex_state == EXPR_FNAME}) do
       |op, io|
       @lex_state = EXPR_ARG
       Token(op)
     end
 
-    @OP.def_rule("-@", proc{@lex_state == EXPR_FNAME}) do
+    @OP.def_rule("-@", proc{|op, io| @lex_state == EXPR_FNAME}) do
       |op, io|
       @lex_state = EXPR_ARG
       Token(op)
@@ -509,6 +509,7 @@ class RubyLex
     end
 
     @OP.def_rule(".") do
+      |op, io|
       @lex_state = EXPR_BEG
       if peek(0) =~ /[0-9]/
 	ungetc
@@ -539,6 +540,7 @@ class RubyLex
     end
 
     @OP.def_rule(":") do
+      |op, io|
       if @lex_state == EXPR_END || peek(0) =~ /\s/
 	@lex_state = EXPR_BEG
 	Token(TkCOLON)
@@ -549,6 +551,7 @@ class RubyLex
     end
 
     @OP.def_rule("::") do
+       |op, io|
 #      p @lex_state.id2name, @space_seen
       if @lex_state == EXPR_BEG or @lex_state == EXPR_ARG && @space_seen
 	@lex_state = EXPR_BEG
@@ -576,6 +579,7 @@ class RubyLex
     end
 
     @OP.def_rules("^") do
+      |op, io|
       @lex_state = EXPR_BEG
       Token("^")
     end
@@ -603,16 +607,19 @@ class RubyLex
     end
 
     @OP.def_rule("~") do
+      |op, io|
       @lex_state = EXPR_BEG
       Token("~")
     end
 
-    @OP.def_rule("~@", proc{@lex_state == EXPR_FNAME}) do
+    @OP.def_rule("~@", proc{|op, io| @lex_state == EXPR_FNAME}) do
+      |op, io|
       @lex_state = EXPR_BEG
       Token("~")
     end
     
     @OP.def_rule("(") do
+      |op, io|
       @indent += 1
       if @lex_state == EXPR_BEG || @lex_state == EXPR_MID
 	@lex_state = EXPR_BEG
@@ -625,17 +632,20 @@ class RubyLex
       tk = Token(tk_c)
     end
 
-    @OP.def_rule("[]", proc{@lex_state == EXPR_FNAME}) do
+    @OP.def_rule("[]", proc{|op, io| @lex_state == EXPR_FNAME}) do
+      |op, io|
       @lex_state = EXPR_ARG
       Token("[]")
     end
 
-    @OP.def_rule("[]=", proc{@lex_state == EXPR_FNAME}) do
+    @OP.def_rule("[]=", proc{|op, io| @lex_state == EXPR_FNAME}) do
+      |op, io|
       @lex_state = EXPR_ARG
       Token("[]=")
     end
 
     @OP.def_rule("[") do
+      |op, io|
       @indent += 1
       if @lex_state == EXPR_FNAME
 	tk_c = TkfLBRACK
@@ -654,6 +664,7 @@ class RubyLex
     end
 
     @OP.def_rule("{") do
+      |op, io|
       @indent += 1
       if @lex_state != EXPR_END && @lex_state != EXPR_ARG
 	tk_c = TkLBRACE
@@ -666,6 +677,7 @@ class RubyLex
     end
 
     @OP.def_rule('\\') do
+      |op, io|
       if getc == "\n"
 	@space_seen = true
 	@continue = true
@@ -692,10 +704,12 @@ class RubyLex
     end
 
     @OP.def_rule('$') do
+      |op, io|
       identify_gvar
     end
 
     @OP.def_rule('@') do
+      |op, io|
       if peek(0) =~ /[\w_@]/
 	ungetc
 	identify_identifier
@@ -936,6 +950,7 @@ class RubyLex
     @lex_state = EXPR_END
 
     if peek(0) == "0" && peek(1) !~ /[.eE]/
+      getc
       case peek(0)
       when /[xX]/
 	ch = getc
@@ -956,7 +971,7 @@ class RubyLex
       else 
 	return Token(TkINTEGER)
       end
-
+      
       len0 = true
       non_digit = false
       while ch = getc
@@ -1086,7 +1101,7 @@ class RubyLex
   def read_escape
     case ch = getc
     when "\n", "\r", "\f"
-    when "\\", "n", "t", "r", "f", "v", "a", "e", "b" #"
+    when "\\", "n", "t", "r", "f", "v", "a", "e", "b", "s" #"
     when /[0-7]/
       ungetc ch
       3.times do
@@ -1121,7 +1136,7 @@ class RubyLex
 	end
       end
 
-    when "C", "c", "^"
+    when "C", "c" #, "^"
       if ch == "C" and (ch = getc) != "-"
 	ungetc
       elsif (ch = getc) == "\\" #"
diff --git a/lib/irb/slex.rb b/lib/irb/slex.rb
index a6ea6fb473..f7e3a3b2b2 100644
--- a/lib/irb/slex.rb
+++ b/lib/irb/slex.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 #
-#   irb/slex.rb - symple lex analizer
+#   irb/slex.rb - simple lex analyzer
 #   	$Release Version: 0.9.5$
 #   	$Revision$
 #   	$Date$
diff --git a/lib/jcode.rb b/lib/jcode.rb
index e5367e815b..78422f296f 100644
--- a/lib/jcode.rb
+++ b/lib/jcode.rb
@@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ class String
 
   def succ!
     reg = end_regexp
-    if self =~ reg
+    if  $KCODE != 'NONE' && self =~ reg
       succ_table = SUCC[$KCODE[0,1].downcase]
       begin
 	self[-1] += succ_table[self[-1]]
diff --git a/lib/logger.rb b/lib/logger.rb
index 9a2b51d6db..9030fa1d0d 100644
--- a/lib/logger.rb
+++ b/lib/logger.rb
@@ -1,9 +1,8 @@
-# logger.rb - saimple logging utility
+# logger.rb - simple logging utility
 # Copyright (C) 2000-2003, 2005  NAKAMURA, Hiroshi <nakahiro@sarion.co.jp>.
 
+require 'monitor'
 
-# = logger.rb
-#
 # Simple logging utility.
 #
 # Author:: NAKAMURA, Hiroshi  <nakahiro@sarion.co.jp>
@@ -13,11 +12,6 @@
 #   license; either the dual license version in 2003, or any later version.
 # Revision:: $Id$
 #
-# See Logger for documentation.
-#
-
-
-#
 # == Description
 #
 # The Logger class provides a simple but sophisticated logging utility that
@@ -149,7 +143,7 @@
 # 2. Log4r (somewhat) compatible interface.
 #
 #      logger.level = Logger::INFO
-#
+#      
 #      DEBUG < INFO < WARN < ERROR < FATAL < UNKNOWN
 #
 #
@@ -174,9 +168,6 @@
 #
 
 
-require 'monitor'
-
-
 class Logger
   VERSION = "1.2.6"
   /: (\S+),v (\S+)/ =~ %q$Id$
diff --git a/lib/mailread.rb b/lib/mailread.rb
index 7573d03ed4..08b33c92a4 100644
--- a/lib/mailread.rb
+++ b/lib/mailread.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,14 @@
+# The Mail class represents an internet mail message (as per RFC822, RFC2822)
+# with headers and a body. 
 class Mail
 
+  # Create a new Mail where +f+ is either a stream which responds to gets(),
+  # or a path to a file.  If +f+ is a path it will be opened.
+  #
+  # The whole message is read so it can be made available through the #header,
+  # #[] and #body methods.
+  #
+  # The "From " line is ignored if the mail is in mbox format.
   def initialize(f)
     unless defined? f.gets
       f = open(f, "r")
@@ -34,14 +43,19 @@ class Mail
     end
   end
 
+  # Return the headers as a Hash.
   def header
     return @header
   end
 
+  # Return the message body as an Array of lines
   def body
     return @body
   end
 
+  # Return the header corresponding to +field+. 
+  #
+  # Matching is case-insensitive.
   def [](field)
     @header[field.capitalize]
   end
diff --git a/lib/matrix.rb b/lib/matrix.rb
index c62acdf9aa..470db19b05 100644
--- a/lib/matrix.rb
+++ b/lib/matrix.rb
@@ -590,15 +590,21 @@ class Matrix
     a = src.to_a
     
     for k in 0..size
-      if (akk = a[k][k]) == 0
-        i = k
-        begin
-          Matrix.Raise ErrNotRegular if (i += 1) > size
-        end while a[i][k] == 0
+      i = k
+      akk = a[k][k].abs
+      for j in (k+1)..size
+        v = a[j][k].abs
+        if v > akk
+          i = j
+          akk = v
+        end
+      end
+      Matrix.Raise ErrNotRegular if akk == 0
+      if i != k
         a[i], a[k] = a[k], a[i]
         @rows[i], @rows[k] = @rows[k], @rows[i]
-        akk = a[k][k]
       end
+      akk = a[k][k]
       
       for i in 0 .. size
         next if i == k
diff --git a/lib/mkmf.rb b/lib/mkmf.rb
index e711bb2dc4..a532b5c0a8 100644
--- a/lib/mkmf.rb
+++ b/lib/mkmf.rb
@@ -51,6 +51,9 @@ $archdir = CONFIG["archdir"]
 $sitedir = CONFIG["sitedir"]
 $sitelibdir = CONFIG["sitelibdir"]
 $sitearchdir = CONFIG["sitearchdir"]
+$vendordir = CONFIG["vendordir"]
+$vendorlibdir = CONFIG["vendorlibdir"]
+$vendorarchdir = CONFIG["vendorarchdir"]
 
 $mswin = /mswin/ =~ RUBY_PLATFORM
 $bccwin = /bccwin/ =~ RUBY_PLATFORM
@@ -61,41 +64,58 @@ $netbsd = /netbsd/ =~ RUBY_PLATFORM
 $os2 = /os2/ =~ RUBY_PLATFORM
 $beos = /beos/ =~ RUBY_PLATFORM
 $solaris = /solaris/ =~ RUBY_PLATFORM
+$dest_prefix_pattern = (File::PATH_SEPARATOR == ';' ? /\A([[:alpha:]]:)?/ : /\A/)
+
+# :stopdoc:
 
 def config_string(key, config = CONFIG)
   s = config[key] and !s.empty? and block_given? ? yield(s) : s
 end
 
 def dir_re(dir)
-  Regexp.new('\$(?:\('+dir+'\)|\{'+dir+'\})(?:\$\(target_prefix\)|\{target_prefix\})?')
+  Regexp.new('\$(?:\('+dir+'\)|\{'+dir+'\})(?:\$(?:\(target_prefix\)|\{target_prefix\}))?')
 end
 
 INSTALL_DIRS = [
   [dir_re('commondir'), "$(RUBYCOMMONDIR)"],
-  [dir_re("sitedir"), "$(RUBYCOMMONDIR)"],
+  [dir_re('sitedir'), "$(RUBYCOMMONDIR)"],
+  [dir_re('vendordir'), "$(RUBYCOMMONDIR)"],
   [dir_re('rubylibdir'), "$(RUBYLIBDIR)"],
   [dir_re('archdir'), "$(RUBYARCHDIR)"],
   [dir_re('sitelibdir'), "$(RUBYLIBDIR)"],
-  [dir_re('sitearchdir'), "$(RUBYARCHDIR)"]
+  [dir_re('vendorlibdir'), "$(RUBYLIBDIR)"],
+  [dir_re('sitearchdir'), "$(RUBYARCHDIR)"],
+  [dir_re('bindir'), "$(BINDIR)"],
+  [dir_re('vendorarchdir'), "$(RUBYARCHDIR)"],
 ]
 
 def install_dirs(target_prefix = nil)
   if $extout
     dirs = [
-      ['RUBYCOMMONDIR', '$(extout)'],
-      ['RUBYLIBDIR',    '$(extout)$(target_prefix)'],
+      ['BINDIR',        '$(extout)/bin'],
+      ['RUBYCOMMONDIR', '$(extout)/common'],
+      ['RUBYLIBDIR',    '$(RUBYCOMMONDIR)$(target_prefix)'],
       ['RUBYARCHDIR',   '$(extout)/$(arch)$(target_prefix)'],
       ['extout',        "#$extout"],
       ['extout_prefix', "#$extout_prefix"],
     ]
   elsif $extmk
     dirs = [
+      ['BINDIR',        '$(bindir)'],
       ['RUBYCOMMONDIR', '$(rubylibdir)'],
       ['RUBYLIBDIR',    '$(rubylibdir)$(target_prefix)'],
       ['RUBYARCHDIR',   '$(archdir)$(target_prefix)'],
     ]
+  elsif $configure_args.has_key?('--vendor')
+    dirs = [
+      ['BINDIR',        '$(bindir)'],
+      ['RUBYCOMMONDIR', '$(vendordir)$(target_prefix)'],
+      ['RUBYLIBDIR',    '$(vendorlibdir)$(target_prefix)'],
+      ['RUBYARCHDIR',   '$(vendorarchdir)$(target_prefix)'],
+    ]
   else
     dirs = [
+      ['BINDIR',        '$(bindir)'],
       ['RUBYCOMMONDIR', '$(sitedir)$(target_prefix)'],
       ['RUBYLIBDIR',    '$(sitelibdir)$(target_prefix)'],
       ['RUBYARCHDIR',   '$(sitearchdir)$(target_prefix)'],
@@ -113,13 +133,12 @@ end
 topdir = File.dirname(libdir = File.dirname(__FILE__))
 extdir = File.expand_path("ext", topdir)
 $extmk = File.expand_path($0)[0, extdir.size+1] == extdir+"/"
-if not $extmk and File.exist?(Config::CONFIG["archdir"] + "/ruby.h")
-  $hdrdir = $topdir = Config::CONFIG["archdir"]
-elsif File.exist?(($top_srcdir ||= topdir)  + "/ruby.h") and
+if not $extmk and File.exist?(($hdrdir = Config::CONFIG["archdir"]) + "/ruby.h")
+  $topdir = $hdrdir
+elsif File.exist?(($hdrdir = ($top_srcdir ||= topdir))  + "/ruby.h") and
     File.exist?(($topdir ||= Config::CONFIG["topdir"]) + "/config.h")
-  $hdrdir = $top_srcdir
 else
-  abort "can't find header files for ruby."
+  abort "mkmf.rb can't find header files for ruby at #{$hdrdir}/ruby.h"
 end
 
 OUTFLAG = CONFIG['OUTFLAG']
@@ -128,11 +147,18 @@ CPPOUTFILE = CONFIG['CPPOUTFILE']
 CONFTEST_C = "conftest.c"
 
 class String
+  # Wraps a string in escaped quotes if it contains whitespace.
   def quote
-    /\s/ =~ self ? "\"#{self}\"" : self
+    /\s/ =~ self ? "\"#{self}\"" : "#{self}"
+  end
+
+  # Generates a string used as cpp macro name.
+  def tr_cpp
+    strip.upcase.tr_s("^A-Z0-9_", "_")
   end
 end
 class Array
+  # Wraps all strings in escaped quotes if they contain whitespace.
   def quote
     map {|s| s.quote}
   end
@@ -142,6 +168,8 @@ def rm_f(*files)
   FileUtils.rm_f(Dir[files.join("\0")])
 end
 
+# Returns time stamp of the +target+ file if it exists and is newer
+# than or equal to all of +times+.
 def modified?(target, times)
   (t = File.mtime(target)) rescue return nil
   Array === times or times = [times]
@@ -164,12 +192,19 @@ def merge_libs(*libs)
   end
 end
 
+# This is a custom logging module. It generates an mkmf.log file when you
+# run your extconf.rb script. This can be useful for debugging unexpected
+# failures.
+#
+# This module and its associated methods are meant for internal use only.
+#
 module Logging
   @log = nil
   @logfile = 'mkmf.log'
   @orgerr = $stderr.dup
   @orgout = $stdout.dup
   @postpone = 0
+  @quiet = $extmk
 
   def self::open
     @log ||= File::open(@logfile, 'w')
@@ -213,9 +248,19 @@ module Logging
       end
     end
   end
+
+  class << self
+    attr_accessor :quiet
+  end
 end
 
 def xsystem command
+  varpat = /\$\((\w+)\)|\$\{(\w+)\}/
+  if varpat =~ command
+    vars = Hash.new {|h, k| h[k] = ''; ENV[k]}
+    command = command.dup
+    nil while command.gsub!(varpat) {vars[$1||$2]}
+  end
   Logging::open do
     puts command.quote
     system(command)
@@ -264,9 +309,8 @@ ensure
   log_src(src)
 end
 
-def link_command(ldflags, opt="", libpath=$LIBPATH)
-  Config::expand(TRY_LINK.dup,
-                 CONFIG.merge('hdrdir' => $hdrdir.quote,
+def link_command(ldflags, opt="", libpath=$DEFLIBPATH|$LIBPATH)
+  conf = Config::CONFIG.merge('hdrdir' => $hdrdir.quote,
                               'src' => CONFTEST_C,
                               'INCFLAGS' => $INCFLAGS,
                               'CPPFLAGS' => $CPPFLAGS,
@@ -275,22 +319,30 @@ def link_command(ldflags, opt="", libpath=$LIBPATH)
                               'LDFLAGS' => "#$LDFLAGS #{ldflags}",
                               'LIBPATH' => libpathflag(libpath),
                               'LOCAL_LIBS' => "#$LOCAL_LIBS #$libs",
-                              'LIBS' => "#$LIBRUBYARG_STATIC #{opt} #$LIBS"))
+                              'LIBS' => "#$LIBRUBYARG_STATIC #{opt} #$LIBS")
+  Config::expand(TRY_LINK.dup, conf)
 end
 
 def cc_command(opt="")
+  conf = Config::CONFIG.merge('hdrdir' => $hdrdir.quote, 'srcdir' => $srcdir.quote)
   Config::expand("$(CC) #$INCFLAGS #$CPPFLAGS #$CFLAGS #$ARCH_FLAG #{opt} -c #{CONFTEST_C}",
-		 CONFIG.merge('hdrdir' => $hdrdir.quote, 'srcdir' => $srcdir.quote))
+		 conf)
 end
 
 def cpp_command(outfile, opt="")
+  conf = Config::CONFIG.merge('hdrdir' => $hdrdir.quote, 'srcdir' => $srcdir.quote)
   Config::expand("$(CPP) #$INCFLAGS #$CPPFLAGS #$CFLAGS #{opt} #{CONFTEST_C} #{outfile}",
-		 CONFIG.merge('hdrdir' => $hdrdir.quote, 'srcdir' => $srcdir.quote))
+		 conf)
 end
 
-def libpathflag(libpath=$LIBPATH)
+def libpathflag(libpath=$DEFLIBPATH|$LIBPATH)
   libpath.map{|x|
-    (x == "$(topdir)" ? LIBPATHFLAG : LIBPATHFLAG+RPATHFLAG) % x.quote
+    case x
+    when "$(topdir)", /\A\./
+      LIBPATHFLAG
+    else
+      LIBPATHFLAG+RPATHFLAG
+    end % x.quote
   }.join
 end
 
@@ -410,16 +462,16 @@ end
 def try_func(func, libs, headers = nil, &b)
   headers = cpp_include(headers)
   try_link(<<"SRC", libs, &b) or try_link(<<"SRC", libs, &b)
+#{COMMON_HEADERS}
 #{headers}
 /*top*/
 int main() { return 0; }
-int t() { #{func}(); return 0; }
+int t() { void ((*volatile p)()); p = (void ((*)()))#{func}; return 0; }
 SRC
-#{COMMON_HEADERS}
 #{headers}
 /*top*/
 int main() { return 0; }
-int t() { void ((*volatile p)()); p = (void ((*)()))#{func}; return 0; }
+int t() { #{func}(); return 0; }
 SRC
 end
 
@@ -430,7 +482,7 @@ def try_var(var, headers = nil, &b)
 #{headers}
 /*top*/
 int main() { return 0; }
-int t() { const volatile void *volatile p; p = (void *)&#{var}; return 0; }
+int t() { const volatile void *volatile p; p = &(&#{var})[0]; return 0; }
 SRC
 end
 
@@ -460,6 +512,7 @@ ensure
   log_src(src)
 end
 
+# This is used internally by the have_macro? method.
 def macro_defined?(macro, src, opt = "", &b)
   src = src.sub(/[^\n]\z/, "\\&\n")
   try_compile(src + <<"SRC", opt, &b)
@@ -483,13 +536,14 @@ end
 
 def install_files(mfile, ifiles, map = nil, srcprefix = nil)
   ifiles or return
+  ifiles.empty? and return
   srcprefix ||= '$(srcdir)'
   Config::expand(srcdir = srcprefix.dup)
   dirs = []
   path = Hash.new {|h, i| h[i] = dirs.push([i])[-1]}
   ifiles.each do |files, dir, prefix|
     dir = map_dir(dir, map)
-    prefix = %r|\A#{Regexp.quote(prefix)}/?| if prefix
+    prefix &&= %r|\A#{Regexp.quote(prefix)}/?|
     if /\A\.\// =~ files
       # install files which are in current working directory.
       files = files[2..-1]
@@ -502,6 +556,10 @@ def install_files(mfile, ifiles, map = nil, srcprefix = nil)
     f = nil
     Dir.glob(files) do |f|
       f[0..len] = "" if len
+      case File.basename(f)
+      when *$NONINSTALLFILES
+        next
+      end
       d = File.dirname(f)
       d.sub!(prefix, "") if prefix
       d = (d.empty? || d == ".") ? dir : File.join(dir, d)
@@ -522,20 +580,25 @@ def install_rb(mfile, dest, srcdir = nil)
   install_files(mfile, [["lib/**/*.rb", dest, "lib"]], nil, srcdir)
 end
 
-def append_library(libs, lib)
+def append_library(libs, lib) # :no-doc:
   format(LIBARG, lib) + " " + libs
 end
 
 def message(*s)
-  unless $extmk and not $VERBOSE
+  unless Logging.quiet and not $VERBOSE
     printf(*s)
     $stdout.flush
   end
 end
 
+# This emits a string to stdout that allows users to see the results of the
+# various have* and find* methods as they are tested.
+#
+# Internal use only.
+#
 def checking_for(m, fmt = nil)
   f = caller[0][/in `(.*)'$/, 1] and f << ": " #` for vim
-  m = "checking #{'for ' if /\Acheck/ !~ f}#{m}... "
+  m = "checking #{/\Acheck/ =~ f ? '' : 'for '}#{m}... "
   message "%s", m
   a = r = nil
   Logging::postpone do
@@ -548,18 +611,48 @@ def checking_for(m, fmt = nil)
   r
 end
 
+def checking_message(target, place = nil, opt = nil)
+  [["in", place], ["with", opt]].inject("#{target}") do |msg, (pre, noun)|
+    if noun
+      [[:to_str], [:join, ","], [:to_s]].each do |meth, *args|
+        if noun.respond_to?(meth)
+          break noun = noun.send(meth, *args)
+        end
+      end
+      msg << " #{pre} #{noun}" unless noun.empty?
+    end
+    msg
+  end
+end
+
+# :startdoc:
+
+# Returns whether or not +macro+ is defined either in the common header
+# files or within any +headers+ you provide.
+#
+# Any options you pass to +opt+ are passed along to the compiler.
+#
 def have_macro(macro, headers = nil, opt = "", &b)
-  m = "#{macro}"
-  m << " in #{headers.inspect}" if headers
-  checking_for m do
+  checking_for checking_message(macro, headers, opt) do
     macro_defined?(macro, cpp_include(headers), opt, &b)
   end
 end
 
+# Returns whether or not the given entry point +func+ can be found within
+# +lib+.  If +func+ is nil, the 'main()' entry point is used by default.
+# If found, it adds the library to list of libraries to be used when linking
+# your extension.
+#
+# If +headers+ are provided, it will include those header files as the
+# header files it looks in when searching for +func+.
+#
+# The real name of the library to be linked can be altered by
+# '--with-FOOlib' configuration option.
+#
 def have_library(lib, func = nil, headers = nil, &b)
   func = "main" if !func or func.empty?
   lib = with_config(lib+'lib', lib)
-  checking_for "#{func}() in #{LIBARG%lib}" do
+  checking_for checking_message("#{func}()", LIBARG%lib) do
     if COMMON_LIBS.include?(lib)
       true
     else
@@ -574,6 +667,13 @@ def have_library(lib, func = nil, headers = nil, &b)
   end
 end
 
+# Returns whether or not the entry point +func+ can be found within the library
+# +lib+ in one of the +paths+ specified, where +paths+ is an array of strings.
+# If +func+ is nil , then the main() function is used as the entry point.
+#
+# If +lib+ is found, then the path it was found on is added to the list of
+# library paths searched and linked against.
+#
 def find_library(lib, func, *paths, &b)
   func = "main" if !func or func.empty?
   lib = with_config(lib+'lib', lib)
@@ -596,10 +696,18 @@ def find_library(lib, func, *paths, &b)
   end
 end
 
+# Returns whether or not the function +func+ can be found in the common
+# header files, or within any +headers+ that you provide.  If found, a
+# macro is passed as a preprocessor constant to the compiler using the
+# function name, in uppercase, prepended with 'HAVE_'.
+#
+# For example, if have_func('foo') returned true, then the HAVE_FOO
+# preprocessor macro would be passed to the compiler.
+#
 def have_func(func, headers = nil, &b)
-  checking_for "#{func}()" do
+  checking_for checking_message("#{func}()", headers) do
     if try_func(func, $libs, headers, &b)
-      $defs.push(format("-DHAVE_%s", func.upcase))
+      $defs.push(format("-DHAVE_%s", func.tr_cpp))
       true
     else
       false
@@ -607,10 +715,18 @@ def have_func(func, headers = nil, &b)
   end
 end
 
+# Returns whether or not the variable +var+ can be found in the common
+# header files, or within any +headers+ that you provide.  If found, a
+# macro is passed as a preprocessor constant to the compiler using the
+# variable name, in uppercase, prepended with 'HAVE_'.
+#
+# For example, if have_var('foo') returned true, then the HAVE_FOO
+# preprocessor macro would be passed to the compiler.
+#
 def have_var(var, headers = nil, &b)
-  checking_for "#{var}" do
+  checking_for checking_message(var, headers) do
     if try_var(var, headers, &b)
-      $defs.push(format("-DHAVE_%s", var.upcase))
+      $defs.push(format("-DHAVE_%s", var.tr_cpp))
       true
     else
       false
@@ -618,6 +734,13 @@ def have_var(var, headers = nil, &b)
   end
 end
 
+# Returns whether or not the given +header+ file can be found on your system.
+# If found, a macro is passed as a preprocessor constant to the compiler using
+# the header file name, in uppercase, prepended with 'HAVE_'.
+#
+# For example, if have_header('foo.h') returned true, then the HAVE_FOO_H
+# preprocessor macro would be passed to the compiler.
+#
 def have_header(header, &b)
   checking_for header do
     if try_cpp(cpp_include(header), &b)
@@ -629,9 +752,16 @@ def have_header(header, &b)
   end
 end
 
+# Instructs mkmf to search for the given +header+ in any of the +paths+
+# provided, and returns whether or not it was found in those paths.
+#
+# If the header is found then the path it was found on is added to the list
+# of included directories that are sent to the compiler (via the -I switch).
+#
 def find_header(header, *paths)
+  message = checking_message(header, paths)
   header = cpp_include(header)
-  checking_for header do
+  checking_for message do
     if try_cpp(header)
       true
     else
@@ -649,16 +779,27 @@ def find_header(header, *paths)
   end
 end
 
-def have_struct_member(type, member, header = nil, &b)
-  checking_for "#{type}.#{member}" do
+# Returns whether or not the struct of type +type+ contains +member+.  If
+# it does not, or the struct type can't be found, then false is returned.  You
+# may optionally specify additional +headers+ in which to look for the struct
+# (in addition to the common header files).
+#
+# If found, a macro is passed as a preprocessor constant to the compiler using
+# the member name, in uppercase, prepended with 'HAVE_ST_'.
+#
+# For example, if have_struct_member('struct foo', 'bar') returned true, then the
+# HAVE_ST_BAR preprocessor macro would be passed to the compiler.
+# 
+def have_struct_member(type, member, headers = nil, &b)
+  checking_for checking_message("#{type}.#{member}", headers) do
     if try_compile(<<"SRC", &b)
 #{COMMON_HEADERS}
-#{cpp_include(header)}
+#{cpp_include(headers)}
 /*top*/
 int main() { return 0; }
 int s = (char *)&((#{type}*)0)->#{member} - (char *)0;
 SRC
-      $defs.push(format("-DHAVE_ST_%s", member.upcase))
+      $defs.push(format("-DHAVE_ST_%s", member.tr_cpp))
       true
     else
       false
@@ -666,42 +807,126 @@ SRC
   end
 end
 
-def have_type(type, headers = nil, opt = "", &b)
-  checking_for type do
-    headers = cpp_include(headers)
-    if try_compile(<<"SRC", opt, &b) or (/\A\w+\z/n =~ type && try_compile(<<"SRC", opt, &b))
+def try_type(type, headers = nil, opt = "", &b)
+  if try_compile(<<"SRC", opt, &b)
 #{COMMON_HEADERS}
-#{headers}
+#{cpp_include(headers)}
 /*top*/
-static #{type} t;
+typedef #{type} conftest_type;
+int conftestval[sizeof(conftest_type)?1:-1];
 SRC
+    $defs.push(format("-DHAVE_TYPE_%s", type.tr_cpp))
+    true
+  else
+    false
+  end
+end
+
+# Returns whether or not the static type +type+ is defined.  You may
+# optionally pass additional +headers+ to check against in addition to the
+# common header files.
+#
+# You may also pass additional flags to +opt+ which are then passed along to
+# the compiler.
+#
+# If found, a macro is passed as a preprocessor constant to the compiler using
+# the type name, in uppercase, prepended with 'HAVE_TYPE_'.
+#
+# For example, if have_type('foo') returned true, then the HAVE_TYPE_FOO
+# preprocessor macro would be passed to the compiler.
+#
+def have_type(type, headers = nil, opt = "", &b)
+  checking_for checking_message(type, headers, opt) do
+    try_type(type, headers, opt, &b)
+  end
+end
+
+# Returns where the static type +type+ is defined.
+#
+# You may also pass additional flags to +opt+ which are then passed along to
+# the compiler.
+#
+# See also +have_type+.
+#
+def find_type(type, opt, *headers, &b)
+  opt ||= ""
+  fmt = "not found"
+  def fmt.%(x)
+    x ? x.respond_to?(:join) ? x.join(",") : x : self
+  end
+  checking_for checking_message(type, nil, opt), fmt do
+    headers.find do |h|
+      try_type(type, h, opt, &b)
+    end
+  end
+end
+
+def try_const(const, headers = nil, opt = "", &b)
+  const, type = *const
+  if try_compile(<<"SRC", opt, &b)
 #{COMMON_HEADERS}
-#{headers}
+#{cpp_include(headers)}
 /*top*/
-static #{type} *t;
+typedef #{type || 'int'} conftest_type;
+conftest_type conftestval = #{type ? '' : '(int)'}#{const};
 SRC
-      $defs.push(format("-DHAVE_TYPE_%s", type.strip.upcase.tr_s("^A-Z0-9_", "_")))
-      true
-    else
-      false
-    end
+    $defs.push(format("-DHAVE_CONST_%s", const.tr_cpp))
+    true
+  else
+    false
   end
 end
 
-def check_sizeof(type, header = nil, &b)
+# Returns whether or not the constant +const+ is defined.  You may
+# optionally pass the +type+ of +const+ as <code>[const, type]</code>,
+# like as:
+#
+#   have_const(%w[PTHREAD_MUTEX_INITIALIZER pthread_mutex_t], "pthread.h")
+#
+# You may also pass additional +headers+ to check against in addition
+# to the common header files, and additional flags to +opt+ which are
+# then passed along to the compiler.
+#
+# If found, a macro is passed as a preprocessor constant to the compiler using
+# the type name, in uppercase, prepended with 'HAVE_CONST_'.
+#
+# For example, if have_const('foo') returned true, then the HAVE_CONST_FOO
+# preprocessor macro would be passed to the compiler.
+#
+def have_const(const, headers = nil, opt = "", &b)
+  checking_for checking_message([*const].compact.join(' '), headers, opt) do
+    try_const(const, headers, opt, &b)
+  end
+end
+
+# Returns the size of the given +type+.  You may optionally specify additional
+# +headers+ to search in for the +type+.
+#
+# If found, a macro is passed as a preprocessor constant to the compiler using
+# the type name, in uppercase, prepended with 'SIZEOF_', followed by the type
+# name, followed by '=X' where 'X' is the actual size.
+#
+# For example, if check_sizeof('mystruct') returned 12, then the
+# SIZEOF_MYSTRUCT=12 preprocessor macro would be passed to the compiler.
+#
+def check_sizeof(type, headers = nil, &b)
   expr = "sizeof(#{type})"
   fmt = "%d"
   def fmt.%(x)
     x ? super : "failed"
   end
-  checking_for("size of #{type}", fmt) do
-    if size = try_constant(expr, header, &b)
-      $defs.push(format("-DSIZEOF_%s=%d", type.upcase.tr_s("^A-Z0-9_", "_"), size))
+  checking_for checking_message("size of #{type}", headers), fmt do
+    if size = try_constant(expr, headers, &b)
+      $defs.push(format("-DSIZEOF_%s=%d", type.tr_cpp, size))
       size
     end
   end
 end
 
+# :stopdoc:
+
+# Used internally by the what_type? method to determine if +type+ is a scalar
+# pointer.
 def scalar_ptr_type?(type, member = nil, headers = nil, &b)
   try_compile(<<"SRC", &b)   # pointer
 #{COMMON_HEADERS}
@@ -713,6 +938,8 @@ int t() {return (int)(1-*(conftestval#{member ? ".#{member}" : ""}));}
 SRC
 end
 
+# Used internally by the what_type? method to determine if +type+ is a scalar
+# pointer.
 def scalar_type?(type, member = nil, headers = nil, &b)
   try_compile(<<"SRC", &b)   # pointer
 #{COMMON_HEADERS}
@@ -731,12 +958,11 @@ def what_type?(type, member = nil, headers = nil, &b)
     m << "." << member
     name = "(((#{type} *)0)->#{member})"
   end
-  m << " in #{headers.inspect}" if headers
   fmt = "seems %s"
   def fmt.%(x)
     x ? super : "unknown"
   end
-  checking_for m, fmt do
+  checking_for checking_message(m, headers), fmt do
     if scalar_ptr_type?(type, member, headers, &b)
       if try_static_assert("sizeof(*#{name}) == 1", headers)
         "string"
@@ -757,11 +983,15 @@ def what_type?(type, member = nil, headers = nil, &b)
   end
 end
 
+# This method is used internally by the find_executable method.
+#
+# Internal use only.
+#
 def find_executable0(bin, path = nil)
   ext = config_string('EXEEXT')
   if File.expand_path(bin) == bin
     return bin if File.executable?(bin)
-    return file if ext and File.executable?(file = bin + ext)
+    ext and File.executable?(file = bin + ext) and return file
     return nil
   end
   if path ||= ENV['PATH']
@@ -777,18 +1007,45 @@ def find_executable0(bin, path = nil)
   nil
 end
 
+# :startdoc:
+
+# Searches for the executable +bin+ on +path+. The default path is your
+# PATH environment variable. If that isn't defined, it will resort to
+# searching /usr/local/bin, /usr/ucb, /usr/bin and /bin.
+#
+# If found, it will return the full path, including the executable name,
+# of where it was found.
+#
+# Note that this method does not actually affect the generated Makefile.
+#
 def find_executable(bin, path = nil)
-  checking_for bin do
+  checking_for checking_message(bin, path) do
     find_executable0(bin, path)
   end
 end
 
+# :stopdoc:
+
 def arg_config(config, *defaults, &block)
   $arg_config << [config, *defaults]
   defaults << nil if !block and defaults.empty?
   $configure_args.fetch(config.tr('_', '-'), *defaults, &block)
 end
 
+# :startdoc:
+
+# Tests for the presence of a --with-<tt>config</tt> or --without-<tt>config</tt>
+# option. Returns true if the with option is given, false if the without
+# option is given, and the default value otherwise.
+#
+# This can be useful for adding custom definitions, such as debug information.
+#
+# Example:
+#
+#    if with_config("debug")
+#       $defs.push("-DOSSL_DEBUG") unless $defs.include? "-DOSSL_DEBUG"
+#    end
+#
 def with_config(config, *defaults)
   config = config.sub(/^--with[-_]/, '')
   val = arg_config("--with-"+config) do
@@ -810,6 +1067,18 @@ def with_config(config, *defaults)
   end
 end
 
+# Tests for the presence of an --enable-<tt>config</tt> or
+# --disable-<tt>config</tt> option. Returns true if the enable option is given,
+# false if the disable option is given, and the default value otherwise.
+#
+# This can be useful for adding custom definitions, such as debug information.
+#
+# Example:
+#
+#    if enable_config("debug")
+#       $defs.push("-DOSSL_DEBUG") unless $defs.include? "-DOSSL_DEBUG"
+#    end
+#
 def enable_config(config, *defaults)
   if arg_config("--enable-"+config)
     true
@@ -822,6 +1091,32 @@ def enable_config(config, *defaults)
   end
 end
 
+# Generates a header file consisting of the various macro definitions generated
+# by other methods such as have_func and have_header. These are then wrapped in
+# a custom #ifndef based on the +header+ file name, which defaults to
+# 'extconf.h'.
+#
+# For example:
+# 
+#    # extconf.rb
+#    require 'mkmf'
+#    have_func('realpath')
+#    have_header('sys/utime.h')
+#    create_header
+#    create_makefile('foo')
+#
+# The above script would generate the following extconf.h file:
+#
+#    #ifndef EXTCONF_H
+#    #define EXTCONF_H
+#    #define HAVE_REALPATH 1
+#    #define HAVE_SYS_UTIME_H 1
+#    #endif
+#
+# Given that the create_header method generates a file based on definitions
+# set earlier in your extconf.rb file, you will probably want to make this
+# one of the last methods you call in your script.
+#
 def create_header(header = "extconf.h")
   message "creating %s\n", header
   sym = header.tr("a-z./\055", "A-Z___")
@@ -844,6 +1139,17 @@ def create_header(header = "extconf.h")
   $extconf_h = header
 end
 
+# Sets a +target+ name that the user can then use to configure various 'with'
+# options with on the command line by using that name.  For example, if the
+# target is set to "foo", then the user could use the --with-foo-dir command
+# line option.
+#
+# You may pass along additional 'include' or 'lib' defaults via the +idefault+
+# and +ldefault+ parameters, respectively.
+#
+# Note that dir_config only adds to the list of places to search for libraries
+# and include files.  It does not link the libraries into your application.
+#
 def dir_config(target, idefault=nil, ldefault=nil)
   if dir = with_config(target + "-dir", (idefault unless ldefault))
     defaults = Array === dir ? dir : dir.split(File::PATH_SEPARATOR)
@@ -878,6 +1184,10 @@ def dir_config(target, idefault=nil, ldefault=nil)
   [idir, ldir]
 end
 
+# :stopdoc:
+
+# Handles meta information about installed libraries. Uses your platform's
+# pkg-config program if it has one.
 def pkg_config(pkg)
   if pkgconfig = with_config("#{pkg}-config") and find_executable0(pkgconfig)
     # iff package specific config command is given
@@ -911,9 +1221,14 @@ def pkg_config(pkg)
 end
 
 def with_destdir(dir)
-  /^\$[\(\{]/ =~ dir ? dir : "$(DESTDIR)"+dir
+  dir = dir.sub($dest_prefix_pattern, '')
+  /\A\$[\(\{]/ =~ dir ? dir : "$(DESTDIR)"+dir
 end
 
+# Converts forward slashes to backslashes. Aimed at MS Windows.
+#
+# Internal use only.
+#
 def winsep(s)
   s.tr('/', '\\')
 end
@@ -935,24 +1250,30 @@ def configuration(srcdir)
 SHELL = /bin/sh
 
 #### Start of system configuration section. ####
-
+#{
+if $extmk
+  "top_srcdir = " + $top_srcdir.sub(%r"\A#{Regexp.quote($topdir)}/", "$(topdir)/")
+end
+}
 srcdir = #{srcdir.gsub(/\$\((srcdir)\)|\$\{(srcdir)\}/) {CONFIG[$1||$2]}.quote}
 topdir = #{($extmk ? CONFIG["topdir"] : $topdir).quote}
 hdrdir = #{$extmk ? CONFIG["hdrdir"].quote : '$(topdir)'}
 VPATH = #{vpath.join(CONFIG['PATH_SEPARATOR'])}
 }
-  drive = File::PATH_SEPARATOR == ';' ? /\A\w:/ : /\A/
-  if destdir = CONFIG["prefix"].scan(drive)[0] and !destdir.empty?
+  if $extmk
+    mk << "RUBYLIB = -\nRUBYOPT = -rpurelib.rb\n"
+  end
+  if destdir = CONFIG["prefix"][$dest_prefix_pattern, 1]
     mk << "\nDESTDIR = #{destdir}\n"
   end
   CONFIG.each do |key, var|
     next unless /prefix$/ =~ key
-    mk << "#{key} = #{with_destdir(var.sub(drive, ''))}\n"
+    mk << "#{key} = #{with_destdir(var)}\n"
   end
   CONFIG.each do |key, var|
     next if /^abs_/ =~ key
     next unless /^(?:src|top|hdr|(.*))dir$/ =~ key and $1
-    mk << "#{key} = #{with_destdir(var.sub(drive, ''))}\n"
+    mk << "#{key} = #{with_destdir(var)}\n"
   end
   if !$extmk and !$configure_args.has_key?('--ruby') and
       sep = config_string('BUILD_FILE_SEPARATOR')
@@ -969,11 +1290,15 @@ LIBRUBYARG_SHARED = #$LIBRUBYARG_SHARED
 LIBRUBYARG_STATIC = #$LIBRUBYARG_STATIC
 
 RUBY_EXTCONF_H = #{$extconf_h}
-CFLAGS   = #{CONFIG['CCDLFLAGS'] unless $static} #$CFLAGS #$ARCH_FLAG
+CFLAGS   = #{$static ? '' : CONFIG['CCDLFLAGS']} #$CFLAGS #$ARCH_FLAG
 INCFLAGS = -I. #$INCFLAGS
+DEFS     = #{CONFIG['DEFS']}
 CPPFLAGS = #{extconf_h}#{$CPPFLAGS}
 CXXFLAGS = $(CFLAGS) #{CONFIG['CXXFLAGS']}
-DLDFLAGS = #$LDFLAGS #$DLDFLAGS #$ARCH_FLAG
+ldflags  = #{$LDFLAGS}
+dldflags = #{$DLDFLAGS}
+archflag = #{$ARCH_FLAG}
+DLDFLAGS = $(ldflags) $(dldflags) $(archflag)
 LDSHARED = #{CONFIG['LDSHARED']}
 AR = #{CONFIG['AR']}
 EXEEXT = #{CONFIG['EXEEXT']}
@@ -994,7 +1319,7 @@ COPY = #{config_string('CP') || '@$(RUBY) -run -e cp -- -v'}
 
 #### End of system configuration section. ####
 
-preload = #{$preload.join(" ") if $preload}
+preload = #{$preload ? $preload.join(' ') : ''}
 }
   if $nmake == ?b
     mk.each do |x|
@@ -1017,10 +1342,63 @@ all install static install-so install-rb: Makefile
 
 RULES
 end
-
+# :startdoc:
+
+# Generates the Makefile for your extension, passing along any options and
+# preprocessor constants that you may have generated through other methods.
+#
+# The +target+ name should correspond the name of the global function name
+# defined within your C extension, minus the 'Init_'.  For example, if your
+# C extension is defined as 'Init_foo', then your target would simply be 'foo'.
+#
+# If any '/' characters are present in the target name, only the last name
+# is interpreted as the target name, and the rest are considered toplevel
+# directory names, and the generated Makefile will be altered accordingly to
+# follow that directory structure.
+#
+# For example, if you pass 'test/foo' as a target name, your extension will
+# be installed under the 'test' directory.  This means that in order to
+# load the file within a Ruby program later, that directory structure will
+# have to be followed, e.g. "require 'test/foo'".
+#
+# The +srcprefix+ should be used when your source files are not in the same
+# directory as your build script. This will not only eliminate the need for
+# you to manually copy the source files into the same directory as your build
+# script, but it also sets the proper +target_prefix+ in the generated
+# Makefile.
+#
+# Setting the +target_prefix+ will, in turn, install the generated binary in
+# a directory under your Config::CONFIG['sitearchdir'] that mimics your local
+# filesystem when you run 'make install'.
+#
+# For example, given the following file tree:
+#
+#    ext/
+#       extconf.rb
+#       test/
+#          foo.c
+#
+# And given the following code:
+#
+#    create_makefile('test/foo', 'test')
+#
+# That will set the +target_prefix+ in the generated Makefile to 'test'. That,
+# in turn, will create the following file tree when installed via the
+# 'make install' command:
+#
+#    /path/to/ruby/sitearchdir/test/foo.so
+#
+# It is recommended that you use this approach to generate your makefiles,
+# instead of copying files around manually, because some third party
+# libraries may depend on the +target_prefix+ being set properly.
+#
+# The +srcprefix+ argument can be used to override the default source
+# directory, i.e. the current directory . It is included as part of the VPATH
+# and added to the list of INCFLAGS.
+#
 def create_makefile(target, srcprefix = nil)
   $target = target
-  libpath = $LIBPATH
+  libpath = $DEFLIBPATH|$LIBPATH
   message "creating Makefile\n"
   rm_f "conftest*"
   if CONFIG["DLEXT"] == $OBJEXT
@@ -1050,6 +1428,7 @@ def create_makefile(target, srcprefix = nil)
   elsif !(srcs = $srcs)
     srcs = $objs.collect {|obj| obj.sub(/\.o\z/, '.c')}
   end
+  $srcs = srcs
   for i in $objs
     i.sub!(/\.o\z/, ".#{$OBJEXT}")
   end
@@ -1072,6 +1451,7 @@ def create_makefile(target, srcprefix = nil)
       deffile = "$(TARGET)-$(arch).def"
     end
   end
+  origdef ||= ''
 
   libpath = libpathflag(libpath)
 
@@ -1079,8 +1459,8 @@ def create_makefile(target, srcprefix = nil)
   staticlib = target ? "$(TARGET).#$LIBEXT" : ""
   mfile = open("Makefile", "wb")
   mfile.print configuration(srcprefix)
-  mfile.print %{
-libpath = #{$LIBPATH.join(" ")}
+  mfile.print "
+libpath = #{($DEFLIBPATH|$LIBPATH).join(" ")}
 LIBPATH = #{libpath}
 DEFFILE = #{deffile}
 
@@ -1098,27 +1478,27 @@ TARGET = #{target}
 DLLIB = #{dllib}
 EXTSTATIC = #{$static || ""}
 STATIC_LIB = #{staticlib unless $static.nil?}
-
-}
+#{!$extout && defined?($installed_list) ? "INSTALLED_LIST = #{$installed_list}\n" : ""}
+"
   install_dirs.each {|d| mfile.print("%-14s= %s\n" % d) if /^[[:upper:]]/ =~ d[0]}
   n = ($extout ? '$(RUBYARCHDIR)/' : '') + '$(TARGET).'
-  mfile.print %{
+  mfile.print "
 TARGET_SO     = #{($extout ? '$(RUBYARCHDIR)/' : '')}$(DLLIB)
 CLEANLIBS     = #{n}#{CONFIG['DLEXT']} #{n}il? #{n}tds #{n}map
 CLEANOBJS     = *.#{$OBJEXT} *.#{$LIBEXT} *.s[ol] *.pdb *.exp *.bak
 
 all:		#{$extout ? "install" : target ? "$(DLLIB)" : "Makefile"}
 static:		$(STATIC_LIB)#{$extout ? " install-rb" : ""}
-}
+"
   mfile.print CLEANINGS
   dirs = []
   mfile.print "install: install-so install-rb\n\n"
   sodir = (dir = "$(RUBYARCHDIR)").dup
-  mfile.print("install-so: #{dir}\n")
+  mfile.print("install-so: ")
   if target
     f = "$(DLLIB)"
     dest = "#{dir}/#{f}"
-    mfile.print "install-so: #{dest}\n"
+    mfile.puts dir, "install-so: #{dest}"
     unless $extout
       mfile.print "#{dest}: #{f}\n"
       if (sep = config_string('BUILD_FILE_SEPARATOR'))
@@ -1131,7 +1511,12 @@ static:		$(STATIC_LIB)#{$extout ? " install-rb" : ""}
         dir.gsub!(/(\$\{\w+)(\})/) {$1+sep+$2}
       end
       mfile.print "\t$(INSTALL_PROG) #{f} #{dir}\n"
+      if defined?($installed_list)
+	mfile.print "\t@echo #{dir}/#{File.basename(f)}>>$(INSTALLED_LIST)\n"
+      end
     end
+  else
+    mfile.puts "Makefile"
   end
   mfile.print("install-rb: pre-install-rb install-rb-default\n")
   mfile.print("install-rb-default: pre-install-rb-default\n")
@@ -1147,7 +1532,7 @@ static:		$(STATIC_LIB)#{$extout ? " install-rb" : ""}
       files.each do |f|
 	dest = "#{dir}/#{File.basename(f)}"
 	mfile.print("install-rb#{sfx}: #{dest}\n")
-	mfile.print("#{dest}: #{f}\n\t$(#{$extout ? 'COPY' : 'INSTALL_DATA'}) ")
+	mfile.print("#{dest}: #{f} #{dir}\n\t$(#{$extout ? 'COPY' : 'INSTALL_DATA'}) ")
 	sep = config_string('BUILD_FILE_SEPARATOR')
 	if sep
 	  f = f.gsub("/", sep)
@@ -1158,6 +1543,9 @@ static:		$(STATIC_LIB)#{$extout ? " install-rb" : ""}
 	  sep = ""
 	end
 	mfile.print("#{f} $(@D#{sep})\n")
+	if defined?($installed_list) and !$extout
+	  mfile.print("\t@echo #{dest}>>$(INSTALLED_LIST)\n")
+	end
       end
     end
   end
@@ -1241,7 +1629,7 @@ site-install-rb: install-rb
       end
       while line = dfile.gets()
 	line.gsub!(/\.o\b/, ".#{$OBJEXT}")
-	line.gsub!(/\$\(hdrdir\)\/config.h/, $config_h) if $config_h
+	line.gsub!(/\$\((?:hdr|top)dir\)\/config.h/, $config_h) if $config_h
 	if /(?:^|[^\\])(?:\\\\)*\\$/ =~ line
 	  (cont ||= []) << line
 	  next
@@ -1260,6 +1648,7 @@ site-install-rb: install-rb
     unless suffixes.empty?
       mfile.print ".SUFFIXES: .", suffixes.uniq.join(" ."), "\n\n"
     end
+    mfile.print "$(OBJS): $(RUBY_EXTCONF_H)\n\n" if $extconf_h
     mfile.print depout
   else
     headers = %w[ruby.h defines.h]
@@ -1276,6 +1665,8 @@ ensure
   mfile.close if mfile
 end
 
+# :stopdoc:
+
 def init_mkmf(config = CONFIG)
   $makefile_created = false
   $arg_config = []
@@ -1285,7 +1676,7 @@ def init_mkmf(config = CONFIG)
   $CFLAGS = with_config("cflags", arg_config("CFLAGS", config["CFLAGS"])).dup
   $ARCH_FLAG = with_config("arch_flag", arg_config("ARCH_FLAG", config["ARCH_FLAG"])).dup
   $CPPFLAGS = with_config("cppflags", arg_config("CPPFLAGS", config["CPPFLAGS"])).dup
-  $LDFLAGS = (with_config("ldflags") || "").dup
+  $LDFLAGS = with_config("ldflags", arg_config("LDFLAGS", config["LDFLAGS"])).dup
   $INCFLAGS = "-I$(topdir) -I$(hdrdir) -I$(srcdir)"
   $DLDFLAGS = with_config("dldflags", arg_config("DLDFLAGS", config["DLDFLAGS"])).dup
   $LIBEXT = config['LIBEXT'].dup
@@ -1294,8 +1685,11 @@ def init_mkmf(config = CONFIG)
   $LIBRUBYARG = ""
   $LIBRUBYARG_STATIC = config['LIBRUBYARG_STATIC']
   $LIBRUBYARG_SHARED = config['LIBRUBYARG_SHARED']
-  $LIBPATH = $extmk ? ["$(topdir)"] : CROSS_COMPILING ? [] : ["$(libdir)"]
-  $INSTALLFILES = nil
+  $DEFLIBPATH = $extmk ? ["$(topdir)"] : CROSS_COMPILING ? [] : ["$(libdir)"]
+  $DEFLIBPATH.unshift(".")
+  $LIBPATH = []
+  $INSTALLFILES = []
+  $NONINSTALLFILES = [/~\z/, /\A#.*#\z/, /\A\.#/, /\.bak\z/i, /\.orig\z/, /\.rej\z/, /\.l[ao]\z/, /\.o\z/]
 
   $objs = nil
   $srcs = nil
@@ -1307,6 +1701,7 @@ def init_mkmf(config = CONFIG)
   $LOCAL_LIBS = ""
 
   $cleanfiles = config_string('CLEANFILES') {|s| Shellwords.shellwords(s)} || []
+  $cleanfiles << "mkmf.log"
   $distcleanfiles = config_string('DISTCLEANFILES') {|s| Shellwords.shellwords(s)} || []
 
   $extout ||= nil
@@ -1324,13 +1719,20 @@ details.  You may need configuration options.
 Provided configuration options:
 MESSAGE
 
+# Returns whether or not the Makefile was successfully generated. If not,
+# the script will abort with an error message.
+#
+# Internal use only.
+#
 def mkmf_failed(path)
   unless $makefile_created or File.exist?("Makefile")
-    opts = $arg_config.collect {|t, n| "\t#{t}#{"=#{n}" if n}\n"}
+    opts = $arg_config.collect {|t, n| "\t#{t}#{n ? "=#{n}" : ""}\n"}
     abort "*** #{path} failed ***\n" + FailedMessage + opts.join
   end
 end
 
+# :startdoc:
+
 init_mkmf
 
 $make = with_config("make-prog", ENV["MAKE"] || "make")
@@ -1364,15 +1766,14 @@ EXPORT_PREFIX = config_string('EXPORT_PREFIX') {|s| s.strip}
 
 hdr = []
 config_string('COMMON_MACROS') do |s|
-  Shellwords.shellwords(s).each do |s|
-    /(.*?)(?:=(.*))/ =~ s
-    hdr << "#define #$1 #$2"
+  Shellwords.shellwords(s).each do |w|
+    hdr << "#define " + w.split(/=/, 2).join(" ")
   end
 end
 config_string('COMMON_HEADERS') do |s|
   Shellwords.shellwords(s).each {|s| hdr << "#include <#{s}>"}
 end
-COMMON_HEADERS = (hdr.join("\n") unless hdr.empty?)
+COMMON_HEADERS = hdr.join("\n")
 COMMON_LIBS = config_string('COMMON_LIBS', &split) || []
 
 COMPILE_RULES = config_string('COMPILE_RULES', &split) || %w[.%s.%s:]
@@ -1386,8 +1787,8 @@ LINK_SO = config_string('LINK_SO') ||
   if CONFIG["DLEXT"] == $OBJEXT
     "ld $(DLDFLAGS) -r -o $@ $(OBJS)\n"
   else
-    "$(LDSHARED) $(DLDFLAGS) $(LIBPATH) #{OUTFLAG}$@ " \
-    "$(OBJS) $(LOCAL_LIBS) $(LIBS)"
+    "$(LDSHARED) #{OUTFLAG}$@ $(OBJS) " \
+    "$(LIBPATH) $(DLDFLAGS) $(LOCAL_LIBS) $(LIBS)"
   end
 LIBPATHFLAG = config_string('LIBPATHFLAG') || ' -L"%s"'
 RPATHFLAG = config_string('RPATHFLAG') || ''
diff --git a/lib/monitor.rb b/lib/monitor.rb
index 4ed4e41222..4c146c8086 100644
--- a/lib/monitor.rb
+++ b/lib/monitor.rb
@@ -105,14 +105,17 @@ module MonitorMixin
         return false
       ensure
 	Thread.critical = true
-	if timer && timer.alive?
-	  Thread.kill(timer)
+	begin
+	  if timer && timer.alive?
+	    Thread.kill(timer)
+	  end
+	  if @waiters.include?(Thread.current)  # interrupted?
+	    @waiters.delete(Thread.current)
+	  end
+	  @monitor.instance_eval {mon_enter_for_cond(count)}
+	ensure
+	  Thread.critical = false
 	end
-	if @waiters.include?(Thread.current)  # interrupted?
-	  @waiters.delete(Thread.current)
-	end
-        @monitor.instance_eval {mon_enter_for_cond(count)}
-	Thread.critical = false
       end
     end
     
@@ -210,6 +213,7 @@ module MonitorMixin
     Thread.critical = true
     mon_acquire(@mon_entering_queue)
     @mon_count += 1
+  ensure
     Thread.critical = false
   end
   
@@ -299,8 +303,9 @@ module MonitorMixin
   def mon_exit_for_cond
     count = @mon_count
     @mon_count = 0
-    mon_release
     return count
+  ensure
+    mon_release
   end
 end
 
diff --git a/lib/mutex_m.rb b/lib/mutex_m.rb
index 0192d83bee..8e0d42bc8d 100644
--- a/lib/mutex_m.rb
+++ b/lib/mutex_m.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-#
+#--
 #   mutex_m.rb - 
 #   	$Release Version: 3.0$
 #   	$Revision: 1.7 $
@@ -7,22 +7,26 @@
 #   	by Keiju ISHITSUKA(keiju@ishitsuka.com)
 #       modified by matz
 #       patched by akira yamada
+#++
+#
+# == Usage
+#
+# Extend an object and use it like a Mutex object:
+#
+#   require "mutex_m.rb"
+#   obj = Object.new
+#   obj.extend Mutex_m
+#   # ...
 #
-# --
-#   Usage:
-#	require "mutex_m.rb"
-#	obj = Object.new
-#	obj.extend Mutex_m
-#	...
-#	extended object can be handled like Mutex
-#       or
-#	class Foo
-#	  include Mutex_m
-#	  ...
-#	end
-#	obj = Foo.new
-#	this obj can be handled like Mutex
+# Or, include Mutex_m in a class to have its instances behave like a Mutex
+# object:
 #
+#   class Foo
+#     include Mutex_m
+#     # ...
+#   end
+#   
+#   obj = Foo.new
 
 module Mutex_m
   def Mutex_m.define_aliases(cl)
diff --git a/lib/net/ftp.rb b/lib/net/ftp.rb
index dfbcf1499f..ca2c00a790 100644
--- a/lib/net/ftp.rb
+++ b/lib/net/ftp.rb
@@ -278,12 +278,9 @@ module Net
     def sendport(host, port)
       af = (@sock.peeraddr)[0]
       if af == "AF_INET"
-	hbytes = host.split(".")
-	pbytes = [port / 256, port % 256]
-	bytes = hbytes + pbytes
-	cmd = "PORT " + bytes.join(",")
+	cmd = "PORT " + (host.split(".") + port.divmod(256)).join(",")
       elsif af == "AF_INET6"
-	cmd = "EPRT |2|" + host + "|" + sprintf("%d", port) + "|"
+	cmd = sprintf("EPRT |2|%s|%d|", host, port)
       else
 	raise FTPProtoError, host
       end
@@ -322,6 +319,8 @@ module Net
 	  end
 	end
 	resp = sendcmd(cmd)
+        # skip 2XX for some ftp servers
+        resp = getresp if resp[0] == ?2
 	if resp[0] != ?1
 	  raise FTPReplyError, resp
 	end
@@ -334,6 +333,8 @@ module Net
 	  end
 	end
 	resp = sendcmd(cmd)
+        # skip 2XX for some ftp servers
+        resp = getresp if resp[0] == ?2
 	if resp[0] != ?1
 	  raise FTPReplyError, resp
 	end
diff --git a/lib/net/http.rb b/lib/net/http.rb
index 43ef6e1ad3..7dd1f24d4c 100644
--- a/lib/net/http.rb
+++ b/lib/net/http.rb
@@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ module Net   #:nodoc:
   #     req = Net::HTTP::Post.new(url.path)
   #     req.basic_auth 'jack', 'pass'
   #     req.set_form_data({'from'=>'2005-01-01', 'to'=>'2005-03-31'}, ';')
-  #     res = Net::HTTP.new(url.host, url.port).start { http.request(req) }
+  #     res = Net::HTTP.new(url.host, url.port).start {|http| http.request(req) }
   #     case res
   #     when Net::HTTPSuccess, Net::HTTPRedirection
   #       # OK
@@ -584,6 +584,9 @@ module Net   #:nodoc:
           HTTPResponse.read_new(@socket).value
         end
         s.connect
+        if @ssl_context.verify_mode != OpenSSL::SSL::VERIFY_NONE
+          s.post_connection_check(@address)
+        end
       end
       on_connect
     end
@@ -833,6 +836,10 @@ module Net   #:nodoc:
     #       end
     #     }
     #
+    # You should set Content-Type: header field for POST.
+    # If no Content-Type: field given, this method uses
+    # "application/x-www-form-urlencoded" by default.
+    #
     def post(path, data, initheader = nil, dest = nil, &block) # :yield: +body_segment+
       res = nil
       request(Post.new(path, initheader), data) {|r|
@@ -843,7 +850,6 @@ module Net   #:nodoc:
         res.value
         return res, res.body
       end
-
       res
     end
 
@@ -1176,7 +1182,7 @@ module Net   #:nodoc:
     #
     def add_field(key, val)
       if @header.key?(key.downcase)
-        @header[key.downcase].concat [val]
+        @header[key.downcase].push val
       else
         @header[key.downcase] = [val]
       end
@@ -1363,35 +1369,60 @@ module Net   #:nodoc:
       r.end - r.begin
     end
 
+    # Returns a content type string such as "text/html".
+    # This method returns nil if Content-Type: header field does not exist.
     def content_type
-      "#{main_type()}/#{sub_type()}"
+      return nil unless main_type()
+      if sub_type()
+      then "#{main_type()}/#{sub_type()}"
+      else main_type()
+      end
     end
 
+    # Returns a content type string such as "text".
+    # This method returns nil if Content-Type: header field does not exist.
     def main_type
       return nil unless @header['content-type']
       self['Content-Type'].split(';').first.to_s.split('/')[0].to_s.strip
     end
     
+    # Returns a content type string such as "html".
+    # This method returns nil if Content-Type: header field does not exist
+    # or sub-type is not given (e.g. "Content-Type: text").
     def sub_type
       return nil unless @header['content-type']
-      self['Content-Type'].split(';').first.to_s.split('/')[1].to_s.strip
+      main, sub = *self['Content-Type'].split(';').first.to_s.split('/')
+      return nil unless sub
+      sub.strip
     end
 
+    # Returns content type parameters as a Hash as like
+    # {"charset" => "iso-2022-jp"}.
     def type_params
       result = {}
-      self['Content-Type'].to_s.split(';')[1..-1].each do |param|
+      list = self['Content-Type'].to_s.split(';')
+      list.shift
+      list.each do |param|
         k, v = *param.split('=', 2)
         result[k.strip] = v.strip
       end
       result
     end
 
+    # Set Content-Type: header field by +type+ and +params+.
+    # +type+ must be a String, +params+ must be a Hash.
     def set_content_type(type, params = {})
       @header['content-type'] = [type + params.map{|k,v|"; #{k}=#{v}"}.join('')]
     end
 
     alias content_type= set_content_type
 
+    # Set header fields and a body from HTML form data.
+    # +params+ should be a Hash containing HTML form data.
+    # Optional argument +sep+ means data record separator.
+    #
+    # This method also set Content-Type: header field to
+    # application/x-www-form-urlencoded.
     def set_form_data(params, sep = '&')
       self.body = params.map {|k,v| "#{urlencode(k.to_s)}=#{urlencode(v.to_s)}" }.join(sep)
       self.content_type = 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded'
@@ -1504,20 +1535,17 @@ module Net   #:nodoc:
     def send_request_with_body(sock, ver, path, body)
       self.content_length = body.length
       delete 'Transfer-Encoding'
-      unless content_type()
-        warn 'net/http: warning: Content-Type did not set; using application/x-www-form-urlencoded' if $VERBOSE
-        set_content_type 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded'
-      end
+      supply_default_content_type
       write_header sock, ver, path
       sock.write body
     end
 
     def send_request_with_body_stream(sock, ver, path, f)
-      raise ArgumentError, "Content-Length not given and Transfer-Encoding is not `chunked'" unless content_length() or chunked?
-      unless content_type()
-        warn 'net/http: warning: Content-Type did not set; using application/x-www-form-urlencoded' if $VERBOSE
-        set_content_type 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded'
+      unless content_length() or chunked?
+        raise ArgumentError,
+            "Content-Length not given and Transfer-Encoding is not `chunked'"
       end
+      supply_default_content_type
       write_header sock, ver, path
       if chunked?
         while s = f.read(1024)
@@ -1531,6 +1559,12 @@ module Net   #:nodoc:
       end
     end
 
+    def supply_default_content_type
+      return if content_type()
+      warn 'net/http: warning: Content-Type did not set; using application/x-www-form-urlencoded' if $VERBOSE
+      set_content_type 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded'
+    end
+
     def write_header(sock, ver, path)
       buf = "#{@method} #{path} HTTP/#{ver}\r\n"
       each_capitalized do |k,v|
diff --git a/lib/net/https.rb b/lib/net/https.rb
index e296dbbed4..7847c3ffea 100644
--- a/lib/net/https.rb
+++ b/lib/net/https.rb
@@ -65,11 +65,11 @@ It can be replaced by the following code:
 
 : key, key=((|key|))
     Sets an OpenSSL::PKey::RSA or OpenSSL::PKey::DSA object.
-    (This method is appeared in Michal Rokos's OpenSSL extention.)
+    (This method is appeared in Michal Rokos's OpenSSL extension.)
 
 : cert, cert=((|cert|))
     Sets an OpenSSL::X509::Certificate object as client certificate
-    (This method is appeared in Michal Rokos's OpenSSL extention).
+    (This method is appeared in Michal Rokos's OpenSSL extension).
 
 : ca_file, ca_file=((|path|))
     Sets path of a CA certification file in PEM format.
diff --git a/lib/net/imap.rb b/lib/net/imap.rb
index 29b6359e0e..6162ffa0d0 100644
--- a/lib/net/imap.rb
+++ b/lib/net/imap.rb
@@ -284,7 +284,13 @@ module Net
 
     # Disconnects from the server.
     def disconnect
-      @sock.shutdown unless @usessl
+      begin
+        # try to call SSL::SSLSocket#io.
+        @sock.io.shutdown
+      rescue NoMethodError
+        # @sock is not an SSL::SSLSocket.
+        @sock.shutdown
+      end
       @receiver_thread.join
       @sock.close
     end
@@ -896,14 +902,15 @@ module Net
         end
         @sock = SSLSocket.new(@sock, context)
         @sock.connect   # start ssl session.
+        @sock.post_connection_check(@host) if verify
       else
         @usessl = false
       end
       @responses = Hash.new([].freeze)
       @tagged_responses = {}
       @response_handlers = []
-      @tagged_response_arrival = new_cond
-      @continuation_request_arrival = new_cond
+      @response_arrival = new_cond
+      @continuation_request = nil
       @logout_command_tag = nil
       @debug_output_bol = true
 
@@ -934,7 +941,7 @@ module Net
             case resp
             when TaggedResponse
               @tagged_responses[resp.tag] = resp
-              @tagged_response_arrival.broadcast
+              @response_arrival.broadcast
               if resp.tag == @logout_command_tag
                 return
               end
@@ -949,7 +956,8 @@ module Net
                 raise ByeResponseError, resp.raw_data
               end
             when ContinuationRequest
-              @continuation_request_arrival.signal
+              @continuation_request = resp
+              @response_arrival.broadcast
             end
             @response_handlers.each do |handler|
               handler.call(resp)
@@ -961,10 +969,14 @@ module Net
       end
     end
 
-    def get_tagged_response(tag, cmd)
+    def get_tagged_response(tag)
       until @tagged_responses.key?(tag)
-        @tagged_response_arrival.wait
+        @response_arrival.wait
       end
+      return pick_up_tagged_response(tag)
+    end
+
+    def pick_up_tagged_response(tag)
       resp = @tagged_responses.delete(tag)
       case resp.name
       when /\A(?:NO)\z/ni
@@ -1005,7 +1017,7 @@ module Net
 
     def send_command(cmd, *args, &block)
       synchronize do
-        tag = generate_tag
+        tag = Thread.current[:net_imap_tag] = generate_tag
         put_string(tag + " " + cmd)
         args.each do |i|
           put_string(" ")
@@ -1019,7 +1031,7 @@ module Net
           add_response_handler(block)
         end
         begin
-          return get_tagged_response(tag, cmd)
+          return get_tagged_response(tag)
         ensure
           if block
             remove_response_handler(block)
@@ -1088,7 +1100,15 @@ module Net
 
     def send_literal(str)
       put_string("{" + str.length.to_s + "}" + CRLF)
-      @continuation_request_arrival.wait
+      while @continuation_request.nil? &&
+        !@tagged_responses.key?(Thread.current[:net_imap_tag])
+        @response_arrival.wait
+      end
+      if @continuation_request.nil?
+        pick_up_tagged_response(Thread.current[:net_imap_tag])
+        raise ResponseError.new("expected continuation request")
+      end
+      @continuation_request = nil
       put_string(str)
     end
 
@@ -1883,7 +1903,7 @@ module Net
       T_TEXT    = :TEXT
 
       BEG_REGEXP = /\G(?:\
-(?# 1:  SPACE   )( )|\
+(?# 1:  SPACE   )( +)|\
 (?# 2:  NIL     )(NIL)(?=[\x80-\xff(){ \x00-\x1f\x7f%*"\\\[\]+])|\
 (?# 3:  NUMBER  )(\d+)(?=[\x80-\xff(){ \x00-\x1f\x7f%*"\\\[\]+])|\
 (?# 4:  ATOM    )([^\x80-\xff(){ \x00-\x1f\x7f%*"\\\[\]+]+)|\
@@ -2735,7 +2755,7 @@ module Net
         token = match(T_ATOM)
         name = token.value.upcase
         case name
-        when /\A(?:ALERT|PARSE|READ-ONLY|READ-WRITE|TRYCREATE)\z/n
+        when /\A(?:ALERT|PARSE|READ-ONLY|READ-WRITE|TRYCREATE|NOMODSEQ)\z/n
           result = ResponseCode.new(name, nil)
         when /\A(?:PERMANENTFLAGS)\z/n
           match(T_SPACE)
@@ -3042,7 +3062,7 @@ module Net
             elsif $7
               return Token.new(T_RPAR, $+)
             else
-              parse_error("[Net::IMAP BUG] BEG_REGEXP is invalid")
+              parse_error("[Net::IMAP BUG] DATA_REGEXP is invalid")
             end
           else
             @str.index(/\S*/n, @pos)
@@ -3096,7 +3116,7 @@ module Net
           $stderr.printf("@str: %s\n", @str.dump)
           $stderr.printf("@pos: %d\n", @pos)
           $stderr.printf("@lex_state: %s\n", @lex_state)
-          if @token.symbol
+          if @token
             $stderr.printf("@token.symbol: %s\n", @token.symbol)
             $stderr.printf("@token.value: %s\n", @token.value.inspect)
           end
diff --git a/lib/net/pop.rb b/lib/net/pop.rb
index 2ecbcbdf28..82cc9a747b 100644
--- a/lib/net/pop.rb
+++ b/lib/net/pop.rb
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 # = net/pop.rb
 #
-# Copyright (c) 1999-2003 Yukihiro Matsumoto.
+# Copyright (c) 1999-2007 Yukihiro Matsumoto.
 #
-# Copyright (c) 1999-2003 Minero Aoki.
+# Copyright (c) 1999-2007 Minero Aoki.
 # 
 # Written & maintained by Minero Aoki <aamine@loveruby.net>.
 #
@@ -10,18 +10,24 @@
 # 
 # This program is free software. You can re-distribute and/or
 # modify this program under the same terms as Ruby itself,
-# Ruby Distribute License or GNU General Public License.
+# Ruby Distribute License.
 # 
-# NOTE: You can find Japanese version of this document in
-# the doc/net directory of the standard ruby interpreter package.
+# NOTE: You can find Japanese version of this document at:
+# http://www.ruby-lang.org/ja/man/html/net_pop.html
 # 
 #   $Id$
-#
+# 
 # See Net::POP3 for documentation.
 #
 
 require 'net/protocol'
 require 'digest/md5'
+require 'timeout'
+
+begin
+  require "openssl/ssl"
+rescue LoadError
+end
 
 module Net
 
@@ -196,10 +202,19 @@ module Net
     # Class Parameters
     #
 
-    # The default port for POP3 connections, port 110
     def POP3.default_port
+      default_pop3_port()
+    end
+
+    # The default port for POP3 connections, port 110
+    def POP3.default_pop3_port
       110
     end
+    
+    # The default port for POP3S connections, port 995
+    def POP3.default_pop3s_port
+      995
+    end
 
     def POP3.socket_type   #:nodoc: obsolete
       Net::InternetMessageIO
@@ -220,7 +235,7 @@ module Net
     #       ....
     #     end
     #
-    def POP3.APOP( isapop )
+    def POP3.APOP(isapop)
       isapop ? APOP : POP3
     end
 
@@ -244,9 +259,9 @@ module Net
     #       m.delete if $DELETE
     #     end
     #
-    def POP3.foreach( address, port = nil,
-                      account = nil, password = nil,
-                      isapop = false, &block )  # :yields: message
+    def POP3.foreach(address, port = nil,
+                     account = nil, password = nil,
+                     isapop = false, &block)  # :yields: message
       start(address, port, account, password, isapop) {|pop|
         pop.each_mail(&block)
       }
@@ -265,9 +280,9 @@ module Net
     #       file.write m.pop
     #     end
     #
-    def POP3.delete_all( address, port = nil,
-                         account = nil, password = nil,
-                         isapop = false, &block )
+    def POP3.delete_all(address, port = nil,
+                        account = nil, password = nil,
+                        isapop = false, &block)
       start(address, port, account, password, isapop) {|pop|
         pop.delete_all(&block)
       }
@@ -287,16 +302,16 @@ module Net
     #     Net::POP3.auth_only('pop.example.com', 110,
     #                         'YourAccount', 'YourPassword', true)
     #
-    def POP3.auth_only( address, port = nil,
-                        account = nil, password = nil,
-                        isapop = false )
+    def POP3.auth_only(address, port = nil,
+                       account = nil, password = nil,
+                       isapop = false)
       new(address, port, isapop).auth_only account, password
     end
 
     # Starts a pop3 session, attempts authentication, and quits.
     # This method must not be called while POP3 session is opened.
     # This method raises POPAuthenticationError if authentication fails.
-    def auth_only( account, password )
+    def auth_only(account, password)
       raise IOError, 'opening previously opened POP session' if started?
       start(account, password) {
         ;
@@ -304,6 +319,59 @@ module Net
     end
 
     #
+    # SSL
+    #
+
+    @ssl_params = nil
+
+    # call-seq:
+    #    Net::POP.enable_ssl(params = {})
+    #
+    # Enable SSL for all new instances.
+    # +params+ is passed to OpenSSL::SSLContext#set_params.
+    def POP3.enable_ssl(*args)
+      @ssl_params = create_ssl_params(*args)
+    end
+
+    def POP3.create_ssl_params(verify_or_params = {}, certs = nil)
+      begin
+        params = verify_or_params.to_hash
+      rescue NoMethodError
+        params = {}
+        params[:verify_mode] = verify_or_params
+        if certs
+          if File.file?(certs)
+            params[:ca_file] = certs
+          elsif File.directory?(certs)
+            params[:ca_path] = certs
+          end
+        end
+      end
+      return params
+    end
+
+    # Disable SSL for all new instances.
+    def POP3.disable_ssl
+      @ssl_params = nil
+    end
+
+    def POP3.ssl_params
+      return @ssl_params
+    end
+
+    def POP3.use_ssl?
+      return !@ssl_params.nil?
+    end
+
+    def POP3.verify
+      return @ssl_params[:verify_mode]
+    end
+
+    def POP3.certs
+      return @ssl_params[:ca_file] || @ssl_params[:ca_path]
+    end
+
+    #
     # Session management
     #
 
@@ -323,27 +391,28 @@ module Net
     #      end
     #    end
     #
-    def POP3.start( address, port = nil,
-                    account = nil, password = nil,
-                    isapop = false, &block ) # :yield: pop
+    def POP3.start(address, port = nil,
+                   account = nil, password = nil,
+                   isapop = false, &block)   # :yield: pop
       new(address, port, isapop).start(account, password, &block)
     end
-
+    
     # Creates a new POP3 object.
     #
     # +address+ is the hostname or ip address of your POP3 server.
     #
-    # The optional +port+ is the port to connect to; it defaults to 110.
+    # The optional +port+ is the port to connect to.
     #
     # The optional +isapop+ specifies whether this connection is going
     # to use APOP authentication; it defaults to +false+.
     #
     # This method does *not* open the TCP connection.
-    def initialize( addr, port = nil, isapop = false )
+    def initialize(addr, port = nil, isapop = false)
       @address = addr
-      @port = port || self.class.default_port
+      @ssl_params = POP3.ssl_params
+      @port = port
       @apop = isapop
-
+      
       @command = nil
       @socket = nil
       @started = false
@@ -361,6 +430,32 @@ module Net
       @apop
     end
 
+    # does this instance use SSL?
+    def use_ssl?
+      return !@ssl_params.nil?
+    end
+   
+    # call-seq:
+    #    Net::POP#enable_ssl(params = {})
+    #
+    # Enables SSL for this instance.  Must be called before the connection is
+    # established to have any effect.
+    # +params[:port]+ is port to establish the SSL connection on; Defaults to 995.
+    # +params+ (except :port) is passed to OpenSSL::SSLContext#set_params.
+    def enable_ssl(verify_or_params = {}, certs = nil, port = nil)
+      begin
+        @ssl_params = verify_or_params.to_hash.dup
+        @port = @ssl_params.delete(:port) || @port
+      rescue NoMethodError
+        @ssl_params = POP3.create_ssl_params(verify_or_params, certs)
+        @port = port || @port
+      end
+    end
+    
+    def disable_ssl
+      @ssl_params = nil
+    end
+
     # Provide human-readable stringification of class state.
     def inspect
       "#<#{self.class} #{@address}:#{@port} open=#{@started}>"
@@ -379,7 +474,7 @@ module Net
     #     ....
     #   end
     #
-    def set_debug_output( arg )
+    def set_debug_output(arg)
       @debug_output = arg
     end
 
@@ -387,7 +482,9 @@ module Net
     attr_reader :address
 
     # The port number to connect to.
-    attr_reader :port
+    def port
+      return @port || (use_ssl? ? POP3.default_pop3s_port : POP3.default_pop3_port)
+    end
 
     # Seconds to wait until a connection is opened.
     # If the POP3 object cannot open a connection within this time,
@@ -400,7 +497,7 @@ module Net
     attr_reader :read_timeout
 
     # Set the read timeout.
-    def read_timeout=( sec )
+    def read_timeout=(sec)
       @command.socket.read_timeout = sec if @command
       @read_timeout = sec
     end
@@ -418,9 +515,8 @@ module Net
     # closes the session after block call finishes.
     #
     # This method raises a POPAuthenticationError if authentication fails.
-    def start( account, password ) # :yield: pop
+    def start(account, password) # :yield: pop
       raise IOError, 'POP session already started' if @started
-
       if block_given?
         begin
           do_start account, password
@@ -434,9 +530,23 @@ module Net
       end
     end
 
-    def do_start( account, password )
-      @socket = self.class.socket_type.old_open(@address, @port,
-                                   @open_timeout, @read_timeout, @debug_output)
+    def do_start(account, password)
+      s = timeout(@open_timeout) { TCPSocket.open(@address, port) }
+      if use_ssl?
+        raise 'openssl library not installed' unless defined?(OpenSSL)
+        context = OpenSSL::SSL::SSLContext.new
+        context.set_params(@ssl_params)
+        s = OpenSSL::SSL::SSLSocket.new(s, context)
+        s.sync_close = true
+        s.connect
+        if context.verify_mode != OpenSSL::SSL::VERIFY_NONE
+          s.post_connection_check(@address)
+        end
+      end
+      @socket = InternetMessageIO.new(s)
+      logging "POP session started: #{@address}:#{@port} (#{@apop ? 'APOP' : 'POP'})"
+      @socket.read_timeout = @read_timeout
+      @socket.debug_output = @debug_output
       on_connect
       @command = POP3Command.new(@socket)
       if apop?
@@ -446,7 +556,12 @@ module Net
       end
       @started = true
     ensure
-      do_finish if not @started
+      # Authentication failed, clean up connection.
+      unless @started
+        s.close if s and not s.closed?
+        @socket = nil
+        @command = nil
+      end
     end
     private :do_start
 
@@ -462,6 +577,8 @@ module Net
 
     def do_finish
       @mails = nil
+      @n_mails = nil
+      @n_bytes = nil
       @command.quit if @command
     ensure
       @started = false
@@ -524,7 +641,7 @@ module Net
     #   end
     #
     # This method raises a POPError if an error occurs.
-    def each_mail( &block )  # :yield: message
+    def each_mail(&block)  # :yield: message
       mails().each(&block)
     end
 
@@ -571,6 +688,10 @@ module Net
       end
     end
 
+    def logging(msg)
+      @debug_output << msg + "\n" if @debug_output
+    end
+
   end   # class POP3
 
   # class aliases
@@ -598,7 +719,7 @@ module Net
   #
   class POPMail
 
-    def initialize( num, len, pop, cmd )   #:nodoc:
+    def initialize(num, len, pop, cmd)   #:nodoc:
       @number = num
       @length = len
       @pop = pop
@@ -677,7 +798,7 @@ module Net
     # The optional +dest+ argument is obsolete.
     #
     # This method raises a POPError if an error occurs.
-    def top( lines, dest = '' )
+    def top(lines, dest = '')
       @command.top(@number, lines) do |chunk|
         dest << chunk
       end
@@ -689,7 +810,7 @@ module Net
     # The optional +dest+ argument is obsolete.
     #
     # This method raises a POPError if an error occurs.
-    def header( dest = '' )
+    def header(dest = '')
       top(0, dest)
     end
 
@@ -737,7 +858,7 @@ module Net
 
     alias uidl unique_id
 
-    def uid=( uid )   #:nodoc: internal use only (used from POP3#set_all_uids)
+    def uid=(uid)   #:nodoc: internal use only
       @uid = uid
     end
 
@@ -746,7 +867,7 @@ module Net
 
   class POP3Command   #:nodoc: internal use only
 
-    def initialize( sock )
+    def initialize(sock)
       @socket = sock
       @error_occured = false
       res = check_response(critical { recv_response() })
@@ -757,14 +878,14 @@ module Net
       "#<#{self.class} socket=#{@socket}>"
     end
 
-    def auth( account, password )
+    def auth(account, password)
       check_response_auth(critical {
         check_response_auth(get_response('USER %s', account))
         get_response('PASS %s', password)
       })
     end
 
-    def apop( account, password )
+    def apop(account, password)
       raise POPAuthenticationError, 'not APOP server; cannot login' \
                                                       unless @apop_stamp
       check_response_auth(critical {
@@ -795,28 +916,28 @@ module Net
     end
 
     def rset
-      check_response(critical { get_response 'RSET' })
+      check_response(critical { get_response('RSET') })
     end
 
-    def top( num, lines = 0, &block )
+    def top(num, lines = 0, &block)
       critical {
         getok('TOP %d %d', num, lines)
         @socket.each_message_chunk(&block)
       }
     end
 
-    def retr( num, &block )
+    def retr(num, &block)
       critical {
         getok('RETR %d', num)
         @socket.each_message_chunk(&block)
       }
     end
     
-    def dele( num )
+    def dele(num)
       check_response(critical { get_response('DELE %d', num) })
     end
 
-    def uidl( num = nil )
+    def uidl(num = nil)
       if num
         res = check_response(critical { get_response('UIDL %d', num) })
         return res.split(/ /)[1]
@@ -839,12 +960,12 @@ module Net
 
     private
 
-    def getok( fmt, *fargs )
+    def getok(fmt, *fargs)
       @socket.writeline sprintf(fmt, *fargs)
       check_response(recv_response())
     end
 
-    def get_response( fmt, *fargs )
+    def get_response(fmt, *fargs)
       @socket.writeline sprintf(fmt, *fargs)
       recv_response()
     end
@@ -853,13 +974,13 @@ module Net
       @socket.readline
     end
 
-    def check_response( res )
-      raise POPError, res unless /\A\+OK/i === res
+    def check_response(res)
+      raise POPError, res unless /\A\+OK/i =~ res
       res
     end
 
-    def check_response_auth( res )
-      raise POPAuthenticationError, res unless /\A\+OK/i === res
+    def check_response_auth(res)
+      raise POPAuthenticationError, res unless /\A\+OK/i =~ res
       res
     end
 
@@ -876,4 +997,3 @@ module Net
   end   # class POP3Command
 
 end   # module Net
-
diff --git a/lib/net/protocol.rb b/lib/net/protocol.rb
index d722fdcbd4..dc23c14dfa 100644
--- a/lib/net/protocol.rb
+++ b/lib/net/protocol.rb
@@ -128,9 +128,11 @@ module Net # :nodoc:
 
     private
 
+    BUFSIZE = 1024 * 16
+
     def rbuf_fill
       timeout(@read_timeout) {
-        @rbuf << @io.sysread(1024)
+        @rbuf << @io.sysread(BUFSIZE)
       }
     end
 
diff --git a/lib/net/smtp.rb b/lib/net/smtp.rb
index dda9dab072..7c9d9388ef 100644
--- a/lib/net/smtp.rb
+++ b/lib/net/smtp.rb
@@ -1,19 +1,18 @@
 # = net/smtp.rb
 # 
-# Copyright (c) 1999-2003 Yukihiro Matsumoto.
+# Copyright (c) 1999-2007 Yukihiro Matsumoto.
 #
-# Copyright (c) 1999-2003 Minero Aoki.
+# Copyright (c) 1999-2007 Minero Aoki.
 # 
 # Written & maintained by Minero Aoki <aamine@loveruby.net>.
 #
 # Documented by William Webber and Minero Aoki.
 # 
 # This program is free software. You can re-distribute and/or
-# modify this program under the same terms as Ruby itself,
-# Ruby Distribute License or GNU General Public License.
+# modify this program under the same terms as Ruby itself.
 # 
-# NOTE: You can find Japanese version of this document in
-# the doc/net directory of the standard ruby interpreter package.
+# NOTE: You can find Japanese version of this document at:
+# http://www.ruby-lang.org/ja/man/html/net_smtp.html
 # 
 # $Id$
 #
@@ -22,13 +21,18 @@
 
 require 'net/protocol'
 require 'digest/md5'
+require 'timeout'
+begin
+  require 'openssl'
+rescue LoadError
+end
 
 module Net
 
   # Module mixed in to all SMTP error classes
   module SMTPError
-    # This *class* is module for some reason.
-    # In ruby 1.9.x, this module becomes a class.
+    # This *class* is a module for backward compatibility.
+    # In later release, this module becomes a class.
   end
 
   # Represents an SMTP authentication error.
@@ -56,6 +60,11 @@ module Net
     include SMTPError
   end
 
+  # Command is not supported on server.
+  class SMTPUnsupportedCommand < ProtocolError
+    include SMTPError
+  end
+
   #
   # = Net::SMTP
   #
@@ -165,11 +174,29 @@ module Net
 
     Revision = %q$Revision$.split[1]
 
-    # The default SMTP port, port 25.
+    # The default SMTP port number, 25.
     def SMTP.default_port
       25
     end
 
+    # The default mail submission port number, 587.
+    def SMTP.default_submission_port
+      587
+    end
+
+    # The default SMTPS port number, 465.
+    def SMTP.default_tls_port
+      465
+    end
+
+    class << self
+      alias default_ssl_port default_tls_port
+    end
+
+    def SMTP.default_ssl_context
+      OpenSSL::SSL::SSLContext.new
+    end
+    
     #
     # Creates a new Net::SMTP object.
     #
@@ -181,18 +208,22 @@ module Net
     # SMTP.start instead of SMTP.new if you want to do everything
     # at once.  Otherwise, follow SMTP.new with SMTP#start.
     #
-    def initialize( address, port = nil )
+    def initialize(address, port = nil)
       @address = address
       @port = (port || SMTP.default_port)
       @esmtp = true
+      @capabilities = nil
       @socket = nil
       @started = false
       @open_timeout = 30
       @read_timeout = 60
       @error_occured = false
       @debug_output = nil
+      @tls = false
+      @starttls = false
+      @ssl_context = nil
     end
-
+    
     # Provide human-readable stringification of class state.
     def inspect
       "#<#{self.class} #{@address}:#{@port} started=#{@started}>"
@@ -210,12 +241,127 @@ module Net
     # object will automatically switch to plain SMTP mode and
     # retry (but not vice versa).
     #
-    def esmtp=( bool )
+    def esmtp=(bool)
       @esmtp = bool
     end
 
     alias esmtp esmtp?
 
