[ruby/prism] Support multi-versioning for `Prism::Translation::Parser`

## Summary

Fixes https://github.com/ruby/prism/pull/2356.

I'm working on integrating Prism into RuboCop.

This PR introduces `Prism::Translation::Parser33` and `Prism::Translation::Parser34`, named
in accordance with the following comments.
https://github.com/rubocop/rubocop/issues/12600#issuecomment-1932707748

Currently, `Prism::Translation::Parser` always operates in Ruby 3.4 mode.
This means it will not parse as Ruby 3.3 even if `TargetRubyVersion: 80_82_73_83_77.33` is specified.

Therefore, the `it` introduced in Ruby 3.4 is parsed incompatibly with Ruby 3.3. In Ruby 3.3,
the expected name for an `lvar` is `:it`, not `:"0it"`.

### Expected AST

The following is an expected AST when parsing Ruby 3.3 code:

```console
$ bundle exec ruby -rprism -rprism/translation/parser33 -ve "p Prism::Translation::Parser33.parse('items.map { it.do_something }')"
ruby 3.3.0 (2023-12-25 revision https://github.com/ruby/prism/commit/5124f9ac75) [x86_64-darwin22]
s(:block,
  s(:send,
    s(:send, nil, :items), :map),
  s(:args),
  s(:send,
    s(:send, nil, :it), :do_something))
```

### Actual AST

The following is an actual AST when parsing Ruby 3.3 code:

```console
$ ruby -rprism -ve "p Prism::Translation::Parser.parse('items.map { it.do_something }')"
ruby 3.3.0 (2023-12-25 revision https://github.com/ruby/prism/commit/5124f9ac75) [x86_64-darwin22]
s(:block,
  s(:send,
    s(:send, nil, :items), :map),
  s(:args),
  s(:send,
    s(:lvar, :"0it"), :do_something))
```

`Prism::Translation::Parser33` and `Prism::Translation::Parser34` aim to correspond to Ruby 3.3 and Ruby 3.4, respectively.

And, The hack of specifying `TargetRubyVersion: 80_82_73_83_77.33` is expected to become unnecessary in the future,
but the behavior will be maintained until RuboCop's support is finalized:
https://github.com/rubocop/rubocop/issues/12600#issuecomment-1933657732

## Additional Information

A private method named `convert_for_prism` is prepared to convert the `version` from Parser to the `version` expected by Prism.
For example, a Parser-compatible value is `3.3`, whereas Prism expects `"3.3.0"`.

`Parser#version` is not used in RuboCop, but it's unclear how it is utilized in other libraries that rely on the Parser gem.

Therefore, logic to maintain compatibility between Parser and Prism is implemented.

https://github.com/ruby/prism/commit/62d3991e22

1 files changed, 9 insertions, 3 deletions

diff --git a/lib/prism/translation/parser/rubocop.rb b/lib/prism/translation/parser/rubocop.rb
index 3e34fc7ace..24e7ad7083 100644
--- a/lib/prism/translation/parser/rubocop.rb
+++ b/lib/prism/translation/parser/rubocop.rb
@@ -9,9 +9,12 @@ require "prism/translation/parser"
 module Prism
   module Translation
     class Parser
-      # This is the special version number that should be used in rubocop
+      # This is the special version numbers that should be used in RuboCop
       # configuration files to trigger using prism.
+      # For Ruby 3.3
       VERSION_3_3 = 80_82_73_83_77.33
+      # For Ruby 3.4
+      VERSION_3_4 = 80_82_73_83_77.34
 
       # This module gets prepended into RuboCop::AST::ProcessedSource.
       module ProcessedSource
@@ -19,8 +22,11 @@ module Prism
         # list of known parsers.
         def parser_class(ruby_version)
           if ruby_version == Prism::Translation::Parser::VERSION_3_3
-            require "prism/translation/parser"
-            Prism::Translation::Parser
+            require "prism/translation/parser33"
+            Prism::Translation::Parser33
+          if ruby_version == Prism::Translation::Parser::VERSION_3_4
+            require "prism/translation/parser34"
+            Prism::Translation::Parser34
           else
             super
           end