[rubygems/rubygems] Let more exceptions flow

If any error happens while verifying a package entry, it doesn't mean
that the package is corrupt. It could be a bug in rubygems, for example.
This in fact happened in CI and the current error doesn't make it easy
to troubleshoot the root cause, since it doesn't provide a backtrace.

See
https://github.com/rubygems/rubygems/pull/3807/checks?check_run_id=862526615.

So I propose to let the exception happens. There was something useful
about the previous message, which is the file entry where the error
happened, so I'm keeping that information in a warning message.

https://github.com/rubygems/rubygems/commit/ece87d858f

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