+    # true if server advertises STARTTLS.
+    # You cannot get valid value before opening SMTP session.
+    def capable_starttls?
+      capable?('STARTTLS')
+    end
+
+    def capable?(key)
+      return nil unless @capabilities
+      @capabilities[key] ? true : false
+    end
+    private :capable?
+
+    # true if server advertises AUTH PLAIN.
+    # You cannot get valid value before opening SMTP session.
+    def capable_plain_auth?
+      auth_capable?('PLAIN')
+    end
+
+    # true if server advertises AUTH LOGIN.
+    # You cannot get valid value before opening SMTP session.
+    def capable_login_auth?
+      auth_capable?('LOGIN')
+    end
+
+    # true if server advertises AUTH CRAM-MD5.
+    # You cannot get valid value before opening SMTP session.
+    def capable_cram_md5_auth?
+      auth_capable?('CRAM-MD5')
+    end
+
+    def auth_capable?(type)
+      return nil unless @capabilities
+      return false unless @capabilities['AUTH']
+      @capabilities['AUTH'].include?(type)
+    end
+    private :auth_capable?
+
+    # Returns supported authentication methods on this server.
+    # You cannot get valid value before opening SMTP session.
+    def capable_auth_types
+      return [] unless @capabilities
+      return [] unless @capabilities['AUTH']
+      @capabilities['AUTH']
+    end
+
+    # true if this object uses SMTP/TLS (SMTPS).
+    def tls?
+      @tls
+    end
+
+    alias ssl? tls?
+
+    # Enables SMTP/TLS (SMTPS: SMTP over direct TLS connection) for
+    # this object.  Must be called before the connection is established
+    # to have any effect.  +context+ is a OpenSSL::SSL::SSLContext object.
+    def enable_tls(context = SMTP.default_ssl_context)
+      raise 'openssl library not installed' unless defined?(OpenSSL)
+      raise ArgumentError, "SMTPS and STARTTLS is exclusive" if @starttls
+      @tls = true
+      @ssl_context = context
+    end
+
+    alias enable_ssl enable_tls
+    
+    # Disables SMTP/TLS for this object.  Must be called before the
+    # connection is established to have any effect.
+    def disable_tls
+      @tls = false
+      @ssl_context = nil
+    end
+
+    alias disable_ssl disable_tls
+
+    # Returns truth value if this object uses STARTTLS.
+    # If this object always uses STARTTLS, returns :always.
+    # If this object uses STARTTLS when the server support TLS, returns :auto.
+    def starttls?
+      @starttls
+    end
+
+    # true if this object uses STARTTLS.
+    def starttls_always?
+      @starttls == :always
+    end
+
+    # true if this object uses STARTTLS when server advertises STARTTLS.
+    def starttls_auto?
+      @starttls == :auto
+    end
+    
+    # Enables SMTP/TLS (STARTTLS) for this object.
+    # +context+ is a OpenSSL::SSL::SSLContext object.
+    def enable_starttls(context = SMTP.default_ssl_context)
+      raise 'openssl library not installed' unless defined?(OpenSSL)
+      raise ArgumentError, "SMTPS and STARTTLS is exclusive" if @tls
+      @starttls = :always
+      @ssl_context = context
+    end
+
+    # Enables SMTP/TLS (STARTTLS) for this object if server accepts.
+    # +context+ is a OpenSSL::SSL::SSLContext object.
+    def enable_starttls_auto(context = SMTP.default_ssl_context)
+      raise 'openssl library not installed' unless defined?(OpenSSL)
+      raise ArgumentError, "SMTPS and STARTTLS is exclusive" if @tls
+      @starttls = :auto
+      @ssl_context = context
+    end
+
+    # Disables SMTP/TLS (STARTTLS) for this object.  Must be called
+    # before the connection is established to have any effect.
+    def disable_starttls
+      @starttls = false
+      @ssl_context = nil
+    end
+
     # The address of the SMTP server to connect to.
     attr_reader :address
 
@@ -234,7 +380,7 @@ module Net
 
     # Set the number of seconds to wait until timing-out a read(2)
     # call.
-    def read_timeout=( sec )
+    def read_timeout=(sec)
       @socket.read_timeout = sec if @socket
       @read_timeout = sec
     end
@@ -253,10 +399,12 @@ module Net
     #     ....
     #   end
     #
-    def set_debug_output( arg )
+    def debug_output=(arg)
       @debug_output = arg
     end
 
+    alias set_debug_output debug_output=
+
     #
     # SMTP session control
     #
@@ -309,10 +457,9 @@ module Net
     # * IOError
     # * TimeoutError
     #
-    def SMTP.start( address, port = nil,
-                    helo = 'localhost.localdomain',
-                    user = nil, secret = nil, authtype = nil,
-                    &block) # :yield: smtp
+    def SMTP.start(address, port = nil, helo = 'localhost.localdomain',
+                   user = nil, secret = nil, authtype = nil,
+                   &block)   # :yield: smtp
       new(address, port).start(helo, user, secret, authtype, &block)
     end
 
@@ -371,55 +518,89 @@ module Net
     # * IOError
     # * TimeoutError
     #
-    def start( helo = 'localhost.localdomain',
-               user = nil, secret = nil, authtype = nil ) # :yield: smtp
+    def start(helo = 'localhost.localdomain',
+              user = nil, secret = nil, authtype = nil)   # :yield: smtp
       if block_given?
         begin
-          do_start(helo, user, secret, authtype)
+          do_start helo, user, secret, authtype
           return yield(self)
         ensure
           do_finish
         end
       else
-        do_start(helo, user, secret, authtype)
+        do_start helo, user, secret, authtype
         return self
       end
     end
 
-    def do_start( helodomain, user, secret, authtype )
-      raise IOError, 'SMTP session already started' if @started
-      check_auth_args user, secret, authtype if user or secret
+    # Finishes the SMTP session and closes TCP connection.
+    # Raises IOError if not started.
+    def finish
+      raise IOError, 'not yet started' unless started?
+      do_finish
+    end
 
-      @socket = InternetMessageIO.old_open(@address, @port,
-                                       @open_timeout, @read_timeout,
-                                       @debug_output)
-      check_response(critical { recv_response() })
-      begin
-        if @esmtp
-          ehlo helodomain
-        else
-          helo helodomain
-        end
-      rescue ProtocolError
-        if @esmtp
-          @esmtp = false
-          @error_occured = false
-          retry
+    private
+
+    def do_start(helo_domain, user, secret, authtype)
+      raise IOError, 'SMTP session already started' if @started
+      if user or secret
+        check_auth_method(authtype || DEFAULT_AUTH_TYPE)
+        check_auth_args user, secret
+      end
+      s = timeout(@open_timeout) { TCPSocket.open(@address, @port) }   
+      logging "Connection opened: #{@address}:#{@port}"
+      @socket = new_internet_message_io(tls? ? tlsconnect(s) : s)
+      check_response critical { recv_response() }
+      do_helo helo_domain
+      if starttls_always? or (capable_starttls? and starttls_auto?)
+        unless capable_starttls?
+          raise SMTPUnsupportedCommand,
+              "STARTTLS is not supported on this server"
         end
-        raise
+        starttls
+        @socket = new_internet_message_io(tlsconnect(s))
+        # helo response may be different after STARTTLS
+        do_helo helo_domain
       end
-      authenticate user, secret, authtype if user
+      authenticate user, secret, (authtype || DEFAULT_AUTH_TYPE) if user
       @started = true
     ensure
-      @socket.close if not @started and @socket and not @socket.closed?
+      unless @started
+        # authentication failed, cancel connection.
+        s.close if s and not s.closed?
+        @socket = nil
+      end
     end
-    private :do_start
 
-    # Finishes the SMTP session and closes TCP connection.
-    # Raises IOError if not started.
-    def finish
-      raise IOError, 'not yet started' unless started?
-      do_finish
+    def tlsconnect(s)
+      s = OpenSSL::SSL::SSLSocket.new(s, @ssl_context)
+      logging "TLS connection started"
+      s.sync_close = true
+      s.connect
+      if @ssl_context.verify_mode != OpenSSL::SSL::VERIFY_NONE
+        s.post_connection_check(@address)
+      end
+      s
+    end
+
+    def new_internet_message_io(s)
+      io = InternetMessageIO.new(s)
+      io.read_timeout = @read_timeout
+      io.debug_output = @debug_output
+      io
+    end
+
+    def do_helo(helo_domain)
+      res = @esmtp ? ehlo(helo_domain) : helo(helo_domain)
+      @capabilities = res.capabilities
+    rescue SMTPError
+      if @esmtp
+        @esmtp = false
+        @error_occured = false
+        retry
+      end
+      raise
     end
 
     def do_finish
@@ -430,10 +611,9 @@ module Net
       @socket.close if @socket and not @socket.closed?
       @socket = nil
     end
-    private :do_finish
 
     #
-    # message send
+    # Message Sending
     #
 
     public
@@ -468,10 +648,11 @@ module Net
     # * IOError
     # * TimeoutError
     #
-    def send_message( msgstr, from_addr, *to_addrs )
-      send0(from_addr, to_addrs.flatten) {
-        @socket.write_message msgstr
-      }
+    def send_message(msgstr, from_addr, *to_addrs)
+      raise IOError, 'closed session' unless @socket
+      mailfrom from_addr
+      rcptto_list to_addrs
+      data msgstr
     end
 
     alias send_mail send_message
@@ -521,166 +702,220 @@ module Net
     # * IOError
     # * TimeoutError
     #
-    def open_message_stream( from_addr, *to_addrs, &block ) # :yield: stream
-      send0(from_addr, to_addrs.flatten) {
-        @socket.write_message_by_block(&block)
-      }
-    end
-
-    alias ready open_message_stream   # obsolete
-
-    private
-
-    def send0( from_addr, to_addrs )
+    def open_message_stream(from_addr, *to_addrs, &block)   # :yield: stream
       raise IOError, 'closed session' unless @socket
-      raise ArgumentError, 'mail destination not given' if to_addrs.empty?
-      if $SAFE > 0
-        raise SecurityError, 'tainted from_addr' if from_addr.tainted?
-        to_addrs.each do |to| 
-          raise SecurityError, 'tainted to_addr' if to.tainted?
-        end
-      end
-
       mailfrom from_addr
-      to_addrs.each do |to|
-        rcptto to
-      end
-      res = critical {
-        check_response(get_response('DATA'), true)
-        yield
-        recv_response()
-      }
-      check_response(res)
+      rcptto_list to_addrs
+      data(&block)
     end
 
+    alias ready open_message_stream   # obsolete
+
     #
-    # auth
+    # Authentication
     #
 
-    private
+    public
 
-    def check_auth_args( user, secret, authtype )
-      raise ArgumentError, 'both user and secret are required'\
-                      unless user and secret
-      auth_method = "auth_#{authtype || 'cram_md5'}"
-      raise ArgumentError, "wrong auth type #{authtype}"\
-                      unless respond_to?(auth_method, true)
-    end
+    DEFAULT_AUTH_TYPE = :plain
 
-    def authenticate( user, secret, authtype )
-      __send__("auth_#{authtype || 'cram_md5'}", user, secret)
+    def authenticate(user, secret, authtype = DEFAULT_AUTH_TYPE)
+      check_auth_method authtype
+      check_auth_args user, secret
+      send auth_method(authtype), user, secret
     end
 
-    def auth_plain( user, secret )
-      res = critical { get_response('AUTH PLAIN %s',
-                                    base64_encode("\0#{user}\0#{secret}")) }
-      raise SMTPAuthenticationError, res unless /\A2../ === res
+    def auth_plain(user, secret)
+      check_auth_args user, secret
+      res = critical {
+        get_response('AUTH PLAIN ' + base64_encode("\0#{user}\0#{secret}"))
+      }
+      check_auth_response res
+      res
     end
 
-    def auth_login( user, secret )
+    def auth_login(user, secret)
+      check_auth_args user, secret
       res = critical {
-        check_response(get_response('AUTH LOGIN'), true)
-        check_response(get_response(base64_encode(user)), true)
+        check_auth_continue get_response('AUTH LOGIN')
+        check_auth_continue get_response(base64_encode(user))
         get_response(base64_encode(secret))
       }
-      raise SMTPAuthenticationError, res unless /\A2../ === res
-    end
-
-    def auth_cram_md5( user, secret )
-      # CRAM-MD5: [RFC2195]
-      res = nil
-      critical {
-        res = check_response(get_response('AUTH CRAM-MD5'), true)
-        challenge = res.split(/ /)[1].unpack('m')[0]
-        secret = Digest::MD5.digest(secret) if secret.size > 64
-
-        isecret = secret + "\0" * (64 - secret.size)
-        osecret = isecret.dup
-        0.upto(63) do |i|
-          isecret[i] ^= 0x36
-          osecret[i] ^= 0x5c
-        end
-        tmp = Digest::MD5.digest(isecret + challenge)
-        tmp = Digest::MD5.hexdigest(osecret + tmp)
+      check_auth_response res
+      res
+    end
 
-        res = get_response(base64_encode(user + ' ' + tmp))
+    def auth_cram_md5(user, secret)
+      check_auth_args user, secret
+      res = critical {
+        res0 = get_response('AUTH CRAM-MD5')
+        check_auth_continue res0
+        crammed = cram_md5_response(secret, res0.cram_md5_challenge)
+        get_response(base64_encode("#{user} #{crammed}"))
       }
-      raise SMTPAuthenticationError, res unless /\A2../ === res
+      check_auth_response res
+      res
+    end
+
+    private
+
+    def check_auth_method(type)
+      unless respond_to?(auth_method(type), true)
+        raise ArgumentError, "wrong authentication type #{type}"
+      end
+    end
+
+    def auth_method(type)
+      "auth_#{type.to_s.downcase}".intern
     end
 
-    def base64_encode( str )
+    def check_auth_args(user, secret)
+      unless user
+        raise ArgumentError, 'SMTP-AUTH requested but missing user name'
+      end
+      unless secret
+        raise ArgumentError, 'SMTP-AUTH requested but missing secret phrase'
+      end
+    end
+
+    def base64_encode(str)
       # expects "str" may not become too long
       [str].pack('m').gsub(/\s+/, '')
     end
 
+    IMASK = 0x36
+    OMASK = 0x5c
+
+    # CRAM-MD5: [RFC2195]
+    def cram_md5_response(secret, challenge)
+      tmp = Digest::MD5.digest(cram_secret(secret, IMASK) + challenge)
+      Digest::MD5.hexdigest(cram_secret(secret, OMASK) + tmp)
+    end
+
+    CRAM_BUFSIZE = 64
+
+    def cram_secret(secret, mask)
+      secret = Digest::MD5.digest(secret) if secret.size > CRAM_BUFSIZE
+      buf = secret.ljust(CRAM_BUFSIZE, "\0")
+      0.upto(buf.size - 1) do |i|
+        buf[i] = (buf[i].ord ^ mask).chr
+      end
+      buf
+    end
+
     #
     # SMTP command dispatcher
     #
 
-    private
+    public
 
-    def helo( domain )
-      getok('HELO %s', domain)
+    def starttls
+      getok('STARTTLS')
     end
 
-    def ehlo( domain )
-      getok('EHLO %s', domain)
+    def helo(domain)
+      getok("HELO #{domain}")
     end
 
-    def mailfrom( fromaddr )
-      getok('MAIL FROM:<%s>', fromaddr)
+    def ehlo(domain)
+      getok("EHLO #{domain}")
     end
 
-    def rcptto( to )
-      getok('RCPT TO:<%s>', to)
+    def mailfrom(from_addr)
+      if $SAFE > 0
+        raise SecurityError, 'tainted from_addr' if from_addr.tainted?
+      end
+      getok("MAIL FROM:<#{from_addr}>")
+    end
+
+    def rcptto_list(to_addrs)
+      raise ArgumentError, 'mail destination not given' if to_addrs.empty?
+      to_addrs.flatten.each do |addr|
+        rcptto addr
+      end
+    end
+
+    def rcptto(to_addr)
+      if $SAFE > 0
+        raise SecurityError, 'tainted to_addr' if to_addr.tainted?
+      end
+      getok("RCPT TO:<#{to_addr}>")
+    end
+
+    # This method sends a message.
+    # If +msgstr+ is given, sends it as a message.
+    # If block is given, yield a message writer stream.
+    # You must write message before the block is closed.
+    #
+    #   # Example 1 (by string)
+    #   smtp.data(<<EndMessage)
+    #   From: john@example.com
+    #   To: betty@example.com
+    #   Subject: I found a bug
+    #   
+    #   Check vm.c:58879.
+    #   EndMessage
+    #
+    #   # Example 2 (by block)
+    #   smtp.data {|f|
+    #     f.puts "From: john@example.com"
+    #     f.puts "To: betty@example.com"
+    #     f.puts "Subject: I found a bug"
+    #     f.puts ""
+    #     f.puts "Check vm.c:58879."
+    #   }
+    #
+    def data(msgstr = nil, &block)   #:yield: stream
+      if msgstr and block
+        raise ArgumentError, "message and block are exclusive"
+      end
+      unless msgstr or block
+        raise ArgumentError, "message or block is required"
+      end
+      res = critical {
+        check_continue get_response('DATA')
+        if msgstr
+          @socket.write_message msgstr
+        else
+          @socket.write_message_by_block(&block)
+        end
+        recv_response()
+      }
+      check_response res
+      res
     end
 
     def quit
       getok('QUIT')
     end
 
-    #
-    # row level library
-    #
-
     private
 
-    def getok( fmt, *args )
+    def getok(reqline)
       res = critical {
-        @socket.writeline sprintf(fmt, *args)
+        @socket.writeline reqline
         recv_response()
       }
-      return check_response(res)
+      check_response res
+      res
     end
 
-    def get_response( fmt, *args )
-      @socket.writeline sprintf(fmt, *args)
+    def get_response(reqline)
+      @socket.writeline reqline
       recv_response()
     end
 
     def recv_response
-      res = ''
+      buf = ''
       while true
         line = @socket.readline
-        res << line << "\n"
-        break unless line[3] == ?-   # "210-PIPELINING"
+        buf << line << "\n"
+        break unless line[3,1] == '-'   # "210-PIPELINING"
       end
-      res
-    end
-
-    def check_response( res, allow_continue = false )
-      return res if /\A2/ === res
-      return res if allow_continue and /\A3/ === res
-      err = case res
-            when /\A4/  then SMTPServerBusy
-            when /\A50/ then SMTPSyntaxError
-            when /\A55/ then SMTPFatalError
-            else SMTPUnknownError
-            end
-      raise err, res
+      Response.parse(buf)
     end
 
-    def critical( &block )
+    def critical(&block)
       return '200 dummy reply code' if @error_occured
       begin
         return yield()
@@ -690,8 +925,90 @@ module Net
       end
     end
 
+    def check_response(res)
+      unless res.success?
+        raise res.exception_class, res.message
+      end
+    end
+
+    def check_continue(res)
+      unless res.continue?
+        raise SMTPUnknownError, "could not get 3xx (#{res.status})"
+      end
+    end
+
+    def check_auth_response(res)
+      unless res.success?
+        raise SMTPAuthenticationError, res.message
+      end
+    end
+
+    def check_auth_continue(res)
+      unless res.continue?
+        raise res.exception_class, res.message
+      end
+    end
+
+    class Response
+      def Response.parse(str)
+        new(str[0,3], str)
+      end
+
+      def initialize(status, string)
+        @status = status
+        @string = string
+      end
+
+      attr_reader :status
+      attr_reader :string
+
+      def status_type_char
+        @status[0, 1]
+      end
+
+      def success?
+        status_type_char() == '2'
+      end
+
+      def continue?
+        status_type_char() == '3'
+      end
+
+      def message
+        @string.lines.first
+      end
+
+      def cram_md5_challenge
+        @string.split(/ /)[1].unpack('m')[0]
+      end
+
+      def capabilities
+        return {} unless @string[3, 1] == '-'
+        h = {}
+        @string.lines.drop(1).each do |line|
+          k, *v = line[4..-1].chomp.split(nil)
+          h[k] = v
+        end
+        h
+      end
+
+      def exception_class
+        case @status
+        when /\A4/  then SMTPServerBusy
+        when /\A50/ then SMTPSyntaxError
+        when /\A53/ then SMTPAuthenticationError
+        when /\A5/  then SMTPFatalError
+        else             SMTPUnknownError
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    def logging(msg)
+      @debug_output << msg + "\n" if @debug_output
+    end
+
   end   # class SMTP
 
   SMTPSession = SMTP
 
-end   # module Net
+end
diff --git a/lib/net/telnet.rb b/lib/net/telnet.rb
index c5f8b0429a..73471c3327 100644
--- a/lib/net/telnet.rb
+++ b/lib/net/telnet.rb
@@ -520,10 +520,15 @@ module Net
     #            value specified when this instance was created will be
     #            used, or, failing that, the default value of 0 seconds,
     #            which means not to wait for more input.
+    # FailEOF:: if true, when the remote end closes the connection then an
+    #           EOFError will be raised. Otherwise, defaults to the old
+    #           behaviour that the function will return whatever data
+    #           has been received already, or nil if nothing was received.
     #           
     def waitfor(options) # :yield: recvdata
       time_out = @options["Timeout"]
       waittime = @options["Waittime"]
+      fail_eof = @options["FailEOF"]
 
       if options.kind_of?(Hash)
         prompt   = if options.has_key?("Match")
@@ -535,6 +540,7 @@ module Net
                    end
         time_out = options["Timeout"]  if options.has_key?("Timeout")
         waittime = options["Waittime"] if options.has_key?("Waittime")
+        fail_eof = options["FailEOF"]  if options.has_key?("FailEOF")
       else
         prompt = options
       end
@@ -559,7 +565,8 @@ module Net
                Integer(c.rindex(/#{IAC}#{SB}/no))
               buf = preprocess(c[0 ... c.rindex(/#{IAC}#{SB}/no)])
               rest = c[c.rindex(/#{IAC}#{SB}/no) .. -1]
-            elsif pt = c.rindex(/#{IAC}[^#{IAC}#{AO}#{AYT}#{DM}#{IP}#{NOP}]?\z/no)
+            elsif pt = c.rindex(/#{IAC}[^#{IAC}#{AO}#{AYT}#{DM}#{IP}#{NOP}]?\z/no) ||
+                       c.rindex(/\r\z/no)
               buf = preprocess(c[0 ... pt])
               rest = c[pt .. -1]
             else
@@ -571,14 +578,21 @@ module Net
            #
            # We cannot use preprocess() on this data, because that
            # method makes some Telnetmode-specific assumptions.
-           buf = c
-           buf.gsub!(/#{EOL}/no, "\n") unless @options["Binmode"]
+           buf = rest + c
            rest = ''
+           unless @options["Binmode"]
+             if pt = buf.rindex(/\r\z/no)
+               buf = buf[0 ... pt]
+               rest = buf[pt .. -1]
+             end
+             buf.gsub!(/#{EOL}/no, "\n")
+           end
           end
           @log.print(buf) if @options.has_key?("Output_log")
           line += buf
           yield buf if block_given?
         rescue EOFError # End of file reached
+          raise if fail_eof
           if line == ''
             line = nil
             yield nil if block_given?
@@ -705,7 +719,7 @@ module Net
     # data is also yielded to the block as it is received.
     def login(options, password = nil) # :yield: recvdata
       login_prompt = /[Ll]ogin[: ]*\z/n
-      password_prompt = /Password[: ]*\z/n
+      password_prompt = /[Pp]ass(?:word|phrase)[: ]*\z/n
       if options.kind_of?(Hash)
         username = options["Name"]
         password = options["Password"]
diff --git a/lib/open-uri.rb b/lib/open-uri.rb
index ce6058935d..54b42f336f 100644
--- a/lib/open-uri.rb
+++ b/lib/open-uri.rb
@@ -1,59 +1,3 @@
-#= open-uri.rb
-#
-#open-uri.rb is easy-to-use wrapper for net/http, net/https and net/ftp.
-#
-#== Example
-#
-#It is possible to open http/https/ftp URL as usual a file:
-#
-#  open("http://www.ruby-lang.org/") {|f|
-#    f.each_line {|line| p line}
-#  }
-#
-#The opened file has several methods for meta information as follows since
-#it is extended by OpenURI::Meta.
-#
-#  open("http://www.ruby-lang.org/en") {|f|
-#    f.each_line {|line| p line}
-#    p f.base_uri         # <URI::HTTP:0x40e6ef2 URL:http://www.ruby-lang.org/en/>
-#    p f.content_type     # "text/html"
-#    p f.charset          # "iso-8859-1"
-#    p f.content_encoding # []
-#    p f.last_modified    # Thu Dec 05 02:45:02 UTC 2002
-#  }
-#
-#Additional header fields can be specified by an optional hash argument.
-#
-#  open("http://www.ruby-lang.org/en/",
-#    "User-Agent" => "Ruby/#{RUBY_VERSION}",
-#    "From" => "foo@bar.invalid",
-#    "Referer" => "http://www.ruby-lang.org/") {|f|
-#    ...
-#  }
-#
-#The environment variables such as http_proxy, https_proxy and ftp_proxy
-#are in effect by default.  :proxy => nil disables proxy.
-#
-#  open("http://www.ruby-lang.org/en/raa.html",
-#    :proxy => nil) {|f|
-#    ...
-#  }
-#
-#URI objects can be opened in similar way.
-#
-#  uri = URI.parse("http://www.ruby-lang.org/en/")
-#  uri.open {|f|
-#    ...
-#  }
-#
-#URI objects can be read directly.
-#The returned string is also extended by OpenURI::Meta.
-#
-#  str = uri.read
-#  p str.base_uri
-#
-#Author:: Tanaka Akira <akr@m17n.org>
-
 require 'uri'
 require 'stringio'
 require 'time'
@@ -91,6 +35,59 @@ module Kernel
   module_function :open
 end
 
+# OpenURI is an easy-to-use wrapper for net/http, net/https and net/ftp.
+#
+#== Example
+#
+# It is possible to open http/https/ftp URL as usual like opening a file:
+#
+#   open("http://www.ruby-lang.org/") {|f|
+#     f.each_line {|line| p line}
+#   }
+#
+# The opened file has several methods for meta information as follows since
+# it is extended by OpenURI::Meta.
+#
+#   open("http://www.ruby-lang.org/en") {|f|
+#     f.each_line {|line| p line}
+#     p f.base_uri         # <URI::HTTP:0x40e6ef2 URL:http://www.ruby-lang.org/en/>
+#     p f.content_type     # "text/html"
+#     p f.charset          # "iso-8859-1"
+#     p f.content_encoding # []
+#     p f.last_modified    # Thu Dec 05 02:45:02 UTC 2002
+#   }
+#
+# Additional header fields can be specified by an optional hash argument.
+#
+#   open("http://www.ruby-lang.org/en/",
+#     "User-Agent" => "Ruby/#{RUBY_VERSION}",
+#     "From" => "foo@bar.invalid",
+#     "Referer" => "http://www.ruby-lang.org/") {|f|
+#     # ...
+#   }
+#
+# The environment variables such as http_proxy, https_proxy and ftp_proxy
+# are in effect by default.  :proxy => nil disables proxy.
+#
+#   open("http://www.ruby-lang.org/en/raa.html", :proxy => nil) {|f|
+#     # ...
+#   }
+#
+# URI objects can be opened in a similar way.
+#
+#   uri = URI.parse("http://www.ruby-lang.org/en/")
+#   uri.open {|f|
+#     # ...
+#   }
+#
+# URI objects can be read directly. The returned string is also extended by
+# OpenURI::Meta.
+#
+#   str = uri.read
+#   p str.base_uri
+#
+# Author:: Tanaka Akira <akr@m17n.org>
+
 module OpenURI
   Options = {
     :proxy => true,
@@ -243,16 +240,6 @@ module OpenURI
 
     resp = nil
     http.start {
-      if target.class == URI::HTTPS
-        # xxx: information hiding violation
-        sock = http.instance_variable_get(:@socket)
-        if sock.respond_to?(:io)
-          sock = sock.io # 1.9
-        else
-          sock = sock.instance_variable_get(:@socket) # 1.8
-        end
-        sock.post_connection_check(target_host)
-      end
       req = Net::HTTP::Get.new(request_uri, header)
       if options.include? :http_basic_authentication
         user, pass = options[:http_basic_authentication]
@@ -580,7 +567,7 @@ module URI
             proxy_uri = nil
           end
         else # http_proxy is safe to use because ENV is case sensitive.
-          proxy_uri = ENV[name]
+          proxy_uri = ENV.to_hash[name]
         end
         if !proxy_uri
           # Use CGI_HTTP_PROXY.  cf. libwww-perl.
diff --git a/lib/open3.rb b/lib/open3.rb
index 59db1a4cc5..c4dacc9473 100644
--- a/lib/open3.rb
+++ b/lib/open3.rb
@@ -1,17 +1,48 @@
-# open3.rb: Spawn a program like popen, but with stderr, too. You might also
-# want to use this if you want to bypass the shell. (By passing multiple args,
-# which IO#popen does not allow)
 #
-# Usage:
-#	require "open3"
+# = open3.rb: Popen, but with stderr, too
+#
+# Author:: Yukihiro Matsumoto
+# Documentation:: Konrad Meyer
+#
+# Open3 gives you access to stdin, stdout, and stderr when running other
+# programs.
+#
+
+#
+# Open3 grants you access to stdin, stdout, and stderr when running another
+# program. Example:
+#
+#   require "open3"
+#   include Open3
+#   
+#   stdin, stdout, stderr = popen3('nroff -man')
+#
+# Open3.popen3 can also take a block which will receive stdin, stdout and
+# stderr as parameters.  This ensures stdin, stdout and stderr are closed
+# once the block exits. Example:
+#
+#   require "open3"
+#
+#   Open3.popen3('nroff -man') { |stdin, stdout, stderr| ... }
 #
-#      stdin, stdout, stderr = Open3.popen3('nroff -man')
-#  or
-#	include Open3
-#      stdin, stdout, stderr = popen3('nroff -man')
 
 module Open3
-  #[stdin, stdout, stderr] = popen3(command);
+  # 
+  # Open stdin, stdout, and stderr streams and start external executable.
+  # Non-block form:
+  #   
+  #   require 'open3'
+  #
+  #   [stdin, stdout, stderr] = Open3.popen3(cmd)
+  #
+  # Block form:
+  #
+  #   require 'open3'
+  #
+  #   Open3.popen3(cmd) { |stdin, stdout, stderr| ... }
+  #
+  # The parameter +cmd+ is passed directly to Kernel#exec.
+  #
   def popen3(*cmd)
     pw = IO::pipe   # pipe[0] for read, pipe[1] for write
     pr = IO::pipe
diff --git a/lib/optparse.rb b/lib/optparse.rb
index 348dffe695..389a815ffc 100644
--- a/lib/optparse.rb
+++ b/lib/optparse.rb
@@ -25,24 +25,22 @@
 #
 # === Object relationship diagram
 #
-#  +--------------+
-#  | OptionParser |<>-----+
-#  +--------------+       |                      +--------+
-#                         |                    ,-| Switch |
-#       on_head -------->+---------------+    /  +--------+
-#       accept/reject -->| List          |<|>-
-#                        |               |<|>-  +----------+
-#       on ------------->+---------------+    `-| argument |
-#                          :           :        |  class   |
-#                        +---------------+      |==========|
-#       on_tail -------->|               |      |pattern   |
-#                        +---------------+      |----------|
-#  OptionParser.accept ->| DefaultList   |      |converter |
-#               reject   |(shared between|      +----------+
-#                        | all instances)|
-#                        +---------------+
-
-
+#   +--------------+
+#   | OptionParser |<>-----+
+#   +--------------+       |                      +--------+
+#                          |                    ,-| Switch |
+#        on_head -------->+---------------+    /  +--------+
+#        accept/reject -->| List          |<|>-
+#                         |               |<|>-  +----------+
+#        on ------------->+---------------+    `-| argument |
+#                           :           :        |  class   |
+#                         +---------------+      |==========|
+#        on_tail -------->|               |      |pattern   |
+#                         +---------------+      |----------|
+#   OptionParser.accept ->| DefaultList   |      |converter |
+#                reject   |(shared between|      +----------+
+#                         | all instances)|
+#                         +---------------+
 #
 # == OptionParser
 #
@@ -348,16 +346,12 @@ class OptionParser
     # exception.
     #
     def conv_arg(arg, val = nil)
-      if block
-        if conv
-          val = conv.call(*val)
-        else
-          val = *val
-        end
-        return arg, block, val
+      if conv
+        val = conv.call(*val)
       else
-        return arg, nil
+        val = proc {|val| val}.call(*val)
       end
+      return arg, block, val
     end
     private :conv_arg
 
@@ -385,7 +379,7 @@ class OptionParser
       while s = lopts.shift
         l = left[-1].length + s.length
         l += arg.length if left.size == 1 && arg
-        l < max or left << ''
+        l < max or sopts.empty? or left << ''
         left[-1] << if left[-1].empty? then ' ' * 4 else ', ' end << s
       end
 
@@ -396,7 +390,7 @@ class OptionParser
         yield(indent + l)
       end
 
-      while (l = left.shift; r = right.shift; l or r)
+      while begin l = left.shift; r = right.shift; l or r end
         l = l.to_s.ljust(width) + ' ' + r if r and !r.empty?
         yield(indent + l)
       end
@@ -404,6 +398,25 @@ class OptionParser
       self
     end
 
+    def add_banner(to)  # :nodoc:
+      unless @short or @long
+        s = desc.join
+        to << " [" + s + "]..." unless s.empty?
+      end
+      to
+    end
+
+    def match_nonswitch?(str) # :nodoc:
+      @pattern =~ str unless @short or @long
+    end
+
+    #
+    # Main name of the switch.
+    #
+    def switch_name
+      (long.first || short.first).sub(/\A-+(?:\[no-\])?/, '')
+    end
+
     #
     # Switch that takes no arguments.
     #
@@ -412,7 +425,7 @@ class OptionParser
       #
       # Raises an exception if any arguments given.
       #
-      def parse(arg, argv, &error)
+      def parse(arg, argv)
         yield(NeedlessArgument, arg) if arg
         conv_arg(arg)
       end
@@ -590,8 +603,7 @@ class OptionParser
     def search(id, key)
       if list = __send__(id)
         val = list.fetch(key) {return nil}
-        return val unless block_given?
-        yield(val)
+        block_given? ? yield(val) : val
       end
     end
 
@@ -606,6 +618,13 @@ class OptionParser
     end
 
     #
+    # Iterates over each option, passing the option to the +block+.
+    #
+    def each_option(&block)
+      list.each(&block)
+    end
+
+    #
     # Creates the summary table, passing each line to the +block+ (without
     # newline). The arguments +args+ are passed along to the summarize
     # method which is called on every option.
@@ -614,13 +633,24 @@ class OptionParser
       list.each do |opt|
         if opt.respond_to?(:summarize) # perhaps OptionParser::Switch
           opt.summarize(*args, &block)
-        elsif opt.empty?
+        elsif !opt
           yield("")
+        elsif opt.respond_to?(:each_line)
+          opt.each_line(&block)
         else
           opt.each(&block)
         end
       end
     end
+
+    def add_banner(to)  # :nodoc:
+      list.each do |opt|
+        if opt.respond_to?(:add_banner)
+          opt.add_banner(to)
+        end
+      end
+      to
+    end
   end
 
   #
@@ -759,7 +789,7 @@ class OptionParser
 
   def add_officious  # :nodoc:
     list = base()
-    Officious.each_pair do |opt, block|
+    Officious.each do |opt, block|
       list.long[opt] ||= block.call(self)
     end
   end
@@ -796,7 +826,7 @@ class OptionParser
   #
   # Directs to reject specified class argument.
   #
-  # +t+:: Argument class speficier, any object including Class.
+  # +t+:: Argument class specifier, any object including Class.
   #
   #   reject(t)
   #
@@ -830,7 +860,11 @@ class OptionParser
   # Heading banner preceding summary.
   #
   def banner
-    @banner ||= "Usage: #{program_name} [options]"
+    unless @banner
+      @banner = "Usage: #{program_name} [options]"
+      visit(:add_banner, @banner)
+    end
+    @banner
   end
 
   #
@@ -1003,13 +1037,13 @@ class OptionParser
   #     "-x[OPTIONAL]"
   #     "-x"
   #   There is also a special form which matches character range (not full
-  #   set of regural expression):
+  #   set of regular expression):
   #     "-[a-z]MANDATORY"
   #     "-[a-z][OPTIONAL]" 
   #     "-[a-z]"
   #
   # [Argument style and description:]
-  #   Instead of specifying mandatory or optional orguments directly in the
+  #   Instead of specifying mandatory or optional arguments directly in the
   #   switch parameter, this separate parameter can be used.
   #     "=MANDATORY"
   #     "=[OPTIONAL]"
@@ -1022,7 +1056,7 @@ class OptionParser
   #   Handler for the parsed argument value. Either give a block or pass a
   #   Proc or Method as an argument.
   #
-  def make_switch(*opts, &block)
+  def make_switch(opts, block = nil)
     short, long, nolong, style, pattern, conv, not_pattern, not_conv, not_style = [], [], []
     ldesc, sdesc, desc, arg = [], [], []
     default_style = Switch::NoArgument
@@ -1045,7 +1079,7 @@ class OptionParser
       # directly specified pattern(any object possible to match)
       if !(String === o) and o.respond_to?(:match)
         pattern = notwice(o, pattern, 'pattern')
-        conv = (pattern.method(:convert).to_proc if pattern.respond_to?(:convert))
+        conv = pattern.method(:convert).to_proc if pattern.respond_to?(:convert)
         next
       end
 
@@ -1058,7 +1092,7 @@ class OptionParser
         when CompletingHash
         when nil
           pattern = CompletingHash.new
-          conv = (pattern.method(:convert).to_proc if pattern.respond_to?(:convert))
+          conv = pattern.method(:convert).to_proc if pattern.respond_to?(:convert)
         else
           raise ArgumentError, "argument pattern given twice"
         end
@@ -1125,20 +1159,24 @@ class OptionParser
     end
 
     default_pattern, conv = search(:atype, default_style.pattern) unless default_pattern
-    s = if short.empty? and long.empty?
-          raise ArgumentError, "no switch given" if style or pattern or block
-          desc
-        else
-          (style || default_style).new(pattern || default_pattern,
+    if !(short.empty? and long.empty?)
+      s = (style || default_style).new(pattern || default_pattern,
                                        conv, sdesc, ldesc, arg, desc, block)
-        end
+    elsif !block
+      raise ArgumentError, "no switch given" if style or pattern
+      s = desc
+    else
+      short << pattern
+      s = (style || default_style).new(pattern,
+                                       conv, nil, nil, arg, desc, block)
+    end
     return s, short, long,
       (not_style.new(not_pattern, not_conv, sdesc, ldesc, nil, desc, block) if not_style),
       nolong
   end
 
   def define(*opts, &block)
-    top.append(*(sw = make_switch(*opts, &block)))
+    top.append(*(sw = make_switch(opts, block)))
     sw[0]
   end
 
@@ -1153,7 +1191,7 @@ class OptionParser
   alias def_option define
 
   def define_head(*opts, &block)
-    top.prepend(*(sw = make_switch(*opts, &block)))
+    top.prepend(*(sw = make_switch(opts, block)))
     sw[0]
   end
 
@@ -1167,7 +1205,7 @@ class OptionParser
   alias def_head_option define_head
 
   def define_tail(*opts, &block)
-    base.append(*(sw = make_switch(*opts, &block)))
+    base.append(*(sw = make_switch(opts, block)))
     sw[0]
   end
 
@@ -1202,6 +1240,10 @@ class OptionParser
   # Same as #order, but removes switches destructively.
   #
   def order!(argv = default_argv, &nonopt)
+    parse_in_order(argv, &nonopt)
+  end
+
+  def parse_in_order(argv = default_argv, setter = nil, &nonopt)  # :nodoc:
     opt, arg, sw, val, rest = nil
     nonopt ||= proc {|arg| throw :terminate, arg}
     argv.unshift(arg) if arg = catch(:terminate) {
@@ -1216,8 +1258,9 @@ class OptionParser
             raise $!.set_option(arg, true)
           end
           begin
-            opt, sw, val = sw.parse(rest, argv) {|*exc| raise(*exc)}
-            sw.call(val) if sw
+            opt, cb, val = sw.parse(rest, argv) {|*exc| raise(*exc)}
+            val = cb.call(val) if cb
+            setter.call(sw.switch_name, val) if setter
           rescue ParseError
             raise $!.set_option(arg, rest)
           end
@@ -1226,7 +1269,8 @@ class OptionParser
         when /\A-(.)((=).*|.+)?/nm
           opt, has_arg, eq, val, rest = $1, $3, $3, $2, $2
           begin
-            unless sw = search(:short, opt)
+            sw, = search(:short, opt)
+            unless sw
               begin
                 sw, = complete(:short, opt)
                 # short option matched.
@@ -1243,25 +1287,34 @@ class OptionParser
             raise $!.set_option(arg, true)
           end
           begin
-            opt, sw, val = sw.parse(val, argv) {|*exc| raise(*exc) if eq}
+            opt, cb, val = sw.parse(val, argv) {|*exc| raise(*exc) if eq}
             raise InvalidOption, arg if has_arg and !eq and arg == "-#{opt}"
             argv.unshift(opt) if opt and (opt = opt.sub(/\A-*/, '-')) != '-'
-            sw.call(val) if sw
+            val = cb.call(val) if cb
+            setter.call(sw.switch_name, val) if setter
           rescue ParseError
             raise $!.set_option(arg, arg.length > 2)
           end
 
         # non-option argument
         else
-          nonopt.call(arg)
+          catch(:prune) do
+            visit(:each_option) do |sw|
+              sw.block.call(arg) if Switch === sw and sw.match_nonswitch?(arg)
+            end
+            nonopt.call(arg)
+          end
         end
       end
 
       nil
     }
 
+    visit(:search, :short, nil) {|sw| sw.block.call(*argv) if !sw.pattern}
+
     argv
   end
+  private :parse_in_order
 
   #
   # Parses command line arguments +argv+ in permutation mode and returns
@@ -1306,16 +1359,25 @@ class OptionParser
   #
   # Wrapper method for getopts.rb.
   #
-  def getopts(argv, single_options, *long_options)
+  #   params = ARGV.getopts("ab:", "foo", "bar:")
+  #   # params[:a] = true   # -a
+  #   # params[:b] = "1"    # -b1
+  #   # params[:foo] = "1"  # --foo
+  #   # params[:bar] = "x"  # --bar x
+  #
+  def getopts(*args)
+    argv = Array === args.first ? args.shift : default_argv
+    single_options, *long_options = *args
+
     result = {}
 
     single_options.scan(/(.)(:)?/) do |opt, val|
       if val
         result[opt] = nil
-        define("-#{opt} VAL") {|val| result[opt] = val}
+        define("-#{opt} VAL")
       else
         result[opt] = false
-        define("-#{opt}") {result[opt] = true}
+        define("-#{opt}")
       end
     end if single_options
 
@@ -1323,14 +1385,14 @@ class OptionParser
       opt, val = arg.split(':', 2)
       if val
         result[opt] = val.empty? ? nil : val
-        define("--#{opt} VAL") {|val| result[opt] = val}
+        define("--#{opt} VAL")
       else
         result[opt] = false
-        define("--#{opt}") {result[opt] = true}
+        define("--#{opt}")
       end
     end
 
-    order!(argv)
+    parse_in_order(argv, result.method(:[]=))
     result
   end
 
@@ -1355,12 +1417,12 @@ class OptionParser
   private :visit
 
   #
-  # Searches key +k+ in @stack for +id+ hash and returns or yields the result.
+  # Searches +key+ in @stack for +id+ hash and returns or yields the result.
   #
-  def search(id, k)
-    visit(:search, id, k) do |k|
-      return k unless block_given?
-      return yield(k)
+  def search(id, key)
+    block_given = block_given?
+    visit(:search, id, key) do |k|
+      return block_given ? yield(k) : k
     end
   end
   private :search
@@ -1414,6 +1476,7 @@ class OptionParser
   #
   def environment(env = File.basename($0, '.*'))
     env = ENV[env] || ENV[env.upcase] or return
+    require 'shellwords'
     parse(*Shellwords.shellwords(env))
   end
 
@@ -1572,7 +1635,6 @@ class OptionParser
     end
 
     alias to_s message
-    alias to_str message
   end
 
   #
@@ -1725,5 +1787,5 @@ if $0 == __FILE__
   Version = OptionParser::Version
   ARGV.options {|q|
     q.parse!.empty? or puts "what's #{ARGV.join(' ')}?"
-  } or exit 1
+  } or abort(ARGV.options.to_s)
 end
diff --git a/lib/parsearg.rb b/lib/parsearg.rb
index 9c67aca43e..cab2dba789 100644
--- a/lib/parsearg.rb
+++ b/lib/parsearg.rb
@@ -57,6 +57,8 @@ def setExpression(ex, opt, op)
   return ex
 end
 
+# parseArgs is obsolete.  Use OptionParser instead.
+
 def parseArgs(argc, nopt, single_opts, *opts)
   if (noOptions = getopts(single_opts, *opts)) == nil
     printUsageAndExit()
diff --git a/lib/parsedate.rb b/lib/parsedate.rb
index 405ab46907..b52a79ba47 100644
--- a/lib/parsedate.rb
+++ b/lib/parsedate.rb
@@ -1,10 +1,48 @@
-# parsedate.rb: Written by Tadayoshi Funaba 2001, 2002
-# $Id: parsedate.rb,v 2.6 2002-05-14 07:43:18+09 tadf Exp $
+#
+# = parsedate.rb: Parses dates
+#
+# Author:: Tadayoshi Funaba
+# Documentation:: Konrad Meyer
+#
+# ParseDate munches on a date and turns it into an array of values.
+#
+
+#
+# ParseDate converts a date into an array of values.
+# For example:
+#
+#   require 'parsedate'
+#
+#   ParseDate.parsedate "Tuesday, July 6th, 2007, 18:35:20 UTC"
+#   # => [2007, 7, 6, 18, 35, 20, "UTC", 2]
+#
+# The order is of the form [year, month, day of month, hour, minute, second,
+# timezone, day of the week].
 
 require 'date/format'
 
 module ParseDate
-
+  #
+  # Parse a string representation of a date into values.
+  # For example:
+  #
+  #   require 'parsedate'
+  #
+  #   ParseDate.parsedate "Tuesday, July 5th, 2007, 18:35:20 UTC"
+  #   # => [2007, 7, 5, 18, 35, 20, "UTC", 2]
+  #
+  # The order is of the form [year, month, day of month, hour, minute,
+  # second, timezone, day of week].
+  #
+  # ParseDate.parsedate can also take a second argument, +comp+, which
+  # is a boolean telling the method to compensate for dates with years
+  # expressed as two digits. Example:
+  #
+  #   require 'parsedate'
+  #
+  #   ParseDate.parsedate "Mon Dec 25 00 06:53:24 UTC", true
+  #   # => [2000, 12, 25, 6, 53, 24, "UTC", 1]
+  #
   def parsedate(str, comp=false)
     Date._parse(str, comp).
       values_at(:year, :mon, :mday, :hour, :min, :sec, :zone, :wday)
diff --git a/lib/ping.rb b/lib/ping.rb
index 07b46374b2..c2966b619c 100644
--- a/lib/ping.rb
+++ b/lib/ping.rb
@@ -1,46 +1,46 @@
 #
-# ping.rb -- check a host for upness
+# = ping.rb: Check a host for upness
 #
-#= SYNOPSIS
+# Author:: Yukihiro Matsumoto
+# Documentation:: Konrad Meyer
+# 
+# Performs the function of the basic network testing tool, ping.
+# See: Ping.
 #
-#   require 'ping'
-#    print "'jimmy' is alive and kicking\n" if Ping.pingecho('jimmy', 10) ;
-#
-#= DESCRIPTION
-#
-# This module contains routines to test for the reachability of remote hosts.
-# Currently the only routine implemented is pingecho(). 
+
+require 'timeout'
+require "socket"
+
+# 
+# Ping contains routines to test for the reachability of remote hosts.
+# Currently the only routine implemented is pingecho().
 #
-# pingecho() uses a TCP echo (I<not> an ICMP one) to determine if the
+# Ping.pingecho uses a TCP echo (not an ICMP echo) to determine if the
 # remote host is reachable. This is usually adequate to tell that a remote
-# host is available to rsh(1), ftp(1), or telnet(1) onto.
-#
-#== Parameters
-#
-#  : hostname
-#
-#    The remote host to check, specified either as a hostname or as an
-#    IP address.
+# host is available to telnet, ftp, or ssh to.
 #
-#  : timeout
+# Warning: Ping.pingecho may block for a long time if DNS resolution is
+# slow. Requiring 'resolv-replace' allows non-blocking name resolution.
 #
-#    The timeout in seconds. If not specified it will default to 5 seconds.
-#
-#  : service
-#
-#    The service port to connect.  The default is "echo".
-#
-#= WARNING
+# Usage:
+# 
+#   require 'ping'
 #
-# pingecho() uses user-level thread to implement the timeout, so it may block
-# for long period if named does not respond for some reason.
+#   puts "'jimmy' is alive and kicking" if Ping.pingecho('jimmy', 10)
 #
-#=end
-
-require 'timeout'
-require "socket"
-
 module Ping
+
+  # 
+  # Return true if we can open a connection to the hostname or IP address
+  # +host+ on port +service+ (which defaults to the "echo" port) waiting up
+  # to +timeout+ seconds.
+  #
+  # Example:
+  #
+  #   require 'ping'
+  #
+  #   Ping.pingecho "google.com", 10, 80
+  #
   def pingecho(host, timeout=5, service="echo")
     begin
       timeout(timeout) do
diff --git a/lib/pp.rb b/lib/pp.rb
index 8080d879f9..14fe62ee95 100644
--- a/lib/pp.rb
+++ b/lib/pp.rb
@@ -255,9 +255,9 @@ class PP < PrettyPrint
     # This module provides predefined #pretty_print methods for some of
     # the most commonly used built-in classes for convenience.
     def pretty_print(q)
-      if /\(Kernel\)#/ !~ method(:inspect).inspect
+      if /\(Kernel\)#/ !~ Object.instance_method(:method).bind(self).call(:inspect).inspect
         q.text self.inspect
-      elsif /\(Kernel\)#/ !~ method(:to_s).inspect && instance_variables.empty?
+      elsif /\(Kernel\)#/ !~ Object.instance_method(:method).bind(self).call(:to_s).inspect && instance_variables.empty?
         q.text self.to_s
       else
         q.pp_object(self)
@@ -289,7 +289,7 @@ class PP < PrettyPrint
     # However, doing this requires that every class that #inspect is called on
     # implement #pretty_print, or a RuntimeError will be raised.
     def pretty_print_inspect
-      if /\(PP::ObjectMixin\)#/ =~ method(:pretty_print).inspect
+      if /\(PP::ObjectMixin\)#/ =~ Object.instance_method(:method).bind(self).call(:pretty_print).inspect
         raise "pretty_print is not overridden for #{self.class}"
       end
       PP.singleline_pp(self, '')
@@ -488,6 +488,13 @@ if __FILE__ == $0
       a = OverriddenStruct.new(1,2)
       assert_equal("#<struct Struct::OverriddenStruct members=1, class=2>\n", PP.pp(a, ''))
     end
+
+    def test_redefined_method
+      o = ""
+      def o.method
+      end
+      assert_equal(%(""\n), PP.pp(o, ""))
+    end
   end
 
   class HasInspect
diff --git a/lib/prettyprint.rb b/lib/prettyprint.rb
index 7b38cc0112..315c422e9e 100644
--- a/lib/prettyprint.rb
+++ b/lib/prettyprint.rb
@@ -1,131 +1,45 @@
 # $Id$
 
-=begin
-= PrettyPrint
-The class implements pretty printing algorithm.
-It finds line breaks and nice indentations for grouped structure.
-
-By default, the class assumes that primitive elements are strings and
-each byte in the strings have single column in width.
-But it can be used for other situations
-by giving suitable arguments for some methods:
-newline object and space generation block for (({PrettyPrint.new})),
-optional width argument for (({PrettyPrint#text})),
-(({PrettyPrint#breakable})), etc.
-There are several candidates to use them:
-text formatting using proportional fonts,
-multibyte characters which has columns different to number of bytes,
-non-string formatting, etc.
-
-== class methods
---- PrettyPrint.new([output[, maxwidth[, newline]]]) [{|width| ...}]
-    creates a buffer for pretty printing.
-
-    ((|output|)) is an output target.
-    If it is not specified, (({''})) is assumed.
-    It should have a (({<<})) method which accepts
-    the first argument ((|obj|)) of (({PrettyPrint#text})),
-    the first argument ((|sep|)) of (({PrettyPrint#breakable})),
-    the first argument ((|newline|)) of (({PrettyPrint.new})),
-    and
-    the result of a given block for (({PrettyPrint.new})).
-
-    ((|maxwidth|)) specifies maximum line length.
-    If it is not specified, 79 is assumed.
-    However actual outputs may overflow ((|maxwidth|)) if
-    long non-breakable texts are provided.
-
-    ((|newline|)) is used for line breaks.
-    (({"\n"})) is used if it is not specified.
-
-    The block is used to generate spaces.
-    (({{|width| ' ' * width}})) is used if it is not given.
-
---- PrettyPrint.format([output[, maxwidth[, newline[, genspace]]]]) {|q| ...}
-    is a convenience method which is same as follows:
-
-      begin
-        q = PrettyPrint.new(output, maxwidth, newline, &genspace)
-        ...
-        q.flush
-        output
-      end
-
---- PrettyPrint.singleline_format([output[, maxwidth[, newline[, genspace]]]]) {|q| ...}
-    is similar to (({PrettyPrint.format})) but the result has no breaks.
-
-    ((|maxwidth|)), ((|newline|)) and ((|genspace|)) are ignored.
-    The invocation of (({breakable})) in the block doesn't break a line and
-    treated as just an invocation of (({text})).
-
-== methods
---- text(obj[, width])
-    adds ((|obj|)) as a text of ((|width|)) columns in width.
-
-    If ((|width|)) is not specified, (({((|obj|)).length})) is used.
-
---- breakable([sep[, width]])
-    tells "you can break a line here if necessary", and a
-    ((|width|))-column text ((|sep|)) is inserted if a line is not
-    broken at the point.
-
-    If ((|sep|)) is not specified, (({" "})) is used.
-
-    If ((|width|)) is not specified, (({((|sep|)).length})) is used.
-    You will have to specify this when ((|sep|)) is a multibyte
-    character, for example.
-
---- nest(indent) {...}
-    increases left margin after newline with ((|indent|)) for line breaks added
-    in the block.
-
---- group([indent[, open_obj[, close_obj[, open_width[, close_width]]]]]) {...}
-    groups line break hints added in the block.
-    The line break hints are all to be breaked or not.
-
-    If ((|indent|)) is specified, the method call is regarded as nested by
-    (({nest(((|indent|))) { ... }})).
-
-    If ((|open_obj|)) is specified, (({text open_obj, open_width})) is called
-    at first.
-    If ((|close_obj|)) is specified, (({text close_obj, close_width})) is
-    called at last.
-
---- flush
-    outputs buffered data.
-
---- first?
-    first? is obsoleted at 1.8.2.
-
-    first? is a predicate to test the call is a first call to (({first?})) with
-    current group.
-    It is useful to format comma separated values as:
-
-      q.group(1, '[', ']') {
-        xxx.each {|yyy|
-          unless q.first?
-            q.text ','
-            q.breakable
-          end
-          ... pretty printing yyy ...
-        }
-      }
-
-== Bugs
-* Box based formatting?  Other (better) model/algorithm?
-
-== References
-Christian Lindig, Strictly Pretty, March 2000,
-((<URL:http://www.st.cs.uni-sb.de/~lindig/papers/#pretty>))
-
-Philip Wadler, A prettier printer, March 1998,
-((<URL:http://homepages.inf.ed.ac.uk/wadler/topics/language-design.html#prettier>))
-
-== AUTHOR
-Tanaka Akira <akr@m17n.org>
-=end
-
+# This class implements a pretty printing algorithm. It finds line breaks and
+# nice indentations for grouped structure.
+# 
+# By default, the class assumes that primitive elements are strings and each
+# byte in the strings have single column in width. But it can be used for
+# other situations by giving suitable arguments for some methods:
+# * newline object and space generation block for PrettyPrint.new
+# * optional width argument for PrettyPrint#text
+# * PrettyPrint#breakable
+#
+# There are several candidate uses:
+# * text formatting using proportional fonts
+# * multibyte characters which has columns different to number of bytes
+# * non-string formatting
+#
+# == Bugs
+# * Box based formatting?
+# * Other (better) model/algorithm?
+# 
+# == References
+# Christian Lindig, Strictly Pretty, March 2000,
+# http://www.st.cs.uni-sb.de/~lindig/papers/#pretty
+# 
+# Philip Wadler, A prettier printer, March 1998,
+# http://homepages.inf.ed.ac.uk/wadler/topics/language-design.html#prettier
+# 
+# == Author
+# Tanaka Akira <akr@m17n.org>
+# 
 class PrettyPrint
+
+  # This is a convenience method which is same as follows:
+  # 
+  #   begin
+  #     q = PrettyPrint.new(output, maxwidth, newline, &genspace)
+  #     ...
+  #     q.flush
+  #     output
+  #   end
+  # 
   def PrettyPrint.format(output='', maxwidth=79, newline="\n", genspace=lambda {|n| ' ' * n})
     q = PrettyPrint.new(output, maxwidth, newline, &genspace)
     yield q
@@ -133,12 +47,36 @@ class PrettyPrint
     output
   end
 
+  # This is similar to PrettyPrint::format but the result has no breaks.
+  #
+  # +maxwidth+, +newline+ and +genspace+ are ignored.
+  #
+  # The invocation of +breakable+ in the block doesn't break a line and is
+  # treated as just an invocation of +text+.
+  #
   def PrettyPrint.singleline_format(output='', maxwidth=nil, newline=nil, genspace=nil)
     q = SingleLine.new(output)
     yield q
     output
   end
 
+  # Creates a buffer for pretty printing.
+  #
+  # +output+ is an output target. If it is not specified, '' is assumed. It
+  # should have a << method which accepts the first argument +obj+ of
+  # PrettyPrint#text, the first argument +sep+ of PrettyPrint#breakable, the
+  # first argument +newline+ of PrettyPrint.new, and the result of a given
+  # block for PrettyPrint.new.
+  #
+  # +maxwidth+ specifies maximum line length. If it is not specified, 79 is
+  # assumed. However actual outputs may overflow +maxwidth+ if long
+  # non-breakable texts are provided.
+  #
+  # +newline+ is used for line breaks. "\n" is used if it is not specified.
+  #
+  # The block is used to generate spaces. {|width| ' ' * width} is used if it
+  # is not given.
+  #
   def initialize(output='', maxwidth=79, newline="\n", &genspace)
     @output = output
     @maxwidth = maxwidth
@@ -161,6 +99,23 @@ class PrettyPrint
     @group_stack.last
   end
 
+  # first? is a predicate to test the call is a first call to first? with
+  # current group.
+  #
+  # It is useful to format comma separated values as:
+  #
+  #   q.group(1, '[', ']') {
+  #     xxx.each {|yyy|
+  #       unless q.first?
+  #         q.text ','
+  #         q.breakable
+  #       end
+  #       ... pretty printing yyy ...
+  #     }
+  #   }
+  #
+  # first? is obsoleted in 1.8.2.
+  #
   def first?
     warn "PrettyPrint#first? is obsoleted at 1.8.2."
     current_group.first?
@@ -182,6 +137,10 @@ class PrettyPrint
     end
   end
 
+  # This adds +obj+ as a text of +width+ columns in width.
+  #
+  # If +width+ is not specified, obj.length is used.
+  #
   def text(obj, width=obj.length)
     if @buffer.empty?
       @output << obj
@@ -202,6 +161,14 @@ class PrettyPrint
     group { breakable sep, width }
   end
 
+  # This tells "you can break a line here if necessary", and a +width+\-column
+  # text +sep+ is inserted if a line is not broken at the point.
+  #
+  # If +sep+ is not specified, " " is used.
+  #
+  # If +width+ is not specified, +sep.length+ is used. You will have to
+  # specify this when +sep+ is a multibyte character, for example.
+  #
   def breakable(sep=' ', width=sep.length)
     group = @group_stack.last
     if group.break?
@@ -217,6 +184,16 @@ class PrettyPrint
     end
   end
 
+  # Groups line break hints added in the block. The line break hints are all
+  # to be used or not.
+  #
+  # If +indent+ is specified, the method call is regarded as nested by
+  # nest(indent) { ... }.
+  #
+  # If +open_obj+ is specified, <tt>text open_obj, open_width</tt> is called
+  # before grouping. If +close_obj+ is specified, <tt>text close_obj,
+  # close_width</tt> is called after grouping.
+  #
   def group(indent=0, open_obj='', close_obj='', open_width=open_obj.length, close_width=close_obj.length)
     text open_obj, open_width
     group_sub {
@@ -241,6 +218,9 @@ class PrettyPrint
     end
   end
 
+  # Increases left margin after newline with +indent+ for line breaks added in
+  # the block.
+  #
   def nest(indent)
     @indent += indent
     begin
@@ -250,6 +230,8 @@ class PrettyPrint
     end
   end
 
+  # outputs buffered data.
+  #
   def flush
     @buffer.each {|data|
       @output_width = data.output(@output, @output_width)
@@ -399,7 +381,7 @@ end
 if __FILE__ == $0
   require 'test/unit'
 
-  class WadlerExample < Test::Unit::TestCase
+  class WadlerExample < Test::Unit::TestCase # :nodoc:
     def setup
       @tree = Tree.new("aaaa", Tree.new("bbbbb", Tree.new("ccc"),
                                                  Tree.new("dd")),
@@ -579,7 +561,7 @@ End
       assert_equal(expected, tree_alt(50))
     end
 
-    class Tree
+    class Tree # :nodoc:
       def initialize(string, *children)
         @string = string
         @children = children
@@ -636,7 +618,7 @@ End
     end
   end
 
-  class StrictPrettyExample < Test::Unit::TestCase
+  class StrictPrettyExample < Test::Unit::TestCase # :nodoc:
     def prog(width)
       PrettyPrint.format('', width) {|q|
         q.group {
@@ -781,7 +763,7 @@ End
 
   end
 
-  class TailGroup < Test::Unit::TestCase
+  class TailGroup < Test::Unit::TestCase # :nodoc:
     def test_1
       out = PrettyPrint.format('', 10) {|q|
         q.group {
@@ -801,7 +783,7 @@ End
     end
   end
 
-  class NonString < Test::Unit::TestCase
+  class NonString < Test::Unit::TestCase # :nodoc:
     def format(width)
       PrettyPrint.format([], width, 'newline', lambda {|n| "#{n} spaces"}) {|q|
         q.text(3, 3)
@@ -820,7 +802,7 @@ End
 
   end
 
-  class Fill < Test::Unit::TestCase
+  class Fill < Test::Unit::TestCase # :nodoc:
     def format(width)
       PrettyPrint.format('', width) {|q|
         q.group {
diff --git a/lib/pstore.rb b/lib/pstore.rb
index 46123bf0a7..ab495d9ed7 100644
--- a/lib/pstore.rb
+++ b/lib/pstore.rb
@@ -11,14 +11,14 @@ require "fileutils"
 require "digest/md5"
 
 #
-# PStore implements a file based persistance mechanism based on a Hash.  User
+# PStore implements a file based persistence mechanism based on a Hash.  User
 # code can store hierarchies of Ruby objects (values) into the data store file
 # by name (keys).  An object hierarchy may be just a single object.  User code 
 # may later read values back from the data store or even update data, as needed.
 # 
 # The transactional behavior ensures that any changes succeed or fail together.
 # This can be used to ensure that the data store is not left in a transitory
-# state, where some values were upated but others were not.
+# state, where some values were updated but others were not.
 # 
 # Behind the scenes, Ruby objects are stored to the data store file with 
 # Marshal.  That carries the usual limitations.  Proc objects cannot be 
@@ -78,6 +78,11 @@ require "digest/md5"
 #  end
 #
 class PStore
+  binmode = defined?(File::BINARY) ? File::BINARY : 0
+  RDWR_ACCESS = File::RDWR | File::CREAT | binmode
+  RD_ACCESS = File::RDONLY | binmode
+  WR_ACCESS = File::WRONLY | File::CREAT | File::TRUNC | binmode
+
   # The error type thrown by all PStore methods.
   class Error < StandardError
   end
@@ -287,17 +292,15 @@ class PStore
 
       content = nil
       unless read_only
-        file = File.open(@filename, File::RDWR | File::CREAT)
-        file.binmode
+        file = File.open(@filename, RDWR_ACCESS)
         file.flock(File::LOCK_EX)
         commit_new(file) if FileTest.exist?(new_file)
         content = file.read()
       else
         begin
-          file = File.open(@filename, File::RDONLY)
-          file.binmode
+          file = File.open(@filename, RD_ACCESS)
           file.flock(File::LOCK_SH)
-          content = (File.read(new_file) rescue file.read())
+          content = (File.open(new_file, RD_ACCESS) {|n| n.read} rescue file.read())
         rescue Errno::ENOENT
           content = ""
         end
@@ -326,10 +329,7 @@ class PStore
           tmp_file = @filename + ".tmp"
 	  content = dump(@table)
 	  if !md5 || size != content.size || md5 != Digest::MD5.digest(content)
-            File.open(tmp_file, "w") {|t|
-              t.binmode
-              t.write(content)
-            }
+            File.open(tmp_file, WR_ACCESS) {|t| t.write(content)}
             File.rename(tmp_file, new_file)
             commit_new(file)
           end
@@ -365,8 +365,7 @@ class PStore
     f.truncate(0)
     f.rewind
     new_file = @filename + ".new"
-    File.open(new_file) do |nf|
-      nf.binmode
+    File.open(new_file, RD_ACCESS) do |nf|
       FileUtils.copy_stream(nf, f)
     end
     File.unlink(new_file)
diff --git a/lib/rational.rb b/lib/rational.rb
index ce754cfa3c..69a3b76bf1 100644
--- a/lib/rational.rb
+++ b/lib/rational.rb
@@ -240,6 +240,10 @@ class Rational < Numeric
     end
   end
 
+  def div(other)
+    (self / other).floor
+  end
+
   #
   # Returns the remainder when this value is divided by +other+.
   #
@@ -251,7 +255,7 @@ class Rational < Numeric
   #   r % 0.26             # -> 0.19
   #
   def % (other)
-    value = (self / other).to_i
+    value = (self / other).floor
     return self - other * value
   end
 
@@ -263,7 +267,7 @@ class Rational < Numeric
   #   r.divmod Rational(1,2)   # -> [3, Rational(1,4)]
   #
   def divmod(other)
-    value = (self / other).to_i
+    value = (self / other).floor
     return value, self - other * value
   end
 
@@ -272,7 +276,7 @@ class Rational < Numeric
   #
   def abs
     if @numerator > 0
-      Rational.new!(@numerator, @denominator)
+      self
     else
       Rational.new!(-@numerator, @denominator)
     end
@@ -340,15 +344,43 @@ class Rational < Numeric
   # Converts the rational to an Integer.  Not the _nearest_ integer, the
   # truncated integer.  Study the following example carefully:
   #   Rational(+7,4).to_i             # -> 1
-  #   Rational(-7,4).to_i             # -> -2
+  #   Rational(-7,4).to_i             # -> -1
   #   (-1.75).to_i                    # -> -1
   #
   # In other words:
   #   Rational(-7,4) == -1.75                 # -> true
-  #   Rational(-7,4).to_i == (-1.75).to_i     # false
+  #   Rational(-7,4).to_i == (-1.75).to_i     # -> true
   #
-  def to_i
-    Integer(@numerator.div(@denominator))
+
+
+  def floor()
+    @numerator.div(@denominator)
+  end
+
+  def ceil()
+    -((-@numerator).div(@denominator))
+  end
+
+  def truncate()
+    if @numerator < 0
+      return -((-@numerator).div(@denominator))
+    end
+    @numerator.div(@denominator)
+  end
+
+  alias_method :to_i, :truncate
+
+  def round()
+    if @numerator < 0
+      num = -@numerator
+      num = num * 2 + @denominator
+      den = @denominator * 2
+      -(num.div(den))
+    else
+      num = @numerator * 2 + @denominator
+      den = @denominator * 2
+      num.div(den)
+    end
   end
 
   #
@@ -481,10 +513,11 @@ class Integer
 end
 
 class Fixnum
-  undef quo
-  # If Rational is defined, returns a Rational number instead of a Fixnum.
+  remove_method :quo
+
+  # If Rational is defined, returns a Rational number instead of a Float.
   def quo(other)
-    Rational.new!(self,1) / other
+    Rational.new!(self, 1) / other
   end
   alias rdiv quo
 
@@ -493,25 +526,18 @@ class Fixnum
     if other >= 0
       self.power!(other)
     else
-      Rational.new!(self,1)**other
+      Rational.new!(self, 1)**other
     end
   end
 
-  unless defined? 1.power!
-    alias power! **
-    alias ** rpower
-  end
 end
 
 class Bignum
-  unless defined? Complex
-    alias power! **
-  end
+  remove_method :quo
 
-  undef quo
-  # If Rational is defined, returns a Rational number instead of a Bignum.
+  # If Rational is defined, returns a Rational number instead of a Float.
   def quo(other)
-    Rational.new!(self,1) / other
+    Rational.new!(self, 1) / other
   end
   alias rdiv quo
 
@@ -524,7 +550,15 @@ class Bignum
     end
   end
 
-  unless defined? Complex
+end
+
+unless defined? 1.power!
+  class Fixnum
+    alias power! **
+    alias ** rpower
+  end
+  class Bignum
+    alias power! **
     alias ** rpower
   end
 end
diff --git a/lib/rdoc/README b/lib/rdoc/README
index 60650dd88b..89ea0fbd3f 100644
--- a/lib/rdoc/README
+++ b/lib/rdoc/README
@@ -82,9 +82,6 @@ RDoc is Copyright (c) 2001-2003 Dave Thomas, The Pragmatic Programmers.  It
 is free software, and may be redistributed under the terms specified
 in the README file of the Ruby distribution.
 
