YJIT: Bounds check every byte in the assembler

Previously, YJIT assumed that basic blocks never consume more than
1 KiB of memory. This assumption does not hold for long Ruby methods
such as the one in the following:

```ruby
eval(<<RUBY)
def set_local_a_lot
  #{'_=0;'*0x40000}
end
RUBY

set_local_a_lot
```

For low `--yjit-exec-mem-size` values, one basic block could exhaust the
entire buffer.

Introduce a new field `codeblock_t::dropped_bytes` that the assembler
sets whenever it runs out of space. Check this field in
gen_single_block() to respond to out of memory situations and other
error conditions. This design avoids making the control flow graph of
existing code generation functions more complex.

Use POSIX shell in misc/test_yjit_asm.sh since bash is expanding
`0%/*/*` differently.

Co-authored-by: Aaron Patterson <tenderlove@ruby-lang.org>

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