[ruby/prism] Implement file parsing error handling

This PR implements proper file parsing error handling. Previously
`file_options` would call `pm_string_mapped_init` which would print an
error from `perror`. However this wouldn't raise a proper Ruby error so
it was just a string output. I've done the following:

- Raise an error from `rb_syserr_fail` with the filepath in
`file_options`.
- No longer return `Qnil` if `file_options` returns false (because now
it will raise)
- Update `file_options` to return `static void` instead of `static
bool`.
- Update `file_options` and `profile_file` to check the type so when
passing `nil` we see a `TypeError`.
- Delete `perror` from `pm_string_mapped_init`
- Update `FFI` backend to raise appropriate errors when calling
`pm_string_mapped_init`.
- Add tests for `dump_file`, `lex_file`, `parse_file`,
`parse_file_comments`, `parse_lex_file`, and `parse_file_success?`
when a file doesn't exist and for `nil`.
- Updates the `bin/parse` script to no longer raise it's own
`ArgumentError` now that we raise a proper error.

Fixes: ruby/prism#2207

https://github.com/ruby/prism/commit/b2f7494ff5

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