-
-----
-
 = Usage
 
 RDoc is invoked from the command line using:
diff --git a/lib/rdoc/generators/ri_generator.rb b/lib/rdoc/generators/ri_generator.rb
index c4b4a7e17c..c7d0bbd8f0 100644
--- a/lib/rdoc/generators/ri_generator.rb
+++ b/lib/rdoc/generators/ri_generator.rb
@@ -69,7 +69,7 @@ module Generators
 
     def initialize(options) #:not-new:
       @options   = options
-      @ri_writer = RI::RiWriter.new(options.op_dir)
+      @ri_writer = RI::RiWriter.new(".")
       @markup    = SM::SimpleMarkup.new
       @to_flow   = SM::ToFlow.new
     end
diff --git a/lib/rdoc/markup/.document b/lib/rdoc/markup/.document
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..3cf4f21bd7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/rdoc/markup/.document
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+simple_markup
+simple_markup.rb
diff --git a/lib/rdoc/options.rb b/lib/rdoc/options.rb
index 53eee992e2..7e35abdb0b 100644
--- a/lib/rdoc/options.rb
+++ b/lib/rdoc/options.rb
@@ -91,6 +91,9 @@ class Options
   # multiple files
   attr_reader :promiscuous
 
+  # scan newer sources than the flag file if true.
+  attr_reader :force_update
+
   module OptionList
 
     OPTION_LIST = [
@@ -134,6 +137,10 @@ class Options
         "Silently discarded if --diagram is not given\n" +
         "Experimental." ],
 
+      [ "--force-update",  "-U",   nil,
+        "forces to scan all sources even if newer than\n" +
+        "the flag file." ],
+
       [ "--fmt",           "-f",   "format name",
         "set the output formatter (see below)" ],
 
@@ -363,6 +370,7 @@ class Options
       @include_line_numbers = false
       @extra_accessor_flags = {}
       @promiscuous = false
+      @force_update = false
 
       @css = nil
       @webcvs = nil
@@ -462,6 +470,9 @@ class Options
             OptionList.error("Unknown extension .#{old} to -E")
           end
 
+        when "--force-update"
+          @force_update = true
+
 	when "--version"
 	  puts VERSION_STRING
 	  exit
@@ -533,18 +544,18 @@ class Options
   # so we'll bypass the test under Windows
 
   def check_diagram
-    return if RUBY_PLATFORM =~ /win/
+    return if RUBY_PLATFORM =~ /mswin|cygwin|mingw|bccwin/
 
     ok = false
     ver = nil
     IO.popen("dot -V 2>&1") do |io|
       ver = io.read
-      if ver =~ /dot\s+version(?:\s+gviz)?\s+(\d+)\.(\d+)/
+      if ver =~ /dot.+version(?:\s+gviz)?\s+(\d+)\.(\d+)/
         ok = ($1.to_i > 1) || ($1.to_i == 1 && $2.to_i >= 8)
       end
     end
     unless ok
-      if ver =~ /^dot version/
+      if ver =~ /^dot.+version/
         $stderr.puts "Warning: You may need dot V1.8.6 or later to use\n",
           "the --diagram option correctly. You have:\n\n   ",
           ver,
diff --git a/lib/rdoc/parsers/parse_c.rb b/lib/rdoc/parsers/parse_c.rb
index e43fb00829..7eefa29706 100644
--- a/lib/rdoc/parsers/parse_c.rb
+++ b/lib/rdoc/parsers/parse_c.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,78 @@
+# Classes and modules built in to the interpreter. We need
+# these to define superclasses of user objects
+
+require "rdoc/code_objects"
+require "rdoc/parsers/parserfactory"
+require "rdoc/options"
+require "rdoc/rdoc"
+
+module RDoc
+
+  ##
+  # Ruby's built-in classes.
+
+  KNOWN_CLASSES = {
+    "rb_cObject"           => "Object",
+    "rb_cArray"            => "Array",
+    "rb_cBignum"           => "Bignum",
+    "rb_cClass"            => "Class",
+    "rb_cDir"              => "Dir",
+    "rb_cData"             => "Data",
+    "rb_cFalseClass"       => "FalseClass",
+    "rb_cFile"             => "File",
+    "rb_cFixnum"           => "Fixnum",
+    "rb_cFloat"            => "Float",
+    "rb_cHash"             => "Hash",
+    "rb_cInteger"          => "Integer",
+    "rb_cIO"               => "IO",
+    "rb_cModule"           => "Module",
+    "rb_cNilClass"         => "NilClass",
+    "rb_cNumeric"          => "Numeric",
+    "rb_cProc"             => "Proc",
+    "rb_cRange"            => "Range",
+    "rb_cRegexp"           => "Regexp",
+    "rb_cString"           => "String",
+    "rb_cSymbol"           => "Symbol",
+    "rb_cThread"           => "Thread",
+    "rb_cTime"             => "Time",
+    "rb_cTrueClass"        => "TrueClass",
+    "rb_cStruct"           => "Struct",
+    "rb_eException"        => "Exception",
+    "rb_eStandardError"    => "StandardError",
+    "rb_eSystemExit"       => "SystemExit",
+    "rb_eInterrupt"        => "Interrupt",
+    "rb_eSignal"           => "Signal",
+    "rb_eFatal"            => "Fatal",
+    "rb_eArgError"         => "ArgError",
+    "rb_eEOFError"         => "EOFError",
+    "rb_eIndexError"       => "IndexError",
+    "rb_eRangeError"       => "RangeError",
+    "rb_eIOError"          => "IOError",
+    "rb_eRuntimeError"     => "RuntimeError",
+    "rb_eSecurityError"    => "SecurityError",
+    "rb_eSystemCallError"  => "SystemCallError",
+    "rb_eTypeError"        => "TypeError",
+    "rb_eZeroDivError"     => "ZeroDivError",
+    "rb_eNotImpError"      => "NotImpError",
+    "rb_eNoMemError"       => "NoMemError",
+    "rb_eFloatDomainError" => "FloatDomainError",
+    "rb_eScriptError"      => "ScriptError",
+    "rb_eNameError"        => "NameError",
+    "rb_eSyntaxError"      => "SyntaxError",
+    "rb_eLoadError"        => "LoadError",
+
+    "rb_mKernel"           => "Kernel",
+    "rb_mComparable"       => "Comparable",
+    "rb_mEnumerable"       => "Enumerable",
+    "rb_mPrecision"        => "Precision",
+    "rb_mErrno"            => "Errno",
+    "rb_mFileTest"         => "FileTest",
+    "rb_mGC"               => "GC",
+    "rb_mMath"             => "Math",
+    "rb_mProcess"          => "Process"
+  }
+
+  ##
   # We attempt to parse C extension files. Basically we look for
   # the standard patterns that you find in extensions: <tt>rb_define_class,
   # rb_define_method</tt> and so on. We also try to find the corresponding
@@ -42,24 +117,24 @@
   # method in the HTML output. This method must be in the same source file
   # as the rb_define_method.
   #
-  # C classes can be diagramed (see /tc/dl/ruby/ruby/error.c), and RDoc
+  # C classes can be diagrammed (see /tc/dl/ruby/ruby/error.c), and RDoc
   # integrates C and Ruby source into one tree
   #
-  # The comment blocks may include special direcives:
+  # The comment blocks may include special directives:
   #
   # [Document-class: <i>name</i>]
   #   This comment block is documentation for the given class. Use this
   #   when the <tt>Init_xxx</tt> method is not named after the class.
   #
   # [Document-method: <i>name</i>]
-  #   This comment documents the named method. Use when RDoc cannot outomatically
-  #   find the method from it's declaration
+  #   This comment documents the named method. Use when RDoc cannot
+  #   automatically find the method from it's declaration
   #
   # [call-seq:  <i>text up to an empty line</i>]
-  #   Because C source doesn't give descripive names to Ruby-level parameters,
+  #   Because C source doesn't give descriptive names to Ruby-level parameters,
   #   you need to document the calling sequence explicitly
   #
-  # In additon, RDoc assumes by default that the C method implementing a 
+  # In addition, RDoc assumes by default that the C method implementing a 
   # Ruby function is in the same source file as the rb_define_method call.
   # If this isn't the case, add the comment 
   #
@@ -89,85 +164,12 @@
   #   */
   #
 
-
-  # Classes and modules built in to the interpreter. We need
-  # these to define superclasses of user objects
-
-require "rdoc/code_objects"
-require "rdoc/parsers/parserfactory"
-
-
-module RDoc
-
-  KNOWN_CLASSES = {
-    "rb_cObject"           => "Object",
-    "rb_cArray"            => "Array",
-    "rb_cBignum"           => "Bignum",
-    "rb_cClass"            => "Class",
-    "rb_cDir"              => "Dir",
-    "rb_cData"             => "Data",
-    "rb_cFalseClass"       => "FalseClass",
-    "rb_cFile"             => "File",
-    "rb_cFixnum"           => "Fixnum",
-    "rb_cFloat"            => "Float",
-    "rb_cHash"             => "Hash",
-    "rb_cInteger"          => "Integer",
-    "rb_cIO"               => "IO",
-    "rb_cModule"           => "Module",
-    "rb_cNilClass"         => "NilClass",
-    "rb_cNumeric"          => "Numeric",
-    "rb_cProc"             => "Proc",
-    "rb_cRange"            => "Range",
-    "rb_cRegexp"           => "Regexp",
-    "rb_cString"           => "String",
-    "rb_cSymbol"           => "Symbol",
-    "rb_cThread"           => "Thread",
-    "rb_cTime"             => "Time",
-    "rb_cTrueClass"        => "TrueClass",
-    "rb_cStruct"           => "Struct",
-    "rb_eException"        => "Exception",
-    "rb_eStandardError"    => "StandardError",
-    "rb_eSystemExit"       => "SystemExit",
-    "rb_eInterrupt"        => "Interrupt",
-    "rb_eSignal"           => "Signal",
-    "rb_eFatal"            => "Fatal",
-    "rb_eArgError"         => "ArgError",
-    "rb_eEOFError"         => "EOFError",
-    "rb_eIndexError"       => "IndexError",
-    "rb_eRangeError"       => "RangeError",
-    "rb_eIOError"          => "IOError",
-    "rb_eRuntimeError"     => "RuntimeError",
-    "rb_eSecurityError"    => "SecurityError",
-    "rb_eSystemCallError"  => "SystemCallError",
-    "rb_eTypeError"        => "TypeError",
-    "rb_eZeroDivError"     => "ZeroDivError",
-    "rb_eNotImpError"      => "NotImpError",
-    "rb_eNoMemError"       => "NoMemError",
-    "rb_eFloatDomainError" => "FloatDomainError",
-    "rb_eScriptError"      => "ScriptError",
-    "rb_eNameError"        => "NameError",
-    "rb_eSyntaxError"      => "SyntaxError",
-    "rb_eLoadError"        => "LoadError",
-
-    "rb_mKernel"           => "Kernel",
-    "rb_mComparable"       => "Comparable",
-    "rb_mEnumerable"       => "Enumerable",
-    "rb_mPrecision"        => "Precision",
-    "rb_mErrno"            => "Errno",
-    "rb_mFileTest"         => "FileTest",
-    "rb_mGC"               => "GC",
-    "rb_mMath"             => "Math",
-    "rb_mProcess"          => "Process"
-
-  }
-
-  # See rdoc/c_parse.rb
-
   class C_Parser
 
+    attr_accessor :progress
 
     extend ParserFactory
-    parse_files_matching(/\.(c|cc|cpp|CC)$/)
+    parse_files_matching(/\.(?:([CcHh])\1?|c([+xp])\2|y)\z/)
 
     @@known_bodies = {}
 
@@ -217,8 +219,9 @@ module RDoc
        comment.sub!(/\/?\*--.*/m, '')
     end
 
-    # remove lines that are commented out that might otherwise get
-    # picked up when scanning for classes and methods
+    ##
+    # removes lines that are commented out that might otherwise get picked up
+    # when scanning for classes and methods
 
     def remove_commented_out_lines
       @body.gsub!(%r{//.*rb_define_}, '//')
@@ -260,17 +263,52 @@ module RDoc
       @classes[var_name] = cm
       @known_classes[var_name] = cm.full_name
     end
-    
 
-    ############################################################
+    ##
+    # Look for class or module documentation above Init_+class_name+(void),
+    # in a Document-class +class_name+ (or module) comment or above an
+    # rb_define_class (or module).  If a comment is supplied above a matching
+    # Init_ and a rb_define_class the Init_ comment is used.
+    #
+    #   /*
+    #    * This is a comment for Foo
+    #    */
+    #   Init_Foo(void) {
+    #       VALUE cFoo = rb_define_class("Foo", rb_cObject);
+    #   }
+    #
+    #   /*
+    #    * Document-class: Foo
+    #    * This is a comment for Foo
+    #    */
+    #   Init_foo(void) {
+    #       VALUE cFoo = rb_define_class("Foo", rb_cObject);
+    #   }
+    #
+    #   /*
+    #    * This is a comment for Foo
+    #    */
+    #   VALUE cFoo = rb_define_class("Foo", rb_cObject);
 
     def find_class_comment(class_name, class_meth)
       comment = nil
       if @body =~ %r{((?>/\*.*?\*/\s+))
-                     (static\s+)?void\s+Init_#{class_name}\s*(?:_\(\s*)?\(\s*(?:void\s*)\)}xmi
+                     (static\s+)?void\s+Init_#{class_name}\s*(?:_\(\s*)?\(\s*(?:void\s*)?\)}xmi
         comment = $1
       elsif @body =~ %r{Document-(class|module):\s#{class_name}\s*?\n((?>.*?\*/))}m
         comment = $2
+      else
+        if @body =~ /rb_define_(class|module)/m then
+          class_name = class_name.split("::").last
+          comments = []
+          @body.split(/(\/\*.*?\*\/)\s*?\n/m).each_with_index do |chunk, index|
+            comments[index] = chunk
+            if chunk =~ /rb_define_(class|module).*?"(#{class_name})"/m then
+              comment = comments[index-1]
+              break
+            end
+          end
+        end
       end
       class_meth.comment = mangle_comment(comment) if comment
     end
@@ -425,7 +463,16 @@ module RDoc
       end
    end
 
-    ############################################################
+    ##
+    # Adds constant comments.  By providing some_value: at the start ofthe
+    # comment you can override the C value of the comment to give a friendly
+    # definition.
+    #
+    #   /* 300: The perfect score in bowling */
+    #   rb_define_const(cFoo, "PERFECT", INT2FIX(300);
+    #
+    # Will override +INT2FIX(300)+ with the value +300+ in the output RDoc.
+    # Values may include quotes and escaped colons (\:).
 
     def handle_constants(type, var_name, const_name, definition)
       #@stats.num_constants += 1
@@ -442,14 +489,39 @@ module RDoc
       
       comment = find_const_comment(type, const_name)
 
-      con = Constant.new(const_name, definition, mangle_comment(comment))
+      # In the case of rb_define_const, the definition and comment are in
+      # "/* definition: comment */" form.  The literal ':' and '\' characters
+      # can be escaped with a backslash.
+      if type.downcase == 'const' then
+         elements = mangle_comment(comment).split(':')
+         if elements.nil? or elements.empty? then
+            con = Constant.new(const_name, definition, mangle_comment(comment))
+         else
+            new_definition = elements[0..-2].join(':')
+            if new_definition.empty? then # Default to literal C definition
+               new_definition = definition
+            else
+               new_definition.gsub!("\:", ":")
+               new_definition.gsub!("\\", '\\')
+            end
+            new_definition.sub!(/\A(\s+)/, '')
+            new_comment = $1.nil? ? elements.last : "#{$1}#{elements.last.lstrip}"
+            con = Constant.new(const_name, new_definition,
+                               mangle_comment(new_comment))
+         end
+      else
+         con = Constant.new(const_name, definition, mangle_comment(comment))
+      end
+
       class_obj.add_constant(con)
     end
 
-    ###########################################################
+    ##
+    # Finds a comment matching +type+ and +const_name+ either above the
+    # comment or in the matching Document- section.
 
     def find_const_comment(type, const_name)
-      if @body =~ %r{((?>/\*.*?\*/\s+))
+      if @body =~ %r{((?>^\s*/\*.*?\*/\s+))
                      rb_define_#{type}\((?:\s*(\w+),)?\s*"#{const_name}"\s*,.*?\)\s*;}xmi
         $1
       elsif @body =~ %r{Document-(?:const|global|variable):\s#{const_name}\s*?\n((?>.*?\*/))}m
@@ -521,7 +593,8 @@ module RDoc
           type = "singleton_method"
         end
         meth_obj = AnyMethod.new("", meth_name)
-        meth_obj.singleton = type == "singleton_method" 
+        meth_obj.singleton =
+	  %w{singleton_method module_function}.include?(type) 
         
         p_count = (Integer(param_count) rescue -1)
         
@@ -609,13 +682,15 @@ module RDoc
     end
 
 
-    ##################################################
-    # 
-    # If the comment block contains a section that looks like
+    ##
+    # If the comment block contains a section that looks like:
+    #
     #    call-seq:
     #        Array.new
     #        Array.new(10)
-    # use it for the parameters
+    #
+    # use it for the parameters.
+
     def find_modifiers(comment, meth_obj)
       if comment.sub!(/:nodoc:\s*^\s*\*?\s*$/m, '') or
          comment.sub!(/\A\/\*\s*:nodoc:\s*\*\/\Z/, '')
@@ -638,10 +713,11 @@ module RDoc
       end
     end
 
-    ############################################################
-
-    # Look for includes of the form
+    ##
+    # Look for includes of the form:
+    #
     #     rb_include_module(rb_cArray, rb_mEnumerable);
+
     def do_includes
       @body.scan(/rb_include_module\s*\(\s*(\w+?),\s*(\w+?)\s*\)/) do |c,m|
         if cls = @classes[c]
@@ -651,8 +727,7 @@ module RDoc
       end
     end
 
-    ############################################################
-
+    ##
     # Remove the /*'s and leading asterisks from C comments
     
     def mangle_comment(comment)
@@ -685,7 +760,8 @@ module RDoc
       end
     end
 
-    # Remove #ifdefs that would otherwise confuse us
+    ##
+    # Removes #ifdefs that would otherwise confuse us
     
     def handle_ifdefs_in(body)
       body.gsub(/^#ifdef HAVE_PROTOTYPES.*?#else.*?\n(.*?)#endif.*?\n/m) { $1 }
@@ -694,3 +770,4 @@ module RDoc
   end
 
 end
+
diff --git a/lib/rdoc/parsers/parse_f95.rb b/lib/rdoc/parsers/parse_f95.rb
index f3f6d76103..f1a1ae4d4b 100644
--- a/lib/rdoc/parsers/parse_f95.rb
+++ b/lib/rdoc/parsers/parse_f95.rb
@@ -201,7 +201,7 @@ module RDoc
       @progress = $stderr unless options.quiet
     end
 
-    # devine code constructs
+    # define code constructs
     def scan
 
       # remove private comment
@@ -1065,7 +1065,7 @@ module RDoc
     #
     # If "all" argument is true, information of all arguments are returned.
     # If "modified_params" is true, list of arguments are decorated,
-    # for exameple, optional arguments are parenthetic as "[arg]".
+    # for example, optional arguments are parenthetic as "[arg]".
     #
     def find_arguments(args, text, all=nil, indent=nil, modified_params=nil)
       return unless args || all
@@ -1143,8 +1143,8 @@ EOF
 
     #
     # Comments just after module or subprogram, or arguments are
-    # returnd. If "COMMENTS_ARE_UPPER" is true, comments just before
-    # modules or subprograms are returnd
+    # returned. If "COMMENTS_ARE_UPPER" is true, comments just before
+    # modules or subprograms are returned
     #
     def find_comments text
       return "" unless text
diff --git a/lib/rdoc/parsers/parse_rb.rb b/lib/rdoc/parsers/parse_rb.rb
index dde017be7d..750c483c15 100644
--- a/lib/rdoc/parsers/parse_rb.rb
+++ b/lib/rdoc/parsers/parse_rb.rb
@@ -1485,7 +1485,7 @@ module RDoc
             obj.pop_token
           end if @token_listeners
         else
-          warn("':' not followed by identified or operator")
+          warn("':' not followed by identifier or operator")
           tk = tk1
         end
       end
@@ -1546,10 +1546,15 @@ module RDoc
 
       tk = get_tk
       while tk.kind_of?(TkCOMMENT)
-        if first_line && tk.text[0,2] == "#!"
+        if first_line && /\A#!/ =~ tk.text
+          skip_tkspace
+          tk = get_tk
+        elsif first_line && /\A#\s*-\*-/ =~ tk.text
+          first_line = false
           skip_tkspace
           tk = get_tk
         else
+          first_line = false
           res << tk.text << "\n"
           tk = get_tk
           if tk.kind_of? TkNL
@@ -1557,7 +1562,6 @@ module RDoc
             tk = get_tk
           end
         end
-        first_line = false
       end
       unget_tk(tk)
       res
diff --git a/lib/rdoc/rdoc.rb b/lib/rdoc/rdoc.rb
index 18bf64c8c9..91f5611196 100644
--- a/lib/rdoc/rdoc.rb
+++ b/lib/rdoc/rdoc.rb
@@ -16,11 +16,14 @@ require 'rdoc/diagram'
 
 require 'find'
 require 'ftools'
+require 'time'
 
 # We put rdoc stuff in the RDoc module to avoid namespace
 # clutter.
 #
 # ToDo: This isn't universally true.
+#
+# :include: README
 
 module RDoc
 
@@ -104,25 +107,38 @@ module RDoc
     # then we refuse to use it, as we may clobber some
     # manually generated documentation
     
-    def setup_output_dir(op_dir)
-      flag_file = File.join(op_dir, "created.rid")
+    def setup_output_dir(op_dir, force)
+      flag_file = output_flag_file(op_dir)
       if File.exist?(op_dir)
         unless File.directory?(op_dir)
           error "'#{op_dir}' exists, and is not a directory" 
         end
-        unless File.file?(flag_file)
+        begin
+          created = File.read(flag_file)
+        rescue SystemCallError
           error "\nDirectory #{op_dir} already exists, but it looks like it\n" +
             "isn't an RDoc directory. Because RDoc doesn't want to risk\n" +
             "destroying any of your existing files, you'll need to\n" +
             "specify a different output directory name (using the\n" +
             "--op <dir> option).\n\n"
+        else
+          last = (Time.parse(created) unless force rescue nil)
         end
       else
         File.makedirs(op_dir)
       end
-      File.open(flag_file, "w") {|f| f.puts Time.now }
+      last
+    end
+
+    # Update the flag file in an output directory.
+    def update_output_dir(op_dir, time)
+      File.open(output_flag_file(op_dir), "w") {|f| f.puts time.rfc2822 }
+    end
+
+    # Return the path name of the flag file in an output directory.
+    def output_flag_file(op_dir)
+      File.join(op_dir, "created.rid")
     end
-    
 
     # The .document file contains a list of file and directory name
     # patterns, representing candidates for documentation. It may
@@ -158,8 +174,10 @@ module RDoc
 
       relative_files.each do |rel_file_name|
         next if exclude_pattern && exclude_pattern =~ rel_file_name
-        case type = File.stat(rel_file_name).ftype
+        stat = File.stat(rel_file_name)
+        case type = stat.ftype
         when "file"
+          next if @last_created and stat.mtime < @last_created
           file_list << rel_file_name.sub(/^\.\//, '') if force_doc || ParserFactory.can_parse(rel_file_name)
         when "directory"
           next if rel_file_name == "CVS" || rel_file_name == ".svn"
@@ -236,22 +254,25 @@ module RDoc
 
       options = Options.instance
       options.parse(argv, GENERATORS)
-    
+
+      @last_created = nil
       unless options.all_one_file
-        setup_output_dir(options.op_dir)
+        @last_created = setup_output_dir(options.op_dir, options.force_update)
       end
+      start_time = Time.now
 
       file_info = parse_files(options)
 
-      gen = options.generator
-      
-      $stderr.puts "\nGenerating #{gen.key.upcase}..." unless options.quiet
-      
-      require gen.file_name
-      
-      gen_class = Generators.const_get(gen.class_name)
-      
-      unless file_info.empty?
+      if file_info.empty?
+        $stderr.puts "\nNo newer files." unless options.quiet
+      else
+        gen = options.generator
+
+        $stderr.puts "\nGenerating #{gen.key.upcase}..." unless options.quiet
+
+        require gen.file_name
+
+        gen_class = Generators.const_get(gen.class_name)
         gen = gen_class.for(options)
 
         pwd = Dir.pwd
@@ -261,6 +282,7 @@ module RDoc
         begin
           Diagram.new(file_info, options).draw if options.diagram
           gen.generate(file_info)
+          update_output_dir(".", start_time)
         ensure
           Dir.chdir(pwd)
         end
diff --git a/lib/rdoc/ri/ri_formatter.rb b/lib/rdoc/ri/ri_formatter.rb
index 56a1fb4665..34eb561ca3 100644
--- a/lib/rdoc/ri/ri_formatter.rb
+++ b/lib/rdoc/ri/ri_formatter.rb
@@ -554,9 +554,7 @@ module RI
 
     def display_verbatim_flow_item(item, prefix=@indent)
         print("<pre>")
-        item.body.split(/\n/).each do |line|
-          puts conv_html(line)
-        end
+        puts item.body
         puts("</pre>")
     end
 
diff --git a/lib/rdoc/ri/ri_options.rb b/lib/rdoc/ri/ri_options.rb
index 91a28e1ab4..179ef96cea 100644
--- a/lib/rdoc/ri/ri_options.rb
+++ b/lib/rdoc/ri/ri_options.rb
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@
 
 module RI
 
+  require 'rdoc/ri/ri_paths'
   require 'rdoc/ri/ri_display'
 
   VERSION_STRING = "ri v1.0.1 - 20041108"
@@ -61,10 +62,11 @@ module RI
           (RI::Paths::HOMEDIR || "No ~/.rdoc found") ],
 
         [ "--gems",         nil,    nil,
-          "Include documentation from Rubygems:\n  " +
-          (RI::Paths::GEMDIRS ? "#{Gem.path}/doc/*/ri" :
-                                "No Rubygems ri found.") ],
-                                                           
+          "Include documentation from RubyGems:\n" +
+          (RI::Paths::GEMDIRS ?
+           Gem.path.map { |dir| "  #{dir}/doc/*/ri" }.join("\n") :
+           "No Rubygems ri found.") ],
+
         [ "--format",       "-f",   "<name>",
           "Format to use when displaying output:\n" +
           "   " + RI::TextFormatter.list + "\n" +
@@ -115,7 +117,8 @@ module RI
       def OptionList.error(msg)
         $stderr.puts
         $stderr.puts msg
-        $stderr.puts "\nFor help on options, try 'ri --help'\n\n"
+        name = File.basename $PROGRAM_NAME
+        $stderr.puts "\nFor help on options, try '#{name} --help'\n\n"
         exit 1
       end
       
@@ -135,7 +138,11 @@ module RI
           RI::Paths::HOMEDIR
         ]
 
-        directories << "#{Gem.path}/doc/*/ri" if RI::Paths::GEMDIRS
+        if RI::Paths::GEMDIRS then
+          Gem.path.each do |dir|
+            directories << "#{dir}/doc/*/ri"
+          end
+        end
 
         directories = directories.join("\n    ")
 
@@ -156,16 +163,16 @@ module RI
 
           For example:
 
-              ri  File
-              ri  File.new
-              ri  F.n
-              ri  zip
+              #{name}  File
+              #{name}  File.new
+              #{name}  F.n
+              #{name}  zip
 
           Note that shell quoting may be required for method names
           containing punctuation:
 
-              ri 'Array.[]'
-              ri compact\\!
+              #{name} 'Array.[]'
+              #{name} compact\\!
 
           By default ri searches for documentation in the following
           directories:
@@ -179,8 +186,8 @@ module RI
         EOT
 
         if short_form
-          puts "For help on options, type 'ri -h'"
-          puts "For a list of classes I know about, type 'ri -c'"
+          puts "For help on options, type '#{name} -h'"
+          puts "For a list of classes I know about, type '#{name} -c'"
         else
           puts "Options:\n\n"
           OPTION_LIST.each do|long, short, arg, desc|
diff --git a/lib/rdoc/ri/ri_paths.rb b/lib/rdoc/ri/ri_paths.rb
index 32363bf70a..9768f12b7d 100644
--- a/lib/rdoc/ri/ri_paths.rb
+++ b/lib/rdoc/ri/ri_paths.rb
@@ -44,8 +44,29 @@ module RI
 
     begin
       require 'rubygems'
-      GEMDIRS = Dir["#{Gem.path}/doc/*/ri"]
-      GEMDIRS.each { |path| RI::Paths::PATH << path }
+
+      # HACK dup'd from Gem.latest_partials and friends
+      all_paths = []
+
+      all_paths = Gem.path.map do |dir|
+        Dir[File.join(dir, 'doc', '*', 'ri')]
+      end.flatten
+
+      ri_paths = {}
+
+      all_paths.each do |dir|
+        base = File.basename File.dirname(dir)
+        if base =~ /(.*)-((\d+\.)*\d+)/ then
+          name, version = $1, $2
+          ver = Gem::Version.new version
+          if ri_paths[name].nil? or ver > ri_paths[name][0] then
+            ri_paths[name] = [ver, dir]
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      GEMDIRS = ri_paths.map { |k,v| v.last }.sort
+      GEMDIRS.each { |dir| RI::Paths::PATH << dir }
     rescue LoadError
       GEMDIRS = nil
     end
@@ -55,7 +76,7 @@ module RI
 
     def self.path(use_system, use_site, use_home, use_gems, *extra_dirs)
       path = raw_path(use_system, use_site, use_home, use_gems, *extra_dirs)
-      return path.select { |path| File.directory? path }
+      return path.select { |directory| File.directory? directory }
     end
 
     # Returns the selected documentation directories including nonexistent
diff --git a/lib/readbytes.rb b/lib/readbytes.rb
index d6a3b10afe..ebb5fc0bd4 100644
--- a/lib/readbytes.rb
+++ b/lib/readbytes.rb
@@ -1,17 +1,22 @@
-# readbytes.rb
-#
-# add IO#readbytes, which reads fixed sized data.
-# it guarantees read data size.
+# TruncatedDataError is raised when IO#readbytes fails to read enough data.
 
 class TruncatedDataError<IOError
-  def initialize(mesg, data)
+  def initialize(mesg, data) # :nodoc:
     @data = data
     super(mesg)
   end
+
+  # The read portion of an IO#readbytes attempt.
   attr_reader :data
 end
 
 class IO
+  # Reads exactly +n+ bytes.
+  #
+  # If the data read is nil an EOFError is raised.
+  #
+  # If the data read is too short a TruncatedDataError is raised and the read
+  # data is obtainable via its #data method.
   def readbytes(n)
     str = read(n)
     if str == nil
diff --git a/lib/resolv-replace.rb b/lib/resolv-replace.rb
index 5d15b4577c..63d58cea27 100644
--- a/lib/resolv-replace.rb
+++ b/lib/resolv-replace.rb
@@ -23,7 +23,8 @@ end
 class UDPSocket
   alias original_resolv_bind bind
   def bind(host, port)
-    original_resolv_bind(IPSocket.getaddress(host), port)
+    host = IPSocket.getaddress(host) if host != ""
+    original_resolv_bind(host, port)
   end
 
   alias original_resolv_connect connect
diff --git a/lib/resolv.rb b/lib/resolv.rb
index 49e40bdf07..1c03f0c003 100644
--- a/lib/resolv.rb
+++ b/lib/resolv.rb
@@ -1,239 +1,110 @@
-=begin
-= resolv library
-resolv.rb is a resolver library written in Ruby.
-Since it is written in Ruby, it is thread-aware.
-I.e. it can resolv many hostnames concurrently.
-
-It is possible to lookup various resources of DNS using DNS module directly.
-
-== example
-  p Resolv.getaddress("www.ruby-lang.org")
-  p Resolv.getname("210.251.121.214")
-
-  Resolv::DNS.open {|dns|
-    p dns.getresources("www.ruby-lang.org", Resolv::DNS::Resource::IN::A).collect {|r| r.address}
-    p dns.getresources("ruby-lang.org", Resolv::DNS::Resource::IN::MX).collect {|r| [r.exchange.to_s, r.preference]}
-  }
-
-== Resolv class
-
-=== class methods
---- Resolv.getaddress(name)
---- Resolv.getaddresses(name)
---- Resolv.each_address(name) {|address| ...}
-    They lookups IP addresses of ((|name|)) which represents a hostname
-    as a string by default resolver.
-
-    getaddress returns first entry of lookupped addresses.
-    getaddresses returns lookupped addresses as an array.
-    each_address iterates over lookupped addresses.
-
---- Resolv.getname(address)
---- Resolv.getnames(address)
---- Resolv.each_name(address) {|name| ...}
-    lookups hostnames of ((|address|)) which represents IP address as a string.
-
-    getname returns first entry of lookupped names.
-    getnames returns lookupped names as an array.
-    each_names iterates over lookupped names.
-
-== Resolv::Hosts class
-hostname resolver using /etc/hosts format.
-
-=== class methods
---- Resolv::Hosts.new(hosts='/etc/hosts')
-
-=== methods
---- Resolv::Hosts#getaddress(name)
---- Resolv::Hosts#getaddresses(name)
---- Resolv::Hosts#each_address(name) {|address| ...}
-    address lookup methods.
-
---- Resolv::Hosts#getname(address)
---- Resolv::Hosts#getnames(address)
---- Resolv::Hosts#each_name(address) {|name| ...}
-    hostnames lookup methods.
-
-== Resolv::DNS class
-DNS stub resolver.
-
-=== class methods
---- Resolv::DNS.new(config_info=nil)
-
-    ((|config_info|)) should be nil, a string or a hash.
-    If nil is given, /etc/resolv.conf and platform specific information is used.
-    If a string is given, it should be a filename which format is same as /etc/resolv.conf.
-    If a hash is given, it may contains information for nameserver, search and ndots as follows.
-
-      Resolv::DNS.new({:nameserver=>["210.251.121.21"], :search=>["ruby-lang.org"], :ndots=>1})
-
---- Resolv::DNS.open(config_info=nil)
---- Resolv::DNS.open(config_info=nil) {|dns| ...}
-
-=== methods
---- Resolv::DNS#close
-
---- Resolv::DNS#getaddress(name)
---- Resolv::DNS#getaddresses(name)
---- Resolv::DNS#each_address(name) {|address| ...}
-    address lookup methods.
-
-    ((|name|)) must be a instance of Resolv::DNS::Name or String.  Lookupped
-    address is represented as an instance of Resolv::IPv4 or Resolv::IPv6.
-
---- Resolv::DNS#getname(address)
---- Resolv::DNS#getnames(address)
---- Resolv::DNS#each_name(address) {|name| ...}
-    hostnames lookup methods.
-
-    ((|address|)) must be a instance of Resolv::IPv4, Resolv::IPv6 or String.
-    Lookupped name is represented as an instance of Resolv::DNS::Name.
-
---- Resolv::DNS#getresource(name, typeclass)
---- Resolv::DNS#getresources(name, typeclass)
---- Resolv::DNS#each_resource(name, typeclass) {|resource| ...}
-    They lookup DNS resources of ((|name|)).
-    ((|name|)) must be a instance of Resolv::Name or String.
-
-    ((|typeclass|)) should be one of follows:
-    * Resolv::DNS::Resource::IN::ANY
-    * Resolv::DNS::Resource::IN::NS
-    * Resolv::DNS::Resource::IN::CNAME
-    * Resolv::DNS::Resource::IN::SOA
-    * Resolv::DNS::Resource::IN::HINFO
-    * Resolv::DNS::Resource::IN::MINFO
-    * Resolv::DNS::Resource::IN::MX
-    * Resolv::DNS::Resource::IN::TXT
-    * Resolv::DNS::Resource::IN::ANY
-    * Resolv::DNS::Resource::IN::A
-    * Resolv::DNS::Resource::IN::WKS
-    * Resolv::DNS::Resource::IN::PTR
-    * Resolv::DNS::Resource::IN::AAAA
-
-    Lookupped resource is represented as an instance of (a subclass of)
-    Resolv::DNS::Resource. 
-    (Resolv::DNS::Resource::IN::A, etc.)
-
-== Resolv::DNS::Resource::IN::NS class
---- name
-== Resolv::DNS::Resource::IN::CNAME class
---- name
-== Resolv::DNS::Resource::IN::SOA class
---- mname
---- rname
---- serial
---- refresh
---- retry
---- expire
---- minimum
-== Resolv::DNS::Resource::IN::HINFO class
---- cpu
---- os
-== Resolv::DNS::Resource::IN::MINFO class
---- rmailbx
---- emailbx
-== Resolv::DNS::Resource::IN::MX class
---- preference
---- exchange
-== Resolv::DNS::Resource::IN::TXT class
---- data
-== Resolv::DNS::Resource::IN::A class
---- address
-== Resolv::DNS::Resource::IN::WKS class
---- address
---- protocol
---- bitmap
-== Resolv::DNS::Resource::IN::PTR class
---- name
-== Resolv::DNS::Resource::IN::AAAA class
---- address
-
-== Resolv::DNS::Name class
-
-=== class methods
---- Resolv::DNS::Name.create(name)
-
-=== methods
---- Resolv::DNS::Name#to_s
-
-== Resolv::DNS::Resource class
-
-== Resolv::IPv4 class
-=== class methods
---- Resolv::IPv4.create(address)
-
-=== methods
---- Resolv::IPv4#to_s
---- Resolv::IPv4#to_name
-
-=== constants
---- Resolv::IPv4::Regex
-    regular expression for IPv4 address.
-
-== Resolv::IPv6 class
-=== class methods
---- Resolv::IPv6.create(address)
-
-=== methods
---- Resolv::IPv6#to_s
---- Resolv::IPv6#to_name
-
-=== constants
---- Resolv::IPv6::Regex
-    regular expression for IPv6 address.
-
-== Bugs
-* NIS is not supported.
-* /etc/nsswitch.conf is not supported.
-* IPv6 is not supported.
-
-=end
-
 require 'socket'
 require 'fcntl'
 require 'timeout'
 require 'thread'
 
+begin
+  require 'securerandom'
+rescue LoadError
+end
+
+# Resolv is a thread-aware DNS resolver library written in Ruby.  Resolv can
+# handle multiple DNS requests concurrently without blocking.  The ruby
+# interpreter.
+#
+# See also resolv-replace.rb to replace the libc resolver with # Resolv.
+# 
+# Resolv can look up various DNS resources using the DNS module directly.
+# 
+# Examples:
+# 
+#   p Resolv.getaddress "www.ruby-lang.org"
+#   p Resolv.getname "210.251.121.214"
+# 
+#   Resolv::DNS.open do |dns|
+#     ress = dns.getresources "www.ruby-lang.org", Resolv::DNS::Resource::IN::A
+#     p ress.map { |r| r.address }
+#     ress = dns.getresources "ruby-lang.org", Resolv::DNS::Resource::IN::MX
+#     p ress.map { |r| [r.exchange.to_s, r.preference] }
+#   end
+# 
+# 
+# == Bugs
+# 
+# * NIS is not supported.
+# * /etc/nsswitch.conf is not supported.
+
 class Resolv
+
+  ##
+  # Looks up the first IP address for +name+.
+  
   def self.getaddress(name)
     DefaultResolver.getaddress(name)
   end
 
+  ##
+  # Looks up all IP address for +name+.
+  
   def self.getaddresses(name)
     DefaultResolver.getaddresses(name)
   end
 
+  ##
+  # Iterates over all IP addresses for +name+.
+
   def self.each_address(name, &block)
     DefaultResolver.each_address(name, &block)
   end
 
+  ##
+  # Looks up the hostname of +address+.
+
   def self.getname(address)
     DefaultResolver.getname(address)
   end
 
+  ##
+  # Looks up all hostnames for +address+.
+
   def self.getnames(address)
     DefaultResolver.getnames(address)
   end
 
+  ##
+  # Iterates over all hostnames for +address+.
+
   def self.each_name(address, &proc)
     DefaultResolver.each_name(address, &proc)
   end
 
+  ##
+  # Creates a new Resolv using +resolvers+.
+
   def initialize(resolvers=[Hosts.new, DNS.new])
     @resolvers = resolvers
   end
 
+  ##
+  # Looks up the first IP address for +name+.
+  
   def getaddress(name)
     each_address(name) {|address| return address}
     raise ResolvError.new("no address for #{name}")
   end
 
+  ##
+  # Looks up all IP address for +name+.
+  
   def getaddresses(name)
     ret = []
     each_address(name) {|address| ret << address}
     return ret
   end
 
+  ##
+  # Iterates over all IP addresses for +name+.
+
   def each_address(name)
     if AddressRegex =~ name
       yield name
@@ -249,17 +120,26 @@ class Resolv
     }
   end
 
+  ##
+  # Looks up the hostname of +address+.
+
   def getname(address)
     each_name(address) {|name| return name}
     raise ResolvError.new("no name for #{address}")
   end
 
+  ##
+  # Looks up all hostnames for +address+.
+
   def getnames(address)
     ret = []
     each_name(address) {|name| ret << name}
     return ret
   end
 
+  ##
+  # Iterates over all hostnames for +address+.
+
   def each_name(address)
     yielded = false
     @resolvers.each {|r|
@@ -271,27 +151,37 @@ class Resolv
     }
   end
 
-  class ResolvError < StandardError
-  end
+  ##
+  # Indicates a failure to resolve a name or address.
 
-  class ResolvTimeout < TimeoutError
-  end
+  class ResolvError < StandardError; end
+
+  ##
+  # Indicates a timeout resolving a name or address.
+
+  class ResolvTimeout < TimeoutError; end
+
+  ##
+  # DNS::Hosts is a hostname resolver that uses the system hosts file.
 
   class Hosts
-    if /mswin32|cygwin|mingw|bccwin/ =~ RUBY_PLATFORM
+    if /mswin32|mingw|bccwin/ =~ RUBY_PLATFORM
       require 'win32/resolv'
       DefaultFileName = Win32::Resolv.get_hosts_path
     else
       DefaultFileName = '/etc/hosts'
     end
 
+    ##
+    # Creates a new DNS::Hosts, using +filename+ for its data source.
+
     def initialize(filename = DefaultFileName)
       @filename = filename
       @mutex = Mutex.new
       @initialized = nil
     end
 
-    def lazy_initialize
+    def lazy_initialize # :nodoc:
       @mutex.synchronize {
         unless @initialized
           @name2addr = {}
@@ -322,17 +212,26 @@ class Resolv
       self
     end
 
+    ##
+    # Gets the IP address of +name+ from the hosts file.
+
     def getaddress(name)
       each_address(name) {|address| return address}
       raise ResolvError.new("#{@filename} has no name: #{name}")
     end
 
+    ##
+    # Gets all IP addresses for +name+ from the hosts file.
+
     def getaddresses(name)
       ret = []
       each_address(name) {|address| ret << address}
       return ret
     end
 
+    ##
+    # Iterates over all IP addresses for +name+ retrieved from the hosts file.
+
     def each_address(name, &proc)
       lazy_initialize
       if @name2addr.include?(name)
@@ -340,17 +239,26 @@ class Resolv
       end
     end
 
+    ##
+    # Gets the hostname of +address+ from the hosts file.
+
     def getname(address)
       each_name(address) {|name| return name}
       raise ResolvError.new("#{@filename} has no address: #{address}")
     end
 
+    ##
+    # Gets all hostnames for +address+ from the hosts file.
+
     def getnames(address)
       ret = []
       each_name(address) {|name| ret << name}
       return ret
     end
 
+    ##
+    # Iterates over all hostnames for +address+ retrieved from the hosts file.
+
     def each_name(address, &proc)
       lazy_initialize
       if @addr2name.include?(address)
@@ -359,15 +267,39 @@ class Resolv
     end
   end
 
+  ##
+  # Resolv::DNS is a DNS stub resolver.
+  #
+  # Information taken from the following places:
+  #
+  # * STD0013
+  # * RFC 1035
+  # * ftp://ftp.isi.edu/in-notes/iana/assignments/dns-parameters
+  # * etc.
+
   class DNS
-    # STD0013 (RFC 1035, etc.)
-    # ftp://ftp.isi.edu/in-notes/iana/assignments/dns-parameters
+
+    ##
+    # Default DNS Port
 
     Port = 53
+
+    ##
+    # Default DNS UDP packet size
+
     UDPSize = 512
 
+    ##
+    # Group of DNS resolver threads (obsolete)
+
     DNSThreadGroup = ThreadGroup.new
 
+    ##
+    # Creates a new DNS resolver.  See Resolv::DNS.new for argument details.
+    #
+    # Yields the created DNS resolver to the block, if given, otherwise
+    # returns it.
+
     def self.open(*args)
       dns = new(*args)
       return dns unless block_given?
@@ -378,65 +310,113 @@ class Resolv
       end
     end
 
+    ##
+    # Creates a new DNS resolver.
+    #
+    # +config_info+ can be:
+    # 
+    # nil:: Uses /etc/resolv.conf.
+    # String:: Path to a file using /etc/resolv.conf's format.
+    # Hash:: Must contain :nameserver, :search and :ndots keys.
+    #
+    # Example:
+    #
+    #   Resolv::DNS.new(:nameserver => ['210.251.121.21'],
+    #                   :search => ['ruby-lang.org'],
+    #                   :ndots => 1)
+
     def initialize(config_info=nil)
       @mutex = Mutex.new
       @config = Config.new(config_info)
       @initialized = nil
     end
 
-    def lazy_initialize
+    def lazy_initialize # :nodoc:
       @mutex.synchronize {
         unless @initialized
           @config.lazy_initialize
-
-          if nameserver = @config.single?
-            @requester = Requester::ConnectedUDP.new(nameserver)
-          else
-            @requester = Requester::UnconnectedUDP.new
-          end
-
           @initialized = true
         end
       }
       self
     end
 
+    ##
+    # Closes the DNS resolver.
+
     def close
       @mutex.synchronize {
         if @initialized
-          @requester.close if @requester
-          @requester = nil
           @initialized = false
         end
       }
     end
 
+    ##
+    # Gets the IP address of +name+ from the DNS resolver.
+    #
+    # +name+ can be a Resolv::DNS::Name or a String.  Retrieved address will
+    # be a Resolv::IPv4 or Resolv::IPv6
+
     def getaddress(name)
       each_address(name) {|address| return address}
       raise ResolvError.new("DNS result has no information for #{name}")
     end
 
+    ##
+    # Gets all IP addresses for +name+ from the DNS resolver.
+    #
+    # +name+ can be a Resolv::DNS::Name or a String.  Retrieved addresses will
+    # be a Resolv::IPv4 or Resolv::IPv6
+
     def getaddresses(name)
       ret = []
       each_address(name) {|address| ret << address}
       return ret
     end
 
+    ##
+    # Iterates over all IP addresses for +name+ retrieved from the DNS
+    # resolver.
+    #
+    # +name+ can be a Resolv::DNS::Name or a String.  Retrieved addresses will
+    # be a Resolv::IPv4 or Resolv::IPv6
+
     def each_address(name)
       each_resource(name, Resource::IN::A) {|resource| yield resource.address}
+      each_resource(name, Resource::IN::AAAA) {|resource| yield resource.address}
     end
 
+    ##
+    # Gets the hostname for +address+ from the DNS resolver.
+    #
+    # +address+ must be a Resolv::IPv4, Resolv::IPv6 or a String.  Retrieved
+    # name will be a Resolv::DNS::Name.
+
     def getname(address)
       each_name(address) {|name| return name}
       raise ResolvError.new("DNS result has no information for #{address}")
     end
 
+    ##
+    # Gets all hostnames for +address+ from the DNS resolver.
+    #
+    # +address+ must be a Resolv::IPv4, Resolv::IPv6 or a String.  Retrieved
+    # names will be Resolv::DNS::Name instances.
+
     def getnames(address)
       ret = []
       each_name(address) {|name| ret << name}
       return ret
     end
 
+    ##
+    # Iterates over all hostnames for +address+ retrieved from the DNS
+    # resolver.
+    #
+    # +address+ must be a Resolv::IPv4, Resolv::IPv6 or a String.  Retrieved
+    # names will be Resolv::DNS::Name instances.
+
     def each_name(address)
       case address
       when Name
@@ -451,20 +431,51 @@ class Resolv
       each_resource(ptr, Resource::IN::PTR) {|resource| yield resource.name}
     end
 
+    ##
+    # Look up the +typeclass+ DNS resource of +name+.
+    #
+    # +name+ must be a Resolv::DNS::Name or a String.
+    #
+    # +typeclass+ should be one of the following:
+    #
+    # * Resolv::DNS::Resource::IN::A
+    # * Resolv::DNS::Resource::IN::AAAA
+    # * Resolv::DNS::Resource::IN::ANY
+    # * Resolv::DNS::Resource::IN::CNAME
+    # * Resolv::DNS::Resource::IN::HINFO
+    # * Resolv::DNS::Resource::IN::MINFO
+    # * Resolv::DNS::Resource::IN::MX
+    # * Resolv::DNS::Resource::IN::NS
+    # * Resolv::DNS::Resource::IN::PTR
+    # * Resolv::DNS::Resource::IN::SOA
+    # * Resolv::DNS::Resource::IN::TXT
+    # * Resolv::DNS::Resource::IN::WKS
+    #
+    # Returned resource is represented as a Resolv::DNS::Resource instance,
+    # i.e. Resolv::DNS::Resource::IN::A.
+
     def getresource(name, typeclass)
       each_resource(name, typeclass) {|resource| return resource}
       raise ResolvError.new("DNS result has no information for #{name}")
     end
 
+    ##
+    # Looks up all +typeclass+ DNS resources for +name+.  See #getresource for
+    # argument details.
+  
     def getresources(name, typeclass)
       ret = []
       each_resource(name, typeclass) {|resource| ret << resource}
       return ret
     end
 
+    ##
+    # Iterates over all +typeclass+ DNS resources for +name+.  See
+    # #getresource for argument details.
+  
     def each_resource(name, typeclass, &proc)
       lazy_initialize
-      q = Queue.new
+      requester = make_requester
       senders = {}
       begin
         @config.resolv(name) {|candidate, tout, nameserver|
@@ -473,11 +484,9 @@ class Resolv
           msg.add_question(candidate, typeclass)
           unless sender = senders[[candidate, nameserver]]
             sender = senders[[candidate, nameserver]] =
-              @requester.sender(msg, candidate, q, nameserver)
+              requester.sender(msg, candidate, nameserver)
           end
-          sender.send
-          reply = reply_name = nil
-          timeout(tout, ResolvTimeout) { reply, reply_name = q.pop }
+          reply, reply_name = requester.request(sender, tout)
           case reply.rcode
           when RCode::NoError
             extract_resources(reply, reply_name, typeclass, &proc)
@@ -489,11 +498,19 @@ class Resolv
           end
         }
       ensure
-        @requester.delete(q)
+        requester.close
       end
     end
 
-    def extract_resources(msg, name, typeclass)
+    def make_requester # :nodoc:
+      if nameserver = @config.single?
+        Requester::ConnectedUDP.new(nameserver)
+      else
+        Requester::UnconnectedUDP.new
+      end
+    end
+
+    def extract_resources(msg, name, typeclass) # :nodoc:
       if typeclass < Resource::ANY
         n0 = Name.create(name)
         msg.each_answer {|n, ttl, data|
@@ -524,91 +541,145 @@ class Resolv
       }
     end
 
-    class Requester
-      def initialize
-        @senders = {}
+    if defined? SecureRandom
+      def self.random(arg) # :nodoc:
+        begin
+          SecureRandom.random_number(arg)
+        rescue NotImplementedError
+          rand(arg)
+        end
+      end
+    else
+      def self.random(arg) # :nodoc:
+        rand(arg)
       end
+    end
 
-      def close
-        thread, sock, @thread, @sock = @thread, @sock
+
+    def self.rangerand(range) # :nodoc:
+      base = range.begin
+      len = range.end - range.begin
+      if !range.exclude_end?
+        len += 1
+      end
+      base + random(len)
+    end
+
+    RequestID = {}
+    RequestIDMutex = Mutex.new
+
+    def self.allocate_request_id(host, port) # :nodoc:
+      id = nil
+      RequestIDMutex.synchronize {
+        h = (RequestID[[host, port]] ||= {})
         begin
-          if thread
-            thread.kill
-            thread.join
+          id = rangerand(0x0000..0xffff)
+        end while h[id] 
+        h[id] = true
+      }
+      id
+    end
+
+    def self.free_request_id(host, port, id) # :nodoc:
+      RequestIDMutex.synchronize {
+        key = [host, port]
+        if h = RequestID[key]
+          h.delete id
+          if h.empty?
+            RequestID.delete key
           end
-        ensure
-          sock.close if sock
         end
+      }
+    end
+
+    def self.bind_random_port(udpsock) # :nodoc:
+      begin
+        port = rangerand(1024..65535)
+        udpsock.bind("", port)
+      rescue Errno::EADDRINUSE
+        retry
+      end
+    end
+
+    class Requester # :nodoc:
+      def initialize
+        @senders = {}
+        @sock = nil
       end
 
-      def delete(arg)
-        case arg
-        when Sender
-          @senders.delete_if {|k, s| s == arg }
-        when Queue
-          @senders.delete_if {|k, s| s.queue == arg }
-        else
-          raise ArgumentError.new("neither Sender or Queue: #{arg}")
+      def request(sender, tout)
+        timelimit = Time.now + tout
+        sender.send
+        while (now = Time.now) < timelimit
+          timeout = timelimit - now
+          if !IO.select([@sock], nil, nil, timeout)
+            raise ResolvTimeout
+          end
+          reply, from = recv_reply
+          begin
+            msg = Message.decode(reply)
+          rescue DecodeError
+            next # broken DNS message ignored
+          end
+          if s = @senders[[from,msg.id]]
+            break
+          else
+            # unexpected DNS message ignored
+          end
         end
+        return msg, s.data
+      end
+
+      def close
+        sock = @sock
+        @sock = nil
+        sock.close if sock
       end
 
-      class Sender
-        def initialize(msg, data, sock, queue)
+      class Sender # :nodoc:
+        def initialize(msg, data, sock)
           @msg = msg
           @data = data
           @sock = sock
-          @queue = queue
-        end
-        attr_reader :queue
-
-        def recv(msg)
-          @queue.push([msg, @data])
         end
       end
 
-      class UnconnectedUDP < Requester
+      class UnconnectedUDP < Requester # :nodoc:
         def initialize
           super()
           @sock = UDPSocket.new
-          @sock.fcntl(Fcntl::F_SETFD, 1) if defined? Fcntl::F_SETFD
-          @id = {}
-          @id.default = -1
-          @thread = Thread.new {
-            DNSThreadGroup.add Thread.current
-            loop {
-              reply, from = @sock.recvfrom(UDPSize)
-              msg = begin
-                Message.decode(reply)
-              rescue DecodeError
-                STDERR.print("DNS message decoding error: #{reply.inspect}\n")
-                next
-              end
-              if s = @senders[[[from[3],from[1]],msg.id]]
-                s.recv msg
-              else
-                #STDERR.print("non-handled DNS message: #{msg.inspect} from #{from.inspect}\n")
-              end
-            }
-          }
+          @sock.fcntl(Fcntl::F_SETFD, Fcntl::FD_CLOEXEC) if defined? Fcntl::F_SETFD
+          DNS.bind_random_port(@sock)
         end
 
-        def sender(msg, data, queue, host, port=Port)
+        def recv_reply
+          reply, from = @sock.recvfrom(UDPSize)
+          return reply, [from[3],from[1]]
+        end
+
+        def sender(msg, data, host, port=Port)
           service = [host, port]
-          id = Thread.exclusive {
-            @id[service] = (@id[service] + 1) & 0xffff
-          }
+          id = DNS.allocate_request_id(host, port)
           request = msg.encode
           request[0,2] = [id].pack('n')
           return @senders[[service, id]] =
-            Sender.new(request, data, @sock, host, port, queue)
+            Sender.new(request, data, @sock, host, port)
         end
 
-        class Sender < Requester::Sender
-          def initialize(msg, data, sock, host, port, queue)
-            super(msg, data, sock, queue)
+        def close
+          super
+          @senders.each_key {|service, id|
+            DNS.free_request_id(service[0], service[1], id)
+          }
+        end
+
+        class Sender < Requester::Sender # :nodoc:
+          def initialize(msg, data, sock, host, port)
+            super(msg, data, sock)
             @host = host
             @port = port
           end
+          attr_reader :data
 
           def send
             @sock.send(@msg, 0, @host, @port)
@@ -616,104 +687,97 @@ class Resolv
         end
       end
 
-      class ConnectedUDP < Requester
+      class ConnectedUDP < Requester # :nodoc:
         def initialize(host, port=Port)
           super()
           @host = host
           @port = port
           @sock = UDPSocket.new(host.index(':') ? Socket::AF_INET6 : Socket::AF_INET)
+          DNS.bind_random_port(@sock)
           @sock.connect(host, port)
-          @sock.fcntl(Fcntl::F_SETFD, 1) if defined? Fcntl::F_SETFD
-          @id = -1
-          @thread = Thread.new {
-            DNSThreadGroup.add Thread.current
-            loop {
-              reply = @sock.recv(UDPSize)
-              msg = begin
-                Message.decode(reply)
-              rescue DecodeError
-                STDERR.print("DNS message decoding error: #{reply.inspect}")
-                next
-              end
-              if s = @senders[msg.id]
-                s.recv msg
-              else
-                #STDERR.print("non-handled DNS message: #{msg.inspect}")
-              end
-            }
-          }
+          @sock.fcntl(Fcntl::F_SETFD, Fcntl::FD_CLOEXEC) if defined? Fcntl::F_SETFD
         end
 
-        def sender(msg, data, queue, host=@host, port=@port)
+        def recv_reply
+          reply = @sock.recv(UDPSize)
+          return reply, nil
+        end
+
+        def sender(msg, data, host=@host, port=@port)
           unless host == @host && port == @port
             raise RequestError.new("host/port don't match: #{host}:#{port}")
           end
-          id = Thread.exclusive { @id = (@id + 1) & 0xffff }
+          id = DNS.allocate_request_id(@host, @port)
           request = msg.encode
           request[0,2] = [id].pack('n')
-          return @senders[id] = Sender.new(request, data, @sock, queue)
+          return @senders[[nil,id]] = Sender.new(request, data, @sock)
+        end
+
+        def close
+          super
+          @senders.each_key {|from, id|
+            DNS.free_request_id(@host, @port, id)
+          }
         end
 
-        class Sender < Requester::Sender
+        class Sender < Requester::Sender # :nodoc:
           def send
             @sock.send(@msg, 0)
           end
+          attr_reader :data
         end
       end
 
-      class TCP < Requester
+      class TCP < Requester # :nodoc:
         def initialize(host, port=Port)
           super()
           @host = host
           @port = port
-          @sock = TCPSocket.new
-          @sock.connect(host, port)
-          @sock.fcntl(Fcntl::F_SETFD, 1) if defined? Fcntl::F_SETFD
-          @id = -1
+          @sock = TCPSocket.new(@host, @port)
+          @sock.fcntl(Fcntl::F_SETFD, Fcntl::FD_CLOEXEC) if defined? Fcntl::F_SETFD
           @senders = {}
-          @thread = Thread.new {
-            DNSThreadGroup.add Thread.current
-            loop {
-              len = @sock.read(2).unpack('n')
-              reply = @sock.read(len)
-              msg = begin
-                Message.decode(reply)
-              rescue DecodeError
-                STDERR.print("DNS message decoding error: #{reply.inspect}")
-                next
-              end
-              if s = @senders[msg.id]
-                s.push msg
-              else
-                #STDERR.print("non-handled DNS message: #{msg.inspect}")
-              end
-            }
-          }
         end
 
-        def sender(msg, data, queue, host=@host, port=@port)
+        def recv_reply
+          len = @sock.read(2).unpack('n')[0]
+          reply = @sock.read(len)
+          return reply, nil
+        end
+
+        def sender(msg, data, host=@host, port=@port)
           unless host == @host && port == @port
             raise RequestError.new("host/port don't match: #{host}:#{port}")
           end
-          id = Thread.exclusive { @id = (@id + 1) & 0xffff }
+          id = DNS.allocate_request_id(@host, @port)
           request = msg.encode
           request[0,2] = [request.length, id].pack('nn')
-          return @senders[id] = Sender.new(request, data, @sock, queue)
+          return @senders[[nil,id]] = Sender.new(request, data, @sock)
         end
 
-        class Sender < Requester::Sender
+        class Sender < Requester::Sender # :nodoc:
           def send
             @sock.print(@msg)
             @sock.flush
           end
+          attr_reader :data
+        end
+
+        def close
+          super
+          @senders.each_key {|from,id|
+            DNS.free_request_id(@host, @port, id)
+          }
         end
       end
 
+      ##
+      # Indicates a problem with the DNS request.
+
       class RequestError < StandardError
       end
     end
 
-    class Config
+    class Config # :nodoc:
       def initialize(config_info=nil)
         @mutex = Mutex.new
         @config_info = config_info
@@ -759,6 +823,7 @@ class Resolv
           config_hash = Config.parse_resolv_conf(filename)
         else
           if /mswin32|cygwin|mingw|bccwin/ =~ RUBY_PLATFORM
+            require 'win32/resolv'
             search, nameserver = Win32::Resolv.get_resolv_info
             config_hash = {}
             config_hash[:nameserver] = nameserver if nameserver
@@ -883,14 +948,20 @@ class Resolv
         end
       end
 
+      ##
+      # Indicates no such domain was found.
+
       class NXDomain < ResolvError
       end
 
+      ##
+      # Indicates some other unhandled resolver error was encountered.
+
       class OtherResolvError < ResolvError
       end
     end
 
-    module OpCode
+    module OpCode # :nodoc:
       Query = 0
       IQuery = 1
       Status = 2
@@ -898,7 +969,7 @@ class Resolv
       Update = 5
     end
 
-    module RCode
+    module RCode # :nodoc:
       NoError = 0
       FormErr = 1
       ServFail = 2
@@ -919,20 +990,26 @@ class Resolv
       BADALG = 21
     end
 
+    ##
+    # Indicates that the DNS response was unable to be decoded.
+
     class DecodeError < StandardError
     end
 
+    ##
+    # Indicates that the DNS request was unable to be encoded.
+
     class EncodeError < StandardError
     end
 
-    module Label
+    module Label # :nodoc:
       def self.split(arg)
         labels = []
         arg.scan(/[^\.]+/) {labels << Str.new($&)}
         return labels
       end
 
-      class Str
+      class Str # :nodoc:
         def initialize(string)
           @string = string
           @downcase = string.downcase
@@ -961,7 +1038,17 @@ class Resolv
       end
     end
 
+    ##
+    # A representation of a DNS name.
+
     class Name
+      
+      ##
+      # Creates a new DNS name from +arg+.  +arg+ can be:
+      #
+      # Name:: returns +arg+.
+      # String:: Creates a new Name.
+
       def self.create(arg)
         case arg
         when Name
@@ -973,26 +1060,33 @@ class Resolv
         end
       end
 
-      def initialize(labels, absolute=true)
+      def initialize(labels, absolute=true) # :nodoc:
         @labels = labels
         @absolute = absolute
       end
 
-      def inspect
+      def inspect # :nodoc:
         "#<#{self.class}: #{self.to_s}#{@absolute ? '.' : ''}>"
       end
 
+      ##
+      # True if this name is absolute.
+
       def absolute?
         return @absolute
       end
 
-      def ==(other)
+      def ==(other) # :nodoc:
         return false unless Name === other
-        return @labels == other.to_a && @absolute == other.absolute?
+        return @labels.join == other.to_a.join && @absolute == other.absolute?
       end
-      alias eql? ==
 
-      # tests subdomain-of relation.
+      alias eql? == # :nodoc:
+
+      ##
+      # Returns true if +other+ is a subdomain.
+      #
+      # Example:
       #
       #   domain = Resolv::DNS::Name.create("y.z")
       #   p Resolv::DNS::Name.create("w.x.y.z").subdomain_of?(domain) #=> true
@@ -1002,6 +1096,7 @@ class Resolv
       #   p Resolv::DNS::Name.create("x.y.z.").subdomain_of?(domain) #=> false
       #   p Resolv::DNS::Name.create("w.z").subdomain_of?(domain) #=> false
       #
+
       def subdomain_of?(other)
         raise ArgumentError, "not a domain name: #{other.inspect}" unless Name === other
         return false if @absolute != other.absolute?
@@ -1010,36 +1105,39 @@ class Resolv
         return @labels[-other_len, other_len] == other.to_a
       end
 
-      def hash
+      def hash # :nodoc:
         return @labels.hash ^ @absolute.hash
       end
 
-      def to_a
+      def to_a # :nodoc:
         return @labels
       end
 
-      def length
+      def length # :nodoc:
         return @labels.length
       end
 
-      def [](i)
+      def [](i) # :nodoc:
         return @labels[i]
       end
 
+      ##
       # returns the domain name as a string.
       #
       # The domain name doesn't have a trailing dot even if the name object is
       # absolute.
       #
+      # Example:
+      #
       #   p Resolv::DNS::Name.create("x.y.z.").to_s #=> "x.y.z"
       #   p Resolv::DNS::Name.create("x.y.z").to_s #=> "x.y.z"
-      #
+
       def to_s
         return @labels.join('.')
       end
     end
 
-    class Message
+    class Message # :nodoc:
       @@identifier = -1
 
       def initialize(id = (@@identifier += 1) & 0xffff)
@@ -1152,7 +1250,7 @@ class Resolv
         }.to_s
       end
 
-      class MessageEncoder
+      class MessageEncoder # :nodoc:
         def initialize
           @data = ''
           @names = {}
@@ -1210,7 +1308,7 @@ class Resolv
         end
 
         def put_label(d)
-          self.put_string(d.string)
+          self.put_string(d.to_s)
         end
       end
 
@@ -1247,7 +1345,7 @@ class Resolv
         return o
       end
 
-      class MessageDecoder
+      class MessageDecoder # :nodoc:
         def initialize(data)
           @data = data
           @index = 0
@@ -1359,39 +1457,51 @@ class Resolv
       end
     end
 
+    ##
+    # A DNS query abstract class.
+
     class Query
-      def encode_rdata(msg)
+      def encode_rdata(msg) # :nodoc:
         raise EncodeError.new("#{self.class} is query.") 
       end
 
-      def self.decode_rdata(msg)
+      def self.decode_rdata(msg) # :nodoc:
         raise DecodeError.new("#{self.class} is query.") 
       end
     end
 
+    ##
+    # A DNS resource abstract class.
+
     class Resource < Query
-      ClassHash = {}
 
-      def encode_rdata(msg)
+      ##
+      # Remaining Time To Live for this Resource.
+
+      attr_reader :ttl
+
+      ClassHash = {} # :nodoc:
+
+      def encode_rdata(msg) # :nodoc:
         raise NotImplementedError.new
       end
 
-      def self.decode_rdata(msg)
+      def self.decode_rdata(msg) # :nodoc:
         raise NotImplementedError.new
       end
 
-      def ==(other)
+      def ==(other) # :nodoc:
         return self.class == other.class &&
           self.instance_variables == other.instance_variables &&
           self.instance_variables.collect {|name| self.instance_eval name} ==
             other.instance_variables.collect {|name| other.instance_eval name}
       end
 
-      def eql?(other)
+      def eql?(other) # :nodoc:
         return self == other
       end
 
-      def hash
+      def hash # :nodoc:
         h = 0
         self.instance_variables.each {|name|
           h ^= self.instance_eval("#{name}.hash")
@@ -1399,26 +1509,37 @@ class Resolv
         return h
       end
 
-      def self.get_class(type_value, class_value)
+      def self.get_class(type_value, class_value) # :nodoc:
         return ClassHash[[type_value, class_value]] ||
                Generic.create(type_value, class_value)
       end
 
+      ##
+      # A generic resource abstract class.
+
       class Generic < Resource
+
+        ##
+        # Creates a new generic resource.
+
         def initialize(data)
           @data = data
         end
+
+        ##
+        # Data for this generic resource.
+
         attr_reader :data
 
-        def encode_rdata(msg)
+        def encode_rdata(msg) # :nodoc:
           msg.put_bytes(data)
         end
 
-        def self.decode_rdata(msg)
+        def self.decode_rdata(msg) # :nodoc:
           return self.new(msg.get_bytes)
         end
 
-        def self.create(type_value, class_value)
+        def self.create(type_value, class_value) # :nodoc:
           c = Class.new(Generic)
           c.const_set(:TypeValue, type_value)
           c.const_set(:ClassValue, class_value)
@@ -1428,34 +1549,60 @@ class Resolv
         end
       end
 
+      ##
+      # Domain Name resource abstract class.
+
       class DomainName < Resource
+
+        ##
+        # Creates a new DomainName from +name+.
+
         def initialize(name)
           @name = name
         end
+
+        ##
+        # The name of this DomainName.
+
         attr_reader :name
 
-        def encode_rdata(msg)
+        def encode_rdata(msg) # :nodoc:
           msg.put_name(@name)
         end
 
-        def self.decode_rdata(msg)
+        def self.decode_rdata(msg) # :nodoc:
           return self.new(msg.get_name)
         end
       end
 
       # Standard (class generic) RRs
-      ClassValue = nil
+
+      ClassValue = nil # :nodoc:
+
+      ##
+      # An authoritative name server.
 
       class NS < DomainName
-        TypeValue = 2
+        TypeValue = 2 # :nodoc:
       end
 
+      ##
+      # The canonical name for an alias.
+
       class CNAME < DomainName
-        TypeValue = 5
+        TypeValue = 5 # :nodoc:
       end
 
+      ##
+      # Start Of Authority resource.
+
       class SOA < Resource
-        TypeValue = 6
+
+        TypeValue = 6 # :nodoc:
+
+        ##
+        # Creates a new SOA record.  See the attr documentation for the
+        # details of each argument.
 
         def initialize(mname, rname, serial, refresh, retry_, expire, minimum)
           @mname = mname
@@ -1466,15 +1613,52 @@ class Resolv
           @expire = expire
           @minimum = minimum
         end
-        attr_reader :mname, :rname, :serial, :refresh, :retry, :expire, :minimum
 
-        def encode_rdata(msg)
+        ##
+        # Name of the host where the master zone file for this zone resides.
+
+        attr_reader :mname
+
+        ##
+        # The person responsible for this domain name.
+
+        attr_reader :rname
+
+        ##
+        # The version number of the zone file.
+
+        attr_reader :serial
+
+        ##
+        # How often, in seconds, a secondary name server is to check for
+        # updates from the primary name server.
+
+        attr_reader :refresh
+
+        ##
+        # How often, in seconds, a secondary name server is to retry after a
+        # failure to check for a refresh.
+
+        attr_reader :retry
+
+        ##
+        # Time in seconds that a secondary name server is to use the data
+        # before refreshing from the primary name server.
+
+        attr_reader :expire
+
+        ##
+        # The minimum number of seconds to be used for TTL values in RRs.
+
+        attr_reader :minimum
+
+        def encode_rdata(msg) # :nodoc:
           msg.put_name(@mname)
           msg.put_name(@rname)
           msg.put_pack('NNNNN', @serial, @refresh, @retry, @expire, @minimum)
         end
 
-        def self.decode_rdata(msg)
+        def self.decode_rdata(msg) # :nodoc:
           mname = msg.get_name
           rname = msg.get_name
           serial, refresh, retry_, expire, minimum = msg.get_unpack('NNNNN')
@@ -1483,106 +1667,172 @@ class Resolv
         end
       end
 
+      ##
+      # A Pointer to another DNS name.
+
       class PTR < DomainName
-        TypeValue = 12
+        TypeValue = 12 # :nodoc:
       end
 
+      ##
+      # Host Information resource.
+
       class HINFO < Resource
-        TypeValue = 13
+
+        TypeValue = 13 # :nodoc:
+
+        ##
+        # Creates a new HINFO running +os+ on +cpu+.
 
         def initialize(cpu, os)
           @cpu = cpu
           @os = os
         end
-        attr_reader :cpu, :os
 
-        def encode_rdata(msg)
+        ##
+        # CPU architecture for this resource.
+
+        attr_reader :cpu
+
+        ##
+        # Operating system for this resource.
+
+        attr_reader :os
+
+        def encode_rdata(msg) # :nodoc:
           msg.put_string(@cpu)
           msg.put_string(@os)
         end
 
-        def self.decode_rdata(msg)
+        def self.decode_rdata(msg) # :nodoc:
           cpu = msg.get_string
           os = msg.get_string
           return self.new(cpu, os)
         end
       end
 
+      ##
+      # Mailing list or mailbox information.
+
       class MINFO < Resource
-        TypeValue = 14
+
+        TypeValue = 14 # :nodoc:
 
         def initialize(rmailbx, emailbx)
           @rmailbx = rmailbx
           @emailbx = emailbx
         end
-        attr_reader :rmailbx, :emailbx
 
-        def encode_rdata(msg)
+        ##
+        # Domain name responsible for this mail list or mailbox.
+
+        attr_reader :rmailbx
+
+        ##
+        # Mailbox to use for error messages related to the mail list or mailbox.
+
+        attr_reader :emailbx
+
+        def encode_rdata(msg) # :nodoc:
           msg.put_name(@rmailbx)
           msg.put_name(@emailbx)
         end
 
-        def self.decode_rdata(msg)
+        def self.decode_rdata(msg) # :nodoc:
           rmailbx = msg.get_string
           emailbx = msg.get_string
           return self.new(rmailbx, emailbx)
         end
       end
 
+      ##
+      # Mail Exchanger resource.
+
       class MX < Resource
-        TypeValue= 15
+
+        TypeValue= 15 # :nodoc:
+
+        ##
+        # Creates a new MX record with +preference+, accepting mail at
+        # +exchange+.
 
         def initialize(preference, exchange)
           @preference = preference
           @exchange = exchange
         end
-        attr_reader :preference, :exchange
 
-        def encode_rdata(msg)
+        ##
+        # The preference for this MX.
+
+        attr_reader :preference
+
+        ##
+        # The host of this MX.
+
+        attr_reader :exchange
+
+        def encode_rdata(msg) # :nodoc:
           msg.put_pack('n', @preference)
           msg.put_name(@exchange)
         end
 
-        def self.decode_rdata(msg)
+        def self.decode_rdata(msg) # :nodoc:
           preference, = msg.get_unpack('n')
           exchange = msg.get_name
           return self.new(preference, exchange)
         end
       end
 
+      ##
+      # Unstructured text resource.
+
       class TXT < Resource
-        TypeValue = 16
+
+        TypeValue = 16 # :nodoc:
 
         def initialize(first_string, *rest_strings)
           @strings = [first_string, *rest_strings]
         end
+
+        ##
+        # Returns an Array of Strings for this TXT record.
+
         attr_reader :strings
 
+        ##
+        # Returns the first string from +strings+.
+
         def data
           @strings[0]
         end
 
-        def encode_rdata(msg)
+        def encode_rdata(msg) # :nodoc:
           msg.put_string_list(@strings)
         end
 
-        def self.decode_rdata(msg)
+        def self.decode_rdata(msg) # :nodoc:
           strings = msg.get_string_list
           return self.new(*strings)
         end
       end
 
+      ##
+      # A Query type requesting any RR.
+
       class ANY < Query
-        TypeValue = 255
+        TypeValue = 255 # :nodoc:
       end
 
-      ClassInsensitiveTypes = [
+      ClassInsensitiveTypes = [ # :nodoc:
         NS, CNAME, SOA, PTR, HINFO, MINFO, MX, TXT, ANY
       ]
 
-      # ARPA Internet specific RRs
+      ##
+      # module IN contains ARPA Internet specific RRs.
+
       module IN
-        ClassValue = 1
+
+        ClassValue = 1 # :nodoc:
 
         ClassInsensitiveTypes.each {|s|
           c = Class.new(s)
@@ -1592,40 +1842,76 @@ class Resolv
           self.const_set(s.name.sub(/.*::/, ''), c)
         }
 
+        ##
+        # IPv4 Address resource
+
         class A < Resource
-          ClassHash[[TypeValue = 1, ClassValue = ClassValue]] = self
+          TypeValue = 1
+          ClassValue = IN::ClassValue
+          ClassHash[[TypeValue, ClassValue]] = self # :nodoc:
+
+          ##
+          # Creates a new A for +address+.
 
           def initialize(address)
             @address = IPv4.create(address)
           end
+
+          ##
+          # The Resolv::IPv4 address for this A.
+
           attr_reader :address
 
-          def encode_rdata(msg)
+          def encode_rdata(msg) # :nodoc:
             msg.put_bytes(@address.address)
           end
 
-          def self.decode_rdata(msg)
+          def self.decode_rdata(msg) # :nodoc:
             return self.new(IPv4.new(msg.get_bytes(4)))
           end
         end
 
+        ##
+        # Well Known Service resource.
+
         class WKS < Resource
-          ClassHash[[TypeValue = 11, ClassValue = ClassValue]] = self
+          TypeValue = 11
+          ClassValue = IN::ClassValue
+          ClassHash[[TypeValue, ClassValue]] = self # :nodoc:
 
           def initialize(address, protocol, bitmap)
             @address = IPv4.create(address)
             @protocol = protocol
             @bitmap = bitmap
           end
-          attr_reader :address, :protocol, :bitmap
 
-          def encode_rdata(msg)
+          ##
+          # The host these services run on.
+
+          attr_reader :address
+
+          ##
+          # IP protocol number for these services.
+
+          attr_reader :protocol
+
+          ##
+          # A bit map of enabled services on this host.
+          #
+          # If protocol is 6 (TCP) then the 26th bit corresponds to the SMTP
+          # service (port 25).  If this bit is set, then an SMTP server should
+          # be listening on TCP port 25; if zero, SMTP service is not
+          # supported.
+
+          attr_reader :bitmap
+
+          def encode_rdata(msg) # :nodoc:
             msg.put_bytes(@address.address)
             msg.put_pack("n", @protocol)
             msg.put_bytes(@bitmap)
           end
 
-          def self.decode_rdata(msg)
+          def self.decode_rdata(msg) # :nodoc:
             address = IPv4.new(msg.get_bytes(4))
             protocol, = msg.get_unpack("n")
             bitmap = msg.get_bytes
@@ -1633,55 +1919,51 @@ class Resolv
           end
         end
 
+        ##
+        # An IPv6 address record.
+
         class AAAA < Resource
-          ClassHash[[TypeValue = 28, ClassValue = ClassValue]] = self
+          TypeValue = 28
+          ClassValue = IN::ClassValue
+          ClassHash[[TypeValue, ClassValue]] = self # :nodoc:
+
+          ##
+          # Creates a new AAAA for +address+.
 
           def initialize(address)
             @address = IPv6.create(address)
           end
+          
+          ##
+          # The Resolv::IPv6 address for this AAAA.
+
           attr_reader :address
 
-          def encode_rdata(msg)
+          def encode_rdata(msg) # :nodoc:
             msg.put_bytes(@address.address)
           end
 
-          def self.decode_rdata(msg)
+          def self.decode_rdata(msg) # :nodoc:
             return self.new(IPv6.new(msg.get_bytes(16)))
           end
         end
 
+        ##
         # SRV resource record defined in RFC 2782
         # 
         # These records identify the hostname and port that a service is
         # available at.
-        # 
-        # The format is:
-        #   _Service._Proto.Name TTL Class SRV Priority Weight Port Target
-        #
-        # The fields specific to SRV are defined in RFC 2782 as meaning:
-        # - +priority+ The priority of this target host.  A client MUST attempt
-        #   to contact the target host with the lowest-numbered priority it can
-        #   reach; target hosts with the same priority SHOULD be tried in an
-        #   order defined by the weight field.  The range is 0-65535.  Note that
-        #   it is not widely implemented and should be set to zero.
-        # 
-        # - +weight+ A server selection mechanism.  The weight field specifies
-        #   a relative weight for entries with the same priority. Larger weights
-        #   SHOULD be given a proportionately higher probability of being
-        #   selected. The range of this number is 0-65535.  Domain administrators
-        #   SHOULD use Weight 0 when there isn't any server selection to do, to
-        #   make the RR easier to read for humans (less noisy). Note that it is
-        #   not widely implemented and should be set to zero.
-        #
-        # - +port+  The port on this target host of this service.  The range is 0-
-        #   65535.
-        # 
-        # - +target+ The domain name of the target host. A target of "." means
-        #   that the service is decidedly not available at this domain.
+
         class SRV < Resource
-          ClassHash[[TypeValue = 33, ClassValue = ClassValue]] = self
+          TypeValue = 33
+          ClassValue = IN::ClassValue
+          ClassHash[[TypeValue, ClassValue]] = self # :nodoc:
 
           # Create a SRV resource record.
+          #
+          # See the documentation for #priority, #weight, #port and #target
+          # for +priority+, +weight+, +port and +target+ respectively.
+
           def initialize(priority, weight, port, target)
             @priority = priority.to_int
             @weight = weight.to_int
@@ -1689,16 +1971,49 @@ class Resolv
             @target = Name.create(target)
           end
 
-          attr_reader :priority, :weight, :port, :target
+          # The priority of this target host.
+          #
+          # A client MUST attempt to contact the target host with the
+          # lowest-numbered priority it can reach; target hosts with the same
+          # priority SHOULD be tried in an order defined by the weight field.
+          # The range is 0-65535.  Note that it is not widely implemented and
+          # should be set to zero.
+
+          attr_reader :priority
+
+          # A server selection mechanism.
+          #
+          # The weight field specifies a relative weight for entries with the
+          # same priority. Larger weights SHOULD be given a proportionately
+          # higher probability of being selected. The range of this number is
+          # 0-65535.  Domain administrators SHOULD use Weight 0 when there
+          # isn't any server selection to do, to make the RR easier to read
+          # for humans (less noisy). Note that it is not widely implemented
+          # and should be set to zero.
+
+          attr_reader :weight
+
+          # The port on this target host of this service.
+          #
+          # The range is 0-65535.
+
+          attr_reader :port
+
+          # The domain name of the target host.
+          #
+          # A target of "." means that the service is decidedly not available
+          # at this domain.
+
+          attr_reader :target
 
-          def encode_rdata(msg)
+          def encode_rdata(msg) # :nodoc:
             msg.put_pack("n", @priority)
             msg.put_pack("n", @weight)
             msg.put_pack("n", @port)
             msg.put_name(@target)
           end
 
-          def self.decode_rdata(msg)
+          def self.decode_rdata(msg) # :nodoc:
             priority, = msg.get_unpack("n")
             weight,   = msg.get_unpack("n")
             port,     = msg.get_unpack("n")
@@ -1706,12 +2021,18 @@ class Resolv
             return self.new(priority, weight, port, target)
           end
         end
-
       end
     end
   end
 
+  ##
+  # A Resolv::DNS IPv4 address.
+
   class IPv4
+
+    ##
+    # Regular expression IPv4 addresses must match.
+
     Regex = /\A(\d+)\.(\d+)\.(\d+)\.(\d+)\z/
 
     def self.create(arg)
@@ -1732,68 +2053,102 @@ class Resolv
       end
     end
 
-    def initialize(address)
+    def initialize(address) # :nodoc:
       unless address.kind_of?(String) && address.length == 4
         raise ArgumentError.new('IPv4 address must be 4 bytes')
       end
       @address = address
     end
+
+    ##
+    # A String representation of this IPv4 address.
+
+    ##
+    # The raw IPv4 address as a String.
+
     attr_reader :address
 
-    def to_s
+    def to_s # :nodoc:
       return sprintf("%d.%d.%d.%d", *@address.unpack("CCCC"))
     end
 
-    def inspect
+    def inspect # :nodoc:
       return "#<#{self.class} #{self.to_s}>"
     end
 
+    ##
+    # Turns this IPv4 address into a Resolv::DNS::Name.
+
     def to_name
       return DNS::Name.create(
         '%d.%d.%d.%d.in-addr.arpa.' % @address.unpack('CCCC').reverse)
     end
 
-    def ==(other)
+    def ==(other) # :nodoc:
       return @address == other.address
     end
 
-    def eql?(other)
+    def eql?(other) # :nodoc:
       return self == other
     end
 
-    def hash
+    def hash # :nodoc:
       return @address.hash
     end
   end
 
+  ##
+  # A Resolv::DNS IPv6 address.
+
   class IPv6
+
+    ##
+    # IPv6 address format a:b:c:d:e:f:g:h
     Regex_8Hex = /\A
       (?:[0-9A-Fa-f]{1,4}:){7}
          [0-9A-Fa-f]{1,4}
       \z/x
 
+    ##
+    # Compressed IPv6 address format a::b
+
     Regex_CompressedHex = /\A
       ((?:[0-9A-Fa-f]{1,4}(?::[0-9A-Fa-f]{1,4})*)?) ::
       ((?:[0-9A-Fa-f]{1,4}(?::[0-9A-Fa-f]{1,4})*)?)
       \z/x
 
+    ##
+    # IPv4 mapped IPv6 address format a:b:c:d:e:f:w.x.y.z
+
     Regex_6Hex4Dec = /\A
       ((?:[0-9A-Fa-f]{1,4}:){6,6})
       (\d+)\.(\d+)\.(\d+)\.(\d+)
       \z/x
 
+    ##
+    # Compressed IPv4 mapped IPv6 address format a::b:w.x.y.z
+
     Regex_CompressedHex4Dec = /\A
       ((?:[0-9A-Fa-f]{1,4}(?::[0-9A-Fa-f]{1,4})*)?) ::
       ((?:[0-9A-Fa-f]{1,4}:)*)
       (\d+)\.(\d+)\.(\d+)\.(\d+)
       \z/x
 
+    ##
+    # A composite IPv6 address Regexp.
+
     Regex = /
       (?:#{Regex_8Hex}) |
       (?:#{Regex_CompressedHex}) |
       (?:#{Regex_6Hex4Dec}) |
       (?:#{Regex_CompressedHex4Dec})/x
 
+    ##
+    # Creates a new IPv6 address from +arg+ which may be:
+    #
+    # IPv6:: returns +arg+.
+    # String:: +arg+ must match one of the IPv6::Regex* constants
+
     def self.create(arg)
       case arg
       when IPv6
@@ -1840,15 +2195,19 @@ class Resolv
       end
     end
 
-    def initialize(address)
+    def initialize(address) # :nodoc:
       unless address.kind_of?(String) && address.length == 16
         raise ArgumentError.new('IPv6 address must be 16 bytes')
       end
       @address = address
     end
+
+    ##
+    # The raw IPv6 address as a String.
+
     attr_reader :address
 
-    def to_s
+    def to_s # :nodoc:
       address = sprintf("%X:%X:%X:%X:%X:%X:%X:%X", *@address.unpack("nnnnnnnn"))
       unless address.sub!(/(^|:)0(:0)+(:|$)/, '::')
         address.sub!(/(^|:)0(:|$)/, '::')
@@ -1856,29 +2215,42 @@ class Resolv
       return address
     end
 
-    def inspect
+    def inspect # :nodoc:
       return "#<#{self.class} #{self.to_s}>"
     end
 
+    ##
+    # Turns this IPv6 address into a Resolv::DNS::Name.
+    #--
+    # ip6.arpa should be searched too. [RFC3152]
+
     def to_name
-      # ip6.arpa should be searched too. [RFC3152]
       return DNS::Name.new(
-        @address.unpack("H32")[0].split(//).reverse + ['ip6', 'int'])
+        @address.unpack("H32")[0].split(//).reverse + ['ip6', 'arpa'])
     end
 
-    def ==(other)
+    def ==(other) # :nodoc:
       return @address == other.address
     end
 
-    def eql?(other)
+    def eql?(other) # :nodoc:
       return self == other
     end
 
-    def hash
+    def hash # :nodoc:
       return @address.hash
     end
   end
 
+  ##
+  # Default resolver to use for Resolv class methods.
+
   DefaultResolver = self.new
+
+  ##
+  # Address Regexp to use for matching IP addresses.
+
   AddressRegex = /(?:#{IPv4::Regex})|(?:#{IPv6::Regex})/
+
 end
+
diff --git a/lib/rexml/attlistdecl.rb b/lib/rexml/attlistdecl.rb
index d4b5c38af6..ef4721b5ce 100644
--- a/lib/rexml/attlistdecl.rb
+++ b/lib/rexml/attlistdecl.rb
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ module REXML
 			@pairs.keys.include? key
 		end
 
-		# Itterate over the key/value pairs:
+		# Iterate over the key/value pairs:
 		#  attlist_decl.each { |attribute_name, attribute_value| ... }
 		def each(&block)
 			@pairs.each(&block)
diff --git a/lib/rexml/attribute.rb b/lib/rexml/attribute.rb
index a169148f32..89c1ada36c 100644
--- a/lib/rexml/attribute.rb
+++ b/lib/rexml/attribute.rb
@@ -18,25 +18,41 @@ module REXML
 		PATTERN = /\s*(#{NAME_STR})\s*=\s*(["'])(.*?)\2/um
 
 		# Constructor.
+    # FIXME: The parser doesn't catch illegal characters in attributes
+    #
+    # first:: 
+    #   Either: an Attribute, which this new attribute will become a
+    #   clone of; or a String, which is the name of this attribute
+    # second::
+    #   If +first+ is an Attribute, then this may be an Element, or nil.
+    #   If nil, then the Element parent of this attribute is the parent
+    #   of the +first+ Attribute.  If the first argument is a String, 
+    #   then this must also be a String, and is the content of the attribute.  
+    #   If this is the content, it must be fully normalized (contain no
+    #   illegal characters).
+    # parent::
+    #   Ignored unless +first+ is a String; otherwise, may be the Element 
+    #   parent of this attribute, or nil.
+    #
 		#
 		#  Attribute.new( attribute_to_clone )
-		#  Attribute.new( source )
+		#  Attribute.new( attribute_to_clone, parent_element )
 		#  Attribute.new( "attr", "attr_value" )
 		#  Attribute.new( "attr", "attr_value", parent_element )
 		def initialize( first, second=nil, parent=nil )
 			@normalized = @unnormalized = @element = nil
 			if first.kind_of? Attribute
 				self.name = first.expanded_name
-				@value = first.value
+				@unnormalized = first.value
 				if second.kind_of? Element
 					@element = second
 				else
 					@element = first.element
 				end
 			elsif first.kind_of? String
-				@element = parent if parent.kind_of? Element
+				@element = parent
 				self.name = first
-				@value = second.to_s
+				@normalized = second.to_s
 			else
 				raise "illegal argument #{first.class.name} to Attribute constructor"
 			end
@@ -72,7 +88,7 @@ module REXML
 		# Returns true if other is an Attribute and has the same name and value,
 		# false otherwise.
 		def ==( other )
-			other.kind_of?(Attribute) and other.name==name and other.value==@value
+			other.kind_of?(Attribute) and other.name==name and other.value==value
 		end
 
 		# Creates (and returns) a hash from both the name and value
@@ -87,7 +103,11 @@ module REXML
 		#  b = Attribute.new( "ns:x", "y" )
 		#  b.to_string     # -> "ns:x='y'"
 		def to_string
-			"#@expanded_name='#{to_s().gsub(/'/, '&apos;')}'"
+			if @element and @element.context and @element.context[:attribute_quote] == :quote
+				%Q^#@expanded_name="#{to_s().gsub(/"/, '&quote;')}"^
+			else
+				"#@expanded_name='#{to_s().gsub(/'/, '&apos;')}'"
+			end
 		end
 
 		# Returns the attribute value, with entities replaced
@@ -100,8 +120,9 @@ module REXML
 				doctype = doc.doctype if doc
 			end
 
+			@normalized = Text::normalize( @unnormalized, doctype )
 			@unnormalized = nil
-			@normalized = Text::normalize( @value, doctype )
+      @normalized
 		end
 
 		# Returns the UNNORMALIZED value of this attribute.  That is, entities
@@ -113,8 +134,9 @@ module REXML
 				doc = @element.document
 				doctype = doc.doctype if doc
 			end
+			@unnormalized = Text::unnormalize( @normalized, doctype )
 			@normalized = nil
-			@unnormalized = Text::unnormalize( @value, doctype )
+      @unnormalized
 		end
 
 		# Returns a copy of this attribute
diff --git a/lib/rexml/cdata.rb b/lib/rexml/cdata.rb
index 046012ba61..efcb71160a 100644
--- a/lib/rexml/cdata.rb
+++ b/lib/rexml/cdata.rb
@@ -39,31 +39,26 @@ module REXML
       @string
     end
 
+    # == DEPRECATED
+    # See the rexml/formatters package
+    #
 		# Generates XML output of this object
 		#
 		# output::
 		#   Where to write the string.  Defaults to $stdout
 		# indent::
-		#   An integer.  If -1, no indenting will be used; otherwise, the
-		#   indentation will be this number of spaces, and children will be
-		#   indented an additional amount.  Defaults to -1.
+    #   The amount to indent this node by
 		# transitive::
-		#   If transitive is true and indent is >= 0, then the output will be
-		#   pretty-printed in such a way that the added whitespace does not affect
-		#   the absolute *value* of the document -- that is, it leaves the value
-		#   and number of Text nodes in the document unchanged.
+    #   Ignored
 		# ie_hack::
-		#   Internet Explorer is the worst piece of crap to have ever been
-		#   written, with the possible exception of Windows itself.  Since IE is
-		#   unable to parse proper XML, we have to provide a hack to generate XML
-		#   that IE's limited abilities can handle.  This hack inserts a space 
-		#   before the /> on empty tags.
+    #   Ignored
 		#
 		# _Examples_
 		#  c = CData.new( " Some text " )
 		#  c.write( $stdout )     #->  <![CDATA[ Some text ]]>
 		def write( output=$stdout, indent=-1, transitive=false, ie_hack=false )
-      #indent( output, indent ) unless transitive
+      Kernel.warn( "#{self.class.name}.write is deprecated" )
+			indent( output, indent )
 			output << START
 			output << @string
 			output << STOP
diff --git a/lib/rexml/comment.rb b/lib/rexml/comment.rb
index 334017cbfc..2b9b4b89c9 100644
--- a/lib/rexml/comment.rb
+++ b/lib/rexml/comment.rb
@@ -2,13 +2,15 @@ require "rexml/child"
 
 module REXML
 	##
-	# Represents an XML comment; that is, text between <!-- ... -->
+	# Represents an XML comment; that is, text between \<!-- ... -->
 	class Comment < Child
 		include Comparable
 		START = "<!--"
 		STOP = "-->"
 
-		attr_accessor :string			# The content text
+		# The content text
+
+		attr_accessor :string
 
 		##
 		# Constructor.  The first argument can be one of three types:
@@ -32,32 +34,24 @@ module REXML
 			Comment.new self
 		end
 
+    # == DEPRECATED
+    # See REXML::Formatters
+    #
 		# output::
-		#   Where to write the string
+		#	 Where to write the string
 		# indent::
-		#   An integer.  If -1, no indenting will be used; otherwise, the
-		#   indentation will be this number of spaces, and children will be
-		#   indented an additional amount.
+		#	 An integer.	If -1, no indenting will be used; otherwise, the
+		#	 indentation will be this number of spaces, and children will be
+		#	 indented an additional amount.
 		# transitive::
-		#   If transitive is true and indent is >= 0, then the output will be
-		#   pretty-printed in such a way that the added whitespace does not affect
-		#   the absolute *value* of the document -- that is, it leaves the value
-		#   and number of Text nodes in the document unchanged.
+		#	 Ignored by this class.	The contents of comments are never modified.
 		# ie_hack::
-		#   Internet Explorer is the worst piece of crap to have ever been
-		#   written, with the possible exception of Windows itself.  Since IE is
-		#   unable to parse proper XML, we have to provide a hack to generate XML
-		#   that IE's limited abilities can handle.  This hack inserts a space 
-		#   before the /> on empty tags.
-		#
+		#	 Needed for conformity to the child API, but not used by this class.
 		def write( output, indent=-1, transitive=false, ie_hack=false )
+      Kernel.warn("Comment.write is deprecated.  See REXML::Formatters")
 			indent( output, indent )
 			output << START
 			output << @string
-      if indent>-1
-        output << "\n"
-        indent( output, indent )
-      end
 			output << STOP
 		end
 
diff --git a/lib/rexml/doctype.rb b/lib/rexml/doctype.rb
index 4a1ffb4336..05cd4ab331 100644
--- a/lib/rexml/doctype.rb
+++ b/lib/rexml/doctype.rb
@@ -98,38 +98,30 @@ module REXML
     # output::
     #   Where to write the string
     # indent::
-    #   An integer.  If -1, no indenting will be used; otherwise, the
+    #   An integer.  If -1, no indentation will be used; otherwise, the
     #   indentation will be this number of spaces, and children will be
     #   indented an additional amount.
     # transitive::
-    #   If transitive is true and indent is >= 0, then the output will be
-    #   pretty-printed in such a way that the added whitespace does not affect
-    #   the absolute *value* of the document -- that is, it leaves the value
-    #   and number of Text nodes in the document unchanged.
+    #   Ignored
     # ie_hack::
-    #   Internet Explorer is the worst piece of crap to have ever been
-    #   written, with the possible exception of Windows itself.  Since IE is
-    #   unable to parse proper XML, we have to provide a hack to generate XML
-    #   that IE's limited abilities can handle.  This hack inserts a space 
-    #   before the /> on empty tags.
-    #
+    #   Ignored
     def write( output, indent=0, transitive=false, ie_hack=false )
+      f = REXML::Formatters::Default.new
       indent( output, indent )
       output << START
       output << ' '
       output << @name
       output << " #@external_id" if @external_id
-      output << " #@long_name" if @long_name
-      output << " #@uri" if @uri
+      output << " #{@long_name.inspect}" if @long_name
+      output << " #{@uri.inspect}" if @uri
       unless @children.empty?
         next_indent = indent + 1
         output << ' ['
         child = nil    # speed
         @children.each { |child|
           output << "\n"
-          child.write( output, next_indent )
+          f.write( child, output )
         }
-        #output << '   '*next_indent
         output << "\n]"
       end
       output << STOP
@@ -219,8 +211,10 @@ module REXML
       @string+'>'
     end
 
+    # == DEPRECATED
+    # See REXML::Formatters
+    #
     def write( output, indent )
-      output << ('   '*indent) if indent > 0
       output << to_s
     end
   end
@@ -264,7 +258,6 @@ module REXML
     end
 
     def write( output, indent=-1 )
-      output << ('   '*indent) if indent > 0
       output << to_s
     end
     
diff --git a/lib/rexml/document.rb b/lib/rexml/document.rb
index 619a844257..54aa691ad8 100644
--- a/lib/rexml/document.rb
+++ b/lib/rexml/document.rb
@@ -31,9 +31,6 @@ module REXML
 	  # to be sources of valid XML documents.
 	  # @param context if supplied, contains the context of the document;
 	  # this should be a Hash.
-	  # NOTE that I'm not sure what the context is for; I cloned it out of
-	  # the Electric XML API (in which it also seems to do nothing), and it
-	  # is now legacy.  It may do something, someday... it may disappear.
 		def initialize( source = nil, context = {} )
 			super()
 			@context = context
@@ -69,6 +66,7 @@ module REXML
 		def add( child )
 			if child.kind_of? XMLDecl
 				@children.unshift child
+        child.parent = self
 			elsif child.kind_of? DocType
         # Find first Element or DocType node and insert the decl right 
         # before it.  If there is no such node, just insert the child at the
@@ -142,42 +140,59 @@ module REXML
 			xml_decl().stand_alone?
 		end
 
-		# Write the XML tree out, optionally with indent.  This writes out the
-		# entire XML document, including XML declarations, doctype declarations,
-		# and processing instructions (if any are given).
-		# A controversial point is whether Document should always write the XML
-		# declaration (<?xml version='1.0'?>) whether or not one is given by the
-		# user (or source document).  REXML does not write one if one was not
-		# specified, because it adds unneccessary bandwidth to applications such
-		# as XML-RPC.
-		#
-		#
-		# output::
-		#	  output an object which supports '<< string'; this is where the
-		#   document will be written.
-		# indent::
-		#   An integer.  If -1, no indenting will be used; otherwise, the
-		#   indentation will be this number of spaces, and children will be
-		#   indented an additional amount.  Defaults to -1
-		# transitive::
-		#   If transitive is true and indent is >= 0, then the output will be
-		#   pretty-printed in such a way that the added whitespace does not affect
-		#   the absolute *value* of the document -- that is, it leaves the value
-		#   and number of Text nodes in the document unchanged.
-		# ie_hack::
-		#   Internet Explorer is the worst piece of crap to have ever been
-		#   written, with the possible exception of Windows itself.  Since IE is
-		#   unable to parse proper XML, we have to provide a hack to generate XML
-		#   that IE's limited abilities can handle.  This hack inserts a space 
-		#   before the /> on empty tags.  Defaults to false
-		def write( output=$stdout, indent=-1, transitive=false, ie_hack=false )
-			output = Output.new( output, xml_decl.encoding ) if xml_decl.encoding != "UTF-8" && !output.kind_of?(Output)
-			@children.each { |node|
-				indent( output, indent ) if node.node_type == :element
-				if node.write( output, indent, transitive, ie_hack )
-          output << "\n" unless indent<0 or node == @children[-1]
+    # Write the XML tree out, optionally with indent.  This writes out the
+    # entire XML document, including XML declarations, doctype declarations,
+    # and processing instructions (if any are given).
+    #
+    # A controversial point is whether Document should always write the XML
+    # declaration (<?xml version='1.0'?>) whether or not one is given by the
+    # user (or source document).  REXML does not write one if one was not
+    # specified, because it adds unnecessary bandwidth to applications such
+    # as XML-RPC.
+    #
+    # See also the classes in the rexml/formatters package for the proper way
+    # to change the default formatting of XML output
+    #
+    # _Examples_
+    #   Document.new("<a><b/></a>").serialize
+    #
+    #   output_string = ""
+    #   tr = Transitive.new( output_string )
+    #   Document.new("<a><b/></a>").serialize( tr )
+    #
+    # output::
+    #	  output an object which supports '<< string'; this is where the
+    #   document will be written.
+    # indent::
+    #   An integer.  If -1, no indenting will be used; otherwise, the
+    #   indentation will be twice this number of spaces, and children will be
+    #   indented an additional amount.  For a value of 3, every item will be 
+    #   indented 3 more levels, or 6 more spaces (2 * 3). Defaults to -1
+    # trans::
+    #   If transitive is true and indent is >= 0, then the output will be
+    #   pretty-printed in such a way that the added whitespace does not affect
+    #   the absolute *value* of the document -- that is, it leaves the value
+    #   and number of Text nodes in the document unchanged.
+    # ie_hack::
+    #   Internet Explorer is the worst piece of crap to have ever been
+    #   written, with the possible exception of Windows itself.  Since IE is
+    #   unable to parse proper XML, we have to provide a hack to generate XML
+    #   that IE's limited abilities can handle.  This hack inserts a space 
+    #   before the /> on empty tags.  Defaults to false
+		def write( output=$stdout, indent=-1, trans=false, ie_hack=false )
+      if xml_decl.encoding != "UTF-8" && !output.kind_of?(Output)
+        output = Output.new( output, xml_decl.encoding )
+      end
+      formatter = if indent > -1
+          if trans
+            REXML::Formatters::Transitive.new( indent, ie_hack )
+          else
+            REXML::Formatters::Pretty.new( indent, ie_hack )
+          end
+        else
+          REXML::Formatters::Default.new( ie_hack )
         end
-			}
+      formatter.write( self, output )
 		end
 
 		
diff --git a/lib/rexml/dtd/dtd.rb b/lib/rexml/dtd/dtd.rb
index 81119cfa9b..4f735d4812 100644
--- a/lib/rexml/dtd/dtd.rb
+++ b/lib/rexml/dtd/dtd.rb
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ module REXML
 					when ElementDecl.PATTERN_RE
 						match = $&
 						source = $'
-						contents << EleemntDecl.new( match )
+						contents << ElementDecl.new( match )
 					when AttlistDecl.PATTERN_RE
 						matchdata = $~
 						source = $'
diff --git a/lib/rexml/element.rb b/lib/rexml/element.rb
index 80463d95b7..3db87c6126 100644
--- a/lib/rexml/element.rb
+++ b/lib/rexml/element.rb
@@ -14,64 +14,64 @@ module REXML
   # context node and convert it back when we write it.
   @@namespaces = {}
 
-	# Represents a tagged XML element.  Elements are characterized by
-	# having children, attributes, and names, and can themselves be
-	# children.
-	class Element < Parent
-		include Namespace
-
-		UNDEFINED = "UNDEFINED";		# The default name
-
-		# Mechanisms for accessing attributes and child elements of this
-		# element.
-		attr_reader :attributes, :elements
-		# The context holds information about the processing environment, such as
-		# whitespace handling.
-		attr_accessor :context
-
-		# Constructor
-		# arg:: 
-		# 	if not supplied, will be set to the default value.
-		# 	If a String, the name of this object will be set to the argument.
-		# 	If an Element, the object will be shallowly cloned; name, 
-		# 	attributes, and namespaces will be copied.  Children will +not+ be
-		# 	copied.
-		# parent:: 
-		# 	if supplied, must be a Parent, and will be used as
-		# 	the parent of this object.
-		# context::
-		# 	If supplied, must be a hash containing context items.  Context items
-		# 	include:
-		# * <tt>:respect_whitespace</tt> the value of this is :+all+ or an array of
-		#   strings being the names of the elements to respect
-		#   whitespace for.  Defaults to :+all+.
-		# * <tt>:compress_whitespace</tt> the value can be :+all+ or an array of
-		#   strings being the names of the elements to ignore whitespace on.
-		#   Overrides :+respect_whitespace+.
-		# * <tt>:ignore_whitespace_nodes</tt> the value can be :+all+ or an array
-		#   of strings being the names of the elements in which to ignore
-		#   whitespace-only nodes.  If this is set, Text nodes which contain only
-		#   whitespace will not be added to the document tree.
-		# * <tt>:raw</tt> can be :+all+, or an array of strings being the names of
-		#   the elements to process in raw mode.  In raw mode, special
-		#   characters in text is not converted to or from entities.
-		def initialize( arg = UNDEFINED, parent=nil, context=nil )
-			super(parent)
-
-			@elements = Elements.new(self)
-			@attributes = Attributes.new(self)
-			@context = context
-
-			if arg.kind_of? String
-				self.name = arg
-			elsif arg.kind_of? Element
-				self.name = arg.expanded_name
-				arg.attributes.each_attribute{ |attribute|
-					@attributes << Attribute.new( attribute )
-				}
-				@context = arg.context
-			end
-		end
+  # Represents a tagged XML element.  Elements are characterized by
+  # having children, attributes, and names, and can themselves be
+  # children.
+  class Element < Parent
+    include Namespace
+
+    UNDEFINED = "UNDEFINED";		# The default name
+
+    # Mechanisms for accessing attributes and child elements of this
+    # element.
+    attr_reader :attributes, :elements
+    # The context holds information about the processing environment, such as
+    # whitespace handling.
+    attr_accessor :context
+
+    # Constructor
+    # arg:: 
+    # 	if not supplied, will be set to the default value.
+    # 	If a String, the name of this object will be set to the argument.
+    # 	If an Element, the object will be shallowly cloned; name, 
+    # 	attributes, and namespaces will be copied.  Children will +not+ be
+    # 	copied.
+    # parent:: 
+    # 	if supplied, must be a Parent, and will be used as
+    # 	the parent of this object.
+    # context::
+    # 	If supplied, must be a hash containing context items.  Context items
+    # 	include:
+    # * <tt>:respect_whitespace</tt> the value of this is :+all+ or an array of
+    #   strings being the names of the elements to respect
+    #   whitespace for.  Defaults to :+all+.
+    # * <tt>:compress_whitespace</tt> the value can be :+all+ or an array of
+    #   strings being the names of the elements to ignore whitespace on.
+    #   Overrides :+respect_whitespace+.
+    # * <tt>:ignore_whitespace_nodes</tt> the value can be :+all+ or an array
+    #   of strings being the names of the elements in which to ignore
+    #   whitespace-only nodes.  If this is set, Text nodes which contain only
+    #   whitespace will not be added to the document tree.
+    # * <tt>:raw</tt> can be :+all+, or an array of strings being the names of
+    #   the elements to process in raw mode.  In raw mode, special
+    #   characters in text is not converted to or from entities.
+    def initialize( arg = UNDEFINED, parent=nil, context=nil )
+      super(parent)
+
+      @elements = Elements.new(self)
+      @attributes = Attributes.new(self)
+      @context = context
+
+      if arg.kind_of? String
+        self.name = arg
+      elsif arg.kind_of? Element
+        self.name = arg.expanded_name
+        arg.attributes.each_attribute{ |attribute|
+          @attributes << Attribute.new( attribute )
+        }
+        @context = arg.context
+      end
+    end
 
     def inspect
       rv = "<#@expanded_name"
@@ -89,18 +89,18 @@ module REXML
     end
 
 
-		# Creates a shallow copy of self.
-		#   d = Document.new "<a><b/><b/><c><d/></c></a>"
-		#   new_a = d.root.clone
-		#   puts new_a  # => "<a/>"
-		def clone
-			Element.new self
-		end
+    # Creates a shallow copy of self.
+    #   d = Document.new "<a><b/><b/><c><d/></c></a>"
+    #   new_a = d.root.clone
+    #   puts new_a  # => "<a/>"
+    def clone
+      self.class.new self
+    end
 
-		# Evaluates to the root node of the document that this element 
-		# belongs to. If this element doesn't belong to a document, but does
-		# belong to another Element, the parent's root will be returned, until the
-		# earliest ancestor is found.
+    # Evaluates to the root node of the document that this element 
+    # belongs to. If this element doesn't belong to a document, but does
+    # belong to another Element, the parent's root will be returned, until the
+    # earliest ancestor is found.
     #
     # Note that this is not the same as the document element.
     # In the following example, <a> is the document element, and the root
@@ -111,14 +111,14 @@ module REXML
     # The only time this isn't true is when an Element is created that is
     # not part of any Document.  In this case, the ancestor that has no
     # parent acts as the root node.
-		#  d = Document.new '<a><b><c/></b></a>'
-		#  a = d[1] ; c = a[1][1]
-		#  d.root_node == d   # TRUE
-		#  a.root_node        # namely, d
-		#  c.root_node        # again, d
-		def root_node
-			parent.nil? ? self : parent.root_node
-		end
+    #  d = Document.new '<a><b><c/></b></a>'
+    #  a = d[1] ; c = a[1][1]
+    #  d.root_node == d   # TRUE
+    #  a.root_node        # namely, d
+    #  c.root_node        # again, d
+    def root_node
+      parent.nil? ? self : parent.root_node
+    end
 
     def root
       return elements[1] if self.kind_of? Document
@@ -126,416 +126,410 @@ module REXML
       return parent.root
     end
 
-		# Evaluates to the document to which this element belongs, or nil if this
-		# element doesn't belong to a document.
-		def document
+    # Evaluates to the document to which this element belongs, or nil if this
+    # element doesn't belong to a document.
+    def document
       rt = root
-			rt.parent if rt
-		end
-
-		# Evaluates to +true+ if whitespace is respected for this element.  This
-		# is the case if:
-		# 1. Neither :+respect_whitespace+ nor :+compress_whitespace+ has any value
-		# 2. The context has :+respect_whitespace+ set to :+all+ or
-		#    an array containing the name of this element, and 
+      rt.parent if rt
+    end
+
+    # Evaluates to +true+ if whitespace is respected for this element.  This
+    # is the case if:
+    # 1. Neither :+respect_whitespace+ nor :+compress_whitespace+ has any value
+    # 2. The context has :+respect_whitespace+ set to :+all+ or
+    #    an array containing the name of this element, and 
     #    :+compress_whitespace+ isn't set to :+all+ or an array containing the 
     #    name of this element.
-		# The evaluation is tested against +expanded_name+, and so is namespace
-		# sensitive.
-		def whitespace
-			@whitespace = nil
-			if @context
-				if @context[:respect_whitespace]
-					@whitespace = (@context[:respect_whitespace] == :all or
-												 @context[:respect_whitespace].include? expanded_name)
-				end
-				@whitespace = false if (@context[:compress_whitespace] and
-					(@context[:compress_whitespace] == :all or
-					 @context[:compress_whitespace].include? expanded_name)
-				)
-			end
-			@whitespace = true unless @whitespace == false
-			@whitespace
-		end
-
-		def ignore_whitespace_nodes
-			@ignore_whitespace_nodes = false
-			if @context
-				if @context[:ignore_whitespace_nodes]
-					@ignore_whitespace_nodes = 
-						(@context[:ignore_whitespace_nodes] == :all or
-						 @context[:ignore_whitespace_nodes].include? expanded_name)
-				end
-			end
-		end
-
-		# Evaluates to +true+ if raw mode is set for this element.  This
-		# is the case if the context has :+raw+ set to :+all+ or
-		# an array containing the name of this element.
-		#
-		# The evaluation is tested against +expanded_name+, and so is namespace
-		# sensitive.
-		def raw
-			@raw = (@context and @context[:raw] and
-			(@context[:raw] == :all or
-			@context[:raw].include? expanded_name))
-			@raw
-		end
-
-		#once :whitespace, :raw, :ignore_whitespace_nodes
-
-		#################################################
-		# Namespaces                                    #
-		#################################################
-
-		# Evaluates to an +Array+ containing the prefixes (names) of all defined
-		# namespaces at this context node.
-		#  doc = Document.new("<a xmlns:x='1' xmlns:y='2'><b/><c xmlns:z='3'/></a>")
-		#  doc.elements['//b'].prefixes # -> ['x', 'y']
-		def prefixes
-			prefixes = []
-			prefixes = parent.prefixes if parent
-			prefixes |= attributes.prefixes
-			return prefixes
-		end
-
-		def namespaces
-			namespaces = []
-			namespaces = parent.namespaces if parent
-			namespaces |= attributes.namespaces
-			return namespaces
-		end
-
-		# Evalutas to the URI for a prefix, or the empty string if no such 
-		# namespace is declared for this element. Evaluates recursively for
-		# ancestors.  Returns the default namespace, if there is one.
-		# prefix:: 
-		#   the prefix to search for.  If not supplied, returns the default
-		#   namespace if one exists
-		# Returns:: 
-		#   the namespace URI as a String, or nil if no such namespace
-		#   exists.  If the namespace is undefined, returns an empty string
-		#  doc = Document.new("<a xmlns='1' xmlns:y='2'><b/><c xmlns:z='3'/></a>")
-		#  b = doc.elements['//b']
-		#  b.namespace           # -> '1'
-		#  b.namespace("y")      # -> '2'
-		def namespace(prefix=nil)
-			if prefix.nil?
-				prefix = prefix()
-			end
-			if prefix == ''
-				prefix = "xmlns"
-			else
-				prefix = "xmlns:#{prefix}" unless prefix[0,5] == 'xmlns'
-			end
-			ns = attributes[ prefix ]
-			ns = parent.namespace(prefix) if ns.nil? and parent
-			ns = '' if ns.nil? and prefix == 'xmlns'
-			return ns
-		end
-
-		# Adds a namespace to this element.
-		# prefix:: 
-		#   the prefix string, or the namespace URI if +uri+ is not
-		#   supplied
-		# uri::    
-		#   the namespace URI.  May be nil, in which +prefix+ is used as
-		#   the URI
-		# Evaluates to: this Element
-		#  a = Element.new("a")
-		#  a.add_namespace("xmlns:foo", "bar" )
-		#  a.add_namespace("foo", "bar")  # shorthand for previous line
-		#  a.add_namespace("twiddle")
-		#  puts a   #-> <a xmlns:foo='bar' xmlns='twiddle'/>
-		def add_namespace( prefix, uri=nil )
-			unless uri
-				@attributes["xmlns"] = prefix
-			else
-				prefix = "xmlns:#{prefix}" unless prefix =~ /^xmlns:/
-				@attributes[ prefix ] = uri
-			end
-			self
-		end
-
-		# Removes a namespace from this node.  This only works if the namespace is
-		# actually declared in this node.  If no argument is passed, deletes the
-		# default namespace.
-		#
-		# Evaluates to: this element
-		#  doc = Document.new "<a xmlns:foo='bar' xmlns='twiddle'/>"
-		#  doc.root.delete_namespace
-		#  puts doc     # -> <a xmlns:foo='bar'/>
-		#  doc.root.delete_namespace 'foo'
-		#  puts doc     # -> <a/>
-		def delete_namespace namespace="xmlns"
-			namespace = "xmlns:#{namespace}" unless namespace == 'xmlns'
-			attribute = attributes.get_attribute(namespace)
-			attribute.remove unless attribute.nil?
-			self
-		end
-
-		#################################################
-		# Elements                                      #
-		#################################################
-
-		# Adds a child to this element, optionally setting attributes in
-		# the element.
-		# element:: 
-		#   optional.  If Element, the element is added.
-		#   Otherwise, a new Element is constructed with the argument (see
-		#   Element.initialize).
-		# attrs:: 
-		#   If supplied, must be a Hash containing String name,value 
-		#   pairs, which will be used to set the attributes of the new Element.
-		# Returns:: the Element that was added
-		#  el = doc.add_element 'my-tag'
-		#  el = doc.add_element 'my-tag', {'attr1'=>'val1', 'attr2'=>'val2'}
-		#  el = Element.new 'my-tag'
-		#  doc.add_element el
-		def add_element element, attrs=nil
+    # The evaluation is tested against +expanded_name+, and so is namespace
+    # sensitive.
+    def whitespace
+      @whitespace = nil
+      if @context
+        if @context[:respect_whitespace]
+          @whitespace = (@context[:respect_whitespace] == :all or
+                         @context[:respect_whitespace].include? expanded_name)
+        end
+        @whitespace = false if (@context[:compress_whitespace] and
+                                (@context[:compress_whitespace] == :all or
+                                 @context[:compress_whitespace].include? expanded_name)
+                               )
+      end
+      @whitespace = true unless @whitespace == false
+      @whitespace
+    end
+
+    def ignore_whitespace_nodes
+      @ignore_whitespace_nodes = false
+      if @context
+        if @context[:ignore_whitespace_nodes]
+          @ignore_whitespace_nodes = 
+            (@context[:ignore_whitespace_nodes] == :all or
+             @context[:ignore_whitespace_nodes].include? expanded_name)
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Evaluates to +true+ if raw mode is set for this element.  This
+    # is the case if the context has :+raw+ set to :+all+ or
+    # an array containing the name of this element.
+    #
+    # The evaluation is tested against +expanded_name+, and so is namespace
+    # sensitive.
+    def raw
+      @raw = (@context and @context[:raw] and
+              (@context[:raw] == :all or
+               @context[:raw].include? expanded_name))
+               @raw
+    end
+
+    #once :whitespace, :raw, :ignore_whitespace_nodes
+
+    #################################################
+    # Namespaces                                    #
+    #################################################
+
+    # Evaluates to an +Array+ containing the prefixes (names) of all defined
+    # namespaces at this context node.
+    #  doc = Document.new("<a xmlns:x='1' xmlns:y='2'><b/><c xmlns:z='3'/></a>")
+    #  doc.elements['//b'].prefixes # -> ['x', 'y']
+    def prefixes
+      prefixes = []
+      prefixes = parent.prefixes if parent
+      prefixes |= attributes.prefixes
+      return prefixes
+    end
+
+    def namespaces
+      namespaces = {}
+      namespaces = parent.namespaces if parent
+      namespaces = namespaces.merge( attributes.namespaces )
+      return namespaces
+    end
+
+    # Evalutas to the URI for a prefix, or the empty string if no such 
+    # namespace is declared for this element. Evaluates recursively for
+    # ancestors.  Returns the default namespace, if there is one.
+    # prefix:: 
+    #   the prefix to search for.  If not supplied, returns the default
+    #   namespace if one exists
+    # Returns:: 
+    #   the namespace URI as a String, or nil if no such namespace
+    #   exists.  If the namespace is undefined, returns an empty string
+    #  doc = Document.new("<a xmlns='1' xmlns:y='2'><b/><c xmlns:z='3'/></a>")
+    #  b = doc.elements['//b']
+    #  b.namespace           # -> '1'
+    #  b.namespace("y")      # -> '2'
+    def namespace(prefix=nil)
+      if prefix.nil?
+        prefix = prefix()
+      end
+      if prefix == ''
+        prefix = "xmlns"
+      else
+        prefix = "xmlns:#{prefix}" unless prefix[0,5] == 'xmlns'
+      end
+      ns = attributes[ prefix ]
+      ns = parent.namespace(prefix) if ns.nil? and parent
+      ns = '' if ns.nil? and prefix == 'xmlns'
+      return ns
+    end
+
+    # Adds a namespace to this element.
+    # prefix:: 
+    #   the prefix string, or the namespace URI if +uri+ is not
+    #   supplied
+    # uri::    
+    #   the namespace URI.  May be nil, in which +prefix+ is used as
+    #   the URI
+    # Evaluates to: this Element
+    #  a = Element.new("a")
+    #  a.add_namespace("xmlns:foo", "bar" )
+    #  a.add_namespace("foo", "bar")  # shorthand for previous line
+    #  a.add_namespace("twiddle")
+    #  puts a   #-> <a xmlns:foo='bar' xmlns='twiddle'/>
+    def add_namespace( prefix, uri=nil )
+      unless uri
+        @attributes["xmlns"] = prefix
+      else
+        prefix = "xmlns:#{prefix}" unless prefix =~ /^xmlns:/
+        @attributes[ prefix ] = uri
+      end
+      self
+    end
+
+    # Removes a namespace from this node.  This only works if the namespace is
+    # actually declared in this node.  If no argument is passed, deletes the
+    # default namespace.
+    #
+    # Evaluates to: this element
+    #  doc = Document.new "<a xmlns:foo='bar' xmlns='twiddle'/>"
+    #  doc.root.delete_namespace
+    #  puts doc     # -> <a xmlns:foo='bar'/>
+    #  doc.root.delete_namespace 'foo'
+    #  puts doc     # -> <a/>
+    def delete_namespace namespace="xmlns"
+      namespace = "xmlns:#{namespace}" unless namespace == 'xmlns'
+      attribute = attributes.get_attribute(namespace)
+      attribute.remove unless attribute.nil?
+      self
+    end
+
+    #################################################
+    # Elements                                      #
+    #################################################
+
+    # Adds a child to this element, optionally setting attributes in
+    # the element.
+    # element:: 
+    #   optional.  If Element, the element is added.
+    #   Otherwise, a new Element is constructed with the argument (see
+    #   Element.initialize).
+    # attrs:: 
+    #   If supplied, must be a Hash containing String name,value 
+    #   pairs, which will be used to set the attributes of the new Element.
+    # Returns:: the Element that was added
+    #  el = doc.add_element 'my-tag'
+    #  el = doc.add_element 'my-tag', {'attr1'=>'val1', 'attr2'=>'val2'}
+    #  el = Element.new 'my-tag'
+    #  doc.add_element el
+    def add_element element, attrs=nil
       raise "First argument must be either an element name, or an Element object" if element.nil?
-			el = @elements.add(element)
-			if attrs.kind_of? Hash
-				attrs.each do |key, value|
-					el.attributes[key]=value if key =~ /^xmlns:/
-				end
-				attrs.each do |key, value|
-					el.attributes[key]=value if key !~ /^xmlns:/
-				end
-			end
-			el
-		end
-
-		# Deletes a child element.
-		# element:: 
-		#   Must be an +Element+, +String+, or +Integer+.  If Element, 
-		#   the element is removed.  If String, the element is found (via XPath) 
-		#   and removed.  <em>This means that any parent can remove any
-		#   descendant.<em>  If Integer, the Element indexed by that number will be
-		#   removed.
-		# Returns:: the element that was removed.
-		#  doc.delete_element "/a/b/c[@id='4']"
-		#  doc.delete_element doc.elements["//k"]
-		#  doc.delete_element 1
-		def delete_element element
-			@elements.delete element
-		end
-
-		# Evaluates to +true+ if this element has at least one child Element
-		#  doc = Document.new "<a><b/><c>Text</c></a>"
-		#  doc.root.has_elements               # -> true
-		#  doc.elements["/a/b"].has_elements   # -> false
-		#  doc.elements["/a/c"].has_elements   # -> false
-		def has_elements?
-			!@elements.empty?
-		end
-
-		# Iterates through the child elements, yielding for each Element that
-		# has a particular attribute set.
-		# key:: 
-		#   the name of the attribute to search for
-		# value:: 
-		#   the value of the attribute
-		# max:: 
-		#   (optional) causes this method to return after yielding 
-		#   for this number of matching children
-		# name:: 
-		#   (optional) if supplied, this is an XPath that filters
-		#   the children to check.
-		#
-		#  doc = Document.new "<a><b @id='1'/><c @id='2'/><d @id='1'/><e/></a>"
-		#  # Yields b, c, d
-		#  doc.root.each_element_with_attribute( 'id' ) {|e| p e}
-		#  # Yields b, d
-		#  doc.root.each_element_with_attribute( 'id', '1' ) {|e| p e}
-		#  # Yields b
-		#  doc.root.each_element_with_attribute( 'id', '1', 1 ) {|e| p e}
-		#  # Yields d
-		#  doc.root.each_element_with_attribute( 'id', '1', 0, 'd' ) {|e| p e}
-		def each_element_with_attribute( key, value=nil, max=0, name=nil, &block ) # :yields: Element
-			each_with_something( proc {|child| 
-				if value.nil?
-					child.attributes[key] != nil
-				else
-					child.attributes[key]==value
-				end
-			}, max, name, &block )
-		end
-
-		# Iterates through the children, yielding for each Element that
-		# has a particular text set.
-		# text:: 
-		#   the text to search for.  If nil, or not supplied, will itterate
-		#   over all +Element+ children that contain at least one +Text+ node.
-		# max:: 
-		#   (optional) causes this method to return after yielding
-		#   for this number of matching children
-		# name:: 
-		#   (optional) if supplied, this is an XPath that filters
-		#   the children to check.
-		#
-		#  doc = Document.new '<a><b>b</b><c>b</c><d>d</d><e/></a>'
-		#  # Yields b, c, d
-		#  doc.each_element_with_text {|e|p e}
-		#  # Yields b, c
-		#  doc.each_element_with_text('b'){|e|p e}
-		#  # Yields b
-		#  doc.each_element_with_text('b', 1){|e|p e}
-		#  # Yields d
-		#  doc.each_element_with_text(nil, 0, 'd'){|e|p e}
-		def each_element_with_text( text=nil, max=0, name=nil, &block ) # :yields: Element
-			each_with_something( proc {|child| 
-				if text.nil?
-					child.has_text?
-				else
-					child.text == text
-				end
-			}, max, name, &block )
-		end
-
-		# Synonym for Element.elements.each
-		def each_element( xpath=nil, &block ) # :yields: Element
-			@elements.each( xpath, &block )
-		end
-
-		# Synonym for Element.to_a
-		# This is a little slower than calling elements.each directly.
-		# xpath:: any XPath by which to search for elements in the tree
-		# Returns:: an array of Elements that match the supplied path
-		def get_elements( xpath )
-			@elements.to_a( xpath )
-		end
-
-		# Returns the next sibling that is an element, or nil if there is
-		# no Element sibling after this one
-		#  doc = Document.new '<a><b/>text<c/></a>'
-		#  doc.root.elements['b'].next_element          #-> <c/>
-		#  doc.root.elements['c'].next_element          #-> nil
-		def next_element
-			element = next_sibling
-			element = element.next_sibling until element.nil? or element.kind_of? Element 
-			return element
-		end
-
-		# Returns the previous sibling that is an element, or nil if there is
-		# no Element sibling prior to this one
-		#  doc = Document.new '<a><b/>text<c/></a>'
-		#  doc.root.elements['c'].previous_element          #-> <b/>
-		#  doc.root.elements['b'].previous_element          #-> nil
-		def previous_element
-			element = previous_sibling
-			element = element.previous_sibling until element.nil? or element.kind_of? Element
-			return element
-		end
-
-
-		#################################################
-		# Text                                          #
-		#################################################
-
-		# Evaluates to +true+ if this element has at least one Text child
-		def has_text?
-			not text().nil?
-		end
-
-		# A convenience method which returns the String value of the _first_
-		# child text element, if one exists, and +nil+ otherwise.
-		#
-		# <em>Note that an element may have multiple Text elements, perhaps
-		# separated by other children</em>.  Be aware that this method only returns
-		# the first Text node.
-		#
-		# This method returns the +value+ of the first text child node, which
-		# ignores the +raw+ setting, so always returns normalized text. See
-		# the Text::value documentation.
-		#
-		#  doc = Document.new "<p>some text <b>this is bold!</b> more text</p>"
-		#  # The element 'p' has two text elements, "some text " and " more text".
-		#  doc.root.text              #-> "some text "
-		def text( path = nil )
-			rv = get_text(path)
-			return rv.value unless rv.nil?
-			nil
-		end
-
-		# Returns the first child Text node, if any, or +nil+ otherwise.
-		# This method returns the actual +Text+ node, rather than the String content.
-		#  doc = Document.new "<p>some text <b>this is bold!</b> more text</p>"
-		#  # The element 'p' has two text elements, "some text " and " more text".
-		#  doc.root.get_text.value            #-> "some text "
-		def get_text path = nil
-			rv = nil
-			if path
-				element = @elements[ path ]
-				rv = element.get_text unless element.nil?
-			else
-				rv = @children.find { |node| node.kind_of? Text }
-			end
-			return rv
-		end
-
-		# Sets the first Text child of this object.  See text() for a
-		# discussion about Text children.
-		#
-		# If a Text child already exists, the child is replaced by this
-		# content.  This means that Text content can be deleted by calling
-		# this method with a nil argument.  In this case, the next Text
-		# child becomes the first Text child.  In no case is the order of
-		# any siblings disturbed.
-		# text:: 
-		#   If a String, a new Text child is created and added to
-		#   this Element as the first Text child.  If Text, the text is set
-		#   as the first Child element.  If nil, then any existing first Text
-		#   child is removed.
-		# Returns:: this Element.
-		#  doc = Document.new '<a><b/></a>'
-		#  doc.root.text = 'Sean'      #-> '<a><b/>Sean</a>'
-		#  doc.root.text = 'Elliott'   #-> '<a><b/>Elliott</a>'
-		#  doc.root.add_element 'c'    #-> '<a><b/>Elliott<c/></a>'
-		#  doc.root.text = 'Russell'   #-> '<a><b/>Russell<c/></a>'
-		#  doc.root.text = nil         #-> '<a><b/><c/></a>'
-		def text=( text )
+      el = @elements.add(element)
+      attrs.each do |key, value|
+        el.attributes[key]=Attribute.new(key,value,self)
+      end	if attrs.kind_of? Hash
+      el
+    end
+
+    # Deletes a child element.
+    # element:: 
+    #   Must be an +Element+, +String+, or +Integer+.  If Element, 
+    #   the element is removed.  If String, the element is found (via XPath) 
+    #   and removed.  <em>This means that any parent can remove any
+    #   descendant.<em>  If Integer, the Element indexed by that number will be
+    #   removed.
+    # Returns:: the element that was removed.
+    #  doc.delete_element "/a/b/c[@id='4']"
+    #  doc.delete_element doc.elements["//k"]
+    #  doc.delete_element 1
+    def delete_element element
+      @elements.delete element
+    end
+
+    # Evaluates to +true+ if this element has at least one child Element
+    #  doc = Document.new "<a><b/><c>Text</c></a>"
+    #  doc.root.has_elements               # -> true
+    #  doc.elements["/a/b"].has_elements   # -> false
+    #  doc.elements["/a/c"].has_elements   # -> false
+    def has_elements?
+      !@elements.empty?
+    end
+
+    # Iterates through the child elements, yielding for each Element that
+    # has a particular attribute set.
+    # key:: 
+    #   the name of the attribute to search for
+    # value:: 
+    #   the value of the attribute
+    # max:: 
+    #   (optional) causes this method to return after yielding 
+    #   for this number of matching children
+    # name:: 
+    #   (optional) if supplied, this is an XPath that filters
+    #   the children to check.
+    #
+    #  doc = Document.new "<a><b @id='1'/><c @id='2'/><d @id='1'/><e/></a>"
+    #  # Yields b, c, d
+    #  doc.root.each_element_with_attribute( 'id' ) {|e| p e}
+    #  # Yields b, d
+    #  doc.root.each_element_with_attribute( 'id', '1' ) {|e| p e}
+    #  # Yields b
+    #  doc.root.each_element_with_attribute( 'id', '1', 1 ) {|e| p e}
+    #  # Yields d
+    #  doc.root.each_element_with_attribute( 'id', '1', 0, 'd' ) {|e| p e}
+    def each_element_with_attribute( key, value=nil, max=0, name=nil, &block ) # :yields: Element
+      each_with_something( proc {|child| 
+        if value.nil?
+          child.attributes[key] != nil
+        else
+          child.attributes[key]==value
+        end
+      }, max, name, &block )
+    end
+
+    # Iterates through the children, yielding for each Element that
+    # has a particular text set.
+    # text:: 
+    #   the text to search for.  If nil, or not supplied, will iterate
+    #   over all +Element+ children that contain at least one +Text+ node.
+    # max:: 
+    #   (optional) causes this method to return after yielding
+    #   for this number of matching children
+    # name:: 
+    #   (optional) if supplied, this is an XPath that filters
+    #   the children to check.
+    #
+    #  doc = Document.new '<a><b>b</b><c>b</c><d>d</d><e/></a>'
+    #  # Yields b, c, d
+    #  doc.each_element_with_text {|e|p e}
+    #  # Yields b, c
+    #  doc.each_element_with_text('b'){|e|p e}
+    #  # Yields b
+    #  doc.each_element_with_text('b', 1){|e|p e}
+    #  # Yields d
+    #  doc.each_element_with_text(nil, 0, 'd'){|e|p e}
+    def each_element_with_text( text=nil, max=0, name=nil, &block ) # :yields: Element
+      each_with_something( proc {|child| 
+        if text.nil?
+          child.has_text?
+        else
+          child.text == text
+        end
+      }, max, name, &block )
+    end
+
+    # Synonym for Element.elements.each
+    def each_element( xpath=nil, &block ) # :yields: Element
+      @elements.each( xpath, &block )
+    end
+
+    # Synonym for Element.to_a
+    # This is a little slower than calling elements.each directly.
+    # xpath:: any XPath by which to search for elements in the tree
+    # Returns:: an array of Elements that match the supplied path
+    def get_elements( xpath )
+      @elements.to_a( xpath )
+    end
+
+    # Returns the next sibling that is an element, or nil if there is
+    # no Element sibling after this one
+    #  doc = Document.new '<a><b/>text<c/></a>'
+    #  doc.root.elements['b'].next_element          #-> <c/>
+    #  doc.root.elements['c'].next_element          #-> nil
+    def next_element
+      element = next_sibling
+      element = element.next_sibling until element.nil? or element.kind_of? Element 
+      return element
+    end
+
+    # Returns the previous sibling that is an element, or nil if there is
+    # no Element sibling prior to this one
+    #  doc = Document.new '<a><b/>text<c/></a>'
+    #  doc.root.elements['c'].previous_element          #-> <b/>
+    #  doc.root.elements['b'].previous_element          #-> nil
+    def previous_element
+      element = previous_sibling
+      element = element.previous_sibling until element.nil? or element.kind_of? Element
+      return element
+    end
+
+
+    #################################################
+    # Text                                          #
+    #################################################
+
+    # Evaluates to +true+ if this element has at least one Text child
+    def has_text?
+      not text().nil?
+    end
+
+    # A convenience method which returns the String value of the _first_
+    # child text element, if one exists, and +nil+ otherwise.
+    #
+    # <em>Note that an element may have multiple Text elements, perhaps
+    # separated by other children</em>.  Be aware that this method only returns
+    # the first Text node.
+    #
+    # This method returns the +value+ of the first text child node, which
+    # ignores the +raw+ setting, so always returns normalized text. See
+    # the Text::value documentation.
+    #
+    #  doc = Document.new "<p>some text <b>this is bold!</b> more text</p>"
+    #  # The element 'p' has two text elements, "some text " and " more text".
+    #  doc.root.text              #-> "some text "
+    def text( path = nil )
+      rv = get_text(path)
+      return rv.value unless rv.nil?
+      nil
+    end
+
+    # Returns the first child Text node, if any, or +nil+ otherwise.
+    # This method returns the actual +Text+ node, rather than the String content.
+    #  doc = Document.new "<p>some text <b>this is bold!</b> more text</p>"
+    #  # The element 'p' has two text elements, "some text " and " more text".
+    #  doc.root.get_text.value            #-> "some text "
+    def get_text path = nil
+      rv = nil
+      if path
+        element = @elements[ path ]
+        rv = element.get_text unless element.nil?
+      else
+        rv = @children.find { |node| node.kind_of? Text }
+      end
+      return rv
+    end
+
+    # Sets the first Text child of this object.  See text() for a
+    # discussion about Text children.
+    #
+    # If a Text child already exists, the child is replaced by this
+    # content.  This means that Text content can be deleted by calling
+    # this method with a nil argument.  In this case, the next Text
+    # child becomes the first Text child.  In no case is the order of
+    # any siblings disturbed.
+    # text:: 
+    #   If a String, a new Text child is created and added to
+    #   this Element as the first Text child.  If Text, the text is set
+    #   as the first Child element.  If nil, then any existing first Text
+    #   child is removed.
+    # Returns:: this Element.
+    #  doc = Document.new '<a><b/></a>'
+    #  doc.root.text = 'Sean'      #-> '<a><b/>Sean</a>'
+    #  doc.root.text = 'Elliott'   #-> '<a><b/>Elliott</a>'
+    #  doc.root.add_element 'c'    #-> '<a><b/>Elliott<c/></a>'
+    #  doc.root.text = 'Russell'   #-> '<a><b/>Russell<c/></a>'
+    #  doc.root.text = nil         #-> '<a><b/><c/></a>'
+    def text=( text )
       if text.kind_of? String
         text = Text.new( text, whitespace(), nil, raw() )
       elsif text and !text.kind_of? Text
         text = Text.new( text.to_s, whitespace(), nil, raw() )
       end
-        
-			old_text = get_text
-			if text.nil?
-				old_text.remove unless old_text.nil?
-			else
-				if old_text.nil?
-					self << text
-				else
-					old_text.replace_with( text )
-				end
-			end
-			return self
-		end
-
-		# A helper method to add a Text child.  Actual Text instances can
-		# be added with regular Parent methods, such as add() and <<()
-		# text::
-		#   if a String, a new Text instance is created and added
-		#   to the parent.  If Text, the object is added directly.
-		# Returns:: this Element
-		#  e = Element.new('a')          #-> <e/>
-		#  e.add_text 'foo'              #-> <e>foo</e>
-		#  e.add_text Text.new(' bar')    #-> <e>foo bar</e>
-		# Note that at the end of this example, the branch has <b>3</b> nodes; the 'e'
-		# element and <b>2</b> Text node children.
-		def add_text( text )
-			if text.kind_of? String 
-				if @children[-1].kind_of? Text
-					@children[-1] << text
-					return
-				end
-				text = Text.new( text, whitespace(), nil, raw() )
-			end
-			self << text unless text.nil?
-			return self
-		end
+      old_text = get_text
+      if text.nil?
+        old_text.remove unless old_text.nil?
+      else
+        if old_text.nil?
+          self << text
+        else
+          old_text.replace_with( text )
+        end
+      end
+      return self
+    end
+
+    # A helper method to add a Text child.  Actual Text instances can
+    # be added with regular Parent methods, such as add() and <<()
+    # text::
+    #   if a String, a new Text instance is created and added
+    #   to the parent.  If Text, the object is added directly.
+    # Returns:: this Element
+    #  e = Element.new('a')          #-> <e/>
+    #  e.add_text 'foo'              #-> <e>foo</e>
+    #  e.add_text Text.new(' bar')    #-> <e>foo bar</e>
+    # Note that at the end of this example, the branch has <b>3</b> nodes; the 'e'
+    # element and <b>2</b> Text node children.
+    def add_text( text )
+      if text.kind_of? String 
+        if @children[-1].kind_of? Text
+          @children[-1] << text
+          return
+        end
+        text = Text.new( text, whitespace(), nil, raw() )
+      end
+      self << text unless text.nil?
+      return self
+    end
 
     def node_type
       :element
@@ -552,166 +546,147 @@ module REXML
       return path_elements.reverse.join( "/" )
     end
 
-		#################################################
-		# Attributes                                    #
-		#################################################
-
-		def attribute( name, namespace=nil )
-			prefix = ''
-			if namespace
-				prefix = attributes.prefixes.each { |prefix|
-					return "#{prefix}:" if namespace( prefix ) == namespace
-				} || ''
-			end
-			attributes.get_attribute( "#{prefix}#{name}" )
-		end
-
-		# Evaluates to +true+ if this element has any attributes set, false
-		# otherwise.
-		def has_attributes?
-			return !@attributes.empty?
-		end
-
-		# Adds an attribute to this element, overwriting any existing attribute
-		# by the same name.
-		# key::
-		#   can be either an Attribute or a String.  If an Attribute,
-		#   the attribute is added to the list of Element attributes.  If String,
-		#   the argument is used as the name of the new attribute, and the value
-		#   parameter must be supplied.
-		# value:: 
-		#   Required if +key+ is a String, and ignored if the first argument is
-		#   an Attribute.  This is a String, and is used as the value
-		#   of the new Attribute.
-		# Returns:: the Attribute added
-		#  e = Element.new 'e'
-		#  e.add_attribute( 'a', 'b' )               #-> <e a='b'/>
-		#  e.add_attribute( 'x:a', 'c' )             #-> <e a='b' x:a='c'/>
-		#  e.add_attribute Attribute.new('b', 'd')   #-> <e a='b' x:a='c' b='d'/>
-		def add_attribute( key, value=nil )
-			if key.kind_of? Attribute
-				@attributes << key
-			else
-				@attributes[key] = value
-			end
-		end
-
-		# Add multiple attributes to this element.
-		# hash:: is either a hash, or array of arrays
-		#  el.add_attributes( {"name1"=>"value1", "name2"=>"value2"} )
-		#  el.add_attributes( [ ["name1","value1"], ["name2"=>"value2"] ] )
-		def add_attributes hash
-			if hash.kind_of? Hash
-				hash.each_pair {|key, value| @attributes[key] = value }
-			elsif hash.kind_of? Array
-				hash.each { |value| @attributes[ value[0] ] = value[1] }
-			end
-		end
-
-		# Removes an attribute
-		# key::
-		#   either an Attribute or a String.  In either case, the
-		#   attribute is found by matching the attribute name to the argument,
-		#   and then removed.  If no attribute is found, no action is taken.
-		# Returns:: 
-		#   the attribute removed, or nil if this Element did not contain
-		#   a matching attribute
-		#  e = Element.new('E')
-		#  e.add_attribute( 'name', 'Sean' )             #-> <E name='Sean'/>
-		#  r = e.add_attribute( 'sur:name', 'Russell' )  #-> <E name='Sean' sur:name='Russell'/>
-		#  e.delete_attribute( 'name' )                  #-> <E sur:name='Russell'/>
-		#  e.delete_attribute( r )                       #-> <E/>
-		def delete_attribute(key)
-			attr = @attributes.get_attribute(key)
-			attr.remove unless attr.nil?
-		end
-
-		#################################################
-		# Other Utilities                               #
-		#################################################
-
-		# Get an array of all CData children.  
-		# IMMUTABLE
-		def cdatas
-			find_all { |child| child.kind_of? CData }.freeze
-		end
-
-		# Get an array of all Comment children.
-		# IMMUTABLE
-		def comments
-			find_all { |child| child.kind_of? Comment }.freeze
-		end
-
-		# Get an array of all Instruction children.
-		# IMMUTABLE
-		def instructions
-			find_all { |child| child.kind_of? Instruction }.freeze
-		end
-
-		# Get an array of all Text children.
-		# IMMUTABLE
-		def texts
-			find_all { |child| child.kind_of? Text }.freeze
-		end
-
-		# Writes out this element, and recursively, all children.
-		# output::
-		#	  output an object which supports '<< string'; this is where the
-		#   document will be written.
-		# indent::
-		#   An integer.  If -1, no indenting will be used; otherwise, the
-		#   indentation will be this number of spaces, and children will be
-		#   indented an additional amount.  Defaults to -1
-		# transitive::
-		#   If transitive is true and indent is >= 0, then the output will be
-		#   pretty-printed in such a way that the added whitespace does not affect
-		#   the parse tree of the document
-		# ie_hack::
-		#   Internet Explorer is the worst piece of crap to have ever been
-		#   written, with the possible exception of Windows itself.  Since IE is
-		#   unable to parse proper XML, we have to provide a hack to generate XML
-		#   that IE's limited abilities can handle.  This hack inserts a space 
-		#   before the /> on empty tags.  Defaults to false
-		#
-		#  out = ''
-		#  doc.write( out )     #-> doc is written to the string 'out'
-		#  doc.write( $stdout ) #-> doc written to the console
-		def write(writer=$stdout, indent=-1, transitive=false, ie_hack=false)
-			#print "ID:#{indent}"
-			writer << "<#@expanded_name"
-
-			@attributes.each_attribute do |attr|
-				writer << " "
-				attr.write( writer, indent )
-			end unless @attributes.empty?
-
-			if @children.empty?
-        if transitive and indent>-1
-          writer << "\n"
-          indent( writer, indent )
-        elsif ie_hack
-          writer << " " 
+    #################################################
+    # Attributes                                    #
+    #################################################
+
+    def attribute( name, namespace=nil )
+      prefix = nil
+      prefix = namespaces.index(namespace) if namespace
+      prefix = nil if prefix == 'xmlns'
+      attributes.get_attribute( "#{prefix ? prefix + ':' : ''}#{name}" )
+    end
+
+    # Evaluates to +true+ if this element has any attributes set, false
+    # otherwise.
+    def has_attributes?
+      return !@attributes.empty?
+    end
+
+    # Adds an attribute to this element, overwriting any existing attribute
+    # by the same name.
+    # key::
+    #   can be either an Attribute or a String.  If an Attribute,
+    #   the attribute is added to the list of Element attributes.  If String,
+    #   the argument is used as the name of the new attribute, and the value
+    #   parameter must be supplied.
+    # value:: 
+    #   Required if +key+ is a String, and ignored if the first argument is
+    #   an Attribute.  This is a String, and is used as the value
+    #   of the new Attribute.  This should be the unnormalized value of the
+    #   attribute (without entities).
+    # Returns:: the Attribute added
+    #  e = Element.new 'e'
+    #  e.add_attribute( 'a', 'b' )               #-> <e a='b'/>
+    #  e.add_attribute( 'x:a', 'c' )             #-> <e a='b' x:a='c'/>
+    #  e.add_attribute Attribute.new('b', 'd')   #-> <e a='b' x:a='c' b='d'/>
+    def add_attribute( key, value=nil )
+      if key.kind_of? Attribute
+        @attributes << key
+      else
+        @attributes[key] = value
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Add multiple attributes to this element.
+    # hash:: is either a hash, or array of arrays
+    #  el.add_attributes( {"name1"=>"value1", "name2"=>"value2"} )
+    #  el.add_attributes( [ ["name1","value1"], ["name2"=>"value2"] ] )
+    def add_attributes hash
+      if hash.kind_of? Hash
+        hash.each_pair {|key, value| @attributes[key] = value }
+      elsif hash.kind_of? Array
+        hash.each { |value| @attributes[ value[0] ] = value[1] }
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Removes an attribute
+    # key::
+    #   either an Attribute or a String.  In either case, the
+    #   attribute is found by matching the attribute name to the argument,
+    #   and then removed.  If no attribute is found, no action is taken.
+    # Returns:: 
+    #   the attribute removed, or nil if this Element did not contain
+    #   a matching attribute
+    #  e = Element.new('E')
+    #  e.add_attribute( 'name', 'Sean' )             #-> <E name='Sean'/>
+    #  r = e.add_attribute( 'sur:name', 'Russell' )  #-> <E name='Sean' sur:name='Russell'/>
+    #  e.delete_attribute( 'name' )                  #-> <E sur:name='Russell'/>
+    #  e.delete_attribute( r )                       #-> <E/>
+    def delete_attribute(key)
+      attr = @attributes.get_attribute(key)
+      attr.remove unless attr.nil?
+    end
+
+    #################################################
+    # Other Utilities                               #
+    #################################################
+
+    # Get an array of all CData children.  
+    # IMMUTABLE
+    def cdatas
+      find_all { |child| child.kind_of? CData }.freeze
+    end
+
+    # Get an array of all Comment children.
+    # IMMUTABLE
+    def comments
+      find_all { |child| child.kind_of? Comment }.freeze
+    end
+
+    # Get an array of all Instruction children.
+    # IMMUTABLE
+    def instructions
+      find_all { |child| child.kind_of? Instruction }.freeze
+    end
+
+    # Get an array of all Text children.
+    # IMMUTABLE
+    def texts
+      find_all { |child| child.kind_of? Text }.freeze
+    end
+
+    # == DEPRECATED
+    # See REXML::Formatters
+    #
+    # Writes out this element, and recursively, all children.
+    # output::
+    #	  output an object which supports '<< string'; this is where the
+    #   document will be written.
+    # indent::
+    #   An integer.  If -1, no indenting will be used; otherwise, the
+    #   indentation will be this number of spaces, and children will be
+    #   indented an additional amount.  Defaults to -1
+    # transitive::
+    #   If transitive is true and indent is >= 0, then the output will be
+    #   pretty-printed in such a way that the added whitespace does not affect
+    #   the parse tree of the document
+    # ie_hack::
+    #   Internet Explorer is the worst piece of crap to have ever been
+    #   written, with the possible exception of Windows itself.  Since IE is
+    #   unable to parse proper XML, we have to provide a hack to generate XML
+    #   that IE's limited abilities can handle.  This hack inserts a space 
+    #   before the /> on empty tags.  Defaults to false
+    #
+    #  out = ''
+    #  doc.write( out )     #-> doc is written to the string 'out'
+    #  doc.write( $stdout ) #-> doc written to the console
+    def write(writer=$stdout, indent=-1, transitive=false, ie_hack=false)
+      Kernel.warn("#{self.class.name}.write is deprecated.  See REXML::Formatters")
+      formatter = if indent > -1
+          if transitive
+            REXML::Formatters::Transitive.new( indent, ie_hack )
+          else
+            REXML::Formatters::Pretty.new( indent, ie_hack )
+          end
+        else
+          REXML::Formatters::Default.new( ie_hack )
         end
-				writer << "/" 
-			else
-				if transitive and indent>-1 and !@children[0].kind_of? Text
-					writer << "\n"
-					indent writer, indent+1
-				end
-				writer << ">"
-				write_children( writer, indent, transitive, ie_hack )
-				writer << "</#{expanded_name}"
-			end
-			if transitive and indent>-1 and !@children.empty?
-				writer << "\n"
-				indent -= 1 if next_sibling.nil?
-				indent(writer, indent)
-			end
-			writer << ">"
-		end
-
-
-		private
+      formatter.write( self, output )
+    end
+
+
+    private
     def __to_xpath_helper node
       rv = node.expanded_name.clone
       if node.parent
@@ -726,505 +701,514 @@ module REXML
       rv
     end
 
-		# A private helper method
-		def each_with_something( test, max=0, name=nil )
-			num = 0
-			child=nil
-			@elements.each( name ){ |child|
-				yield child if test.call(child) and num += 1
-				return if max>0 and num == max
-			}
-		end
-
-		# A private helper method
-		def write_children( writer, indent, transitive, ie_hack )
-			cr = (indent < 0) ? '' : "\n"
-			if indent == -1
-				each { |child| child.write( writer, indent, transitive, ie_hack ) }
-			else
-				next_indent = indent+1
-				last_child=nil
-				each { |child|
-					unless child.kind_of? Text or last_child.kind_of? Text or transitive
-						writer << cr
-						indent(writer, next_indent)
-					end
-					child.write( writer, next_indent, transitive, ie_hack )
-					last_child = child
-				}
-				unless last_child.kind_of? Text or transitive
-					writer << cr
-					indent( writer, indent )
-				end
-			end
-		end
-	end
-
-	########################################################################
-	# ELEMENTS                                                             #
-	########################################################################
-
-	# A class which provides filtering of children for Elements, and
-	# XPath search support.  You are expected to only encounter this class as
-	# the <tt>element.elements</tt> object.  Therefore, you are 
-	# _not_ expected to instantiate this yourself.
-	class Elements
-		include Enumerable
-		# Constructor
-		# parent:: the parent Element
-		def initialize parent
-			@element = parent
-		end
-
-		# Fetches a child element.  Filters only Element children, regardless of
-		# the XPath match.
-		# index:: 
-		#   the search parameter.  This is either an Integer, which
-		#   will be used to find the index'th child Element, or an XPath,
-		#   which will be used to search for the Element.  <em>Because
-		#   of the nature of XPath searches, any element in the connected XML
-		#   document can be fetched through any other element.</em>  <b>The
-		#   Integer index is 1-based, not 0-based.</b>  This means that the first
-		#   child element is at index 1, not 0, and the +n+th element is at index
-		#   +n+, not <tt>n-1</tt>.  This is because XPath indexes element children
-		#   starting from 1, not 0, and the indexes should be the same.
-		# name:: 
-		#   optional, and only used in the first argument is an
-		#   Integer.  In that case, the index'th child Element that has the
-		#   supplied name will be returned.  Note again that the indexes start at 1.
-		# Returns:: the first matching Element, or nil if no child matched
-		#  doc = Document.new '<a><b/><c id="1"/><c id="2"/><d/></a>'
-		#  doc.root.elements[1]       #-> <b/>
-		#  doc.root.elements['c']     #-> <c id="1"/>
-		#  doc.root.elements[2,'c']   #-> <c id="2"/>
-		def []( index, name=nil)
-			if index.kind_of? Integer
-				raise "index (#{index}) must be >= 1" if index < 1
-				name = literalize(name) if name
-				num = 0
-				child = nil
-				@element.find { |child|
-					child.kind_of? Element and
-					(name.nil? ? true : child.has_name?( name )) and 
-					(num += 1) == index
-				}
-			else
-				return XPath::first( @element, index )
-				#{ |element| 
-				#	return element if element.kind_of? Element
-				#}
-				#return nil
-			end
-		end
-
-		# Sets an element, replacing any previous matching element.  If no
-		# existing element is found ,the element is added.
-		# index:: Used to find a matching element to replace.  See []().
-		# element:: 
-		#   The element to replace the existing element with
-		#   the previous element
-		# Returns:: nil if no previous element was found.
-		#
-		#  doc = Document.new '<a/>'
-		#  doc.root.elements[10] = Element.new('b')    #-> <a><b/></a>
-		#  doc.root.elements[1]                        #-> <b/>
-		#  doc.root.elements[1] = Element.new('c')     #-> <a><c/></a>
-		#  doc.root.elements['c'] = Element.new('d')   #-> <a><d/></a>
-		def []=( index, element )
-			previous = self[index]
-			if previous.nil?
-				@element.add element
-			else
-				previous.replace_with element
-			end
-			return previous
-		end
-
-		# Returns +true+ if there are no +Element+ children, +false+ otherwise
-		def empty?
-			@element.find{ |child| child.kind_of? Element}.nil?
-		end
-
-		# Returns the index of the supplied child (starting at 1), or -1 if 
-		# the element is not a child
-		# element:: an +Element+ child
-		def index element
-			rv = 0
-			found = @element.find do |child| 
-				child.kind_of? Element and
-				(rv += 1) and
-				child == element
-			end
-			return rv if found == element
-			return -1
-		end
-
-		# Deletes a child Element
-		# element:: 
-		#   Either an Element, which is removed directly; an
-		#   xpath, where the first matching child is removed; or an Integer,
-		#   where the n'th Element is removed.
-		# Returns:: the removed child
-		#  doc = Document.new '<a><b/><c/><c id="1"/></a>'
-		#  b = doc.root.elements[1]
-		#  doc.root.elements.delete b           #-> <a><c/><c id="1"/></a>
-		#  doc.elements.delete("a/c[@id='1']")  #-> <a><c/></a>
-		#  doc.root.elements.delete 1           #-> <a/>
-		def delete element
-			if element.kind_of? Element
-				@element.delete element
-			else
-				el = self[element]
-				el.remove if el
-			end
-		end
-
-		# Removes multiple elements.  Filters for Element children, regardless of
-		# XPath matching.
-		# xpath:: all elements matching this String path are removed.
-		# Returns:: an Array of Elements that have been removed
-		#  doc = Document.new '<a><c/><c/><c/><c/></a>'
-		#  deleted = doc.elements.delete_all 'a/c' #-> [<c/>, <c/>, <c/>, <c/>]
-		def delete_all( xpath )
-			rv = []
-			XPath::each( @element, xpath) {|element| 
-				rv << element if element.kind_of? Element
-			}
-			rv.each do |element|
-				@element.delete element
-				element.remove
-			end
-			return rv
-		end
-
-		# Adds an element
-		# element:: 
-		#   if supplied, is either an Element, String, or
-		#   Source (see Element.initialize).  If not supplied or nil, a
-		#   new, default Element will be constructed
-		# Returns:: the added Element
-		#  a = Element.new 'a'
-		#  a.elements.add Element.new 'b'  #-> <a><b/></a>
-		#  a.elements.add 'c'              #-> <a><b/><c/></a>
-		def add element=nil
-			rv = nil
-			if element.nil?
-				Element.new "", self, @element.context
-			elsif not element.kind_of?(Element)
-				Element.new element, self, @element.context
-			else
-				@element << element
-				element.context = @element.context
-				element
-			end
-		end
-
-		alias :<< :add
-
-		# Iterates through all of the child Elements, optionally filtering
-		# them by a given XPath
-		# xpath:: 
-		#   optional.  If supplied, this is a String XPath, and is used to 
-		#   filter the children, so that only matching children are yielded.  Note
-		#   that XPaths are automatically filtered for Elements, so that
-		#   non-Element children will not be yielded
-		#  doc = Document.new '<a><b/><c/><d/>sean<b/><c/><d/></a>'
-		#  doc.root.each {|e|p e}       #-> Yields b, c, d, b, c, d elements
-		#  doc.root.each('b') {|e|p e}  #-> Yields b, b elements
-		#  doc.root.each('child::node()')  {|e|p e}
-		#  #-> Yields <b/>, <c/>, <d/>, <b/>, <c/>, <d/>
-		#  XPath.each(doc.root, 'child::node()', &block)
-		#  #-> Yields <b/>, <c/>, <d/>, sean, <b/>, <c/>, <d/>
-		def each( xpath=nil, &block)
-			XPath::each( @element, xpath ) {|e| yield e if e.kind_of? Element }
-		end
-
-		# Returns the number of +Element+ children of the parent object.
-		#  doc = Document.new '<a>sean<b/>elliott<b/>russell<b/></a>'
-		#  doc.root.size            #-> 6, 3 element and 3 text nodes
-		#  doc.root.elements.size   #-> 3
-		def size
-			count = 0
-			@element.each {|child| count+=1 if child.kind_of? Element }
-			count
-		end
-
-		# Returns an Array of Element children.  An XPath may be supplied to
-		# filter the children.  Only Element children are returned, even if the
-		# supplied XPath matches non-Element children.
-		#  doc = Document.new '<a>sean<b/>elliott<c/></a>'
-		#  doc.root.elements.to_a                  #-> [ <b/>, <c/> ]
-		#  doc.root.elements.to_a("child::node()") #-> [ <b/>, <c/> ] 
-		#  XPath.match(doc.root, "child::node()")  #-> [ sean, <b/>, elliott, <c/> ]
-		def to_a( xpath=nil )
-			rv = XPath.match( @element, xpath )
-			return rv.find_all{|e| e.kind_of? Element} if xpath
-			rv
-		end
-
-		private
-		# Private helper class.  Removes quotes from quoted strings
-		def literalize name
-			name = name[1..-2] if name[0] == ?' or name[0] == ?"               #'
-			name
-		end
-	end
-
-	########################################################################
-	# ATTRIBUTES                                                           #
-	########################################################################
-
-	# A class that defines the set of Attributes of an Element and provides 
-	# operations for accessing elements in that set.
-	class Attributes < Hash
-		# Constructor
-		# element:: the Element of which this is an Attribute
-		def initialize element
-			@element = element
-		end
-
-		# Fetches an attribute value.  If you want to get the Attribute itself,
-		# use get_attribute()
-		# name:: an XPath attribute name.  Namespaces are relevant here.
-		# Returns:: 
-		#   the String value of the matching attribute, or +nil+ if no
-		#   matching attribute was found.
-		# 
-		#  doc = Document.new "<a foo:att='1' bar:att='2' att='3'/>"
-		#  doc.root.attributes['att']         #-> '3'
-		#  doc.root.attributes['bar:att']     #-> '2'
-		def [](name)
-			attr = get_attribute(name)
-			return attr.value unless attr.nil?
-			return nil
-		end
-
-		def to_a
-			values.flatten
-		end
-
-		# Returns the number of attributes the owning Element contains.
-		#  doc = Document "<a x='1' y='2' foo:x='3'/>"
-		#  doc.root.attributes.length        #-> 3
-		def length
-			c = 0
-			each_attribute { c+=1 }
-			c
-		end
-		alias :size :length
-
-		# Itterates over the attributes of an Element.  Yields actual Attribute
-		# nodes, not String values.
-		# 
-		#  doc = Document.new '<a x="1" y="2"/>'
-		#  doc.root.attributes.each_attribute {|attr|
-		#    p attr.expanded_name+" => "+attr.value
-		#  }
-		def each_attribute # :yields: attribute
-			each_value do |val|
-				if val.kind_of? Attribute
-					yield val
-				else
-					val.each_value { |atr| yield atr }
-				end
-			end
-		end
-
-		# Itterates over each attribute of an Element, yielding the expanded name
-		# and value as a pair of Strings.
-		#
-		#  doc = Document.new '<a x="1" y="2"/>'
-		#  doc.root.attributes.each {|name, value| p name+" => "+value }
-		def each
-			each_attribute do |attr|
-				yield attr.expanded_name, attr.value
-			end
-		end
-
-		# Fetches an attribute
-		# name:: 
-		#   the name by which to search for the attribute.  Can be a
-		#   <tt>prefix:name</tt> namespace name.
-		# Returns:: The first matching attribute, or nil if there was none.  This
-		# value is an Attribute node, not the String value of the attribute.
-		#  doc = Document.new '<a x:foo="1" foo="2" bar="3"/>'
-		#  doc.root.attributes.get_attribute("foo").value    #-> "2"
-		#  doc.root.attributes.get_attribute("x:foo").value  #-> "1"
-		def get_attribute( name )
-			attr = fetch( name, nil )
-			if attr.nil?
-				return nil if name.nil?
-				# Look for prefix
-				name =~ Namespace::NAMESPLIT
-				prefix, n = $1, $2
-				if prefix
-					attr = fetch( n, nil )
-					# check prefix
-					if attr == nil
-					elsif attr.kind_of? Attribute
-						return attr if prefix == attr.prefix
-					else
-						attr = attr[ prefix ]
-						return attr
-					end
-				end
+    # A private helper method
+    def each_with_something( test, max=0, name=nil )
+      num = 0
+      child=nil
+      @elements.each( name ){ |child|
+        yield child if test.call(child) and num += 1
+        return if max>0 and num == max
+      }
+    end
+  end
+
+  ########################################################################
+  # ELEMENTS                                                             #
+  ########################################################################
+
+  # A class which provides filtering of children for Elements, and
+  # XPath search support.  You are expected to only encounter this class as
+  # the <tt>element.elements</tt> object.  Therefore, you are 
+  # _not_ expected to instantiate this yourself.
+  class Elements
+    include Enumerable
+    # Constructor
+    # parent:: the parent Element
+    def initialize parent
+      @element = parent
+    end
+
+    # Fetches a child element.  Filters only Element children, regardless of
+    # the XPath match.
+    # index:: 
+    #   the search parameter.  This is either an Integer, which
+    #   will be used to find the index'th child Element, or an XPath,
+    #   which will be used to search for the Element.  <em>Because
+    #   of the nature of XPath searches, any element in the connected XML
+    #   document can be fetched through any other element.</em>  <b>The
+    #   Integer index is 1-based, not 0-based.</b>  This means that the first
+    #   child element is at index 1, not 0, and the +n+th element is at index
+    #   +n+, not <tt>n-1</tt>.  This is because XPath indexes element children
+    #   starting from 1, not 0, and the indexes should be the same.
+    # name:: 
+    #   optional, and only used in the first argument is an
+    #   Integer.  In that case, the index'th child Element that has the
+    #   supplied name will be returned.  Note again that the indexes start at 1.
+    # Returns:: the first matching Element, or nil if no child matched
+    #  doc = Document.new '<a><b/><c id="1"/><c id="2"/><d/></a>'
+    #  doc.root.elements[1]       #-> <b/>
+    #  doc.root.elements['c']     #-> <c id="1"/>
+    #  doc.root.elements[2,'c']   #-> <c id="2"/>
+    def []( index, name=nil)
+      if index.kind_of? Integer
+        raise "index (#{index}) must be >= 1" if index < 1
+        name = literalize(name) if name
+        num = 0
+        child = nil
+        @element.find { |child|
+          child.kind_of? Element and
+          (name.nil? ? true : child.has_name?( name )) and 
+          (num += 1) == index
+        }
+      else
+        return XPath::first( @element, index )
+        #{ |element| 
+        #	return element if element.kind_of? Element
+        #}
+        #return nil
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Sets an element, replacing any previous matching element.  If no
+    # existing element is found ,the element is added.
+    # index:: Used to find a matching element to replace.  See []().
+    # element:: 
+    #   The element to replace the existing element with
+    #   the previous element
+    # Returns:: nil if no previous element was found.
+    #
+    #  doc = Document.new '<a/>'
+    #  doc.root.elements[10] = Element.new('b')    #-> <a><b/></a>
+    #  doc.root.elements[1]                        #-> <b/>
+    #  doc.root.elements[1] = Element.new('c')     #-> <a><c/></a>
+    #  doc.root.elements['c'] = Element.new('d')   #-> <a><d/></a>
+    def []=( index, element )
+      previous = self[index]
+      if previous.nil?
+        @element.add element
+      else
+        previous.replace_with element
+      end
+      return previous
+    end
+
+    # Returns +true+ if there are no +Element+ children, +false+ otherwise
+    def empty?
+      @element.find{ |child| child.kind_of? Element}.nil?
+    end
+
+    # Returns the index of the supplied child (starting at 1), or -1 if 
+    # the element is not a child
+    # element:: an +Element+ child
+    def index element
+      rv = 0
+      found = @element.find do |child| 
+        child.kind_of? Element and
+        (rv += 1) and
+        child == element
+      end
+      return rv if found == element
+      return -1
+    end
+
+    # Deletes a child Element
+    # element:: 
+    #   Either an Element, which is removed directly; an
+    #   xpath, where the first matching child is removed; or an Integer,
+    #   where the n'th Element is removed.
+    # Returns:: the removed child
+    #  doc = Document.new '<a><b/><c/><c id="1"/></a>'
+    #  b = doc.root.elements[1]
+    #  doc.root.elements.delete b           #-> <a><c/><c id="1"/></a>
+    #  doc.elements.delete("a/c[@id='1']")  #-> <a><c/></a>
+    #  doc.root.elements.delete 1           #-> <a/>
+    def delete element
+      if element.kind_of? Element
+        @element.delete element
+      else
+        el = self[element]
+        el.remove if el
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Removes multiple elements.  Filters for Element children, regardless of
+    # XPath matching.
+    # xpath:: all elements matching this String path are removed.
+    # Returns:: an Array of Elements that have been removed
+    #  doc = Document.new '<a><c/><c/><c/><c/></a>'
+    #  deleted = doc.elements.delete_all 'a/c' #-> [<c/>, <c/>, <c/>, <c/>]
+    def delete_all( xpath )
+      rv = []
+      XPath::each( @element, xpath) {|element| 
+        rv << element if element.kind_of? Element
+      }
+      rv.each do |element|
+        @element.delete element
+        element.remove
+      end
+      return rv
+    end
+
+    # Adds an element
+    # element:: 
+    #   if supplied, is either an Element, String, or
+    #   Source (see Element.initialize).  If not supplied or nil, a
+    #   new, default Element will be constructed
+    # Returns:: the added Element
+    #  a = Element.new('a')
+    #  a.elements.add(Element.new('b'))  #-> <a><b/></a>
+    #  a.elements.add('c')               #-> <a><b/><c/></a>
+    def add element=nil
+      rv = nil
+      if element.nil?
+        Element.new("", self, @element.context)
+      elsif not element.kind_of?(Element)
+        Element.new(element, self, @element.context)
+      else
+        @element << element
+        element.context = @element.context
+        element
+      end
+    end
+
+    alias :<< :add
+
+    # Iterates through all of the child Elements, optionally filtering
+    # them by a given XPath
+    # xpath:: 
+    #   optional.  If supplied, this is a String XPath, and is used to 
+    #   filter the children, so that only matching children are yielded.  Note
+    #   that XPaths are automatically filtered for Elements, so that
+    #   non-Element children will not be yielded
+    #  doc = Document.new '<a><b/><c/><d/>sean<b/><c/><d/></a>'
+    #  doc.root.each {|e|p e}       #-> Yields b, c, d, b, c, d elements
+    #  doc.root.each('b') {|e|p e}  #-> Yields b, b elements
+    #  doc.root.each('child::node()')  {|e|p e}
+    #  #-> Yields <b/>, <c/>, <d/>, <b/>, <c/>, <d/>
+    #  XPath.each(doc.root, 'child::node()', &block)
+    #  #-> Yields <b/>, <c/>, <d/>, sean, <b/>, <c/>, <d/>
+    def each( xpath=nil, &block)
+      XPath::each( @element, xpath ) {|e| yield e if e.kind_of? Element }
+    end
+
+    def collect( xpath=nil, &block )
+      collection = []
+      XPath::each( @element, xpath ) {|e| 
+        collection << yield(e)  if e.kind_of?(Element) 
+      }
+      collection
+    end
+
+    def inject( xpath=nil, initial=nil, &block )
+      first = true
+      XPath::each( @element, xpath ) {|e|
+        if (e.kind_of? Element)
+          if (first and initial == nil)
+            initial = e
+            first = false
+          else
+            initial = yield( initial, e ) if e.kind_of? Element
+          end
+        end
+      }
+      initial
+    end
+
+    # Returns the number of +Element+ children of the parent object.
+    #  doc = Document.new '<a>sean<b/>elliott<b/>russell<b/></a>'
+    #  doc.root.size            #-> 6, 3 element and 3 text nodes
+    #  doc.root.elements.size   #-> 3
+    def size
+      count = 0
+      @element.each {|child| count+=1 if child.kind_of? Element }
+      count
+    end
+
+    # Returns an Array of Element children.  An XPath may be supplied to
+    # filter the children.  Only Element children are returned, even if the
+    # supplied XPath matches non-Element children.
+    #  doc = Document.new '<a>sean<b/>elliott<c/></a>'
+    #  doc.root.elements.to_a                  #-> [ <b/>, <c/> ]
+    #  doc.root.elements.to_a("child::node()") #-> [ <b/>, <c/> ] 
+    #  XPath.match(doc.root, "child::node()")  #-> [ sean, <b/>, elliott, <c/> ]
+    def to_a( xpath=nil )
+      rv = XPath.match( @element, xpath )
+      return rv.find_all{|e| e.kind_of? Element} if xpath
+      rv
+    end
+
+    private
+    # Private helper class.  Removes quotes from quoted strings
+    def literalize name
+      name = name[1..-2] if name[0] == ?' or name[0] == ?"               #'
+      name
+    end
+  end
+
+  ########################################################################
+  # ATTRIBUTES                                                           #
+  ########################################################################
+
+  # A class that defines the set of Attributes of an Element and provides 
+  # operations for accessing elements in that set.
+  class Attributes < Hash
+    # Constructor
+    # element:: the Element of which this is an Attribute
+    def initialize element
+      @element = element
+    end
+
+    # Fetches an attribute value.  If you want to get the Attribute itself,
+    # use get_attribute()
+    # name:: an XPath attribute name.  Namespaces are relevant here.
+    # Returns:: 
+    #   the String value of the matching attribute, or +nil+ if no
+    #   matching attribute was found.  This is the unnormalized value
+    #   (with entities expanded).
+    # 
+    #  doc = Document.new "<a foo:att='1' bar:att='2' att='&lt;'/>"
+    #  doc.root.attributes['att']         #-> '<'
+    #  doc.root.attributes['bar:att']     #-> '2'
+    def [](name)
+      attr = get_attribute(name)
+      return attr.value unless attr.nil?
+      return nil
+    end
+
+    def to_a
+      values.flatten
+    end
+
+    # Returns the number of attributes the owning Element contains.
+    #  doc = Document "<a x='1' y='2' foo:x='3'/>"
+    #  doc.root.attributes.length        #-> 3
+    def length
+      c = 0
+      each_attribute { c+=1 }
+      c
+    end
+    alias :size :length
+
+    # Iterates over the attributes of an Element.  Yields actual Attribute
+    # nodes, not String values.
+    # 
+    #  doc = Document.new '<a x="1" y="2"/>'
+    #  doc.root.attributes.each_attribute {|attr|
+    #    p attr.expanded_name+" => "+attr.value
+    #  }
+    def each_attribute # :yields: attribute
+      each_value do |val|
+        if val.kind_of? Attribute
+          yield val
+        else
+          val.each_value { |atr| yield atr }
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Iterates over each attribute of an Element, yielding the expanded name
+    # and value as a pair of Strings.
+    #
+    #  doc = Document.new '<a x="1" y="2"/>'
+    #  doc.root.attributes.each {|name, value| p name+" => "+value }
+    def each
+      each_attribute do |attr|
+        yield attr.expanded_name, attr.value
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Fetches an attribute
+    # name:: 
+    #   the name by which to search for the attribute.  Can be a
+    #   <tt>prefix:name</tt> namespace name.
+    # Returns:: The first matching attribute, or nil if there was none.  This
+    # value is an Attribute node, not the String value of the attribute.
+    #  doc = Document.new '<a x:foo="1" foo="2" bar="3"/>'
+    #  doc.root.attributes.get_attribute("foo").value    #-> "2"
+    #  doc.root.attributes.get_attribute("x:foo").value  #-> "1"
+    def get_attribute( name )
+      attr = fetch( name, nil )
+      if attr.nil?
+        return nil if name.nil?
+        # Look for prefix
+        name =~ Namespace::NAMESPLIT
+        prefix, n = $1, $2
+        if prefix
+          attr = fetch( n, nil )
+          # check prefix
+          if attr == nil
+          elsif attr.kind_of? Attribute
+            return attr if prefix == attr.prefix
+          else
+            attr = attr[ prefix ]
+            return attr
+          end
+        end
         element_document = @element.document
-				if element_document and element_document.doctype
-					expn = @element.expanded_name
-					expn = element_document.doctype.name if expn.size == 0
-					attr_val = element_document.doctype.attribute_of(expn, name)
-					return Attribute.new( name, attr_val ) if attr_val
-				end
-				return nil
-			end
-			if attr.kind_of? Hash
-				attr = attr[ @element.prefix ]
-			end
-			return attr
-		end
-
-		# Sets an attribute, overwriting any existing attribute value by the
-		# same name.  Namespace is significant.
-		# name:: the name of the attribute
-		# value:: 
-		#   (optional) If supplied, the value of the attribute.  If
-		#   nil, any existing matching attribute is deleted.
-		# Returns:: 
-		#   Owning element
-		#  doc = Document.new "<a x:foo='1' foo='3'/>"
-		#  doc.root.attributes['y:foo'] = '2'
-		#  doc.root.attributes['foo'] = '4'
-		#  doc.root.attributes['x:foo'] = nil
-		def []=( name, value )
-			if value.nil?		# Delete the named attribute
-				attr = get_attribute(name)
-				delete attr
-				return
-			end
-			value = Attribute.new(name, value) unless value.kind_of? Attribute
-			value.element = @element
-			old_attr = fetch(value.name, nil)
-			if old_attr.nil?
-				store(value.name, value)
-			elsif old_attr.kind_of? Hash
-				old_attr[value.prefix] = value
-			elsif old_attr.prefix != value.prefix
-				# Check for conflicting namespaces
-				raise ParseException.new( 
-					"Namespace conflict in adding attribute \"#{value.name}\": "+
-					"Prefix \"#{old_attr.prefix}\" = "+
-					"\"#{@element.namespace(old_attr.prefix)}\" and prefix "+
-					"\"#{value.prefix}\" = \"#{@element.namespace(value.prefix)}\"") if 
-					value.prefix != "xmlns" and old_attr.prefix != "xmlns" and
-					@element.namespace( old_attr.prefix ) == 
-					@element.namespace( value.prefix )
-				store value.name, { old_attr.prefix	=> old_attr,
-														value.prefix		=> value }
-			else
-				store value.name, value
-			end
-			return @element
-		end
-
-		# Returns an array of Strings containing all of the prefixes declared 
-		# by this set of # attributes.  The array does not include the default
-		# namespace declaration, if one exists.
-		#  doc = Document.new("<a xmlns='foo' xmlns:x='bar' xmlns:y='twee' "+
-		#        "z='glorp' p:k='gru'/>")
-		#  prefixes = doc.root.attributes.prefixes    #-> ['x', 'y']
-		def prefixes
-			ns = []
-			each_attribute do |attribute|
-				ns << attribute.name if attribute.prefix == 'xmlns'
-			end
-			if @element.document and @element.document.doctype
-				expn = @element.expanded_name
-				expn = @element.document.doctype.name if expn.size == 0
-				@element.document.doctype.attributes_of(expn).each {
-					|attribute|
-					ns << attribute.name if attribute.prefix == 'xmlns'
-				}
-			end
-			ns
-		end
-
-		def namespaces
-			namespaces = []
-			each_attribute do |attribute|
-				namespaces << attribute.value if attribute.prefix == 'xmlns' or attribute.name == 'xmlns'
-			end
-			if @element.document and @element.document.doctype
-				expn = @element.expanded_name
-				expn = @element.document.doctype.name if expn.size == 0
-				@element.document.doctype.attributes_of(expn).each {
-					|attribute|
-					namespaces << attribute.value if attribute.prefix == 'xmlns' or attribute.name == 'xmlns'
-				}
-			end
-			namespaces
-		end
-
-		# Removes an attribute
-		# attribute:: 
-		#   either a String, which is the name of the attribute to remove --
-		#   namespaces are significant here -- or the attribute to remove.
-		# Returns:: the owning element
-		#  doc = Document.new "<a y:foo='0' x:foo='1' foo='3' z:foo='4'/>"
-		#  doc.root.attributes.delete 'foo'   #-> <a y:foo='0' x:foo='1' z:foo='4'/>"
-		#  doc.root.attributes.delete 'x:foo' #-> <a y:foo='0' z:foo='4'/>"
-		#  attr = doc.root.attributes.get_attribute('y:foo')
-		#  doc.root.attributes.delete attr    #-> <a z:foo='4'/>"
-		def delete( attribute )
-			name = nil
-			prefix = nil
-			if attribute.kind_of? Attribute
-				name = attribute.name
-				prefix = attribute.prefix
-			else
-				attribute =~ Namespace::NAMESPLIT
-				prefix, name = $1, $2
-				prefix = '' unless prefix
-			end
-			old = fetch(name, nil)
-			attr = nil
-			if old.kind_of? Hash # the supplied attribute is one of many
-				attr = old.delete(prefix)
-				if old.size == 1
-					repl = nil
-					old.each_value{|v| repl = v}
-					store name, repl
-				end
-			elsif old.nil?
-				return @element
-			else # the supplied attribute is a top-level one
-				attr = old
-				res = super(name)
-			end
-			@element
-		end
-
-		# Adds an attribute, overriding any existing attribute by the
-		# same name.  Namespaces are significant.
-		# attribute:: An Attribute
-		def add( attribute )
-			self[attribute.name] = attribute
-		end
-
-		alias :<< :add
-
-		# Deletes all attributes matching a name.  Namespaces are significant.
-		# name:: 
-		#   A String; all attributes that match this path will be removed
-		# Returns:: an Array of the Attributes that were removed
-		def delete_all( name )
-			rv = []
-			each_attribute { |attribute| 
-				rv << attribute if attribute.expanded_name == name
-			}
-			rv.each{ |attr| attr.remove }
-			return rv
-		end
-    
+        if element_document and element_document.doctype
+          expn = @element.expanded_name
+          expn = element_document.doctype.name if expn.size == 0
+          attr_val = element_document.doctype.attribute_of(expn, name)
+          return Attribute.new( name, attr_val ) if attr_val
+        end
+        return nil
+      end
+      if attr.kind_of? Hash
+        attr = attr[ @element.prefix ]
+      end
+      return attr
+    end
+
+    # Sets an attribute, overwriting any existing attribute value by the
+    # same name.  Namespace is significant.
+    # name:: the name of the attribute
+    # value:: 
+    #   (optional) If supplied, the value of the attribute.  If
+    #   nil, any existing matching attribute is deleted.
+    # Returns:: 
+    #   Owning element
+    #  doc = Document.new "<a x:foo='1' foo='3'/>"
+    #  doc.root.attributes['y:foo'] = '2'
+    #  doc.root.attributes['foo'] = '4'
+    #  doc.root.attributes['x:foo'] = nil
+    def []=( name, value )
+      if value.nil?		# Delete the named attribute
+        attr = get_attribute(name)
+        delete attr
+        return
+      end
+      element_document = @element.document
+      unless value.kind_of? Attribute
+        if @element.document and @element.document.doctype
+          value = Text::normalize( value, @element.document.doctype )
+        else
+          value = Text::normalize( value, nil )
+        end
+        value = Attribute.new(name, value)
+      end
+      value.element = @element
+      old_attr = fetch(value.name, nil)
+      if old_attr.nil?
+        store(value.name, value)
+      elsif old_attr.kind_of? Hash
+        old_attr[value.prefix] = value
+      elsif old_attr.prefix != value.prefix
+        # Check for conflicting namespaces
+        raise ParseException.new( 
+          "Namespace conflict in adding attribute \"#{value.name}\": "+
+          "Prefix \"#{old_attr.prefix}\" = "+
+          "\"#{@element.namespace(old_attr.prefix)}\" and prefix "+
+          "\"#{value.prefix}\" = \"#{@element.namespace(value.prefix)}\"") if 
+          value.prefix != "xmlns" and old_attr.prefix != "xmlns" and
+          @element.namespace( old_attr.prefix ) == 
+            @element.namespace( value.prefix )
+          store value.name, { old_attr.prefix	=> old_attr,
+            value.prefix		=> value }
+      else
+        store value.name, value
+      end
+      return @element
+    end
+
+    # Returns an array of Strings containing all of the prefixes declared 
+    # by this set of # attributes.  The array does not include the default
+    # namespace declaration, if one exists.
+    #  doc = Document.new("<a xmlns='foo' xmlns:x='bar' xmlns:y='twee' "+
+    #        "z='glorp' p:k='gru'/>")
+    #  prefixes = doc.root.attributes.prefixes    #-> ['x', 'y']
+    def prefixes
+      ns = []
+      each_attribute do |attribute|
+        ns << attribute.name if attribute.prefix == 'xmlns'
+      end
+      if @element.document and @element.document.doctype
+        expn = @element.expanded_name
+        expn = @element.document.doctype.name if expn.size == 0
+        @element.document.doctype.attributes_of(expn).each {
+          |attribute|
+          ns << attribute.name if attribute.prefix == 'xmlns'
+        }
+      end
+      ns
+    end
+
+    def namespaces
+      namespaces = {}
+      each_attribute do |attribute|
+        namespaces[attribute.name] = attribute.value if attribute.prefix == 'xmlns' or attribute.name == 'xmlns'
+      end
+      if @element.document and @element.document.doctype
+        expn = @element.expanded_name
+        expn = @element.document.doctype.name if expn.size == 0
+        @element.document.doctype.attributes_of(expn).each {
+          |attribute|
+          namespaces[attribute.name] = attribute.value if attribute.prefix == 'xmlns' or attribute.name == 'xmlns'
+        }
+      end
+      namespaces
+    end
+
+    # Removes an attribute
+    # attribute:: 
+    #   either a String, which is the name of the attribute to remove --
+    #   namespaces are significant here -- or the attribute to remove.
+    # Returns:: the owning element
+    #  doc = Document.new "<a y:foo='0' x:foo='1' foo='3' z:foo='4'/>"
+    #  doc.root.attributes.delete 'foo'   #-> <a y:foo='0' x:foo='1' z:foo='4'/>"
+    #  doc.root.attributes.delete 'x:foo' #-> <a y:foo='0' z:foo='4'/>"
+    #  attr = doc.root.attributes.get_attribute('y:foo')
+    #  doc.root.attributes.delete attr    #-> <a z:foo='4'/>"
+    def delete( attribute )
+      name = nil
+      prefix = nil
+      if attribute.kind_of? Attribute
+        name = attribute.name
+        prefix = attribute.prefix
+      else
+        attribute =~ Namespace::NAMESPLIT
+        prefix, name = $1, $2
+        prefix = '' unless prefix
+      end
+      old = fetch(name, nil)
+      attr = nil
+      if old.kind_of? Hash # the supplied attribute is one of many
+        attr = old.delete(prefix)
+        if old.size == 1
+          repl = nil
+          old.each_value{|v| repl = v}
+          store name, repl
+        end
+      elsif old.nil?
+        return @element
+      else # the supplied attribute is a top-level one
+        attr = old
+        res = super(name)
+      end
+      @element
+    end
+
+    # Adds an attribute, overriding any existing attribute by the
+    # same name.  Namespaces are significant.
+    # attribute:: An Attribute
+    def add( attribute )
+      self[attribute.name] = attribute
+    end
+
+    alias :<< :add
+
+    # Deletes all attributes matching a name.  Namespaces are significant.
+    # name:: 
+    #   A String; all attributes that match this path will be removed
+    # Returns:: an Array of the Attributes that were removed
+    def delete_all( name )
+      rv = []
+      each_attribute { |attribute| 
+        rv << attribute if attribute.expanded_name == name
+      }
+      rv.each{ |attr| attr.remove }
+      return rv
+    end
+
     # The +get_attribute_ns+ method retrieves a method by its namespace
     # and name. Thus it is possible to reliably identify an attribute
     # even if an XML processor has changed the prefix.
@@ -1233,11 +1217,11 @@ module REXML
     def get_attribute_ns(namespace, name)
       each_attribute() { |attribute|
         if name == attribute.name &&
-           namespace == attribute.namespace()
+          namespace == attribute.namespace()
           return attribute
         end
       }
       nil
     end
-	end
+  end
 end
diff --git a/lib/rexml/encoding.rb b/lib/rexml/encoding.rb
index 644957439e..a01763be99 100644
--- a/lib/rexml/encoding.rb
+++ b/lib/rexml/encoding.rb
@@ -24,21 +24,22 @@ module REXML
       old_verbosity = $VERBOSE
       begin
         $VERBOSE = false
-        return if defined? @encoding and enc == @encoding
+        enc = enc.nil? ? nil : enc.upcase
+        return false if defined? @encoding and enc == @encoding
         if enc and enc != UTF_8
-          @encoding = enc.upcase
+          @encoding = enc
+          raise ArgumentError, "Bad encoding name #@encoding" unless @encoding =~ /^[\w-]+$/
+          @encoding.untaint 
           begin
             require 'rexml/encodings/ICONV.rb'
             Encoding.apply(self, "ICONV")
-          rescue LoadError, Exception => err
-            raise ArgumentError, "Bad encoding name #@encoding" unless @encoding =~ /^[\w-]+$/
-            @encoding.untaint 
-            enc_file = File.join( "rexml", "encodings", "#@encoding.rb" )
+          rescue LoadError, Exception
             begin
+              enc_file = File.join( "rexml", "encodings", "#@encoding.rb" )
               require enc_file
               Encoding.apply(self, @encoding)
-            rescue LoadError
-              puts $!.message
+            rescue LoadError => err
+              puts err.message
               raise ArgumentError, "No decoder found for encoding #@encoding.  Please install iconv."
             end
           end
@@ -50,14 +51,20 @@ module REXML
       ensure
         $VERBOSE = old_verbosity
       end
+      true
     end
 
     def check_encoding str
       # We have to recognize UTF-16, LSB UTF-16, and UTF-8
-      return UTF_16 if str[0] == 254 && str[1] == 255
-      return UNILE if str[0] == 255 && str[1] == 254
-      str =~ /^\s*<?xml\s*version=(['"]).*?\2\s*encoding=(["'])(.*?)\2/um
-      return $1.upcase if $1
+      if str[0] == 0xfe && str[1] == 0xff
+        str[0,2] = ""
+        return UTF_16
+      elsif str[0] == 0xff && str[1] == 0xfe
+        str[0,2] = ""
+        return UNILE
+      end
+      str =~ /^\s*<\?xml\s+version\s*=\s*(['"]).*?\1\s+encoding\s*=\s*(["'])(.*?)\2/um
+      return $3.upcase if $3
       return UTF_8
     end
   end
diff --git a/lib/rexml/encodings/CP-1252.rb b/lib/rexml/encodings/CP-1252.rb
index 51179f119f..8675f9ff98 100644
--- a/lib/rexml/encodings/CP-1252.rb
+++ b/lib/rexml/encodings/CP-1252.rb
@@ -3,43 +3,49 @@
 #
 module REXML
   module Encoding
-    @@__REXML_encoding_methods = %q~
+  	register( "CP-1252" ) do |o|
+  		class << o
+  			alias encode encode_cp1252
+			alias decode decode_cp1252
+  		end
+  	end
+
     # Convert from UTF-8
-    def encode content
+    def encode_cp1252(content)
       array_utf8 = content.unpack('U*')
       array_enc = []
       array_utf8.each do |num|
         case num
           # shortcut first bunch basic characters
-        when 0..0xFF: array_enc << num
+        when 0..0xFF; array_enc << num
           # characters added compared to iso-8859-1
-        when 0x20AC: array_enc << 0x80 # 0xe2 0x82 0xac
-        when 0x201A: array_enc << 0x82 # 0xe2 0x82 0x9a
-        when 0x0192: array_enc << 0x83 # 0xc6 0x92
-        when 0x201E: array_enc << 0x84 # 0xe2 0x82 0x9e
-        when 0x2026: array_enc << 0x85 # 0xe2 0x80 0xa6
-        when 0x2020: array_enc << 0x86 # 0xe2 0x80 0xa0
-        when 0x2021: array_enc << 0x87 # 0xe2 0x80 0xa1
-        when 0x02C6: array_enc << 0x88 # 0xcb 0x86
-        when 0x2030: array_enc << 0x89 # 0xe2 0x80 0xb0
-        when 0x0160: array_enc << 0x8A # 0xc5 0xa0
-        when 0x2039: array_enc << 0x8B # 0xe2 0x80 0xb9
-        when 0x0152: array_enc << 0x8C # 0xc5 0x92
-        when 0x017D: array_enc << 0x8E # 0xc5 0xbd
-        when 0x2018: array_enc << 0x91 # 0xe2 0x80 0x98
-        when 0x2019: array_enc << 0x92 # 0xe2 0x80 0x99
-        when 0x201C: array_enc << 0x93 # 0xe2 0x80 0x9c
-        when 0x201D: array_enc << 0x94 # 0xe2 0x80 0x9d
-        when 0x2022: array_enc << 0x95 # 0xe2 0x80 0xa2
-        when 0x2013: array_enc << 0x96 # 0xe2 0x80 0x93
-        when 0x2014: array_enc << 0x97 # 0xe2 0x80 0x94
-        when 0x02DC: array_enc << 0x98 # 0xcb 0x9c
-        when 0x2122: array_enc << 0x99 # 0xe2 0x84 0xa2
-        when 0x0161: array_enc << 0x9A # 0xc5 0xa1
-        when 0x203A: array_enc << 0x9B # 0xe2 0x80 0xba
-        when 0x0152: array_enc << 0x9C # 0xc5 0x93
-        when 0x017E: array_enc << 0x9E # 0xc5 0xbe
-        when 0x0178: array_enc << 0x9F # 0xc5 0xb8
+        when 0x20AC; array_enc << 0x80 # 0xe2 0x82 0xac
+        when 0x201A; array_enc << 0x82 # 0xe2 0x82 0x9a
+        when 0x0192; array_enc << 0x83 # 0xc6 0x92
+        when 0x201E; array_enc << 0x84 # 0xe2 0x82 0x9e
+        when 0x2026; array_enc << 0x85 # 0xe2 0x80 0xa6
+        when 0x2020; array_enc << 0x86 # 0xe2 0x80 0xa0
+        when 0x2021; array_enc << 0x87 # 0xe2 0x80 0xa1
+        when 0x02C6; array_enc << 0x88 # 0xcb 0x86
+        when 0x2030; array_enc << 0x89 # 0xe2 0x80 0xb0
+        when 0x0160; array_enc << 0x8A # 0xc5 0xa0
+        when 0x2039; array_enc << 0x8B # 0xe2 0x80 0xb9
+        when 0x0152; array_enc << 0x8C # 0xc5 0x92
+        when 0x017D; array_enc << 0x8E # 0xc5 0xbd
+        when 0x2018; array_enc << 0x91 # 0xe2 0x80 0x98
+        when 0x2019; array_enc << 0x92 # 0xe2 0x80 0x99
+        when 0x201C; array_enc << 0x93 # 0xe2 0x80 0x9c
+        when 0x201D; array_enc << 0x94 # 0xe2 0x80 0x9d
+        when 0x2022; array_enc << 0x95 # 0xe2 0x80 0xa2
+        when 0x2013; array_enc << 0x96 # 0xe2 0x80 0x93
+        when 0x2014; array_enc << 0x97 # 0xe2 0x80 0x94
+        when 0x02DC; array_enc << 0x98 # 0xcb 0x9c
+        when 0x2122; array_enc << 0x99 # 0xe2 0x84 0xa2
+        when 0x0161; array_enc << 0x9A # 0xc5 0xa1
+        when 0x203A; array_enc << 0x9B # 0xe2 0x80 0xba
+        when 0x0152; array_enc << 0x9C # 0xc5 0x93
+        when 0x017E; array_enc << 0x9E # 0xc5 0xbe
+        when 0x0178; array_enc << 0x9F # 0xc5 0xb8
         else
           # all remaining basic characters can be used directly
           if num <= 0xFF
@@ -54,45 +60,44 @@ module REXML
     end
     
     # Convert to UTF-8
-    def decode(str)
+    def decode_cp1252(str)
       array_latin9 = str.unpack('C*')
       array_enc = []
       array_latin9.each do |num|
         case num
           # characters that added compared to iso-8859-1
-        when 0x80: array_enc << 0x20AC # 0xe2 0x82 0xac
-        when 0x82: array_enc << 0x201A # 0xe2 0x82 0x9a
-        when 0x83: array_enc << 0x0192 # 0xc6 0x92
-        when 0x84: array_enc << 0x201E # 0xe2 0x82 0x9e
-        when 0x85: array_enc << 0x2026 # 0xe2 0x80 0xa6
-        when 0x86: array_enc << 0x2020 # 0xe2 0x80 0xa0
-        when 0x87: array_enc << 0x2021 # 0xe2 0x80 0xa1
-        when 0x88: array_enc << 0x02C6 # 0xcb 0x86
-        when 0x89: array_enc << 0x2030 # 0xe2 0x80 0xb0
-        when 0x8A: array_enc << 0x0160 # 0xc5 0xa0
-        when 0x8B: array_enc << 0x2039 # 0xe2 0x80 0xb9
-        when 0x8C: array_enc << 0x0152 # 0xc5 0x92
-        when 0x8E: array_enc << 0x017D # 0xc5 0xbd
-        when 0x91: array_enc << 0x2018 # 0xe2 0x80 0x98
-        when 0x92: array_enc << 0x2019 # 0xe2 0x80 0x99
-        when 0x93: array_enc << 0x201C # 0xe2 0x80 0x9c
-        when 0x94: array_enc << 0x201D # 0xe2 0x80 0x9d
-        when 0x95: array_enc << 0x2022 # 0xe2 0x80 0xa2
-        when 0x96: array_enc << 0x2013 # 0xe2 0x80 0x93
-        when 0x97: array_enc << 0x2014 # 0xe2 0x80 0x94
-        when 0x98: array_enc << 0x02DC # 0xcb 0x9c
-        when 0x99: array_enc << 0x2122 # 0xe2 0x84 0xa2
-        when 0x9A: array_enc << 0x0161 # 0xc5 0xa1
-        when 0x9B: array_enc << 0x203A # 0xe2 0x80 0xba
-        when 0x9C: array_enc << 0x0152 # 0xc5 0x93
-        when 0x9E: array_enc << 0x017E # 0xc5 0xbe
-        when 0x9F: array_enc << 0x0178 # 0xc5 0xb8
+        when 0x80; array_enc << 0x20AC # 0xe2 0x82 0xac
+        when 0x82; array_enc << 0x201A # 0xe2 0x82 0x9a
+        when 0x83; array_enc << 0x0192 # 0xc6 0x92
+        when 0x84; array_enc << 0x201E # 0xe2 0x82 0x9e
+        when 0x85; array_enc << 0x2026 # 0xe2 0x80 0xa6
+        when 0x86; array_enc << 0x2020 # 0xe2 0x80 0xa0
+        when 0x87; array_enc << 0x2021 # 0xe2 0x80 0xa1
+        when 0x88; array_enc << 0x02C6 # 0xcb 0x86
+        when 0x89; array_enc << 0x2030 # 0xe2 0x80 0xb0
+        when 0x8A; array_enc << 0x0160 # 0xc5 0xa0
+        when 0x8B; array_enc << 0x2039 # 0xe2 0x80 0xb9
+        when 0x8C; array_enc << 0x0152 # 0xc5 0x92
+        when 0x8E; array_enc << 0x017D # 0xc5 0xbd
+        when 0x91; array_enc << 0x2018 # 0xe2 0x80 0x98
+        when 0x92; array_enc << 0x2019 # 0xe2 0x80 0x99
+        when 0x93; array_enc << 0x201C # 0xe2 0x80 0x9c
+        when 0x94; array_enc << 0x201D # 0xe2 0x80 0x9d
+        when 0x95; array_enc << 0x2022 # 0xe2 0x80 0xa2
+        when 0x96; array_enc << 0x2013 # 0xe2 0x80 0x93
+        when 0x97; array_enc << 0x2014 # 0xe2 0x80 0x94
+        when 0x98; array_enc << 0x02DC # 0xcb 0x9c
+        when 0x99; array_enc << 0x2122 # 0xe2 0x84 0xa2
+        when 0x9A; array_enc << 0x0161 # 0xc5 0xa1
+        when 0x9B; array_enc << 0x203A # 0xe2 0x80 0xba
+        when 0x9C; array_enc << 0x0152 # 0xc5 0x93
+        when 0x9E; array_enc << 0x017E # 0xc5 0xbe
+        when 0x9F; array_enc << 0x0178 # 0xc5 0xb8
         else
           array_enc << num
         end
       end
       array_enc.pack('U*')
     end
-    ~
   end
 end
diff --git a/lib/rexml/encodings/ISO-8859-15.rb b/lib/rexml/encodings/ISO-8859-15.rb
index ce565e7dd5..8dea0d38a4 100644
--- a/lib/rexml/encodings/ISO-8859-15.rb
+++ b/lib/rexml/encodings/ISO-8859-15.rb
@@ -3,33 +3,37 @@
 #
 module REXML
   module Encoding
-    @@__REXML_encoding_methods = %q~
+  	register("ISO-8859-15") do |o|
+  		alias encode to_iso_8859_15
+      alias decode from_iso_8859_15
+  	end
+
     # Convert from UTF-8
-    def to_iso_8859_15 content
+    def to_iso_8859_15(content)
       array_utf8 = content.unpack('U*')
       array_enc = []
       array_utf8.each do |num|
         case num
           # shortcut first bunch basic characters
-        when 0..0xA3: array_enc << num
+        when 0..0xA3; array_enc << num
           # characters removed compared to iso-8859-1
-        when 0xA4: array_enc << '&#164;'
-        when 0xA6: array_enc << '&#166;'
-        when 0xA8: array_enc << '&#168;'
-        when 0xB4: array_enc << '&#180;'
-        when 0xB8: array_enc << '&#184;'
-        when 0xBC: array_enc << '&#188;'
-        when 0xBD: array_enc << '&#189;'
-        when 0xBE: array_enc << '&#190;'
+        when 0xA4; array_enc << '&#164;'
+        when 0xA6; array_enc << '&#166;'
+        when 0xA8; array_enc << '&#168;'
+        when 0xB4; array_enc << '&#180;'
+        when 0xB8; array_enc << '&#184;'
+        when 0xBC; array_enc << '&#188;'
+        when 0xBD; array_enc << '&#189;'
+        when 0xBE; array_enc << '&#190;'
           # characters added compared to iso-8859-1
-        when 0x20AC: array_enc << 0xA4 # 0xe2 0x82 0xac
-        when 0x0160: array_enc << 0xA6 # 0xc5 0xa0
-        when 0x0161: array_enc << 0xA8 # 0xc5 0xa1
-        when 0x017D: array_enc << 0xB4 # 0xc5 0xbd
-        when 0x017E: array_enc << 0xB8 # 0xc5 0xbe
-        when 0x0152: array_enc << 0xBC # 0xc5 0x92
-        when 0x0153: array_enc << 0xBD # 0xc5 0x93
-        when 0x0178: array_enc << 0xBE # 0xc5 0xb8
+        when 0x20AC; array_enc << 0xA4 # 0xe2 0x82 0xac
+        when 0x0160; array_enc << 0xA6 # 0xc5 0xa0
+        when 0x0161; array_enc << 0xA8 # 0xc5 0xa1
+        when 0x017D; array_enc << 0xB4 # 0xc5 0xbd
+        when 0x017E; array_enc << 0xB8 # 0xc5 0xbe
+        when 0x0152; array_enc << 0xBC # 0xc5 0x92
+        when 0x0153; array_enc << 0xBD # 0xc5 0x93
+        when 0x0178; array_enc << 0xBE # 0xc5 0xb8
         else
           # all remaining basic characters can be used directly
           if num <= 0xFF
@@ -50,20 +54,19 @@ module REXML
       array_latin9.each do |num|
         case num
           # characters that differ compared to iso-8859-1
-        when 0xA4: array_enc << 0x20AC
-        when 0xA6: array_enc << 0x0160
-        when 0xA8: array_enc << 0x0161
-        when 0xB4: array_enc << 0x017D
-        when 0xB8: array_enc << 0x017E
-        when 0xBC: array_enc << 0x0152
-        when 0xBD: array_enc << 0x0153
-        when 0xBE: array_enc << 0x0178
+        when 0xA4; array_enc << 0x20AC
+        when 0xA6; array_enc << 0x0160
+        when 0xA8; array_enc << 0x0161
+        when 0xB4; array_enc << 0x017D
+        when 0xB8; array_enc << 0x017E
+        when 0xBC; array_enc << 0x0152
+        when 0xBD; array_enc << 0x0153
+        when 0xBE; array_enc << 0x0178
         else
           array_enc << num
         end
       end
       array_enc.pack('U*')
     end
-    ~
   end
 end
diff --git a/lib/rexml/encodings/SHIFT-JIS.rb b/lib/rexml/encodings/SHIFT-JIS.rb
index 93c7877afd..9e0f4af20e 100644
--- a/lib/rexml/encodings/SHIFT-JIS.rb
+++ b/lib/rexml/encodings/SHIFT-JIS.rb
@@ -13,8 +13,8 @@ module REXML
     rescue LoadError
       require 'nkf'
 
-      SJISTOU8 = '-Swm0'
-      U8TOSJIS = '-Wsm0'
+      SJISTOU8 = '-Swm0x'
+      U8TOSJIS = '-Wsm0x'
 
       def decode_sjis(str)
         NKF.nkf(SJISTOU8, str)
diff --git a/lib/rexml/encodings/UNILE.rb b/lib/rexml/encodings/UNILE.rb
index 0560a08361..d054140c40 100644
--- a/lib/rexml/encodings/UNILE.rb
+++ b/lib/rexml/encodings/UNILE.rb
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ module REXML
     def decode_unile(str)
       array_enc=str.unpack('C*')
       array_utf8 = []
-      2.step(array_enc.size-1, 2){|i| 
+      0.step(array_enc.size-1, 2){|i| 
         array_utf8 << (array_enc.at(i) + array_enc.at(i+1)*0x100)
       }
       array_utf8.pack('U*')
diff --git a/lib/rexml/encodings/UTF-16.rb b/lib/rexml/encodings/UTF-16.rb
index 972169755e..007c493d9c 100644
--- a/lib/rexml/encodings/UTF-16.rb
+++ b/lib/rexml/encodings/UTF-16.rb
@@ -16,9 +16,10 @@ module REXML
     end
 
     def decode_utf16(str)
+      str = str[2..-1] if /^\376\377/n =~ str
       array_enc=str.unpack('C*')
       array_utf8 = []
-      2.step(array_enc.size-1, 2){|i| 
+      0.step(array_enc.size-1, 2){|i| 
         array_utf8 << (array_enc.at(i+1) + array_enc.at(i)*0x100)
       }
       array_utf8.pack('U*')
diff --git a/lib/rexml/entity.rb b/lib/rexml/entity.rb
index 4b88a3c553..ff2d45f39b 100644
--- a/lib/rexml/entity.rb
+++ b/lib/rexml/entity.rb
@@ -89,6 +89,12 @@ module REXML
 
 		# Write out a fully formed, correct entity definition (assuming the Entity
 		# object itself is valid.)
+    #
+    # out::
+    #   An object implementing <TT>&lt;&lt;<TT> to which the entity will be
+    #   output
+    # indent::
+    #   *DEPRECATED* and ignored
 		def write out, indent=-1
 			out << '<!ENTITY '
 			out << '% ' if @reference
diff --git a/lib/rexml/formatters/default.rb b/lib/rexml/formatters/default.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..77381bdf84
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/rexml/formatters/default.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,109 @@
+module REXML
+  module Formatters
+    class Default
+      # Prints out the XML document with no formatting -- except if id_hack is
+      # set.
+      #
+      # ie_hack::
+      #   If set to true, then inserts whitespace before the close of an empty
+      #   tag, so that IE's bad XML parser doesn't choke.
+      def initialize( ie_hack=false )
+        @ie_hack = ie_hack
+      end
+
+      # Writes the node to some output.
+      #
+      # node::
+      #   The node to write
+      # output::
+      #   A class implementing <TT>&lt;&lt;</TT>.  Pass in an Output object to
+      #   change the output encoding.
+      def write( node, output )
+        case node
+
+        when Document 
+          if node.xml_decl.encoding != "UTF-8" && !output.kind_of?(Output)
+            output = Output.new( output, node.xml_decl.encoding )
+          end
+          write_document( node, output )
+
+        when Element
+          write_element( node, output )
+
+        when Declaration, ElementDecl, NotationDecl, ExternalEntity, Entity,
+             Attribute, AttlistDecl
+          node.write( output,-1 )
+
+        when Instruction
+          write_instruction( node, output )
+
+        when DocType, XMLDecl
+          node.write( output )
+
+        when Comment
+          write_comment( node, output )
+
+        when CData
+          write_cdata( node, output )
+
+        when Text
+          write_text( node, output )
+
+        else
+          raise Exception.new("XML FORMATTING ERROR")
+
+        end
+      end
+
+      protected
+      def write_document( node, output )
+        node.children.each { |child| write( child, output ) }
+      end
+
+      def write_element( node, output )
+        output << "<#{node.expanded_name}"
+
+        node.attributes.each_attribute do |attr|
+          output << " "
+          attr.write( output )
+        end unless node.attributes.empty?
+
+        if node.children.empty?
+          output << " " if @ie_hack
+          output << "/" 
+        else
+          output << ">"
+          node.children.each { |child|
+            write( child, output )
+          }
+          output << "</#{node.expanded_name}"
+        end
+        output << ">"
+      end
+
+      def write_text( node, output )
+        output << node.to_s()
+      end
+
+      def write_comment( node, output )
+        output << Comment::START
+        output << node.to_s
+        output << Comment::STOP
+      end
+
+      def write_cdata( node, output )
+        output << CData::START
+        output << node.to_s
+        output << CData::STOP
+      end
+
+      def write_instruction( node, output )
+        output << Instruction::START.sub(/\\/u, '')
+        output << node.target
+        output << ' '
+        output << node.content
+        output << Instruction::STOP.sub(/\\/u, '')
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/lib/rexml/formatters/pretty.rb b/lib/rexml/formatters/pretty.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d21175d34a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/rexml/formatters/pretty.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,137 @@
+require 'rexml/formatters/default'
+
+module REXML
+  module Formatters
+    # Pretty-prints an XML document.  This destroys whitespace in text nodes
+    # and will insert carriage returns and indentations.
+    #
+    # TODO: Add an option to print attributes on new lines
+    class Pretty < Default
+
+      # If compact is set to true, then the formatter will attempt to use as
+      # little space as possible
+      attr_accessor :compact
+      # The width of a page.  Used for formatting text
+      attr_accessor :width
+
+      # Create a new pretty printer.
+      #
+      # output::
+      #   An object implementing '<<(String)', to which the output will be written.
+      # indentation::
+      #   An integer greater than 0.  The indentation of each level will be
+      #   this number of spaces.  If this is < 1, the behavior of this object
+      #   is undefined.  Defaults to 2.
+      # ie_hack::
+      #   If true, the printer will insert whitespace before closing empty
+      #   tags, thereby allowing Internet Explorer's feeble XML parser to
+      #   function. Defaults to false.
+      def initialize( indentation=2, ie_hack=false )
+        @indentation = indentation
+        @level = 0
+        @ie_hack = ie_hack
+        @width = 80
+      end
+
+      protected
+      def write_element(node, output)
+        output << ' '*@level
+        output << "<#{node.expanded_name}"
+
+        node.attributes.each_attribute do |attr|
+          output << " "
+          attr.write( output )
+        end unless node.attributes.empty?
+
+        if node.children.empty?
+          if @ie_hack
+            output << " "
+          end
+          output << "/" 
+        else
+          output << ">"
+          # If compact and all children are text, and if the formatted output
+          # is less than the specified width, then try to print everything on
+          # one line
+          skip = false
+          if compact
+            if node.children.inject(true) {|s,c| s & c.kind_of?(Text)}
+              string = ""
+              old_level = @level
+              @level = 0
+              node.children.each { |child| write( child, string ) }
+              @level = old_level
+              if string.length < @width
+                output << string
+                skip = true
+              end
+            end
+          end
+          unless skip
+            output << "\n"
+            @level += @indentation
+            node.children.each { |child|
+              next if child.kind_of?(Text) and child.to_s.strip.length == 0
+              write( child, output )
+              output << "\n"
+            }
+            @level -= @indentation
+            output << ' '*@level
+          end
+          output << "</#{node.expanded_name}"
+        end
+        output << ">"
+      end
+
+      def write_text( node, output )
+        s = node.to_s()
+        s.gsub!(/\s/,' ')
+        s.squeeze!(" ")
+        s = wrap(s, 80-@level)
+        s = indent_text(s, @level, " ", true)
+        output << (' '*@level + s)
+      end
+
+      def write_comment( node, output)
+        output << ' ' * @level
+        super
+      end
+
+      def write_cdata( node, output)
+        output << ' ' * @level
+        super
+      end
+
+      def write_document( node, output )
+        # Ok, this is a bit odd.  All XML documents have an XML declaration,
+        # but it may not write itself if the user didn't specifically add it,
+        # either through the API or in the input document.  If it doesn't write
+        # itself, then we don't need a carriage return... which makes this
+        # logic more complex.
+        node.children.each { |child|
+          next if child == node.children[-1] and child.instance_of?(Text)
+          unless child == node.children[0] or child.instance_of?(Text) or
+            (child == node.children[1] and !node.children[0].writethis)
+            output << "\n"
+          end
+          write( child, output )
+        }
+      end
+
+      private
+      def indent_text(string, level=1, style="\t", indentfirstline=true)
+        return string if level < 0
+        string.gsub(/\n/, "\n#{style*level}")
+      end
+
+      def wrap(string, width)
+        # Recursively wrap string at width.
+        return string if string.length <= width
+        place = string.rindex(' ', width) # Position in string with last ' ' before cutoff
+        return string[0,place] + "\n" + wrap(string[place+1..-1], width)
+      end
+
+    end
+  end
+end
+
diff --git a/lib/rexml/formatters/transitive.rb b/lib/rexml/formatters/transitive.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..1d80f21fbb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/rexml/formatters/transitive.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,56 @@
+require 'rexml/formatters/pretty'
+
+module REXML
+  module Formatters
+    # The Transitive formatter writes an XML document that parses to an
+    # identical document as the source document.  This means that no extra
+    # whitespace nodes are inserted, and whitespace within text nodes is
+    # preserved.  Within these constraints, the document is pretty-printed,
+    # with whitespace inserted into the metadata to introduce formatting.
+    #
+    # Note that this is only useful if the original XML is not already
+    # formatted.  Since this formatter does not alter whitespace nodes, the
+    # results of formatting already formatted XML will be odd.
+    class Transitive < Default
+      def initialize( indentation=2 )
+        @indentation = indentation
+        @level = 0
+      end
+
+      protected
+      def write_element( node, output )
+        output << "<#{node.expanded_name}"
+
+        node.attributes.each_attribute do |attr|
+          output << " "
+          attr.write( output )
+        end unless node.attributes.empty?
+
+        output << "\n"
+        output << ' '*@level
+        if node.children.empty?
+          output << "/" 
+        else
+          output << ">"
+          # If compact and all children are text, and if the formatted output
+          # is less than the specified width, then try to print everything on
+          # one line
+          skip = false
+          @level += @indentation
+          node.children.each { |child|
+            write( child, output )
+          }
+          @level -= @indentation
+          output << "</#{node.expanded_name}"
+          output << "\n"
+          output << ' '*@level
+        end
+        output << ">"
+      end
+
+      def write_text( node, output )
+        output << node.to_s()
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/lib/rexml/functions.rb b/lib/rexml/functions.rb
index c09ffdeae7..fefc9ef940 100644
--- a/lib/rexml/functions.rb
+++ b/lib/rexml/functions.rb
@@ -117,16 +117,30 @@ module REXML
       elsif defined? object.node_type
         if object.node_type == :attribute
           object.value
-        elsif object.node_type == :element
-          object.text
+        elsif object.node_type == :element || object.node_type == :document
+          string_value(object)
         else
           object.to_s
         end
+      elsif object.nil?
+        return ""
       else
         object.to_s
       end
     end
 
+    def Functions::string_value( o )
+      rv = ""
+      o.children.each { |e|
+        if e.node_type == :text
+          rv << e.to_s
+        elsif e.node_type == :element
+          rv << string_value( e )
+        end
+      }
+      rv
+    end
+
     # UNTESTED
     def Functions::concat( *objects )
       objects.join
@@ -139,7 +153,7 @@ module REXML
 
     # Fixed by Mike Stok
     def Functions::contains( string, test )
-      string(string).include? string(test)
+      string(string).include?(string(test))
     end
 
     # Kouhei fixed this 
@@ -221,7 +235,7 @@ module REXML
       # from string then we ignore the second &
       # subsequent mappings
       #
-      # if a charactcer maps to nil then we delete it
+      # if a character maps to nil then we delete it
       # in the output.  This happens if the from
       # string is longer than the to string
       #
@@ -325,9 +339,10 @@ module REXML
         object.to_f
       else
         str = string( object )
-        #puts "STRING OF #{object.inspect} = #{str}"
-        if str =~ /^\d+/
-          object.to_s.to_f
+        # If XPath ever gets scientific notation...
+        #if str =~ /^\s*-?(\d*\.?\d+|\d+\.)([Ee]\d*)?\s*$/
+        if str =~ /^\s*-?(\d*\.?\d+|\d+\.)\s*$/
+          str.to_f
         else
           (0.0 / 0.0)
         end
diff --git a/lib/rexml/instruction.rb b/lib/rexml/instruction.rb
index f24f7786f7..c16b894b4a 100644
--- a/lib/rexml/instruction.rb
+++ b/lib/rexml/instruction.rb
@@ -38,7 +38,11 @@ module REXML
 			Instruction.new self
 		end
 		
+    # == DEPRECATED
+    # See the rexml/formatters package
+    #
 		def write writer, indent=-1, transitive=false, ie_hack=false
+      Kernel.warn( "#{self.class.name}.write is deprecated" )
 			indent(writer, indent)
 			writer << START.sub(/\\/u, '')
 			writer << @target
diff --git a/lib/rexml/node.rb b/lib/rexml/node.rb
index e5dec72a9d..d5e8456e53 100644
--- a/lib/rexml/node.rb
+++ b/lib/rexml/node.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,6 @@
 require "rexml/parseexception"
+require "rexml/formatters/pretty"
+require "rexml/formatters/default"
 
 module REXML
 	# Represents a node in the tree.  Nodes are never encountered except as
@@ -18,10 +20,19 @@ module REXML
 			@parent[ ind - 1 ]
 		end
 
-		def to_s indent=-1
-			rv = ""
-			write rv,indent
-			rv
+    # indent::
+    #   *DEPRECATED* This parameter is now ignored.  See the formatters in the
+    #   REXML::Formatters package for changing the output style.
+		def to_s indent=nil
+      unless indent.nil?
+        Kernel.warn( "#{self.class.name}.to_s(indent) parameter is deprecated" )
+        f = REXML::Formatters::Pretty.new( indent )
+        f.write( self, rv = "" )
+      else
+        f = REXML::Formatters::Default.new
+        f.write( self, rv = "" )
+      end
+      return rv
 		end
 
 		def indent to, ind
@@ -55,10 +66,8 @@ module REXML
       return nil
     end
 
-    # Returns the index that +self+ has in its parent's elements array, so that
-    # the following equation holds true:
-    #
-    #   node == node.parent.elements[node.index_in_parent]
+    # Returns the position that +self+ holds in its parent's array, indexed
+    # from 1.
     def index_in_parent
       parent.index(self)+1
     end
diff --git a/lib/rexml/parsers/baseparser.rb b/lib/rexml/parsers/baseparser.rb
index bce4ba4c20..fc2354a67f 100644
--- a/lib/rexml/parsers/baseparser.rb
+++ b/lib/rexml/parsers/baseparser.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
 require 'rexml/parseexception'
+require 'rexml/undefinednamespaceexception'
 require 'rexml/source'
+require 'set'
 
 module REXML
   module Parsers
@@ -24,7 +26,8 @@ module REXML
     # Nat Price gave me some good ideas for the API.
     class BaseParser
       NCNAME_STR= '[\w:][\-\w\d.]*'
-      NAME_STR= "(?:#{NCNAME_STR}:)?#{NCNAME_STR}"
+      NAME_STR= "(?:(#{NCNAME_STR}):)?(#{NCNAME_STR})"
+      UNAME_STR= "(?:#{NCNAME_STR}:)?#{NCNAME_STR}"
 
       NAMECHAR = '[\-\w\d\.:]'
       NAME = "([\\w:]#{NAMECHAR}*)"
@@ -35,7 +38,7 @@ module REXML
 
       DOCTYPE_START = /\A\s*<!DOCTYPE\s/um
       DOCTYPE_PATTERN = /\s*<!DOCTYPE\s+(.*?)(\[|>)/um
-      ATTRIBUTE_PATTERN = /\s*(#{NAME_STR})\s*=\s*(["'])(.*?)\2/um
+      ATTRIBUTE_PATTERN = /\s*(#{NAME_STR})\s*=\s*(["'])(.*?)\4/um
       COMMENT_START = /\A<!--/u
       COMMENT_PATTERN = /<!--(.*?)-->/um
       CDATA_START = /\A<!\[CDATA\[/u
@@ -45,15 +48,15 @@ module REXML
       XMLDECL_PATTERN = /<\?xml\s+(.*?)\?>/um
       INSTRUCTION_START = /\A<\?/u
       INSTRUCTION_PATTERN = /<\?(.*?)(\s+.*?)?\?>/um
-      TAG_MATCH = /^<((?>#{NAME_STR}))\s*((?>\s+#{NAME_STR}\s*=\s*(["']).*?\3)*)\s*(\/)?>/um
+      TAG_MATCH = /^<((?>#{NAME_STR}))\s*((?>\s+#{UNAME_STR}\s*=\s*(["']).*?\5)*)\s*(\/)?>/um
       CLOSE_MATCH = /^\s*<\/(#{NAME_STR})\s*>/um
 
       VERSION = /\bversion\s*=\s*["'](.*?)['"]/um
-      ENCODING = /\bencoding=["'](.*?)['"]/um
-      STANDALONE = /\bstandalone=["'](.*?)['"]/um
+      ENCODING = /\bencoding\s*=\s*["'](.*?)['"]/um
+      STANDALONE = /\bstandalone\s*=\s["'](.*?)['"]/um
 
       ENTITY_START = /^\s*<!ENTITY/
-      IDENTITY = /^([!\*\w\-]+)(\s+#{NCNAME_STR})?(\s+["'].*?['"])?(\s+['"].*?["'])?/u
+      IDENTITY = /^([!\*\w\-]+)(\s+#{NCNAME_STR})?(\s+["'](.*?)['"])?(\s+['"](.*?)["'])?/u
       ELEMENTDECL_START = /^\s*<!ELEMENT/um
       ELEMENTDECL_PATTERN = /^\s*(<!ELEMENT.*?)>/um
       SYSTEMENTITY = /^\s*(%.*?;)\s*$/um
@@ -96,6 +99,13 @@ module REXML
         "apos" => [/&apos;/, "&apos;", "'", /'/] 
       }
 
+
+      ######################################################################
+      # These are patterns to identify common markup errors, to make the
+      # error messages more informative.
+      ######################################################################
+      MISSING_ATTRIBUTE_QUOTES = /^<#{NAME_STR}\s+#{NAME_STR}\s*=\s*[^"']/um
+
       def initialize( source )
         self.stream = source
       end
@@ -126,6 +136,7 @@ module REXML
         @tags = []
         @stack = []
         @entities = []
+        @nsstack = []
       end
 
       def position
@@ -139,8 +150,6 @@ module REXML
 
       # Returns true if there are no more events
       def empty?
-        #STDERR.puts "@source.empty? = #{@source.empty?}"
-        #STDERR.puts "@stack.empty? = #{@stack.empty?}"
         return (@source.empty? and @stack.empty?)
       end
 
@@ -183,6 +192,7 @@ module REXML
         end
         return [ :end_document ] if empty?
         return @stack.shift if @stack.size > 0
+        #STDERR.puts @source.encoding
         @source.read if @source.buffer.size<2
         #STDERR.puts "BUFFER = #{@source.buffer.inspect}"
         if @document_status == nil
@@ -208,14 +218,15 @@ module REXML
             return [ :processing_instruction, *@source.match(INSTRUCTION_PATTERN, true)[1,2] ]
           when DOCTYPE_START
             md = @source.match( DOCTYPE_PATTERN, true )
+            @nsstack.unshift(curr_ns=Set.new)
             identity = md[1]
             close = md[2]
             identity =~ IDENTITY
             name = $1
-            raise REXML::ParseException("DOCTYPE is missing a name") if name.nil?
+            raise REXML::ParseException.new("DOCTYPE is missing a name") if name.nil?
             pub_sys = $2.nil? ? nil : $2.strip
-            long_name = $3.nil? ? nil : $3.strip
-            uri = $4.nil? ? nil : $4.strip
+            long_name = $4.nil? ? nil : $4.strip
+            uri = $6.nil? ? nil : $6.strip
             args = [ :start_doctype, name, pub_sys, long_name, uri ]
             if close == ">"
               @document_status = :after_doctype
@@ -283,6 +294,9 @@ module REXML
                 val = attdef[3]
                 val = attdef[4] if val == "#FIXED "
                 pairs[attdef[0]] = val
+                if attdef[0] =~ /^xmlns:(.*)/
+                  @nsstack[0] << $1
+                end
               end
             end
             return [ :attlistdecl, element, pairs, contents ]
@@ -307,6 +321,7 @@ module REXML
         begin
           if @source.buffer[0] == ?<
             if @source.buffer[1] == ?/
+              @nsstack.shift
               last_tag = @tags.pop
               #md = @source.match_to_consume( '>', CLOSE_MATCH)
               md = @source.match( CLOSE_MATCH, true )
@@ -335,27 +350,57 @@ module REXML
             else
               # Get the next tag
               md = @source.match(TAG_MATCH, true)
-              raise REXML::ParseException.new("malformed XML: missing tag start", @source) unless md
-              attrs = []
-              if md[2].size > 0
-                attrs = md[2].scan( ATTRIBUTE_PATTERN )
+              unless md
+                # Check for missing attribute quotes
+                raise REXML::ParseException.new("missing attribute quote", @source) if @source.match(MISSING_ATTRIBUTE_QUOTES )
+                raise REXML::ParseException.new("malformed XML: missing tag start", @source) 
+              end
+              attributes = {}
+              prefixes = Set.new
+              prefixes << md[2] if md[2]
+              @nsstack.unshift(curr_ns=Set.new)
+              if md[4].size > 0
+                attrs = md[4].scan( ATTRIBUTE_PATTERN )
                 raise REXML::ParseException.new( "error parsing attributes: [#{attrs.join ', '}], excess = \"#$'\"", @source) if $' and $'.strip.size > 0
+                attrs.each { |a,b,c,d,e| 
+                  if b == "xmlns"
+                    if c == "xml"
+                      if d != "http://www.w3.org/XML/1998/namespace"
+                        msg = "The 'xml' prefix must not be bound to any other namespace "+
+                        "(http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-xml-names/#ns-decl)"
+                        raise REXML::ParseException.new( msg, @source, self )
+                      end
+                    elsif c == "xmlns"
+                      msg = "The 'xmlns' prefix must not be declared "+
+                      "(http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-xml-names/#ns-decl)"
+                      raise REXML::ParseException.new( msg, @source, self)
+                    end
+                    curr_ns << c
+                  elsif b
+                    prefixes << b unless b == "xml"
+                  end
+                  attributes[a] = e 
+                }
               end
         
-              if md[4]
+              # Verify that all of the prefixes have been defined
+              for prefix in prefixes
+                unless @nsstack.find{|k| k.member?(prefix)}
+                  raise UndefinedNamespaceException.new(prefix,@source,self)
+                end
+              end
+
+              if md[6]
                 @closed = md[1]
+                @nsstack.shift
               else
                 @tags.push( md[1] )
               end
-              attributes = {}
-              attrs.each { |a,b,c| attributes[a] = c }
               return [ :start_element, md[1], attributes ]
             end
           else
             md = @source.match( TEXT_PATTERN, true )
             if md[0].length == 0
-              puts "EMPTY = #{empty?}"
-              puts "BUFFER = \"#{@source.buffer}\""
               @source.match( /(\s+)/, true )
             end
             #STDERR.puts "GOT #{md[1].inspect}" unless md[0].length == 0
@@ -364,6 +409,8 @@ module REXML
             # return PullEvent.new( :text, md[1], unnormalized )
             return [ :text, md[1] ]
           end
+        rescue REXML::UndefinedNamespaceException
+          raise
         rescue REXML::ParseException
           raise
         rescue Exception, NameError => error
diff --git a/lib/rexml/parsers/sax2parser.rb b/lib/rexml/parsers/sax2parser.rb
index 61a216cec1..e402eb7747 100644
--- a/lib/rexml/parsers/sax2parser.rb
+++ b/lib/rexml/parsers/sax2parser.rb
@@ -16,6 +16,10 @@ module REXML
 				@tag_stack = []
         @entities = {}
 			end
+
+      def source
+        @parser.source
+      end
 			
       def add_listener( listener )
         @parser.add_listener( listener )
@@ -90,6 +94,8 @@ module REXML
 					when :end_document
 						handle( :end_document )
 						break
+          when :start_doctype
+            handle( :doctype, *event[1..-1])
 					when :end_doctype
 						context = context[1]
 					when :start_element
@@ -163,7 +169,7 @@ module REXML
           when :entitydecl
             @entities[ event[1] ] = event[2] if event.size == 3
 						handle( *event )
-					when :processing_instruction, :comment, :doctype, :attlistdecl, 
+					when :processing_instruction, :comment, :attlistdecl, 
 						:elementdecl, :cdata, :notationdecl, :xmldecl
 						handle( *event )
 					end
diff --git a/lib/rexml/parsers/treeparser.rb b/lib/rexml/parsers/treeparser.rb
index 500a53f426..5c3e142ea7 100644
--- a/lib/rexml/parsers/treeparser.rb
+++ b/lib/rexml/parsers/treeparser.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 require 'rexml/validation/validationexception'
+require 'rexml/undefinednamespaceexception'
 
 module REXML
   module Parsers
@@ -23,13 +24,13 @@ module REXML
             case event[0]
             when :end_document
               unless tag_stack.empty?
-                raise ParseException.new("No close tag for #{tag_stack.inspect}")
+                #raise ParseException.new("No close tag for #{tag_stack.inspect}")
+                raise ParseException.new("No close tag for #{@build_context.xpath}")
               end
               return
             when :start_element
               tag_stack.push(event[1])
-              # find the observers for namespaces
-              @build_context = @build_context.add_element( event[1], event[2] )
+              el = @build_context = @build_context.add_element( event[1], event[2] )
             when :end_element
               tag_stack.pop
               @build_context = @build_context.parent
@@ -85,6 +86,8 @@ module REXML
           end
         rescue REXML::Validation::ValidationException
           raise
+        rescue REXML::UndefinedNamespaceException
+          raise
         rescue
           raise ParseException.new( $!.message, @parser.source, @parser, $! )
         end
diff --git a/lib/rexml/parsers/xpathparser.rb b/lib/rexml/parsers/xpathparser.rb
index 6bac852d6b..de2530e347 100644
--- a/lib/rexml/parsers/xpathparser.rb
+++ b/lib/rexml/parsers/xpathparser.rb
@@ -551,7 +551,7 @@ module REXML
           end
         end
         #puts "BEFORE WITH '#{rest}'"
-        rest = LocationPath(rest, n) if rest =~ /^[\/\.\@\[\w_*]/
+        rest = LocationPath(rest, n) if rest =~ /\A[\/\.\@\[\w_*]/
         parsed.concat(n)
         return rest
       end
@@ -596,7 +596,13 @@ module REXML
           parsed << :function
           parsed << fname
           path = FunctionCall(path, parsed)
-        when LITERAL, NUMBER
+        when NUMBER
+          #puts "LITERAL or NUMBER: #$1"
+          varname = $1.nil? ? $2 : $1
+          path = $'
+          parsed << :literal 
+          parsed << (varname.include?('.') ? varname.to_f : varname.to_i)
+        when LITERAL
           #puts "LITERAL or NUMBER: #$1"
           varname = $1.nil? ? $2 : $1
           path = $'
diff --git a/lib/rexml/rexml.rb b/lib/rexml/rexml.rb
index ca154443b5..8af1697e51 100644
--- a/lib/rexml/rexml.rb
+++ b/lib/rexml/rexml.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+# -*- encoding: utf-8 -*-
 # REXML is an XML toolkit for Ruby[http://www.ruby-lang.org], in Ruby.
 #
 # REXML is a _pure_ Ruby, XML 1.0 conforming,
@@ -10,8 +11,9 @@
 #
 # Main page:: http://www.germane-software.com/software/rexml
 # Author:: Sean Russell <serATgermaneHYPHENsoftwareDOTcom>
-# Version:: 3.1.4
-# Date:: 2006/104
+# Version:: 3.1.7.2
+# Date:: 2007/275
+# Revision:: $Revision$
 # 
 # This API documentation can be downloaded from the REXML home page, or can
 # be accessed online[http://www.germane-software.com/software/rexml_doc]
@@ -20,9 +22,10 @@
 # or can be accessed 
 # online[http://www.germane-software.com/software/rexml/docs/tutorial.html]
 module REXML
-	COPYRIGHT = "Copyright © 2001-2006 Sean Russell <ser@germane-software.com>"
-  DATE = "2006/104"
-  VERSION = "3.1.4"
+  COPYRIGHT = "Copyright \xC2\xA9 2001-2006 Sean Russell <ser@germane-software.com>"
+  VERSION = "3.1.7.2"
+  DATE = "2007/275"
+  REVISION = "$Revision$".gsub(/\$Revision:|\$/,'').strip
 
   Copyright = COPYRIGHT
   Version = VERSION
diff --git a/lib/rexml/sax2listener.rb b/lib/rexml/sax2listener.rb
index 9a992917e6..8db1389d06 100644
--- a/lib/rexml/sax2listener.rb
+++ b/lib/rexml/sax2listener.rb
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ module REXML
 		#  ["open-hatch", "PUBLIC", "\"-//Textuality//TEXT Standard open-hatch boilerplate//EN\"", "\"http://www.textuality.com/boilerplate/OpenHatch.xml\""]
 		#  <!ENTITY hatch-pic SYSTEM "../grafix/OpenHatch.gif" NDATA gif>
 		#  ["hatch-pic", "SYSTEM", "\"../grafix/OpenHatch.gif\"", "\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tNDATA gif", "gif"]
-		def entitydecl content
+		def entitydecl name, decl
 		end
 		# <!NOTATION ...>
 		def notationdecl content
diff --git a/lib/rexml/source.rb b/lib/rexml/source.rb
index cacab221db..ce7a2c98b0 100644
--- a/lib/rexml/source.rb
+++ b/lib/rexml/source.rb
@@ -1,132 +1,140 @@
 require 'rexml/encoding'
 
 module REXML
-	# Generates Source-s.  USE THIS CLASS.
-	class SourceFactory
-		# Generates a Source object
-		# @param arg Either a String, or an IO
-		# @return a Source, or nil if a bad argument was given
-		def SourceFactory::create_from arg#, slurp=true
+  # Generates Source-s.  USE THIS CLASS.
+  class SourceFactory
+    # Generates a Source object
+    # @param arg Either a String, or an IO
+    # @return a Source, or nil if a bad argument was given
+    def SourceFactory::create_from(arg)
       if arg.kind_of? String
-			  Source.new(arg)
+        Source.new(arg)
       elsif arg.respond_to? :read and
             arg.respond_to? :readline and
             arg.respond_to? :nil? and
             arg.respond_to? :eof?
-				IOSource.new(arg)
+        IOSource.new(arg)
       elsif arg.kind_of? Source
         arg
       else
-        raise "#{source.class} is not a valid input stream.  It must walk \n"+
-        "like either a String, IO, or Source."
+        raise "#{arg.class} is not a valid input stream.  It must walk \n"+
+          "like either a String, an IO, or a Source."
       end
-		end
-	end
-
-	# A Source can be searched for patterns, and wraps buffers and other
-	# objects and provides consumption of text
-	class Source
-		include Encoding
-		# The current buffer (what we're going to read next)
-		attr_reader :buffer
-		# The line number of the last consumed text
-		attr_reader :line
-		attr_reader :encoding
-
-		# Constructor
-		# @param arg must be a String, and should be a valid XML document
-		def initialize(arg)
-			@orig = @buffer = arg
-			self.encoding = check_encoding( @buffer )
-			@line = 0
-		end
-
-		# Inherited from Encoding
-		# Overridden to support optimized en/decoding
-		def encoding=(enc)
-			super
-			@line_break = encode( '>' )
-			if enc != UTF_8
-				@buffer = decode(@buffer)
-				@to_utf = true
-			else
-				@to_utf = false
-			end
-		end
-
-		# Scans the source for a given pattern.  Note, that this is not your
-		# usual scan() method.  For one thing, the pattern argument has some
-		# requirements; for another, the source can be consumed.  You can easily
-		# confuse this method.  Originally, the patterns were easier
-		# to construct and this method more robust, because this method 
-		# generated search regexes on the fly; however, this was 
-		# computationally expensive and slowed down the entire REXML package 
-		# considerably, since this is by far the most commonly called method.
-		# @param pattern must be a Regexp, and must be in the form of
-		# /^\s*(#{your pattern, with no groups})(.*)/.  The first group
-		# will be returned; the second group is used if the consume flag is
-		# set.
-		# @param consume if true, the pattern returned will be consumed, leaving
-		# everything after it in the Source.
-		# @return the pattern, if found, or nil if the Source is empty or the
-		# pattern is not found.
-		def scan(pattern, cons=false)
-			return nil if @buffer.nil?
-			rv = @buffer.scan(pattern)
-			@buffer = $' if cons and rv.size>0
-			rv
-		end
-
-		def read
-		end
-
-		def consume( pattern )
-			@buffer = $' if pattern.match( @buffer )
-		end
-
-		def match_to( char, pattern )
-			return pattern.match(@buffer)
-		end
-
-		def match_to_consume( char, pattern )
-			md = pattern.match(@buffer)
-			@buffer = $'
-			return md
-		end
-
-		def match(pattern, cons=false)
-			md = pattern.match(@buffer)
-			@buffer = $' if cons and md
-			return md
-		end
-
-		# @return true if the Source is exhausted
-		def empty?
-			@buffer == ""
-		end
+    end
+  end
+
+  # A Source can be searched for patterns, and wraps buffers and other
+  # objects and provides consumption of text
+  class Source
+    include Encoding
+    # The current buffer (what we're going to read next)
+    attr_reader :buffer
+    # The line number of the last consumed text
+    attr_reader :line
+    attr_reader :encoding
+
+    # Constructor
+    # @param arg must be a String, and should be a valid XML document
+    # @param encoding if non-null, sets the encoding of the source to this
+    # value, overriding all encoding detection
+    def initialize(arg, encoding=nil)
+      @orig = @buffer = arg
+      if encoding
+        self.encoding = encoding
+      else
+        self.encoding = check_encoding( @buffer )
+      end
+      @line = 0
+    end
+
+
+    # Inherited from Encoding
+    # Overridden to support optimized en/decoding
+    def encoding=(enc)
+      return unless super
+      @line_break = encode( '>' )
+      if enc != UTF_8
+        @buffer = decode(@buffer)
+        @to_utf = true
+      else
+        @to_utf = false
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Scans the source for a given pattern.  Note, that this is not your
+    # usual scan() method.  For one thing, the pattern argument has some
+    # requirements; for another, the source can be consumed.  You can easily
+    # confuse this method.  Originally, the patterns were easier
+    # to construct and this method more robust, because this method 
+    # generated search regexes on the fly; however, this was 
+    # computationally expensive and slowed down the entire REXML package 
+    # considerably, since this is by far the most commonly called method.
+    # @param pattern must be a Regexp, and must be in the form of
+    # /^\s*(#{your pattern, with no groups})(.*)/.  The first group
+    # will be returned; the second group is used if the consume flag is
+    # set.
+    # @param consume if true, the pattern returned will be consumed, leaving
+    # everything after it in the Source.
+    # @return the pattern, if found, or nil if the Source is empty or the
+    # pattern is not found.
+    def scan(pattern, cons=false)
+      return nil if @buffer.nil?
+      rv = @buffer.scan(pattern)
+      @buffer = $' if cons and rv.size>0
+      rv
+    end
+
+    def read
+    end
+
+    def consume( pattern )
+      @buffer = $' if pattern.match( @buffer )
+    end
+
+    def match_to( char, pattern )
+      return pattern.match(@buffer)
+    end
+
+    def match_to_consume( char, pattern )
+      md = pattern.match(@buffer)
+      @buffer = $'
+      return md
+    end
+
+    def match(pattern, cons=false)
+      md = pattern.match(@buffer)
+      @buffer = $' if cons and md
+      return md
+    end
+
+    # @return true if the Source is exhausted
+    def empty?
+      @buffer == ""
+    end
 
     def position
       @orig.index( @buffer )
     end
 
-		# @return the current line in the source
-		def current_line
-			lines = @orig.split
-			res = lines.grep @buffer[0..30]
-			res = res[-1] if res.kind_of? Array
-			lines.index( res ) if res
-		end
-	end
+    # @return the current line in the source
+    def current_line
+      lines = @orig.split
+      res = lines.grep @buffer[0..30]
+      res = res[-1] if res.kind_of? Array
+      lines.index( res ) if res
+    end
+  end
 
-	# A Source that wraps an IO.  See the Source class for method
-	# documentation
-	class IOSource < Source
-		#attr_reader :block_size
+  # A Source that wraps an IO.  See the Source class for method
+  # documentation
+  class IOSource < Source
+    #attr_reader :block_size
 
     # block_size has been deprecated
-		def initialize(arg, block_size=500)
-			@er_source = @source = arg
-			@to_utf = false
+    def initialize(arg, block_size=500, encoding=nil)
+      @er_source = @source = arg
+      @to_utf = false
+
       # Determining the encoding is a deceptively difficult issue to resolve.
       # First, we check the first two bytes for UTF-16.  Then we
       # assume that the encoding is at least ASCII enough for the '>', and
@@ -134,88 +142,98 @@ module REXML
       # if there is one.  If there isn't one, the file MUST be UTF-8, as per
       # the XML spec.  If there is one, we can determine the encoding from
       # it.
+      @buffer = ""
       str = @source.read( 2 )
-      if (str[0] == 254 && str[1] == 255) || (str[0] == 255 && str[1] == 254)
-        @encoding = check_encoding( str )
-        @line_break = encode( '>' )
+      if encoding
+        self.encoding = encoding
+      elsif 0xfe == str[0] && 0xff == str[1]
+        @line_break = "\000>"
+      elsif 0xff == str[0] && 0xfe == str[1]
+        @line_break = ">\000"
+      elsif 0xef == str[0] && 0xbb == str[1]
+        str += @source.read(1)
+        str = '' if (0xbf == str[2])
+        @line_break = ">"
       else
-        @line_break = '>'
+        @line_break = ">"
       end
       super str+@source.readline( @line_break )
-		end
-
-		def scan(pattern, cons=false)
-			rv = super
-			# You'll notice that this next section is very similar to the same
-			# section in match(), but just a liiittle different.  This is
-			# because it is a touch faster to do it this way with scan()
-			# than the way match() does it; enough faster to warrent duplicating
-			# some code
-			if rv.size == 0
-				until @buffer =~ pattern or @source.nil?
-					begin
-						# READLINE OPT
-						#str = @source.read(@block_size)
-						str = @source.readline(@line_break)
-						str = decode(str) if @to_utf and str
-						@buffer << str
-					rescue
-						@source = nil
-					end
-				end
-				rv = super
-			end
-			rv.taint
-			rv
-		end
-
-		def read
-			begin
+    end
+
+    def scan(pattern, cons=false)
+      rv = super
+      # You'll notice that this next section is very similar to the same
+      # section in match(), but just a liiittle different.  This is
+      # because it is a touch faster to do it this way with scan()
+      # than the way match() does it; enough faster to warrent duplicating
+      # some code
+      if rv.size == 0
+        until @buffer =~ pattern or @source.nil?
+          begin
+            # READLINE OPT
+            #str = @source.read(@block_size)
+            str = @source.readline(@line_break)
+            str = decode(str) if @to_utf and str
+            @buffer << str
+          rescue Iconv::IllegalSequence
+            raise
+          rescue
+            @source = nil
+          end
+        end
+        rv = super
+      end
+      rv.taint
+      rv
+    end
+
+    def read
+      begin
         str = @source.readline(@line_break)
-				str = decode(str) if @to_utf and str 
-				@buffer << str
-			rescue Exception, NameError
-				@source = nil
-			end
-		end
-
-		def consume( pattern )
-			match( pattern, true )
-		end
-
-		def match( pattern, cons=false )
-			rv = pattern.match(@buffer)
-			@buffer = $' if cons and rv
-			while !rv and @source
-				begin
+        str = decode(str) if @to_utf and str 
+        @buffer << str
+      rescue Exception, NameError
+        @source = nil
+      end
+    end
+
+    def consume( pattern )
+      match( pattern, true )
+    end
+
+    def match( pattern, cons=false )
+      rv = pattern.match(@buffer)
+      @buffer = $' if cons and rv
+      while !rv and @source
+        begin
           str = @source.readline(@line_break)
-					str = decode(str) if @to_utf and str
-					@buffer << str
-					rv = pattern.match(@buffer)
-					@buffer = $' if cons and rv
-				rescue
-					@source = nil
-				end
-			end
-			rv.taint
-			rv
-		end
-		
-		def empty?
-			super and ( @source.nil? || @source.eof? )
-		end
+          str = decode(str) if @to_utf and str
+          @buffer << str
+          rv = pattern.match(@buffer)
+          @buffer = $' if cons and rv
+        rescue
+          @source = nil
+        end
+      end
+      rv.taint
+      rv
+    end
+    
+    def empty?
+      super and ( @source.nil? || @source.eof? )
+    end
 
     def position
       @er_source.stat.pipe? ? 0 : @er_source.pos
     end
 
-		# @return the current line in the source
-		def current_line
+    # @return the current line in the source
+    def current_line
       begin
-        pos = @er_source.pos				# The byte position in the source
-        lineno = @er_source.lineno	# The XML < position in the source
+        pos = @er_source.pos        # The byte position in the source
+        lineno = @er_source.lineno  # The XML < position in the source
         @er_source.rewind
-        line = 0										# The \r\n position in the source
+        line = 0                    # The \r\n position in the source
         begin
           while @er_source.pos < pos
             @er_source.readline
@@ -227,7 +245,7 @@ module REXML
         pos = -1
         line = -1
       end
-			[pos, lineno, line]
-		end
-	end
+      [pos, lineno, line]
+    end
+  end
 end
diff --git a/lib/rexml/text.rb b/lib/rexml/text.rb
index 55bc9f50f8..2bc00429b3 100644
--- a/lib/rexml/text.rb
+++ b/lib/rexml/text.rb
@@ -42,6 +42,7 @@ module REXML
     # Use this field if you have entities defined for some text, and you don't
     # want REXML to escape that text in output.
     #   Text.new( "<&", false, nil, false ) #-> "&lt;&amp;"
+    #   Text.new( "&lt;&amp;", false, nil, false ) #-> "&amp;lt;&amp;amp;"
     #   Text.new( "<&", false, nil, true )  #-> Parse exception
     #   Text.new( "&lt;&amp;", false, nil, true )  #-> "&lt;&amp;"
     #   # Assume that the entity "s" is defined to be "sean"
@@ -172,17 +173,6 @@ module REXML
       end
       @unnormalized = Text::unnormalize( @string, doctype )
     end
-     
-     def wrap(string, width, addnewline=false)
-       # Recursivly wrap string at width.
-       return string if string.length <= width
-       place = string.rindex(' ', width) # Position in string with last ' ' before cutoff
-       if addnewline then
-         return "\n" + string[0,place] + "\n" + wrap(string[place+1..-1], width)
-       else
-         return string[0,place] + "\n" + wrap(string[place+1..-1], width)
-       end
-     end
 
     # Sets the contents of this text node.  This expects the text to be 
     # unnormalized.  It returns self.
@@ -198,28 +188,40 @@ module REXML
       @raw = false
     end
  
-     def indent_text(string, level=1, style="\t", indentfirstline=true)
-      return string if level < 0
-       new_string = ''
-       string.each { |line|
-         indent_string = style * level
-         new_line = (indent_string + line).sub(/[\s]+$/,'')
-         new_string << new_line
-       }
-       new_string.strip! unless indentfirstline
-       return new_string
+     def wrap(string, width, addnewline=false)
+       # Recursively wrap string at width.
+       return string if string.length <= width
+       place = string.rindex(' ', width) # Position in string with last ' ' before cutoff
+       if addnewline then
+         return "\n" + string[0,place] + "\n" + wrap(string[place+1..-1], width)
+       else
+         return string[0,place] + "\n" + wrap(string[place+1..-1], width)
+       end
      end
+
+    def indent_text(string, level=1, style="\t", indentfirstline=true)
+      return string if level < 0
+      new_string = ''
+      string.each { |line|
+        indent_string = style * level
+        new_line = (indent_string + line).sub(/[\s]+$/,'')
+        new_string << new_line
+      }
+      new_string.strip! unless indentfirstline
+      return new_string
+    end
  
+    # == DEPRECATED
+    # See REXML::Formatters
+    #
     def write( writer, indent=-1, transitive=false, ie_hack=false ) 
-      s = to_s()
-      if not (@parent and @parent.whitespace) then
-        s = wrap(s, 60, false) if @parent and @parent.context[:wordwrap] == :all
-        if @parent and not @parent.context[:indentstyle].nil? and indent > 0 and s.count("\n") > 0
-          s = indent_text(s, indent, @parent.context[:indentstyle], false)
+      Kernel.warn("#{self.class.name}.write is deprecated.  See REXML::Formatters")
+      formatter = if indent > -1
+          REXML::Formatters::Pretty.new( indent )
+        else
+          REXML::Formatters::Default.new
         end
-        s.squeeze!(" \n\t") if @parent and !@parent.whitespace
-      end
-      writer << s
+      formatter.write( self, writer )
     end
 
     # FIXME
@@ -286,9 +288,10 @@ module REXML
     def Text::normalize( input, doctype=nil, entity_filter=nil )
       copy = input
       # Doing it like this rather than in a loop improves the speed
+      #copy = copy.gsub( EREFERENCE, '&amp;' )
+      copy = copy.gsub( "&", "&amp;" )
       if doctype
         # Replace all ampersands that aren't part of an entity
-        copy = copy.gsub( EREFERENCE, '&amp;' )
         doctype.entities.each_value do |entity|
           copy = copy.gsub( entity.value, 
             "&#{entity.name};" ) if entity.value and 
@@ -296,7 +299,6 @@ module REXML
         end
       else
         # Replace all ampersands that aren't part of an entity
-        copy = copy.gsub( EREFERENCE, '&amp;' )
         DocType::DEFAULT_ENTITIES.each_value do |entity|
           copy = copy.gsub(entity.value, "&#{entity.name};" )
         end
diff --git a/lib/rexml/undefinednamespaceexception.rb b/lib/rexml/undefinednamespaceexception.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..8ebfdfd0a9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/rexml/undefinednamespaceexception.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+require 'rexml/parseexception'
+module REXML
+  class UndefinedNamespaceException < ParseException
+    def initialize( prefix, source, parser )
+      super( "Undefined prefix #{prefix} found" )
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/lib/rexml/xmldecl.rb b/lib/rexml/xmldecl.rb
index b65604b762..427eb78cf8 100644
--- a/lib/rexml/xmldecl.rb
+++ b/lib/rexml/xmldecl.rb
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ module REXML
 		STOP = '\?>';
 
 		attr_accessor :version, :standalone
-    attr_reader :writeencoding
+    attr_reader :writeencoding, :writethis
 
 		def initialize(version=DEFAULT_VERSION, encoding=nil, standalone=nil)
       @writethis = true
@@ -37,9 +37,14 @@ module REXML
 			XMLDecl.new(self)
 		end
 
-		def write writer, indent=-1, transitive=false, ie_hack=false
+    # indent::
+    #   Ignored.  There must be no whitespace before an XML declaration
+    # transitive::
+    #   Ignored
+    # ie_hack::
+    #   Ignored
+		def write(writer, indent=-1, transitive=false, ie_hack=false)
       return nil unless @writethis or writer.kind_of? Output
-			indent( writer, indent )
 			writer << START.sub(/\\/u, '')
       if writer.kind_of? Output
         writer << " #{content writer.encoding}"
diff --git a/lib/rexml/xpath.rb b/lib/rexml/xpath.rb
index 1ed440868b..e8813efd3e 100644
--- a/lib/rexml/xpath.rb
+++ b/lib/rexml/xpath.rb
@@ -19,9 +19,9 @@ module REXML
 		#  XPath.first( node )
 		#  XPath.first( doc, "//b"} )
 		#  XPath.first( node, "a/x:b", { "x"=>"http://doofus" } )
-    def XPath::first element, path=nil, namespaces={}, variables={}
-      raise "The namespaces argument, if supplied, must be a hash object." unless namespaces.kind_of? Hash
-      raise "The variables argument, if supplied, must be a hash object." unless variables.kind_of? Hash
+    def XPath::first element, path=nil, namespaces=nil, variables={}
+      raise "The namespaces argument, if supplied, must be a hash object." unless namespaces.nil? or namespaces.kind_of?(Hash)
+      raise "The variables argument, if supplied, must be a hash object." unless variables.kind_of?(Hash)
 			parser = XPathParser.new
 			parser.namespaces = namespaces
 			parser.variables = variables
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ module REXML
 			parser.parse(path, element).flatten[0]
 		end
 
-		# Itterates over nodes that match the given path, calling the supplied
+		# Iterates over nodes that match the given path, calling the supplied
 		# block with the match.
 		# element::
 		#   The context element
@@ -42,9 +42,9 @@ module REXML
 		#  XPath.each( node ) { |el| ... }
 		#  XPath.each( node, '/*[@attr='v']' ) { |el| ... }
 		#  XPath.each( node, 'ancestor::x' ) { |el| ... }
-		def XPath::each element, path=nil, namespaces={}, variables={}, &block
-      raise "The namespaces argument, if supplied, must be a hash object." unless namespaces.kind_of? Hash
-      raise "The variables argument, if supplied, must be a hash object." unless variables.kind_of? Hash
+		def XPath::each element, path=nil, namespaces=nil, variables={}, &block
+      raise "The namespaces argument, if supplied, must be a hash object." unless namespaces.nil? or namespaces.kind_of?(Hash)
+      raise "The variables argument, if supplied, must be a hash object." unless variables.kind_of?(Hash)
 			parser = XPathParser.new
 			parser.namespaces = namespaces
 			parser.variables = variables
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ module REXML
 		end
 
 		# Returns an array of nodes matching a given XPath.  
-		def XPath::match element, path=nil, namespaces={}, variables={}
+		def XPath::match element, path=nil, namespaces=nil, variables={}
 			parser = XPathParser.new
 			parser.namespaces = namespaces
 			parser.variables = variables
diff --git a/lib/rexml/xpath_parser.rb b/lib/rexml/xpath_parser.rb
index 98ed70cc10..eb608fdb34 100644
--- a/lib/rexml/xpath_parser.rb
+++ b/lib/rexml/xpath_parser.rb
@@ -10,9 +10,13 @@ class Object
   end
 end
 class Symbol
-  def dclone
-    self
-  end
+  def dclone ; self ; end
+end
+class Fixnum
+  def dclone ; self ; end
+end
+class Float
+  def dclone ; self ; end
 end
 class Array
   def dclone
@@ -34,7 +38,7 @@ module REXML
 
     def initialize( )
       @parser = REXML::Parsers::XPathParser.new
-      @namespaces = {}
+      @namespaces = nil
       @variables = {}
     end
 
@@ -130,6 +134,21 @@ module REXML
     private
 
 
+    # Returns a String namespace for a node, given a prefix
+    # The rules are:
+    # 
+    #  1. Use the supplied namespace mapping first.
+    #  2. If no mapping was supplied, use the context node to look up the namespace
+    def get_namespace( node, prefix )
+      if @namespaces
+        return @namespaces[prefix] || ''
+      else
+        return node.namespace( prefix ) if node.node_type == :element
+        return ''
+      end
+    end
+
+
     # Expr takes a stack of path elements and a set of nodes (either a Parent
     # or an Array and returns an Array of matching nodes
     ALL = [ :attribute, :element, :text, :processing_instruction, :comment ]
@@ -141,8 +160,13 @@ module REXML
       node_types = ELEMENTS
       return nodeset if path_stack.length == 0 || nodeset.length == 0
       while path_stack.length > 0
+        #puts "#"*5
         #puts "Path stack = #{path_stack.inspect}"
         #puts "Nodeset is #{nodeset.inspect}"
+        if nodeset.length == 0
+          path_stack.clear
+          return []
+        end
         case (op = path_stack.shift)
         when :document
           nodeset = [ nodeset[0].root_node ]
@@ -152,12 +176,9 @@ module REXML
           #puts "IN QNAME"
           prefix = path_stack.shift
           name = path_stack.shift
-          default_ns = @namespaces[prefix]
-          default_ns = default_ns ? default_ns : ''
           nodeset.delete_if do |node|
-            ns = default_ns
             # FIXME: This DOUBLES the time XPath searches take
-            ns = node.namespace( prefix ) if node.node_type == :element and ns == ''
+            ns = get_namespace( node, prefix )
             #puts "NS = #{ns.inspect}"
             #puts "node.node_type == :element => #{node.node_type == :element}"
             if node.node_type == :element
@@ -209,11 +230,7 @@ module REXML
           node_types = ELEMENTS
 
         when :literal
-          literal = path_stack.shift
-          if literal =~ /^\d+(\.\d+)?$/
-            return ($1 ? literal.to_f : literal.to_i) 
-          end
-          return literal
+          return path_stack.shift
         
         when :attribute
           new_nodeset = []
@@ -223,9 +240,11 @@ module REXML
             name = path_stack.shift
             for element in nodeset
               if element.node_type == :element
-                #puts element.name
-                attr = element.attribute( name, @namespaces[prefix] )
-                new_nodeset << attr if attr
+                #puts "Element name = #{element.name}"
+                #puts "get_namespace( #{element.inspect}, #{prefix} ) = #{get_namespace(element, prefix)}"
+                attrib = element.attribute( name, get_namespace(element, prefix) )
+                #puts "attrib = #{attrib.inspect}"
+                new_nodeset << attrib if attrib
               end
             end
           when :any
@@ -287,8 +306,10 @@ module REXML
               #puts "Adding node #{node.inspect}" if result == (index+1)
               new_nodeset << node if result == (index+1)
             elsif result.instance_of? Array
-              #puts "Adding node #{node.inspect}" if result.size > 0
-              new_nodeset << node if result.size > 0
+              if result.size > 0 and result.inject(false) {|k,s| s or k}
+                #puts "Adding node #{node.inspect}" if result.size > 0
+                new_nodeset << node if result.size > 0
+              end
             else
               #puts "Adding node #{node.inspect}" if result
               new_nodeset << node if result
@@ -331,7 +352,8 @@ module REXML
         when :following_sibling
           #puts "FOLLOWING_SIBLING 1: nodeset = #{nodeset}"
           results = []
-          for node in nodeset
+          nodeset.each do |node|
+            next if node.parent.nil?
             all_siblings = node.parent.children
             current_index = all_siblings.index( node )
             following_siblings = all_siblings[ current_index+1 .. -1 ]
@@ -342,13 +364,14 @@ module REXML
 
         when :preceding_sibling
           results = []
-          for node in nodeset
+          nodeset.each do |node|
+            next if node.parent.nil?
             all_siblings = node.parent.children
             current_index = all_siblings.index( node )
-            preceding_siblings = all_siblings[ 0 .. current_index-1 ].reverse
-            #results += expr( path_stack.dclone, preceding_siblings )
+            preceding_siblings = all_siblings[ 0, current_index ].reverse
+            results += preceding_siblings
           end
-          nodeset = preceding_siblings || []
+          nodeset = results
           node_types = ELEMENTS
 
         when :preceding
@@ -369,9 +392,25 @@ module REXML
           node_types = ELEMENTS
 
         when :namespace
-          new_set = []
+          #puts "In :namespace"
+          new_nodeset = []
+          prefix = path_stack.shift
           for node in nodeset
-            new_nodeset << node.namespace if node.node_type == :element or node.node_type == :attribute
+            if (node.node_type == :element or node.node_type == :attribute)
+              if @namespaces
+                namespaces = @namespaces
+              elsif (node.node_type == :element)
+                namespaces = node.namespaces
+              else
+                namespaces = node.element.namesapces
+              end
+              #puts "Namespaces = #{namespaces.inspect}"
+              #puts "Prefix = #{prefix.inspect}"
+              #puts "Node.namespace = #{node.namespace}"
+              if (node.namespace == namespaces[prefix])
+                new_nodeset << node
+              end
+            end
           end
           nodeset = new_nodeset
 
@@ -392,6 +431,18 @@ module REXML
           #puts "RES => #{res.inspect}"
           return res
 
+        when :and
+          left = expr( path_stack.shift, nodeset.dup, context )
+          #puts "LEFT => #{left.inspect} (#{left.class.name})"
+          if left == false || left.nil? || !left.inject(false) {|a,b| a | b}
+            return []
+          end
+          right = expr( path_stack.shift, nodeset.dup, context )
+          #puts "RIGHT => #{right.inspect} (#{right.class.name})"
+          res = equality_relational_compare( left, op, right )
+          #puts "RES => #{res.inspect}"
+          return res
+
         when :div
           left = Functions::number(expr(path_stack.shift, nodeset, context)).to_f
           right = Functions::number(expr(path_stack.shift, nodeset, context)).to_f
@@ -465,7 +516,7 @@ module REXML
     # The next two methods are BAD MOJO!
     # This is my achilles heel.  If anybody thinks of a better
     # way of doing this, be my guest.  This really sucks, but 
-    # it took me three days to get it to work at all.
+    # it is a wonder it works at all.
     # ########################################################
     
     def descendant_or_self( path_stack, nodeset )
diff --git a/lib/rinda/ring.rb b/lib/rinda/ring.rb
index 5b2d412451..1fad92dbc7 100644
--- a/lib/rinda/ring.rb
+++ b/lib/rinda/ring.rb
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ module Rinda
   # 1. A RingServer begins listening on the broadcast UDP address.
   # 2. A RingFinger sends a UDP packet containing the DRb URI where it will
   #    listen for a reply.
-  # 3. The RingServer recieves the UDP packet and connects back to the
+  # 3. The RingServer receives the UDP packet and connects back to the
   #    provided DRb URI with the DRb service.
 
   class RingServer
@@ -80,7 +80,7 @@ module Rinda
     # address of the local TupleSpace.
 
     def do_reply
-      tuple = @ts.take([:lookup_ring, DRbObject])
+      tuple = @ts.take([:lookup_ring, nil])
       Thread.new { tuple[1].call(@ts) rescue nil}
     rescue
     end
@@ -119,7 +119,7 @@ module Rinda
     end
 
     ##
-    # Contains all discoverd TupleSpaces except for the primary.
+    # Contains all discovered TupleSpaces except for the primary.
 
     def self.to_a
       finger.to_a
diff --git a/lib/rinda/tuplespace.rb b/lib/rinda/tuplespace.rb
index 73e79bb401..b0409dde3b 100644
--- a/lib/rinda/tuplespace.rb
+++ b/lib/rinda/tuplespace.rb
@@ -2,6 +2,8 @@ require 'monitor'
 require 'thread'
 require 'drb/drb'
 require 'rinda/rinda'
+require 'enumerator'
+require 'forwardable'
 
 module Rinda
 
@@ -286,45 +288,70 @@ module Rinda
   # of Tuplespace.
 
   class TupleBag
+    class TupleBin
+      extend Forwardable
+      def_delegators '@bin', :find_all, :delete_if, :each, :empty?
+
+      def initialize
+        @bin = []
+      end
+      
+      def add(tuple)
+        @bin.push(tuple)
+      end
+      
+      def delete(tuple)
+        idx = @bin.rindex(tuple)
+        @bin.delete_at(idx) if idx
+      end
+      
+      def find(&blk)
+        @bin.reverse_each do |x|
+          return x if yield(x)
+        end
+        nil
+      end
+    end
 
     def initialize # :nodoc:
       @hash = {}
+      @enum = Enumerable::Enumerator.new(self, :each_entry)
     end
 
     ##
     # +true+ if the TupleBag to see if it has any expired entries.
 
     def has_expires?
-      @hash.each do |k, v|
-        v.each do |tuple|
-          return true if tuple.expires
-        end
+      @enum.find do |tuple|
+        tuple.expires
       end
-      false
     end
 
     ##
-    # Add +ary+ to the TupleBag.
+    # Add +tuple+ to the TupleBag.
 
-    def push(ary)
-      size = ary.size
-      @hash[size] ||= []
-      @hash[size].push(ary)
+    def push(tuple)
+      key = bin_key(tuple)
+      @hash[key] ||= TupleBin.new
+      @hash[key].add(tuple)
     end
 
     ##
-    # Removes +ary+ from the TupleBag.
+    # Removes +tuple+ from the TupleBag.
 
-    def delete(ary)
-      size = ary.size
-      @hash.fetch(size, []).delete(ary)
+    def delete(tuple)
+      key = bin_key(tuple)
+      bin = @hash[key]
+      return nil unless bin
+      bin.delete(tuple)
+      @hash.delete(key) if bin.empty?
+      tuple
     end
 
     ##
     # Finds all live tuples that match +template+.
-
     def find_all(template)
-      @hash.fetch(template.size, []).find_all do |tuple|
+      bin_for_find(template).find_all do |tuple|
         tuple.alive? && template.match(tuple)
       end
     end
@@ -333,7 +360,7 @@ module Rinda
     # Finds a live tuple that matches +template+.
 
     def find(template)
-      @hash.fetch(template.size, []).find do |tuple|
+      bin_for_find(template).find do |tuple|
         tuple.alive? && template.match(tuple)
       end
     end
@@ -343,7 +370,7 @@ module Rinda
     # +tuple+ and are alive.
 
     def find_all_template(tuple)
-      @hash.fetch(tuple.size, []).find_all do |template|
+      @enum.find_all do |template|
         template.alive? && template.match(tuple)
       end
     end
@@ -354,20 +381,39 @@ module Rinda
 
     def delete_unless_alive
       deleted = []
-      @hash.keys.each do |size|
-        ary = []
-        @hash[size].each do |tuple|
+      @hash.each do |key, bin|
+        bin.delete_if do |tuple|
           if tuple.alive?
-            ary.push(tuple)
+            false
           else
             deleted.push(tuple)
+            true
           end
         end
-        @hash[size] = ary
       end
       deleted
     end
 
+    private
+    def each_entry(&blk)
+      @hash.each do |k, v|
+        v.each(&blk)
+      end
+    end
+
+    def bin_key(tuple)
+      head = tuple[0]
+      if head.class == Symbol
+        return head
+      else
+        false
+      end
+    end
+
+    def bin_for_find(template)
+      key = bin_key(template)
+      key ? @hash.fetch(key, []) : @enum
+    end
   end
 
   ##
@@ -403,8 +449,7 @@ module Rinda
     # Adds +tuple+
 
     def write(tuple, sec=nil)
-      entry = TupleEntry.new(tuple, sec)
-      start_keeper
+      entry = create_entry(tuple, sec)
       synchronize do
         if entry.expired?
           @read_waiter.find_all_template(entry).each do |template|
@@ -414,6 +459,7 @@ module Rinda
           notify_event('delete', entry.value)
         else
           @bag.push(entry)
+          start_keeper if entry.expires
           @read_waiter.find_all_template(entry).each do |template|
             template.read(tuple)
           end
@@ -439,7 +485,6 @@ module Rinda
     def move(port, tuple, sec=nil)
       template = WaitTemplateEntry.new(self, tuple, sec)
       yield(template) if block_given?
-      start_keeper
       synchronize do
         entry = @bag.find(template)
         if entry
@@ -452,6 +497,7 @@ module Rinda
 
         begin
           @take_waiter.push(template)
+          start_keeper if template.expires
           while true
             raise RequestCanceledError if template.canceled?
             raise RequestExpiredError if template.expired?
@@ -476,7 +522,6 @@ module Rinda
     def read(tuple, sec=nil)
       template = WaitTemplateEntry.new(self, tuple, sec)
       yield(template) if block_given?
-      start_keeper
       synchronize do
         entry = @bag.find(template)
         return entry.value if entry
@@ -484,6 +529,7 @@ module Rinda
 
         begin
           @read_waiter.push(template)
+          start_keeper if template.expires
           template.wait
           raise RequestCanceledError if template.canceled?
           raise RequestExpiredError if template.expired?
@@ -529,6 +575,10 @@ module Rinda
 
     private
 
+    def create_entry(tuple, sec)
+      TupleEntry.new(tuple, sec)
+    end
+
     ##
     # Removes dead tuples.
 
@@ -566,9 +616,12 @@ module Rinda
     def start_keeper
       return if @keeper && @keeper.alive?
       @keeper = Thread.new do
-        while need_keeper?
-          keep_clean
+        while true
           sleep(@period)
+          synchronize do
+            break unless need_keeper?
+            keep_clean
+          end
         end
       end
     end
diff --git a/lib/rss.rb b/lib/rss.rb
index 495edb1b98..a1d0f76ba1 100644
--- a/lib/rss.rb
+++ b/lib/rss.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# Copyright (c) 2003-2005 Kouhei Sutou.  You can redistribute it and/or
+# Copyright (c) 2003-2007 Kouhei Sutou.  You can redistribute it and/or
 # modify it under the same terms as Ruby.
 #
 # Author:: Kouhei Sutou <kou@cozmixng.org>
@@ -6,11 +6,14 @@
 
 require 'rss/1.0'
 require 'rss/2.0'
+require 'rss/atom'
 require 'rss/content'
 require 'rss/dublincore'
 require 'rss/image'
+require 'rss/itunes'
+require 'rss/slash'
 require 'rss/syndication'
-#require 'rss/taxonomy'
+require 'rss/taxonomy'
 require 'rss/trackback'
 
 require "rss/maker"
diff --git a/lib/rss/0.9.rb b/lib/rss/0.9.rb
index eb2d828102..7b24e7596d 100644
--- a/lib/rss/0.9.rb
+++ b/lib/rss/0.9.rb
@@ -17,16 +17,18 @@ module RSS
 
     include RSS09
     include RootElementMixin
-    include XMLStyleSheetMixin
 
     %w(channel).each do |name|
       install_have_child_element(name, "", nil)
     end
 
-    attr_accessor :rss_version, :version, :encoding, :standalone
-    
-    def initialize(rss_version, version=nil, encoding=nil, standalone=nil)
+    attr_writer :feed_version
+    alias_method(:rss_version, :feed_version)
+    alias_method(:rss_version=, :feed_version=)
+
+    def initialize(feed_version, version=nil, encoding=nil, standalone=nil)
       super
+      @feed_type = "rss"
     end
 
     def items
@@ -58,12 +60,14 @@ module RSS
       items.each do |item|
         item.setup_maker(maker.items)
       end
+      image.setup_maker(maker) if image
+      textinput.setup_maker(maker) if textinput
     end
 
     private
     def _attrs
       [
-        ["version", true, "rss_version"],
+        ["version", true, "feed_version"],
       ]
     end
 
@@ -401,21 +405,22 @@ module RSS
   end
 
   RSS09::ELEMENTS.each do |name|
-    BaseListener.install_get_text_element("", name, "#{name}=")
+    BaseListener.install_get_text_element("", name, name)
   end
 
   module ListenerMixin
     private
-    def start_rss(tag_name, prefix, attrs, ns)
+    def initial_start_rss(tag_name, prefix, attrs, ns)
       check_ns(tag_name, prefix, ns, "")
       
       @rss = Rss.new(attrs['version'], @version, @encoding, @standalone)
       @rss.do_validate = @do_validate
       @rss.xml_stylesheets = @xml_stylesheets
       @last_element = @rss
-      @proc_stack.push Proc.new { |text, tags|
+      pr = Proc.new do |text, tags|
         @rss.validate_for_stream(tags, @ignore_unknown_element) if @do_validate
-      }
+      end
+      @proc_stack.push(pr)
     end
     
   end
diff --git a/lib/rss/1.0.rb b/lib/rss/1.0.rb
index a945434fbf..f04e61c5eb 100644
--- a/lib/rss/1.0.rb
+++ b/lib/rss/1.0.rb
@@ -45,10 +45,10 @@ module RSS
       __send__("install_have_#{type}_element", tag, ::RSS::URI, occurs)
     end
 
-    attr_accessor :rss_version, :version, :encoding, :standalone
-    
+    alias_method(:rss_version, :feed_version)
     def initialize(version=nil, encoding=nil, standalone=nil)
       super('1.0', version, encoding, standalone)
+      @feed_type = "rss"
     end
 
     def full_name
@@ -430,21 +430,22 @@ module RSS
   end
 
   RSS10::ELEMENTS.each do |name|
-    BaseListener.install_get_text_element(URI, name, "#{name}=")
+    BaseListener.install_get_text_element(URI, name, name)
   end
 
   module ListenerMixin
     private
-    def start_RDF(tag_name, prefix, attrs, ns)
+    def initial_start_RDF(tag_name, prefix, attrs, ns)
       check_ns(tag_name, prefix, ns, RDF::URI)
 
       @rss = RDF.new(@version, @encoding, @standalone)
       @rss.do_validate = @do_validate
       @rss.xml_stylesheets = @xml_stylesheets
       @last_element = @rss
-      @proc_stack.push Proc.new { |text, tags|
+      pr = Proc.new do |text, tags|
         @rss.validate_for_stream(tags, @ignore_unknown_element) if @do_validate
-      }
+      end
+      @proc_stack.push(pr)
     end
   end
 
diff --git a/lib/rss/2.0.rb b/lib/rss/2.0.rb
index 44bdb4f1ae..3798da4eb7 100644
--- a/lib/rss/2.0.rb
+++ b/lib/rss/2.0.rb
@@ -105,7 +105,7 @@ module RSS
   end
 
   RSS09::ELEMENTS.each do |name|
-    BaseListener.install_get_text_element("", name, "#{name}=")
+    BaseListener.install_get_text_element("", name, name)
   end
 
 end
diff --git a/lib/rss/atom.rb b/lib/rss/atom.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..7cba934feb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/rss/atom.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,749 @@
+require 'base64'
+require 'rss/parser'
+
+module RSS
+  module Atom
+    URI = "http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom"
+    XHTML_URI = "http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
+
+    module CommonModel
+      NSPOOL = {}
+      ELEMENTS = []
+
+      def self.append_features(klass)
+        super
+        klass.install_must_call_validator("atom", URI)
+        [
+         ["lang", :xml],
+         ["base", :xml],
+        ].each do |name, uri, required|
+          klass.install_get_attribute(name, uri, required, [nil, :inherit])
+        end
+        klass.class_eval do
+          class << self
+            def required_uri
+              URI
+            end
+
+            def need_parent?
+              true
+            end
+          end
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    module ContentModel
+      module ClassMethods
+        def content_type
+          @content_type ||= nil
+        end
+      end
+
+      class << self
+        def append_features(klass)
+          super
+          klass.extend(ClassMethods)
+          klass.content_setup(klass.content_type, klass.tag_name)
+        end
+      end
+
+      def maker_target(target)
+        target
+      end
+
+      private
+      def setup_maker_element_writer
+        "#{self.class.name.split(/::/).last.downcase}="
+      end
+
+      def setup_maker_element(target)
+        target.__send__(setup_maker_element_writer, content)
+        super
+      end
+    end
+
+    module URIContentModel
+      class  << self
+        def append_features(klass)
+          super
+          klass.class_eval do
+            @content_type = [nil, :uri]
+            include(ContentModel)
+          end
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    module TextConstruct
+      def self.append_features(klass)
+        super
+        klass.class_eval do
+          [
+           ["type", ""],
+          ].each do |name, uri, required|
+            install_get_attribute(name, uri, required, :text_type)
+          end
+
+          content_setup
+          add_need_initialize_variable("xhtml")
+
+          class << self
+            def xml_getter
+              "xhtml"
+            end
+
+            def xml_setter
+              "xhtml="
+            end
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      attr_writer :xhtml
+      def xhtml
+        return @xhtml if @xhtml.nil?
+        if @xhtml.is_a?(XML::Element) and
+            [@xhtml.name, @xhtml.uri] == ["div", XHTML_URI]
+          return @xhtml
+        end
+
+        children = @xhtml
+        children = [children] unless children.is_a?(Array)
+        XML::Element.new("div", nil, XHTML_URI,
+                         {"xmlns" => XHTML_URI}, children)
+      end
+
+      def have_xml_content?
+        @type == "xhtml"
+      end
+
+      def atom_validate(ignore_unknown_element, tags, uri)
+        if have_xml_content?
+          if @xhtml.nil?
+            raise MissingTagError.new("div", tag_name)
+          end
+          unless [@xhtml.name, @xhtml.uri] == ["div", XHTML_URI]
+            raise NotExpectedTagError.new(@xhtml.name, @xhtml.uri, tag_name)
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      private
+      def maker_target(target)
+        target.__send__(self.class.name.split(/::/).last.downcase) {|x| x}
+      end
+
+      def setup_maker_attributes(target)
+        target.type = type
+        target.content = content
+        target.xml_content = @xhtml
+      end
+    end
+
+    module PersonConstruct
+      def self.append_features(klass)
+        super
+        klass.class_eval do
+          [
+           ["name", nil],
+           ["uri", "?"],
+           ["email", "?"],
+          ].each do |tag, occurs|
+            install_have_attribute_element(tag, URI, occurs, nil, :content)
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      def maker_target(target)
+        target.__send__("new_#{self.class.name.split(/::/).last.downcase}")
+      end
+
+      class Name < RSS::Element
+        include CommonModel
+        include ContentModel
+      end
+
+      class Uri < RSS::Element
+        include CommonModel
+        include URIContentModel
+      end
+
+      class Email < RSS::Element
+        include CommonModel
+        include ContentModel
+      end
+    end
+
+    module DateConstruct
+      def self.append_features(klass)
+        super
+        klass.class_eval do
+          @content_type = :w3cdtf
+          include(ContentModel)
+        end
+      end
+
+      def atom_validate(ignore_unknown_element, tags, uri)
+        raise NotAvailableValueError.new(tag_name, "") if content.nil?
+      end
+    end
+
+    module DuplicateLinkChecker
+      def validate_duplicate_links(links)
+        link_infos = {}
+        links.each do |link|
+          rel = link.rel || "alternate"
+          next unless rel == "alternate"
+          key = [link.hreflang, link.type]
+          if link_infos.has_key?(key)
+            raise TooMuchTagError.new("link", tag_name)
+          end
+          link_infos[key] = true
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    class Feed < RSS::Element
+      include RootElementMixin
+      include CommonModel
+      include DuplicateLinkChecker
+
+      install_ns('', URI)
+
+      [
+       ["author", "*", :children],
+       ["category", "*", :children, "categories"],
+       ["contributor", "*", :children],
+       ["generator", "?"],
+       ["icon", "?", nil, :content],
+       ["id", nil, nil, :content],
+       ["link", "*", :children],
+       ["logo", "?"],
+       ["rights", "?"],
+       ["subtitle", "?", nil, :content],
+       ["title", nil, nil, :content],
+       ["updated", nil, nil, :content],
+       ["entry", "*", :children, "entries"],
+      ].each do |tag, occurs, type, *args|
+        type ||= :child
+        __send__("install_have_#{type}_element",
+                 tag, URI, occurs, tag, *args)
+      end
+
+      def initialize(version=nil, encoding=nil, standalone=nil)
+        super("1.0", version, encoding, standalone)
+        @feed_type = "atom"
+        @feed_subtype = "feed"
+      end
+
+      alias_method :items, :entries
+
+      def have_author?
+        authors.any? {|author| !author.to_s.empty?} or
+          entries.any? {|entry| entry.have_author?(false)}
+      end
+
+      private
+      def atom_validate(ignore_unknown_element, tags, uri)
+        unless have_author?
+          raise MissingTagError.new("author", tag_name)
+        end
+        validate_duplicate_links(links)
+      end
+
+      def have_required_elements?
+        super and have_author?
+      end
+
+      def maker_target(maker)
+        maker.channel
+      end
+
+      def setup_maker_element(channel)
+        prev_dc_dates = channel.dc_dates.to_a.dup
+        super
+        channel.about = id.content if id
+        channel.dc_dates.replace(prev_dc_dates)
+      end
+
+      def setup_maker_elements(channel)
+        super
+        items = channel.maker.items
+        entries.each do |entry|
+          entry.setup_maker(items)
+        end
+      end
+
+      class Author < RSS::Element
+        include CommonModel
+        include PersonConstruct
+      end
+
+      class Category < RSS::Element
+        include CommonModel
+
+        [
+         ["term", "", true],
+         ["scheme", "", false, [nil, :uri]],
+         ["label", ""],
+        ].each do |name, uri, required, type|
+          install_get_attribute(name, uri, required, type)
+        end
+
+        private
+        def maker_target(target)
+          target.new_category
+        end
+      end
+
+      class Contributor < RSS::Element
+        include CommonModel
+        include PersonConstruct
+      end
+
+      class Generator < RSS::Element
+        include CommonModel
+        include ContentModel
+
+        [
+         ["uri", "", false, [nil, :uri]],
+         ["version", ""],
+        ].each do |name, uri, required, type|
+          install_get_attribute(name, uri, required, type)
+        end
+
+        private
+        def setup_maker_attributes(target)
+          target.generator do |generator|
+            generator.uri = uri if uri
+            generator.version = version if version
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      class Icon < RSS::Element
+        include CommonModel
+        include URIContentModel
+      end
+
+      class Id < RSS::Element
+        include CommonModel
+        include URIContentModel
+      end
+
+      class Link < RSS::Element
+        include CommonModel
+
+        [
+         ["href", "", true, [nil, :uri]],
+         ["rel", ""],
+         ["type", ""],
+         ["hreflang", ""],
+         ["title", ""],
+         ["length", ""],
+        ].each do |name, uri, required, type|
+          install_get_attribute(name, uri, required, type)
+        end
+
+        private
+        def maker_target(target)
+          target.new_link
+        end
+      end
+
+      class Logo < RSS::Element
+        include CommonModel
+        include URIContentModel
+
+        def maker_target(target)
+          target.maker.image
+        end
+
+        private
+        def setup_maker_element_writer
+          "url="
+        end
+      end
+
+      class Rights < RSS::Element
+        include CommonModel
+        include TextConstruct
+      end
+
+      class Subtitle < RSS::Element
+        include CommonModel
+        include TextConstruct
+      end
+
+      class Title < RSS::Element
+        include CommonModel
+        include TextConstruct
+      end
+
+      class Updated < RSS::Element
+        include CommonModel
+        include DateConstruct
+      end
+
+      class Entry < RSS::Element
+        include CommonModel
+        include DuplicateLinkChecker
+
+        [
+         ["author", "*", :children],
+         ["category", "*", :children, "categories"],
+         ["content", "?", :child],
+         ["contributor", "*", :children],
+         ["id", nil, nil, :content],
+         ["link", "*", :children],
+         ["published", "?", :child, :content],
+         ["rights", "?", :child],
+         ["source", "?"],
+         ["summary", "?", :child],
+         ["title", nil],
+         ["updated", nil, :child, :content],
+        ].each do |tag, occurs, type, *args|
+          type ||= :attribute
+          __send__("install_have_#{type}_element",
+                   tag, URI, occurs, tag, *args)
+        end
+
+        def have_author?(check_parent=true)
+          authors.any? {|author| !author.to_s.empty?} or
+            (check_parent and @parent and @parent.have_author?) or
+            (source and source.have_author?)
+        end
+
+        private
+        def atom_validate(ignore_unknown_element, tags, uri)
+          unless have_author?
+            raise MissingTagError.new("author", tag_name)
+          end
+          validate_duplicate_links(links)
+        end
+
+        def have_required_elements?
+          super and have_author?
+        end
+
+        def maker_target(items)
+          if items.respond_to?("items")
+            # For backward compatibility
+            items = items.items
+          end
+          items.new_item
+        end
+
+        Author = Feed::Author
+        Category = Feed::Category
+
+        class Content < RSS::Element
+          include CommonModel
+
+          class << self
+            def xml_setter
+              "xml="
+            end
+
+            def xml_getter
+              "xml"
+            end
+          end
+
+          [
+           ["type", ""],
+           ["src", "", false, [nil, :uri]],
+          ].each do |name, uri, required, type|
+            install_get_attribute(name, uri, required, type)
+          end
+
+          content_setup
+          add_need_initialize_variable("xml")
+
+          attr_writer :xml
+          def have_xml_content?
+            inline_xhtml? or inline_other_xml?
+          end
+
+          def xml
+            return @xml unless inline_xhtml?
+            return @xml if @xml.nil?
+            if @xml.is_a?(XML::Element) and
+                [@xml.name, @xml.uri] == ["div", XHTML_URI]
+              return @xml
+            end
+
+            children = @xml
+            children = [children] unless children.is_a?(Array)
+            XML::Element.new("div", nil, XHTML_URI,
+                             {"xmlns" => XHTML_URI}, children)
+          end
+
+          def xhtml
+            if inline_xhtml?
+              xml
+            else
+              nil
+            end
+          end
+
+          def atom_validate(ignore_unknown_element, tags, uri)
+            if out_of_line?
+              raise MissingAttributeError.new(tag_name, "type") if @type.nil?
+              unless (content.nil? or content.empty?)
+                raise NotAvailableValueError.new(tag_name, content)
+              end
+            elsif inline_xhtml?
+              if @xml.nil?
+                raise MissingTagError.new("div", tag_name)
+              end
+              unless @xml.name == "div" and @xml.uri == XHTML_URI
+                raise NotExpectedTagError.new(@xml.name, @xml.uri, tag_name)
+              end
+            end
+          end
+
+          def inline_text?
+            !out_of_line? and [nil, "text", "html"].include?(@type)
+          end
+
+          def inline_html?
+            return false if out_of_line?
+            @type == "html" or mime_split == ["text", "html"]
+          end
+
+          def inline_xhtml?
+            !out_of_line? and @type == "xhtml"
+          end
+
+          def inline_other?
+            return false if out_of_line?
+            media_type, subtype = mime_split
+            return false if media_type.nil? or subtype.nil?
+            true
+          end
+
+          def inline_other_text?
+            return false unless inline_other?
+            return false if inline_other_xml?
+
+            media_type, subtype = mime_split
+            return true if "text" == media_type.downcase
+            false
+          end
+
+          def inline_other_xml?
+            return false unless inline_other?
+
+            media_type, subtype = mime_split
+            normalized_mime_type = "#{media_type}/#{subtype}".downcase
+            if /(?:\+xml|^xml)$/ =~ subtype or
+                %w(text/xml-external-parsed-entity
+                   application/xml-external-parsed-entity
+                   application/xml-dtd).find {|x| x == normalized_mime_type}
+              return true
+            end
+            false
+          end
+
+          def inline_other_base64?
+            inline_other? and !inline_other_text? and !inline_other_xml?
+          end
+
+          def out_of_line?
+            not @src.nil?
+          end
+
+          def mime_split
+            media_type = subtype = nil
+            if /\A\s*([a-z]+)\/([a-z\+]+)\s*(?:;.*)?\z/i =~ @type.to_s
+              media_type = $1.downcase
+              subtype = $2.downcase
+            end
+            [media_type, subtype]
+          end
+
+          def need_base64_encode?
+            inline_other_base64?
+          end
+
+          private
+          def empty_content?
+            out_of_line? or super
+          end
+        end
+
+        Contributor = Feed::Contributor
+        Id = Feed::Id
+        Link = Feed::Link
+
+        class Published < RSS::Element
+          include CommonModel
+          include DateConstruct
+        end
+
+        Rights = Feed::Rights
+
+        class Source < RSS::Element
+          include CommonModel
+
+          [
+           ["author", "*", :children],
+           ["category", "*", :children, "categories"],
+           ["contributor", "*", :children],
+           ["generator", "?"],
+           ["icon", "?"],
+           ["id", "?", nil, :content],
+           ["link", "*", :children],
+           ["logo", "?"],
+           ["rights", "?"],
+           ["subtitle", "?"],
+           ["title", "?"],
+           ["updated", "?", nil, :content],
+          ].each do |tag, occurs, type, *args|
+            type ||= :attribute
+            __send__("install_have_#{type}_element",
+                     tag, URI, occurs, tag, *args)
+          end
+
+          def have_author?
+            !author.to_s.empty?
+          end
+
+          Author = Feed::Author
+          Category = Feed::Category
+          Contributor = Feed::Contributor
+          Generator = Feed::Generator
+          Icon = Feed::Icon
+          Id = Feed::Id
+          Link = Feed::Link
+          Logo = Feed::Logo
+          Rights = Feed::Rights
+          Subtitle = Feed::Subtitle
+          Title = Feed::Title
+          Updated = Feed::Updated
+        end
+
+        class Summary < RSS::Element
+          include CommonModel
+          include TextConstruct
+        end
+
+        Title = Feed::Title
+        Updated = Feed::Updated
+      end
+    end
+
+    class Entry < RSS::Element
+      include RootElementMixin
+      include CommonModel
+      include DuplicateLinkChecker
+
+      [
+       ["author", "*", :children],
+       ["category", "*", :children, "categories"],
+       ["content", "?"],
+       ["contributor", "*", :children],
+       ["id", nil, nil, :content],
+       ["link", "*", :children],
+       ["published", "?", :child, :content],
+       ["rights", "?"],
+       ["source", "?"],
+       ["summary", "?"],
+       ["title", nil],
+       ["updated", nil, nil, :content],
+      ].each do |tag, occurs, type, *args|
+        type ||= :attribute
+        __send__("install_have_#{type}_element",
+                 tag, URI, occurs, tag, *args)
+      end
+
+      def initialize(version=nil, encoding=nil, standalone=nil)
+        super("1.0", version, encoding, standalone)
+        @feed_type = "atom"
+        @feed_subtype = "entry"
+      end
+
+      def items
+        [self]
+      end
+
+      def setup_maker(maker)
+        maker = maker.maker if maker.respond_to?("maker")
+        super(maker)
+      end
+
+      def have_author?
+        authors.any? {|author| !author.to_s.empty?} or
+          (source and source.have_author?)
+      end
+
+      private
+      def atom_validate(ignore_unknown_element, tags, uri)
+        unless have_author?
+          raise MissingTagError.new("author", tag_name)
+        end
+        validate_duplicate_links(links)
+      end
+
+      def have_required_elements?
+        super and have_author?
+      end
+
+      def maker_target(maker)
+        maker.items.new_item
+      end
+
+      Author = Feed::Entry::Author
+      Category = Feed::Entry::Category
+      Content = Feed::Entry::Content
+      Contributor = Feed::Entry::Contributor
+      Id = Feed::Entry::Id
+      Link = Feed::Entry::Link
+      Published = Feed::Entry::Published
+      Rights = Feed::Entry::Rights
+      Source = Feed::Entry::Source
+      Summary = Feed::Entry::Summary
+      Title = Feed::Entry::Title
+      Updated = Feed::Entry::Updated
+    end
+  end
+
+  Atom::CommonModel::ELEMENTS.each do |name|
+    BaseListener.install_get_text_element(Atom::URI, name, "#{name}=")
+  end
+
+  module ListenerMixin
+    private
+    def initial_start_feed(tag_name, prefix, attrs, ns)
+      check_ns(tag_name, prefix, ns, Atom::URI)
+
+      @rss = Atom::Feed.new(@version, @encoding, @standalone)
+      @rss.do_validate = @do_validate
+      @rss.xml_stylesheets = @xml_stylesheets
+      @rss.lang = attrs["xml:lang"]
+      @rss.base = attrs["xml:base"]
+      @last_element = @rss
+      pr = Proc.new do |text, tags|
+        @rss.validate_for_stream(tags) if @do_validate
+      end
+      @proc_stack.push(pr)
+    end
+
+    def initial_start_entry(tag_name, prefix, attrs, ns)
+      check_ns(tag_name, prefix, ns, Atom::URI)
+
+      @rss = Atom::Entry.new(@version, @encoding, @standalone)
+      @rss.do_validate = @do_validate
+      @rss.xml_stylesheets = @xml_stylesheets
+      @rss.lang = attrs["xml:lang"]
+      @rss.base = attrs["xml:base"]
+      @last_element = @rss
+      pr = Proc.new do |text, tags|
+        @rss.validate_for_stream(tags) if @do_validate
+      end
+      @proc_stack.push(pr)
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/lib/rss/content.rb b/lib/rss/content.rb
index 1b13f39fcf..b12ee918aa 100644
--- a/lib/rss/content.rb
+++ b/lib/rss/content.rb
@@ -1,38 +1,31 @@
-require "rss/1.0"
+require "rss/rss"
 
 module RSS
-
   CONTENT_PREFIX = 'content'
   CONTENT_URI = "http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/content/"
 
-  RDF.install_ns(CONTENT_PREFIX, CONTENT_URI)
-
   module ContentModel
-
     extend BaseModel
 
-    ELEMENTS = []
+    ELEMENTS = ["#{CONTENT_PREFIX}_encoded"]
 
     def self.append_features(klass)
       super
 
       klass.install_must_call_validator(CONTENT_PREFIX, CONTENT_URI)
-      %w(encoded).each do |name|
-        klass.install_text_element(name, CONTENT_URI, "?",
-                                   "#{CONTENT_PREFIX}_#{name}")
+      ELEMENTS.each do |full_name|
+        name = full_name[(CONTENT_PREFIX.size + 1)..-1]
+        klass.install_text_element(name, CONTENT_URI, "?", full_name)
       end
     end
   end
 
-  class RDF
-    class Item; include ContentModel; end
-  end
-
   prefix_size = CONTENT_PREFIX.size + 1
-  ContentModel::ELEMENTS.uniq!
   ContentModel::ELEMENTS.each do |full_name|
     name = full_name[prefix_size..-1]
-    BaseListener.install_get_text_element(CONTENT_URI, name, "#{full_name}=")
+    BaseListener.install_get_text_element(CONTENT_URI, name, full_name)
   end
-
 end
+
+require 'rss/content/1.0'
+require 'rss/content/2.0'
diff --git a/lib/rss/content/1.0.rb b/lib/rss/content/1.0.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e7c0c19685
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/rss/content/1.0.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+require 'rss/1.0'
+require 'rss/content'
+
+module RSS
+  RDF.install_ns(CONTENT_PREFIX, CONTENT_URI)
+
+  class RDF
+    class Item; include ContentModel; end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/lib/rss/content/2.0.rb b/lib/rss/content/2.0.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..8671b5b1a6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/rss/content/2.0.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+require "rss/2.0"
+require "rss/content"
+
+module RSS
+  Rss.install_ns(CONTENT_PREFIX, CONTENT_URI)
+
+  class Rss
+    class Channel
+      class Item; include ContentModel; end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/lib/rss/converter.rb b/lib/rss/converter.rb
index d928c48223..415a319188 100644
--- a/lib/rss/converter.rb
+++ b/lib/rss/converter.rb
@@ -80,8 +80,12 @@ module RSS
         end
       rescue LoadError
         require 'nkf'
-        def_convert(1) do |value|
-          "NKF.nkf(#{nkf_arg.dump}, #{value})"
+        if NKF.const_defined?(:UTF8)
+          def_convert(1) do |value|
+            "NKF.nkf(#{nkf_arg.dump}, #{value})"
+          end
+        else
+          def_iconv_convert(to_enc, from_enc, 1)
         end
       end
     end
diff --git a/lib/rss/dublincore.rb b/lib/rss/dublincore.rb
index 8a4afd4dd9..7ba239f8f1 100644
--- a/lib/rss/dublincore.rb
+++ b/lib/rss/dublincore.rb
@@ -1,11 +1,8 @@
-require "rss/1.0"
+require "rss/rss"
 
 module RSS
-
   DC_PREFIX = 'dc'
   DC_URI = "http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/"
-  
-  RDF.install_ns(DC_PREFIX, DC_URI)
 
   module BaseDublinCoreModel
     def append_features(klass)
@@ -36,8 +33,20 @@ module RSS
         EOC
       end
       klass.module_eval(<<-EOC, *get_file_and_line_from_caller(0))
-        alias date #{DC_PREFIX}_date
-        alias date= #{DC_PREFIX}_date=
+        if method_defined?(:date)
+          alias date_without_#{DC_PREFIX}_date= date=
+
+          def date=(value)
+            self.date_without_#{DC_PREFIX}_date = value
+            self.#{DC_PREFIX}_date = value
+          end
+        else
+          alias date #{DC_PREFIX}_date
+          alias date= #{DC_PREFIX}_date=
+        end
+
+        # For backward compatibility
+        alias #{DC_PREFIX}_rightses #{DC_PREFIX}_rights_list
       EOC
     end
   end
@@ -61,7 +70,7 @@ module RSS
       "language" => nil,
       "relation" => nil,
       "coverage" => nil,
-      "rights" => "rightses" # FIXME
+      "rights" => "rights_list"
     }
 
     DATE_ELEMENTS = {
@@ -122,13 +131,14 @@ module RSS
     end
 
     DATE_ELEMENTS.each do |name, type|
+      tag_name = "#{DC_PREFIX}:#{name}"
       module_eval(<<-EOC, *get_file_and_line_from_caller(0))
         class DublinCore#{Utils.to_class_name(name)} < Element
           remove_method(:content=)
           remove_method(:value=)
 
-          date_writer("content", #{type.dump}, #{name.dump})
-          
+          date_writer("content", #{type.dump}, #{tag_name.dump})
+
           alias_method(:value=, :content=)
         end
       EOC
@@ -138,13 +148,6 @@ module RSS
   # For backward compatibility
   DublincoreModel = DublinCoreModel
 
-  class RDF
-    class Channel; include DublinCoreModel; end
-    class Image; include DublinCoreModel; end
-    class Item; include DublinCoreModel; end
-    class Textinput; include DublinCoreModel; end
-  end
-
   DublinCoreModel::ELEMENTS.each do |name|
     class_name = Utils.to_class_name(name)
     BaseListener.install_class_name(DC_URI, name, "DublinCore#{class_name}")
@@ -152,3 +155,7 @@ module RSS
 
   DublinCoreModel::ELEMENTS.collect! {|name| "#{DC_PREFIX}_#{name}"}
 end
+
+require 'rss/dublincore/1.0'
+require 'rss/dublincore/2.0'
+require 'rss/dublincore/atom'
diff --git a/lib/rss/dublincore/1.0.rb b/lib/rss/dublincore/1.0.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e193c6d2c2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/rss/dublincore/1.0.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+require "rss/1.0"
+require "rss/dublincore"
+
+module RSS
+  RDF.install_ns(DC_PREFIX, DC_URI)
+
+  class RDF
+    class Channel; include DublinCoreModel; end
+    class Image; include DublinCoreModel; end
+    class Item; include DublinCoreModel; end
+    class Textinput; include DublinCoreModel; end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/lib/rss/dublincore/2.0.rb b/lib/rss/dublincore/2.0.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..82ed1888c5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/rss/dublincore/2.0.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+require "rss/2.0"
+require "rss/dublincore"
+
+module RSS
+  Rss.install_ns(DC_PREFIX, DC_URI)
+
+  class Rss
+    class Channel
+      include DublinCoreModel
+      class Item; include DublinCoreModel; end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/lib/rss/dublincore/atom.rb b/lib/rss/dublincore/atom.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e78df4821b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/rss/dublincore/atom.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+require "rss/atom"
+require "rss/dublincore"
+
+module RSS
+  module Atom
+    Feed.install_ns(DC_PREFIX, DC_URI)
+
+    class Feed
+      include DublinCoreModel
+      class Entry; include DublinCoreModel; end
+    end
+
+    class Entry
+      include DublinCoreModel
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/lib/rss/image.rb b/lib/rss/image.rb
index a9e9e9094e..c4714aea12 100644
--- a/lib/rss/image.rb
+++ b/lib/rss/image.rb
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ require 'rss/dublincore'
 module RSS
 
   IMAGE_PREFIX = 'image'
-  IMAGE_URI = 'http://web.resource.org/rss/1.0/modules/image/'
+  IMAGE_URI = 'http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/image/'
 
   RDF.install_ns(IMAGE_PREFIX, IMAGE_URI)
 
@@ -69,7 +69,7 @@ module RSS
         disp_name = "#{IMAGE_PREFIX}:#{tag}"
         install_text_element(tag, IMAGE_URI, "?",
                              full_name, :integer, disp_name)
-        BaseListener.install_get_text_element(IMAGE_URI, tag, "#{full_name}=")
+        BaseListener.install_get_text_element(IMAGE_URI, tag, full_name)
       end
 
       alias width= image_width=
@@ -142,8 +142,8 @@ module RSS
       end
 
       AVAILABLE_SIZES = %w(small medium large)
-      alias_method :_size=, :size=
-      private :_size=
+      alias_method :set_size, :size=
+      private :set_size
       def size=(new_value)
         if @do_validate and !new_value.nil?
           new_value = new_value.strip
@@ -152,7 +152,7 @@ module RSS
             raise NotAvailableValueError.new(full_name, new_value, attr_name)
           end
         end
-        __send__(:_size=, new_value)
+        set_size(new_value)
       end
       
       alias image_size= size=
diff --git a/lib/rss/itunes.rb b/lib/rss/itunes.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..f95ca7aa2e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/rss/itunes.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,410 @@
+require 'rss/2.0'
+
+module RSS
+  ITUNES_PREFIX = 'itunes'
+  ITUNES_URI = 'http://www.itunes.com/dtds/podcast-1.0.dtd'
+
+  Rss.install_ns(ITUNES_PREFIX, ITUNES_URI)
+
+  module ITunesModelUtils
+    include Utils
+
+    def def_class_accessor(klass, name, type, *args)
+        normalized_name = name.gsub(/-/, "_")
+      full_name = "#{ITUNES_PREFIX}_#{normalized_name}"
+      klass_name = "ITunes#{Utils.to_class_name(normalized_name)}"
+
+      case type
+      when :element, :attribute
+        klass::ELEMENTS << full_name
+        def_element_class_accessor(klass, name, full_name, klass_name, *args)
+      when :elements
+        klass::ELEMENTS << full_name
+        def_elements_class_accessor(klass, name, full_name, klass_name, *args)
+      else
+        klass.install_must_call_validator(ITUNES_PREFIX, ITUNES_URI)
+        klass.install_text_element(normalized_name, ITUNES_URI, "?",
+                                   full_name, type, name)
+      end
+    end
+
+    def def_element_class_accessor(klass, name, full_name, klass_name,
+                                   recommended_attribute_name=nil)
+      klass.install_have_child_element(name, ITUNES_PREFIX, "?", full_name)
+    end
+
+    def def_elements_class_accessor(klass, name, full_name, klass_name,
+                                    plural_name, recommended_attribute_name=nil)
+      full_plural_name = "#{ITUNES_PREFIX}_#{plural_name}"
+      klass.install_have_children_element(name, ITUNES_PREFIX, "*",
+                                          full_name, full_plural_name)
+    end
+  end
+
+  module ITunesBaseModel
+    extend ITunesModelUtils
+
+    ELEMENTS = []
+
+    ELEMENT_INFOS = [["author"],
+                     ["block", :yes_other],
+                     ["explicit", :yes_clean_other],
+                     ["keywords", :csv],
+                     ["subtitle"],
+                     ["summary"]]
+  end
+
+  module ITunesChannelModel
+    extend BaseModel
+    extend ITunesModelUtils
+    include ITunesBaseModel
+
+    ELEMENTS = []
+
+    class << self
+      def append_features(klass)
+        super
+
+        return if klass.instance_of?(Module)
+        ELEMENT_INFOS.each do |name, type, *additional_infos|
+          def_class_accessor(klass, name, type, *additional_infos)
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    ELEMENT_INFOS = [
+                     ["category", :elements, "categories", "text"],
+                     ["image", :attribute, "href"],
+                     ["owner", :element],
+                     ["new-feed-url"],
+                    ] + ITunesBaseModel::ELEMENT_INFOS
+
+    class ITunesCategory < Element
+      include RSS09
+
+      @tag_name = "category"
+
+      class << self
+        def required_prefix
+          ITUNES_PREFIX
+        end
+
+        def required_uri
+          ITUNES_URI
+        end
+      end
+
+      [
+        ["text", "", true]
+      ].each do |name, uri, required|
+        install_get_attribute(name, uri, required)
+      end
+
+      ITunesCategory = self
+      install_have_children_element("category", ITUNES_URI, "*",
+                                    "#{ITUNES_PREFIX}_category",
+                                    "#{ITUNES_PREFIX}_categories")
+
+      def initialize(*args)
+        if Utils.element_initialize_arguments?(args)
+          super
+        else
+          super()
+          self.text = args[0]
+        end
+      end
+
+      def full_name
+        tag_name_with_prefix(ITUNES_PREFIX)
+      end
+
+      private
+      def maker_target(categories)
+        if text or !itunes_categories.empty?
+          categories.new_category
+        else
+          nil
+        end
+      end
+
+      def setup_maker_attributes(category)
+        category.text = text if text
+      end
+
+      def setup_maker_elements(category)
+        super(category)
+        itunes_categories.each do |sub_category|
+          sub_category.setup_maker(category)
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    class ITunesImage < Element
+      include RSS09
+
+      @tag_name = "image"
+
+      class << self
+        def required_prefix
+          ITUNES_PREFIX
+        end
+
+        def required_uri
+          ITUNES_URI
+        end
+      end
+
+      [
+        ["href", "", true]
+      ].each do |name, uri, required|
+        install_get_attribute(name, uri, required)
+      end
+
+      def initialize(*args)
+        if Utils.element_initialize_arguments?(args)
+          super
+        else
+          super()
+          self.href = args[0]
+        end
+      end
+
+      def full_name
+        tag_name_with_prefix(ITUNES_PREFIX)
+      end
+
+      private
+      def maker_target(target)
+        if href
+          target.itunes_image {|image| image}
+        else
+          nil
+        end
+      end
+
+      def setup_maker_attributes(image)
+        image.href = href
+      end
+    end
+
+    class ITunesOwner < Element
+      include RSS09
+
+      @tag_name = "owner"
+
+      class << self
+        def required_prefix
+          ITUNES_PREFIX
+        end
+
+        def required_uri
+          ITUNES_URI
+        end
+      end
+
+      install_must_call_validator(ITUNES_PREFIX, ITUNES_URI)
+      [
+        ["name"],
+        ["email"],
+      ].each do |name,|
+        ITunesBaseModel::ELEMENT_INFOS << name
+        install_text_element(name, ITUNES_URI, nil, "#{ITUNES_PREFIX}_#{name}")
+      end
+
+      def initialize(*args)
+        if Utils.element_initialize_arguments?(args)
+          super
+        else
+          super()
+          self.itunes_name = args[0]
+          self.itunes_email = args[1]
+        end
+      end
+
+      def full_name
+        tag_name_with_prefix(ITUNES_PREFIX)
+      end
+
+      private
+      def maker_target(target)
+        target.itunes_owner
+      end
+
+      def setup_maker_element(owner)
+        super(owner)
+        owner.itunes_name = itunes_name
+        owner.itunes_email = itunes_email
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  module ITunesItemModel
+    extend BaseModel
+    extend ITunesModelUtils
+    include ITunesBaseModel
+
+    class << self
+      def append_features(klass)
+        super
+
+        return if klass.instance_of?(Module)
+        ELEMENT_INFOS.each do |name, type|
+          def_class_accessor(klass, name, type)
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    ELEMENT_INFOS = ITunesBaseModel::ELEMENT_INFOS +
+      [["duration", :element, "content"]]
+
+    class ITunesDuration < Element
+      include RSS09
+
+      @tag_name = "duration"
+
+      class << self
+        def required_prefix
+          ITUNES_PREFIX
+        end
+
+        def required_uri
+          ITUNES_URI
+        end
+
+        def parse(duration, do_validate=true)
+          if do_validate and /\A(?:
+                                  \d?\d:[0-5]\d:[0-5]\d|
+                                  [0-5]?\d:[0-5]\d
+                                )\z/x !~ duration
+            raise ArgumentError,
+                    "must be one of HH:MM:SS, H:MM:SS, MM::SS, M:SS: " +
+                    duration.inspect
+          end
+
+          components = duration.split(':')
+          components[3..-1] = nil if components.size > 3
+
+          components.unshift("00") until components.size == 3
+
+          components.collect do |component|
+            component.to_i
+          end
+        end
+
+        def construct(hour, minute, second)
+          components = [minute, second]
+          if components.include?(nil)
+            nil
+          else
+            components.unshift(hour) if hour and hour > 0
+            components.collect do |component|
+              "%02d" % component
+            end.join(":")
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      content_setup
+      alias_method(:value, :content)
+      remove_method(:content=)
+
+      attr_reader :hour, :minute, :second
+      def initialize(*args)
+        if Utils.element_initialize_arguments?(args)
+          super
+        else
+          super()
+          args = args[0] if args.size == 1 and args[0].is_a?(Array)
+          if args.size == 1
+            self.content = args[0]
+          elsif args.size > 3
+            raise ArgumentError,
+                    "must be (do_validate, params), (content), " +
+                    "(minute, second), ([minute, second]), "  +
+                    "(hour, minute, second) or ([hour, minute, second]): " +
+                    args.inspect
+          else
+            @second, @minute, @hour = args.reverse
+            update_content
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      def content=(value)
+        if value.nil?
+          @content = nil
+        elsif value.is_a?(self.class)
+          self.content = value.content
+        else
+          begin
+            @hour, @minute, @second = self.class.parse(value, @do_validate)
+          rescue ArgumentError
+            raise NotAvailableValueError.new(tag_name, value)
+          end
+          @content = value
+        end
+      end
+      alias_method(:value=, :content=)
+
+      def hour=(hour)
+        @hour = @do_validate ? Integer(hour) : hour.to_i
+        update_content
+        hour
+      end
+
+      def minute=(minute)
+        @minute = @do_validate ? Integer(minute) : minute.to_i
+        update_content
+        minute
+      end
+
+      def second=(second)
+        @second = @do_validate ? Integer(second) : second.to_i
+        update_content
+        second
+      end
+
+      def full_name
+        tag_name_with_prefix(ITUNES_PREFIX)
+      end
+
+      private
+      def update_content
+        @content = self.class.construct(hour, minute, second)
+      end
+
+      def maker_target(target)
+        if @content
+          target.itunes_duration {|duration| duration}
+        else
+          nil
+        end
+      end
+
+      def setup_maker_element(duration)
+        super(duration)
+        duration.content = @content
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  class Rss
+    class Channel
+      include ITunesChannelModel
+      class Item; include ITunesItemModel; end
+    end
+  end
+
+  element_infos =
+    ITunesChannelModel::ELEMENT_INFOS + ITunesItemModel::ELEMENT_INFOS
+  element_infos.each do |name, type|
+    case type
+    when :element, :elements, :attribute
+      class_name = Utils.to_class_name(name)
+      BaseListener.install_class_name(ITUNES_URI, name, "ITunes#{class_name}")
+    else
+      accessor_base = "#{ITUNES_PREFIX}_#{name.gsub(/-/, '_')}"
+      BaseListener.install_get_text_element(ITUNES_URI, name, accessor_base)
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/lib/rss/maker.rb b/lib/rss/maker.rb
index 9ed799ac7f..bcba1aaff3 100644
--- a/lib/rss/maker.rb
+++ b/lib/rss/maker.rb
@@ -1,37 +1,44 @@
 require "rss/rss"
 
 module RSS
-
   module Maker
-
     MAKERS = {}
-    
+
     class << self
       def make(version, &block)
-        maker(version).make(&block)
+        m = maker(version)
+        raise UnsupportedMakerVersionError.new(version) if m.nil?
+        m[:maker].make(m[:version], &block)
       end
 
       def maker(version)
         MAKERS[version]
       end
 
-      def add_maker(version, maker)
-        MAKERS[version] = maker
+      def add_maker(version, normalized_version, maker)
+        MAKERS[version] = {:maker => maker, :version => normalized_version}
+      end
+
+      def versions
+        MAKERS.keys.uniq.sort
       end
 
-      def filename_to_version(filename)
-        File.basename(filename, ".*")
+      def makers
+        MAKERS.values.collect {|info| info[:maker]}.uniq
       end
     end
   end
-  
 end
 
 require "rss/maker/1.0"
 require "rss/maker/2.0"
+require "rss/maker/feed"
+require "rss/maker/entry"
 require "rss/maker/content"
 require "rss/maker/dublincore"
+require "rss/maker/slash"
 require "rss/maker/syndication"
 require "rss/maker/taxonomy"
 require "rss/maker/trackback"
 require "rss/maker/image"
+require "rss/maker/itunes"
diff --git a/lib/rss/maker/0.9.rb b/lib/rss/maker/0.9.rb
index b82585fb96..72b14dc977 100644
--- a/lib/rss/maker/0.9.rb
+++ b/lib/rss/maker/0.9.rb
@@ -7,13 +7,14 @@ module RSS
     
     class RSS09 < RSSBase
       
-      def initialize(rss_version="0.91")
+      def initialize(feed_version="0.92")
         super
+        @feed_type = "rss"
       end
       
       private
-      def make_rss
-        Rss.new(@rss_version, @version, @encoding, @standalone)
+      def make_feed
+        Rss.new(@feed_version, @version, @encoding, @standalone)
       end
 
       def setup_elements(rss)
@@ -21,41 +22,34 @@ module RSS
       end
 
       class Channel < ChannelBase
-        
-        def to_rss(rss)
+        def to_feed(rss)
           channel = Rss::Channel.new
           set = setup_values(channel)
-          if set
+          _not_set_required_variables = not_set_required_variables
+          if _not_set_required_variables.empty?
             rss.channel = channel
+            set_parent(channel, rss)
             setup_items(rss)
             setup_image(rss)
             setup_textinput(rss)
-            setup_other_elements(rss)
-            if rss.channel.image
-              rss
-            else
-              nil
-            end
-          elsif variable_is_set?
-            raise NotSetError.new("maker.channel", not_set_required_variables)
+            setup_other_elements(rss, channel)
+            rss
+          else
+            raise NotSetError.new("maker.channel", _not_set_required_variables)
           end
         end
         
-        def have_required_values?
-          @title and @link and @description and @language
-        end
-        
         private
         def setup_items(rss)
-          @maker.items.to_rss(rss)
+          @maker.items.to_feed(rss)
         end
         
         def setup_image(rss)
-          @maker.image.to_rss(rss)
+          @maker.image.to_feed(rss)
         end
         
         def setup_textinput(rss)
-          @maker.textinput.to_rss(rss)
+          @maker.textinput.to_feed(rss)
         end
         
         def variables
@@ -63,162 +57,411 @@ module RSS
         end
 
         def required_variable_names
-          %w(title link description language)
+          %w(link language)
         end
-        
+
+        def not_set_required_variables
+          vars = super
+          vars << "description" unless description {|d| d.have_required_values?}
+          vars << "title" unless title {|t| t.have_required_values?}
+          vars
+        end
+
         class SkipDays < SkipDaysBase
-          def to_rss(rss, channel)
+          def to_feed(rss, channel)
             unless @days.empty?
               skipDays = Rss::Channel::SkipDays.new
               channel.skipDays = skipDays
+              set_parent(skipDays, channel)
               @days.each do |day|
-                day.to_rss(rss, skipDays.days)
+                day.to_feed(rss, skipDays.days)
               end
             end
           end
           
           class Day < DayBase
-            def to_rss(rss, days)
+            def to_feed(rss, days)
               day = Rss::Channel::SkipDays::Day.new
               set = setup_values(day)
               if set
                 days << day
-                setup_other_elements(rss)
+                set_parent(day, days)
+                setup_other_elements(rss, day)
               end
             end
 
-            def have_required_values?
-              @content
+            private
+            def required_variable_names
+              %w(content)
             end
           end
         end
         
         class SkipHours < SkipHoursBase
-          def to_rss(rss, channel)
+          def to_feed(rss, channel)
             unless @hours.empty?
               skipHours = Rss::Channel::SkipHours.new
               channel.skipHours = skipHours
+              set_parent(skipHours, channel)
               @hours.each do |hour|
-                hour.to_rss(rss, skipHours.hours)
+                hour.to_feed(rss, skipHours.hours)
               end
             end
           end
           
           class Hour < HourBase
-            def to_rss(rss, hours)
+            def to_feed(rss, hours)
               hour = Rss::Channel::SkipHours::Hour.new
               set = setup_values(hour)
               if set
                 hours << hour
-                setup_other_elements(rss)
+                set_parent(hour, hours)
+                setup_other_elements(rss, hour)
               end
             end
 
-            def have_required_values?
-              @content
+            private
+            def required_variable_names
+              %w(content)
             end
           end
         end
         
         class Cloud < CloudBase
-          def to_rss(*args)
+          def to_feed(*args)
           end
         end
 
         class Categories < CategoriesBase
-          def to_rss(*args)
+          def to_feed(*args)
           end
 
           class Category < CategoryBase
           end
         end
+
+        class Links < LinksBase
+          def to_feed(rss, channel)
+            return if @links.empty?
+            @links.first.to_feed(rss, channel)
+          end
+
+          class Link < LinkBase
+            def to_feed(rss, channel)
+              if have_required_values?
+                channel.link = href
+              else
+                raise NotSetError.new("maker.channel.link",
+                                      not_set_required_variables)
+              end
+            end
+
+            private
+            def required_variable_names
+              %w(href)
+            end
+          end
+        end
+
+        class Authors < AuthorsBase
+          def to_feed(rss, channel)
+          end
+
+          class Author < AuthorBase
+            def to_feed(rss, channel)
+            end
+          end
+        end
+
+        class Contributors < ContributorsBase
+          def to_feed(rss, channel)
+          end
+
+          class Contributor < ContributorBase
+          end
+        end
+
+        class Generator < GeneratorBase
+          def to_feed(rss, channel)
+          end
+        end
+
+        class Copyright < CopyrightBase
+          def to_feed(rss, channel)
+            channel.copyright = content if have_required_values?
+          end
+
+          private
+          def required_variable_names
+            %w(content)
+          end
+        end
+
+        class Description < DescriptionBase
+          def to_feed(rss, channel)
+            channel.description = content if have_required_values?
+          end
+
+          private
+          def required_variable_names
+            %w(content)
+          end
+        end
+
+        class Title < TitleBase
+          def to_feed(rss, channel)
+            channel.title = content if have_required_values?
+          end
+
+          private
+          def required_variable_names
+            %w(content)
+          end
+        end
       end
-      
+
       class Image < ImageBase
-        def to_rss(rss)
+        def to_feed(rss)
           image = Rss::Channel::Image.new
           set = setup_values(image)
           if set
             image.link = link
             rss.channel.image = image
-            setup_other_elements(rss)
+            set_parent(image, rss.channel)
+            setup_other_elements(rss, image)
+          elsif required_element?
+            raise NotSetError.new("maker.image", not_set_required_variables)
           end
         end
-        
-        def have_required_values?
-          @url and @title and link
+
+        private
+        def required_variable_names
+          %w(url title link)
+        end
+
+        def required_element?
+          true
         end
       end
       
       class Items < ItemsBase
-        def to_rss(rss)
+        def to_feed(rss)
           if rss.channel
             normalize.each do |item|
-              item.to_rss(rss)
+              item.to_feed(rss)
             end
-            setup_other_elements(rss)
+            setup_other_elements(rss, rss.items)
           end
         end
         
         class Item < ItemBase
-          def to_rss(rss)
+          def to_feed(rss)
             item = Rss::Channel::Item.new
             set = setup_values(item)
-            if set
+            _not_set_required_variables = not_set_required_variables
+            if _not_set_required_variables.empty?
               rss.items << item
-              setup_other_elements(rss)
+              set_parent(item, rss.channel)
+              setup_other_elements(rss, item)
+            elsif variable_is_set?
+              raise NotSetError.new("maker.items", _not_set_required_variables)
             end
           end
-          
+
           private
-          def have_required_values?
-            @title and @link
+          def required_variable_names
+            []
+          end
+
+          def not_set_required_variables
+            vars = super
+            if @maker.feed_version == "0.91"
+              vars << "title" unless title {|t| t.have_required_values?}
+              vars << "link" unless link {|l| l.have_required_values?}
+            end
+            vars
           end
 
           class Guid < GuidBase
-            def to_rss(*args)
+            def to_feed(*args)
             end
           end
-        
+
           class Enclosure < EnclosureBase
-            def to_rss(*args)
+            def to_feed(*args)
             end
           end
-        
+
           class Source < SourceBase
-            def to_rss(*args)
+            def to_feed(*args)
+            end
+
+            class Authors < AuthorsBase
+              def to_feed(*args)
+              end
+
+              class Author < AuthorBase
+              end
+            end
+
+            class Categories < CategoriesBase
+              def to_feed(*args)
+              end
+
+              class Category < CategoryBase
+              end
+            end
+
+            class Contributors < ContributorsBase
+              def to_feed(*args)
+              end
+
+              class Contributor < ContributorBase
+              end
+            end
+
+            class Generator < GeneratorBase
+              def to_feed(*args)
+              end
+            end
+
+            class Icon < IconBase
+              def to_feed(*args)
+              end
+            end
+
+            class Links < LinksBase
+              def to_feed(*args)
+              end
+
+              class Link < LinkBase
+              end
+            end
+
+            class Logo < LogoBase
+              def to_feed(*args)
+              end
+            end
+
+            class Rights < RightsBase
+              def to_feed(*args)
+              end
+            end
+
+            class Subtitle < SubtitleBase
+              def to_feed(*args)
+              end
+            end
+
+            class Title < TitleBase
+              def to_feed(*args)
+              end
             end
           end
-        
+
           class Categories < CategoriesBase
-            def to_rss(*args)
+            def to_feed(*args)
             end
 
             class Category < CategoryBase
             end
           end
-          
+
+          class Authors < AuthorsBase
+            def to_feed(*args)
+            end
+
+            class Author < AuthorBase
+            end
+          end
+
+          class Links < LinksBase
+            def to_feed(rss, item)
+              return if @links.empty?
+              @links.first.to_feed(rss, item)
+            end
+
+            class Link < LinkBase
+              def to_feed(rss, item)
+                if have_required_values?
+                  item.link = href
+                else
+                  raise NotSetError.new("maker.link",
+                                        not_set_required_variables)
+                end
+              end
+
+              private
+              def required_variable_names
+                %w(href)
+              end
+            end
+          end
+
+          class Contributors < ContributorsBase
+            def to_feed(rss, item)
+            end
+
+            class Contributor < ContributorBase
+            end
+          end
+
+          class Rights < RightsBase
+            def to_feed(rss, item)
+            end
+          end
+
+          class Description < DescriptionBase
+            def to_feed(rss, item)
+              item.description = content if have_required_values?
+            end
+
+            private
+            def required_variable_names
+              %w(content)
+            end
+          end
+
+          class Content < ContentBase
+            def to_feed(rss, item)
+            end
+          end
+
+          class Title < TitleBase
+            def to_feed(rss, item)
+              item.title = content if have_required_values?
+            end
+
+            private
+            def required_variable_names
+              %w(content)
+            end
+          end
         end
       end
       
       class Textinput < TextinputBase
-        def to_rss(rss)
+        def to_feed(rss)
           textInput = Rss::Channel::TextInput.new
           set = setup_values(textInput)
           if set
             rss.channel.textInput = textInput
-            setup_other_elements(rss)
+            set_parent(textInput, rss.channel)
+            setup_other_elements(rss, textInput)
           end
         end
 
         private
-        def have_required_values?
-          @title and @description and @name and @link
+        def required_variable_names
+          %w(title description name link)
         end
       end
     end
     
-    add_maker(filename_to_version(__FILE__), RSS09)
-    add_maker(filename_to_version(__FILE__) + "1", RSS09)
+    add_maker("0.9", "0.92", RSS09)
+    add_maker("0.91", "0.91", RSS09)
+    add_maker("0.92", "0.92", RSS09)
+    add_maker("rss0.91", "0.91", RSS09)
+    add_maker("rss0.92", "0.92", RSS09)
   end
 end
diff --git a/lib/rss/maker/1.0.rb b/lib/rss/maker/1.0.rb
index 3e6542a007..a1e2594f70 100644
--- a/lib/rss/maker/1.0.rb
+++ b/lib/rss/maker/1.0.rb
@@ -7,12 +7,13 @@ module RSS
 
     class RSS10 < RSSBase
 
-      def initialize
-        super("1.0")
+      def initialize(feed_version="1.0")
+        super
+        @feed_type = "rss"
       end
 
       private
-      def make_rss
+      def make_feed
         RDF.new(@version, @encoding, @standalone)
       end
 
@@ -25,43 +26,46 @@ module RSS
 
       class Channel < ChannelBase
 
-        def to_rss(rss)
-          set = false
-          if @about
-            channel = RDF::Channel.new(@about)
-            set = setup_values(channel)
-            if set
+        def to_feed(rss)
+          set_default_values do
+            _not_set_required_variables = not_set_required_variables
+            if _not_set_required_variables.empty?
+              channel = RDF::Channel.new(@about)
+              set = setup_values(channel)
               channel.dc_dates.clear
               rss.channel = channel
+              set_parent(channel, rss)
               setup_items(rss)
               setup_image(rss)
               setup_textinput(rss)
-              setup_other_elements(rss)
+              setup_other_elements(rss, channel)
+            else
+              raise NotSetError.new("maker.channel", _not_set_required_variables)
             end
           end
-
-          if (!@about or !set) and variable_is_set?
-            raise NotSetError.new("maker.channel", not_set_required_variables)
-          end
-        end
-
-        def have_required_values?
-          @about and @title and @link and @description
         end
 
         private
         def setup_items(rss)
           items = RDF::Channel::Items.new
           seq = items.Seq
-          @maker.items.normalize.each do |item|
-            seq.lis << RDF::Channel::Items::Seq::Li.new(item.link)
+          set_parent(items, seq)
+          target_items = @maker.items.normalize
+          raise NotSetError.new("maker", ["items"]) if target_items.empty?
+          target_items.each do |item|
+            li = RDF::Channel::Items::Seq::Li.new(item.link)
+            seq.lis << li
+            set_parent(li, seq)
           end
           rss.channel.items = items
+          set_parent(rss.channel, items)
         end
         
         def setup_image(rss)
           if @maker.image.have_required_values?
-            rss.channel.image = RDF::Channel::Image.new(@maker.image.url)
+            image = RDF::Channel::Image.new(@maker.image.url)
+            rss.channel.image = image
+            set_parent(image, rss.channel)
           end
         end
 
@@ -69,15 +73,23 @@ module RSS
           if @maker.textinput.have_required_values?
             textinput = RDF::Channel::Textinput.new(@maker.textinput.link)
             rss.channel.textinput = textinput
+            set_parent(textinput, rss.channel)
           end
         end
 
         def required_variable_names
-          %w(about title link description)
+          %w(about link)
         end
-        
+
+        def not_set_required_variables
+          vars = super
+          vars << "description" unless description {|d| d.have_required_values?}
+          vars << "title" unless title {|t| t.have_required_values?}
+          vars
+        end
+
         class SkipDays < SkipDaysBase
-          def to_rss(*args)
+          def to_feed(*args)
           end
           
           class Day < DayBase
@@ -85,7 +97,7 @@ module RSS
         end
         
         class SkipHours < SkipHoursBase
-          def to_rss(*args)
+          def to_feed(*args)
           end
 
           class Hour < HourBase
@@ -93,112 +105,330 @@ module RSS
         end
         
         class Cloud < CloudBase
-          def to_rss(*args)
+          def to_feed(*args)
           end
         end
 
         class Categories < CategoriesBase
-          def to_rss(*args)
+          def to_feed(*args)
           end
 
           class Category < CategoryBase
           end
         end
+
+        class Links < LinksBase
+          def to_feed(rss, channel)
+            return if @links.empty?
+            @links.first.to_feed(rss, channel)
+          end
+
+          class Link < LinkBase
+            def to_feed(rss, channel)
+              if have_required_values?
+                channel.link = href
+              else
+                raise NotSetError.new("maker.channel.link",
+                                      not_set_required_variables)
+              end
+            end
+
+            private
+            def required_variable_names
+              %w(href)
+            end
+          end
+        end
+
+        class Authors < AuthorsBase
+          def to_feed(rss, channel)
+          end
+
+          class Author < AuthorBase
+            def to_feed(rss, channel)
+            end
+          end
+        end
+
+        class Contributors < ContributorsBase
+          def to_feed(rss, channel)
+          end
+
+          class Contributor < ContributorBase
+          end
+        end
+
+        class Generator < GeneratorBase
+          def to_feed(rss, channel)
+          end
+        end
+
+        class Copyright < CopyrightBase
+          def to_feed(rss, channel)
+          end
+        end
+
+        class Description < DescriptionBase
+          def to_feed(rss, channel)
+            channel.description = content if have_required_values?
+          end
+
+          private
+          def required_variable_names
+            %w(content)
+          end
+        end
+
+        class Title < TitleBase
+          def to_feed(rss, channel)
+            channel.title = content if have_required_values?
+          end
+
+          private
+          def required_variable_names
+            %w(content)
+          end
+        end
       end
 
       class Image < ImageBase
-        def to_rss(rss)
+        def to_feed(rss)
           if @url
             image = RDF::Image.new(@url)
             set = setup_values(image)
             if set
               rss.image = image
-              setup_other_elements(rss)
+              set_parent(image, rss)
+              setup_other_elements(rss, image)
             end
           end
         end
 
         def have_required_values?
-          @url and @title and link and @maker.channel.have_required_values?
+          super and @maker.channel.have_required_values?
         end
 
         private
         def variables
           super + ["link"]
         end
+
+        def required_variable_names
+          %w(url title link)
+        end
       end
 
       class Items < ItemsBase
-        def to_rss(rss)
+        def to_feed(rss)
           if rss.channel
             normalize.each do |item|
-              item.to_rss(rss)
+              item.to_feed(rss)
             end
-            setup_other_elements(rss)
+            setup_other_elements(rss, rss.items)
           end
         end
 
         class Item < ItemBase
-          def to_rss(rss)
-            if @link
-              item = RDF::Item.new(@link)
+          def to_feed(rss)
+            set_default_values do
+              item = RDF::Item.new(link)
               set = setup_values(item)
               if set
                 item.dc_dates.clear
                 rss.items << item
-                setup_other_elements(rss)
+                set_parent(item, rss)
+                setup_other_elements(rss, item)
+              elsif !have_required_values?
+                raise NotSetError.new("maker.item", not_set_required_variables)
               end
             end
           end
 
-          def have_required_values?
-            @title and @link
+          private
+          def required_variable_names
+            %w(link)
+          end
+
+          def variables
+            super + %w(link)
+          end
+
+          def not_set_required_variables
+            set_default_values do
+              vars = super
+              vars << "title" unless title {|t| t.have_required_values?}
+              vars
+            end
           end
 
           class Guid < GuidBase
-            def to_rss(*args)
+            def to_feed(*args)
             end
           end
-        
+
           class Enclosure < EnclosureBase
-            def to_rss(*args)
+            def to_feed(*args)
             end
           end
-        
+
           class Source < SourceBase
-            def to_rss(*args)
+            def to_feed(*args)
+            end
+
+            class Authors < AuthorsBase
+              def to_feed(*args)
+              end
+
+              class Author < AuthorBase
+              end
+            end
+
+            class Categories < CategoriesBase
+              def to_feed(*args)
+              end
+
+              class Category < CategoryBase
+              end
+            end
+
+            class Contributors < ContributorsBase
+              def to_feed(*args)
+              end
+
+              class Contributor < ContributorBase
+              end
+            end
+
+            class Generator < GeneratorBase
+              def to_feed(*args)
+              end
+            end
+
+            class Icon < IconBase
+              def to_feed(*args)
+              end
+            end
+
+            class Links < LinksBase
+              def to_feed(*args)
+              end
+
+              class Link < LinkBase
+              end
+            end
+
+            class Logo < LogoBase
+              def to_feed(*args)
+              end
+            end
+
+            class Rights < RightsBase
+              def to_feed(*args)
+              end
+            end
+
+            class Subtitle < SubtitleBase
+              def to_feed(*args)
+              end
+            end
+
+            class Title < TitleBase
+              def to_feed(*args)
+              end
             end
           end
-        
+
           class Categories < CategoriesBase
-            def to_rss(*args)
+            def to_feed(*args)
             end
 
             class Category < CategoryBase
             end
           end
+
+          class Authors < AuthorsBase
+            def to_feed(*args)
+            end
+
+            class Author < AuthorBase
+            end
+          end
+
+          class Links < LinksBase
+            def to_feed(*args)
+            end
+
+            class Link < LinkBase
+            end
+          end
+
+          class Contributors < ContributorsBase
+            def to_feed(rss, item)
+            end
+
+            class Contributor < ContributorBase
+            end
+          end
+
+          class Rights < RightsBase
+            def to_feed(rss, item)
+            end
+          end
+
+          class Description < DescriptionBase
+            def to_feed(rss, item)
+              item.description = content if have_required_values?
+            end
+
+            private
+            def required_variable_names
+              %w(content)
+            end
+          end
+
+          class Content < ContentBase
+            def to_feed(rss, item)
+            end
+          end
+
+          class Title < TitleBase
+            def to_feed(rss, item)
+              item.title = content if have_required_values?
+            end
+
+            private
+            def required_variable_names
+              %w(content)
+            end
+          end
         end
       end
       
       class Textinput < TextinputBase
-        def to_rss(rss)
+        def to_feed(rss)
           if @link
             textinput = RDF::Textinput.new(@link)
             set = setup_values(textinput)
             if set
               rss.textinput = textinput
-              setup_other_elements(rss)
+              set_parent(textinput, rss)
+              setup_other_elements(rss, textinput)
             end
           end
         end
 
         def have_required_values?
-          @title and @description and @name and @link and
-            @maker.channel.have_required_values?
+          super and @maker.channel.have_required_values?
+        end
+
+        private
+        def required_variable_names
+          %w(title description name link)
         end
       end
     end
 
-    add_maker(filename_to_version(__FILE__), RSS10)
+    add_maker("1.0", "1.0", RSS10)
+    add_maker("rss1.0", "1.0", RSS10)
   end
 end
diff --git a/lib/rss/maker/2.0.rb b/lib/rss/maker/2.0.rb
index a958661614..67d68126ac 100644
--- a/lib/rss/maker/2.0.rb
+++ b/lib/rss/maker/2.0.rb
@@ -7,18 +7,15 @@ module RSS
     
     class RSS20 < RSS09
       
-      def initialize(rss_version="2.0")
+      def initialize(feed_version="2.0")
         super
       end
 
       class Channel < RSS09::Channel
 
-        def have_required_values?
-          @title and @link and @description
-        end
-
+        private
         def required_variable_names
-          %w(title link description)
+          %w(link)
         end
         
         class SkipDays < RSS09::Channel::SkipDays
@@ -32,137 +29,195 @@ module RSS
         end
         
         class Cloud < RSS09::Channel::Cloud
-          def to_rss(rss, channel)
+          def to_feed(rss, channel)
             cloud = Rss::Channel::Cloud.new
             set = setup_values(cloud)
             if set
               channel.cloud = cloud
-              setup_other_elements(rss)
+              set_parent(cloud, channel)
+              setup_other_elements(rss, cloud)
             end
           end
 
-          def have_required_values?
-            @domain and @port and @path and
-              @registerProcedure and @protocol
+          private
+          def required_variable_names
+            %w(domain port path registerProcedure protocol)
           end
         end
 
         class Categories < RSS09::Channel::Categories
-          def to_rss(rss, channel)
+          def to_feed(rss, channel)
             @categories.each do |category|
-              category.to_rss(rss, channel)
+              category.to_feed(rss, channel)
             end
           end
           
           class Category < RSS09::Channel::Categories::Category
-            def to_rss(rss, channel)
+            def to_feed(rss, channel)
               category = Rss::Channel::Category.new
               set = setup_values(category)
               if set
                 channel.categories << category
-                setup_other_elements(rss)
+                set_parent(category, channel)
+                setup_other_elements(rss, category)
               end
             end
-            
-            def have_required_values?
-              @content
+
+            private
+            def required_variable_names
+              %w(content)
             end
           end
         end
-        
+
+        class Generator < GeneratorBase
+          def to_feed(rss, channel)
+            channel.generator = content
+          end
+
+          private
+          def required_variable_names
+            %w(content)
+          end
+        end
       end
       
       class Image < RSS09::Image
+        private
+        def required_element?
+          false
+        end
       end
       
       class Items < RSS09::Items
-        
         class Item < RSS09::Items::Item
+          private
+          def required_variable_names
+            []
+          end
 
-          def have_required_values?
-            @title or @description
+          def not_set_required_variables
+            vars = super
+            if !title {|t| t.have_required_values?} and
+                !description {|d| d.have_required_values?}
+              vars << "title or description"
+            end
+            vars
           end
 
-          private
           def variables
             super + ["pubDate"]
           end
 
           class Guid < RSS09::Items::Item::Guid
-            def to_rss(rss, item)
+            def to_feed(rss, item)
               guid = Rss::Channel::Item::Guid.new
               set = setup_values(guid)
               if set
                 item.guid = guid
-                setup_other_elements(rss)
+                set_parent(guid, item)
+                setup_other_elements(rss, guid)
               end
             end
-            
-            def have_required_values?
-              @content
+
+            private
+            def required_variable_names
+              %w(content)
             end
           end
 
           class Enclosure < RSS09::Items::Item::Enclosure
-            def to_rss(rss, item)
+            def to_feed(rss, item)
               enclosure = Rss::Channel::Item::Enclosure.new
               set = setup_values(enclosure)
               if set
                 item.enclosure = enclosure
-                setup_other_elements(rss)
+                set_parent(enclosure, item)
+                setup_other_elements(rss, enclosure)
               end
             end
-            
-            def have_required_values?
-              @url and @length and @type
+
+            private
+            def required_variable_names
+              %w(url length type)
             end
           end
 
           class Source < RSS09::Items::Item::Source
-            def to_rss(rss, item)
+            def to_feed(rss, item)
               source = Rss::Channel::Item::Source.new
               set = setup_values(source)
               if set
                 item.source = source
-                setup_other_elements(rss)
+                set_parent(source, item)
+                setup_other_elements(rss, source)
               end
             end
-            
-            def have_required_values?
-              @url and @content
+
+            private
+            def required_variable_names
+              %w(url content)
+            end
+
+            class Links < RSS09::Items::Item::Source::Links
+              def to_feed(rss, source)
+                return if @links.empty?
+                @links.first.to_feed(rss, source)
+              end
+
+              class Link < RSS09::Items::Item::Source::Links::Link
+                def to_feed(rss, source)
+                  source.url = href
+                end
+              end
             end
           end
 
           class Categories < RSS09::Items::Item::Categories
-            def to_rss(rss, item)
+            def to_feed(rss, item)
               @categories.each do |category|
-                category.to_rss(rss, item)
+                category.to_feed(rss, item)
               end
             end
           
             class Category < RSS09::Items::Item::Categories::Category
-              def to_rss(rss, item)
+              def to_feed(rss, item)
                 category = Rss::Channel::Item::Category.new
                 set = setup_values(category)
                 if set
                   item.categories << category
+                  set_parent(category, item)
                   setup_other_elements(rss)
                 end
               end
-              
-              def have_required_values?
-                @content
+
+              private
+              def required_variable_names
+                %w(content)
+              end
+            end
+          end
+
+          class Authors < RSS09::Items::Item::Authors
+            def to_feed(rss, item)
+              return if @authors.empty?
+              @authors.first.to_feed(rss, item)
+            end
+
+            class Author < RSS09::Items::Item::Authors::Author
+              def to_feed(rss, item)
+                item.author = name
               end
             end
           end
         end
-        
       end
       
       class Textinput < RSS09::Textinput
       end
     end
     
-    add_maker(filename_to_version(__FILE__), RSS20)
+    add_maker("2.0", "2.0", RSS20)
+    add_maker("rss2.0", "2.0", RSS20)
   end
 end
diff --git a/lib/rss/maker/atom.rb b/lib/rss/maker/atom.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..fd3198cd9e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/rss/maker/atom.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,172 @@
+require "rss/atom"
+
+require "rss/maker/base"
+
+module RSS
+  module Maker
+    module AtomPersons
+      module_function
+      def def_atom_persons(klass, name, maker_name, plural=nil)
+        plural ||= "#{name}s"
+        klass_name = Utils.to_class_name(name)
+        plural_klass_name = Utils.to_class_name(plural)
+
+        klass.class_eval(<<-EOC, __FILE__, __LINE__ + 1)
+          class #{plural_klass_name} < #{plural_klass_name}Base
+            class #{klass_name} < #{klass_name}Base
+              def to_feed(feed, current)
+                #{name} = feed.class::#{klass_name}.new
+                set = setup_values(#{name})
+                unless set
+                  raise NotSetError.new(#{maker_name.dump},
+                                        not_set_required_variables)
+                end
+                current.#{plural} << #{name}
+                set_parent(#{name}, current)
+                setup_other_elements(#{name})
+              end
+
+              private
+              def required_variable_names
+                %w(name)
+              end
+            end
+          end
+EOC
+      end
+    end
+
+    module AtomTextConstruct
+      class << self
+        def def_atom_text_construct(klass, name, maker_name, klass_name=nil,
+                                    atom_klass_name=nil)
+          klass_name ||= Utils.to_class_name(name)
+          atom_klass_name ||= Utils.to_class_name(name)
+
+          klass.class_eval(<<-EOC, __FILE__, __LINE__ + 1)
+            class #{klass_name} < #{klass_name}Base
+              include #{self.name}
+              def to_feed(feed, current)
+                #{name} = current.class::#{atom_klass_name}.new
+                if setup_values(#{name})
+                  current.#{name} = #{name}
+                  set_parent(#{name}, current)
+                  setup_other_elements(feed)
+                elsif variable_is_set?
+                  raise NotSetError.new(#{maker_name.dump},
+                                        not_set_required_variables)
+                end
+              end
+            end
+          EOC
+        end
+      end
+
+      private
+      def required_variable_names
+        if type == "xhtml"
+          %w(xml_content)
+        else
+          %w(content)
+        end
+      end
+
+      def variables
+        if type == "xhtml"
+          super + %w(xhtml)
+        else
+          super
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    module AtomCategory
+      def to_feed(feed, current)
+        category = feed.class::Category.new
+        set = setup_values(category)
+        if set
+          current.categories << category
+          set_parent(category, current)
+          setup_other_elements(feed)
+        else
+          raise NotSetError.new(self.class.not_set_name,
+                                not_set_required_variables)
+        end
+      end
+
+      private
+      def required_variable_names
+        %w(term)
+      end
+
+      def variables
+        super + ["term", "scheme"]
+      end
+    end
+
+    module AtomLink
+      def to_feed(feed, current)
+        link = feed.class::Link.new
+        set = setup_values(link)
+        if set
+          current.links << link
+          set_parent(link, current)
+          setup_other_elements(feed)
+        else
+          raise NotSetError.new(self.class.not_set_name,
+                                not_set_required_variables)
+        end
+      end
+
+      private
+      def required_variable_names
+        %w(href)
+      end
+    end
+
+    module AtomGenerator
+      def to_feed(feed, current)
+        generator = current.class::Generator.new
+        if setup_values(generator)
+          current.generator = generator
+          set_parent(generator, current)
+          setup_other_elements(feed)
+        elsif variable_is_set?
+          raise NotSetError.new(self.class.not_set_name,
+                                not_set_required_variables)
+        end
+      end
+
+      private
+      def required_variable_names
+        %w(content)
+      end
+    end
+
+    module AtomLogo
+      def to_feed(feed, current)
+        logo = current.class::Logo.new
+        class << logo
+          alias_method(:uri=, :content=)
+        end
+        set = setup_values(logo)
+        class << logo
+          remove_method(:uri=)
+        end
+        if set
+          current.logo = logo
+          set_parent(logo, current)
+          setup_other_elements(feed)
+        elsif variable_is_set?
+          raise NotSetError.new(self.class.not_set_name,
+                                not_set_required_variables)
+        end
+      end
+
+      private
+      def required_variable_names
+        %w(uri)
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/lib/rss/maker/base.rb b/lib/rss/maker/base.rb
index 2327dd98e4..56bf04657e 100644
--- a/lib/rss/maker/base.rb
+++ b/lib/rss/maker/base.rb
@@ -4,70 +4,184 @@ require 'rss/rss'
 
 module RSS
   module Maker
+    class Base
+      extend Utils::InheritedReader
 
-    module Base
+      OTHER_ELEMENTS = []
+      NEED_INITIALIZE_VARIABLES = []
 
-      def self.append_features(klass)
-        super
-
-        klass.module_eval(<<-EOC, __FILE__, __LINE__)
+      class << self
+        def other_elements
+          inherited_array_reader("OTHER_ELEMENTS")
+        end
+        def need_initialize_variables
+          inherited_array_reader("NEED_INITIALIZE_VARIABLES")
+        end
 
-        OTHER_ELEMENTS = []
-        NEED_INITIALIZE_VARIABLES = []
+        def inherited_base
+          ::RSS::Maker::Base
+        end
 
-        def self.inherited(subclass)
+        def inherited(subclass)
           subclass.const_set("OTHER_ELEMENTS", [])
           subclass.const_set("NEED_INITIALIZE_VARIABLES", [])
+        end
+
+        def add_other_element(variable_name)
+          self::OTHER_ELEMENTS << variable_name
+        end
+
+        def add_need_initialize_variable(variable_name, init_value="nil")
+          self::NEED_INITIALIZE_VARIABLES << [variable_name, init_value]
+        end
 
-          subclass.module_eval(<<-EOEOC, __FILE__, __LINE__)
-            def self.other_elements
-              OTHER_ELEMENTS + super
+        def def_array_element(name, plural=nil, klass_name=nil)
+          include Enumerable
+          extend Forwardable
+
+          plural ||= "#{name}s"
+          klass_name ||= Utils.to_class_name(name)
+          def_delegators("@#{plural}", :<<, :[], :[]=, :first, :last)
+          def_delegators("@#{plural}", :push, :pop, :shift, :unshift)
+          def_delegators("@#{plural}", :each, :size, :empty?, :clear)
+
+          add_need_initialize_variable(plural, "[]")
+
+          module_eval(<<-EOC, __FILE__, __LINE__ + 1)
+            def new_#{name}
+              #{name} = self.class::#{klass_name}.new(@maker)
+              @#{plural} << #{name}
+              if block_given?
+                yield #{name}
+              else
+                #{name}
+              end
             end
+            alias new_child new_#{name}
 
-            def self.need_initialize_variables
-              NEED_INITIALIZE_VARIABLES + super
+            def to_feed(*args)
+              @#{plural}.each do |#{name}|
+                #{name}.to_feed(*args)
+              end
             end
-          EOEOC
-        end
 
-        def self.add_other_element(variable_name)
-          OTHER_ELEMENTS << variable_name
+            def replace(elements)
+              @#{plural}.replace(elements.to_a)
+            end
+          EOC
         end
 
-        def self.other_elements
-          OTHER_ELEMENTS
+        def def_classed_element_without_accessor(name, class_name=nil)
+          class_name ||= Utils.to_class_name(name)
+          add_other_element(name)
+          add_need_initialize_variable(name, "make_#{name}")
+          module_eval(<<-EOC, __FILE__, __LINE__ + 1)
+            private
+            def setup_#{name}(feed, current)
+              @#{name}.to_feed(feed, current)
+            end
+
+            def make_#{name}
+              self.class::#{class_name}.new(@maker)
+            end
+          EOC
+        end
+
+        def def_classed_element(name, class_name=nil, attribute_name=nil)
+          def_classed_element_without_accessor(name, class_name)
+          if attribute_name
+            module_eval(<<-EOC, __FILE__, __LINE__ + 1)
+              def #{name}
+                if block_given?
+                  yield(@#{name})
+                else
+                  @#{name}.#{attribute_name}
+                end
+              end
+
+              def #{name}=(new_value)
+                @#{name}.#{attribute_name} = new_value
+              end
+            EOC
+          else
+            attr_reader name
+          end
         end
 
-        def self.add_need_initialize_variable(variable_name, init_value="nil")
-          NEED_INITIALIZE_VARIABLES << [variable_name, init_value]
+        def def_classed_elements(name, attribute, plural_class_name=nil,
+                                 plural_name=nil, new_name=nil)
+          plural_name ||= "#{name}s"
+          new_name ||= name
+          def_classed_element(plural_name, plural_class_name)
+          local_variable_name = "_#{name}"
+          new_value_variable_name = "new_value"
+          additional_setup_code = nil
+          if block_given?
+            additional_setup_code = yield(local_variable_name,
+                                          new_value_variable_name)
+          end
+          module_eval(<<-EOC, __FILE__, __LINE__ + 1)
+            def #{name}
+              #{local_variable_name} = #{plural_name}.first
+              #{local_variable_name} ? #{local_variable_name}.#{attribute} : nil
+            end
+
+            def #{name}=(#{new_value_variable_name})
+              #{local_variable_name} =
+                #{plural_name}.first || #{plural_name}.new_#{new_name}
+              #{additional_setup_code}
+              #{local_variable_name}.#{attribute} = #{new_value_variable_name}
+            end
+          EOC
         end
 
-        def self.need_initialize_variables
-          NEED_INITIALIZE_VARIABLES
+        def def_other_element(name)
+          attr_accessor name
+          def_other_element_without_accessor(name)
         end
 
-        def self.def_array_element(name)
-          include Enumerable
-          extend Forwardable
+        def def_other_element_without_accessor(name)
+          add_need_initialize_variable(name)
+          add_other_element(name)
+          module_eval(<<-EOC, __FILE__, __LINE__ + 1)
+            def setup_#{name}(feed, current)
+              if !@#{name}.nil? and current.respond_to?(:#{name}=)
+                current.#{name} = @#{name}
+              end
+            end
+          EOC
+        end
 
-          def_delegators("@\#{name}", :<<, :[], :[]=, :first, :last)
-          def_delegators("@\#{name}", :push, :pop, :shift, :unshift)
-          def_delegators("@\#{name}", :each, :size)
-          
-          add_need_initialize_variable(name, "[]")
+        def def_csv_element(name, type=nil)
+          def_other_element_without_accessor(name)
+          attr_reader(name)
+          converter = ""
+          if type == :integer
+            converter = "{|v| Integer(v)}"
+          end
+          module_eval(<<-EOC, __FILE__, __LINE__ + 1)
+            def #{name}=(value)
+              @#{name} = Utils::CSV.parse(value)#{converter}
+            end
+          EOC
         end
-        EOC
       end
-      
+
+      attr_reader :maker
       def initialize(maker)
         @maker = maker
+        @default_values_are_set = false
         initialize_variables
       end
 
       def have_required_values?
-        true
+        not_set_required_variables.empty?
       end
-      
+
+      def variable_is_set?
+        variables.any? {|var| not __send__(var).nil?}
+      end
+
       private
       def initialize_variables
         self.class.need_initialize_variables.each do |variable_name, init_value|
@@ -75,16 +189,32 @@ module RSS
         end
       end
 
-      def setup_other_elements(rss)
+      def setup_other_elements(feed, current=nil)
+        current ||= current_element(feed)
         self.class.other_elements.each do |element|
-          __send__("setup_#{element}", rss, current_element(rss))
+          __send__("setup_#{element}", feed, current)
         end
       end
 
-      def current_element(rss)
-        rss
+      def current_element(feed)
+        feed
       end
-      
+
+      def set_default_values(&block)
+        return yield if @default_values_are_set
+
+        begin
+          @default_values_are_set = true
+          _set_default_values(&block)
+        ensure
+          @default_values_are_set = false
+        end
+      end
+
+      def _set_default_values(&block)
+        yield
+      end
+
       def setup_values(target)
         set = false
         if have_required_values?
@@ -102,6 +232,10 @@ module RSS
         set
       end
 
+      def set_parent(target, parent)
+        target.parent = parent if target.class.need_parent?
+      end
+
       def variables
         self.class.need_initialize_variables.find_all do |name, init|
           "nil" == init
@@ -110,10 +244,6 @@ module RSS
         end
       end
 
-      def variable_is_set?
-        variables.find {|var| !__send__(var).nil?}
-      end
-
       def not_set_required_variables
         required_variable_names.find_all do |var|
           __send__(var).nil?
@@ -126,15 +256,109 @@ module RSS
         end
         true
       end
-      
     end
 
-    class RSSBase
-      include Base
+    module AtomPersonConstructBase
+      def self.append_features(klass)
+        super
+
+        klass.class_eval(<<-EOC, __FILE__, __LINE__ + 1)
+          %w(name uri email).each do |element|
+            attr_accessor element
+            add_need_initialize_variable(element)
+          end
+        EOC
+      end
+    end
+
+    module AtomTextConstructBase
+      module EnsureXMLContent
+        class << self
+          def included(base)
+            super
+            base.class_eval do
+              %w(type content xml_content).each do |element|
+                attr_reader element
+                attr_writer element if element != "xml_content"
+                add_need_initialize_variable(element)
+              end
+
+              alias_method(:xhtml, :xml_content)
+            end
+          end
+        end
+
+        def ensure_xml_content(content)
+          xhtml_uri = ::RSS::Atom::XHTML_URI
+          unless content.is_a?(RSS::XML::Element) and
+              ["div", xhtml_uri] == [content.name, content.uri]
+            children = content
+            children = [children] unless content.is_a?(Array)
+            children = set_xhtml_uri_as_default_uri(children)
+            content = RSS::XML::Element.new("div", nil, xhtml_uri,
+                                            {"xmlns" => xhtml_uri},
+                                            children)
+          end
+          content
+        end
+
+        def xml_content=(content)
+          @xml_content = ensure_xml_content(content)
+        end
+
+        def xhtml=(content)
+          self.xml_content = content
+        end
+
+        private
+        def set_xhtml_uri_as_default_uri(children)
+          children.collect do |child|
+            if child.is_a?(RSS::XML::Element) and
+                child.prefix.nil? and child.uri.nil?
+              RSS::XML::Element.new(child.name, nil, ::RSS::Atom::XHTML_URI,
+                                    child.attributes.dup,
+                                    set_xhtml_uri_as_default_uri(child.children))
+            else
+              child
+            end
+          end
+        end
+      end
 
+      def self.append_features(klass)
+        super
+
+        klass.class_eval do
+          include EnsureXMLContent
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    module SetupDefaultDate
+      private
+      def _set_default_values(&block)
+        keep = {
+          :date => date,
+          :dc_dates => dc_dates.to_a.dup,
+        }
+        _date = date
+        if _date and !dc_dates.any? {|dc_date| dc_date.value == _date}
+          dc_date = self.class::DublinCoreDates::DublinCoreDate.new(self)
+          dc_date.value = _date.dup
+          dc_dates.unshift(dc_date)
+        end
+        self.date ||= self.dc_date
+        super(&block)
+      ensure
+        date = keep[:date]
+        dc_dates.replace(keep[:dc_dates])
+      end
+    end
+
+    class RSSBase < Base
       class << self
-        def make(&block)
-          new.make(&block)
+        def make(version, &block)
+          new(version).make(&block)
         end
       end
 
@@ -143,22 +367,25 @@ module RSS
         add_need_initialize_variable(element, "make_#{element}")
         module_eval(<<-EOC, __FILE__, __LINE__)
           private
-          def setup_#{element}(rss)
-            @#{element}.to_rss(rss)
+          def setup_#{element}(feed)
+            @#{element}.to_feed(feed)
           end
 
           def make_#{element}
             self.class::#{Utils.to_class_name(element)}.new(self)
           end
-EOC
+        EOC
       end
       
-      attr_reader :rss_version
+      attr_reader :feed_version
+      alias_method(:rss_version, :feed_version)
       attr_accessor :version, :encoding, :standalone
-      
-      def initialize(rss_version)
+
+      def initialize(feed_version)
         super(self)
-        @rss_version = rss_version
+        @feed_type = nil
+        @feed_subtype = nil
+        @feed_version = feed_version
         @version = "1.0"
         @encoding = "UTF-8"
         @standalone = nil
@@ -167,19 +394,19 @@ EOC
       def make
         if block_given?
           yield(self)
-          to_rss
+          to_feed
         else
           nil
         end
       end
 
-      def to_rss
-        rss = make_rss
-        setup_xml_stylesheets(rss)
-        setup_elements(rss)
-        setup_other_elements(rss)
-        if rss.channel
-          rss
+      def to_feed
+        feed = make_feed
+        setup_xml_stylesheets(feed)
+        setup_elements(feed)
+        setup_other_elements(feed)
+        if feed.valid?
+          feed
         else
           nil
         end
@@ -190,51 +417,27 @@ EOC
       def make_xml_stylesheets
         XMLStyleSheets.new(self)
       end
-      
     end
 
-    class XMLStyleSheets
-      include Base
-
-      def_array_element("xml_stylesheets")
-
-      def to_rss(rss)
-        @xml_stylesheets.each do |xss|
-          xss.to_rss(rss)
-        end
-      end
-
-      def new_xml_stylesheet
-        xss = XMLStyleSheet.new(@maker)
-        @xml_stylesheets << xss
-        if block_given?
-          yield xss
-        else
-          xss
-        end
-      end
+    class XMLStyleSheets < Base
+      def_array_element("xml_stylesheet", nil, "XMLStyleSheet")
 
-      class XMLStyleSheet
-        include Base
+      class XMLStyleSheet < Base
 
         ::RSS::XMLStyleSheet::ATTRIBUTES.each do |attribute|
           attr_accessor attribute
           add_need_initialize_variable(attribute)
         end
         
-        def to_rss(rss)
+        def to_feed(feed)
           xss = ::RSS::XMLStyleSheet.new
           guess_type_if_need(xss)
           set = setup_values(xss)
           if set
-            rss.xml_stylesheets << xss
+            feed.xml_stylesheets << xss
           end
         end
 
-        def have_required_values?
-          @href and @type
-        end
-
         private
         def guess_type_if_need(xss)
           if @type.nil?
@@ -242,172 +445,183 @@ EOC
             @type = xss.type
           end
         end
+
+        def required_variable_names
+          %w(href type)
+        end
       end
     end
     
-    class ChannelBase
-      include Base
+    class ChannelBase < Base
+      include SetupDefaultDate
 
-      %w(cloud categories skipDays skipHours).each do |element|
-        attr_reader element
-        add_other_element(element)
-        add_need_initialize_variable(element, "make_#{element}")
-        module_eval(<<-EOC, __FILE__, __LINE__)
-          private
-          def setup_#{element}(rss, current)
-            @#{element}.to_rss(rss, current)
-          end
+      %w(cloud categories skipDays skipHours).each do |name|
+        def_classed_element(name)
+      end
 
-          def make_#{element}
-            self.class::#{Utils.to_class_name(element)}.new(@maker)
-          end
-EOC
+      %w(generator copyright description title).each do |name|
+        def_classed_element(name, nil, "content")
       end
 
-      %w(about title link description language copyright
+      [
+       ["link", "href", Proc.new {|target,| "#{target}.href = 'self'"}],
+       ["author", "name"],
+       ["contributor", "name"],
+      ].each do |name, attribute, additional_setup_maker|
+        def_classed_elements(name, attribute, &additional_setup_maker)
+      end
+
+      %w(id about language
          managingEditor webMaster rating docs date
-         lastBuildDate generator ttl).each do |element|
+         lastBuildDate ttl).each do |element|
         attr_accessor element
         add_need_initialize_variable(element)
       end
 
-      alias_method(:pubDate, :date)
-      alias_method(:pubDate=, :date=)
+      def pubDate
+        date
+      end
 
-      def current_element(rss)
-        rss.channel
+      def pubDate=(date)
+        self.date = date
       end
 
-      class SkipDaysBase
-        include Base
+      def updated
+        date
+      end
 
-        def_array_element("days")
+      def updated=(date)
+        self.date = date
+      end
 
-        def new_day
-          day = self.class::Day.new(@maker)
-          @days << day
-          if block_given?
-            yield day
-          else
-            day
-          end
-        end
-        
-        def current_element(rss)
-          rss.channel.skipDays
-        end
+      alias_method(:rights, :copyright)
+      alias_method(:rights=, :copyright=)
 
-        class DayBase
-          include Base
-          
-          %w(content).each do |element|
-            attr_accessor element
-            add_need_initialize_variable(element)
-          end
+      alias_method(:subtitle, :description)
+      alias_method(:subtitle=, :description=)
 
-          def current_element(rss)
-            rss.channel.skipDays.last
-          end
+      def icon
+        image_favicon.about
+      end
 
-        end
+      def icon=(url)
+        image_favicon.about = url
       end
-      
-      class SkipHoursBase
-        include Base
 
-        def_array_element("hours")
+      def logo
+        maker.image.url
+      end
 
-        def new_hour
-          hour = self.class::Hour.new(@maker)
-          @hours << hour
-          if block_given?
-            yield hour
-          else
-            hour
-          end
-        end
-        
-        def current_element(rss)
-          rss.channel.skipHours
-        end
+      def logo=(url)
+        maker.image.url = url
+      end
 
-        class HourBase
-          include Base
-          
+      class SkipDaysBase < Base
+        def_array_element("day")
+
+        class DayBase < Base
           %w(content).each do |element|
             attr_accessor element
             add_need_initialize_variable(element)
           end
+        end
+      end
+      
+      class SkipHoursBase < Base
+        def_array_element("hour")
 
-          def current_element(rss)
-            rss.channel.skipHours.last
+        class HourBase < Base
+          %w(content).each do |element|
+            attr_accessor element
+            add_need_initialize_variable(element)
           end
-
         end
       end
       
-      class CloudBase
-        include Base
-        
+      class CloudBase < Base
         %w(domain port path registerProcedure protocol).each do |element|
           attr_accessor element
           add_need_initialize_variable(element)
         end
-        
-        def current_element(rss)
-          rss.channel.cloud
-        end
-
       end
 
-      class CategoriesBase
-        include Base
-        
-        def_array_element("categories")
+      class CategoriesBase < Base
+        def_array_element("category", "categories")
 
-        def new_category
-          category = self.class::Category.new(@maker)
-          @categories << category
-          if block_given?
-            yield category
-          else
-            category
+        class CategoryBase < Base
+          %w(domain content label).each do |element|
+            attr_accessor element
+            add_need_initialize_variable(element)
           end
+
+          alias_method(:term, :domain)
+          alias_method(:term=, :domain=)
+          alias_method(:scheme, :content)
+          alias_method(:scheme=, :content=)
         end
+      end
 
-        class CategoryBase
-          include Base
+      class LinksBase < Base
+        def_array_element("link")
 
-          %w(domain content).each do |element|
+        class LinkBase < Base
+          %w(href rel type hreflang title length).each do |element|
             attr_accessor element
             add_need_initialize_variable(element)
           end
         end
       end
+
+      class AuthorsBase < Base
+        def_array_element("author")
+
+        class AuthorBase < Base
+          include AtomPersonConstructBase
+        end
+      end
+
+      class ContributorsBase < Base
+        def_array_element("contributor")
+
+        class ContributorBase < Base
+          include AtomPersonConstructBase
+        end
+      end
+
+      class GeneratorBase < Base
+        %w(uri version content).each do |element|
+          attr_accessor element
+          add_need_initialize_variable(element)
+        end
+      end
+
+      class CopyrightBase < Base
+        include AtomTextConstructBase
+      end
+
+      class DescriptionBase < Base
+        include AtomTextConstructBase
+      end
+
+      class TitleBase < Base
+        include AtomTextConstructBase
+      end
     end
     
-    class ImageBase
-      include Base
-
+    class ImageBase < Base
       %w(title url width height description).each do |element|
         attr_accessor element
         add_need_initialize_variable(element)
       end
-      
+
       def link
         @maker.channel.link
       end
-
-      def current_element(rss)
-        rss.image
-      end
     end
     
-    class ItemsBase
-      include Base
+    class ItemsBase < Base
+      def_array_element("item")
 
-      def_array_element("items")
-      
       attr_accessor :do_sort, :max_size
       
       def initialize(maker)
@@ -423,21 +637,7 @@ EOC
           sort_if_need[0..@max_size]
         end
       end
-      
-      def current_element(rss)
-        rss.items
-      end
 
-      def new_item
-        item = self.class::Item.new(@maker)
-        @items << item
-        if block_given?
-          yield item
-        else
-          item
-        end
-      end
-      
       private
       def sort_if_need
         if @do_sort.respond_to?(:call)
@@ -453,94 +653,216 @@ EOC
         end
       end
 
-      class ItemBase
-        include Base
-        
-        %w(guid enclosure source categories).each do |element|
-          attr_reader element
-          add_other_element(element)
-          add_need_initialize_variable(element, "make_#{element}")
-          module_eval(<<-EOC, __FILE__, __LINE__)
-          private
-          def setup_#{element}(rss, current)
-            @#{element}.to_rss(rss, current)
-          end
+      class ItemBase < Base
+        include SetupDefaultDate
 
-          def make_#{element}
-            self.class::#{Utils.to_class_name(element)}.new(@maker)
-          end
-EOC
+        %w(guid enclosure source categories content).each do |name|
+          def_classed_element(name)
         end
-      
-        %w(title link description date author comments).each do |element|
+
+        %w(rights description title).each do |name|
+          def_classed_element(name, nil, "content")
+        end
+
+        [
+         ["author", "name"],
+         ["link", "href", Proc.new {|target,| "#{target}.href = 'alternate'"}],
+         ["contributor", "name"],
+        ].each do |name, attribute|
+          def_classed_elements(name, attribute)
+	end
+
+        %w(date comments id published).each do |element|
           attr_accessor element
           add_need_initialize_variable(element)
         end
 
-        alias_method(:pubDate, :date)
-        alias_method(:pubDate=, :date=)
+        def pubDate
+          date
+        end
+
+        def pubDate=(date)
+          self.date = date
+        end
+
+        def updated
+          date
+        end
+
+        def updated=(date)
+          self.date = date
+        end
+
+        alias_method(:summary, :description)
+        alias_method(:summary=, :description=)
 
         def <=>(other)
-          if date and other.date
-            date <=> other.date
-          elsif date
+          _date = date || dc_date
+          _other_date = other.date || other.dc_date
+          if _date and _other_date
+            _date <=> _other_date
+          elsif _date
             1
-          elsif other.date
+          elsif _other_date
             -1
           else
             0
           end
         end
-      
-        def current_element(rss)
-          rss.items.last
-        end
-
-        class GuidBase
-          include Base
 
+        class GuidBase < Base
           %w(isPermaLink content).each do |element|
             attr_accessor element
             add_need_initialize_variable(element)
           end
         end
-      
-        class EnclosureBase
-          include Base
 
+        class EnclosureBase < Base
           %w(url length type).each do |element|
             attr_accessor element
             add_need_initialize_variable(element)
           end
         end
-      
-        class SourceBase
-          include Base
 
-          %w(url content).each do |element|
+        class SourceBase < Base
+          %w(authors categories contributors generator icon
+             logo rights subtitle title).each do |name|
+            def_classed_element(name)
+          end
+
+          [
+           ["link", "href"],
+          ].each do |name, attribute|
+            def_classed_elements(name, attribute)
+          end
+
+          %w(id content date).each do |element|
             attr_accessor element
             add_need_initialize_variable(element)
           end
+
+          alias_method(:url, :link)
+          alias_method(:url=, :link=)
+
+          def updated
+            date
+          end
+
+          def updated=(date)
+            self.date = date
+          end
+
+          private
+          AuthorsBase = ChannelBase::AuthorsBase
+          CategoriesBase = ChannelBase::CategoriesBase
+          ContributorsBase = ChannelBase::ContributorsBase
+          GeneratorBase = ChannelBase::GeneratorBase
+
+          class IconBase < Base
+            %w(url).each do |element|
+              attr_accessor element
+              add_need_initialize_variable(element)
+            end
+          end
+
+          LinksBase = ChannelBase::LinksBase
+
+          class LogoBase < Base
+            %w(uri).each do |element|
+              attr_accessor element
+              add_need_initialize_variable(element)
+            end
+          end
+
+          class RightsBase < Base
+            include AtomTextConstructBase
+          end
+
+          class SubtitleBase < Base
+            include AtomTextConstructBase
+          end
+
+          class TitleBase < Base
+            include AtomTextConstructBase
+          end
         end
-      
+
         CategoriesBase = ChannelBase::CategoriesBase
-      
+        AuthorsBase = ChannelBase::AuthorsBase
+        LinksBase = ChannelBase::LinksBase
+        ContributorsBase = ChannelBase::ContributorsBase
+
+        class RightsBase < Base
+          include AtomTextConstructBase
+        end
+
+        class DescriptionBase < Base
+          include AtomTextConstructBase
+        end
+
+        class ContentBase < Base
+          include AtomTextConstructBase::EnsureXMLContent
+
+          %w(src).each do |element|
+            attr_accessor(element)
+            add_need_initialize_variable(element)
+          end
+
+          def xml_content=(content)
+            content = ensure_xml_content(content) if inline_xhtml?
+            @xml_content = content
+          end
+
+          alias_method(:xml, :xml_content)
+          alias_method(:xml=, :xml_content=)
+
+          def inline_text?
+            [nil, "text", "html"].include?(@type)
+          end
+
+          def inline_html?
+            @type == "html"
+          end
+
+          def inline_xhtml?
+            @type == "xhtml"
+          end
+
+          def inline_other?
+            !out_of_line? and ![nil, "text", "html", "xhtml"].include?(@type)
+          end
+
+          def inline_other_text?
+            return false if @type.nil? or out_of_line?
+            /\Atext\//i.match(@type) ? true : false
+          end
+
+          def inline_other_xml?
+            return false if @type.nil? or out_of_line?
+            /[\+\/]xml\z/i.match(@type) ? true : false
+          end
+
+          def inline_other_base64?
+            return false if @type.nil? or out_of_line?
+            @type.include?("/") and !inline_other_text? and !inline_other_xml?
+          end
+
+          def out_of_line?
+            not @src.nil? and @content.nil?
+          end
+        end
+
+        class TitleBase < Base
+          include AtomTextConstructBase
+        end
       end
     end
 
-    class TextinputBase
-      include Base
-
+    class TextinputBase < Base
       %w(title description name link).each do |element|
         attr_accessor element
         add_need_initialize_variable(element)
       end
-      
-      def current_element(rss)
-        rss.textinput
-      end
-
     end
-    
   end
 end
diff --git a/lib/rss/maker/content.rb b/lib/rss/maker/content.rb
index 18590d0cf8..46c4911f73 100644
--- a/lib/rss/maker/content.rb
+++ b/lib/rss/maker/content.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 require 'rss/content'
 require 'rss/maker/1.0'
+require 'rss/maker/2.0'
 
 module RSS
   module Maker
@@ -7,17 +8,8 @@ module RSS
       def self.append_features(klass)
         super
 
-        ::RSS::ContentModel::ELEMENTS.each do |element|
-          klass.add_need_initialize_variable(element)
-          klass.add_other_element(element)
-          klass.module_eval(<<-EOC, __FILE__, __LINE__+1)
-            attr_accessor :#{element}
-            def setup_#{element}(rss, current)
-              if #{element} and current.respond_to?(:#{element}=)
-                current.#{element} = @#{element} if @#{element}
-              end
-            end
-          EOC
+        ::RSS::ContentModel::ELEMENTS.each do |name|
+          klass.def_other_element(name)
         end
       end
     end
diff --git a/lib/rss/maker/dublincore.rb b/lib/rss/maker/dublincore.rb
index 0cf1255e82..ff4813fe19 100644
--- a/lib/rss/maker/dublincore.rb
+++ b/lib/rss/maker/dublincore.rb
@@ -15,60 +15,40 @@ module RSS
           plural_klass_name = "DublinCore#{Utils.to_class_name(plural_name)}"
           full_plural_klass_name = "self.class::#{plural_klass_name}"
           full_klass_name = "#{full_plural_klass_name}::#{klass_name}"
-          klass.add_need_initialize_variable(full_plural_name,
-                                             "make_#{full_plural_name}")
-          klass.add_other_element(full_plural_name)
-          klass.module_eval(<<-EOC, __FILE__, __LINE__+1)
-            attr_accessor :#{full_plural_name}
-            def make_#{full_plural_name}
-              #{full_plural_klass_name}.new(@maker)
-            end
-            
-            def setup_#{full_plural_name}(rss, current)
-              @#{full_plural_name}.to_rss(rss, current)
-            end
-
-            def #{full_name}
-              @#{full_plural_name}[0] and @#{full_plural_name}[0].value
-            end
-            
-            def #{full_name}=(new_value)
-              @#{full_plural_name}[0] = #{full_klass_name}.new(self)
-              @#{full_plural_name}[0].value = new_value
+          klass.def_classed_elements(full_name, "value", plural_klass_name,
+                                     full_plural_name, name)
+          klass.module_eval(<<-EOC, __FILE__, __LINE__ + 1)
+            def new_#{full_name}(value=nil)
+              _#{full_name} = #{full_plural_name}.new_#{name}
+              _#{full_name}.value = value
+              if block_given?
+                yield _#{full_name}
+              else
+                _#{full_name}
+              end
             end
-EOC
+          EOC
         end
+
+        klass.module_eval(<<-EOC, __FILE__, __LINE__ + 1)
+          # For backward compatibility
+          alias #{DC_PREFIX}_rightses #{DC_PREFIX}_rights_list
+        EOC
       end
 
       ::RSS::DublinCoreModel::ELEMENT_NAME_INFOS.each do |name, plural_name|
         plural_name ||= "#{name}s"
+        full_name ||= "#{DC_PREFIX}_#{name}"
+        full_plural_name ||= "#{DC_PREFIX}_#{plural_name}"
         klass_name = Utils.to_class_name(name)
+        full_klass_name = "DublinCore#{klass_name}"
         plural_klass_name = "DublinCore#{Utils.to_class_name(plural_name)}"
-        module_eval(<<-EOC, __FILE__, __LINE__)
-        class #{plural_klass_name}Base
-          include Base
-
-          def_array_element(#{plural_name.dump})
-                            
-          def new_#{name}
-            #{name} = self.class::#{klass_name}.new(self)
-            @#{plural_name} << #{name}
-            if block_given?
-              yield #{name}
-            else
-              #{name}
-            end
-          end
-
-          def to_rss(rss, current)
-            @#{plural_name}.each do |#{name}|
-              #{name}.to_rss(rss, current)
-            end
-          end
-        
-          class #{klass_name}Base
-            include Base
+        module_eval(<<-EOC, __FILE__, __LINE__ + 1)
+        class #{plural_klass_name}Base < Base
+          def_array_element(#{name.dump}, #{full_plural_name.dump},
+                            #{full_klass_name.dump})
 
+          class #{full_klass_name}Base < Base
             attr_accessor :value
             add_need_initialize_variable("value")
             alias_method(:content, :value)
@@ -77,7 +57,15 @@ EOC
             def have_required_values?
               @value
             end
+
+            def to_feed(feed, current)
+              if value and current.respond_to?(:#{full_name})
+                new_item = current.class::#{full_klass_name}.new(value)
+                current.#{full_plural_name} << new_item
+              end
+            end
           end
+          #{klass_name}Base = #{full_klass_name}Base
         end
         EOC
       end
@@ -86,18 +74,13 @@ EOC
         ::RSS::DublinCoreModel::ELEMENT_NAME_INFOS.each do |name, plural_name|
           plural_name ||= "#{name}s"
           klass_name = Utils.to_class_name(name)
-          plural_klass_name = "DublinCore#{Utils.to_class_name(plural_name)}"
           full_klass_name = "DublinCore#{klass_name}"
-          klass.module_eval(<<-EOC, *Utils.get_file_and_line_from_caller(1))
+          plural_klass_name = "DublinCore#{Utils.to_class_name(plural_name)}"
+          klass.module_eval(<<-EOC, __FILE__, __LINE__ + 1)
           class #{plural_klass_name} < #{plural_klass_name}Base
-            class #{klass_name} < #{klass_name}Base
-              def to_rss(rss, current)
-                if value and current.respond_to?(:dc_#{name})
-                  new_item = current.class::#{full_klass_name}.new(value)
-                  current.dc_#{plural_name} << new_item
-                end
-              end
+            class #{full_klass_name} < #{full_klass_name}Base
             end
+            #{klass_name} = #{full_klass_name}
           end
 EOC
         end
@@ -106,64 +89,36 @@ EOC
 
     class ChannelBase
       include DublinCoreModel
-      
-      remove_method(:date)
-      remove_method(:date=)
-      alias_method(:date, :dc_date)
-      alias_method(:date=, :dc_date=)
     end
     
     class ImageBase; include DublinCoreModel; end
     class ItemsBase
       class ItemBase
         include DublinCoreModel
-        
-        remove_method(:date)
-        remove_method(:date=)
-        alias_method(:date, :dc_date)
-        alias_method(:date=, :dc_date=)
       end
     end
     class TextinputBase; include DublinCoreModel; end
 
-    class RSS10
-      class Channel
-        DublinCoreModel.install_dublin_core(self)
-      end
-
-      class Image
-        DublinCoreModel.install_dublin_core(self)
-      end
-
-      class Items
-        class Item
+    makers.each do |maker|
+      maker.module_eval(<<-EOC, __FILE__, __LINE__ + 1)
+        class Channel
           DublinCoreModel.install_dublin_core(self)
         end
-      end
 
-      class Textinput
-        DublinCoreModel.install_dublin_core(self)
-      end
-    end
-    
-    class RSS09
-      class Channel
-        DublinCoreModel.install_dublin_core(self)
-      end
+        class Image
+          DublinCoreModel.install_dublin_core(self)
+        end
 
-      class Image
-        DublinCoreModel.install_dublin_core(self)
-      end
+        class Items
+          class Item
+            DublinCoreModel.install_dublin_core(self)
+          end
+        end
 
-      class Items
-        class Item
+        class Textinput
           DublinCoreModel.install_dublin_core(self)
         end
-      end
-
-      class Textinput
-        DublinCoreModel.install_dublin_core(self)
-      end
+      EOC
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/lib/rss/maker/entry.rb b/lib/rss/maker/entry.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..edaa31ec06
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/rss/maker/entry.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,163 @@
+require "rss/maker/atom"
+require "rss/maker/feed"
+
+module RSS
+  module Maker
+    module Atom
+      class Entry < RSSBase
+        def initialize(feed_version="1.0")
+          super
+          @feed_type = "atom"
+          @feed_subtype = "entry"
+        end
+
+        private
+        def make_feed
+          ::RSS::Atom::Entry.new(@version, @encoding, @standalone)
+        end
+
+        def setup_elements(entry)
+          setup_items(entry)
+        end
+
+        class Channel < ChannelBase
+          class SkipDays < SkipDaysBase
+            class Day < DayBase
+            end
+          end
+
+          class SkipHours < SkipHoursBase
+            class Hour < HourBase
+            end
+          end
+
+          class Cloud < CloudBase
+          end
+
+          Categories = Feed::Channel::Categories
+          Links = Feed::Channel::Links
+          Authors = Feed::Channel::Authors
+          Contributors = Feed::Channel::Contributors
+
+          class Generator < GeneratorBase
+            include AtomGenerator
+
+            def self.not_set_name
+              "maker.channel.generator"
+            end
+          end
+
+          Copyright = Feed::Channel::Copyright
+
+          class Description < DescriptionBase
+          end
+
+          Title = Feed::Channel::Title
+        end
+
+        class Image < ImageBase
+        end
+
+        class Items < ItemsBase
+          def to_feed(entry)
+            (normalize.first || Item.new(@maker)).to_feed(entry)
+          end
+
+          class Item < ItemBase
+            def to_feed(entry)
+              set_default_values do
+                setup_values(entry)
+                entry.dc_dates.clear
+                setup_other_elements(entry)
+                unless have_required_values?
+                  raise NotSetError.new("maker.item", not_set_required_variables)
+                end
+              end
+            end
+
+            private
+            def required_variable_names
+              %w(id updated)
+            end
+
+            def variables
+              super + ["updated"]
+            end
+
+            def variable_is_set?
+              super or !authors.empty?
+            end
+
+            def not_set_required_variables
+              set_default_values do
+                vars = super
+                if authors.all? {|author| !author.have_required_values?}
+                  vars << "author"
+                end
+                vars << "title" unless title {|t| t.have_required_values?}
+                vars
+              end
+            end
+
+            def _set_default_values(&block)
+              keep = {
+                :authors => authors.to_a.dup,
+                :contributors => contributors.to_a.dup,
+                :categories => categories.to_a.dup,
+                :id => id,
+                :links => links.to_a.dup,
+                :rights => @rights,
+                :title => @title,
+                :updated => updated,
+              }
+              authors.replace(@maker.channel.authors) if keep[:authors].empty?
+              if keep[:contributors].empty?
+                contributors.replace(@maker.channel.contributors)
+              end
+              if keep[:categories].empty?
+                categories.replace(@maker.channel.categories)
+              end
+              self.id ||= link || @maker.channel.id
+              links.replace(@maker.channel.links) if keep[:links].empty?
+              unless keep[:rights].variable_is_set?
+                @maker.channel.rights {|r| @rights = r}
+              end
+              unless keep[:title].variable_is_set?
+                @maker.channel.title {|t| @title = t}
+              end
+              self.updated ||= @maker.channel.updated
+              super(&block)
+            ensure
+              authors.replace(keep[:authors])
+              contributors.replace(keep[:contributors])
+              categories.replace(keep[:categories])
+              links.replace(keep[:links])
+              self.id = keep[:id]
+              @rights = keep[:rights]
+              @title = keep[:title]
+              self.updated = keep[:prev_updated]
+            end
+
+            Guid = Feed::Items::Item::Guid
+            Enclosure = Feed::Items::Item::Enclosure
+            Source = Feed::Items::Item::Source
+            Categories = Feed::Items::Item::Categories
+            Authors = Feed::Items::Item::Authors
+            Contributors = Feed::Items::Item::Contributors
+            Links = Feed::Items::Item::Links
+            Rights = Feed::Items::Item::Rights
+            Description = Feed::Items::Item::Description
+            Title = Feed::Items::Item::Title
+            Content = Feed::Items::Item::Content
+          end
+        end
+
+        class Textinput < TextinputBase
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    add_maker("atom:entry", "1.0", Atom::Entry)
+    add_maker("atom1.0:entry", "1.0", Atom::Entry)
+  end
+end
diff --git a/lib/rss/maker/feed.rb b/lib/rss/maker/feed.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..3a30ad4287
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/rss/maker/feed.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,429 @@
+require "rss/maker/atom"
+
+module RSS
+  module Maker
+    module Atom
+      class Feed < RSSBase
+        def initialize(feed_version="1.0")
+          super
+          @feed_type = "atom"
+          @feed_subtype = "feed"
+        end
+
+        private
+        def make_feed
+          ::RSS::Atom::Feed.new(@version, @encoding, @standalone)
+        end
+
+        def setup_elements(feed)
+          setup_channel(feed)
+          setup_image(feed)
+          setup_items(feed)
+        end
+
+        class Channel < ChannelBase
+          def to_feed(feed)
+            set_default_values do
+              setup_values(feed)
+              feed.dc_dates.clear
+              setup_other_elements(feed)
+              if image_favicon.about
+                icon = feed.class::Icon.new
+                icon.content = image_favicon.about
+                feed.icon = icon
+              end
+              unless have_required_values?
+                raise NotSetError.new("maker.channel",
+                                      not_set_required_variables)
+              end
+            end
+          end
+
+          def have_required_values?
+            super and
+              (!authors.empty? or
+               @maker.items.any? {|item| !item.authors.empty?})
+          end
+
+          private
+          def required_variable_names
+            %w(id updated)
+          end
+
+          def variables
+            super + %w(id updated)
+          end
+
+          def variable_is_set?
+            super or !authors.empty?
+          end
+
+          def not_set_required_variables
+            vars = super
+            if authors.empty? and
+                @maker.items.all? {|item| item.author.to_s.empty?}
+              vars << "author"
+            end
+            vars << "title" unless title {|t| t.have_required_values?}
+            vars
+          end
+
+          def _set_default_values(&block)
+            keep = {
+              :id => id,
+              :updated => updated,
+            }
+            self.id ||= about
+            self.updated ||= dc_date
+            super(&block)
+          ensure
+            self.id = keep[:id]
+            self.updated = keep[:updated]
+          end
+
+          class SkipDays < SkipDaysBase
+            def to_feed(*args)
+            end
+
+            class Day < DayBase
+            end
+          end
+
+          class SkipHours < SkipHoursBase
+            def to_feed(*args)
+            end
+
+            class Hour < HourBase
+            end
+          end
+
+          class Cloud < CloudBase
+            def to_feed(*args)
+            end
+          end
+
+          class Categories < CategoriesBase
+            class Category < CategoryBase
+              include AtomCategory
+
+              def self.not_set_name
+                "maker.channel.category"
+              end
+            end
+          end
+
+          class Links < LinksBase
+            class Link < LinkBase
+              include AtomLink
+
+              def self.not_set_name
+                "maker.channel.link"
+              end
+            end
+          end
+
+          AtomPersons.def_atom_persons(self, "author", "maker.channel.author")
+          AtomPersons.def_atom_persons(self, "contributor",
+                                       "maker.channel.contributor")
+
+          class Generator < GeneratorBase
+            include AtomGenerator
+
+            def self.not_set_name
+              "maker.channel.generator"
+            end
+          end
+
+          AtomTextConstruct.def_atom_text_construct(self, "rights",
+                                                    "maker.channel.copyright",
+                                                    "Copyright")
+          AtomTextConstruct.def_atom_text_construct(self, "subtitle",
+                                                    "maker.channel.description",
+                                                    "Description")
+          AtomTextConstruct.def_atom_text_construct(self, "title",
+                                                    "maker.channel.title")
+        end
+
+        class Image < ImageBase
+          def to_feed(feed)
+            logo = feed.class::Logo.new
+            class << logo
+              alias_method(:url=, :content=)
+            end
+            set = setup_values(logo)
+            class << logo
+              remove_method(:url=)
+            end
+            if set
+              feed.logo = logo
+              set_parent(logo, feed)
+              setup_other_elements(feed, logo)
+            elsif variable_is_set?
+              raise NotSetError.new("maker.image", not_set_required_variables)
+            end
+          end
+
+          private
+          def required_variable_names
+            %w(url)
+          end
+        end
+
+        class Items < ItemsBase
+          def to_feed(feed)
+            normalize.each do |item|
+              item.to_feed(feed)
+            end
+            setup_other_elements(feed, feed.entries)
+          end
+
+          class Item < ItemBase
+            def to_feed(feed)
+              set_default_values do
+                entry = feed.class::Entry.new
+                set = setup_values(entry)
+                setup_other_elements(feed, entry)
+                if set
+                  feed.entries << entry
+                  set_parent(entry, feed)
+                elsif variable_is_set?
+                  raise NotSetError.new("maker.item", not_set_required_variables)
+                end
+              end
+            end
+
+            def have_required_values?
+              set_default_values do
+                super and title {|t| t.have_required_values?}
+              end
+            end
+
+            private
+            def required_variable_names
+              %w(id updated)
+            end
+
+            def variables
+              super + ["updated"]
+            end
+
+            def not_set_required_variables
+              vars = super
+              vars << "title" unless title {|t| t.have_required_values?}
+              vars
+            end
+
+            def _set_default_values(&block)
+              keep = {
+                :id => id,
+                :updated => updated,
+              }
+              self.id ||= link
+              self.updated ||= dc_date
+              super(&block)
+            ensure
+              self.id = keep[:id]
+              self.updated = keep[:updated]
+            end
+
+            class Guid < GuidBase
+              def to_feed(feed, current)
+              end
+            end
+
+            class Enclosure < EnclosureBase
+              def to_feed(feed, current)
+              end
+            end
+
+            class Source < SourceBase
+              def to_feed(feed, current)
+                source = current.class::Source.new
+                setup_values(source)
+                current.source = source
+                set_parent(source, current)
+                setup_other_elements(feed, source)
+                current.source = nil if source.to_s == "<source/>"
+              end
+
+              private
+              def required_variable_names
+                []
+              end
+
+              def variables
+                super + ["updated"]
+              end
+
+              AtomPersons.def_atom_persons(self, "author",
+                                           "maker.item.source.author")
+              AtomPersons.def_atom_persons(self, "contributor",
+                                           "maker.item.source.contributor")
+
+              class Categories < CategoriesBase
+                class Category < CategoryBase
+                  include AtomCategory
+
+                  def self.not_set_name
+                    "maker.item.source.category"
+                  end
+                end
+              end
+
+              class Generator < GeneratorBase
+                include AtomGenerator
+
+                def self.not_set_name
+                  "maker.item.source.generator"
+                end
+              end
+
+              class Icon < IconBase
+                def to_feed(feed, current)
+                  icon = current.class::Icon.new
+                  class << icon
+                    alias_method(:url=, :content=)
+                  end
+                  set = setup_values(icon)
+                  class << icon
+                    remove_method(:url=)
+                  end
+                  if set
+                    current.icon = icon
+                    set_parent(icon, current)
+                    setup_other_elements(feed, icon)
+                  elsif variable_is_set?
+                    raise NotSetError.new("maker.item.source.icon",
+                                          not_set_required_variables)
+                  end
+                end
+
+                private
+                def required_variable_names
+                  %w(url)
+                end
+              end
+
+              class Links < LinksBase
+                class Link < LinkBase
+                  include AtomLink
+
+                  def self.not_set_name
+                    "maker.item.source.link"
+                  end
+                end
+              end
+
+              class Logo < LogoBase
+                include AtomLogo
+
+                def self.not_set_name
+                  "maker.item.source.logo"
+                end
+              end
+
+              maker_name_base = "maker.item.source."
+              maker_name = "#{maker_name_base}rights"
+              AtomTextConstruct.def_atom_text_construct(self, "rights",
+                                                        maker_name)
+              maker_name = "#{maker_name_base}subtitle"
+              AtomTextConstruct.def_atom_text_construct(self, "subtitle",
+                                                        maker_name)
+              maker_name = "#{maker_name_base}title"
+              AtomTextConstruct.def_atom_text_construct(self, "title",
+                                                        maker_name)
+            end
+
+            class Categories < CategoriesBase
+              class Category < CategoryBase
+                include AtomCategory
+
+                def self.not_set_name
+                  "maker.item.category"
+                end
+              end
+            end
+
+            AtomPersons.def_atom_persons(self, "author", "maker.item.author")
+            AtomPersons.def_atom_persons(self, "contributor",
+                                         "maker.item.contributor")
+
+            class Links < LinksBase
+              class Link < LinkBase
+                include AtomLink
+
+                def self.not_set_name
+                  "maker.item.link"
+                end
+              end
+            end
+
+            AtomTextConstruct.def_atom_text_construct(self, "rights",
+                                                      "maker.item.rights")
+            AtomTextConstruct.def_atom_text_construct(self, "summary",
+                                                      "maker.item.description",
+                                                      "Description")
+            AtomTextConstruct.def_atom_text_construct(self, "title",
+                                                      "maker.item.title")
+
+            class Content < ContentBase
+              def to_feed(feed, current)
+                content = current.class::Content.new
+                if setup_values(content)
+                  content.src = nil if content.src and content.content
+                  current.content = content
+                  set_parent(content, current)
+                  setup_other_elements(feed, content)
+                elsif variable_is_set?
+                  raise NotSetError.new("maker.item.content",
+                                        not_set_required_variables)
+                end
+              end
+
+              alias_method(:xml, :xml_content)
+
+              private
+              def required_variable_names
+                if out_of_line?
+                  %w(type)
+                elsif xml_type?
+                  %w(xml_content)
+                else
+                  %w(content)
+                end
+              end
+
+              def variables
+                if out_of_line?
+                  super
+                elsif xml_type?
+                  super + %w(xml)
+                else
+                  super
+                end
+              end
+
+              def xml_type?
+                _type = type
+                return false if _type.nil?
+                _type == "xhtml" or
+                  /(?:\+xml|\/xml)$/i =~ _type or
+                  %w(text/xml-external-parsed-entity
+                     application/xml-external-parsed-entity
+                     application/xml-dtd).include?(_type.downcase)
+              end
+            end
+          end
+        end
+
+        class Textinput < TextinputBase
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    add_maker("atom", "1.0", Atom::Feed)
+    add_maker("atom:feed", "1.0", Atom::Feed)
+    add_maker("atom1.0", "1.0", Atom::Feed)
+    add_maker("atom1.0:feed", "1.0", Atom::Feed)
+  end
+end
diff --git a/lib/rss/maker/image.rb b/lib/rss/maker/image.rb
index ed51c8ecba..b95cf4c714 100644
--- a/lib/rss/maker/image.rb
+++ b/lib/rss/maker/image.rb
@@ -9,24 +9,18 @@ module RSS
         super
 
         name = "#{RSS::IMAGE_PREFIX}_item"
-        klass.add_need_initialize_variable(name, "make_#{name}")
-        klass.add_other_element(name)
-        klass.module_eval(<<-EOC, __FILE__, __LINE__+1)
-          attr_reader :#{name}
-          def setup_#{name}(rss, current)
-            if @#{name}
-              @#{name}.to_rss(rss, current)
-            end
-          end
+        klass.def_classed_element(name)
+      end
 
-          def make_#{name}
-            self.class::#{Utils.to_class_name(name)}.new(@maker)
+      def self.install_image_item(klass)
+	klass.module_eval(<<-EOC, __FILE__, __LINE__ + 1)
+          class ImageItem < ImageItemBase
+            DublinCoreModel.install_dublin_core(self)
           end
 EOC
       end
 
-      class ImageItemBase
-        include Base
+      class ImageItemBase < Base
         include Maker::DublinCoreModel
 
         attr_accessor :about, :resource, :image_width, :image_height
@@ -42,6 +36,15 @@ EOC
         def have_required_values?
           @about
         end
+
+        def to_feed(feed, current)
+          if current.respond_to?(:image_item=) and have_required_values?
+            item = current.class::ImageItem.new
+            setup_values(item)
+            setup_other_elements(item)
+            current.image_item = item
+          end
+        end
       end
     end
 
@@ -50,24 +53,18 @@ EOC
         super
 
         name = "#{RSS::IMAGE_PREFIX}_favicon"
-        klass.add_need_initialize_variable(name, "make_#{name}")
-        klass.add_other_element(name)
-        klass.module_eval(<<-EOC, __FILE__, __LINE__+1)
-          attr_reader :#{name}
-          def setup_#{name}(rss, current)
-            if @#{name}
-              @#{name}.to_rss(rss, current)
-            end
-          end
+        klass.def_classed_element(name)
+      end
 
-          def make_#{name}
-            self.class::#{Utils.to_class_name(name)}.new(@maker)
+      def self.install_image_favicon(klass)
+	klass.module_eval(<<-EOC, __FILE__, __LINE__ + 1)
+          class ImageFavicon < ImageFaviconBase
+            DublinCoreModel.install_dublin_core(self)
           end
-EOC
+        EOC
       end
 
-      class ImageFaviconBase
-        include Base
+      class ImageFaviconBase < Base
         include Maker::DublinCoreModel
 
         attr_accessor :about, :image_size
@@ -79,6 +76,15 @@ EOC
         def have_required_values?
           @about and @image_size
         end
+
+        def to_feed(feed, current)
+          if current.respond_to?(:image_favicon=) and have_required_values?
+            favicon = current.class::ImageFavicon.new
+            setup_values(favicon)
+            setup_other_elements(favicon)
+            current.image_favicon = favicon
+          end
+        end
       end
     end
 
@@ -88,58 +94,18 @@ EOC
       class ItemBase; include Maker::ImageItemModel; end
     end
 
-    class RSS10
-      class Items
-        class Item
-          class ImageItem < ImageItemBase
-            DublinCoreModel.install_dublin_core(self)
-            def to_rss(rss, current)
-              if @about
-                item = ::RSS::ImageItemModel::ImageItem.new(@about, @resource)
-                setup_values(item)
-                setup_other_elements(item)
-                current.image_item = item
-              end
-            end
-          end
+    makers.each do |maker|
+      maker.module_eval(<<-EOC, __FILE__, __LINE__ + 1)
+        class Channel
+          ImageFaviconModel.install_image_favicon(self)
         end
-      end
-      
-      class Channel
-        class ImageFavicon < ImageFaviconBase
-          DublinCoreModel.install_dublin_core(self)
-          def to_rss(rss, current)
-            if @about and @image_size
-              args = [@about, @image_size]
-              favicon = ::RSS::ImageFaviconModel::ImageFavicon.new(*args)
-              setup_values(favicon)
-              setup_other_elements(favicon)
-              current.image_favicon = favicon
-            end
-          end
-        end
-      end
-    end
 
-    class RSS09
-      class Items
-        class Item
-          class ImageItem < ImageItemBase
-            DublinCoreModel.install_dublin_core(self)
-            def to_rss(*args)
-            end
+        class Items
+          class Item
+            ImageItemModel.install_image_item(self)
           end
         end
-      end
-      
-      class Channel
-        class ImageFavicon < ImageFaviconBase
-          DublinCoreModel.install_dublin_core(self)
-          def to_rss(*args)
-          end
-        end
-      end
+      EOC
     end
-
   end
 end
diff --git a/lib/rss/maker/itunes.rb b/lib/rss/maker/itunes.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..7c5049129d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/rss/maker/itunes.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,242 @@
+require 'rss/itunes'
+require 'rss/maker/2.0'
+
+module RSS
+  module Maker
+    module ITunesBaseModel
+      def def_class_accessor(klass, name, type, *args)
+        name = name.gsub(/-/, "_").gsub(/^itunes_/, '')
+        full_name = "#{RSS::ITUNES_PREFIX}_#{name}"
+        case type
+        when nil
+          klass.def_other_element(full_name)
+        when :yes_other
+          def_yes_other_accessor(klass, full_name)
+        when :yes_clean_other
+          def_yes_clean_other_accessor(klass, full_name)
+        when :csv
+          def_csv_accessor(klass, full_name)
+        when :element, :attribute
+          recommended_attribute_name, = *args
+          klass_name = "ITunes#{Utils.to_class_name(name)}"
+          klass.def_classed_element(full_name, klass_name,
+                                    recommended_attribute_name)
+        when :elements
+          plural_name, recommended_attribute_name = args
+          plural_name ||= "#{name}s"
+          full_plural_name = "#{RSS::ITUNES_PREFIX}_#{plural_name}"
+          klass_name = "ITunes#{Utils.to_class_name(name)}"
+          plural_klass_name = "ITunes#{Utils.to_class_name(plural_name)}"
+          def_elements_class_accessor(klass, name, full_name, full_plural_name,
+                                      klass_name, plural_klass_name,
+                                      recommended_attribute_name)
+        end
+      end
+
+      def def_yes_other_accessor(klass, full_name)
+        klass.def_other_element(full_name)
+        klass.module_eval(<<-EOC, __FILE__, __LINE__ + 1)
+          def #{full_name}?
+            Utils::YesOther.parse(@#{full_name})
+          end
+        EOC
+      end
+
+      def def_yes_clean_other_accessor(klass, full_name)
+        klass.def_other_element(full_name)
+        klass.module_eval(<<-EOC, __FILE__, __LINE__ + 1)
+          def #{full_name}?
+            Utils::YesCleanOther.parse(#{full_name})
+          end
+        EOC
+      end
+
+      def def_csv_accessor(klass, full_name)
+        klass.def_csv_element(full_name)
+      end
+
+      def def_elements_class_accessor(klass, name, full_name, full_plural_name,
+                                      klass_name, plural_klass_name,
+                                      recommended_attribute_name=nil)
+        if recommended_attribute_name
+          klass.def_classed_elements(full_name, recommended_attribute_name,
+                                     plural_klass_name, full_plural_name)
+        else
+          klass.def_classed_element(full_plural_name, plural_klass_name)
+        end
+        klass.module_eval(<<-EOC, __FILE__, __LINE__ + 1)
+          def new_#{full_name}(text=nil)
+            #{full_name} = @#{full_plural_name}.new_#{name}
+            #{full_name}.text = text
+            if block_given?
+              yield #{full_name}
+            else
+              #{full_name}
+            end
+          end
+        EOC
+      end
+    end
+
+    module ITunesChannelModel
+      extend ITunesBaseModel
+
+      class << self
+        def append_features(klass)
+          super
+
+          ::RSS::ITunesChannelModel::ELEMENT_INFOS.each do |name, type, *args|
+            def_class_accessor(klass, name, type, *args)
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      class ITunesCategoriesBase < Base
+        def_array_element("category", "itunes_categories",
+                          "ITunesCategory")
+        class ITunesCategoryBase < Base
+          attr_accessor :text
+          add_need_initialize_variable("text")
+          def_array_element("category", "itunes_categories",
+                            "ITunesCategory")
+
+          def have_required_values?
+            text
+          end
+
+          alias_method :to_feed_for_categories, :to_feed
+          def to_feed(feed, current)
+            if text and current.respond_to?(:itunes_category)
+              new_item = current.class::ITunesCategory.new(text)
+              to_feed_for_categories(feed, new_item)
+              current.itunes_categories << new_item
+            end
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      class ITunesImageBase < Base
+        add_need_initialize_variable("href")
+        attr_accessor("href")
+
+        def to_feed(feed, current)
+          if @href and current.respond_to?(:itunes_image)
+            current.itunes_image ||= current.class::ITunesImage.new
+            current.itunes_image.href = @href
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      class ITunesOwnerBase < Base
+        %w(itunes_name itunes_email).each do |name|
+          add_need_initialize_variable(name)
+          attr_accessor(name)
+        end
+
+        def to_feed(feed, current)
+          if current.respond_to?(:itunes_owner=)
+            _not_set_required_variables = not_set_required_variables
+            if (required_variable_names - _not_set_required_variables).empty?
+              return
+            end
+
+            unless have_required_values?
+              raise NotSetError.new("maker.channel.itunes_owner",
+                                    _not_set_required_variables)
+            end
+            current.itunes_owner ||= current.class::ITunesOwner.new
+            current.itunes_owner.itunes_name = @itunes_name
+            current.itunes_owner.itunes_email = @itunes_email
+          end
+        end
+
+        private
+        def required_variable_names
+          %w(itunes_name itunes_email)
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    module ITunesItemModel
+      extend ITunesBaseModel
+
+      class << self
+        def append_features(klass)
+          super
+
+          ::RSS::ITunesItemModel::ELEMENT_INFOS.each do |name, type, *args|
+            def_class_accessor(klass, name, type, *args)
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      class ITunesDurationBase < Base
+        attr_reader :content
+        add_need_initialize_variable("content")
+
+        %w(hour minute second).each do |name|
+          attr_reader(name)
+          add_need_initialize_variable(name, '0')
+        end
+
+        def content=(content)
+          if content.nil?
+            @hour, @minute, @second, @content = nil
+          else
+            @hour, @minute, @second =
+              ::RSS::ITunesItemModel::ITunesDuration.parse(content)
+            @content = content
+          end
+        end
+
+        def hour=(hour)
+          @hour = Integer(hour)
+          update_content
+        end
+
+        def minute=(minute)
+          @minute = Integer(minute)
+          update_content
+        end
+
+        def second=(second)
+          @second = Integer(second)
+          update_content
+        end
+
+        def to_feed(feed, current)
+          if @content and current.respond_to?(:itunes_duration=)
+            current.itunes_duration ||= current.class::ITunesDuration.new
+            current.itunes_duration.content = @content
+          end
+        end
+
+        private
+        def update_content
+          components = [@hour, @minute, @second]
+          @content =
+            ::RSS::ITunesItemModel::ITunesDuration.construct(*components)
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    class ChannelBase
+      include Maker::ITunesChannelModel
+      class ITunesCategories < ITunesCategoriesBase
+        class ITunesCategory < ITunesCategoryBase
+          ITunesCategory = self
+        end
+      end
+
+      class ITunesImage < ITunesImageBase; end
+      class ITunesOwner < ITunesOwnerBase; end
+    end
+
+    class ItemsBase
+      class ItemBase
+        include Maker::ITunesItemModel
+        class ITunesDuration < ITunesDurationBase; end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/lib/rss/maker/slash.rb b/lib/rss/maker/slash.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..27adef3832
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/rss/maker/slash.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+require 'rss/slash'
+require 'rss/maker/1.0'
+
+module RSS
+  module Maker
+    module SlashModel
+      def self.append_features(klass)
+        super
+
+        ::RSS::SlashModel::ELEMENT_INFOS.each do |name, type|
+          full_name = "#{RSS::SLASH_PREFIX}_#{name}"
+          case type
+          when :csv_integer
+            klass.def_csv_element(full_name, :integer)
+          else
+            klass.def_other_element(full_name)
+          end
+        end
+
+        klass.module_eval do
+          alias_method(:slash_hit_parades, :slash_hit_parade)
+          alias_method(:slash_hit_parades=, :slash_hit_parade=)
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    class ItemsBase
+      class ItemBase
+        include SlashModel
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/lib/rss/maker/syndication.rb b/lib/rss/maker/syndication.rb
index 3717086257..b81230457c 100644
--- a/lib/rss/maker/syndication.rb
+++ b/lib/rss/maker/syndication.rb
@@ -7,17 +7,8 @@ module RSS
       def self.append_features(klass)
         super
 
-        ::RSS::SyndicationModel::ELEMENTS.each do |element|
-          klass.add_need_initialize_variable(element)
-          klass.add_other_element(element)
-          klass.module_eval(<<-EOC, __FILE__, __LINE__+1)
-            attr_accessor :#{element}
-            def setup_#{element}(rss, current)
-              if #{element} and current.respond_to?(:#{element}=)
-                current.#{element} = @#{element} if @#{element}
-              end
-            end
-          EOC
+        ::RSS::SyndicationModel::ELEMENTS.each do |name|
+          klass.def_other_element(name)
         end
       end
     end
diff --git a/lib/rss/maker/taxonomy.rb b/lib/rss/maker/taxonomy.rb
index f272996581..211603840f 100644
--- a/lib/rss/maker/taxonomy.rb
+++ b/lib/rss/maker/taxonomy.rb
@@ -8,24 +8,14 @@ module RSS
       def self.append_features(klass)
         super
 
-        klass.add_need_initialize_variable("taxo_topics", "make_taxo_topics")
-        klass.add_other_element("taxo_topics")
-        klass.module_eval(<<-EOC, __FILE__, __LINE__ + 1)
-          attr_reader :taxo_topics
-          def make_taxo_topics
-            self.class::TaxonomyTopics.new(@maker)
-          end
-            
-          def setup_taxo_topics(rss, current)
-            @taxo_topics.to_rss(rss, current)
-          end
-EOC
+        klass.def_classed_element("#{RSS::TAXO_PREFIX}_topics",
+                                  "TaxonomyTopics")
       end
 
       def self.install_taxo_topics(klass)
-        klass.module_eval(<<-EOC, *Utils.get_file_and_line_from_caller(1))
+        klass.module_eval(<<-EOC, __FILE__, __LINE__ + 1)
           class TaxonomyTopics < TaxonomyTopicsBase
-            def to_rss(rss, current)
+            def to_feed(feed, current)
               if current.respond_to?(:taxo_topics)
                 topics = current.class::TaxonomyTopics.new
                 bag = topics.Bag
@@ -39,11 +29,10 @@ EOC
 EOC
       end
 
-      class TaxonomyTopicsBase
-        include Base
-
+      class TaxonomyTopicsBase < Base
         attr_reader :resources
-        def_array_element("resources")
+        def_array_element("resource")
+        remove_method :new_resource
       end
     end
 
@@ -51,77 +40,36 @@ EOC
       def self.append_features(klass)
         super
 
-        klass.add_need_initialize_variable("taxo_topics", "make_taxo_topics")
-        klass.add_other_element("taxo_topics")
-        klass.module_eval(<<-EOC, __FILE__, __LINE__ + 1)
-          attr_reader :taxo_topics
-          def make_taxo_topics
-            self.class::TaxonomyTopics.new(@maker)
-          end
-            
-          def setup_taxo_topics(rss, current)
-            @taxo_topics.to_rss(rss, current)
-          end
-
-          def taxo_topic
-            @taxo_topics[0] and @taxo_topics[0].value
-          end
-            
-          def taxo_topic=(new_value)
-            @taxo_topic[0] = self.class::TaxonomyTopic.new(self)
-            @taxo_topic[0].value = new_value
-          end
-EOC
+        class_name = "TaxonomyTopics"
+        klass.def_classed_elements("#{TAXO_PREFIX}_topic", "value", class_name)
       end
-    
+
       def self.install_taxo_topic(klass)
-        klass.module_eval(<<-EOC, *Utils.get_file_and_line_from_caller(1))
+        klass.module_eval(<<-EOC, __FILE__, __LINE__ + 1)
           class TaxonomyTopics < TaxonomyTopicsBase
             class TaxonomyTopic < TaxonomyTopicBase
               DublinCoreModel.install_dublin_core(self)
               TaxonomyTopicsModel.install_taxo_topics(self)
 
-              def to_rss(rss, current)
+              def to_feed(feed, current)
                 if current.respond_to?(:taxo_topics)
                   topic = current.class::TaxonomyTopic.new(value)
                   topic.taxo_link = value
-                  taxo_topics.to_rss(rss, topic) if taxo_topics
+                  taxo_topics.to_feed(feed, topic) if taxo_topics
                   current.taxo_topics << topic
-                  setup_other_elements(rss)
+                  setup_other_elements(feed, topic)
                 end
               end
-
-              def current_element(rss)
-                super.taxo_topics.last
-              end
             end
           end
 EOC
       end
 
-      class TaxonomyTopicsBase
-        include Base
-        
-        def_array_element("taxo_topics")
-                            
-        def new_taxo_topic
-          taxo_topic = self.class::TaxonomyTopic.new(self)
-          @taxo_topics << taxo_topic
-          if block_given?
-            yield taxo_topic
-          else
-            taxo_topic
-          end
-        end
+      class TaxonomyTopicsBase < Base
+        def_array_element("topic", nil, "TaxonomyTopic")
+        alias_method(:new_taxo_topic, :new_topic) # For backward compatibility
 
-        def to_rss(rss, current)
-          @taxo_topics.each do |taxo_topic|
-            taxo_topic.to_rss(rss, current)
-          end
-        end
-        
-        class TaxonomyTopicBase
-          include Base
+        class TaxonomyTopicBase < Base
           include DublinCoreModel
           include TaxonomyTopicsModel
           
@@ -151,32 +99,20 @@ EOC
       end
     end
 
-    class RSS10
-      TaxonomyTopicModel.install_taxo_topic(self)
-      
-      class Channel
-        TaxonomyTopicsModel.install_taxo_topics(self)
-      end
+    makers.each do |maker|
+      maker.module_eval(<<-EOC, __FILE__, __LINE__ + 1)
+        TaxonomyTopicModel.install_taxo_topic(self)
 
-      class Items
-        class Item
+        class Channel
           TaxonomyTopicsModel.install_taxo_topics(self)
         end
-      end
-    end
-    
-    class RSS09
-      TaxonomyTopicModel.install_taxo_topic(self)
-      
-      class Channel
-        TaxonomyTopicsModel.install_taxo_topics(self)
-      end
 
-      class Items
-        class Item
-          TaxonomyTopicsModel.install_taxo_topics(self)
+        class Items
+          class Item
+            TaxonomyTopicsModel.install_taxo_topics(self)
+          end
         end
-      end
+      EOC
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/lib/rss/maker/trackback.rb b/lib/rss/maker/trackback.rb
index 4ae6164f68..278fe53ebe 100644
--- a/lib/rss/maker/trackback.rb
+++ b/lib/rss/maker/trackback.rb
@@ -8,57 +8,15 @@ module RSS
       def self.append_features(klass)
         super
 
-        name = "#{RSS::TRACKBACK_PREFIX}_ping"
-        klass.add_need_initialize_variable(name)
-        klass.add_other_element(name)
-        klass.module_eval(<<-EOC, __FILE__, __LINE__+1)
-          attr_accessor :#{name}
-          def setup_#{name}(rss, current)
-            if #{name} and current.respond_to?(:#{name}=)
-              current.#{name} = #{name}
-            end
-          end
-        EOC
-
-        name = "#{RSS::TRACKBACK_PREFIX}_abouts"
-        klass.add_need_initialize_variable(name, "make_#{name}")
-        klass.add_other_element(name)
-        klass.module_eval(<<-EOC, __FILE__, __LINE__+1)
-          attr_accessor :#{name}
-          def make_#{name}
-            self.class::TrackBackAbouts.new(self)
-          end
-
-          def setup_#{name}(rss, current)
-            @#{name}.to_rss(rss, current)
-          end
-        EOC
+        klass.def_other_element("#{RSS::TRACKBACK_PREFIX}_ping")
+        klass.def_classed_elements("#{RSS::TRACKBACK_PREFIX}_about", "value",
+                                   "TrackBackAbouts")
       end
 
-      class TrackBackAboutsBase
-        include Base
-
-        def_array_element("abouts")
-        
-        def new_about
-          about = self.class::TrackBackAbout.new(@maker)
-          @abouts << about
-          if block_given?
-            yield about
-          else
-            about
-          end
-        end
-
-        def to_rss(rss, current)
-          @abouts.each do |about|
-            about.to_rss(rss, current)
-          end
-        end
-        
-        class TrackBackAboutBase
-          include Base
+      class TrackBackAboutsBase < Base
+        def_array_element("about", nil, "TrackBackAbout")
 
+        class TrackBackAboutBase < Base
           attr_accessor :value
           add_need_initialize_variable("value")
           
@@ -66,65 +24,38 @@ module RSS
           alias_method(:resource=, :value=)
           alias_method(:content, :value)
           alias_method(:content=, :value=)
-        
+
           def have_required_values?
             @value
           end
-          
-        end
-      end
-    end
-
-    class ItemsBase
-      class ItemBase; include TrackBackModel; end
-    end
 
-    class RSS10
-      class Items
-        class Item
-          class TrackBackAbouts < TrackBackAboutsBase
-            class TrackBackAbout < TrackBackAboutBase
-              def to_rss(rss, current)
-                if resource
-                  about = ::RSS::TrackBackModel10::TrackBackAbout.new(resource)
-                  current.trackback_abouts << about
-                end
-              end
+          def to_feed(feed, current)
+            if current.respond_to?(:trackback_abouts) and have_required_values?
+              about = current.class::TrackBackAbout.new
+              setup_values(about)
+              setup_other_elements(about)
+              current.trackback_abouts << about
             end
           end
         end
       end
     end
 
-    class RSS09
-      class Items
-        class Item
-          class TrackBackAbouts < TrackBackAboutsBase
-            def to_rss(*args)
-            end
-            class TrackBackAbout < TrackBackAboutBase
-            end
-          end
-        end
-      end
+    class ItemsBase
+      class ItemBase; include TrackBackModel; end
     end
-    
-    class RSS20
-      class Items
-        class Item
-          class TrackBackAbouts < TrackBackAboutsBase
-            class TrackBackAbout < TrackBackAboutBase
-              def to_rss(rss, current)
-                if content
-                  about = ::RSS::TrackBackModel20::TrackBackAbout.new(content)
-                  current.trackback_abouts << about
-                end
+
+    makers.each do |maker|
+      maker.module_eval(<<-EOC, __FILE__, __LINE__ + 1)
+        class Items
+          class Item
+            class TrackBackAbouts < TrackBackAboutsBase
+              class TrackBackAbout < TrackBackAboutBase
               end
             end
           end
         end
-      end
+      EOC
     end
-    
   end
 end
diff --git a/lib/rss/parser.rb b/lib/rss/parser.rb
index 6f5696edae..9e4919223c 100644
--- a/lib/rss/parser.rb
+++ b/lib/rss/parser.rb
@@ -2,11 +2,16 @@ require "forwardable"
 require "open-uri"
 
 require "rss/rss"
+require "rss/xml"
 
 module RSS
 
   class NotWellFormedError < Error
     attr_reader :line, :element
+
+    # Create a new NotWellFormedError for an error at +line+
+    # in +element+.  If a block is given the return value of
+    # the block ends up in the error message.
     def initialize(line=nil, element=nil)
       message = "This is not well formed XML"
       if element or line
@@ -85,6 +90,10 @@ module RSS
     end
 
     private
+
+    # Try to get the XML associated with +rss+.
+    # Return +rss+ if it already looks like XML, or treat it as a URI,
+    # or a file to get the XML,
     def normalize_rss(rss)
       return rss if maybe_xml?(rss)
 
@@ -110,7 +119,7 @@ module RSS
       return rss if rss.is_a?(::URI::Generic)
 
       begin
-        URI(rss)
+        ::URI.parse(rss)
       rescue ::URI::Error
         rss
       end
@@ -165,27 +174,27 @@ module RSS
 
     class << self
 
-      @@setters = {}
+      @@accessor_bases = {}
       @@registered_uris = {}
       @@class_names = {}
 
       # return the setter for the uri, tag_name pair, or nil.
       def setter(uri, tag_name)
-        begin
-          @@setters[uri][tag_name]
-        rescue NameError
+        _getter = getter(uri, tag_name)
+        if _getter
+          "#{_getter}="
+        else
           nil
         end
       end
 
+      def getter(uri, tag_name)
+        (@@accessor_bases[uri] || {})[tag_name]
+      end
 
       # return the tag_names for setters associated with uri
       def available_tags(uri)
-        begin
-          @@setters[uri].keys
-        rescue NameError
-          []
-        end
+        (@@accessor_bases[uri] || {}).keys
       end
       
       # register uri against this name.
@@ -208,15 +217,17 @@ module RSS
       # retrieve class_name for the supplied uri and tag_name
       # If it doesn't exist, capitalize the tag_name
       def class_name(uri, tag_name)
-        begin
-          @@class_names[uri][tag_name]
-        rescue NameError
-          tag_name[0,1].upcase + tag_name[1..-1]
+        name = (@@class_names[uri] || {})[tag_name]
+        return name if name
+
+        tag_name = tag_name.gsub(/[_\-]([a-z]?)/) do
+          $1.upcase
         end
+        tag_name[0, 1].upcase + tag_name[1..-1]
       end
 
-      def install_get_text_element(uri, name, setter)
-        install_setter(uri, name, setter)
+      def install_get_text_element(uri, name, accessor_base)
+        install_accessor_base(uri, name, accessor_base)
         def_get_text_element(uri, name, *get_file_and_line_from_caller(1))
       end
       
@@ -225,35 +236,31 @@ module RSS
       end
     
       private
-      # set the setter for the uri, tag_name pair
-      def install_setter(uri, tag_name, setter)
-        @@setters[uri] ||= {}
-        @@setters[uri][tag_name] = setter
+      # set the accessor for the uri, tag_name pair
+      def install_accessor_base(uri, tag_name, accessor_base)
+        @@accessor_bases[uri] ||= {}
+        @@accessor_bases[uri][tag_name] = accessor_base.chomp("=")
       end
 
-      def def_get_text_element(uri, name, file, line)
-        register_uri(uri, name)
-        unless private_instance_methods(false).include?("start_#{name}")
-          module_eval(<<-EOT, file, line)
-          def start_#{name}(name, prefix, attrs, ns)
+      def def_get_text_element(uri, element_name, file, line)
+        register_uri(uri, element_name)
+        method_name = "start_#{element_name}"
+        unless private_method_defined?(method_name)
+          define_method(method_name) do |name, prefix, attrs, ns|
             uri = _ns(ns, prefix)
-            if self.class.uri_registered?(uri, #{name.inspect})
+            if self.class.uri_registered?(uri, element_name)
               start_get_text_element(name, prefix, ns, uri)
             else
               start_else_element(name, prefix, attrs, ns)
             end
           end
-          EOT
-          __send__("private", "start_#{name}")
+          private(method_name)
         end
       end
-
     end
-
   end
 
   module ListenerMixin
-
     attr_reader :rss
 
     attr_accessor :ignore_unknown_element
@@ -263,13 +270,16 @@ module RSS
       @rss = nil
       @ignore_unknown_element = true
       @do_validate = true
-      @ns_stack = [{}]
+      @ns_stack = [{"xml" => :xml}]
       @tag_stack = [[]]
       @text_stack = ['']
       @proc_stack = []
       @last_element = nil
       @version = @encoding = @standalone = nil
       @xml_stylesheets = []
+      @xml_child_mode = false
+      @xml_element = nil
+      @last_xml_element = nil
     end
     
     # set instance vars for version, encoding, standalone
@@ -281,7 +291,7 @@ module RSS
       if name == "xml-stylesheet"
         params = parse_pi_content(content)
         if params.has_key?("href")
-          @xml_stylesheets << XMLStyleSheet.new(*params)
+          @xml_stylesheets << XMLStyleSheet.new(params)
         end
       end
     end
@@ -303,10 +313,39 @@ module RSS
       prefix, local = split_name(name)
       @tag_stack.last.push([_ns(ns, prefix), local])
       @tag_stack.push([])
-      if respond_to?("start_#{local}", true)
-        __send__("start_#{local}", local, prefix, attrs, ns.dup)
+      if @xml_child_mode
+        previous = @last_xml_element
+        element_attrs = attributes.dup
+        unless previous
+          ns.each do |ns_prefix, value|
+            next if ns_prefix == "xml"
+            key = ns_prefix.empty? ? "xmlns" : "xmlns:#{ns_prefix}"
+            element_attrs[key] ||= value
+          end
+        end
+        next_element = XML::Element.new(local,
+                                        prefix.empty? ? nil : prefix,
+                                        _ns(ns, prefix),
+                                        element_attrs)
+        previous << next_element if previous
+        @last_xml_element = next_element
+        pr = Proc.new do |text, tags|
+          if previous
+            @last_xml_element = previous
+          else
+            @xml_element = @last_xml_element
+            @last_xml_element = nil
+          end
+        end
+        @proc_stack.push(pr)
       else
-        start_else_element(local, prefix, attrs, ns.dup)
+        if @rss.nil? and respond_to?("initial_start_#{local}", true)
+          __send__("initial_start_#{local}", local, prefix, attrs, ns.dup)
+        elsif respond_to?("start_#{local}", true)
+          __send__("start_#{local}", local, prefix, attrs, ns.dup)
+        else
+          start_else_element(local, prefix, attrs, ns.dup)
+        end
       end
     end
 
@@ -323,7 +362,11 @@ module RSS
     end
 
     def text(data)
-      @text_stack.last << data
+      if @xml_child_mode
+        @last_xml_element << data if @last_xml_element
+      else
+        @text_stack.last << data
+      end
     end
 
     private
@@ -346,7 +389,9 @@ module RSS
     def start_else_element(local, prefix, attrs, ns)
       class_name = self.class.class_name(_ns(ns, prefix), local)
       current_class = @last_element.class
-      if current_class.constants.include?(class_name)
+      if class_name and
+          (current_class.const_defined?(class_name) or
+           current_class.constants.include?(class_name))
         next_class = current_class.const_get(class_name)
         start_have_something_element(local, prefix, attrs, ns, next_class)
       else
@@ -369,19 +414,26 @@ module RSS
     end
 
     def check_ns(tag_name, prefix, ns, require_uri)
-      if @do_validate
-        if _ns(ns, prefix) == require_uri
-          #ns.delete(prefix)
-        else
+      unless _ns(ns, prefix) == require_uri
+        if @do_validate
           raise NSError.new(tag_name, prefix, require_uri)
+        else
+          # Force bind required URI with prefix
+          @ns_stack.last[prefix] = require_uri
         end
       end
     end
 
     def start_get_text_element(tag_name, prefix, ns, required_uri)
-      @proc_stack.push Proc.new {|text, tags|
+      pr = Proc.new do |text, tags|
         setter = self.class.setter(required_uri, tag_name)
         if @last_element.respond_to?(setter)
+          if @do_validate
+            getter = self.class.getter(required_uri, tag_name)
+            if @last_element.__send__(getter)
+              raise TooMuchTagError.new(tag_name, @last_element.tag_name)
+            end
+          end
           @last_element.__send__(setter, text.to_s)
         else
           if @do_validate and !@ignore_unknown_element
@@ -389,16 +441,19 @@ module RSS
                                           @last_element.tag_name)
           end
         end
-      }
+      end
+      @proc_stack.push(pr)
     end
 
     def start_have_something_element(tag_name, prefix, attrs, ns, klass)
-
       check_ns(tag_name, prefix, ns, klass.required_uri)
+      attributes = collect_attributes(tag_name, prefix, attrs, ns, klass)
+      @proc_stack.push(setup_next_element(tag_name, klass, attributes))
+    end
 
+    def collect_attributes(tag_name, prefix, attrs, ns, klass)
       attributes = {}
       klass.get_attributes.each do |a_name, a_uri, required, element_name|
-
         if a_uri.is_a?(String) or !a_uri.respond_to?(:include?)
           a_uri = [a_uri]
         end
@@ -427,21 +482,39 @@ module RSS
 
         attributes[a_name] = val
       end
+      attributes
+    end
 
+    def setup_next_element(tag_name, klass, attributes)
       previous = @last_element
       next_element = klass.new(@do_validate, attributes)
-      previous.instance_eval {set_next_element(tag_name, next_element)}
+      previous.set_next_element(tag_name, next_element)
       @last_element = next_element
-      @proc_stack.push Proc.new { |text, tags|
+      @last_element.parent = previous if klass.need_parent?
+      @xml_child_mode = @last_element.have_xml_content?
+
+      Proc.new do |text, tags|
         p(@last_element.class) if DEBUG
-        @last_element.content = text if klass.have_content?
+        if @xml_child_mode
+          @last_element.content = @xml_element.to_s
+          xml_setter = @last_element.class.xml_setter
+          @last_element.__send__(xml_setter, @xml_element)
+          @xml_element = nil
+          @xml_child_mode = false
+        else
+          if klass.have_content?
+            if @last_element.need_base64_encode?
+              text = Base64.decode64(text.lstrip)
+            end
+            @last_element.content = text
+          end
+        end
         if @do_validate
           @last_element.validate_for_stream(tags, @ignore_unknown_element)
         end
         @last_element = previous
-      }
+      end
     end
-
   end
 
   unless const_defined? :AVAILABLE_PARSER_LIBRARIES
diff --git a/lib/rss/rss.rb b/lib/rss/rss.rb
index a06985af94..5aa4a2cedd 100644
--- a/lib/rss/rss.rb
+++ b/lib/rss/rss.rb
@@ -11,11 +11,19 @@ class Time
             (\.\d+)?
             (Z|[+-]\d\d:\d\d)?)?
             \s*\z/ix =~ date and (($5 and $8) or (!$5 and !$8))
-          datetime = [$1.to_i, $2.to_i, $3.to_i, $4.to_i, $5.to_i, $6.to_i] 
-          datetime << $7.to_f * 1000000 if $7
-          if $8
-            Time.utc(*datetime) - zone_offset($8)
+          datetime = [$1.to_i, $2.to_i, $3.to_i, $4.to_i, $5.to_i, $6.to_i]
+          usec = 0
+          usec = $7.to_f * 1000000 if $7
+          zone = $8
+          if zone
+            off = zone_offset(zone, datetime[0])
+            datetime = apply_offset(*(datetime + [off]))
+            datetime << usec
+            time = Time.utc(*datetime)
+            time.localtime unless zone_utc?(zone)
+            time
           else
+            datetime << usec
             Time.local(*datetime)
           end
         else
@@ -25,8 +33,15 @@ class Time
     end
   end
 
-  unless instance_methods.include?("w3cdtf")
-    alias w3cdtf iso8601
+  unless method_defined?(:w3cdtf)
+    def w3cdtf
+      if usec.zero?
+        fraction_digits = 0
+      else
+        fraction_digits = Math.log10(usec.to_s.sub(/0*$/, '').to_i).floor + 1
+      end
+      xmlschema(fraction_digits)
+    end
   end
 end
 
@@ -37,7 +52,7 @@ require "rss/xml-stylesheet"
 
 module RSS
 
-  VERSION = "0.1.6"
+  VERSION = "0.2.4"
 
   URI = "http://purl.org/rss/1.0/"
 
@@ -136,17 +151,26 @@ module RSS
       super("required variables of #{@name} are not set: #{@variables.join(', ')}")
     end
   end
-  
-  module BaseModel
 
+  class UnsupportedMakerVersionError < Error
+    attr_reader :version
+    def initialize(version)
+      @version = version
+      super("Maker doesn't support version: #{@version}")
+    end
+  end
+
+  module BaseModel
     include Utils
 
-    def install_have_child_element(tag_name, uri, occurs, name=nil)
+    def install_have_child_element(tag_name, uri, occurs, name=nil, type=nil)
       name ||= tag_name
       add_need_initialize_variable(name)
       install_model(tag_name, uri, occurs, name)
 
-      attr_accessor name
+      writer_type, reader_type = type
+      def_corresponded_attr_writer name, writer_type
+      def_corresponded_attr_reader name, reader_type
       install_element(name) do |n, elem_name|
         <<-EOC
         if @#{n}
@@ -164,7 +188,7 @@ EOC
       plural_name ||= "#{name}s"
       add_have_children_element(name, plural_name)
       add_plural_form(name, plural_name)
-      install_model(tag_name, uri, occurs, plural_name)
+      install_model(tag_name, uri, occurs, plural_name, true)
 
       def_children_accessor(name, plural_name)
       install_element(name, "s") do |n, elem_name|
@@ -179,20 +203,26 @@ EOC
       end
     end
 
-    def install_text_element(tag_name, uri, occurs, name=nil, type=nil, disp_name=nil)
+    def install_text_element(tag_name, uri, occurs, name=nil, type=nil,
+                             disp_name=nil)
       name ||= tag_name
       disp_name ||= name
-      self::ELEMENTS << name
+      self::ELEMENTS << name unless self::ELEMENTS.include?(name)
       add_need_initialize_variable(name)
       install_model(tag_name, uri, occurs, name)
 
-      def_corresponded_attr_writer name, type, disp_name
-      convert_attr_reader name
+      def_corresponded_attr_writer(name, type, disp_name)
+      def_corresponded_attr_reader(name, type || :convert)
       install_element(name) do |n, elem_name|
         <<-EOC
-        if @#{n}
+        if respond_to?(:#{n}_content)
+          content = #{n}_content
+        else
+          content = @#{n}
+        end
+        if content
           rv = "\#{indent}<#{elem_name}>"
-          value = html_escape(@#{n})
+          value = html_escape(content)
           if need_convert
             rv << convert(value)
           else
@@ -252,26 +282,112 @@ EOC
 EOC
     end
 
-    def convert_attr_reader(*attrs)
+    def inherit_convert_attr_reader(*attrs)
       attrs.each do |attr|
         attr = attr.id2name if attr.kind_of?(Integer)
         module_eval(<<-EOC, *get_file_and_line_from_caller(2))
+        def #{attr}_without_inherit
+          convert(@#{attr})
+        end
+
         def #{attr}
-          if @converter
-            @converter.convert(@#{attr})
+          if @#{attr}
+            #{attr}_without_inherit
+          elsif @parent
+            @parent.#{attr}
           else
-            @#{attr}
+            nil
           end
         end
 EOC
       end
     end
 
+    def uri_convert_attr_reader(*attrs)
+      attrs.each do |attr|
+        attr = attr.id2name if attr.kind_of?(Integer)
+        module_eval(<<-EOC, *get_file_and_line_from_caller(2))
+        def #{attr}_without_base
+          convert(@#{attr})
+        end
+
+        def #{attr}
+          value = #{attr}_without_base
+          return nil if value.nil?
+          if /\\A[a-z][a-z0-9+.\\-]*:/i =~ value
+            value
+          else
+            "\#{base}\#{value}"
+          end
+        end
+EOC
+      end
+    end
+
+    def convert_attr_reader(*attrs)
+      attrs.each do |attr|
+        attr = attr.id2name if attr.kind_of?(Integer)
+        module_eval(<<-EOC, *get_file_and_line_from_caller(2))
+        def #{attr}
+          convert(@#{attr})
+        end
+EOC
+      end
+    end
+
+    def yes_clean_other_attr_reader(*attrs)
+      attrs.each do |attr|
+        attr = attr.id2name if attr.kind_of?(Integer)
+        module_eval(<<-EOC, __FILE__, __LINE__ + 1)
+          attr_reader(:#{attr})
+          def #{attr}?
+            YesCleanOther.parse(@#{attr})
+          end
+        EOC
+      end
+    end
+
+    def yes_other_attr_reader(*attrs)
+      attrs.each do |attr|
+        attr = attr.id2name if attr.kind_of?(Integer)
+        module_eval(<<-EOC, __FILE__, __LINE__ + 1)
+          attr_reader(:#{attr})
+          def #{attr}?
+            Utils::YesOther.parse(@#{attr})
+          end
+        EOC
+      end
+    end
+
+    def csv_attr_reader(*attrs)
+      separator = nil
+      if attrs.last.is_a?(Hash)
+        options = attrs.pop
+        separator = options[:separator]
+      end
+      separator ||= ", "
+      attrs.each do |attr|
+        attr = attr.id2name if attr.kind_of?(Integer)
+        module_eval(<<-EOC, __FILE__, __LINE__ + 1)
+          attr_reader(:#{attr})
+          def #{attr}_content
+            if @#{attr}.nil?
+              @#{attr}
+            else
+              @#{attr}.join(#{separator.dump})
+            end
+          end
+        EOC
+      end
+    end
+
     def date_writer(name, type, disp_name=name)
       module_eval(<<-EOC, *get_file_and_line_from_caller(2))
       def #{name}=(new_value)
-        if new_value.nil? or new_value.kind_of?(Time)
+        if new_value.nil?
           @#{name} = new_value
+        elsif new_value.kind_of?(Time)
+          @#{name} = new_value.dup
         else
           if @do_validate
             begin
@@ -283,7 +399,9 @@ EOC
             @#{name} = nil
             if /\\A\\s*\\z/ !~ new_value.to_s
               begin
-                @#{name} = Time.parse(new_value)
+                unless Date._parse(new_value, false).empty?
+                  @#{name} = Time.parse(new_value)
+                end
               rescue ArgumentError
               end
             end
@@ -364,6 +482,68 @@ EOC
 EOC
     end
 
+    def text_type_writer(name, disp_name=name)
+      module_eval(<<-EOC, *get_file_and_line_from_caller(2))
+      def #{name}=(new_value)
+        if @do_validate and
+            !["text", "html", "xhtml", nil].include?(new_value)
+          raise NotAvailableValueError.new('#{disp_name}', new_value)
+        end
+        @#{name} = new_value
+      end
+EOC
+    end
+
+    def content_writer(name, disp_name=name)
+      klass_name = "self.class::#{Utils.to_class_name(name)}"
+      module_eval(<<-EOC, *get_file_and_line_from_caller(2))
+      def #{name}=(new_value)
+        if new_value.is_a?(#{klass_name})
+          @#{name} = new_value
+        else
+          @#{name} = #{klass_name}.new
+          @#{name}.content = new_value
+        end
+      end
+EOC
+    end
+
+    def yes_clean_other_writer(name, disp_name=name)
+      module_eval(<<-EOC, __FILE__, __LINE__ + 1)
+        def #{name}=(value)
+          value = (value ? "yes" : "no") if [true, false].include?(value)
+          @#{name} = value
+        end
+      EOC
+    end
+
+    def yes_other_writer(name, disp_name=name)
+      module_eval(<<-EOC, __FILE__, __LINE__ + 1)
+        def #{name}=(new_value)
+          if [true, false].include?(new_value)
+            new_value = new_value ? "yes" : "no"
+          end
+          @#{name} = new_value
+        end
+      EOC
+    end
+
+    def csv_writer(name, disp_name=name)
+      module_eval(<<-EOC, __FILE__, __LINE__ + 1)
+        def #{name}=(new_value)
+          @#{name} = Utils::CSV.parse(new_value)
+        end
+      EOC
+    end
+
+    def csv_integer_writer(name, disp_name=name)
+      module_eval(<<-EOC, __FILE__, __LINE__ + 1)
+        def #{name}=(new_value)
+          @#{name} = Utils::CSV.parse(new_value) {|v| Integer(v)}
+        end
+      EOC
+    end
+
     def def_children_accessor(accessor_name, plural_name)
       module_eval(<<-EOC, *get_file_and_line_from_caller(2))
       def #{plural_name}
@@ -379,10 +559,12 @@ EOC
       end
 
       def #{accessor_name}=(*args)
+        receiver = self.class.name
         warn("Warning:\#{caller.first.sub(/:in `.*'\z/, '')}: " \
-             "Don't use `#{accessor_name} = XXX'/`set_#{accessor_name}(XXX)'. " \
+             "Don't use `\#{receiver}\##{accessor_name} = XXX'/" \
+             "`\#{receiver}\#set_#{accessor_name}(XXX)'. " \
              "Those APIs are not sense of Ruby. " \
-             "Use `#{plural_name} << XXX' instead of them.")
+             "Use `\#{receiver}\##{plural_name} << XXX' instead of them.")
         if args.size == 1
           @#{accessor_name}.push(args[0])
         else
@@ -394,10 +576,61 @@ EOC
     end
   end
 
-  class Element
+  module SetupMaker
+    def setup_maker(maker)
+      target = maker_target(maker)
+      unless target.nil?
+        setup_maker_attributes(target)
+        setup_maker_element(target)
+        setup_maker_elements(target)
+      end
+    end
 
+    private
+    def maker_target(maker)
+      nil
+    end
+
+    def setup_maker_attributes(target)
+    end
+
+    def setup_maker_element(target)
+      self.class.need_initialize_variables.each do |var|
+        value = __send__(var)
+        next if value.nil?
+        if value.respond_to?("setup_maker") and
+            !not_need_to_call_setup_maker_variables.include?(var)
+          value.setup_maker(target)
+        else
+          setter = "#{var}="
+          if target.respond_to?(setter)
+            target.__send__(setter, value)
+          end
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    def not_need_to_call_setup_maker_variables
+      []
+    end
+
+    def setup_maker_elements(parent)
+      self.class.have_children_elements.each do |name, plural_name|
+        if parent.respond_to?(plural_name)
+          target = parent.__send__(plural_name)
+          __send__(plural_name).each do |elem|
+            elem.setup_maker(target)
+          end
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  class Element
     extend BaseModel
     include Utils
+    extend Utils::InheritedReader
+    include SetupMaker
 
     INDENT = "  "
     
@@ -408,32 +641,34 @@ EOC
     TO_ELEMENT_METHODS = []
     NEED_INITIALIZE_VARIABLES = []
     PLURAL_FORMS = {}
-    
-    class << self
 
+    class << self
       def must_call_validators
-        MUST_CALL_VALIDATORS
+        inherited_hash_reader("MUST_CALL_VALIDATORS")
       end
       def models
-        MODELS
+        inherited_array_reader("MODELS")
       end
       def get_attributes
-        GET_ATTRIBUTES
+        inherited_array_reader("GET_ATTRIBUTES")
       end
       def have_children_elements
-        HAVE_CHILDREN_ELEMENTS
+        inherited_array_reader("HAVE_CHILDREN_ELEMENTS")
       end
       def to_element_methods
-        TO_ELEMENT_METHODS
+        inherited_array_reader("TO_ELEMENT_METHODS")
       end
       def need_initialize_variables
-        NEED_INITIALIZE_VARIABLES
+        inherited_array_reader("NEED_INITIALIZE_VARIABLES")
       end
       def plural_forms
-        PLURAL_FORMS
+        inherited_hash_reader("PLURAL_FORMS")
+      end
+
+      def inherited_base
+        ::RSS::Element
       end
 
-      
       def inherited(klass)
         klass.const_set("MUST_CALL_VALIDATORS", {})
         klass.const_set("MODELS", [])
@@ -443,105 +678,112 @@ EOC
         klass.const_set("NEED_INITIALIZE_VARIABLES", [])
         klass.const_set("PLURAL_FORMS", {})
 
-        klass.module_eval(<<-EOC)
-        public
-        
-        @tag_name = name.split(/::/).last
-        @tag_name[0,1] = @tag_name[0,1].downcase
-        @have_content = false
+        tag_name = klass.name.split(/::/).last
+        tag_name[0, 1] = tag_name[0, 1].downcase
+        klass.instance_variable_set("@tag_name", tag_name)
+        klass.instance_variable_set("@have_content", false)
+      end
 
-        def self.must_call_validators
-          super.merge(MUST_CALL_VALIDATORS)
-        end
-        def self.models
-          MODELS + super
-        end
-        def self.get_attributes
-          GET_ATTRIBUTES + super
-        end
-        def self.have_children_elements
-          HAVE_CHILDREN_ELEMENTS + super
-        end
-        def self.to_element_methods
-          TO_ELEMENT_METHODS + super
-        end
-        def self.need_initialize_variables
-          NEED_INITIALIZE_VARIABLES + super
+      def install_must_call_validator(prefix, uri)
+        self::MUST_CALL_VALIDATORS[uri] = prefix
+      end
+
+      def install_model(tag, uri, occurs=nil, getter=nil, plural=false)
+        getter ||= tag
+        if m = self::MODELS.find {|t, u, o, g, p| t == tag and u == uri}
+          m[2] = occurs
+        else
+          self::MODELS << [tag, uri, occurs, getter, plural]
         end
-        def self.plural_forms
-          super.merge(PLURAL_FORMS)
+      end
+
+      def install_get_attribute(name, uri, required=true,
+                                type=nil, disp_name=nil,
+                                element_name=nil)
+        disp_name ||= name
+        element_name ||= name
+        writer_type, reader_type = type
+        def_corresponded_attr_writer name, writer_type, disp_name
+        def_corresponded_attr_reader name, reader_type
+        if type == :boolean and /^is/ =~ name
+          alias_method "#{$POSTMATCH}?", name
         end
+        self::GET_ATTRIBUTES << [name, uri, required, element_name]
+        add_need_initialize_variable(disp_name)
+      end
 
-      
-        def self.install_must_call_validator(prefix, uri)
-          MUST_CALL_VALIDATORS[uri] = prefix
-        end
-        
-        def self.install_model(tag, uri, occurs=nil, getter=nil)
-          getter ||= tag
-          if m = MODELS.find {|t, u, o, g| t == tag and u == uri}
-            m[2] = occurs
-          else
-            MODELS << [tag, uri, occurs, getter]
-          end
+      def def_corresponded_attr_writer(name, type=nil, disp_name=nil)
+        disp_name ||= name
+        case type
+        when :integer
+          integer_writer name, disp_name
+        when :positive_integer
+          positive_integer_writer name, disp_name
+        when :boolean
+          boolean_writer name, disp_name
+        when :w3cdtf, :rfc822, :rfc2822
+          date_writer name, type, disp_name
+        when :text_type
+          text_type_writer name, disp_name
+        when :content
+          content_writer name, disp_name
+        when :yes_clean_other
+          yes_clean_other_writer name, disp_name
+        when :yes_other
+          yes_other_writer name, disp_name
+        when :csv
+          csv_writer name
+        when :csv_integer
+          csv_integer_writer name
+        else
+          attr_writer name
         end
+      end
 
-        def self.install_get_attribute(name, uri, required=true,
-                                       type=nil, disp_name=nil,
-                                       element_name=nil)
-          disp_name ||= name
-          element_name ||= name
-          def_corresponded_attr_writer name, type, disp_name
+      def def_corresponded_attr_reader(name, type=nil)
+        case type
+        when :inherit
+          inherit_convert_attr_reader name
+        when :uri
+          uri_convert_attr_reader name
+        when :yes_clean_other
+          yes_clean_other_attr_reader name
+        when :yes_other
+          yes_other_attr_reader name
+        when :csv
+          csv_attr_reader name
+        when :csv_integer
+          csv_attr_reader name, :separator => ","
+        else
           convert_attr_reader name
-          if type == :boolean and /^is/ =~ name
-            alias_method "\#{$POSTMATCH}?", name
-          end
-          GET_ATTRIBUTES << [name, uri, required, element_name]
-          add_need_initialize_variable(disp_name)
-        end
-
-        def self.def_corresponded_attr_writer(name, type=nil, disp_name=name)
-          case type
-          when :integer
-            integer_writer name, disp_name
-          when :positive_integer
-            positive_integer_writer name, disp_name
-          when :boolean
-            boolean_writer name, disp_name
-          when :w3cdtf, :rfc822, :rfc2822
-            date_writer name, type, disp_name
-          else
-            attr_writer name
-          end
         end
+      end
 
-        def self.content_setup(type=nil)
-          def_corresponded_attr_writer "content", type
-          convert_attr_reader :content
-          @have_content = true
-        end
+      def content_setup(type=nil, disp_name=nil)
+        writer_type, reader_type = type
+        def_corresponded_attr_writer :content, writer_type, disp_name
+        def_corresponded_attr_reader :content, reader_type
+        @have_content = true
+      end
 
-        def self.have_content?
-          @have_content
-        end
+      def have_content?
+        @have_content
+      end
 
-        def self.add_have_children_element(variable_name, plural_name)
-          HAVE_CHILDREN_ELEMENTS << [variable_name, plural_name]
-        end
-        
-        def self.add_to_element_method(method_name)
-          TO_ELEMENT_METHODS << method_name
-        end
+      def add_have_children_element(variable_name, plural_name)
+        self::HAVE_CHILDREN_ELEMENTS << [variable_name, plural_name]
+      end
 
-        def self.add_need_initialize_variable(variable_name)
-          NEED_INITIALIZE_VARIABLES << variable_name
-        end
-        
-        def self.add_plural_form(singular, plural)
-          PLURAL_FORMS[singular] = plural
-        end
-        
-        EOC
+      def add_to_element_method(method_name)
+        self::TO_ELEMENT_METHODS << method_name
+      end
+
+      def add_need_initialize_variable(variable_name)
+        self::NEED_INITIALIZE_VARIABLES << variable_name
+      end
+
+      def add_plural_form(singular, plural)
+        self::PLURAL_FORMS[singular] = plural
       end
 
       def required_prefix
@@ -551,7 +793,11 @@ EOC
       def required_uri
         ""
       end
-      
+
+      def need_parent?
+        false
+      end
+
       def install_ns(prefix, uri)
         if self::NSPOOL.has_key?(prefix)
           raise OverlappedPrefixError.new(prefix)
@@ -564,12 +810,16 @@ EOC
       end
     end
 
-    attr_accessor :do_validate
+    attr_accessor :parent, :do_validate
 
-    def initialize(do_validate=true, attrs={})
+    def initialize(do_validate=true, attrs=nil)
+      @parent = nil
       @converter = nil
+      if attrs.nil? and (do_validate.is_a?(Hash) or do_validate.is_a?(Array))
+        do_validate, attrs = true, do_validate
+      end
       @do_validate = do_validate
-      initialize_variables(attrs)
+      initialize_variables(attrs || {})
     end
 
     def tag_name
@@ -598,10 +848,21 @@ EOC
         value
       end
     end
-    
+
+    def valid?(ignore_unknown_element=true)
+      validate(ignore_unknown_element)
+      true
+    rescue RSS::Error
+      false
+    end
+
     def validate(ignore_unknown_element=true)
+      do_validate = @do_validate
+      @do_validate = true
       validate_attribute
       __validate(ignore_unknown_element)
+    ensure
+      @do_validate = do_validate
     end
     
     def validate_for_stream(tags, ignore_unknown_element=true)
@@ -609,20 +870,15 @@ EOC
       __validate(ignore_unknown_element, tags, false)
     end
 
-    def setup_maker(maker)
-      target = maker_target(maker)
-      unless target.nil?
-        setup_maker_attributes(target)
-        setup_maker_element(target)
-        setup_maker_elements(target)
-      end
-    end
-
     def to_s(need_convert=true, indent='')
       if self.class.have_content?
-        return "" unless @content
+        return "" if !empty_content? and !content_is_set?
         rv = tag(indent) do |next_indent|
-          h(@content)
+          if empty_content?
+            ""
+          else
+            xmled_content
+          end
         end
       else
         rv = tag(indent) do |next_indent|
@@ -635,6 +891,44 @@ EOC
       rv
     end
 
+    def have_xml_content?
+      false
+    end
+
+    def need_base64_encode?
+      false
+    end
+
+    def set_next_element(tag_name, next_element)
+      klass = next_element.class
+      prefix = ""
+      prefix << "#{klass.required_prefix}_" if klass.required_prefix
+      key = "#{prefix}#{tag_name.gsub(/-/, '_')}"
+      if self.class.plural_forms.has_key?(key)
+        ary = __send__("#{self.class.plural_forms[key]}")
+        ary << next_element
+      else
+        __send__("#{key}=", next_element)
+      end
+    end
+
+    protected
+    def have_required_elements?
+      self.class::MODELS.all? do |tag, uri, occurs, getter|
+        if occurs.nil? or occurs == "+"
+          child = __send__(getter)
+          if child.is_a?(Array)
+            children = child
+            children.any? {|c| c.have_required_elements?}
+          else
+            !child.to_s.empty?
+          end
+        else
+          true
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
     private
     def initialize_variables(attrs)
       normalized_attrs = {}
@@ -646,16 +940,16 @@ EOC
         if value
           __send__("#{variable_name}=", value)
         else
-          instance_eval("@#{variable_name} = nil")
+          instance_variable_set("@#{variable_name}", nil)
         end
       end
       initialize_have_children_elements
-      @content = "" if self.class.have_content?
+      @content = normalized_attrs["content"] if self.class.have_content?
     end
 
     def initialize_have_children_elements
       self.class.have_children_elements.each do |variable_name, plural_name|
-        instance_eval("@#{variable_name} = []")
+        instance_variable_set("@#{variable_name}", [])
       end
     end
 
@@ -665,8 +959,10 @@ EOC
       attrs = collect_attrs
       return "" if attrs.nil?
 
+      return "" unless have_required_elements?
+
       attrs.update(additional_attrs)
-      start_tag = make_start_tag(indent, next_indent, attrs)
+      start_tag = make_start_tag(indent, next_indent, attrs.dup)
 
       if block
         content = block.call(next_indent)
@@ -681,6 +977,7 @@ EOC
       else
         content = content.reject{|x| x.empty?}
         if content.empty?
+          return "" if attrs.empty?
           end_tag = "/>"
         else
           start_tag << ">\n"
@@ -722,56 +1019,6 @@ EOC
       ''
     end
 
-    def maker_target(maker)
-      nil
-    end
-    
-    def setup_maker_attributes(target)
-    end
-    
-    def setup_maker_element(target)
-      self.class.need_initialize_variables.each do |var|
-        value = __send__(var)
-        if value.respond_to?("setup_maker") and
-            !not_need_to_call_setup_maker_variables.include?(var)
-          value.setup_maker(target)
-        else
-          setter = "#{var}="
-          if target.respond_to?(setter)
-            target.__send__(setter, value)
-          end
-        end
-      end
-    end
-
-    def not_need_to_call_setup_maker_variables
-      []
-    end
-    
-    def setup_maker_elements(parent)
-      self.class.have_children_elements.each do |name, plural_name|
-        if parent.respond_to?(plural_name)
-          target = parent.__send__(plural_name)
-          __send__(plural_name).each do |elem|
-            elem.setup_maker(target)
-          end
-        end
-      end
-    end
-
-    def set_next_element(tag_name, next_element)
-      klass = next_element.class
-      prefix = ""
-      prefix << "#{klass.required_prefix}_" if klass.required_prefix
-      key = "#{prefix}#{tag_name}"
-      if self.class.plural_forms.has_key?(key)
-        ary = __send__("#{self.class.plural_forms[key]}")
-        ary << next_element
-      else
-        __send__("#{prefix}#{tag_name}=", next_element)
-      end
-    end
-
     def children
       rv = []
       self.class.models.each do |name, uri, occurs, getter|
@@ -787,10 +1034,10 @@ EOC
 
     def _tags
       rv = []
-      self.class.models.each do |name, uri, occurs, getter|
+      self.class.models.each do |name, uri, occurs, getter, plural|
         value = __send__(getter)
         next if value.nil?
-        if value.is_a?(Array)
+        if plural and value.is_a?(Array)
           rv.concat([[uri, name]] * value.size)
         else
           rv << [uri, name]
@@ -817,7 +1064,7 @@ EOC
       must_call_validators.each do |uri, prefix|
         _validate(ignore_unknown_element, tags[uri], uri)
         meth = "#{prefix}_validate"
-        if respond_to?(meth, true)
+        if !prefix.empty? and respond_to?(meth, true)
           __send__(meth, ignore_unknown_element, tags[uri], uri)
         end
       end
@@ -825,9 +1072,11 @@ EOC
 
     def validate_attribute
       _attrs.each do |a_name, required, alias_name|
-        if required and __send__(alias_name || a_name).nil?
+        value = instance_variable_get("@#{alias_name || a_name}")
+        if required and value.nil?
           raise MissingAttributeError.new(tag_name, a_name)
         end
+        __send__("#{alias_name || a_name}=", value)
       end
     end
 
@@ -843,11 +1092,12 @@ EOC
         tags = tags.sort_by {|x| element_names.index(x) || tags_size}
       end
 
+      _tags = tags.dup if tags
       models.each_with_index do |model, i|
         name, model_uri, occurs, getter = model
 
         if DEBUG
-          p "before" 
+          p "before"
           p tags
           p model
         end
@@ -933,6 +1183,27 @@ EOC
       rv
     end
 
+    def empty_content?
+      false
+    end
+
+    def content_is_set?
+      if have_xml_content?
+        __send__(self.class.xml_getter)
+      else
+        content
+      end
+    end
+
+    def xmled_content
+      if have_xml_content?
+        __send__(self.class.xml_getter).to_s
+      else
+        _content = content
+        _content = Base64.encode64(_content) if need_base64_encode?
+        h(_content)
+      end
+    end
   end
 
   module RootElementMixin
@@ -940,16 +1211,23 @@ EOC
     include XMLStyleSheetMixin
     
     attr_reader :output_encoding
-
-    def initialize(rss_version, version=nil, encoding=nil, standalone=nil)
+    attr_reader :feed_type, :feed_subtype, :feed_version
+    attr_accessor :version, :encoding, :standalone
+    def initialize(feed_version, version=nil, encoding=nil, standalone=nil)
       super()
-      @rss_version = rss_version
+      @feed_type = nil
+      @feed_subtype = nil
+      @feed_version = feed_version
       @version = version || '1.0'
       @encoding = encoding
       @standalone = standalone
       @output_encoding = nil
     end
 
+    def feed_info
+      [@feed_type, @feed_version, @feed_subtype]
+    end
+
     def output_encoding=(enc)
       @output_encoding = enc
       self.converter = Converter.new(@output_encoding, @encoding)
@@ -964,25 +1242,48 @@ EOC
         xss.setup_maker(maker)
       end
 
-      setup_maker_elements(maker)
+      super
+    end
+
+    def to_feed(type, &block)
+      Maker.make(type) do |maker|
+        setup_maker(maker)
+        block.call(maker) if block
+      end
+    end
+
+    def to_rss(type, &block)
+      to_feed("rss#{type}", &block)
     end
 
-    def to_xml(version=nil, &block)
-      if version.nil? or version == @rss_version
+    def to_atom(type, &block)
+      to_feed("atom:#{type}", &block)
+    end
+
+    def to_xml(type=nil, &block)
+      if type.nil? or same_feed_type?(type)
         to_s
       else
-        RSS::Maker.make(version) do |maker|
-          setup_maker(maker)
-          block.call(maker) if block
-        end.to_s
+        to_feed(type, &block).to_s
       end
     end
 
     private
+    def same_feed_type?(type)
+      if /^(atom|rss)?(\d+\.\d+)?(?::(.+))?$/i =~ type
+        feed_type = ($1 || @feed_type).downcase
+        feed_version = $2 || @feed_version
+        feed_subtype = $3 || @feed_subtype
+        [feed_type, feed_version, feed_subtype] == feed_info
+      else
+        false
+      end
+    end
+
     def tag(indent, attrs={}, &block)
-      rv = xmldecl + xml_stylesheet_pi
-      rv << super(indent, ns_declarations.merge(attrs), &block)
-      rv
+      rv = super(indent, ns_declarations.merge(attrs), &block)
+      return rv if rv.empty?
+      "#{xmldecl}#{xml_stylesheet_pi}#{rv}"
     end
 
     def xmldecl
@@ -1003,13 +1304,9 @@ EOC
       end
       decls
     end
-    
-    def setup_maker_elements(maker)
-      channel.setup_maker(maker) if channel
-      image.setup_maker(maker) if image
-      textinput.setup_maker(maker) if textinput
-      super(maker)
+
+    def maker_target(target)
+      target
     end
   end
-
 end
diff --git a/lib/rss/slash.rb b/lib/rss/slash.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..f102413b46
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/rss/slash.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+require 'rss/1.0'
+
+module RSS
+  SLASH_PREFIX = 'slash'
+  SLASH_URI = "http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/slash/"
+
+  RDF.install_ns(SLASH_PREFIX, SLASH_URI)
+
+  module SlashModel
+    extend BaseModel
+
+    ELEMENT_INFOS = \
+    [
+     ["section"],
+     ["department"],
+     ["comments", :positive_integer],
+     ["hit_parade", :csv_integer],
+    ]
+
+    class << self
+      def append_features(klass)
+        super
+
+        return if klass.instance_of?(Module)
+        klass.install_must_call_validator(SLASH_PREFIX, SLASH_URI)
+        ELEMENT_INFOS.each do |name, type, *additional_infos|
+          full_name = "#{SLASH_PREFIX}_#{name}"
+          klass.install_text_element(full_name, SLASH_URI, "?",
+                                     full_name, type, name)
+        end
+
+        klass.module_eval do
+          alias_method(:slash_hit_parades, :slash_hit_parade)
+          undef_method(:slash_hit_parade)
+          alias_method(:slash_hit_parade, :slash_hit_parade_content)
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  class RDF
+    class Item; include SlashModel; end
+  end
+
+  SlashModel::ELEMENT_INFOS.each do |name, type|
+    accessor_base = "#{SLASH_PREFIX}_#{name}"
+    BaseListener.install_get_text_element(SLASH_URI, name, accessor_base)
+  end
+end
diff --git a/lib/rss/syndication.rb b/lib/rss/syndication.rb
index 93d35c89a7..3eb15429f6 100644
--- a/lib/rss/syndication.rb
+++ b/lib/rss/syndication.rb
@@ -29,16 +29,19 @@ module RSS
 
         %w(updateBase).each do |name|
           install_date_element(name, SY_URI, "?",
-                               "#{SY_PREFIX}_#{name}", 'w3cdtf', name)
+                               "#{SY_PREFIX}_#{name}", 'w3cdtf',
+                               "#{SY_PREFIX}:#{name}")
         end
+      end
 
+      klass.module_eval(<<-EOC, __FILE__, __LINE__ + 1)
         alias_method(:_sy_updatePeriod=, :sy_updatePeriod=)
         def sy_updatePeriod=(new_value)
           new_value = new_value.strip
           validate_sy_updatePeriod(new_value) if @do_validate
           self._sy_updatePeriod = new_value
         end
-      end
+      EOC
     end
 
     private
@@ -58,7 +61,7 @@ module RSS
   SyndicationModel::ELEMENTS.uniq!
   SyndicationModel::ELEMENTS.each do |full_name|
     name = full_name[prefix_size..-1]
-    BaseListener.install_get_text_element(SY_URI, name, "#{full_name}=")
+    BaseListener.install_get_text_element(SY_URI, name, full_name)
   end
 
 end
diff --git a/lib/rss/taxonomy.rb b/lib/rss/taxonomy.rb
index 8caa25e2a4..276f63b05d 100644
--- a/lib/rss/taxonomy.rb
+++ b/lib/rss/taxonomy.rb
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ module RSS
 
   %w(link).each do |name|
     full_name = "#{TAXO_PREFIX}_#{name}"
-    BaseListener.install_get_text_element(TAXO_URI, name, "#{full_name}=")
+    BaseListener.install_get_text_element(TAXO_URI, name, full_name)
     TAXO_ELEMENTS << "#{TAXO_PREFIX}_#{name}"
   end
 
diff --git a/lib/rss/utils.rb b/lib/rss/utils.rb
index 031ff3072b..0e4001e1f3 100644
--- a/lib/rss/utils.rb
+++ b/lib/rss/utils.rb
@@ -1,22 +1,29 @@
 module RSS
   module Utils
     module_function
+
+    # Convert a name_with_underscores to CamelCase.
     def to_class_name(name)
-      name.split(/_/).collect do |part|
+      name.split(/[_\-]/).collect do |part|
         "#{part[0, 1].upcase}#{part[1..-1]}"
       end.join("")
     end
     
     def get_file_and_line_from_caller(i=0)
       file, line, = caller[i].split(':')
-      [file, line.to_i]
+      line = line.to_i
+      line += 1 if i.zero?
+      [file, line]
     end
 
+    # escape '&', '"', '<' and '>' for use in HTML.
     def html_escape(s)
       s.to_s.gsub(/&/, "&amp;").gsub(/\"/, "&quot;").gsub(/>/, "&gt;").gsub(/</, "&lt;")
     end
     alias h html_escape
     
+    # If +value+ is an instance of class +klass+, return it, else
+    # create a new instance of +klass+ with value +value+.
     def new_with_value_if_need(klass, value)
       if value.is_a?(klass)
         value
@@ -28,5 +35,77 @@ module RSS
     def element_initialize_arguments?(args)
       [true, false].include?(args[0]) and args[1].is_a?(Hash)
     end
+
+    module YesCleanOther
+      module_function
+      def parse(value)
+        if [true, false, nil].include?(value)
+          value
+        else
+          case value.to_s
+          when /\Ayes\z/i
+            true
+          when /\Aclean\z/i
+            false
+          else
+            nil
+          end
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    module YesOther
+      module_function
+      def parse(value)
+        if [true, false].include?(value)
+          value
+        else
+          /\Ayes\z/i.match(value.to_s) ? true : false
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    module CSV
+      module_function
+      def parse(value, &block)
+        if value.is_a?(String)
+          value = value.strip.split(/\s*,\s*/)
+          value = value.collect(&block) if block_given?
+          value
+        else
+          value
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    module InheritedReader
+      def inherited_reader(constant_name)
+        base_class = inherited_base
+        result = base_class.const_get(constant_name)
+        found_base_class = false
+        ancestors.reverse_each do |klass|
+          if found_base_class
+            if klass.const_defined?(constant_name)
+              result = yield(result, klass.const_get(constant_name))
+            end
+          else
+            found_base_class = klass == base_class
+          end
+        end
+        result
+      end
+
+      def inherited_array_reader(constant_name)
+        inherited_reader(constant_name) do |result, current|
+          current + result
+        end
+      end
+
+      def inherited_hash_reader(constant_name)
+        inherited_reader(constant_name) do |result, current|
+          result.merge(current)
+        end
+      end
+    end
   end
 end
diff --git a/lib/rss/xml-stylesheet.rb b/lib/rss/xml-stylesheet.rb
index 66e3161dd0..559d6bcd56 100644
--- a/lib/rss/xml-stylesheet.rb
+++ b/lib/rss/xml-stylesheet.rb
@@ -35,6 +35,10 @@ module RSS
     attr_accessor(*ATTRIBUTES)
     attr_accessor(:do_validate)
     def initialize(*attrs)
+      if attrs.size == 1 and
+          (attrs.first.is_a?(Hash) or attrs.first.is_a?(Array))
+        attrs = attrs.first
+      end
       @do_validate = true
       ATTRIBUTES.each do |attr|
         __send__("#{attr}=", nil)
diff --git a/lib/rss/xml.rb b/lib/rss/xml.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..1ae878b772
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/rss/xml.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,71 @@
+require "rss/utils"
+
+module RSS
+  module XML
+    class Element
+      include Enumerable
+
+      attr_reader :name, :prefix, :uri, :attributes, :children
+      def initialize(name, prefix=nil, uri=nil, attributes={}, children=[])
+        @name = name
+        @prefix = prefix
+        @uri = uri
+        @attributes = attributes
+        if children.is_a?(String) or !children.respond_to?(:each)
+          @children = [children]
+        else
+          @children = children
+        end
+      end
+
+      def [](name)
+        @attributes[name]
+      end
+
+      def []=(name, value)
+        @attributes[name] = value
+      end
+
+      def <<(child)
+        @children << child
+      end
+
+      def each(&block)
+        @children.each(&block)
+      end
+
+      def ==(other)
+        other.kind_of?(self.class) and
+          @name == other.name and
+          @uri == other.uri and
+          @attributes == other.attributes and
+          @children == other.children
+      end
+
+      def to_s
+        rv = "<#{full_name}"
+        attributes.each do |key, value|
+          rv << " #{Utils.html_escape(key)}=\"#{Utils.html_escape(value)}\""
+        end
+        if children.empty?
+          rv << "/>"
+        else
+          rv << ">"
+          children.each do |child|
+            rv << child.to_s
+          end
+          rv << "</#{full_name}>"
+        end
+        rv
+      end
+
+      def full_name
+        if @prefix
+          "#{@prefix}:#{@name}"
+        else
+          @name
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/lib/securerandom.rb b/lib/securerandom.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..3fd63e535f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/securerandom.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,137 @@
+# = Secure random number generator interface.
+#
+# This library is an interface for secure random number generator which is
+# suitable for generating session key in HTTP cookies, etc.
+#
+# It supports following secure random number generators.
+#
+# * openssl
+# * /dev/urandom
+#
+# == Example
+#
+# # random hexadecimal string.
+# p SecureRandom.hex(10) #=> "52750b30ffbc7de3b362"
+# p SecureRandom.hex(10) #=> "92b15d6c8dc4beb5f559"
+# p SecureRandom.hex(11) #=> "6aca1b5c58e4863e6b81b8"
+# p SecureRandom.hex(12) #=> "94b2fff3e7fd9b9c391a2306"
+# p SecureRandom.hex(13) #=> "39b290146bea6ce975c37cfc23"
+# ...
+#
+# # random base64 string.
+# p SecureRandom.base64(10) #=> "EcmTPZwWRAozdA=="
+# p SecureRandom.base64(10) #=> "9b0nsevdwNuM/w=="
+# p SecureRandom.base64(10) #=> "KO1nIU+p9DKxGg=="
+# p SecureRandom.base64(11) #=> "l7XEiFja+8EKEtY="
+# p SecureRandom.base64(12) #=> "7kJSM/MzBJI+75j8"
+# p SecureRandom.base64(13) #=> "vKLJ0tXBHqQOuIcSIg=="
+# ...
+#
+# # random binary string.
+# p SecureRandom.random_bytes(10) #=> "\016\t{\370g\310pbr\301"
+# p SecureRandom.random_bytes(10) #=> "\323U\030TO\234\357\020\a\337"
+# ...
+
+begin
+  require 'openssl'
+rescue LoadError
+end
+
+module SecureRandom
+  # SecureRandom.random_bytes generates a random binary string.
+  #
+  # The argument n specifies the length of the result string.
+  #
+  # If n is not specified, 16 is assumed.
+  # It may be larger in future.
+  #
+  # If secure random number generator is not available,
+  # NotImplementedError is raised.
+  def self.random_bytes(n=nil)
+    n ||= 16
+    if defined? OpenSSL::Random
+      return OpenSSL::Random.random_bytes(n)
+    end
+    if !defined?(@has_urandom) || @has_urandom
+      @has_urandom = false
+      flags = File::RDONLY
+      flags |= File::NONBLOCK if defined? File::NONBLOCK
+      flags |= File::NOCTTY if defined? File::NOCTTY
+      flags |= File::NOFOLLOW if defined? File::NOFOLLOW
+      begin
+        File.open("/dev/urandom", flags) {|f|
+          unless f.stat.chardev?
+            raise Errno::ENOENT
+          end
+          @has_urandom = true
+          ret = f.readpartial(n)
+          if ret.length != n
+            raise NotImplementedError, "Unexpected partial read from random device"
+          end
+          return ret
+        }
+      rescue Errno::ENOENT
+        raise NotImplementedError, "No random device"
+      end
+    end
+    raise NotImplementedError, "No random device"
+  end
+
+  # SecureRandom.hex generates a random hex string.
+  #
+  # The argument n specifies the length of the random length.
+  # The length of the result string is twice of n.
+  #
+  # If n is not specified, 16 is assumed.
+  # It may be larger in future.
+  #
+  # If secure random number generator is not available,
+  # NotImplementedError is raised.
+  def self.hex(n=nil)
+    random_bytes(n).unpack("H*")[0]
+  end
+
+  # SecureRandom.base64 generates a random base64 string.
+  #
+  # The argument n specifies the length of the random length.
+  # The length of the result string is about 4/3 of n.
+  #
+  # If n is not specified, 16 is assumed.
+  # It may be larger in future.
+  #
+  # If secure random number generator is not available,
+  # NotImplementedError is raised.
+  def self.base64(n=nil)
+    [random_bytes(n)].pack("m*").delete("\n")
+  end
+
+  # SecureRandom.random_number generates a random number.
+  #
+  # If an positive integer is given as n,
+  # SecureRandom.random_number returns an integer:
+  # 0 <= SecureRandom.random_number(n) < n.
+  #
+  # If 0 is given or an argument is not given,
+  # SecureRandom.random_number returns an float:
+  # 0.0 <= SecureRandom.random_number() < 1.0.
+  def self.random_number(n=0)
+    if 0 < n
+      hex = n.to_s(16)
+      hex = '0' + hex if (hex.length & 1) == 1
+      bin = [hex].pack("H*")
+      mask = bin[0]
+      mask |= mask >> 1
+      mask |= mask >> 2
+      mask |= mask >> 4
+      begin
+        rnd = SecureRandom.random_bytes(bin.length)
+        rnd[0] = (rnd[0] & mask).chr
+      end until rnd < bin
+      rnd.unpack("H*")[0].hex
+    else
+      # assumption: Float::MANT_DIG <= 64
+      i64 = SecureRandom.random_bytes(8).unpack("Q")[0]
+      Math.ldexp(i64 >> (64-Float::MANT_DIG), -Float::MANT_DIG)
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/lib/set.rb b/lib/set.rb
index 0ad47c842f..164aa429d9 100644
--- a/lib/set.rb
+++ b/lib/set.rb
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 #--
 # set.rb - defines the Set class
 #++
-# Copyright (c) 2002 Akinori MUSHA <knu@iDaemons.org>
+# Copyright (c) 2002-2008 Akinori MUSHA <knu@iDaemons.org>
 #
 # Documentation by Akinori MUSHA and Gavin Sinclair. 
 #
@@ -48,6 +48,10 @@
 #   s1.subset? s2                         # -> false
 #   s2.subset? s1                         # -> true
 #
+# == Contact
+#
+#   - Akinori MUSHA <knu@iDaemons.org> (current maintainer)
+#
 class Set
   include Enumerable
 
@@ -184,8 +188,10 @@ class Set
   end
 
   # Calls the given block once for each element in the set, passing
-  # the element as parameter.
+  # the element as parameter.  Returns an enumerator if no block is
+  # given.
   def each
+    block_given? or return enum_for(__method__)
     @hash.each_key { |o| yield(o) }
     self
   end
@@ -228,7 +234,7 @@ class Set
   # Deletes every element of the set for which block evaluates to
   # true, and returns self.
   def delete_if
-    @hash.delete_if { |o,| yield(o) }
+    to_a.each { |o| @hash.delete(o) if yield(o) }
     self
   end
 
@@ -286,7 +292,7 @@ class Set
   end
   alias difference -	##
 
-  # Returns a new array containing elements common to the set and the
+  # Returns a new set containing elements common to the set and the
   # given enumerable object.
   def &(enum)
     enum.is_a?(Enumerable) or raise ArgumentError, "value must be enumerable"
@@ -296,13 +302,13 @@ class Set
   end
   alias intersection &	##
 
-  # Returns a new array containing elements exclusive between the set
+  # Returns a new set containing elements exclusive between the set
   # and the given enumerable object.  (set ^ enum) is equivalent to
   # ((set | enum) - (set & enum)).
   def ^(enum)
     enum.is_a?(Enumerable) or raise ArgumentError, "value must be enumerable"
-    n = dup
-    enum.each { |o| if n.include?(o) then n.delete(o) else n.add(o) end }
+    n = Set.new(enum)
+    each { |o| if n.include?(o) then n.delete(o) else n.add(o) end }
     n
   end
 
@@ -486,7 +492,7 @@ class SortedSet < Set
 
 	  def delete_if
 	    n = @hash.size
-	    @hash.delete_if { |o,| yield(o) }
+	    super
 	    @keys = nil if @hash.size != n
 	    self
 	  end
@@ -497,7 +503,9 @@ class SortedSet < Set
 	  end
 
 	  def each
+	    block_given? or return enum_for(__method__)
 	    to_a.each { |o| yield(o) }
+	    self
 	  end
 
 	  def to_a
@@ -914,9 +922,11 @@ class TC_Set < Test::Unit::TestCase
     ary = [1,3,5,7,10,20]
     set = Set.new(ary)
 
-    assert_raises(LocalJumpError) {
-      set.each
-    }
+    ret = set.each { |o| }
+    assert_same(set, ret)
+
+    e = set.each
+    assert_instance_of(Enumerable::Enumerator, e)
 
     assert_nothing_raised {
       set.each { |o|
@@ -1049,6 +1059,13 @@ class TC_Set < Test::Unit::TestCase
     assert_equal(Set[2,4], ret)
   end
 
+  def test_xor
+    set = Set[1,2,3,4]
+    ret = set ^ [2,4,5,5]
+    assert_not_same(set, ret)
+    assert_equal(Set[1,3,5], ret)
+  end
+
   def test_eq
     set1 = Set[2,3,1]
     set2 = Set[1,2,3]
@@ -1154,11 +1171,33 @@ class TC_SortedSet < Test::Unit::TestCase
     assert_equal([-10,-8,-6,-4,-2], s.to_a)
 
     prev = nil
-    s.each { |o| assert(prev < o) if prev; prev = o }
+    ret = s.each { |o| assert(prev < o) if prev; prev = o }
     assert_not_nil(prev)
+    assert_same(s, ret)
 
     s = SortedSet.new([2,1,3]) { |o| o * -2 }
     assert_equal([-6,-4,-2], s.to_a)
+
+    s = SortedSet.new(['one', 'two', 'three', 'four'])
+    a = []
+    ret = s.delete_if { |o| a << o; o.start_with?('t') }
+    assert_same(s, ret)
+    assert_equal(['four', 'one'], s.to_a)
+    assert_equal(['four', 'one', 'three', 'two'], a)
+
+    s = SortedSet.new(['one', 'two', 'three', 'four'])
+    a = []
+    ret = s.reject! { |o| a << o; o.start_with?('t') }
+    assert_same(s, ret)
+    assert_equal(['four', 'one'], s.to_a)
+    assert_equal(['four', 'one', 'three', 'two'], a)
+
+    s = SortedSet.new(['one', 'two', 'three', 'four'])
+    a = []
+    ret = s.reject! { |o| a << o; false }
+    assert_same(nil, ret)
+    assert_equal(['four', 'one', 'three', 'two'], s.to_a)
+    assert_equal(['four', 'one', 'three', 'two'], a)
   end
 end
 
diff --git a/lib/shell/process-controller.rb b/lib/shell/process-controller.rb
index f74abfd686..8929805506 100644
--- a/lib/shell/process-controller.rb
+++ b/lib/shell/process-controller.rb
@@ -246,9 +246,11 @@ class Shell
 	    redo
 	  end
 	  Thread.exclusive do
-	    terminate_job(command)
-	    @job_condition.signal
-	    command.notify "job(%id) finish.", @shell.debug?
+	    @job_monitor.synchronize do 
+	      terminate_job(command)
+	      @job_condition.signal
+	      command.notify "job(%id) finish.", @shell.debug?
+	    end
 	  end
 	end
       }
diff --git a/lib/shellwords.rb b/lib/shellwords.rb
index e87b9e656b..a4ec552a7e 100644
--- a/lib/shellwords.rb
+++ b/lib/shellwords.rb
@@ -1,31 +1,35 @@
 #
-# shellwords.rb: Split text into an array of tokens a la UNIX shell
+# shellwords.rb: Manipulates strings a la UNIX Bourne shell
 #
 
 #
-# This module is originally a port of shellwords.pl, but modified to
-# conform to POSIX / SUSv3 (IEEE Std 1003.1-2001).
+# This module manipulates strings according to the word parsing rules
+# of the UNIX Bourne shell.
 #
-# Examples:
+# The shellwords() function was originally a port of shellwords.pl,
+# but modified to conform to POSIX / SUSv3 (IEEE Std 1003.1-2001).
 #
-#   require 'shellwords'
-#   words = Shellwords.shellwords(line)
+# Authors:
+#   - Wakou Aoyama
+#   - Akinori MUSHA <knu@iDaemons.org>
 #
-# or
-#
-#   require 'shellwords'
-#   include Shellwords
-#   words = shellwords(line)
+# Contact:
+#   - Akinori MUSHA <knu@iDaemons.org> (current maintainer)
 #
 module Shellwords
-
   #
-  # Split text into an array of tokens in the same way the UNIX Bourne
-  # shell does.
+  # Splits a string into an array of tokens in the same way the UNIX
+  # Bourne shell does.
+  #
+  #   argv = Shellwords.split('here are "two words"')
+  #   argv #=> ["here", "are", "two words"]
+  #
+  # +String#shellsplit+ is a shorthand for this function.
   #
-  # See the +Shellwords+ module documentation for an example.
+  #   argv = 'here are "two words"'.shellsplit
+  #   argv #=> ["here", "are", "two words"]
   #
-  def shellwords(line)
+  def shellsplit(line)
     line = String.new(line) rescue
       raise(ArgumentError, "Argument must be a string")
     line.lstrip!
@@ -56,5 +60,113 @@ module Shellwords
     words
   end
 
-  module_function :shellwords
+  alias shellwords shellsplit
+
+  module_function :shellsplit, :shellwords
+
+  class << self
+    alias split shellsplit
+  end
+
+  #
+  # Escapes a string so that it can be safely used in a Bourne shell
+  # command line.
+  #
+  # Note that a resulted string should be used unquoted and is not
+  # intended for use in double quotes nor in single quotes.
+  #
+  #   open("| grep #{Shellwords.escape(pattern)} file") { |pipe|
+  #     # ...
+  #   }
+  #
+  # +String#shellescape+ is a shorthand for this function.
+  #
+  #   open("| grep #{pattern.shellescape} file") { |pipe|
+  #     # ...
+  #   }
+  #
+  def shellescape(str)
+    # An empty argument will be skipped, so return empty quotes.
+    return "''" if str.empty?
+
+    str = str.dup
+
+    # Process as a single byte sequence because not all shell
+    # implementations are multibyte aware.
+    str.gsub!(/([^A-Za-z0-9_\-.,:\/@\n])/n, "\\\\\\1")
+
+    # A LF cannot be escaped with a backslash because a backslash + LF
+    # combo is regarded as line continuation and simply ignored.
+    str.gsub!(/\n/, "'\n'")
+
+    return str
+  end
+
+  module_function :shellescape
+
+  class << self
+    alias escape shellescape
+  end
+
+  #
+  # Builds a command line string from an argument list +array+ joining
+  # all elements escaped for Bourne shell and separated by a space.
+  #
+  #   open('|' + Shellwords.join(['grep', pattern, *files])) { |pipe|
+  #     # ...
+  #   }
+  #
+  # +Array#shelljoin+ is a shorthand for this function.
+  #
+  #   open('|' + ['grep', pattern, *files].shelljoin) { |pipe|
+  #     # ...
+  #   }
+  #
+  def shelljoin(array)
+    array.map { |arg| shellescape(arg) }.join(' ')
+  end
+
+  module_function :shelljoin
+
+  class << self
+    alias join shelljoin
+  end
+end
+
+class String
+  #
+  # call-seq:
+  #   str.shellsplit => array
+  #
+  # Splits +str+ into an array of tokens in the same way the UNIX
+  # Bourne shell does.  See +Shellwords::shellsplit+ for details.
+  #
+  def shellsplit
+    Shellwords.split(self)
+  end
+
+  #
+  # call-seq:
+  #   str.shellescape => string
+  #
+  # Escapes +str+ so that it can be safely used in a Bourne shell
+  # command line.  See +Shellwords::shellescape+ for details.
+  #
+  def shellescape
+    Shellwords.escape(self)
+  end
+end
+
+class Array
+  #
+  # call-seq:
+  #   array.shelljoin => string
+  #
+  # Builds a command line string from an argument list +array+ joining
+  # all elements escaped for Bourne shell and separated by a space.
+  # See +Shellwords::shelljoin+ for details.
+  #
+  def shelljoin
+    Shellwords.join(self)
+  end
 end
diff --git a/lib/singleton.rb b/lib/singleton.rb
index 0ab8517275..592d33c063 100644
--- a/lib/singleton.rb
+++ b/lib/singleton.rb
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@
 # *  Klass.new and Klass.allocate - as private
 #
 # Providing (or modifying) the class methods
-# *  Klass.inherited(sub_klass) and Klass.clone()  - 
+# *  Klass.inherited(sub_klass) and Klass.clone()  -
 #    to ensure that the Singleton pattern is properly
 #    inherited and cloned.
 #
@@ -70,10 +70,9 @@ module Singleton
   def dup
     raise TypeError, "can't dup instance of singleton #{self.class}"
   end
-  
-  private 
+
   #  default marshalling strategy
-  def _dump(depth=-1) 
+  def _dump(depth=-1)
     ''
   end
 end
@@ -104,7 +103,7 @@ class << Singleton
         end
       end
     elsif  _instantiate?()
-      Thread.critical = false    
+      Thread.critical = false
     else
       @__instance__  = false
       Thread.critical = false
@@ -123,26 +122,26 @@ class << Singleton
     end
     @__instance__
   end
-  
-  module SingletonClassMethods  
+
+  module SingletonClassMethods
     # properly clone the Singleton pattern - did you know
-    # that duping doesn't copy class methods?  
+    # that duping doesn't copy class methods?
     def clone
       Singleton.__init__(super)
     end
-    
+
+    def _load(str)
+      instance
+    end
+
     private
-    
-    #  ensure that the Singleton pattern is properly inherited   
+
+    #  ensure that the Singleton pattern is properly inherited
     def inherited(sub_klass)
       super
       Singleton.__init__(sub_klass)
     end
-    
-    def _load(str) 
-      instance 
-    end
-    
+
     # waiting-loop hook
     def _instantiate?()
       while false.equal?(@__instance__)
@@ -153,7 +152,7 @@ class << Singleton
       @__instance__
     end
   end
-  
+
   def __init__(klass)
     klass.instance_eval { @__instance__ = nil }
     class << klass
@@ -161,11 +160,11 @@ class << Singleton
     end
     klass
   end
-  
+
   private
   #  extending an object with Singleton is a bad idea
   undef_method :extend_object
-  
+
   def append_features(mod)
     #  help out people counting on transitive mixins
     unless mod.instance_of?(Class)
@@ -173,7 +172,7 @@ class << Singleton
     end
     super
   end
-  
+
   def included(klass)
     super
     klass.private_class_method  :new, :allocate
@@ -181,21 +180,21 @@ class << Singleton
     Singleton.__init__(klass)
   end
 end
- 
+
 
 
 if __FILE__ == $0
 
 def num_of_instances(klass)
     "#{ObjectSpace.each_object(klass){}} #{klass} instance(s)"
-end 
+end
 
 # The basic and most important example.
 
 class SomeSingletonClass
   include Singleton
 end
-puts "There are #{num_of_instances(SomeSingletonClass)}" 
+puts "There are #{num_of_instances(SomeSingletonClass)}"
 
 a = SomeSingletonClass.instance
 b = SomeSingletonClass.instance # a and b are same object
@@ -218,23 +217,23 @@ class Ups < SomeSingletonClass
     puts "initialize called by thread ##{Thread.current[:i]}"
   end
 end
-  
+
 class << Ups
   def _instantiate?
     @enter.push Thread.current[:i]
     while false.equal?(@__instance__)
       Thread.critical = false
-      sleep 0.08 
+      sleep 0.08
       Thread.critical = true
     end
     @leave.push Thread.current[:i]
     @__instance__
   end
-  
+
   def __sleep
     sleep(rand(0.08))
   end
-  
+
   def new
     begin
       __sleep
@@ -246,12 +245,12 @@ class << Ups
       end
     end
   end
-  
+
   def instantiate_all
     @enter = []
     @leave = []
-    1.upto(9) {|i|  
-      Thread.new { 
+    1.upto(9) {|i|
+      Thread.new {
         begin
           Thread.current[:i] = i
           __sleep
@@ -341,7 +340,7 @@ end
 class Down < Middle; end
 
 puts  "and basic \"Down test\" is #{Down.instance == Down.instance}\n
-Various exceptions"  
+Various exceptions"
 
 begin
   module AModule
diff --git a/lib/tempfile.rb b/lib/tempfile.rb
index b885444b15..c984cd3393 100644
--- a/lib/tempfile.rb
+++ b/lib/tempfile.rb
@@ -13,9 +13,15 @@ class Tempfile < DelegateClass(File)
   MAX_TRY = 10
   @@cleanlist = []
 
-  # Creates a temporary file of mode 0600 in the temporary directory
-  # whose name is basename.pid.n and opens with mode "w+".  A Tempfile
-  # object works just like a File object.
+  # Creates a temporary file of mode 0600 in the temporary directory,
+  # opens it with mode "w+", and returns a Tempfile object which
+  # represents the created temporary file.  A Tempfile object can be
+  # treated just like a normal File object.
+  #
+  # The basename parameter is used to determine the name of a
+  # temporary file.  If an Array is given, the first element is used
+  # as prefix string and the second as suffix string, respectively.
+  # Otherwise it is treated as prefix string.
   #
   # If tmpdir is omitted, the temporary directory is determined by
   # Dir::tmpdir provided by 'tmpdir.rb'.
@@ -67,7 +73,15 @@ class Tempfile < DelegateClass(File)
   end
 
   def make_tmpname(basename, n)
-    sprintf('%s.%d.%d', basename, $$, n)
+    case basename
+    when Array
+      prefix, suffix = *basename
+    else
+      prefix, suffix = basename, ''
+    end
+ 
+    t = Time.now.strftime("%Y%m%d")
+    path = "#{prefix}#{t}-#{$$}-#{rand(0x100000000).to_s(36)}-#{n}#{suffix}"
   end
   private :make_tmpname
 
@@ -81,7 +95,8 @@ class Tempfile < DelegateClass(File)
 
   def _close	# :nodoc:
     @tmpfile.close if @tmpfile
-    @data[1] = @tmpfile = nil
+    @tmpfile = nil
+    @data[1] = nil if @data
   end    
   protected :_close
 
@@ -103,6 +118,7 @@ class Tempfile < DelegateClass(File)
     _close
     @clean_proc.call
     ObjectSpace.undefine_finalizer(self)
+    @data = @tmpname = nil
   end
 
   # Unlinks the file.  On UNIX-like systems, it is often a good idea
diff --git a/lib/test/unit.rb b/lib/test/unit.rb
index 3a1676a330..b71f644566 100644
--- a/lib/test/unit.rb
+++ b/lib/test/unit.rb
@@ -1,17 +1,7 @@
-#
-# = test/unit.rb
-#
-# Ruby's standard unit testing library/software.
-#
-# Copyright (c) 2000-2003, Nathaniel Talbott.
-#
-# See Test::Unit for documentation.
-#
-
 require 'test/unit/testcase'
 require 'test/unit/autorunner'
 
-module Test
+module Test # :nodoc:
   #
   # = Test::Unit - Ruby Unit Testing Framework
   # 
@@ -269,11 +259,14 @@ module Test
   # practitioners about typos, grammatical errors, unclear statements,
   # missing points, etc., in this document (or any other).
   #
+
   module Unit
+    # If set to false Test::Unit will not automatically run at exit.
     def self.run=(flag)
       @run = flag
     end
 
+    # Automatically run tests at exit?
     def self.run?
       @run ||= false
     end
diff --git a/lib/test/unit/assertionfailederror.rb b/lib/test/unit/assertionfailederror.rb
index afbfa1f2eb..a21e4b5870 100644
--- a/lib/test/unit/assertionfailederror.rb
+++ b/lib/test/unit/assertionfailederror.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+#--
+#
 # Author:: Nathaniel Talbott.
 # Copyright:: Copyright (c) 2000-2002 Nathaniel Talbott. All rights reserved.
 # License:: Ruby license.
diff --git a/lib/test/unit/autorunner.rb b/lib/test/unit/autorunner.rb
index d9720daa49..86c9b12940 100644
--- a/lib/test/unit/autorunner.rb
+++ b/lib/test/unit/autorunner.rb
@@ -7,9 +7,8 @@ module Test
     class AutoRunner
       def self.run(force_standalone=false, default_dir=nil, argv=ARGV, &block)
         r = new(force_standalone || standalone?, &block)
-        if((!r.process_args(argv)) && default_dir)
-          r.to_run << default_dir
-        end
+        r.base = default_dir
+        r.process_args(argv)
         r.run
       end
       
@@ -64,12 +63,14 @@ module Test
           c.filter = r.filters
           c.pattern.concat(r.pattern) if(r.pattern)
           c.exclude.concat(r.exclude) if(r.exclude)
+          c.base = r.base
+          $:.push(r.base) if r.base
           c.collect(*(r.to_run.empty? ? ['.'] : r.to_run))
         end,
       }
 
       attr_reader :suite
-      attr_accessor :output_level, :filters, :to_run, :pattern, :exclude
+      attr_accessor :output_level, :filters, :to_run, :pattern, :exclude, :base, :workdir
       attr_writer :runner, :collector
 
       def initialize(standalone)
@@ -80,6 +81,7 @@ module Test
         @filters = []
         @to_run = []
         @output_level = UI::NORMAL
+        @workdir = nil
         yield(self) if(block_given?)
       end
 
@@ -110,6 +112,14 @@ module Test
           end
 
           if(@standalone)
+            o.on('-b', '--basedir=DIR', "Base directory of test suites.") do |b|
+              @base = b
+            end
+
+            o.on('-w', '--workdir=DIR', "Working directory to run tests.") do |w|
+              @workdir = w
+            end
+
             o.on('-a', '--add=TORUN', Array,
                  "Add TORUN to the list of things to run;",
                  "can be a file or a directory.") do |a|
@@ -153,6 +163,11 @@ module Test
             end
           end
 
+          o.on('-I', "--load-path=DIR[#{File::PATH_SEPARATOR}DIR...]",
+               "Appends directory list to $LOAD_PATH.") do |dirs|
+            $LOAD_PATH.concat(dirs.split(File::PATH_SEPARATOR))
+          end
+
           o.on('-v', '--verbose=[LEVEL]', OUTPUT_LEVELS,
                "Set the output level (default is verbose).",
                "(" + keyword_display(OUTPUT_LEVELS) + ")") do |l|
@@ -197,6 +212,7 @@ module Test
       def run
         @suite = @collector[self]
         result = @runner[self] or return false
+        Dir.chdir(@workdir) if @workdir
         result.run(@suite, @output_level).passed?
       end
     end
diff --git a/lib/test/unit/collector/dir.rb b/lib/test/unit/collector/dir.rb
index 1395cdf4e5..97c8d28481 100644
--- a/lib/test/unit/collector/dir.rb
+++ b/lib/test/unit/collector/dir.rb
@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ module Test
         include Collector
 
         attr_reader :pattern, :exclude
+        attr_accessor :base
 
         def initialize(dir=::Dir, file=::File, object_space=::ObjectSpace, req=nil)
           super()
@@ -20,6 +21,8 @@ module Test
         end
 
         def collect(*from)
+          basedir = @base
+          $:.push(basedir) if basedir
           if(from.empty?)
             recursive_collect('.', find_test_cases)
           elsif(from.size == 1)
@@ -34,6 +37,8 @@ module Test
             sort(suites).each{|s| suite << s}
             suite
           end
+        ensure
+          $:.delete_at($:.rindex(basedir)) if basedir
         end
 
         def find_test_cases(ignore=[])
@@ -47,11 +52,13 @@ module Test
 
         def recursive_collect(name, already_gathered)
           sub_suites = []
-          if(@file.directory?(name))
-            @dir.entries(name).each do |e|
+          path = realdir(name)
+          if @file.directory?(path)
+	    dir_name = name unless name == '.'
+            @dir.entries(path).each do |e|
               next if(e == '.' || e == '..')
-              e_name = @file.join(name, e)
-              if(@file.directory?(e_name))
+              e_name = dir_name ? @file.join(dir_name, e) : e
+              if @file.directory?(realdir(e_name))
                 next if /\ACVS\z/ =~ e
                 sub_suite = recursive_collect(e_name, already_gathered)
                 sub_suites << sub_suite unless(sub_suite.empty?)
@@ -75,7 +82,7 @@ module Test
         end
 
         def collect_file(name, suites, already_gathered)
-          dir = File.dirname(File.expand_path(name))
+          dir = @file.dirname(@file.expand_path(name, @base))
           $:.unshift(dir)
           if(@req)
             @req.require(name)
@@ -86,6 +93,14 @@ module Test
         ensure
           $:.delete_at($:.rindex(dir)) if(dir)
         end
+
+	def realdir(path)
+	  if @base
+	    @file.join(@base, path)
+	  else
+	    path
+	  end
+	end
       end
     end
   end
diff --git a/lib/test/unit/error.rb b/lib/test/unit/error.rb
index a762519fe5..43a813f7d1 100644
--- a/lib/test/unit/error.rb
+++ b/lib/test/unit/error.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+#--
+#
 # Author:: Nathaniel Talbott.
 # Copyright:: Copyright (c) 2000-2002 Nathaniel Talbott. All rights reserved.
 # License:: Ruby license.
diff --git a/lib/test/unit/failure.rb b/lib/test/unit/failure.rb
index bc6f66d74e..832c99857c 100644
--- a/lib/test/unit/failure.rb
+++ b/lib/test/unit/failure.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+#--
+#
 # Author:: Nathaniel Talbott.
 # Copyright:: Copyright (c) 2000-2002 Nathaniel Talbott. All rights reserved.
 # License:: Ruby license.
diff --git a/lib/test/unit/testcase.rb b/lib/test/unit/testcase.rb
index b0ed5fd636..f53b460c5d 100644
--- a/lib/test/unit/testcase.rb
+++ b/lib/test/unit/testcase.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+#--
+#
 # Author:: Nathaniel Talbott.
 # Copyright:: Copyright (c) 2000-2003 Nathaniel Talbott. All rights reserved.
 # License:: Ruby license.
@@ -26,6 +28,12 @@ module Test
       STARTED = name + "::STARTED"
       FINISHED = name + "::FINISHED"
 
+      ##
+      # These exceptions are not caught by #run.
+
+      PASSTHROUGH_EXCEPTIONS = [NoMemoryError, SignalException, Interrupt,
+                                SystemExit]
+
       # Creates a new instance of the fixture for running the
       # test represented by test_method_name.
       def initialize(test_method_name)
@@ -53,7 +61,7 @@ module Test
         end
         if (suite.empty?)
           catch(:invalid_test) do
-            suite << new(:default_test)
+            suite << new("default_test")
           end
         end
         return suite
@@ -70,14 +78,16 @@ module Test
           __send__(@method_name)
         rescue AssertionFailedError => e
           add_failure(e.message, e.backtrace)
-        rescue StandardError, ScriptError
+        rescue Exception
+          raise if PASSTHROUGH_EXCEPTIONS.include? $!.class
           add_error($!)
         ensure
           begin
             teardown
           rescue AssertionFailedError => e
             add_failure(e.message, e.backtrace)
-          rescue StandardError, ScriptError
+          rescue Exception
+            raise if PASSTHROUGH_EXCEPTIONS.include? $!.class
             add_error($!)
           end
         end
diff --git a/lib/test/unit/testresult.rb b/lib/test/unit/testresult.rb
index c566f69533..e3a472ef7f 100644
--- a/lib/test/unit/testresult.rb
+++ b/lib/test/unit/testresult.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+#--
 # Author:: Nathaniel Talbott.
 # Copyright:: Copyright (c) 2000-2002 Nathaniel Talbott. All rights reserved.
 # License:: Ruby license.
diff --git a/lib/test/unit/testsuite.rb b/lib/test/unit/testsuite.rb
index bc5500a6f9..6fea976c50 100644
--- a/lib/test/unit/testsuite.rb
+++ b/lib/test/unit/testsuite.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+#--
+#
 # Author:: Nathaniel Talbott.
 # Copyright:: Copyright (c) 2000-2003 Nathaniel Talbott. All rights reserved.
 # License:: Ruby license.
diff --git a/lib/test/unit/ui/console/testrunner.rb b/lib/test/unit/ui/console/testrunner.rb
index a0a56c6023..6b600e319a 100644
--- a/lib/test/unit/ui/console/testrunner.rb
+++ b/lib/test/unit/ui/console/testrunner.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+#--
+#
 # Author:: Nathaniel Talbott.
 # Copyright:: Copyright (c) 2000-2003 Nathaniel Talbott. All rights reserved.
 # License:: Ruby license.
diff --git a/lib/test/unit/ui/fox/testrunner.rb b/lib/test/unit/ui/fox/testrunner.rb
index 3e2d7f4b36..a23a450567 100644
--- a/lib/test/unit/ui/fox/testrunner.rb
+++ b/lib/test/unit/ui/fox/testrunner.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+#--
+#
 # Author:: Nathaniel Talbott.
 # Copyright:: Copyright (c) 2000-2002 Nathaniel Talbott. All rights reserved.
 # License:: Ruby license.
diff --git a/lib/test/unit/ui/gtk/testrunner.rb b/lib/test/unit/ui/gtk/testrunner.rb
index e07822de15..994328dc9b 100644
--- a/lib/test/unit/ui/gtk/testrunner.rb
+++ b/lib/test/unit/ui/gtk/testrunner.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+#--
+#
 # Author:: Nathaniel Talbott.
 # Copyright:: Copyright (c) 2000-2002 Nathaniel Talbott. All rights reserved.
 # License:: Ruby license.
diff --git a/lib/test/unit/ui/gtk2/testrunner.rb b/lib/test/unit/ui/gtk2/testrunner.rb
index 418faa6b2a..b05549c0e8 100644
--- a/lib/test/unit/ui/gtk2/testrunner.rb
+++ b/lib/test/unit/ui/gtk2/testrunner.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+#--
+#
 # Author:: Kenta MURATA.
 # Copyright:: Copyright (c) 2000-2002 Kenta MURATA. All rights reserved.
 # License:: Ruby license.
diff --git a/lib/test/unit/ui/testrunnermediator.rb b/lib/test/unit/ui/testrunnermediator.rb
index a0e864000b..d34510d1c6 100644
--- a/lib/test/unit/ui/testrunnermediator.rb
+++ b/lib/test/unit/ui/testrunnermediator.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+#--
+#
 # Author:: Nathaniel Talbott.
 # Copyright:: Copyright (c) 2000-2002 Nathaniel Talbott. All rights reserved.
 # License:: Ruby license.
diff --git a/lib/test/unit/ui/testrunnerutilities.rb b/lib/test/unit/ui/testrunnerutilities.rb
index 950b03a73a..70b885bd6c 100644
--- a/lib/test/unit/ui/testrunnerutilities.rb
+++ b/lib/test/unit/ui/testrunnerutilities.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+#--
+#
 # Author:: Nathaniel Talbott.
 # Copyright:: Copyright (c) 2000-2002 Nathaniel Talbott. All rights reserved.
 # License:: Ruby license.
diff --git a/lib/test/unit/ui/tk/testrunner.rb b/lib/test/unit/ui/tk/testrunner.rb
index d16ffe4b99..4d05f2fb22 100644
--- a/lib/test/unit/ui/tk/testrunner.rb
+++ b/lib/test/unit/ui/tk/testrunner.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+#--
+#
 # Original Author:: Nathaniel Talbott.
 # Author:: Kazuhiro NISHIYAMA.
 # Copyright:: Copyright (c) 2000-2002 Nathaniel Talbott. All rights reserved.
diff --git a/lib/test/unit/util/observable.rb b/lib/test/unit/util/observable.rb
index 6d84539884..3567d34271 100644
--- a/lib/test/unit/util/observable.rb
+++ b/lib/test/unit/util/observable.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+#--
+#
 # Author:: Nathaniel Talbott.
 # Copyright:: Copyright (c) 2000-2002 Nathaniel Talbott. All rights reserved.
 # License:: Ruby license.
diff --git a/lib/test/unit/util/procwrapper.rb b/lib/test/unit/util/procwrapper.rb
index b341448e9c..ad7252186d 100644
--- a/lib/test/unit/util/procwrapper.rb
+++ b/lib/test/unit/util/procwrapper.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+#--
+#
 # Author:: Nathaniel Talbott.
 # Copyright:: Copyright (c) 2000-2002 Nathaniel Talbott. All rights reserved.
 # License:: Ruby license.
diff --git a/lib/thread.rb b/lib/thread.rb
index 4c6a651a56..7df6a140f5 100644
--- a/lib/thread.rb
+++ b/lib/thread.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,8 @@
 #
+# NOTE:
+#   This file is overwritten by ext/thread/lib/thread.rb unless ruby
+#   is configured with --disable-fastthread.
+#
 #		thread.rb - thread support classes
 #			$Date$
 #			by Yukihiro Matsumoto <matz@netlab.co.jp>
@@ -12,15 +16,6 @@ unless defined? Thread
   fail "Thread not available for this ruby interpreter"
 end
 
-unless defined? ThreadError
-  class ThreadError<StandardError
-  end
-end
-
-if $DEBUG
-  Thread.abort_on_exception = true
-end
-
 class Thread
   #
   # Wraps a block in Thread.critical, restoring the original value upon exit
diff --git a/lib/time.rb b/lib/time.rb
index 3b4ee9e72a..a37a067390 100644
--- a/lib/time.rb
+++ b/lib/time.rb
@@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ class Time
       'N' => -1, 'O' => -2, 'P' => -3, 'Q' => -4,  'R' => -5,  'S' => -6, 
       'T' => -7, 'U' => -8, 'V' => -9, 'W' => -10, 'X' => -11, 'Y' => -12,
     }
-    def zone_offset(zone, year=Time.now.year)
+    def zone_offset(zone, year=self.now.year)
       off = nil
       zone = zone.upcase
       if /\A([+-])(\d\d):?(\d\d)\z/ =~ zone
@@ -75,9 +75,9 @@ class Time
         off = zone.to_i * 3600
       elsif ZoneOffset.include?(zone)
         off = ZoneOffset[zone] * 3600
-      elsif ((t = Time.local(year, 1, 1)).zone.upcase == zone rescue false)
+      elsif ((t = self.local(year, 1, 1)).zone.upcase == zone rescue false)
         off = t.utc_offset
-      elsif ((t = Time.local(year, 7, 1)).zone.upcase == zone rescue false)
+      elsif ((t = self.local(year, 7, 1)).zone.upcase == zone rescue false)
         off = t.utc_offset
       end
       off
@@ -177,11 +177,11 @@ class Time
       if off
         year, mon, day, hour, min, sec =
           apply_offset(year, mon, day, hour, min, sec, off)
-        t = Time.utc(year, mon, day, hour, min, sec, usec)
+        t = self.utc(year, mon, day, hour, min, sec, usec)
         t.localtime if !zone_utc?(zone)
         t
       else
-        Time.local(year, mon, day, hour, min, sec, usec)
+        self.local(year, mon, day, hour, min, sec, usec)
       end
     end
     private :make_time
@@ -236,7 +236,7 @@ class Time
     #
     # A failure for Time.parse should be checked, though.
     #
-    def parse(date, now=Time.now)
+    def parse(date, now=self.now)
       d = Date._parse(date, false)
       year = d[:year]
       year = yield(year) if year && block_given?
@@ -289,7 +289,7 @@ class Time
 
         year, mon, day, hour, min, sec =
           apply_offset(year, mon, day, hour, min, sec, zone_offset(zone))
-        t = Time.utc(year, mon, day, hour, min, sec)
+        t = self.utc(year, mon, day, hour, min, sec)
         t.localtime if !zone_utc?(zone)
         t
       else
@@ -316,14 +316,14 @@ class Time
           (\d{2}):(\d{2}):(\d{2})\x20
           GMT
           \s*\z/ix =~ date
-        Time.rfc2822(date)
+        self.rfc2822(date)
       elsif /\A\s*
              (?:Monday|Tuesday|Wednesday|Thursday|Friday|Saturday|Sunday),\x20
              (\d\d)-(Jan|Feb|Mar|Apr|May|Jun|Jul|Aug|Sep|Oct|Nov|Dec)-(\d\d)\x20
              (\d\d):(\d\d):(\d\d)\x20
              GMT
              \s*\z/ix =~ date
-        Time.parse(date)
+        self.parse(date)
       elsif /\A\s*
              (?:Mon|Tue|Wed|Thu|Fri|Sat|Sun)\x20
              (Jan|Feb|Mar|Apr|May|Jun|Jul|Aug|Sep|Oct|Nov|Dec)\x20
@@ -331,7 +331,7 @@ class Time
              (\d\d):(\d\d):(\d\d)\x20
              (\d{4})
              \s*\z/ix =~ date
-        Time.utc($6.to_i, MonthValue[$1.upcase], $2.to_i,
+        self.utc($6.to_i, MonthValue[$1.upcase], $2.to_i,
                  $3.to_i, $4.to_i, $5.to_i)
       else
         raise ArgumentError.new("not RFC 2616 compliant date: #{date.inspect}")
@@ -363,14 +363,14 @@ class Time
         min = $5.to_i
         sec = $6.to_i
         usec = 0
-        usec = $7.to_f * 1000000 if $7
+        usec = ($7[1..-1] + '000000')[0,6].to_i if $7
         if $8
           zone = $8
           year, mon, day, hour, min, sec =
             apply_offset(year, mon, day, hour, min, sec, zone_offset(zone))
-          Time.utc(year, mon, day, hour, min, sec, usec)
+          self.utc(year, mon, day, hour, min, sec, usec)
         else
-          Time.local(year, mon, day, hour, min, sec, usec)
+          self.local(year, mon, day, hour, min, sec, usec)
         end
       else
         raise ArgumentError.new("invalid date: #{date.inspect}")
@@ -621,6 +621,8 @@ if __FILE__ == $0
         t = Time.utc(1960, 12, 31, 23, 0, 0, 123456)
         assert_equal("1960-12-31T23:00:00.123456Z", t.xmlschema(6))
       end
+
+      assert_equal(249, Time.xmlschema("2008-06-05T23:49:23.000249+09:00").usec)
     end
 
     def test_completion
diff --git a/lib/timeout.rb b/lib/timeout.rb
index dc92964c0b..5a99c28092 100644
--- a/lib/timeout.rb
+++ b/lib/timeout.rb
@@ -32,8 +32,13 @@ module Timeout
   ##
   # Raised by Timeout#timeout when the block times out.
 
-  class Error<Interrupt
+  class Error < Interrupt
   end
+  class ExitException < ::Exception # :nodoc:
+  end
+
+  THIS_FILE = /\A#{Regexp.quote(__FILE__)}:/o
+  CALLER_OFFSET = ((c = caller[0]) && THIS_FILE =~ c) ? 1 : 0
 
   ##
   # Executes the method's block. If the block execution terminates before +sec+
@@ -44,9 +49,10 @@ module Timeout
   # Timeout' into your classes so they have a #timeout method, as well as a
   # module method, so you can call it directly as Timeout.timeout().
 
-  def timeout(sec, exception=Error)
+  def timeout(sec, klass = nil)
     return yield if sec == nil or sec.zero?
     raise ThreadError, "timeout within critical session" if Thread.critical
+    exception = klass || Class.new(ExitException)
     begin
       x = Thread.current
       y = Thread.start {
@@ -55,6 +61,17 @@ module Timeout
       }
       yield sec
       #    return true
+    rescue exception => e
+      rej = /\A#{Regexp.quote(__FILE__)}:#{__LINE__-4}\z/o
+      (bt = e.backtrace).reject! {|m| rej =~ m}
+      level = -caller(CALLER_OFFSET).size
+      while THIS_FILE =~ bt[level]
+        bt.delete_at(level)
+        level += 1
+      end
+      raise if klass            # if exception class is specified, it
+                                # would be expected outside.
+      raise Error, e.message, e.backtrace
     ensure
       y.kill if y and y.alive?
     end
@@ -72,7 +89,7 @@ end
 # Defined for backwards compatibility with earlier versions of timeout.rb, see
 # Timeout#timeout.
 
-def timeout(n, e=Timeout::Error, &block) # :nodoc:
+def timeout(n, e = nil, &block) # :nodoc:
   Timeout::timeout(n, e, &block)
 end
 
diff --git a/lib/tmpdir.rb b/lib/tmpdir.rb
index 3042ed5202..2e82aa528e 100644
--- a/lib/tmpdir.rb
+++ b/lib/tmpdir.rb
@@ -4,22 +4,31 @@
 # $Id$
 #
 
+require 'fileutils'
+
 class Dir
 
   @@systmpdir = '/tmp'
 
   begin
     require 'Win32API'
+    CSIDL_LOCAL_APPDATA = 0x001c
     max_pathlen = 260
     windir = ' '*(max_pathlen+1)
     begin
-      getdir = Win32API.new('kernel32', 'GetSystemWindowsDirectory', 'PL', 'L')
+      getdir = Win32API.new('shell32', 'SHGetFolderPath', 'LLLLP', 'L')
+      raise RuntimeError if getdir.call(0, CSIDL_LOCAL_APPDATA, 0, 0, windir) != 0
+      windir = File.expand_path(windir.rstrip)
     rescue RuntimeError
-      getdir = Win32API.new('kernel32', 'GetWindowsDirectory', 'PL', 'L')
+      begin
+        getdir = Win32API.new('kernel32', 'GetSystemWindowsDirectory', 'PL', 'L')
+      rescue RuntimeError
+        getdir = Win32API.new('kernel32', 'GetWindowsDirectory', 'PL', 'L')
+      end
+      len = getdir.call(windir, windir.size)
+      windir = File.expand_path(windir[0, len])
     end
-    getdir.call(windir, windir.size)
-    windir = File.expand_path(windir.rstrip.untaint)
-    temp = File.join(windir, 'temp')
+    temp = File.join(windir.untaint, 'temp')
     @@systmpdir = temp if File.directory?(temp) and File.writable?(temp)
   rescue LoadError
   end
@@ -39,7 +48,90 @@ class Dir
 	  break
 	end
       end
+      File.expand_path(tmp)
+    end
+  end
+
+  # Dir.mktmpdir creates a temporary directory.
+  #
+  # The directory is created with 0700 permission.
+  #
+  # The prefix and suffix of the name of the directory is specified by
+  # the optional first argument, <i>prefix_suffix</i>.
+  # - If it is not specified or nil, "d" is used as the prefix and no suffix is used.
+  # - If it is a string, it is used as the prefix and no suffix is used.
+  # - If it is an array, first element is used as the prefix and second element is used as a suffix.
+  #
+  #  Dir.mktmpdir {|dir| dir is ".../d..." }
+  #  Dir.mktmpdir("foo") {|dir| dir is ".../foo..." }
+  #  Dir.mktmpdir(["foo", "bar"]) {|dir| dir is ".../foo...bar" }
+  #
+  # The directory is created under Dir.tmpdir or
+  # the optional second argument <i>tmpdir</i> if non-nil value is given.
+  #
+  #  Dir.mktmpdir {|dir| dir is "#{Dir.tmpdir}/d..." }
+  #  Dir.mktmpdir(nil, "/var/tmp") {|dir| dir is "/var/tmp/d..." }
+  #
+  # If a block is given,
+  # it is yielded with the path of the directory.
+  # The directory and its contents are removed
+  # using FileUtils.remove_entry_secure before Dir.mktmpdir returns.
+  # The value of the block is returned.
+  #
+  #  Dir.mktmpdir {|dir|
+  #    # use the directory...
+  #    open("#{dir}/foo", "w") { ... }
+  #  }
+  #
+  # If a block is not given,
+  # The path of the directory is returned.
+  # In this case, Dir.mktmpdir doesn't remove the directory.
+  #
+  #  dir = Dir.mktmpdir
+  #  begin
+  #    # use the directory...
+  #    open("#{dir}/foo", "w") { ... }
+  #  ensure
+  #    # remove the directory.
+  #    FileUtils.remove_entry_secure dir
+  #  end
+  #
+  def Dir.mktmpdir(prefix_suffix=nil, tmpdir=nil)
+    case prefix_suffix
+    when nil
+      prefix = "d"
+      suffix = ""
+    when String
+      prefix = prefix_suffix
+      suffix = ""
+    when Array
+      prefix = prefix_suffix[0]
+      suffix = prefix_suffix[1]
+    else
+      raise ArgumentError, "unexpected prefix_suffix: #{prefix_suffix.inspect}"
+    end
+    tmpdir ||= Dir.tmpdir
+    t = Time.now.strftime("%Y%m%d")
+    n = nil
+    begin
+      path = "#{tmpdir}/#{prefix}#{t}-#{$$}-#{rand(0x100000000).to_s(36)}"
+      path << "-#{n}" if n
+      path << suffix
+      Dir.mkdir(path, 0700)
+    rescue Errno::EEXIST
+      n ||= 0
+      n += 1
+      retry
+    end
+
+    if block_given?
+      begin
+        yield path
+      ensure
+        FileUtils.remove_entry_secure path
+      end
+    else
+      path
     end
-    File.expand_path(tmp)
   end
 end
diff --git a/lib/tsort.rb b/lib/tsort.rb
index f52d0996c6..a014e7f6c2 100644
--- a/lib/tsort.rb
+++ b/lib/tsort.rb
author	Jeremy Evans <code@jeremyevans.net>	2019-09-20 19:06:22 -0700
committer	Jeremy Evans <code@jeremyevans.net>	2019-11-18 01:00:25 +0200
commit	c5c05460ac20abcbc0ed686eb4acf06da7a39a79 (patch)
tree	991109a68f3b1cd2e256a936701d3b2badd3ddac /spec/ruby/library/set/delete_if_spec.rb
parent	7b6a8b5b54448235e17ed187d9d73f56893e1b6f (diff)